BERKELEY LIBRARY UNIVWSTY Of CAllPOetsHA ^CALIKJI V ligitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from iVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/criticalpronouncOOwalkri! A CRITICAL PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY, AND EXPOSITOR OF THE ENGJLISH JLANGUAGE : • IK WHICH, NOT ONLY THE MEANING OF EVERY WORD IS CLEARLY EXPLAINED, AND THE SOUND OF EVERY SYLLABLE DISTINCTLY SHOWN, BUT, WHERE WORDS ARE SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS, THB AUTHORITIES OF OUR BEST PRONOUNCINU DICTIONARIES ARE FULLY EXUIBITEDi THE REASONS FOR EACH ARE AT LARGE DISPLAYED, AND THE PREFERABLE PRONUNCIATION IS POINTED OUT. To which are prefixed, PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION: IN WHICH THE SOUNDS OP LETTERS, SYLLABLES, AND WORDS, ARE CRITICALLY INVESTIGATED, AND SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED; THE INFLUENCE OF THE GREEK AND LATIN ACCENT AND QUANTITY, ON THE ACCENT AND QUANTITY OF THE ENGLISH, IS THOROUGHLY EXAMINED, AND CLEARLY DEFINED i AND THE ANALOGIES OF THE LANGUAGE ARE SO FULLY SHOWN AS TO LAY THE FOUNDATION OF A CONSISTENT AND RATIONAL PRONUNCIATION. LIKEWISE, Mules io be observed by the Natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London^ for avoiding their respective peculiarities ; and DIRECTIONS TO FOREIGNERS, FOR ACQUIRING A KNOWLEDGE OF THE USE OF THIS DICTIONARY. The whole interspersed with OBSERVATIONS, ETYMOLOGICAL, CRITICAL, AND GRAMMATICAL. BY JOHN WALKER, AUTHOR OF ELEMENTS OF ELOCUTION, RHYMING DICTIONARY, &c. &C Qoarc, >i fieti potest, et verbc omnia, et vox, hujus alumnum urbis oleant : ut oratio Romana plant videstur, nan civitate donata.— Quint, THE THIRTIETH EDITION. LONDON : STEREOTVPED BY A. WILSON ; FOR T. CADELL ; 0. J. G. AND F. RIVINGTON ; LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN J J, RICHARD- SON ; J. booker; BALDWIN AND CRADOCK; SHERWOOD AND CO.; HURST, CHANCE, AND CO.; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; PARBURY, ALLEN, AND CO.; E. HODGSON J W. MASON ; J. COCHRAN J FOOLE AND EDWARDS 5 J, TEMPLEMAN J. AND HOULSTON AND SON, 1830, LOAN STACK LONDON ; Printed by William Clowes. Stamford-streett PREFACE TO THE STEREOTYPE EDITION. it 3^ X HAT a polite pronunciation is an essential part of a genteel and liberal education, is incontestable j and whoever smooths the way to an acquirement 60 desirable and important, does a real service to society. This subject has employed the pens of many learned and ingenious men, who laboured with various degrees of skill and success: The rules they laid down, and the analogies they pointed out, had reduced English pronunciation to something like system. The late Mr. Walker, author of this Dictionary, exerted himself more earnestly and perseveringly than perhaps any of his predecessors : he compared the different orthoepists with indefatigable attention, weighed their reasons with critical justice, and modestly pronounced his decisions with a confidence which a lifetime's familiarity with the subject entitled him to assume. Mr. Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary, and the Principles prefixed to it, are master-pieces of their kind, and seem to have fixed English pronunciation, which had long been fluctuating and unsettled. This opinion plainly appears to be that of the Public, the work having gone through four large editions in the course of a few years. The Author not only improved each new edition with respect to orthoepy, but added a considerable number of words not found in any of our Dictionaries, as well as some of his own forming, that were evidently , both proper and useful. This work, after so many degrees of improvement, was thought worthy of being STEREOTYPED, in order to give stability and permanence to the pronunciation of a language now spoken in most parts of the known world. Having been many years intimately acquainted with the author, and greatly profited by the many personal communications we had together, as well as by a careful study of his works, by which, it is presumed, I had acquired a com- petent knowledge of his principles in regard to accentuation, quantity and notation, Mr. Walker did me the honour, a considerable time before his decease, of recommending me as a fit person to edit this Stereotype edition. To the utmost of my power I have justified the confidence that my worthy friend reposed in me, having sedulously examined and revised every page of this arduous and important work, with no less zeal for the honour of the author than anxiety for my own responsibility. To effect that correctness so necessary and desirable, my coadjutors, Mr. Wilson and his assistants, have paid unremitting attention, and co- operated with me entirely to my wish. It is therefore presumed that the Public will find this edition possessed of an uncommon degree of typographical exactness. This most important advantage will be perpetuated, by means of the Stereotype; for it is an admirable feature of this modern improvement ia the art of printing, that the labours of learned and ingenious men wiU be thereby protected from the accumulation of errors inseparable from moveable types. This superiority of the Stereotype method of printing is of the greatest consequence with respect to all works which, like this volume, are of a nature difficult to be executed with even humble claims to accuracy : But the advantages of the Stereotype^ in other respects, are so conspicuously important^ tier respc 528 that I am induced to give a short extract from Mr. Wilson's account of these, written two years ago, that the Public may be enabled to judge how far his description is verified upon a close inspection of the present beautiful specimen of his method of printing *' The advantages arising from an applica- tion of the Stereotype invention to the manu- facture of books, are not confined to any par- ticular department of the printing business. In every department of expenditure they are as self-evident as profitable, and need only to be mentioned to be well understood. " The expenditure upon composition and reading is nearly the same by both methods, for a first edition : but this great expense must DC repeated for evert/ succeeding edition from moveable types ; Vfhereas, by the Stereotype plan, it ceases for ever. " The expenditure upon paper and press- work is the same by both methods; but it is not incurred at the same time. The old method requires an advance of capital for a consump- tion of four years ; whereas, by Stereotype, half a year's stock is more than sufficient. It follows, therefore, that ISij- per cent, of the capital hitherto employed in paper and press-work, is fully adequate to meet an equal extent of sale. " A fire-proof room will hold Stereotype plates of works, of which the dead stock In printed paper would require a warehouse twenty times the size ; and thus warehouse- rent and insurance are saved : with the ad- ditional advantage, in case of accident by fire, that the Ste^reotype plates may be instantly put to press, instead of going through the tedious operations of moveable type printing ; and thus no loss will be sustained from the works being out of print. In Stereotype, every page of the most extensive work has a separate plate; all the pages, therefore, of the said work, must be equally new and beautiful. By the old method, the types of each sheet are distributed, and with them the succeeding sheets are com- posed; so that, although the first few sheets of a volume may be well printed, the last part of the same volume, in consequence of the types being in a gradual state of wear as the work proceeds, will appear to be executed in a very inferior manner. " The Stereotype art possesses a security against error, which must stamp every work so printed with a superiority ot character that no book from moveable types ever can attain. What an important consideration it is, that the inaccuracies of language, the in- correctness of orthography, the blundeis in punctuation, and the accidental mistakes that are continually occurring in the printing of works by moveable types, and to which every new edition superadds its own particular share oferrot, — what a gratifying security it is, that all descriptions of error are not only com- pletely cured by the Stereotype invention, but that the certainty of the Stereotype plates re- maining correct, may be almost as fully relied on as if the possibility of error did not at all exist ! — If these observations be just with re- ference to the printing of English books, how forcibly must they be felt when applied to the other languages generally taught in this coun- try! — how much more forcibly when applied to those languages which are the native dialects of the most ignorant classes throughout the United Kingdom, but which are as little un- derstood as they are generally spoken ! " Stereotype plates admit of alteration; and it will be found that those cast by me will yield at least twice the number of impressions that moveable types are capable of producing. All the preceding advantages may be per- petuated, by the facility with which Stereotype plates may be cast from Stereotype plates. " From the whole it results, that a saving of 25 to 40 per cent, will accrue to the Public in the prices of all books of standard reputa- tion and sale. It is fair to conclude, there- fore, that the sales of such books will be con- siderably increased, and that the duties on paper will be proportionally productive ; so that the Public will be benefited in a twofold way by a general adoption and encouragement of the Stereotype art." Wilson on Stereotype, May 1807. From the present size and price of this work, it may be supposed that it must be abridged J but I can most truly and conscientiously affirm, that this octavo edition contains, not only every word that is to be found in Mr. Walker's last improved quarto edition of the Dictionary, together with all his critical notes, but also the whole of that laborious and inestimable work prefixed, comprising hi- Principles of English Pronunciation, Jlai't Street, Bloomshury, May 1, 1809. JOHN MURDOCH. PREFACE. J EW subjects have of late years more employed the pens of every class of critics, than the improvement of the English Language. The greatest abilities in the nation have been exerted in cultivating and reforming it ; nor have a thousand minor critics been wanting to add their mite of amendment to their native tongue. Johnson, whose large mind and just taste made him capable of enriching and adorning the Language with original composition, has con- descended to the drudgery of disentangling, explaining, and arranging it, and left a lasting monument of his ability, labour, and patience j and Dr. Lowth, the politest scholar of the age, has veiled his superioi'ity in his short Introduc- tion to English Grammar. The ponderous folio has gravely vindicated the -ights of analogy ; and the light ephemei-al sheet of news has corrected errors in Grammar, as well as in Politics, by slyly marking them in italics. Nor has the improvement stopped here. While Johnson and Lowth have Deen insensibly operating on the orthography and constixiction of our Lan- guage, its pronunciation has not been neglected. The importance of a con- sistent and regular pronunciation was too obvious to be overlooked; and the want of this consistency and regularity has induced several ingenious men to endeavour at reformation ; who, by exhibiting the regularities of pronuncia- tion, and pointing out its analogies, have reclaimed some words that were not iri'ecoverably fixed in a wrong sound, and prevented others fi'om being perverted by ignorance or caprice. Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. El- pliinston ; who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the chaos to a system ; and, by a deep investigation of the analogies of our tongue, Aas laid the foundation of a just and regular pronunciation. After him. Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement by his Rheto- rical Dictionary ; in which the words are divided into syllables as they are pro- nounced, and figures placed over the vowels, to indicate their different sounds. But this gentleman has rendered his Dictionary extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words of doubtftil and difficult pronunciation— those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind would be most consulted. To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words mto sylla- bles, and placed figures over the vowels as Dr. Kenrick had done, but, by spel- ling these syllables as they are pronounced, seemed to complete the idea of a Pronouncing Dictionary, and to leave but little expectation of future improve- ment. It must, indeed, be confessed, that Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary is greatly superior to every other that preceded it; and his method of convepng the sound of words, by spelling them as they ai'e pronounced, is highly rational and useful — But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numerous instances I have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the fi,nalogies k PREFACE of the Lan^age, sufficiently show how imperfect* I think his Dictionaiy is upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another that might better answer the purpose of a Guide to Pronunciation, The last \viiter on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his Elements of Or- thoei)y, has shown a clearness of method and an extent of observation which de- serve the highest encomiums. His Preface alone proves him an elegant writer, as weU as a philosophical observer of Language ; and his Alphabetical Index, referring near five thousand words to the rules for pronouncing them, is a new and useftjl method of treating the subject ; but he seems, on many occasions, to have mistaken the best usage, and to have paid too little attention to the first pi'inciples of pronunciation. Thus I have ventured to give my opinion of my rivals and competitors, and I hope without envy or self-conceit. Perhaps it would have been policy in me to have been silent on this head, for fear of putting the Public in mind that otliers have ^vritten on the subject as weU as myself : but this is a narrow policy, which, under the colour of tenderness to others, is calculated to raise ourselves at their expense. A writer who is conscious he desei-ves the attention of the Public, (and unless he is thus conscioxis he ought not to write) must not only wish to be compared with those who have gone before him, but will promote the com- parison, by informing his readers what others have done, and on what he founds his pretensions to a preference ; and if this be done with fairness and Avithout acrimony, it can be no more inconsistent with modesty, than it is with honesty and plain dealing. The work I have offered on the subject has, I hope, added something to the public stock : it not only exhibits the principles of pronunciation on a more ex- tensive plan than others have done, divides the words into syllables, and marks the sounds of the vowels like Dr. Kenrick, spells the words as they are pro- nounced like Mr. Sheridan, and directs the inspector to the inile by the word like Mr. Nares j but, where words are subject to different pronunciations, it shovi^s the reasons from analogy for each, produces authorities for one side and the other, and points out the pronunciation which is preferable. In short, I have endeavoured to unite the science of Mr. Elphinston, the method of Mr. Nares, and the general utility of Mr. Sheridan ; and, to add to these advantages have given critical observations on such words as are subject to a diversity o* pronunciation, and have invited the inspector to decide according to analogy and the best usage. But to all works of this kind there lies a formidable objection ; which is, that the pronunciation of a Language is necessarily indefinite and fugitive, and that au endeavours to delineate or settle it are vain. Dr. Johnson, in his Grammar, prefixed to his Dictionaiy, says : " Most of the writers of English Grammar have given long tables of words pronounced otherwise than they are written j and seem not sufficiently to have considered, that, of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronunciation j one, cursory and colloquial j the other, re- giUar and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and uncertain, being made different, in different mouths, by negligence, imskilfulness, or afiec- tation. The solemn pronunciation, though by no means immutable and per- manent, is yet always less remote from the orthography, and loss liable to capri- * See Principles, No. 124, 126, 129, 386, 454, 462, 479, 480, 530 ; and the words Assume,' Collect, Covetous, Donative, Ephemera, Satiety, &c, and the inseparable preposition Dis. PREFACE. % cious innovation. They have, however, generally fonned their tables according to the cursory speech of those with whom they happened to converse, and, con- cluding that the whole nation combines to vitiate language in one manner, have often established the jargon of the lowest of the people as the model of speech. For pronunciation the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from tlie written words," Without any derogation from the character of Dr. Johnson, it may be as- serted, that in these observations we do not perceive that jvistness and accuracy of thinking for which he is so remaikable. It would be doing great injustice to him, to suppose that he meant to exclude all possibility of conveying the actual pronunciation of many words that depart manifestly from their ortho- graphy, or of those that are written alike, and pronounced diflferently : and in- versely. He has marked these differences with great propriety himself, in many places of his Dictionary ; and it is to be regretted that he did not extend these remarks farther. It is impossible, therefore, he could suppose, that, because the ahnost imperceptible glances of colloquial pronunciation were not to be caught and described by the pen, that the very perceptible difference between the initial accented syllables of money and monitor , or the final unaccented syllables oi finite and infinite, could not be sufficiently marked upon paper. Cannot we show that cellar, a vault, and seller, one who sells, have exactly the same sound ; or that the monosyllable /wW, and the first syllable oi fulminate, are sounded differently, because there are some words in which solemnity will authorize a different shade of pronunciation from familiarity ? Besides, that colloquial pronunciation whicli is perfect, is so much the language of solemn speaking, that, perhaps, there is no more diflFerence than between the same picture painted to be viewed near and at a distance. The symmetry in both is exactly the same ; and the distinction lies only in the colouring. The English Language, in this respect, seems to have a great superiority over the French, which pronounces many letters in the poetic and solemn style, that are wholly silent in the prosaic and familiar. But if a solemn and familiar pronunciation really exists in our language, is it not the business of a gi*ammarian to mark both ? And if he cannot point out the precise sound of unaccented syllables, (for these only are liable to obscurity) he may, at least, give those sounds which approach the nearest, and by this means become a little n^re useful than those who so liberally leave every thing to the ear and taste of the speaker. The truth is. Dr. Johnson seems to have had a confiised idea of the distinct- ness and indistinctness with which, on solemn or familiar occasions, we some- times pronounce the unaccented vowels ; and with respect to these, it nmst be owned, that his remarks are not entirely without foundation. The English Language, with respect to its pronunciation, is evidently divisible into accented and unaccented sounds. The accented syllables, by being pronounced with greater force than the unaccented, have their vowels as clearly and distinctly sounded as any given note in music ; while the unaccented vowels, for want of the stress, are apt to slide into an obscui'ity of sound, which, though sufficiently distinguishable to the ear, can not be so definitely marked out to the eye by other sounds as those vowels that are under the accent. Thus some of the vowels, when neither under the accent, nor closed by a consonant, have a longer or a shorter, an opener or a closer sound, according to the solemnity or familiarity, the deliberation or rapidity of our delivery. This will be perceived in the sound of the e in emotion*, of the o in obedience, and of the u in monument. In the • See the words Collect, Co.mmanu, Despatch, Domestick, Efface, Occasion. Vl PREFACE. hasty pronunciation of common speaking, the e in emotion is often shortened, as if spelt im-mo-tion ; the o in obedience shortened and obscured, as if written ub- le-di-ence; and the u in monument changed into e, as if written mon-ne-ment while the deliberate and elegant sound of these vowels is the long open sound they have, when the accent is on them, in equal, over, and unit : but a, when un- accented, seems to have no such diversity ; it has generally a short obscure sound, whether ending a syllable, or closed by a consonant. Thus the a in able has its definite and distinct sound ; but the same letter in tolerable* goes into an obscure indefinite sound approaching the short u ; nor can any solemnity or deliberation give it the long open sound it has in the firet word. Tbas, by dis- tinguishing vowels into their accented and unaccented sounds, we are enabled to see cleai'ly what Dr. Johnson saw but obscurely ; and by this distinction en- tirely to answer the objection. Equally indefinite and uncertain is his general rule, that those are to be con- sidered as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words. It is certain, where custom is equal, this ought to take place ; and if the whole body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in their pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronouncing it bew-ze\, and the other half biz-ze, that the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers ; but till this be the case, the latter pronunciation, though a gross deviation from orthography, will still be esteemed the more elegant. Dr. Johnson's general rule, therefore, can only take place where custom has not plainly decided ; but, unfortunately for the English Language, its orthography and pronunciation are so widely dif- ferent, that Dr. Watts and Dr. Jones lay it down as a maxim in their Treatises on Spelling, that all words which can be sounded different ways, must be written according to that sound which is most distant from the true pronunciation j and consequently, in such a Language, a Pronouncing Dictionary must be of essential use. But still it may be objected to such an undertaking, that the fluctuation of pronunciation is so great as to render aU attempts to settle it useless. What will it avail us, it may be said, to know the pronunciation of the present day, if, in a few years, it will be altered ? And how are we to know even what the present pronunciation is, when the same words are often differently pronounced by dif- ferent speakers, and those, perhaps, of equal numbers and reputation ? To this it may be answered, that the fluctuation of our Laii^niage, with respect to its pronunciation, seems to have been greatly exaggerated]:. Except a very few single words, which are generally noticed in the following Dictionaiy, and the * Principles, No. 88, 545. •|- Principles, No. 178. X The old and new 'AtSV, with all the various dialects, must have occasioned infinite irre- gularity in the pronunciation of the Greek tongue ; and if we may judge of the Latin pronun- ciation by the ancient inscriptions, it was little less various and irregjular than the Greek. Aulus Gellius tells us, that Nigidius, a grammarian who lived a little more than a century be- fore him, acuted the first syllable oiValeri ; but, says he, " si quis nunc f^uteiium ajipellans, in casu vocandi, secundum id prseceptum Nigidii acuerit primam, non aDerit quin rideatur." Whoever now should place the accent on the first syllable of Falerhis, when a vocative case, according to the precept of Nigidius, would set every body a laughing. Even that highly polished language the French, if we may believe a writer in the Encyclopedic, is little less ir- regular in this respect than our own. " II est arrive," says he, " par les alterations qui se succ^dent rapidement dans la maiii&re de prononcer, et les corrections qui s'introduisent lenteraent dans la mani^re d'ccrire, que la pronouciation et I'ecriture ne marchent point ensemble, et que quoiqu'il y ait cliez les PREFACE. vH words where e comes before r, followed by another consonant, as merchant, service, &c. the pronunciation of the Language is probably in the same state in which t was a centuiy ago ; and had the same attention been then paid to it as now, t is not likely even that change would have happened. The same may be ob- served of those words which are differently pronounced by different speakers : if the analogies of the language had been better understood, it is scarcely con- ceivable that so many words in polite usage would have a diversity of pronunci- ation, which is at once so ridiculous and embarrassing ; nay, perhaps it may be with confidence asserted, that if the analogies of the Language were sufficiently known, and so near at hand as to be applicable, on inspection, to every word, that not only many words which are wavering between contrary usages would be settled in their true sound, but that many words, which are fixed by custom to an impro[)er pronunciation, would by degrees grow regular and analogical j and those which are so already would be secured in their purity by a knowledge of their regularity and analogy. But the utility of a work of this kind is not confined to those parts of lan- guage where the impropriety is gross and palpable : besides such imperfections in pronunciation as disgust every ear not accustomed to them, there are a thousand insensible deviations, in the more minute parts of language, as the unaccented syllable may be called, which do not strike the ear so forcibly as to mark any direct impropriety in particular words, but occasioh only such a ge- neral imperfection as gives a bad impression upon the whole. Speakers, with these imperfections, pass very well in common conversation ; but when they are required to pronounce with emphasis, and for that purpose to be more distinct and definite in their utterance, here their ear fails them : they have been accus- tomed only to loose cursory speaking, and, for want of firmness of pronuncia- tion, are like those painters who draw the muscular exertions of the human body without any knowledge of anatomy. This is one reason, perhaps, why we find the elocution of so few people agreeable when they read or speak to an assembly, while so few offend us by their utterance in common conversation. peuples les plus polices de I'Europe, des soci^t^s d'homtnes de lettres charff<$s des les mod^rer, des les accorder, et de les rapprocher de la m^me ligne, elles se trouvent enfin si une distance inconcevable ; en sorte que de deux choses, dont I'une n'a ^t6 imagin^e dans son origine que pour r^pr^senter fidellement I'autre, celle-ci ne difF&re gut^re moins de celle-lk, que k portrait de la m^me personne peinte dans deux ages tr&s-61oign^s. Enfin rineonv^nient s*est accru ^ un tel exc^s (ju'on n'ose plus y rem^dier. On prononce une langue, on ^crit une autre : et Ton s'aecoutume tellement pendant le reste de la vie k cette bisarrerie qui a fait verser tant de larmes dans I'enfance, que si Ton renonf.oit k sa mauvaise orthographe pour une plus voisine de la prononciation, on ne reconnottroit plus la langue parleesous cette nouvelle combinaison de caract^res. S'il y en a qui ne pourroient se succ^der sans une grande fatigue pour I'or- gane, ou ils ne se rencontrent point, ou ils ne durent pas. lis sont ^chappds de la langue par I'euphonie, cette loi puissante, qui agit continuellement et universellement, sans ^gard pour I'l^tymologie et ses d^fenseurs, et qui tend sans intermission ?l amener des fitresqui ont les mfi- mes organes, le mCme idi6me, les m^mes mouvemens presents, k-peu-pr^s A la m<5me pronon- ciation. Ler, causes dont Taction n'est point interrompue, deviennent toujours les plus fortes avec les terns, quelque foibles qu'elles soient en elles-m^mes, et il n'y a jffesque pas une seule voyelle, une seule dipbthongue, une seule consonne, dont la valeur soit tellement constaiite que I'euphonie n'en puisse disposer, soit en alterant le son, soit en le suppriraaut." I shall not decide upon the justness of these complaints, but must observe, that a worse picture could scarcely be drawn of the English, or the most barbarous language of Europe. In- deed a degree of versatility seems involved in the very nature of language, and is one of thosu evils left by Providence for man to correct : a love of order, and the utiKty of regularity, wl! always incline hira to confine this versatility within as narrow bounds as possible. Fill PREFACE. A thousand faults lie concealed in a miniature, which a microscope brings to view ; and it is only by pronouncing on a larger scale, as public speaking maj be called, that we prove the propriety of our elocution. As, therefore, there are certain deviations from analogy which are not at any rate tolerable, there are others which only, as it were, tarnish the pronunciation, and make it less brilliant and agreeable. There are few who have turned their thoughts on this subject, without observing that they sometimes pronounce the same word or syllable in a different manner j and as neither of these manners offend the ear, they are at a loss to which they shall give the preference : but as one must ne- cessarily be more agreeable to the analogy of the language than the other, a display of these analogies, in a Dictionary of this kind, wiU immediately remove this uncertainty : and in this view of the variety we shall discover a fitness in one mode of speaking, which will give a firmness and security to our pronun- ciation, from a confidence that it is founded on reason, and the general tendency of the language. See Principles, No. 530, 547, 551, &c. But, alas ! reasoning on language, however well founded, may be aU over- turned by a single quotation from Horace : USUS, * Quem pcnhs arbitrium est, et jus et norma loquendi." Tliis, it must be OAvned, is a succinct way of ending the controversy ; and, by virtue of this argument, we may become critics in language, without the trouble of studying it : not that I would be thought, in the most distant manner, to deny that custom is the sovereign arbiter of language ; far from it. I acknowledge its authoiity, and know there is no appeal from it. I wish only to dispute, where this arbiter has not decided j for, if oince custom speak out however absurdly, I sincerely acquiesce in its sentence. But what is this custom to which we must so implicitly submit ? Is it the usage of the multitude of speakers, whether good or bad ? Tliis has never been asserted by the most sanguine abettors of its authority. Is it the usage of the studious in schools and colleges, with those of the learned professions, or that of those who, from their elevated birth or station, give laws to the refinements and elegancies of a court ? To confine propriety to the latter, which is too often the case, seems an injury to the former j who, from their veiy profession, appear tc have a natural right to a share, at least, in the legislation of language, if not to an absolute sovereignty. The polished attendants on a throne are as apt to depart from simplicity in language as in dress and manners ; and novelty, in- stead of custom, is too often the jus et norma loquendi of a court. Perhaps an attentive observation will lead us to conclude, that the usage, which ought to direct us, is neither of these we have been enumerating, taken singly, but a sort of compound ratio of aU three. Neither a finical pi'onun- ciation of the court, nor a pedantic Graecism of the schools, will be denominated respectable usage, till a certain number of the general mass of speakers have acknowledged them ; nor will a multitude of common speakers authoiize any pronunciation which is reprobated by the learned and polite. As those sounds, therefore, which are the most generally recei^^ed among the learned and polite, as well as the bulk of speakers, are the most legitimate, ^^e may conclude that a majority of two of these states ought always to concm-, h order to constitute what is called good usage. But though custom, when general, is commonly well understood, there are several states and degrees of it which are exceedingly obscure and equivocal ; and the only method of knowing the extent of custom in these cases, seems to PREFACE ix be an inspection of those Dictionaries which professedly treat of pronunciation. We have now so many works of this kind, that the general current of custom, with respect to the sound, of words, may be collected from them with almost as much certainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about the sound of words always appeared to me a very rational method of determining what is called custom. This method I have adopted in the following work ; and if I have sometimes dissented from the majority, it has been either from a persuasion of being better informed of what was the actual custom of speaking, or from a partiality to the evident analogies of the language. And here I must entreat the candid reader to make every reasonable allowance for the freedom with which I have criticised other writers on this subject, and particularly Mr. Sheridan. As a man, a gentleman, and a scholar, I knew Mr, Sheridan, and resjiected him ; and think every lover of elocution owes him a tribute of thanks for his unwearied addresses to the Public, to rouse them to the study of the delivery of their native tongue. But this tribute, however just, does not exempt him from examination. His credit with the world necessarily subjects him to animadversion, because the errors of such a writer are danger- ous, in proportion to his reputation : this has made me zealous to remark his inaccuracies, but not without giving my reasons ; nor have I ever taken advan- tage of such faults as may be called inadvertencies*. On the same principles I have ventured to ciiticise Dr. Johnson f , whose friendship and advice I was ho- noured with, whose memory I love, and whose intellectual powers impress me with something like religious veneration and awe. I do not pretend to be exempt from faults myself; in a work like the present, it would be a miracle to escape them ; nor have I the least idea of deciding as judge, in a case of so much delicacy and importance as the pronunciation of a whole people ; I have only assumed the part of an advocate, to plead tlie cause of consistency and ana- logy, and, where custom is either silent or dubious, to tempt the lovers of their language to incline to the side of propriety : so that my design is principally to give a kind of history of pronunciation, and a regbter of its present state ; and, where the authorities of Dictionaries or Speakers are found to differ, to give such a display of the analogies of the language as may enable every inspector to decide for himself. With respect to the explanation of words, except in very few instances, I have scrupulously followed Dr. Johnson. His Dictionary has been deemed lawful plunder by every subsequent lexicographer ; and so servilely has it been copied, that such words as he must have omitted merely by mistake, as Predilection, Respectable, Descriptive, Sulky, Inimical, Interference, and many others, are neither in Mr. Sheridan's, Dr. Kenrick's, nor sevei*al other Dictionaries. * The inspector will be pleased to take notice, that my observations on Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary relate to the first edition, published in his life-time, and the second, sometime after his death : whatever alterations may have been made by his subsequent editors, I am totally unacquainted with. t See Sceptic, Scirrhus, Codlr, Further, &c. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 1 HE rapid sale of tbe Third Edition of this Dictionary called upon me for a Fourth, at a time of life, and in a state of health, little compatible with the drudgery and attention ne- cessary for the execution of it; but as I expected such a call. I was not unmindful of what- ever might tend to render it still more worthy of the acceptance of the Publick, and therefore collected many words, which, though not found in Dictionaries, were constantly to be met with in polite and literary conversation. In the midst of the impression of the present work, I met with Mason's Supplement to Johnson, and found several words worthy of insertion ; and I take this opportunity of thanking that gentleman for the benefit I have derived from his Supplement, which I think, if continued, admirably calculated for the improvement and stability of the language. jrtut as the great object of the present Dictionary was pronunciation, I was very solicitous to be as accurate as possible on this point, and therefore neglected no opportunity of inform ing myself where I was in the least doubtful, and of correcting tyself where there was the least shadow of an error. These occasions, however, were not veiy numerous. To a man born, as I was, within a few miles of the Capital, living in the Capita! almost my whole life, and exercising myself there in publick speaking for many years ; to such a person, if to anj one, the true pronunciation of the language must be very familiar : and to this familiarity . am indebted for the security I have felt in deciding upon the sounds of several syllables, which nothing but an infantine pronunciation could determine. If I may borrow an allusion from musick, I might observe, that there is a certain tune in every language to which the ear of a native is set, and which often decides on the preferable pronunciation, though entirely igno- rant of the reasons for it. But this vernacular instinct, as it may be called, has been seconded by a careful investiga tion of the analogies of the language. Accent and Quantity, the great eflBcients of pronun- ciation, are se.dom mistaken by people of education in the Capital ; but the great bulk of the nation, and those who form the most important part in it, are without these advantages, and therefore want such a guide to direct them as is here offered. Even polite and literary people, who speak only from the ear, will find that this organ will, in a thousand instances, prove but a very uncertain guide, without a knowledge of those principles by which the ear itself is insensibly directed, and which, having their origin in the nature of language, operate with steadiness and regularity in the midst of the ficklest affectation and caprice. It can scarcely be supposed that the most experienced speaker has beard every word in the language, and the whole circle of sciences, pronounced exactly as it ought to be ; and if this be the case, he must sometimes have recourse to the principles of pronunciation, when his ear is either un- informed or unfaithful. These principles are those general laws of articulation which deter- mine the character, and fix the boundaries of every language ; as in every system of speakii/j however iiregular, the organs must necessarily fall into some common mode of enunciation, or the purpose of Providence in the gift of speech would be absolutely defeated. These laws, like every other object of philosophical inquiry, are only to be traced by an attentive obser- vation and enumeration of particulars ; and when these particulars are sufficiently numerous to form a general rule, an axiom in pronunciation is acquired. By an accumulation of these axioms, and an analogical comparison of them with each other, we discover the deviations of language where custom has varied, aod the only clew to guide us where custom is eithei indeterminate or obscure. Thus, by a view of the words ending in ittf or ety, I find the accent invariably placed ou the preceding syllable, as in diver' sity, congru'ity, &c. On a closer inspection, I find every vowel in this antepenultimate syllable, when no consonant intervenes, pronounced long, as dt?ity,yi'ety, &c. A nearer observation shows me, that if a consonant intervene, every vowei in this syllable but « contracts itself, and is pronounced short, as sever'ity, curios'ity, impti^ tity, &c. ; and therefore that chastity and obscenity ought to be pronounced with the penulti* mate vowel short, and not as in chaste and obscene, as we frequently hear them. I find totv that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as cur'vity, tacitur'nity, &c. ; and that scarcity and rarity (for whose irregularity good reasons maybe given) are the only exceptiom 12 ADVERTISEMENT. to this rule throughout the language. And thus we have a series of near jeven hundred words, the accentuation of which, as well as the quantity of the accented vowel, is reduced to two or three simple rules. The same uniformity of accentuation and quantity maybe observed in the first syllable of those words which have the accent on the third, as dem-on-stra' tio7i, dim-i-nu' Hon, lu-cu-bra'tion*^ &c. where we evidently perceive a stress on the first syllable shortening every vowel but m, and this in every word throughout the language, except where two consonants follow the m, as in cur-vi-lin' e-ar ; or where two vowels follow the consonant that succeeds any other vowel in the first syllable, as de-vi-a' Hon ; or, lastly, where the word is evidently of our own composi- tion, as re-con-vey' : but as u in the first syllable of a word, having the accent on the third, has the same tendency to length and openness as was observable when it preceded the terminatioa ity, I find it necessary to separate it from the consonant in bu-ty-ra' ceous, which I have never heard pronounced, as well as in lu-cu-hra' Hon, which I have ; and this from no pretended agreement with the quantity of the Latin words these are derived from ; for, in the former word, the m is doubtful : but, from the general system of quantity I see adopted in English pronunciation: this only will direct an English ear with certainty; for, though we may some- times place the accent on words we borrow from the Greek or Latin on the same syllable as in those languages, as acu'men, elegi'ac, &c. nay, though we sometimes adopt the accent of the original with every word of the same termination we derive from it, as assidu'ity, vi-du'ity, &e. yet the quantity of the accented vowel is so often contrary to that of the Latin and Greek, that not a shadow of a rule can be drawn, in this point, from those languages to ours f . Thus, in the letter in question, in the Latin accnmulo, dubius, tumor, &c. the first m is every-where short ; but in the English words accumulate, dubious, tumour, every where long. NiipHalis, murmur, turbulentus, &c., where the u in the first syllable in Latin is long, we as constantly pronounce it short in nuptial, nncrtnur, turbulent, &c. Nor indeed can we wonder that a different oeconomy of quantity is observable in the ancient and modern languages, a8,in the former, two consonants almost always lengthen the preceding vowel, and in the latter as con- stantly shorten it. Thus, without arguing in a vicious circle, we find, that as a division of the generality of words, as they are actually pronounced, gives us the general laws of syllabication, so these laws, once understood, direct us in the division of such words as we have never heard actually pronounced, and consequently to the true pronunciation of them. For these operations, like cause and effect, reflect mutually a light on each other, and prove, that by nicely observing the path which custom in language has once taken, we can more than guess at the line she must keep in a similar case, where her footsteps are not quite so discernible. So true is the observation of Scaliger : Jta omnibus in rebus certissima ratione sibi ipsa 1 espondet natura. De Causis Ling. Lat. * Sf« Prindp\c4, No 594. 627 biO t See Pnncipln, N» 544, 545 RULES to he observed bij the NATIVES of IRELAND in order to obtain a just Pronunciation of English. As Mr. Sheridan was a native of Ireland, and nad the best opportunities of understanding Ihose ])eculiarities of pronunciation which ob- tain there, I shall extract his observations on that subject as the best general direction, and add a fev/ of my own, by way of supplement, Avhieh I hope will render this article of in- struction still more complete. The reader will be pleased to take notice, that as I have made a different arrangement of the vowels, and adopted a notation different from that of Mr. Sheridan, I am obliged to make uss of different figures to mark the vowels, but still such as perfectly correspond to his. *' The chief mistakes made by the Irish in nronouneing English, lie for the most part in the sounds of the two first vowels, a and e ; the former being generally sounded a by the Irish, as in the word b?ir, in most words where It is pronounced k, as in diy, by the English. rh'Js, the Irish say, patron, matron, the vowel A having the same sound as in the word father ; while the English pronounce them as if writ- I en paytron, maytron. The following rule, .strictly attended to, will rectify this mistake through the whole language. " When the vowel a finishes a syllable, and has the accent on it, it is invariably pronounced 4, as in day, by the English. To this rule there are but three exceptions in the whole language, to be found in the words father, papii, mama. The Irish may think also the word rather an exception, as well as father ; and so it would appear to be in their manner of pronouncing it, ra-ther, laying the accent on the vowel a; but in the English pronunciation the consonant y* is taken into the first syllable, as rath' er, which makes the difference. " Whenever a consonant follows the vowel a in the same syllable, and the accent is on the consonant, the vowel a has always its fourth sound, as hilt, miln ; as also the same sound lengthened when it precedes the letter r, as f?ir, bar, though the accent be on the vowel ; as likewise when it precedes Im, as balm, psalm. The Irish, ignorant of this latter exception, pronounce all words of that struc- ture, as if they were written hawm, psawm, quaivm, caivm, &c. In the third sound of a, marked by different combinations of vowels or consonants, such as au, in Paul ; aic, in law; all, in call ; aid, in bald ; alk, in talk, &c. the Irish make no mistake, except in that of Im, as before mentioned. " The second vowel, e, is for the most part sounded ee by the English, when the accent is 'upon it; whilst the Irish in most words give it the sound of slender A, as in hate. This sound of h [ee] is marked by different com- binations of vowels, such as ea, ei, e final mute, ee, and ie. In the two last combina- tions of ee and ie, the Irish never mistake ; such as in meet, seem, field, believe, &c. ; but in all the others, they almost universally change the sound of e into L Thus, in the combination ea, they pronounce the words tea, sea, please, as if they were spelt tay, say, plays; instea.d of tee, see, plecse. The English constantly give this sound to ea whenever the accent is on the vowel e, except in the follow- ing words : great, a pear, a bear, to bear, to forbear, to swear, to tear, to ivear. In ail which the e has the sound of k in hate. For want of knowing these exceptions, the gentle- men of Ireland, after some time of residence in London, are apt to fall into the genera, rule, and pronounce these words as if spelt greet, beer, siveer, &c. " £i is also sounded ee by the English, and as A by the Irish ; thus, the words deceit, re- ceive, are pronounced by them as if written ilesate, resave. Ei is always sounded ee, ex- cept when a g follows it, as in the words reign, feign, deign, &c. as also in the words rein (of a bridle) , rei7i-deeT, vein, drein, veil, heir, which are pronounced like rain, vain, drain, vail, air. " The final mute e makes the preceding e in the same syllable, when accented, have the sound of ee, as in the words supreme, sincere, replete. This rule is almost universally broken through by the Irish, who pronounce all such words as if written suprAme, sinsAre, rcplate, &c. There are but two exceptions to this rule in the English pronunciation, which are the words there, where. " In the way of marldng this sound, by a double e, as thus, [ee] as the Irish never make any mistakes, the best method for all who want to acquire the right pronunciation of these several combinations is, to suppose that ea, ei, and e, attended by a final mute e, are all spelt with a double e. " Ey is always sounded like k by the Eng- lish, when the accent is upon it ; as in the words prey, convey, pronounced pray, convay. To this there are but two exceptions, in the words key and ley, sounded kee, lee. The Irish, in attempting to pronounce like the Eng- lish, often give the same sound to ey, as usually belongs to ei ; thus, for prey, convey, they say, pree, convee. " A strict observation of these few rules, with a due attention to the very few ex- ceptions enumerated above, will enable the well-educated natives of Ireland to pionounce their words exactly in the same way as the more polished part of the inhabitants of Eng- land do, so far as the vowels are concerned, 1) 14 RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES OF IRELAND. The diphthongs they commit no fault in, ex- cept in the sound of I, which has been ah'eady taken notice of in the Grammar* : where, like- wise, the only difference in pronouncing any of the consonants has been pointed out ; which is, the thickening the sound of d and t, in certain situations ; and an easy method pro- posed of correcting this habit f. " In order to complete the whole, I shall now give a list of such detached words as do not come under any of the above rules, and are pronounced differently in Ireland from what they are in England : Irilh Pronunciation. English Pronunciation. cb^'arful, cher'ful. fi'arful, fer'ful. door, d&re. floor, flire. gApe, geth'er, (gather) geth'er. beard, herd. b5ll. bull. bush, bush. push. push. pSll, pull. pul'pit, pul'pit. c|lf. clM. ketch, (catch) c^tch. corse, (coarse) cAarse. corse, (course) cAarse. court. cAurt. male'cious, malish'us. pudding, pudding. qufch, (quash) quJsh. lezh'ur, (leisure) le'zhure. cla'mour. clAm'mur. Me'kil, (Michael) Ml'kel. droth, (drought) droiit. sarch, (search) serch. source, (source) sorce. cushion. cushion. strenth, (strength) strengkth. lenth, (length) lengkth. • " Vide page H, where the true manner of prononncing the diphthong i !» pointed out; the Irish pronouncing it much in the tame manner as the French. t The letter d ba§ always the came sound hy tliose who pro- nounce Englisn well ; but the provincials, particularly the Irish, Scotch, and Welsh, iu many words thicken the sound by a mixture of breath. Th\is, though they sound the d right in the positive Icwi and broadf in the comparative degree they thicken it by an aspiration, and sound it as if it were written tuudhtTt broadher. Tliis vicious pronunciation is produced by pushing the tongue for- ward so as to touch the teeth in forming that sounil : and the way to ciire it is easy ; for as they can pronounce the d properly in the »«ril (ourf, let them rest a I'tle upon that syllable, keeping the tongue in the position of forming d, and then let them separate it from the upper gum without pushing it forward, and the sound dcr will be produced of course : for the organ being left it. the position of sounding d at the end of the syllable /wrf, is necessarily in the position of forming the same d in uttering the last syllable, unless it makes a new inuvcment, as in the case of i>rotruding it so at to touch the teeth. This letter is sometimes, though not ol\cn, quiescent, as in the words handkerchief, hindsonie, handsel. " In pronouncing the letter, t, the Irish and other provincials thicken the sound, as was before mentioned with regard to the d ; for belter, they say bellher ; for utte:; utther ; and so on in all words of that structure. This faulty manner arises from the same vause that was mentioned as affecting the sound of d ; I irean the {irotrudiug of the tongue su as to touc). the tectli, and is curable •nljr ill the same way." Irish Pronunciation. Eii struv, (strove) dniv, (drove) ten'ure, teii'able, wrath, wrath, (wroth) fi'rewell, rftd, strode, shAne, shism, (schism) whA'refore, thA'refore, breth, (breadth) cow Id, (cold) bowld, (bold) cA^fer, endA'vour, fut, C/oot) mischA'evous, in' ion, (onion) put, rctsh, (reach) sciui'dron, za'lous, zk'lut., glish Pronunciation. strAve. drove, to'nure. t^'nable. wrath, wrftth. far'wel. rode. sti-Ad. shftii. 2 sizm. wher'fore, ther'fore. brwlth. cAld. bAld. cAf fer. endev'iir. fiit. mis'chivoui. un'yun. put. rAach. sou Ad' run. zel'lus. zel'lut. " These, after the closest attention, are all the words, not included in the rules befoie laid down, that I have been able to collect, i which the well-educated natives of Ireland differ from those of England." I shall make no observations on the accuracy of this list, but desire my reader to observe, that the strongest characteristit-s of the pro- nunciation of Ireland is the rough jarring pro- nunciation of the letter R, and the aspiration or rough breathing before all the accented vowels. (For the true sound of R, see that letter in the Principles, No, 419.) And for the rough breathing or aspiration of the vowels, the pupil should be told not to bring the voice suddenly from the breast, but to speak, as it were, from the mouth only. It may be observed too, that the natives of Ireland pronounce »m at the end of a word so distinctly as to form two separate syllables. Thus storm and farm seem sounded by them as if written staw-rum, fa-rum; while the English sound the r so soft and so close to the m, that it seems pronounced nearly as it written stawm,faam. Nearly the same observations are applicable to Im. When these letters end a word, they are, in Ireland, pronounced at such a distance, that helm and realm sound as if written hel- um and rel-utn but in England the I and m are pronounced as close as possible, and so as to form but one syllable. To remedy this, it will be necessary for the pupil to make a col- lection of words terminating with these con sonants, and to practise them over till a true pronunciation is acquired. RULES to be observed by the NATIVES of SCOTLAND for attamingajust Pronunciation of English. 1 HAT pronunciation wliich distin^ishes the inhabitants of Scotland is of a very different kind from that of Ireland, and may be divided Uito the quantity, quality, and accentuation of the vowels. With respect to quantity, it may be observed, that the Scotch pronounce almost all their accented vowels long. Thus, if I mistake not, they would pronounce ?ia- bit, hay-bit; tepid, tee-pid ; sintier, see-ner-, conscious, cone-shus ; and subject, soob-ject : * it is not pretended, however, that every ac- cented vowel is so pronounced, but that such a pronunciation is very general, and parti- cularly of the i. This vowel is short in Eng- lish pronunciation, where the other vowels are long ; thus evasion, adhesion, emotion, con- fusion, have the a, e, o, and u, long ; and in these instances the Scotch would pronounce them like the English : but in vision, decision, &c. where the English pronounce the i short, the Scotch lengthen this letter by pronouncing it like ee, as if the words were written vee- sion, decee-sion, &c. ; and this peculiarity is universal. The best way, therefore, to cor- rect this, will be to make a collection of the most usual words which have the vowel short, and to pronounce them daily till a habit is formed. See Principles, No. 507. With respect to the quality of the vowels, it may be observed, that the inhabitants of Scot- 1 and are apt to pronounce the a like aw, where the English give it the slender sound : thus Satan is pronounced Sawtan, ^nA fatal, faiv- tal. It may be remarked too, that the Scotch give tins sound to the a preceded by w, ac- cording to the general rule, without attending to the exceptions. Principles, No. 88 ; and thus, instead of making wax, waft, and twang, rhyme with tax, shq/'t, and hang, they pro- nounce them so as to rhyme with box, soft, and song. The short e in bed, fed, red, &c. borders too much upon the English sound of a in bad, lad, mad, &c. ; and the short i in bid, lid, lid, too much on the English sound of e in bed, led, red. To correct this error, it would be useful to collect the long and short sounds • TTiat this is the general mode of pronouncing these words in Scotland, is indisputable -. and it is highly probvible that thi Scotch have preserved the old English pronunciation, from which the Bnglisli themselves have insensibly departed. Dr. Hicks observed long ago, that the Scotch Saxonijeii in their language much more than the Eiiglish ; and it is scarcely to be doubted that a situation nearer to the Continent, and a greater commercial intercourse with other nations, made the English admit of numberless changes which never extended to Scotland. About the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when the GreiV and Latin languages were cultivated, and the pedantry ofahuwiiig an acquaintance with them became fashionable, it is not improbable that an alteration in the quantity of many words took place; for a& in Latin almost every vowel be- fore a single consonant is short, so in English almost every vowel In tilt same situation was supimsed to be long, or our ancestors Would not have doubled the consonant in the participles of verbs, to prevent the preceding vowc. from lengthening, but when once ^his alfectation of Latinity was adopted, it is no wonder it should extend beyond its principles, and shorten several voweli in English, because they were short iii the original Latin; and in this manner, perhaps, might the diversity between the quantity of the English »ud the Scotch pronnaciatioD arise. M2, 543 . Sec Drama. 15 of these vowels, and to pronounce the long ones first, and to shorten them by degrees till they are perfectly short ; at the same time preserving the radical sound of the vowel in both. Thus the correspondent long sounds to the e in bed, fed, red, are bade, fade, rade ; and that of the short i in bid, lid, rid, and bead, lead, reed ; and the former of these classes will naturally lead the ear to the true sound of the latter, the only difference lying in the quantity. The short o in not, lodge, got, &c. is apt to slide into the short u, as if the words were written nut, ludge, gut, &c. To rectify this, it should be remembered, that this o is the short sound of atv, and ought to have the radical sound of the deep a in ball. Thus the radical sound corresponding to the o in not, cot, sot, is found in naught, caught, sought, &c. and these long sounds, like the former, should be abbreviated into the short ones. But what will tend greatly to clear the difficulty will be, to remember that only those words which are collected in the Principles, No. 165, have the o sounded like short m when the accent is upon it : and with respect to u in bull, full, pull, &c. it may be observed, tha the pronunciation peculiar to the English is only found in the words enumerated. Princi- ples, No. 174. In addition to what has been said, it may be observed, that oo in food, mood, soon, &c. which ought always to have a long sound, is generally shortened in Scotland to that middle sound of the u in bull : and it must be remem- bered, thatiroo^, wood, good, hood, stood, foot, are the only words where this sound of oo ought to take place. The accentuation, both in Scotland and Ire- land, Cif by accentuation we mean the stress, and not the kind of stress) is so much the same as that of England, that I cannot re- collect many words in which they differ. In- deed, if it were not so, the versification o^ each country would be different : for as Eng- lish verse is fortued by accent or stress, if this accent or stress were upon different syllables in different countries, what is verse in England would not be verse in Scotland or Ireland ; and this sufficiently shows how very indefinitely the word accent is generally used. Mr. Elphinston, who must be allowed to be a competent judge in this case, tells us, that in Scotland they pronounce silence, bi&s, can- v&s, sentence, triiumph, comfSrt, solace, con- strue, rescue, respite, govh'n, hardss, ransdek, cancel, with the accent on the last syllable instead of the first. To this list may be added the word menace, which they pronounce as if written mendss ; and though they place the accent on the last syllable of canal, like the English, they broaden the a in the last sylla- ble, as if the word were spelt canaivl. It may IG RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY THE NATIVES Of SCOTLAND, &c. be farther observed, that they place an accent on the comparative adverb as, in the phrases as much, as Uttle, as tnany, as great, &c. while the English, except in some very particular em- phatical cases, l! in the same syllable at the end of a word, exemplified in the words iinpiign, oppugn, propugn, expugn, imprcgn, PH, its uniform sound — — _ _ _ ib. Q, Us different sounds, when combined with u — 414 H, wlien its sound is transposed — — — 416 WJien it is to be pronounced rough, and when smooth — — — _ 419 8, its different sounds — — — _ _ ib. When it is to be pronounced like z — — 432 When it is to be pronounced like sh and zh 430 Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected 454 J, its different sounds ' — — — — — 459 Hoiv it slides into sh in the 7iutnei-ous termi- nation tion — — — — — — ib. , Why it slides i7ito this sound before n, pre- ceded by the accent _ _ _ _ 4fii Mr. Sheridan's error in this point detected 462 XII, its different sounds — _ _ _ 465 When the h is silent in this combination — 471 T, when silent — — — — — — 472 V, its uniform sound — — — — — 473 "Vf , when silent, and whe/i sounded — 474,475 X, is exactly similar to ks, and liable to the same alterations of sound — — — — 479 Mr. S/teridan's error in this point detected — 480 Y, as a consonant, and its different sounds Ko, 1st Z, improperly resolved by Dr. Johnson into s hard : Its true name IzMid — — 484 Its different sounds — — — — — 434 OF THE NATURE OF ACCENT. Tlie only true definition of accent — — — 4m The different position of the English accent — lag Accent on dissyllables — — — — — 491 Disyllabic nouns and verbs differently accented 492 Accent on trisyllables — — — — — 501 Partial dependance of the English accent on that of the Greek and Latin — — — — 533 Accent on Polysyllables — — — — 504 Enclilical accent exemplified in the termination logy> graphy, i(C. — — — — — 513, 513 'Ihe tendency of compounds to contract the sound of the simple — — _ _ _ — ^i\ Secondary acceiit — — — — — _ 522 Tlie shortening power of this accent — — 52T ON QUANTITY. Tlie shortening power of the secondary accent ex- emplified in the uncertainty and inconsistency of Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in their division of words ifito syllables — — 5% ON SYLLABICATION. Syllabication different according to the different ends to be attained by it — — — — 538 Syllabication exhibiting the sound of a word, de- pending, in some measure, on the nature oj the letters prior to actual pronunciation — 514 The almost total independence of the English quantity on that of the Greek and Latin, ex- emplified by an enumeration of tnost of the dissyllables in our language derived from the Latin and Greek — — — — — 544 The only possible case in which we can argue from the Latin quantity to the English — ib. Dissyllables from the Saxon andFreitch languages enumerated — — — — — — ib. Causes of the prevalence of shortening the first syllable of dissyllables from these languages ib. Of the quantify of unaccented syllables ending with a vowel — — — — — — 547 Uncertainty and inconsistency of Dr. Keni-ick in his notation of the quantify of these vowels ib. Uncertainty and inconsiite?icy of Mr Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in marking the quantity of these vowels — — — — — — 551 Exception to the general rule of pronounciiig these syllables when e is followed by r — 558 Uncertainty of 07ir best orth'oepists in their syl- labication of such words, exemplified by a list from Sheridan, Kenrick, Scott, and Perry 551 Peculiar delicacy of the sound of these syllables 55> Tendency of o before r to go into the same ob- scurity as c, exemplified in the diversity and inconsisteiicy of our best orthHepists, in marking these syllables — — — — 557 Table of the simple and diphtlwngal voteels, re- ferred to as a key to the figures over tlie lettcrt in the Dictionary — — — s- 559 Principles of English Pronunciation. 1. 1 ME First Pniunples or Elements of Pro- nunciation are Letters : The Letters of the English Language are. lionnu Itilic N;inie A a A a a B I) B b bee C c C c see D d D d (h-e E e E e e F f 1' f ef G g G g jee H h H h aitch I i I i i, or ei/e J .1 J J j consonant, or jay K k' K k hay L 1 L I el M in M m em N n N n en O O P P P p pee Q fl Q 1 cue II r R r ar s s S s ess T t T t tee U u U u u, or you V V V V V consonant, or vee w w TV xo double u X X X X eks Y y y y ivy Z z Z z zed, or izzard. 4 1 8 S!. To these may be added certain combina- tions of letters sometimes used ni pnntiiig; as, fF, fi, fl, (Ti, fll, and &, or arid per se and, or rather et per se and; j[f\fi,fi,ffi'>ffli and i^. 3. Our letters, says Dr. Johnson, are com- monly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently i and j, as well a^ u and v, were expressed by the same character ; but as these letters, which had always different powers, have now differ- ent forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of twenty-six letters. 4. In considering the sounds of these first princijdes of language, we find that some are so simple and unmixed, that there is nothing required but the opening of the mouth to make them understood, and to form different sounds ; whence they have the names cf vowels, or voices, or I'ocal sounds. On the contrary, we find that there are others, whose pronunciation depends on the particular a])plication and use of every part of the mouth, as the teeth, the lips, the tongue, the palate, &c. which yet cannot make any one perfect sound but by their union with those vocal sounds ; and these are called consonants, or lettei^s sounding with other letters. Definition of foivels and Consotiants. 5. Vowels are generally reckoned to be five in number ; namely, a, e, i, o, ?< ,- — y and w are called vowels when they end a syllable or word, and consonants when they begin one. 6. The definition of a vowel, as little liable to exception as any, seems to be the following : A vowel is a simple sound, formed by a con- tinued effusion of the breath, and a certain conformation of the mouth, without any alter- ation in the position, or any motion of the organs of speech, from the moment the vocal sound commences till it ends. 7. A consonant may be defined to be, an in- terruption of the effusion of vocal sound, aris- ing fi-om the application of the organs of speech to each other. 8. Agreeably to this definition, vowels may be divided into two kinds, — the simple and compound. The simple, a, e, o, are those which are formed by one conformation of the organs only ; that is, the organs remain ex- actly in the same position at the end as at the begimiing of the letter : whereas, in the com- pound vowels, i and m, the organs alter their pjsition before the letter is completely sound- ed ; nay, these lettei-s, when commencing a syllable, do not only require a different posi- tion of the organs in order to form them per- fectly, but demand such an application of the tongue to the roof of the mouth as is incon- sistent with the nature of a pure vowel ; for the first of these letters, i, when sounded alone, or ending a syllable with the accent upon it, is a real diphthong, composed of the sounds o'* a in fa-ther, and of e in tlie, exactly corre spoiulent to the sound of the noun eye; ami when this letter commences a syllable, as in min-ion, pin-ion, &c. the sound of e with which 22 CLASSTFICATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS. it terminates, is squeezed into a consonant sound, like the double e heard in queen, dif- ferent from the simple sound of that letter in quean; and this squeezed sound in the com- mencing i makes it exactly similar to y in the same situation, which, by all grammarians, is acknowledged to be a consonant*. The latter of these compound vowels, u, when initial, and not shortened by a consonant, commences with this squeezed sound of e equivalent to the y, and ends with a sound given to or in woo and coo, which makes its name in the alphabet ex- actly similar to the pronoun youf. If, there- fore, the common definition of a vowel be just, these two letters are so far from being simple vowels, that they may be more properly called semi-consonant diphthongs. 9. That y and w are consonants when they begin a word, and vowels when they end one, IS generally acknowledged by the best gram- marians ; and yet Dr. Lowth has told us, that w is equivalent to oo : but if this were the case, it would always admit of the particle an before it : for though we have no word in the lan- guage which commences with these letters, we plainly jierceive, that if we had such a word, it would readily admit of an before it, and con- sequently that these letters are not equivalent to IV. Thus we find, that the common opinion, with respect to the double capacity of these let- ters, is perfectly just. 10. Besides the vowels already mentioned, there is another simple vowel sound found under the oo in the words woo and coo : these • How so accurate a grammarian as Dr. Lowth could pronounce to definitively en the nature of y, and insist on its being always a vowel, can only be accounted for by considering the small attention which is generally paid to this part of grammar. His words are these- '* The same sound which wc express by the initial y, our Saxon ancestors in many instances expressed by the vowel e; as, eower, your ; and by the vowel i ; as, iiu, yew ; iong, young. In tlie word yetc, the initial y has prvciscly the same sound with t in the words vieiv, lieu, adieu ; the i is acknowledged to be a vowel in these lat- ter ; how then can the y, which has the very same sound, possibly be a consonant in the former? Its initial sound is generally like that of i in shire, or ee nearly ; it is formed by the opening of the mouth without any motion or contact of the parts : in a word, it has every property of a vowel, and not one of a consonant.'' — Introduction to English Grammar, page 3. llius far the learned Bishop, who has too fixed a fame to suffer any diminution by a mistake in so trifling a part of literature as this : but it may he asked, if y has every property of a vowel, aud not one of a consonant, why, when it begins a word, docs it not admit the euphonic article an before it? t An ignorance of the real composition of u, and a want of knowing that it partook of the nature of a couftonant, has occa- : loned a great diversity and uncertainty in prefixing the indefinite article an before it. Our ancestois, judging of its nature front its name, never suspected tbpt it was not a pure vowel, and constantly prefixed the article an before nouns beginning wiUi this letter ; as, ttn union, an useful book. 'Yhey were conftrmecT in this opinion by finding the an always adapted to the short u, as, an umpire, an umhrella, without ever dreaming that the short u is a pure vowel, and essentially different from the lung one. But the modems, not resting inthenameof a letter, aud consulting theirears rather than their eyes, have frequently placeil the a instead of an before the long II I and we have seenatim'on, a univerrily, a useful book, from some of the most respectable pens of the present age. Nor can we doubt a moment of the propriety of this orthography, when we re- flect that these words actually begin to the ear with y, and might b? spelled yuunion, yountt;erjtfy, youseful, and can therefore no more admit of nn before them than yeai »nd fmth — See Remarks «ll the word an iu this Dictionary letters have, in these two words, e^ ery properly of a pure vowel ; but when foand in food, tnood, &c. and in the word too, pronounced like the adjective two, here the oo has a squeezed sound, occasioned by contracting the mouth, so as to make the lips nearly touch each other ; and this makes it, like the i and M, not so much a double vowel, as a sound be- tween a vowel and a consonant. Classification of Voiueh and Consonants. 1 1 . Vowels and consonants being thus de- fined, it will be necessary, in the next place, to arrange them into such classes as their simili- tudes and specific differences seem to require. 12. Letters, therefore, are naturally divisi- ble into vowels and consonants. 13. The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u ; and y and w when ending a syllable. 14. The consonants are, b, c, d,f, g; h,j, k, I, m, n,p, q, r, s, i, v, x, z; and y and w, when beginning a syllable. 15. The vowels maybe subdivided mtosuch as are simple and pure, and into such as are compound and impure. The simple or pure vowels are such as require only one conforma- tion of the organs to form them, and no mo- tion in the organs while forming. 16. The compound or impure vowels are such as require more than one confornicition of the organs to form them, and a motion in the organs while forming. These observatioiw premised, we may call the following scheme An Analogical Table of the trowels, a pa-per,^ a fa-ther, a wa-ter, e me-tre, no-ble, 00 . • coo. simple or pure vowels. t •.ti-tle,^ J J compound y cy-der, ' ' M lu-cid. wpow-er ■J or mipure vowels. Diphthongs and Triphthongs enumerated. 17. Two vowels forming but one syllable are generally called a diphthong, and three a triphthong : these are the following — de .... Caesar, at aim, ao gaol, ail ..taught, aw law, uy say, ea ....clean, ^e reed, ei .ceiling, eo . . . • people, eu feud. Consonants enumerated and distinguis/ied into Classes. 18. The consonants are divisible into mutes, semi-vowels, and liquids. 19. Tlie mutes are such as emit no sound ew jewel. ey they, la .poniard, le . . . . friend, 10 . . passion, oa .... coat. oe oeconomy. 01 . . . .voice. 00 . . . .moon, ou. . . .found. ow . . . .now, oy boy, ue mansuetude, ui .... languid, uy buy, aye • • (for ever,) cau .... beauty, ecu . • plenteous, ieu adieu, iciv view, oeu . . manoeuvre. ORGANIC FORMA riON OF THE LETTERS AND VOWELS. 23 without a vowel, as, b,p, t, d, h, and c and f^ hard. 20. The semi-vowels are such as emit a sound without the concunence of a vowel, as, r,v,s,z,x, g soft or J. 21. The liquids are such as flow into, or unite easily with the mutes, as, /, m, n, r. 22. But, besides these, there is another clas- sification of the consonants, of great import- ance to a just idea of the nature of the letters, and that is, into such as are sharp or flat, and simple or aspirated. 23. The sharp consonants are, p,f, t, s, k, c hard. 24. The flat consonants are, b, v, d, z, g hard. 25. The simple consonants are those which have always the sound of one letter unmixed with others, as, b,p,f, v, k, g hard, and g soft or J. 26. The mixed or aspirated consonants are those which have sometimes a hiss or aspira- tion joined with them, which mingles with the letter, and alters its sound, as, t in motion, d in soldier, s in mission, and z in azure, 27- There is another distinction of conso- nants arising either from the seat of their for- mation, or from those organs which are chiefly employed in forming them. The best distinc- tion of this kind seems to be that which di- vides them into labials, dentals, gutturals, and nasals. 28. The labials are, b, p,f, v. The dentals are, t, d, s, z, and soft g orj. The gutturals are, k, q, c hard, and g hard. The nasals are, m, n, and ng, 29. Tliese several properties of the conso- nants may be exhibited at one view in the fol- lowing table, which may be called y/M Analogical Table of the Consonants. Hmng labials {^-P-//j' Hissing acntals |„3j ^^ ^, ' j j. iezhe, vUU>nhU\au\ I. lUninir .inni.I. /sharp cth, dfulh. i^isping (lentils I ji^j f,^^^ ^yff^^^ Gutturals {tTgAda)' sag ]s'm^''>^ liiuul r. Dento-guttiiral or nasal ng, hang. 30. Vowels and consonants being thus de- fined and arranged, we are the better enabled to enter upon an inquiry into their different powers, as they are differently ix)mbined with each other. But previous to this, that nothing may be wanting to form a just idea of the first principles of pronunciation, it may not be improper to show the organic formation of each letter. Organic Formation of the Leltei-s. 31. Though I think every mechaziical ac- ; Utbio-nasal licpwl in. count of the organic formation of the letters rather curious than useful, yet, that nothing nliich can be presented to the eye may be wanting to inform the ear, I shall in this fol- low those who have been at the pains to trace every letter to its seat, and make us, as it were, to touch the sounds we articulate. Organic Formation of the Vowels. 32. It will bo necessary to observe, that there are three long sounds of the letter a, which are formed by a greater or less expan- sion of the internal parts of the mouth. 33. The German a, heard in halt, wall, &c. is formed by a strong and grave expression of the breath through the mouth, which is open nearly in a circular form, while the tongue, contracting itself to the root, as if to make way for the sound, almost rests upon the under jaw. 34. The Italian a, heard in fa-ther, closes the mouth a little more than the German a , and by raising the lower jaw, Avidening the tongue, and advancing it a little nearer to the lips, renders its sound less hollow and deep. 35. The slender a, or that heard in lane, is - formed in the mouth still higher than the last ; and in pronouncing it, the lips, as if to give it a slender sound, dilate their aperture horizon- tally ; while the tongue, to assist this narrow emission of breath, widens itself to the cheeks raises itself nearer the palate, and by these means a less hollow sound than either of the former is produced. 36. The e in e-qual is formed by dilating the tongue a little more, and advancing it nearer to the palate and the lips, which produces the slenderest vowel in the language ; for the tongTie is, in the formation of this letter, as close to the palate as possible, without touch- ing it ; as the moment the tongue touches the palate, the squeezed sound of ee in thee and meet is formed, which, by its description, must partake of the sound of the consonant y. 37. The i in i-dol is formed by uniting the sound of the Italian a in fa-ther and the e in e-qual, and pronouncing them as closely to- gether as possible. See Directions to Foreign- ers at the beginning of this book. 38. The in open is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as the a in wa-ter; but the tongue is advanced a little more into the middle of the mouth, the lips are protrud- ed, and form a round aperture like the form of the letter, and the voice is not so deep in the mouth as when a is formed, but advances to the middle or hollow of the mouth. 39. The u in u-nit is formed by uniting the squeezed sound ee to a simple vowel sound, heard in woo and coo ; the oo in these words is formed by protruding the lips a little mjre than in o, forming a smaller aperture with them, and, instead of swelling the voice in ha 84 ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE VOWELS AND CONSONAN'IS. middle of the mouth, bring;ing it as forward as possible to the lips. 40. Y final, in tri/, is formed like i : and w final, in now, like the oo, which has just been described. In this view of the organic formation of the vowels we find that a, e, and o, are the only simple or pure vowels : that i is a diphthong, and that u is a semi-consonant. If we were inclined to contrive a scale for measuring the breadth or narrowness, or, as others term it, the openness or closeness of the vowel, we might begin with e open, as Mr. Elphinston calls it, and which he announces to be the closest of all the vocal powers. In the pro- nunciation of this letter we find the aperture of the mouth extended on each side ; the lips almost closed, and the sound issuing hori2on- tally. The slender a in waste opens the mouth a little wider. The a in Ja-t her opens the mouth still more, without contracting the cor- ners. The German a, heard in wall, not only opens the mouth wider than the former a, but contracts the corners of the mouth so as to make the aperture approach nearer to a circle ; while the c opens the mouth still more, and contracts the corners so as to make it the OS rotunduni, a picture of the letter it sounds. If therefore the other vowels were, like o, to take their forms from the aperture of the mouth in pronouncing them, the German a ought necessarily to have a figure as nearly appn^ching the o in form as it does in sound ; that is, it ought to have that elliptical form which approaches nearest to the circle ; as the « of the Italians, and that of the English in fa-thcr, ought to fonn ovals, in exact propor- tion to the breadth of their sounds ; the Eng- lish a in tt'a5, but not so close to the gums as to stop the breath : a space is left between the tongue and the palate for tlie breath to issue, which forms the hissing and buzzing sound of these letters. 49. SH heaid in 7nission, and zh in evasion, are formed in the same seat of sound as * and z; but in the former, the tongue is drawn a little inwards, and at a somewhat greater dis- tance from the palate, which occasions a fuller effusion of breath from the hollow of the mouth, than in the latter, which are formed nearer to the teeth. 50. TH in think, and the same letters in that, are formed by protruding the tongue be- tween the foie teeth, pressing it against the OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THK VOWELS. upjier teeth, and at the same time endeavour- ing to sound the s or z ; the former letter to sound th in think, and the latter to sound th in that. 51. K and G hard are formed hy pressing the middle of the tongue to the roof of the mouth, near the throat, and sejiarating them a little smartly to form the first, and more gently to form the last of these letters. 52. €H in chair, and J in jail, are fonned by pressing t to sh, and d to zh. 53. M is formed by closing the lips, as in P and B, and letting the voice issue by the nose. 54. N is formed by resting the tongue in the same jiosition as in T or I), and breathing through the nose, with the mouth open. 55. L is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as t and d, but more with the tip of the tongue, which is brought a little for- warder to the teeth, while the breath issues from the mouth. 56. R is formed by placing the tongue nearly in the position of /, but at such a distance from the palate as suffers it to jar against it, when the breath is propelled from the throat to the mouth. 57. NG in ring, sing, &c. is formed in the same seat of sound as g hard ; but while the middle of the tongue presses the roof of the mouih, as in G, the voice passes principally through the nose, as in A/'. 58. Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the position of e, and squeezing the ongue against the roof of the mouth, which 1 roduces ee, which is equivalent to initial y. (36) 59. ^consonant is formed by placing the oigans in the position of oo, described under M, and closing the lips a little more, in order Jo pro])el the breath upon the succeeding vowel which it articulates. Go. In this sketch of the formation and dis- tribution of the consonants, it is curious to ob- serve on how few radical principles the almost infinite variety of combination in language de- pends. It is with some degree of wonder we perceive that the slightest aspiration, the al- most insensible intlectiou of nearly similar sounds, often generate the most different and opposite meanings. In this view of nature, as m eveiy other, we find uniformity and vaiiety very conspicuous. The single^a^, at first im- pressed on the chaos, seems to operate on lan- guages ; which, from the simplicity and pau- city of their principles, and the extent and power of their combinations, prove the good- ness, wisdom, and omnipotence of their origin. 61. This analogical association of sounds is not only curious, but useful : it gives us a comprehensixe view of the powers of the let- ters ; and, from the small number that are radically different, enables us to see the rules on which their varieties depend : it discovers lu us the genius and propensities of several languages and dialects, and, when atithority is silent, enables us to decide agreeably to ana- log}'. 62. The vowels, diphthongs, and consonants, thus enumerated and defined, before we pro- ceed to ascertain their different powers, as they are differently associated with each other, it may be necessary to give some account of those distinctions of sound in the same vowels which express their quantity as long or short, or their quality as open or close, or slender and broad. ITiis will appear the more nesessarj', as these distinctions so frequently occui in de- scribing the sounds of the vowels, and as they are not unfreciuently used with too little pre- cision by most writei-s on the subject. Of the Quantity and Quality of Vowels. 63. The first distinction of sound that seems to obtrude itself upon us when we utter the vowels, is a long and a short sound according to the gre.iter or less duration of time taken up in pronouncing them. This distinction is so obvious as to have been adopted in all lan- guages, and is that to which we annex clearer ideas than to any other ; and though the short sounds of some vowels have not in our lan- guage been classed, with sufficient accuracy, with their parent long ones, yet this has bred but little confusion, as vowels long and short are always sufficiently distinguishable ; and the nice appropriation of short sounds to their spe- cific long ones is not necessary to our convey- ing what sound we mean, when the letter to which we apply these sounds is known, and its power agreed upon. 64. The next distinction of vowels into their specific sounds, which seems to be the most generally adopted, is that which arises from the different apertures of the mouth in forming them. It is certainly very natural, when we. have so many more simple sounds than we ha\a characters by which to express them, to distin- guish them by that which seems their organic definition ; and we accordingly find vowels de- nominated by the French, ouvert ?i.\\i\ J'ermi : by the Italians, aperto and chiuso ; and by the English, open and shut, 65. But whatever propriety there may be in the use of these terms in other languages, it is certain they must be used with caution in Eng- lish, for fear of confounding them with long and short. Dr. Johnson and other gramma- rians call the a m father the open a ; which may, indeed, distinguish it from the slender 4 in paper ; but not from the broad a in ivater which is still more open. Each of these lettere has a short sound, which may be called a shut sound ; but the long sound cannot be so i)ro- perly denominated open, as more or less broad ; that is, the rt in paper, the slender sound* the a in father, the broadish or middle sound, and the a in water, the broad sound. The 2G OF THE INFLUENCE OF ACCENT ON THE SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. same may he observed of the o. This letter has three long sounds, heard in move, note, nor; which graduate from slender to broad- ish, and broad, like the a. The i also in mine, may be called the broad i, and that in machine, the slender i ; though each of them IS equally long ; and though these vowels that are long may be said to be more or less open, according to the different apertures of the mouth in forming them, yet the short vowels caimot be said to be more or less shut : for as short always implies shut, (except in verse) though long does not alwaj-s imply open, we must be careful not to confound long and open, and close and shut, when we speak of the quantity and quality of the vowels. The truth of it is, all vowels either terminate a syllable, or are united with a consonant. In tlie first case, if the accent be on the syllable, the vowel is long, though it may not be open : in the second case, where a syllable is termi- nated by a consonant, except that consonant be r, whether the accent be on the syllable or not, the vowel has its short sound, which, compared with its long one, may be called shut : but as no vowel can be said to be shut that is not joined to a consonant, all vowels that end syllables may be said to be open, whether the accent be on them or not (550) (551). 66. But though the terms long ana short, as applied to vowels, are pretty generally un- derstood, an accurate ear will easily perceive that these terms do not always mean the long and short sounds of the respective vowels to which they are applied ; for if we choose to be directed by the ear, in denominating vowels long or short, we must certainly give these appellations to those sounds only which have exactly the same radical tone, and differ only in the long or short emission of that tone. Thus measuring the sounds of the vowels by this scale, we shall find that the long i and y have properly no short sounds but such as seem essentially distinct from their long ones ; and that the short sound of these vowels is no other than the short sound of e, which is the latter letter in the composition of the diph- thongs (37). 67. The same want of correspondence in classing the long and short vowels we find in a, e, o, and u ; for as the e in theme does not find its short sound in the same letter in them, but in thn t in him ; so the e in them must de- scend a step lower into the province of a for its long sound in tame. The a in carry is not ihe short sound of the a in care, but of that in car, father, &c. as the short broad sound of the a in want, is the true abbreviation of that in wall. The sound of o in don, gone, &c. is exactly correspondent to the a in swan, and finds its long sound in the a in wall, or ^he diphthong aw in dawn, lawn, &c. j while the short sound of the o in tone, is nearly that of the same letter in ton, (a weight) and cor- responding with what is generally called the short sound of u in tun, gun, &c. as the long sound of u in pule, must find its short sound in the u in pull, bull, &e. ; for this vowel, like the I and y, being a diphthong, its short sound is formed from the latter part of the letter equivalent to double o; as the word jmte, if sjielled accordmg to the sound, might be writ- ten peoole. 68. Anotiier observation preparatory to a consideration of the various sounds of the vowels and consonants seems to be tlie in- Huence of the accent ; as the accent or stress which is laid upon certain syllables has so ob- vious an effect upon the sounds of the letters, that unless we take accent into the account, it will be impossible to reason rightly upon the proper pronunciation of the Elements of Speech. Of the Influence of Accent on the Sounds of the Letters, 69. It may be first observed, that the exer- tion of the organs of speech necessary to pro- duce the accent or stress, has an obvious ten- dency to preserve the letters in their pure and uniform sound, while the relaxation or feeble- ness which succeeds the accent, as naturally suffers the letters to slide into a somewhat dif- ferent sound a little easier to the organs of pronunciation. Thus, tne first a in cabbage is pronounced distinctly with the true sound of that letter, while the second a goes into an obscure sound bordering on the i short, the slenderest of all sounds ; so that cabbage and village have the a in the last syllable scarcely distinguishable from the e and i in the last syllables of college and vestige. 70 In the same manner the a, e, i, 0, and y coming before r, in a final unaccented syl- lable, go into an obscure sound so nearly ap- proaching to the short u, that if the accent were carefully kept upon the first syllables of liar. Her, elixir, mayor, martyr, &c. these words, without any perceptible change in the sound of their last syllables, might all be written and pronounced lieur, lieur, elixur, mayur, martur, &c. 7 1 . The consonants also are no less altered in their sound by the position of the accent than the vowels. The k and s in the compo- sition of X, when the accent is on them, in e.reicise, execute, &c. preserve their strong pure sound ; but when the accent is on the second syllable, in exact, exonerate, &c. these letters slide into the duller and weaker sounds of g and z, which are easier to the organs of pronunciation. Hence not only the soft c and the * go into sh, but even the t, before a diph- thong, slides into the same lettei"s when the stress is on the preceding syllable. Thus, u; DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER A. 87 toeiety and satiety the c and t preserve their pure sound, because the syllables ci and ti fcive the accent on them ; but in social and satiate these syllables come after the stress, and from the feebleness of their situation na- turally fall into the shorter and easier sound, as if written soshial and sashiate. See the 'vord Satiety. J. 72. A has three long sounds and two short ones. 73. The first sound of the first letter in our alphabet is that which amon^ the English is its name. (See the letter A at the beginning of the Dictionary.) This is what is called, by most giammarians, its slender sound, (35) (6'5) ; we find it in the words lade,sfadc,tradey &c. In the diphthong ai we have exactly the same sound of this letter, as in pairiy gain, stain, &c. and sometimes in the diphthong ea, as bear, swear, pear, &c.; nay, twice we find it, contrary to every rule of pronunciation, in Ihe words where and there, and once in the anomalous diphthong ao in gaol. It exactly corresponds to the sound of the French e in fhe beginning of the words etre and tete. 74. The long slender a is generally produced by a silent e at the end of a syllable ; which e not only keeps one single intervening conso- nant from shortening the preceding vowel, but sometimes two : thus we find the mute e makes of rag, rage, and veiy improperly keeps the a open even in ratige, change, &c.; (see Change) Juit, with the mute e, becomes hate, and the a continues open, and perhaps some- what longer in haste, waste, paste, &c. though it must be confessed this seems the privilege only of a : for the other vowels contract be- fore the consonants ng m revenge, cringe, plunge; and the ste in our language is pre- ceded by no other vowel but this. Every consonant but n shortens eveiy vowel but a, when soft g and e silent succeed ; as, bilge, badge, hinge, spunge, &c. 75. Hence we may establish this general rule : A has the long, open, slender sound, when followed by a single consonant, and e mute, as lade, vtade,fude, &c. The only ex- ceptions seem to be, have, are, gape, and bade, the past time of to bid. 76. A has the same sound when ending an accented syllable, as, pa-per, ta-per, spec-ta- tnr. The oidy exceptions axG,fu-ther, master, wa-tei: 77. As the short sound of the long slender « is not found under the same character, but m the short e (as may be perceived by com- paring mate and met,) (67) we proceed to de- lineate the second sound of this vowel, which is that heard m father, and is called by some the open sound ; (34) but this can never distin- guish it from the deeper sound of the a in a//, ball, &c. which is still more open . by some it is styled the middle sound of a, as between the a in pale, and that in wall : it answers nearly to the Italian a in Toscano, Romana, &c. or to the final a in the naturalized Greek words, papa and mamma ; and in baa : the word adopted in almost all languages to express the cry of sheep. We seldom find the long sound of this letter in our language, except in mo- nosyllables ending with r, as far, tar, mar, &c. and in the word father. There are certain words from the Latin, Italian, and Spanish languages, such as lumbago, bravado, tornado, camisado, farrago, &c. which are Sometimes heard with this sound of a; but except in bravo, heard chiefly at the theatres, the English sound of a is preferable in all these words. 78. The long sound of the middle or Italian a is always found before r in monosyllables, as car, far, mar, &c. ; before the liquids Im; whether the latter only be pronounced, as in psalm, or both, as in psalmist: sometimes before If, and Ive, as calf, half, calve, halve, salve, &c. ; and, lastly, before the sharp as- pirated dental th in bath, path, lath, &c. and in the word father : this sound of the a was formerly more than at present found before the nasal liquid n, especially when succeeded hyc, t, or d, as dance, glance, lance, France, chance, prance, grant, plant, slant, slander, &c. 79. The hissing consonant * was likewise a sign of this sound of the a, whether doubled, as in glass, grass, lass, &c. or accompanied by t, as in last, fast, vast, &c. ; but this pro- nunciation of a seems to have been for some years advancing to the short sound of this let- ter, as heard in liand, land, grand, Sec. and pronouncmg the a in after, answer, basket, plant, mast, &c. as long as in half, calf, &c. borders very closely on vulgarity : it must be observed, however, that the a before n in mo- nosyllables, and at the end of words, was an- ciently written with u after it, and so probably pronounced as broad as the German a; for Dr. Johnson observes, " Many words pro- nounced with a broad were anciently written with au, as sault, mault ; and we still write fault, vault. This was probably the Saxon sound, for it is yet retained in the northern dialects, and in the rustic pronunciation, as maun for man, haund for hand." But since the u has vanished, the a has been gradually pronounced slenderer and shorter, till now al- most every vestige of the ancient orthography seems lost ; though the termination mand in command, demand, &c. formerly written com- niaund, dtmaund, still retains the long sound inviolably*. • Since tlie fint publi.-arion of this Dictionary the pnUic h«y€ iK-en favoured with some very elaborate anJ judiciou* observaliuus oil EoKlUh l>^NMUlnatial| by Mr. Smith, in a Scheme ef • l'rcn thus, in pronouncing the words abound and C 30 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER E. diadem, ay-bound, ab-bound, and aw-bound ; di-ay-dem, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem, are all improper ; but giving the a the second, or Italian sound, as ah-bound and di-ah-dem, rj?er, reader, &c. pronounced as if written writur, readur, where we may observe that the r being only a jar, and not a definite and distinct articulation like the other consonants, instead of stopping the vocal efflux of voice, lets it imperfectly pass, and so cor- rupts and alters the true sound of the vowel. The same may be observed of the final e after r in words ending in cie, gre, tre, where the e is sounded as if it were placed before the r, as in lucre, ntaugre, theatre, &c. pronounced luhur, maugur, thculur, &c. See No. 418, It may be remarked, that thougn ac ought cautiously to avoid pronouncing the e like u when under the accent, it would be iiimis Al- tici, and border too much on affectation of ac- curacy, to preserve this sound of e in unac- cented syllables before r; and though terrible, where e has the accent, should never be pro- nounced as if written turrible, itK impossible, without pedantry, to make any difference in the sound of the last syllable of splendour and tender, sulphur and suffer, or martyr and garter. But there is a small deviation froir rule when this letter begins a word, and is fol- lowed by a double consonant with the accent on the second syllable : in this case we find the vowel lengthen as if the consonant were single. See Efface, Despatch, Embalm. Q9. This vowel, in a final unaccented sylla- ble, is apt to slide into the short i : thus, faces, ranges, praises, are pronounced as if written faciz, rangiz, praiziz; poet, covet, linen, duel, &c. as if written poit, covit, linin, dull, &c. Where we may observe, that though the e goes into the short sound of i, it is exactly that sound which corresponds to the long sound of e. See Port Royal Grammaire, Latin, p. 142. 100. There is a remarkable exception to the common sound of this letter in the words clerk, Serjeant, and a few othei"s, where we find the e pronounced like the a in dark and margin. But this exception, I imagine, was, till within these few years, the general i-ule of sounding this letter before r, followed by ano ther consonant. See Merchant. Thirty years ago eveiy one pronounced the first syllable of merchant like the monosyllable march, and as it was anciently written marchant. Service and servant are still heard among the lower order of speakers, as if written saridce and sarvant ; and even among the better sort, we sometimes hear the salutation. Sir, your sar- vant ! though this pronunciation of the word singly would be looked upon as a mark of the lowest vulgarity. The proper names, Derby, and Berkeley, still retain the old sound, as if written Darby and liurkeley ; but even these, in polite usage, are getting into the common sound, nearly as if written Durby and Burke- ley. As this modern pronunciation of the e has a tendency to simplify the language by lessening the number of exceptions, it ought certainly to be indulged. 101 . This letter falls into an irregular sound, but still a sound which is its nearest relation, in the words, England, yes, and pretty, where the e is heard like short i. Vulgar sj)eakers are guilty of the same irregularity in engine, as if written ingine ; but this cannot be too carefully avoided. 102. The vowel e before / and n in the final unaccented syllable, by its being sometimes suppressed and sometimes not, fflrms one ot the most puzzling difficulties in pronunciation* DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS E AND 1. «I When any of the liquids precede these letters, the e is heard distinctly, s&ivoollen, flannel, wo- men, syren ; but when any of the other conson- ants come before these letters, the e is some- times heard, as in novel, sudden; and some- times not, as in swivel, raven, &c. As no other rule can be given for this variety of pro- nunciation, perhaps the best way will be to draw the line between those words where e is pronounced, and those where it is not ; and this, by the help of the Rhyming Dictionary, I am luckily enabled to do. In the first place, then, it may be observed, the e before /, in a final unaccented syllable, must always be pronounced distinctly, except in the following words : shekel, weasel, ousel, 7iousel (better written nuzzle'), navel, ravel, snivel, rivel, diivel, shrivel, shovel, grovel, hazel, drazel, nozel. The words are pronounced as if the e were omitted by an apostrophe, as shek'l, weas'l, Otis' I, &c. or rather as if written sheckle, weasle, ousle, &c. ; but as these are the only words of this termination that are so l>ronounced, great care must be taken that we do not yironounce travel, gravel, rebel (the substantive),/>rtrce?, chapel, and vessel, in the same manner ; a fault to which many are very prone. 103. E before w in a final unaccented syl- lable, and not preceded by a liquid, must always be suppressed in the verbal termina- tions in en, as to loosen, to hearken, and in other words, except the following : sudden, mynchen, kitchen, hyphen, chicken, ticken (better written ticking), je^-ken, aspen, platen, paten, marten, latten, patten, leaven or leven, sloven, mittens. In these words the e is heard thstinctly, contrary to the general rule which sup])resses the e in these syllables, when pre- ceded by a mute, as harden, heathen, heaven, as if written harden, heath'n, heav'n, &c.; nay, even when preceded by a liquid, in the words fallen and stolen, where the e is suppressed, as if they were written y'aY/'w and stol'n : gar- den and burden, therefore, are very analogi- cally pronounced g-arrf'n and burd'n; and this pronunciation ought the rather to be indulged, as we always hear the e suppressed in gardener and burdensome, as if written gardener and burdensome. See No. 472. 104. This diversity in the pronunciation of these terminations ought the more carefully to be attended to, as nothing is so vulgar and childi^ as to hear swivel and heaven pro- nounced with the e distinctly, or novel and chicken with the e suppressed. But the most general suppression of this letter is in the preterits of verbs, and in participles ending in ed : here, when the e is not preceded by d or t, the e is almost universally sunk, (362), and the two final consonants are pronounced in one syllable : thus, loved, lived, barred, mar- red, are pronounced as if written lovd, Uvd, bard, mard. The same may be observed of this letter when silent in the singulars of nouns, or the first persons of verbs, as theme, make, &c. which fiirm themes in the plural, and makes in the third person, &c. where the last e is silent, and the words are pronounced in one syllable. When the noun or first person of the verb ends in y, with the accent on it, the e is likewise suppressed, as a reply, two replies, he replits, &c. When words of this form have the accent on the preceding sylla- bles, the e is suppressed, and the y pronounced like short i, as cherries, marries, cuiiies, &c. pronounced cherriz, tnarriz, carriz, &c. In the same manner, carried, married, embodied, &c. are pronounced as if written carrid, mar- rid, embodid, &c. (282). But it must be care- fully noted, that there is a remarkable excep- tion to many of these contractions when we are pronouncing the language of scripture • here every participial ed ought to make a dis- tinct syllable, where it is not preceded by a vowel: thus, " Who hath ftp/jci'eef our report, and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?" Here the participles are both j)ronounced in three syllables ; but in the following passage, Whom he did predestinate, them he also called) and whom he called, them he also justified; and whom he justified, them he also glorified." Called preserves the e, and is pronounced in two syllables ; k\\\ juslificd xndi glorified suppress the e, and are pronounced in three. /. 105, This letter is a perfect diphthong, composed of the sounds of a m father, and e in he, pronounced as closely together as pos- sible, (37). When these sounds are openly pro- nounced, they produce the familiar assent aye which, by the old English ilramatic writeri, was often ex])ressed by i ; hence we may ob- serve, that unless our ancestors pronounced the vowel i like the o in oil, the ])resent pro nunciation of the word ay in the House of Commons, in the phrase, the Ayes have it, is contrary to ancient as well as to present usage : such a pronunciation of this word is now coai-se and rustic. The sound of this letter is heard when it is lengthened by final e, as time, thine, or ending a syllable with the ac- cent upon it, as ti-tle, di-al; in monosyllables ending with nd, as bind, find, mind, &c. ; in three words ending with Id, as child, mild, wild; and in one very irregularly ending with nt, as j}int, (37). 10f>. There is one instance where this letter, though succeeded by final e, does not go into the broad English sound like the noun eye, but into the slender foreign sound like e. Tins is, in the word shire, pronounced as if wiitten sheer, both when single, as a knight oj' the shire; or in composition, as in AW- 33 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OP THE LETTER /. tingJiamsJiire, Leicestershire, &c. This is the Bound Dr.* Lowth gives it in his Gran.mar, pag;e 4 . and it is highly probable that the simple shire acquired this slender sound from its tendency to become slender in the com- pounds, where it is at a distance from the ac- cent, and where all the vowels have a natural tendency to become short and obscure. See Shire. lOT. The short sound of this letter is heard in hitn, thin, &c. and when ending an unac- cented syllable, as, van-i-ty, qual-i-ty, &c. where, though it cannot be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant, yet it has but half its diphthongal sound. This sound is the sound of e, the last letter of the diphthong that forms the long i ; and it is not a little surprising that Dr. Johnson should say that the short i was a sound wholly different from the long one, (551.) 108. When this letter is succeeded by r, and another consonant not in a final syllable, it has exactly the sound of e in vermin, vernal, &c. as virtue, virgin, &c. which approaches to the sound of short u ; but when it comes be- fore r, followed by another consonant in a fi- nal syllable, it acquires the sound of u exactly, as bird, dirt, shirt, squirt, &c. Mirth, birth, gird, gilt, skirt, girl, whirl, und Jlrm, are the only exceptions to this rule, where i is pro- nounced like e, a«d as if the words were writ- ten merth, berth, wnAferm. 103. The letter r, in this case, seems to have the same influence on this vowel, as it evidently has on a and o. When these vowels come before double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, as in arable, carry, marry, orator, hoi-rid, forage, &c. they are considerably shorter than when the r is the final letter of the word, or when it is succeeded by another consonant, as in arbour, car, mar, or, nor, for. In the same manner, the i, coming be- fore either double r, or single r, followed by a vowel, preserves its pure short sound, as in 'irritate, spirit, conspiracy, &c. ; but when r is followed by another consonant, or is the final letter of a word with the accent upon it, the I goes into a deeper and broader sound, equivalent to short e, as heard in virgin, virtue, &c. So fir , a tree, is perfectly similar to the first syllable oi ferment, though often corruptly pronounced like fur, a skin. Sir, and stir, are exactly pronounced as if written sur and slur. It seems, says Mr. Nares, that our ancestors distinguished these sounds more correctly. Bishop Gardiner, in his first letter to Cheke, mentions a witticism of Nicholas Rowley, a fellow Cantab with him, to this effect: Let handsome girls be called virgins ; plain ones, vurgins. ** Si puU'lira est, virgo, sin turpis, vurgo vocetur " Which, SAys Mr. Eljihiuston, may be mo- dernized by the aid of a far more celebrated line : ** Sweet ri;-g-iH can alone tile fair express, ** Fine ky tU-^n-ees^ and beantifnUij less: ** But let the hoyden, homely, rough-Iiewn vitrgin, " Engross the homage of a ^lajor Sturgeon," 1 10. The sound of i, in this situation, ought to be the more carefully attended to, as letting it fall mto the sound of u, where it should have the sound of e, has a grossness in it ap- proaching to vulgarity. Perhaps the only ex- ception to this rule is, when the succeeding vowel is u ; for this letter being a semi-conso- nant, has some influence on the preceding i, though not so much as a perfect consonant would have. This makes Mr. Sheridan's pro- nunciation of the i in virulent, and its com- pounds, like that in virgin, less exceptionable than I at first thought it ; but since we can- not give a semi-sound of short i to correspond to the semi-consonant sound of ?«, I have pre- ferred the pure sound, which I think the most agreeable to polite usage. See Mr. Garrick's Epigram upon the sound of this letter, under the word Virtue. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 111. There is an irregular pronunciation of this letter, which has greatly multiplied within these few years, and that is, the slender sound heard in ee. This sound is chiefly found in words derived from the French and Italian lan- guages ; and we think we show our breeding by a knowledge of those tongues, and an igno- rance of our own . " Report of fashions in proud Italy, '* ^^'hose manners stili our tardy apish nation " Limps after, in hase an-kward imitation." Shakespeare, Itichaid It When Lord Chesterfield wrote his lettei's to his son, the word oblige was, by many polite speakers, pronounced as if written obleege, to give a hint of their knowledge of the French language ; nay. Pope has rhymed it to this sound : ** Dreading ev*n fools, by tVtterers hetieg^d, ** And so obliging, that he ne'er ohlig*d." But it was so far from having generally ob- tained, that Lord Chesterfield strictly enjoins his son to avoid this pronunciation as aftected. In a few years, however, it became so general, that none but the lowest vulgar ever pronounced it in the English manner ; but upon the pub- lication of this nobleman's letters, which was about twenty years after he wrote them, his authority has had so much iiifluence with the polite world, as to bid fair for restoring the i, in this word, to its original rights ; and we not unfrequently hear it now pronounced with the broad Englisli i, in those circles, where, a few years ago, it would have been an in- fallible mark of vulgarity. Mr. Sheridan, W. lohnston, and Mr. Barclay, give both sounds^ but place the sound of oblige fiistt DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /. 33 Mr. Scott gives both, but places obleege fii-st. I Dr. Kenrick and Buchanan give only oblige; and Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, and Penning, give only obleege; but though this sound has lost ground so much, yet Mr. Nares, who wrote about eighteen years ago, says, " Oblige still, I think, retains the sound of long e, notwith- standing the proscription of that pronuncia- tion by the late Lord Chesterfield." 112. The words that have preserved the fo- reign sound of i like ee, are the following : ambergris, verdegris, antique, hecafico, bom- basin, brasil, capivi, capuchiti, colbertine, chiop- jnne, or chopin, caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de- frise, critique (for criticism,) festucine,J'rize, gabardine, haberdine, sordine, rugine, tre- phine, quarantine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue, glacis, invalid, machine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, police, profile, reci- tative, mandarine, tabourine, tambourine, ton- tine, transmarine, ultramarine. In all these words, if for the last i we substitute ec, we shall have the true pronunciation. In signior the first t is thus pronounced. Mr. Sheridan pronounces vertigo and serpigo with the accnat on the second syllable, and the t long, as in tie and pic. Dr. Kenrick gives these words the same accent, but sounds the i as <■ in tea and pea. The latter is, in my opinion, the general pronunciation ; though Mr. Sheridan's is supported by a very general rule, which is, that all words adopted whole from the Latin preserve the Latin accent, (503, b). But if the English ear were unbiassed by the long i in Latin, which fixes the accent on the second syllable, and could free itself from the slavish imitation of the French and Italians, there is little doubt that these words would have the accent on the first syllable, and that the i would be pronounced regularly like the short e, as in indigo and portico. See Vertigo. 1 13. There is a remarkable alteration in the sound of this vowel, in certain situations, where it changes to a sound equivalent to initial y. The situation that occasions this change is, when the i precedes another vowel in an unaccented syllable, and is not preceded by any of the dentals : thus we hear iary in mil-iary, bil-iary,&.c. pronounced as if written mil-yary, bil-yary, &c. Rfm-ion, pin-ion, &c. as if written min-yon and pin-yon. In these words the i is so totally altered to y, that pro- nouncing the ia and io in separate syllables, would be an error the most palpable ; but where the other liquids or mutes precede the i in this situation, the coalition is not so ne- cessary: for though the two latter syllables of convivial, participial, &c. are extremely prone to unite into one, they may, however, be separated, provided the separation be not too distant. The same observations hold good of e, as malleable, pronounced mal-ya-ble. 1 14. But the sound of the i, the most dif- ficult to reduce to rule, is where it ends a syl- lable immediately before the accent. When either the primary or secondary accent is on this letter, it is invariably pronounced either as the long t in title, the short i in tittle, or the French i in magazine; and when it ends a syllable after the accent, it is always sounded like e, as sen-si-ble, ra-ti-fy, &c. But when it ends a syllable, immediately before the accent, it is sometimes pronounced long, as in vi-ta- li-ty, where the first syllable is exactly like tlie first of vi-al; and sometimes short, as in di- ' gest, where the i is pronounced as if the word were written de-gest. The sound of the i, in this situation, is so little reducible to rule, that none of our writers on the subject have at- tempted it ; and the only method to give some idea of it, seems to be the very laborious one of classing such words together as have the i pronounced in the same manner, and observing the diffei"ent combinations of other letters that may possibly be the cause of the different sounds of this. 115. In the first place, where the i is the only letter in the first syllable, and the accent is on the second, beginning with a consonant, the vowel has its long diphthongal sound, as in idea, identity, idolatry, idoneous, irasciblCy ironical, isosceles, itinerant, itinerary. Ima- ginary and its compounds seem the only ex- ceptions. But to give the inspector some idea of general usage, I have subjoined examples of these words as they stand in our different pro- nouncing Dictionaries : idea, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick. Idea, Perry. identity, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Jolmstoii, Kenrick. Identity, Perry. idolatry, Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Jolinston, Kenrick. idolatry, Peny. idoneous, Sheridan, Kenrick. irascible, Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, Kcnnck. Irascible, Perry. isosceles, Sheridan, Scott, Perry. itinerary, Sheridan, Scctt, W. Johnston, Kenrirk. itinerary. Perry. itinei-ant, Slieridon, Scott, W. Johnston, Nares. itinerant, Buclianan, Perry. 116. When i ends the first syllable, and the accent is on the second, commencing with a vowel, it generally preserves its long open diph- thongal sound. Thus in di-ameter, di-urnal, &e. the first syllable is equivalent to the verb to die. A corrupt, foreign manner of pro- nouncing these words may sometimes minc4 the i into e, as if the words were written de- ametur, de-urnal, &c. but this is disgusting to every just English ear, and contrary to the whole current of analogy. Besides, the vowel that ends and the vowel that begins a syllable 84 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER / are, by pronouncing the t long, kept more dis- tinct, and not suffered to coalesce, as they are apt to do if i has its slender sound. Tliis proneness of the e, which is exactly the slender sound of i, to coalesce with the succeeding vowel, has produced such monsters in pronun- ciation as joggTuphy and jommetry for geo- graphy and geometry, And jorgics ior georgics. The latter of these words is fixed in this absurd pronunciation without remedy ; but the two former seem recovering their right to four syl- lables ; though Mr. Sheridan has endeavoured to deprive them of it, by spelling them with three. Hence we may observe, that those who wish to pronounce correctly, and according to analogy, ought to pronounce the first syllable of biography, as the verb to buy, and not as if written beography. 117. When i ends an initial syllable without the accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a consonant, the i is generally slender, as if written e. But the exceptions to this rule are so numerous, that nothing but a catalogue will give a tolerable idea of the state of pro- nunciation in this point. 118. When the prepositive hi, derived from his (twice ,ends a syllable immediately before the accent, the i is long and broad, in order to convey more precisely the specific meaning of the syllable. Thus, bi-capsular, bt-cipital, bi-cipitous, bi-cornous, hi-corporal, hi-dental, bi-J'arious, hi-furcated, hi-lingous, bi-nocular, hi-pennated, bi-petalous, bi-quadrate, have the i long. But the first syllable of the words bi- tumen, and hitutnenous, having no such sfg- nification, ought to be pronounced with tlie i short. This is the Sound Buchanan has given It ; but Sheridan, Kenrick, and W. Johnston, make the i long, as in bible. 119. The same may be observed of words beginning with tri, having the accent on the second syllable. Thus, tri-butial, tri-corporal, tri-chotomy, tri-gintals, have the i ending the first syllable long, as in tri-al. To this class ought to be added, di-petalous and di-lemma, though the i in the first syllable of the last word is pronounced like e, and as if written de-lemma, by Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry, but long by Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Bu- chanan ; and both ways by W. Johnston, but placing the short first. And hence we may conclude, that the verb to bi-sect, and the noun bisection ought to have the t at the end of the first syllable pronounced like buy, as Mr. Scott and Dr. Kenrick have marked it, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Perry, and Buchanan. 120. When the first syllable is chi, with the accent on the second, the i is generally long, as, chi-ragrical, chi-rurgic, cld-rurgeoti, chl- rographist, chi-rographer, chi-rography . Chi- mera and chi-merical have the i most fre- •juentiy short, as pronounced by Buchanan and Perry ; though otherwise marked by Sheridan, Scott, W. Johnston, and Kenrick ; and, in- deed, the short sound seems now established. Chicane and chicanery, from the French, have the i always short, or more properly slender. 121 . a before the accent has the i generally short, as, ci-vilian, ci-vility, and, I think, ci-licious and ci-nerulent, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan, d-barious and ci- tation have the i long. 122. Cli before the accent has the i long, as cli-macter ; but when the accent is on the third syllable, as in climacteric, the i is short- ened by the secondary accent. See 530. 123. Cri before the accent has the i generally long, as, cri-nigerous, cri-teiion ; though we sometimes hear the latter as if written cre- terion, but I think improperly. 124. Di before the accented syllable, begin- ning with a consonant, has the i almost always sliort ; as, digest, digestion, digress, digression, dilute, dilution, diluvian, dimension, dimen- sive, dimidiation, diminish, diminutive, diplo~ ma, direct, direction, diversify, diversification, diversion, diversity, divert, divertisement, di- vertive, divest, diveslure, divide, dividable, di- vidunt, divine, divinity, divisible^ divisibility, divorce, divulge. To these, I think, may be added, didacity, didactic, dilacerate, dilaceror tion, dilaniate, dilapidation, dilate, dilatable, dilatability, dilection, dilucid, dilucidate, di" lucidation, dinetical, dinumeration, diverge, divergent, divan; though Mr. Sheridan has marked the first i in all these words long, some of them may undoubtedly be pronounced either way ; but why he should make the i in diploma long, and W. Johnston should give it both ways, is unaccountable ; as Mr. Scott, Buchanan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, and the general usage is against them. Dieeresis and dioptrics have the i long, according to the ge- neral rule (116), though the last is absurdly made short by Dr. Kenrick, and the diphthong is made long in the first by Mr. Sheiidan, contrary to one of the most prevailing idioms in pronunciation ; which is, the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, (503). Let it not be said that the diphthong must be always long, since Ccesarea and Daedalus have the (£ always short. 125. The long i, in woi-ds of this form, seems confined to the following : digladiation, di-. judication, dinumeratioti, divaricate, direp- tion, diruption. Both Johnson and Sheridan, in my opinion, place the accent of the word didascalic improperly upon the second sylla- ble : it should seem more agi'eeable to analogy to class it with the numerous terminations iq ic, and place the accent on the penultimate syllable, (509) ; and, in this case, the i in the first will be shortened by the secondary accent, and the syllable pronounced like did (527). The first i in dimissory, maiked long by Mr. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER I. 35 Sheridan, and with the accent on the second syllable, contrary to Dr. Johnson, is equally erroneous. The accent ought to be -on the first syllable, and the i short, as on the adjec- tive dim. See Possessory. 126. Vi, before the accent, ought always to be short : this is the sound we generally give to the i in the first syllable oi ji-delity : and why we should give the long sound to the i in fiducial TiwA Jiduciary, as marked by Mr. She- ridan, I know not : he is certainly erroneous in marking the first i in frigidity long, and equally so in placing the accent upon the last syllable oijinite. Finance has the i short uni- versally. 127. Gigantic has the i in the first syllable always long. 128. Li has the t generally long, as U-tation, li-brarian, li-bration, li-centious, li-pothymy, li-quescent, li-tliography , li-thotomy. Litigious has the t in the fii-st syllable always short. The same may be obsei-ved of libidinous, though otherwise marked by Mr. Sheridan. 129. Mi has the i generally short, as iu mi- nority, militia, mimographer, minacious, tni- nacity, miraculous; though the four last are marked with the long i by Mr. Sheridan : and what is still more strange, he marks the i, which has the accent on it, long in minatory; though the same word, in the compound com- minatory, where the i is always short, might have shown him his error. The word mimetic, which, though in very good use, and neither in Johnson nor Sheridan, ought to be pronounced with the first i short, as if written mim-et-ic. The i is generally long in micrometer, micro- graphy, and migration. 130. Ni has the t long in nigrescent. The first i in nigri/ication, though marked long by Mr. Sheridan, is shortened by the secondary accent (527), and ought to be pronounced as if divided into nig-ri-Ji-cation. 131. PAihasthe i generally short, as in^^At- lanthropy, philippic, philosopher, philosophy, philosophize ; to which we may certainly add, philologer, philologist, philology, philological, notwithstanding Mr. Sheridan has marked the t in these last words long. 132. Pi axiA pit have the i generally short, 3& pilaster, pituitous, pilosity, plication. Pias- ter and piazza, being Italian words, have the a short before the vowel, contrary to the ana- logy of words of this form (116), where the i is long, as in pi-acular, pri-ority, &c. Pira- tical has the i marked long by Mr. Sheridan, and short by Dr. Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, more agreeable both to custom and analogy, as the sound of the i before the accent is often determined by the sound of that letter in the primitive word. 133. Pri has the i generally long, as in^-i- meval, ptimevous, prim itial, prtmero, primor- dial, privado, privation, privative, but always short in primitive and primer. 134. Ri has the i short, as in ridiculous. Rigidity is marked with the i long by Mr. She ridan, and short by Dr. lienrick : the latter is undoubtedly right. Rivality has the i long in the first syllable, in compliment to rival, as piratical has the i long, because derived from pirate. Rhinoceros has the i long in Sheridan, Scott, Kenrick, W. Johnston, and Buchanan ; and short in Perry. 135. Si has the i generally short, as simili- tude, siriasis, and ought certainly to be short in silicious (better written cilicious), though marked long by Mr. Sheridan. Simultaneous having the secondary accent on the first syl- lable, does not come under this head, but re- tains the i long, notwithstanding the shorten- ing power of the accent it is under, (527). 136. Ti has the i short, as in timidity. 137> Tri has the i long, for the same reason as bi, which see, (118) (119). 138. l^i has the i so unsettled as to puzzle the correctest speakers. The i is generally long in vicarious, notwithstanding the short i in vicar. It is long in vibration, from its re- lation to vibrate. Vitality has the i long, like vital. In vivifick, vivtficate, and viviparous, the first t is long, to avoid too great a same- ness with the second. Vivacious and vivacity have the i almost as often long as short ; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Dr. Kemick, make the t in vivacious long, and Mr. Perry and Bu- chanan, short ; Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston, make the i in the first of vi- vacity long, and Perry and Buchanan, short : but the short sound seems less formal, and most agreeable to polite usage. Vicinity, vi- cinal, vicissitude, vituperate, vimineous, and virago, seem to prefer the short i, though Mr. Sheridan has marked the three last words with the first vowel long. But the diversity will be best seen by giving the authorities for all these words : vicinity, Dr. Kenrick. vicinity, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Uuchanan, VV. Jolinston, and Perry. vicinal, Mr. Sheridan. vicissitude, Mr. Slieridan, Dr. Kenriclt, W. Johnston, Buclianan, and Perry. Vituperate, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston. vituperate, Mr. Perry. Vimineous, Mr. Sheridan. virago, Mr. Slieridan, and W. Johnston. Virago, Dr. Kenriclc, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, and Perry. I have classed vicinal here as a word with the accent on the second syllable, as it stands in Sheridan's Dictionary, but think it ought to have the accent on the first. See Medici- nal. 139. The same diversity and uncertainty in 36 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER 7. the sound of this letter, seem to reign in those final unaccented syllableswhich are terminated with the mute e. Perhaps the best way to give some tolerable idea of the analogy of the language in this point, will be, to show the general rule, and mark the exceptions ; though these are sometimes so numerous as to make us doubt of the rule itself; therefore the best way will be to give a catalogue of both. 140. There is one rule of veiy great extent, in words of this termination, which have the accent on the penultimate syllable, and that is, that the i in the final syllable of these words is short : thus, servile, hostile, respite, deposite, adamantine, amethystine, &c. are pronounced as if written sei'vil, hostil, respit, deposit, &c. The only exceptions in this numerous class of words seem to be the following : exile, senile, edile, empire, umpire, rampire, finite, feline, ferine, archives; and the substantives, con- fine and supine: while the adjectives saline and contrite have sometimes the accent on the first, and sometimes on the last syllable ; but in either case the i is long. Quagmire and pismire have the * long also ; likeivise hiis the i long, but otherwise has it more frequently, though very improperly, short. Myrrhine, vulpine, and gentile, though marked with the I long by Mr. Sheridan, ought, in my opinion, to conform to the general rule, and be pro- nounced with the i short. Vulpine, with the i long, is adopted by Mr. Scott ; and VV. John- ston, Mr. Scott, and Buchanan, agree with Mr. Sheridan in the last syllable oi gentile ; and this seems agreeable to general usage, though not to Analogy. See the word. That the reader may have a distinct view of the subject, I have been at the pains of collect- ing all our dissyllables of this termination, with the Latin words from which they are de- rived, by which we may see the correspondence between the English and Latin quantity in these words : reptile, .... reptUis, sculptlle, sculpttlis, fertile, ferttliv, futile, futllis, utile, utllis, textile, .... textllis, gentile, gentilis, aedlle, tEdilis, senile, senilis, febrile, . . . fehrllis, virile, virllis, subtile, . . . .suhtllis, coctile, . . . ■ coctllis, quintile, . .quinlllis, hostile, .... hostilis, servile, . . . .servUis, sextlle, .... sextllis. In this list o Latin adjectives, we find only ten of them with the penultimate i long; and flablle, . . . .fiahUis, deblle, . . . . debllis. mobile, . • . • jnohilis. sorblle, . . . . sorbtlis. nubile, . . . . nuMlis, facile, . . . . . facllis, graclle. . • gracilis. docde, . . . . . . docllis. agile, .. agllis, fragile, . . fragllis. pensile, . . . ■pensilis. tortile, . . . . tortllis. scisslle, . . . . scissllis, missile, . • . . missllis, tactile, . . . . tactllis. fictile, . . . . . .fictllis. ductile,. . . . ductilis. four of them with the i in the last syllable long, in the English words gentile, a:dlle, sen- ile, and virile. It is highly probable that this short i, in the Latin adjectives, was the cause of adopting this i in the English words derived from them ; and this tendency is a sufficient reason for pronouncing the words projectile, tractile, and insectlle, with the i short, though we have no classical Latin words to appeal to, fiom which they are derived. 141 But when the accent is on the last syllable but two, in words of this termination, the length of the vowel is not so easily ascer- tained. 142. Those ending in ice, have the i short, except sacrifice and cockatrice. 143. Those ending in ide have the i long, notwithstanding we sometimes hear suicide absurdly pronounced, as if written suicid. 144. Those ending in i/'e, have the i long, except housewife, pronounced huzziff, accord- ing to the general rule, notwithstanding the i in ivife is always long. Midwife is sometimes shortened in the same manner by the vulgar; and se'nnight for sevennight is gone irrecover- ably into the same analogy ; ^}i\o\y^\ fortnight for fourteenthnight is more frequently pro- nounced with tne i long. 145. Those ending in He have the i short, except reconcile, chamomile, estipile. Juvenile, merca7itile, and puerile, have the i long in Sheridan's Dictionary', and short in Kenrick's. In my opinion, the latter is the much more prevalent and polite pronunciation ; but iif un- tile, though pronounceable both ways, seems inclinable to lengthen the i \\\ the last sylla- ble. See Juvenile. 146. In the termniation lyne, pantomime has the i long, rhyming with titne ; and ma- ritime has the i short, as if written maritim. 147. Words in ine, that have the accent higher than the penultimate, have the quan- tity of i so uncertain, that the only method to give an idea of it will be to exhibit a catalogue of words where it is pronounced differently. 148. But, first, it may not be improper to see the different sounds given to this letter in some of the same words by different or- thiJepists : columbine, Sheridan, Narcs, W. Jolmston. colutnblne, Kenrick, Perr>-. sacchai-lne, Sheridan, Nares. saccharine, Kenrick, Perry. saturnine, Sheridan, Nares, Buchanan. saturnine, Kenrick, Perry. mettallne, Kenrick. mettallne, Sheridan, W. Jolinston, Perrj-. crystalline, Kenrick. crystalline, Slieridan, Perry. uterine, Slieridan, Buchanan, W. Johnston. uterine, Kenrick, Scott, Perry. 149. Ill these words I do not hesitate to DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER /. 37 pronounce, that the general rule inclines evi- dently to the long i, which, in doubtful cases, ought always to be followed ; and for which reason I shall enumerate those words first where I judge the i ought to be pronounced long: cannabine, carabine, columbine, bizan- tine, gelatine, legatine, oxi/rrhodine, concu- Vine, muscadine, incarnadine, celandine, al- mandine, secundine, amygdaline, ciystalline, vHuline, calamine, asinine, saturnine, saccha- rine, adulterine, viperine, uterine, lamentine, armentine, serpentine, turpentine, vespertine, belluine, porcupine, countermine, leonine, sap- phirinCj and ?netalline, 150. The words of this termination, where the i is short, are the following : jacobine, me- dicine, discipline, masculine, jessamine, femi- nine, heroine, nectarine, libertine, gemcine, hyaline, palatiiie. To these, I think, ought to be added, alkaline, aquiline, coralline, bri- gantine, eglantine: to this pronunciation of the i, the proper names, Valentine and Con- stantine, seem strongly to incline ; and on the stage Cymheline has entirely adopted it. Thus, we see how little influence the Latin language has on the quantity of the i, in the final syl- lable of these words. It is a rule in that lan- guage, that adjectives, ending in His or inus, derived from animated beings or proper names, with the exception of veiy few, have this i pro- nounced long. It were to be wished this dis- tinction could be adopted in English words from the Latin, as in that case we might be able, in time, to regularize this very irregular part of our tongue ; but this alteration would be almost impossible in adjectives ending in ive, as relative, vocative, fugitive, &c. have the i uniformly short in English, and long in the Latin relativus, vocativus, fugitivus, &c. 151. The only word ending in ire, with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, is acrospire, with the i long, the last syllable sounding like the spire of a church. 152. Words ending m rse have the i short, when the accent is on the last syllable but one, as franchise, except the compounds end- ing in wise, as likewise, lengthwise, &c. as marked by Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Bucha- nan ; but even among these words we some- times hear otherwise pronounced otherwiz, as marked by Mr. Sheridan and W. Johnston ; but, I think, improperly. 153. When the accent is on the last syllable but two in these words, they are invariably pronounced with the i long, as a'iticise, equa- lise. 154. In the termination ite, when the ac- cent is on it, the i is always long, as requite. When the accent is on the last syllable but one, it is always short, as respite, (140), pro- nounced as if ^vritten respit, except contrite and crinite ; but when the accent is on the last syllable but two, the i is generally long: the exceptions, however, are so many, that a catalogue of both will be the best rule. 1 55. The i is long in expedite, recondite, in- condite, hermaphrodite, curmelite, theodolite, cosmopolite, chrysolite, eremite, aconite, tnar- garite, marcasite, parasite, appetite, bipar- tite,triparlite,quadripartite, ennvevtite, ancho- rite, pituiie, satellite. As the last word stands in Kenrick's Dictionary, sa-tell-it, having the i short, and the accent on the second syllable, it is doubly wrong. The i in the last syllable is shortened also by W. Johnston and Perry, but made long, as it ought to be, by Mr. She- ridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Nares. See Re* CONDITE. 156. The i is short in cucurbite, ingenite, definite, indefinite, infinite, hypocrite, favour* ite, requisite, pre-requisite, perquisite, exqui- site, apposite, and opposite. Heteroclite has the i long in Sheridan, but short in Kenrick. The former is, in my opinion, the best pro- nunciation, (see the word in the Dictionary;) but ite, in what may be called a gentile ter mination, has the i always long, as in Hivite Samnite, cosmopolite, bedlamite, &c. 157. The termination ive, when the accent is on it, is always long, as in hive, except in the two verbs, give, live, and their compounds, giving, living, &c. for the adjective live, as a live animal, has the i long, and rhymes with strive; so have the adjective and adverb, lively and livelily : the noun livelihood follows the same analogy ; but the adjective live-long, as the live-long day, has the i short, as in the verb. When the accent is not on the i in tliis termination, it is always short, as sportive, plaintive, &c. rhyming with give, (150), except the word be a gentile, as in ylrglve, 158. All the other adjectives and substan- tives of this termination, when the accent is not on it, have the i invariably short, as offen- sive, defensive, &c. The i in salique is short, as if written sallick, but long in oblique, rhym- ing with pike, strike, &c. ; while antique has the i long and slender, and rhymes with speak. Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Perry, Bu- chanan, and Barclay, have obleek for oblique , Mr. Scott has it both ways, but gives the slender sound first ; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. {«Jares, and W. Johnston, obllke. The latter is, in my opinion, more agreeable to polite usage, but the former more analogical ; for, as it comes from the French oblique, we can- not write it oblike, as Mr. Nares wishes, any more than antique, antike, for fear of depart- ing too far from the Latin antiquus and obli^ quus. Opaque, Mr. Nares observes, has be- come opake ; but then it must be remembered, that the Latin is opacus, and not opacuus. 159. All the terminations in ize have the i long, except to endenize ; which, having the 38 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS / AND O. accent on the second syllable, follows the "ge- neral rule, and has the i short, pronounced as the verb is, (140). To these observations we may add, that though evil and devil suppress the i, as if written ev'l and dev'l, yet that (avil and pencil preserve its sound distinctly ; and that Lati7i ought never to be pronounced as it is generally at schools, as if written Z/O^^'w. Cousiii and cozen, both drop the last vowels, as if spelled cuzz'n, and are only distinguish- able to the eye. Thus we see how little regularity there is in the sound of this letter, when it is not under the accent, and, when custom will per- mit, how careful we ought to be to preserve the least tiace of analogy, that " confusion may not be worse confounded." The sketch that has been just given may, perhaps, afford something like a clue to direct us in this la- byrinth, and it is hoped it will enable the ju- dicious speaker to pronounce with more cer- tainty and decision. 160. It v'as remarked under the vowel yl, that when a hard g or c preceded that vowel, a sound like e interposed, the better to unite the letters, and soften the sound of the con- sonant. The same may be observed of the letter /. When this vowel is preceded by g hardjOr k, which is but another form for hard c, it is pronounced as if an e were inserted be- tween the consonant and the vowel : thus, sky, kind, guide, guise, disguise, catechise, guile, beguile, mankind, are pronounced as if writ- ten ske-y, ke-ind, gue-ise, dis-gue-ise, cat-e- che-ise, gue-ile, he-gue-ile, man-ke-ind. At first we are surprised that two such different letters as a and t should be affected in the same man- ner by the hard gutturals, g, c, and k; but when we reflect that i is really composed of a and e, (.37), our surprise ceases and we are pleased to find the ear perfectly uniform in its procedure, and entirely unbieissed by the eye. From this view of the analogy we may see how greatly mistaken is a very solid and ingenious writer on this subject, who says, that ^* ky-ind for kind, is a monster of pronunciation, heard only on our stage." Nares's English Orthoepy, page 28. Dr. Beattie, in his Theory of Lan- guage, takes notice of this union of vowel rounds, page 266. See No. 92. It may not, perhaps, seem unworthy of no> tice, that when this letter is unaccented in the numerous terminations ity, ible, &c. it is frecjuently pronounced like short u, as if the words sensible, visible, &c. were written sen- pibble, visubble, &c. and charity, chastity, &c, like charutty, chastutty, &c. ; but it may be observed, that the pure sound of i like e in these words, is as much the mark of an elegant speaker, as that of the « in singular, educate^ &c. See No. 179. O. 161. Grammarians have generally allowed this letter but thiee sounds. Mr, Sheridan instances them in 7iot, note, prove. For a fourth, I have added the o in love, dove, &c. ; for the fifth, that in or, nor, for ; and a sixth, that in tvoman, tvolf, &c. 162. The first and only peculiar sound of this letter is that by which it is named in the alphabet : it requires the mouth to be formed, in some degree, like the letter, in order to pronounce it. This may be called its long open sound, as the o in prove may be called its long slender sound, (65). This sound we find in words ending with silent e, as tone, bone, alone; or when ending a syllable with the accent upon it, as mo-tion, po-tent, &c. likewise in the monosyllables, go, so, no. This sound is found vuider several combinations of other vowels with this letter, as in moan, groan, bow (to shoot with), low, (not high), and before st in the words host, ghost, postj most, and before ss in gross. 163. The second sound of this letter is called its short sound, and is found in not, got, lot, &c. ; though this, as in the other short vowels, is by no means the short sound of the former long one, but corresponds exactly to that of a, in what, with which the words not, got, lot, are perfect rhymes. The long sound, to which the in not and sot are short ones, is found under the diphthong au in naught, and the o%t in sought ; corresponding exactly to the a in hall, ball, &c. The short sound of this letter, like the short sound of a inyaWe*-, (78) (79), is frequently, by inaccurate speakers, and chiefly those among the vulgar, lengthened to a middle sound approaching to its long sound, the in or. This sound is generally heard, as in the case of a, when it is succeeded by two consonants : thus, Mr. Smith j)ronounces broth, froth, and moth, as if written brawth, frawth, and mawth. Of the projiriety or im- propriety of this, a well-educated ear is the best judge ; but, as was observed under the article A (79), if this be not the sound heard among the best speakers, no middle sound ought to be admitted, as good orators will ever incline to definite and absolute sounds, rather than such as maybetialled nondescripts in language. 164. The third sound of this ktter, as was marked in the first observation, may be called its long slender sound, corresponding to the double 0, The words where this sound of o occurs are so few, that it will be easy to give a catalogue of them : prove, move, behove. and their compounds, lose, do, ado, Rome, poltron, ponton, sponton, who, whom, womb, tomb. Sponton is not in Johnston ; and this DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER O. 3D and the two preceding words ought rather to be written with oo in the last syllable. Gold is pronounced like goold in familiar conversa- tion ; but in verse and solemn language, es- pecially that of the scripture, ought always to rhyme with old, fold, &c. See Encore, Gold, and Wind. 165. The fourth sound of this vowel is that which is found in love, dove, &c.; and the long sound, which seems the nearest relation to it, is the first sound of o in note, tone, rove, &c. This sound of o is generally heard when it is shortened by the succeeding liquids n, m, r, and the semi-vowels v, z, th ; and as Mr. Nares has given a catalogue of those words, I shall avail myself of his labour. Above, affront, allonge, among, amongst, attorney, bomb, bombard, borage, borough, brother, cochineal, colour, come, comely, comjit, conifort, com- pany, co?npass, comrade, combat, conduit, coney, conjure, constable, covenant, cover, co- vert, covet, covey, cozen, discomjit, done, doth, dost, dove, dozen, dromedary, front, glove, govern, honey, hover, . love, Monday, money, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, none, nothing, one, onion, other, oven, plover, pome- granate, pommel, pother, romage, shove, sho- vel, sloven, smotlier, some, Somerset, son, so- vereign, sponge, stomach, thorough, ton, tongue, word, work, wonder, world, worry, %vorse, worship, wort, worth : to which we may add, rhomb, once, comfrey, and colander. 166. In these words the accent is on the o in every word, except pomegranate : but with very few exceptions, this letter has the same sound, in the unaccented terminations, oc,ock, od, ol, om, on, op, or, ot, and some; as, mam- mock, cassock, method, carol, kingdom, union, amazon, gallop, tutor, turbot, troublesome, &c. all which are pronounced as if written mammuck, cassuck, methud, &e. The o in the adjunct monger, as cheesemonger, &c. has always this soimd. The exceptions to this inile are technical terms from the Greek or Latin, as achor, a species of the herpes ; and proper names, as Calor, a river in Italy. 167. The fifth sound of is the long sound produced by r final, or followed by another oonsonant, 2&for,formet. This sound is per- fectly equivalent to the diphthong au; and for Rndfortner might, on account of sound only, be written faur and faurmer. There are many exceptions to this rule, as borne, corps, corse, force, forge, form (a &edX),forl, horde, porch, port, sport, &c. which have the first sound of this letter. 168. O, like ^, is lengthened before r, when terminating a monosyllable, or followed by another consonant ; and, like a too, is short- ened by a duplication of the liquid, as we may iiear by comparing the conjunction or with the same letters in toi-rid, floridy &c.; for though the r is not doubled to the eye in florid, yet, as the accent is on it, it is as effec- tually doubled to the ear as if y/v\\.tf:n florrid ; so, if a consonant of another kind succeed the r in this situation, we find the as long as in a monosyllable : thus, the in orchard is as long as in the conjunction or, and that uxfor- ■tnal, as in the \so\Afor: but in orifice and forage, where the r is followed by a vowel, the o is as short as if the r were double, and the words written orrifice a.ndforrage. See No. 81. 1 69. There is a sixth sound of exactly cor- responding to the M in bull, full, pull, &c. which, from its existing only in the following words, may be called its irregular sound. These words are, womati, bosom, worsted, wo{f, and the proper names, TVolsey, Worces- ter, and Wolvei'hampton. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 170. Wliat was observed of the a, when fol- lowed by a liquid and a mute, may be observ- ed of the with equal justness. This letter, like a, has a tendency to lengthen, when fol- lowed by a liquid and another consonant, or by s, ss, or s and a mute. But this length of 0, in this situation, seems every day growing more and more vulgar : and, as it would be gross, to a degree, to sound the a in castle, mask, and plant, like the a in palm, psalm, &c. so it would be equally exceptionable to pronounce the in moss, dross, a.mi frost, as if written mawse, drawse, anAfrawst (78) (79). The in the compounds of solve, as dissolve, absolve, resolve, seem the only words where a somewhat longer sound of the o is agreeable to polite pronunciation : on the contrary, when the ends a syllable, im- mediately before or after the accent, as in po-lite, im-po-tent, &c. there is an elegance in giving it the open sound nearly as long as in po-lar, Riid po-tent, &c. See Domestic, Col- lect, and Command. It may likewise be ob- served, that the 0, like the e (102), is sup- pressed in a final unaccented syllable when pre- ceded by c or k, and followed by n, as bacon, beacon, deacon, beckon, reckon, pronounced bak'n, beak'n, deak'n, beck'n, reck'n; and when c is preceded by another consonant, as falcon, pronouncedyawi'w. The is likewise mute in the same situation, when preceded by d in pardon, pronounced pard'n, but not in guerdon : it is mute when preceded by p in weapon, capon, &c. pronounced weap'n, cap'n, &c. ; and when preceded by * in reason, season, treason, oraison, benison, deniso7i, unison, foi^ S071, poison, prison, da?Hson, crimson, aduow- son, pronounced reaz'n, treaz'n, &c. and ma- son, bason, garrison, lesson, caprison, com- parison, disinherison, parson, and person^ pronounced mas'n, bas'n, &c. Unison, diapu- 40 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER U. son, and cargason, seem, particularly in so- lemn speaking, to preserve the sound of o like u, as if written unizun, diapazun, &c. The Jame letter is suppressed in a final unaccented syllable begiiming with t, as seton, cotton, hutton, mutton, glutton, pronounced as if written set'n, cott'n, &c. When x precedes the t, the o is pronounced distinctly, as in sexton. When I is the preceding letter^ the is generally suppressed as in the proper names, Stilton cheese, ff^ilton carpets, and Melton Mowbray, &c. Accurate speakers sometimes struggle to preserve it in the name of our great epic poet, Milton ; but the former examples sufficiently shew the tendency of the language ; and this tendency cannot be easily counteracted. This letter is likewise sup- pressed in the last syllable of blazon, pronoun- ced blaz'n; but is always to be preserved in the same syllable of horizon. This suppres- sion of the o must not be ranked among those careless abbreviations found only among the vulgar, but must be considered as one of those devious tendencies to brevity, which has worn itself a currency in the language, and has at last become a part of it. To pronounce the o in those cases where it is suppressed, would give a singularity to the speaker bordering nearly on the pedantic ; and the attention given to this singularity by the hearer, would necessarily diminish his attention to the sub- ject, and consequently deprive the speaker of something much more desirable. U. 171. The first sound of m, heard in tube, or ending an accented syllable, as in cu-bic, is a diphthongal sound, as if e were prefixed, and these words were spelt teivbe and kewbic. The letter u is exactly the pronoun t/ou. 172. The second sound of u is the short sound, which tallies exactly with the in done, so?i, &c. which every ear perceives might, as well, for the sound's sake, be spelt dun, sun, &c. See all the words where the has this sound, No. 165. 173. The third sound of this letter, and that in which the English more particularly depart from analogy, is the u in bull,Jull,' pull, &.C. The first or diphthongal u in tube seems almost as peculiar to the English as the long sound of the i in thine, mine, &c. ; but here, as if they chose to imitate the Latin, Italian, and French u, they leave out the e before the u, which is heard in tiibe, mule, &c. and do not pronounce the latter part of u quite so long as the 00 in pool, nor so short as the u in dull, but with a middle sound between both, which is the true short sound of the 00 in coo and vjoo, as may be heard by comparing tvoo and wool; the latter of which is a perfect rhyme to bull. 174. This middle sound of M, so unlike the general sound of that letter, exists only in the following words : bull, full, pull ; words com- pounded oi full, as wonderful, dreadful, &.c. bullock, bully, bullet, bulwark, fuller , fulVaig- mill, pulley, pullet, push, bush, bushel, pulpit, puss, bullion, butcher, cushion, cuckoo, pud- ding, sugar, hussar, huzza, and put, when a verb : but few as they are, except full, which is a very copious termination, they are suf- ficient to puzzle Englishmen who reside at any distance from the capital, and to make the inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland, (who, it is highly probable, received a much more regular pronunciation from our ancestors) not unfrequently the jest of fools. 175. But vague and desultory as this sound of the zi may at first seem, on a closer view we find it chiefly confined to words which be- gin with the mute labials, b, p, f, and end with the liquid labial /, or the dentals s, t, and d, as in bull, full, pull, bush, push, pudding, puss, put, &c. Whatever, therefore, was the cause of this whimsical deviation, we see its primitives are confined to a veiy narrow com- pass ; put has this sound only when it is a verb ; for putty, a paste for glass, has the common sound of u, and rhymes exactly with nutty, (having the qualities of a nut); so put, the game at cards, and the vulgar appellation of country put, follow the same analogy. Al . bulVs compounds regularly follow their primi- tive ; as, bull-baiting, bull-beggar, bull-dog, &c. But though fuller, a whitener of cloth, and Fulham, a proper name, are not com- pounded oifull, they are sounded as if they were ; while Putney follows the general rule, and has its first syllable pronounced like tlie noun put. Pulpit and pullet comply with the peculiarity, on account of their resem- blance to pull, though nothing related to it ; and butcher and puss adopt this sound of u for no other reason but the nearness of their form to the other words ; and when to these we have added cushion, sugar, cuckoo, hussar, and the interjection huzza, we have every word in the whole language where the u is thus pronounced. 176. Some speakers, indeed, have attempted to give bulk and pufiish this obtuse sound of tc, but luckily have not been followed. Tht words which have already adopted it are suf- ficiently numerous; and we cannot be toe careful to check the growth of so unmeaning an irregularity. When this vowel is preceded by r in the same syllable, it has a sound some- what longer than this middle sound, and exactly as if written 00 : thus rue, true, &e. are pronounced nearly as if written roo, troo, &c. (339). 177. It must be remarked, that this sound of u, except in the wovd fuller, never extends to words from the learned languages ; for, DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE LETTER Y. 41 fulminant, fulinination, ebullition, repulsion, sepulchre, &c. sound the u as in dull, gull, &c. and the u in pus and pustule is exactly like the same letter in thus. So the pure English ^f/oxA%, fulsome, buss, bulge, bustle, bustard, buzzard, preserve the m in its second sound, as us, hull, and custard. It may like- wise not be unworthy of remark, that the letter u is never subject to the shortening power of either the primary or secondary ac- cent ; but when accented, is always long, un- less shortened by a double consonant. See the words Drama and Muculent, and No. 503, 534. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 178. But the strangest deviation of this letter from its regular sound is in the words bus^, business and bury. We laugh at the Scotch for pronouncing these words, as if written bew- ty, bewsiness, bewry ; but we ought rather to blush for ourselves in departing so wantonly from the general rule as to pronounce them Lizzy, bizness, and berry. 179. There is an incorrect pronunciaflon of this letter when it ends a sellable not under the accent, which prevails not onij among the vulgar, but is sometimes found in better com- pany ; and that is, giving the u an obscure sound, which confounds it with vowels of a very different kind : thus we not unfrequently hear singular, regular, and particular, pronounced as if written sing-e-lar, reg-e-lar, and pai-- ticli-e-lar ; but nothing tends more to tarnish and vulgarize the pronunciation than this short and obscure sound of the unaccented u. It may, indeed, be observed, that there is scarcely anything more distinguishes a person of mean and good education than the pronun- ciation of the unaccented vowels (547J (558). When vowels are under the accent, the prince, and the lowest of the people in the metropolis, with very few exceptions, pronounce them in the same manner ; but the unaccented vowels m the mouth of the former have a distinct, open, and specific sound, while the latter often totally snik them, or change them into some other sound. Those, therefore, who wish to pronounce elegantly, must be particularly at- tentive to the unaccented vowels ; as a neat pronunciation of these forms one of the greatest beauties of speaking. Y final. 180. y final, either in a word or syllable, is a pure vowel, and has exactly the same sound as i would have in the same situation. For :his reason, printers, who have been the great correctors of our orthography, have substituted the i in its stead, on account of the too great frequency of this letter in the English language. That y final is a vowel, is universally acknow- ledged ; nor need we any other proof of it than its long sound, when followed by e mute, as in thyme, rhyme, &c. or endfng a syllable with the accent upon it, as buying, cyder, &c.; this may be called its first vowel sound. 18). The second sound of the vowel y is its short sound, heard in system, syntax, &c. Irregular and unaccented Sounds. 1 82. The unaccented sound of this letter at the end of a syllable, like that of i in the same situation, is always like the first sound of e : thus vanity, pleurisy, &c., if sound alone were consulted, might be written vanitee, pleurisee, &c. 183. The exception to this rule is, when / precedes the y in a final syllable, the y is then pronounced as long and open as if the accent were on it : thus justify, qualify, &c. have the last syllable sounded like that in defy. This long sound continues when the y is changed into i, \\\ justifiable, qualifiable, &c. The same may be observed of multiply and multipliable, &c. occupy arid occupiable, &c. (512). 184. There is an irregular sound of this letter when the accent is on \t,\n panegyric, when it is frequently pronounced like the second sound of e ; which would be more correct if its true sound were preserved, and it were to rhyme with pyrrhic ; or as Swift does with satiric: " On nie when dunces are satiric, ** I take it for a panegyric." Thus we see the same irregularity attends this letter before double r, or before single r, fol- lowed by a vowel, as we find attends the vowel i in the same situation. So the word syrinx ought to preserve the y like i pure, and the word syrtis should sound the y like e short, though the first is often heard improperly like the last. 185. But the most uncertain sound of this letter is, when it ends a syllable immediately preceding the accent. In this c.ise it is sub- ject to the same variety as the letter i in the same situation, and nothing but a catalogue will give us an idea of the analogy of the lan- guage in this point. 186. The y is long in chylaceous, but short- ened by the secondary accent in chylifaction and chy If active (53o), though, without the least reason from analogy, Mr. Sheridan ha? marked them both long. 187. Words composed of hydro, from the Greek CJwe. 'water, have the y before the accent generally long, as hydrography, hydrographer, hydrometry, hydropic; all which have the y long in Mr. Sheridan but hydrography, which must be a mistake of the press ; and this long sound of y contniues in hydrostatic, in spite of the shortening power of the secondary ac- cent (530). The same sound of ?/ prevails m hydraulics and hydatides. Hygrometer and 42 DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS. hygrometry seem to follow the same analog^', as well as hyperbola swA hyperbole ; which are generally heard with the y long' ; though Ken- rick has marked the latter short. Hypostasis and hypotenuse ought to have the y long like- wise. In hypothesis the y is more frequently short than long ; and in hypothetical it is more frequently .long than short ; but hypo- crisy has the first y always short. Myraholan and myropolist may have the y either long or short. Mythology has the first y generally short, and mythological, from the shortening power of the secondary accent (530), almost always. Phytivorous, phytography, phyto- logy, have the first y always long. In phy- lactery the first y is generally short, and in physician always. Pyllf^s has the y long in Mr. Sheridan, but, I thiS|k improperly. In pyramidal he marks the y^iag, though, in my opinion, it is generally heamshort, as in pyramid. In pyrites, with the accfent on the second syllable, he marks the y short,, much more correctly than Kenrick, who places the accent on the first syllable, and marks the y long. (See the word.) Synodic, synodical, synonima, and synopsis, have the y always short : synechdoche ought likewise to ha.\e the same letter short, as we find it in Perry's and Kenrick's Dictionaries ; though in She- ridan's we find it long. Typography and ty- pographer ought to have the first y long, as we find it in Sheridan, Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Kenrick, and Perry, though frequently heard short ; and though tyran- nical has the y marked short by Mr. Perry, it ought rather to have the long sound, as we see it marked by Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Buchanan, W. Johnston, and Kenrick. 188. From the view that has been taken of the sound of the i and y immediately before the accent, it may justly be called the most uncertain part of pronunciation. Scarcely any reason can be given why custom prefers one sound to the other in some words ; and why, in others, we may use either one or the . other indiscriminately. It is strongly to be presumed that the i and y, in this situation, particularly the last, was generally pronounced long by our ancestors, but that custom has gradually inclined to the shorter sound as more readily pronounced, and as more like the sound of these letters when they end a syl- lable after the accent ; and, perhaps, we should contribute to the regularity of the language, if, when we are in doubt, we should rather in- cline to the short than the long sounds of these letters. TV final. 1'89. That w final is a vowel, is not dis- puted (9) ; when it is in this situation, it is ttiuivalent to oo ; as may be perceived in the sound of vow, tow-el, &c. ; where it forms a real diphthong, composed of the a in wa-ter, and the oo in woo and coo. It is often joined to at the Mid of a syllable, without affecting the sound of that vowel ; and in this situation it may be called servile, as m bow, (to shoot with), «'0M>, Zow, not high &e. DIPHTHONGS. 1,90. A diphthong is a double vowel, or the union or mixture of two vowels pronounced together, so as only to make one syllable ; as the Latin ae, or a, oe, or ce, the Greek e<, the English ai, au, &c. 191. This is the general definition of a diphthong ; but if we examine it closely, we shall find in it a want of precision and accu- racy*. If a diphthong be two vowel sounds in succession, they must necessarily form two syllables, and therefore, by its very definition, cannot be a diphthong ; if it be such a mix- ture of two vowels as to form but one simple sound, it is very improperly called a diph- thong ; nor can any such simple mixture exist. 192. The only way to reconcile this seem- ing contradiction, is to suppose that two vocal sounds in succession were sometimes pro- nounced so closely together as to form only the time of one syllable in Greek and Latin verse. Some of these diphthongal syllables we have in our own language, which only pass for monosyllables in poetry ; thus, hire (wages), is no more than one syllable in verse, though perfectly equivalent to higher (more high), which generally passes for a dissyllable : the same may be observed of dire and dyer, hour and power, &c. This is not uniting two vocal sounds into one simple sound, which is impos- sible, but pronouncing two vocal sounds in succession so rapidly and so closely as to go for only one syllable in poetry. 193. Thus the best definition I have found of a diphthong is that given us by Mr. Smith, in his Scheme for a French and English Dic- tionai-y. " A diphthong (says this gentleman) I would define to be two simple vocal sounds uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and joined in such a manner that each loses a portion of its natural length ; but from the junction produceth a compound sound, equal in the time of pronouncing to either of them taken separately, and so making still but one syllable. 194. " Now if we apply this definition (says Mr. Smith) to the several combinations that may have been laid down and denominated diphthongs by former orthoepists, I believe we * M'e see how many disputes the simple and ambiguous natura of vo'.vcis created among grammarians, and how it lias begot the mistake concerning diphtllongt t all that are properly so are syl- lables, and not diphthongs, as intended to be signified by that word. — Holder DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AE, Al. shall find only a small number of them merit- mg this name." As a proof of the truth of this observation, we find, that most of those vocal assemblages that go under the name of diphthongs, emit but a simple sound, and that not compounded of the two vowels, but one of them only, sounded long : thus pain and pane, pail and pale, hear and here, are perfectly the Same sounds. 195. These observations naturally lead us to a distinction of diphthongs into proper and improper : the proper are such as have two distinct vocal sounds, and the improper such as have but one. 196. The proper diphthongs are, ea . . . . ocean. to . .question. op boy, evo . . . .jewel. ou . . . .pound. ue mansuetude. la . . poniard. utv. now. ui .... languid. te . . . .spaniel. In this assemblage it is impossible not to see a manifest distinction between those which be- gin with e or i, and the rest. In those begin- ning with either of these vowels we find a squeezed sound like the commencing or con- sonant y interpose, as it were, to articulate the latter vowel, and that the words where these diphthongs are found, might, agreeably to the sound, be spelt oshe-yan,f-yude, j-yewel, pon- yard, span-yel, pash-yon, &c. ; and as these diphthongs (which, from their commencing with the sound of y consonant, may not im- properly be called semi-consonant diphthongs) begin in that part of the mouth where s, c soft, and t, are formed, we find that coal- escence ensue which forms the aspirated hiss in the numerous terminations sion, tion, tial, &c. ; and by direct consequence in those end- ing in ure, une, as future, fortune, &c. ; for the letter u, when long, is exactly one of these semi-consonant diphthongs (s) ; and coming immediately after the accent it coalesces with the preceding *, c, or t, and draws it into the aspirated hiss of *^, or tsh (459). Those found in the termination ious may be called semi-consonant diphthongs also, as the and M have but the sound of one vowel. It may be observed too, in passing, that the reason why in mansuetude the s does not go into sh, is, because when u is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, it drops its conso- nant sound at the beginning, and becomes merely double 0, 197. The improper diphthongs are, ne .... Caesar, ea .... clean, ie ... . friend, ni aim, ee reed, ou coat, «" g ei .... ceiling, oe . . oeconomy, aw. .. .taught, eo ....people, 00 ....moon, nw law, ey they, ow crow. 19H. The triphthongs having but two sounds 43 are merely ocular, and must therefore be classed with the proper diphthongs : aye (for ever,) I ecu plenteous, I iew view, eau ..beauty, New adieu, I oew manoeuvre. Of all these combinations of vowels we shall treat in their alphabetical order. AE. 199. Ae or a> is a diphthong, says Dr. John- son, of veiy frequent use in the Latin lan- guage, which seems not properly to have any place in the English ; since the te of the Saxons has been long out of use, being changed to e simple ; to which, in words frequently occur- ring, the ro/e to plead, but the former ms, in my opinion, both analogy and the best usage on its side. Both these writers unite in giving the first sound of this diphthong to prowess; which is unquestionably the true pronunciation. See To Prowl. 326. The proper names How, Howel, How- ard, and Powel, generally are heard with the first sound of this diphthong, as in how, now, &c. ; but Howes and Stow (the historian) commonly rhyme with knoivs and know. Howard, among people of rank, is generally pronounced with the second sound, rhyming with froward: and Grosvenor, as if written Grovenor. Snowden is frequently pronounced with the first sound of ow ; but the second sound seems preferable ; as it is not improba- ble that these mountains had their name, like the Alps, from the snow on their tops. 327. When this diphthong is in a final un- acce^ited syllable, it has always the second sound, like long o, in borrow, sorrow, felloiv, willow, &.C. The vulgar shorten this sound, and pronounce the o obscurely, and sometimes as if follow ed by r, as winder and feller, for window and fellow ; but this is almost too de- spicable for notice. Good speakers preserve the diphthong in this situation, and give it the full sound of open o, rhyming with no, so, &c. though it should seem in Ben Jonson's time, the in this situation was almost suppressed. See his Grammar, page 149. 328. This diphthong, in the word knowledge, lias of late years undergone a considerable re- volution. Some speakers, who had the re- gularity of their language at heart, were grieved to see the compound depart so far from the sound of the simple, and with heroic fortitude have opposed the multitude by pro- nouncing th€ first syllable of this word as it is heard in the verb to know. The pulpit and the bar have for some years given a sanction to this pronunciation ; but the senate and the stage hold out inflexibly against it ; aKd the nation at large seem insensible of the improve- ment. They still continue to pronounce, as in the old ludicrous rhymes— " Among the mighty mm of knowledge, " That are professors at Gresham College." But if ever this word should have the good fortune to be restored to its rights, it would be but charity to endeavour the restoration of a great number of words in a similar situation, such as breakfast, vineyard, bewilder, meadow, hearken, pleasure, whitster, shepherd, wind- ward, and a long catalogue of fellow sufferers. (515). But, before we endeavour this restora- tion, we should consider, that contracting the •ouiul of the simple, when it acquires an ad- ditional syllable, is an idiom of pronunciation to which our language is extremely prone ^ nor is it certain that crossing this tendency would produce any real advantage ; at least, not sufficient to counterbalance the diversity of pronunciation which must for a long time prevail, and which must necessarily call off our attention from things to words. See Enclitical Termination. No. 514. OY. 329. This diphthong is but another form for oi, and is pronounced exactly like it. When alloy is written with this diphthong, it ought never to be propounced allay. Custom seems to have appropriated the former word to the noun, and the latter to the verb ; for the sake of consistency, it were to be wished it were always written allay ; but it is not to be expected that poets will give up so good a rhyme to joy, cloy, and destroy. 330. The only word in which this diphthong is not under the accent, is the proper name Savoy ; for savoy, a plant, has the accent on the second syllable ; but the diphthong in both is pronounced in the same manner. UA. 331. When the a in this diphthong is pro- nounced, the u has the power of w, which unites both into one syllable : thus aittiquate, antiquary, assuage, persuade, equal, lan- guage, &c. ; are pronounced antikwate, anti- kwary, asswage, &c. 332. The u in this diphthong is silent, in guard, guardian, guarantee, and piquant; pronounced gard, gardiafi, garantee, and pickant (92). 333. In Mantua, the town of Italy, both vowels are heard distinctly. The same may be observed of the habit so called : but in mantuamaher, vulgarity has sunk the a, and made it mantumaker The same vulgarity at first, but now sanctioned by universal custom, has sunk both letters in victuals, and its com- pounds victualling and victualler, pronounced vittles, vittling, and vittler. See Mantua. VE. 334. This diphthong, like ua, when it forms only one syllable, and both letters are pronounced, has the u sounded like w ; as consuetude, desuetude, and mansuetude, which are pronounced conswettide, deswetude, and manswetude. Thus conquest is i)ronounGed according to the general rule, as if written conkivest , but the verb to conquer has unac- countably deviated into conker, particularly upon the stage. This error, however, seems not to be so rooted in the general ear as to be above correction ; and aiialogy undoubtedly demands conkwer. DIFFERENT SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS UI, UO, UY, UOY, &c. 335. This diphthong, when in a final sylla- ble, sinks the e, as clue, cue, due. Hue, glue, hue,Jlue, rue, sue, true, mue, accrue, ensue, endue, imbue, imbrue, pursue, subdue, perdue, Krgue, residue, avenue, revenue, continue, re- tinue, construe, statue, tissue, issue, virtue, value, ague ; in all these words, whether the accent be on the diphthong ue or not, it is pronounced like long open u, except in words where the r comes before u ; in this case it is sounded like oo. When the accent is not on this diphthong as in the latter portion of these words from argue, it is apt to be feebly and indistinctly pronounced, and therefore care ought to be taken to sound it as if these words were written argew, residew, &c. In Tuesday, ue, the diphthong, is pronounced in the same manner. 336. In some words the u is silent, and the e pronounced short, as in guess, guest, guerdon, where the u aets eis a servile to presen'e the g hard. 337. In some words, both the vowels are sunk, as in antique, oblique, league, feague, teague, colleague, plague, vague, intrigue, fatigue, huraiigue, tongue, disetnbogue, col- logue, rogue, prorogue, brogue, fugue ; in all which the ue is silent, and the g, pronounced nard. The q in antique and oblique, is pro- nounced like k, as if the words were written anteek and oblike (158). t 338. The terminations in ogue, from the ■ Greek, are pronounced in the same manner. Thus pedagogue, demagogue, pti/smagogue, menagogue, emmenagogue, synagogue, mys- tagogue, decalogue, dialogue, trialogue, cata- logue, theologue, eclogue, monologue, pi-o- ^ logue, and epilogue, are all pronounced as if I- written pedagog, demagog, &c. with the o short. 339. This diphthong, after r, becomes 00 : thus tnce is pronounced troo (176). UI. 340. The u in this diphthong, as in ua and ue, when both vowels are pronounced without forming two syllables, is pronounced like w : thus languid, anguish, languish, extinguish, distinguish, relinquish, vanquish, linguist, pen- guin, pursuivant, guiacum, are pronounced as if written langwid, angwish, &c. and cuiss and cuisses, as if written kwiss and kwisses, and cuirass, as if written hivirass. 341. The M is silent, and the i pronounced long, in guide, disguise, guile, and beguile ; but the u is silent and the i short, in guild, build, guilt, guinea, guitar. Guild, in Guild- hall, is, by the lower people of London, pro- nounced so as to rhyme with child ,- but this is directly opposite to the best usage, and con- trary to its etymology, as it is a compound of guild (a corporation, always pronounced like 53 the verb to gild) and hall. Dr. Jones, who wrote in Queen Anne's time, tells us it was then pronounced as if written Gildhall. In circuit and biscuit the u is merely servile ; in both the c is hard, and the i short, as if written surkit, and bisket. Conduit is \)Vo- nounced cundit. 342. Ill Juice, sluice, suit, and pursuit, the i is silent, and the u has its diphthongal^sound, as if preceded by e, and the words were writtar. slewse, jewse, sewt, persewt. 343. When this diphthong is preceded by r, it is pronounced like 00 ; thus bruise, cruise, fruit, bruit, recruit, are pronounced as if written broose, croose, broot (339). UO. 344. The u in this diphthong is pronounced like w, in quote, quota, quotatioji, quotient, quotidiayi, quorum, quondam, siliquose, quoth, as if written kwote, kwota, kwotation, &c. Coif, and coit, commonly pronounced hwoif and kwoit, do not come under this class. See the words. UY. 345. This diphthong, with the accent on it, sinks the u, and pronounces the y like long i: thus buy, the only word where uy has the ac- cent, rhymes with fly, dry, &c. when the ac- cent is not on this diphthong it is sounded like long e, as plaguy, roguy, gluy, pronounced pla-gee, ro-gee (with the g hard, as in get) glu-ee. Tlie same may be observed of obloquy, ambiloquy, pauciloquy, soliloquy, ventriloquy, alloquy, colloquy, pronounced oblo-qjiee, am~ bilo-quee, &c. UOY. 346. This diphtnong is found only in the word buoy, pronounced as if written l/woy, but too often exactly like boy. But this ought to be avoided by correct speakers. OF THE CONSONANTS. B. 347. When b follows m in the same syllable, it is generally silent, as in lamb, kemb, limb, comb, dumb, &c. except aceumb a.iid succmnb : it is silent also before t in the same syllable, as in debt, doubt, redoubt, redoubted, and their compounds : it is silent before t, when not in the same syllable, in the word subtle (cunning) often inaccurately used for subtile (fine},wher« the b is always pronounced. In the mathe- matical term rhomb, the b is always heard, and the word pronounced as if written rhumb. Ambs-ace is pronounced Aims-ace. See Rhomb. PRONUNaATION OF THE CONSONANT C, D. 348. C is always hard like h before a, o, or ti: as card, cord, curd; and soft, like s, before e, i, or y ; as cement, city, cynic. 349. When c ends a word, or syllable, it is always hard, as in music, flaccid, siccity, pronounced musick, fiack-sid, sick-sity. See Exaggerate. 350. In the word sceptic, where the first c, according to analogy, ought to be pronounced like s, Dr. Johnson has not only given his ap- probation to the sound of k, but has, contrary to general practice, spelt the word skeptic. It may be observed, perhaps, in this, as on other occasions, of that truly great man, that he is but seldom wrong ; but when he is so, that he is generally wrong to absurdity. What a monster does this word skq)tic appear to an eye the least classical or correct ! And if this alteration be right, why should we hesitate to write and pronounce scene, sceptre, and Lace- daemon, Skene, skeptre, and JLakedamon, as there is the same reason for k in all ? It is not, however, my intention to cross the general current of polite and classical pro- nunciation, which I know is that of sounding the c like k; my objection is only to writing it with the k : and in this I think I am sup- ported by the best authorities since the publi- cation of Johnson's Dictionary. 351. C is mute in Czar, Czarina, victuals, indict, arhuscle, corpuscle, and muscle; it sounds like tch in the Italian words vermicelli and violoncello ; and like z in suffice, sacrifice, sice (the number six at dice), and discern. 352. This letter, when connected with h, has two sounds ; the one like tch, in child, chair, rich, which, &c. pronounced as if written tchild, tchair, ritch, whitch, &c. the other like sh, after I ov n, as in belch, bench, filch, &c. pronounced belsh, bensh,filsh, &e. This latter sound is generally given to words from the French, as chaise, chagrin, chamade, champagne, champignon, chandelier, chape- ron, charlatan, chevalier, chevron, chicane, capuchin, cartouch, machine, machinist, chan- cre, marchioness. 353. Ch in words from the learned lan- guages, are generally pronounced like k, as chalcography, chalybeate, chameeleon, chamo- mile, chaos, character, chart, chasm, chely, chemist, (if derived from the Arabic, and chymist if from the Greek), chersonese, chimera, chirography, chiromancy, chlorosis, ■ holer, chorus, chord, chorography, chyle and ts compounds ; anchor, anchoret, cache.vy, catechism, catechise, catechetical, catechumen, echo, echinus, epoch, epocha, ichor, machina- tion, machinal, mechanic, mechanical, orches- tra, orchestre, technical, anarch, anarchy, conch, cochleary, distich, hemistich, monostich. eunuch, monarch, monarchical, hierarch, heresiarch, pentateuch, stomach, stomachic, scheme, school, scholar, schesis, mastich, seneschal, and in all words where it is followed by / or r, as chlorosis, Christ, Christian, chro- nology, chronical, &c. To these may be added the Celtic word loch (a lake). The exceptions are, charity, archer, and archery. 354. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word from the Greek language, and is followed by a vowel, it is always pronounced ark, as in archangel, archipelago, architect, archives, archetype, archaism, archiepiscopal, archidia- conal, architrave, archaiology. But when we prefix arch to a word of our own, and this word begins with a consonant, we pronounce is so as to rhyme with march, as archduke, archdeakon, archbishop ; and sometimes, when the following word begins with a vowel, if it is a composition of our own, and the word does not come to us compounded from the Greek or Latin, as arch-enemy. 355. The word ache (a pain), pronounced ake, comes from the Greek, and was by Shake- speare extended to two syllables, aches with ch, as in wat/^hes ; but this is obsolete. It is now almost miversally written ake and akes, except where it is compounded with atiother word, as head-ach, heart-ach, &c. and by thus absurdly retaining the ch in the compound, we are puzzled how to form the plural, without pronouncing aches in two syllables. 356. In choir and chorister, the ch is almost universally pronounced like qu : (300) in ostrich, like dge, as if spelled ostridge. It is silent in schedule, schisin, and yacht ; pro- nounced seddule, sizm, and yot. It is sunk in drachm, but heard in drachma; pronounced dram and drachma. 357. When c comes after the accent, either primary or secondary, and is followed by ea, ia, io, or eous, it takes the sound of sh : thus ocean, social, Pfiocion, saponaceous, are pro- nounced as if written oshean,soshial, Phoshian, saponasheous, fasciation, negociation, &c. (196). Financier has the accent after the c, which on that account does not go into sh, D. 358. In order to have a just idea of the alterations of sound this letter undergoes, it will be necessary to consider its near relation to T. (41). These consonants, like p, and b, f, and V, k, and hard g, and *, and z, are letters of the same organ ; they differ by the nicest shades of sound, and are easily convertible into each other ; t, p, J', k, and s, may, for the sake of distinction, be called sharp, and d, b, V, g, and z, may be called flat. For this reason, when a singular ends in a sharp con- sonant, the s, which forms the plural, pre- serves its sharp sound, as in cuffs, packs, lijpt^ PRONtJNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT D. S5 hats, deaths: and when the singular ends with a flat consonant, the plurjfl s has the sound of z, as drabs, hags, heads, lives, &c. are pro- nounced drahz, hagz, &c, 359. In the same manner, when a verb ends with a sharp consonant, the d, in the termina- tion ed, assumed by the preterit and participle, becomes sharp, and is sounded lilce t ; thus stuffed, tripped, cracked, passed, vouched, faced (where the e is suppressed, as it always ouo^ht to be, except when we are pronouncing the language of Scripture) (104), change the d into t, as if written stuft, tript, aakt, past, voucht,faste. So when the verb ends in a flat consonant, the d preserves its true flat sound, as drubbed, pegged, lived, huzzed, where the e is suppressed, and the words pronounced in one syllable, as if written drubb'd, pegg'd, liv'd, buzz'd. It may be observed too, that when the verb ends in a liquid, or a liquid and mute e, the participle d always preserves its pure sound ; as blamed, joined, filled, barred, pronounced blam'd,join'd,filCd, harr'd. This contraction of the participial ed, and the verbal en (103), is so fixed an idiom of our pronun- ciation, that to alter it, would be to alter the sound of the whole language. It must, how- ever, be regretted, that it subjects our tongue tosomeofthe most hissing, snapping, clashing, grinding sounds, that ever grated the ears of a Vandal : thus rasped, scratched, wrenched, bridled, f angled, birchen, hardened, strength- ened, quickened, &c. almost frighten us when written as they are actually pronounced, as raspt, scratcht, wrencht, bridtd, fiangCd, hirch'n, strength'nd, quich'n'd, &c. ; they become still more formidable when used con- tractedly in the solemn style, which never ought to be the case ; for here, instead of thou strength'n'st or strength'n'd'st, thou quick' n'st or quickn'n'd'st, we ought to pronounce, thou strength'nest or strength' nedst, thou quick'nest or quick'nedst, which are suflSciently harsh of all conscience. (See No. 405). But to com- pensate for these Gothic sounds, which, how- ever, are not without their use, our language is full of the smoothest and most sonorous terminations of the Greeks and Romans. 360. By the foregoing rule of contraction, arising from the very nature of the letters, we see the absurdity of substituting the t for ed, when the verb ends in a sharp consonant ; for, when the pronunciation cannot be mis- taken, it is folly to alter the orthography : thus the Distressed Mother, the title of a tragedy, needs not to be written Distrest Mother, as we generally find it, because, though we write it in the former manner, it must necessarily be pronounced in the latter. 3(}1. By this rule, too, we may see the im- projiriety of writing blest for blessed, when a participle. " Bleit iu tliy geuiiu, in tby luve too \tlni."— PoV^- But when the word blessed is an adjective, it ought always to be pronounced, even in the most familiar conversation, in two syllables,as, this is a blessed day, the blessed thistle, &c. 36'2. This word, with learned, cursed, and winged, are the only participial adjectives which are constantly pronounced in two syl- lables, where the participles are pronounced in one : thus a learned man, a cursed thing, a winged horse, preserve the ed in a distinct syl- lable ; while the same words, when verbs, as he learned to write, he cursed the day, they winged their fiight, are heard in one syllable, as if written harnd, curst, and wingd ; the d in cursed changing to t, from its following the sharp consonant * (358). 363. Poetry, however, (which has been one great cause of improper orthography) assumes the privilege of using these words, when adjec- tives, either as monosyllables or dissyllables ; but correct prose rigidly exacts the pronun- ciation of ed in these words, when adjectives, a3 a distinct syllable. The ed in aged and winged, always make a distinct syllable, as an aged man; the winged courser: but when this word is compounded with another, the ed does not for«i a syllable, as ajull-ag'd horse, a sheath-wing' d fowl. 364. It is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that when adjectives are changed into adverbs by the addition of the termination ly, we often find the participial termination ed preserved long and distinct, even in those very words where it was contracted when used adjectively ; thus though we always hear confess' d, prof ess' di design' d, &c. we as constantly hear con-fess- ed-ly, pro-fess-ed-ly, de-sign-ed-ly, &c. The same may be observed of the following list of words, which, by the assistance of the Rhym- ing Dictionary, I am enabled to give, as, per- haps, the only words in the language in which the ed is pronounced as a distinct syllable in the adverb, where it is contracted in the par ticipial adjective : Forcedly, enforcedly, un veiledly, deformedly, feignedly, unfeignedly discernedly, resignedly f refinedly, restrained ly, concernedly, unconcernedly, discernedly, undiscernedly, preparedly, assuredly, advised' ly, dispersedly, diffusedly, confusedly, unper- ceivedly, resolvedly, deservedly, undeservedly, reservedly, unreservedly, avowedly, perplex- edly, fi,xedly, amazedly. 365. To this catalogue may be added several abstract substantives formed from participles in ed: which ed makes a distinct syllable in the former, though not in the latter: thus numbedness, blearedness, preparedness, assur- edness, diseasedness ^ advisedness, reposednesSf composedness, indisposedness , diff'usedness, con- fusedness, distressedness, resolvedness, reserv- edness, perplexedness, fixedness, aniazedness, have ed pronounced distinctly. 366. The adjectives naked, wicked, picked h6 PRONUNCIATON OF THE CONSONANT D. (pomieU), hooied, crooked,forhed, tusked, tress- ed, and wretched, are not derived from verbs, and are therefore pronounced in two syllables, nie same may be observed of scabbed, crabbed, chubhed, stubbed, shagged, snagged, ragged, scrubbed, dogged, rugged, scragged, Jiawked, jagged; to which we may add, the solemn pronunciation f ' stiff-necked ; and these, when formed into nouns by the addition of ness, pre- serve the ed in a distinct syllable, as wicked- ness, scabbedness, raggedness. Sec. 367. Passed, in the sense of beyond, becomes a preposition, and may allowably be written past, as past twelve o'clock ; but when an ad- jective, though it is pronounced in one syllable, it ought to be written with two, as passed pleasures are present pain : this I know is contrary to usage ; but usage is, in this case, contrary to good sense, and the settled analogy of the language, 368. It needs scarcely be observed, that when the verb ends in t or d, the ed in the past time and participle has the d pronounced with its own sound, and always forms an additional syllable, as landed, matted, &c. otherwise the final d could not be pronounced at all. 369. And here, perhaps, it may not be use- less to take notice of the very imperfect and confused idea that is given in Lowth's gram- mar, of what are called contracted verbs, such as snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, dwelt, and past, for snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, dwelled, and passed. To these are added, those that end in I, m, and n, or p, after a diphthong ; which either shorten the diph- thong, or change it into a single vowel ; and instead of ed, take t only for the preterit, as dealt, dreamt, meant, feU, slept, crept ; and these are said to be considered not as irregular, but contracted only. Now nothing can be clearer than that verbs of a very different kind are here huddled together as of the same. Snatched, checked, snapped, mixed, and passed, are not irregular at all ; if they are ever written snatcht, checkt, snapt, mixt, and past, it is from j)ure ignorance of analogy, and not considering that if they were written with ed, unless we were to pronounce it as a distinct syllable, contrary to the most settled usage of the language, the pronunciation, from the very nature of the letters, must be the same. It is very different with dwelled ; here, as a liquid, and not a shai'p mute, ends the verb, d might be pronounced without going into t, just as well as in/elf d, the participle of to/ell (to cut down trees). Here then, we find custom has determined an irregularity, which cannot be altered, without violence to the language ; dwell may be truly called an irregular verb, fttul dwelt the preterit and participle. 370. The same may be observed of deal, tjrcam, mean, feel, weep, sleep, and creep. It is certain we can pronounce d after the four first of these words, as well as in sealed, screamed, cleaned, and reeled; but custom has not only annexed t to the preterit of these verbs, but has changed the long diphthongal sound into a short one ; they are therefore doubly irregular, TVeep, sleep, and creep, would not have required t to form their pre- terits, any more than peeped, and steeped ^ but custom, which has shortened the diphthong in the former words, very naturally annexed t as the simplest method of conveying the sound. 371. The only two words which occasion some doubt about classing them are, to learn, and to spell. The vulgar (who are no con temptible guides on this occasion) pronounce them in the preterit learnt and spelt ; but as n and / will readily admit of d after them, it seems more correct to favour a tendency to re- gularity, both in writing and speaking, which the literary world has given into, by spelling them learned and spelled, and pronouncing them learn' d and spelt d : thus earned, the preterit of to earn, has oeen recovered from the vulgar earnt, and made a perfect rhyme to discerned. 372. To these observations may be added, that, in such irregular verbs as have the pre- sent, the preterit and participle the same, as cast, cost, cut, &c. ; the second person singular of the preterit of these verbs takes ed before the st, as / cast, or did cast ; Thou castedst, or didst cast, &c. ; for if this were not the case, the second person of the preterit might be taken for the second person of the present tense. 373. I have been led insensibly to these ob servitions by their connexion with pronuncia- tion ; and if the reader should think them too remote from the subject, I must beg his pardon, and resume my remarks on the sound of the letter d. 374. The vulgar drop this letter in ordinary, and extraordi7iary, and make them or'nary and extr'or'nary : but this is a gross abbrevia- tion ; the best pronunciation is sufficiently short, which is ordinary and extrord'nary ; the first in three, and the last in four syllables ; but solemn speaking preserves the i, and makes the latter word consist of five syllables, as if written extr ordinary. 375. Our ancestors, feeling the necessity of showing the quantity of a vowel .followed by ge, when It was to be short, inserted d, as wedge, ridge, badge, &c. The same reason induced them to write colledge and alledge with the d; but modern reformers, to the great injury of the language, have expelled the d, and left the vowel to shift for itself ; because there is no d in the Latin words from whidi these are derived. 376. D like t, to which it is so nearly PRONUNCIATION OF TIIE CONSONANTS F, G, AND GN. 57 related, when it comes after the accent, either primary or secondary (522), and is followed by the diphthong ie, io, ia, or eou, slides into gzh, or the consonant j ; thus soldier is uni- ^lersally and justly pronounced as if written sol-jer ; grandeur, gran-jeur ; and verdure (where it must be remembered that m is a diphthong), i^er-ywre; and, for the same reason, education is elegantly pronounced ed-jucation. But duhe and reduce, pronounced juhe and rejuce, where the accent is after tlie d, cannot be too much reprobated. F. 377. Fhas its pure sound in often, off, &c. but in the preposition of, slides into its near relation v, as if written ov. But when this preposition is in composition at the end of a word, they* becomes pure; thus, though we sound of, singly, ov, we pronounce it as if the y*were double in whereof 378. There is a strong tendency to change they into v, in some words, which confounds the plural number and the genitive case : thus we often hear of a wive's jointure, a calves head, and houze rent, for wife's joiriture, a calf's head, and house rent. G. 379. G, like C, has two sounds, a hard and a soft one : it is hard before a, o, u, I, and r, as game, gone, gull, glory, grandeur. Gaol is the only exception; now more commonly Vrittenjaj/ (212). 380. G, before e and i, is sometimes hard and sometimes soft : it is generally soft before words of Greek, Latin, or French original, and hard before words from the Saxon. These latter, forming by far the smaller number, may be considered as exceptions. 381. G is hard before e, in gear, geek, geese, geld, gelt, gelding, get, gewgaw, shag- ged, snagged, ragged, nagged, scragged, dogged, rugged, dagger, swagger, stagger, trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, auger, eager, meager, anger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, younger, longest, strongest, youngest. The last six of these words are ge- nerally pronounced in Ireland, so as to let the g remain in its nasal sound, without articu- lating the succeeding vowel, thus, longer (more long) is so pronounced as to sound exactly like the noun a long-er (one who longs or wishes for a thing), the same may he observed of the rest. That the pronunciation of Ireland is analogical, appears from the same pronun- ciation of ^ in strmg-y, spring-y, full of strings and springs ; and wronger and wrongest, for njore and most wrong. But though resting the g in the nasal sound, without articulating the succeeding vowel, is absolutely necessary in verbal nouns derived from verbs ending in ing, as singer, bringer, sHnger, &c. pronoun- ced sing-er, hring-er, sling-er, &c. and not sing-ger, bri7ig-ger, sling-ger, &c. yet in lon- ger, stronger, and younger ; longest, strongest^ and youngest, the g ought always to articulate the e : thus, younger ought always to rhyme with the termination monger, which has always the g hard, and articulating the vowel ; and this pronunciation is approved by Mr. Nares. Forget, target, and together, fall into this class. See No. 409. 382. G is hard before i, in gibbe, gibcat, gibber, gibberish, gibbous, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, giglet (properly gigglet), gild, gill {oidifish'), gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girth, gizzard, begin, give, forgive, biggin, piggin, noggin; also derivatives from nouns or verbs ending in hard g, as druggist, wag- gish, riggish, hoggish, doggish, sluggish, rig- ging, digging, &c. 383. G before y is generally soft, as in elegy, apology, &c. and almost in all words from the learned languages ; but hard in words from the Saxon, which are formed from nouns or verbs ending in g hard, as shaggy, jaggy, knaggy, snaggy, craggy, sa-aggy, quaggy, swaggy, dreggy, spriggy, ttviggy, boggy, foggy, clog- gy, buggy, muggy. Gyve, from its Celtic original, ought to have the g hard, but has decidedly adopted the soft g. GN in the same Syllable at the beginning of a Word. 384. The g in this situation is always silent, as gnaw, gnash, gnat, gnarl, gnomon, gno- monics ; pronounced naw, nash, nat, narl, nomon, nomonics. GN in the same Syllable at the end of a Word. 385. No combination of letters has more puzzled the critics than this. Two actresses of distinguished merit, in Portia, in the Merchant of Venice, pronounced the word impugn dif- ferently, and each found her advocate in the newspapers. One critic affirmed, that Mis? Young, by preserving the sound of g, pro- nounced the word properly ; and the other contended, that Mrs. Yates was more j udicious in leaving it out. The former was charged with harshness ; the latter, with mutilating the word, and weakening its sound ; but if analogy may decide, it is clearly in favour of the latter ; for there is no axiom in our pro- nunciation more indisputable than that which makes g silent before n in the same syllable. This is constantly the case in sign, and all its compounds, as resign, design, consign, assign, and in indign, condign, malign, benign; all pronounced as if written sine, rezine, &c. In which words we find the vcwel i long and open, to compensate, as it were, for the suppression oi g, as every other word ending in gn, whea the accent is on the syllable, has a diphthong- pronounced like a long open vowel, as arraign^ 58 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS GN AND GM. campaign, feign, reign, deign ; and conse- quently, unless the vowel u can produce some sjiecial privilege which the other vowels have not, we must, if we pronounce according to analogy, make the u in this situation long, and sound impugn as if written impune. 386. The same analogy will oblige us to pronounce impregn, oppugn, expugn, propugti, as if written imprene, oppune, expune, propune, not only when these verbs are in the infinitive mood, but in the preterits, participles, and verbal nouns formed from them, as impugned, impugning, and impugner, must be pro- nounced impuned, impuning, and impuner. The same may be observed of the rest. Perhaps it will gratify a curious observer of pro- nunciation to see the diversity and uncertainty of our ortlioepists in their notation of the words before us : impune. Sheridan, Scott, Nares, Murray. Barclay says the gin this word and its derivatives is mute, but talies no notice of the quan- tity of the u. impUn, Buchanan, Kenrick, Perry, impUng, W. Jolmston. oppime, Sheridan, Scott, Narcs, Murray. oppHn, Kenrick, Perry, Barclay. oppUng, W. Johnston. propune. Sheridan, Scott, Perry, Nares. propnng. Barclay. hnprSne, Nares, Murray. ijnprSn, Sheridan, Kenrick, Perry. Barclay says the g is mute, but says nothing of the quantity of thee. expune. Sheridan, Scott, Nares. expUn, Perry, Barclay. impuner. Sheridan. impuned. Murray. impUnner, Perry, Barclay. oppngner. Sheridan. propUgner, Sheridan. propuner. Scott. propUnner, Perry. Nothing is clearer than that all these woids ought to follow the same fortune, and should be pronounced alike. How then shall be re- conciled Mr. Sheridan's pronouncing impugn, oppugn, expugn, and propugn, with the u long, and impregn with the e short ? Kenrick, who has not the v/ord propugn, is consistent in pronouncing the rest with the vowel short. The same may be observed of Scott, who adopts the long sound, but has not the word impregn. Mr. Perry gives the short sound to all hut pro- pugn, where he makes the u long, but absurdly makes the verbal noun propunner ; and VV. Johnston, who has only impugn and oppugn, pronounces the vowel short, and spells them impung and oppung. Barclay, under the word impung, says the g in this word and its deri- vatives is mute, without noticing the quantity of the vowels, but spells oppugn, oppun ; and of impregn, onlj says the g is mute ; but writes propugn, propung, in the manner flint W. Johnston does impugn and oppugn but Mr. Nares observes, that analogy seems to re- quire a similar pronunciation in all these words, and that the vowel should be long. The same inconsistency is observable in Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation of the verbal nouns ; for he expunges the g in impugner, and writes it impuner, but preserves it in oppugner and propugner, Mr. Scott has only the word pro- pugner, which he very properly, as well as consistently, spells propuner. Mr. Perry has propunner and impunner, and Barclay impun- ner only. — ^The inconsistency here remarked arises from not attending to the analogy of pronunciation, which requires every verbal noun to be pronounced exactly like the verb, with the mere addition of the termination : thus, singer is only adding er to the verb sing, without suffering the g to articulate the e, as it does in finger and linger, &c. The same may be observed of a signer, one who signs : and as a corroboration of this doctrine, we may take notice that the additional er and est, in the comparatives and superlatives of adjec- tives, make no alteration in the sound of the radical word ; this is obvious in the words be- nigner, henignest, &c. except younger, longer, and stronger. See No. 381. 387. But in every other compound where these letters occur, the n articulates the latter syllable, and g is heard distinctly in the former, as sig-nify, malig-tiity, assig-nation, &c. Some affected speakers, either ignorant of the rules for pronouncing English, or over- complaisant to the French, pronounce physi- ognomy, cognizance, and recognizance, with- out the g ; but this is a gross violation of the first principles of spelling. The only words to keep these speakers in countenance are, poig- nant and champignon, not long ago imported from France, and pronounced poiniant, cham- pinion. The first of these words will probably be hereafter written without the g ; while the latter, confined to the kitchen, may be looked upon as technical, and allowed an exclusive privilege. See Cognizance. 388. Bagnio, seignior, seraglio, intaglio, and ogUo, pronounced ban-yo, seen-yar, seral- yo, intal-yo, and ole-yo, may be considered as foreign coxcombs, and treated with civility, by omitting the g, while they do not pervert the pronunciation of our native English words. GM in the same Syllable. 389. What has been said of gn is applica- ble to gm. We have but one word in the language where these letters end a word with the accent on it, and that is phlegm ; in this the g is always mute, and the e, according to analogy, ought to be pronounced long, as if the word were written fleme • but a short PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS GH, GHT, //, J, K. 39 pronunciation of the e has generally obtained, and we commonly hear it ftem ; it is hig^hly probable Pope pronounced it properly, where *!>• says, ** Our Critics take a contrary extreme ; " They juilge with fury, but they write with pUegm." Essay on Criticism, Perhaps it would not be difficult to reduce this word to analogy, as some speakers still pro- nounce the e long : but in the compounds of this word, as in those where gn occur, the vowel is shortened, and the g pronounced as in phleg-mon, phleg-monous, phleg-matic, and phleg-magogues ; though Mr. Sheridan, for no reason I can conceive, sinks the g in the last word. When these letters end a syllable not under the accent, the g is silent, but the pre- ceding vOwel is shortened : thus paradigm, pnrapegm, diaphragm, apophthegm, are pro- nounced, paradim, parapem, diaphram, apo- them. GH. 390. This combination, at the beginning of a word, drops the h, as in ghost, ghastly, ghnstness, gherkin, pronounced gost, rhyming with most ; gastly, gastness, gtrkin : but when these letters come at the end of a word, they form some of the greatest anomalies in our language ; gh, at the end of words, is generally silent, and consequently the preceding vowel or diphthong is long, as high, nigh, thigh, neigh, weigh, inveigh, eugh (the obsolete way of spelling yew, a tree), bough, dough, though, although, clough (a cliff), plough, furlough, slough fa miry place), thrcugh, throughout, thorough, borough, usquebaugh, pugh ! 391. Gh is frequently pronounced likey, as laugh, laughter, cough, chovgh, elough (an allowance in weight), slough (the cast skin of a snake or sore), enough, rough, tough, trough. 392. Gh is sometimes changed into ck, as hough, shough, lough, pronounced hock, shock, lock ; sometimes we hear only the g sounded, as in burgh, burgher, and burgership. GHT. 393. Gh, in this termination, is always silent, as fight, night, bought, fought, &c. The only exception is draught; which, in poetry, is most frequently rhymed with caught, taught, &c. but, in prose, is so universally pro- nounced as if written draft, that the poetical sound of it grows uncouth, and is becoming obsolete. Draughts, the game, is also pro- nounced drafts. Drought (dryness) is vulgarly pronounced drowth: it is even written so by Milton ; but in this he is not to be imitated, having mistaken the analogy of this word, as well as that of height, which he spells heighth, and which is frequently so pronounced by the vulgar. See the words Height and Drought. H. 394. This letter is no more than breathing forcibly before the succeeding vowel is pro- nounced. At the beginning of words, it is always sounded, except in heir, heiress, honesty honesty, honour, honourable, herb, herbage^ hospital, hostler^ hour, humble, humour, hu- morous, humorsome. Ben Johnson leaves out the h in host, and classes it in this respect with honest. 395. H is always silent after r, as rhetoric, rhapsody, rheum, rheumatism, rhinoceros rhomb, rhubarb, myrrh, catarrh, and their compounds. 396. H final, preceded by a vowel, is always silent, as ah ! hah .' oh I foh ! sirrah, halle- lujah, Messiah. 397. This letter is often sunk after w, par- ticularly in the capital, where we do not find the least destinction of sound between while and wile, whet and wet, where and wear. Trifling as this difference may appear at first sight, it tends greatly to weaken and im- poverish the pronunciation, as well as some- times to confound words of a very different meaning. The Saxons, as Dr. Lowth observes, placed the h before the w, as hwat ; and this is certainly its true place : for, in the pronun- ciation of all words beginning with wh, we ought to breathe forcibly before we pronounce the w, as if the words were written hoo-at, hoo-ile, &c. and then we shall avoid that feeble, cockney pronunciation, which is so dis- agreeable to a correct ear. J. 398. J is pronounced exactly like soft g, and is perfectly uniform in its sound, except iu the word hallelujah, where it io pronounced like y. K. 399. K has exactly th« sound of hard c ; it is always silent before n in the same syllable, as knee, kneel, knack, knight, know, knuckle, knab, knag, knap, knare, knave, knit, knock, knot, knoll. 400. It has been a custom within these twenty years to omit the k at the end of words when preceded by c. This has introduced a novelty into the language, which is that of ending a word with an unusual letter, and is not only a blemish in the face of it, but may possibly produce some irregularity in future formatives ; for mimicki7ig must be written with the k, though to 7nimic is without it. If we use colic as a verb, which is not uncommon, we must write colicking and colicked ; and though physicking and physicked are not the most elegant words, they are not quite out of the line of formation. This omission of k is, how- GO PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS, K, L. ever, too general to be counteracted, even by the authority of Johnson : but it is to be hoped it will be confined to words from the learned languages : and hideed, as there ij not the same vanity of appearing learned in the Saxon, as in the Latin and Greek, there is no great fear that thick and stick vrill lose their k, though they never had it in the original. L. 401. Ben Jonson says L melteth in the sounding, and is therefore called a liquid. This, however, cannot be the reason that r is called a liquid ; for no two letters can, in this respect, be more opposite. See No. 21. Li is mute in almond, calf, half, calve, halve, chaldron, falcon, folk, yolk (better written yelk with the I sounAed) ^fusil, kaiser, malmsey, salmon, salve, talhot (a species of dog). See Saive. 402. L is mute also between a and k in the same syllable, as balk, chalk, talk, stalk, walk. 403. L is silent likewise between a and m in the same syllable, as alms, balm, culm, palm, psalm, qualm, shalm ,- but when the m is detached from the I by commencing another syllable, the / becomes audible. Thus, tho' the / is mute in psalm, palm, it is always heard in f sal-mist, psal-mody, and pal-mistry ; but in balmy and palmy, where the y is an adjective termination of our own, no alteration is made in the sound of the substantive which sinks the / (386). Calmer and cahnest ought to have the I mute, as they are only degrees of comparison ; and j)almer and palmerworm (except in the language of scripture, where the I in palmerivorm ought to be heard) are only a sort of verbal nouns, which never alter the sound of the original word, and therefore ought to have the / mute. But though I is some- times mute in the noun salve, and in the verb to salve, it is always heard in salver (a kind of plate). See Salve. 404. L ought always to be suppressed in the auxiliary verbs would, could, should: it is sometimes suppressed in fault; but this sup- pression is become vulgar, (see the word). In soldier, likewise, the Hs sometimes suppressed, and the word pronounced so-jer; but this is far from being the most correct pronunciation : / ought always to be heard in this word, and its compounds soldierly, soldiership, &c. 405. L, preceded by a mute, and followed by e, in a final syllable, has an impeifect sound, which does not do much honour to our language. The I, in this situation, is neither sounded like el nor le, but the e final is suppressed, and the preceding mute articulates the /, without either a preceding or a succeed- ing vowei ; so thaf g-ger, young-ger, &c. where the g is hard, as in finger, linger, &c. And it may be looked upon as a general rule, that nouns, ad- jectives, or verbs, do not alter their original sound upon taking an additional syllable. In these three words, therefore, the Irish {)ro- nounce more agreeably to analogy than the English ; for, if I mistake not, they do not articulate the g-. (381) 410. Hitherto we have considered these letters as they are heard under the accent; but when they are unaccented in the par- ticipial termination ing, they are frequently a cause of embarrassment to speakers who desire to pronounce correctly. We are told, even by teachers of English, that ing, in the words singing, bringing, aud swinging, must be pro- nounced with the ringing sound, which is heard when the accent is on these letters, in king, sing, and wing, and not as if written without the g, as singin, bringin, swingin. No one can be a greater advocate than I am for the strictest adherence to orthography, as long as the public pronunciation pays the least atten- tion to it ; but when I find letters given up by the public, with respect to sound, I then con- sider them as ciphers ; and, if my observation do not greatly fail me, I can assert, that our best speakers do not invariably pronounce the participial ing, so as to I'hyme with sing, king, and ring. Indeed, a very obvious exception seems to offer itself in those verbs that end in these letters, as a repetition of the ringing 03 PKONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANTS, P, PH, Q, R. sound in successive syllables would produce a tantophony (see the word), and have a very bad effect on the ear ; and therefore, instead of singing, bringing, and Jfingi7ig, our best speakers are heard to pronounce sing-in, bring- in, M\i\ fli)ig-in : and for the very same reason that we exclude the linjjing sound in these words, we ought to admit it wVien the verb ends with in . for if, instead of sinning, pin- ning, and beginning, we should pronounce sin- nin, pin-nin, and begin-nin, we should fall into the same disgustins; repi'titicn as in the former case. '\hG participial ing, therefore, ought always to have its ringing sound, except in those words formed from verbs in this ter- mination ; for writing, reading, and speaking, are certaiidy preferable to wrilin, readin, and speakin, wherever the pronunciation has the least degree of precision or solemnity. 411. A'^ is mute when it ends a syllable, and IS preceiled by / or m, as kiln, hymn, limn, solemn, column, uutumti, condemn, contemn. In hym-ning , and lim-ning, the n is generally pronounced, and sometimes, in very solemn speaking, in condein-ning and contem-ning ; but, in both cases, contrary to analogy, which forbids any sound in the participle that was i.ot ia the verb (381). '413. This letter is mute before s and t at tlie beginning of words, psalm, psalmist, psal- mody, psalmograp/iy, psalter, psallry ; the prefix;;.«eM£fo, signifying false, as pseudography , pseudology, and the interjection pshaw ! To these we may add ptisan, ptyalism, ptysma- gogue. It is mute in the middle of words between m and t, in empty, sempstress, per- emptory, sumptuous, presutnptHous, redemp- tion, exemption, and rasplerry. In cupboard it coalesces with and falls into its flat sound b, as if written cubboard. It is mute in a final Sj'llable between the same letters, as tempt, attempt, contempt, exempt, promvt, accompt. tu receipt it is mute between i and t, and in the military corps (a body of troops) both p and s are mute, as custom has acquiesced in the French pronunciation of most military terms. PH. 413. Ph is generally pronounced likey, as in philospphy, phantom, &c. In nephew and Stephen it has the sound of v. In diphthong and triphthvjig the sound of p only is heard ; and the h is mute likewise in naphtha, oph- thalmick, &c. In apophthegm both letters are dropped. The same may be observed of yhthisis, phthisic, and phthisical. \n sapphire the first p slides into ph, by an accentual coali- tion of similar letters, very asreeable to aiiulogy. See Exagckuatg. 414. Q has always the sound of * . it is con- stantly followed byw, pronounced like w: and its general sound is heard in quack, guill, queen, &c. pronounced kwack, kwill, kween, &.C. That the u subjoined to this letter has really the power of w, may be observed in the generality of words where a succeeds ; for we find the vowel go into the broad sound in quart, quairel, quantity, &c. as much as in war, uariant, want, &c. (35). But it must be carefully noted, that this broad sound is o!ily heard under the accent ; when the a pre- ceded by qu, is not accented, it has the sound of every other accented a in the language (.92). Thus the a in quarter, quarrel, quadrant, &c. because it has the accent, is broad : the same may be observed when the accent is secondary only (522) (527), as in quadragesimal, qua- drisyllable, &c. but when the accent is on the succeedi.ng syllable, as in qua-dratick, qua- drangular, &c. the a goes into the obscure sound approaching to the Italian a. (92) . 415. .\s a great number of words, derived from the French, have these letters in them, according to our usual complaisance for that language, we adopt the French ])ronunciation : thus in coquet, doquet, etiquette, masquerade , harlequin, oblique, antique, opaque, pique, piquant, piquet, burlesque, grotesque, casque, mosque, quadrille, quatercousin, the qu is pro- nounced like k. Quoif' a.nd quoit ought to be written and pronounced coi/', coit. Paquet, laquey, chequer, and risque, have been very properly spelled by Johnson as they are pro- nounced packet, lackey, checker, and risk. Quoth ought to be pronounced with the u, as if written kwuth, and therefore is not irregular. Liquor and harlequin always lose the u, and conquer, conquerable, and conqueror, some- times, particularly on the stage. This devia- tion, however, seems not to have gone beyond recovery ; and conquest is still regularly pro- nounced congkwest. Quote and quotation are perfectly regular, and ought never to be pro- nounced as some do, cote and eolation. Clique, contracted from circus, and cinque, cinquefoil, cinque-ports, cinque-spotted, are pronounced sirk and sink : and critique, when we mean a criticism, to distinguish it from critick, is pro- nounced eriteek, rhyming with speak. See Quoit and Quotation. JR. 416. Iliis letter is never silent, but its sound is sometimes transposed. In a final unaccentec. syllable, terminating with re, the r is pro- nounced after the e, as ac7-e, lucre, sabrCf fibre, ochre, eagre, maugre, sepulchre, theatre f spectre, metre, petre, mitre, nitre, antre, lustre, accoutre f massaa'e; to which we may add; PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONaNI 5. 03 eefttre and sceptre; sometimes written center and scepter ; but, in my opinion, very impro- perly, as this peculiarity is fixed, and easily un- derstood ; while reducing meagre to meager disturbs the rule, and adds another anomaly to our pronunciation, by making the g hard before e (98) . 417. The same transposition of r is always perceived in the pronunciation of apron and trow ; and often in that of citron and saffron, as if written apurn, turn, citurn, saffurn: nor do I think the two first can be pronounced otherwise without a disagreeable stiffness ; but the iwo last may preserve the r before the vowel with great propriety. Children and iundred have slid into this analogy, when used col. jquially, but preserve the r before the e in solemn speaking. 418. .\s this letter is but a jar of the tongue, sometimes against the roof of the mouth, and sometimes at the orifice of the throat, it is the most imperfect of all the consonants ; and, as its formation is so indefinite, no wonder, when it is not under the accent, that the vowels which precede it, should be so indefinite in their sounds, as we may perceive in the words ^riar. Her, elixir, nadir, mayor, martyr, which, with respect to sound, might be written fr«Mr, liur, elixur, nadur, mayur, martyr (98). These inaccuracies in pronunciation,' says an ingenious writer, ' we seem to havederived from our Saxon ancestors. Dr. Hicks observes in the first chapter of his Saxon Grammar, that Comjtarativa apud eos (Anglo-saxonas) indif- ' ferent^r exeunt in ar, eer, er, ir, or, ur, yr ; et ** Superlativa in ast, (est, est, ist, ost, ust, yst ; ' participia praesentis temporis in and, tend, " end, ind, ond, und,ynd : praeteriti ver5 in ad, " ad, id, nd, ud, yd; pro vario scilicet vel aevi vel loci dialecto." Upon various other oc- casions also they used two or more vowels and diphthongs indifferently; and this not always from difference of age or place, because these variations are frequently found in the same page. This will account for the difference be- tween the spelling and pronunciation of such anomalous words as busy and bury, now pro- nounced as if written bisy and bery Uhe i and e having thc'lr common short sound) and formerly spelt indifferently with e, u, or y.' Essay on the Harmony a/Language. Robson, 1774. 419- There is a distinction in the sound of this letter, scarcely ever noticed by any of our writeis on the subject, which is, in my opinion, of no small importance ; and that is, the rough and smooth r. Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, says it is sounded firm in the begirming of words, and more liquid in the middle and ends, as ni rarer, riper : and so in the Latin. The rough r is formed by jarring the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth near the fore teeth : the smootk r is a vibration of the lower part of the tongue, near the root, against the inward region of the palate, near the entrance of the throat. This latter » is that which marks the pronunciation of England, and the former that of Ireland. In England, and particularly in London, the r in lard, bard, card, regard, &.c. is pronounced so much in the throat as to be little more than the middle or Italian a, lengthened into laad, baud, caad, regaad; while in Ireland the r, in these words, is pronounced with so strong a jai' of the tongue against the fore-partof the palate, and accompanied with such an aspiration, or strong breathing, at the beginning of the letter, as to produce that harshness we call the Irish accent. But if this letter is too forcibly pro- nounced in Ireland, it is often too feebly sounded in England, and particularly in Lon- don, where it is sometimes entirely sunk ; and it may, perhaps, be worthy of observation, that, provided we avoid a too forcible pronunciation of the r, when it ends a word, or is followed by a consonant in the same syllable, we may give as much force as we please to this letter, at the beginning of a word, without producing any harshness to the ear: thus Rome, river, rage, may have the r as forcible as in Ireland ; but bar, bard, card, hard, &c. must have it nearly as in London. S. 420. As the former letter was ajar, this is h hiss ; but a hiss which forms a much more definite andcomplete consonant than the other. This consonant, like the other mutes, has a sharp and a flat sound ; the sharp sound is heard in the name of the letter, and in the words same, sin, this ; the flat sound is that of z, heard in is, his, was : and these two sounds, accompanied by the aspirate, or h, form all the varieties found under this letter (41), 421. S has always its sharp hissing sound at the beginning of words, as soon, sin, &c. and when it immediately follows any of the sharp mutes, y, k, p, t, as scoffs, blocks, hips, jnts, ix when it is added to the mute e after any of these letters, as strifes, Jlakes, pipes, mites. 422. S is sharp and hissing at the end of the monosyllables yes, this, us, thus, gas ; and at the end of words of two or more syllables, if it be preceded by any of the vowels but e, and forms a distinct syllable: thus es in pipes and mites do not form a distinct syllable ; and as they are preceded by a sharp mute, tlie s is sharp li-kewise : but in prices these letters form a syllable, and the s is pronounced like z, ac- cording to the general rule. 423. The only exceptions to this rule are, the words as, whereas, has, his, was ; for bias, dowlas, Alias, metropolis, basis, chaos, tripos, pus, chorus, Cyprus, &c. have the final s pro* nounced sharp and hissing. C4 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT S. ■ 424. Agreeably to this rule, the numerous terminations in ov.s, as pious, superjitious, &c. have the s sharp, and are pronounced exactly like the pronoun us ; and every double s in the language Is pronounced in the same manner, except in the words dissolve, possess, and their compounds ; scissors, hussy, and hussar. 425. S in the inseparable preposition dis, when either the primary or secondary accent is on it (522), is always pronounced sharp and hissing: the word dismal, which seems to be an exception, is not so in reality ; for, in this word dis is not a preposition : thus, dissolute, dissonant, &c. with the primary accent on dis; and disabilitj/, disagree, &c. with the secondary accent on the same letters, have the s sharp and hissing; but when the accent is on the second syllable, the * is either sharp or flat, as it is followed either by a vowel, or a sharp or flat consonant : thus, disahle, disaster, disease, disinterested, dishonest, disorder, disuse, have all of them the s in dis flat like z, because the accent is not on it, and a vowel begins the next syllable ; but discredit, disfavour, dis- kindness, dispense, distaste, have the s sharp and hissing, because a sharp consonant begins the succeeding accented syllable ; and disband, disdain, disgrace, disjoin, disvalue, have the* flat like z, because they are succeeded by a fiat consonant in the same situation (435). 426. S, in the inseparable preposition mis, is alway sharp and hissing, whether the accent be on it or not ; or whether it be followed either by a vowel, or a sharp or flat consonant, as miscreant, misaim, misapply, misorder, misuse, tnisbegot, misdeem, misgovern, &c. See the prefix Mis. 427. S, followed by e in the final syllable of adjectives, is always sharp and hissing, as base, obese, precise, concise, globose, verbose, mor- hose, pulicose, tenebricose, corticose, ocose, oleose, rugose, desidiose, close, siliculose, cnl- culose, tumulose, animose, venenose, nretiose, siliginose, crinose, loose, operose, morose, ede- matose, comatose, acetose, aquose, siliquose, actuose, diffkise, profuse, occluse, recluse, ab- struse, obtuse , except wise and otherguise, and the pronominal adjectives these and those. 428. S, in the adjective termination sive, is always sharp and hissing, as suasive, persua- sive, assuasive, dissuasive, adhesive, cohesive, decisive-, precisive, incisive, derisive, cicatri- sive, visiue, plausive, abusive, diffkisive, inj'u- sive, inclusive, conclusive, exclusive, elusive, delusive, prelusive, allusive, illusive, collusive, amusive, obtrusive, &c. 429. -S", in the adjectives ending in sory, is always sharp and hissing, as suasory, per- suuso7-y, decisory, derisory, delusory, &c. 430. The same may be observed of s in the adjectives ending in some, as troublesome, &c. and substantives in osity, generosity, &c. 431. Se, preceded by the liquids /, n, 6t r, has the s sharp and hissing, as pulse, apprtlse, dense, tense, intense, sense, verse, adverse, &c. except cleanse. S pronounced like Z. 432. S has always its flat buzzing sound, as it may be called, when it immediately follows any of the flat mutes b, d, g hard, or V, as ribs, heads, rags, sieves. (24), 433. S is pronounced like z, when it forms an additional syllable with e before it, in the plurals of nouns, and the third person singular of verbs ; even though the singulars and first persons end in sharp hissing sounds, as asses, riches, cages, bo.ves, &c. thus prices and prizes have both the final s flat, though the preceding mute in the first word is sharp (422). 434. As s is hissing, when preceded by a liquid, and followed by e mute, as transe, tense, &e. so when it follows any of the li(iuids without the e, it is pronounced like z, as morals, means, seems, hers. In the same analogy, when * comes before any of the liquids, it has the sound of z, as cosmetic, dismal, pismire, chastn, prism, theism, schism, and all poly syllables ending in asm, ism, osm, or vsm, as en- thusiasm, judaUm, microcosm, paroxys7n, &e, 435. S, in the preposition dis, is either sharp or flat, as it is accented or unaccented, as ex- plained above ; but it ought always to be pro- nounced like z, when it is not under the accent, and is followed by a flat mute, a liquid, cr a vowel, as disable, disease, disorder, disuse, disband, disdain, disgrace, disvalue, disjoiji, dislike, dislodge, dismay, dismember, dis- mount, dismiss, dis?iatured, disrunk, dis- relish, disrobe (425). Mr. Sheridan, and those orthOepists who have copied him, seem to have totally ovei'looked this tendency in the liquids to covert the s to z when this letter ends the first syllable without the accent, and the liquids begin the second syllable with it. 436. S is pronounced like z, in the mono- syllables as, is, his, was, these, those, and in all plurals whose singulars end in a vowel, or a vowel followed by e mute, as commas, opei'as, shoes, aloes, dues, and consequently when it follows the w or y, in the plurals of louns, or the third person singular of verbs, as ways, be- trays, news, vieivs, &c. 437. Some verbs ending in se have the soft 2, to distinguish them from nouns or adjectives of the same form. Nouns. Verbs. grease. ... to grease close to close house .... to house mouse .... to mouse louse .... to louse abuse .... to abuse Nouns. . Verbs. excuse . . to excuse refuse. ... to refuse ' diffuse . . to diffuse^ use to use rise to rise premise , , to pretnise. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT S. 65 438. St/ and sey, at the end of words, have the s pronounced like z, if it has a vowel before it, with the accent on it, as easy, greasy, queasy, cheesy, daisy, misy, rosy, causey, noisy; but if the accent is on the antepenultimate syllable, the s is sharp, as heresy, poesy, &c. if a sharp mute precede, the s is sharp, as tricksy, tipsy ; if a liquid precede, and the accent is on the penultimate syllable, the s is flat, as palsy, flimsy, clumsy, pansy, tansy, phrensy, quinsy, tolsey, whimsey, malmsey, jersey, kersey. Pursy has the s sharp and hissing from its relation to purse, and minstrelsey and con- troversy have the antepenultimate and pre- antepenultimate accent : thus we see why busy, bousy, lousy, and drowsy, have the s like z, anil jealousy, the sharp hissing s. 439. S, in the termination sible, when pre- ceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as per- suasihle, risible, visible, divisible, infusible, conclusible ; but if a liquid consonant precede the s, the s then becomes sharp and hissing, as sensible, responsible, tensible, reversible, &c. 440. S, in the terminations sary and sory, is sharp and hissing, as dispensary, adversary, suasory, persuasory, decisory, incisory, de- risory, depulsory, compulsory, incensory, com- pensory, suspensoi-y, sensory, rcsponsory, cur- ijry, discursory, lusory, elusory, delusory, il- lusory, collusory. Rosary and jnisery, which have the s like z, are the only exceptions. 441. S, in the termination ise, is pro- nounced like z, except in the adjectives before mentioned, and a few substantives, such as varadise, anise, rise, grise, verdigrise, mor- tise, travise. 442. S, in the termination sal and sel, when preceded by a vowel, is pronounced like z, as nasal, ousel, housel, nousel, reprisal, proposal, refusal, and sharp and hissing when preceded by a consonant, as mtnsal, universal, &c. 443. S, in the termination son, sen, and sin, IS pronounced like z, as reason, season, treason, cargason, diapason, orison, benison, venison, ilenison, f Olson, poison, prison, damson, crimson, chosen, resin, rosin, raisin, cousin. But the s in mason, bason, garrison, caparison, com- parison, parson, and person^ is sharp and hiss- ing (170). 444. S, after the inseparable prepositions pi-e and pro, is sharp, as in presage, preside, presidial,preseance, presension, prosecute, pro- secution, prosody, prosopopeia, but flat like z in presence, president, presidency, presume, presumptive, presumption, but where the pre is prefixed to a word which is significant when alone, the s is always sharp, as presuppose, pre-surmise, &c. 445. S, after the inseparable preposition re, is almost always pronounced like z, zsresemble, resent, resentment, reserve, reservation, re- servoir, residue, resident, residentiary, reside, resign, resignment, resignation, resilience, resiliency, I'esilition, resm, resist, resistance, resolve, resolutio?i, resolute, result, resume, resumptio7i, resurrection. 446. iS is sharp after re in resuscitation, re- supination, &c. and when the word added to it is significant by itself, as research, resiege, reseat, resurvey. Thus to resign, with the < like z, signifies to yield up ; but to re-sign, to sign again, has the s sharp, as in sign : so to resound, to reverberate, has the s like z ; but to re-sound, to sound again, has the s sharp and hissing. 447. Thus we see, after pursuing this letter through all its combinations, how difficult it often is to decide by analogy, when we are to pronounce it sharp and hissing, and when flat like z. In many cases it is of no great import- ance : in others, it is the distinctive mark of a vulgar or a polite pronunciation. Thus design is never heard with the s like 2, but among the lowest order of the people ; and yet there is not the least reason from analogy that we should not pronounce it in this manner, as well as in resign ; the same may be observed of preside and desist, which have the s sharp and hissing ; and reside and resist, where the same letter is pronounced like z. It may, however, be remarked, that re has the s like z after it more regularly than any other of the prefixes. 448. It may, perhaps, be worthy of observa- tion, that though s becomes sharp or flat, as it is followed by a sharp or flat consonant, or a liquid, as cosmetic, dismal, disband, disturb, &c. yet if it follows a liquid or a fiat consonant, except in the same syllable, it is generally sharp. Thus the s in tubs, suds, &c. is like z; but in subserve, subside, subsist, it is sharp and hissing : and though it is flat in absolve, it is sharp in absolute and absolution ; but if a sharp consonant precede, the s is always sharp and hissing, as tipsy, ti icksy : thus in the pronunci- ation of the word Glasgow, as the s is always sharp and hissing, we find the g invariably slide into its sharp sound k : and this word is always heard as if written Glaskow. We see, therefore, that a preceding sharp consonant makes the succeeding * sharp, but not in- versely. 44.9. S is always sharp and hissing when followed by c, except in the word discern, S aspirated, or sounding like sh or zh. 450. S, like its fellow dental t, becomes as- pirated, and goes either into the sharp sound sh, or the flat sound zh, when the accent is on the preceding vowel, and it is followed by a semi-consonant diphthong, as nauseate, or a diphthongal vowel, as pleasure, pronounced nausheate axid plezhure (195). 451. S, in the termination sion, preceded b/ C6 PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT T. a vowel, goes into the flat aspiration zh, as tvasion, cohesion, decision, confusion, pro- nounced cvazhion, &c. but when it is preceded by a liquid or another s, it has the sharp aspira- tion sh, as expulsion, dimension, reversion, pronounced expulshion, &c. 452. The same may be observed of s before U: when a vowel preceds the s, with the accent on it, the s goes into the flat aspiration, as pleasure, measure, treasure, rasure, pro- nounced plezkure, &c. but when preceded by a liquid, or another*, it is sounded */i, as sensual, censure, tonsui-e, pressure, pronounced sen- shual, censhure, &c. 453. From the clearness of this analogy, we may perceive the impropriety of pronouncing Asia with the sharp aspiration, as if written Ashia; when, by the foregoing rule, it ought, undoubtedly to be pronounced ^z/ua, rhyming with Arpasia, euthanasia, &c. with the flat as- piration of z. This is the Scotch pronunciation of this word, and, unquestionably, the true one : but if I mistake not, Persia is pronounced in Scotland with the same aspir.ition of s, and as if written Perzhia ; which is as contrary to analogy as the other is agreeable to it. 454. The tendency of the s to aspiration before a diphthongal sound, has produced Several anomalies in the language, whicli can only be detected by recurring to first principles : for which purpose it may be necessary to ob- serve, that the accent or stress naturally pre- serves the letters in their true sound ; and as feebleness naturally succeeds force, so the letters, immediately after the stress, have a tendency to slide into different sounds, which require less exertion of the organs. Hence the omission of one of the vowels in the pronuncia- tion of the last syllable izi fountain, inountain, captain, &c. (208); hence the shcrt sound of i in respite, servile, &c.; hence the * pronounced like r in disable, where the accent is on the second syllable ; and like s sharp and hissing in disability, where there is a secondary stress on the first syllable ; and hence tne difference between the .r in exercise, and that in exert ; the former having the accent on it, being pro- nounced vks, as if the word were written eckser- cise ; and the latter without the accent, pro- nounced gz, as if the word were written egzert. This analogy leads us immediately to discover the irregularity o{ sure, sugar, and their com- pounds, which are pronounced shure and shugar, though the accent is on the first sylla- ble, and ought to preserve the * without aspira- tion ; and a want of attending to this analogy has betrayed Mr. Sheridan into a series of mis- takes in the sound of * in the words suicide, presume, resu7ne, &c. as if written shoo-icide, p7'e-zhoom, re-zhoom, &c. but if this is the true pronunciation of these words, it may be «sked, why is not suit, suitable, pursue, &c. to be pronounced shoot, shoot-able, Pur-shoo t &c. If it be answered, Custom ; I own this decides the question at once. Let us only be assured, that the best speakers pronounce i like 0, and that is the true pronunciation : but those who see analogy so openly violated, ought to be assured of the certainty of the custom before they break through all the laws of language to conform to it (69) (71). See SUPERABLE. 455. We have seen, in a great variety of in- stances, the versatility of s, how frequently it slides into the sound of z : but my observation greatly fails me if it ever takes the aspiration unless it immediately follows the accent, ex- cept in the words S7ire, sugar, and their com- pounds ; and these irregularities are sufficient, without adJmg to the numerous catalogue we have ali-eaay seen under this letter. 456. The analogy we have just been observ- ing, directs us in the pronunciation of usury, usurer, and usxirious. The first two have the accent on the first syllable, which permits the s to go into aspiration, as if the words were written uzhury and uzhurer : but the accent being on the second u in the last word, the j is prevented from going into aspiration, and is pronounced uzurious (479) (480). 457. Though the ss in passion, mission, &c. belong to separate syllables, as if spelt passion, mission, &c. yet the accent presses the first into the same aspiration as the last, and they are both pronounced with the sharp aspirated hiss, asif they were but one*. See Exaggerate. 458. S is silent in isle, island, aisle, demesne, puisne, viscount, and at the end of some words from the French, as pas, sous, vis-h-vis ; and in corps the two last letters are silent, and the word pronounced core (412). T. 459. T is the sharp sound of D(-il); but though the latter is often changed into the former, the former never goes into the latter. The sound to which this letter is extremely prone, is that of s. This sound of t has greatly multiplied the hissing in our own language, and has not a little promoted it in most modern tongues. That/) and b, t and d, k and g hard, s and z, should slide into each other, is not surprising, as they are distinguished only by a nice shade of sound ; but that t should alter to s, seems a most violent transition, till we consider the organic formation of these letters, and of those vowels which always occasion it. If we attend to the foimation of t, we shall find that it is a stoppage of the breath by the application of the upper part of the tongue, near the end, to the correspondent part of the palate ; and that if we just detach the tongue from the palate, sufliciently to let the breath pass, a hiis is produced which forms the letter s. PRONUNCIATION OF THE CONSONANT TH. Gt Now the vowel that occasions this transition of t to *, IS the s'jueezed sound of e, as lieanl in ?/ consonant f8); which squeezed sound is a species of hiss ; and this hiss, from tiie absence of accent, easily slides into the *, and s as easily into sh : thus mechanically is generated that hissing termination, lion, which forms but itfie syllable, as if written shun (i95\ 460. But it must be carefully remarked, that this hissing sound, contracted by the t before certain diphthongs, is never heard but after the accent : when the accent falls on the vowel immediately after the t, this letter, like s or c in the same situation, preserves its simple sound : thus the c in social, goes into sh, because the accent is on the preceding vowel ; but it preserves the simple sound of* in societi/, because the accer\t is on the succeed- ing vowel. The same analogy is obvious in satiate and satiety j and is perfectly agreeable to that difference made by accent in the sound of other letters ^7\). See Satiety. 461. As the diphthongs la, ie, io, or iu, when coming after the accent, have the power of drawing the t into sh, so the diphthongal vowel M, in the same situation, has a similar power. If we analyse the «, we shall find it commence with the squeezed sound of e, equivalent to the consonant y (39). This letter produces the small hiss before taken notice of (459^, and which may be observed in the pronunciation of nature, and borders so closely on natshur, that it is no wonder Mr. Sheridan adopted this latter mode of spelling the word to express its sound. The only fault of Mr. Sheridan in depicung the sound of this word, seems to be that of making the u short, as in bur, cur, &c. as every correct ear must perceive an elegance in lengthening the sound of the «, and a vulgarity .n shortening it. The true pronunciation seems to lie between both. 4G2. But Mr. Sheridan's greatest fault seems t(^ lie in not attending to the nature and influence of the accent: and because THtture, creature, feature, fortune, 7nisfortune, &c. have the t pronounced like ch, or tsh, as if written crea-chure,foa-tshure, &c. he has ex- tended this change of t into tch, or tsh, to the word tune, and its compounds, tutor, tutoress, tutorage, tutelage, tutelar, tutelary, &c. tu- mult, tumour, &c. which he spells tshoon, tshonn-ehle, &c. tshoo-tur, tshoo-triss, tshoo- tur-idzh, tshoo-tel-idzh, tshoo-tel-er, tslioo-tel- reserving their original accent, and subjecting many of the words they bestow upon us, to their own classical laws. 490. Accent, therefore, seems to be re- gulated, in a great measure, by etymology. ACCENT ON DISSYLLABLES. n In words ft'oin the Saxon, the accent is gene- rally on the root ; in words from the learned languages, it is generally on the termination ; and if to these we add the different accent we lay on some words, to distinguish them from others, we seem to have the three great prin- ciples of accentuation ; namely, the radical, the terminational, and the distinctive. Accent on Dissyllables. 491. Every word of two syllables has neces- sarily one of them accented, and but one. It is true, for the sake of emphasis, we sometimes lay an equal stress upon two successive sylla- bles, as di-rect, some-times ; but when these words are pronounced alone, they have never more than one accent. For want of attending to this distinction, some writers have roundly asserted, that many dissyllables have two ac- cents, such as convoy, concourse, discord, ship- wreck : in which, and similar instances, they confound the distinctness, with which the latter syllables are necessarily pronounced, with ac- centual force ; though nothing can be more different. Let us pronounce Ihf last syllable of the noim torment as distinctly as we please, it will still be very different with respect to force, from the same syllable in the verb to torment, where the accent is on it ; and if we do but carefully watch our pronunciation, the same difference will appear in every word of two syllables throughoiit the language. The word Amen is the oidy word which is pronounced with two consecutive accents when alone. 492. There is a peculiarity of accentuation In certain words of two syllables, which are both nouns and verbs, that is not unworthy of notice ; the nouns having the accent on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last. This seems an instinctive effort in the language (if the ex- pression will be allowed me) to compensate in some measure for the want of different termi- nations for these different parts of speech*. The words which admit of this diversity of accent are the following : Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. ibject, to abject. bdmbard. to bombdrd. dbsent. to absent. cSment, to cement. dbstract. to abstr&ct. cSlleague, to colleague. Accent, to accent. cdllect. to collect. tgnx. to affix. cdmpact. to compdct. Assign, to assign. cdmpound, to comphund. Augment, to augment. cdmpress. to compriss. • It i« not improbable ihat the rerb, by receiving a purticfpial temiiiiatiotiybas iiit'Iiticd us to pruiioimce that part uf speech with an accent nearer the end than we do the noun : for though we can without any difficuUy pronounce the verb with the accent on the nouu, we cannot so easily pronounce the participle and the adverb formed from it with that accent; thus we can pronounce to trd-ns- port with the accent on the 6rst syllable; but not so easily trfins- portinz and hfinsjjorthigly. This is a solid reason for the distint- tion, and eup;ht to induce ns, where we can, to observe it. A s^- piUcfrt and to stjrulchrt K«in to require it. Sec the word. Nouns. Verbs. Nouns. Verbs. ci'mcei-t. to concert. frequent, xofrequin , cdnerete, to concrete. import. to imp6rt. cSnduct, to conduct. incense, to incense. c6nfine. to confine. insult. to insAlt, c6njlict, to conflict. Abject, to object. coTiserve, to conserve. pirfume. to perfAme. cSnsort, to consort. pirmit. to permit. contest. to contest. prifix. to prefix. contract. to contract. premise. to premise. rrinfrast, to contrast. presage. to presAge. convent. to convent. present. to present. converse. to converse. prSduce, to prodAce, cdnvert. to convert. prdject, to project. cdnvict. to convict. protest, to protest. cSnvoy, to convoy. rSbel, to rebil. desert. to desert. rScord, to rcc6rd. discount, to disco&nt. rSfuse, to refAse. descant, to desc&nt. subject. to subject. digest. to digest. survey. to surviy. issay. to essAy. tirment. to torment. Export, to expdrt. trAject, to trajSct. Extract, to extrAct. trAnsfer, to transfer. ^xile. to exile. trAnsport , to transpdrt. ferment. toferment. Attribute, to attribute. 493. To this analogy, some speakers are endeavouring to reduce the word contents; which, when it signifies the matter contained in a book, is often heard with the accent on the first syllable ; but though this pronuncia- tion serves to distinguish words which are dif- ferent in signification, and to give, in some measure, a difference of form to the noun and verb, in which our tongue is remarkably de- ficient, still it is doubtful whether this distinc tion be of any real advantage to the language. See Bowl. This diversity of accentuation seems to have place in some compound verbs. See Counterbalance and the subsequent words. 494. Sometimes words have a different ac- cent, as they are adjectives or substantives. Substantive August, the month. cdmpact. champAign, wine. ixile, banishment. gallAnt, a lover. instinct, invalid. I^evAnt, a place. minute of time. sApine, in grammar. Adjectives. augAst, noble. compAct, chAmpaign, open. exile, small. gAllant, bold. instinct. invAlid. Uvant, eastern. minAte, small. supine, indolent. 495. Sometimes the same parts of speech have a different accent to make a difference of signification : bAffet, a blow. buffet, a cupboard, to c6njure, to practise "> . . ^ magic. / *'<"V^^e> *" entreat. disert, a wilderness. desSrt,xaev\t sinister^ insidious. sinister, the left side. 72 ACCENT ON TRISYLLABLES. 496. In this analogy some speakers pro- nounce the word concordance with the accent on the fijit syllable, when it signifies a dic- tionary of the Bible ; and with the accent on the second, when it signifies agreement : but besides that, there is not the same reason for distinguishing nouns from each other, as there is nouns from verbs ; the accent on the first syllable of the word concordance gives a harsh- ness and poverty to its sound, which ought to be avoided. 497. But though the different accentuation of nouns and verbs of the same form does not extend so far as might be expected, it is certain, that in words of two syllables, where the noun and verb are of different forms, there is an evident tendency in the language to place the accent upon the first syllable of the noun, and on the last of the verb. Hence the nouns out- rage, upstart, and uproar, have the accent on the first syllable ; aiid the verbs to ujili/'t, to uphold, and to outstrip, on the last. 498. This analogy will appear still more evident if we attend to the accent of those nouns and verbs which are compounded of two words. Every dissyllable compounded of words which, taken separately, have a meaning, may be deemed a qualified substantive ; and that word which qualifies or describes the other, is that which most distinguishes it, and conse- quently is that which ought to have the accent : accordingly we find that inkhorn, outrage, chairman, freehold, sand-box, hook-case, pen- knife, have the accent on the first syllable, which is the specifying part of the word ; while gainsay, foresee, overlook, undersell, have the accent on the last syllable, which is the least distinguishing part of the word. This rule, however, is either by the caprice of custom, or the love of harmony, frequently violated, but .5 sufficiently extensive to mark the general tendency of the language. Akenside brings the verb to comment imder this analogy : " The sober zeal " Of tge, tammmting on prodigious things " Pleasures of tlit Imagination, And Milton, in the same manner, the verb to "ximmerce : " And looks commercing with the sVieSj ** Thy rapt soul sittiu^ in chine eyes. n Penseroto. 499. Something very analogous to this we find in the nouns we verbalize, by changing the * sharp of the noun into the s flat, or 2 of tVie verb (437), as a use, and to use ; where we may remark, that when the word in both parts of speech is a monosyllable, and so not under the laws of accent, the verb, however, claims the privilege of lengthening the sound of the consonant, when it can, as well as when it cannot, prolong the accentuation : thus we not only find grass altered to graze, brass to braze, glass to glaze, price to prize, breath to breathe, &c. but the c fxc s sharp altered to the s flat in advice to advise, excuse to excuse, device \ja devise, &c. The noun adopting the sharp hissing sound, and the verb the soft buzzing one, without transferring the accent from one syllable to another. The vulgar extend this analogy to the noun practice and the verb to practise, pronouncing the first with the i short, and the c like sharp s, as if written, practiss, and the last wiSi the i long, and the s like z, as if written practize; but correct speakers pronounce the verb like the noun ; that is, as if written practiss. The noun prophecy, and the verb to prophesy, follow this analogy, only by writing the noun with the c, and the verb with the s, and without any difference of sound, except pronouncing the y in the first like e, and in the last like i long ; where we may still discover a trace of the tendency to the barytone pronunciation in the noun, and the oxytone in the verb (467), See the words. 500. This seems to be the favourite tendency of English verbs ; and where we find it crossed, it is generally in those formed from nouns, rather than the contrary: agreeably to this. Dr. Johnson has observed, that though nouns have often the accent on the latter, yet verbs have it seldom on the former syllable ; those nouns which, in the common order of language, must have preceded the verbs, often transmit this accent to the verbs they form, and inversely : thus the noun uater must have pre- ceded the verb to water, as the verb to corres- pond must have preceded the noun corres- pondent ; and to pursue must claim priority to pursuit. So that we may conclude, whenever verbs deviate from this rule, it is seldom by chance, and generally in those words only where a superior law of accent takes place. Accent on Trisyllables. 501. As words increase in syllables, the more easily is their accent known. Nouns some- times .acquire a syllable by becoming plural ; adjectives increase a syllable by being com- pared ; and verbs by altering their tense, ol becoming participles : adjectives become ad- verbs, by adding ly to them ; and prepositions precede nouns or verbs vvithout altering the accent of the word to which they are prefixed : so that when once the accent ot dissyllables is known, those polysyllables, whose terminations are perfectly English, have likewise their ac- cent invariably settled. Thus lion becomes lioness ; poet, poetess ; polite becomes politer, or politely, or even politeiier ; mischief) mis- chievous ; happy, happiness; nay, lioness be- comes lionesses: mischief, mischievousness ; and service, serviceable, serviceableness, ser- viceably, and unserviceably, without disturbing the accent, either on account of the prepositive WW, or the subjunctives able, ably, and ablcness. 502. Hence we may perceive the glaring absurdity which prevails even in the firet ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. 73 circles; that of pronouncing the plural of princess, and even the singular, with the ac- cent on the second syllable, like success and successes • for we might just as well say, ilulchhs, and dutchesses, as princess and prin- cesses ; nor would a correct ear be less hurt with the latter than the former. 503. So few verbs of three syllables follow the analogy observable in those of two, that of protracting the accent to the last syllable, that this economy seems peculiar to dissyllables : many verbs, indeed, of three syllables, are compounded of a preposition of two syllables : and then, according to the primary law of for- mation, and not the secondary of distinction, we may esteem them radical, and not distinc- tive : such are contradict, intercede, supercede, contraband, circumscribe, superscribe, ike. while the generality of words ending in the verbal terminations ise and ize, retain the ac- cent of the simple, as criticise, tyrannise, modernise, &c. and the whole tribe of trisylla- ble verbs in ate, very few excepted, refuse the accent on the last syllable : but words of three syllables often take their accent from the learned languages from which they are deriv- ed ; and this makes it necessary to inquire Iiow far English accent is regulated by that of the Greek and Latin. Of the Influence of the Greek and Latin Accent on the Accent of English Poly- syllables. («) As our language borrows so largely from the learned languages, it is not wonder- ful that its pronunciation should be in some measure influenced by them. The rule for placing the Greek accent was, indeed, essen- tially different from that of the Latin ; but words from the Greek, coming to us through the Latin, are often so much latinized as to lose their original accent, and to fall into that of the Latin ; and it is the Latin accent which we must chiefly regard, as that which in- fluences our own. (6) The first general rule that may be laid down is, that when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original: thus horizon, sonorous, decorutn, dictator, gladia- tor, mediator, delator, spectator, adulator, &c. preserve the penultimate accent of the original; and yet the antepenultimate ten- dency of our language has j)laced the accent on the first syllable of orator, senator, auditor, minister, cicatrix, plethora, &c. in opjiosition to the Latin pronunciation of these words, and would have infallibly done the same by ubdomen, bitutnen, and acumen, if the learntd had not stepped in to rescue these classical words from the invasion of the Gothic accent, and to breserve the stress inviolablv oa the second syllable : nor has even the interposi- tion of two consonants been always able to keep the accent from mounting up to the antepenultimate syllable, as we may see in . minister, sinister, character, magistrate, &c. and this may be said to be the favourite accent of our language. See Miscellany. (c) But notwithstanding this prevalence of the antepenultimate accent, the general rule still hdds good ; and more particularly in words a little removed from common usage, such as terms in the arts and sciences : these are generally of Greek original ; but coming to us through the Latin, most commonly contract the Latin accent when adopted into our language. This will appear plainly bv the following lists : and first, let us select some where the Greek and Latin accents coincide : plethora, inetabusis, emphdsis, antispdsis, antithesis, ' antiphrdsis, protasis, metathesis, epenthSsis, aphaeresis. ifi'paa'ti. avTiiTTrans, avTtfpag-i!, wpirafft;. (xtTaOstrif. (d) Another list will show us where the accents of these languages differ : antanacldsis, avTavaxKotffti, catachresis, yoiTdy^prig-ii, paracentesis, crapax/vTijir/f. aposiopSsis, airoaiwTrriO-if, antiptOsis, avTlTTTwa-ti. anadipl5sis, avaSi7r\i»a-ii, auxesis, otS^rig-ii. mathesis, /jiiOtitns. exegesis, i^f,yria-i;. hydrophobia, iipofoSloc. cyclopcedia, xvuXoTrouiifx. aporta, »nopla. prosopopoeia, wpoa-wjrojrolx. epiphonema, «s-<^a)v»!/ja. diaphoresis, tixfiprjait. diploma, llirKuifiK. parogoge, crapayoiy^. apostriphe, an-oiTTpo^fj. In this list we perceive the peculiar tendency of the Latin language to accent the long penultimate vowel, and that of the Greek, to pay no regard to it if the last vowel is short, but to place the accent on the antepenulti- mate. It will, however, be easily perceived, that in tlws case we follow the Latin analogy, this analogy will appear niore evident by a list of words ending in osls, where, though the in the penultimate syllable is the omega, the Greek accent is on the antepenultimate :. 14 ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. a.va.o'Tifiwiri;, OL/xavgwiri;, avvoixeiwa'ii, ajTQvevpwiri!. This analogy has led us to accent certain words, formed from the Greek, where the omega was not in the penultimate of the original, in the same manner as those words where this long vowel was found : such as exostosis, formed from ix and oo-teov, g ynneurosls from avv and ftZqov, &e. This tendency therefore has suffi- ciently formed an analogy ; and since rules, however absurdly formed at first, are better than no rules at all, it would, in my opinion, be advisable to consider every word of this form as subject to the penultimate accent, and to look upon apotheosis and metamorpho- sis, as exceptions. (e) The next rule we may venture to lay down as a pretty general one, is, that if the words derived from the learned languages, though anglicised by altering the termination, contain the same number of syllables as in the original languages, they are generally to be pronounced with the same accent . that is, with the same accent as the first person pre- sent of the indicative mood active voice, or as the present participle of the same verb. The reality of this rule will best appear by a selec- tion of such classes of words as have an equa' number of syllables in both languages. (^/*) Words which have a in the penulti- mate syllable : prevalent, equivalent, adjAcent, ligament, infamous, pr6pagate, indagate, suffragan. prcevdlens, eequivdlens. adjucens. ligdmen. infumis. propugo. iniidgo. suffragans. In this small class of words we find all but the first two have a diflFerent accent in E iglish from that of the Latin. The rule for placing the accent in that language being the simplest in the world : if the penultimate syllable is long, the accent is on it ; if short, the accent is on the antepenultimate. {g) Words which have e in the penultimate syllable : penetrate, discrepant, precedent, Elegant, exiip'^rant, exuberant, Eminent, ^xccllt'llt, penetro. discrepans. prcEcedens, elegans. exuperuiis. exuberans. emlnens. excellens. Alienate, ddi'gate. alteno, delego. In this class we find the penultimate e ac- cented in English as in Latin, except in the three last words. The word alienate departs from the Latin accentuation, by placing the stress on the first syllable, as if derived from the English noun alien. The e in penetro is either long or short in Latin, and in this case we generally prefer the short sound to the long one. [h) Words which have i in the penultimate syllable : acclivous, declivous, proclivous, litigant, muigai:':, sibilant, vigilant, fiilminant discriminate, perspicience, conscience, obedience, p&tilence, supplicate, Explicate, Abdicate, providence, festinate, hAbitant, beneficent. Accident, Evident, indigent, diligent, negligent, Exigence, intelligence, deficicnce, mendicant, resident, diffidence, confidence, investiga»'.e, castigate, Extricate, irritate, profligate, instigate, acclivus, declivus. proclivus. litigans. mitlgans, sibllans. vigllans. fubninans. discrimino. perspictens, consciens. ohediens pestilens. supplicans expllcans. aldicans. provldens. festino. hahitans. beneficus. acetdens- evidens. indXgens, dillgens. negllgens, cxigens. intelligens. dijiciens. mendicans. residens. diffidens. CO nf idem, investlgo. castigo. extrico, irrlto. projligo. instigo. In the foregoing list of words we find a very general coincidence of the English and Latin accent, except in the last eleven words, where we depart from the Latin accent on the pe- nultimate, and place it on our own favourite syllable the antepenultimate. These last words must therefore be ranked as exceptions. CO Words whicli l»ave o in the penultimate syllable ACCENT ON POLYSYLLABLES. rs int<5rrog;ate, hiterrdgo. drros^ant, arrSgans. dissonant, dissOnnns. redolent, reddlens. insolent. insSlens, benevolent, heneidlus. condolence. condolens. indolence. indolens. armi potent. arinipotens umnipotent. etnnipdtens. iiniocent, inndcens. renovate. rendvo. d«5solate. desolo. decorate. decSro, elaborate. elabSro. Idborant, labor ans. ignorant. ignorans. suffocate, suff'oco. In this list the difference of the English and Latin accent is considerable. The last six words desert the Latin penultimate for the English antepenultimate accent, and condo- lence falls into an accentuation diametrically opposite, (A) Words which have u in the penultimate syllable : fdbulate, mdculate, Adjuvate, cdrrugatCj petulant, disputant, impudent, speculate, pullulate, populate, subjugate, abducent, reliicent, imprudent, ddjutant, peculate, indurate, 6bdurafre, fdhXtlor. mnctllo. adjuvo. corrdgo, petfi/ans. disptUans, impHdens. specUlor. pulliilo. popUlo. suhjUgo. ahducens, relucens. impriidens. udjfttans, pectdur, indtlro. cbduro. Here we find the gerfral rule obtain, with, perhaps, fewei exceptions than in any other class. Adjuvate, peculate, and indurate, are the only absolute deviations ; for obdurate has the accent frequently on the second syllable. See the word. (/) To these lists, perhaps, might be added the English words ending in fion, sion, and iti/: for though tion and sion are really pronounced in one syllable, they are by almost all our orthijt'pisis generally divided into two ; and conseciiiently nittion, pronunciation , occasion, evasion, 6lc. contain the same number of syl- lables as nalio, pronunciatio, occusio, evasio, &.C, and have the accent, in both English and Latin, on the antepenultimate syllable. The larae may be observed of words ending in itt/, or ieti/; as diversity, variety, &c. from diversitas, varietas, &c. (m) By this selection (which, though not an exact enumeration of every particular, is yet a sufficient specimen of the correspondence of Latin and English accent) we may perceive that there is a general rule ruiniing through both languages, respecting the accent of poly- syllables, which is, that when a single vowel in the penultimate is followed by a single con. sonant, the accent is on the antepenultimate, This is so agreeable to English analogy, that in words derived from the Latin, where the penultimate vowel, followed by a single con- sonant, is long, and consequently has the accent, we almost always neglect this excep- tion, as it may be called, in the Latin lan- guage, and fall into our own general rule of accenting the antepenultimate. Nor is it un- worthy of being remarked, that when we neglpct the accent of the original, it is almost always to place it at least a syllable higher; as adjacent and condolence are the oidy words in the whole selection, where the accent ol the English word is placed lower than in th« Latin. (»0 There is, indeed, a remarkable coinci- dence of accent between Latin verbs of three syllables, commencing with a preposition, and the English words of two syllables, derived from them, by dropping a syllable,* a.s excello, rebello, inquii'o, conj'ino, confiUo, consumo, desiro, explOro, procedo, procldmo, have the accent in Latin on the second syllable ; and the English verbs excel, rebel, require, con- fine, confute, consume, desire, explore, pro- ceed, proclaim, have the accent on the same syllable. This propensity of following the Latin accent in these words, perhaps, in this, as well as in other cases, formed a general rule, which at last neglected the Latin accent, in words of this kind ; as we find prefer, con- fer, defer, desert, compare, complete, congeal, divide, dispute, prepare, have the accent on the second syllable, though prafero, defero, confCro, desiro, cotnpdro, compleo, congSlo, divtdo, dispfcto, prapHro, have the accent on the first : and this propensity, perhaps, laid the foundation of that distinction of ac- cent which is so remarkable between dis- syllable nouns and verbs of the same form, (492), (o) But when English polysyllables are derived from the Latin by dropping a syllable. * Pin Jonson seems to have had a faint idea of this coiiic: driire, where he says, " all verbs coming from the Latin, either of the supine or otherwise, hold the accent as it is found in the first periton present of those Latin verbs, as /rniTito, dnhnate. cdUtifo, celebrate ; except words compounded of fncio, as liqne fncio, liquefy I and of slatuo, as conjlititto, conilitute." English Graiuuiar. — Of the extent and justness of these observatious, Ut9 critical re»dcr will be the best jud^e re TERMINATIONAL ACCENT. scarcely any analogy is more apparent than the coincidence of the principal accent of the English word, and the secondary accent (522) we give to the Latin word, in the English pro- nunciation of it. Thus parsimony, ceremony, matrimony, melancholy, &c. have the accent on the first syllable, because, in pronouncing the Latin words, parsimonia, cceremonia, ma- trimonia, melancholia, &c. we are permitted, and prone, in our English pronunciation of these words, to place a secondary accent on that syllable. See Academy, Irreparable, &c. (jo) With respect to the cjuantity of the an- tepenultimate syllable in polysyllables, it may be observed, that, regardless of the quantity of the original, we almost, without excep- tion, follow the analogy of our own language. This analogy uniformly shortens the vowel, unless it be u, followed by a single consonant, or any othei- vowel followed by a single con- sonant, succeeded by a semi-consonant diph- thong : thus the first u in dubious is pro- nounced long, though short in the Latin word dfiblus : the same may be observed of the e and o in medium and empdiau>n ' and the first i in delirium, and the first e in delicate, are pronounced shorl in English, according to our own analogy (507)» though these letters are long in the Latin delirium, and delicatus. For the quantity of English dissyllables derived from the Greek and Latin, see Syllabica- tion, No. 543, 544, &c. Terminational Accent, 504. We have seen that the Saxon termina- tions, regardless of harmony, always leave the accent where they found it, let the adventi- tious syllables be ever so numerous. The Saxons, attentive chiefly to sense, preserved the same simplicity in the accentuation, as in the composition of their words ; and, if sense were the only object of language, it must be confessed, that our ancestors were, in this respect, suj)erior to the Greeks and Romans. What method could so rigidly preserve, and so strongly convey, the sense of words, as that which .always left the accent on the root, wht^re the principal meaning of the word un- doubtedly lies ? But the necessities of human nature require that cur thoughts should not only be conveyed with force, but with ease ; to give language its due effect, it must be agreeable as well as forceful ; and the ear must be addressed while we are informing the mind. Here, then, terminational accent, the music of language, interposes ; corrects the discordant, and strengthens the feeble sounds; removes the difficulty of pronunciation which arises from placing the accent on initial syl- lables, and brings the force gently down to the latter part of the word, where a cadence is formed, on the principles of harmony and proportion. 505. To form an idea of the influence of termination upon accent, it will be sufficient to observe, that words which have ei, ta, ie, io, eu, eou, in their termination, always ha\e the accent on the preceding syllable': thus atheist, alien, regalia, ambrosia, caduceus, &c. the numerous terminations in ion, lan, &c. as gradalioji, promotion, confusion, logi- cian, physician, &c. those in ious, as har- monious, abstemious, &c. those in eous, as outrageous, advantageous, &c. These vowels may not improperly be styled semi-consonant diphthongs (196). 506. The only exceptions to this rule are one word in iac, as elegiac, which has the accent on the i, and the following words in iacal, as prosodiacaU cardiacal, heliacal, genethliacal, maniacal, demoniacal, ajntno- niacal, theriacal, paradisiacal, aphrodisia- cal, and hypochondriacal ; all which have the accent on the antepenultimate i, and that long and open, as in idle, title, &c. 507. Nothing can be more uniform than the position of the accent in words of these terminations ; and, with very few exceptions, the quantity of the accented vowel is as re- gular as the accent ; for when tliese termina- tions are preceded by a single consonant, every accented vowel is long, except i ; which, in this situation, is as uniformly short : thus occasion, adhesion, erosion, and confusion, have the a, e, o, and ?*, long; while vision and decision have the i short. The same may be observed of probation, concretion, devotion, ablution, and exhibition. The exceptions are, impetuous, especial, perpetual, discretion, and battalion, which last ought to be spelt with double /, as in the French, from wliich it is derived, and then it would follow the general rule. AhUional and rational form two more exceptions ; and these are almost the only irregularities to which these numerous classes of words are subject. 508. Nearly the same uniformity, both of accent and quantity, we find in words ending in ic. The accent immediately precedes this termination, and every vowel under this ac- cent, but It, is short : thus Satanic, pathetic, elliptic, har7nonic, &c. have the accent on the penultimate, and the vowel short: while tunic, ru7iic, and cubic, have the accented vowel long. 509. The same may be observed of words ending in ical, as fanatical, poetical, leviti- cal, canonical, &c. which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, and the vowels e, t, and o, short ; but cubical and 7nusical, with the accent on the same syllable, have the u long. 510. The only exceptions to this rule are. TERMINATIONAL ACCENT. 77 arsenic, choleric, ephemeric, turmeric, em- piric, rhetoric, bishopric (better written bishoprick, see No. 400), lunatic, arithmetic, splenetic, heretic, politic, and, perhaps, phleg- matic , which, though more frequently heard with the accent on the antepenultimate syl- lable, ought, if possible, to be reduced to re- gularity. Words ending in scence have uni- formly the accent on the penultimate syllable, as quiescence, reminiscence, 8ic. concupis- cence, which has the accent on the antepenul- timate, is the only exception. 511. In the same manner, if we take a view of the words ending in ity, we find the accent invariably placed on the preceding syllable, as in diversity, congruity, &c. On a closer in- spection we find every vowel in this ante- penultimate syllable, when no consonant in- tervenes, pronounced long, as deity, piety, &c. A nearer inspection shows us, that, if a consonant precede this termination, the preceding accented vowel is short, except it be u, as severity, curiosity, impunity, &c. we find too, that even u contracts itself before two consonants, as in curvity, taciturnity, &c. and that scarcity and rarity (signifying uncommonness ; for rarity, thinness, has the a short) are the only exceptions to this rule throughout the language. The same observa- tions are applicable to words ending in ij'y, as justify, clarify, &c. The only words where the antepenultimate accent, in words of this termination, does not shorten the vowel, are glorify and notify. The y in these words is always long, like the first sound of i; and both accent and quantity are the same when these words take the additional syllable able, ss justifiable, rarejiable, &c. (183) 512. To these may be added the numerous class of words ending in arous, erous, and orous, as barbarous, vociferous, and humor- ous : all which have the accent on the ante- penultimate syllable, except canorous and sonorous; which some unlucky scholar hap- pening to pronounce with the accent on the penultimate syllable, in order to show their derivation from the Latin adjectives, canoi-us and sonorus, they stand like strangers amidst a crowd of similar words, and are sure to betray a mere English scholar into a wrong pronunciation. To polysyllables in these terminations might be added those in ative, atory, ctive, &c. Words ending in ative can never have the accent on the penultimate syllable, if there be a higher syllable to place it on, except in the word creative ; and when this is the case, as it is seldom otherwise, the accent seems to rest on the root of the word ; or on that syl- lable which has the accent on the noun, ad- jective, or verb, with which the word in atiue corresponds • thus copulative, estimative, alterative, &c. follow the verbs to copulate, to estimate, to alter, &c. When derivation does not operate to fix the accent, a double con- sonant will attract it to the antepenultimate syllable, as appellative ; and two consonants have sometimes this power, in opposition to derivation, as adversative and argumentative, from adverse and argument. Indicative and interrogative are likewise exceptions, as they do not follow the verbs to indicate and interro- gate: but as they are grammatical terms, they seem to have taken their accent from the secondary accent we sometimes give to the Latin words indicativus and interroirativi (see the word Academy). Words ending in ary, ery, or ory, have generally the accent on the root of the word ; which, if it consist of three syllables, must necessarily be accented on the first, as contrary, treachery, factory, &c. if of four or five, the accent is generally on that syllable which has the accent in the related or kindred words ; thus expostulatory has the accent on the same radical syllables as expostulate : and cojigratulatory, as congra- tulate : interrogatoi-y and derogatory are exceptions here, as in the termination ative ; and ii paci/icatory, sacrificatory*, significa- tory, vesicatory, &c. have not the accent on the first syllable, it seems to arise from the aversion we seem to have at placing even the secondary accent on the antepenultimate a (which we should be very apt to do if the principal accent were on the first syllable), and the difficulty there would be in pronounc- ing such long words with so many unaccented syllables at the end, if we were to lay the accent on the first. Words ending in ctive have the accent regularly on the penultimate syllable, except adjective, which, like indica- tive, being a grammatical word, seems to have taken its accent from the secondary stress of the Latin adjectivus (see Acauemv), and every word ending in live, preceded by a con- sonant, has the accent on the jjenultimate syllable likewise, except substantive; and perhaps, for the reason just given. After all, it must be owned, that words ending in ative and atory are the most irregular and desul- tory of any in the language ; as they are generally accented very far from the end, they are the most difficult to pronounce ; and therefore, whenever usage will permit, we should incline the stress as much as possible to the latter syllables : thus refractory ought never to have the accent on the first syllable ; * Tllese words ought certaiuly to be accrnted alike; and ac- cordingly we find Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Barclay, and Mr. Smith, place the accent on the second syllabic; but though Penning accents si^nifi.Qalory in the same manner, he places the accent on the antepenultimate of pac'/ica'oi'y; and Kcnrick like- wise accents the second syllable of n^\fi.calOTy, but the Brst of pocificnfoiy • the other ortboe pists who hate not got there wolds hare avoided thoe iocoiuistcnciei. 78 ENCLITICAL ACCENT. but refectory, with the accent on the first, is a school term, and, like substantive, adjec- tive, indicative, and interrogative, must be left in quiet possession of their Latin secondary accent. Enclitical Accent. 513. I have ventured to give the name of enclitical to the accent of certain words, whose terminations are formed of such words as seem to lose their own accent, and throw it back on the last syllable of the word with which they coalesce, such as theology, orthography, &c. The readiness with which these words take the antepenultimate accent, the agree- able flow of sound to the ear, and the unity it preserves in the sense, are sufficient proofs of the propriety of placing the accent on this syllable, if custom were ambiguous. I do not remember to have heard the accent disputed in any word ending in elogy; but orthography is not unfrequently pronounced with the ac- cent on the first syllable, like orthodoxy. The temptation we are under to discover our knowledge of the component parts of words, is very apt to draw us into this pronunciation ; but as those words which are derived from the Greek, and are compounded of K6yo;, have universally given into this enclitical accentua- tion, no good reason appears for preventing a similar pronunciation in those compounded of •yfaipd', aa, by placing the accent on the antepenultimate syllable, the word is much more fluent and agreeable to the ear. It is certain, however, that at first sight the most plausible reasoning in the world seems to lie against this accentuation. When we place the accent on the first syllable, say our opponents, we give a kind of subordinate stress to the third syllable graph, by which means the word is divided into its primitive og^o; and ygatpo), and those distinct ideas it contains are preserved, which must necessarily be con- founded by the contrary mode ; and that pronunciation of compounds, say they, must certainly be the best which best preserves the import of the simples. 514. Nothing can be more specious than this reasoning, till we look a little higher than language, and consider its object : we shall then discover, that in uniting two words under one accent, so as to form one compound term, we do but imitate the superior opera- tions of the mind, which, in order to collect and convey knowledge, unites several simple ideas into one complex one. " The end of language," says Mr. Locke, " is by short sounds to signify, with ease and despatch, general conceptions, wherein not only abun- dance of particulars are contained, but also a great variety of independent ideas are col- lected into one complex one, and that which holds these different parts together in the unity of one complex idea, is the word we annex to it." " For," as Mr. Locke con- tinues, " men, in framing ideas, seek more the convenience of language and quick de- spatch by short and comprehensive signs, than the true and precise nature of things ; and therefore, he who has made a complex idea of a body with life, sense, and motion, with a faculty of reason joined to it, needs but use the short monosyllable, man, to express all particulars that correspond to that complex idea." So it may be subjoined, that, in fram- ing words for the purpose of immediate com- munication, the end of this communication is best answered by such a pronunciation as unites simples into one compound, and at the same time rendei-s the compound as much a simple as possible : but it is evident that this is done by no mode of accentuation, so well as that which places the accent on the antepenultimate syllable of the words thed- logy, orthography ; and therefore that this accentuation, without insisting on its superior harmony, must best answer the great end of language (228). 515. This tendency in our language to sim- plify compounds, is sufficiently evident in that numerous catalogue of words, where we find the long vowel of the simple changed into a short one in the compound, and by this means losing much of its original import to the ear : thus breakfast, shepherd, vineyard, meadow, shadow zealous, hearken, vallejf, cleanse, cleanly ^eat), forehead, wilderness, bewilder, kinared, hinder, knowledge, dart- ing, fearful, pleasant, pleasure, whitster , whitleather, seamstress, stealth, wealth, health, wisdom, wizard, parentage, lineage, children, pasty, gosling, collier, holiday, Cfiristmas, Michaelmas, windlass, cripple, hinder, stripling, starling, housewife, hus- band, primer, peascod, fieldfare, birth from bear, dearth from dear, weary from wear, and many others, entirely lose the sound of the simple in their compound or derivative. 516. The long i in white, when a simple, is almost universally changed into a short one in proper names, as TVhitchurch, fVhitfield, fVhitbread, JVhitlock, TVhitaker, &c. for compendiousness and despatch being next in importance to perspicuity, when there is no danger of mistake, it is no wonder that the organs should fall into the. shortest and easiest sounds. 517. It must, however, be observed, that this tendency to unite simples into a com- pound, by placing an accent exactly where the two words coalesce, is still subservient to the laws of harmony. The Greek word Iwiw, which signifies to opine, and from which the last syllables of orthodoxy are derived, WM ENCLITICAL ACCENT. 79 never a general subjui.ctive word like ^oyof and ypa^to; and even if it had been so, the assemblage of consonants in the letter x would have prevented the ear from admitting an accent on the syllable immediately preceding, as the X would, by this means, become diffi- cult to pronounce. Placing the accent, there- fore, on the first syllable of orthodoxy, gives the organs an opportunity of laying a secon- dary stress upon the word, which enables them to pronounce the whole with distinct- ness and fluency : thus galaxy and cachexy, having the accent on the first syllable, are very difficult to pronounce ; but this difficulty is removed by placing the accent a syllable higher in the words apoplexy, ataraxy, and anorexy. 518. But the numerous classes of words that so readily adopt this enclitical accent, sufficiently prove it to be agreeable to the genius of our pronunciation. This will more evidently appear by adducing examples. Words in the following terminations have always the accent on that syllable where the two parts unite, that is, on the antepenulti- mate syllable : in logy, as apology, amhilogy, genealogy, &c. ; in graphy, as geography, orthography, historiography, &c. ; in phngus, as sarcophagtts, ichthyophagus, androphagus, &c. ; in loquy, as obloquy, soliloquy, ventri- loquy, &c. ; in strophe, as catastrophe, apo- strophe, anastrophe, &c. ; in meter, as geo- meter, barometer, thermometer, &c. ; in gonal, as diagonal, octagonal, polygonal, &c. ; in vorous, as carnivorous, granivorous, piscivorous, &c. ; in ferous, as baccifei'ous, cocciferous, somniferous, &c. ; in Jluous, as superfluous, mellifluous, fellifluous, &c ; in fluent, as mellifluent, circumfluent, inter- fluent, &c. ; in vomous, as ignivomous, flam- mivomous, &c. ; in parous, as viviparous, oviparous, deiparous, &c. ; in cracy, as theo- cracy, aristocracy, democracy, &c. ; in gony, as theogony, cosmogony, hexugony, &c. ; in phony, as symphony, cacophony, colophony, &c. ; in machy, as theomachy, logomachy, sciomachy, &c. ; in nomy, as economy, astro- nomy, Deuteronomy, &c. ; in tomy, as ana- tomy, lithotomy, arteriotomy, &c. ; in scopy, as metoposcopy, deuteroscopy, &c. ; in pathy, as apathy, antipathy, idiopathy, &c. ; in mathy, as opsimathy, polymathy, &c, &c. &c. 519. Some of these Greek compounds seem to refuse the antepenultimate accent, for the same reason as orthodoxy ; such as necro- mancy f chiromancy, hydromancy ; and those terminating in archy, as hierarchy, oligarchy, •patriarchy : all of which have the accent on the first syllable, which gives the organs time to recover their force upon the third, and to pronounce the two consonants with much more tase than if the accent immediately preceded them, but periphrasis and antiphrasis, be- sides their claim to the accent of their ori- ginals, readily admit of the accent on the second syllable, because the consonants in the two last syllables do not come together, and are therefore easily pronounced after the ac- cent. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ogue, as pedagogue, dialogue, &c. have the accent on the antepenultimate. Orthoepy having no consonant in the penul- timate syllable, naturally throws its accent on the preceding. See Monomachv. 520. By this view of the enclitical termina- tions, we may easily perceive how readily our language falls into the antepenultimate accent in these compounded polysyllables ; and that those terminations which seem to refuse this ac- cent, do it rather from a regard to etymology than analogy : thus words ending in asi$, as periphrasis, apophasis, hypostasis, antiperis- tasis, &c. have the antepenultimate accent of their originals. The same may be observed of those ending in esis, as hypothesis, antithesis, parenthesis, &c. but exegesis, mathesis, auxe- sis, catachresis, paracentesis, aposiopesis, have the accent on the penultimate syllable, be- cause the vowel in this syllable is long in Greek and Latin. But all words ending in osis have the accent on the penultimate, ex- cept metamorphosis and apotheosis, which desert the accent of their Latin originals, while those in ysis are accented regularly on the antepenultimate in Greek, Latin, and English, as analysis, paralysis, &c. We may note too, that every s in all these terminations is sharp and hissing. See the words Exostosis and Apotheosis. 521. Words of three syllables ending in ator, have the accent on the penultimate, as spectator, collator, delator, fee. except ora- tor, senator, legator, and barrator. But words in this termination, of more than three syllables, though they have generally the accent on the penultimate, are subject to a diversity not easily reduced to the rule : thus navigator, propagator, dedicator, &c. are sometimes pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, and sometimes on the third : but as these words may be pronounced with an accent on both these syllables, it is of less consequence on which syllable we place the accent, when we use only one. (528) The general rule certainly inclines to the penulti- mate accent ; but as all these words are verbal nouns, and, though generally derived from Latin words of the same terminations, have verbs corresponding to them in our own lan- guage, it is very natural to preserve the accent of the verb in these worde, as it gives an emphasis to the most significant part of them : thus equivocator, prevaricator, dedi- cator, might be regularly formed from the BO SECONDARY ACCExNT. verbs to equivocate^ to prevaficate, and to dedicate; and, agreeably to analogy, would have been written equivocater, prevaricater, and dedicater, but an affectation of preferring every analogy to our own, has given these words a Latin termination, which answers no purpose but to involve our language in absur- dities ; but the ear, in this case, is not quite so servile as the eye : and though we are obliged to write these words with or, and not er, we generally hear them pronounced as if they were formed from our own verbs, and not from Latin nouns in ator. But when the word has no verb in our own language to cor- respond to it, the accent is then placed with great propriety upon the a, as in Latin : thus violator, instigator, navigator, &c. ought to have the accent on the first syllable ; but emendator, gladiator, adulator, &e. on the last but one. SECONDARY ACCENT. 522. Hitherto we have considered that ac- cent only, which necessarily distinguishes one syllable in a word from the rest ; and which, with very little diversity, is adopted by all who speak the English language. 523. The secondary accent is that stress we may occasionally place upon another syllable, besides that which has the principal accent, in order to pronounce every part of the word more distinctly, forcibly, and harmoniously. Thus the accent may be placed on the first syllable of conversation, commendation, &c. 524. There are few authors who have not taken notice of two accents upon some of the longer polysyllables, but none have once hinted that one of these is not essential to the sound of the word : they seem to have supposed both accents equally necessary, and without any other difference than that one was pronounced more forcibly than the other. This mistake arose from a want of studying the speaking voice. A knowledge of this would have told them, that one accent only was essential to every word of more than one syllable, and that the secondary stress might, or might not, be adopted, as distinctness, force, or harmony should require, thus, complai- %ant, contraband, caravan; and violin, par- tisan, artisan, courtesan, metaphysick, have frequently an accent on the first, as well as on the third syllable, though a somewhat less forcible one. The same may be observed of reptsirtee, referee, privateer, domineer, &c. but it must still be observed, that though an accent be allowable on the first syllable of these words, it h by no means necessary ; they may all be pronounced with one accent, and that on the last syllable, without the least deviation from propriety. 525. In order to give some idea of the na- ture of the secondary accent, let us suppose^ that, in giving our opinion of an astronomical argument, we say, " It is a direct demonstration of the Copernican system." In this sentence, as an accent is necessarily upon the last syllable of direct, we seldom lay a strees on the first syllable of demonstration, unless we mean to be uncommonly emphati- cal ; but in the following sentence, " It is a d^nionstiilion of tlie Copernican system." Here, as no accented word precedes demon- stration, the voice finds a rest, and the ear a force, in placing an accent on the first, as well as on the third syllable. 526. But though we may, or may not, use the secondary accent at pleasure, it is by no means a matter of indifference on what syl- lable we place it : this is fixed with as much certainty as the place of the principal accent itself; and a wrong position of one would as much derange the sound of the word, as a wrong position of the other : and it must be carefully noted, that though we lay no stress upon the syllable which may have the secondary accent, the consonartts and vowels have exactly the same sound as if the doubtful syllable (as it may be called) were acccented. Thus, though I lay no stress upon the second syllable of negociation, pronunciation, eccle- siastick, &c. the c and s go into the sound of sh and zh, as if the secondary accent were on the preceding syllable (357) (451) (459). 527. It may be observed, in the first place, that the secondary accent is alwaj-s two syl- lables, at least, distant from the principal accent : thus in deiiionstrafion, lamentation, provocation, &c. the secondary accent is on the first syllable, and the principal on the third ; and in arteriotomff, meteorology, and hypochondriacal, the secondary accent is on the first, and the principal on the fourth syl- lable ; and in the word indivisibility we may place two secondary accents, one upon the first, and the other on the third. 528. In the next place it may De observed, that though the syllable on which the prin- cipal accent is placed, is fixed and certam, yet we may, and do frequently make the secon- dary principal, and the principal secondary : thus caravan, complaisant, violin, repartee, referee, privateer, domineer, courtezan, arti- zan, charlatan, may all have the greatest stress on the first, and the least on the last syllable, without any violent offence to the ear : nay, it may be asserted, that the prin- cipal accent on the first syllable of these words, and none at all on the last, though certainly improper, has nothing in it grating or dis« QUANTITY. 81 cordant ; but placing an accent on the second Syllable of these words would entirely derange them, and produce an intolerable harshness and dissonance. The same observations may be applied to demonstration, lamentation, provocation, navif>ator, propagator, alligator, and every similar word in the language. But, as we have observed. No. 526, the consonants t, d, c, and *, after the secondary accent, are exactly under the same predicament as after the primary ; that is, if they are followed by a diphthong or diphthongal vowel, these con- sonants are pronounced like sh, tsh, zh, or j, as sententiositi/, partiality, &c. (.')26) QUANTITY. 529. In treating this part of pronunciation, it will not be necessary to enter into the nature of that quantity which constitutes poetry; the quantity here considered will be that which relates to words taken singly; and this is no- thing more than the length or shortness of the vowels, either as they stand alone, or as they are differently combined with vowels or consonants (6,3), 530. Quantity, in this point of view, has already been fully considered under every vowel and diphthong in the language. What remains to be said on this subject is, the quantity of vowels under the secondary accent. We have seen that vowels, under the principal accent, before the diphthongs ia, ie, eou, ion, are all long except i (507). That all vowels are long before the terminations ity and ety, as deity, piety, &c. (511) that if one or more consonants precede these terminations, every preceding accented vowel, except the a in scarcity and rarity, signifying uncommonness, is short but u : and that the same analogy of quantity is found before the terminations ic and ical, and the numerous enclitical ter- minations we have just been pointing out. Here we find custom conformable to analogy ; and that the rules for the accent and quantity of these words admit of scarcely any excep- tions. In other parts of the language, where custom is more capricious, we can still dis- cover general rules ; and there are but very few words in which the quantity of the vowel under the principal accent is not ascertained. Those who have but a common share of edu- ration, and are conversant with the pronun- riation of the capital, are seldom at a loss for the quantity of the vowel under that accent which may be called principal ; but the se- condary accent in the longer polysyllables does not seem to decide the quantity of the vowels so invariably. Mr. Sheridan divides the words deglutition, depravation, degrada- tioHf dereliction, and democratical, into de-glu-ti-tion, de-pra-va-tion, de-gra-da-tiom, de-re-lic-tion, and de-mo-crat-i-cal ; while Dr. Kenrick more accurately divides them into deg-lu-ti-tion, dep-ra-va-tion, deg-ra- da-tion, and dem-o-crat-i-cat ; but makes not any distinction between the first a in profana- tion and profane, prodigality and prodigious, prorogation and prorogue, though he distin- guishes this letter in the first syllable of pro- gress and that in progression : and though Mr. Sheridan divides retrograde into ret-ro- grade, he divides retrogradation, retrogres- sion, retrospect, retrospection, and retrospec- tive, into re-tro-gra-da-tlon, re-tro-gres-sion, re-tro-spect, re-tro-spec-tion, and re-tro-spec- five. At the first sight of these words we are tempted to prefer the preposition in a distinct syllable, as supposing that mode to convey more distinctly each part of the word; but custom at large, the best interpreter of nature, soon lets us see that these prepositions coalesce with the word tb^y are prefixed to, for reasons greatly superior to those which present them- selves at first (514), If we observe the ten- dency of pronunciation, with respect to inse parable prepositions, we shall find, that those compound words which we adopt whole from other languages, we consider as simples, and pronounce them without any respect to their component parts; but those compounds which we form ourselves, retain the traces of their formation, in the distinction which is observ- able between the prepositive and radical part of the word : thus lelrograde, retrogression, retrospect, and retrospective, coming com- pounded to us from the Latin, ought, when the accent is on the preposition, to shorten the vowel, and unite it to the root, as in res- ur-rec-tion, rec-ol-lec-tion, prep-o-sit-ion, &c. while re-commit, re-convey, &c. being com- pounds of our own, must preserve it separate. 531. From what has been observed, arises this general rule : Where the compound re- tains the primary sense of the simples, and the parts of the word are the same in every respect, both in and out of composition, then the preposition is pronounced in a distinct syllable ; but when the compound departs ever so little from the literal sense of the simples, the same departure is observable in the pronunciation ; hence the different sylla- bication and pronunciation of re-com-mence and rec-om-mend; the former signifies a re- petition of a commencement, but the latter does not imply a repetition of a commenda- tion : thus re-petition would signify to petition again ; while rep-etition signifies only an iteration of the same act, be it what it will. The same may be observed of the words re- create and rec-reate, re-formation and ref- ormation. 532, That this is perfectly agreeable to the ii QUANTITY. nature of the language, appears from the short pronunciation of the vowel in the first syl- lable of preface, prelate, prelude, prologue, &c. as if divided into pref-ace, prel-ate, prsl-ude, prol-ogue, &c. It is much to be regretted, however, that this short sound of the penultimate vowel has so much ob- tained in our language, which abounds too much in these sounds ; nor can etymology be always pleaded for this pronunciation : for in the foregoing words, the first vowel is long in the Latin praj'atio, prcelatus, prceludium, though short in prilogus: for though in words from the Greek the preposition ar^o was short, in Latin it was generally long ; and why we should shorten it in progress, project, &c. where it is long in Latin, can only be ac- counted for by the superficial application of a general rule, to the prejudice of the sound of our language (543). 633. It will be necessary, however, to ob- serve, that in forming a judgment of the propriety of these observations, the nicest care must be taken not to confound those preposi- tions which are under the primary and secon- dary accent, with those which immediately precede the stress ; for preclude, pretend, &c. are under a very different predicament from prologue, preposition, &c. and the very same law that obliges us to pronounce the vowel short in the first syllable of prov-i-dence, prov- o-cation, and prof-u-nation, obliges us to pronounce the vowel open, and with some degree of length, in pro-vide, pro-voke, and pro-fane. The same may be observed of the e in re-pair and rep-a-ration, re-ply and rep- li-catien, re-peat, and rep-e-tition, the accent making the whole difference between the quantity of the vowel iu one word and the ether. 534. The only exception to the shortening power of the secondary accent, is the same as that which prevents the shortening power of the primary accent (503)» namely, the vowel M, as in lucubration, or when any other of the vowels are succeeded by a semi-consonant diphthong (l96):th\is mediator amd media- toriai have the e in the first syllable as long as in mediate; deviation has the e in the first syllable as long as in deviafk, notwithstanding the secondary accent is on it, and which would infallibly have shortened it, if it had not been for the succeeding diphthong ia ; and even this diphthong, in gladiator, has not the power of preserving the first syllable long, though Mr. Sheridan, by his marking it, has made it so. 535. From what has been seen of accent and quantity, it is easy to perceive how prone our language is to an antepenultimate accent, and how naturally this accent shortens the vowel it falls upon: nay, so great a propensity have vowels to shrink under this accent, that the diphthong itself, in some words, and analogy in others, are not sufficient to prevent it, as valiant, retaliate. Thus, by the sub- joining only of al to nation, with the a long, it becomes national, with the a short, though contrary to its relation with occasion and con- gregation, which do not shorten the a upon being made occasional and congregational : in like manner the acquisition of the same termination to the word nature, makes it nat-u-ral 1 but this, it may be j)resumed, is derived from the Latin naturalis, and not from adding al to the English word, as in the foregoing instances ; and thus it comes under the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, notwithstanding the semi-consonant diphthong u. 536. The same shortening power in the ante- penultimate accent may be observed in rational and ratiocinate, where the first a in the first word, and the o in the second, are short. The first a in the second word is short also by the power of the secondary accent } though Mr. Sheridan has, in my opinion, very erroneously divided ratiocination into ra-sho- sy-na-shun t that is, into a syllable less than it ought to have, with the o long instead of short. 537. The accent on the Latin antepenulti- mate seemed to have something of a similar tendency : for though the great difference in the nature of the Latin and English accent will allow us to argue from one to the other, but in very few circumstances (503), yet we may perceive in that accent, so different from ours in general, a great coincidence in this particular ; namely, its tendency to shorten an antepenultimate syllable. Bishop Hare tells us, that " Quae acuuntur in tertia ab extrema, interdum acuta corripiunt, si posi- tione sola longa sunt, ut 6ptime, servitus, pirvelim, Pumphilus, et pauca alia, quo Cretici mutantur, in Anapestos. Idem factum est in niutiquam, licet incipiat diphthoiigo." De Metr. Comic, pag. 62. Those words wliich have the acute accent on the antepenultimate syllable, have sometimes that syllable short- ened, if it was only long by position, as Sptime, servitus, pirvelim, Pdmphilus, and a few others, which by this means are changed from Cretic to Anapestic feet : nay, neutiquam undergoes the same fate, though it begins with a diphthong. SYLLABICATION. 538. Dividing words into syllables is a very different operation, according to the different ends proposed by it. The object of syllabica- tion may be, either to enable children to SYLLABICATION. 99 discover the sound of words they are unac- quainted with, or to show the etymology of a v/ord, or to exhibit the exact pronunciation of it. 5S9. When a child has made certain ad- vances in reading, but is ignorant of the sound of many of the longer words, it may not be improper to lay down the common general rule to him, that a consonant between two vowels must go to the latter : and that two consonants coming together must be divided. Farther than this, it would be ab surd to go with a child ; for telling him that compounds must be divided into their simples, and that such consonants as may begin a word may begin a syllable, requires a previous knowledge of words, which children cannot be supposed to have ; and which, if they have, makes the division of words into syllables un- necessary. Children, therefore, may be very usefully taught the general rule above men- tioned, as, in many cases, it will lead them to the exact sound of the word, as in pro-vi- ded : and in others, it will enable them to give a good guess at it, as in de-li-cate ; and this is all that can be expected : for, when we are to form an unknown compound sound, out of several known simple sounds, (which is the case with children, when we wish them to find out the sound of a word by spelling it), this, I say, is the only method that can be taken. 540. But an etymological division of words is a different operation : it is the division of a person acquainted with the whole word, and who wishes to convey, by this division, a knowledge of its constituent parts, as ortho- graphy, theo-logy^ &c. 541. In the same manner, a person, who is pre-acquainted with the whole compound sound of a word, and wants to convey the sound of each part to one unacquainted with it, must divide it into such partial sounds as, when put together again, will exactly form the whole, as or-thog-ra-phy, the-ol-o-gy, &c. This is the method adopted by those who would convey the whole sound, by giving dis- tinctly every part ; and, when this is the object of syllabication. Dr. Lowth's rule is certainly to be followed. " The best and easiest rule," says the learned bishop, " for dividing the syllables in spelling, is, to divide them as they are naturally divided in a right pronunciation, without regard to the deriva- tion of words, or the possible combination of consonants, at the beginning of a syllable." Introduction to Eng. Gram, page 7. 542. In this view of syllabication we con- sider it only as the picture of actual pronun- ciation ; but may we not consider it as directed likewise by some laws of its own ? L?tws which arise but of the very nature of enunciatian, and the specific qualities of the letters .' These laws certainly direct us to separate double consonants, and such as are uncombinable from the incoalescence of their sounds : and if such a separation will not paint the true sound of the word, we may be certain that such sound is unnatural, and has arisen from caprice: thus the words rAawier, Cambridge, and cambrick, must be divided at the letter »i, and as this letter, by terminating the syllable according to the settled rules of pro- nunciation, shortens the vowel — the general pronunciation given to these words must be absurd, and contrary to the first principles of the language. Angel*, ancient, danger, manger, and ranger, are under the same predicament ; but the paucity of words of this kind, so far from weakening the general rule, strengthen it. See Change. 543. By an induction which demonstrates the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent, has been shown the propriety of unitr ing the consonant to the vowel in the first syllable of demonstration, lamentation, prc- pagation, &c. and thus deciding upon the quan- tity of these vowels, which are so uncertain in our best dictionaries ; and may we not hope, by a similar induction, and with the first principles of language in view, to decide the true, genuine, and analogical sound of some words of another kind which waver between different pronunciations? The ante- penultimate accent has unquestionably a shortening power ; and I have not the smallest doubt that the penultimate accent has a lengthening power : that is, if our own words, and words borrowed from other languages, of two syllables, with but one consonant in the middle, had been left to the genpral ear, the accent on the first syllable would have infal- libly lengthened the first vowel. A strong presumption of this arises from our pronun- ciation of all Latin dissyllables in this manner, without any regard to the quantity of the original (see Drama), and the ancient prac- tice of doubling the consonant when preceded by a single vowel in the participial termina- tions, as to begin, beginning, to regret, regretted : and I believe it may be confidently affirmed, that words of two syllables from the Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, would always have had the first vowel long, if a pedantic imitation of Latin quantity had not prevented it (see Drama), Let an English- man, with only an English education, be put to pronounce zephyr, and he will, without hesitation, pronounce the e long, as in zenith • if you tell him the e is pronounced short in * It is highly probably that, in Ben Jonson'a timff, the a !u this word was pronounced as in an, since he classes it- to showtKl short sound of a with art act, nnd applt. Grammar 84 SYLLABICATION. the Latin zepTiyrus, which makes it short in English, and he should happen to ask you the Latin quantity of the first syllable of coinick, mimick, solace, &c. your answer would be a contradiction to your rule. — What irrefra- gably proves this to be the genuine analogy of English quantity, is the different quantity we give a Latin word of two syllables when in the nominative, and when in an oblique case: thus in the first syllable of sidus and nomcn, which ought to be long ; and of miser and onus, which ought to be short, vi'e equally use the common long sound of the vowels : but in the oblique cases, sideris, nominls, miseri, oneris, &c. we use quite another sound, and that a short one : and this ana- logy runs through the whole Engliali pronun- ciation of the learned languages (533}. (535) 544. But the small dependanee of the English quantity on that of the Latin, will be Ijest seen by a selection of words of two syllables, with the accent on the first, and but one consonant in the middle, and com- paring them with the Latin words from which they are derived. English, dissyllables which have but one con- sonant, or a mute and a liquid in the middle, and hate the Jirst syllable ac- ce?ited, contrasted with the Latin ivords from which they are derived, marked with their respective guafitities. Words in which the first vowel in both languages is long : pica, dra.ma. labra, hydra, era, strata, Icon, stipend, notice, penal, final, spinal, trinal, horal, thOral, floral, nasal, fatal, pica, drama. S labra, i l&bra. hydra. (pra. strata. elxuiv, stlpendium. notitia. pocndlis. J'lnillis. spinalis, irlnus. hSra. thSra. flOrdlis, ndsfis. futalis. fragrance, frdgro. licence, credence, female, ediJe, feline, rasure, fibre. licentia. crtdentia. fixmina. (Edllis. fellnus. rusura. {fibra, ./ibra. metre, nature, placate, primate, climate, llbrate, vibrate, private, cerate, finite, levite, native, motive, votive, vocal, predal, legal, legal, flavour, feces, manes. Iris, gratis, egress, {metrum, meirum. ndtura. pldcdtus. primdtus. dim a. librdtus. {vibro, vlbro. prtvdtus. cerdtus. finltus. Icvita. ndtivus, motivus. votivus. vocdlis. prceda, regdlis. legdlis. JldvUs. faces, mdnes. Iris. {xpKTi;, crisis, grdtis, eg'-essus. {rSgrSssus. regrSssus. regress, ,. (tigris, tygress, •< ^, . •'* ' \tlgris. rebus, bolus, precept, plenist, papist, climax, reflex, prefix, phenix, matrix, varix, syrinx, natal, vital, naval, rival, oval, Idol, grecism, pagan. Omen, siren, siphon, colon, demon, halo, solo, tyro. rebHs. bolus, bohts. prcEceptum, ptenus, papa. climax. {reflexus, rSjlexus. prajixum, phwnix, matrix, vdrix. {syrinx, ndtdtis. vitdlis. ndvdlis. rivdlis. Bvdlis. idohcm. gi'cecismus. pdgdnus, omcti. sii'en. {irifov, siphon, {KwKov, colon, deemon, halo, solo, ttro. sOlar, lazar, sober, tyger, ether, Oker, mlmer, caper, viper, pretor, limous, spinous, vinous, crebrous, fetus, edict, secret, fibre. sSldris. Idzdi-us. sobrtus. ftigris, \ tigris. (Ether. wyjpa. mimus. cdppures, vipera. pra tor. limdsus. spinSsus, vlnSsus. creber, foetus. edictum. secretus. (fibra, Xflbra. fragrant, frdgrans. cOgent, cogent. _-. i fmonien- mOment, < ^ I turn. pOnent, pOnens. digest, sub. digestus. {refluxus. ri reflux, ^ „^ t rejtuxus, , , (trophaum, '' ^' \tr6ph(Eum. chely, spiny, chary, query, glory, stOiy, chcle. spina. cdrus. quare. gloria. histdria. Words in which the both languages : same vowel is short in magic, tragic, sabine, famine, logic, cOlic, chrOnie, lyric, rabid, acid, placid, rigid, calid, valid, gelid. Olid, solid, timid, rapid, sapid, vapid. tepid, nltid. magicus. triiglcus. sabini. fumes, logica. collcus. chrdnicus, Ipricus. rubidus, dcidus. pldcidus. rlgldus. cdlidus. vdlidus. gilldus. olidus. solidus. tlmidus. rdpidus. sdptdus. Viipldus, tepldus. nltldus. sficono. decade, method, palace, amice, clialice, malice, anise. Image, refuge, adage, aloe, gracile, docile, agile, fragile, febrile, globule, macule, platane, basil, cavil. sicundus. deeds. methddus. puldtium. dmictus, cdlix. mdlltta. dnisum. Imago. rcfAgium, dddgium. aide. gracilis. ddcllis. dglHs, fragllis. ffebrilis, ifebrilis. ' gldlMus. mdcUla. pldtdnUs. bdsicicum- cavillor. SYLLABICATION. 8S devil, atom, sophism, mTnum, alum, fibon, platin, rfibin, ctimin, latin, cavin, savin, rapine, patine, tribune, stature, refuse, palate, senate, Ugatc, hibute, mTnute, statute, value, statue, monarch, stomach, epOch, polish, flmish, pfirisb, parish, ravish, cOrinth, Cpick, tOnick, cOnick, tOoick, trOpick, cynick, statick, crltick, metal, rebel, model, camel, dtdholus. dtdtnus. sSphisma. tnlnus. dlumen. Shinus. pldtlna. mhicula. ctLminum. Idtinus. c&vea. sdhina. rdpina, p&tlna. trlbunus, stdtura. rtfusus. pdhdtum. sindtus, Achates, trlhutio. mlnutus, stdtutus. vdlor. stdtila. mdnarcha. stdmachus. epocha. pdlitus. fames. pSHo. pdrdchia. rdpio. cdrinthus. epic&s. tOnlcus. cdnicus. tdplcus. trdplcus. cpnicus. stdtlcus. critlcus, mStallum, rSbello. mddiXlus. cdmelus. chapel, nOvel, sigil, vigil, stCril, rigour, valour, colour, tenor, dolour, honour, aloes, relict, cdpella. ndvellus. sigillum. vlsfilia. sterllis. rigdr. vdlor. cdlor. tinor. ddldr. honor. dloes. rSlictus. prOphet, propheta. cOmet, cometa. planet, tenet, tapet, habit, column, dragon, canon, cavern, tavern, sat urn, vicar, scholar, salver, prOper, zephyr, liquor, vigour, placit, tacit, adit, vflmit, merit, talent. pldnSta. tenSo. tdpcs, hdbitus. cdlumna. drdco. cdnon. cdverna. tdherna. sdturnus. vlcdrius. schdldris. silliva. proprlus. zephprAs. liquor. vigor. pldcUiim. tdcltus. ddltus. vdnio. mSritum. tdlentum. patent, sub. pdteo. modest, mddeshcs. forest, fdrestum. nephew, nepns. sinew, slnuo. mOney, mdneta. study, stiidium. Words in which the same vowel is long in English, and short in Latin : trluniphus. /ileus. Idcdlis. gregdlis. chdrus. nivalis. Idhellnm. lihellus. serum. Jorum. Idpis. hdsls. tQmid, tamldus. triumph. cOma, c6ma. focal, quota. gudta. local, tripod. trlpus. gregal, sequence, sSguentia. choral. cadence. cddens. nival, silence. sllentium. label. mOnade, mdnas. libel. trochee. trdchceus. serum. s&tire. s&tpra. forum. vacate. vdcn. lapis, civate. cdvo. basis, dative. ddtlvus. phasis, schesis, thesis, tripos, fOcus, crocus, modus, genus, sinus, garous, scabrous. notus, epact, sataii, hymen, trident, trigon, negro, hero, polar, paper, vapour, fever, fragor, rigor, ichor, achor, sapor, tepor, favour, labour. Odour, \ schesis, ^icrig.thesis. tripos. fdc&s. crocUs. mddus. genUs. slnils. gdrum. , scdher. ndlUs. sdtan. Mmen. trldens, trigon. nlger. heros. pSldris. pdpyrus. vdpdr. {febris. Jibris. frdgor. rigor. •W- dchdr. sdpor. tepor. J'dvor. Idbdr. dddr. tremour, vapour, pedal, petal, recent, decent, regent, client, silent, parent, patent, adj latent, potent, gerent, vlrent, frequent, sequent, sacrist, locust, rOset, vacant, secant, vagrant, tyrant, blatant, natant, phalanx, apex, calix, hylix, pharynx, larynx, onyx. trSmSr, vdpor. peddlis. petdlum. recens. decens. regens. cllens. sllentium, pdrens. .pdteo. Idtens. pdtens. gerens. vire7is. frSquens. sequens. sdcer. Idcustd. rosa. vdcans. secans. vdgus. tlrannus, bldterans ndtans. phdlanx, apex, cdlix. Xafuyfr. onyx. Words in which the same vowel is short in English, and long in Latin : civick, mimick, ethick, tabid, frtgid, squalid, acrid, arid, florid, rOrid, fetid, livid, vivid, facund, ftcand, prebend, solace, 4)reface, pflmice, penance, flOrence, province, produce, flabile, debile, granule, civicxis, mlmicus. tdbldus. frlgldus. squdlldus. deer, drldus. Jldrldus. rOridus. foetldus. llvldus, vivldus. fdcundus, faecundus. prcebenda. sSldtium. prcefatio. ptimex. poena. JlSrentia. prGvincia. productio. Jidhllis. debllis. grdnU'um. promise, ceruse, leper, primer, proffer, river, sever, clamour, ethics, crasis, process, spirit, traject, project, product, credit, legate, gran ate, granite, spinach, radish, planish, vanish, finish, ptinish, prOmitto. cerilssa. lepra, lepra. pi'imitius. jirdf'ero. rivus. sepdro. cldmdr. crasis. processus, splritus. trdjectus projectus. prdduttus, creditus. legdtus. grdndtus. grdnuttit. sptndchia, radix, planus, vdnesco. finio. punio. 8S SYLLABICATION. nourish, nourish, cOmick, cOral, moral, tramel, civil, linen, ofiven, florin, rfisin, rOsin, ni9.tin, solemn, fSlon, melon, Ifiinons, fl6rxo. m'Urio. comTcus. cord Ilium, mordlis. trdma. civllis. linum. septem. fiorentia. resina. resina, mdtulius. solemnis. felonia, melo, llmones. echo, bishop, profit, limit, spirit, visit, pedant, clement, cement, present, protest, lily, filly, very, city, privy, echo, fiX'^' eplscopus. profwio. limitatio. spiritus. v'lsito. pcEddneus. Clemens, camentum. prcEsens. protestor, lilium. fllla. verb, civltas. privus. b45. In this view of the Latin and English quantify, we see how uncertain it is to argue from the former to the latter ; for though the Latin accent is frequently a rule for placing the English accent, as in words derived whole from that language, as abdomen, acumen, &c. (503) or preserving the satne number of syllables, as in impudent, elegant, from im- pudens, elegans, &c. (503) yet the quantity of the Latin seems to have no influence on that of the English. In words of two sylla- bles, where one consonant comes between two vowels, asjvcus, basis, local, &c. though the vowel in the first syllable is short in Latin, it is long in English ; and inversely, florid, frigid, livid, &c. have the vowels in the first syllable short, though these vowels are long in floridus, frigidus, lividus, &c. so that if any thing lilce a rule can be formed, it is, that when a word of three syllables in Latin, with the two first short, is anglicised by dropping the last syllable ; we shorten the first syl- lable of the English dissyllable, unless it ends with the vowel u. (535) Thus we see the shortening power of our English ante- penultimate accent, which shortens every antepenultimate vowel but u in our pro- nunciation of Latin words ; as in mimicus, vividus, &c. and continues its shartening power in the penultimate accent of these words when anglicised into mimick and vivid; and hence it is that the short quantity of the first vowel in dissyllables is become so prevalent in our language, to the great detriment of its sound and the disturbance of its simplicity. It may be necessary, in the next place, to take a view of such words as are either of Saxon or French original, or not so imme- diately derived from the ^Latin, as to be in- fluenced by its quantity. Dissyllables with but one consonant in the middle, having the first syllable pronounced \ons; sofa. iiga, epha. gala. china. navel. hazel. focil. evil. acorn. mason. dado. sago. bravo. trOchar. polar. grOcer. spider. cider. wafer. wager. sera. bifold, dotard. dotage. coping. egre. cipher. father. saker. Oker. stoker. taper. tOper. water. waver. lever. Over, rigol, token, megrim. besom. lllach. triglyph. garish. zenith. cadi. bOsom. raven. even. zechin. bason. capon. apron. Iron. gleby. holy. zany. tiny. pony. crony. tOry. misy. sOphi. kali. rebeck. copal. gabel. gravy. Ivy. hazy. nizy. clover, sizer. nadir. tabour, wages. bolis. tophet egret rOlant. pilot. borax. baby. but one consonant in the first syllable pronounced Dissyllables with middle, having the short : borough, seraph, relish, blemish, banish, dlmask. frOlick. medal shekel, amel. chisel, gclvel. ephod. hazard, hagard. dizard. lizard, vizard, wizard, bodice, balance, valance, damage, homage, gravel, bevil. level, revel, snivel; rivel. From the perusal of this selection we see a great majority of words where the first vowel is sounded short, and therefore, to some inspectors it may seem improbable that the original tendency of our Saxon language was to the long quantity of the penultimate vowel. But as Mr. Nares very judiciously observes, drivel. flagon. genet swivel. wagon. claret. hOvel. talon. closet. grOvel. tenon. civet. shovel. heron. trivet. drazel. baron. rivet. manage. sirup, cOvet. borage. lecher. fagot. visage. wether. bigot. ravage. gather. .jlgot. savage. lather. spigot. rivage. rather. pivot. travise. nether. desart. traverse. hither. cOver-',, refuse. wither. cOpist. frigate. thither. prOvost. sherilf. tither. gamut. travail. Other. shadow. peril. mother. widow venom. smother. hOney.; woman. pother. cOmely, riven. siker. many. sloven. clever. cOny. Oven. never. bury. satin. quiver. blisy. bavin. cOver. bevy. ravin. hOver. levy. spavm. manor. tlvy. plevin. clract. privy. cOvin. valet. P"y. OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. 87 ** the rule is sufficiently general to be ad- mitted, and is undoubtedly founded in the nature of our pronunciation :" for which he quotes Dr. Wallis, who says, " Haec videtur genuina linguse nostra; ratio antiqua." Ele- ments of Orthoepy, page S^n. 546". Those who have made the progress of languages tlieir study, will observe, it is pre- sumed, that the broad sounds of vowels change to the slender*, the difficult consonants to the easier, and the long vowels to short ones. This, it is imagined, will be found to be true in all languages, as well as our own ; and such alteration seems founded in the nature of man and of society. The next object to under- standing a language being despatch, it is no wonder that short sounds have been encroach- ing on us, and depriving us of the tune of our words for the sake of saving time. This is apparent in the abbreviation of simples when compounded^ as in knowledge, shepherd, &c. (518) but as it is the business of art to cor- rect and regulate the eccentricities of nature and the excesses of custom, it should be the care of every philosophick grammarian to keep his eye upon the original genius and general scope of his language, and to suffer custom to depart as little from them as possible. But although no inconsistency or want of analogy can alter any pronunciation which is once acknowledged and settled, yet, when a pro- nunciation is waveritig, consistency, analogy, and general principles, ought to decide against a great majority of mere fashion and caprice. Thus have I endeavoured to give a distinct view of the correspondence between the accent and quantity of the learned languages and our own ; and to rescue a plain Englishman (who, as Ben Jonson says of Shakespeare, has little Latin and less Greek) from the supercilious criticism of those Greeklings and Latinitasters, who are often remarkably ignorant of their own language, and yet frequently decide upon its accent and quantity, because they have a smattering of Greek and Latin. If the question turns upon the accent of an English word, the Latin word it is de^;ived from is immediately produced, and sentence passed without appeal ; and yet if the Englishman were to ask the rule on which this decision is founded, the scholar would, in all probability, be at a loss to tell him. Has every English word, he might say, the same accent as the Latin word from which it is derived.' This the scholar could not answer in the affirmative. * Alioqni, pro uan, abuiui et inveteratut error nobia obtrude- retur. Olim eniin pro mutatioue sonorum routubantur et litterae : et si quando consuetude allquid mutasset, scribendi quoqiie modus •Utim variabatur. Unde quum apud Ennium et Plautum SmI et Servos diceretur et scriberctur, posted muttis aurium deliciis o vocali rpjecta, quod vastus ilUus videretur sonuSfH littera sub- ttituta est, et sono expressa ; ita ut eorum loco Sunt et Semu prolatum et scnptum sit. Adolphi Mekerchi Brugensis D« Vet. et Rtct. Pronuu. Linguae Gr«co- mulge, propel, and prolix, and those of proboscis, proceed, and pi'ocedure, have no such difference, seems too evident to need proof*. 548. I know it may be demanded, with great plausibility, how do I know that there is not this very inconsistency in custom itself? What right have I to suppose that custom" is not as vague and capricious in these syllables as in those under the accent ? To which I an- swer : if custom has determined the sound of these vowels, the dispute is at an end. I im- plicitly acquiesce in the decision ; but if pro- fessors of the art disagree in their opinions, it is a shrewd sign that custom is not altogether so clear in its sentence ; and I must insist on recurring to principles till custom has unequi- vocally decided. 549. Every vowel that is neither shortened by the accent, nor succeeded by a double con- sonant, naturally terminates a syllable ; and this terminating vowel, though not so properly long as if the accent were on it, would be very improperly termed short, if by short, as is often the case, be meant shut (65), Accord- ing to this idea of syllabication, it is presumed that the word opinion would fall into three distinct parts, and every part be terminated by a consonant but the first, thus, o-pin-ion, 550. But it may be demanded, what reason is there in the nature of the thing for dividing the word in this manner, rather than into op-in-ion, where a consonant ends every syl- lable ? In this, as in many other cases of delicacy, we may be allowed to prove what is right, by first proving what is wrong. Every ear would be hurt, if the first syllable of opinion and opulence were pronounced exactly alike, op-in-ion would be as different from o-pin-ion, as o-pu-lence from op-u-lence, and consequently a different syllabication ought * I am aware that this ingenious writer seems to avoid this in- consistency, by premising, in his Rhetorical Grammar, page 43, that he has sometimes marked the o in words beginning witli a preposition with the oratorial, and sometimes witli the colloquial pronunciation ; thus., in comrmine, comniunica/e, &c. the oratorial found is given as in the first syllable of ixmrnoxif while the colloquial sound changes the o into n, as if the words werewrittcn citminuTie, cummiinicafe, &c. but the ilistiuction in these examples does not touch the point; here there is a change only of one short Cound for another, and not any promiscuous use of a long and •hort, or open and shut sound of the same letter. Dr. Kenrick himself, when he marks the o in pyoIiosciSf procterf, and proceduitf does not adopt the short it, as he does in connnuTie, commttnicatef &c. nor is he aware of the essential difference with respect to the quantity of the vowel, in the doublt consonant in one »ct of words, and the single one in the other to be adopted ; but as opulence is rightly divided into op-u-lence, opinion must be divided into o-pin-ion; that is, the o must be necessarily separated from the p, as in o-pen ; for, as was before observed, every vowel pro- nounced alone has its open sound, as nothing but its junction with a consonant can shut it, and consequently unaccented vowels not ne- cessarily joined to a consonant are always open : therefore, without violating the funda mental laws of pronunciation, opinion must necessarily be divided into o-pin-ion, and not op-in-ion, and the o pronounced as in the word open, and not as in opulence : which was the thing to be proved. 551. If these reasons be valid with respect to the vowel in question, they hvns. tom-n ./-/er.ur, tom-ni/-e-rous. som-nif-er-oui, lom-nif-e-rou* iiK-mer-raj, ni(- me-rous. nu-me-rout. nu-me-roas. iH-nu -mitr-uj, pros-per-ous, un-pros-per-ous, ul-ter-a-Ue, pros-per-oas. un-pros-per-oii$ ut-ter-a-bte. im-pvoj-p«r-w», ul-tnr-M, vn-ut-tm'-ebl. un-iU-tcr-a-ble, un-ut-ter-a-ble 555. I have been the more copious in my collection of these varieties, that I might not appear to have taken the advantage of any oversight or mistake of the press : nor is i* any wonder when the principles of syllabication so strongly ir. .line us to leave the vowel e, like the other /owels, open before a single con- sonant ; and the ear so decidedly tells us, that this letter is not always open when preceded by the accent, and followed by r, it is no wonder, I say, that a writer should be perplexed, and that he should sometimes incline to one side, and sometimes to the other. I am conscious I have not always been free from this incon- sistency myself. The examples therefore which I hare selected, will, I hope, fully justify me in the syllabication I have adopted ; which is, that of sometimes separating the e from the r in this situation, and sometimes not. When solemn and deliberate speaking has seemed to admit of lengthening the e, I have sometimes made it end the syllable ; when this was not the case, I have sometimes joined it to the r: thus, as e in the penultimate syllable of incar- cerate, reverberate, &c. seems, in solemn speaking, to admit of a small degree of length and distinctness, it ends a syllable ; but as no solemnity of pronunciation seems to admit of the same length and openness of the e in tolerate, deliberate, &c. it is united with »•, and sounded in the notation by short «. It ought, however, to be carefully observed, that though the e in this situation is sometimes separated from the r, there is no speaking, however deliberate and solemn, that will not admit of uniting it to r, and pronouncing it like short tc, without offending the nicest and nu).'?t critical ear. 90 OF THE QUANTITY OF UNACCENTED VOWELS. 556. It must also be noted, that this altera- tion of the sound of e before r is only when it follows the accent, either primary or secondary (522) (530) : for when it is in the first syllable of a word, though unaccented, it keeps its true sound : thus, though the e is pronounced like u in alter, alteration, &c. yet in perj'ecfion, terri/ick, &e. this letter is as Dure as when the accent is on it in perfect, terrible, &c. 557. Something like the corruption of the sound of unaccented e before r we may perceive in the colloquial pronunciation of the vowel o in the same situation ; and accordingly we find our best orthoepists differ m their notation of this letter : thus memory, memorable, im- inemorable, memorably, memorize, have the e pronounced like short u by Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott ; and memorandum, with the o, as in open; while Dr. Kenrick gives the a in all these words the sound it has in the conjunction or, Mr. Sheridan marks the unaccented o in corporal, corporate, ?^nA corporation, like the o in open; but Mr. Scott pronounces this o in corporal, corporate, and corporation, like short M, and the same letter in incorporate and in- corporation like Mr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Ken- rick, like the o in the former instances. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott are uniform in their pronunciation of the same vowel like short M in armour, armorer, armory, pillory, tttosory, pirsuasory, allegory, compulsory, cuisory, and predatory, while Dr. Kenrick pronounces the o in armour and armory like the in open, and the same letter in pillory allegory, and cursory, like the o in or, nor, &e This diversity, among good judges, can arise from nothing but the same uncertainty of the sound of this letter that we have just observed of the e ; but if we narrowly watch our pro- nunciation, we shall find that the unaccented o may be opened and lengthened, in deliberate speaking, without hurting the ear, which i3 not always the case with e ; and this has induced me generally to separate the o from the succeeding r, when immediately following the accent ; though I am sensible that the rapidity of colloquial speaking often reduces it to short u without offending the ear : but when the o is removed more than one syllable from the accent, the most deliberate speaking generally lets it slide into the other vowel : for which reason I have commonly marked it in this manner. See Command. 558. It may, perhaps, appear to some of my readers, that too much time has been spent upon these nice distinctions of sound, in which judges themselves are found to disagree ; but when we consider how many syllables in the language are unaccented, and that these syl- lables are those in which the peculiar delicacy of the pronunciation of natives consists; when we reflect on the necessity of having as distinct and permanent sounds as possible, to which we may refer these fleeting and evanescent ones, we shall not look upon an attempt to arrest and investigate them as a useless part of philology. At- 1. I. 2. 3 I. 1. 6. 2. 11 o. 3. S. 4. 8. 1. A. 2. a. 3. a, 559. A TABLE of the SIMPLE and DIPHTHONGAL VOWELS referred to by the Figures over the Letters in this Dictionary. ENGLISH SOUNDS. FRENCH SOUNDS. 1 . L The long slender English a, as in fite, piper, &c. 73 ^ in fee, eph. 2. i. The long Italian a, as in far, fa-ther, pa-pa, mam-ma, 77 a m fable, ruble. 3. a. The broad German a, as in fall, w^ll, wa-ter, 83 dm dge, Chdlons. 4. k. The short sound of the Italian o, as in f^t, mJt, m4r-ry, 81 a in fat, matin. 1 . h. The long e, as in m^, h6re, m^-tre, me-dium, 93 i in mitre, epitre, 2. e. The short e, as in met, let, get, 95 e in mette, nette. The long diphthongal i, as in pine, tl-tle, 105 ais in laique, naif. The short simple i, as in pin, tit-tle, 107 • i\r\inni,titr^. The long open o, as in nX, nite, nA-tice, 1 62 o in globe, lobe. The long close o, as in move, prove, 164 om in motivoir, pouvoir. The long broad o, as in nor, for, or ; like the broad a, 167 o in or, for, encor. The short broad o, as in nftt, h&t, g6t, 163 o in hotte, cotte. The long diphthongal u, as in tibe, cu-pid, 171 iou in Cioutat, cMourme. The short simple m, as in tub, cup, sup, 172 ew in neuf, veuf. The middle or obtuse m, as in bull, full, pull, 173 om in boule,foule, poule. Ii. The long broad o, and the short i, as in oil, 299 oii in cycloide, hero'ique. ou. The long broad o, and the middle obtuse \x, as in thou, pound, 313 aoll in Aoiit. Th. The acute or sharp th, as in «j-^. 362. Given up; forsaken ; corrupted iu the highest degree. Abandonment, 4-b^n-dun-ment, *. The act of abandoning. Abarticulation, ^b-ar-tik-u-la'-sbiin, s. 2.90. That species of articulatiim that lias manifest motii.n. To Abase, ^-bisej v. a. To cast down, to depress, to bring low. Abasement, ^-bilse^ment, *. The state of being brought low ; depression. To Abash, i-bashj v. a. To make ashamed. To Abate, 4-bAte{ v. a. 545. To lessen, to di- minish. To Abate, i-bate,' v. n. To grow less. Abatement, 4-bateiment, s. The act of abating; the sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating. Abater, k-hk-tur, S. 98. The agent or cause by which an abatement is procured. Abb, ab, s. The yarn on a weaver's warp. Abbacy, Ab^bi-si, *. 452. The rights, possessions, or privileges of an abbot. Abbess, Ab-bess, *. The superior of a nunnery. Abbey, or Abby, 4b-bi, s. 270. a monastery of religious persons, whether men or women. Abbot, ab-but, S. 166. The chief of a convent of men. T'o Abbreviate, ib-breiv^-ite, i». a. 505. To shorten, to cut short. Abbreviation, Ab-bre-ve-A^shun, s. The act of shortening. Abbreviator, 4b-bre-ve-iitur, s. 521. One who abridges. Abbreviature, ib-brMv^-4-tchAre, s. 461. a mark used for shortening. To Abdicate, Ab^d^-kate, v. a. 503. To give up right, to resign. Abdication, 4b-d^-ki-sbun, s. The act of abdi» eating, resignation. AbDICATIVE, AbM^-cA-tlve, a. 512. That which causes or implies an abdication. ti:y- Dr. Johnson places tlie accent on the first syllable of this word, and Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Perry on the se- cond. The former is, in my opinion, the most correct. Abdomen, Ab-di^men, s. 503. 521. A cavitj commonly called the kiwer venter nr belly. Abdominal, Ab-dSm-me-n^l, \a. Relating to Abdominous, ib-doni-me-nus, J the abdomen. ABL ABO nor 167, uSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— e ecclesiastical sense. Absolute, db-so-lute, a. 448. Complete, applied as weU to persons as things ; unconditional, as an ab- solute promise; not relative, as absolute space; not limited, as absolute power. — See Domestic. Absolutely, ^b-so-liite-le, ad. Completely, without restriction; without condition ; peremptory, positively. Absoluteness, ib-s5-lite-ness, s. Complete- ness ; freedom from dependence, or limits ; despotism. 4 Absolution, 4b-so-lu-shun, s. Acquittal; the remission of sins, or of penance. Absolutory, ib-s5l-u-tur-re, a. That which absolves. CO" In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed the accentuation of Johnson and Ash in this word, and placed the stress upon the first syllable, contrary to what I had done some years before in the Rhyniing Dictionary, where I had placed the accent on the second, and which was the accentuation adopted by Mr. Sheridan. Upon a nearer inspection of the analogies of the language, I find this the preferable mode of marking it, as words in this termination, though very irregular, generally follow the stress of the corresponding noun or verb ; and, conse- quently, this word ought to have the same accent as ab- solve, which is the more immediate relation of the word in question, and not the accent of absolute, which is the most distant, 512. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Entick, and Nares, have not inserted this word ; and Mr. Perry very improperly accents it upon the third syllable. Absonant, ib-s6-n^nt, 544. \ Absonous, 4b'-si-n&s, J"- ^^^"''^' *=*»»- trary to reason. 7b Absorb, ^b-sorbj v, a. To s« Iloiv upj to suck up. Absorbent, 4b-sor-bent, s. A med.":lne that sucks up humours. Absorpt, Xb-sorpt', part. Swallowed up. Absorption, 4b-sorp-shun, s. The act of swallow- ing up. 7b Abstain, lb-st:lne{ v. n. To forbear, to deny one's self any gratification. Abstemious, ^b-ste-me-us, a. Temperate, sober, abstinent. Abstemiously, 4b-stef^me-us-le, ad. Temper- ately, soberly, without indulgence. Abstemiousness, Sb-ste^m^-us-ness, s. 534. The quality of being abstemious. Abstention, ^b-sten-shun, s. The act of holding off. 7b Absterge, 4b-sterjeJ v. a. To cleanse by wiping. Abstergent, ^b-ster-jent, a. Cleansing; having a cleansing quality. 7b Absterse, ab-sterse{ v. a. To cleanse, to purify. Abstersion, 3.b-stt-r-shun, s. The act of cleansing. Abstersive, ^b-ster^siv, a. 428. That has the quality of absterging or cleansing. Abstinence, ib-ste-nense, s. Forbearance of any thing ; fasting, or forbearance of necessary food. Abstinent, ^b-ste-nent, a. That uses abstinence. 7b Abstract, ^b-str^ktj v. a. To take one thing from another ; to separate ideas; to reduce to an epi- • tome. Abstract, ^b-str;1kt{ a. Separated from some- thing else: generally used with relation to mental per- ceptions. Abstract, db^strakt, 5. 492. A smaller quantity, containing the virtue or power of a greater; an epi- tome made by taking out the principal parts. Abstracted, ;tb-sti4k-ted, ^. a. Separated; re fined, abstruse; absent of mind. Abstractedly, itb-str^k^ted-le, a- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word was anciently and properly accented on the first syllable, tliougli now frequently on the second. That it was accented on the firstsyllable till within these few years, is pretty generally remembered ; and if Shakespeare did not, by poetical license, violate the accentuation of his time, it was certainly pronounced so two centuries ago, as appears by Dr. Johnson's quotation of him : " Our court shall be a little academj, ** Still and contcmplatire in living arts." Love'i Lahour't last. And in Ben Jonson's New Inn we find the same acccn- Ualion ; " Every house became An academy of houonr, and thoK parts We see departed." But the accentuation of this word formerly, on the first pliable, is so generally acknowledged, as not to stand in need of poetic authority. The question is, whether this accentuation, or that'which places the stress on the second syllable, is the more proper? To wave, therefore, the authority of custom, which precludes all reasoning on language, and reduces the dispute to a mere matter of 5 fact, it may be presumed, that whatever is agreeable to the most genetal usage of the language in similar words, is the most proper in this ; and if it appears that general usage, in similar words, is in favour of the old pronunci- ation, it must certainly, for that reason, be allowed to be the best. And first it may be observed, that as our lan- guage is almost as averse to the accent on the last sylla- ble as the Latin, it is a general custom with us, when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of one or two of its syllables, to remove the accent at least a syllable higher than it was in the original language, that the ac- cent, when the word is naturalized, may not rest on the last. Thus of Home'rus we make Hu'jner; of Virgi'lius, yi'rgil; and of //ora'tius, Ilo'race : Hyaci'nthus, altered to Hy'acinth, removes the accent two syllables higher; and cce remo' nia, become eeremoni/, does tliesame ; and no law, that I know of, forbids us to accent acalcmia, or if you will AxaJiyiu'a, when turned into academy, on the first syl- lable, as it was constantly accented by our ancestors, who, receiving Greek through the medium of Latin, ge- nerally pronounced Greek words according to the Lat.n analogy, and tlierefore necessarily placed the accent of aca((cmio on the third syllable, which, when reduced to academy, required the accent to be removed higher. But how. It will be said, does this account for placing the accent on the first syllable of the English word acade' my, rather than the second' To this it may be answered, that the numberless instances of preference given by the accent to the first syllable in similar words, such as melancholy, parsimony, dilatory, &c. mi^ht be a suiTicient authority without any other reason. But, perhaps, it will b." pardoned me if I go farther, and hazarn a supposition that seeins to account for the very common practice ot placing the accent of so many of the longer polysyllables from the Latin on the first or second sjllabie." Though in the Latin there never was more than one accent upon a word, yet, in our pronunciation of Latin, we commonly place an accent nn alternate syllables, as in our owu words; and when the Latin word, by being anglicised, becomes shorter, the alternate accent becomes the prin- cipal. Thus, in pronouncing the Latin word acudemia, the English naturally place an accent on the first and third syllable, as if divided into «'c-a-t/e'mi-a ; so that when the word becomes anglicised into a'c-a-dc-my, the first syllable retains the accent it had when the word was Latin. On the other hand, it may be conjectured with some probability, that a fondness for pronouncing like the French has been the occasion of the alteration. As the English ever suppose the French place the accent on the last syllable, in endeavouring to pronounce this word after their manner, the stress must naturally fall on the second and last syllables, as if divided into e-ca'rf-a-mi'e; and from an imitation of this, it is probable, the present pronunciation of the word was produced. Thus we have a very probable reason why so many of our longer words from the Latin are accented so near the beginning ; as, in this mode of pronouncing them, they seem to retain one of the accents of the original. Hence the long train of words voluntary, comparable, dis/iutable, admirable, &c. have the accent on the first syllable; because, in pro- nouncing the words volhntcriua, comiiarnbilis, disputabilis, admirakilhtkc. we commonly lay a stress upon the first, as well as the third syllable. As to the analogy, as Mr. Sheridan pretends, of pronouncing this word with the ac- cent on the second syllable, because words ending in my have the accent on the antepenultimate, nothing can he more ill-founded. True it is, that words of this termina- tion never have the accent on the pei4ultimate ; but that, for this reason, they must necessarily have the accent on the antepenultimate, I cannot well comprehend. ICpo- lygamy, economy, astronomy, iic. (bl3) have their accent on the antepenaltimate, it arises from the nature of the terminations; wliicji being, as it were, a species, and applicable to a thousand other words, have, like logy and graphy, the accent always on the preceding syllable; which seems best to unite the compound into one wordt but academy being a simple, is subject to no such rule, and seems naturally to incline to a different analogy of pronunciation. Thus Dr. Johnson seems to have decided justly in saying the word academy ought to have the ac- cent on the first syllable ; though present usage, it must be confessed, seems to lead to the contrary pionuncia- tion. Acanthus, t-\ih\!-thhsy S. 470. The herb bears- foot ACATALECTIC, J-kJt-i-lek'tik, s. a verse which has the complete number of syllables. To Accede, ik-sedej v. n. To be adaed to, to come to. To Accelerate, ^k-seUlur-ite, v a. To make quick, to hapten, to quicken motion. ACC ACC Its- 559. Vke 73, far, 77, fall 83, fSt 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move Acceleration, Kk-sel-lur-A-shun, s. 555. The act of quickening motion ; the slate of the body ac- celerated. T'o AcCEND, ^k'send, v. a. To kindle, to set on fire. AcCENSION, 4k-sen-shun, s. The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled. Accent, 4k-sent, *. 486. The manner of speaking or pronouncing ; the marks made upon syllables to re- ' gulate their pronunciation ; a modification of the voice, expressive of the passions or sentiments. To Accent, ik-sent{ v. a. 492. To pronounce, to speak words with particular regard to the grammatical marks or rules j to write or note the accents. Accentual, ik-sen-tshA-il, a. 463. keiating to accents. t-5- Tills word is in no English Dictionary I have met with ; but, conceiving its formation to be perfectly agree- able to the analogy of English adjectives, and finding it used by several very respectable authors, I have ventured to insert it. Mr. 'Foster, in his Essay on Accent and Quantity, says, " When a higli notesucceeds a low one, or rises above the grave tone of voice, the perception of it is sudden and instantaneous, before the continuance of the note is determined one way or the other for long or short. This 1 more clearly conceive, than I can per- haps express. I can however engage to make it perceptible to a common English ear in any Greek word, according to its present accenttuil mark." And Dr. Galley, in ois Dissertation against Greek Accents, makes use of the same word, where he says, " for if llOSiU means, ac- cording to Mr. Foster, that oratorical or common dis- course differs from music only in the number of sounds, t. e. that the former lias only four or five notes, but that the latter has many more, then the accentual pronuncia- tion of a Greek sentence will not differ from the singing of the same sentence, when set to four or five correspond- ing notes in music, i.e. it will, in both cases, be a song." To Accentuate, ik-sen-tshu-ite, v. a. 461. To place the accent properly. Accentuation, 4k-sen-tshu-i-shun, s. Tlieact of placing the accent in pronunciation or writing. To Accept, ^k-sept{ v. a. To take with pleasure, to receive kindly. Acceptability, JLk-sep-ti-biUli-ti, s. Tiie quality of being acceptable. Acceptable, ikisep-t4-bl, a. Grateful, pleasing. C^- Within these twenty years this word has shifted its accent from the second to tlie first syllable. There are now few polite speakers who do not pronounce it ac'cepla- ble ; and it is much to be regretted that this pronunciation is become so general ; for where consonants of so different an organ as p and t are near the end of a word, the word is pronounced with much more difficulty when the accent is removed higher than when it is arrested by these let- ters : for, in this case, the force which accompanies the accent facilitates the organs in their transition from the formation of the one letter to the other. As nature, therefore, directs us to place the accent upon these con- sonants in all words ending in active, ective,ictive, active, and uctive ; actiUe, tctible, octible, and uctible; so we ought to listen to the same voice in pronouncing accepia- ble, susceptible, corruptible, with the accent on the second syllable. — See Commendable. Acceptableness, &^sep-tA-bl-ness, s. The quality of being acceptable. Acceptably, ik-sep-tJ-ble, ad. In an acceptable manner. Acceptance, ik-sep-tlnse.. s. Reception with approbation. Acceptation, ^k-sep-ti-shun, s. Reception, whether good or bad ; the meaning of a word. Accepter, Itk-sep^tur, s. 98. The person that accepts. Acception, ik-sep-shun, s. Tlie received sense of a word; the meaning. Access, ak-sessj s. The way by which any thing may be approached , the means, or liberty, of approaching either to things or men ; increase, enlargement, addi- tion ; the returns or fits of a distemper. ([;?■ This word is sometimes heard with the accent on the first syllable: " Hdil, water-gruel, healing power, " Of ea»y accett to the poor 1 " G But this pronunciation ought to be avoided, as contrary to analogy, and the general usage of the language; a» may be seen in Johnson, under the word. Accessariness, 4k-ses-si-r4-ness, *. The state of being accessary. Accessary, ^k-ses-s^-r^, *. He that, not being the chief agent in a crime, contributes to it. Accessary, 4k-ses-si-re, a. Joined to, additional, helping forward. Accessible, ik-sesisi-bl, a. That which may be approached. Accession, ^k-sesb-un, *. Increase by something added ; the act of coming to, or joining one's self to, as, accession to a confederacy; the act of arriving at, as, the king's accession to the throne. ACCESSORILY, ik'ses-sA-ri-1^, ad. In the manner of an accessory. Accessory, ik-ses-sA-ri, a. 557. Joined to .inother thing, so as to increase it ; additional. Accidence, 4k^sA-dense, s. The little book con- taining (Jie first rudiments of grammar, and explaining the properties of the eight parts of speech. Accident, ^k-sA-dent, S. The property or quality of any being which may be separated from it, at least in thought ; in grammar, the property of a word; that which happens unforeseen ; casualty, chance. Accidental, ^k-Se-den-t^I, s. A property non- essential. Accidental, ik-s^-denitil, a. Having the quality of an accident ; non-essential ; casual, fortuitous, happening by chance. Accidentally, 4k-se-denit^l-lA, ad. Casually, fortuitously. Accidentalness, Sk-se-den-t4l-ness, s. The quality of being accidental. AcciPIENT, ^k-Sip-pe-ent, S. A receiver. To AcCITE, ^k-sltej v. a. To call j to summon. Acclaim, ^k-klame' S. A shout of praise; accla- mation. Acclamation, Sk-kl^-mA-sbun, s. Shout of applause. Acclivity, 4k-kliv-v^-tA, *. 511. The steepness or slope of a line inclining to the horizon, reckoned upwards; as, the ascent of a hill is the acclivity, the descent is the declivity. Acclivous, ik-kll-vus, a. 503, (A) Rising with a slope. To ACCLOY, ^k-kldel v. a. 329. To fill up, in an ill sense ; to fill to satiety. To AccoiL, Ak-koii; v. n. 229. To cro^vd, to keep a coil about, to tiustle, to be is a hurry. AccOLEN T, ^k-ko-leiit, s. 544. A borderer. AccoMMODABLE, ak-k6m-mi-da-bl, a. Thai wFiich may hf fitted. To Accommodate, Ik-kSm^mo-dite, v. a. 91. To supply with conveniencies of any kind. Accommodate, ^k-kom-mo-date, a. 91. Suit- able, fit. Accommodately, ik-kSm-m5-d^te-lA, ad. 91. Suitably, fiily. Accommodation, Sk-k8m-m6-da-sbun, *. Pro- vision of conveniencies ; in the plural, conveniencies, things requisite to ease or refreshment; composition of a difference, reconciliation, adjustment. Accompanable, ik-kum-pi-ni-bl, a. Sociable. Accompanier, ^k-kum-pa-n^-ur, s. The person that makes part of the company ; comjmnion. Accompaniment, 4k-kum-pi-n^-ment. *. The adding of one thing to another by way of ornament ; the insirumental that accompanies the vocal part in music. To Accompany, ^k-kumipi-nA, v. a. 165. To be with another as a companion ; to join with. Accomplice, iik-kftm-plis, *. 142. An associate, a partaker, usually in an ill sense; a partner, or co- operalur. To Accomplish, Jk-kftm-phsh, v. a. To com- plete, to execute fully, as, to accomplish a design; to ACC nor 16'7, uSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173- nl 299- ACI -pound 313— Mill 466, this 469. fulfil, as a prophecy ; to adorn, or furnish, either mind or body. Accomplished, ^k-kftraiplish~ed, part. a. Complete in some qualification ; elegant, finished in respect of embellishments. AccoMPLiSHER, Hk-kSmCplish-ur, *. The person that accomplishes. Accomplishment, Ik-kSra-plish-ment, s. Completion, full performance, perfection ; comple- tion, as of a prophecy ; embellishment, elegance, orna- ment of mind or body. ACCOMPT, ik-kountj S. 407. An account, a reckoning. AccoMPTANT, ik-koun'tint,s. 412. A reckoner, computer. To Accord, Jk-kord{ v. a. To make agree, to adjust one thing to another. To Accord, ik-kord5 v. n. To agree, to suit one with another. Accord, A.k-kord5 s. A compact, an agreement; concurrence, union of mind; harmony, symmetry. Accordance, Sk-korW;\nse, *. Agreement with a person ; conformity to something. Accordant, Jk-kor-d4nt, a. Willing, in good humour. According to, ^k-kor-ding to, prep. In a manner suitable to, agreeable to ; in proportion ; with regard to. Accordingly, ik-koriding-li, ad. Agreeably, suitably, conformably. To Accost, 4k-k8st5 v. a. To speak to first, to address, to salute. AccosTABLE, ^.k-kSs^t^-bl, a. 405. Easy of access, familiar. Account, ^k-kount{ *. 407. a computation of debts or expenses : the state or result of a computa- tion ; value or estimation; a narrative, relation; the relation and reasons of a transaction given to a person in autliorily ; explanation, assignment of causes. 7'o Account, ik-kountj v. a. To esteem, to think, to hold in opinii/n ; to reckon, to compute; to give an account, to assign the causes ; to make up the reckoning, to answer for practice; to hold in esteem. Accountable, ^k-koun-ti-bl, a. Of whom an account may be required ; who must answer for. Accountant, ^k-koun-t4nt, a. Accountable to, responsible for. Accountant, ik-kouii-t Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, uni- formly pronounce the last syllable of this word as it is liere marked, and W. Jolmston only so as to rhyme with line, (140). AdAM'S-APPLE, Sdiimz-5p-pl, S. A prominent part of the throat. To Adapt, ^-daptj v. a. To fit, to suit, to pro- portion. Adaptation, A.d-ip-ta^shun, s. 527. The act of fitting one thing to another, the fitness of one thing to another. Adaption, J-dip-shun, s. The act of fitting. To Add, Ad, v. a. To join something to that which was before. To Addecimate, Ad-des-se-mite, v. a. 91. To take or ascertain tithes. To Addeem, id-deem{ v. a. To esteem; to account. Adder, Ad-dur, s. 93. 418. A serpent, a viper, a poisonous reptile. Addeu's-grass, ididurz-grSss, *. A plant Adder's-tongue, Ad^durz-tung, Adder's-wort, Ad-dura'wurt, Addible, id-de-bl, «. 405. Possible to be added. Addibihty, Ad-d6-bilile-te, 5. 511. The possi- bility of being added. Add ICE, Ad-dlS, S. 142. A kind of ax, corruptly pronounced adz. To Addict, Ad-dlktJ v. a. To devote, to dedicate: it is commonly taken in a bad sense, as, he addicted himself to vice. Addictedness, id-dik-ted-ness, s. The state of being addicted. Addiction, id-dik-shun, s. The act of devoting; the state of being devoted. Additament, ad-dit-A-ment, S. Addition, the thing added. Addition, Ad-dish-shun, s. 459. The act of adding one thin^ to another; the thing added; in arithmetic, addition is the reduction of two or more numbers of like kind together into one sum or total. Additional, Ad-dish-shuu-il, a. That which is added. Additory, id-de-to-re, a. 512. That which has the power of adding. Addle, Ad-dl, a, 405. Originally applied to eggs, and signifying such as produce nothing, thence trans- ferred to brains that produce notliing. Addle-PATED, id-dl-pi-ted, a. Having barren brains. 7b Address, Ad-dress{ v. a. To prepare one's self to enter upon any action 5 to apply to another by words. Address, Ad-dress{ S, Verbal application to any one; courtship; manner of addressing another, as, a man of pleasing address J skill, dexterity; manner of directing a letter. Addresser, id-drts-sur, *. 98. Tlie person tliat addresses. To Adduce, 3.d-dtJSe{ v. a. To bring something forward in addition to something already produced. a^- This word, though constantly arising in conver- sation, has not yet found its way into any of our Dic- tionaries. It is, however, legitimately formed, and has a distinct and specific signification, which distinguishes it from conduce, induce, produce, and rediiee, and has there- fore a just title to become a part of th.e language. The propriety of it is a sufiicient authority. Adducent, lld-diaisent, a. A word applied to those muscles that draw togetlierthe parts ol the body. To AdduLCE, ad-dulsej v. a, Te sweeten. Ademption, 4-demishun, s. 412. Privation. Adenography, Ad-de-nog-gr^-l'^', *. 518. A treatise of the glands. Adept, A-deptJ S, He that is completely skilled in all the secrets of his art. Adequate, id-e-kwate, a, 91. Equal to, pro- portionate. Adequately, Ad-e-kwate-le, ad. In an adequate manner; with exactness of proportion. Adequateness, Ad^e-kwate-ness, s. The state of being adequate, exactness of proportion. To Adhere, ad-here{ v. 71. To stick to; to re- main firmly fixed to a party, or opinion. Adherence, Ad-be-rense, \ Adherency, Sd-he-ren-s^, 182. J The quality of adhering, tenacity ; fixedness of mind, attachment, steadiness. Adherent, 5d-he-rent, a, sticking to ; united with. Adherent, 4d-he-rent, *. A follower, a partisan. Adherer, 4d-he-rur, s. 98. He that adheres. Adhesion, Ad-heizbun, s. 451. The act or state of sticking to something. Adhesive, id-he^siv, a, 158. 428. Sticking, tenacious. To Adhibit, 4d-hib-bit, v. a. To apply, to make use of. Adhibition, id-h^-bish-sbun, s. 507. Applica- tion, use. Adjacency, id-ji-seii-s^, *. 132. The state of lying close to another thing. Adjacent, id-ja-sent, a. Lying close, bordering upon something. Adjacent, ^d-ji-sent, s, Tliat which lies next another. Adiaphorous, ^-d^-if-fi-rus, a. Neutral. Adiaphory, i-de-Af-fo-re, S. 534. Neutrality, indifference. To Adject, Ad-jektJ v. a. To add to, to put to. Adjection, Ad-jek-sbuii, S, The act of adjecting, or adding; the thing adjected, or added. AdJECTITIOUS, Ad-jek-tlsll-US, a. Added, Ihrowii in. Adjective, Ad-jek-tiv, s. 5J2. A word added to a noun, to signify the addition or separation of some quality, circumstance, or manner of being; as, good, bad. AdJECTIVELY, Ad-jek-tlV-l5, ad. After the man- ner of an adjective. Adieu, 4-du| ad. 284. Farewell. 7h Adjoin, 5d-joiii,' v. a. 299. To join to, to unite to, to i)Ut to. To Adjoin, Ad-joiii5 v. n. To be contiguous to. To Adjourn, id-Jurn{ v. a. 314. To put off to another day, namijig tlie time. Adjournment, ad-jurn-inent, s. A putting off till another day. Adipous, Ad-de-pus, a. 314. Fat. Adit, ad-lt, S. A passage under ground. Adition, 4d-ish^shun, s, 459. The act of going to another. To Adjudge, Ad-judje{ v, a. To give the thing controverted to one of the parties; to sentence to a punishment ; simply, to judge, to decree. Adjudication, Ad-Ju-d^-kaishun, s. The act of eranting somethin}: to a litigant. 7'o Adjudicate, ^.d-jii-dl-kkie, v. a. To adjudge. Tb Adjugate, Ad-ju-gate, i;. a. 91. To yoke to. Adjument, ad^ju-ment, s. Help. Adjunct, Ad^jungkt, S. Something adherent or united to anotlier. Adjunct, Ad-jungkt, a. immediately joined. ADM ADO (»• 559. Fite 73, fSr 77, fill 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, m3ve 164, Adjunction, ^d-j?in^k^shun, s. The act of ad- joining ; the thing adjoined. Adjunctive, id-jungkitiv,s. 158. Hethatjoinsi that wliich is joined. Adjuration, 4cl-ju-raishun, s. The act of pro- posing an oath to another j tlie form of oath proposed to anotlier. To Adjure, id-jurej v, a. To impose an oath upon another, prescribing the form. To Adjust, ad-ju^tj v. a. To regulate, to put in order; to malve conformable. Adjustment, Id-just-ment, s. Regulation, the act of putting in method; the state of being put in method. Adjutancy, id^ju-tin-si, s. The military office of an adjutant, skilful arrangement. Adjutant, ^d^ju-tint, s. 503, {k). A petty officer, whose duty is to assist the major, by distribut- ing pay, and overseeing punishment. To Adjute, ^d-iute{ v. a. To help, to concur. Adjutor, id-jii^tur, s. 98. 166. A helper. Adjutory, id'-ju-tur-re, a. 512. 557. That which helps. Adjuvant, 4d-ju-vant, a. Helpful, useful. To Adjuvate, id^u-vate, v. a. 503, {k). To help, to further. Admeasurement, Sd-mezh-ure-ment, s. The act or practice of measuring according to rule. Admensuration, id-men-shu-ra^shun, s. 452. The act of measuring to each his part. Adminicle, id-min'-4-kl, *. 405. Help, support. Adminicular, ^d-me-nik^u-l4r, a. 418. That which gives help. T'o Admini.ster, id-min'-nis-tur, 98. ■'1 T'oAdministrate, id-min'-nis-trate,91./"*"* To give, to afford, to supply; to act as the minister or agent in any employment or office; to perform the office of an administrator. Administration, ^d'-min-nis-tri'-shun, s. 527. The act of administering or condnctii.g any employ- ment; the active or executive p.irt of government ; those to whom the care of public affairs is committed. Administrative, ^d-min^iiis-trA-tiv, a, 157. That which administers. Administrator, ad'-min-ms-tri'-tur, s. 98.527. He that has the goods of a man dying intestate com- mitted to his charge, and is accountable for the same; he that officiates in divine rites; he that conducts the government. Administratrix, idimin-is-triitriks, s. 527. She who administers in consequence of a will. Administratorship, 4d^min-nis-trA'-tur-ship, s. The office of an administrator. Admirable, ii!-m^-A-h\, a. 405. To be admired, of power to excite wonder. Admihablenes? Id^me-ri-bl-Pess, \ Admirability, idime-ri-blr-ll-ti, 511 .527. J *' The quality or state of being admirable. Admirably, 4dime-ri-bl^, ad. In an admirable manner. Admiral, 4d-me-r4l, S. An officer or magistrate that has the government of the king's navy; the chief commander of a fleet; the ship which carries the ad- miral. Admiralship, id'-me-ral-ship, s. The office of admiral. Admiralty, Sd-me-ril-t^, *. The power, or of- ficers, appointed for the administration of naval affairs. C?- This word is frequently pronounced as if written admiraUry, with an r in the last syllable; nor is tliis mispronunciation, however improper, confined to the lowest order of the oeople. The same may be observed nimayoralty. Admiration, 4d-me-r^ishun, s. Wonder, the act of admiring or wondering. To Admire, 4d-ralre{ v, a. To regard with wonder; to regard with love. 10 Admirer, id-ml-rur, s. 98. The person that won- ders, or regards with admiration ; a lover. Admiringly, id-mi-nng-lJ, ad. With admiration. Admissible, id-mis-se-bl, a. 405. That which tnay be admitted. Admission, id-mishishun, s. The act or practice of admitting: the state of being admitted; admit tance, the power of entering ; the allowance of an ar- gument. To Admit, id-mitj v. a. To suffer to enter; to suffer to enter upon an office ; to allow an argument or posi- tion ; to allow, or gixint in general. AdmiTTABLE, ad-nilt^t4-bl, a. Which may be ad- mitted. Admittance, 4d-mit^t4nse, s. The act of admit- ting, permission to enter ; the power or right of enter- ing ; custom; concession of a position. T'o Admix, 4d-miks{ v. a. To mingle with some- thing else. Admixtion, 4d-miks^tshun, s. The union of one body with another. Admixture, 4d-miks-tshure, s. 461. The body mingled with another. To Admonish, 4d-mftn-nish, v. a. To warn of a fault, to reprove gently. Admonisher, 4d-mSn^nish-ur, s. The person that puts another in mind of his faults or duty. Admonishment, ^d-miin^nish-ment, *. Admo- nition, notice of faults or duties. Admonition, 4d-ni&-nish^un, s. The hint of a fault or duty, counsel, gentle reproof. Admonitioner, id-mo-msh^un-ur, *. A general adviser. A ludicrous leim. Admonitory, id-mftn^n^-tur-re, a. Tiiat which admonishes. — See Domestic. To Admove, 4d-moov{ v. a. To bring one thing to another. Admurmuration, id-mur-inu-ia-shun, s. The act of murmuring to another. Ado, i-doo( S. Trouble, difficulty; bustle, tumult, business ; more tumult and show of busine"!* than the affair is worth. Adolescence, 4d-i-les^sense, \ Adolescency, 4d-i-les'-seii-se, 510. J *' "^''^ age succeeding childhood, and succeeded by puberty. To Adopt, 4-d5ptJ v. a. To take a son by choice, to make him a son who is not so by birth ; to place any person or thing in a nearer relation to something else. Adoptedly, 4-d5p-ted-l^, ad. After the manner of something adopted. Adopter, J-d5p'-tur, *. 98. He that gives some one by choice the rights of a son. Adoption, i-dOp^shun, s. 459. The act of adopt- ing ; the state of being adopted. Adoptive, 4-d6p-tlv, a. 157. Adopted by anotherj that adopts another. Adorable, i-do^r^-bl, a. 405. That ought to be adored. Adorableness, i-do^ri-bl-ness, s. Worthiness of divine honours. Adorably, 4-d6-r4-bl^, ad. In a manner worthy of adoration. Adoration, Hd-di-raishim, s. The external ho. mage paiosed to repeal. Affirmant, 4f-ferimint, s. The person that af- firms. Affirmation, slf-fer-miishun, S The act of af- firming or declaring, opposed to negation; the position affirmed ; confirmation, opposed to repeal. Affirmative, ^f-fer-m^-tiv, a. 158. That affirms, opposed to negative ; that can or may be affirmed. Affirmatively, if-fcr^mtl-tiv-l^, ad. On the positive side, not negatively. Affirmer, ilf-fei-imur, S. 98. The person that affirms. To Affix, 4f-f1ksJ v. a. To unite to the end, to subjoin. Affix, 4fiflks, S. 492. A particle united to the end of a word. Affixion, if-flk-shun, s. Tlie act of affixing; the state of being affixed. AfflATION, stf-flA-sbun, S, Tlie act of breathing ujjon any thing. Afflatus, 4f-fliitus, S. Communication of the power of prophecy. To Afflict, if-flikt{ v. a. To put to pain, to grieve, to torment. Afflictednes.s, &f-flikited-ness, s. Sorrowful- ness, grief. Afflicter, Jf-flik'-tur, *. 98. The person that afflicts. Affliction, 4t-flikisbun, s. The cause of pain or sorrow, calamity ; the state of sorrowfulness, misery. Afflictive, 4f-flikitiv, a. 158. Painful, torment- ing. 13 Affluence, ^f^flu-ense, ") to any place, concourse ; exuberance of riches, plenty. Affluent, if-flu-etit, a. i7i„,..:„„ . _„_*. abundant, exuberant, wealthy. Affluentness, ilfiflu-ent-ness, s. The quality of bemg affluent. Afflux, ^f-fluks, S. The act of flowing to some place, affluence; tliat which flows to any place. AfFLUXION, ^f-fluk-shun, s. The act of flowing to a particular place ; that which flows from one place to another. To Afford, 4f-f6rd{ v. a. To yield or produce j to grant, or confer any thing; to be able to sell; to be able to bear expenses. To Afforest, if-fdr'-rest, v. a. 109. 168. To turn ground into forest. To Affranchise, ^f-Mn-tshiz, v. a. 140. To make free. To Affray, ^f-frA{ v. a. To fright, to terrify. Affray, if-frij s, A tumultuous assault of one or more persons upon others. Affriction, ^f-fnk^shun, s. The act of rubbing one thing upon another. To Affright, 4f-frlte{ v. a. To affect with fear, to terrify. Affright, ^f-fritej s. 393. Terror, fear. Affrightful, If-frlte^ful, a. Full of affright or torror, terrible. Affrightment, if-frlteiment, s. The impression of fear, terror; the state of fearfulness. To Affront, ^f-fruntj v. a. 165. To meet face to face, to encounter; to provoke by an open insult, to olfend avowedly. Affront, 4f-frunt| S. Insult offered to the face ; outrage, act of contempt. Affronter, if-frun-tur, s. 98. The person that affronts. Affronting, if-frun^ting, part. a. That which has the quality of affronting. To AffUSE, 4f-fuze{ v. a. To pour one thing upon another. Affusion, 4f-fiVzhun, s. The act of affusing. To Affy, 4f-fl{ V. a. To betroth in order to marriage. To Affy, if-fl{ v. n. To put confidence in, to put trust in. Afield, i-flfeldj ad. 275. To the field. Aflat, ^-flatj ad. Level with the ground. Afloat, A-fliteJ ad. 295. Floating. Afoot, tl-fi'itj ad. 307. On foot, not on horse- back ; in action, as, a design is iifuot. Afore, i-firej prep. Before, nearer in place to any thing ; sooner in time. Afore, a,-fore{ ad. In time foregone or past ; first in the way ; in front, in the fore pait. Aforegoing, i-f6re-g6-ing, part. a. Going before. AfoREHAND, i-fore^h4nd, ad. By a previous pro- vision ; provided, prepaved ; previously lilted. Aforementioned, ^-foreimen-sbund, a. 362. Mentioned before. Aforenamed, ^-fore-na-nied, a. 362. Named before. Aforesaid, ^-fore-side, a. Said before. Aforetime, i-fire-tlme, ad. In time past. Afraid, i-frAde| part. a. struck with fear, ter- rified, fearful. Afresh, A-fresh{ ad. Anew, again. Afront, i-frunt{ ad. 165. In front, in direct opposition. After, ftf-tur, prep. 98. Following in place ; in pursuit of; behind; posterior in time 5 according to; in imitation of. AGG AGN (!r^ 559. Fite 73, fSr, 77, fill 83, fXt 8 1— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, After, ^f^tur, ad. In succeeding time ; following another. AfterageS, JP-tur-4-jez, S. Succeeding times, posterity. AftekALL, 4Ptur-lll{ ad. At last, in fine, in conclusion. Afterbirth, iPtur-berM, s. The secundine. Afterclap, itf^tur-klnp, S. Unexpected event, happening after an affair -s snpposed to be at an end. Aftercost, Af-tur-kftst, s. The expense incurred after the original plan is executed. Aftercrop, ii-tur-krftp, s. Second harvest. Aftergame, ^f^tur-gAme, s. MeUiods taken after tlie tirst turn of atfairs. Aftermath, M'-tur-mith, S. Second crop of grass, mown in Autumn. Afternoon, if^tur-noon{ s. The time from the meridian to the evening. AfterpAINS, 4f^tur-pAnz, *. Pains after birth. Aftertaste, ^l^tur-tAste, S. Taste remaining upon tlie tongue after the draught. Afterthought, ^f^tur-ody. To Aggerate, Ad-jiir-Ate, v. a. To heap up. — Ste Exagseraie. To Agglomerate, %-glSm-mur-Ate, r. a. To gather up in a ball, at Uuead. 14 Agglutinants, %-glu-te-nAnts, s. Those medicines which have the power of uniting parts to gether. To Agglutinate, %-glu-ti-nate, v. a. To unite one part to another. Agglutination, ig-glii-te-nA-shun, «. Union, coliesion. Agglutinative, ;tg-glii-te-iia-tiv, a. 512. Having the power of procuring agglutination. To Aggrandize, ag-grdn-dize, v. a. 159. To make great, to enlarge, to exalt. Aggrandizement, Ag-gi4n-dlze-ment, *. The state of being aggrandized. — See Academy. Aggrandizer, Ag-grAn-dlze-ur, s. The person that makes another great. To Aggravate, Ig^gr^-vAte, v. a, 91. To make heavy, in a metaphorical sense, as, to aggravate an accusation ; to make any thing worse. Aggravation, Ag-grA-vA-shun, s. The act of aggravating; the circumstances which heighten guiit or calamity. Aggregate, Agigre-gate, a. 91. Framed by the collection of particular parts into one mass. Aggregate, Ag^gr^-gAte, s. The result of the conjunction of many particulars. To Aggregate, Ag-gre-gAte, v. a. To collect together, to heap many particulars into one mass. Aggregation, Ag-gr^-gA-shun, s. The act of collecting many particulars into one whole ; thewhole composed by the collection of many particulars ; state of being collected. To Aggress, Ag-gressJ v. n. To commit the first act of violence. Aggression, Ag-gresh-un, s. Commencement of a quarrel by some act of iniquity. Aggressor, Ag-gres-sur, s. 98. 418. The as- saulter or invader, opposed to the defendant. AgGRIEVANCE, Ag-gr^-vAnse, S. Injury, wrong. To Aggrieve, Ag-gr^ve{ v. a. 275. To give sorrow, to vex ; to impose, to hurt in one's right. To Aggroup, Ag-groopJ v. a. To bring together into one figure. Aghast, A-gAst{ a. struck with horror, as at the sight of a spectre. Agile, Aj-ll, a. 140. Nimble, ready, active. Agileness, Aj-il-ness, Agility, A-jil-^-t^, Nimbleness, quickness, activity. To Agist, A-jlst{ v. a. To take in and feed the cattle of strangers in the king's forest, and to gather the money. Agistment, A-jlstiment, S. Composition, or mean rate. Agitable, Aj-i-tA-bl, a. That which may be put in motion. To Agitate, Aj-J-tAte, v, a. 91. To put in motion ; to actuate, to move ; to affect with perturba- tion ; to bandy, to discuss, to controvert. Agitation, Aj-i-tA-shun, *. The act of moving anything; the state of being moved ; discussion, con- troversial examination ; perturbation, disturbance of the thoughts; deliberation, the state of being consulted upon. Agitator, Aj-J-tA-tur, s. 521. He who manages affairs. Aglet, Ag-let, S, A tag of a point carved into some represcntaiion of an animal ; the pendants at the ends of the chives of flowers. AgmiNAL, Ag'm^-nAl, a. Belonging to a troop. Agnail, Ag-nAle, s. A whitlow. Agnation, Ag-nA-shun, «. Descent from the same falliei, in a direct male line. AgNITION, Ag-nish-uri, S. Acknowledgment. To Agnize, Ag-nlze{ v, a. To acknowledge^ to own. less, J i.511./*- AID nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, biiU 1 Agnomination, %-nftm-m^-ni-shun, s. Allusion of one word to another. Agnus Castus, 4g-nus-c^^tus, s. The chaste tree. Ago, i-g»V ««?• Past, as, long ago ; that is, long time has pyssed since. Agog, 4-g6g{ ad, in a state of desire. Agoing, k-gh-mg, ad. 410. In action. Agone, it-ginj ad. Ago, past. Agonism, igiA-nizm, s. 548. Contention for a prize. Agonistes, 4g-i-nis-tez, s. A prize-fighter, one tliat contends at a public solemnity for a prize. Th Agonize, ^g-6-nlze, v. n. To be in excessive pain. Agony, Rg-o-ni, *. 548. The pangs of death; any violent pain of body or mind. Agood, ^-gudj ad. In earnest. 7b Agkace, 4-griceJ v. a. To grant favours to. AgrajjiaN, i-gra-re-^n, a. Relating to fields or grounds. To AgreASE, 4-greze| t;. a.To dawb, to grease. Th Agree, ^-gr^^{ v. n. To be in concord ; to jield to; to settle terms by stipulation; to settle a price between buyer and seller; to be of the same mind or opinion ; to suit with. Agreeable, 4-grii-i-bl, a. Suitabie to, con- sistent with; pleasing. Agreeableness, ^-gr^^'a-bl-ness, s. Consistency with, suitableness to; the quality of pleasing. Agreeably, i-gr^e-^-bl6, ad. Consistently with, in a manner suitable to. Agreed, ^-gre^dj pai-t. a. Settled by consert. AgREEINGNESS, ^-gr^e-ing-ness, S. Consistence, suitableness. Agreement, 4-gr^4-ment, S. Concord ; resem- blance of one thing to another; compact, bargain. Agrestic, ^-gres-tlk, «. (From the Latin agrestis) Belonging to the field, rude, unpolished. Agriculture, Ag-ri-cul-tschure, s. 462. Tillage, husbandry. Agrimony, Sig^ri-mun-n^, g 557. The name of a plant. Aground, a-groundj ad, 313. stranded, hindered by the ground from passing farther ; hindered in the progress of alfairs. Ague, a-gue, *. 335. An intermitting fever, with cold fits succeeded by hot. Agued, a-gu-ed, a. 362. 359. Stnick with the ague, shivering. Ague-fit, i-gue-fit, s. The paroxysm of the ague. Ague tree, A^gue-tr^^, *. Sassafras. Aguish, i-gu-ish, a. Having the qitaHMos of an ague. AgUISHNESS, i-gu-ish-ness, S. The quality of resembling an ague. Ah, a, int. A word noting sometimes dislike and censure; most frequently, compassion and complaint. Aha ! Aha ! a-ha{ int. A word intimating triumph and contempt. Ahead, 4-bed{ ad. Further onward than another. Ahight, A-hke{ ad. Aloft, on high. To All), ide, V. a. 202. To help, to support, to succour. Aid, ade, S. Help, support; in law, a subsidy. Aidance, ide-ilnse, s. Help, support. Aidant, ide^int, a. Helping, helpful. Aid-de-camp, Ade-d^-kawngJ s. An officer who attends the general that lias the chief command of the army, to carry his orders to the inferior officers. (13» This word, like most other military terms from the French, is universally adopted, but the polite pronuncia- 16 ALA 73--oil 299— pound 3 1 3— thin 466, th is 469. tioii of the nasal vowel in the last syllable is not to b« attained by a mere Englishman. — See Encore. Aider, ide-ur, *. A helper, an ally. Aidless, Ade^less, a. Helpless, unsupported. To Ail, ale, v. a. To pain, to trouble, to give pain-, to aifect in any manner. Ail, ile, s. 202. A disease. Ailment, ale-ment, s. Pain, disease. Ailing, ale^uig, part. a. Sickly. To Aim, Ame, v. a. 202. To endeavour to strike with a missile weapon ; to point the view, ordirect the steps towards any thing ; to endeavour to reach oi obtain ; to guess. Aim, ame, *. The direction of a missile weapon j the point to which the thing thrown is directed; an in- tention, a design ; the object of a design; conjecture, guess. Air, are, *. 202. The element encompassing the earth; a gentle gale; nuisic, whether light or serious; the mien, or manner, of the person; an affected or laboured manner or gesture; appearance. To Air, are, v. a. Toe.\pose to the air; to take tlie air; to warm by the tire. Aiubladder, Are-blitd-dur, S. A bladder filled with air. AirDUILT, Are-bllt, a. Built in the air. Air-drawn, ire-drawn, a. Painted in air. Airer, Are-ur, s. 98. He that exposes to the air. Airhole, AreMiole, s. A hole to admit air. Airiness, Are-^-ness, s, Ex])osure to the air ; lighiness, gayety, levity. Airing, are^inj^, s. 410. A short jaunt. Airless, are-less, a. Without communication with the free air. AIRLING, Are-hng, S. 410. A young gay person. AiRPUMP, Are-pump, S. A machine by means of which the air is exhausted out of proper vessels. AiRSHAFT, Areishift, S. A passage for the air into mines. Airy, Are-^, a. Composed of air; relating to the air; high in air ; light as air, unsubstantial; without reality, vain, trifling; gay, sprightly, full of mirth, lively, light of heart. Aisle, lie, S. 207. The walk in a church. Ait, Ate, S. 202. A small island in a river. To AkE, Ake, V. n. 355. To feel a lasting pain. Akin, A-kinJ a. Related to, allied to by blood. Alabaster, aKa-bAs-tur, s. 98. A kind of soft marble, easier lo cut, and less durable, than the other kinds. Alabaster, Al-A-bAs-tiir, a. 418. Made of alabaster. Alack, A-lakJ int. Alas, an expression of sorrow. AlACKADAY, A-lAk-A-dA5 int. A word noting sor- row and melancholy. AlacrioUSLY, A-lak^re-us-le, ad. Cheerfully, without dejection. Alacrity, A-lAk-krd-t^, 5. 5)1. Cheerfulness, sprightliness, gayety. Alamode, Al-a-mode{ ad. According to the fashion. Aland, A-lAndJ ad. At land, landed. Alarm, a-larin{ *. A cry by which men are sum- moned to their arms ; notice of any danger approach- ing; a species of clock ; any tumult or disturbance. To Alarm, A-la.rm{ v. a. To call to arms ; to surprise with the apprehension of any danger; to disturb. AlarmbeLl., A-larm-bell, s. The bell that la rung to give the alarm. Alarming, i-lAr-ming, part. a. Terrifying, awakening, surprising. Alarmpost, A-larmipSst, s. Tlie post appointed to each body of men to appear at> ALE ALI (»• 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fk 81— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 1G4, A woman that keeps an Alas, a-lassj int. A word expressing lamentation' ; a word of pity. Alate, i-late{ ad. Lately. Alb, ^Ib, s. A surplice. Albeit, al-be-it, ad. 84. Altliough, "notwitli- standing. AlbugiNEOUS, Al-bu-jin-^-US, a. Resembling an albugo. Albugo, 4l-bu-gi, S. 84. A disease in tlie eye, by wliicli the corner contracts a whiteness. Alcahest, ^1-ki-hest, S. 84. An universal dis- solvent. Alcaid, 4l-l<4je| $. 84. The government of a castle ; in Spain, the judge of a city. Alcanna, 4l-k4n^ni, s. 84. An Egyptian plant used in dying. Alchymical, il-kimime-k4l, a. Relating to alchymy. Alchymically, Jl-kira-mJ-k^l-1^, orf. In the manner of an alcliymist. AlchymisT, A^l-k^-imst, S. 84. One who pur- sues or professes the science of alchymy. Alchymy, il-ke-mJ, s. 84. The more sublime cliymistry, which proposes the transmutation of metals ; a kind of mixed metal used for spoons. Alcohol, ^l-k6-h6l, *. 84. A high rectified spirit of wine. Alcoholization, iKki-hftl-e-ziishun, *. The act of alcoholizing or rectifying spirits. To Alcoholize, ;\Uko-h6-llze, v. a. To rectify spirits till they are wholly dephlegmated. Alcoran, 4l-k6-r<^n, s. 84. The book of the Mahometan precepts, and credenda ; now more pro- perly called the Koran. Alcove, il-kove{ s, A recess, or part of a cham- ber, separated by an estrade, in which is placed a bed of state. Alder, al-dur, S. 84. A tree having leaves re- sembling those of the hazel. Aldekmav, al-dur-mc\n, s. The same as senator, a governor or magistrate. AldermANLV, a.V-dur-min-\k, ad. Like an alder- man. Aldern, Sl'-durn, a. 84. 555. Made of alder. Ale, ale, S. A liquor made by infusing malt in liot water, and then fermenting tlie liquor. AleBERRY, Ale-ber-r^, S. A beverage made by boiling ale with spice and sugar, and sops of bread. Alebrewer, dleibroo-ur, S. One that professes to brew ale. Aleconner, ile-kSn-nur, s. An officer in the city of London to inspect the measures of public houses. Alecost, ale-kSst, s. An lierb. Alectryomancy, i-lekiti'e-i-m4n-s6, s. 519. Divination by a cock. Alectryomachy, i-lfck-tre-om-^-k^, s. 518. Cockfighting. Alegar, ^1-le-gur, s. 98. 418. Sour ale. AleHOOF, ale-hoof, *. Ground ivy. Alehouse, Ale-hoiise, s. A tippiing-house. Alehousekeeper, aleMioiise-ke-pur, s. He that keeps aio piiblicly to sell. Alernigh T, ale-nlte, s. A pot companion, a tipjilcr. Obsolete. Alembick, A-lem-bik, *. A vessel used in dis- tilling. Alength, ^-leng^/t{ ad. At full length. Alert, i-lert{ a. Watchful, vigilant ; brisk, pert, petulant. Alertness, ^-lert-nuss, ». The quality of being alert, peitness. Alewashed, aleivvusht, a. 359. Soaked in ale. 16 Algebraical, ^l-je-bra-^-kil, ") a. Algebraick, il-je-bnUik, J s. Alewife, Ale-wife, alehouse. Alexanders, iUlegz-AniJurz, s. The name of a plant. Alexander's Foot, JUlegz4nidurz-fut,' s. 478. The name of an herb. Alexandrine, ^l-legz-^n^drin, s. 1 50. A kind of verse borrowed from the French, first used in a poem called Alexander. This verse consists of twelve syllables. ALEXiPHARfiiCK, il-lek-se-far^mik, a. That which drives away poison, antidotal. Alexiterical, ^-lek-se-ter^re-kal, 509.") Alexiterjck, ^-lek-se-ter-nk, J ''• That which drives away poison. AlgateS, aKgates, ad. On any terms ; althougli. Obsolete. Algebra, il-je-br^, s. 84. A pecidiar kind of arithmetic. Relating to algebra. Algebraist, ^1-je-bra-lSt, s, A person that un- derstands or practises the science of algebra. Algid, ^1-jid, a. 84. Cold, chili. Algidity, ^l-jid^de-te, s. 511. Chiincss, cold. Algific, ^1-jlf^flk, a. 509. That which produces cold. AlGOR, dKgor, S. 418. Extreme cold, chilness, (KJ" The in the last syllable of this word escapes being pronounced like u from its being Latin, and seldom used. Algorism, itl'-gi-nzm, 557.1 Algorithm, ^1-gS-n^^m, j Arabic words used to imply the science of numbers. Alias, i-l^-^S, ad. A Latin word, signifying otlier- wise. Alible, <4l-4-bl, a. 405. Nutritive, nourishing. Alien, Ale^yen, a. 505. Foreign, or not of the same family or land; estranged from, not allied to. Alien, he'-ym, s. 113. 283. A foreigner, not a denison, a stranger; in law, an alien is one born in a strange country, and never enfrancliised. Alienable, ale-yen-i-bl, a. That of which the l)roperty may be transferred. To Alienate, ale^yen-Ate, v. a. To transfer the property of any thing to another; to withdraw the heart or affections. (fc5» There is a strong propensity in undisciplined speakers to pronounce this word with the accent on e in the penultimate; but this cannot be too carefully avoided, as all the compounds of aiien have invariably the accent on the first syllable. But whether the n in this syllabic bo long or short, is a dispute among our best orth6epists. Mr. I'erry, Mr. Buchanan, W.Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Elphinstone, join it with the con- sonant, and make it short ; but Mr. Sheridan separates i. from the I. and makes it long and slender: and though Mr. Elpliinstone's opinion has great weight with me, yet I here join with Mr. Sheridan against them all ; not only because I judge his pronunciation of this word the most agreeable to the best usage, hut because it is agree- able loan evident rule which 'engtlieos every vowel with the accent on it, except t when followed by a single con- sonant and a diphthong. See Principles, No. 505. 534. O ! alletmte from Heav'n, O sp'rit accurst !" Milton's Par. Lost, h. c. 877. Alienate, ileiyen-ilte, a. Withdrawn fron\ stranger to. Alienation, Ale-yen-a-shun, *. The act of trans- ferring property; the state of being alienated; change ofatlectioii. To Alight, ;t-llte5 v. n. To come dov^-n; to fall upon. Alike, a-llRoJ ad. With resemblance, in the same manner. Aliment, ilKle-ment, «. Nourishment, nutriment, food. Alimental, ^l-le-men^tal, a. Thatwhicli has the quality of aliment, that which nourishes. ALL nSr 167, n6t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 1 Alimentariness, ^-li-men-ti-re-ness, s. The quality of being alimentary. Alimentary, ^l-l^-menit^-r5, a. Belonging to aliment; having the power of nourishing. Alimentation, il-l^-men-ti-shun, s. The quality cf nourishing. AlIMONIOUS, il-l^-mi-n^-US, a. Nourishing. Alimony, al-le-mun-nl, *. 556. Legal proportion of the husband's estate, which, by the sentence of the ecclesiastical court, is allowed to the wife, upon the account of separation. — See Domestic. Aliquant, AKl^-kwftnt, a. Parts of a number, which will never make upthe number exactly : as, 3 is an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making 1-2. Aliquot, ill-l^-qwftt, a. Aliquot parts of any number or quantity, such as will exactly measure it without any remainder : as, 3 is an aliquot part of li. Alisii, Ale-ish, a. Resembling ale. Alive, 4-lIveJ a. In the state of life ; not dead; unextinguished, undestroyed, active; cheerful, sprightly: it is used to add emphasis; as, the best man alive, Alkahest, iKki-best, s. 84. An universal dis- solvent, a liquor. Alkalescent, ^l-ki-les^sent, a. That which has a tendency to the properties of an alkali. Alkali, Al-ki-1^, S. 84. Any substance, which, when mingled with acid, produces fermentation. Alkaline, Jl-ki-lin, a. 150. That which has the qualities of alkali. To Alkalizate, il-kil-li-zite, v, a. To make alkaline. Alkalizate, Al-kill-li-zite, a. Having the qualities of alkali. Alkalization, 4l-k;t-li-zA-sbun, s. The act of alkalizatine. AlKANET, al-kd-net, s. The name of a plant. AlkEKENGI, Al-ki-keil-j4,#.The wint?r cherry, a genus of plants. Alkermes, ^l-keKmJz, s. A confection whereof the kermes berries are the basis. All, all, a. 77. The whole number, every one; the whole quantity, every part. All, all, *. The whole ; every thing. All, Ml, arf. Quite, completely; altogether, wholly. All-EEARING, idl-ba-nng, a. Omniparous. All-cheering, all-tshe-nng, a. Tliat which gives gayety to all. All-conquering, Ill-kong-kSr-ing, a. 334. Subduing every thing. All-devouring, ?lll-d5-vour-iiig, a. Eating up every thing, All-fours, lU-forzJ s. A low game at cards, played by two. All-hail, all-bi\le{ *. and int. All heoith. All-HALLOWN, all-bal-lun, s. The time about All-saints day. All-HALLOWTIDE, all-liil-li-tlde, s. The term near All-saints, or llie first of November. All-heal, all-h^lc, *. a species of iron-wort. All-judging, all-judijing, a. Having the sovereign right of judgement. All-knowing, all-no'-iiig, a. Omniscient, all- wise. All-seeing, Rll-see-ing, a. Beholding every thing. All Souls Day, all-silz-dA,' s. The day on which supplications are made for all souls by the church of Konie, the second of November. All-sufficient, ^ll-suf-f1sh-ent, a. Sufficient to any thing. All-wise, alL-wIzeJ a. Possest of iuftnite wisdom. 17 ALL 73— oil 299— pSund 313— eaking to another. To Allot, il-lSt{ v. a. To distribute by lot ; to grant; to distribute, to give each his share. Allotment, il-lSt-ment, s. The part, the share. Allottery, il-liti^tur-^, s. 555. That which is granted to any in a distribution. To Allow, il-louj v. a. To admit ; to grant, to yield; to permit; to give to; to pay to; to make abatement. Allowable, 3)-loo-i-bl, a. That which may be admitted without contradiction, lawful, not forbidden. Allow ABi eness, sll-lou-i-bl-ness, s. Lawftil- ness, exemption from prohibition. Allowance, Jl-lou-4nse, *. Sanction, licence ; permission ; an appointment for any use, abatement from the strict rigour; a sum granted weekly, or yearly, as a stipend. Alloy, il-loi{ S. 329. Baser metal mixed in coin- age; abatement, diminution. To Allude, M-liide{ v. n. To have some reference to a thing, without the direct mention Alluminor, il-lu'mi-nur, *. One who colours or paints upon paper or parchment. To AlLURE, il-lurej v. a. To entice to any thing. Allurement, 4l-lire-ment, s. Enticement temptation. AllLRER, 4l-liJ-rur, S. 98. Enticer, inveigler. Alluringly, il-luinng-le, ad. In an alluring manner, enticingly. Alluringness, M-lir-ing-nes, s. Enticement, temptation by proposing pleasure. Allusion, il-lu-zhun, S. A hint, an implication. Allusive, il-li-siv, a. 158. 428. Hinting at something. Allusively, ll-li-siv-lJ, ad. in an allusive manner. Allusiveness, il-lu^siv-nes, S. The quality of being allusive. Alluvion, il-lu-ve un, S. The carrying of any thing to something else by the motion of the water; the thing carried by water. To Ally, tll-ll| v. a. To unite by kindred, friend- ship, or confederacy ; to make a relation between two things. Ally, Hl-llj S. One united to some other by marriage, friendship, or confederacy. — See Survey. ^t^• A few years ago there was an affectation of pro- Bouncing this word, when a noun, with the accent on the first syllable; and this had an appearance of pre- cision from the general custom of accenting nouns in this manner, when the same word, as a verb, had the accent on the last, 49a : but a closer inspection into the analogies of the language showed this pronunciation to be improper, as it interfered with an universal rule, which was, to pronounce the y like e in a final unaccent- ed syllable. l!ut whatever was the reason of this novelty, it now seem.* to have subsided ; and this word is ge- nerally pronounced witn the accent on u\e second syl- lable, as it U uniformly marked by all the orthOepists in our language. AlMACANTER, il-mj-kin-tur, S. A circle drawn parallel to the horizon. Almacanter's Staff, il-mi-k4u-t?irz-st4f^ s. An instrum.-;nt used to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising and setting. Almanack, 3.KmJ-n^k, s. 84. a calendar. Almandive, il^miii-tilne, 5. 149. A ruby, coarser and lighter than the oriental - 18 Almightiness, al-iuUte-nes, *. one of the attributes of God. Almighty, al-mUt^, a. 84. 406. Of unlimited power, omnipotent. Almond, A^mund, *. 40 1 . The nut of the almond tree. Almond Tree, a-mund-tr^^, *. It has leaves and flowers very like those of the peach tree. Almonds, a^mundz, s. The two glands of the throat J the tonsils. Almoner, ^Kmun-ur, t. 84. Tiie officer of prince, employed in the distribution of charity. Almonry, al^mun-r^, S. The place where alms are distributed. Almost, aKmist, ad. 84. Nearly, well nigh. Alms, Sraz, s. 403. What is given in relief of the poor, Almsbasket, amz^b^s-kit, *. The basket in which provisions are put to be given away. AlMSDEED, amz-de^d, S. A charitable gift. Almsgiver, imz^giv-ur, s. He that supports others by his charily. Almshouse, amz^house, s. An hospital for the poor. Almsman, anz-man, s. A man who lives upon alms. Almug-TREE, il-mug-tre^, S. A tree mentioned in scripture. AlNAGEH, iKn^-jur, *. 88. A measurer by the ell ; a sworn officer, whose business formerly was to inspect the assize of wotiUen cloih. AlNAGR, ^UnAje, S. 90. Ell measure. Alnight, ^1-nke, s. Alnight is a great cake of wax, with the wick in tlie midst. Aloes, al-oze, *. A precious wood used in the east for perf'imcs, of which tlie best sort is of higher price than gold ; a tree which grows in hot countries ; a me- dicinal ji ice extracted from the common aloes tree. C3- This word is divided into three syllables by Mr. Sheridan, and but into two by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Mr. Scott, and W. Johnston. Tlie latter is, in my opi- nion, prefeiable. My reason is, that though this plural word is perfectly Latin, and in that language is pro- nounced in three syllables ; yet as we have the singular aloe in two syllables, we ought to form the plural accord- ing to our own analogy, and pronounce it in two syllables likewise. — See Aiitijwdes. Aloetical, il-i-et-^-k^l, a. of aloes. Aloft, |-l6ftj ad On high, in Uie air. Aloft, 4-ltiftJ prep. Above. AlOGY, al-o-je, .9. Unreasonableness ; absurdity. Alone, 4-lone{ a. 545. single ; without company, solitary. Along, 4-l6ng{ ad. At length ; through any space measured lengthwise ; forward, onward; in company with. Aloof, i-loofj ad. At a distance. Aloud, i-loudj ad. Lo«dly, with a great noise. Alow, a-luj ad. In a low place, not aloft. Alpha, iV-fK, s. 84. 545. The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to our A ; tiieiefore used to signify the first. Alphabet, il-f4-bet, *. The letters, or elemenU of speech. Alphabetical, il-fi-bet^t^-kil, a. According to the series of letters. Alphabetically, ^l-M-bet^-ti-kHl-l^, ad. According to the order ol tlie letters. to the Alps. At this present time ; before the present. Als, als, ad. Also. Also, a.1' sA, ad, 84, In the same manner, likewise. Altar, al'-t&r, *. 84, 98. The plaoe where offer- Consisting chiefly Alpine, &['-mn, a. 140. Belonging Already, al-redWe, ad. 84. A ALT AMA nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil299— pound313— «Mn466,THiS4fi9. ings to heaven are laid ; the table in christian churches where the communion is administered. Altarage, al-tur-aje, s. 90. An emolument from oblations at the altar. Altar-cloth, al-tur-clSM, *. The cloth thrown over the altar in churches. To Alter, il-tur, v. a. 418. To change, to make otherwise, than it is. 7b Alter, il-tur, v. n. To become otherwise than it was, to be changed, to suffer change. Alterable, lUtur-i-bl, a. That may be altered or changed. AlteRABLENESS, al-tur-J-bl-neSS, *. The quality of being alterable. Alterably, aUtur-4-bl4, ad. In such a manner as may be altered. Alterant, ll^tur-4nt, a. 555. That which has the power of producing changes. Alteration, Hl-tur-A-shun, *. The act of altering or changing ; the change made. Alterative, ^itur-i-tiv, a. Medicines called alterative, are such as have no immediate sensible operation, but gradually gain upon the constitution. Altercation, ll-tur-kiishun, *. 84. Debate, Controversy. 03- The first syllable of this word, and of the sixteen that follow it, except although, are subject to a double pronunciation, between which it is not very easy to de- cide. There is a general rule in the language, that I, followed by another consonant, gives the preceding a its broad sound, as in salt. This rule is subject to several exceptions, 84; and if we take in these words into the exceptions, there is some doubt of the exception s be- coming the general rule. But the a in question is now so generally pronounced, as in the first syllable of alley, vallej/, &c. that we should risk the imputation of inaccu- racy to sound it otherwise. Mr. Sheridan, Pr. Kenrick, and Mr. Scott, are uniformly for this fourth sound of a. Mr. Perry marks all with the same sound, except alter- cate and altercation; and W.Johnston has only the words uliercation and alternative, which he pronounces with the third sound. It is certain that this sound of a was the true Angto-saxon sound, and it is highly probable that the fourth sound has only obtained within ttiese few years, in words obviously derived from the Latin as these are; but there seems to be agrossness in one sound, and a neatness in the other, which has so decidedly given one of them the preference. AlteRN, &-tern{ a. 84. 98. Acting by turns. Alternacy, 4l-terini-s4, *. 84. Action per- formed by turns. Alternate, Itl-terinite, a. 91. Being by turns, reciprocal. To Alternate, 4l-ter^nite, v. a. 91. To per- form alternately; to change one thing for another reciprocally. Alternately, ^-ter^nite-li, ad. in reciprocal succession. Alternateness, 4l-terinite-nes, *. Tlie quality of being alternate. Alternation, il-tur-nAUhun, s. 555. Tiie re- ciprocal succession of things. Alternative, Jl-terin^-tlv, s. 158. Tlie choice given of two things, so that if one be rejected, the other must be taken. Alternatively, lll-terini-tiv-li, ad By turns, • reciprocally. Alternativeness, il-terini-tiv-nes, *. The quality or state of being alternative. — Seer Altercation. AlterNITY, ll-ter^n^-ti, s. 98. Reciprocal suc- cession, vicissitude. Although, al-TniJ conj. 84. Notwithstanding, however. Altiloquence, M-txl^li-kwense, *. 98. Pompous language. Altimetry, 4l-timiini-tr^, s. 518. The art of taking or measuring altitudes or heights. Altisonant, 4l-t1s^s6-n^nt, a. 518. Hlijh sounding, pompous in sound. Altitude, iUti-tiide, *. Height of place, apace tnea«ured upward ; the elevation of any of the heaven- 19 ly bodies above the horizon ; situation with regard to lower things ; height of excellence ; highest point. Altogether, il-ti-geTH-ur, ad. Completely, without restriction, without exception. AlUDEL, al-i-del, *. Aludels are subliming pots used in chymistry, fitted into one another without luting. Alum, il-Ium, S. A kind of mineral salt, of an acid taste. Alum-stone, il-lum-stone, s. a stone or calx used in surgery. Aluminous, 4l-lu^mi-nus, a. Relating to alum, or consisting of alum. Always, iUwAze, ad. 84. Perpetually, through out all time; constantly, without variation. Am, 4m. The first person of the verb To be. AmABILITY, 4m-4-blIi4-t^, *. 511. 627. Love- liness. Amadetto, 4m-l-detit6, "I _.„ Amadot, am'-i-d$t, / *• ^^^- ^ ^" '^^ P^^"-' Amain, 4-m4ne{ ad. With vehemence, with vigour. Amalgam, 4-mil-g4m, ") • Amalgama, 4-m4l-g4-in4, J *' The mixture of metals procured by amalgamation. Amalgamation, 4-m4l-g4-m;Vshun, *. 84, The act or practice of amalgamating metals. — See Alteration. To Amalgamate, 4-m4l-e4-inite, v. a. To unite metals with quicksilver. Amandation, 4n]-4n-d4i^sbun, *. 527. The ac» of sending on a message. Amanuensis, 4-ni4n-u-en-sis, *. a person who writes what another dictates. Amaranth, im^i-rdllM, S. The name of a plant- in poetry, an imaginary flower unfading. Amaranthine, Am-k-rkn'-thlu, a. 150. Consisting of amaranths. 03- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Perry, pro- nounce the t in the last syllable of this word shoit, as it is here marked. Amaritude, l-m4rir4-tude, s. 81. Bittemew. To Amass, 4-m4s' v. a. To collect together into one heap or mass ; to add one thing to another. Amassment, 4-m4siment, s. a heap, an accumu- lation. (t5- This word is spelled with one s by Dr. Johnson, but undoubtedly ought to have double t as well as cess- ment, embosimenf, and embarrassment. To Am ATE, A-mAtef v. a. To terrify, to strike nrith horror. Amateur, 4m-4-tireJ S. A lover of any particular art or science; not a professor. (K?- As this is a Frenoh word, it will be expected that every polite speaker should give the last syllable the French sound ; that wliich I have given, though not the exact pronunciation, approaches nearest to it. AmatoriAL, im-4-tiir^-4i, a. Concerning love. Amatory, imi4.-tur-ri, a, 512. 555. Relating to love. Amaurosis, 4in-^u-r&-sis, s. 520. A dimness of sight, not from any visible defect in the eye, but from some distemperature in the inner parts, occasioning the representations of flies and dust float inir before the eyes. To Amaze, H-mizeJ v. a. To confuse with teiror j to put into confusion with wonder ; to put into per- plexity. Amaze, i-mize^ s. AstonUtiment,conAision, either of fear or wonder. Amazedly, Itrxai-ezd-lkf ad. 364. Confusedly, with amazement. Amazedness, i-mi^zed-nes, s. 365. The state of being amazed, wonder, confusion. Amazement, 4-mizeiment, s. Confused appre- hension, extreme fear, horror ; extreme dejection j height of admiration ; wonder at an unexpected event. Amazing, k-mk-zlng, part. a. "Wonderful, astonishing. AMB AME 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 81— mc 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164 AmBLINGLY, imibling-le, ad. With an ambling movement. Ambrosia, tm-hrh'-zhh-K, s. 505. The imaginary food of the gods ; the name of a plant. Ctj" Mr. Sheridan has pronounced this and the follow, ing word am-6ro-sAa and am-bro-shal. Dr. Kenrlck has divided them into the same number of syllables, but has given the s the flat aspiration, like zh. That this is the true sound, see letter S. No. 453 ; and that these words ought to be divided into four syllables, see Syllabication, No. i42, 543. Ambrosial, ^m-broizhJ-Jl, a. Partaking of the nature or quality of ambrosia ; delicious. Ambry, im-bre, S. The place where alms arc dis- tributed ; the place where plate, and utensils for house- keeping, are kept. Ambs-ace, amz-ase{ s. 347. A double ace, aces. Ambulation, ^m-bu-lA-shun, s. The act of walking. Ambulatory, ^mibu-]^-tur-re, a, 512. Having the power or faculty of walking. Ambury, .W^bu-r^, *. A bloody wart on a horse's body. Ambuscade, ^m-biis-kadej s. A private station in which men lie to surprise others. Ambuscado, Am-bus-ka^di, s. 77. A private post, in order to surprise. Ambush, Am-biish, s, 175. The post where soldiers or assassins are placed in order to fall unex- pectedly upon an enemy ; the act of surprising another, by lying in wait; the state of lyir.g in wait. Ambushed, imibush-ud, «. 359. Placed in ambush. Ambush MENT, itmibush-ment, s. Ambush, surprise. Ambustion, Jrn-busitshun, s. 464. A bum, a scald. Amazingly, 4-ma.-2ing-l^, ad. To a degree that may excite astonishment. Amazon, Jm-H-zun, S. 166. The Amazons were a race of women famous for valour; a virago. CO" This word has the accent on the first syllable, con- trary to the Latin original, which has it on the second ; while the following word Ambages has the same penulti- mate accent, as in Latin. Ambages, am-bA-jez, s. 503. A circuit of words, a multiplicity of words. AmeaSSADE, ilm-bis-sade{ S, Embassy. Not in use. Ambassador, Sm-bls-s^-dur, s. 418. A person sent in a public manner from one sovereign power to another. — See Honour. Ambassadrfss, ^m-kts^s^-dres, s. The lady of an ambassador ; a woman sent on a message. Ambassage, Itm-bfc-saje, s. 90. An embassy. Amber, im-bur, *. 98. A ycUow transparent sub- stance of a gummous or bituminous consistence. Amber, ^ra-bur, a. Consisting of amber. Ameer-drink, Jm-bur-dnnk, s. Drink of the colour of amber. Ambergris, tm-bur-grese, s. 112. A fragrant drug that melts almost like wax, used both as a per- fume and a cordial. Amber-seed, ^m-bur-seed, s. Musk. seed; it resembles millet. Amber-tree, ^m-bur-tree, s. A shrub whose beauty is in its small evergreen leaves. Ambidexter, ^m-be-dex-ter, s. A man who has equally the use of both his hands; a man who is equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. Ambidexterity, ^m-bl-dex-ter-re-te, *. The quality of being able equally to use both hands; double dealing. Ambidextrous, ^m-bJ-dex-trns, a. Having, with equal facility, the use of either hand; double dealing, practising on both sides. Ambidextrousness, ftm-bi-dex-trus-nes, s. The quality of being ambidextrous. Ambient, imibc-ent, a. Surrounding, sing. Ambigu, ^m-be-^, S. An entertaiiunent consisting of a medley of dishes. Ambiguity, Am-b4-gu^^-t5, s. Doubtfulness of meaning; uncertainty of signification. Ambiguous, ^m-big-u-us, a. Doubtful, having two meanings ; using doubtful expressions. Ambiguously, im-big-u-iis-le, ad. In an am- biguous manner, doubtfully. Ambiguousness, Sm-big-u-us-nes, s. Uncertainty of meaning; duplicity of signification. Ambilogy, ;tm-bil-lo-j^, s. ^518. Talk of am- biguous signification. Ambiloquo'us, 5m-biKl5-kwus, a. 518, Using ambiguous expressions. AmBILOQUY, ^m-bll-i-kwe, S. 518. Ambiguity of expression. Ambit, ^m-blt, S. The compass or circuit of any thing. Ambition, ^m-blsh-un, *. 507. The desire of preferment or honour ; the desire of any thing great or excellent. Ambitious, 4in-bislx-us, a. 459. Seized or touched with ambiiion, desirous of advancement, aspiring. Ambitiously, am-blsh^us-le, ad. With eagerness of advancement or preference. ^MBITIOUSNESS, am-blsh'-US-UeS, S. The quality of being ambitious. Ambitude, jlm^bJ-tude, s. 463. Compass, circuit. To Amble, cW^bl, v. n. 405. To move upon an amble, to pace ; to move easily ; to walk daintily. Amble, ;tm-bl, s. 405. An easy pace. Ambler, iiu-blur, s. 98. A pacer. 20 encompas- Amel, ^m-mel, S. The matter with which the variegated works are overlaid, which we called en- amelled. Amen, a-menj ad. A term used in devotions, by which, at the end of a prayer, we mean, so be it; at the end of a creed, so it is. 03" This is the only word in the language that has ne- necessarily two consecutive accents. — See Principles, No. 491. Amenable, i-me-ni-bl, a. 405. Responsible, subject so as to be liable to account. -AmeNANCE, 4-m^-nSnse, S. Conduct, behaviour. To Amend, ^.-mendl v. a. To correct, to change any thing that is wrong ; to reform the life ; to restore passages in writers which the copiers are supposed to have depraved. To Amend, a-meud{ v. n. To grow better. Amendment, a-mendiment, s. A change from bad for the better; reformation of life; recovery of health ; in law, the correction of an error committed in a process. Amender, S-men-dur, s. 98. Tlie person that amends any thing. Amends, a-inends{ s. Recompense, compensation. Amenity, a-men-ne-t^, *. 511. Agreeabieness of situation. To Amerce, ^-mersej v. a. To punish with a fine or penalty. Amercer, i-murisur, s. 98. He that sets a fine upon any misdemeanor. Amercement, a-merse^ment, s. The pecuniary punishment <.>f an offender. Ames-ACE, Amz- I have accented this word on the penultimate, as Dr. Johnson and Mr. Sheridan have done; as it is a technical word, and not naturalised like metanwrphosii. —See Principles, No. 520. Ananas, i-n^-n^, 5. The pine apple. AnAPJEST, in-i-pest, S, A foot consisting of three 22 syllables } two short and one long ; the reverse of the dactyle. AnapjESTIC, in-i-pes^tik, a. Belonging to aa anapxst. Anaphora, i-nif^fS-ri, *. 92. A figure when several clauses of a sentence are begun with the same word. Anarch, in-Jrk, s. 353. An author of confusion. Anarchial, i-nar-k^-il, "I Anarchic, i-nar'-kik, / Confused, without rule. Anarchy, In^ir-k^, s. Want of goverment, a state without magistracy. Anasarca, iii-i-sarikct, s. 92. A sort of dropsy, where the whole substance is stuffed with pituitous humours. Anastrophe, i-n^'-trh-f^, s. 518. A figure whereby words, which should have been precedent, arc postponed. Anathema, k-n^-th-h-mk, s. 92. A curse pro- nounced by ecclesiastical authority. Anathematical, kn-i-the-mit'-h-k&l, a. 509. That which has the properties of an anathema. Anathematically, kn-i-thk-mkt-l-k&l-ll, ad. In an anathematical manner. To Anathematize, in-ifA-e-mi-tIze, v. a. Ibg. To pronounce accursed by ecclesiastical authority. Anatiferous, in-i-tififi-rus, a, 518. Producing ducks. Anatocism, A-n^t-ti-sizm, s. The accumulation of interest upon insterest. Anatomical, Hn-J-tSm-i-kil, a. Relating or belonging to anatomy; proceeding upon principles taught in anatomy. Anatomically, kn-i-ttm-k-klil-lk, ad. In an anatomical manner. Anatomist, 4-nJt-6-mist, s. He that studies the structure of animal bodies, ly means of dissection. To Anatomize, 4-n4t^ti-mlze, v. a. To dissect an animal ; to lay any thing open distinctly, and by minute parts. Anatomy, k-nit^-h-mh, s. 518. The art of dis- secting the body j the doctrine of the structure of the body; the act of dividing any thing; a skeleton; a thin meagre person. Ancestor, sln-ses-tur, s. 98. One from whom a person descends. AnceSTREL, in-seS-trel, a. Claimed from an- cestors. ANCtlSTRY, Sn-ses-tri, S. Lineage, a series of an- cestors ; the honour of descent, birth. Anchentry, ine^tshen-tre, *. Antiquity of a family, projjerly ancientry. Anchor, iiigk-ur, *. 353.418. A heavy iron, to hold the ship, by being fixed to the ground ; any thing which confers stability. Jb Anchor, ingk-ur, «. n. 166. To cast anchor, to lie at anchor 5 to stop at, to rest on. Anchorage, 4ngk-ur-idje, s. 90. Ground to cast anchor upon ; the anchors of a ship ; a duty paid for anchoring in a port. Anchor-hold, ingk^ur-hold, *. The hold or fastness of the anchor. Anchored, 4ngk^ur-red, par^ a. 353. Held by the anchor. Anchoret, angk-6-ret, 1 ^ Anchorite, kngk-h-Ate, 155. J A recluse, a hermit. Anchovy, in-tsho-v^, s. A little sea fish, much used by way of sauce, or seasoning. Ancient, Ane^tshent, a. 542. Old, not modern; old, that has been of long duration ; past, former. Ancient, ine-tshent, S. The flag or streamer of a ship. Ancient, ineitsheilt, S. The bearer of a flag, now ensign. ANG ANK nSr 167, nJt 163; tibe 171> tub 172, bull 173 ; oil 299 ; p8&nd 313 ; thin 466, THi8469.' Anciently, ine-tshent-1^, ad. In old times, Ancientness, ine-tshent-nes, s. Antiquity, Ancientry, aneitshen-tr^, s. The honour of ancient lineage. Ancillary, ^n-sil-^-ri, a. Subservient as a handmaid. —See Maxillary and PapiUary. And, and, conj. The particle by which sentences or terms are joined. Andiron, indil-urn, s. 417. Irons at tlie end of a fire-grate, in which the spit turns. AndrogyNAL, in-dridjei^-nil, a. Hermaphro- ditical ; partaking of both sexes. Androginally, tn-drijeie-nll-l^, ad. With two sexes. Androgynus, Jn-drftdje^e-nus,*, 482. An hcr- maplirodite. AndROPHAGUS, lln-dr8fi4-gUS, *. 518. A can- nibal, a man eater. Plural, Andu/phagi. Anecdote, 4n-ek-dote, *. Something yet un- published; secret history. Anecdotical, 4n-ek-d&t-4-k4l, o. Relative to anecdotes. Anemograph Y, 4ri-i-m&g-gr4-fiJ, «. 518, The description of the winds. Anemometer, ^n-^-mftm-mi-ter, s. 518. An instrument contrived to measure llic wind. Anemone, 4-nem-i-n^, *. The wind flower. Anemoscope 4-nem-i-skipe, *. A macliine in- vented to foretel the changes of r he wind. AneNT, i-nent{ prep. A Scotticism, Concerning, about; over against, opposite to. Aneurism, ^n-u-nzm, s. 503, A disease of the arteries, in which tliey become excessively dilated. Anew, a-nu| ad. Over again, another time , newly, in a new manner. Anfractuousness, An-frikitshu-us-ness, *. 461. Fullness of windings and turnings. Angel, Ane'jel, *. 542. Originally a messenger; a spirit employed by God in human affairs : ai^gel is sometimes used in a bad sense, as, angcU nf darkness : in the style of love, a beautiful person : a piece of ancient money. — See Change. Angel-shot, ine'-jel-shftt, *•. Chain shot, Angelica, an-jeUe-kd, s. 92, The name of a plant. Angelical, in-jeKi-k^l, a, 509. Resembling angels; partaking of the nature of angels; belonging to angels. Angelicalness, Jn-jeUl^-k4l-nes, s. Excellence more than human. AngelicK, in-jel-llk, a. 508. Angelical ; above human. AngelOT, an-je-lot, s. A musical instrument somewliat resembling a lute. Anger, Jngigur, S. 409. 98. Uneasiness upon the receipt of any injury ; smart of a sore. To Anger, ing^gur, v. a. To provoke, to enrage. Angerly, ^ng-gur-l^, ad. In an angry manner. Angiography, 4ii-j^-6gigrlL-f^, *. a description of vessels in the human body. Angle, Ungigl, s. 405. The space intercepted between two lines intersecting each other. Angle, ang-gl, S. An instrument to take fish, con- sisting of a rod, a line, and a hook. To Angle, ing^gl, v. a. To fish with a rod and hook ; to try to gain by some insinuating artifices. Angle-rod, 4ng^gl-rid, s. The stick to which the fisher's line and hook are hung. Angler, Ing^glur, s. 98. He that fishes with an angle. Anglicism, 4ngigl^-sizm, *, An English idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to the English. AngOBER, 3ngigO-bur, S. 98. A kind of pear. Angrily, 4ng-grc-Ie, ad. in an angry manner, 23 Angry, ^ngigr^, a. 409. Touched with anger ^ having tlie appearance of anger; painful, inflamed. Anguish, Sng^gwlsh, s. 340. Excessive pdn either of mind or body. Anguished, ing^gwish-ed, a. 359, Excessively pained. Angular, ing^gi-lur, a. 98. Having angles or corners. Angularity, ^ng-gi-lir^^tl, s. The quality of being angular. Angularly, IngigA-lur-l^, ad. With angles. Angularness, Arig^gu-lur-nes, s. The quality of being angular. AngulaTED, Allgi^-li-ted,a.Formed with angles. Angulous, dny^gu-lus, a. 314. Hooked, angular. Angust, iu-gust{ a. 409- 98. Narrow, strait. Angustation, in-gus-tAishun, s. The act of making narrow ; the state of being narrowed. Anhelation, :1n-h^-lA-shun, *. The act of panting. Aniielose, in-he-lisej a. Out of breath. Aniented, ^n-^-en-ted, a. Frustrated. Anights, A-nItes{ ad. In the night time. Anil, in-il, *. The shrub from whose leaves and italics indigo is prepared. Anileness, 4-nIleines, "I Anility, 4-nii-I^-t^, ' / The old age of women. Animable, tnQi-rak-h\, a. 405. may be put into life. Animadversion, Hn-i-mid-ver^shun, s. Reproof; severe censure; observation. Animadversive, iln-i-m^d-verisiv, a. 428. That has the power of judging. To Animadvert, In-^-mid-vertJ v. n. To con- sider ; to observe ; to pass censures upon. Animadverter, in-l-mid-ver-tur, s. He that passes censures, or observes upon. Animal, Inil-mil, s. A living creature, corporeal: by way of contempt, we say a stupid man is an animal. Animal, \n'-h-mti\, a. That belongs or relates to animals : animal is jused in opposition to spiritua!. Animalcule, in-i-mil^kile, s. A small animal. (!CJ» This word is derived from the French, and forms its plural by adding s; but this plural is sometimes ex- pressed by the Latin word animalcula, which being mis- taken for a singular by those who have but a faint me- s. 530. That which mory of their accidence, is sometimes made plural by the change of a into ar#. a. Lively, vigorous. Animation, ia-i-mi-shun, *, The act of animat- ing or enlivening; that which animates ; the state of being enlivened. Animative, kn'-it-Tak-tiv, a. 157. Tliat has the power of giving life. Animator, 4ni^-mi-tur, s. 521, That which gives life. Animose, 4n-i-ni6se| a. 427- Full of spirit, hot. Animosity, in-i-mSsis^-t^, *. vehemence of liafred ; passionate malignity. Anise, in^nis, s. 140. A species of apium or parsley, with large sweet-scented seeds. Anker, ^ngk-iir, *. 98. 409, A liquid measure the fourth part oi the awm. ANN ANT ft> 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit Sl—ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 IS'2, move 1 64, Ankle, Ink-kl, s. 405. The joint which joins the foot to the leg. Ankle-bone, Ink^kl-bine, *. The bone of the ankle. Annalist, In^nl-list, s. a writer of annals. Annals, an-nilz, S, Histories digested in the exact order of time. Annats, In-nJts, S. First fruits. To Anneal, In-neleJ v. a. To heat glass that the colours laid on it may pierce through ; to heat any thing in such a manner as to give it the true temper. To Annex, In-neksJ v. a. To unite to at the end ; to unite a smaller thing to a greater. Annexation, ^n-nek-si-shun, s. Conjunction, addition; union, coalition. Annexion, In-nek-shun, s. Tiie act of annexing, AnneXMENT, In-neks-ment, S. TIjc act of an- nexing ; tlie thing annexed. Annihilable, in-ni-h^-ll-bl, a. That which may be put out of existence. To Annihilate, 4n-nl-he-late, v. a. To reduce to nothing; to destroy; to annul. Q^ Englishmen who have been bred in foreign semi- naries, where they pronounce the i in Latin liiicc, gene- rally pronounce this word as if written an-ne-'ir-lale, be- cause they pronounce the Latin word from which it is de- rived in the same manner; but Englishmen, educated in their own countrj', pronounce tlie i, when it ends a sylla- ble, with the accent on it, both in Latin and Englisli, as it is here marked. Annihilation, in-nl-he-la^sliun, s. The act of reducing to nothing, the state of being reduced to nothing. Anniversary, In-nJ-vei^sl-rJ, s. A day cele- brated as it returns in the course of the year; tlie act of celebration of the anniversary. Anniversary, Sn-nJ-ver-sl-r^, a. Returning with the revolution of the year ; annual. Anno Domini, ln-ni-dom-^-n5. In tlie year of our Lord. Annolis, In-n6-lis, S. An American animal like a lizard. Annotation, In-nS-ta^shun, s. Explication ; note. Annotator, iln-iio-ti-tur, 5. 521. A writer of notes, a commentator. To Announce, ^n-nounse| v. a. To publish, to proclaim ; to declare by a judicial sentence. To Annoy, ^ii-noej v. a. 329. To incommode, to vex. Annoy, ^n-nol', S. Injurj-, molestation. Annoyance, Jn-noe-Ansc, s. That which annoys; the act of annoying. Annoyer, ;tn-noeiur, s. 98. The person that annoys. Annual, In-nu-il, a. That which comes yearly; that which is reckoned by the year; that which lasts only a year. Annually, In-nu-^l-le, ad. Yearly, every year. Annuitant, Sn-nu-^-t^nt, s. He that possesses or receives an annuity. Annuity, In-nil-e-t^, s. A yearly rent to be paid for a term of life or years ; a yearly allowance. To Annul, ^n-nul5 v. a. To make void, to nullify; to reduce to nothing. Annular, ^n^nu-lir, a. 98. Having the form of a ring. Annulary, In-ni-ll-ii, a. Having tlie form of rings. Annulet, In^nu-let, s, A little ring. 7h Annumerate, In-nitm^-rAte, v. a, 91* To add to a former number. Annumeration, In-nu-m4-ri-shun, s. Addition to a former number. To Annunciate, jln-nunishi-dte, v. a, 91, 357. lUO. To bring tidings, 24 Annunciation-day, In-nun-she-aishun-dA, s. The day celebrated by the church, in mcmoiy of tlie Angel's salutation ot the Blessed Virgin, solemnized on the twenty-fifth of March. Anodyne, an-o-dlne, a. That which lias the power of mitigating pain. To Anoint, l-nointj v. a. To mb over with unctuous matter ; to consecrate by unction. AnoiNTER, 3,-noin-tur, s. The person that anoints. AnoMALISM, l-nftm-l-lizm, S. Anomaly, irre- gularity. Anomalistical, 3.-n8m-J-lis^te-kll, a. 509. Irregular. Anomalous, l-nSm-5.-luS, a. irregular, deviat- ing from the general method or analogy of things. Anomalously, l-n8m-i-lus-le, ad. irregularly Anomaly, i-n6mi|l-l4, S. Irregularity, deviation from rule. Anomy, In-o-me, S. Breach of law. Anon, a-nonj ad. Quickly, soon ; now and then. Anonymous, 4-nftn-i-mus, a. Wanting a name. Anonymously, 4-n8ni^-mus-l^, ad. Without a name. Anorexy, in-n6-rek-se, s. 517. Inappetency. Another, in-uTH-ur, «. 98. Not the same, one more; any other; not one's self; widely different. Ansated, In-si-ted, a. Having handles. To Answer, an^sttr, v. n. 475. 98. To speak in return to a question ; to speak in opposition ; to be accountable for; to give an account ; to correspond to, to suit with ; to be equivalent to ; to satisfy any claim or petition ; to stand as opposite or correlative to something else; to bear proportion to; to succeed, to produce the wished event; to appear to any call, or authoritative summons. Answer, ^n^sur, *. 475. That which is said ui return to a question, or position; a confutation of a charge. Answerable, in-siir-A-bl, a. 475. That to which a reply may be made; obliged to give an ac- count; correspondent to pruportionate to ; equal to. AnsWERABLY, ^n-Sur-A-blc, ad. In due pro- portion ; with proper correspondence; suitably. Answerableness, in-sur-il-bl-nes, *. The quality of being answerable. Answerer, lii-sur-ur, *. 554. He that answers ; he that manages the controversy against one that has written first. Ant, ant, s. An emmet, a pismire. Ant-bear, int-bire, S. An animal that feeds on ants. Ant-hill, JntUnll, s. The small protuberance of earth in which ants make their nests. Antagonist, An-tAg-tVmst, *. One who con- tends with another, an opponent; contrary to. To Antagonize, In-tig-o-nize, v. n. To con- tend against another. Antanaclasis, Int-l-nl-kla-sis, s. A figure in- rhetorick, when thcsame word isrepeated in a dilferent manner, if not in a contrary signification ; it is also a returning to the matter at the end of along parenthesis. Antaphroditick, Ant-i-fro-dit-ik, a. Efficacious against the venereal disease. Antapoplectick, 4nt-^p-p6-plek-tik, a. Good against an apoplexy. Antarctick, in-tark-tik, a. Relating to the southern pole. Antarthritick, Int-ar-^/ii'it^ik, a. Good against the gout. Antasthmatick, Unt-lst-mit'ik, a. Good against the asthma. Anteact, in^te-4kt, s. A former act. Anteambulation, In-t5-lm-bi-li^shun, s. A walking before. To Antecede, ^-ti-s5de{ v, a. To precede; to go before. ANT ANT nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— #/tin466, THis4()9. Antecedence, Sn-t^-s^idense, *. The act or state of going before. A.NTECEDENT, in-t^-s^^dent, a. Going before, preceding. Antecedent, Sn-ti-se^dent, s. Tiiat whicii goes before ; in grammar, the noun to which the relative is subjoined. Antecedently, ^n-t^-se-dent-l5, ad. Previously. Antecessor, 4n-t^-ses-sur, s. One who goei before, or leads another. Antechamber, Jn-t^-tshim-bur,s. The chamber that leads to the chief apartment. — See Chamber. To Antedate, ^n-te-dite, v. a. To date earlier than the real time; to date something before the proper time. Antediluvian, ^n-ti-de-lu^vi-ln, a. Existing before the deluge j relating to things existing before tlie deluge. Antelope, 4n-t^-lipe, s. A goat with curled or wreathed horns. Antemeridian, Sn-t^-m^-ridji^-in, a. 294. 376.507. Being before noon. Antemetick, Snt-i-met-ik, a, Tliat has the power of preventing or stopping vomiting. \ntemundane, ^n-ti-munidAne, a. Tliat which was before the world. Antepast, 4n-te-p^t, s. A fore-taste. Antepenult, An-te-p^-nult{ s. Tlie last syllable but two. Antepileptick, int-ep-i-lepitik, a. A medicine against convulsions. To Antepone, ^n-ti-p6ne, v. a. To prefer one thing to another. Antepredicament, ^n-ti-pri-dikii-ment, s. Something previous to tlie doctrine of the predica- ments. Anteriority, kn-tl-rl-tr-k-tl, s. Priority; the state of being before. Anteriour, 4n-ti-ri-ur, a. Ooing before. 03- Now more commonly and better written Anterior. Antes, ^n-t^Z, S, PiUars of large dimensions that support the front of a building. Antestomach, in-t^-stumiuk, « 166. Acavitv 'Iiat leads into the stomach. Anthelminth ck, Xa-thel-mln-thik a. That which kills worms. Anthem, in-Mem, s. A holy song. Anthology, ^n-thiV-h-^k, s. 518. A collection of flowers; a collection of devotions; a collection of poems. Anthony's Fire, in-ti-niz-flre{ s. A kind of erysipelas. Anthrax, Kn-thr^ks, s. A scab or blotch which burns the skin. Anthropology, knUhrh-^i\-h-jk, s. The doctrine of anatomy. Anthropophagi, in-^ArJ-pftP-J-ji, «. Man-eaters, cannibals. ANTHRopoPHAGiNiAN,^ni An-tif^o-ne, s, Antiphone, J An echo. The method of singing by way of response. Antiphrasis, 3.n-tififri-sis, *. 519. The use of words in a sense opposite to their meaning. Antipodal, 5n-tip-i-d4l, a. 518. Relating to the antipodes. Antipodes, in-tip-i-dez, s. Those jjeople who, living on the other side of the globe, have their feet directly opposite to ours. CO» We frequently hear disputes whether this word should be pronounced in four syllables, as it is here, with the accent on the second, or in three, as if divided into an-ti-pudes, with the accent on the tirst syllable, and the last rhyming with abodes. To solve the difftculty it must be observed, that the word is pure Latin ; and that when we adopt such words into our own language, we seldom alter the accent. If, indeed, the singular of this word were in use like satellite, 155, then we ought to form the plural regularly, and pronounce it in three syl- lables only; but as it is always used in the plural, and I is perfect Latin, we ought to pronounce it in four. APA APO ts- 559. Fite 73, f&r77, fall 83, f4t 81— m^93, met 95— -pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, Apart, i-partj ad. Separately from the rest in place ; in a state of distinction ; at a distance retired from llie other company. Apartment, i-part^ment, *. A room ; a set of rooms. Apathy, ap-a-/Ae, S. Exemption from passion. Ape, ape, s, A Icind of monltey; an imitator. To Ape, ape, v. a. To imitate, as an ape imitates liumaii actions. Apeak, a-peke{ ad. In a posture to pierce the ground. ApePSY, Sp-ep-s4, S. 503. A loss of natural con- coction. Aperient, J-peir^-ent, a. Gently purgative. Aperitive, a-per-e-tiv, a. That which has the quality of opening. Apert, ^-pertj a. Open. ApertioN, A-lJer-shlin, *. An opening, a passage, a gap; the act of opening. Apertly, a-pert-1^, ad. Openly. ApERTNESS, 4-pert-IieS, S. Openness. Aperture, ip'ur-tshure, s. 4(70. 463. The act of opening ; an open place. Apetalous, ^-pet-^-lus, a. 314. Without flower-leaves. Apex, A-peks, *. The tip or point. Aph^RESIS, cl-fei-i^-sis, s. 124. A figure in grammar that takes away a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word. Aphelion, i-fjile-un, *. That part of the orbit of a planet in which it is at the point remotest from the sun. Aphilanthropy, if^i-lin-Mro-p^, *. Want of love to mankind. Aphorism, ^f-h-rizm, s. 503. A maxim, an un- connected position. ApHORISTICAL, if-i-ns-te-k^l, a. Written in separate unconnected sentt-nces. Aphoristically, ;tf-i-ris-te-k^l-l^, ad. In the form of an aphorism. Aphrodisiacal, af^fro-de-zi-i-kil, Aphrodisiack, 4f^fro-ilizh-e-^k, 451. Relating to the venereal disease. Apiary, a-pe-i-re, s. 534. The place where bees are kept. Apiece, i-peese( ad. To the part or share of each. Api.SII, R-ptsll, «. Having the qualities of an ape, imitative; foppish, atl'ecttd ; silly, trifling; wanton, playful. Apish LY, A-pish-le, ad. In an apish manner. ApishneSS, A-pisli-nes, *. Mimickry, foppery. ApiTPAT, ^-pit-p;lt, ad. With quick palpitation. Apocalypse, 4-pSk-A-lips, *. Revelation, a word used only of the sacred writinps. Apocalyptical, ^-pSk-^-lip-t^-kil, a. Containing revelation. Apocope, 3,-p&k-o-pe, *. A figure, when the last letter or syllable is taken away. ApocrusticK, Ap-0-krus-tlk, a. Repelling and astringent. Apocrypha, l-pSk-re-ll, s. 92. Books added to the sacred writines, of .Imibtfiil aulliors. Apocryphal, i-pok-r^-f^l, a. Not canonical, of uncertain auiliuriiy ; ccnliiiiiL-d in the Apocrypha. Apocryphally, i-pik-re-fll-l^, ad. Uncertainly. Apocryphalness, a-pSk-re-ill-ncs, s. Uncertainty. Apodictical, ap-i-dikite-kil, a. Demonstrative. Apodixis, ip-i-dik-SlS, *. 527. Demonstration. Apogeon, ip-i-'e-6n, 527. \ js. " To counterpoise thii hero of the mode, ** Some for renown are singular and odd ; " What other men dislike is sure to please, '* Of all mankind, these dear antipodes; ** Through pride, not malice, they run counter still, " And birth-days are their days of dressing ill." Yuung's Love of Fame. AntipoPE, in-t^-p6pe, S. He that usurps the popedom. AntiPTOSIS, ^n-tip-ti^SlS, S. 520. a figure in grammar by which one case is put for another. Antiquary, ^n-te-kwi-re, s. A man studious of antiquity. 7b Antiquate, ^n^te-kwAte, v. a. To make obsolete. Antiquatedess, ^n-ti-kwi-ted-nes, s. The state of being obsolete. Antique, ^n-teek( a. 112. Ancient, not modem; of genuine antiquity ; of old fashion. Antique, ^n-teek{ 5. 112. An antiqu'.ty, a remain of ancient times. Antiqueness, in-teek-nes, s. The quality of being antique. Antiquity, ^n-tik-kw^-te, s, Old times; the ancients; remains of old times ; old age. Antiscorbutical, ^n^t^-skor-buit^-kll, a. Good against the scurvy. AnTISPASIS, In-tlS-p^-SlS, S. The revulsion of any humour. Antispasmodick, ^n^te-sp^z-mSd^ik, a. That which has the power ofrelieving the cramp. Antispastick, iii-ti-spis-tik, a. Aledicines which cause a revulsion. Antisplenetick, in't^-splen^^-tik, a. Efficacious in diseases of the spleen. AntiSTROPHE, ill-tis-tri-f4, s. In an ode sung in parts , the second stanza of every three. Antistrumatick, initi-stru-mat'ik, a. Good against the king's evil. Antithesis, in-tl^A-e-SlS,*. Opposition; contrast. Antitype, in^t^-tlne, *. Tliat which is resembled or shadowed out by the type. A term of theology. L, ^n-t^-tip-e-k^l, a. That which Antitypical, an-t6-tip- explains the type. Antivenereal, in-t4-vi-neire-il, a. Good against the venereal disease. Antler, ^llt'lur, *. Branch of a stag's liorn. AntOECI, 4n-t^^isl, S. 296. Those inhabitants of the earth who live (inder the same meridian, at the same distance from the equator ; the one towards the north, and the other to the south. Antonomasia, 4n-ti-ni-mA-zhi-^, *. 453. a form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put tlie name of some dignity. We say the Orator for Cicero, 92. Antre, an-tur, *. 416. A cavern, a den. Anvil, ^n-Vll, S. The iron block on wliich the smith lays his metal to be forged; any thing on which blows are laid. Anxiety, ^ng-zi-^-t^, s. 479- 480. Trouble of mind about some future event, solicitude; depression, lowness of spirits. Anxious, ilngk-shus, a. 480. Disturbed about some uncertain event; careful, full of inquietude. Anxiously, 4ngk^shus-l^, ad. Solicitously, unquietly. Anxiousness, ^ngk-shus-nes, s. The quality of being anxious. Any, eil-n^, a. 89. Every, whoever, whatever. AoNIAN, i-i-ni-^n, a. Belonging to the hill Parnassus, the supposed residence of the muses. AORIST, A-A-rist, s. Indefinite. A tense in the Greek language. Aorta, i-or-t^, S 92. The great artery which rises immediately oif. of the left ventricle of the heart. Apace, 4-p^eJ ad. Quick, speedily ; hastily. 26 .}- Apogee, Jp-i-j^, APO APP nSr 167, n8t 163— tfibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— o!l 299— pSund 313— fAin 466, this 469. A point in the heavens, in which the sun, or a planet, is at the greatest distance possible from the earth in its whole revolution. Apologetic AL, Hp-pftl-^-jet^^-k^l, \ Apologetick, .^-p8l-A-jet^ik, / That which is said in defence of any tiling. Apologist, a-pol-O-jlSt, S, One who makes an apology. To Apologize, 4-pSK6-jlze, v. n. To plead in favour. Apologue, Sp-6-l6g, s. 338. 503. Fable, story contrived to teach some moral truth. Apology, i-p8l-i-ji, *. 518. Defence, excuse. Apomecometry, apii-m^-kSm-me-tr^, s. 527. The art of measuring things at a distance. Aponeurosis, i-p6n-nu-r6isis, s. An expansion of a nerve into a membrane. ApOPHASIS, i-p6fii-sis, S. 520. A figure by which the orator seems to wave what he would plainly in- sinuate. Apophlegmatick, Ip-i-flegimJ-tik, a. 510. Drawing away phlegm. j' Apophlegmatism, ^p-i-flegim4-dzm/«. A medicine to draw phlegm. / Apophthegm, ^y'-h-th^n\, s. 503. j A remarkable saying. '% Apophyge, i-pftfi^-jl, *. That part of a column where it begins to spring out of its base ) the spring of a column. Apophysis, 4-p6f^4-sis, s. 520. The prominent parts of some bones ; the same as process. Apoplectical, 4p-i-plek-ti-kil, "I Apoplectick, 4p-i-plek-tik, J Relating to an apoplexy. Apoplexy, ip^i-plek-s4, s. 517. A sudden deprivation of all sensation. Aporia, i-pAiri-4, s. 505. 92. A figure by which the speaker doubts where to begin. Aporrhoea, kp-ftr-ri-i, s. 92. Effluvium, emanation. Aposiopesis, i-p6zh-i-i-pi-sis, s. 520. 526. A form of speech, ny which the speaker, through some affection or vehemency, breaks off his speech. ApoSTACY, i-pSsitJ-si, *. Departure from what a man has professed ; it is generally applied to religion. Apostate, 4-p8s-tite, *. 91. One that has for- saken his religion. Apostatical, 4p-p8s-titii-k4l, a. After the manner of an apostate. To Apostatize, i-^iSs^ti-tlze, v. n. To forsake one's religion. To Apostemate, a-p6s-tl-mAte, v. n, 91. To swell and corrupt into matter. Apostemation, a-p8s-ti-miishun, s. Tlie gathering of a hollow purulent tumour. Aposteme, 4p-i-st^me, *. 503. A hollow swell- ing, an abscess. Apostle, i-p6s-sl, s. 472. 405. A person sent with mandates, particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach the gospel, (t^- This word is sometimes heard in the pulpit, as if divided into a-po-stU ; the second syllable like the first of po-et. If the long quantity of the o, in the Latin apo- stolus, is urged for a similar length of the English apostie, et usonly turn to No. £i37 of the Principles, and we shall see the futility of arguing from the Latin quantity to ours. If these reasons are not satisfactory, it is hoped that those who are abettors of this singular pronunci- ation will alter e-pis-tle into e-pi-stle, the second syllable like pie, and then their reasoning and practice will be uniform. Apostleship, J-pSsisl-ship, s. The office or dignity of an apostle. Apostolical, ip-pSs-tSl^-k4l, a. Delivered by the apostles. Apostolically, ^p-&s-t8lii-k4l-li, ad. In the niannei -Aie, v. a. To address by an apostrophe. Apo.STUME, 4p-o-stume, s. 503. A hollow tumour filled with purulent matter. Apothecary, i-\>tth'-^-kk-rk, s. 470. A man wiiose employment is to keep medicines for sale. 03> There is a corrupt pronunciation of this word, not confined to the vulgar, as if it were written Apotetary. Apothegm, Apio-fAeiu, *. 503. a remarkable saying. Apotheosis, 4p-i-*Ai-i-sis, s. Deification. (J:5- This word, like Metamorphosis, has deserted .ts Latin accentuation on the pemiltimate syllable, and re- turned to its original Greek accent en the antepenulti- mate. See Principles, No. 503, page 72. The other words of this termination, as Jnadiplosis, Antiptosis, &c. retain the Latin accent, though all these words in Greek have the accent on the antepenultimate. This accentu- ation on the antepenultimate i« soagreeabletothe genius of our own tongue, that it is no wonder it is so prevalent. Johnson, Slicridan, Kenrick, Aj.*!, Scott, Buchanan, Bailey, and Perry, have adopted it as I have done ; and only Smith, Baiclay, and Entick, accent the penulti- mate. So eminent a poet as Garth approves of the choice 1 have made, wliere lie says, " Allot! the prince of bis celestial line " An apotheosis, and rites divine " ApotoME, ^-pftt-i-m^, *. The remainder or dif- ference of two incommensurable quantities. Apozem, 4p-A-zem, s. 503. A decoction. To Appal, ip-plll,' v. a. 406, To fright, to depress. (t> Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word might more properly have been written Appale ; and we find Bacon, in his History of Henry VII. actually writes the com- pound Appalemevt. Whether Johnson founds his opinion upon the pale colour which fear generally jiroduces, or upon the derivation of the word from the French Appalir, it cannot be certainly known ; but this is certain, that this word has been so often rhymed with all, ball, fall, &c. that such a change as Dr. Johnson recommends would be attended with no small inconvenience. It may be observed too, that spelling this word with single I as he has (kue, is at variance with its general pronunci- ation : foftne C, when final, does not broaden the a like that in all, but leaves it in the sound of that vowel in fal-loui, tal-low, &c. Considering therefore that the pro- nunciation of tins word is so irrevocably fixed, it is but borrowing an I from the Latin Palleo to make the sound and the spelling exactly correspond. We are often fond of neglecting the French for the Latin etymology when there is no necessity, — in the present case such a pre- ference would he commendable. ApPALMKNT, Ap-pRlKment, g. Depression, im- pression of fcai . Appanage, ip^p^-nAje, *. 90. 503. lands set apart for the rnainieiiance of younger children. Apparatus, Ap-pi-i a-tus, s. Those things which are provided f< r the accomplishment of any purpose; as the tools of a trade, the furniture of a house; equi- page, show. Apparel, ip-pir^el, S. Dress, vesture ; external habiliments. To Apparel, ip-pir^el, v. a. To dress, to clothe j to cover, or deck. Apparent, ip-pi-rent, a. Plain, indubitable seeming, not real; visible; open, discoverable; cer- tain, not presumptive. Apparently, Hp-pairent-lJ, ad. Evidently, openly. Apparition, 4p-pi-nsh-un, s. Appearance, visi- bility: a visible object; a spectre, a walking spirit, somuthing only apparent, not real ; the visibility c* some luminary. Apparitor, 4p-pir-^-tur, s. 98. Tiie lowguj officer of the ecclesiastical court. APP APP (»• 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, To AppAY, ip-pa^ V. a. To satisfy. To Appeach, ^p-pitsh{ V. a. To accuse ; to censure, to reproach. Appeachment, Rp-petsh-ment, s. Charge ex- liibited against any man. To Appeal, Sp-pele5 v. n. To transfer a cause from one to another; to call another as witness. Appeal, ^p-pele{ *. A removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior court; in the common law, an accusation ; a call upon any as witness. AppealANT, ip-pel'-lint, S. He that appeals. To Appear, ip-pere' v. n. To be in sight, to be visible ; to become visible as a spirit ; to exhibit one's self before a court; to seem, in opposition to reality ; to be plain beyond dispute. Appearance, ^p-pJ-rinse, s. Tiie act of coming into sight; the thing seen; semblance, not reality; ' outside show; entry into a place or company; exhi- bition of the person to a court; presence, mien; pro- bability, likelihood. Appearer, ^p-pe^rar, s. 98. The person that appears. Appeasable, ip-pMzl-bl, a. 405. Reconcilable. Appeasableness, Ip-pe-zJ-bl-nes, s. Reconcilableness. To Appease, Sp-pezeJ v. a. To (luiet, to put in a state of peace ; to pacify, to reconcile. Appeasement, ip-peze-ment, s. a state of peace. AppeASER, ip-pe-zur, S. 98. He that pacifies, he that quiets disturbances. Appellant, tlp-pel-l4nt, S. A challenger; one that appeals from a lower to a higher power. Appellate, ^p-pel-late, s. 91. The person appealed against. Appellation, ^p-pel-la-shun, s. Name. Appellative, ap-pel-l^-tiv, s. 157. A name common to all of the same kind or species; as man, hoi-se. Appellatively, ^p-peKl^-tiv-le, ad. According to the manner of nouns appellative. Appellatory, ^p-peUl^-tur-ri, a. 512. That which contains an appeal. Appellee, a-pel-lej s. One who is accused. To Append, Ap-pend{ v. a. To hang any thing upon another ; to add to something as an accessory. Appendage, ^p-pen-dAje, s. 90. Something added to another thing, without being necessary to its essence. Appendant, itp-pen-d^nt, a. Hanging to some- thing else : annexed, concomitant. Appendant, ^p-pen-dilnt, s. An accidental or adventitious part. To Appendicate, ^p-pen-de-kite, v. a. 91. To add to another thing. Appendi CATION, ^p-pen-dJ-kA-shun, s. 459. Annexion. Appendix, ip-pen^diks, s. Something appended or added ; an adjunct or concomitant. 7b Appertain, Sp-per-taneJ v. n. To belong to as of nght ; to belong to by nature. Appertainment, 4p-per-tane-ment, s. That which belongs to any rank or dignity. Appertenance, itp-pei-iti-niuse, *. That which belongs to another thing. Appertinent, Sp-per-ti-nent, a. Belonging, relating to. Appetence, ap-p^-tense, ") Carnal desire. Appetency, ip^pe-ten-si, Appetibility, Sp-pet-te-bil-i-ti, *. The quality of being desirable. Appetible, ^p-p6-t^-bl, a. 405. Desirable. Appetite, ilp^pe-tke, s. 155. The natural desire of good J the desire of sensual pleasure} violent long- ing) keenness of stomach, hunger. 23 Appetition, ^p-p^-tTsh-un, s. 507. Bcsire. Appetitive, ap-pe-t^-tiv, a. That desires. To Applaud, ^p-plawdj v. a. To praise by clapping the hands; to praise in general. Applauder, 5p-plaw-dur, s. 98. He that praises or commends. Applause, ip-plawz{ s. Approbation loudly ex- pressed. Applausive, 5p-plaw^ziv, a. 428. Applauding. Apple, ap-pl, s. 405. The fruit of the apple-tree • the pupil of the eye. Applewoman, ip-pl-wum-un, s. A woman thf.t sells apples. Appliable, ^p-pll-i-bl, a. 405. That which may be applied. Appliance, itp-plMnse, s. The act of applying, the thing applied. Applicability, ipiple-ka-bil-i-ti, «. Thequaiity of being fit to be applied. Applicable, ^p-ple-kJ-bl, a. That which may be applied. Applicableness, apiple-ka-bl-nes, s. Fitness to be applied. Applicably, ap-pl^-k^-ble, ad. In such manner as that it may be properly applied. Applicate, ^p-ple-kate, s. 91. A right line drawn across a curve, so as to bisect the diameter. Application, ^p-ple-ka-shun, S. The act of ap- plying any thing to another; the thing applied; the act of applying to any person as a petitioner; the em- ployment of any means for a certain end ; intensenes* of thought, close study; attention to some particular affair. Applicative, ^p-ple-ki-tiv, a. 512. Belonging to application. Applicatory, -oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, miS 469 the just price of any thing, as nearly synonimous to tlie English word to estimate. Appreciable, ilp-pr^-she-ft-bl, a. (t7> This word is the genuine olTspring of the former ; and if we admit the parent, we cannot refuse the child, especially as the latter seems of more use than the for- mer ; for though we may pretty well supply the place of appreciate by estimate, we have not so good a word as ap- "reciable to express the capability of being estimated. To Apprehend, ap-pr^-hend| v. a. To lay lioid on ; to seize, in order for trial or punisliment ; to con- ceive by the mind; to think on with terrour, to fear. Apprehender, ^p-pre-ht;n'dur, s. One who apprehends. Apprehensible, Ip-pre-hcn-se-bl, a. 160. That which may be apprehended or conceived. Apprehension, %>-pre-hen-shun, *. The mere contemplation of things ; opinion, sentiment, concep- tion ; the faculty by which we conceive new ideas ; fear; suspicion of something; seizure. Apprehensive, Jp-pre-hen^siv, a. 158. Quick to understand; fearful. Apprehensively, ^p-pre-hen-siv-le, ad. In an apprehensive manner. Apprehensiveness, ^p-pr^-hen^siv-nes, s. The quality of being apprehensive. Apprentice, 5p-pren-tis, s. 140, 142. One that is bound by covenant to serve another man of trade, upon condition that the tradesman shall, in the mean time, endeavour to instruct him in his art. 7'o Apprentice, 4p-pren-tis, v. a. To put out to a master as an apprentice. Apprenticehood, ^p-pren-tis-hiid, s. The years of an apprentice's servitude. Apprenticeship, ip-pren^tis-ship, s. The years which an apprentice is to pass under a master. To Apprize, Sp-prlze{ v. o. To inform. To Approach, Sp-protshJ v. n. To draw near locally ; to draw near, as time ; to make a progress to- wards, mentally. To Approach, ^p-prStsh{ v. a. To bring near to. Approach, ip-protshj S. The act of drawing near; access; means of advancing. Approacher, ip-pro-tshur, s. 98. The person that approaches. Approachment, ^p-protsh-ment, s. The act of coming near. Approbation, Sp-pr6-baishun, s. The act of approving, or expressing himself pleased; the liking of any thing; attestation, support. ApPROOF, ^p-proof^ S. Commendation. Obsolete. To Appropinque, Ip-pr6-pink| v. n. To draw near to. Not in use. Appropriable, Jp-pro-pre-^-bl, a. Tiiat whicli may be appropriated. To Appropriate, ^p-pro^pre-Ate, v. a. 91. To consign to some particular use or person ; to claim or exercise an exclusive right; to make peculiar, to annex; in law, to alienate a benefice. Appropriate, ^p-pro-pre-ite, a. 91. Peculiar, consigned to some particular use or person. Appropriation, ap-prS-pre-A-shun, s. The ap- plication of something to a particular p\npose ; the claim of anything as peculiar; the fixing of a par- ticular signification to a word ; in law, a severing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and perpetual use of some religious house, or dean and chapter, bishop rick, or college. Appropriator, ttp-pro-prJ-a^tur, s. 98. He that is possessed of an appropriated benefice. Approvable, ^p-prooiv^-bl, a. 405. That which merits approbation. Approval, Rp-proo-v^l, s. Approbation. ApPROVANCE, ^p-proo-vinse, S. Approbation. Not ill use. To Approve, ^p-proov{ v. a. To like, to be Dleased with; to express liking; to prove, to show; to experience J to make wurlhy of approbation. 29 Approvement, ^p-proov^ment, s. Approbation, liking. Approver, ^p-prooiyur, *. 98. He that approve*} he that makes trial ; in law, one that, confessing felony of himself, accuses another. To Approximate, ip-prSksi^-mite, v. n. 91. To approach, to draw near to. CO This word, as a verb, is not in Johnson ; but its very frequent use among good writers and speakers is a sufficient authority for its insertion here, without the trouble of searching for a precedent. Approximate, ^p-prSks^e-mate, a. Near to. Approximation, ^p-prftk-s^-ma^shun, s. Approach to any thing; continual approach nearer still, and nearer to the quantity sought. Appulse, ;ip-pulse, S. The act of striking against any thing. Appurtenance, 5p-pur-te-nRnse, s. That which belongs to something else, which is considered as the principal. Apricot, or Apricock, a-pr5-k3t, s. A kind of wall fruit. (i:>The latter manner of writing this word is grown vulgar. April, aipnl, S. Tlie fourth month of the year, January counted first. Apron, a-purn, s. 417. A cloth hung before, to keep the other dress clean, or for ornament. Apron, A-purn, S. 417. A piece of lead which covers the touch-hole of a great gun. Aproned, a-purnd, a. 362. Wearing an apron. Apsis, Ap-SlS, *. Tlie higher apsis is denominated aphelion, or apogee ; the lower, perihelion, or perigee. Apt, Apt, a. Fit ; having a tendency to ; inclined to, led to ; ready, quick, as an apt wit ; qualified for. To Aptate, ip^tate, z;. a. 91. To make fit. Aptitude, Ap-te-tude, S. Fitness; tendency; disposition. Aptly, Apt-le, ad. Properly, fitly; justly, per- tinently ; readily, acutely ; as, he learned his business very aptly. Aptness, Apt-nes, S. Fitness, suitableness; dis- position to any thing; quickness of apprehension; tendency, Aptote, Ap-tote, s. A noun which is not declined with cases. Aqua, i^-kwA, s. 92. Water. Aqua-fortis, Ak-kwA-for-tis, s. A corrosive liquor made by distilling purified nitre with calcined vitriol. Aqua-marina, Ak-kw a-mA-rl-nA, s. The Beryl. AqUA-VITJE, ak-kwA-vUte, s-. Brandy. AqUATICK, A-kwAt-lk, a. That which inhabits the water ; that which grows in the water. Aquatile, Ak^kwA-til, a. 145. 503. That which inhabits the water. Aqueduct, Ak-kwJ-dukt, S. A conveyance made for carrying water. Aqueous, A^kw^-us, a. 534. Watery. AqUEOUSNESS, A-k\ve-uS-nes, S, Waterishncss. Aquiline, Ak^we-lin, a. 145. Resembling an eagle ; when applied to the nose, hooked. AqUOSE, A-kwoseJ a. Watery. — See Appendix. AqUOSITY, A-kwos-e-tJ, 5. 511. Wateriness. Arabic, Ar-A-bik, a. Of Arabia, written in it« lani;uage. Arable, Ar-A-bl, a. 405. Fit for tillage. [CT^ Tiie a in the first syllable of this word has the short sound as much as if the r were double. The same may be observed of every accented a before r, followed by a vov/el, 81, 168. ArANEOUS, A-ra-nJ-us, a. Resembling a cobweb. AratioN, A-rA'.shun, s. The act or practice of ploughing. ^ Aratory, ar'-a-tur-re, a. 512. That which con tributes to tillage. ARC ARE es- 559. Fite73, far 77, fill 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Ardalist, ar-bl-list, s. 503. A cross-bow. Arbiter, ar-be-tur, s. 98. A judge appointed by the parties, to whose determination they voluntarily submit; a judge. Arbitrable, ar-bl-tri-bl, a. Arbitrary, depending upon the will. Arbitrament, ar-bit^tri-mlnt, s. Will, determination, choice. Arbitrarily, ar^be-tri-re-le, ad. With no other rule than the will ; despotically, absolutely. Arbitrariness, aribe-tr§.-re-nes, s. Despoticalness. Arbitrarious, ar-bi-tri-re-us, a. Arbitrary, depending on the will. Arbitrariously, ar-be-tra-rJ-us-le, ad. According to mere will and pleasure. Arbitrary, ar-b^-tri-ri, a. Despotick, absolute ; depending on no rule, capricious. To Arbitrate, h^-hk-tTkte,v. a, 91. To decide, to determine; to judge of. Arbitration, ar-b^-tr^^shun, s. The determina- tion of a cause by a judge mutually agreed on by the parties. Arbitrator, ^.r^be-tri-tur, s. 521. An ex- traordinary judge between party and party, chosen by their mutual consent; a governor; a president; he that has the power of acting by his own choice; the determiner. ArBITREMENT, ar-blt-tr^-mtnt, S. Decision, determination ; compromise. Arbitress, ir-bi-tress, *. A female arbiter. Arbor ARY, Iribi-ri-ri, a. 512. Of or belonging to a tree. Arboret, ir^bA-ret, *. A small tree or shrub, Arborist, ar^bi-rist, a. A naturalist who makes trees his study. Arborous, Ir^bS-rus, a. 314. Belonging to trees. Arbour, ar^bur, *. 314. A bower. Arbuscle, 3,ribus-sl,j, 351. 405, Any little shrub. Arbute, ^r-bute{ s, strawberry tree. Arc, ark, *. A segment, a part of a circle ; an arch. Arcade, ar-kidej s. A continued arch. Arcanum, Rr-ki^num, s. 503. (Plural Arcana). A secret. Arch, artsh, *, Part of a drcle, not more than the half; a building in form of a segmentof a circle, used for bridges ; vault of heaven ; a chief. To Arch, artsh, v. a. To build arches ; to cover with arches. Arch, artsh, a. Chief, of the first class ; waggish, mirthful. Archangel, irk-ineijel, s, 354. One of the highest order of angels. (tr?" The accent is sometimes on the first syllable, though not so properly. Archangel, irk-Aneijel, s. A plant, dead nettle. Archangelick, ^rk-An-jel^lik, a. Belonging to archangels. Archbeacon, irtsh-be^kn, s. 170. The chief place of prospect, or of signal. Archbishop, irtsh-bish^up, s. 354. a bishop of the first class, who superintends the conduct of other bishops his suffragans. Archbishoprick, artsh-bish^up-rik, s. Tiie state, province, or jurisdiction of an archbishop. Archchanter, Irtsh-tshin^tur, s. The chief chanter. Archdeacon, irtsh-deikn, s. 170. One that supplies the bishop's place and office. Archdeaconry, Rrtsh-de^kn-r^, s. The office or jurisdiction of an archdeacon. Archdeaconship, artsh-de^kn-sblp, s. The office of an archdeacon. Archduke, artsh-d&kej s, a title given to princes of Austria and Tuscany. 30 Archduchess, artsh-dutsh-es, *, The sister ot duughtL'i uf the archduke of Austria. Archphilosopher, artsh-fi^-l6s-i-fur, *. Chief philosopher. Archprelate, artsh-prel-lJte, s. 91. Chief prelate, Archpresbyter, artsh-prez-bi-ter, *. Chief presbyter. Archaiology, ar-ki-SKi-ji, s. 518. A discourse of antiquity. Archaiologick, ar-k4-6-lSdy ik, a. Relating to a discourse on antiquity. Archaism, ar^ki-izm, *. 353. An ancient phrase. Arched, ^r^-tshed, part. a. Bent in the form of an arch. (t> Words of this form are colloquially pronounced in one syllable ; and this syllable is one of the harshest that can be imagined, for it sounds as if written artsht, 359. Archer, artsh-ur, s. He that shoots with a bow. Archery, 3,rtsh-ur-^, s. The use of the bow; the act of shooting with the bow j the art of an archer. Arches-court, artsh-ez-c6rt, s. The chief and most ancient consistory that belongs to the archbishop of Canterbury, for the debating of spiritual causes. Archetype, ar^k^-tlpe, s. 354. Tlie original of which any resemblance is made. Archetypal, ar-k^-tUp4l, a. Original. Archeus, ^r-k^-us, 5. 353. A power that presides over the animal economy. Archidiaconal, ar-k^-di-ik-6-nil, a. Belonging to an archdeacon. Archiepiscopal, ar-kW-pisik6-pil, a. 354. Belonging to an archbishop. Architect, Ar-ke-tekt, s. 354. A professor of the art of building; a builder; the contriver of any thing. Architective, Rr-ke-tek^tiv, a. That performs the work of architecture. Architectonick, ar-kJ-tek-tSninik, a. 509. That which has the power or skill of an architect. Architectural, ar-k^-tek-tshu-ril, a. Belonging to architecture. Architecture, ^r-k^-tek-tshure, s. 461. The art or science of building; the effector perfoim> ancc of the science of building. Architrave, ax'-kk-trkye, s. That part of a column which lies immediately upon the capital, and is the lowest member of the entablature. Archives, ar-klvz, s. 354. The places where records or ancient writings are kept. Archwise, artsh-wize, a. 354. In the form of bji arch. ArctatioN, ark-tiishun, s. Confinement. Arctick, ark-tik, a. Northern. Arcuate, ar-ku-Ate, a. 91. Bent in the form of an arch. ArcUATION, ar-ku-d-shun, S. The act of bending any thing, incurvation; the state of being bent, cur- vity, or crookedness. Arcubalister, ar-ku-biKis-tur, *. A cross-bow man. Ardency, ar-den-s5, s. Ardour, eagerness. Ardent, ar-d^nt, a. Hot, burning, fiery; fierce, vehement ; passionate, affectionate. Ardently, ar-dent-1^, ad. Eagerly, affectionately Ardour, ar'dur, *. 314. Heat; heat of affection, as love, desire, courage. Arduity, ar-du-e-t^, .?. Height, difficulty. Arduous, ai-iju-us. a. 293. 376. Lofty, hard to climb ; difficult. Arduousnf.ss, a.r-JLi-u.s-nes, s. 293. 376. Height, difficulty. Arf, Ar. 75. The plural of the present tense of the verb To be. ARI ARM nor 167, n6t 163; tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173 ; Sh 999 ; pound 313 ; ^Ain 466, Tuis 469. Area, a'-rk-^., S. 70. 545. 534. The surface con- tained between any lines or boundaries ; any open surface. To Aread, k-rlkd', v. a. To advise, to direct. Little used. Arefaction, ir-re-fik-sbun, *. The state of growing dry, the act of drying. To Arefy, ar^re-fi, v, a. To dry. Arenaceous, ^r-e-n^^shus, 527. \ Arenose, ir-^-n6se{ / Sandy. — See /Appendix. AreNULOUS, l-ren-u-lus, a. Full of small sand, gravelly. Areopagite, 4-ri-Sp'i-ilte, *. 156. A judge of the court of Areopagus in Athens. ArEOTICK, k-rk-it-\k, a. 534. Such medicines as open the pores. Argent, ^r-jent, a. Having the white colour used in the armorial coats of gentlemen, knights, and baronets; silver, bright like silver. Argil, 2,r-jll, *. Potters clay. Argillaceous, ^r-j!l-U-shus, a. Clayey, con- sisting of argil, or potter » clay. ArgilloUS, ar-jll-lus, «. 314. Consisting of clay, clayish. Argosy, ar-gi-s^, *. 503. A Urge vessel for merchandise, a carrack. To Argue, ar-gu, v, n. 355. To reason, to offer reasons j to persuade by argument ; to dispute. Arguer, ar-gu-ur, s, 98. A leasoner, a disputer. Argument, ir-gu-ment, S, A reason alleged for or against any thing ; the subject of any discourse or writing ; the contents of any work summed up by way of abstract; controversy. Argumental, ar-gu-n»en-til, a. Belonging to arguments. Argumentation, ar-gu-men-ti-shun, s. Reasoning, the act of reasoning. Argumentative, ar-gu-meii-li-tiv, a. 512. Consisting of argument, containing argument. Argute, ar-gute{ a. Subtile, witty, sharp, shrill. Arid, ir-nd, a. 81. Dry, parched up. — See .^raiZe. Aridity, l-r!didi-ti, S, 511. Dryness, siccity; a kind of insensibility In devotion. Aries, k-rk-kz, s. The ram ; one of the twelve signs of the zodiack. To Arietate, i-rl-i-tite, v. n. 91. To butt like a ram. 03- I have, in this word, followed Dr. Johnson, in placing the accent on the second syllable, and not on the first, according to Mr. .Sheridan, and Dr. Ash ; but I do not very well know for what reason, unless it be that words of this termination derived from the Latin, gene- rally preserve the accent of the original. See Principles, No. S03. ArIETATION, 4-ri-l-tA-shun, *. The act of butting like a ram ; the act of battering with an engine called a ram. Arietta, k-rk-hf-tk, s. 534. A short air, song, or tune. Aright, i-rltej arf. 393. Rightly, without errour ; rightly, without crime; rightly, without failing of the end designed. Ariolation, i-ri-A-lfeb&n, *. 534. Sooth-saying. To Arise, 4-rlze{ v. n. jiret. arose, pait. arisen. To mount upward as the sun ; to get up as from sleep, or from rest; to revive from death; to enter upon a new station ; to commence hostility. Aristocracy, ir-is-tftk^kri-si, s. That form of government which places the supreme power in the nobles. Aristocrats, 4r-is-t6-cr3.t{ *. a favourer of aristocracy. 1!p3- In the fury of the French revolution we took up this word and iQ opposite Democrate ; but if we could have waited till they had been formed by our own ana- 31 logy, they would have been Jristocrattst and Democr*- ist. Aristocratical, 4r-ris-tiVkr4t-te-k^l, a% 544. Relating to aristocracy. Aristocratjcalness, ir-ris-to-kritit^-kil nes, *. An aristocratical state. ArITHMANCY, k-rlth'-min-sk, S. a fortelling of future events by numbers. Arith.metical, ir-i^A-metit^-kil, a. 527. According to the rules or methods ofaritlimetick. Arithmetically, krAth-met'-tk-k^-lk, ad. In an arithmetical manner. Arithmetician, J-riM-me-tish-4n, s. A master of the art nf numbers. Arithmetick, k-rith'-mk-tik, s. The science of numbers ; the art of computation. t5> There is a small, but a very general deviation from accuracy in pronouncing this word, which lies in giving the first t the sound of pliort e, as if written aTethmetick. As this inaccuracy is bnt trifling, so it may be rectitiea without any great singularity. Ark, ark, «. — See ^rt. 77. A vessel to swim upon the water, usually applied to that in which N n:\li was preserved from the universal deluge; the re|insitory of the covenant of God with the Jews. Arm, ^rm, S. — See yfrt. The limb which reaches from the hand to the shoulder; the large boiigli nf a tree; an inlet of water from the sea; power, might, as the secular arm. To Arm, irm, v. a. — See ^ri. To furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of offence ; to plate with any thing that may add strength; to furnish, to fit up. To Arm, arm, v. n. — See Art. To take arms, to provide against. Armada, ar-mA-d^, s. An armament for sea. — See Lumbago, Armadillo, ir-ma-dilMo, 5. A four-footed animal of Brasil. Armament, ar-ma-ment, *. 503. A naval force. Armature, ar-nii-tshure, s. 461. Armour Armeniai., ar-men-titl, \ Armentine, ar^men-tlne, 149./ Belonging to a drove or herd of cattle. Armgaunt, arm^gant, a. 214. Slender as the arm ; or rather, slender with want. Arm-hole, arm-bile, s. The cavity under the shoulder. ArmigerouS, ar-mid-jur-rus, o. Bearing arms Armillary, ar^mil-li-re, a. Resembling a bracelet. — See MaxiWtry. Armillated, ir-mil-lA-ted, a. Wearing bracelets. Armings, ^rm^ingz, S. The same with wais clothes. Armipotence, ir-mip'-i-tense, *. 518. Power in war. Armipotent, Rr-mip-i-tent, a. Mighty in war. Armistice, arimi-stis, *. 503. 142. A short truce. Armlet, irm'let, », A little arm ; a piece of a». mour for the arm ; a bracelet for the arm. Armoniack, ar-mutnt-Ak, s. 505. I'lie name oi a sa.t. Armorer, 3.rimur-ur, *. 557. He that make armour, or weapons ; he that dresses another in ar mour. Armorial, ^r-mi-r^-^l, a. Belonging to the armi or escutcheon of a family. Armory, ar-mur-^, s. 557. The place in which arms are deposited for use; armour, arms of defence ensigns armorial. Armour, ^r^mur, 5. 314. Defensive arms. Armour-bearer, ^r-mur-bire£ur, s. He that carries the armour of another. Armpit, irm-pit, s. The hollow place under tltc shoulder. ARR ART t> 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fJtei— me93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 16^2, move 1G4, Arms, armz, S, 77- Weapons of offence, or armour of defence ; a state of hostility ; war in general ; ac- tion,* the act of taking arms ; tlie ensigns armorial of a family. Army, ar-me, «. 482. A collection of armed men, obliged to obey their generals ; a great number. Aromatical, kr-o-mh'-h-k&l, ") Aromatick, ir-h-mh-^lk, 527. J Spicy; fragrant, strong scented. Aromaticks, Ir-A-mat^iks, s. 527- Spices. Aromatization, ir-6-mit-^-zA-shun, s. The act of scenting with spices. To Aromatize, 4r-r6-mi-tlze, v. a. To scent with spices, to impregnate with spices j to scent, to perfume. Arose, J-rozeJ 554. Tlie preterite of the verb Arise, Around, i-roundj ad. In a circle, on every side. 'Vround, S.roiindJ prep, 545. About. iTj Arouse, ^-rouzej v, a. To wake from tleepj to raise up, to excite. Arow, H-rol ad. 545. In a row. AroyNT, ^.-rointj ad. Be gone, away. .\rquebuSE, ar-kvve-bus, s. A hand gun. Arquebusier, ar-kwe-bus-eerj s. 275. A soldier armed with an arquebuse. Arrack, ilr-r.^ki s. A spiritous liquor. To Arraign, ^r-rAne,' v. a. To set a thing in order, in its place ; a prisoner is said to be arraigned, ■when he is brought forth to his trial ; to accuse, to charge with faults in general, as in controversy or in satire. Arraignment, ^r-rane-ment, s. The act of ar- raigning, a charge. To Arrange, ir-ra.nje{ v. a. To put in the proper order for any purpose. Arrangement, ir-rAnje-meiit, s. The act of putting in proper order, the state of being put in order. Arrant, ;V-rint, a. 81, 83. BluI in a high degree. ArUANTLY, Ar-ntnt-lejef^. Cormptly, shamefully. Arras, h'-ih, s. 81, 82. Tapcstiy. ARRAUGHT, ^r-rawtj part, a. Seized by violence. Out of use. Array, tlr-rij S. Dress; order of battle; .n law, the ranking or setting in order. To Array, ir-rA{ v. a. To put in order; to deck, to dress. ArRAYERS, a-ra-urs, S. Officers, who anciently had the care of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in their armour. ArrEAR, ^r-reer{ S. That which remains behind unpaid, though due. Arrearage, ^r-ree-rAje, s. 90. The remainder of an account. ArRENTATION, 4r-ren-tA-sbun, *. The licensing an owner of lands in the forest to enclose. Arreptitious, ar-rep-tishiu3, a. Snatched away ; crept in privily. Arrest, 4r-rtSt{ S. in law, a stop or stay; an arrest is a restraint of a man's person ; any caption. 2\> Arrest, ^r-restj v. a. To seize by a mandate from a court ; to seize any thing by law ; to seize, to lay liands on; to withhold, to hinder; to stop mo- tion. Aruiere, Jr-rcerJ S. Tlie last body of an army. ArRISION, ^r-rizh-un, S. 451. A smiling upon. Arrival, Ar-rl-v4l, S. The act of coming to any place; the attainment of any purpose. ArRIVANCE, 4r-li-vinse, S. Company coming. To Arrive, ir-rlve{ v. n. To come to any place by water; to reach any place by travelling; to reach any point; to gain any thing; to happen. To ArrODE, ir-rode{ v. a. To gnaw or nibble. Arrogance, Sr-ro-ginse, ") Arrogancy, ^r^ro-g^n-se, J The act or quality of taking much upon one's self. Arrogant, ii-ro-g^nt, a. 81, 82. Haughty, proud. Arrogantly, ^r^ro-gJnt-le, ad. In an arrogant manner. Arrogantness, ^r-ro-gJnt-ness, s. Arrogance. To Arrogate, ^r-ro-gAte, v. a, 9^- To claim vainly; to exhibit unjust claims. ArroGATION, Ar-ri-ga'shun, S. A claiming in a proud manner. Arrosion, Ar-ro-zhiiii, s. 451. A gnawing. Arrow, Ar-ro, S. 327. The pointed weapon which is shot from a bow. Arrowhead, Ar^ri-hed, s. A water plant. Arrowy, Ir'-rh-h, a. Consisting of arrow. Arse, arse, s. The buttocks. Arse-foot, ars-fut, s. A kind of water-fowl Arse-smart, ars-smart, s. A plant. Arsenal, ar-se-nAl, s. A repository of thing* requisite to war, a magazine. Arsenical, ar-senie.k4l, a. Containing arsenick. Arsenick, arse-nik, s. A mineral substance; s violent corrosive poison. Art, art, S. 77. The power of doing something not taught by nature and instinct ; a science, as the liberal arts; a trade; artfulness, skill, dexterity ; cunning. cry- As a before r, followed by a vowel, has the sliort or fourth sound, so when it is followed by a consonant it lias the long or second sound. — See Arable, 81. 168. Arterial, ar-t^-r^-Al, a. That which relates to the artery, that which is contained in the artery. Arteriotomy, ar-t^-rWt^ti-m^, 5. 518. The operation of letting blood from the artery; the cutting of an artery. Artery, ar-tur-c, S. 555. An artery is a conical canal, conveying the blood from the heart to all pans of the body. Artful, art-ful, a. 174. Performed with art; artificial, not natural; cunning, skilful, dexteroivs. Artfully, art-ful-U, ad. With art, skilfully. Artfulness, art-fUl-nes, 5. Skill, cunning. Artiiritick, ar-.e conditional sense ; answering to So conditionally : As for, with respect to ; As to, with respect to; As well as, equally with; As though, as if. ASAFOETIDA, Ss-si-fet-5-(la, 5. A gum or resin brought from the East Indies, of a sharp taste and a strong offensive smell. AsARABAccA, Hs-s^-r^-bitkikl, s. The name of a plant. Asbestine, Jz-bes^tin, a, 140. Something incombustible. Asbestos, iz-bes-tus, s. 166. A sort of native fossile stone, which may be split into threads and fila- ments, from one inch to ten inches in length, very fine, brittle, yet somewhat tractable. It is endued with the wonderful property of remaining unconsumed in the fire, which only whitens it. ASCARIDES, &S-kir-i-d\z, S. Little worms in the rectum. To Ascend, fc-sendj v. n. To mount upwards ; to proceed from one degree of knowledge to another ; to stand higher in genealogy. To Ascend, 4s-sendJ v. a. To climb up any thing. Ascendant, Its-sen-dAnt, s. The part of the ecliptick at any particular time above the horizon, which is supposed by astrologers to have great influ- ence; height, elevation; superiority, influence; one of the degrees of kindred reclconcd upwards. Ascendant, is-senidint, a. Superior, predominant, overpowering; in an astrolo- gical sense, above the horizon. Ascendency, Js-sen-den-s^, *. influence, power. Ascension, ^-sen-shun, *. 451. Tiie act of ascending or rising; the visible elevation of our Sa- viour to Heaven ; the thing rising or mounting. Ascension Day, ^-sen-shun-daj s. The day on which the ascension of our Saviour is comniemnraled, commonly called Holy Thursday, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide. Ascensive, ^-sen-siv, a, 158. In a state of ascent. Ascent, 4s-sentj S. Rise, the act of rising ; the way by which one ascends; an eminence, or high place. To Ascertain, 4s-ser-tAne| v. a. To make certain, to fix, to establish; to make confident. Ascertainer, Is-ser-tA-nur, s. The person that proves or establishes. 33 Ascertainment, is-ser-line-ment, s. A settled rule ; a standard. Ascetick, ^S-set-lk, a. 509. Employed wholly in exercises of devotion and mortification. Ascetick, fc-set-lk, S. He that retires to devo- tion, a hermit. Ascites, ils-ol-lez, s. A particular spocies of dropsy, a swelling of the ower belly and depending parts, " from an extravasation of water. Ascitical, fc-Slt-6-k4l, \ - Ascitick, Js-sit-ik, J Dropsical, hydropical. Ascititious, ^s-se-tish-us, a. Supplemental, additional. Ascribable, fts-skrl-b^-bl, a. 405. That may be ascribed. To Ascribe, fc-krlbej v. a. To attribute to as a cause ; to attribute to as a possessor. Ascription, as-knp-shun, s. The act of ascribing. Ascriptitious, ^-krip-tish-us, a. That is ascribed. Ash, 4sh, S. A tree. Ash-coloured, 3.siiikul-urd a, 362. Coloured between brown and gray, Ashamed, i-shi^med, a. 359. 363 Touched with shame. Ashen, ^h-shSn, a. 103. 359. Made of ash wood. Ashes, ish-iz, S. 99. The remains of any thing burnt; the remains of the body. AsH-WEDNESDAY, ish-weiiz^da, S. The first day of Lent, so called from the ancient custom of sprink- ling ashes on the head. Ashlar, fch-l^r, S. Free stones as they come out of the quarry. ASIILERING, 4sh-lur-ing, f. 555. Quartering in garrets. A term in building. Ashore, i-sh6re{ ad. ' On shore, on the land ; to the shore, to the land. AshweeD, ^h^wied, S. An herb. Ashy, ^sh-^, a. Ash-coloured, pale, inclined to a whitish gray. Aside, il-Slde{ ad. To one side; to another part; from the company. AsiNARY, is-se-na-re, ") Asinine, ^s^se-nlne, 149. J Belonging to an ass. To Ask, fck, v. a. 79. To petition, to beg ; to demand, to claim ; to inquire, to question ; lo require. Askance, ) j.^tansel arf. 214. ASKAUNCEjJ Sideways, obliquely. Askaunt, ^-skant{ ad. 214. Obliquely, on one side. Asker, ask-ur, S. 98. Petitioner ; inquirer. ASKER, isk-ur, s. A water newt. Askew, 4-sku{ ad. Aside, with contempt, con- temptuously. To ASLAKE, i-sUke{ v. a. To remit, to slacken. Aslant, 4-sla.nt5 ad. 78. Obliquely, on one side. Asleep, 5-sleep{ ad. Sleeping; into sleep. Aslope, d-slopej ad. With declivity, obliquely. Asp, oj* Aspick, fcp, oi- fc-pik, s. A kind of serpent, whose poison is so dangerous and quick in its operation, that it kills without a possibility of apply- ing any remedy. Those that are bitten by it, die by sleep and lethargy. Asp, isp, s. A tree. ASPALATH'JS, ^-Tpkl'-i-tJiuS, S. A plant called the wood of Jerusalem ; rlie wood of a certain tree. Asparagus, fc-pir-i-gus, s. The name of a plant. Cj" This word is vulgarly pronounced Sparrowgrasa. It may be observed, that such words as ttie vulgat do >u>t V ASP ASS 559. Fite73, ^r77, fall 83, fltSl— in^93, met 95— pine 1 05, pin 107— n6 16'^ move 164^ 85- know how to spell, and which convey no definite idea of the thing, are frequently changed by them into such words as they do know how to spell, and which do con- vey some definite idea. The word in question is an in- jtance of if and the corruption of this word into S/mr- rowgrass is so general, that asparagus has an air of stiff- ness and pedantry. — See Lanlern. Aspect, is^pekt, S. Look, air, appearance J countenance; glance, view, act of beholding; direc- tion towards any point, position ; disposition of any thing to something else, relation; disposition of a planet to other planets. C:?- This word, as a noun, was universally pronounced with the accent on the last syllable till about the middle of the seventeenth century. It grew antiquated m Mil- ton's time, and is now entirely obsolete. Dr. Farmer's observations on this word, in his no less solid than in- genious Essay on The Learning of Shakespeare, arc so curious, as well as just, that the reader will, I doubt not, be obliged to me for quoting them : " Sometimes a very little matter detects a forgery " You may remember a play called the Double Falsehooa, " which Mr. Theobald was desirous of palming upon the " world for a posthumous one of Shakespeare : and I see •' it is classed as such in the last edition of the Bodleian " catalogue. Mr. Pope himself, after all the strictures " of Scriblerus, in a letter to Aaron Hill, supposes it of " that age ; but a mistaken accent determines it to have " been written since the middle of the last century : " Thi» late example " Of base Henriquei, bleeding in me now, " From each good aspect takes away my tnut." And in another place, " You ha»e an aspect. Sir, of wondrous witdom." " The word aspect, you perceive, is here accented on " the^rst syllable, which, I am confident, in any sense " of it, was never the case in the time of Shakespeare j " though it may sometimes appear to be so, when we do " not observe a preceding Elision. " Some of the professed imitators of our old poets have " not attended to this and many other minutice : I could " point out to you several performances in the respective " styles of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare, which the «« imitated bards could not possibly have either read or «« construed. " This verv accent hath troubled the annotators on «• Milton. 6r. Bentley observes it to be a tone different " from the present use. Mr. Manwaring, in his Treatise •' of Harmony and Numbers, very solemnly informs us, " that this verse is defective both in accent and quantity. " Hii words here ended; but hit meek asp4Xi, " Silent, yet spake," " Here, says he, a syllable is acutea ^nd long, whereas " it should be short and graved I" " And a still more extraordinary gentleman, one " Green, who published a specimen of a new i-erstoM of " the Paradise Lost, into blank verse, ' by which that «• amazine work is brought somewhat nearer the summit •« of perfection,' begins with correcting a blunder in the ♦• fourth book. " The setting •»■! " Slowly descended, and with right aspect — " Levell'd his evening rays." " Not SO in the new versio7i : " Meanwhile the setting sun descending slow — " Levell'd with asptct right his ev'ning rays." " Enough of such commentators.— The celebrated Dr. " Dee had a spirit, who would sometimes condescend to "correct him, when peccant in auantily : and it had " been kind of him to have a little assisted the wights " above mentioned.— Milton affected the antique; but it "may seem more extraordinary, that the old accent *« should be adopted in Hudibras." To Aspect, 4s-pekt| v. a. 492. To behold. AsPECTABLE, As-pek-ti-bl, a. 405. Visible. ASPECTION, 4s-pek-shun, S. Beholding, view. AsPEN, 4si-pen, *. 103. A tree, the leaves of which always tremble. AsPEN, lU-pen, a. Belonging to the asp-tree ; made of aspen wood. ASPER, 4s£-pur, a. 98. Rough, rugged. To AsPEEATE, Is-pJ-rite, v. a. 91. To make rough. (t^ This word, and those that succeed it of the same family, seem to follow the general rule in the sound of the t before r when after the accent; that is, to preserve it pittCi andinaseparate syllable.— Se« Principles, No. »5S. 34 AspERATioN, ^-pe-ri-shun, S. A making rough. ASPERIFOLIOUS, As-per-^-fi-l^-us, a. Plants, so called from the roughness of their leaves. Asperity, ^s-per-e-te, S. Unevenness, roughness of surface; roughness of sound ; roughness or rugged- ness of temper. AsPERNATioN, its-pet-na-shun, *. Neglect, disregard. Asperous, is-pe-rus, a. Rough, uneven. To Asperse, Is-perseJ v. a. To bespatter with censure or calumny. Aspersion, as-per^shun, *. A sprinkling; calumny, censure. AsPHALTiCK, is-fll-tik, a. 84. Gummy, bituminous. ASPH ALTOS, as-fal-tus, *. A bituminous, inflam- mable substance, resembling pitch, and chiefly found swimming on the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites, or Dead Sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. ASPHALTUM, is-f^l-tum, *. A bituminous stone found near the ancient Babylon. Asphodel, fc-f6-del, s. Day-lily. ASPICK, is-pik, *. The name of a serpent. To Aspirate, 4s-pe-rate, w. a. 91 • To pronounce with full breath, as hope, not ope. Aspirate, Ss^pe-rite, a. 91. 394. Pronounced with full l)reath. Aspiration, ^-pe-rA-shun, *. a breathing after, an ardent wi.Mi, the act of aspiring, or desiring some- thing high trhe pronunciation of a vowel with iull breath. To Aspire, Aspire, w.n. To desire with eagerness to pant after something higher ; to rise higher Asportation, ^-por-ti'shun, *. A carrying away. Asquint, ^-skwintj ad. Obliquely, not in the straight line of vision. Ass, Iss, s. An animal of burden ; a stupid, heavy, dull fellow, a dolt. To Assail, is-sale( v. a. To attack in a hostile manner, to assault, to fall upon ; to attack with argu» ment or censure. Assailable, Is-sa-lA-bl, a. 405. That which may be attacked. Assailant, is-sA-l4nt, s. He tnat attacks. Assailant, lls-sa-lint, a. Attacking, invading. Assailer, as-si-lur, *. 98. One who attacks another. AssapaniCK, is-s4-p^n-nik, s. The flying squirrel. Assassin, ^-S^s-sin, S. a murderer, one that kills by sudden violence. T'o Assassinate, ILs-sAsise-nite, v. a, 91. To niuider by violence; to way-lay, to take by trea- chery. Assassination, &-s^-s^-ni'shun, *. The act of assassinating. Assassinator, ^-s4s-e-nA-tur, s. Murdeier, maukiller. ASSATION, 4s-sA-shun, S. Roasting. Assault, 3.s-salt{ *. storm, opposed to sap or siege; violence; invasion, hostility, attack; inlaw, a violent kind of injury offered to a inan's person. To Assault, iU-salt( v. a. To attack, to invade. Assaulter, ^s-salt-ur, s. One who violently assaults another. Assay, ^S-saJ S. Examination ; in law, the ex- amination of measures and weights used by the clerk of the market ; the first entrance upon any thmg ; attack, trouble. To Assay, ^-sa{ v. a. To make trial of; to apply to, as the touchstone in assaying metals; to try, to endeavour. AsSAYER, is-sA-ur, *. 98. An officer of the mintt for the due trial of silver. AsSECTATION, fc-SKk-ta-shu.. S, Attendance. ASS ASS lAr ler, nSt 163— tibe 171 , tub 172, bull ITS-^ft 299— pSund 313— Mm 466, this 46». ASSECUTION, its-S^-ku^shun, S. Acquirement. Assemblage, is-sem^bladje, s. 90. A collection; a number of individuals brougiit together. To Assemble, fc-sem-bl, v. a. 405. To bring together into one place. To Assemble, fc-semibl, v. n. To meet together. Assembly, is-semibl^, s. A company met together. Assent, as-slntj S. The act of agreeing to any thing; consent, agreement. To Assent, ^-sentj v. n. To concede, to yield to. Assentation, is-sen-tiishun, s. Compliance with the opinion of another out of flattery. Assentment, is-sent-ment, S. Consent. To Assert, 4s-8ert{ v. a. To maintain, to defend either by words or actions; to affirm; to claim, to vindicate a title to. Assertion, is-ser^shun, *. The act of asserting. Assertive, is-ser-tiv, a. 158. Positive, dogmatical. ASSERTOR, as-seKtur, *. 98. Maintainer, vindi- cator, affirmer. To AssERVE, 4s-serv{ v, a. To serve, help, or second. To Assess, Js-ses{ v. a. To charge with any certain sum. ASSESSION, Is-seshiun, S. A sitting down by one. Assessment, fc-sesiment, s. The sum levied on certain property ; the act of assessing. Assessor, ^s-ses^sur, s. 98. The person that sits by the judge; he that sits by another as next in dig- nity ; he that lays taxes. Assets, is^sets, s. Goods sufficient to discharge that burden which is cast upon the executor or heir. To Assever, Is-sev^ur, 98. 1 To Asseverate, 4s-sev'-^-rite, 91. 555. J ^' "" To affirm with great solemnity, as upon oatli. Asseveration, 4s-sev.^-rA-shun, *. Solemn affirmation, as upon oath. ASSHEAD, is^hed, s. a blockhead. Assiduity, 4s-se-duie-te, s. Diligence. Assiduous, is-sid^u-us, a. 294. 376. Constant in application. Assiduously, is-sidijA-us-li, ad. Diligently, continually. ASSIENTO, Is-se-enit5, S. A contract or convention between the kings of Spain and other powers, for fur- nishing tlie Spanish dominions in America with slaves. To Assign, lU-slneJ v. a. To mark out, to appoint ; to fix with regard to quantity or value ; to give a reason for ; in law, to appoint a deputy, or m,ake over a right to another, ASSI 3NABLE, is-slne^j-bl, a. That which may be assigned. Assignation, ^-sig-ni^sbun, *. An appointment to meet, used generally of love appointments ; a mak- ing over a thing to another. Assignee, Hs-s^-n^J s. He that is appointed or deputed by another to do any act, or perform any business, or enjoy any commodity. AssiGNER, ^-sUnur, s. 98. He that assigns. Assignment, lU-sln^^ment, s. Appointment of one thing with regard to another thing or person • in law, tlie deed by which any thing is transferred from one to another. Assigns, ls-slnz{ S. Those persons to whom any trust is assigned. This is a law term, and always used in the plural ; as, a legacy is left to a person's heirs, administrators, or assigns. Assimilable, Is-sim^e-li-bl, a. That which may be converted to the same nature with something else. To Assimilate, tls-simi^-late, v. a. 91. To convert to the same nature with anothw thing: to luing to a likeness^ or resemblance. 35 Assimilateness, Is-simimMite-nes, *. Likeness. Assimilation, ^-sim-m^-Ia^shun, «. The act of converting any Diing to the nature or substance of an- other ; the state of being assimilated ; the act of grow- ing like some other being. To Assist, 4s-sist{ v, a. To help. Assistance, is-sis^t4nse, s. Help, furtherance Assistant, is-sis-tint, a. Helping, lending aid. Assistant, is-sis^t^nt, s. a person engaged in an affair, not as principal, but as auxiliary or minis- terial. Assize, ^-slzej s. a court of judicature held twice a year in every county, in which causes are tried by a ju.ige and jury ; an ordinance or statute to deter- mine the weight of bread. To ASSI/E, as-slze{ v. a. To fix the rate of any thing. ^ Assizer, 4s-sl-zur, s. An officer that has the care of weights and measures. AssoCIABLE, ^si^sh^-J-bl, a. That which may be joined to another. To Associate, is-si-she-ite, v. a. 91. To unite with another as a confederate ; to adopt as a friend upon equa' terms; to accompany. Associate, 4s-s6ish^-ite, a. 91. Confederate. Associate, Ss-siish^-ite, s. a partner, a con- federate, a companion. Association, is-s6-sbl-Aishun, s. Union, con- junction, society; confederacy; partnership; connec- tion. — See Pronunciation. Assonance, is^sA-ninse, s. Reference of one sound to another resembling it. Assonant, isis6-nlnt, a. Resembling another sound. To Assort, 4s-Sort{ v. a. To range in classes. To Assot, is-S&tJ V. a. To infatuate. To Assuage, 4s.swije{ v, a. 331. To mitigate; to soften ; to appease, to pacify ; to ease. Assuagement, ^swij eminent, s. What mitigates or softens. Assuager, ds-swiijur, S. 98. One who pacifiej or appeases. Assuasive, is-swa^siv, a. 158. 428. Softening, mitigating. To Assubjugate, 5s-sub'-ji-gite, v. a. 91. To subject to. ASSUEFACTION, Js-Sw4-ftkishun, S. The state of bemg accustomed. Assuetude, ^isw^-tude, *. 334. Accnstomance, custom. To Assume, 4s-sume{ v. a. 454. To take; t> take upon one's self; to arrogate, to claim or seize unjustly ; to suppose something without proof; to ap- propriate. ft:?- Why Mr. Sheridan should pronounce this word and the word consume without the A, and presume and resume, as if written prezAoom and rezhoom, is not easily conceived ; the « ought to be aspirated in all or none See Principles 454. 478, 479. Assumer, Is-suimur, *. 98. An arrogant man. Assuming, lis-sh'-ming, part, a. Arrogant, haughty. Assumpsit, ^s-sum-sit, s. A voluntary promise made by word, whereby a man taketh upon him to perform or pay any thing to another. Assumption, ^s-sum-shun, s. The act of taking any thing to one's self; the supposition of any tiling without farther proof; the thing supposed, a postulate; tlie taking up any person into heaven. Assumptive, is-sumitiv, a. 157. That which is assumed. Assurance, fch-shuirinse, s. Certain expecta- tion; secure confidence, Iru.t; freedom from di.uht, certain knowledge; firmness, undoubting steadiness; confidence, want of modesty; giound of confidence, security given ; spirit, intrepidity; testimony of credit! conviction } insurance. AST ATI •}. (»- 559. Fit€ 73, &T, 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ03, met 95— pine 105. pin 107— n6 162, move 164, Astrology, As-tr6l-i-je, s. 518. The practice of foretelling things by the knowledge of the stars. Astronomer, 4s-trSnin6-mur, s. He that studies the celestial motions. Astronomical, 4s-tr6-nftmii-k4l, 509. AsTRONOMicK, 4s-tri-n8m'ik, Belonging to astronomy. Astronomically, ^-tr5-n5m!^^-kil-ll, ad. In an astronomical manner. Astronomy, ^-tr8n-ni-m5, s. 518. A mixed mathematical. science, teaching the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods, eclipses, and order. Astro-theology, 4s-tri-Mi-6U6-je, s. Divinity founded on the observation of the celestial bodies. Asunder, i-sun-dur, ad, 98. Apart, separately, not together. Asylum, 4-sI-lum, S. A sanctuary, a refuge. (fS- Nothing can show more plainly the tendency of our language to an antepenultimate accent than the vulgar pronunciaticm of this word, which generally places the accent on the first syllable. This is however an unpar- donable offence to a Latin ear, which insists on preserv- ing the accent of the original whenever we adopt a Latin word into our own language without alteration. — See Principles, No. 503. Asymmetry, J-simime-tr5, s. Contrariety to symmetry, disproportion. Asymptote, as^sim-tite, s. Asymptotes arc right lines which approach nearer and nearer to some curve, but which would never meet. To Assure, Ssh-shureJ v. a. 175. To give con- fidence by a firm promise; to secure another; to make confident, to exempt from doubt or fear; to make secure. Assured, 4sh-shA-red, or ish-shiirdj part. a. 359. Certain, indubitable; certain, not doubting ; im- modest, viciously confident. Assuredly, fch-shuired-1^, ad. 364. Certainly, indubitably. Assuredness, Ush-shu^red-nes, s. 365. Tlie state of being assured, certainty. Assurer, Jsh-shA-rur, s. He that gives assuriacej he that gives security to make good any loss. Asterisk, 4s-te-nsk, J. A mark in printing, as*. Asterism, ^s-te-nzm, s. A constellation. Asterites, fc-ter-l-tiz, *. A precious stone. A kind of opal sparkling like a star. Asthma, ast'-mS., s. 471. A frequent, difficult, and short respiration, joined with a hissing sound and a cough. Asthmatical, 4st-m^t-^-k^l, "I Asthmatick, ist-mit-ik, 509./*"* Troubled with an asthma. Astern, ^-sternj ad. In the hinder part of the ship, behind the ship. To ASTERT, i-stert{ v. a. To terrify, to startle, to fright. Astonied, ^-st8n-^-ed, part. a. A word used for astonished. To Astonish, fc-tJn-nish, v. a. To confound with fear or wonder, to amaze. Astonishingness, ^-t&n-msh-ing-nes, *. Quality to excite astonishment. Astonishment, -As-tSn-ish-ment, s. Amazement, confusion of mind. To Astound, ^-tound| v. a. To astonish, to con- found with fear or wimder. Astraddle, 4-sti4d-dl, ad. 405. With one's legs across any thing. Astragal, As^tra-gil, s. 503. A little round member, in the form of a ring, at the tops and bottoms of columns. Astral, is-trcll, a. Starry, relating to the stars. Astray, J-strA{ ad. Out of the riglit way. To ASTRICT, ^S-tnktJ v. a. To confiact by application. ASTRICTION, Js-trik^shun, s. The act or power of contracting the parts of the body. AsTRicTiVE, 4s-trikitiv, a. 138. Styptick, binding. ASTRICTORY, As-trikitur-rJ, a. Astringent. Astride, i-stridc| ad. With tiie legs open. AsTRiFEROUS, ils-triP-^-rus, a. Hearing, or having stars. To ASTRINGE, As-tnnje,' v. a. To make a con- traction, to make the parts draw together. AstringeNCV, ;\s-triiiyen-se, *. The power of contracting the parts of the body. Astringent, 4s-tnn-jent, a. Binding, contracting. AsTROGRAPHY, is-tfig^nt-fe, s. 518. The science of descriliin/ the stars. Astrolabe, Jsitro-Ube, j. An instrument < iiicfly used fcir taking the altitude of the pole, the sun, or stars, al sea. Astrologer, As-trSl-')-jur, *. One that, sup- posing the influence of the stars to have a causal power, professes to foretell or discover events. Astrologian, ^-tro-lo-.ie-;tll, s. Astrologer, AstrologicaLj ;1.s-tro-l&d^ju-k4l, 509 ASTROLOGICK, is-tlO-ludiilk, Relating to astrology, professing astrology. Astrologically, !is-tri-l6d-je-k4l-li, ad. In an astrological manner. To AsTROLOGiZE, ^-tril-o-jizc, V. n. To praciijc astrology. 3C ■}«■ 0:5- I have preferred Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's and Dr. Ash's on the second. Asyndeton, l-sinid^-t8n, s. A figure in gram- mar, when a conjunction copulative is omitted. At, at, prep. At, before a place, notes the nearness of the place ; as, a man is at the house before he is in it; At, before a word signifying time, notes thd co- existence of the time with the event ; At, before a su- perlative adjective implies in the state, as at most, in the state of" most perfection, &c. At signifies the par- ticular condition of the person, as at peace ; At some- times marks employment or .ittention ; as, he is at work; Atsometimes the samewith furnished with ; as, a man at arms; At sometimes notes the place wliere any thing is ; as, he is at home ; At sometimes is nearly the same as In, noting situation ; At sometimes seems to signify in the power of, or obedient to; as. At your service ; At all, in any manner. AtaBAL, 4t-ft-bil, S. A kind of tabour used by the Moors. Ataraxy, it-ti-r^k-S^, *. 517. Exemption from vexation, tranquillity. AthaNOR, a^/t-i-nSr, 5. ]G6. A digesting furnace to keep heat for some time. Atheism, -d'-thhAzra, s. 505. The disbelief of God. Atheist, A-f/te-lst, S. One that denies the exi» tt'iice of God. Atheistical, fl-^Ae-is-tc-k^l, a. Given to atheism, impious. Atheistically, k-the-h'-th-ki\-\!i, ad. In an atheistical manner. Atiieisticalness, ii- 559. ¥kte 73, fUr 77, fall 83, f^t 81— m6 93, m^t95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, AuTL'MNAL, aw-tum^n;tl, a. Belonging to auti-mn. Avulsion, i-vfil-shun, s. The act of pulling one tiling from another. AUXESIS, awg-ze-sis, 5. 478. 520. Amplification AUXII.IAR, awg-ZlKy^r, S. 478. Helper, assistant. Auxiliary, awg-zil-y4-r^, a. Helping, assisting AuxiLiATiON, av?g-zil-e-i-shun, S. Help, aid. To Await, i-v/ite', v. a. To expect, ta wait for- to attend, to be in store for. Await, 4-wate{ s. Ambush. To Awake, 4-wike{ v. a. To rouse out of sleep, to raise from any state resembling sleep ; to put into new action. To Awake, ^-wAkeJ v. n. To break from sleep, to cease to sleep. Awake, i-wakej a. Without sleep, not sleeping. To Awaken, i-wA-kn. 103. — See Awake. To Award, 4-Ward( v. a. To adjudge, to give any thing by a judicial sentence; to judge, to determine. Award, 4-ward{ S. Judgment, sentence, determi. nation. Aware, i-r/kre', a. Vigilant, attentive. To Aware, i-wAreJ v. n. To beware, to be cautious. Away, a-waj ad. Absent from any place or person , let us go j begone ; out of one's own power. Awe, aw, s. Reverential fear, reverence. To Awe, aw, v. a. To strike with reverence or fear. Aweband, aw-bAnd, s. A check. Awful, iw^ful, a. 173. 406. That which strikes with awe, or fills with reverence; worshipful, invested with dignity ; struck with awe, timorous. Awfully, awiful-l^, ad. In a reverential manner. AwFULNESS, aw-fiil-nes, S. The quality of striking with awe, solemnity; the state of being struck with suSiciently established by good usage to give it a place in all of them. Authenticity, aw-^/^en-tls-se-te, s. Authority, genuineness. Authentick, aw- See Directions to Foreigners prefixed to this Dic- tionary, page 18. Aye, ae, ad. Always, to eternity, for ever. Aygreen, Ae-grt4n, s. The same with houseleek. Ayry, a-re, a. — See Mrt/. Azimuth, ^z-e-mu^/t, s. Tlie azimuth of the sun, or of a star, is an arch between the meridian of the place and any given vertical line ; magnetical azimuth, is an arch of the horizon contained between the sun's azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian ; azimuth compass, is an instrument used at sea for finding the sun's magnetical azimuth. Azure, a-zhure, a. 484. 461. Blue, faint blue. B. Jjaa, b^, S. 77. The cry of a sheep. To Baa, ba, v. n. To cry like a sheep. To Babble, bjlb^bl, v. n. 405. To praulc like a child; to talk idly ; to tell secrets ; to talk much. Babble, bA.b-bl, *. Idle talk, senseless prattle Babblement, bib^bl-ment, *. Senseless prate. Babbler, b^b^blur, s. 93. An idle talker j a teller of secrets. Babe, babe, *. An infant. Babery, bi-bur-r^, s. 555. Finery to please a babe or child. Babish, bA^blsh, a. Childish. Baboon, b^-boon{ S. A monkey of the largest kind. Baby, bd-b^, s. vulgarly bib^bi. A child, an infant; a small image in imitation of a child, wliich girls play with. Baccated, bik^ki-ted, a. Beset with pearls; having many berries. Bacchanalian, bik-k^-ni-lJ-dn, s. a drunkard. Bacchanals, bikiki-nJlz, *. The drunken feasts of Bacchus. Bacchantes, b4k-kln-t^z, s. The mad priests of Bacchus. Bacchus Bole, h4k'kiis-bile, s. A flower, not tall, but very full and broad leaved. Bacciferous, b^k-sifi^-rus, «. 555. Berry-bearing. Bachelor, b^tsh-5-lur, S. A man unmarried; a man who takes his first degrees; a knight of the lowest order. Bachelor's Button, b.^tsh^e-lurz-but-tn, s. 170. Campion, an herb. Bachelorship, b4tshi^-lur-ship, s. The con- dition of a bachelor. Back, bilk, s. The hinder part of the body ; the outer part of the hand when it is shut; the rear; the place behind ; the part of any thing out of sight ; the thick part of any tool, opposed to the edge. Back, bak, ad. To the place whence one came; backward from the present station; behind, not com- ing forward; toward things past; again, in return; again, a second time. To Back, bik, v. a. To mount a horse ; to break a horse; to place upon the back; to maintain, to strengthen; to justify, to support; to second. To Backbite, b^k-blte v. a. To censure or re- proach the absent. Backbiter, bak^bl-tur, s. A privy calumniator, censurer of the absent. Backuoor, b^k-dore, s, Tlie door behind the bouse. 41 Backed, b^kt, a. 359. Having a back. Backfriend, bikifrend, s. An enemy in secret. Backgammon, b^k-gW^mun, s. 166. a play or game with dice and tables. Backhouse, bik^house, s. The building behind the chief part of the house. Backpiece, bik-peese, *. The piece of armour which covers the back. Backroom, bAk-room, *. A room behind. Backside, bik^slde, S. The hinder part of any thing; the hind part of an animal; the yard or ground behind a house. yo Backslide, bik-sllde{ w. w. 497. To fall off. (B?" I have in this word preferred Dr. Johnson's accen- tuation on the second syllable, to Mr. Sheridan's on the first: for the reasons, see Principles under the number marked. Dr. Ash, Entick, Scott, and Perry, are on the side of Rlr. Sheridan ; and Dr. Johnson and W. Johnston only on that which I have chosen; but Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Ash, by marking the noun backslider with the accent on the second syllable, as it is always heard, have betrayed their pronunciation of the verb s for one of these modes must be wrong, as the verbal noun must unquestionably have the same accent as the verb. Backslider, bik-slUdur, s. 98. An apostate. Backstaff, bikistif, s. An instrument useful in taking the sun's altitude at sea. Backstairs, bak-starz, s. The private stairs in a house. Backstays, bik^stize, s. Ropes which keep the mast from pitching forward. Backsword, bAk-sord, s. A sword with one sharp edge. Backwards, bak-wurdz, ad. 88. With the back forwards ; towards the back ; on the back ; from the present station to the place behind; rcgressively ; towards something past ; out of the progressive stale j from a better to a worse state; past, in lime past. Backward, bik-wurd, a. Unwilling, averse; hesitating; sluggish, dilatory ; dull, not (}uick, or ap- prehensive. - - Backward, bikiwurd, i. Tiie tilings past. Backward! Y, bAk^wurd-l^, ad. Unwillingly, aversely. Backwardness, bik-wurd-nes, s, Dulness, sluggishness. Bacon, bi-kn, s. 170. Tlie flesh of a hog salted and dried. Bad, b4d, a. Ill, not good; vicious, corrupt; un- fortunate, unhappy ; hurlful, unwholesome; sick. Bade, bad, 75. Tlie preterite of Bid. Badge, badje, s. 74. A mark or cogrii'^ance worn j a token by which one is known ; IIm; mark of any thing. To Badge, bidje, v. a. To mark. Badger, bid^jur, s. 98. A brock, an animal. Badger, b^dijur, s. One that buys com and victuals in one place, and carries it into another. Badly, bdd'-l^, ad. Not well. Badness, bid-nes, S. Want of good qualities. To Baffle, b^f-fl, v. a. 405. To elude; to con- found; to crush. Baffler, bif^flur, s. 98. He that baffles. Bag, b;tg, 5. A sack, or pouch ; that part of animals in which some particular juices are contained, as the poison of vipers ; an ornamental purse of silk tied to men's hair; a term used to signify quantities, as a bag of pepper. To Bag, hXg, v, a. To put into a bag; to load with a bag. To Bag, b%, v. n. To swell like a full bag. BagA'I ELLE, b Jg-^-tel{ s. A trifle. Not English. Baggage, b%-gidje, s. 90. The furniture of an army ; a worthless woman. Bagnio, bitn-yo, s. 388. A house for bathing and sweating. BAL BAN b- 559. FAte73, fJr77, fSUSS, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, p'n 107— no 162, move 164, Ballad, balM^d, s. A song. Ballad-singer, bil-lid-sing-ur, s. One wliose employment is to sing ballads in the streets. Ballast, b^l-l^t, s. 88. Sometiung put at the boitom of the ship to keep it steady. BallETTE, biKlet, S. A dance. Balloon, bal-loonj *. A large round short-necked vessel used in cliymistry ; a ball placed on a pillar; a ball of |>asteboard, stuffed with combustible matter, which is shot up into the air, and then bursts ; a large hollow ball of silk filled with gas, which makes it rise into the air. Ballot, bAKlut, s. 166. A little ball or ticket used in giving votes ; the act of voting by ballot. To Ballot, bil-lut, v. n. To clioose ly ballot. Ballotation, bil-lo-ta^shun, s. The act of voting by ballot. Balm, bam, s. 403. The sap or juice of a shrub, remarkably odorifeious; any valuable or fragrant ointment; any thing that soothes or mitigates pain.— See No. 79 in the Note. Balm, bRm, S. The name of a plant. Balm of Gilead, bara-6f-gil-yid, s. The juice drawn from the balsam tree, a plant liaving a strong balsamick scent. Balmy, bam-e, a. 403. Having the qualities of balm ; pri)diicii)g balm ; soothing, soft ; fragrant, odor- iferous; mitigatitig, assuasive. Balneary, bil-ne-i-re, *. A bathing-room. Balneation, b4l-n^-A-shun, s. The act of bathing. Balneatory, bal-n^-i-tur-r^, a. 512. 557. liclonging to a bath. Balsam, bawl-sum, s. 88. Ointment, ungaent. Balsam Apple, biwl-sfim ip-pl, s. All Indiati plant. Balsamical, bil-sSmi^-kil. 84.1 Balsamick, bil-sim^ik. 509. J Unctuous, mitigating. Balustrade, bil-us-tridej s. Rows of little pillars called balusters. fcy- This word is often corrupted into banisters, as, the banisters of a staircase. Balustrade means the row of small pillars supporting the guard of a staircase, taken collectively ; as a colon- nade means a collection of columns in regular order; but, besides this collective term, there is the distributive Balusters, meaning either the whole of the balustrade, or any part of it, as each of the small pillars that com- pose It may be called a baluster. Bamboo, b4m-boo{ s. An Indian plant of the reed kind. To Bamboozle, bim-boo-zl, v. a. To deceive, to impose upon. A low word. Bamboozler, b^-boo-zlur, *. A cheat. Ban, bin, S. Public notice given of any thing j a curse; excominunication ; interdiction; Ban of the Empire, a public censure by which the privileges of any German prince are suspended. Banana Tree, bi-na-ni-trel, s. Plantain. Band, bind, S. A tie, a bandage; a chain by which any animal is kept in restraint; any union or con- nexion ; any thing bnund round another ; a company of persons joined together; a particular kind of neck- cloth worn chiefly by the clertiy : 'n architecture, any Hat low tnoulding, fascia, face, or plinth. To Band, bind, v. a. To unite togetlier into one body or troop ; to bind over with a band. Bandage, bin^dldje, S. 90. Something bound over another; ttie fillet or roller wrapped over a wiiunded member. Bandbox, bind^bSks, s. A slight box used for b;inils, and other things of small weight. Bandelet, bin-d^-let, *. Any flat moulding or fillet. Bagpipe, big^^plpe, S. A musical instrument, con. sisting of a leathern bag, and pipes. Bagpiper, big-pi-pur, *. 98. One that plays on a bagpipe. Bail, bile, S. Bsul 5» the freeing or setting at liberty one arrested.or imprisoned upon action either civil or criminal, under security taken for his appear- ance. To Bail, bile, v. a. To give bail for another ; to admit to l)ail. Bailable, bi-li-bl, a. 405. That may be set at liberty by bail. Bailiff, bi-llf, S. a subordinate officer; an officer whose business it is to execute arrests; an under- steward of a manor. Bailiwick, bi-ll-wlk, *. The place of the juris- diction of a bailiff. To Bait, bite, v. a. To put meat to tempt animals. To Bait, bite, v. a. To set dogs upon. To Bait, bite, v. n. To stop at any place for re- freshment ; to clap the wings, to flutter. Bait, bite, s. Meat set to allure animals to a snare; a temptation, an enticement; a refreshment on a journey. Baize, bize, *. a Icind of coarse open cloth. To Bake, bike, v. a. To heat any thing in a close place ; to dress in an oven ; to harden in the fire ; to harden with heat. To Bake, bike, v. n. To do the work of baking. Bakehouse, bike-house, s. A place for baking bread. Baker, bi^kur, S. 98. He whose trade is to bake. Balance, biKlinse, s. A pair of scales; ihe act of comparing two things; the overplus of weight; that which is wanting to make two parts of an account even; equipoise; the beating part of a watch; in astronomy, one of the signs, Libra. To Balance, bil-linse, v. a. To weigh in a balance ; to counterpoise ; to regulate an account ; to pay that which is wanting. To Balance, bil-linse, v. n. To hesiute, to fluctuate. Balancer, biKlin-sur, *. The person that weighs. Balass Ruby, biUis-ruib^, s. A kind of ruby. Balcony, bil-ko^n^, S. A frame of wood, or stone, before the window of a room. Bald, bawld, a. Without hair; without natural covering; unadorned, inelegant; stripped, without dignity. Balderdash, bawl-dur-dish, s. Rude mixture. Baldly, bawld-li, ad. Nakedly, meanly, inele- gantly. Bai.dmony, biwld^mun-nl, s. Gentian, a plant. Baldness, biwld-nes, s. The want of hair; the loss (if hair ; meanness of writing. Baldrick, biwl'drik, s. A girdle; the zodiack. Bale, bile, s. A bundle of goods. Baleful, bile-ful, a. Sorrowful, sadj full of misdiief. BalefulLY, bileiful-li, ad. Sorrowfully, mis- chievously. Balk, bawk, s. 402. 84. A gr«at beam. Balk, bawk, S. a ridge of land left unploughed. Balk, bawk, S. Disappointment when least ex- pected. To Balk, bawk, v. a. 402. To disappoint, to frustrate; to miss any thing. Balkers, baw-kurz, *. 98. Men who give a sign which way the shoal of herrings is. Ball, bawl, S. 33. 77. Any thing made in a round form; a rout fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Without shoes. Barefaced, bare-fastej «. 359. With the face naked, not masked ; shameless, unreserved. Barefacedly, bare-fasteUe, ad, 364. Openly, shamelessly, without disguise. BarefacedneSs, bire-fiste-nes, s. 365. Effrontery, assurance, audaciousness. Barefoot, bare-fut, \ Barefooted, bire-fut-ed, J Bareheaded, bare-hed-ded, a. Uncovered in respect. Barely, bAre-le, ad. Nakedly; merely, only. Bareness, bare-nes, s. Nakedness ; leanness ; poverty; meanness of clothes. Bargain, bar-gin, S. 208. A contract or agree- ment concerning sale; the thing bought or sold ; sti- pulation. To Bargain, bar-gin, v, n. To make a contract for sale. Bargainee, ba,r-gin-nee{ s. He or she that ac- cepts a bargain. Bargainer, bar^gin-nur, s. 98. The person who proffers or makes a bargain. Barge, barje, s. A boat for pleasure ; a boat for burden. Barger, bar-jur, S. 98. Tlie manager of a barge. Bark, bark, S. The rind or covering of a tree ; a small ship. To Bark, bark, v. a. To strip trees of their bark. To Bark, bark, v. n. To make the noise which a dog makes ; to clamour at. Barker, barikur, s. 98. One that barks or clamours ; one employed in stripping trees. Barky, bar-k^, a. Consisting of bark. Barley, bar-1^, *. 270. A grain, of winch malt is made. Barleybrake, bar-le-brake, s. A kind of rural play. Barleycorn, bar^l^-korn, s. A grain of barley. Barm, barm, S. Test, the ferment put into drink to make it work. Barmy, bar-me, a. Containing bann. Barn, barn, S. A place or house for laying up any sort of grain, hay, or straw. Barnacle, bar-na-kl, s. 405. A bird like a goose, fiibulously supposed to grow on trees ; a species of shell-fish. Barometer, bi-rftm-me-tur, s, 518. A machine for measuring the weight of the atmos- phere, and the variations in it, in order chiefly to de- termine the changes of the weather. Barometrical, b^r-o-metitre-kal, a. 509. 515. Relating to the barometer. Baron, bir-run, S. 166. A degree of nobility next to a viscount ; baron is one of tlie judges in the court of exchequer; there are also baioiis of the cinque ports, that have places in the lower house of parliament; baron is used in law for the husband in relation to his wife. Baronage, bir-run-idje, s. 90. The dignity of a baron. Baroness, b^r-run-es, s. 557. A baron's lady. Baronet, b$r-un-et, s. 557. The lowest degree of honour that is hereditary; it is below a baron, and fibovc a knight. Barony, b^r^run-^, s. 557. That honour or lordship that gives title to a baron. Baroscope, b^r-r6-sk6pe, s. An instrument to show the weight of the atmosphere. Barracan, b^r^r^-kin, s. a strong thick kind of camelot. Barrack, bir^rtlk, s. A building to lodge scldiers. Barrator, b^r^r^-tur, s. A wrangler, an en- courager of lawsuits. Barratry, bJi^ri-trl, s. Foui practice in law. 44 Barrel, bir^ril, S. 99- a round wooden vessel to be stopped close; a vessel containing liquor; any thing hollow, as the barrel of a gun ; a cylinder. To Barrel, bir^nl, v. a. To put any thing in > barrel. Barren, bSr^ren, a. Not prolifick j unfruitful, not fertile, sterile; not copious, scanty; unmeaning, uninventive, dull. Barrenly, b^r^ren-le, ad. Unfruitfully. Barrenness, bir-ren-nes, s. Want of the power of procreation ; unfruitfulness, sterility; want of in- vention; want of matter; in theology, want of sea sibility. Barrenvvort, bir-ren-wurt, s. A plant. Barrful, bar-full, a. Full of obstructions— properly BarJ'ut. Barricade, b^-r^-kade{ s. A fortification made to keep off an attack ; any stop, bar, obsruction. To Barricade, b4r-re-kade{ v. a. To stop up a passage. Barricado, bir-ru-kil-do, s. A fortification, a bar. — See Lumbago. To Barricado, bir-re-ka-di, v. a. To fortify, to bar. Barrier, b^r-re-ur, S. 98. A barricade, an en- trenchment; a fortification, or strong place; a stop, an obstruction; a bar to mark the limits of any place j a boundary. Cr^ Pope, by the licence of his art, pronounced this word in two syllables, with the accent on the last, as if written bar-reer. ** Twixt that ami reason what a nice barrier! " For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near." Essaij on Man, Ep. I. ». 215. And yet in. another part of his works he places the ac- cent oil the first syllable, as we always hear it in prose. " Safe in the love of Heav'n, an ocean flows " Around our realm, a tamer from the foes." Barrister, b^r-ris-tur, s. A person qualified to plead the causes of clients in the courts of justice. Barrow, bar-ro, S. Any carriage moved by the hand, as a handbarrow. Barshot, bai-ishot, S. Two bullets or half-bullets joined by a bar, and used chiefly at sea to cut down the masts and rigging of ships. To Barter, bar^tur, v. n. 98. To traffick by exchanging one commodity for another. To Barter, bar-tur, v. a. To give any thing in " exchange. Barter, bar-tur, S. The act or practice of trafiick- ing by exchange. Barterer, bar-tur-ur, s. He that trafiicks by exchange. Bartery, bar-tur-r^, s. 555. Exchange of com- riiodities. BartrAM, baritritm, S. A plant, pellitoty. Barytone, bjlr-e-t6ne, s. (tr?- A word with the grave accent on the last syllable. If the inspector does not know what is meant by tli« grave accent, it maybe necessary to inform him, tha' writers on the Greek accent tell us that every syllabi , which has not the acute accent has the grave ; and aj there could be but one syllable acuted in that language, the rest must necessarily be grave. What these accents are has puzzled the learned so much that they seem nei- ther to understand each other nor themselves ; but it were to be wished they had kept this distinction into acute and grave out of our own language, as it is impos- sible to annex any clear ideas to it, except we consider the grave accent merely as the absence of the acute, which reduces it to no accemt at all. If we divide the voice into its two leading inflections, the rising and fall- ing, and call the former the atnte ana the latter the grave, we can annex distinct ideas to these words : and perhaps it is an ignorance of this distinction of speaking sounds, and confounding them with high and low, or loud and soft, that occasions the confusion we meet with in writers on this subject. — See Elements of Elocution, page 60. Also Observations on the Greek and Latin Accent and Quantity, at the end of the Key to the ClaS' sicttl Pronuwiation oj Greek and Latin Proper Names* BAS BAT nor 1G7, nftt 163 ; tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 ; 3il 299 ; pound 313 BasALTES, b^-siUtlz, S. A kind of marble, never found in layers, but standing upriglit. Base, base, a. Mean, vile, worthless ; disingenuous, illiheral, ungenerous; of low station, of mean account; base-born, born out of wedloclv ; applied to metals, without value; applied to sounds, deep, grave. Base-born, base-born, a. Bom out of wedlock. Base-court, bAse-kort, s. Lower court. Base-minded, bdse-mind-ed, a. Mean spirited. Base-viol, base-vl-ul, s, 166. An instrument used in concerts for the base sound. Base, bAse, S. The bottom of any thing; the pedestal of a statue ; the bottom of a cone ; stockings ; the place from which racers or tillers run ; the string that gives a base sound ; an old rustick play. Basely, base-le, ad,. Meanly, dishonourably; in bastardy, as basely born. Baseness, base-nes, s. Meanness, vileness J vile- ness of metal; bastardy; deepness of sound. Bashaw, b^h-aw{ s. . Among the Turks, the viceroy of a province. Bashful, bash-ful, a. Modest, shamefaeed shy. Bashfully, bfcb^ful-le, ad. Timorously, modestly. Bashfulness, bfch-ful-nes, s. Modesty; foolish or rustic shame. Basil, b^Z^ll, S. The name of a plant. Basilica, b^-zii-i-kJ, s. The middle vein of the arrn. Basilica, bi-zil-e-kJ, s. The basiiick vein. Basilick, b^-zil-lik, a. 494. Belonging to the basilica. Basilick, b^z-il-lik,S. The basilick vein j a large hall. BaSILICON, b4-ziKc-k5n, S. An ointment, called also tetrapharmacon. Basilisk, b4z-^-llsk, S. A kind of serpent, a cockatrice, said to kill by looking. He is called Basi- lisk, or little king, from a comb or crest on his head ; a species of cannon. Basin, ba'sn, s. 405. A small vessel to hold water for washing, or other uses; a small pond; a part of the sea inclosed in rocks; any hollow place capacious of liquids; a dock for repairing and building ships; Basins of a Balance, the same with the scales. Basis, bA-SlS, *. The foundation of any thing ; the lowest of the three principal parts of a column ; that on which any thing is raised ; the pedestal ; the ground- work. To Bask, bAsk, V, a. 79. To warm by laying out in the heat. To Bask, bisk, V.n. ToUe in a place to receive heat. Basket, bAs^kit, *. 99. a vessel maae of twigs, rushes, or splinters. Basket-hilt, bis-kit-hilt, s. 99- A hilt of a weapon so Uiade as to contain the whole hand. Basket-woman, b^s^kit-wum-un, s. 166. A woman that plies at market with a basket. Bass, bise, a. properly Base. In muslck, grave, deep. Bass-viol, bAse-vI-ul, s. 166. See Base-viol. Bass, bas, s. A mat used in churches. Bass-relief, bAs-re-leift s. Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out from the ground in their full proportion. Basset, bAs^Slt, s. 99. A game at cards. Bassoon, bjs-soon| S. a musical instrument of the wind kind, blown with a reed. Bastard, bAs'-tird, *. 88. A person bom of a woman out of wedlock ; any thing spurious. Bastard, bis^t^rd, a. Begotten out of wedlock; spurious, supposititious, adulterate. To Bastardize, bJsitir-dlze, v. a. To convict of being a bastard ; to beget a bastard. ■ 45 thin 466, THIS 469. In the manner o( Bastardly, bas^t^rd-le, ad. a bastard. Bastardy, b;ts^tlr-de, s. An unlawful state of birth, which disables a child from succeeding to an in- heritance. To Baste, biste, v. a. To beat with a stick ; to drip butter upon meat on the spit; to sew slightly. Bastinade, bis-tl-nadej "l Bastinado, b4s-te-niUd6, / ' The act of beating with a cudgel ; a Turkish punish- ment of beating an offender on his feet. To Bastinade, bfc-te-nade{ "J To Bastinado, b^s-te-na-do, j ' ' To beat. — See Lumbago. Bastion, bis^tshun, *. 291. A huge mass of earth, usually faced with sods, standing out from a rampart; a bulwark. Bat, bat, s. a heavy stick. Bat, bat, S. An animal having the body of a mouse, and the wings of a bird, not with feathers, but with a sort of skin which is extended. It brings torth its young as mice do, and suckles them. Bat-fowling, b4t^fou-ling, s. Bird-catching in the night-time. Batable, ba-tA-bl, a. 405. Disputable. Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore in question, whether it belonged to England or Scotland. Batch, bdtsh, s. The quantity of bread baked at a time ; any quantity made at once. Bate, bite, S. strife, contention. To Bate, bate, v. a. To lessen any thing, to re- trench; to sink the price; to lessen a demand ■ to cut off. Bateful, bate^ful, a. Contentious. BaTEMENT, biteiment, S. Diminution. Bath, ba^A, S. 78. A bath is either hot or cold, either of art or nature ; a vessel of hot water, in which another is placed that requires a softer heat tlian the naked fire; a sort of Hebrew measure, containing seven gallons and four pints. To Bathe, b^THe, v. a. 467. To wash in a bath 5 to supple or soften by the outward application of warm liquors; to wash with any thing. To Bathe, b^THe, v. n. To be in the water. Bating, baiting, /»re/>. 410. Except. Batlet, bAt-let, s, A square piece of wood used in beating linen. BatooN, b559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 16'2, move 164, vrith a round handle and a Hat blade, to strike a ball or shuttlecock. Battlement, bit-tl-ment, *. A wall with open places to look through, or to annoy an enemy. Batty, bit-t^, a. Belonging to a bat. Bavaroy, biv-4-roe{ s. A kind of cloke. BaubEE, biw-beej S. In Scotland, a halfpenny. Bavin, biv-m, s. A «tick like those bound up in fagots. Bawble, baw-bl, s. 405. A gewgaw, a trifling piece of finery. BaWBLING, biw^bling, a, 410. Trifling, con- temptible. BAVVfCOCK, baw-kSk, *. A fine fellow. Bawd, bawd, *. A procurer or procuress. To Bawd, bawd, v. n. To procure. Bawdilv, baw-d^-1^, ad. Obscenely. BawdiNESS, baw-dl-nes, *. Obsceneness. Bawdrick, baw-dnk, s. A belt. Bawdry, baw-dre, S. A wicked practice of bring- ing whores and rogues together ; olwcenity. Bawdy, baw-d^, a. Obscene, unchaste. Bawdy-house, biw-d4-house, *. A house where traffick is made by wickedness and debaucliery. To Bawl, bill, v. n. To hoot, to cry out witli great vehemence ; to cry as a froward child. TV Bawl, ball, v. a. To proclaim as a crier. Bawrel, baw-ril, *. 99. A kind of hawk. Bawsin, baw-sin, s. A badger. Bay, bA, a. 220. A colour. Bay, bl, S. An opening in the land. Bay, bA, s. The state of any thing surrounded by enemies. Bay, ba, s. In aichitecture, a term u»ed to signify the divisions of a barn or other building* Bays are from fourteen to twenty feet long. Bay, ba, s. A tree. Bay, ba, s. An honorary crown or garland. To Bay, b4, v. a. To bark as a dog at a thief; to shut in. Bay Salt, bi-salt, S. Salt made of sea water, which viv-eives its consistence from the heat of the sun, and is so called from its brown colour. Bay Window, bi-win-di, s. A window jutting outward.— See Bow-window. Bayard, bA-yird, s. A bay horse. Bayonet, bi-yun-net, s. A short sword fixed at the end of a musket. (!3> This word is very frequently pronounced bagonet, but chiefly by the vulgar. Bdellium, del-yum,*. An aromatick gum brought from the Levant.— See Pneumalick. To Be, bee, v. n. To have some certain state, con- dition, quality, as, the man is wise; it is the auxiliary verb by which the verb passive is formed; to exist, to have existence. Beach, bietsh, s. 227. The shore, the strand. Beached, bcetsh^ed, a. Exposed to the waves. Beach Y, be^tsh-l, a. Having beaches. Beacon, be-kn, S. 170. Something raised on an eminence to be fired on the approach of an enemy ; marks erected to direct navigators. Bead, bede, s. 227. Small globes or balls strung upon a thread, and used by the Roman Catholicks to count their prayers ; little balls worn about the neck for ornament ; any globular bodies. Bead-tree, bide^tr*^^, s. Tlie nut of this tree is, by religious persons, bored through, and strung as beads, wlience it takes its name. Beadle, be-dl, s. 227. 405. A messenger or servitor belonging to a court} a petty officer in parishes i 46 Beadroll, bide-r6ll. S. A catalogue of those who are to be mentioned at prayers. Beadsman, beedz-min, *. a man employed in praying for another. Beagle, be-gl, 4. 227. 405. A small hound with which nares are hunted. Beak, beke, *. 227. The bill or homy mouth of a bird ; a piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the head of the ancient galleys ; any thing ending in a point like a beak. Beaked, b^iked, or bikt, a. 362. Having a beak. Beaker, b^'-kur, .». 98. A cup with a spout in th« form of a bird's heak. Beal, bile, s. 227. A whelk or pimple. Beam, beme, s. 111. The main piece of timber that supports the lofts of a house ; any large and long piece of tiwiber ; that part of a balance to the ends of which the scales are suspended; a cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the loom, on which the web is gra- dually rolled as it is wove; the ray of light emitted from some luminous body. Beam-tree, beme-tr^l, s. Wildservice. Beamy, be-m^, a. Radiant, shining; emitting beams ; having horns or antlers. Bean, b^ne. i. 227* The common garden bean, the horse bean. Bean-caper, olne-ki-pur, s. A plant. To Bear, bire, v. a, 240. To cany as a burden j to convey or carry ; to carry as a mark of authority ; to carry as a mark of distinction ; to support, to keep from falling ; to cany in the mind, as love, hate ; to endure, as |>ain, without sinking; to suffer, to undergo; to produce, as fruit ; to bring forth, as a child; to support anything good or bad ; to behave; to impel, to urge, to push; to press; to bear in hand, to amuse with false pretences, to deceive ; to bear off, to carry away by force ; (o bear out, to support, to maintain. To Bear, bAre, v. n. 73. To suffer pain; to be patient; to be fruitful or prolifick; to tend, to be di- rected to any point ; to behave ; to be situated with respect to otiier places ; to bear up, to stand firm with- out falling; to bear with, to endure an unpleasing thing. Bear, bare, S. 73. A rough savage animal; the name (pf two constellations, called the Greater and Lesser Bear: in the t.iit of the Lesser Bear is the Pole star. Bear-bind, bare-blnd, *. A species of bind-weed. Bear-fly, bAre-fll, s. An insect. Bear-garden, bare-gar-dti, s. A place in which bears are kept for sport ; any place of tumult or mis- rule. Bear's-BREECH, birz-bntsh, *. The name of a plant. Bear's-EAR, b^X-^er, s. The name of a plant. The AuTtmla. BeAR's-FOOT, barr-fut, *. A species of hellebore. Bear's-wort, birz-wurt, S. 165. An herb. Beard, bi^rd, s. 288. The hair that grows on the lips and chin j sharp prickles growing upon the ears of corn ; a barb on an arrow. (l:^' This word, as Pr. Kenrick observes, is frequently pronounced so as to rhyme with herd: but I am of iiis opinion that this pronunciation is improper. Mr. Scott and Mr. Perry give it both ways. Buchanan sounds it short, like Mr. Sheridan. W. Johnston makes it rhyme with laird, a Scotch lord: but Mr. Elphinston, who is the most accurate observer of pronunciation 1 ever met with, gives it as I have done. The stage has, in my opi- nion, adopted the short sound of the diphthong without good reason, and in this instance ought not to he fol- lowed ; as the long sound is not only more agreeable to analogy, but to general usage. I am glad to find my opi- nion confirmed by so good a judge as Mr. Sinith; and though the poets so often sacrifice pronunciation to rhyme, that their authority, in these cases, is not always decisive, yet, as Shakespeare says on another occasion, " They still may help tc thicken other proofs " That do demonstrate thinly." — 0(A«Q* " Rail'd at their coTenaut, and jeer'd " Thdr reTttcnd pcnons t» sjr htmi,*^ HadUrm* BEA BED nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oi. 299— pound 313— #/nn 466, THis 469. " Some thin remains of chastity appear'd " Ev'n un«3er Jove, but Jove without a beard." — Drydcn The impropriety-of pronouncing this word as it is heard on the stage, will perhaps appear more perceptible by carrying this pronunciation into the compounds, as the false sound of great may be detected by the phrase, Alexander the Great, 241. " Old prophecies foretel our fall at blAd, " When bearded men in floarifff c-agtles land. *' And as young striplioft whip the top for sporty ** On the fmooth pavement of an empty court, " Tbe wooden engine files and whirls about, " Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout." — Dryden To Beard, bl^rd, v. a. To take or pluck by the beard ; to oppose to the face. Bearded, b^^rd-ed, a. Having a beard ; having sharp prickles, as corn ; barbed or jagged. Beardless, b^erd'les, a. Without a beard; youthful. Bearer, bire^ur, S. 98. A carrier of any thing; one employed in carrying burdens ; one who wears any thing ; one who carries the body to the grave ; one who supports the pall at a funeral ; a tree that yields its produce ; in architecture, a post or brick wall raised between the ends of a piece of timber. BearherD, hireih5rd,#. A man that tends bears. Bearing, bireiing, s, 410. The site or place of any thing with respect to something else; gesture, mien, beliaviour. Beakwaud, b^e^wird, s, A keeper of bears. Beast, b^^St, g. 227. An animal distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man ; an irrational animal, opposed to man ; a brutal savage man. Beastliness, b^&st-l^-nes, *. Brutality. Beastly, b^^St^l^, a. Brutal, contrary to the nature and dignity of man ; tiaving the nature or form of beasts. To Beat, bi'te, v. a. 227. 233. To strike, to knock; to punish with stripes; to mark the time in music; to give repeated blows; to strike ground; to rouse game ; to mix things by long and frequent agita- tion ; to batter with engines of war ; to make a path by treading it; to conquer, to subdue, to vanquish; to harass, to over-labour; to depress; to deprive by- violence ; to move with fluttering agitation; to beat down ; to lessen the price demanded ; to beat up ; to attack suddenly ; to beat the hoof, to walk, to go on foot. C^ The past time of this verb is, by the English, uni- formly pronounced like the present. Nay, except in solemn language, the present, preterit, arul participle are exactly the same; while the Irish, more agreeably to analogy, as well as utility, pronounce the preterit as the noun bet, a wager; and this pronunciation, though con- trary to English usage, is quite conformable to that ge- neral tendenc^v observable in the preterits of irregular verbs, which is to shorten the vowel that is long in the present, as eat, ate, (often pronounced et {) hear, heard; deal, dealt ; mean, meant ; dream, dreamt ; he. To Beat, b^te, v. n. To move in a pulsatory manner; to dash, as a flood or storm j to knock at a door; to throb, to be in agitation; to fluctuate, to be in motion ; to try in different ways, to search ; to act upon with violence; to enforce by repetition. Beat, bete, s. A stroke, or a striking. Beaten, be^tn, ;>ar/. 103. Frota Beat. Beater, b^-tur, S. 98. An instrument with which any thing is beaten ; a person much given to blows. Beatifical, b^-i-tift^-kii, \ Beatifick, bi-i-tif^ik, 509./"' Blissful. Jt is used only of heavenly fruition after death. Beatifically, bi-4-tif-^-k^l-li, ad. In such a manner as to complete happiness. Beatification, b^-it-e-fe-ka-shun, s. Beatification is an acknowledgment made by the Po[)e, that the person beatified is in heaven, and therefore may be reverenced as blessed. Tb Beatify, be4ti^^-fl, v. a. 183. To bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment. Beating, bke^ing, S. 410. Correction by blows. Beatitude bi-^t^^-tude, *. BteMedaes*, fcliciij', 47 happiness; a declaration of blessedness made bymir Saviour to particular virtues. Beau, bo, *. 245. 481. a man of dress. Beaver, be^^vur, S. 227. 98. An animal, other- wise named the castor, amphibious, and remarkable for his art in building his habitation ; a hat of the best kind ; the part of a helmet that covers the face. BeaveRED, b^e^vurd, a. 362. Covered with 4 beaver. BeaUISH, b6-ish, a. 245. Befitting a beau, foppish. BeAUMONDE, bi-mond| S. The fashionable world. Beauteous, bu-tsh^-us, a. 263. Fair, elegant in form. BeAUTEOUSLY, bu-tshe-US-le, ad. In a beauteous manner. Beauteousness, bi-tsh^-us-nes, S. The state of being beauteous. Beautiful, bu-t^-ful, a. Fair. Beautifully, bi-te-ful-le, ad. In a beautiful manner. BeAUTIFULNESS, bi-ti-ful-nes, S. The quality of being beautiful. 7<> Beautify, buiti-f{, i;. a. 183. To adom, lo embellish. Beauty, bi-t^, S. That assemblage of graces which pleases the eye ; a particular grace ; a beautiful person. Beauty-spot, bu-ti-spSt, s, a spot placed to heighten some beauiy. BecafICO, bek-i-feik6, *. 112. A bird like a nightingale, a tig pecker. To Becalm, be-kamj v. a. 403. To still the elements ; to keep a ship from motion ; tu quiet the mind. Became, b^-k^me{ The preterit of Become. Because, be-kawz{ conj. For this reason; forj on this account. To Bechance, be-tsh4nse{ v. n. 352. To befal, to liapgien to. To Beck, bek, V,n. To make a sign with the head. Beck, bek, S. A sign with the head, a nod ; a nod of command. To Beckon, bek-kn, v. n. 170. To make a sign. To Beclip, b^-klip{ v. a. To embrace. To Become, b^-kum{ v. n. To enter into some state or condition ; to become of, to be the fate of, to be the end of. To Become, be-kuin' v. a. To appear in a manner suitable to something ; to be suitable to the person ; to befit. Becoming, b^-kum-ming, part. a. 410. That pleases by an elegant propriety, graceful. Becomingly, be-kfim-ming-1^, ad. After . becoming manner. Becomingness, b^-kuin-mlng-nes, s. Elcgan congruity, propriety. Bed, bed, f. Something made to sleep on ; lodging; marriage ; bank of earth raised in a garden ; the chan ■ nel of a river, or any hollow; the place where any thing is generated; a layer, a stratum; To bring to Bed, to deliver of a child ; to make the Bed, to put the bed in order after it has been used. To Bed, bed, v. a. To go to bed with ; to piace in bed ; to be made partaker of the bed ; to sow or plan in earth; to lay in a place of rest; to lay in order, in strata. To Bed, bed, v, n. To cohabit. To Bedabble, b^-dib-bl, v. a. To wet, to be- sprinkle. To Bedaggle, b^-digigl, v. a. To bemire. To Bedash, b^-dishj v. a. To bespatter. To Bedawb, b^-dawbj v. a. To besmear. To Bedazzle, be-diz^zl, v. a. To make the sight dim by too much lustre. Bedchamber, beditshdme-tur, 5. The chamber appropriated to rest. HEE t3- 559. Fale 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, Bedclothes, bed-clize, s. Coverlets spread over a bed. Bedding, bed-ding^, S, 140. The materials of a bed. To Bedeck, be-dekj v. a. To deck, to adorn. To Bedew, be-dii{ v. a. To moisten gently, as Willi the fall ofdew. Bedfellow, bed-fel-lo, s. One that lies in the same bed. To BedigHT, be-dite5 v. a. To adorn, to dress. To Bedim, be-dim| v, a. To obscure, to cloud, to darken. 7'o Bedizen, b^-dl-zn, v. a. 103. To dress out. A low term. Bedlam, bed-lum, .y. 88. A madhouse; a mad- man. Bedlamite, bed-kim-ite, s. 155. A madman. Bedmaker, bfcd'-ma-kur, s. A person in the universities whose office it is to make the beds. Bedmate, bed-m^te, s. A bedfellow. Bedmoulding, bed-mold-ing, s. A particular moulding. Bedpost, bed-pSst, s. The post at the corner of the bed, which supports the canopy. Bedpresser, bedipres-sur, s, A heavy lazy fellow. To Bedraggle, bi-dr%%l, v. a. 405. To soil the clothes. To Bedrencii, be-drenshj v. a. To drench, to soak. Bedrid, bed-rid, a. Confined to the bed by age or sickness. Bedrite, bed-rite, S. The privilege of tlie marriage bed. To Bedrop, bJ-dropJ v. a. To besprinkle, to mark with drops. Bedstead, bed-sted, s. The frame on which the bed is placed. Bedstkaw, bed-straw, s. The straw laid under a bed to make it soft. Bedswerver, bed-swer-vur, S. One that is false to the bed. Bedtime, bedMme, s. The hour of rest. To BeDUNG, be-dungj v. a. To cover with dung. To BedusT, be-dust{ v. a. To sprinkle ^^ith dust. Bedward, bed-ward, ad. Toward bed. 7'o BedwaRF, be-dwarf| v. a. To make little, to stunt. Bedwork, bed-wurk, S. Work performed without toil of the hands. Bee, b^e, S. The animal that makes lioney j an in- dustrious and careful person. Bee-eater, bii-i-tur, S. A bird that feeds upon bees. Bee-flower, beiiflou-ur, s. A species of fool- stones. Bee-garden, b^eigar-dn, s. 103. A place to St hives of bees in, Bel-IIIVE, bee-hive, *. The case, or box, in which bees are kept. Bee-master, bi^imas-tur, s. One that keeps bees. Beech, beetsh, s. A tree. Beechen, bei-tshn, a. 103. Consisting of the wood of the betch. Beef, be^f, *. The flesh of black cattle prejiared for food ; an ox, bull, or cow. It has the plural beeves. Beef-eater, bMfi^-tur, s. A yeoman of the guard. — Probably a corruption of the French word licaufetier, one who attends at the side-board, which was anciently placed in a Beaufet. Been, bin. Tlie part. pret. of To Be. 8^ This word, in the solemn, as well as the familiar 48 BeeU BEG met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 1G4, style, has shared the fate of most of those words, wFiich, from their nature, are in the most frequent use. It is scarcely ever heard otherwise than as the noun bin, a repository for corn or wine, and must be placed among those deviations which language is always liable to in such words as are auxiliary or subordinate to others; for, as those parts of bodies which are the most fre- ?uently handled grow the soonest smooth by constant fiction, so such words as are in continual use seem to wear off their articulations, and become more irregular than others. So lov/ as the age of James the First, I have seen this word spelled Syn. Beer, bi^r, S. Liquor made of malt and hops. Beet, b^et, S. The name of a plant. Beetle, bee-tl, S. 405. An insect distinguished by having hard cases or sheaths, under which he folds his wings ; a heavy mallet. Beetleurowed, beeti-tl-bruud, a. 362. Having prominent brows. Beetleheaded, bee-tl-hed-ed, a. Loggerheaded, having a stupid head. Beetlestock, b^e-tl-stok, S. The handle of a beetle. Beetrave, beet-rive, ") Beet-radish, b^et^rid-isb, J Beeves, b^evz, S. Black cattle, oxen. To Befall, be-fawl{ v, n. To happen to; to come to pass. To Befit, bi-fltj v. a. To suit, to be suitable to. To Befool, be-fool{ v. a. To infatuate, to fool. Before, b^-forej prep. Further onward in place; in the front of, not behind ; in the presence of; under the cognizance of ; preceding in time; in preference to; prior to; superior to. Before, bi-forej ad. Sooner than ; earlier in time; in time past; in some time lately past; pre- viously to; to this time, hitherto; further onward in place. Beforehand, bi-f6re^h^nd, ad. In a state of anticipation or pre-occupation; previously, by way of preparation ; in a state of accumulation, or so as that more has been received than expended ; at first, before any thing is done. Beforetime, b^-fore-time ad. Formerly. To Befortune, be-for-tshune, v. n. 4G1. To betide. To Befool, be-fotdj v. a. To make foul, to soil. To Befriend, be-frendj v. a. To favour ; to be kind to. To Befringe, be-frinjej v, a. To decorate as with fringes. To Beg, beg, v. n. To live upon alms. To Beg, beg, v. a. To ask, to seek by petition ; to take any thing for granted. To Beget, be-getj v. a. To generate, to procreate; to produce, as effects ; to produce, as accidents. Begetter, be-get-tur, s. 98. He that procreates or begets. Beggar, beg-gur, s. 418. One who lives upon alms; a petitioner; one who assumes what he does not prove. To Beggar, beg^gur, v. a. To reduce to beggary, to impoverish; to deprive ; to exhaust. Beggarliness, beg-gur-le-nes, s. The state of being beggarly. Beggarly, beg-gur-l4, a. Mean, poor, indigent. Beggary, beg-giir-e, s. Indigence. To Begin, b^-gin| v. n. To enter upon something new; to commence any action or state; to enter upon existence; to have its original; to take rise; to come into act. To Begin, be-gin5 v. a. To do the first act of any thing; to trace from any thing as the first ground; to begin with, to enter upon. Beginner, b^-gin'-nur, s. 95. He that gives the first cause, or original, to any thing; an unexperienced atteinpter. Beginn ng, bi-gin'-mng, s. 410. BEL BEL n5r 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tab 172, b&ll 173— S!l 299— pS&nd 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 4GS Tlie first original or cause; tlie entrance into act or being ; the state in which any thing first is ; the rudi- ments, or first grounds ; the first part of any thing. To Begird, b^-gerd{ v. a. 160. To bind with a t.irdle; to surrouad, to encircle; to shut in with a siege, to beleaguer. Beglerbeg, beg-ler-beg, s. The chief governor of a province among the Turks. To Begnaw, bl-naw{ v. a. To bite, to eat away. Begone, be-ffSnJ interj. Go away, hence, away. Begot, be-gotj \ t, ^ r Begotten, b^-gSt'-tn, 103./ ^''' P'""'' P"'"' °' the verb Beget. To Begrease, bl-gr^ze{ v. a. To soil or dawb with fat matter. To Begrime, be-grimej v. a. To soil with dirt deep impressed. To Beguile, be-gullej v. a. 160. To impose upon, to dek\de ; to deceive, to evade ; to deceive pleasingly, to amuse. Begun, M-gimJ The part. pass, of liegin. Behalf, be-haft *. 78. 403. Favour, cause; vindication, sup|Mrt> To Behave, bi-hAve{ v. a. To carry, to conduct. To Behave, be-hivej v. n. To act, to conduct one's self. Behaviour, b5-hive-yur, *. 294. Manner of behaving one's self, whether good or bad ; external ap- pearance ; gesture, manner of action ; elegance of manners, eracefulness ; conduct, general practice, course of lift ; To be upon one's behaviour, a familiar phrase, noting such a state as reqViires great caution. To Behead, b^-hedj v. a. To kill by cutting off the head. Beheld, b4-heldl Part. pass, from Behold. Behemoth, bi-h^-m$tb, s. The hippopotamus, or river horse. Behest, b^-hest{ *. Command. Behind, be-hlndj prep. — See Jf^nd. At the back . of another; on the back part; towards the back ; fol- lowing another; remaining after the departure of something else; remaining after the deatli of those to whom It belonged; at a distance from something going before ; inferior to another. Behind, b^-hlnd| ad. Backward. Behindhand, bi-hliid-h^nd, ad. In a state in which rents or profits are anticipated ; not upon equal terms with regard to forwardness. To Behold, b^-h6ldj v. a. To view, to see. Behold, bi-holdj interj. See, lo. Beholden, bJ-hol-dn, part. a. 103. Bound in gratitude. Beholder, be-hoUdur, s. Spectator. Beholding, be-hil-ding, a. 410. Beholden. Beholding, bi-hol-ding, part. From the verb Behold. Seeing, looking upon. Behoof, b^-hooft S. Profit, advantage. To Behoove, b^-hoov{ v. n. To be fit, to be meet. Used only impersonally with it, as It behooves. (K?- This word is sometimes improperly written behove, and corruptly pronounced as rhyming with rove; but this is contrary to the analogy of words of this form ; whicli preserve the same sound of the vowel, both in the noun and verb; as proof , prove ; wife, wive; thief, thieve; &c. Behooveful, b^-hooveiful, a. Useful, profitable. Behoovefullv, bi-hooveiful-l5, ad. Profitably, usefully. To Behowl, b^-houK v. a. To howl at. PeiNG, bi-ing, S. 410. Existence, opposed to non-entity ; a particular stale or condition j the person existing. Being, be-ing, conj. since. Be it so, be^it-so let it be so. To Belabour, be-la-bur, v, a To beat, to thump. 4I> A phrase, suppose it to be so ; Belamie, bel-i-me, s. A friend, an intimate. Belamour, beUi-moor, s. A gallant, consort. Belated, be-la-ted, a. Benighted. To Belay, b^-1^ v. a. To block up, to stop the passage ; to place in ambush. To Belch, belsh, v. n. To eject the wind from the stomach ; to issue out by eructation. Belch, belsb, s. 352. The action of eructation ; a cant term for liquor. Beldam, bel-d4m, S. 88. An old woman ; a hag. To Beleaguer, b^-le-gur, v. a. To besiege, to block up a place. Beleaguerer, be-le-gur-ur, *. One that besieges a place. Belflower, bel-flou-ur, s. A plant. Belfounder, bel^foun-dur, s. He whose trade it is to found or cast bells. Belfry, bel-fr^, s. The place where the bells arc rung. To Belie, be-ll{ v. a. To counterfeit, to feign, to mimick ; to give the lie to, to charge with falsehood; to calumniate; to give a false representation of any thing. Belief, be-leefj S, Credit given to somPthing which we know not of ourselves; the theological virtue of faith, or firm confidence of the truths of religion ; re- ligion, the body of tenets held ; persuasion, opinion ; the thing believed; creed, a form containing the ar- ticles of faith. Believable, be-lJMvU-bl, a. Credible. To Believe, b^-le^v{ v. a. To credit upon the authority of another ; to put confidence in the veracity of any one. To Believe, b^-le^v{ v. n. To have a firm persuasion of any thing; to exercise the theological virtue of faith. Believer, be-l^e-vur, s. 98. He that believes or gives credit ; a professor of Christianity. Believingly, b^-lle-ving-l5, ad. After a believing manner. Belike, b^-llke{ ad. Probably, likely, perhaps; sometimes in a sense of irony. Bell, bell, S. A vessel, or hollow body of cast metal, formed to make a noise by the act of some in- strument striking against it ; it is used for any thing in the form of a bell, as the cups of flowers. Belle, bell, s. A gay young lady. Belles Lettres, bel-U-tur. Polite literature. Belligerous, bel-lidje^i-rus, 314. 518. Belligerant, bel-lid-jur-^nt, 518. Waging war. Bellipotent, bel-lip'pi-tent, a. 518. Mighty in war. To Bellow, bel'li, v. n. 327. To make a noise as a bull; to make any violent outcry j to vociferate, to clamour ; to roar an the sea or the wind. Bellows, bel-lus, *. The instrument used to blow the fire. 03- The last syllable of this word, like that of Gallows, is corrupted beyond recovery into the sound of Itis. BellUINE, beKlu-ine, a. 149. Beastly, brutal. Belly, bel'-l^, S. 182. That part of the human body which reaches from the breast to the thighs, con- taining the bowels; the womb; that part of a man which requires food; that part of any thing that swells out into a larger capacity ; any place in which some- thing is enclosed. To Belly, bel-1^, v. n. To hang out, to bulge out. Bellyache, belM^-ike, s. 355. The cholick. Bellybound, bel-le-bound, a. Costive. Bellyful, beKl^-ful, s. As much food as fill* the belly. Bellygod, bel-le-gJd, s. A glutton. BelmaN, bell-niAn, S. 8a. He whose business it is to proclaim anything in towns, and to gain atten- tion by ringing his bell. ■h BEN BER W 559. Fite 73, far, 77, fill 83, fJit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n J 162, move 164, 405. The metal of Belmetai., bell-met-tl, s, wliich bells are made. To Belock, b^-lSk{ v. a. To fasten. To Belong, b^-lSng{ v. n. To be the property of; to be the province or business of; to adhere, or be appendant to ; to have relation to ; to be the quality or attribute of. Beloved, b^-luvied, a. Dear. C3> This word, when an adjective, is usually pronoun- ced in three syllables, as a beloved son , and when a par- ticiple in two, as, he was much beloved. — See Principles, No. 362. BelOVC, bl-lij prep. Under in place, not so high ; inferior in dignity ; inferior in excellence ; unworthy of, unbetitting. Below, be-l6j ad. In the lower place ; on earth, in opposition to heaven j in hell, in the regions of the dead. To Belowt, b4-lout{ V. a. To treat with oppro- brious language. Belsvvagger, bel-swlgigur, *. A whoremaster. Belt, belt, s. A girdle, a cincture. BeLWETHER, belKweTH-ur, s. A sheep which leads the flock with a bell on its neck ; hence. To bear the bell. To Bemad, b^-m^dj v, a. To make mad. To Bemire, be-mirejr. a. To drag, or encumber in the mire. To Bemoan, b4-in5ne{ v. a. To lament, to bewail. Bemoaner, b^-mi^nur, s. 98. A lamenter. To BeMOIL, b^-moilj v. a. To bedrsijgle, to be- mire. To Bemonster, bi-m&nsitur, v. a. To make monstrous. Bemused, b^-muzdj a. 359. Overcome with musing. Bench, bensh, S. 352. A seatj a seat of justice; the persons sitting upon a bench. Bencher, ben-shur, s. 98. The senior members of the society of the inns of court. To Bend, bend, v. a. To make crooked, to crook; to direct to a certain point; to incline , to subdue, to make submissive. To Bend, bend, v. n. To be incurvated ; to lean or jut over ; to be submissive, to bow. Bend, bend, S. Flexure, incurvation ; the crooked timbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship. BeNDABLE, ben-d4-bl, a. 405. That may be bent. Bender, ben-dur, *. 98. The person who bends ; the instrument with which any thing is bent. Bendwith, hend'-with, S. An herb. Beneaped, b^-n^ptj a, 352. A ship is said to be beneaped, when the water does not flow high enough to bring her off the ground. Beneath, bi-n^THe{ prep. Under, lower in place; lower in rank, excellence, or dignity ; unworthy of. Beneath, bJ-n^THe| ad. 467. in a lower place, under; below, as opposed ♦olieaven. Benedict, beni4-dikt, a. Having mild and salu- brious qualities. Benediction, ben-ni-dikishun, s. Blessing, a decretory pronunciation of happiness; the advantage conferred hy blessing; acknowledgments for blessings received; the form of instituting an abbot. BejsEfaction, ben-i-fAk-shun, *. The act of conferring a benefit ; the benefit conferred. Benefactor, ben-^-fak^tur, s. 166. He that confers a benefit. Benefactres.!, ben-i-ftk-tres, s. A woman who confers a benefit. Benefice, bejl-^-fls, s. 142. Advantage conferred on another. Thii word is generally used for all eccle- siastical livings. Beneficed, ben-^-fist, a. 352 Possessed of a benefice. 50 Beneficence, b^-neP-^-sense, s. Active goodness . Beneficent, be-nef^^-sent, a. Kind, doing good. Beneficial, ben-i-f1sh-il, a. Advantageous, con- ferring benefits, profitable; helpful, medicinal. Beneficially, ben-i-flsh-Hl-le, ad. Advantageously, helpfully. Beneficialness, ben-e-f ishidl-nes, s. Usefulness, profit. Beneficiary, ben-^-f ish-yl-rl, a. ) 13. Holding something in subordination to another. Beneficiary, ben-^-fish-yi-ri, s. 113. He that is in possession of a benefice. Benefit, ben^^-f it, *. A kindness, a favour con- ferred ; advantage, profit, use. 83- Benefit of Clergy in law is a privilege formerly allowed, by virtue of which a man convicted of felony or manslaughter was put to read in a Latin book of aOothick black character; and if the Ordinary of Newgate said Legit ut Clericus, i. e. he reads like a clerk, he was only burnt in the hand and set free, otherwise he suffered death for his crime. To Benefit, ben^^-f it, v. a. To do good to. To Benefit, ben-l-f it, v. n. To gain advantage. To BeNET, b^-net{ v. a. To ensnare. Benevolence, b4-nevivi-lense, s. Disposition to do good, kindness ; the good done, the charity given , a kind of tax. Benevolent, bi-nev^vS-lent, a. Kind, having good-will. Benevolentness, b^-nev^vi-lent-nes, s. The same as benevolence. Bengal, ben-gallj s. A son of thin slight stuff. Benjamin, ben-j^-min, *. The name of a tree. To Benight, b^-nlte{ v. a. To surprise with the coming on of night ; to involve in darkness, to embar- rass by want of light. Benign, bi-nlnej fl. 385. Kind, generous, liberal, wholesome, not malignant. Benignity, be-mg^ne-t^, s. Graciousness, actual kindness; salubrity, wholesome quality. Benignly, b4-nlne-li, ad. Favourably, kindly, Benison, ben-n^-zn, s. 170. 443. Blessing, benediction. Bennet, ben-net, *. 99. An herb. Bent, bent, S. The state of being bent ; degree of flexure; declivity; utmost power; application of the mind; inclination, disposition towards something; determination, fixed purpose ; turn of the temper or disposition ; tendency, flexion ; a sort of grass, called the bent-grass. Bent, bent, part, of the verb To Bend. Made crooked; directed to a certain point; determined itipon. Benting Ti me, ben^ting-time, *. The time when pigeons feed on bents before peas are ripe. To Benumb, b^-nuin{ v. a. To make torpid, to stupify. — See To Numb. Benzoin, ben-z8in{ s. A medicinal kind of resin, imported from the East Indies, and vulgarly called Benjamin. To Bepaint, b^-pint( v. a. To cover with paint. To BePINCH, be-puishj v. a. To mark with pinches. ,To Bequeath, b^-kw^THeJ v. a. 467. To leave by will to another. Bequest, bJ-kwest} s. 334. 414. Something left by will. 7V Berattle, b^-rAt-tl, v. a. To rattle off". Berberry, bar-ber-r^, *. 555. A berry of a sharp taste, used for pickles. To Bereave, b4-reve{ v. a. To strip of, t« deprive of; to take away fiom. Bereft, b^reftl part, pass, of Bereave. Bergamot, ber-g4-mSt, s. A sort of pear, com- monly called Burgainot, and vulgarly csflled Burgamee, BES BET nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— . a. To beat. To Betide, b4-tide{ v. n. To happen to, to befall; to come to pass, to fall out. Betime, b^-time{ 1 Betimes, bi-tlmz(/ ad. Seasonably ; early ; soon, before long time has passed; early in the day. To Betoken, bl-ti^kn, v. a. To signify, to marK, to rejjreseiit ; to foreshow, to prcsignify. Betony, betiti-n^, s. A plant. Betook, b4-took{ irreg.przt. from Betake. To Betoss, be-tfts{ v. a. To disturb, to agitate. To Betray, hk-Xvi^ v. a. To give into the hands of enemies ; to discover that which has been intrusted to secrecy 5 to make liable to something inconvenient ; to show, to discover. Betrayer, b^-tri-ur, s. He that betrays, a traitor. To Betrim, b^-trimj v. a. To deck, to dress, to grace. To Betroth, h^-tvtith', v. a. To contract to any one, to affiance ; to nominate to a bishoprick. To Betrust, b^-trust{ v. a. To entrust, to put into the power of another. Better, bet^tur, a. 98. Having good quaUtie* in a greater degree than something else. Better, bet'tur, ad. Well m a greater degree. To Better, bet-tur, v. a. To improve, to me liorate ; to surpass, to exceed, to advance. Better, bet-tur, S. Superior in goodness. BIC BIG (»■ 559. FiUe73, far?", fall 83, Mt 81-— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 1G<*, Bettor, bet'tur, S. 166. One that lays bets or wagers. Betty, bet^te, s. An instrument tobreak open doors. Between, b^-tw^^nj prep. In the intermediate space; fiom one to another; belonging to two in partnership ; bearing relation to two j in separation of one from the other. Betwixt, b^-twikst{ prep. Between. In masonry and joinery, a kind of square, one leg of which is frequently crooked. Beverage, bev^ur-idje, 5. 90. 555. Drink, liquor to be drunk. Bevy, h^v'-k, S. A flock of birds ; a company, an assembly. 7'o Bewail, bi-wile{ v. a. To bemoan, to lament. To Beware, be-wAreJ v. n. To regard with caution, to be suspicious of danger from. To Beweep, b^-wiip5 V. a. To weep over or upon. To Bewet, be-wetj v, a. To wet, to moisten. To Bewilder, be-wll-dur, v. a. 515. To lose in pathless places, to puzzle. To Bewitch, be-Wltsh{ v. a. To injure by witch- craft ; to charm, to please. Bewitchery, be-witsh-ur-r^, s. 555. Fascination, charm. Bewitchment, bi'-witsh-ment, s. Fascination. To Bewray, hk-rK', v, a. 427. To betray, to discover perfidiously ; to show, to make visible. Bewrayer, b^-ra-ur, S, Betrayer, discoverer. Bey, La, S. (From the Turkish.) A governor of a province, a viceroy. Beyond, be-ySndJ wrep. Before, at a distance not reached; on the farther side of; farther onward than ; past, out of the reach of; above, exceeding to a greater degree tiian ; above in excellence; remote from, not within the sphere of; To go beyond, is to deceive. 03" There is a pronunciation of this word so obviously wrong as scarcely to deserve notice; and that is sound- ing the like a, as if the word were written beyand. Ab- surd and corrupt as this pronunciation is, too many of the people of London, and those not entirely uneducated, are guilty of it. BeZOAR, be-zore, S. A medicinal stone, formerly in high esteem as an antidote, brought from the East Indies. BeZOARDICK, bez-6-ai"idlk, a. Compounded with bezoar. Biangulated, bi-ing-^-li-ted, BiANGULOUS, bl-Sng-gu-lus Having two corners or angles. Bias, bUis, s. 88. Tlie weight lodged on one side of a bowl, whicli turns it from the straight line; any tiling wliich turns a man to a particular course j pro- pension, inclination. To Bias, bl-4s, v. a. To incline to some side. Bib, bib, S. A small piece of linen put upon the breasts of children, over their clothes. BiBACIOUS, bl-bA-shus, a. 118. Much addicted to drinking. K7- Perhaps the first syllable of this word may be con- sidered as an exceptioii to the general rule, 117. BiBbER, bibibur, j. 98. A tippler. Bible, bUbl, s. 405. The sacred volume, in which are contained the revelations of God. Bibliographer, bib-l^-Sg-gnt-fur, s, A transcriber. Bibliothecal, bib-le-5 This word is not in Johnson ; and Dr. Ash and Mr. Smith, who have it, pronounce the i in the first syl- lable short. It is probably only a corruption of the word Bittacle. Binocle, bin^ni-kl,5. 405. A telescope fitted eo with two tubes, as that a distant object may be seen with both eyes. (t3- The same reason appears for pronouncing the i in the first syllable of this word short as in Bigamy, 535 Binocular, bl-nftk^u-lur, a. 118. 88. 98. Having two eyes. Biographer, bl-6g^gr^-fur, s. 116. A writer of lives. Biography, bi-ftg^gnt-f^, 5. IIG. 518. An historical account of the lives of particular men. Biparous, bip-p4-rus, a. 503. Bringing forth two at a birtli. t3» This word and Bipedal have the i long in Dr. Ash and Mr. Sheridan; but Mr. Perry makes the i in the first long, and in the last short : analogy, however, seems to decide in favour of the sound I have given it. For though the penultimate accent has a tendency to length- en the vowel when followed by a single consonant, as in biped, tripod, &c. the antepenultimate accent has a greater tendency to shorten the vowel it falls upon. — See Bigamy and Tripod, 503. Bipartite, bipipar-tlte, a. 155. Having two correspondent parrts. 0:5" Every orthSepist has the accent on the first sylla- ble of this word but Entick, who places it on the second ; but a considerable difference is found in the quantity of the first and last t. Sheridan and Sco'« have them both long. Nares the last long, Perry botn short, and Bu- chanan and W. Johnston as I have marked them. The varieties of quantity on this word are the more surprising, as all these writers that give the sound of the vowels make the first i in tripartite short, and the last longj and tliis uniformity in the pronunciation of one word ought to have led them to the same pronunciation of the other, so perfectly similar. The shortening power of the antepenultimate accent is evident in both, 503. BiPARTiTiON, bl-p^r-tishiun, s. The act of divid. ing into two. Biped, bl-ped, S. 118. An animal with two feet. Bipedal, bip-p^-dAl, a. 503. Two feet in length. See Biparous. Bipennated, bl-pentnl-ted, a. 118. Having two wings. BiPETALOUS, bl-pet-ti-lus, a. 118. Consisting of two flower-leaves. Biquadrate, bl-qwa-drate, 91, 1 BiQUADRATiCK, bl-qwa-dr^t-ik. J The fourth power arising from the multiplication of a square by itself. Birch, burtsh, s. 108. A tree. Birchen, bur-tshn, a. 103. 405. Made of bircli. C^ An Englishman mav blush at this cluster of con- sonants for a syllable ; antf yet this is unquestionably the exact pronunciation of the word ; and that our language is full of these syllables without vowels. — See Principles, No. 103. 405, Bird, burd, s. 108, A general term for the feathered kind, a fowl. 7b Bird, burd, v. n. To catch birds. BiRDBOLT, burd-bAlt, s. A small arrow. BiRDCATCHER, burd-k^tsh-ur, s. 89. One that makes it his employment to take birds. Birder, burd-ur, s. 98. a birdcatcher. BiRDiNGPiECE, burd-jng-p^^se, s, A gun to shoot birds with. Birdlime, burd-iimc, s. A glutinous substance spread upon twigs, by which the birds that light upon them are entangled. Birdman, burd'-m^n, *. 88. A b»rdvhat ought to be kept secret. To Blab, blib, v. n. To tell tales. Blab, bl4b, s. A tell-tale. Blabber, bl^b^bur, *. A tattler. Black, blik, a. Of the colour of night; dark; cloudy of countenance; sullen ; horrible, wicked ; dis- mal, mournful. BlACK-BRYONY, blJk-bli-ft-n^, S. The name of a plant. BlACK-CATTLE, blik^k^t-tl, S. Oxen, bulls, and cows. Black GUARD, bl%-gard, *. 448. A dirty fellow. A low term. Black-lead, bl^-led{ S. A mineral found in th« lead mines much used for pencils. Black-pudding, blik^pud-ding, s. A kind oi food made of blood and grain. Black-rod, bl4k-r&dj S. Tlie usher belonging tr the order of the garter; so called from the black rod he carries in his hand. He is usher of the parliament. Black, bktk, S. A black colour ; mourning j a blackamoor; that part of the eye which is black. To Black, blik, v. a. To make black, to blacken. Blackamoor, blUk'-i-mire, s. A negro. Blackberry, blak-ber-re, s. A species of bramble ; the fruit of it. Blackbird, blak-burd, s. The name of a bird. To Blacken, bl3.k'-kn, v. a. 103. To make of black colour ; to darken, to defame. To Blacken, blik-kn, v. n. To grow black. Blackish, blik-isb, a. Somewhat black. BLA BLI nor 167, n6t 163; tube 171, tub 172, bull 173 ; oil 299 ; pound 313 ; thin 466, Tflis 469. A plant. Blackmoor, bl^k^mAre, s. A negro. Blackness, blJk-nes, s. Black colour ; darkness. Blacksmith, bl^k^smi^A, s. a smith that works in iron, so called from being very smutty, Blacktail, bl^^k^tAle, s. The ruff or pope. A small tish. Blackthorn, blik-tliorn, s. The sloe. Bladder, blRd^dur, s. 98. That vessel in the body which contains the urine ; a blister, a pustule. Bladder-nut, bUd-dur-nut, \ Bladder Senna, blid^dur-seni^, / *' Blade, blade, S. The spire of grass, the green shoots of corn. Blade, blacle, S. The sharp or striking part of a weapon or instrument; a brisk man, either fierce or gay- BlADEBONE, blide^bine, S. The. scapula, or scapular bone. (Kr- Probably corrupted from Platebone . Gr. a)/i.i<«rXaTri. BladED, bld-ded, a. Having blades or spires. Blain, blane, 5. A pustule, a blister. Blameable, bli^mi-bl, a. 405. Culpable, faulty. Blameablene.ss, bli-mi-bl-nes, s. Fault. Blameably, bla-m4-bl4, ad. Culpably. To Blame, bUme, v. a. To censure, to cliarge with a fault. Blame, bliine, *. Imputation of a fault j crime, hurt. Blameful, blame-ful, a. Criminal, guilty. Blameless, blAme-les, a. Guiltless, innocent. Blamelesly, bUme-les-lJ, ad. Innocently. Blamelesness, blAme-les-nes, s. innocence. Blamer, blimur, s. 98. A censurer. Blameworthy, blimeiwur-THi, a. Culpable, blameable. To Blanch, bl^nsh, v. a. To whiten j to strip or peel such things as have husks ; to obliterate, to pass over. Blancher, blin-shur, s. 98. A wUiiener. Bland, bl^nd, a. Soft, mild, genUc. To Blandish, blin-dish, v. a. To smooth, to often. Blandishment, blAnidish-ment, *. Act of fond- ness, expression of tenderness by gesture ; soft words, kind speeches ; kind treatment. Blank, blingk, a. White j unwritten ; confused; without rhyme. Blank, blangk, s. A void space; a lot by which iiolhing is gained; a paper unwritten; the point to which an arrow or shot is directed. Blanket, blAngkiit, *. i)9- a woollen cover, soft, and loosely woven ; a kind of pear. To Blanket, blingk'-it, v. a. To cover with a blanket ; to toss in a blanket. Blankly, blangk^ll, ad. In a blank manner, with paleness, with confusion. To Blaspheme, bl^-f^me{ v. a. To speak in terms of impious irreverence of God ; to speak evil of. 7'o Blaspheme, blis-f(^ine| v. n. To speak blas- phemy. Blasphemer, blis-fe-mur, s. A wretch that speaks of God in impious and irreverent terms. Blasphemous, blas-fe-mus, a. Impiously irre- verent with regard to God. (K?- We sometimes hear this word pronounced with the accent on the second syllable like blaspheme; and as the word blasphevms in Latin has the second syllable long, and the English word has the same number of syl- lables, it has as good a right to the accent on the second syllable, as Sonorous, Bitumen, Acumen, &c.; but placing the accent on the first syllable of blasj)hemous is by much the most polite; as, unfortunately for the other pronun- ciation, though the learned one, it lias been adopted by the vulgar. 503, ?5 Blasphemously, bl^-f^-mua-l^, ad. impiously witli wicked irreverence. Blasphemy, blls-fi^-m^, s. Blasphemy is an ofi'ering of some indignity unto God himself. Blast, bl4st, *. A gust, or puff of wind; the sound made by any instrument of wind musick; the stroke of a malignant planet. To Blast, blist, v. a. To strike with some sudden plague; to make to wither; to injure, to invalidate to confound, to strike with terror. Blastment, blSstiment, s. Sudden stroke of in- lection. Blatant, blAitint, a. Bellowing as a calf. To Blatter, blit-tur, v. n. To roar. Blay, bla, s. A small whitish river fish ; a bleak. Blaze, blAze, s. a flame, the light of the flame j publicatiun ; a white marh. upon a horse. To Blaze, blize, v. n. To flame, to be con- spicuous. To Blaze, blize, v. a. To publish, to make known; to blazon ; to inflame, to fire. Blazer, bla-zur, s. 98. One that spreads reports. To Blazon, bl^zn, v. a. 170. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial ; to deck, to embellish; to display, to set to show; to ce- lebrate, to set out ; to blaze about, to make publick. Blazonry, bla-zn-r^, s. The art of blazoning. To Bleach, ble^tsh, v. a. To whiten. Bleak, bleke, a. Pale ; cold, chill. Bleak, bleke, *. A small river fish. Bleakness, bleke'nes, *. Coldness, chillness, Bleaky, ble^k^, a. Bleak, cold, chill. Bleak, bleer, a. Dim with rheum or water ; dim, obscure in general Blearedness, bl^^-red-nes, *. 365. The state of being dimmed with rheum. To Bleat, blete, v. n. To cry as a sheep. Bleat, blt^te, *. The cry of a slieep or lamb. Bleb, bleb, 4. A blister. To Bleed, bleed, v. n. To lose blood, to run with blood i to drop as blood. To Bleed, bli^d, v. a. To let blood. To Blemish, blem-ish, v. a. To mark with any deformity ; to defame, to tarnish, with respect to re- putation. Blemish, blem-ish, S. A mark of deformity, a scar ; reproach, disgrace. To Blench, blensh, v, n. 352. To shrink, to Stan back. To Blend, blend, v. a. To mingle together ; to confound; to pollute, to spoil. Blent, blent. The obsolete part. o( Blend. To Bless, bles, v. a. To make happy, to prospei; to wish happiness to another ; to praise; to glorify fot benefits received. Blessed, bles^sed, paif. a. 361. Happy, en- joying heavenly felicity. Blessedly, bles-sed-le, ad. Happily. Blessedness, bles'sed-nes, s. Happiness, felicity, sanctity; heavenly f'cliciiy; Divine favour. BlesseR, bles-sur, S. 98. He that blesses. Blessing, bles-sing, *. 410. Benediction j the means of happiness; divine favour. Blest, blest, /'ar<. a. 361. Happy. Blew, blu. The pret. of Blow. Blight, bllte, s. 393. Mildew, any thing nipping or blasting. To Blight, blite, v. a. To blast, to hinder from fertility. Blind, bllr d, a. Without sight, ds-k : intellcctuall/ dark, uns- en, privaie; d.irk, obscure To Blind, blind, v. a. To make blind, to darken I to obscure ;o tlve eye j to obscure to tl.e anden landing. BLO BLO fc»- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl— ml93, met95— pine 105, pia 107— no 162, move 164, Bmnd, blind, S. Something to hinder the sight j something to mislead. To Blindfold, blind-fold, v. a. To hinder from seeing by blinding the eyes. Blindfold, blind-fold, a. Having the eyes covered. Blindly, bllndU^, ad. Without sight ; implicitly, without examination; without judgment or direction. Blindman's Buff, bllnd-m^nz-bufj s. A play in which some one is to have his eyes covered, and hunt out the rest of the company. Blindness, bllnd^nes, s. Want of sight} igno- rance, intellectual darkness. Blindside, bllnd-slde( s. Weakness, foible. Blindworm, bllnd-wurm, s. A small viper, venomous. To Blink, blingk, v. n. To winlc ; to see obsturdy. (J::5- This word has been use& for some years, chiefly in Parliament, as a verb active ; as when a speaker lias omitted to take notice of some material point in ques- tion, he is said to blink the question. It were to be wished that every word which finds its way into that house had as good a title to remain there as the present word. It combines in its signification an omission and an artful intention to omit; and as this cannot be so handsomely or so comprehensively expressed by any other word, tliisword, in this sense, ought to be received. Blinkard, blingk-urd, s. 98. One tliat has bad eyes J something twinkling. Bliss, blis, S. The liighest degree of liappiness ; the happiness of blessed souls; felicity in general. Blissful, blis-ful, a, Happy in the highest degree. Blissfully, blis^ful-1^, ad. Happily. BlISSFULNESS, blis-ful-nes, S. Happiness. Blister, blis-tur, s. 98. A pustule formed by raising the cuticle from tlie cutis; any swelling made by the separation of a film «r skin froiri the other parts. To Blister, blis^tar, v. n. To rise in blisters. To Blister, blis-tur, v. a. To raise blisters by some hurt. Blithe, WIthc, a. 467. Gay, airy. BlITHLY, bllTH-le, ad. In a blithe manner. {py- These compounds of the word hlithc oucht to be written with the final e, as blithely, blithesome, &c. for as they stand in Johnson, the t might be pronounced short. —See Introduction to the Rhyming Dictionary, Ortho- graphical Aphorism the 8th. Blithness, bllTH-nes, l Blithsomeness, bllTHjsum-nes,J The quality of being blithe. Blithsome, bllTH-sum, a. Gay, cheerful. To Bloat, blite, v. a. To swell. To Bloat, blite, v. n. To grow turgid. Bloatedness, blMted-nes, *. Turgidness ; swelling. Blobber, bl6b-bur, *. 98. A bubble. Blobberlip, bl&b-bur-lip, *. A thick lip. Blobberli Bloblipped. Having swelled or thiclt lips, Block, bl6k, s. A short heavy piece of timber ; a rough piece of marble ; the wood on which hats are formed; the wood on which criminals are beheaded; an obstruction, a stop; a sea term for a pulley; a blockhead. To Block, blSk, v. a. To shut up, to enclose. Block-house, blSk^house, s. A fortress tii>lt to obstruct or block up a pass. Block-tin, bl6k-tin( *. Tm pure or unmixed. Blockade, blSk kade{ s. A siege carried on by shutting up Ihe place. To Blockade, blftk-kide{ v. a. To shut up. Blockhead, blftk-hed, s. A stupid fellow, a dolt, a man without parts. 56 L.ir, uiuu-uui-iL^, a. j\ uiii LIPPED, blSbibur-l!pt, "I ■ED, bl6b'-lipt, . J "' a. 103. Blockheaded, blSk-hedied, ") Blockish, bl6ki?sh, ^ /"• stup.J. dull. Block ISHLY, bl&k-ish-le, ad. In a stupid manner, BlOCKISHNESS, bl8k-lSh-neS, S, Stupidity. Blood, blud, *. 308. The red liquor that circulates in the bodies of animals; child; progeny; family, kindred; descent, lineage; birth, high extraction; murder, violent death; temper of mind, state of the passions; hot spark, man of fire. To Blood, blud, v. a. To stain with blood ; to inure to blood, as a hound ; to heat, to exasperate. Blood-boltered, blud^b6l-turd, a. Blood sprinkled. Bloodstone, blud^stine, s. The bloodstone is green, spotted with a bright blood-red. Blood-thirsty, bludifAurs-t^, a. Desirous to shed blood. Blood-flower, blud-floit-ur, s. A plant. BloODGUILTINESS, blud-gllt-e-nes, s. Murder. Blood-hound, blud-boiind, s. A hound that follows by Ihe scent. Bloodily, blud-e-le, ad. Cruelly. Bloodines.S, bliid'-e-nes, s. The state of being bloody. Bloodless, blud-les, a. Without blood, dead ; without slaughter. Bloodshed, blud^shed, s. The crime of blood, or murder; slaughter. Bloodshedder, blud-shed-dur, s. Murderer. Bloodshot, blud-shot, 1 Bloodshotten, blud-shSt-tn, J ' Filled with blood bursting from its proper vessels. Bloodsucker, blud-suk-ur, *. A leech, a fly, any thing that sucks blood ; a murderer. Bloody, blud-^, a. stained with blood; cruel, murderous. Bloom, bloom, S. A blossom ; the state of im- maturity. To Bloom, bloom, v. n. To bring or yield blossoms; to produce, as blossoms; to be in a state of youth. Bloomy, bloom-e, C. Full of blooms, flowery. Blossom, blfts-sum, s. 166. The flower that grows on any plant. To Blossom, blfts-sum, v. n. To put forth blossoms. To Blot, bl8t, v. a. To obliterate, to make writing invisible; to efface, to erase; to blur ; to disgrace, to disfigure; to darken. Blot, blSt, S. An obliteration of something written ; a blur; a spot in reputation. Blotch, blotsh, s. A spot or pustule upon the skin. To Blo TE, bl6te, v. a. To smoke, or dry by the smoke. Blow, blo, S. 324. A stroke ; the fatal stroke ; a single action, a sudden event; the act of a fly, by which she lodges eggs in flesh. To Blow, blo, v. n. To move with a current of air: This word is used sometimes impersonally with It; to pant, to puff; to breathe hard; to sound by being blown; to play musically by wind; to bloom ; to blossom ; To blow over, to pass away without effect . To blow up, to fly into the air by the force of gun- powder. To Blow, bl6, v. a. To drive by the force »f the wind; to inflame with wind; to swell, to puff into size ; to sound an instrument of wind musick ; to warm with the breath; to spread by report; to infect with the eggs of flies ; To blow out, to extinguish by wind ; To blow up, to raise or swell with breath ; To blow up, to destroy with gunpowder; To blow upon, to make stale. BlOWZE, blouze, S. 323. A ruddy fat-faced wench ; a female whose hair is in disorder. Blowzy, blou'zJ, a, Sun-burnt, high-coloured. BOA nor 167, n&t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173 Tlie part of a whale that To weep in such a BOI nl299— pound 313— Min 466, mis 469. Blubber, blijo-bur, * contains the oil. To Blubber, blub'bur, v. n manner as to swell the cheeks. Bludgeon, blud-jun, s. 259. A short stick, with one end loaded. Blue, blti, a. 335. One of the seven original colours. Bluebottle, blu-b5t-tl, s. A flower of the bell shape ; a fly with a large blue belly. Bluely, blu-le, arf. With a blue colour. (i3> There is an inconsistency in spelling this and si- milar words with the silent e, and leaving it out in duly and truly, which shows how much our orthography still wants regulating, notwithstanding the labour and atten- tion of Dr. Johnson. My opinion is, that the servile e ought to be omitted in these words; for my reasons, I must refer the inspector to the Introduction to the Rhym- ing Dictionary, Aphorism the 8th. BlueNESS, blu-nes, s. Tlie quality of being blue. Bluff, bluf, a. Big, surly, blustering. Bluish, blu-ish, a. Blue in a small degree. To Blunder, blun-dur, v. n. 98. To mistake grossly ; to err very widely ; to flounder, to stumble. To Blunder, blun^dur, v. a. To mix foolishly, or blindly. Blunder, blun-dur, s. A gross or shameful mistake. Blunderbuss, blun-dur-bus, s. A gun that is discharged with many bullets. Blunderer, blun-dur-ur, s. A blockhead. Blunderhead, blun-dur-hed, s. A stupid fellow. Blunt, blunt, a. Dull on the edge or point, not sharp ; dull in understanding, not quick ; rough, not delicate; abrupt, not elegant. To Blunt, blunt, v. a. To dull the edge or point j to repress or weaken any appetite. Bluntly, blunt-le, ad. Without sharpness; coarsely, plainly. Bluntness, blunt-nes, J. Want of edge or point, coarseness, roughness of manners. Blur, blur, S. A blot, a stain. To Blur, blur, v. a. To blot, to eflace ; to stain. To Blurt, blurt, V, a. To let fly without thinking. To Blush, blush, V, n. To betray shame or con- fusion, by a red colour in the cheek ; to carry a red colour. Blush, blush, S, Tlie colour in the cheeks; a red or purple colour; sudden appearance. Blush Y, blush-e, a. Having the colour of a blush. To Bluster, blus-tur, v. n. To roar, as a storm ; to bully, to pufl". Bluster, blus-tur, S. Roar, noise, tumult ; boast, boisterousness. Blusterer, blus'-tur-ur, s. A swaggerer, a bully. BlUSTROUS, blus-trus, a. Tumultuous, noisy. Bo, bi, int. A word of teirour. Boar, bore, S. 295. The male swine. Board, bord, S, A piece of wood of more length and breadth than thickness ; a table, at which a coun- cil or court is held J a court of jurisdiction; the deck or floor of a ship. To Board, bird, v. a. To enter a ship by force ; to attack, or make the first attempt; to lay or pave w>th boards. To Board, bird, v. n. To live in a house where a certain rate is paid for eating. Board-wages, bird-wi-jiz, s, 99. Wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals. Boarder, bfir-dur, S. One who diets with another at a certain rate. BoARISH, bore-ish, a. Swinish, brutal, -ruel. To Boast, b6st, v. n. To display one's ov r. worth or actions. S7 To Boast, host, v. a. To brag of; to magnify, to exalt. Boast, host, 5. A proud speech ; cause of boasting. Boaster, bost'-ur, s. A bragger. Boastful, bost-ful, a. Ostentatious. BoASTINGLY, boSt-ing-1^, ad. Ostentatiously. Boat, b6te, s. 295. A vessel to pass the water in. Boation, bo-a-shun, s. Roar, j«ise. Boatman, bote-m^n, \ „„ BoATSMAN, botes^mln,/ He that manages a boat. Boatswain, bi-sn, s. An oflScer on board a ship, who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, and anchors. (O This word is universally pronounced in common conversation as it is here marked ; but in reading it would savour somewhat of vulgarity to contract it to a sound so very unlike the orthography. It would be ad- visable, therefore, in those who are not of the naval pro- fession, where it is technical, to pronounce this word, when they read it," distinctly as it is written. To Bob, b4b, v. a. To beat, to drub j to cheat, to gain by fraud. To Bob, bfib, V, n. To play backward and forwa'rd. Bob, bSb, S. Something that hangs so as to play loose; the words repeated at the end of a stanza; a blow; a short wig. Bobbin, bSb-bin, s. A small pin of wood with a notch. BoBCHERRY, bJb-tshcr-re, S. A play among children, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth. Bobtail, bSb-tile, .v. Cut tail. BOBTAILED, bSb-t^ld, rt, 359. Having a tail cut. BoBWIG, bSb-Wlg, S. A short wig. To Bode, bide v. a. To portend, to be the omen of. Bodement, bode-ment, S. Portent, omen. To Bodge, bSdje, v. n. To boggle. Bodice, bSd-dis, s. 142. stays, a waistcoat quilted with whalebone. Bodiless, b&d-de-les, a. incorporeal, without a body. Bodily, bSd-de-le, O. Corporeal, containing body j relating to the body, not the mind ; real, actual. Bodily, bftd-d^-li, ad. Corporeally. Bodkin, bJd-kin, S. An instrument with a small blade and sharp point ; an instrument to draw a thread or ribbon through a loop ; an instrument to dress the hair. Body, bSd-dJ, S. The material substance of an animal ; matter, opposed to spirit ; a person ; a human being ; reality, opposed to representation ; a collective mass ; the main army, the battle ; a corporation ; the outward condition; the main part; a pandect, a ge- neral collection ; strength, as wine of a i^ooA body. . BoDY-CLOTHES, bSd-di kl6ze, s. Cloathing for horses that are dieted. Bog, bSg, S. A marsh, a fen, a morass. BoG-TROTTER, bSg-trit-tur, s. One that lives ii! a boggy country. To Boggle, bSg'-gl, v. n. 405. To start, to fly back; to hesitate. BoGGLER, bSg-glur, S. A doubter, a timorous man. Boggy, bSg-g^, a. 283. Marshy, swampy. Bogiiouse, bftg-hoiise, *. A house of office. BOHEA, bo-he{ S, A species of tea. To Boil, boil, v. n. 299. To be agitated by heat; to be hot, to be fervent; to move like boiling water; to be in hot liquor. To BOIL, boil, V. a. To seeth ; to heat by putting into boiling w,iter, to dress in boiling water. Boiler, bbil-ur, s. The person that boils anj thing; the vpssel in which any thing is boiled. BOM BOO »> 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fStSl— m^93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, Boisterous, b6is^tlr-us, a. Violent, loud, roar- ing, stormy ; turbulent, furious ; unwieldy. Boisterously, bois-ter-us-le, ad. Violently, tumultuously. BoiSTEROUSNESS, bois^ter-us-nes, *. Tumultuousness, turbulence. BOLARY, bi-ll-re, a. Partaking of the nature of bole. Bold, bold, a. Daring, brave, stout ; executed with spirit; confident, not scrupulous; impudent, rude; licentious-; standing out to the view; To make bold, to take freedoms. 71) BoLDEN, bold^dn, t'. a. 103. To make bold. Boldface, bold-fase, s. Impudence, sauciness. Boldfaced, bold-faste, a. Impudent. Boldly, bold-1^, ad. In a bold manner. Boldness, bold-nes, S. Courage, bravery ; ex- emption from caution ; assurance, impudence. Bole, bile, S. The body or trunk of a tree ; a kind of earth ; a measure of corn containing six bushels. BOLIS, bo-llS, *. Bolis is a great fiery ball, swiftly hurried through the air, and generally drawing a tail after it. Boll, b6le, s. 406. A round stalk or stem. Bolster, bile-stur, S. Something laid in the bed, to support the head; a pad, or quilt; compress for a wound. 7b Bolster, bile^stur, v. a. To support the head with a bolster ; to afford a bed to ; to hold wounds together with a compress ; to support, to maintain. Bolt, bolt, s. An arrow, a dart; a thunderbolt; Bolt upright, tliat is, upright as an arrow ; the bar of a door; an iron to fasten the legs; a spot or stain. To Bolt, bAlt, v. a. To shut or fasten with a bolt; to blurt nut ; to fetter, to shackle ; to sift, or separate with a sieve; to examine, to try out ; to purify, or purge. To Bolt, b6lt, v. n. To spring out with speed and suddenness. Bolter, bolt-ur, J, a sieve to separate meal from bran. BOLTHEAD, bilt-hed, *. A long strait-necked glass vessel, a matrass, or receiver. BoLTiNG-HousE, b6lt-ing-house, s. The place where meal is sifted. Boltsprit, or Bowsprit, bi^spnt, s. A mast ruuningout atthe head of a ship, not standing upright, but aslope. Bolus, bo-lus, S. a medicine made up into a soft mass, larger than pills. Bomb, bum, J. 165. A loud noise; a hollow iron ball, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and furnished with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with combustible matter , to be thrown out from a mortar. . CC?" I do not hesitate to follow Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Nares in this word, and all its compounds, in giving the I) its fourth sound, equivalent to the second sound of u, though contrary to Mr. Sheridan's pronunciation, which inakes it rhyme with Tom, from, &c. Dr. Johnson's de- rivation of the word to hump, from the same origin as bomb, makes the pronunciation l.have given more agree- able to analogy. Bomb-chest, bum-tshest, s. A kind of chest filled with bombs, placed under ground to blow up in the air. Bomb-ketch, bum'ketsh, \ Bomb-vessel, bumives-sel, J *' A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear the shock of a mortar. Bombard, bum-bard, s. A great gun; a barrel of wine. 7'o Bombard, bum-bardj v. a. To attack with hoinbs. BoMiiARDiER, bum-bar-d(^^rf s. 275. The engineer, whose employment it is to shoot bombs. Bombardment, bum-bard-ment, s. An attack made by tlirowing bombs. BOMBASIN, buin-bll-Ze^n{ S, Asligi. silken stuff Bombast, bum-bist, s. Fustian, big words. Bombast, bum-blst{ a. High-sounding. BombaSTICK, bum-b^^tlk, a. High-sounding, pompous. 03- Dr. Ash is the only lexicographer who has inserted this word; but 1 think its general usage entitles it to a place in the language, especially as it has the true adjec- tive termination, and relieves us from the inconvenience to which our language is so subject, that of having the substantive and adjective of the same form ; and though, as bombast stands in Dr. Johnson, the substantive has the accent on the last syllable, and the adjective en the first, contrary, 1 think, to the analogy of accentuation, 494 (yet this is buj a bungling way of supplying the want of different words fordilferent parts of speech. — See Bowl. Bombulation, bum-bu-lA-shun, S. Sound, noise. BONAROBA, hh-iA-rh'-bi, S. A whore. BoNASUS, b6-ni-SUS, S. A kind of buffalo. BoNCHRETiEN, bAn-kretitsh^en, *. A species of pear. Bond, bond, S. Cords, or chains, with which any one is bound; ligament that holds any If.ing together; union, connexion ; imprisonment, captivity ; cement of union, cause of union ; a writing of obligation; law by which any one is obliged. Bondage, bfin-d^e, *. 90. Captivity, imprison- ment. Bondmaid, bSnd-mide, s. A woman slave. Bondman, bfind^min, s. 88. A man slave. Bondservant, bSnd^ser-vint, s. A slave. Bondservice, bftnd-ser-vis, s. Slavery. Bondslave, bSnd-slave, s. A man in slavery. Bondsman, bSndz^m^n, s. 38. One bound for another. Bondwoman, b$nd'wum-un, s. A woman slave. Bone, bone, S. The solid parts of the body of an animal ; a fragment of meat, a bone with as muclt flesh as adheres to it ; To make no bones, to make no scru- ple ; dice. To Bone, bine, v. a. To take out the bones from the flesh. BoNELACE, bine-lise{ s. Flaxen lace. Boneless, bine-les, a. Without bones. To Boneset, bine-set, v. n. Vo restore a bone out of joint, or join a bone broken. Bonesetfer, bine-set-tur, s. One who makes a practice of setting bones. Bonfire, bSn-flre, s. A fire made for triumph. 03- Mr. Sheridan pronounces this word bovejire; Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and W. Jnhnston, make tlie first syllable rhyme with don ; and though in the first edition of this Dictionary ] made it rhyme with tun, I now prefer the sound rhyming with ook. Book-keeping, book-keep-iu^, i. itie art of keeping accounts. , BOR BOX nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bfill 173— 3il 299— pound 313— #Mn 466, THis 469. Bore, b6re, s. The hole made by boringj the in- strument with which a hole is bored ; the size of any hole. Bore, b6 re. The pret. ofPeor. Boreal, bi'r^-il, a. Northern. Boreas, b6ire-as, *. The north wind. Boree, bi-reij s, A step in dancing. Born, bom. Come into life. Borne, birne. Carried, supported. ftj- Dr. Johnson has made no distinction in the spell- ing of the participle of to bear, to bring forth, and of to bear, to support : They undoubtedly both come from the same common stock, but the necessities of men are na- turally urging them to make distinctions in language, when there is a diiference of idea; and this has produced the universally adopted difference between these two words J the former rhyming with scorn, and the latter with viourn. The same necessity which urged the ear to the distinction of sound, induced the eye to adopt a dif- ference in the spelling, and to admit of the final e in the latter participle, and this procedure of custom arose from an instinctive sense of utility : for without this dis- tinction in the spelling, nothing can be more puzzling and disgraceful than the bungling method of distin- guishing tlie same word by different sounds, according to Its different meaning. Therefore, though the final e in 6onie does not necessarily give the o the first sound of that letter heard in worn, yet there is something analo- gical in making the e a distinctive mark of that sound: and as such a mark does not in the least endanger ety- mology, but prevents confusion in the pronunciation, it certainly ought to be adopted. To reduce the sound of born, supported, to bom, brought forth, would be imprac- ticable and detrimental to precision ; to let these diffe- rent sounds be both signified by the same letters, would be to perpetuate perplexity ; no better way, therefore, remains than to spell them differently. — See the words Bowl and Form. Borough, bur^ri, «, A town with a corporation. To Borrow, b6riri, v. a. To take something from another upon credit ; to ask of another the use of something for a lime 5 to use as one's own, though not belonging to one. Borrower, bftr-ri-ur, *. He tliat borrows ; he that takes what is another's. Boscage, bfts^kije, s. 90. Wood, or woodlands. Bosky, bfts^k^, a. Woody. Bosom, bou-zuni, «. The breaat, the heart j the innermost part of an enclosure; the folds of the dress that cover the breast ; tiie tender affections; inclina- tion, desire ; in composition, implies intimacy, con- fidence, fondness, as my bosom friend. (j:y- This word is pronounced four ways, Bozum, Buz- zum, and Boozum, the 00 like u in buUi and boozom, as ou in bouse. Sheridan and Scott adopt the third sound ; Perry seems to mark the fourth ; Dr. Kenrick has the second and fourth, but seems to prefer the former ; and W. Johnston has the second ; and that is, in my opinion, the most general : but the stage seems to have adopted the fourth sound, which has given it a currency among polite speakers, and makes it the most fashionable. Mr. Elphinston, a nice observer, as well as a deep in- vestigator, announces the second, but tells us that the third was the original pronunciation. To Bosom, boo-zum, v. a. To enclose in tlit bosom ; to conceal in privacy. Boson, bi^sn, s. 170. 103. Corrupted from Boatswain, which see. Boss, bos, S. A stud ; the part rising in the midst of any thing ; a thick body of any kind. BOSSAGE, bSsisije, S. 90. Any stone that has a projecture. BOSVEL, bSzivel, *. 448. A species of crowfoot. . Botanical, b6-t4ni>i-k4l, \ BoTANicK, bA-t3n-nik, j^' Relating to herbs, skilled in herbs. Botanist, b8tii-mst, s. 503, b. 543. One skilled in plants. BoTANOLOGY, b6t-4n-SUi-je, s. 518. A discourse upon plants. BOTCH, b6tsb, *. 352. a swelling, or eruptive di». coloration of the skin ; a part in any work ill finished Bookbinder, boSk-bln-dur, s. A man whose profession it is to bind books. BOOKFUL, book-ful, a. Crowded with undigested knowledge. B00Kl!»H, book-ish, a. Given to books. Bookishness, book-ish-nes, s. Overstudiousness. BookleARNEU, book'lern-ed, a. Versed in books. Book-learning, book-lern-ing, s. Skill in literature ; acquaintance with books. Bookman book-man, s. 88. A man whose pro- fession is the study of books. Bookmate, book-mite, *. School-fellow. Bookseller, book-sel-lur, *. A man whose profession it is to sell bixiks. Bookworm, book-wurm, s. A mite that eats holes in bonks; a student too closely fixed upon books. Boom, boom, *. In sea language, a pole used to spread out the clue of the studding sail a pole with bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to show tlie sailors how to steer ; a bar laid across a harbour to keep out the enemy. To Boom, boom, v. n. To rush with violence. Boon, boon, s. a gift, a grant. Boon, boon, a. Gay, merry. Boor, boor, s. A lout, a clown. Boorish, booKish, a. Clownish, rustick. Boorishly, boor-ish-le, ad. After a clownish manner. Boorishness, booriish-nes, s. Coarseness of manners. To Boo r, boot, v. a. To profit, to advantage 5 to enrich, to benefit. Boot, boot, S. Profit, gain, advantage ; To boot, with advantage, over and above; booty, or plunder. Boot, boot, s. A covering for the leg, used by horsemen. Boot of a Coach, boot, s. The place under the coach-box. Boot-HOSE, boot^bize, s, stockings to serve for boots. BoOT-TREE, bootitr^i, s. Wood shaped like a leg, to be driven into boots for stretching them. Boot-CATCHER, boot-ketsh-ur, s. The person whose business at an inn is to pull off the boots of passengers. Booted, boot-ed, a. In boots. Booth, booTH, s. A house built of boards or boughs. Bootless, boot^les, a. Useless, unavailing ; with- out success. Booty, boo-te, s. Plunder, pillage ; things gotten by robbery ; To play booty, to lose by design. Bopeep, bA-pe^pl- s. To play Bopeep, is to look out, and draw hack as if frighted. Borachio, b6-ra.t^tsbi, s. A drunkard. Borable, bi^ri-bl, a. That may be bored. Borage, biiriidje, *. 90. 165. A plant. Borax, bo^riks, s. An artificial salt, prepared from sal ammoniac, nitre, calcined tartar, sea salt, and alum, dissolved in wine. Bordel, bor-del, s. A brothel, a bawdy-house. Border, bor'-dur, s. 98, The outer part or edge of any thing; the edge of a country; the outer part of a rarment adorned with needle-work ; a bank raised round a garden, and set with flowers. To Border, bor-dSr, v. n. To confine upon } to approach nearly to. To Border, bor^dur, v. a. To adorn with a border ; to reach, to touch. Borderer, bor^dur-ur, *. 555. He that dwells on the borders. To Bore, bAie, v. a. To pierce in a hole. To lioiu-., bore, v, n. To make a hole; to push forwards to a certain point. 59 an adventitious part clunwily added BOU BOW 559. Fite 73, far, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164 To Botch, bStsh, V, a. To mend or patch clothes clumsily J to put together unsuitably, or unskilfully ; to mark with botches. BOTCHY, bSt-tshe, a. Marked with botches. Both, both, a. 467. The two. Both, hbth, conj. As well. BOTS, hfits, s. Small worms in the entrails of horses. Bottle, bSt-tl, s. 405. A small vessel of glass, or other matter; a quantity of wine usually put into a bottle, a quart J a quantity of hay or grass bundled up. To Bottle, bSt^tl, v. a. To enclose in bottles. Bottleflower, bSt-tl-flou-ur, s. A plant. Bottlescrew, bSt^tl-skroo, s, A screw to pull out the cork. Bottom, bSt-tum, s. 166. The lowest part of anything; the ground under the water; the founda- tion, the ground-work; a dale, a valley ; the deepest part ; bound, limit; the utmost of any man's capacity; the last resort ; a vessel for navigation ; a chance, or security ; a bal 1 of thread wound up together. To Bottom, bSt^tum, v. a. To build up, to fix upon as a support ; to wind upon something. To Bottom, bSt-tum, v. n. To rest upon as its support. Bottomed, bSt-tumd, a. 359. Having a bottom. Bottom less, bSt^tum-les, a. Without a bottom, fathomless. Bottomry, b5titum-rl, s. Tlic act of borrowing money on a ship's bottom. BoUD, boud, s. An insect which breeds In malt. To Bouge, boodje, v. n. 315. To swell out. Bough, bou, S. 313. , An arm or a large shoot of a tree. BoiJGHT, bawt, 319. pret. of To Buy. To Bounce, bounse, v, n. To fall or fly against any thing with great force; to make a sudden leap; to boast, to bully. Bounce, bounse, s. A strong sudden blow; a sudden crack or noise ; a ooast, a threat. Bouncer, boun-sur, s. A boaster, a bully, an empty threatener; a liar. Bound, bound, S. 313. A limit, a boundary; a limit by which any excursion is restrained ; a leap, a jump, a spring ; a rebound. To Bound, bound, v. a. To limit, to termmatej to restrain, to confine ; to make to bound. To Bound, bound, v. n. To jump, to spring; to rebound, to fly back. Bound, bound, part. pass, of Bind. Bound, bound, a. Destined, intending to come to any place. Boundary, boun-di-rl, s. Limit, bound. BoUNDEN, boiiniden, part. pass, of Bind. Bounding-stone, bouniding-st6ne, "J Bound-stone, bound-stine, / ' A stone to play with. Boundlessness, bound-les-nes, s. Exemption from limits. Boundless, bound-les, a. Unlimited, unconfineJ. Bounteous, boun-tshl-us, a. 263. Liberal, kind, generous. Bounteously, bSun-tshl-us-ll, ad. Liberally, generously. BouNTEOusNEss, boun^tshl-us-nls, s. Munificence, liberality. BOUNTIFOL, bounitl-ful, a. Liberal, generous, munificent. Bountifully, bovinitl-ful-lJ, ad. Liberally. BouNTiFULNESS, boun^tl-ful-nes, s. The quality of being bountiful, generosity, GO >, boiinite-hed, ") d, boun-te-hud, J BOUNTIHEAD, l^Ai'.^'ti Bountyhood, Goodness, virtue. Bounty, boun^te, S. Generosity, liberality, munificence. To Bourgeon, bur-jun, v. n. 313. 259. To sprout, to shoot into branches. Bourn, birne, S. A bound, a limit ; a brook, a torrent. C3- 1 have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Kenrick in the pronunciation of this word. They make it sound as if written boorn; but if my memory fail me not, it is a rhyme to mourn upon the stage; and Mr. Garrick so pronounced it. ** That undiscoverM country, from wliose bourne " No traveller returns." Smkcspeare's Hamlet. I am fortified in this pronunciation by the suff'ragcs of Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, and Mr. Smith. To Bouse, booze, v. n. To drink lavishly. BousY, booize, a. Drunken. Bout, bout, s. A turn, as much of an action as is performed at one time. To Bow, bou, v. a. To bend, or inflect ; to bend the body in token of respect or submission ; to bend, or incline, in condescension ; to depress, to crush. To Bow, bou, V, n. To bend, to suffer flexure ; to make a reverence; to stoop ; to sink under pressure. Bow, bou, S. An act of reverence or submission. Bow, bo, S. An instrument of war; a rainbow; the instrument with which string-instruments are played upon ; the doubling of a string in a slip knot ; Bow of a ship, that part of her which begins at the loof, and ends at the sternmost part of the forecastle. To Bow, b6, V. a. To bend sideways. ^13- While some words are narrowing and contracting their original signification, others are dividing and sub- dividing into a thousand different acceptations. The verb to hcrw rhyming with cow might originally signify flexure every way, and so serve for that actic:: which made any thing crooked, let its direction be what it would; but it appears certain, that at present it only means that flexure which is vertical, and which may be called a bowing down, but is by no means so applicable to that flexuie which is sideways or horizontal, and for which, necessity seems insensibly to have brought the verb I have inserted into use. This verb seems accom- panied by the word out as the other is by down, and we may say such a thing buv:s down, but another thing bova out, or swells sideways ; the first verb is pronounced so as to rhyme with cow, now, &c, and the last with go, no, &c. Milton seems to have used the wordwith this sound, where in his Penseroso he says — ** And love the high embowed roof, '* With antique pillars* massy proof." But as nothing can tend more to the ambiguity of lan- guage than to have words spelled in the same manner sounded diH"erently in order to distinguish their meaning by their pronunciation, I would humbly advise to spell the word bow (to shoot with), and the verb to how (to bend sideways), with the final e; this slight addition will re- lieve a reader from the embarrassment he is under at first sight, where he is not thoroughly acquainted with the circumstances of a relation, and does not know how to pronounce the word till he has read the context. For the propriety of this additional e, sec the words iJotrf, Borne, and Form. I cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Nares on this word, as his opinion has great authority : — " A bow for arrows, " and to bow, when it signifies merely to bend any thing, " have ow like o long. This distinction I believe to be " right, though our great Lexicographer has not noticed " it. He gives to bow, in every sense, the regular sound "ofouj, (that is, rhyming with cow). But of this in- " stance the first and fourth appear to be erroneous; the " third is doubtful ; and in the second, the word is used " to express an inclination of the body, but metaphori- " cally applied to trees. See the four instances from " Shakespeare, DrytJen, and Locke, under To bow, v. a. "No. I." A want of attending to the different ideas thewoid Jote conveys, as it is differently sounded, has occasioned the inconsistent sea-terms ; the bow of a ship rhyming with cow; and an anchor, called the best bower, rhyming with hour; and iou", in the word bowsj^rit, rhyming with go, no, &c. BOX BRA nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299~pound 3\3—thin 466, Tilis 469. Bow-bent, bo-bent, a. Crooked. Bow-hand, bi^h^nd, s. The hand that draws the bow. Bow-legged, b6-legd, a, 359. Having crooked legs. Bowels, boilielz, S, Intestines, the vessels and organs within the body } the inner parts of any thing} tenderness, compassion. Bower, bou-ur, s. 98. An arbour: it seems to signify, in Spenser, a blow, a stroke. Bower, bou-ur, s. An anchor so called. Bowery, bou-ur-re, a. Full of bowers. Bowl, bole, S. A vessel to hold liquids ; the hollow part of any thing; a, basin, a fountain. — See the next word. Bowl, bole, s. Round mass rolled along the ground. C;y- Many respectable speakers pronounce this word so as to rhyme with howl, the noise made by a dog. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Elphinston, and Mr. Perry, declare for it; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Smith, proQounce it as the vessel to hold liquor, rhym- ing with hole, I remember having been corrected by Mr. Garrick for pronouncing it like howl; and am upon the whole of opinion, that pronouncing it as I have marked it is the preferable mode, though the least ana- logical. But as the vessel has indisputably this sound, it is rendering the language still more irregular to give the ball a different one. The inconvenience of this ir- regularity is often perceived in the word bow; to have the same word signify different things, is the fate of all languages ; but pronouncing the same word differently to Signify different things, is multiplying difficulties without necessity ; for though it may be alleged, that a different pronunciation of the same word to signify a dif- ferent thing, is in some measure remedying the poverty and ambiguity of language, it may be answered, that it is in reality increasing the ambiguity by setting the eye and ear at variance, and obliging the reader to under- stand the context before he can pronounce the word. It may be urged, that the Greek and Latin languages had these ambiguities in words which were only distinguisli- able by their quantity or accent. But it is highly pro- bable that the Greek language had a written accent to distinguish such words as were pronounced differently to signify different things, and this is equivalent to a differ- ent spelling; and though the Latin word 2e^o signified either to read or to send, according to the quantity with which the first syllable was pronounced, it was certainly an imperfection In that language which ought not to be iinitp.ted. Ideas, and combinations of ideas, will always be more numerous than words; and therefore the same word will often stand for very different ideas : but alter- ing the sound of a word, without altering the spelling, is forming an unwritten language. To Bowl, bJle, v. a. To play at bowls j to throw bowls at any thing. Bowler, bi-lur, s. He that plays at bowls. Bowline, bou-lin, S. A rope fastened to the middle part of the outside of a sail. Bowling-green, bA^ling -g r^^n, s. A level piece of ground, kept smooth for bowlers. Bowman, biimin, s. 88. An archer. Bowsprit, bA-sprit, s. BoJtsprlt ; which see. Bowstring, biistring, s. The string by which the bow is kept bent. Bow-window, bi^winidi, s. (ty- Dr. Johnson derives this word, and, perhaps, justly, from Hay-window, or a window forming a 5ay in the internal part of the room; but present custom has universally agreed to call these windows bow-v>indows, from the curve, tike a Soui, which they form by jutt^jrg outwards. However original and just, therefore. Dr. Johnson's derivation may be, there is little hope of a conformity to it, either in writing or pronunciation, while there is apparently so good an etymology, both for sense and sound, to support the present practice. — See To Bow. BoWYER, bo-yur, *. 98. An archer; one whose trade is to make bows. Box, bSks, s. A tree; the wood of it. Box, boks, S. A case made of wood, or other matter, to liold any thing ; the case of the mariner's compass; the chest into which money given is put; »cat in the play-house, Gl To Box, bSks, V. a. To enclose in a box. Box, boks, *. A blow on the head given with the hand. To Box, bSks, V. n. To fight with the fist. BoXEN, bSk-sn, fl, 103. Made of box, resembling box. Boxer, bSks-ur, S, A man who fights with his fists. Boy, boe, S. 482. A male child, not a girl ; one in the state of adolescence, older than an infant; a word of contempt for young men. Boyhood, boe^hud, s. The state of a boy. Boyish, boe-ish, a. Belonging to a boy ; childish, trifling. Boyishly, boe-ish-le, ad. Childishly, triflingly. Boyishness, boe-ish-nes, S. Childishness, trifling- ness. BOYISM, boe-izm, S. Puerility, childishness. Brabble, br^b-bl, s. 405. A clamorous contest. To Brabble, brab^bl, v. n. To contest noisily. BrABBLER, br^b-lur, S. A clamorous noisy fellow. To Brace, brise, v. a. To bind, to tie close with bandages j to strain up. Brace, brise, S. Cincture, bandage; that which holds any thing tight; Braces of a coach, thick straps of leather on which it hangs; Braces in printing, a crooked lineenclosing a passage, as in a triplet; ten- sion, tightness. Brace, br^e, s. A ' ar, a couple. Bracelet, brdse-lel, s. An ornament for the , arms. - ft?" I have, in the pronunciation of this word, made the a long and slender, as in brace, as I find it in Dr. Kenrick, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, and Mr. Scott; and not short as in brass, as Mr. Sheridan has marked it ; and which, I believe, is the prevailing pronunciation in Ire- land ; for though many compounds shorten the vowel in the simple, as is shown at large in the Principles of Pro- nunciation, 308. 515; yet I think such words are excep- tions as are only diminutives, plurals and feininines.-. See Patroness. Bracer, br^isur, s. 98. A cincture, a bandage. BraCH, bi-Stsh, S. 252. A bitch hound. Brachial, brlk^yll, a. 353. Belonging to the arm. Brachygraphy, brfl-kjg^gr4-fe, s. 353. The art or practice of writing in a short compass. Brack, brUk, s. A breach. Bracket, brdkikit, j. 99. A piece of wood fixed for the support of something. Brackish, brik-isb, a. Salt, something salt. Brackishness, brSkiish-nes, s. Saitness. Brad, br4d, S. A sort of nail to floor rooms with. To Brag, br%, V, n. To boast, to display osten- tatiously. Brag, brag, S, A boast ; a proud expression ; the thing boasted. Braggadocio, br^-gi-do'shJ-o, s. A puffing, boasting fellow. Braggart, brigigA.rt, a. 88. Boastful, vainly ostentatious. Braggart, br^g-girt, 5. "1 . , r, 14/* no f A boaster. Bragger, brilg-gur, s. 98. J Brag LESS, brig-les, a. Without a boast. Bragly, brAg-le, ad. Finely. To Braid, brAde, v. a. To weave together. Braid, bride, s. A texture, a knot. Brails, bralz, s. Small ropes reeved through blocks. Brain, brane, s. That collection of vessels and organs in the head, from which sense and motion arise , the understanding. To Brain, brane, v. a. To kill by beating out the brain. Brainish, brine-ish, «. Hot-headed, furious. BRA BRE ty- 559. Fite 73, fSrYT, fill 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164, Brainless, brine-les, a. Silly. Brainpan, brane-pin, *. The skull contaimng the brains. Brainsick, brine-sik, a. Addleheaded, giddy. Brainsickly, brane^sik-le, ad. Weakly, headily. Brainsickness, brine-sik-nes, s. Indiscretion, giddiness. Brake, brike. The pret of Break. Brake, brake, s. Fern, brambles. Brake, brake, *. An instrument for dressing hemp or flax ; the handle of a ship's pump ; a baker's knead- ing trough. Braky, bra-ki, a. Thorny, prickly, rough. Bramble, brim^bl, S. 405. Blackberry bush, dewberry bush, raspberry bush; any rough prickly shrub. Brambling, br^m^bling, s. A bird, called also the mountain chaffinch. Bran, bran, 5. The husks of com ground. Branch, brinsh, s. 352. 78. The shoot of a tree from one of the main boughs; any distant article; any part that shoots out from the rest ; a smaller river running into a larger : any part of a family descending in a collateral line ; the offspring, the descendant ; the antlers or shoots of a stag's horn. T'o Branch, brinsh, V.n., To spread in branches ; to spread into separate parts ; to speak diffusively ; to have horns shooting out. To Branch, brinsh, v. a. To divide as into branches ; to adorn with needlework. BrANCHER, br^n-shur, S. One that shoots out into branches ; in falconry, a young hawk. Branchiness, brin-sh^-nes, s. Fullness of branches. Branchless, brJnshiles, a. Without shoots or boughs; naked. Branchy, brin-shJ, a. Full of branches, spreading. Brand, brind, s. A stick lighted, or fit to be lighted; a sword; a thunderbolt; a mark made by burning with a hot iron. To Brand, britnd, v. a. To mark with a note of infamy. BrANDGOOSE, brind-gOOS, *. A kind of wild fowl. To Brandish, brin-dish, v. a. To wave or shake; to play with, to flourish. Brandling, brind-iing, s. a particular worm. Brandy, brin-di, *. A strong liquor distilled from wine. BrANGLE, bring-gl, S. 405. Squabble, wrangle. To Brangle, brlng-gl, v. n. 405. To wrangle, to squabble. Brank, bringk, *. Buckwheat. Branny, brin-n^, a. Having the appearance of bran. BrasieR, bri-zhur, S. 283. A manufacturer that works in brass ; a pan to hold coals. Brasil, or Brazil, bri-zeel| *. An American wood, commonly supposed to have been thus denomi- nated, because first brought from Brasil. Brass, bras, s. A yellow metal made by mixing copper with lapis calamiuaris ; impudence. Brassiness, br^-S^-nes, s. An appearance like brass. Brassy, brisis^, a. Partaking of brass ; hard as brass; impudent. Brat, brat, *. a child, so called in contempt ; the progeny, the offspring. Bravado, bril-vi^do, s. a boast, a brag. See Lumbago. Brave, brave, a. Courageous, daring, bold ; gallant, having a noble mien; magnificent, grand; excellent, fiolilc. Brave, brive, s. A hector, a man daring beyond pnidence or litness ; a boast, a challenge. 62 To Brave, brive, v. a. To defy, to challenge j to carry a boasting appearance. Bravely, brAve-l^, ad. in a brave manner, courageously, gallantly. Bravery, bri-vur-re, S. 555. Courage, mag- nanimity; splendour, magnificence; show, ostenta- tion; bravado, lioast. Bravo, bra'-vo, s. Spanish. A man who murders for hire. To Brawl, brawl, v. n. To quarrel noisily ar.d indecently ; to speak loud and indecently ; to make a niiise. Brawl, brawl, S. Quarrel, noise, .currility. Brawler, briw-lur, *. A wrangler. Brawn, brawn, s. The fleshy or musculous part of the body; the ann, so called from its being musculous; bulk, muscular strength ; the flesh of a boar ; a boar. Brawner, braw^nur, s. A boar killed for the table. Brawninrss, br^w-ne-nes, s. strength, hardness. Brawny, braw^ne, a. Musculous, fleshy, bulky. To Bray, bra, v. a. To pound, or grind small. To Bray, bra, v. n. To make a noise as an ass j to make an offensive noise. Bray, bri, S. Noise, sound. Braver, bra-ur, *. One that brays like an assj with printers, an instrument to temper the ink. To Braze, brAze, v. a. To solder with brass ; to harden to impudence. Brazen, bri^zn, a. 103. Made of brass; proceed- ing from brass; impudent. To Brazen, bri-zn, v. n. To be impudent, to bully. Brazenface, hrA-zn-fAse, *. An impudent wretch. Brazenfaced, bri^zn-faste, a. 359. Impudent, shameless. Brazenness, bra-zn-nes, s. Appearance like brass; impudence. Brazier, brAzeiyur, *. 283. — See Brasier. Breach, breitsh, «. The act of breaking any thing: the state of being broken ; a gap in a fortifica- tion "made by a battery ; the violation of a law or con- tract; difference, quarrel; infraction, injury. Bread, bred, *. Food made of ground corn ; food in general ; support of life at large. Bread-chipper, bred^tship-ur, *. A baker's servant. Bread-corn, bred^korn, s. Com of which bread is made. Breadth, bred^A, s. The measure of any plain superficies from side to side. To Break, brike, v. a. 240. 242. To burst, or open by force ; to divide ; to destroy by violence j to 'overcome, to surmount ; to batter, to m;ike breaches or gaps in ; to crush or destroy the strength of the body ; to sink or appal the spirit ; to subdue ; to crush, to dis- able, to incapacitate; to weaken the mind; to tame, to train to obedience ; to make bankrupt ; to crack the «km ; to violate a contract or promise; to infringe a law ; to intercept, to hinder the effect of; to interrupt; to separate company , to dissolve any union; to open something new; To break the back, to disable one's fortune ; To break ground, to open trenches ; To break the heart, to destroy with grief; To break the neck, to lux, or put out the neck joints ; To break off, to put a sudden stop ; To break off, to dissolve ; To break up, to separate or disband; To break upon the wheel, to punish by stretching a criminal upon the wheel, and breaking his bones with bats; To break wind, to give vent to wind in the body. To Break, brike, v. n. To part in two j to burst by dashing, as waves on a rock; to open and discharge matter ; to open as the morning ; to burst forth, to ex- claim ; to become bankrupt; to decline in health and strength ; to make way with some kind of suddenness, to come to an explanation; to fall out, to be friends no longer ; to discard ; to break from, to separate from will) some vehemence; to break in, to enter unexpect- edly ; to break loose, to escape from captivity ; t9 break off, to desist suddenly; To break off from, ti» part from with violence j to break out, to discove* BRE BRl n5r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173—811 299— pound SU—tlan 466, this 46.9. itself in sudden effects ; To break out, to have eruptions from the body ; To break out, to become dissolute ; To break up, to cease, to intermit; To break up, to dissolve itself; To break up, to begin holidays; To break with, to part friendship with any. Break, brike, S. state of being broken, opening , a pause, an interruption; a line drawn, noting that the sense is suspended. Breaker, bri-kur, S. He that breaks any thing ; a wave broken by rocks or sand banks. To Breakfast, brekiflst,w. n. 234. 515. To eat the first meal in the day. Breakfast, brek-ftst, s. 88. The first meal in the day; the tiling eaten attlie first meal; a meat in general. Breakneck, brike-nek, S. A steep place en- dangering the neck. Breakpromise, brike-pr&ra-is, j. One that makes a practice of breaking his promise. Bream, brerae, s. The name of a fish. Breast, brest, S. The middle part of the human body, between the neck and the belly; the dugs or teats of women which contain the milk; the part of a beast that is under the neck, between the fore-legs ; the heart; the conscience; the passions. To Breast, brest, v. a. To meet in front. Breastbone, brest^bine, s. The bone of the breast, the sternum. Breasthigh, brest-hl, a. Up to the breast. Breasthooks, brest^hooks, *, With shipwrights, the compassing timbers before, that help to strengthen the stem and all the fore part of the ship. Breastknot, brestinJt, s. A knot or bunch of ribbands worn by women on the breast. Breastplate, brest-plite, s. Armour for the breast. Breastplough, brest-plou, *. A plough used for paring turf, driven by the breast. Breastwork, brest^wurk, s. Works thrown-up as high as the breast of the defendants. Breath, hrtth, S. 437. The air drawn in and ejected out of the body; life; respiration; respite, pause, relaxation; breeze, moving air; a single act; an instant. To Breathe, br^THe, v. n. 437. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs; to live ; to rest ; to take breath; to inject by breathing; to eject by breathing ; to exercise ; to move or actuate by breath j to utter privately ; to give air or vent to. Breather, br^-THur, S. One that breathe*, or lives. Breathing, breiTHing, s. Aspiration, secret prayer; breathing place, vent. Breathless, bre^A^les, a. Out of breath, spent with labour; dead. Bred, bred. Part. pass, from To Breed. Brede, br^de, s. — See Braid. Breech, breksb, s. 247. The lower part of the body; breeches; the hinder part of a piece of ordnance. To Breech, bri^tsh, v. a. 247. To put into breeches ; to fit any thing with a bieecb, as to breech a gun. Breeches, britchiiz, 5. 247. 99. The garment worn by men over the lower part of the body ; to wear the breeches, is, in a wife, to usurp the authority of the husband. 7'o Breed, briid, v. a. To procreate, to generate ; to occasion, to cause, to produce ; to contrive, to hatch, to plot ; to produce from one's self; to give birth to ; to educate, to qualify by education } to bring up, to take care of. 7b Breed, brild, v. n. To bring young ; to in- crease by new production } to be produced, to have birth ; to raise a breed. Breed, brMd, s. A cast, a kind, a subdivision of species; progeny, offspring; a number produced at once, a hatch. Breedbate, br^^d-blte, s. One that breeds quarrels. Breeder, hrlkf-dur, s. 98. That which produce* Gi anything; the person who brings up another; » fe. male that is prolifick; one that takes care to raise a breed. Breeding, bre^iding, S. Education, instruction} qualifications; manners, knowledge of ceremony i nurture. BreeSE, breez, S. A stinging fly. Breeze, breez, s. A gentle gale. Breezy, bree-zl, a. Fanned with gales. Bret, bret, *. A fish of the turbot kind. Brethren, breTH-ren, *. The plural of Brother. Breviary, br^ve-yi-r^, s, 507. An abridgment, an epitome ; the book containing the daily service of the church of Rome. (t?- All our orthOepists but Mr. Perry pronounce the first syllable of this word long; but if authority were si- lent, analogy would decide for the pronunciation I have given, 534. Breviat, br^veiyit, s. 113. A short compendium. Breviature, br^ve-y4-tshure, s. 465. 1 13. An abbreviation. Brevity, brev-i-tl, 5. 511. Conciseness, shortness. To Brew, broo, v. a. 339. To make liquors by mixing several ingredients; to prepare by mixing things together ; to contrive, to plot. To Brew, broo, v. n. To perform the office of a brewer. Brewage, broo-idje, *. 90. Mixture of various things. Brewer, broo-ur, S. A man whose profession it is to make beer. BreWHOUSE, broo-hous, s. A house appropriated to brewing. Brewing, broo-iiig, s. 410. Quantity of liquor brewed. Brewis, broo-is, *. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pottage, made of salted meat. Bride, bribe, s. A reward given to pervert the judgment. To Bribe, bribe, v. a. To give bribes. Briber, brl-bur, S. 98. One that pays for corrupt practices. Bribery, brl^bur-r^, s. 555. Tlie crime of giving or taking rewards for bad practices. Brick, bnk, s. a mass of burnt clay ; a loaf shaped like a brick. To Brick, brik, v. a. To lay with bricks. Brickbat, bnk-bit, s. A piece of brick. Brickclay, brik-kli, S. Clay used for making bricks. BricKDUST, bnk-dust, S, Dust made by pound- ing bricks. Brick-kiln, bnkikil, s. A kiln, a place to burr bricks in. Bricklayer, brik-li-ur, *. A brick mason. Brickmaker, brik^mi-kur, s. One whose trade it is to make bricks. Bridal, brl-dil, a. Belonging to a wedding, nuptial. Bride, bride, s. A woman new married. Bridebed, bride-bed, s. Marriage bed. Bridecake, brlde-kike, s. A cake distributed to the guests at a bedding. Bridegroom, bride-groom, *. A new-married man. Bridemen, bilde-men, \ Bridemaids, bride-mAdz, / The attendants on the bride and bridegroom. Bridestake, bride^stake, *. A post set in tb ground to dance round. Bridewell, brlde^wel, s. A houst of correction. Bridge, bndje, *. A building raised over water for the convenience of passage; the upper part of the nose ; the supporter of the strings in stringed instru- ments of musick. BRI BRO (»• 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni IG'I, move 164, To Bridge, bndje, v. a. To raise a bridge over any place. Bridle, bll-dl, S. 405. The headstall and reins by which a horse is restrained and governed; a re- straint, a curb, a check. To Bridle, brUdl, v. a. To guide by a bridle ; to restrain, to govern. To Bridle, bri-dl, v. n. To hold up the head. Bridlehand, brl!^dl-hJnd, s. The hand which holds the bridle in riding. Brief, bre^f, a. Sliort, concise ; contracted, narrow. Brief, breef, ,y. A short extract, or epitome; the writing given the pleaders, containing the case; letters patent, giving licence to a charitable collection; in miisicl<, a measure of quantity, which contains two strokes down in beating time, and as many up. Briefly, breefMe, ad. Concisely, in a few words. Briefness, bre^f-nes, 5. Conciseness, shortness. Brier, brl'-ur, s. 98. 4)8. A plant. Briery, brl-ur-re, o. 555. Rough, full of briers. Brigade, bre-gadej 4*. 1 17. A divison of forces, a body of men. Brigadier General, brig-i-delr ijen^u-rAl, *. Q75. An officer next in order below a major-general. Brigandine, bng^in-dkie, 150. \ Brigantine, brig-^n-tlne, / A light vessel, such as has been formerly used by corsairs or pirates ; a coat of marl. (KJ» All our orthOepists sound the last i in this word long ; and yet my memory fails me if the stage does not pronounce it short : a pronunciation to which the stage is very prone, as Valentine, Cymbcline, &c. are heard on the stage as if written Falentiji, Cymbelin, &c. ** You may remember, scarce three j-ears arc past, ** W'lien in j-our brigantine you sail'd to see ** The Adriatic wedded by our Duke, ** And I was with you. ft Venice Prescned. Bright, brlte, a. Shining, glittering, full of light; clear, evident; illustrious, ag, a bright reign; witty, acute, asjBbriglit genius. To Brighten, brl-tn, v, a. 103. To make bright, to make to shine ; to make luminous by light from without ; to make gay, or alert; to make 'llus- trious; to make acute. To Brighten, brl'tn, v, n. To grow bright, to clear up. Brightly, brIte'-lJ, ad. Splendidly, with lustre. Brightness, biiite^nes, s. Lustre, splendour; acuteness. Brilliancy, bnl-yin-se, s. Lustre, splendour. Brilliant, briKyAnt, a. 1 13. Shining, sparkling. Brilliant, bnl-y^nt, s, A diamond of the finest cut. Brilliantness, briUyint-nes, s. Splendour, lustre. Brim, bnm, s. The edge of any thing ; the upper edge of any vessel ; the top of any liquor ; the bank of a fountain. To Brim, bnm, v. a. To fill to the top. To Brim, bnm, v. n. To be full to tiie brim. Brimful, bnm^fi'il, a. Full to the top. Brimfulness, brim^ful-nes, s. Fulness to the top. Brimmer, bnm-mur, s. A bowl full to the top. Brimstone, brim^stone, s. Sulphur. Brimstony, bnm-sto-ne, a. Full of brimstone. BrINDED, bnn-ded, a. Streaked, tabby. Brindle, brinidl, 5. 405. 359. The state of being bnnded. Brindled, bnn-dld, a. 405. Bnnded, streaked. Brine, brine,*. Water impregnated with salt, tlie sea; tears. Brinepit, brlne^pit, S. Pit of salt water. To Bring, bring, v, a. 408. 409. To fetch from another place; to convey in one's own hand, uot to 64 send ; to cause to come ; to attract, to draw along; to put into any particular state ; to conduct; to induce, to prevail upon; To bring about, to bring to ))ass, to effect; To bring forth, to give birth to, to prorUite ; To bring in, to reclaim ; To bring in, to afford gain ; To bring off, to clear, to procure to be acquitted ; To bring on, to engage in action ; To bring over, to draw to a new party ; To I)ring out, to exhibit, to show ; To bring under, to subdue, to repress; To bring up, to educate, to instruct; To bring up, to bring into practice. Bringer, bnng-ur, s. 409. The person tliat brings any thing. Brinish, bri-nisb, a. Having the taste of brine, salt. Brinishness, brl^nish-nes, s, Saltness. Brink, bringk S, Tlie edge of any place, as of a precipice 01 a river. Briny, brl-ne, a. Salt. Brisk, brisk, a. Lively, vivacious, gay ; powerful, spirituous ; vivid, bright. Brisket, bns^klt, 5. 99- The breast of an animal. Briskly, brisk-le, ad. Actively, vigorously. Briskness, bnsk-nes, s. Liveliness, vigour, quick- ness; gayety. Bristle, bris^sl, *. 405. 472. Tiie stiff hair of swine. To Bristle, bns-sl, v. a. To erect in bristles. To Bristle, bns-sl, v. n. To stand erect as bristles. Bristly, bris-li, a. Thick set with bristles. Bristol Stone, bns-tul-stone, s. A kind of iolt diamond found in a rock near the city of Bristol. Brit, bnt, S. Tlie name of a fish. Brittle, brit^tl, a. 405. Fragile, apt to break. BrittleneSS, bnt-tl-nes, *. Aptness to break. BrIZE, brlze, S. The gadfly. Broach, brotsh, s. 295. A spit. To Broach, brotsh, v. a. To spit, to pierce u with a spit; to pierce a vessel in order to draw the li- quor; to open any store; to give out, to utter any thing. BrOACHER, brotsh-ur, S. A spit ; an opener, or utterer of any thing. Broad, brawd, a. 295. Wide, extended in breadth; large; clear, open; gross, coarse; obscene, fulsome ; bold, not delicate, not reserved. Broad Cloth, brawd^cl6^/2, s. A fine kind of cloth. To Broaden, braw-dn, v. n. 103. To grow broad. Broadly, brawd-le, ad. In a broad manner. Broadness, brawd-nes, s. Breadth, extent from side to side; coarseness, fulsomeness. Broadside, brawd-side, s. The side of a shipj the volley of shot fired at once from the side of a ship. Broadsword, bi"awd-sord, s, A cutting sword, with a broad blade. Broadwise, brawd-wlze, ad. 140. According to the direction of the breadth. Brocade, bro-kidej s. A silken stuff variegated. Brocaded, bro-ka-ded, a. Brest in brocade . woven in tlie manner of brocade. Brocage, bro-kldje, S. 90. The gain gotten by promoting bargains'; the hire given for any unlawfu office ; the trade of dealing in old things. Broccoli, br3k-k6-le, s. A species of cabbage. Brock, brSk, s. A badger. Brocket, brftk-kit, S. 99. A red deer, two yean old. Brogi'E, brig, *. 337. A kind of shoe J a corrupt dialect. To Broider, broe-d'ir, v. a. To adorn vfith figures of needle-work. Broidery, broi-dur-re, s. 555. Embroidery, flower-work. BRO BUG nor 167, not 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain466, this 469. Broil, broil, s. A tumult, a quarrel. To Broil, broil, !>. a. To dress or cook by laying on the coals. To Broil, broil, v. n. To be in U»e heat. Broke, broke. Preterimperfect tense of the verb To break. To Broke, broke, v. n. To transact business for others. Broken, bro^kn, 103. Part. pass, of Break. Broken-hearted, bro^kn-haritcd, a. Having tlie spirits crushed by grief or fear. Brokenly, bro-kn-l^, ad. Without any regular series. Broker, bri-kur, S. A factor, one that does business for another; one who deals in old household goods; a pimp, a match-maker. Brokerage, bro^kur-idje, s. 90. The pay or reward of a broker. i^RONCHOCELE, brSn^ki-sele, S. A tumour of that part of the aspera arteria, called the Dronchus.— See Hydrocele. Bronchial, brfin^ke-ll, ") Bronchick, brSn-kik, J Belonging to the throat. Bronchotosiy, brftn-k6titi-m^, s. 518. The operation which opens the windpipe by incision, to prevent suffocation. Bronze, br6nze, *. Brass j a medal. Brooch, brotsh, *. a jewel, an ornament of jewels. To Brood, brood, v. n. To sit on eggs to hatch tlieni ; to cover chickens under the wing ; to watch, or consider any thing anxiously ; to mature any thing by care. To Brood, brood, v. a. To cherish by care, to hatch. Brood, brood, J. Offspring, progeny ; generation; a liatch, the number hatched at once ; the act of co- vering the eggs. Broody, broo-dl, a. In a state of sitting on the eggs. Brook, brook, S, A running water, a rivulet. To Brook, brook, v. a. To bear, to endure. To Brook, brook, v. n. To endure, to be content. Brooklime, brook-lime, s. A sort of water; an herb. Broom, broom, S. A shrub, a besom so called from the matter of which it is made. Broomland, broomilind, s. Land that bears broom. Broomstaff, broom^stif, *. The staff to which the broom is bound. Broomy, broo-m^, a. Full of broom. Broth, hroth, s. Liquor in which flesh is boiled. Brothel, brSTH-el, ") Brothel-house, brSTH -el-house, J *' A bawdy-house. Brother, bruTH^ur, *. 98. One bom of the same father or mother ; any one closely united ; any one resembling another in manner, form, or profes- sion ; Brother is used in theological language, for man in general. Brotherhood, bruTH-ur-hud, s. The state or quality of being a brother; an association of men for any purpose, a fraternity ; a class of men of the same kind. Brother ly, bruTH^ur-le, a. Natural to brothers, such as becomes or beseems a brother. BrOI GHT, brdWt, 393. Part. pass, of Bring. Brow, brbu, S. The arch of hair over the eye; fore- head ; the general air of the countenance ; llie edge of any high place. To Browbeat, broii-bete, v. a. To depress with stern looks. Browbound, brju-bound, a. Crowned. BrOWSICK, brou-sik, a. Dejected. Brown, broun, a. Tlie name of a colour. Brownbill, brounibil, *. The ancient weapon of the English foot. Brownness, broun-nes, j. A bro\vn colour. Brownstudy, broun-stud-de, s. Gloomy meditations. To Browse, brouze, v. a. To eat branches or shrubs. To Bruise, brooze, v. a. 343. To crush or mangle with a heavy blow. Bruise, brooze, S. A hurt with something blunt and heavy. Bruisewort, brooze^wurt, s. Comfrey. Bruit, broot, S. 343. Rumour, noise, report. Brumal, broo-mil, a. Belonging to the winter. BruNETT, broo-netj S. A woman witli a brown complexion. Brunt, brunt, S. Shock, violence; blow, stroke. Brush, brush, S, An instrument for rubbing ; a rude assault, a shock. To Brush, brush, v. a. To sweep or rub with a brush ; to strike with quickness ; to paint with a brush- To Brush, brush, v. n. To move with liastej to fly over, to skim lightly. Brusher, brush-ur, s. He that uses a brush. Brushwood, brush-wSd, s. Hough, shrubby thickets. Brushy, brush-e, a. Rough or shaggy, like a brush. To BrUSTLE, brus-sl, v. n. 472. To crackle. Brutal, broo-tal, a. 343. That which belongs to a brute; savase, cruel, inhuman. Brutality, bioo-t^l-e-t^, s. Savageness, churlishness. To Brutalize, broo-t^-lLze, v. n. To grow brutal or savage. Brutally, hroo-iii\-\h, ad. Churlishly, inhumanly. Brute, broot, a. 339- Senseless, unconscious savage, irrational ; rough, ferocious. Brute, broot, S. A creature without reason. Bruteness, broot^nes, s. Brutality. To Brutify, broot-t^-fl, v. a. To make a man a l)rute. Brutish, brooitish, a. Bestiai, resembling a beast; rough, savage, ferocious ; gross, carnal ; igno- rant, untaught. Brutishly, broo-tish-1^, ad. In the manner of a brute. Brutishness, broo-tish-iifcs, s. Brutality, savageness. Bryony, bri-o-ni', s. A plant. Bub, bub, S. Strong malt liquor. A low word. Bubble, bubibl, *. 405. A small bladder of water; any thing which wants solidity and firmness; a cheat, a false show ; the person cheated. To Bubble, bub-bl, v. n. To rise in bubbles } to run with a gentle noise. To Bubble, bub-bl, v. a. To cheat. Bubbler, bub^blur, s. 405. A cheat. BuBBY, bub-b^, S. A woman's breast. A low word. Bubo, bu-bfi, S. The groin from the bending ot the thigh to the scrotum : all tumours in that pan are called Buboes. Bubonocele, bu-b&n-i-sile, s. A rupture, in which some part of the intestines bresks down into the groin. — See Hydrocele. Bucaniers, buk-a-neerzj s. A cant word for the privateers, or pirates, of America. Buck, buk, *. The liquor in which clothes are washed ; the clothes washed in the liquor. Buck, buk, S. The male of the fallow deer, the male of rabbits and other animals. To Buck, b&k, v. a. To wash clothes. F BUI BUM (t5- 559. Filers, fir 77, fall 83, Mt 81— me 93, met 95— plnelOS, p!n 107— nA 162, inove 1G4 7b Buck, buk, V, n. To copulate as bucks and does BUCKBASKET, bulc-bls-ket, S. The basket in wliich clothes are carried to the wash. BUCKBEAN, buk^bene, S. A plant, a sort of trefoil. Bucket, buk^klt, S. 99- The vessel in which water is drawn out of a well; the vessel in which wa- ter is carried, particularly to quench a fire. Buckle, buk^kl, s. 405. a link of metal, wth a tongue or catch made to fasten one thing to another ; the state of the hair crisped and curled. To Buckle, buk-kl, v. a. To fasten with a buckle ; to confine. To Buckle, buk-kl, v. n. To bend, to bow ; To buckle to, to apply to ; To buckle with, to engage with. Buckler, buk-lur, s. A shield. Buckmast, buk^mfct, s. The fruit or mast of the beech tree. Buckram, buk-rum, s. A sort of strong linen cloth, stiffened with gum. Buckshorn-plantain, buks^hSm-plin-tin, s. A plant. Buckthorn, huk-tJtorn, s. A tree. BucOLiCK, bu-k8l-ik, s, A pastoral. C:^ From the tendency we have to remove the accent to the beginning of such Latin words as we Anglicize by dropping the last syllable, we sometimes hear this word improperly accented on the first syllable. — See Academy. The authorities for the accent on the second syllable are, Air. Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, W. Johnston, Mr. Perry, Dr. KenricW, Bailey, Dr. Ash, and Entick ; Buchanan stands alone for the accent on the first. Bud, bud, *. The first shoot of a plant, a germ. To Bud, bud, v. n. To put forth young slioots, or germs ; to be in the bloom. 7'o Bud, bud, v. a. To inoculate. To Budge, budje, v. n. To stir. Budge, budje, a. stifl", formal. Budger, bud^jur, s. One that stirs. Budget, bud-jet, *. A bag, such as may be easily carried ; a store, or stock. Bu I'Fi buf, S. Leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo, used for waist belts, pouches, &c. a mili- tary coat. To Buff, buf, v. a. To strike. A low word. Buffalo, buf-fi-l6, *. A kind of wild bull or cow. Buffet, bufifit, s. 99, A blow wit the fist. Buffet, buf-fetj s. A kind of cupboard. To Buffet, buf^fit, v. a, 99' To box, to beat. To Buffet, buf^flt, v. n. To play a boxing match. Buffeter, buf-ttt-tur, s. A boxer. BUFFLE, buf'^fl, s. 405. The same with Buffalo. Buffleheaded, buf-fl-hed-ed, a. Dull, stupid. Buffoon, buf-foon( s. a man whose profession is to make sport by low jests and antick postures, ajack- pudding; a man that practises indecent raillery. Buffoonery, buf-foon-ur-re, *. The practice of a buffoon; low jests, scurrile mirth. Bug, bugp, *. A stinking insect, bred in 'old liouse- hold stuff. Bugbear, bug-bire, S. A frightful object, a false terrour. BUGGINESS, bugigj-nes, S. Tlie state of being in- fected with bugs. Buggy, bug-g^, a. 283. Abounding with bugs. Bugle, bu^g., 405. "1 BUGLEHORN, biigl-hSm,' /* ' ^ '™"*'"S ''^™- Bugle, bu-gl, *. a shining bead of black glass. Bugle, btj^gl, s. A plant. Bugloss, bta-glSs, *. The herb ox-tongue. To Bc'LD, blld, V. a. 341. To make a fabrick, or an edifice, tt ,aise any thing on a suppor*. or founda- tion. cc To Build, blld, f, n. To depend on, to rest on. Builder, bild^ur, s. 98. He that builds, »^ architect. Building, bild-ing, f. 410. A febrick, an edifice. Built, bllt, s. The form, the structure. Bulb, bulb, *. A round body, or root. Bulbaceous, bul-bi^shus, a. The same with Bulbous. Bulbous, bul-bus, a. 314. Containing bulbs. To Bulge, bulje, v. n. To take in water, to founder; to jut out. Bulk, bulk, *. Magnitude, size, quantity ; the gross, the majority j main fabrick. Bulk, bulk, S. A part of a building jutting out. Bulkhead, bulk-hedj s, A partition made across a ship with boards. Bulkiness, bul^k^-nes, S. Greatness of stature or size. Bulky, bul-k5, a. Of great size or stature. Bull, bul, S. 173. The male of black cattle • in the scriptural sense, an enemy powerful and violent; one of the twelve signs of the zodiack; a letter pub- lished by the Pope ; a blunder. BullbAITING, bul-bi-ting, *. The sport of bait- ing bulls with dogs. Bull-beggar, bul-beg-ur, S. Something terrible to fright children with. Bull-dog, bill-dog, s. A dog of a particular form, remarkable for his courage. Bull-head, bul-hed, s. A stupid feUow, the name of a fish. Bull-weed, bul-weed, $. Knapweed. BuLL-AVORT, bul-wurti S. Bishops-weed. BullacE, bul-llS, S. 99. A wild sour plum. Bullet, bul-lit, s. 99- A round ball of metal. Bullion, bul-j'un, «. 113. Gold or silver in the lump unwrought. Bullition, bul-lish-un, 5. 177. The act or state of boiling. Bullock, bul-luk, s. 166. A young bull. Bully, biil-le, s. A noisy, blustering, quarrelling fellow. Bulrush, bul'-rush, s. A large rush. Bulwark, bul-wurk, *. A fortification, a citadel^ security. Bum, bum, S. The part on which we sit ; it is used in composition, for any thing mean or low, as bum- bailiff. Bumbailiff, bum-baMif, s. a bailiff of the meanest kind, one that is employed in arrests. Bum BARD, bum-bird, *. — See Bombard. BumBAST, bum-bast,' S. A doth made of patches } l>atchwork; more properly written Bombast, as derived by Mr. Stevens from Bombycinus, made of silk. Bump, bump, *. A swelling, a protuberance. To Bump, bump, v. a. To make a loud noise. See Bomb. Bumper, bum^pur, s. 98. A cup filled. 03- There is a plausible derivation of this word from the French BonPere, which, say the anti-clerical critics, was the toast which the Monks gave to the Pope in a full glass. The farther a derivation is traced, the better it is liked by the common crowd of critics ; b\it Mr. Elphin- ston, who saw farther into English and French etymo- logy than any author I have met with, contents himself with deriving this word from the word Bump, which, as a verb, signifies the action of some heavy body that makes a dense noise, and, as a noun, implies the general effect of such an action on the animal frame, wliich is a protuberance or swelling-; and the swelling out of the liquor when a glass is full, seems the natural offspring of the substantive Bump. Dr. Ash, whose etymological knowledge seems very ex- tensive, gives this word the same derivation, but tells MS that the word Bumjikin is of uncertain etymology ; a little attention, however, would, I thiuk, have led him BUR BUS nor 167,ii5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bJUl 173— oil 299— pound 313— thm 466, this 46.9. One em- to the same origin of this word as tlie former; for the heavy and protuberant form of the rusticks, to whom tliis word is gpnerally applied, might very naturally generate the appellation. Bumpkin, bum-kin, s. An awkward heavy mstick. Sec Bumper. BUMI'KINLY, bum-kin-1^, a. Having the manner or appearance of a clown. BuNt'H, buDsh, *. 352. A hard lump, a knob; a cluster; a number of things tied together; anything bound into a knot. Hunchbacked, bSnsh-bjlkt, a. Having biuiclies on the back. Bunchy, bun-shi, a. Growing into bunches. Bundle, bun^dl, S. 405. A number of things bound together ; any thing rolled up cylindrically. To Bundle, bun-til, v. a. To tie in a bundle. Bung, bung, S. A stopper for a barrel. To Bung, bung, v. a. To stop up. Bunghole, bungihiie, S. The hole at which the barrel is dUcd. To Bungle, bune^gl, v. n. 405. To perform clumsily. To Bungle, bung^gl, v. a. To botch, to manage clumsily. Bungle, bimg^gl, S. A botch, an awkwardness. Bungler, bungiglur, s. A bad workman. Bunglingly, bung-gling-1^, ad. <^lum.«ily, awkwardly. BUNN, bun, S. A kind of sweet bread. Bunt, bunt, s. A swelling part; an increasing cavity. Bun TER, bun-tur, S. 98. Any low vulgar woman. Bunting, bun^tfng, S. The name of a bird. Buoy, buoe, s. 346. A piece of cork or wood floating, tied to a weight. To Buoy, buo^, v. a. To keep afloat. Buoyancy, buo^-^n-si, S. The quality of floating. Buoyant, buo^ijlnt, a. Which will not sink. Bur, bur, s. a rough head of a plant. Burbot, bur-but, *. 166. A fish full of prickles. Burdelai.s, bur-de-li,' s. A sort of grape. Burden, bur^dn, s. 103. A load; something grievous ; a birth ; the verse repeated in a song. To Burden, bur'-du, v. a. To load, to enciunber. Burdener, bur^dn-ur, s, 98. A loader, an oppreEsor. BurdENOUS, bur-dn-US, a. Grievous, oppressive; usekss. Burdensome, biiridn-sum, «. Grievous, troublesome. Burdensomeness, bui-'dn-sum-nes, s. Weight, uneasiness. Burdock, bur^dik, s. — See Dock. Bureau, bu-ro| *. a chest of drawers. Burg, bSrg, *. — See Burrow. Burgage, bur-gAdje, s. 90. A tenure proper to cities and towns. BURGAMOT, bur-g4-mStJ S. A species of pear. Buuganet, or Burgonet, burigi-net, s. A kind of helmet. Burgeois, bur-j3ice{ S. A citizen, a burgess; a type of a particular size. Burgess, bur-jes, S. A citizen, a freeman of a ciiy ; a repre.-icntative of a town corporate. Burgh, burg, s. 392. A corporate town or : borough. Burgher, bur-gur, S. One who luis a right to certain privileges in this or that pface. BuRGHERSHIP, bui-gur-ship, s. The privilege of a burgher. Burglary, bur^gli-re, s. Robbing a housp by niglit, or breaking in with intent to rob. 67 Burgomaster, bur-go-mas-tur, s. ployed in the government of a city. Burial, ber-r^-^1, s. 178. The act of burying, sepulture, interment; the act of placing any thing under earth ; the church-service for funerals. BURIER, ber-r^-ur, *. He that buries. BURINE, bu-rin, S. A graving tool. BURLACE, bur-l^e, s. A sort of grape. To Burl, burl, v. a. To dress cloth as fullers do. Burlesque, bui^leskj a. 415. Jocular, tending to raise laughter. Burlesque, bur-leskj s. Ludicrous language. To Burlesque, bur-leskj v. a. To turn to ridicule. Burliness, bur^le-nes, s. Bulk, bluster. BVRLY, burble, a. Big of stature. To Burn, burn, v. a. To consume with fire ; lo wound with fire.' To Burn, burn, v. n. To be on fire; to be in- flamed with passion ; to act as fire. Burn, burn, *. A hurt caused by fire. Burner, bur-nur, *. A person that burns ant- thing. Burnet, bur^nit, s. 99. A plant. Burning, bur^nlng, S. 410. State of inflammation. Burning-glass, bur^ning-glts, s. A glass ^vhich collects the rays of the sun into a narrow compass, and so increases their force. To Burnish, bur-nish, v. a. To polish. To Burnish, bur-nish, v. n. To grow bright or glossy. Burnisher, bur^nish-ur, s. The person that burnishes or polishes ; the tool with which bookbinders §ive a gloss to the leaves of books; it is commonly e og's tooth set in a stick. Burnt, burnt. Part, pass, of Bttm. Burr, bur, *. The lobe or lap of the ear. Burrel, buririi, s. 99- a sort of pear. Burrow, bur^^ri, S. A corporate town, that is not a city, but such as sends burgesses to the parliament; a place fenced or fortified; the holes made in the ground by conies. To Burrow, bur^ri, v. n. To mine as conies or rabbits. Bursar, bur^sur, 5. 88. Tlietfeasurer of a college. Burse, burse, t. An exchange where merchants meet. To Burst, burst, v. n. To break, or fly open ; to fly asunder; to break away, to spring; to come sud- denly; to begin an action violently. To Burst, burst, v. a. To break suddenly, to make a quick and violent disruption. Burst, burst, *. A sudden disruption. Burst, burst, "J _ Bursten, bur-stn,/^*'^ ' * Diseased with a hernia or rupture. Burstenness, burstn-nes, s. A rupture. BurstworT, burst-wiirt, S. An Iterb good against ruptures. Burt, burt, *. A flat fish of tlie turbot kind. Burthen, bur^THn, s. 468. — See Burden. To Bury, ber-r^, v. a. 178. To inter, to put into a grave ; to inter with rites and ceremonies; to conceal, to hide. Bush, biash, *. 173. A thick shrub; a bough of a tree fixed up at a door, to show that liquors are sold tliei-c. Bushel, bush-ll, S. 173. A measure containing eight gallons, a strike. Bush I NESS, blish-e-nes, S. The quality of being biisliy. Bushme.nt, b?ish-ment, s, A tuickct. BUT BY (t^- 559 Fke 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pint 05, pin 107— no 162, move 164, A piece of Bushy, biish-e, a. Thick, full of small branches ; full of bushes. BusiLESS, biz-ze-les, a. 178. At leisure. Busily, biz-ze-le, ad. With hurry, actively. Business, biz-nes, s. 178. Employment, muiti- plirity of atl'airs ; aa affair; th'' subject of action; serious engagement; right of action; a matter of question ; To do one's business, to kill, to destroy, or ruin him. Busk, busk, s. A piece of steel, or whalebone, worn by women to strengthen their stays. Buskin, bus-kin, S. A kind of half boot, a shoe which comes to the mid-leg ; a kind of high shoe worn by the ancient actors of tragedy. BUSKINED, bus-kind, rt. 359. Dressed in buskins. BUSKY, bus-ke, a. Woody. Buss, bus, S. A kiss, a salute with lips ; a boat for fishing. To Buss, bus, V. a. To kiss. A low word. Bust, bust, s. A statue representing a man to his breast. BuSTAKD, bus^turd, s A wild turkey. 7'o Bustle, bus-sl, v. n. 472. To be busy, to stir. Bustle, biis-sl, S. A tumult, a hurry. Bustler, bus-lur, *. 98. An active stirring man Busy, blZ-ze, a. 178. Employed with earnestness; bustling, active, meddling. To Busy, biz-z^, v. a. To employ, to engage. Busybody, biz-ze-bftd-de, s. A vain, meddling, fantastical person. But, but, conj. Except ; yet, nevertheless ; the particle which introduces the minor of a syllogism, now; only, nothing more than; than; not otherwise than ; by no other means tlian ; if it were not for this ; however, bowbeil ; otherwise than ; even, not Kinger ago than ; yet it maybe objected; but for, had not this been. BuT-END, but-endj S. The blunt end of any thing. Butcher, but-tshur, s. 175. One that kills animals to sell their flesh ; one that is delighted witli blood. To Butcher, but-tshur, v. a. To kill, to murder. Butciierliness, biit-tshur-le-nes, s. A butcherly manner. Butcherly, biit-tsliur-l^, a. Bloody, barbarous. Butchery, but-tshur-re, s. The trade of a butcher; murder, cruelty; the place where blood is shed. Butler, but-lur, s. 98. A servant employed in furnishing the table. Butment, but-ment, s. That part of the arch which joins it lo the upright pier. Butt, but, S, The place on which the mark to be shot at is placed ; the point at.whicli the endeavour is directed; a man upon wliom the company break their jests. ^ Bu'IT, but, S. A vessel, a barrel containing one hundred and twenty-six gallons of wine. To Butt, but, v. a. To strike with the head. Butter, but-tur, s. 98. An unctuous substance, made by agitating the cream of milk till the oil sepa- rates from the whey. 7o Butter, but-tur, v. n. To smear, or oil with butter; to increase the stakes every tlnow. ^UTTER-BUMP, but^tur-bump, s. A fowl, the bittern. FjUTTerbur, bUt^tur-bur, s. A plant. BuTTERiLOWER, but-tur-flouiur, s. A yellow flower of May. Butterfly, but-tiir-fll, s. A beautiful insect. Butter IS, but-tur-ris, s. An instrument of steel used in pariig the foot of a horse. Buttermilk, bi't-tur-milk, s. The whey that is ♦cparated from the cream when bullet is made. Butterprint, but-tur-print, s. carved wood, used to mark butter. Butter TOOTH, but-tur-toof A, S. The great broad foretooth. BuTTERVVOMAN, but-tur-wiim-un, s. A woman that sells butter. Buttervvort, but-tur-wurt, s. A plant, sanlcle. Buttery, but-tur-r^, a. Having the appearance or qualities of butter. Buttery, bi^it-tSr-re, s. The room where pro. visions are laid up. Buttock, but-tuk, s. 166. The rump, the part near the tail. Button, but'-tn, 5. 103. 170. Any knob or ballj the bud of a plant. To Button, but-tn, v. a. 405. To dress, to clothe j to fasten with buttons. Buttonhole, but-tn-hole, s. The loop in which the button of the clothes is caught. Buttress, but-tris, s. 9d. A prop, a wall built to support anotlier ; a prop, a support. Tu Buttress, but-tris, v. a. To prop. Buxom, buk^sum, a. 166. Obedient, obsequiousj gay, lively, brisk; wanton, jolly. BuxoMLY, buk-sum-le, ad. Wantonly, amorously BuxoMNESS, b?ik-sum-nes, s. Wantonness, amorousness. To Buy, bl, v. a. To purchase, to acquire by pay. ing a price; to manage by money. To Buy, bl, v. n. To treat about a purchase. Buyer, bl-ur^ S. He that buys, a purchaser. To Buzz, buz, v. n. To hum, to make a noise \\\« bees ; to whisper, to prate. Buzzard, buz-zurd, s. 83. A degenerate or mean species of liawk ; a blockhead, a dunce. Buzzer, buz-zur, s, 98. A secret whisperer. It notes the agent ; it notes the instrument ; it notes the cause; it notes the means by which anything is performed; at, or in, noting place; it notes the sum of the difference between two things comnared; not later than, noting time; beside, noting passage ; near to, in presence, noting proximity: before Himself, it notes the absence of all otliers : it is the solemn form of swearing; at hand ; it is used in forms of obtesting; by proxy of, noting substitution. (f:5- The general sound of this word is like the verb to buy ; but we not unfrequently hear it pronounced like the verb to be. This latter sound, however, is only tolerable in colloquial pronunciation, and then only when used a« a preposition ; as when we say, Do you travel by land or by water! Thus in reading these lines of Pope: " By l&p.il, by water, they renew tlie charge, " They stop the chariot, and they board the barge." Here we ought to give the word by the sound of the verb to buy ; so tiiat pronouncing this word like be, is, if the word will be pardoned me, a colloquialism. By, bl, ad. Near, at a small distance } beside, passing; in presence. By AND BY, bl-ind-bl{ ad. In a short time. By, bl, *, Something not the direct and immediate object of regard, as by the by. By-concernment, bi-kftn-sern-ment, s. Not the main business. By-end, bl-endj s. Private interest, secret pd. vantage. By-gone, bl-gJn,' a. Past. By-law, bl-lkwj *. By-laws are orders made for the good of those that make them, farther than the public law binds. By-name, bl-name' s. A nick-name. By-PATII, bl-pil^/i' s. A private or obscure path. 15 Y- RESPECT, bl're-spt'ktj s. Private end or view ^ By-room, l)l-rt)uiiij s. A private room witliin. CAC CAL nSr 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil299— pound 313— f /tin 466, TH-is 469. Bv-SPEECH, bl-speitsllj s. An incidental or casual speech. By-STANDER, bl-stin-dur, s. A looker on, one unconcerned. By-street, bi-street{ s. An obscure street. By-view, bl-vu| S, Private self-interested purpose. By-walk, bUwiwkJ *. Private walk, not the main road. By-way, bi-waj s, A private and obscure way. By-west, b^-westj a. Westward, to the west of. By-word, bl-wurdj s. A saying, a proverb; a term of reproftch. c. h v^AB, kab, s. A Hebrew measure, containing about three pints English. Cadal, ki-b^l{ s. The secret science of the Hebrew rabbins ; a body of men united in some close design ; intriene. 03- The political signification of this word owes its original to the five Cabinet Ministers in Charles the Se- cond's reign ; Clifford, Ashley, Bnckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale: this Junto were known by the name of the Cabal; a word which the initial letters of their names happened to compose. 7'o Cabal, ki-bilj v, n. To form close intrigues. CabalIST, k^b-i-list, S. One skilled in the tradi- tions of the Hebrews. Caba listical, kib-^l-lisi-tfi-kil, fJABALISTlCK, kUb-Sll-llsitlk, Something that has an occult meaning. Caballer, ki-bUl-lur, *. He that engages in close designs, an intriguer. Cabbage, k^b-bidje, s, 90. A plant. • 7'o Cabbage, k^b-bidje, v. a. To steal in cutting clothes. Jabbage-tree, kibibidje-tri^, *. A species of paljn-tree. ^abbage-worm, kdb'bidje-wurm, s. An insect. JaBIN, kab-bm, S, A small room ; a small chamber in a ship ; a cottage, or small house. 7'o Cabin, kib'bin, v. n. To live in a cabin. To Cabin, k3.bibin, v. a. To confine in a cabin. Cabined, kib-bmd, a. 362. Belonging to a cabin. Cabinet, kib-in-et, s. A set of boxes or drawers for curiosities ; any place in which things of value are hidden: a private room in which consultations are held. abinet-council, k^b-in-et-koun-sil, s. A council held in u private manner. Cabinet-maker, k4b-in-et-miikur, s. One that makes small nice work in wood. Cable, ki^bl, s. 405. The great rope of a sliip to which the anchor is fastened. Cachectical, k^-kek-t5-k4l, Cachectick, k^kek^tik. Having an ill habit of body. Cachexy, kilk-kek-se, s. 517. Suci a distem- pcratiire of the humours as hinders nutrition, and weakens llie vital and animal functions. (K^ Mr. Sheridan is the only ortliOepist who accents this word on the first syllable as I have done; and yet everj' other lexicographer, who has the word, accents Anorexy, Alazy, anAAtaraxy, on the first syllable, except Mr. Sheridan, who accents Anorexy, and Bailey ^(oiy, on the penultimate. Whence this variety and inconsis- tency slioiiUI aiise, it is not easy to determine. Ortho- doxy and Apoplexy had suthciently chalked out the ana- logy of accentuaiion in these words. The terminations in ujcy and ety do not form a species of words which may be tailed cnciitical, like logy and graphy, bn, but seem to be exactly unlet the predicament of tliose Latin and 69 •}«•: Greek words, which, when adopted into English by drop- ping their last syllable, remove the accent at least two syllables higher. — See Academy. Cachinnation, k^k-kni-nd^shun, s. 353. A loud laughter. Cackerel, k4kiur-il, s. 555. 99. A fish. To Cackle, kilk-kl, v. n. 405. To make noise as a goose ; sometimes it is used for the noise a hen ; to laugh, to giggle. Cackle, ktlk-kl, S. The voice of a goose or fowl. Cackler, k^k-lur, S, 98. A fowl that cackles a tell-tale, a tattler. Cacochymical, kik-ko-kim^e-k^l, \ Cacochymick, k^k-ko-kim-ik, 353. 509, J ''' Having the humours corrupted. Cacochymy, kik^ko-kim-me, *. A depravation of the humours from a sound state. (K5- Johnson and Bailey accent this word Cacochym'y, Sheridan and Buchanan Cacoch'ymy, and Dr. Ash Ca&o' chymy; and tliis last accentuation 1 have adopted for reasons given under the word Cachexy, which see. CacodjemoN, kak-6-deimon, S. An evil spirit j the Devil. — See Principles, No. 50y. Cacophony, k4-k3£^6-n6, *. 518. A bad sound of words. To Cacuminate, kJ-ku-ra^-nite, v, a. To make sharp or pyramidal. Cadaverous, kH-div-i-rus, a. Having the ap. pearance of a dead carcass. Caddis, kad-dis, S. A kind of tape or ribbon j a kind of worm or grub. Cade, kade, a. Tame, soft, as a cade lamb. Cade, kAde, s. A barrel. Cadence, ka^dense, \ Cadency, kA^den-s^, J Fall, stale of sinking, decline; the fall of the voice; the flow of verses, or periods ; the tone or sound. Cadent, ka-dent, a. Falling down. Cadet, ki-detj S. The younger brother; the youngest brother ; a volunteer in the army, who serves in expectation of a commission. Cadger, ked-jur, s. A huckster. QO' This word is only used by the vulgar in London, where it is not applied to any particular profess!.. i, or employment, butnearly in the same sense as Citrrmidgei/H, and is corruptly pronounced as if written Codger. Cadi, ka-de, S. A magistrate among the Turks. CaDILLICK, kil-dll-Uk, S. A sort of pear. Caduceus, ki-du-she-us, s. 505. The red oi wand with which Mercury is depicted. Caducity, ki-diii-se-te, *. 511. Tendency to fall. C«sura, s^-zn'-rk, s. 479- 430. A figure in poetry, by which a short syllable after a complete foot is made long; a pause in verse. Caftan, k^f^tan, S. A Persian vest or garment. Cag, k^g, S. A barrel or wooden vessel, containing four or five gallons. Cage, kaje, S. An enclosure of twigs or wire, in which birds arc kept ; a place for wild beasts; a prison for petty malefactors. To Cage, kije, v. n. Toeticlose in a cage. Caiman, ki-min, S. 88. Tlie American name of a crocodile. To Cajole, ki-jolej v. a. To flatter, to soothe. Cajoler, ki-i6-lur, *. A flatterer, a wheedler. Cajolery, ki-]o-lur-r6, e. 555. Flattery, Caitiff, ki-tif, *. A mean villain, & despicable knave. Cake, kake, S. A Kind of delicate bread ; any thing of a form rather flat than high. To Cake, kAke, v. n To harden as dough in the oven. Calabash, kdi-i-bdsn, i. A species of a irrg* gourd. CAL ty 55.9. The 73, fur, 77, fill 83, tXt 81— m4 93, Calabash Tree, kil-4-bish-tr^^, s. A tree, of which the shells are used by the negroej for cups, as also for instruments of musick. Calamanco, ki\A-m^ng'-kh, s. A kind of woollen stuff. Calamine, k^U^-mlne, *. 149. A kind of fossile bituminous earth, which being mixed with copper, changes it into brass. Calamint, kal-^-mint, S. Tlie name of a plant. Calamitous, ki-l4m-^-tus, a. Miserable, in- volved in distress, unhappy, wretched. Calamitousness, k4-l^m-e-tu3-nes, s. Misery, distress. Calamity, k4-lSm-e-te, s. Misfortune, cause of misery. Calamus, kAl-J-mus, s. A sort of reed or sweet- scenied wood, mentioned in Scripture. Calash, ka-lash, *. a small carriage of pleasure. Calcarious, k^l-ki^re-us, a. Partaking of the nature of calx. Calc BATED, kal-shl-i-ted, a. 450. Shod, fitted witli shoes. Calcedonios, kal-sl-diinl-us, s. A kind of precious stone. Calcination, kal-sj-niishun, «. Such a manage- ment of bodies by fire as renders them reducible to potvder; Chymical pulverization. Calcinatorv, kal-sii»ia-tur-^, s. A vessel used in calcinalion G3- Mr. SlierlHan accents this word on the first sylla- ile, and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Perry on the second. I prefer tiie same accent iis on the verb 'J'o calcine, Sia. To Calcine, kal-slue' v. a. To bum in the fire to a calx or substance easily reduced to powder; to burn up. To Calcine, k^l-slnej v. n. To become a calx by heat. To Calculate, k^liki-lite, v. a. To compute, to reckon ; to adjust, to project for any certain end. Calculation, kil-ki-lAishun, s. a practice or manner of reckoning, the art of numbering; the re- sult of arithmetical operation. Calculator, kjKku-lA-tur, s. 521. A computer. Calculatorv, kAliku-li-tur-e, a. 5)2. Belongiiii! til calculation. Calcule, kal-kule, *. Reckoning, compute. Calculose, kill-ku-liseM Calculous. kAliki-lfig. j "' ^*°"y' 8"»y- CACULUS, kAl-ku-lus, s. The stone in the bladder. Caldron, kawl-drun, s. 166. A pot, a boiler, a kettle. CaLefaction, kJl-J-fSk^shun, S. The act of heating any thing ; the state of being heated. Calefactive, kil-e-likitiv, a. That which makes any thing hot, healing. Calefactory, k4l-^-fakitur-l, a. That wliicli heats. Tu Calefv, kUl^e-fl, v. n. 183. To grow hot, to be heated. Calendar, k4l-en-dup, *. 88. A register of the year, in which the months, and stated times, are marked, as festivals and hnlydays. To Calender, kil'-en-ciur, v, a. To dress cloth. Calender, k4l-et)-dur, s. 98. A hot press, a press in which clothiers smooth their cloth. Calenderer, kil-eii-dur-ur, *. The person who calenders. Calends, UAl'-endz, s. The first day of the month among the Rotnans. Calenture, kAi^en-tsh&re, s. 461. A distemper in hot climates, wherein they imagine the sea to be green fields. Calf, kaf, s. 401. 78. The young of a cow; the thick, plump, bull>ous part of the leg. 70 CAL met 95— p!ne 105, pin 107— ni 163, move 164, Caliber, kftKe-blir, S. The bore, the diameter a the barrel of a gun. 8:^- Mr. Sheridan accents this word on the second syl. lable, and gives the t the sound of double e like the French; but Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Buchanan, Perry, and Eniick, consider the word as perfectly anglicised, and place the accent on the first syllable as 1 have done. CaliCE, kil-lis, t. A cup, a chalice. Calico, k^l-^-ki, S. An Indian »tuir made ol cotton. Calid, kil-ld, a. Hot, burning, Caliditv, ka-lid^de-t^, 5. 511. Heat. ^ ' J-ka-hf, S. A title assumed by the sue Caliph, J ' ' cessors of Mahomet among the Saracens. Caligation, k^l-le-gi-shun, s. Darkness, cloudiness. CalIGINOUS, ki-lldje-^-nus, a. Obscure, dim. Caliginousness, kA-l!dje-^-nus-nes, s. Darkness. CaliVER, klll-e-vur, S. A handgun, a harquebuse, an old musket. To Calk, kiwk, v. a. To stop the leaks of a ship Calker, kaw-kur, S, The workman that stops th leaks of a ship. To Call, kawl, v. a. 77. To name; to summon or invite; to convoke; to summon judicially ; in the theological sense, to inspire with ardours of piety : to invoke, to appeal to ; to proclaim, to publish ; to make a short visit ; to excite, to put in action, to bring into view J to stigmatize with some opprobrious denomitia- tion ; To call back, to revoke; To call in, to resume money at interest ; To call over, to read aloud a list or muster-roll ; To call out, to challenge. Call, kawl, *. A vocal address; requisition; divine vocation ; summons to true religion ; an im- pulse ; authority, command ; a demand, a claim j an instrument to call birds; calling, vocation, employ- ment; a nominatitn. CalLAT,|^^j,j. a trull. Callet, J CaLLI.NG, kawl-hnsf, S. Vocation, profession, trade ; proper station, or employment ; class of persons united by the same employment or profession ; divine vocation, invitation to the true religion. Callipers, kitl-l^-purz, S. 98. Compasses with bowed shanks. Callosity, kil-lfis-s^-t^, s. A kind of swelling without pain. Callous, kal-lus, a. Hardened, insensible. Callousness, kiKlus-nes, s. Induration of the fibres; insensibility. Callow, k^l-lS, a. Unfledged, naked, wanting feathers. Callus, kil-lus, S. An induration of the fibres; the hard substance by which broken bones are united. Calm, kam, a. 80. Quiet, serene ; undisturbed, nnrnffled. — See No. 79, in the Note. Calm, kam, s. Serenity, stillness; quiet, repose. To Calm, kam, v. a. To still, to quiet; to pacify, to appease. Calmer, kam-ur, *. 403. The person or thing which has the power of giving quiet. Calmly, kam-le, ad. Without storms, or violence; without passions, quietly. Calmness, kam-nes, s. Tranquillity, serenity j mildness, freedom from passion. Calomel, k4l-i-mel, s. Mercury six times sublimed. Calorifick, k^l-o-rif^ik, a. Tliat which hat the quality of producing heat. Calotte, kil-lotj s. A cap or coif. Caltrops, kAl-trSps, S. An instrument made with four spikes, so that which way soever it falls to tfie ground, one of them points upright; a plant men- tioned in Virgil's Georgicks,under the name of Iri- bulus. CAN ' • CAN fiSr 167, ntt 163— tube n\, tub 172, bull 173— oil 399— pound 313— #Ain 466, -niis 469 78. To bring forth a calf. To Calve, kav, v, n. spoken of a cow. To Calumniate, ki-luminJ-^te, v. a. 91. To slander. Calumniation, ka-lum-nJ-aishun, s. A malicious and false representation of words or ac- tions. Calumniator, ki-lum-ni-i-tur, s. 521. A forger of accusation, a slanderer. Calumnious, ki-luua-n^-us, a. slanderous, falsely reproachful. Calumny, kil-um-ne, «. Slander, false charge. ""alX, k^lks, S. Any thing rendered reducible to powder by burning. Calycle, k^l'4-kl,J. 405. A small bud of a plant. CaMAIEU, kk-mk^yoo, S. A stone with various figures and representations of landscapes, formed by nature. Camder, k^m-bur, S, A piece of timber cut arcli- wise. CAMblST, kSm-blst, S. A person who deals in bills of excliange, or who is skilled in tlie business of exchange. Cambrick, kimeibrlk, *. 542. A kind of fine linen. — See Chamber. Came, kime. The pret. of To Come. Camel, kim-el, s. 99. A beast of burden. Camelopard, ki-m?l-li-p^rd, s. An animal taller than an elephant, but not so thick. Camelot,|j^^ ,^g Camlet, J A kind of stuff originally made by a mixture of silk and camel's hair ; it is now made with wool and silk. Camera Obscura, k^m-i-ri-ftb-sku-ri, s. An optical machine used in a darkened cliamber, so that the light coming only through a double convex glass, objects opposite are represented inverted. CameRADE. — See Comrade. Camerated, kim-er-i-ted, a. Arched. Cameration, kim-er-A-shSn, ». a vaulting or arching. Camisado, k^m-l-sA-di, s. 77. An attack made in the dark, on which occasion they put their shirts outward. CaMISATED, kim-k-sk-t^d, a. Dressed with the shirt outward. AMIET, kilmilet, *.-^See Camelot. Cammock, kitn-muk, *. 166. An herb, petty whin, or lestharrow. Camp, kitmp, *. The order of tents placed by armies when they keep the field. To Camp, k4mp, v, n. To lodge in tents. Campaign, k^m-pdue{ *. 385. A large open, level tract of ground; the time for which any army keeps the field. Campaniform, kim-pJn-nl-form, a. A term used of flowers which are in the shape of a bell. Campanulate, k^m-pin-u-lite, a. Campaniform. Campestral, kAm-pes'tril, a. Growing in fields. Camphire, kXm'-flT, S. 140. A kind of resin produced by a chymical process from the camphire- tree. Camph I re-tr e e, kim-f ir-trii, #. The tree from which camphire is extracted. Camphorate, kHm-fi-rite, a. 91. impregnated with camphire. Campion, kW-pJ-un, s. 166. A plant. Can, k^n, *. a cup. To Can, k^n, v. n. To be able, lo have power j it expresses the potential mood, as, I can do it. Canaille, ki-nalej s. The lowest people. CaNAKIN, kln-i-kin, a. a can ; a small oup. 71 Canal, ka-nalj S. A basin of water in a garden t any course of water made by art ; a passage through which any of the juices of the body flow. Canal-coal. This word is corrupted into ken- nil-ki>le, s. A fine kind of coal. Canaliculated, k^n-i-likiu-lA-ted, a. Made like a pipe or gutter. Canary, hk-nk-re, s. Wine brought from the Canaries, sack. Canary-bird, kt-ni-rl-burd, s. An exceUent singing bird. TIj Cancel, kJn-sil, r. a. 99. To cross a writlngi to eflFace, to obliterate in general. Cancellated, kiin-sel-iA-ted, a. Cross-barred. Cancellation, kin-sel-lA-shun, ». An expung- ing or wiping out of an instruincnt. Cancer, kin^sur, *. 98. A crab-fish j the sign of the summer solstice ; a virulent swelling or sore. To Cancerate, kin-sur-rite, v. n, 91. To become a cancer. Canceration, kjln-sur-ri-shSn, *. A growing cancerous. Cancerous, kin-sur-rus, a. Having the virulence of a cancer. Cancerousness, k^n-sur-rus-nes, s. Tiie state of being cancerous. Cancrine, kJngikrln, a. 140. 408. Having the qualities of a crab. Candent, k^nident, «. Hot. CaNDICANT, k^nide-k^nt, a. Growing white. Candid, kSn-dul, a. White; fair, open, ingenuous. Candidate, k^n-d^-dlte, s. A competitor, one that solicits advancement. Candidly, kdn-did-le, ad. Fairly, ingenuously. Candidness, kin-did-nes, S. Ingenuousness, openness of temper. To Candify, kan-di-fl, v. a. To make white. Candle, k^n-dl, s. 405. A light made of wax or tallow, surrounding a wick of flax i>r cotton. Candleberry-tree, kin-dl-ber-r^-tr^i, *. A species of sweet-willow. Candleholder, kin-dl-hild-ur, s. He that holds the candle. Candlelight, k4nidl-llte, s. The light of a candle. Candlemas, k^n-dl-mus, s. 88. The feast of the purification of the Blessed Virgin, which was for- merly celebrated with many lights in churches. Candlestick, kln^dl-stik, s. The instrument that holds candles. CandlesTUFF, kan-dl-Stuf, S, Grease, tallow, Candlewaster, kin-dl-wis-tur, s. A spendthirft. Candock, kin-dftk, S. A weed that grows in rivers. Candour, k^n-dur, «. 314. Sweetness of temper, purity of mind, ingenuousness. To Candy, k^n-de, v. a. To conserve with sugar » to form into congelations. To Candy, k^.n-d^, v. n. To grow congealed. Cane, kine, s. A kind of strong reed ; the plant which yields the sugar; a lance; a reed. To Cane, kane, v. a. To beat with a cane or stick. Canicular, ki-nikiu-l4r, a. Belonging to the dog-star. Canine, k4-nlnet «. Having the properties of a dog. Canister, kin-ia-c.^r, s. 98. A small basket j a small vessel in which any thini; is laid up. Canker, k^ng^kur, s. 409. A worm that prey* upon, and destroys fruits; a fly that preys upon fruits j any tiling tliat comtpts or consumes ; an eating or cor- roding humour; corrosion, vimlence; a disease in trees. To Canker, k^ng^kur, v. n. To grow corrupt. CAN CAP is- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, lilt 81—m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164, To Canker, kJng-kur, v. a. To corrupt, to cor- rode; to ir.fect, to pollute. Cankerbit, k;tng-kur-bit, part. ad. Bitten with an envenomed tooth. Cannauine, kin^nl-blne, a. 149. Hempen. Cannibal, kJn-ne-bil, s. A man-eater. Cannibalism, kln-ne-b5l-izm, s. The manners of a cannibal. Cannibally, kin-nJ-bil-l^, ad. In the manner of a cannibal. CaNNIPERS, kin^nJ-purz, S. Callipers. Cannon, kin-nun, s. 166. A gvm larger than can be managed by the hand. Cannon-ball, k.4n-nun-bawi; \ ^ Cannon-shot, k^n-nun-shStJ J The balls which are shot from great guns. To Cannonade, kin-nun-nide| v. a. To play the great guns ; to attack or batter with cannon. Cannonier, k^n-nun-neerj s. 275. Tlie engineer that manages the cannon. Cannot, kin^niit, v. n. of Can and Not. To be unable. CaNOA, 1 j.^n.nggj j_ A boat made by cutting the Canoe, J trunk of a tree into a hollow vessel. Canon, kail'-un, *. 166. A rule, a law ; law made by ecclesiastical councils ; tliehooksof Holy Scripture, or the great rule; a dignitary in cathedral churches ; a large sort of printing letter. Canon ESS, kan-un-nes, *. In Catholic countries, women living after the example of secular canons. Canonical, kA.-nftn-e-k(ll, a. According to the canon ; constituting the canon ; regular, stated, fixed by ecclesiastical laws ; spiritual, ecclesiastical. Canonically, k^-nftn^e-k^l-li, ad. In a manner agreeable to the canon. Canonicalness, ki-nJn-^-kil-nes, s. The quality of belni; canonical. Canonist, kin'-nun-nlst, J. 166. A professor of the canon law. Canonization, kAn-no-ne-zi-shun, s. The act of declaring a saint. To Canonize, k^n-no-nlze, v. a. To declare any one a saint. Canonry, k;1n-uii-re, 1 Canonship, kin-un-sbip, J benefice in some cathedral or collegiate church. Canopied, k^n-o-pid, a, 282. Covered with a canopy. Canopy, k^n-o-pJ, s. A covering spread over the head. 7b Canopy, kSln-i-pe, v. a. To cover with a canopy. Canorous, k^-n6-rus, a. 512. Musics;, umefui. Cant, k^nt, S. a corrupt dialect used by beggars and vagabonds ; a form of speaking peculiar to some certain class or body of men : a whining pretension to goodness; barbarous jargon ; auction. (t5" It is scarcely to be credited, that the writer in the Spectator, signed T. should adopt a derivation of this word from one Andrew Cant, a Scotch Presbyterian Mi- nister, when tlie Latin cantus, so expressive of the sing- ing or whining tone of certain preachers is so obvious an etymology. The cant of particular professions is an easy derivation from the same origin, as it means the set phrases, the routine of professional language, resem- Dling the chime of a song. Quaint, from which some derive this word, is a much less probable etymology. To Cant, k^nt, v. n. To talk in the jargon of par- ticular professions ; to speak with a particular tone. To Cant, kA.nt, v. a. To toss or fling away. Cantata, kXn-tk'-i^, s. 77. Italian, a song. Can TATION, kin-ti-shun, S. The act of singing. Canter, k^n^ur, S. 98. A hypocrite; a short Cantharides, kan-^/tar-e-dez, s. Spanish flies, used to raise blisters. 72 An ecclesiastical CantHUS, hXn-thus, S. The corner of the eye. Canticle, k^n-te-kl, s. 405. A song j the Song of Solomon. Cantle, kAn-tl, S. 405. A piece with comers. CaNTLET, k3.nt-let, J. 99. A piece, a fragment. Canto, k3.n-to, S. A book or section of a poem. Canton, k^n-tun, s. 166. A small parcel or division of land ; a small community, or clan. To Canton, kttn-tun, v. a. To divide into utfle parts. To Can TONiZE, k^n-tun-ize, v. a. To parcel out into small divisions. Canvass, k^n-vis, s. A kind of cloth woven for several uses ; solicitation upon an election. To Canvass, kan-vis, v. a. To sift, to examine ; to debate, to controvert. To Canvass, kin^vis, v. n. To solicit. Cany, ki-n^, a. FuU of canes, consisting of canes. . Canzonet, kin-zo-netj *. A little song. Cap, kilp, S. The garment that covers the head; the ensign of the cardin.tlate ; the topmost, the liighestj a reverence made by uncovering the head. To Cap, k^p, v. a. To cover on the top ; to snatch off the cap ; To cap verses, to name alternately verses beginning with a particular letter. Cap-a-pie, kip-^-p^5 <•<'» FroJ" ii^ad to foot. Cap-paper, kip-p^-pur, s. A sort of coar»e brownish paper. Capability, ki-pi-bil-^-t^, s. Capacity. Capable, kcl-p^-bl, a. see incapable. Endued with powers equal to any particular things intelligent, able to understand ; capacious, able to re- ceive; susceptible; qualified for; hollow. Capableness, ki^pi-bl-nes, s. The quality or state of being capable. Capacious, ki-pa-shus, a. Wide, large, able lo hold much ; extensive, equal to great designs. Capaciousness, k^-pa'-shus-ncs, *. The power of holding, largeness. To Capacitate, ki-pasiJ-tate, v. a. To enable, to qualify. Capacity, ka-pis-i-te, s. 511. The power of containing; the force or power of the miud; power, ability; room, space ; state, condition, character. Caparison, ki-p^i^e-sun, s. 170. 443. A sort of cover for a horse. To Caparison, ki-p^r-e-sun, v. a. To dress in caparisons ; to dress pompously. Cape, kApe, *. Headland, promontory ; the neck- piece of a cloak or coat. Caper, ka^pur, s. 98. A leap, or jump. Caper, k^pur, S. An acid pickle. Caper-bush, ka^pur-bush, s. This plant grows in the South of France, the buds are pickled for eating. To Caper, ka-pur, v. n. ,To dance frolicksomely $ to skip for merriment. Caperer, ka-pur-lur, s. 555. A dancer. ^ Capias, ka-pe-is, s. 88. A writ of execution. Capillaceous, kip-pil-la^shus, a. The same with capillary. CaPILLAIRE, kap-pil-lare| S. Syrup of Maidenhair. CapILLAMENT, ka-pil-li-ment, *. Small tiircads or hairs which grow up in the middle of a flower. Capillary, k^p-pil-l^-ro, a. Resembling hairs, small, minute.— See PajnUary. CaPILLATION, kSp-pil-la'shun, S. A small ramifi- cation of vessels. Capital, kilp-e-t^l, a. 88. Relating to the head; criminal in the highest degree; that which affects life; chief, principal ; applied to letters, large, such as are written at the beginning or heads of hooks; Capital Stock, the principal or original stock of a trading coini«ny. CAP CAR n8r 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— Dr. Ash, Bailey, W. Johnston, Entick, and Bu- chanan, accent Carabine on the last syllable, and Dr. Johnson and Mr. Ferry on the first ; while Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, Buchanan, Dr. Johnson, and Bailey, accent Carbine on the first; but Mr. Scott, Entick, Perry, and Kenrick, more properly on the last. The reason is, that if we accent Carbine on the first syllable, the last ought, according to analogy, to have the i short : but as the i is always long, the accent ought to be on the last syllable, 140. Carbinier, kar-bi-n^ef{ s. A sort of light horseman. Carack, kar-ak, S. A large ship of burden, galleon. p ' r kar^at, *. A weight of four grains 5 a manner of expressing the fineness of gold. Caravan, k4r-J-vanJ s, 524. A troop or body of merchants or pilgrims. Caravan SARV, kir-i-vinisi-r5, s. a house bu-a for the reception of travellers. Caraway, kir-i-wA, s. A plant. Carbonado, kar-bi-ni-di, s. 92. 77. Meat cut across, to be broiled. To Carbonado, kar-b6-na-d6, v. a. To cut or hack. — See Lumbago. Carbuncle, kai-bungk-kl, s. 405. A jewel shining in the dark; red spot or pimple. Carbuncled, kar^bungk-kld, a. 362. Set with carbuncles; spotted, deformed with pimples. Carbuncular, kar-bung^ku-lur, a, Ked like a carbuncle. Carbunculation, kar-bung-ku-la-shun, s. The blasting of young buds by heat or cold. CarcANET, kar-ki-net, *. A chain or collar of jewels. Carcass, kar^klls, s. 92. A dead body of an animal; the decayed parts of any thing; the main parts, without completion or ornament ; in gunnery, a kind of bomb. CarcelAGE, klKs^-lldje, *. 90. Prison fees. Card, kard, S. 92. A paper painted with figure*, used in games ; the paper on which the several points of the compass are marked under the mariner's needle; the instrument with which wool is combed. To Card, kard, v. a. To comb wool. Cardamomom. This word is commonly pro- nounced kar-dA.-mum, *. A medicinal seed. Carder, kar-dur, s. 98. One that cards woolj one that plays much at cards. Cardiacal, kar-di'-i-kill, 1 Cardiack, kar-d^ 4k, J Cordial, having the qu.ility of invigorating. Cardinal, kai-de-n4l, «. 88. Principal, chief. Cardinal, kar-de-nAl, s. One of the chlei governors of the church. Cardinalate, Cardinalship, kar-ue-nai-siiip, The office and rank of a cardinal. Cardmatch, kard^niiltsh, s. A match made by dipping a piece of a card in melted sulphur; a party a cards. Care, kare, S. Solicitude, anxiety, concern; caution ; regard, charge, heed in order to preservation ; the object of care, or of love. To Care, kire, v. n. To be anxious or solicitous to be inclined, to be disposed ; to be alTccted with. Carecrazed, kire-krdzd, a. 359. Broken with care and solicitude. lie cnurcii. , kar'-d^-nJ-lAte, 1 , ', kar'd^-n4l-ship, J ' CAR CAR . 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107-^ii 162, move 164, 2b Careen, ki-reen{ v. a. To calk, to stop up leaks. Careek, ki-r^^r{ S. The ground on which a race is run; a course, a race; full speed, swift motion; course of action. To Career, k4-r^^r{ v. n. To run with a gwift motion. Careful, kire-ful, a. Anxious, solicitous, full of concern; provident, diligent, cautious; watchful. Carefully, kAre-ful-1^, ad. In a manner that shows care; lieedfuUy, watchfully. Carefulness, kare^fiil-nes, s. VigHrtnce, caution. Carelesly, kare-les-le, ad. Negligently, heedlessly. CarelesneSS, kAre^leS-neS, S, Heedlesness, in- attention. Careless, kire^les, a. Without care, without solicitude, iincdncerned, negligent, heedless, unmind- ful, cheerful, undisturbed, unmoved by, unconcerned at. To Caress, ki-ree} v. a. To endear, to fondle. Caress, kS-resJ S. An act of endearment. Caret, kA-ret, s. A note which shows where something interlined should be read, as a. Cargo, kar-go, S. The lading of a ship. Cakiatides, ki-r^-^tiJ-dez, s. Tlie tariatides in arcliitecture are an order of pillars reseniblii>g women. Caricature, kir-ik-l-tshure{ s. 461. CO- This word, though not in Johnson, I have not scrupled t.> insert, from its frequent and legitimate usage. Baretti tells us, that the literal sense of this word is certa quantita di muniiione che si mettee neW archibiiso o allro, which, in English, signifies the charge of a gun : but its metaphorical signification, and ilie only one in wliich tl'.e English use it, is, at he tens u.s dtcheti anche at ritratto riilicolo iv cui sensi grandemenle accresciute i dijfetti when applied to paintings, chiefly portraits, that height- tning of snmo features, and lowering ef others, which we call in English overcliarging, and which will make a very ugly picture, not unlike a handsome person : whence any exagp.erated character, which is redundant in some of its parts, and defective in others, is called a Caricature. Caries, k:V-r^-iz, 9.9. 1 Cariosity, kA-re-Ss^J-ti, j Carious, kA-re-us, a. 314. Rotten. Cark, k?uk, S. Care, anxiety. To Cark, kark, v. n. To be careful, to be anxious. Carle, karl, S. A rude, bri:tal man, a churl. Carline Thistle, kar-lIne-^Ais^sl, s. A plant. Carlinos, kar-lingz, *. In a ship, timbers lying fore and aft. Carman, kar-min, S. 88. A man whose employ- ment it is to drive cars. Carmelite, ka,r-m^-llte,s. 156. A sort of pear; one of the order of White Friars. Carminative, kar-minii-tiv, *. Carminatives are such things as dispel wind, and promote insensible perspiration. Carminative, kar-min-4-tiv, a, 157. Belonging to carminatives. Carmine, kar-mlne{ s. A powder of a bright red or crimson colour. (j:3» Dr. Johnson, Sheridan, Ash, and Smith, accent this word on the first syllable; but Mr. Nares, Dr. Kcn- rick, Mr. Scott, Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, more properly on the last : — for the reason, see Car6ine. Carnage, klr-niilje, s. 90. Slaughter, havock ; heaps of flesh. Carnal, kar-nal, a. 88. Fleshly not spiritual ; lustful, lecherous. Carnality, kar-nAl-e-t^, s. Fleshly lust; gross- ness of mind. Carnally, klr^nil-l^, ad. According to the flesh, not spiritually. CARNALNESS, kar^nill-nes, *. Carnality. ?4. Carnation, kar-na-shun, s. The name of the natural flesh colour. Carnelion, kar-nele-ytin, s. 113. A preciou* stone, more commonly written and pronounced Cor» nelian. Carneo'.S, kar^n^-us, a. Fleshy. To Carnify, kar-n4-fl, v. n. To breed fte«h. Carnival, karin^-v4l, *. Tiie feast held in Roman Catholick countries before Lent. Carnivorous, klr-niv-v6-rus, a. 518. Flesh-eating. Carnosity, kar-nSs-s^-t^, s. Fleshy excrescence. Carnous, kir-nus, a. 314. Fleshy. Carob, ki-rSb, s. A plant. Carol, kir-rul, s. 166. A song of joy and exultation ; a song of devotion. To Carol, kir-rul, v. n. To sing, to warble- lb Carol, kir'rul, v. a. To praise, to celebrate. Carotid, ki-rit'lil, S. Two arteries which arise out of the ascending trunk of the aorta. Carousal, ki-iou-zil, s. 88. A festival. To Carouse, ki-rouzj v. n. To drink, to quaff. To Carouse, kA-rouz{ v, a. To drink. Carouser, ki-roii-zur, s. 98. A drinker, a toper. Carp, karp, *. a pond fish. To Carp, karp, v. n. To censure, to cavil. Carpenter, kir-pen-tur, s. 98. An artificer in wood. Carpentry, kir-pen-tr^, s. The trade of a carpenter. Carper, kar-pur, .v. 98. A caviller. Carpet, kar-pit, s. 99. A covering of various colours ; ground variegated with flowers ; to be on the carpet, is to be the subject of consideration. To Carpet, kar-pit, v. a. To spread with carpets. Carping, kar^ping, />«r^. a. 410. Captious, censorious. Carpingly, kar^ping-y, ad. Captiously, censoriously. Carriage, kir-ndje, s. 90. The act of carrying or transporting; vehicle; the frame upon which cannon is carried; behaviour, conduct, management. Carrier, kAr-re-UI, S. One who carries some- thing; one whose trade is to carry goods; a mes- senger; a species of pigeons. Carrion, k4r-r4-un, *. 166. The carcass ot something not proper for food ; a name of ro'uoach foi a worthless woman; any flesh so corrupted as ivittobe fit for food. Carrion, kir-r^-un, a. Relating to carcases. Carrot, kSr-rut, s. 166. a garden root. CarrotINESS, k4rirut-^-nes, s. Redness of hair. Carroty, kir-rut-^, a. Spoken of red hair. To Carry, kJr-re, v. a. To wnvey from a place ; to bear, to have about one; to convey by force; to effect any thing; to behave, to conduct; to bring for- ward; to imply, to iini>ort; to fetch and bring, as dogs : To carry off, to kill ; To carry on, to promote, to help forward ; To carry through, to support to the last. To Carry, kir-ri, v. n. A horse is said to carry well, when his neck is arched, and he holds his head high. Cart, kart, S. 92. A wheel-carriage, used com- monly for luggage ; the vehicle in which criminals are carried to execution. To Cart, kart, v. a. To expose in a cart. To Cart, kart, v. n. To use carts for carnage. Cart-horse, kart-horse, s. a coarse unweiidy horse. Cart-load, kart-lide' S. A quantity of any thiuj; piled on a cart ; a quantity sufficient to load a cart. Cartway, kart^wA, s. A way through whiiJi a carriage may conveniently travel. CAS CAS nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, b&ll 173— ill 299— p8und 313— ^Ain 466, th» 46?, CaRT-CLANCHE, kSrt-bllnsbJ *. A btanlt paper, a paper to be filled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks proper. Cartel, kar-tel{ s. A writing containing stipula- tions. Carter, kirt^ur, S. 98. The man who drives a cart. Cartilage, kar-t^-Iidje, s. 90. A smooth and solid body, softer than a bone, but harder than a ligament. CartIlagineous, kar-t^-l4-jin'yus, 113, \ Cartii ACINOUS, kar-ti-l4dje^-nus, 314,/ Consisting of cartilages. Cartoon, kar-toon{ s. A painting or drawing upon large paper. CartoucH, kar-tootshj S. A case of wood three inches thick at the bottom, hok.iiig balls. It is fired out of a hobit or small mortar. A case of paper or parchnii'nt filled with gunpowder, used for the greater expedi».on in charging guns. Cartrut, kSrt-rut, *. The track made by a cart wlieel. Cartulary, kSr^tsb'!t-ll-rl, s. 461. A place wlicre papers are kept. CartwrigHT, kir^'rite, *. A maker of carts. To Carve, karv, v. a. To citt wood, or stone j to cut meat at the 'able; to engrave; to choose one's own part. 7'o Carve, karv, v. n. To exercise the trade of a sculptor; to pcri'/rmat table the office of supplying the company. Carver, kir'-vur, *. 98. A sculptor; he that cuts up tlif meat at the table; he that chooses for himself. Carving, kar-ving, s. 410. Sculpture, figures carved. Caruncie, k^r^ungk^kl, s. 405. 81. A small protube-ance of flesh. Cascade, k4s-kAde{ S. a cataract, a water-fall. Case, kase, s. A covering, a box, a sheath ; the outer partof a house; a building unfurnished. Casf knife, k^e-nife, s, A large kitchen knife. Case-shot, k^e.-shiit, «. Bullets enclosed in a rase. Case, kase, S. Condition with regard to outward circumstances; state of things; in physick, state of the body ; condition with regard to leanness, or health ; contingence; question relating topariicular persons or things; representation of any question or state of the body, mind, or affairs; the variation of nouns ; Incase, if it should happen. Tj Case, k4se, v. a. To put in a case or cover j to cover as a case ; to strip off the covering. To Caseharden, kAseih^-dn, v. a. To harden on the outside. asemate, kAse-mite, s, A kind of mult or arch of stone-work. Casement, kaze^ment, s. A window opening upon hinges. Caseworm, k^e-wurm, s, A grub that makes itself a case. Cash, kash, S Money, ready money. Cash-keeper, kishik^ip-ur, s. A man entrusted with the money. Cashewnut, k^-shoS-nut, s. A tree. Jashier, k^-she^r{ s. 275. He that has charge of the money. To Cashier, kil-shi^rj v. a. To discard, to dismiss from a post. Cask, klsk, S. A barrel. Casque, kisk, S. 415. A lielmet, armour for the head. Casket, kHs^kit, *. 99. A small box or chest for jewels. 75. To Cass ATE, k^isite, v. a. 91. To vacate, to invalidate. Cassation, kls-s^^shun, s, A mi^king mA or void. Cassavi, kisis4-v5, \ Cassada, kls'-sS-di,/*- ^^ ^"'"'^" P'*"'- Cassia, kishishe-4, *. A sweet spice mentioned by Moses. Cassiowarv, kSshishJ-i-viri-r^, s. A large bird of prey. Cassock, kfc-suk, /. 166. A rtose garment. CassweeD, kisiw^id, s. Shepherd's pouch. To Cast, kist, v. a. 79. To throw with the hand ; to throw away, as useless or noxious ; to throw dice, or lots ; to throw in wrestling; to throw a net or .«nare; to drive by violence of weather; to leave be- hind in a race; to shed, to let fall, to moult; to lay aside, as fit to be worn no longer ; to overweigh, to make to preponderate, to decide by overhalancing; to compute, to reckon, to calculate ; to contrive, to plan out; to fix the parts in a play; to direct the eye; to form a mould ; to model, to form ; To cast away, to shipwreck; to waste in profusion; to ruin; To cast down, to deject, to depress the mind; To cast off, to discard, to disburden one's self; to leave behind ; To cast out, to turn out of doors; to vent, to speak; To cast up, tu compute, to calculate ; to vomit. To Cast, klst, v. n. 92. To contrive, to turn the thoughts to; to admit of a form by casting or melting to warp, to grow out of form. Cast, kast, s. The act of casting or throwing, a throw; state of any thing cast or thrown j a stroke, a touch; motion of the eye ; the throw of dice j chance from the cast of dice; a mould, a form; a shade, or tendency to any colour ; exterior appearance ; manner, air, mien ; a flight of hawks. Castanet, k^^ti-net, s. Small shells of ivory, or hard wood, which dancers rattle in their hands. Castaway, kist-4-wi, s. A person lost, or abandoned by Providence. Castellin, k^-tel-lm, \ Castellain, k^-tel-line, j Constable of a castle. Caster, kls-tur, s. A thrower, he that casu J a calculator, a man that calculates fortunes. To Castigate, k^-t^-gAte, v. a. 91. To chastise, to chasten, to punis4i. Castigation, k^-te-gi-shun, s. Penance, dis- cipline; punishment, correction ; emendation. Castigatory, kisiti-ffA-tur-^, a. 512. Punitive. Castile Soap, kAs-t^elisope{ s. A kind of soap. Casting-net, kAsiting-net, «. A net to be thrown into the water by hand to catch fish. Castle, kAs^sl, S, 472. A house fortified : Castles in the air, projects without reality. Castled, kis-sld, a. 405. 472. Furnished with castles. Castling, kAst-lIng, *. An abortive. Castor, kAs^tur, s. 98. a beaver. CasTOREUM, kAs-toip^-um, *. in pharmacy, a liquid matter inclosed in bags or purses, near the anus of the castor, falsely taken for his testicles. Castrametation, kAs-trA-me-tdighun, s. The art or practice of encamping. To Castrate, kis^trAte, v. a. To geld j to take away the obscene parts of a writing. Castration, kAs-trAishun, s. The act of gelding. Casteril,|^^,^^, Castrel, j ' A mean or degenerate kind of hawV.. Castrensian, kAs-tren-sh^-An, a. Belonging to a cum p. Casual, kAzh'-i-Al. a. 451. 453. Accidental, arising from chance. Casually, kkzh<-ii-^\-lk, ad. Accidentany, witk* out design. CAT CAT ft> 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164 CasUALNESS, kizh'u-4l-nes, S. Accidentalness Casualty, k^zhiu-il-t^, S. Accident, a thing happening by chance. Casuist, k^zh^u-ist, S. One that studies and settles cases of conscience. Casuistical, k^zh-u4s-ti-kJl, a. Relating to cases of conscience. Casuistry, kJzb^u-is-tr5, *. The science of a casuist. Cat, kit, S. A domestick animal that catches mice. Cat, kit, S. A sort of ship. Cat-o'-nine-tails, kit-i-nlneitilz, s. 88. A whip witli nine lashes. CATACHRESIS, kit-i-kre'-sis, s. 520. The abuse of a trope, when the words are too far wrested from tlieir native signification ; as a voice beautiful to tlie ear. Catachrestical, kit-i-kres-t^-kil, a. Forced, far-fetched. Cataclysm, kit-i-klizm, S. A deluge, an inun- dation. Catacombs, kit^i-kSmz, S. Subterraneous cavities for the burial of the dead. Catalectick, kit-i-lek-tlk, a. In poetry, wanting a syllable. CatalepSIS, kit-i-lep-SlS, s. A disease wherein the patient is without sense, and remains in tlie same posture in whiclx the disease seized him. Catalogue, kit-i-lig, *. 33B. An enumeration of particulars, a list. Catamountain, kit-i-moun-tin, s. A Berce animal resembling a cat. CataphrAOT, kit-i-frikt, s. A horseman in complete aimour. Cataplasm, kit^i-plizm, s. A poultice. Catapult, kit-i-pult, s. 489. An engine used anciently to throw stones. Cataract, kit^a-rikt, s. A fall of water from on high, a cascade. Cataract, kit-i-rikt, s. An inspissatiou of the crystalline humour of the eye; sometimes a pellicle that hinders the sight. Catarrh, ki-tarj S. A deftuction of a sharp serum from the glands about the head and throat. Catarrhal, ka-tar-ril, "l Catarrhous, ki-tar^rus, / Relating to the catarrh, proceeding from a catarrh. Catastrophe, ki-tis-tro-fe, s. The change or revolution which produces the conclusion or final event of adramatickpiece; a final event, generally unhapi)y. CatcAL, kit-kail, 406. A squeaking instrument, used in the playhouse to condemn plays. 0:> This word ought undoubtedly to be written with double I. — See Principles of Pronunciation, Letter L. and Introdiciion to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographi- cal Aphorism xii. To Catch, kitsll, v. a. 89. To lay hold on with the hand: to stop any thine flying; to seize any thing by pursuit; to stop, to intercept falling; to ensnare, to entangle in a snare; to receive suddenly ; to fasten suddenly upon, to seize: to please, to seize the affec- tions, to charm j to receive any contagion or disease. (tT- This word is almost universally pronounced in the capital like the noun ketch, but this deviation from the true sound of o is only tolerable in colloquial pronuncia- tion, and ought, by correct speakers, to be avoided even in that. To Catch, kitsh, v. n. To be contagious, to spread infection. Catch, kitsh, s. Seizure, the act of seizing ; the act of taking quickly ; a song sung in succession ; watch; the posture of seizing; an advantage taken, hold laid on ; the thing caught, profit ; a short interval of action ; a taint, a slight contagion ; any thing that catches, as a hook ; a small swift-sailing ship. Catcher, kitsh-ur, S. He that catchss j that in which any thing is caught. Catch FLY, kitsh-m, s. A plant, a species of campion. .7G Catchpoll, kitsh-pile, s. A seijeant, a bum- bail iff. Catchword, kitshiwurd, s. The word at the corner of the page under the last line, which is re- peated at the top of the next page. Catechetical, kit-e-ket-e-kil, a. Consisting of questions and answers. Catechetically, kit-e-ket^e-kil-^, ad. In the way of questions and answers. To Catechise, kit-e-kelze, v. a. 160. To instruct by asking questions ; to question ; to inter- rogate, to examine. Catechiser, kit-e-kM-zur, s, 160. One who catechises. Catechism, kit-i-kizm, s. A form of instruction by means of questions andanswers concerning religion. CatECHIST, k^t-^-klSt, S. One whose charge is to question the uninstrocted concerning religion. Catechumen, kit-^-ku-men, 5. 503. Ooewiio is yet in the first rudiments of Christianity. CATECHUMENiCAL,kit-e-ki!i-menii-kil,a. 509. Belonging to the catechumens. Categorical, kit-e-g5r-e-kil, a. Absolute, adequate, positive. Categorically, kit-^-gftr-i-kil-e, ad. Positively, expressly. Category, kit-e-g5r-^, s. A class, a rank^ au order of ideas, predicament. Catenarian, kit-e-nair5-in, a. Relating to a chain. To Catenate, kit-e-nite, v. a. To chjun. Catenation, kit-e-na-sliun, s. Link, regular connexion. To Cater, ka-tur, v. n. 98. To provide food, to buy in victuals. Cater, ka-tur, S. The four of cards and dice. Cater-cousin, ki-tur-kuz-zn, s. A petty favourite, one related by blood or mind. Caterer, ka-tur-ur, s. A purveyor. Cateress, ki-tur-res, s. A woman employed to provide victuals. • Caterpillar, kit^tur-pil-lur, s. A worm sustained by leaves and fruits; a plant. To Caterwaul, kit-tur-wawl, v. n. To make a noise as cats in rutting time ; to make an offensive or odious noise. CaTES, kites, .9. Viands, food, dish of meat. Catfish, kit-fish, S. A sea fish in the West Indies. Catgut, kit-gut, *. A kind of cord or gut, of which fiddle strings are made; a kiiHl of canvass for ladies' work. ,(!;:?• Either I have been misinformed, or fiddle strings are made in Italy of the guts of goals, and therefore ought properly to be called goatgtit. Cathartical, ki-^/(arite-kil, Cathartick, ki-^/t?ir-tik, Cathartick, ki-^/tiir-tik, s, 509- A medicine to purge downward. Catharticalness, ki-: to thrust ini') the blad- der, to assist in bringing away the urine when the pas- sage is stopped. ' /■ a. Purgative CAV nor 167, n$t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 17 CatHOLES, kit-holz, S. In a ship, two liUle holes asttrn above the gun-room ports. Catholicism, ka-f/t&l-e-sizm, s. Adherence to the Catholickcluircli. Catholick, kS/Aio-hk, a. Universal or general. Catholicon, k;1.-f/t4l-e-kSn, s. An unh'ersal mediciHe. Catkins, k^t-kinz, *. Imperfect flowers lianging from trees, in manner of a rope or cat's tai!. Catling, kA.t-ling, ,v. A dismembering knife, used by surgeons ; catgut, fiddlestring. Catmint, kit^mint, s. A plant. Catoptrical, kit-ftp-trJ-kil, a. Relating to catoptricks, or vision by reflection. Catoptricks, k^t-6p-triks, S. That part of opticks whicli treats of vision by reflection. Caipipe, kit-pipe, S. Catcal. Cat's-EYE, kitts-l, s. A stone. Cat's-FOOT, kitS-fut, S. Alehoof. Cat's-HEAD, kits-hed, S. A kind of apple. Cf.'.TSILVER, kAt-Sli-vur, 5. 98. A kind of fossil C'.t's-TAIL, kats-tale, S. A long round substance that grows upon nut-trees ; a kind of reed. Catsup, universally pronounced kJtsb-up, s. A kind of pickle. Cattle, kit-tl, S. 405. Beasts of pasture, not wild nor domestick. Cavalcade, kJv-3,l-kAdeJ s. 524. A procession on liorsebacii. Cavalier, ktlv-i-l^irj *. 275. A horseman, a KniglU ; a gay, sprightly, military man ; the appella- tion of the party of King Charles the First. Cavalier, kiv-i-leer{ a. Gay, sprightly, warlike; generous, brave; disdainful, haughty. Cavalierly, kiv-i-le^r^le, arf. Haughtily, arro- ganily, disdainfully. Cavalry, kiviil-re, s. Horse troops. To Cavate, kA-vate, v. a. To hollow. Cavation, ki-va-shun, s. The hollowing of the earth for cellarage. Caudle, k^w-dl, s. 405. A mixture of wine and other ingredients, given to women in childbed. Cave, kive, S. A cavern, a den ; a lioUow, any hollow place. Caveat, ka-ve-at, S. A caveat is an intimation given to some ordinary or ecclesiastical judge, notify- ing to liim, that he ought to beware how he acts. Cavern, kHv^urn, s. 555. A hollow place in the ground. Caverned, kHv-urnd, a. 362. Full of caverns, hollow, excavated; inhabiting a cavern. Cavernous, kAv-ur-nus, a. 557. Full of caverns. CaveSSON, k4v-es-sun, S. 98. A sort of noseband for a horse. Cauf, kawf, s. A chest with holes, to keep fish alive in the water. Caught, kawt, 213. 393. Part. pass, from To Catch. Caviare, kil-veer{ s. The eggs of a sturgeon salted. (Ky- Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word sliould be altered : we have no instance in the lan- guage of sounding are, ere; the ancient spelling seems to have been Caviare; though Buchanan and Bailey, in compliap.ce with the pronunciation, spell it Caveer, and W. Johnston, Cavear ; and Ash, as a less usual spelling, Cavier: but the Dictionary De la C'rusca spells it Caviale, To Cavil, kivill, v, n. 159. To raise captious and frivolous objections. To Cavil, kiv-il, v, a. To receive or treat with objections. Cavil, kiv-il, s. A false or frivolous objection. CaVILLATION, kav-il-l;\-shun, S. The disposition to make captious obieciious. 7T CAU il 299— pound 313— /AIn 466, this 469. Caviller, kiv-vil-ur, ». An unfair adversary, a captious disputant. Cavillingly, kiv^il-ling-l5, ad. In a cavilling manner. CavilloUS, kiv^vil-lus, a. Full of objections. Cavity, kavie-t^, s. 511. Holiowness, hollow. CaUK, kawk, S. A coarse talky spar. Caul, kawl, s. The net in which women enclose ilieir hair, the hinder part of a woman's cap ; an) kind of small net; the integument in which the guts are enclosed ; a thin membrane enclosing the head of some children when born. Cauliferous, kaw-llfife-ius, a. A term for such plants as have a true stalk. Cauliflower, kSl-l^-flou-ur, s. A species of cabbage. Causable, kaw-zi-bl, a. 405. That which may be caused. Causal, kaw^zil, a. Relating to causes. Causality, kaw-zil-e-te, s. The agency of a cause, the quality of causing. Causation, kaw-za-shun, s. Tlie act oi power of causing. Causative, kaw-zi-tiv, a. 157. That expressei a cause or reason. Causator, kaw-zAitur, s, 521. 98. A causer, an author. Cause, kawz, *. Tliat which produces or effects any thing, the efficient; the reason, motive to any thing; subject of litigation ; party. To Cause, kawz, v. a. To efi'ect as an agent. Causelessly, kawz-les-lJ, ad. Without cause, witliout reason. Causeless, kRwz-les, a. Original to itself; with- out just ground or motive. Causer, kawizur, s. 98. He that causes, the agent by which an effect is produced. Causey, kaw^xi, \ Causeway, kawz-wi, / ' A way raised and paved above the rest of the ground. Gj- Dr. Johnson tells us, that this word, by a falss no- tion of its etymology, has been lately written causeway. It is derived from the French chaussie. In the scripture we find it written causey, " To Scuppim the lot came forth westward by the caiuty." I Chrvn, xxvi 16, But Milton, Dryden, and Pope, write it causnea;/ j and these authorities seem to have fixed the pronunciat:on. This word, from its mistaken etymology, may rank with Lantern — which see. Caustical, k^wsite-kil,l Caustick, kiws-tik, J Belonging to medicaments which, by their violent ac- tivity, and heat, destroy the texture of the part to which they are applied, and burn it into an eschar. Caustick, kaws-tik, s. A caustick or burning application. Cautel, kaw-tcl, s. Caution, scruple. CautelOUS, kaw-t^-lus, a. Cautious, wary i wily, cunning, Cautelously, kiw^t^-lus-lJ, ad. Cunningly, slily, cautiously, warily. Cauterization, kaw-tur-re-za-shun, *. The act of burning with hot irons. To Cauterize, kaw-tur-lze v, a. To burn with the cautery. Cautery, kaw-tur-re, s. 555. Cautery is either actual or potential ; the tirst is burning by a hot iron, and the latter with caustick medicines. Caution, kaw-shun, s. Prudence, foresight, wariness; provisiouary precept ; warning. To Caution, kaw-sliun, v. a. To warn, to give notice of a danger. Cautionary, kaw-sh,in-il-re, a. Given as • pledge, or in security. Cautious, k^w-shus, a. 292. Wary, v.aiciifuU CEL CEN ^559. Fite73, ^r 77, fili 83, fit 81— ml 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 )62, move 164, Cellular, seKlu-lir, a. Consisting of little ceU« Cautiously, kaw-shus-le, ad. In a wary manner. Cautiousness, kaw^shus-n«s, $. Watchfulness, vigilance, circumspection. To Caw, kaw, v. n. To cry as the rook, or crow. Cayman, ka-m^n, *. 88. The American alligator or crocodile. To Cease, Sese, v. n. To leave off, to stop, to give over ; to fail, to be extinct; to be at an end. To Cease, sese, v, a. To put a stop to. Cease, sese, *, Extinction, failure. Obsolete. Ceaseless, sese-leS, a. Incessant, perpetual, con- tinual. Cecity, ses-l-tl, S. 503. Blindness, privation of sight. tt5- I have given the e in the first syllable of this word the short sound, notwithstanding the diphthong in the «riginttl ccedtasi being convinced of the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent of these words, 124. 511, and of the pre-antepenultimate accent of Cetiatory and Pr^atoTU' CecutieNCY, sl-ku-sh6-en-sl, S. Cloudiness of sight. Cedar, se^dur, *. 88. A tree j the wood of the cedar tree. To Cede, siJde, v. a. To yield j to resign ; to give up to another. Cedrine, siMrine, a. 140. Of or belonging to the cedar tree. To Ceil, sile, v. a. To cover the inner roof of a building. Ceiling, se-ling, s. The inner roof. Celandine, sel-^n-dlne, s. 149. A plant. Celature, seK^-tshure, s. 461. The art of engraving. To Celebrate, seUll-brite, v. a. 91. To praise, to commend j to distinguish by solemn ritesj to mention in a set or solemn manner. Celebration, sel-^-bri-shun, s. Solemn per- formance, solemn remembrance; praise, renown, me- morial. Gelebrious, sJ-ll^brJ-us, a. 505. Famous, renowned. Celebriously, sl-ll-brl-us-l^, ad. In a famous manner. Celebriousness, sl-U^brl-us-nes, s. Renown, fame. Celebrity, s^-leb-bre-te, *. 511. Celebration, fame. CelerIACK, S^-le-rJ-lk, S. Turnip-rooted celery. Celerity, sl-ler-rl-tl, S. Swiftness, speed, velocity. Celery, sel-er-re, S. A species of parsley : corruptly ■ pronounced Salary. Celestial, s4-ies-tsb4l, a. 272. Heavenly, relating to the superior regions; heavenly, relating to the blessed state ; heavenly, with respect to excellence. Celestial, se-les-tshil, s. 464. An inhabitant of heaven. Celestially, se-les^tsbftl-1^, ad. In a heavenly manner. To CeleSTIFY, se-les-t^-fl, »'. a. To give some- tliing of a heavenly nature to any thing. Celiack, se-l^-ik, a. Relating to the lower belly. Celibacy, sel-^bi-sl, \ Celibate, seUJ-b;tt, 91./** single life. Cell, sell, s. A small cavity or hollow place ; the cave or little habitation of a religious person ; a small and close apartment in a prison; any small place of residence. Cellar, sel-lur, S. 88. a place under ground, where stores are reposited, or where liquors are kepu Cellarage, sel-lfir-ulje, s. 90. The part of the building which maives the cellars. Cellarist, seUlur-ist, s. 555. Tlic butler in a religiou* iiouse. 78 or cavuies. Celsitude, sel-se-tude, *, Heigju, Cement, sem-ment, *. 492. The matter with which two bodies are made to cohe/.e ; boud of union in friendship. To Cement, se-mentj v. a. To unite by means of something interposed. To Cement, se-ment^ v. n. To come into cor> junction, to cohere. Cementation, s3m-en-ti^sh&n, s. The act of cementing. Cemetery, sem-me-ter-e, *. A place where the dead are reposiied. Cenatory, sen'ni-tur4, s. 505. 512. Relating to supper. — See Cecity. Cenobitical, sen-n6-biti^-k4l, a. 503. Living in community. Cenotaph, Sen-i-t4f, S. A monument for one elsewhere buried. Cense, sense, *. Publick rates. To Cense, sense, v. a. To perfume with odours. Censer, sen-sur, $. 98. The pan in which incense is burned. Censor, sen-sSr, s. 166. An officer of Rome who had the power of correcting manners ; one who is given to censure. Censorian, sen-s6-re-^n, a. Relating to the censor. Censorious, sen-so-rl-us, a. Addicted to censure, severe. Censoriously, sen-so^ri-us-1^, ad. m a severe reflecting manner. CensoriousneSS, sen-s6-rl-us-nes, s. Disposition to reproach. Censorship, sen^s8r-ship, *. 166. The office of a censor. Censurable, sen^shu-r^-bl, a. Worthy c' censure, culpable. Censurableness, sen-shi-ri-bl-nes, *. Blameableness, Censure, sen-shure, s. 452. Blame, reprimand, reproach; judgment, opinion; judicial sentence; spi ritual punishment. To Censure, sen-shure, v. u. To blame, to brand piiblickly; to condemn. CeNSURER, Sen-sllltr-ur, *. He that blames. Cent, sent, s. A hundred, as, five per cent. ; that is, five in the hundred. Centaur, sen-tawr, *. A poetical being, supposed to be compounded of a man and a horse; the arclier in the zodiack. Centaury, sen-taw-re, s. A plant. Centenary, sen-te-nit-r^, s. The number of a hundred. Centennial, sen-ten-nl-<1l, a. Consisting of hundred years. Centesimal, sen-tes-i-m*l, «. 88. Hundredth. Centifolious, sen-te-fo-le-us, a. Having a hundred leaves. Centipede, sen-te-ped, s. A poisonous insect, so called from its being supposed to have a hundred feet. 03- Biped and Quadruped are spelled in Johnson with- out the finale; while Solipede, Palmipede, Plitmipede, Muhipede, and Centipede, retain it. The orthography in these words is of importance to the pronunciation, and therefore, as they are of perfectly similar original, their spelling and pronunciation ought certainly to be alike. liiped and Quadrxqted are the words most in use; and as they have omiited the final e, which there does not seem to be any reason to retain, we may infer that the silen and insensible operation of custom directs us to do the same by the other words, and to pronounce the last syl- lable of all of tkem short. — See Millepedes. Cento, sen-to, s. A composition formed by joining scraps from different authors. Central, sen-tr^l, O. 88. Relating to the centre. CER CHA n*r 167, nJt 163-^ibe 71, tub 172, bull 173— oil 599— p5«nd 313— fAin 466, this 4^. -^,}«- Centre, sen'-tur, 5. 416. Tiie middle. To Centre, sen-tur, v. a. To place on a centre, to fix as on a centre. To Centre, sen-tur, v. n. To rest on, to repose on ; to be placed in the midst or centre. Centrick, sen^tnk, Centrical, sen-tnk- Placed in the centre. ^3" This word, though in constant usage, is not in any of our Dictionaries. It seems to be perfectly equivalent to Centrick; but custom, in time, generallyeitlier finds or malces a different shade of meaning between word, where no suc^i difference was perceived at first. CeNTRIFUGAI, sen-tnf^U-g^l, a. Having the quality acquired by bodies in motion, of receding from the centre. ■Centripetal, sen-tnp'-^-t^l, a. Having a tendency to the centre. CeNTRV, Sen^tr^, »•. — see Sentinel. Centwle, sen-tu-pl, «. 405. A hundred fold. To Centuplicate, sen-tu-pl^-kite, v. a. To make a hundred fold. To Centuriate, sen-tiii^r^-ite, v. a. To divide into hundreds. Centuriator, sen^tu-r^-^^tur, s. 5QI. A name given to liistorians, who distinguish times by centuries. CeNTCRJON, sen-ti-re-un, ». a military office', who commanded a hundred men among the Romans. Century, senitshu-r^, s. 461. A hundred: usually employed to specify time, lif,the second cen- tury. Cephalalgy, sef^4-l^l-ji, s. The head-ache. CEP«ALlCK,se-f4l'-lik, a. 509. That is medicinal to the head. Cerastes, S^-ris-tlz, *. a serpent having homs. Cerate, si^rit, .9. 91, a medicine made sf wsr. Cerated, s^iri-ted, a. Waxed. To Cerk sire, v. a. To wax. Cerebel, seri|-bel, s. 503. Part of the brain. Cerecloth, a^re'-doth, s. Ciotii smeared over with glutinous matter. Cerement, s6reim^nt, s. Cloths dipped \n melted wax, with which dead bodies were infolded. Ceremonial, Ber-k-mb-nk-k\, a. Relating to ceremony, or outward rite ; fermal, observant of old forms. Ceremonial, ser-l-mi^nl-il, s. Outward form, external rite; the order for rites and forms in the Ro- man church. tEREMONiALNESS, ser-l-itii^nl-il-Ties, *. Tlie quality of being ceremonial. Ceremonious, ser-l-miinl-iis, a. Consisting of outward rites; full of ceremony ; attentive to the out- ward rites of religion ; civil and formal to a fault. Ceremoniously, ser-l-mi'-n^-us-le, ad. In a ceremonious manner, formally. Ceremoniousness, ser-l-mAine-us-nes, *. Fondness of ceremony. Ceremony, ser^e-mi-ne, s. 489. Outward rite, external i"orm injeligion; forms of civility ; outward forms of state. Certain, ser^tin, a. 208. Sure, indubitable; determined ; in an indefinite sense, some, as a certain man told me this; undoubting, put past doubt. Certainly, ser^tin-l^, ad. indubitably, without question; without fail. Certainty, ier^tin-te, *. Exemption from doubt; that which is real and fixed. £ertes, Ser^tiz, ad. Certainly, in truth. Certificate, ser-tif-e-ket, *. 91. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another court of any thing done therein ; any testimony. To Certify, ser-te-ft, v. a. To give certain information of; to give certain assurance of. Certiorari, scr-slil-i-ri-rl, s. A writ issuing 79 ;,}"■ Certainty, freedom Belonging to the necfc. out of the Chancery, to call up the records of a ca\i«e therein depending. Certitude, ser-te-tude, s. from doubt. Cervical, ser-ve-k4l, a. Cerulean, se-rA-le-Sn, Ceruleous, se-m-le-us, Blue, sky-coloured. — See European. CerulificK, ser-A-llf^ik, a. Having the power to produce a blue colour. Cerumen, se-ru-men, s. The wax of the ear. See Bitumen. Ceruse, se-riise, s. White lead. Br* I prefer l)r. Keiirick's, Mr. Perry's, and, as far as I can guess by their accentuation, Dr. Ash's and Bailey's pronur/ciation of this word, who make the first syllable long, to Mr. Sheridan's, Scott's, and Enlick's, who make it short. — See Principles, 529. Cesarian, se-za^r^-in, a. The Cesarian section is cutting a child out of the womb. Cess, ses, s. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a place, rated according to their property ; an assets- mf nt i the act of laying rates. To Cess, ses, v. a. To lay charge on, to assess. Cessation, ses-si-shun, s. a stop, a rest, a vacation ; a pause of hostility, without peace. Cessavit, ses-si-vit, s. A writ. CeSSIBILITY, ses-se-bil^e-tl, S. The quality of receding, or giving way. CesSIBLE, ses^se-bl, a. 405. Easy to give way. Cession, seslAhutl, s. Retreat, the act of giving way; resignation. Cessionary, sesliislum-ni-rl, a. Implying a resignation. Cessment, ses-ment, s. An assessment or tax. Cessor, ses^sur, *. 98. 166. He that ceaseth or neglecteth so lung to perform a duty belongin to hita. «« that he mcurrelh the danger of law. CesTUS, sesitus, s. The girdle of Venu» . Cetaceous, s^-ta^shus, a. 357. Of the whale kind. Chad, shAd, s. A sort of fish. To Chafe, tshife, v. a. To warm with rubbing; to heat ; to perfume ; to make angry. To Chafe, tshafe, v. n. To rage, to fret, to fume j to fret against any thing. Cuafe, tshafe, *. a heat, a rage, a fury. Chafe Wax, tsbafeiw^ks, s. An officer belong- ing to the lord high chancellor, who tits the wax for the sealing of writs. Chafer, tsliafe^ur, s. 98. An insect ; a gort of yellow beetle. Chaff, tsbif, *. The husks of com tliat are separated by thrashing and winnowing ; it is used for any tiling worthless. To Chaffer, tsh^Pfur, v. n. To haggle, ta bargain. ChAFFERER, tsh;lPfur-rur, S. A buyer, bargainer Chaffinch, tshilf^finsb, *. A bird so called, because it delights in chaff. Chaffless, tShif-les, a. Without chnff. Chaffweed, tshif-weed, *. Cudweed. Chaffy, tsh^f^fe, a. Like chaff, full of cha/T.. Chafingdish, tsha-f^ng-dish, s. A vessel to make any thing hot in ; a portable grate for coals. Chagrin, shi-grMnJ s. Ill humour, vexation. To Chagrin, sh4-green{ v. a. To ve,\:, to put out T>f temper. Chain, tshane, S. A series of link^ lastened one wiiliin anollR-r; a bond, a manacle; a fetter; aline of links wHh which land is measured ; a series linked loppilier. To Chain, tshane, v. a. To fasten or linlc witha chain ; to bring into slavery ; to put on a chain j tv CHA CHA *». 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Cher to combat ; one that claims su- periority; a claimant. Chalybeate, ki-lib^bi-et, a. 91. Impregnated with iron or steel. Chamade, sh3.-mide{ 5. Tlie beat of the drum which declares a surrender. Chamder, tshime^bur, s. 542. An apartment In a house, generally used for those appropriated to lodg- ing; any retired room ; any cavity or hollow ; a court of ji:stice ; the hollow part of a gun where the charge is lodged ; the cavity where the powder is lodged in a mine. B:> I have in this word de|)arled from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Keurick, because I think the best usage has en- tirely dc|iaiied from them. About thirty years ago the first syllable of Chamber was universally pronounced so as to rhyme with Palm, Psalm, &c. but since that time it.his been gradually narrowing to the slender sound of n in came, fame, Ike. and seems now to be fully established in this sound. This, however, is to be regretted, as it militates with the laws of syllabication: there are few words in the language which we cannot so divide into jiorts as to show by this division the quantity of the vowels ; this word forms an exception ; for vib, being uncombinahle consonants, we cannot end the first syllable with a; and if we join m to it, the o becomes fhort, and reqiiircs another sound. But if two such words ks Coot and Bridge could not resist the blind force of custom, whicli lias for so many years reduced lliein to 80 Camehridge, why should we wonder that Chamber ant Cambrick, Tinmouth and Yarmouth, should yield to the same unrelenting tyrant > To Chamber, tshame^bur, v. n. To be wantoa, to intrigue; to reside as in a chamber. Chambeeer, tshame-bur-ur, *. A man of intrigue. Chamberfellow, tsbame^bur-fel-l6, s. One that lies in the same cliamber. Chamberlain, tsbAme-bur-lin, s. 208. Lord great chamberlain of England is the sixth officet of the crown ; lord chamberlain of the household has the oversight of all officers belonging to the king' chambers, except the precinct of the bedchamber; . servant who has the care of the chambers. Chamberlainship, tshame-bur-lm-ship, s. The office of a chamberlain. Chambermaid, tshame-bur-mide, s. A n.aid whose business is to dress a lady. Chambrel, of a horse, k^m-bnl, s. The join or bending of the upper part of the hinder leg. Chameleon, ki-m^-l4-un, s. A kind of lizard, said to live on air. Cham LET, kSm-let, s. — See Camelot. Chamois, shi-mo^{ S. An animal of the goa kind, the skin of which made into leather is called Shaminy. Chamomile, kim-6-mlle, s. 353. The name of an odoriferous plant. To Champ, tshimp, v. a. To bite with a fre- quent action of the teeth ; to devour. To Champ, tshimp, v. n. To perform frequently the action of biting. Champaign, shim-pine{ s. A kind of wine. Champaign, tsh3.m-pine, s. A Hat ipcn country Champignon, sb3,m-pin-yun, s. A kind of mushroom. Champion, tshim-p^-un, s. A man who under- takes a cause in single combat ; a hero, a stout warrior. To Champion, tsh^-pe-un, v. a. To challenge. Chance, tshinse, S. 78. 79. Fortune, the cause of fortuitous events ; tne itx. of fortune ; accident j casual occurrence, fortuitous event, whether good or bad; possibility of any occurrence. To Chance, tshinse,u. n. To happen, to i\ll out. Chance-medley, tsh^nse-med^le, s. In law, the casual slaughter of a man, not altogether without the fault of the slayer. Changeable, tshin-s4-bl, a. Accidental. Chancel, tshin-sel, S. The eastern part of the church, in which the altar is placed. Chancellor, tshin-sel-lur, s. An officer of the . highest power and dignity in the court where he pre- sides. Chancellorship, tshin-sel-lur-ship, s. The office of chancellor. Chancery, tshitn-sur-J, s. The cowrt of equity and conscience. Chancre, shingk^ur, s. 416. An ulcer usually arising from venereal maladies. Chancrous, shAngk-rus, a. Ulcerous. Chandeleer, shin-de-leerj s, A branch for candles. Chandler, tshandUiir, s. An artisan whose trade is to make candles. To Change, tshAnje, v. a. 74. To put one thing in the place of another ; to resign any thing for the sake of anotlier; to discount a larger piece of money into several smaller; to give and take recipro- cally ; to alter, to mend the disposition or mind. C:?- This word, with others of the same form, such as range, strange, mange, &c. are, in the West of England, pronounced with the short sound of a in raji, man, &c. The same may be observed of the a in the ftrst syllable o( angel, ancient, kc. which, in that part of the kingdom, sounds like the article un; and this, though disagreeable to a London ear, and contrary to the best usage, which forms the only rule, is more analogical than pronouncing CHA CHA nor 167, not 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— poimd 313— Min 46G, this 469. them as If written chainge, strain^e, aincient, aingel, &c. for we find every other vowel in this situation short, as revenge, hinge, spunge, &c. To Change, tshinje, v. n. To undergo change, to suffer alteration. Change, tshanje, S. An alteration of the state of any thing; a success-on of one thing in the place of another; the time of ihe moon in which it hegins a new montlily revolution; novelty; an alteration of the order in which a set of hells is sounded ; that which makes a variety ; small money. Changeable, tshinje-^-bl, a. Suhject to change, fickle, inconstant; possible to be changed; having the quality of exhibiting different appearances. Changeableness, tshanje-i-bl-nes, s. Susceptibility of change ; inconstancy, fickleness. ChANGEABLY, tshinjeii-ble, ad. Inconstantly. Changeful, tshAnje-flll, a. Inconstant, uncertain, mutable. Changeling, tsbinje-linj, s. A child left or taken in the placeof another ; an idiot, a natural; one apt to change. Changer, tshaneijur, S. One that is employed in changing or discounting money. Channel, tshan-nel, s. 99. The hollow bed of running waters ; any cavity drawn longwise; a strait or narrow sea ; a gut or furrow of a pillar. To Channel, tsh^n^nel, v. a. To cut any thing in channels. To Chant, tsb^nt, v. a. To sing ; to celebrate by song, to sing in the cathedral service. To Chant, tshint, v. n. 78. To sing. Chant, tshUllt, s. 79. Song, melody. Chanter, tsbin-tur, *. a singer, a songster. Chanticleer, tshlii^te-kle^r, s. The cock, from his crow. Chantress, tshin-tres, s. A woman singer. Chantry, tsliAn-tr^, s. Chantry is a church endowed with revenue for priests, to sing mass for the souls of the donors. Chaos, kA-Ss, S. 353. The mass of matter sup- posed to he in confusion before it was divided by Ihe creation into its proper classes and elements ; confu- sion, irregular mixture; any thing where the parts are undistinguished. ChaoTICK, ki-St-tlk, a, Hesembling chaos, con- fused. To Chap, tsbSp, v. a. To divide the surface of the ground by excessive heat; to divide the skin of the face or hands by excessive cold. (fc3» The etymology of this word will not suffer us to write it chop; and universal usage will not permit us to pronounce it c/iap : so that it must be classed among those incorrigible words, the pronunciation and orthography of which must ever be at variance. Chap, tsbop, *. A cleft, a gaping, a chink. Chap, tsbSp, S. The upper or under part of a beast's mouth. Chape, tsbApe, S. The catch of any thing by which it is held in its place. Chapel, tsbip-el, s. A chapel is either ttdjoining to a church, as a parcel of the same, or separate, call- ed a chapel of ease. CHAPELESSjtshApe-leS, a. Without a chape, ChAPELLANY, tsb^p-pel-len-n6, *. Achapel'.any is founded within some other church. Chapelry, tsb^pipel-re, s. The jurisdiction or hounds of a chapel. Chaperon, ship'ur-oon| s. A kind of hood or cap worn by the knights of the garter in the habit of their order. (ir>" For the pronunciation of the last syllable, see the word Encore. ChapfALN, tsbftp'-fibi, a. Having the mouth shrunk. — Sec Cutcal. Chaplain, tsbap-lin, s. 208. He that attends the king, or other great person, to perform divine ser- vice. ChaplAINSHIP, tsbip-lin-ship, s. The office or 81 business of a chaplain ; the possession or revenue of chapel. Chapless, tsbSp-les, a. Without any flesh about the mouth. Chaplet, tsh^p-let, s. A garland or wreath to be worn about the head : a string of beads used in the Ro- man chuicli; in architecture, a little moulding carved into round beads. Chapman, tsbJp-m$n, s. 88. A cheapencr, one that offers as a purchaser. Chaps, tsbSps, S. The mouth of a beast of prey j the entrance into a channel. Chapt, 1^,4^ Chapped J **""P*' P*""'- I"^^- Cracked, cleft Chapter tsb^p-tur, S. A division of a book ; an assembly of I'le clergy of a cathedral; the place in wnich assemblies ot tne clergy are ne.o. ChapTREL, tsli^pitrel s. The capitals of pillars, or pilasters, which support arches. Char, tsb«^r, *. A fish found only in Winander- nieer, in Lancashire. To Char, tsh^r, v. a. To burn wood to a black cinder. Char, tsbare, S. Work done by the day. To Char, tshire, v. n. To work at others* nouses by the day. " As the maid that milks, ** And does the meanest chart " Shakespeart. (ty> In Ireland they seem to have retained the ecnuine pronunciation of this, as well as many other old English words; I mean that which is agreeable to the oitho- graphy, and rhyming with tar. In English it is generally heard like cAuir, to sit on, and its compound, char-ieoman, like chaiT-woman. Skinner, I know, admits that the word may be derived from the Dutch keeren, to sweep ; and Junius spells the word chare, and tells us the Saxons have the same word spelled cyrre, signifying business or charge, but be its derivation w'hat it will, either the orthography or the pronunciation ought to be altered ; fur, as it stantfs at present, it is a singular and disgraceful anomaly. Char-woman, tsbAre-wum-un, s. A woman hired accidentally for odd work. Character, kir-Ak-tiV, s. 353. A mark, a stamp, a representation; a letter used in writing or printing; the hand or manner of writing ; a represen- tation (Kf any man as to his personal qualities; an ac- count of any thing as good or bad ; the person with his assemblage of qualities. To Character, kitr-Ak-tur, v. a. To inscribe, to engrave. Charac teristical, kHr-ak-te-ns-t^-kitl, \ CHARACTERiSTlCK,k;tr-ak-te-ris-tik,509./ Constituting or pointing out the true character. Charac TERisTiCALNESS, ki-rAk-tt'-ris-tc-k:!!- nes, s. The quality of being peculiar to a character. Characteristick, kAr-;\k-te-ris^tik, s. That which constitutes the character. To Characterize, kir-ik-te-rlze, v. a. To give a character or an account of the personal qua- lities of any man; to engrave or imprint; to mark with a particular stamp or token. Characterless, kAr-Ak-tur-les, a. Without a character. Ciiaractery, kAi-i\k-tur-ri', s. Impression, mark. Charcoal, tshar-kt^le, S. Coal made by burning wood. Chard, tsbard, *. Chards of artichokes are the .'caves of fair artichoke plants, tied and wrapped up all over but the top, in straw ; Chards of beet are plants of wnite beet transplanted. To Charge, tsbai'je, v. a. To intrust, to com- mission for a certain purpose ; to impute as a debt j to impute as a ciimc j to impose as a task ; to accuse, to censure; to command; to fall upon, to attack; to burden, to load; to fill; to load a gun. Charge, tsharje, s. Care, trust, custody ; pre- cipt, mandate, cinr.mand ; commission, trust confer- red, oflice; accusation, imputation j the thing in. a CHA CHE »• 559. Flte73, &7r, ^U 83, lltSl— m^ 93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ».o 162, move 1G4; trusted to care or managementj expense, cost ; onset, attack; the signal to fall upon enemies ; the quantity of powder ?rid ball put into a gun ; a preparation, or a sort of ointment, applied to the shouiaer-splalts and sprains ot norses. Chargeable, tshar-ja-bl, a. 405. Expensive, costly ; imputable, as a debt or crime; sub- ject to change, accusable. Chargeableness, tshar^^-bl-nes, s. Expense, cost, costliness. Chargeably, tshar-ji-bl^, ad. Expensively. Charger, tshiryur, s, 98. A large dish ; an officer's horse. Charily, tshi-re-1^, ad. Warily, frugally. Chariness, tsha-re-nes, s. Caution, nicety. Chariot, tshir-r^-ut, s. 543. A carriage of pleasure, or state; a car in which men of arms were anciently placed. * (i^' If this word is ever heard as if written Charrot, it is only tolerable in the most familiar pronunciation : the least solemnity, or even precision, must necessarily re- tain the soundof t, and give it three syllables. Charioteer, tshlr-re-ut-tier{ s. He that drives the chariot. Chariot Race, tsh^r-re-ut-rise, s. A sport where chariots were driven for the prize. Charitable, 1511^1^4-1^-61, a. Kind in giving alms; kind in judging of others. Charitably, tsb^Ke-t^-bl^, ad. Kindly, liberally; benevolently. Charity, tshJr-^-tl, s. 160. Tenderness, kind- ness, love; good will, benevolence; the theological virtue of universal love ; liberality to the poor ; alms, relief given to the poor. 7b Chark, tshark, v. a. To burn to a black cinder. Charlatan, shUi-ili-tin, s. 528. A quack, a mountebank. Charlatanical, sbar-li-t4n-i-k4l, a. Quackish, ignorant. Charlatanry, sbir^l4-t4n-r^, s. Wheedling, deceit. Charles's-wain, tsharlz'-iz-winej s. The ncvrthern constellation called the Bear. Charlock, tsbar-kik, s. A weed growing among the corn with a yellow flower. Charm, tsharin, *. Words or philtres, imagined to have some occult power; something of power to gain the affections. To Charm, tsharm, v. a. To fortify with charms against evil; to make powerful by charms ; to subdue by some secret power; to subdue by pleasure. Charmer, tshar-mur, s. One that has the power of charms, or enchantments; one that captivates the heart. Charming, tshar-ming, part. a. Pleasmg in tlie highest degree. Charmingly, tsbar-ming-li^, ad. In such a manner as to please exceedingly. Ciiarmingness, tshar-ming-nes, s. Tiie power of pleasing. Charnel, tshar-nel, a. Containing flesh or carcasses. Charnel-house, tshar-nel-house, s. The place where the bones of the dood are reposited. Chart, kart. or tshart, s. A delineation of coasts. 0::>" As tins word is perfectly anglicised, by cutting off the a in the Latin Charta, and rx in the Gieek x,«f")f> we ought certainly to naturalize the initial letters by pro- nouncing them as in charter, charity, &c. : but such is our fondness for Latin and Greek originals, that we catch at the shadow of a reason for pronouncing after these lan- guages, though in direct opposition to the laws of our own. Thus we most frequently, if not universally, hear this word pronounced as Cart, a carriage, and perfectly like the French (arte. Charter, tshar'-tiir, s. A charter is a written evidence; any writing bestowing privileges or rights; privilege, iinnuinily, cxeinption. Chaktek-Party, tshar-tur-par-te, s. A paper relating to a contract, of which eacl> partv lias a copy- 82 Chartered, tshar-turd, a. 359. Privileged. Chary, tsha^re, a. Careful, cautious. To Chase, tshAse, v. a. To hunt ; to pursue as an enemy ; to drive. Chase, tsbase, S. Hunting, pursuit of any thing as game ; fitness to be hunted ; pursuit of an enemy ; pursuit of something as desirable ; hunting match ; the game hunted; open ground stored with such beasts as are hunted; the Chase of a gun, is the whole bore or length of a piece. Chase-gun, tshase-gun, S. Guns in the fore-part of the ship, fired upon those that are pursued. Chaser, tsVii-Sur, *. Hunter, pursuer, driver. Chasm, kizm, s. 353. A cleft, a gap, an ppeningj a place unfilled; a vacuity. Chaste, tsh^te, a. Pure from all commerce of sexei ; pure, uncorrupt, not mixed with barbarous phrases; without obscenity ; true to the marriage bed. To Chasten, tshase^tn, v. a. 405. To correct, to punish. (J3- This word is sometimes falsely pronounced with the a short, so as to rhyme w\lh fasten ; but it is exactly under the same predicament as the verb to haste, which, when formed into what is called an inchoative veil), be- comes hasten, and with which chasteii is a perfect rhyme. To Chastise, tshfc-tlze,' v. a. To punish, to cor- rect by punishment ; to reduce to order or obedience. Chastisement, tsbls-tiz-ment, s. Correction, punishment.— See Advertise. Chastiser, tsbis-ti-zur, S, A punisher, a cor- rector. Chastity, tshis-te-t^, s. 511. Purity of the body; freedom from obscenity; freedom from bad mixture of any kind. C3- I have in this word departed from Mr. Sheridan, and several other speakers, in the sound of the a in the first syllable, as no analogy can be clearer than that which prevails in words of this termination, where the antepenultimate accent always shortens the vowel. Thus, though the a, e, and i, are long in humane, sereve, and divine, they are short in humanity, serenity, and divinity i and unless custom clearly forbids, which 1 do not believe is the case, chastity ought certainly to have the a as I have marked it. Chastly, tshisteil^, ad. Without incontinence, purely, without coatamination. 53" In these words Dr. Johnson has very improperly omitted the silent e; they ought to be written chastely and chasteness. — See Introduction to Rhyming Dictionary, Orthographical Aphorism the 8th. ChASTNESS, tshiste^nes, S. Chastity, purity. To Chat, tsllit, v. n. To prate, to talk idlyj to prattle. Chat, tsb^t, S. Idle talk, prate. Chatellany, tsli^t'-tel-len-^, *. The district under the dominion of a castleT Chattel, tshit'-tl, S. 405. Any moveable pos- session. To Chatter, tsb^t-tur, v. n. To make a noise as a pie, or other unharmonious bird ; to make a noise by collision of the teeth ; to talk idly or carelessly. Chatter, tshat-tur, s. Noise like that of a pie or monkey ; idle prate. Chatterer, tsbit-tur-rur, *. An idle talker. Chatty, tshit^t^, a. Liberal of conversation. Chavender, tsb^v^in-dur, s. The chub, a fish. Chaumontelle, sli6-m6n-tel,' s. A sort of pear, To Chaw, tshaw, v. a. — See To Chew. Chawdron, tshaw-drun, s. Entrails. Cheap, tshepe, a. To be had at a low rate ; easy to be had, not respected. To Cheapen, tshe^pn, v. a. 103. To attempt to purchase, to bid for any thing ; to lessen value. Cheaply, tsh^pe-le, ad. At a small price, at a low rate. Cheapness, tsbepe-nes, s, Lowness of price. To Cheat, tsbite, v, a. To defraud, to )mpos« upon, to trick. CHE CHI nor 167, xAt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— thu 466, 'fus 469. Cheat, tsliete, S, A fraud, a trick, an imposture; a person guilty of fraud. Cheater, tshe-tur, s. 95. One that practises fraud. To Check, tshek, v. a. To repress, to curb ; to reprove, to cliide ; to control by a counter reckoning. To Check, tshek, v. n. To stop, to make a stop; to clash, to interfere. Check, tshek, S. Repressure, stop, rebuff; re- straint, curb, government; reproof, a slight; in fiil- conry, when a hawk forsakes the proper game to follow other birds ; the cause of restraint, a stop. To Checker, T. ,2, ,2 _, ,, >-tshek-ur, v. a. To Chequer, J To variegate or diversify, in the manner of a chess- board, with alternate colours. Checker-work, tshek-ur-wurk, s. Work varied alternately. Checkmate, tshek^m^te, s. The movement on the chess-board, that puts an end to the game. Cheek, tsheek, *. The side of the face below the eye; a general name among mechanicks for almost all those pieces of their machines tliat are double. Cheek-tooth, tsh^ek-too/Zt, s. The hinder tooth or tusk. Cheer, tsheer, S, Entertainment, provisions ; in- vitation togayety; eayety, jollity ; air of the counte- nance ; temper of mind. To Cheer, tsheer, v. a. To incite, to encourage, to inspirit; to comfort, to console, to gladden. To Cheer, tsh^^r, v. n. To grow gay or gladsome. Cheerer, tshie-rur, S. Gladdener, giver of gayety. Cheerful, tsh^^ri-tul, or tsheKful, a. Gay, full of life, full of mirth; having an appearance of gayety. Orj- This word, Wke fearful, has contracted an irregular pronunciation that seems more expressive of the turn of mind it indicates than the long open e, which languishes on the ear, and is not akin to the smartness and vivacity of the idea. We regret these irregularities, but they are not to be entirely prevented; and as they sometimes arise from an effort of the mind to express the idea more forcibly, they should not be too studiously avoided; especially when custom has given them considerable cur- rency ; which I take to be the case with the short pro- nunciation of the present word. Mr. Sheridan and some other or'hOepists seem to adopt the latter pronunciation ; and W. Johnston, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, the for- mer; and as this is agreeable to the orthography, and it may be added, to the etymology (which indicates that state of mind which arises from being full of good cheer), it ought, unless the other has an evident preference in custom, to be looked upon as the most accurate, 241,242. Cheerfully, tsh^er-ful-le, ad. Without de- jection, with gayety. Cheerfulness, tsheeriful-nes, s. Freedom from dejection, alacrity ; freedom from gloominess. Cheerless, tsh^^r-les, a. Without gayety, com- fort, or gladness. CheerlY, tsh^^rilJ, a. Gay, cheerful, not gloomy. Cheerly, tshe^r-le, ad. Cheerfully, Cheery, tsh4^-r^, a. Gay, sprightly. Cheese, tsheeze, s. A kind of food made by pressing the curd of milk. Cfjeesecake, tshe^zeikike, s. 247. A cake made of soft curds, sugar, and butter. Cheesemonger, tsheeze-raung-gur, s. One who deals in cheese. Cheesevat, tsh^^ze-vRt, s. The wooden case in which the curds are pressed into cheese. Cheesy, tshee-z^, a. Having the nature or form of cheese. Chely, k^'-le, s. 353. The claw of a shell fish. To Cherish, tsherirish, v, a. To support, to shelter, to nurse up. ut-imch?^.-,. o y^„ encourager, a Cherisher, tsherirish-ur, s. supporter. Cherishment, tsher-rish-ment, s, menu support, comfort. Encourage- Cherry, tsher-r^, 1 Cherry-tree, tsher^rJ-trl^, J '^' A tree and fruit. Cherry, tsher'r^, a. Resembling a cherry m colour. Cherrybay, tsherire-b Christen, kris^sn, v. a. All. To baptize, to initiate into Christianity by water; to name, to deno- minate. Christendom, kns-sn-dum, s. 405. Tlie collective body of Christians. Christening, krlsisn-ing, s. The ceremony of the first initiation into Cliristianity. Christian, krist-yun, s. 291. A professor of the religion of Christ. Christian, krist^yun, a, 113. Professing the religion of Christ. Christian-name, krist-yun-nAmeJ s. The name given at the font, distinct from the surname. ChristiaNISM, krist-j-un-izra, s. The Christian religion; the nations professing Christianity. Christianity, kris-tshe-^u-^-tl, s. The religion of Christians. To Christianize, knst-yun-lze, v. a. To make Christian. Christianly, knstiyun-ll, ad. Like a Christian. Christmas, kns-mas, *. 88. 472. The day in which the nativity of our blessed Saviour is celebrated. Christmas-uox, kris'-m^s-bSks, s. A box in which little presents are collected at Christmas. The money so collected. ChROMATICK, kri-mit-lk, a. Kelating to colour ; relating to a certain species of ancient musick. Chronical, kroni4-kil, Chronick, kr&n-ik, Relating to time ; a chronical distemper is of long du- ration. Chronicle, kr5n-i-kl,s. 353. 405. A register or account of events in order of time ; a history. To Chronicle, krftn-e-kl, v. a. 405. To record in chronicle, or history; to register, to record. Chronicler, kron-e-klur, s. 98. A writer of chronicles; an historian. Chronogram, kr8n-A-gr4m, s. An inscription including the date of any action. Chronogrammatical, kr5n-no-grim-mlti|- kal, a. Belonging to a chronogram. Chronogrammatist, kr8n-ni-gr4mim^tist,j. A writer of chronograms. Chronologer, kro-nSUli-jur, *. He that studies or explains the science of computing past times. Chronological, krSn-ni-lSdje-^-kil, a. Relating to the doctrine of time. Chronologically, krftn-n6-l8die^i-k4l-ll, ad. In a chronological manner, according to the exact series of lime. Chronologist, kr6-nSl-i-jist, s. One that studies or explains time. Chronology, kro-nftl-o-jJ, s. The science of computing and adjusting the periods of time. Chronometer, kro-nfimim^-tur, s. An instru- ment for the exact mensuration of time. Chrysalis, kns^s^-lis, s. 503. Aureiia, or the first aijiparent change of the maggot of any species of insects. Chrysolite, kris-si-lite, s. 155. A precious stone of a dusky green, with a cast of yellow. Chub, tshub, s. A river fish. The cheven. ChuBBED, tshub^bld, a. 99. Big-headed, like a chub. To Chuck, tshuk, v. n. To make a noise like a hen. To Chuck, tshuk, v. a. To call as a hen calls her young; to give a gentle blow under the chin. Chuck, tshuk, S. The voice of a h::n ; a word of endearment. Chuck-farthing, tshuk-flr-THing, s. 8S A play, at which the money falls with a chuck into the hole beneath. To Chuckle, tshuk^kl, v. n. 405. To laugh vehemently. To Chuckle, tshuk^kl, v. a. To call as a hen; to cocker, to fondle. ChUET, tshoo^lt, S. 9d. Fcrced meat. Obsolete. Chuff, tshuf, s. A blunt clown. ChUFFILY, tshufife-le, ad. StomachfuUy. Chuffiness, tshuWe-nes, s, Clownishness. ChUFFY, tshufife, a. Surly, fat. Chum, tshum, S. A chamber fellow. Chump, tshump, S. A thick heavy piece of wood. Church, tshurtsh, s. The collective body of Christians; the body of Christians adhering to one particular form of worship; the place which Christian' consecrate to the worship of God. To Church, tshurtsh, v. a. To perform with any one the office of returning thanks after any signal deliverance, as childbirth. Church-ale, tshurtsh-ilej *. A wake or feast, commemoralory of the dedication of the church. Church-attire, tshurtsh-lt-tirej s. The habi in which men officiate at divine service. Churchman, tshurtsh-m^n, s. 88. An ecclesiastic, a clergyman ; an adherent to the Church of England. Churchwardens, tshurtsh-war^dnz, s. 103. Officers yearly chosen, to look to the church, church- yard, and such things as belong to both. Church-yard, tshurtsh^yard, s. The ground adjoining to the church, in which the dead are buried; a cemetery. Churl, tshurl, S, A rustick, a countryman; a rude, surly, ill-bred man ; a miser, a nifgard. Churlish, tshurillsh, a. Rude, brutal, harsh ; seltish, avaricious. Churlishly, tshur-lish-le, ad. Rudely, brutally. Churlishness, Ishur-lish-nes, s. Brutality, loiggedness of manner. Churme, tshurm, S. A confused sound, a noise. Obsolete. Churn, tshum, s. Tlie vessel in which the butter is, by agitation, coagulated. To Churn, tshurn, v. a. To agitate or shake any thing by a violent motion; to make butter by agitating the milk. ChuRRWORM, tshuriwurm, s. An insect that turns about nimbly, called also a fancricket. Chylaceous, ki-lA^shus, a. 186. Belonging to chyle. Chyle, klle, *. 353. The white juice formed in the stomach by digestion of the aliment. Chylifaction, kil-li-f^k^shun, s. The act or process of making chyle in the body. ChylifacTIVE, kil-l^-fftk^tiv, a. Having the power of makmg chyle. Chylifi»ATI0N, kil-le-f6-ka-shun, S. Tlte act of making chyle. Chylificatory, kil-i-fJ-ka-ti-re, a. 512. Making chyle. Chylous, kl-lus, a. 160. Consisting of chyle. Chymical, kim^^-kll, Chymick, kim-mik, Made by chymistry ; relating to chymistry. Chymically, kim-m^-k^l-1^, ad. In a chymical manner. ClIYMlST, kim-mist, s. A professor of chymistry. C3> Scholars have lately discovered, that all the nations of Europe have, for many centuries past, been erroneous in spelling this word witli a y instead of an e ; that is, Chyrtdst instead of Chemist : and if we crave their reasons, they very gravely tell us, that instead of deriving tl>e word from "XyiM;, juice, or from x^"'' Xf'^^i •"■ X""'' '" melt, it is more justly derived from the Arabic kema, black. But Dr. Johnson, who very well understood every CIN cm nor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173—311 299— pound 313— ^Mn 466, this 469/ thing tliat could be urged in favour of the new ortliogra' phy, has very judiciously continued the old; and indeed, till we see better reasons than have yet appeared, itseeuis rather to savour of an affectation of oriental learning than a liberal desire to rectify and improve our language. But let the word originate in the East or West, among the Greeks or Arabians, we certainly received it from our Common Lingiiaducts, (if the word will be pardoned me) the Latin and French, which still retain either the y, or its substitute i. Besides, the alteration produces a change in the pro- nunciation, which, from its being but slight, is the less likely to be attended to; and therefore the probability is, that, let us write the word as we will, we shall still continue to pronounce the old way; for in no English word throughout the language does the e sound like y, or t short, when the accent is on it. This improvement, therefore, in our spelling, would, in all probability, add a new irregularity to our pronun- ciation, already encumbered with too many. Warburton, in his edition of Pope's works, seems to have been the first writer of note who adopted this mode of spelling from Boerhaave, and the German critics ; and he seems to have been followed by all the inscriptions on the cliy- mists shops in the kingdom. But till the voice of the people has more decidedly declared itself, it is certainly the most eligible to follow Dr. Johnson and our esta- blished writers in the old orthography.— See Mr. Nares's English Ortlifiepy, page 984, where the reader will see judiciously exposed the folly of altering settled modes of spelling for the sake of far-fetched and fanciful etymo- logies. Chymistry, kimi-mis-tre, s. The art or process by which the different substances found in mixt bodies are separated from each other by means of fire. ClBARIODS, si-bAiri-US, a. 121. Relating to food. Cicatrice, or Cicatrix, sikij-tris, s. 142. The scar remaining after a wound; a mark, an im- pressure. CiCATRISANT, Slk-3.-trUzint, S. An application that induces a cicatrice. CiCATRisivE, sik4-tri'-siv, a. 158. 428, Having tlie qualities proper to induce a cicatrice. Cicatrization, sik-k-trh-zk'-shun, s. The act of healing the wound; the stale of being healed or skinned over. To Cicatrize, siki^-trlze, v, a. To apply such medicines to wounds, or ulcers, as skin them. Cicely, sis-li, s. a sort of herb. To Cicurate, sikiu-rite, v. a. 91. 503. To tame, to reclaim from wildness. Cicuration, sik-u-rAishun, s. The act of taming or reclaiming from wildness. CicCTA, s^-ki^tJ, *. 91. A genu8 of plants j water-hemlock. Cider, sUdur, s. The juice of apples expressed and fermented. CiDKRiST, .sl'-dur-?fet, s. 98. A maker of cider. CiderkiN, sUdur-kin, *. The liquor made of the gross matter of apples, after the cider is pressea out. Ciliary, siKyi-r^, a. 113. Belonging to the eyelids. CiLICIOUS, sj-lish'-us, O. 314. Made of hair. CiMETER, sim'-^-tur, s. 98. A sort of sword, short and recurvated. Cincture, singkitshure, s. 461. Something worn round the body ; an inclosure ; a ring or list at the top or bottom of the shaft of a column. CiNDEK, sin^dur, s. 98. A mass of any thing burnt in the fire, but not reduced to ashes ; a hot coal that has ceased to flame. CiNDER-woMAN, sinMur-wuiii-un, \ CiNDER-WENCH, i5ui-dur-wensh, J '' A woman whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes for cinders. £inerATION, Sin-i-r^ishun, *• The reduction of any thing by fire to ashes. CiNERiTlOUS, sin-e-nsh'-us, a. Having the form or state of ashes. CiNERULENT, s^-ner'-ti-lent,a. 121. Full of ashes. CiNGLE, Sing^gl, s. 405. A girth foi a liorse, 87 Cinnabar, sin^ni-bar, s. 166. Vermilion, " mineral consisting of mercury and sulphur. CiNNAMtW, sin-ii^-mun, s. 166. The fragrant bark of a low tree in the island of Ceylon. Cinque, singk, *. 415. A five. ClNQUE-FOlL, Singk-foil, s. A kind of five-leaved clover. C'iNQUE-PACE, singk-pase, s. A kind of grave dance. CiNQUE-PORTS, singkip6rts, s. Those havens that lie towards France. CiNQUE-spOTTED, singk-sp5t-ted, a. Having five spots. ClON, si-uii, s. 166. A sprout, a shoot from a plant ; tlie shoot engrafted on a stock. Cipher, sUfur, s. 98. An arithmetical character, by which some number is noted, a figure; an arithme- tical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, increases the value of the other figures ; an intertexture of let- ters ; a character in general ; a secret or occult mannei of writing, or the key to it. To Cipher, sl-fur, v. n. To practise arithmetick. To Cipher, si-fur, v, a. To write in occult characters. Circle, ser-kl, s. 108. 405. A curve line con- tinued till it ends where it began, having all parts equally distant from a common centre; the space in- cluded in a circular line ; a round body, an orb; com- pass, inclosure; an assembly surrounding the princi- pal person ; a company ; any series ending as it begins ; an inconclusive form of argument, in which the fore- ?:oing proposition is proved by the following, and the ol lowing inferred from the foregoing; circumlocution. To Circle, ser-kl, v. a. To move round, any thing; to inclose, to surround; to confine, to keep together. 7^ Circle, ser-kl, v. n. To move ciratlarly. Circled, ser^kld, a. 359. Having the form of a circle, round. Circlet, ser^klit, s. A little circle. Circling, ser'-kling, />ar^ a. Circular, round. Circuit, Ser'-kit,*. 341. 108. The act of moving round any thing ; the space inclosed in a circle ; space, extent, measured by travelling round ; a ring, adiadem; the visitation of the judges for holding assizes. To Circuit, Ser^klt, v. n. To move circularly. CiRCUlTER, serikit-ter, S. One that travels a circuit. CiRCUITlON, ser-ku-ish'-un, s. The act of going round any thing; compass, maze of argument, com prehension. Circuitous, ser-ku^^-tus, rt. Round about. Circular, seriku-lur, ef. 88. 418. Round, like a circle, circumscribed by a circle ; successive to itself, alwajs returning; Circular Letter, a letter directed to several persons, who have the same interest in some common affair. Circularity, ser-ku-l^r-^-te, s. A circular form. Circularly, ser-ku-lfir-le, ad. In form of a circle; with a circular motion. To Circulate, ser-ku-lAte, v. n. 91. To move in a circle. To Circulate, serikia-late v. a. To put about. Circulation, ser-ku-lA-shun, s. Motion in a circle ; a series in which the same order is always ob- served, and things always return to the same slate j a reciprocal interchange of meaning. Circulatory, ser-ku-la-tur-^, «. 512. Belonging to circulation ; circular. Circulatory, ser^ku-lA-tur-^, s. A chymical vessel. CiRCUMAMBiENCY, ser-kttm-^m^be-en-s^', *. The act of encompassing. Circumambient, ser-kum-im^be-ent, *. Surrounding, encompassing. To Circumambulate, ser-kum-imibu-late, V. n. 91. To walk round atjout. CIR CIT fc?>559. Fate 73, farT7, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164. 7b CiRCUiMCiSE, ser-kum-slze, v. a. To cut the prepuce, according to the law given to the Jews. Circumcision, sei-kum-sizh-un, s. The rite or act of cutting oir the foreskin. To Circumduct, ser-Kum-duktJ v, a. To contravene; to nullify. Circumduction, ser-kum-duk-shun, s. Nullification, cancellation ; a leading about. Circumference, ser-kum-fe-rense, s. The periphery, the line including and surrounding any thing; the space enclosed in a circle; the external part of an orbicular oody ; an orb, a circle. Circumferentor, ser-kum-fe-ren-tur, s. 166. An instrument used in surveying, for measuring angles. Circumflex, ser-kum-fleks, s. An accent used to regulate the pronunciation of syllables. CO All our prosodists tell us, that the Circumflex ac- cent is a composition of the grave and the acute ; or that it is a raising and falling of the voice upon the same syl- lable. If they are desired to exemplify this by actual pronunciation, we find they cannot do it, and only pay us with words. This accent, therefore, in the ancient as well as modern languages, with respect to sound, has no specific utility. The French, who make use of this Cir- cumflex in writing, appear, in the usual pronunciation of It, to mean nothing more than long quantity. — See Ba- rytone. If the inspector would wish to see a rational ac- count of this accent, as well as of the grave and acute, let liim consult a work lately published by the Author of this Dictionary, called A Rhetorical Grammar, the third edition ; or, A Key to the Classical Pronuvciatio7i of Greek unci Latin Proper Names. Cibcumfluence, ser-kum-flu-ense, s. An enclosure of waters. Circumfluent, ser-kum-flu-ent, a. Flowing round any thing. Circumfluous, ser-kum-flii-us, a. Environing with waters. Circumforaneous, ser-kum-fA-nlin^-us, a. 314. Wandering from house to house. To Circumfuse, ser-kuin-f\Iize| v. a. To pour round. CiRCUMFUiiLE, ser-kum-ft'i-sil, a. 427. That which may be poured round any thing. CiRCUMFUSioN, ser-kum-fu-zhun, s. The act of spreading round. 7b CiRCUMGiRATE, sei'-kumij^-rite, v. n. To roll round. CiRCUMGiRATiON, ser-kum-j^-ra-shun, s. The act of running round. Circumjacent, ser-ktim-ji-seiit, a. Lying round any thing. Circumition, ser-kum-ish-un, s. The act of going round. Circumligation, sei-kum-le-g;i-shun, *. The act of binding round ; the bond with which any thing is encompassed. Circumlocution, ser-kum-lo-ku-shun, s. A circuit or compass of words, periphrasis; the use of indirect expressions. Circumlocutory, ser-kum-l6k-ia-t6-re, a. 512. Depending on circumlocution. CiRcuMMURED, ser-kum-murdj a. 359. Walled round. Circumnavigable, ser-kum-n4v^i-g&-bl, a. That may be sailed round. To Circumnavigate, ser-kum-nav^-g'^te, v. a. To sail round. Circumnavigation, ser-kum-n^v-^-g4-shun, s. The act of sailing round. Circumflication, slr-kum-ple-ka4bun, s. The act ot enwrapping on every side} the stu e of being enwrapped. Circumpolar, ser-kum-p6M^r, a. 4l8. Round the pole. CiRcuMPOsiTioN, ser-kum-po-zish-un, s. The act of placing any thing circularly. CiRCUMRASiON, ser-kum-ra-zh?«n, *. The act ol (having or paring round. CiRCUMROTATioN, ser-kum-ro-tA-shun, *. The act of whirling round like a wheel. CiRCUMROTATORY, sei-kum-ro-t^-ti-re, a. 512. Whirling round. 7b Circumscribe, ser-kum-skrlbej v. a. To enclose in certain lines or boundaries; to bound, to limit to confine. Circumscription, ser-kuin-sknp-shun, *. Determination of particular form or magnitude ; limi- tation, confinement. Circumscriptive, ser-kum-sknp-tiv, t. Enclosing the superficies. Circumspect, ser-kum-spekt, a. Cautious, at tentive, watchful. Circumspection, ser kum-.spek-shun, *. Watchfulness on every side, caution, general atten- tion. Circumspective, ser-kum-spek-tiv, a. Attentive, vigilant, cautious. Circumspectively, ser-kum-spekitiv-le, ad. Cautiously, vigilantly. Circumspectly, ser-kum-spekt-l5, ad. Watchfully, vigilantly. CiRCUMSPECTNESS, ser-kum-spekt-ues, s. Caution, vigilance. CiRCU.MSTANCE, Ser-kum-Slinse, S. Something appendant or relative to a fact; accident, something adventitious; incident, event; condition, state of affairs. 7b Circumstance, ser^kuiTi-stinse, v. a. To place in particular situation, or relation to the things. CiRCUMSTANT, ser-kum-StUnt, a* Surrounding. Circumstantial, ser-kum-st^n-sh^l, a. Accidental, not essential; incidental, casual; full of small events, detailed, minute. Circumstantiality, si'i-kum-st^n-sli^-iK4-t6, s. The state of any thing as modified by its several circumstances. Circumstantially, ser-kum-st4nishil-l^, ad. According to circumstances, not essentially ; minutely, exactly. 7b Circumstantiate, ser-kum-st^n-she-ate, V, a. 91. To place in particular circumstances; to place in a particular condition. 7b Circumvallate, ser-kum-v^l-lAte, v. a. 91. To enclose round with trenches or fortifications. Circumvallation, ser-kuin-v;tl-lA-shun, s. The art or act of casting up fortifications round a place j the fortification thrown up round a place besieged. CiRCUMVECTiON, ser-kum-vekishun, s. The act of carrying round; the state of being carried round. 7b Circumvent, ser-kura-ventj v. a. To deceive, to cheat. Circumvention, ser-kum-ven-shun, s. Fraud, imposture, cheat, delusion. 7b CiRCUMVEST, ser-kum-vest' v. a. To cover round with a garment; to surround. Circumvolation, ser-kum-v6-la-shun, s. The act of flying round. CirCUMVOlve, ser-kum-v5lv5 v. a. To roll round. Circumvolution, ser-kum-vo-lu-shun, *. The act of rolling round; the thing rolled round an- other. Circus, serikus, 1. 415 Cirque, serk, 337./ An open space or area for sports. Cist, sist, s, A case, a tegument, commonly tlie enclosure of a tumour. CiSTED, SlS-ted, a. Enclosed in a cist, or bag. Cistern, sis-turn, s. 98. A receptacle of water for domestick uses ; a reservoir, an tndosed fountain; any watery receptacle. CiSTUS, sis-lus, s. Rockrose. CiT, Sit, S. An inhabitant of a city ; a word of contempt ; a pert low townsman. ClTADEt, Slt-^-del, s, A fortress, a castis, CLA CLA 167, nSt 1G3— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sll 299— p5und 313— Min 466, this 469. CiTAL, sUtil, S. Impeachment ; summons, citation, quotation. Citation, sl-ta^shun, S. The calling a person before the judge ; quotation from another author ; the passage or'wonis quoted ; enumeration, mention. CiTATORY, sl'-d-to-re, a. 512. Having the power or form of citation. To Cite, site, v. a. To summon to answer in a court; to enjoin, to call upon another authoritatively • to quote. CiTER, si-tur, S, One who cites into a court j one who quotes. CiTESS, Slt-tesJ S. A city woman. 'ClTIlERN, Sith-uri\, S. 98. A kind of harp. Citizen, Sltf^e-zn, S. 103. A freeman of a city; a townsman, not a gentleman ; an inhabitant. Citrine, sit-rin, a. 140. Lemon-coloured. Citrine, sit^iin, 5. 140. a species of crystal, of an extremely pure, clear, and fine texture. Citron, sit^trun.s. 415. A large kind of lemon; the citron tree. One sort, with a pointed fruit, is in great esteem. Citron-water, slt^trun-wa-tur, s. Aqua vitae, distilled with the rind of citrons. CiTRUL, Slt-trul, S. A pumpion. City, Sit-te, s. A large collection of houses and in- iiabitants; a town corporate, that hath a bishop; tiie inhabitants of a city. City, Slt^te, a. Relating to the city. Civet, siv'-it, i. 99- A perfume from the civet cat. Relating to civil honours, not CivicK, siv^ik, a military. Civil, Siv-ll, a. Relating to the community, political; not foreign, intestine; not ecclesiastical; not military ; civilized, not barbarous ; complaisant, gentle, well bred ; relating to the ancient consular or imperial government, as, civil law. Civilian, se-vil-y4>i, «. 113. One that professes the knowledge of tlie old Roman law. Civility, se-vil-e-t^, s. 511. Freedom from barbarity ; politeness, complaisance, elegance of be- haviour; rule of decency, practice of politeness. Civilization, siv-e-le-za-shun, s. The state of being civilized, the art of civilizing. To Civilize, siv-il-ize, v. a. To reclaim from savagencss and brutality. CiVILIZER, siv-ll-ll-zur, S. He that reclaims others from a wild and savage life. Civilly, Siv-ll-le, ad. In a manner relating to government ; politely, complaisautly, without rude- itess. Clack, klak, s. Any thing that makes a lasting and importunate noise ; the clack of a mill, a bell that rings when more corn is required to be put in. To Clack, kl^k, v. n. To make a clacking noise; lo let the tongue run. Clad, khld, part. j>ret. from Clothe. Clothed, invested, garbed. To Claim, kUme, v. a. 202. To demand of right, to requit ► authoritatively. Claim, klAme, *. A demand of any thing as due ; a title to any privilege or possession in the hands of another ; in law, a demand of any thing that is in the possession of another. Claimable, kla-m^-bl, a. That which may be demanded as due. Claimant, kla-mant, s. He that demands any thing as unjustly detained by another. Claimer, kla-mur, *. 98. He that makes a de- mand. To Clamuer klin -biir, v. n. To climb with difficulty. To ClamM, klam, v. n. To clog with any glutinous matter. ((3- This word ought to bewritten with single m; both from its derivation, and 'rom a rule tliat seems to have obtained in our language namely, that monosyllables, 89 beginning with a consonant, do not double any conso- nant at the end, except/, I, and s. The substantive Butt, and the verb to Buzz, seem the only exceptions. Clamminess, kl4m-m^-nes, s. Viscosity, viscidity. Clammy, klUm-m^, a. Viscous, glutinous. Clamorous, klim-mur-us, a. 555. Vociferous, noisy. Clamour, klim-mur, *. 418. Outcry, noise, ex- clamation, vociferation. To Clamour, kl^m-mur, v, n. To make out- cries, to exclaim, to vociferate. Clamp, kl4mp, S. A piece of wood joined to another to strengthen it; a piece of iron used to join stones together ; a quantity of bricks. To Clamp, kl4mp, V, a. To strengthen by means of a clamp. Clan, kliin, S. A family, a race ; a body or sect of persons. Clancular, kling-ku-lur, a. 88. Clandestine, secret. Clandestine, klttn-desitin, a. 140. Secret, hidden. Clandestinely, kl^u-des'-tiu-le, ad. Secretly, privately. Clang, kllng, S. A sharp, shrill noise. To Clang, kling, v. n. To clatter, to make a loud shrill noise. Clangour, kl^ng-g^ur, s. 314. a loud shrill sound. ClANGOUS, klang-gUS, a. Making a clang. Clank, klAngk, S. A loud, shrill, sharp noise. To Clap, kl5p, v. a. To strike together with a quick motion ; to put one thing to another suddenly ; to do any thing with a sudden hasty motion ; to cele- brate or praise by clapping the hands, to applaud ; to infect with a venereal poison; To clap up, to complete suddenly. To Clap, klip, v. n. To move nimbly, with a noise; to enter with alacrity and briskness upon any thing; tostrike the hands together in applause. ClAF, klllp, S, A loud noise made by sudden collision ; a sudden or unexpected act or motion ; an explosion of thunder ; an act of applause ; a venereal infection; the nether part of the beak of a hawk. Clapper, klip-pur, s. 98. One who claps with his hands ; the tongue of a hell. To Clapperclaw, klip-pur-kl?iw, v. a. To tongue-beat, to scold. A low word. Clarenceux, 07- Clarencieux, kl4rien-sbu,*. The second king at arms : so named from the dutchy of Clarence. Clare-obscure, kUre-8b-skure{ s. Light and shade in painting. Claret, klir-et, S, A species of French wine. ClARICORD, klar-e-kord, S. A musical instru- ment in form of a spinet. Clarification, klir-i-f^-ki-shun, s. The act of making any thing clear from impurities. To Clarify, klir^^-fl, v. a. 511. To purify oi clear; lo brighten, to illuminate. Clarion, klare^yun, s. 1 13. 534. A trumpet. Clarity, klir^^-t^, S. 511. Brightness, splendour. Clary, klA-r^, s. An herb. To Clash, klish, v. n. To make a nois« by mutual collision; to act with opposite power, o."- 1 "jntrary di- rection ; to contradict, to oppose. To Clash, klish, v. a. To strike one thing against another. Clash, klish, S. A noisy collision of two bodies; opposition ; contradiction. Clasp, klisp, S. A hook to hold any thing close j an embrace. To Clasp, klisp, v. a. To shut with a clasp ; to catch hold by twining ; to enclose between the h 559. Fke 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164 Cockboat, kftk-bote, S. A small boat belonging to a ship. C'OCKBROTH, V&k^hrith, S. Broth made by boil- ing a cock. CocKCROWlNG, k&k-kro-ing, S. The time at which cocks crow. To Cocker, kftk-kur, v. a. To fondle, to indulge. Cocker, kok'-kur, s, 98. One who follows the sport of cock fighting. Cockerel, kok-kur-ii, s. 555. A young cock. COCKET, kftk-kit, S. 99. A seal belonging to the king's custom-house; likewise a scroll of parchment delivered by the officers of the custom-house to mer- chants as a warrant that their merchandise is entered. Cockfight, kSk-fite, *. A match of cocks. Cockhorse, kftk-horse, a. On horseback, tri- umphant. Cockle, kSk^kl, s. 405. A small shell-fish. COCKLESTAIRS, kfik-kl-StAreS, S, Winding or spiral stairs. Cockle, kok-kl, S. A weed that grows in com, corn-rose. To (-OCKLE, kftk-kl, V. a. To contract into wrinkles. Cockled, kok-kld, a. 359. Shelled or turbinated. Cockloft, kik-lcift, i. The room over tlie garret. Cockmaster, k6k-m^-tlir, S. One that breeds game cocks. COCKMATCH, kSk-mJtsh, S. Cockfight for a prize. Cockney, ki^k-n^, s. 270. A native of London j any effeminate, low citizen. Cockpit, kftkipit, S. The area where cocks fight ; a place on the lower deck of a man of war. Cock'S-COMB, kftks-kAme, *. A plant, lousewort. Cock's-HEAD, koks-hed, S, A plant, sainfoin. Cockspur, kok-spur, S. Virginian hawthorn. A sjjecies of medlar. Cocksure, kftk-shoor{ a. ConfidenHy; certain. Cockswain, k&k-sn, *. The officer that has the command of the cock-boat. Corruptly Com. — See Soatswain. COCKWEFD, kokiw^dd, s. A plant, dittander or Cocoa, ko-ko, *. A species of palm-tree. COCTILE, kftk-tll, a. 140. Made by baking. COCTION, kok-shun, S. The act of boiling. Cod, kdd, 1 ^ sea-fish Codfish, kSd^fish, / Cod, kod, s. Any case or husk in which seeds are lodged. To Cod, kftd, v. a. To enclose in a cod. Code, kode, S. A book ; a book of the civil law. Codicil, kSd-^-Sll, S. An appendage to a will. CODILLE, ki-dll5 S, A term at ombre and quadrille. To CODLE, kftd-dl, V. a. 405. To parboil. 03^ How Dr. Johnson could be guilty of so gross an nversight as to spell this word and its compounds with one d !s inconceivable. By the general rule of English pronunciation, as the word stands here, it ought to be pronounced with the o long, the first syllable rhyming with go, no, and so. False and absurd, however, as this Enellmg i*, the veneration I have for Dr. Johnson's au- thority forbids me to alter it in this Dictionary, though 1 shall never follow it in practice. Perhaps the same ve- neration induced Mr. Siieridan to let this word stand as he found it in Johnson. Dr. Kenrick has ventured to insert another d in the verb; but in the substantive, de- rived from the present participle Codling, lets it stand with one d. Some will be apt to think that when d ends a syllable, and a consonant follows the rf, which begins snoiher, that the business is done, and that the quan- tity of the vowel is sufficiently secured : but this is a mistake; for unless we previously understand the sim- ft\p, the in the compound, by the general rule, must be ong. Now the fiTst principle of orthography is, tlmt, if jioss'ible, the letters should of themselves point out the .04 sound of the word, without the necessity of recurring to etymology to find out the sound of the letters; and that we should never have recourse to etymology, but where fixing the sound would unsettle the sense. Thus Cuddling, a kind of apple, ought to be written with double d, both because it determines the sound of the 0, and shows its derivation from the verb to Coddle. And Codling; a small cod fish, ought to have but one d, because putting two, in order to fix the sound of o, would confound it with an- other word. To write Saddler, therefore, with one d, as we frequently see it on shops, is an error against the first principles of spelling; as, without necessity, it obliges us to understand the derivation of the word before we are sure of its sound. The word Stabling and Stabler, for stable-keeper in Scottend, with the word Fabled in Mil- ton, all present their true sound to the eye without know- ing their primitives ; and this essential rule has gene- rated the double consonant in the participles and verbal nouns, beginning, regretted, complotler, kc. But this rule, rational and useful as it is, is a thousand times violated by an affectation of a knowledge of the learned languages, and an ignorant prejudice against clusters of consonants, as they are called. Thus couple, trouble, double, treble, and triple, have single consonants, be cause their originals in Latin and French have no more, though double consonants would fix the sound of the preceding vowels, and be merely double to the eye. Codling, kftd-ling, *. An apple generally codled } a small codfish. Coefficacy, k6-ef^f^-ki-s^, s. The power of several things acting together. CoEFFrciENCY, ki-ef-fish^en-sj, s. Co-oiieration, the state of acting together to some single end. Coefficient, kA-ef-fish-ent, s. That which unites its action with the action of another. — See Efface. Coemption, k5-em^shun, *. 412. The act of buying up the whole quantity of any thing. Coenobites, sen-6-bltes, s. 156. An order of monks who had all things in common. Coequal, ki-e-qu^l, a. Equal. Coequality, ko-e-quil-e-te, s. The state of being equal. To Coerce, ko-ersej v. a. To restrain, to keep in order by force. Coercible, ko-erise-bl, a. That may be restrained ; that ought to be restrained. Coercion, k6-er-shun, S, Penal restraint, check. Coercive, ko-er-siv, a. That which has the power of laying restraint; that which has the autho- rity of restraining by punishment. CoeSSENTJAL, ki-es-senishil, a. Participating of the same essence. Coessentiality, ko-es-sen-she-ctl-^-te, *. Participation of the same essence. — See Efface. Coetaneous, ki-e-ta-ne-us, a. Of the same age with another. COETERNAL, k6-e-ter-n4l, a. Equally eternal with another. Coeternally, ki-e-ter'nitl-le, ad. In a state of equal eternity with another. Coeternity, kA-i-ter-n^-te, s. Having existence from eternity equal with another eternal being. Coeval, ko-e-vAl, a. Of the same age. Coeval, k6-e-v3.1, S, A contemporary. L'OEVOUS, ko-e-vus, a. Of the same age. To Coexist, ko-eg-zistj v. n. 478. To exist at the same time. Coexistence, k6-eg-zis-tense, s. Existence at the same time with another. Coexistent, ko-eg-zis-tent, a. Having existence at the same time witli another. To Coextend, k6-eks-tend{ v. a, 477. To ex- tend to the same space or duration with another. Coextension, ko-ek-5ten-shun, ». The state of extending to the same space with another. Coffee, kSf-fe, s. The berries of the coffee-free} a drink made by the infusion of those berries in iiot water, COG COK nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, 'mis 469. Coffee-house, k6f-f^-house, s. A house where coffee is sold. Coffee-man, kSf-fJ-mJn, s. 88. One that keeps a coffee-house. Coffee-pot, kSf^fiJ-pSt, *. The covered pot in which coffee is boiled. Coffer, kof^fur, s. A chest generally for keeping money ; in fortification, a hollow lodgment across a dry moat. 0^ I have in this word followed the general pronuncia- tion, wliich I see is confirmed by Dr. Kenrick, W. John- ston^ Messrs. Perry, Scott, and Buchanan; for as it stands in Mr. Sheridan with the o long, though not with- out respectable usage on its side, it is a gross irregularity, which ought, if possible, to be reduced to rule. To Coffer, kSWur, v. a. To treasure up in chests. Cofferer, kftf'fur-ur, s. 555. A principal ottirer of his Majesty's court, next under the comp- troller. Coffin, kSf^fin, s. The chest in which dead bodies are put into the ground; a mould of paste for a pie i Cuffin of a horse, is the whole hoof of the foot above the coronet, including the coffin-bone. To Coffin, kSf-iln, v. a. To enclose in a coffin. To Cog, k<1g, v. a. To flatter, to wheedle ; to ob- trude by falsehood J To cog a die, to secure it, so as to direct its fall. 7'o Cog, kftg, V, n. To lie, to wheedle. Cog, ki*g, S. The tooth of awheel, by which it acts upon another wheel. To Cog, k6g, v. a. To fix cogs in a wheel. Cogency, ki-jen-S^, S. Force, strength. Cogent, kA-jent, a. Forcible, resistless, con- vincing. Cogently, ki-jent-l5, ad. Witli resistless force, forcibly. Cogger, kftg-lir, S. A flatterer, a wheedler. Cogglestone, kftgigl-stine, jr. A little stone. Cogitable, kftdij^-ti-bl, a. 405. What may be the sulyect of thought. Tb Cogitate, kftdij^-titejV. M. 91. To think. Cogitation, kSd-j^-ti^shun, s. Thought, the act of thinking ; purpose, reflection previous to action ; meditation. Cogitative, kSd-j^-ti-tiv, a. Having tlie power of thought ; given to meditation. Cognation, kog-na^shun, *. Kindred, relation, participation of the same nature. CoGNisEE, k8g-n^-zie| or kSn-i-zMj s. He to whom a fine in lands or tenements is acknow- ledged. — See Cognizance. CoGNisouR, k8g-iie-zorJ or kSn-^-zorJ s. 314. Is he that passeth or acknov/ledgelh a fine. Cognition, kSg-nish-un, s. Knowledge, complete conviction. Cognitive, kSg-n^-t!v, a. Having the power of knowing. Cognizable, kSg^ni-zS-bl, or kSn-i-zi-bl, a. 405. That falls under judicial notice; proper to be tried, judged, or examined. Cognizance, kftg-nJ-zSnse, or k6n-^-zJiise, s. Jifdicial notice, trial; a badge, by which any one is known. CC^ I have in this word and its relatives given the fo- rensic pronunciation ; but cannot help observing, that it is so gross a departure from the most obvious rules of the language, that it is highly incumbent on the gentlemen of the law to renounce it, and reinstate the excluded g in its undoubted rights.— See Authority and Cleff. CoGNOMiNAL, k^g-iiSm^^-nil, a. Having the same name. CoGNOMiNATioN, kftg-nSm-i-n^-shun, s. A surname, the name of a family} a name added from any accident or quality. Cognoscence, k6g-n6s-sense, s. Knowledge. COGNOSCIBLE, k%-lifts-si-bl, «. Tliat may be known. 55 To Cohabit, k6-b4b-it, v. n. T<> dwell with another in the same place ; to live together as husband and wife. Cohabitant, ki-h4b-^-tSnt, s. An inhabitant o: the saine place. Cohabitation, ki-bib-e-ti-sbun, *. The state of inhabiting the same place with another; the state of living together as married persons. Coheir, ko-arej s. One of several among whom an inheritance is divided. Coheiress ko-a-ris, s. 99- A woman who has an equal share of aninheritance. To Cohere, k6-h^re{ v. n. To stick together; to be well connected ; to suit, to fit ; to agree. Coherence, ki-hjirense, \ Coherency, ki-h^^reii-si, J *' That state of bodies in which their parts are joined together, so that they resist separation ; connexion, dependency, the relation of parts or things one to an- other; the texture of a discourse; consistency in rea- soning, or relating. Coherent, ki-h^irent, a, sticking together; suitable to something else, regularly adopted j con- sistent, not contradictory. .ohesion, k6-he-zhun, *. Cohesion, k6-he-zhun, *. The act of sticking together; the state of union; connexion, dependence. Cohesive, kA-he^siv, a. 158. 428. That has the power of sticking together. Cohesiveness, ki-h^-siv-nes, s, Tlie quality of being cohesive. 7'o COHIBIT, ki-hibiit, v. a. To restrain, to hinder. To Cohobate, kiihi-bite, v. a. 91. To pour the distilled liquor upon the remaining matter, and distil it again. CohOBATION, ki-hi-bi-shun, S. A returning of any distilled liquor again upon what it was withdrawn from. Cohort, ki-hort, S. A troop of soldiers, con- taining about five hundred foot ; a body of warriors. Cohortation, k6-bor-ta-shun, s. Incitement. Coif, koif, s. 344. 415. The head-dress, a cap See Quoif. Coifed, koift, a, 359. Wearing a coif. To Coil, koil, v. a. To gather into a narrow com- pass. Coil, koil, S. Tumult, turmoil, bustle; a rope wound into a ring. Coin, kum, s. A comer, called often quoin. Coin, kum, 5. Money stamped with a legal im- pression ; payment of any kind. To Coin, kom, v. a. To mint or stamp metals for money; to forge any thing, in an ill sense. Coinage, koin-aje, s. 91. The act or practice of coining money ; coin, money ; the chaiges of coining money ; forgery, invention. To Coincide, ki-in-slde{ v. n. To fall upon the same point; to concur. Coincidence, ki-m-si-dense, s. The state of several bodies or lines falling upon the same point; concurrence, tendency of things to the same end. Coincident, k6-in-si-deiit, a. Failing upon tiie same point; concurrent, consistent, equivalent. CoiNDiCATiON, ko-in-de-ki-sbiin, s. Many symptoms betokening the same cause. Coiner, koin-ur, S. 98. A maker of money, a minter; a counterfeiter of the king's stamp; an in- ventor. To CoJOIN, ko-joinj v. n. To join with another. CoISTREL. kois-tnl, *. A coward hawk. CoiT, koit, S. 344. 415. Any thing thrown at a certain mark. — See Quoit. Coition, ko-isb-un, S. Copulation, the act of generation; the act by which two bodies come together. Coke, k6ke, S. Fuel made by burning pit-coal under earth, and quenching the cinders. COL COL le- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— plne'lOS, pin 107— nu 162, move IGt, .#-t . 1 2i/i4__ l?_^ . t n" . . .. * fnr in thUrasp tlipre is a sprnnHarv nrnpnt rtn fl>p fir«» Colander, kul'l^n-dur, 5. 165. A sieve through which a mixture is poured, and wliich retains the tliiclier parts. COLATION, ko-la-shun, S. Tlie art of filtering or straining. COLATURE, kftl-i-tslmre, s. 461. Tlie art of straining, filtration; the matter strained. CoLBERTiNE, kol-ber-teenj s, 112. A kind of lace worn by women. Cold, ko!d, a. Chill, Imvhig the sense of cold ; having cold qualities, not volatile; frigid, witliout passion; unaffecting, unable to move the passions; reserved, coy, not affectionate, not cordial j chaste; not welcome. Cold, kAlil, S, The cause of the sensation of cold, the privation of heat ; the sensation of cold, chilness ; a disease caused by cold, the obstruction of perspira- tion. COLDLV, kild-le, ad. Without heatj without concern, indifferently, negligently. Coldness, kfild-nes, S. AVant of heat; uncon- cern ; frigidity of temper ; coyness, want of kindness ; chastity. Cole, kole, ") CoLEWORT, kile-wurt, 165. J ' COLICK, kftl-lk, S. It strictly is a disordei; of the colon ; but loosely, any disorder of the stomach or bowels that is attended with pain. COLICK, kftl-lk, «. Affecting the bowels. 7'o Collapse, ko\-)Aps( v. m. To close so as that one side touches tlie otiier ; to fall together. COLLAPSION, kil-lip-shun, s. The state of vessels closed ; the act of closing or collapsing. Collar, kul-lur,*. 418. 88. A ring of metal put round tlie neck; the harness fastened about the horse's neck ; To slip the collar, to disentangle himself from any engagtment or difficulty ; A collar of brawn, is the quantity bound up in one parcel. CoLLAR-BONE, kSl-lur-botie, S. The clavicle, the bones on each side of the neck. I'o Collar, kol-lur, l'. a. To seize by the collar, to take by the throat ; To collar beef or other meat, to roll it up and bind it hard and close with a string or collar. To Collate, kftl-lite| v. a. To compare one thing of the same kind with another ; tocollate books, to examine if nothing be wanting; to place in an ec- clesiastical benefice. Collateral, kol-lit-ter-il, a. Side to side ; running parallel ; diffused on either side; those that stand in equal relation to some ancestor; not direct, not immediate ; concurrent. Collaterally, kftl-l^t-ter-il-l5, ad. Side by side; indirectly; in collateral relation. Collation, kSl-la-shun, s. The act of conferring or bestowing, gift; comparison of otie thing of the same kind with another; in law, collation is the be- stowing of a benefice; a repast. CoLLATITIOUS, k6l-l3.-tish-lls, a. Done by the contribution of many. Collator, kftl-la'-tur, s. 166. One that com- pares copies, or manuscripts; one who presents loan ecclesiastical benefice. To COLLAUD, kftl-lawd,' v. a. To join in praising. CoLLEACiUE, kol-lecg, 5. 492. A partner in oftice or employment. To Colleague, kul-leeg,' v. a. To unite with. 7'o Collect, kftl-luktj v. a. To gather together; to draw many units into one sum : to gain from obser- vation ; to irifer from premises ; To collect himself, to recover from surprise. Cr5- In scarcely any part of the language does the in- fluence of accent on the sound of the viwels appear more pcrcei)tibly than in the prepositional syllables, Col, Com, Con, and Coi; When the accent is on these syllables, in rollesc, commissaiy, conclave, corrigible, &c. &c. the o has distinctly its short sound. The same may be observed of this 0, when the principal accent is on the third syllable, diid the secondary accent on the first, i33 ; as in culon- natle, comvien'lalion, conUescetision, correspondcnl, &r, &c. y6 for in this case there is a secondary accent on the first syllable, which preserves the o in its true sound, 52a ; hut when the accent is on the second syllable, this vowel slides into a sound like short «, and the words To collect. To commit. To convince, To corrupt, &c. &c. are heard as if written culled, cummit, cunvince, curmpt, &c. &c. It is true, that when these words are pronounced alone with deliberation, energy, and precision, the o in the first syllable preserves nearly its true sound ; but this seems to slide insensibly into short u the moment we unite these words with others, and pronounce them with out premeditation. The deliberate and solemn sound is that which I have given in this Dictionary ; nor have I made any difference between words where the accent is on the second syllable; and why Mr. Sheridan, and those who have followed him, should in combust, commute, complete, &c. &c. give the sound of short o in from; and in command, comm.xt, commence, &c. &c. give the same let" ter the short sound of « in drum, I can not conceive ; they are all susceptible of this sound or none, and therefore should all be marked alike. If custom be pleaded foi this distinction, it may be observed that this plea is the best in the world when it is evident, and the worst when obscure. No such custom ever fell under my observa- tion ; I have always heard the first syllable of compare and compel, at commence and compose, pronounced alike, and have therefore made no distinction between them in this Dictionary. I have given them all the soiuid of the in comma; though I am sensible that, in collo(]uial pro- nunciation, they all approach nearer to the short n, and are similar to the same syllables in comfort, cotnbat, &c. And it maybe laid down as a general rule, without an exception, " that o in an initial syllable, immediately " before the accent, and succeeded by two uncombinable "consonants, may, in familiar conversation, be pro- " nounced like the same letter in come, done, &c." Collect, kftl-lekt, S. 492. Any short prayer. CoLLECTANEOus, kSl-lek-ta-ne-us, a. Gathered together. Collectible, kol-lek^te-bl, a. That which may be gathered from the premises. Collection, kSl-lek-shun, 5. The act of gather- ing together; the things gathered together ; a consec- tary, deduced from premises. Collectitious, kftl-lek-tish-us, a. Gathered together. Collective, kSl-lek-tiv, a. Gathered into one mass, accumulative; employed in deducing cmise- quences ; a collective noun expresses a multitude, though itself be singular, as, a company. Collectively, k$l-lek.^tiv-le, ad. In a general mass, in a body, not singly. Collector, kftl-lek-tur, s. 166. A gatherer; a tax-gatherer. CoLLEGATARY, kSl-leg^i-tH-re, s. A person to whom is left a legacy in common with one or more. College, kSl-ledJe, s. 91. A community; a society of men set apart for learning or religion ; the house in which the collegians reside.— See To Collect. Collegial, k5l-leye-al, a. Relating to a college. Collegian, kol-le-je-;in, *. An inhabitant of a college. Collegiate, k6l-leye-:ite, a. 91. Containing a college, instituted after the manner of a college ; a collegiate church, was such as was built at a distance from the cathedral, wherein a number of presbyter* lived together. Collegiate, kftl-le-je-ate, s. A member of a college, an university man. Collet, kol-llt, s. 99. Something that wert about the neck; that part of a ring in which the stone IS set. To Collide, kftl-lldej v. a. To beat, to dash, to knock together. Collier, kol-yur, s. 113. A digger of coals | a dealer in coals ; a ship that carries toals. Colliery, kftKyur-e, *. 113. The place where coals are dug ; the coal trade. CoLLii- LOWER, kol-le-fl6u-ur, s. A kind of cabbage. CoLLiGATiON, kSl-le-ga-shun, *. A binding together. CoLLiMATiON, kftl-le-ma-shun, s. Aim. COL COM nor 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, Tliis 469. CoLLiNEATiON, kftl-lin-e-a-shun, s. The act of aimir.g. COLLIQUABLE, kSl-llkiw^-bl, O. Easily dissolved. COLLIQUAMENT, kSl-llk^wi-ment, S. The sub- stance to which any thing is reduced by being melted. Colli QUANT, kSl-l^-kw^nt, S. That which has the power of melting. To CoLLiQUATE, k&l-l^-kwite, V. a. 91. To melt, to dissolve. COLLIQUATION, kol-le-kwa^shun, s. The act of melting ; a lax or diluted state of the fluids in animal bodies. Colliquative, k6l-lik-w^-tiv, a. Melting, dissolvent. COLLIQUEFACTION, kSl-llk-wJ-flk^shuD, *. The act of melting together. Collision, k6l-lizh-un, s. The act of striking two bodies together ; the state of being struck together ; a clash. To Collocate, kSlM6-kite, v. a. 91. To place, to station. Collocation, kSl-lo-ki-shun, s. The act of placing ; the state of being placed. CoLLOcuTioN, kftl-l6-ku'-shun, s. Conference, conversation. To Collogue, k^l-logj v. n. 337. To wheedle, to flatter. COLLOP, kol-lup, S. 166. A small slice of meat; a piece of an animal . Colloquial, kil-li-kwe-4l, a. Relating to con- versation or talking. Colloquy, kftl-l6-k\ve, s. Conference, conversa- tion, talk. CoLLUCTANCY, k6l-luk-tin-sJ, s. Opposition of nature. COLLUCTATION, kil-luk-tiishuH, S. Contest, contrariety, opposition. To Collude, k&l-lude{ v. n. To conspire in a fraud. Collusion, kftl-lu-zhun, S. A deceitful agree- ment or compact between two or more. Collusive, kil-lu^siv, a. 158. 428. Fraudulently concerted. Collusivelv, k&l-lu-siv-l5, ad. In a manner fraudulently conceited. COLLUSORY, kSl-luisur-l, a. 557. Carrying on a fraud by secret concert. COLLY, kftl-le, s. The smut of coal. CoLLYRiUM, Kil-lirirfi-um, ». 1 13. An ointment for the eyes. CoLMAR, kol-mJr, S. A sort of pear. Colon, ko-lSn, S. A point [:] used to mark a pause greater than that of a comma, and less than that of a period ; the greatest and widest of all the intes- tines. Colonel, kur-nel, S. The chief commander of a regiment. C:> This word is among those gross irregularities which must be given up as incorrigible. COLONELSHIP, kur^nel-ship, *. The office or character of colonel. To Colonise, kiKo-nIze, v. a. To plant with inhabitants. Colonnade, k6l-li-nide{ s. ' A peristile of a circular figure, or a series of columns disposed in a circle ; any series or range of pillars.— See To Collect. Colony, k&Ui-nJ, s. A body of people drawn from the mother-country to inhabit soffe distant place ; the country planted, a plantation. Colophony, ki-lof^i-ne, s. Besin. Coloquinteda, k6l-lo-kwin-te-di, s. The fruit of a plant of the same name, called bitter apple. It is a violent purgative. ColoratE, k6l'-6-rate, a. 91. Coloured, dyed. 97 Coloration, kJl-6-ri-shun, *, The art or practice of colouring ; the state of being coloured. COLORIFICK, kftl-lo-nf^ik, a. That has the power of producing colours. Colosse, ki-lftsj \ Colossus, ki-lis-sus, / A statue of enormous magnitude. COLOSSEAN, kSl-l8s-sei^n, a. Giantlike. See European. Colour, kuUlur, S. 165.314. Tlie appearance of bodies to the eye, hue, dye ; the appearance of blood in the face; the tint of the painter; the representation of any thing superficially examined; palliation; ap- pearance, false show ; in the plural, a standard, an ensign of war. To Colour, kul-lur, v. a. To mark with some hue or dye ; to palliate, to excuse ; to make plausible. Colourable, kuKlur-i-bl, a. 405. Specious, plausible. Colourably, kftl'lur-i-ble, ad. Speciously, plausibly. Coloured, kul-lord, part. a. 359. Streaked, diversified with hues. Colouring, kul-lur-ing, s. 410. The part of the painter's art which teaches to lay on liis colours. COLOURIST, kul'lur-!st, S. A painter who exceli in giving the proper colours to his designs. Colourless, kul-lur Its, a. Without colour, transparent. Colt, kolt, S. A young horse ; a young foolish fellow. To Colt, kilt, v. a. To befool. Obsolete. CoLTS-FOOT, kolts-fut, S. A plant. Colts-tooth, kolts-toofA,' *. An imperfect tooiu in young horses ; a love of youthful pleasure. Colter, kol-tur, S. The sharp iron of a plough. Coltish, kilt^ish, a. Wanton. CoLUMBARY, k6-lura-bi-re, s. A dove-cote, pigeon-house. Columbine, kftl-um-blne, s, 148. A plant with leaves like the meadow-rue; the name of a female cha- racter in a pantomime. Column, kfil-lum, S. 411. Around pillar; any body pressing vertically upon its base ; a long file or row of troops ; half a page, when diviaed into two equal parts by a line passing through the middle. Columnar, k6-luminar, "l CoLUMNARiAN, kul-um-na-re-in, / Formed in columns. Colures, ki-lurz| s. Two great circles supposed to pass through the poles of the world. Coma, kS-mi, *. 91. a lethargy. COMATE, ki-mitej S. Companion. Comatose, k6m-J-tiseJ a. Lethargic. See Appendix. Comb, kime, S. 347. An instrument to separate and adjust the hair; the top or crest of a cock; the cavities in which the bees lodge their honey. To Comb, kime, v. a. To divide and adjust the hair ; to lay any thing consisting of filaments smooth, as to comb wool. Comb-brush, kome-brush, s. A brush to clean combs. Comb-maker, kome-mi-kar, *. One whose trade is to make combs. 7b Combat, kum-bAt, V. M. 165. To fight. To Combat, kum-b^t, v. a. To oppose. See To Collect. Combat, kum-bit, s. 18. Contest, battle, duel Combatant, kum-ba-tant, s. He that fights with another, antagonist; a champion. Comber, ki-mur, s. He whose trade is to dis- entangle wool, and lay it smooth for the spinner. Combinablf, k6m-bUni-bl, a. That may be joined togetl*r; consistent. li COM COM 559 The 73, far 77, fall 83, fsltSl— mlpS, metgS— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, CoMBiNATE, k6m-bJ-nAte, a. 91. Betrothed, promised. Combination, kSm-bl-ni^shun, s. Union for some certain purpose, association, league; union of bodies, commixture, conjunction; copulation of ideas. To Combine, k8ra-bine{ v. a. To join together; to linlc in union ; to agree, to accord; to join to^etlier, opposed to Analyze. To Combine, kftm-blnej v. n. To coalesce, to unite with each other; to unite in friendship or design, often in a bad sense. COMBLESS, kim-les, a. Wanting a comb or crest. Combust, kSm-bust{ a. A planet not above eight degrees and a half from the sun, is said to be Combust. See To Collect. Combustible, kSm-bus^ti-bl, a. Susceptible of fire. Combustibleness, kSm-busit^-bl-nes, s. Aptness to take fire. Combustion, kftm-bus-tshun, *. 291. Conflagra- tion, burning, consumption by Are; tumult, hurry, Ijubbub. To Come, kuftl, v. a. To remove from a distant to a nearer place, opposed to Go ; to dravf near, to ad- vance towards ; to move in any manner towards an- other ; to attain any condition ; to happen, to fall out ; To come about, to come to pass, to fall out, to change, to come round; To come again, to return ; To come at, to reach, to obtain, to gain ; To come by, to obtain, to gain, to require; To come in, to enter, to comply, to yield, to become modish ; To come in for, to be early enough to obtain; To come in to, to join v»ith, to bring help; to comply with, to agree to; To come near, to approach in excellence ; To come of, to proceed, as a descendant from ancestors ; to proceed, as effects from their causes ; To come off, to deviate, to depart from a rule, to escape; to come off from, to leave, to forbear; To come on, to advance, to make progress; to advance to combat; to thrive, to grow big ; To come over, to repeat an act ; to revolt ; To come out, to be made publick, to appear upon trial, to be discovered ; To come out with, to give vent to ; To come to, to consent or yield ; to amount to ; To come to himself, to recover his senses ; To come to pass, to be effected, to fall out ; To come up, to grow out of the ground ; to make appearance ; to come into use ; To come up to, to amount to, to rise to; To come up with, to overtake ; To come upon, to invade, to attack ; To come, in futurity. Come, kum, int. Be quick, make no delay. Come, kum. A particle of reconciliation. " Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs no doubt."— Pope. Comedian, ki-meide-in, s. 293. 376. A player oractor of comick parts; a player in general, an actress or actor. Comedy, kSmimi-d^, s. A dramatick representa- tion of the lighter faults of mankind. Comeliness, kiim^l4-nes, *. Grace, beauty, dignity. Comely, kum-1^, a. 165. Graceful, decent. Comer, kum'mur, s. 98. One that comes. Comet, kSm-it, *. 99. A heavenly body in the planetary region appearing suddenly, and again dis- appearing. CoMETAKY, k8m-mJ-tir-^, 512 Cometick, ko-mk^ik, 509 Relating to a comet. Comfit, kum-f^t, 5. 165. A kind of sweetmeat. COMFITURE, kum-fe-tshure, «. 461. Sweetmeat. To Comfort, kum-furt, v. a. 165. To strengthen, to enliven, to invigorate ; to console, to strengthen the mind under calamity. Comfort, kum^furt, s. 98. Support, assistance; countenance; consolation, support under calamity; that which gives consolation or support. — See To Col' led. Comfortable, kum-fur-t^-bl, a. Receiving com- fort, susceptible of comfort, dispensing comfort. Comfortably, kum-fur-ti-blc, ad. With rom- ly Trinity ; the paraclete. Comfortless, kum-furt-les, a. Without comfort. Comical, k3m-rae-kjl, a. Raising mirth, merry ' diverting ; relating to cnmedy, befitting comedy. Comically, kSmime-kAl-l^, ad. in such a manner as raises mirth; in a manner befitting co- medy. CoMICALNESS, k8m-me-kil-nes, S. The quality of being comical. Comick, kftm-inik, a. Relating to comedy ; raising mirth. Coming, kum-ming, 5. 410. The act of coming, approach ; state of being come, an ival. Coming-in, kum-ming-inj S. Revenue, income. Coming, kum'ming, a. Forward, ready to come; future, to come. Coming, kum-ming, pari. a. Moving from some other to this place ; reariy to come. CoMiTiAL, ko-mish^-ll, a. Relating to tlie assemblies of the people. Comity, k6m-e-t^, S. Courtesy, civility. Comma, kSmimlt, S. 92. The point which denotes the distinction of clauses, marked thus [,]. To Command, k6ra-mand{ v. a. 79- To govern, to give orders to ; to order, to direct to be done ; to overlook ; to have so subject as that it may be seen. To Command, kftm-mandj v. n. To have the supreme authority. Command, kim-mand{ S. 79. The right of com- manding, power, supreme authority; cogent authority, despotism ; the act of commandmg, order. — See To Collect. (C5> The propensity of the unaccented o to fall inti the sound of short u is no-whcre more perceptible than in the first syllables of words beginning with col, com, con, or cor, when the accent is on the second syllable. Thus the in to collect and college; in commend and comment f in connect and consul; in correct and corner, cannot be considered as exactly the same in all : the o m the first word of each of these pairs has certainly a differen sound from the same letter in the second ; and if we ap- predate this sound, we shall find it coincide with that which is the most nearly related to it, namely the short u. I have not, however, ventured to substitutet his u : not that I think it incompatible with the most correct and solemn pronunciatiort, but because where there is a pos- sibility of reducing letters to their radical sound without hurting the ear, tins radical sound ought to be the model; and the greater or less departure from it, left to the so- lemnity or familiarity of the occasion. To foreigners, however, it may not be improper to remark, that it would be always better for them to adopt the n instead of o; this will secure them from the smallest impropriety ; for only natives can seize such nice distinctions as some- times divide even judges themselves. Mr. Sheridan was certainly of ooinion that this unaccented o might be pio- noiinced iiKe u, as he has so marked it in command, com- mence, commission, and commend; though not in com- mender; and in compart, though not in comparative; but in almttst every other word where this o occurs, lie has given it the sound it has in constant. Mr. Scott has ex- actly followed Mr. Sheridan in these words, and Dr. Ken rick has uniformly marked them all with the short sound of 0. Why Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott should make any difference in the first syllables of these words, where the letters and accents are exactly the same, I cannot con- ceive : these syllables may be called a species ; and, if the occasion were not too trifling for such a comparison, it might be observed, that as nature varies in individual^ but is uniform in the species, so custom is sometimes varied in accented syllables, which are definitely and strongly marked, but commonly more regular in unaa cented syllables, by being left, as itwere, tothecommot operation of the organs of pronunciation.— See the words Collect and Domestick. Commander, kftm-mlnidur, s. He that has tlie supreme authority, a chief; a paving beetle, or a very great wooden mallet. Commandery, k^m-man-dur-re, s. A body of tne knights of Malta, belo.nKing to the same nation. Commandment, kiin-mand-nient, s. Mando", command, order, precept; authuntv, pow<'i ; i-^ "■ • COM COM nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— /Ain 466, this 469. of eminence, the precepts of the Decalogue given by God to Moses. COMMANDRESS, kSm-Itlan-dreS, *. A woman vested with supreme authority. COMMATEKIAI., kSm-mi-teir^-ll, a. Consisting of the same matter witli another. CoMMATERiALlTY, V^m-mK-th-xh-kV-h-ik, S. Resemblance to something in its matter. CoMMEMORABLE, kom-meni'Tno-ri-bl, «. Deserving to be mentioned with honour. T'oCo.MMEMORATE.kom mem-mi-rate, I/. a. 91. To preserve the memory oy some punlick act. Commemoration, kom-mem-inA-rA-shun, s. An act of piiblick celebration. Commemorative, kftm-mem-mi-ra-tiv a. 157. Tending to preserve the memory of any thing. To Commence, kom-meiise,' v. n. To begin, to make beginning; to take a new character. — See To Collect. To Commence, kSm-menseJ v. a. To begin, to make a beginning of, as, to commence a suit. Commencement, kSm-menseiment, s. Begin- ing, date; the time when degrees are taken in a uni- versity. To Commend, k6tn-mend( v. a. To represent as worthy of notice, to recommend; to mention with approbation j to recommend to remembrance. Commendable, {kom-men-da-bl, \ kom-men-da-bl, j . kSm-men^ Laudable, worthy of praise. 03- This word, like Acceptable, has, since Johnson wrote his Dictionary, shifted its accent from tlie second to the first syllable. The sound of the language certainly suffers by these transitions of accent. However, when custom has once decided, we may complain, but must still acquiesce. The accent on the second syllable of this word is grown vulgar, and there needs no other reason for banishing it from polite pronunciation. CoMMENDADLY, k6m-men-d3.-bl^, ad. laudably, in a manner worthy of commendation. CoMMENDAM, kSm-men-ditm, s. A benefice, wliicli, being void, is commended to thecliarge of some sutticient clerk to be supplied until it be provided with a pastor. Commendatary, k8m-men-d4-t;l-r^, s. 51'2. One wbo holds a living in cummendam. Commendation, kSm-men-di'-sbun, *. Hecommendation, favourable representation ; praise, declaration of esteem. — See 7'o Colled. Commendatory, k8m-menM4-tur-re, a. 512. Favourably representative; containing praise. Commender, kftm-men-dur, s. Praiser. Commensality, kftm-men-sil-^-te, s. Fellowship of table. Commensurability, kom-men-shi-r^-biU^-t^, s. Capacity of being compared with another as to the measure, or of being measured by another. Commensurable, kSm-men-shu-ri-bl, a. 452. Reducible to some common measure, as a yard and foot are measured by an inch. CoMMENSURABLENESS,k&m-menishu-ri-bl-nes, s. Commensurability, proportion. 7'o Commensurate, kSm-menishu-rate, v. a. 91. To reduce to some common measure. Commensurate, kSm-meiiisht!t-rAte, a. 91. Reducible to sfime common measure ; equal, propor- tionable to each other. Commensurately, kSm-men-shu-rite-le, ad. With the capacity of measuring, or being measured by some other thing. toMMENSURATioN, kom-men-shu-ra-shun, ». Reduction of some things to some common measure. To Comment, kSm^ment, v. n. To annotate, to write notes, to expound. Comment, kftm-ment, s. 498. Annotations on an author, notes, exposition- COMMENTARY, kftm-men-tJ-rJ, S. An exposition, annotation, remark; a memoir; narrative in familiar )nauner> Commentator, kJim-men-ti'-tSr, s. 521. Expositor, annotator. Commenter, kfim-men^tur, s. An explainer, no annotator. Commentitious, kSm-men-t!sh-us, a. Invented, imaginary. Commerce, kom-merse, s. Exchange oJ one thing lor another, trade, traffick. To Commerce, kom-mersej v. n. To hold intercourse. (t:^ Milion has, by the license of his art, accented this verb according to the analogy of dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same form. 49-2. And looks wmmercing with the »kies, " Thy wrapt soul sitting in thy tyts." Pfnsirioso. But this verb, like To Comment, would, in proffi, require the accent on the first syllable as in the noun. Though Akenside has taken the same liberty with this word as Milton had done with that — " the sober real ' Of age conimeHting ou prodigrions things." Pleasures of hnti^natioH Commercial, k6m-mer-shil, a. Relating to commerce or trafiick. Com MERE, kSm-mare,' s. French. A common mother. Not used. To Commigrate, k8m-mi-grate, v. n. To re- move by consent, from one country lo anollier. Commigration, k8m-me-gr:i'shun, s. A removal of a people from one country to anotiier. Commination, kftm-m^-nA^shun, *. A threat, a denunciation of punishment; the recital of God's threatenings on slated days. Comminatory, kSm-m!n^n4-tui--e, a. 512. Denunciatory, threatening. To Commingle, k6ni-ming-gl, v. a. To mix into one mass, to mix, blend. To Commingle, kSm-ming^gl, v. n. To unite with another thing. COMMINUiBLE, kSm-mill-ll-e-bl, a. Frangible, reducible to powder. To Comminute, k5ra-m^-nutej v. a. To grind, to pulverisf. Comminution, kom-me-nii-shun, *. Tiie act of grinding into small parts, pulverisation. Commiserable, kJm-miz-er-^-bl, «. Worthy of compassion, pitiable. To Commiserate, k5m-miz-er-ite, v. a. 91. To pity, to conipitssionate. Commiseration, kftm-miz-er-a-shun, s. Pity, compassion, tenderness. Commissary, kSm-mis-sir-e, s. An officer made occasionally, a delegate, a deputy; such as exercise spiritual jurisdiction in placesof the diocess far distant from the chief city ; an officer who draws up lists of an army, and regulates the procuration of provision. — See To Collect. CoMMissARiSHiP, k8mimis-s^r-e-ship, s. The office of a commissary. Commission, kSm-mish^un, *. The act of intrusting any thing ; a trust, a warrant by which any trust is held; a warrant by which a military office is constituted; a charge, a mandate, office; act of com- mitting a crime : sins of commission are distinguished from sins of omission ; a number of people joined in a trust or office ; the state of that which is intrusted to a number of joint officers, as, the broad seal was put into commission; the «. Her by which a factor trades for another person. To Commission, kftm-nfeh-un, v. a. To emijower, to appoint. Commissioner, kom-mish-un-ur, *. 98. One included in a warrant of authority. Commissure, kftm-m-isliiure, s. Joint, a placo where one part is joined to anothei. 3^ Commit, kom-mit^ v. a. To intiust, to give in trust ; to put in any place to be kept sale ; to send to prison, to imprison ; to perpetrate, to du a fault,— See ;'« C«U«ct. COM COM 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mi 93/met 95— pine 105, fin 107— ni 162, move 164, (K5» This word was first used in Junius's Letters in a sense unlsnown to our former Eni^lisVi writers ; namely, 10 expose, to venture, to hazard. Tliis sense is borrowed from tlie French, and has been generally adopted by subsequent writers. Commitment, kftm-mit-ment, s. Act of sending to prison ; an order for sending to prison. Committee, kftm-mit^te, s. Those to whom the consideration or ordering of any matter is referred, eitlier by some court to whom it belongs, or by consent of parties. (K?» This word is often pronounced improperly with the accent on the first or last syllable. Committer, kSm-mit'tur, s. Perpetrator, lie that commits. COMMITTABLE, kSm-mitit4-bl, a. Liable to be committed. To Commix, k6m-miksj v. a. To mingle, to blend. COMMIXION, kSm-mik-shun, S. Mixture, in- corporation. Commixture, kSm-miks-tshure, s, 291. The act of mingling, the state of being mingled; the mass formed by mingling different things, compound. Commode, kSm-m6de{ S. The head-dress of a woman. Commodious, k6m-mi'-de-us, or kSm-mo^je- US, a. 293, 294. 376. Convenient, suitable, accommodate J useful, suited to wants or neces- sities. CoMMODiousLY, kSm-m6-de-us-le, ad. Conveniently; without distress; suitably to a certain purpose. CoMMODiousNESS, kSm-mi'-de-us-nes, s. Convenience, advantage. Commodity, kftm-m8d-e-ti, S. Interest, ad- vantage, profit ; convenience of time or place ; wares, merchandise. Commodore, k6m-mi-d6re{ s. The captain who commands a squadron of ships. ., 03" This is one of those words which may have the accent either on the first or last syllable, according to its position in the sentence. Thus we say, " The voyage " was made by Commotlore Anson ; for though he was " made an admiral afterwards, he went out as Commo- " dure," 524. 528. Common, kftm-mun, a. 166. Belonging equally to more than one; having no possessor or owner; vulgar, mean, easy to be had, not scarce ; publick, ge- neral ; mean, without birth or descent; frequent, use- ful, ordinary; prostitute. Common, kSm-mun, s. An open ground equally used by many persons. To Common, kSm-mun, v. n. To have a joint right with others in some common ground. Common Law, kSm-mun-lawJ s. Customs which nave by long prescription obtained the force of laws, distinguished from the Statute Law, which owes its au- thority to acts of parliament. Common Pleas, k5m-mun-pleezj s. The king's court now held in Westminster Hall, but anciently moveable. Commonable, kSm'mun-^-bl, a. \ Held in common. Commonage, kftmimun-aje, s. 90. The right of feeding on a common. Commonalty, kSm-mun-4l-te, s. The common people; the bulk of mankind. Commoner, kSm^un-ur, s. 98. One of the common people ; a man not noble ; a member of the house of commons; one who has a joint right in com- mon ground ; a student of the second rank at the uni- versity of Oxford ; a prostitute. CoMMONiTiON, kSm-mi-nishiun, s. Advice, warning. Commonly, kSm-mun-li, ad. Frequently, usually. Commonness, kftm-mun-nes, s. Equal participa- tion among many; frequent occurrence, frequency. To Commonplace, kom-mun-pUseJ v. «. To reduce to general heads. 100 Commonplace Book, kSm-mun-pklseihook, A book in which things to be remembered are ranged under genera! heads. Common-place, kom-mun-plase, a. Ordinary; not uncommon. Commons, kSm^munz, s. 166. The vulgar, tlie lower people; the lower house of parliament, by which the people are represented ; food, fare, diet. Commonweal, kftm-miin-weei; 528. \ Commonwealth, kSm^mun-wel//t, / A polity, an established form of civil life: thepuhlick, the general body of the people; a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the people, a republick. ^3- These words have the accent either on the first 01 last syllable; but the former is accented more frequently on the last, and the latter on the first. — See Commodore. Commorance, kSm-mo-ranse, 1 Commorancy, ktim-mo-r^n-se,/ Dwelling, habitation, residence. Commorant, kftm'-mo-rant, a. Resident, dwelling. Commotion, kOm-mo-sbun, s. Tumult, dis. turbance, combustion; perturbation, disorder of mind, agitation. Commotioner, kftm-mo-shun-ur, s. A disturber of the peace. To Commove, kora-moove{ v. a. To disturb, to unsettle. To Commune, k5m-mune{ v. n. To converse, to impart sentiments mutually. Communicability, kSm-mfi-ni-k^-b1l-i-t^, s. The quality of being communicated. Communicable, kSm-mu-ni-ki-bl, a. That which may become the common possession of more than one ; that which may be imparted or recounted. Communicant, kftm-mu-ne-kint, s. One who is present, as a worshipper, at the celebration of the Lord's Supper. To Communicate, kim-mu^ne-kate, v. a. To impart to others what is in our own power; to re- veal, to impart knowledge — See To Command. To Communicate, kom-mu-ne-kite, v. n. 91 To partake of the blessed sacrament ; to have sonic thing in common with another, as. The houses com municate. Communication, k5m-mu-ne-ka-sbun, s. The act of imparting benefits or knowledj^e ; common boundary or inlet ; interchange of knowledge ; confe- rence, conversation. Communicative, kftm-mu^ne-k^-tiv, a. Inclined to make advantages common, liberal of knowledge, not selfish. Communicativeness, kSm-mu-ne-k3.-t1v-nes, s. The quality of being communicative. CaMM UNION, khnscin's, and have diflTered from both in the noun comport, for the same reason, 49'i. To CoMPLOT, k6m-plSt{ V. a. To form a plot, to conspire. COMPLOTTER, k8m-pl6t-tur, *. A conspirator, one joined in a plot. To Comply, k6m-pllj v. n. To yield to, to be obsequious to. Component, k6m-p6-nent, a. That constitutes a compound body. To Comport, k5m-p6rt{ v. n. To agree, to suit. To Comport, k6m-p6rt{ v. a. To bear, to endure. Comport, kftm-pirt, *. 49'2. Behaviour, conduct. COMPORTABLE, k5m-p6riti-bl, a. Consistent. CoMPORTANCE, kim-piritlnse, \ « . . Comportment, k8m-portiment, / To Compose, k6m-p6zej v. a. To form a mass by joining different things together ; to place ai>y thing in Its proper form and method ; to dispose, to put in the proper state ; to put together a discourse or sen- tence; to constitute by being parts of a whole; to calm, to quiet ; to adjust the mind to any business ; to adjust, to settle, as to compose a diflference ; with printers, to arrange the letters; in musick, to form a tune from the difterent musical notes,— See To CoUeeU COM COM n8r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub l7Z, b&ll 173— oil 299— pound 313— }«. e^ 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m? 93,'met'95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162,'move 164^ Compurgator, kftm-pur-gja-tur, s. One who bears his testimony to the credibility of another. Computable, kSm-pu-t^-bl, a. Capable of being numbered. Computation, k$m-pu-ti-shun, s. The act of reclioning, calculation; the sum collected or settled by calculation. To Compute, k6m-putej v. a. To reckon, to calculate, to count. Computer, kSm-jJU-tur, s. Reckoner, accountant. COMPUTIST, kftm-pu-tist, S. Calculator, one skilled in computation. Comrade, kum-rAde, 5. 165. One who dwells in the same house or chamber ; a companion, a partner. Con, kon. A Latin inseparable preposition, which, at the beginning of woids, signifies union, as con- course, a running together. Con, kSn, ad. An abbreviation of contra. On the opposite side, against another, u, to dispute ;)ro and con. To Con, k6n, v. a. To know j to study ; to fix in the memory. To Concamerate, kSn-klm-l-rdte, v. a. 91. 408. To arch over, to vault. To Concatenate, k&n-kit-^-nite, v. a. 91. To link together. Concatenation, kSn-kit-5-ni-shun, s. A series of links. Concavation, kSng-ki-viishun, s. The act of making concave. 63- As the secondary accent is on the first syllable of this word, and the n comes before hard c, it has the ring- ing sound as much as if the principal accent were upon it, 408, 409. 432. Concave, kftiigikive, a. 408, 409. 432. Hollow^, opposed to convex. Concaveness, kJng^kive-nes, s. HoUowness. Concavity, kon-kiv-e-t4, s. Internal surface of a hollow spherical or spheroidical b>/dy. Concavo-concave, kSn-ka'-vA-k6ng^kive, a, 408. Concave or hollow on both sides. Concavo-convex, kJn-ki-vo-kftn-veks, a. Concave one way, and convex the other. CoNCAVOUS, k6n-k;l-vus, a. Concave. Concavously, kJn-ka'-vus-le, ad. With hollowness. To Conceal, k6n-sele{ v. a. To hide, to keep secret, not to divulge. Concealable, k8n-se-li-bl, a. Capable of being concealed. Concealedness, kSn-si-led-nes, s. Privity, obscurity. Concealer, k6n-se-lur, s. He that conceals any thing. Concealment, k6n-s^le-ment, *. The act of hiding, secrecy; theslateof being hid, privacy; hiding place, retreat. To Concede, kftn-sede{ v. a. To admit, to grant. Conceit, k5n-sete{ S. Conception, thought, idea; understanding, readiness of apprehension ; fancy, fan- tastical notion ; a fond opinion of one's self; a plea- sant fancy > Out of conceit with, no longer fond of. To Conceit, k5n-sete{ v. a. To imagine, to believe. Conceited, kftn-sJ-ted, part. a. Endowed with fancy J proud, fond of himself ; opinionative. Conceitedly, kSn-si-ted-l^, ad. Fancifully, whimsically. Conceitedness, kftn-se-ted-nes, s. Pride, fond- ness of himself. Conceitless, k6n-seteiles, a. Stupid, without thought. Conceivable, k&n-s^-vi-bl, a. That may be imagined or thought; that may be understood or be- lieved. 104 Conceivableness, k6n-se-vi-bl-nes, s. The quality of being conceivable. Conceivably, k6n-se-v4-ble, ad. In a conceivable manner. To Conceive, kon-sevej v. a. To form in the womb; to form in the mind; to comprehend, to un- derstand ; to think, to be of opinion. To Conceive, k6n-s^ve{ v. n. To think, to have an idea of; to become pregnant. CONCEIVER, kSn-se-vur, s. One that understands or apprehends. Concent, kftn-sentj s. Concert of voices, harmony ^ consistency. To Concentrate, k6n-senitrite, v. a. 91. To drive into a narrow compass ; to drive towards the centre. Concentration, kftn-sen-tr^-shun, s. Collection into a narrower space round the centre. To Concentre, kSn-seiiitur, v. n. 416. To tend to one common centre. To Concentre, k6n-sen^tur, v. a. To direct or contract towards one centre. Concentrical, kSn-sen-tr^-kAl, CoNCENTRicK, kSn-sen'tnk, Having one common centre. Conceptacle, k6n-sep-ti-kl, s. 405. That in which any thing is contained, a vessel. Conceptible, kSn-sepit^-bl, a. Intelligible, capable to be understood. Conception, kon-sep-shun, *. The act of cen- ceiving, or quickening with pregnancy; tlie state of being conceived; notion, idea; sentiment, purpose; apprehension, knowledge; conceit, sentiment, pointed thought. Conceptious, k6n-sep-shus, a. Apt to conceive, pregnant. Conceptive, kSn-sep-tlv, a. Capable to conceive. 7'o Concern, kSn-sern{ v. a. To relate to; to belong to; to affect with some passion ; to interest, to engage by interest ; to disturb, to make uneasy. Concern, kftn-sernj J. Business, affair ; interest, engagement, importance, moment; passion, afiVction, regard. CoNCERNiNG, kSn-seiining, prep. Relating to, with relation to. Concernment, kSn-sern-ment, s. The thing in which we are concerned or interested, business, interest ; intercourse, importance ; interposition, meddling; passion, emotian of inind. To Concert, kSn-sertJ v. a. To settle anything in private, by mutual communication ; to settle, to contrive, to adjust. Concert, kon-sert, S, Communication of designs j a symphony, many perfurmcrs playing the same tune. Concertatjon, kon-ser-taishun, s. Strife, contention. CONCERTATIVE, kon-Ser-ti-tlV, a. Contentious. Concession, k6n-ses-shun, s. The act of yielding; a grant, the thing yielded. Concessionary, k8n-ses-shun-lr-e, a. Given by indulgence. Concessive, kftn-ses-siv, a. Yielded by way o( concession. Concessively, kfin-ses-siv-1^, ad. By way of concession. Conch, kSngk, S. A shell, a sea shell. Conchoid, kSng-koid, S. The name of a curve, the jiropcrty of which is to approach perpetually nearei to a line, without ever being able to touch it. To Conciliate, kftn-sil'-yate, v, a, 91. 113. To gain over, to reconcile. Conciliation, k6n-sil-e-i-shun, s. The act of gaining or reconciling. Conciliator, k6n-sii-e-i-tur, s. One that makci peace between others, CON CON 'nSr 167, n5tl63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, this 469. Conciliatory, k5n-s;I-^-i-tur-l, a. Relating to reconciliation. — See Dome&tich. KJ- Mr. Sheridan places the accent upon the a in this word, but all our other orthOepists place it more pro- perly upon tlie second syllable, 512. CoNClNNlTY, kSn-sinine-t^, s. Decency, fitness. CoNciNNOus, kSn-sin-nus, a. Becoming, pleasant. Concise, k5n-s{se{ a. Brief, short. Concisely, kSn-slse-le, ad. Briefly, shortly. Conciseness, kin-sise-nes, s. Brevity, shortness. Concision, k&n-sizh-zhun, s. Cutting off, excision. CoNciTATiON, kSn-s^-ti-shun, S. The act of stirring up. CoNCLAMATioN, kSng-kl^-ma-shun, *. 408. An outcry. Conclave, kSng-klive, S. 408. Private apart- ment; the room in which the cardinals meet, or the assembly of the cardinals ; a close assembly. — See To Collect. To Conclude, kftn-kludej v. a. To collect by ratiocination; to decide, to determine; to end, to finish. To Conclude, k6n-klude{ v. n. To perform the last act of ratiocination, to determine ; to settle opinion; finally to determine ; to end. CONCLUDENCV, kin-klu-den-s^, 5. Consequence, regular proof. CONCLUDENT, k6n-kluident, a. Decisive. CoNCLUSiBLE, k$n-klu-z^-bl, a. 439. Determinable. Conclusion, k6n-klu^zhun, s. Determination, final decision; collection from propositions premised, consequence; the close; the event of experiment; the end, the upshot. Conclusive, kftn-klu^siv, a. 158. 428, Decisive, giving the last determination ; regularly consequential. Conclusively, kSn-klii-siv-l^, ad. Decisively. Conclusiveness, kSn-kluisiv-nes, s. Power of determining the opinion. To Concoagulate, k6ng-kA-4gigu-lite, v. a. 408. To congeal one thing vwith anollier. CoNCOAGULATiON, king-ki-Jg-ffu-lA^shun, s. A coagulation by vfliich different bodies are joined in one mass. To Concoct, kin-k6kt{ v. a. To digest by the stomach; to purify by heat. Concoction, kSn-kok-shun, s. Digestion in the stomach, maturation by heat. CoNCOLOUR, kSn-kul-lur, a. Of one colour. Concomitance, kftn-kim-J-t^nse, ") Concomitancy, k8n-k5m-^-tin-si, / ** Subsistence together with another thing. Concomitant, kSn-kimie-tSnt, a. Conjoined with, concurrent with. Concomitant, kSn-kim^e-tilnt, s. Companion, person or thing collaterally connected. Concomitantly, k5n-kom-i-t4nt-l5, ad. In company with others. To Con comitate, k8n-k6m-i-lAte, v, n. To be connected with any thing. Concord, kSng^kord, J. 408. Agreement between persons and things, peace, union, harmony, concent of sounds ; principal grammatical relation of one word to another. Concordance, k8n-korid4nse, s. 496. . Agreement ; a book which shows in how many texts of scripture any word occurs. dTf- Johnsoi', Sheridan, Ash, Scott, Nares, Perry, Bai- ley, Enlick, \V, Johnston, Buchanan, and Kenrick, all concur in placing the accent on the second syllable of this word in both its senses; and every plea of distinc- tion is trifling against all these authorities, and the dis- cordance of the accent on the first sylLible.— See Jioicl. Concordant, k&n-koridlnt, a. Agreeable, agreeing. 105 Concordats, kSn-koridate, J. 91. a compact, a convention. Concorporal, kSn-kor-pi^rll, a. Of the same body. To CoNCORPORATE, kSn-kor^pi-rite, v. a. 91 To unite in one mass or substance. CoNCORPORATiON, kSn-kor-p6-rA-shun, s. Union in one mass. Concourse, kftng^kirse, s. 408. The confluence of many persons or things; the persons assembled; the point of junction or intersection of two bodies. Concremation, kSng-kri-miishun, s. The act of burning together. CoNCREMENT, kSngikr^-ment, 5. 408. The mass formed by concretion. Concrescence, kSn-kres-sense, s. The act or quality of growing by the union of separate particles. To Concrete, k5n-krete{ v. n. To coalesce into one mass. To Concrete, kftn-kretej v. a. To form by concretion. Concrete, k6n-kr^tej a. 408. Formed by con- cretion; in logick, not abstract, applied to a subject. See DUcrete. Concrete, kSngikrke, s. 403. A mass formed by concretion. Concretely, k6n-kr5te-l^, ad. Jn a manner including the subject with the predicate. Concreteness, k&n-krite-nes, s. Coagulation, collection of fluids into a solid mass. Concretion, k&n-kr^-shun, s. The act of con- creting, coalition; the mass formed by a coalition of separate particles. Concretive, k$n-kriitiv, a. Coagulative. Concreture, kftu-kr^-tshure, s. 461. A ma«s formed by coagulation. Concubinage, k6n-ku-bJ-nAje, s. 91. The act of living with a woman not married. Concubine, kSng^ku-blne, *. 408. A woman kept in fornication, a whore. CrT- Anciently this word signified a woman who was married, but who had no legal claim to any part of the husband's property. To CoNCULCATE, k6n-kuKkite, v. a. To tread or trample inider foot. CoNCULCATiON, k5ng-kul-ka-shun, s. 408. Trampling with the feet. Concupiscence, k8n-ku-p^-sense, s, 510. Irregular desire, libidinous wish. Concupiscent, kftn-ku-pe-sent, a. Libidinous, lecherous. Concupiscential, k6n-ku-p5-sen-shlll, a. Kelating to concupiscence. CoNCUriSCIBLE, kSn-ku-pe-sJ-bl, a. Impressing desire. To Concur, kSn-kurJ v, n. 408. To meet in one point; to agree, to join in one action; to be united with, to be conjoined ; to contribute to one common event. Concurrence, kSn-kur-iense, "1 Concurrency, kftn-kur-en-s^, / Union, association, conjunction; combination of many agents or circumstances; assistance, help; joint right, common claim. Concurrent, kSn-kur-rent, a. Acting in con- junction, concomitant in agency. Concurrent, kSn-kur-rent, s. That wliich concurs. Concussion, kSn-kusWun, s. The act of shaking, tie me fact ion. CONCUSSIVE, k&H-kuS-SlV, a. Having the power or quality of shaking. To Condemn, kon-dem{ v. a. To find guilty, to doom to punishment ; to censure, to blame, CoNDEMNABLE, kSn-dSm^nil-bl, a. Blaineable, culpable. CON CON ts- 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— n& 162, mSve 164, Condemnation, kSn-dera-niishun, s. The sentence by which any one is doomed to punish- ment. Condemnatory, kftn-dem-n^-tur-e, a. 512. Passing a sentence of condemnation. — See Domestick. Condemner, k6n-dem-nur, j. 411. A blamer, a censurer. Condensable, kSn-den^s^-bl, a. That is capable of condensation. To Condensate, kftn-den^s^te, v. a. 91. To make thicker. To Condensate, kSn-den^s^te, v. n. To grow thick. ' ondensate, k6n-denis^te, o. 91. Made thick, compressed into less space. Condensation, k6n-den-si-shun, s. The act of thickening any body; opposite to rarefaction. To Condense, kSn-denseJ v. a. To make any body more thick, close, and weighty. To Condense, k6n-dense{ v. n. To grow close and weighty. Condense, k8n-densej o. Thick, dense. Condenser, kSn-den-sur, s. A vessel, wherein to crowd the air. Condensity, k6n-den-sl-t^, s. The state of being condensed. To Condescend, k8n-di-send{ v. n. To depart from the privileges of superiority ; to consent to do more than mere justice can require ; to stoop, to bend, to yield. Condescendence, k8n-d^-senidense, s. Voluntary submission. Condescendingly, k6n- ment to direct the knife in cutting for the stone. Conductress, kun-duk-tres, s, A woman that directs. Conduit, kun^dit, s. 165. 341. A canal of pipes for the conveyance of waters; the pipe or cock at which water is drawn. CoNDUPLiCATiON, k5n-du-pl5-k^-shun, s. A doubling, a duplicate. Cone, kone, .«. A solid body, of which the base U a circle, and which ends in a point. To Confabulate, k6n-flb-u-Ute, v. n. To talk easily together, to chat. Confabulation, k6n-f^b-u-la-shun, s. Easy conversation. Confabulatory, k&n-fibii-lA-tur-e, a. 512. Belonging to talk. — See Domestick, Confarheation, k6n-fir-r^-ii-shun, *. Th« solemnization of marriage by eating bread together. To ConfeCT, kSn-fckt{ v. a. To make up into sweetmeats. CoNFECT, kSn^fekt, s. 492. A sweetmeat. Confe-CTION, kin-fek-shun, S. A preparation of fruit with sugar, sweetmeat ; a composition, a mixture. Confectionary, kSn-fek-shun-i-re, s. The place where sweetmeats are made or sold. Confectioner, k6n-fek-shun-ur, s. One whose trade is to make sweetmeats. Confederacy, k8n-fed^er-^-s^, s. League, union, engagement. To Confederate, kSn-fed-er-Ate, v, a. 91. To join in a league, to unite, to ally. 7b Confederate, k5n-fed-er-ite, v, n. To league, to unite in a league. Confederate, k3n-fed-er-ite, a. 91. United in a league. Confederate, k8n-fed-er-Ate, s. One who engages to support another, an ally. Confederation, kSn-fed-er-A^shun, s. League, alliance. To Confer, kSn-ferJ v. n. To discourse with another upon a slated subject, to conduce to. To Confer, k8n-fer{ v. a. To compare ; to give, to bestow. Conference, k6n-fer-ense, s. 533. Formal di». course, oral discussion of any question , an appointed meeting for discussing some point ; comparison, Iii this last sense little used. CONFERRER, kSn-fer-5.r, S. He that confers ; he that bestows. To Confess, k3n-fes{ v. a. To acknowledge a crime; to disclose the state of the conscience to tlie priest; to hear the confession of apenitent, asapriestj to own, to avow ; to grant. To Confess, kSn-fes{ v, n. To make confession, a /lie is gone to the priest to confess. CON CON ndr 167, n6t 163— tibe 17 ., tub 172, bull 17»-81l S99— pSund 313— ?/iin 466, rtiis 459. Confessedly, kSn-fes-sed-li, etd. 364. Avowedly, indisputably. Confession, k6n-fesh-un, *. The acknowledge- ment of a crime; the act of disburdening the con- science to a priest ; a formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised. Confessional, k6n-fesh-un-^l, s. The seat in which the confessor sits. Confessionary, kftn-fesh^un-i-r^, *. The seat where the priest sits to hear confessions. Confessor, kSn-fes-sur, *. One who makes pro- fession of his faitli in the face of danger ; he that hears confessions, and prescribes penance ; he who confesses his crimes. K7- Dr. Kenrick says, this word « sometimes, but im- properly, accented on the first syllable; but it may be observed, that this impropriety is become so universal, that not one who has the least pretension to politeness dares to pronounce it otherwise. It is, indeed, to be re- gretted, that we are so fond of Latin originals as entirely to neglect our own ; for this word can now have the ac- cent on the second syllable, only when it means one who confesses his crimes": a sense in which it is scarcely ever used. Mr. Slieiidan and Entick have the accent on the first syllable of this word, Mr. Scott on the first and se- cond ; Dr. Johnson, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, W. John- iton, Ash, Bailey, and Smith, on the second : but not- withstanding this weight of authority, the best usage is certainly on the other side. CoNFEST, kSn-f2st{ a. Open, known, not con- cealed. (t?- Dr. Kenrick tells us, that this is a poetical word for Confessed: and, indeed, we frequently find it so written by Pope and others ; " This clor thus found unravels all th^ rut ; " The prospect clears, and C Iodic stands eonfe»t." But that this is a mere compliance with the prejudices of the eye, and that there is not the least necessit); for de- parting from the common spelling, see Principles of English Pronunciation, No. 360. Confestly, k6n-fest-le, ad. 364. Indisputably, properly Confessedly. Confidant, k8n-f^-d3.nt{ s. A person trusted with private affairs. to- Tliis word, very unlike most others from the same tource, has been made to alter its French orthograpliy, in order to approach a little nearer to the English pronun- (iationofit. Some affected speake ion the stage pro- nounce the first syllable like cone, as it is marked in the first edition of Mr. Sheridan's Dictionary; and this is perfectly of a piece with the affectation » hicli has altered the spelling of the last. By Dryden and South, as quoted by Dr. Johnson, we find this word spelled like the adjec- tive confident; and it is more than probable that its French pronunciation is but of late date ; but so univer- sal is its use at present, that a greater mark of rusticity cannot be given than to place the accent on the first syl- lable, and to pronounce the last dent instead of dant. To Confide, kun-fidej t;. w. To trust in. Confidence, kSn-f'e-dense, *. Firm belief of another; trHst in his own abilities or fortune ; vitious boldness, opposed to modesty ; honest boldness, firm- ness of integrity ; trust in ttie goodness of another. Confident, k5n-fe-dent, a. Assured beyond doubt; positive, dogmatical ; secure of success t with- out suspicion, trusting without limits; bold to a vice, impudent. Confident, k8n-fe-dent, *. One trusted with secrets. — See Confidant, Confidential, k8n-f^-den'sbil, a. Worthy of confidence. Confidentially, k5n-f^-den-sb4l-l^, ad. In a coiifideiitial manner. Confidently, kftnif4-dent-le, ad. Without doubt, without fear; with firm trust; positively, dog- matically. CoNFIDENTNESS, k8n-fe-dent-nes, S. Assurance. Configuration, k8n-fig-6-ra-shun, *. The form of the various parts, adapted to each other; the face of the horoscope. To Configure, kSn-flg-ure, v. a. To dispose \nlo any form. Confine, kSn^fine, s. 140. 493. Common boundary, border, edge. 107 (K?- Dr. Johnson tells us, that the substantive confirm was formerly pronounced with the accent on the last syl- l.ible. The examples, however, which he gives us from the poets, prove only that it was accented both ways. But, indeed, it is highly probable that this was the case ; for instances are numerous of the propensity of latter pronunciation to place the accent higher than formerly; and when by this accentuation a noun is distineuished from a verb, it is supposed to have its use. — See Bowl. To Confine, k6n-f!ne{ v, n. To border upon, to touch on different territories. To Confine, kSn-fineJ v, a. To limit; to im- prison ; to restrain, to tie up to. CoNFINELESS, -kSn-fine-ks, a. Boundless, un- limited. Confinement, kftn-fine^ment, *. Imprisonment, restraint of liberty. CoNFINER, k6n-fi-nur, *. A borderer, one that lives upon confines; one that touches upon two dif- ferent regions. CoNFINITY, kin-fin-e-t^, S. Nearness. To Confirm, kSn-f2rm{ v. a, 108. To put past doubt by new evidence; to settle, to establish; to strengthen by new solemnities or ties ; to admit to the full privileges of a Christian, by imposition of hands CONFIRMABLE, k6n-fer-m4-bl, «. That which is capable of incontesta > -■ evidence. Confirmation, kin-fer-miishun, s. The act of establishing any thing or persofi, evidence, addi* tional proof; an ecclesiastical rite. CONFIRMATOR, k&n-fer-mi-tSr, s. An attester, he that puts a matter past doubt. Confirmatory, kSn-ferm-S-tiir-^, a. 512. Giving additional testimony. —See Domestick. Confirmedness, k8n-fermi3d-nes, *. Confirmed stale. (C?- This word ought to be added to those taken notice of.— Prin. No. 365. Confirmer, kSn-ferm-ur, s. One that confirms, an attester, an estabiisher. Confiscable, k6n-fisik4-bl, a. Liable to for- feiture. To Confiscate, k4n-fis^k^te, v. a. To transfer private property to the publick, by way of penalty. Confiscate, k8n-f1s-kar/. a. Hateful, detestable. Confoundedly, k5n-founidSd-l^, ad. Hatefully, shamefully. Confounder, kSn-foun-dur, S, He who disturbs, perplexes, or destroys. Confraternity, k5n-frJ-ter-ni-te, s. A body of men united for some religious purpose. Confrication, k8n-fri-ki-shun, s. Tlie act of rubbing against any thing. To Confront, kin-fr5ntj v. a. To stand against another in full view; to stand face to face, in opposi- tion to another ; to oppose one evidence to another in open court : to compare one thing with another. (1^ In colloquial pronunciation this word has its last syllable sounded like the last of ({ffront, but the second syllable oi confrontation ought never to be so pronounced. Confrontation, kftn-frSn-tA-shun, *. The act of bringing two evidences face to face. To Confuse. k&n-fuze( v, a. To disorder, to disperse irregularly; to perplex, to obscure; to hurry the mind. Confusedly, k6n-fu-zed-ll, ad, 364. In a mixed mass, without separation ; indistinctly, one mingled with another; not clearly, not plainly; tumultuously, hastily. Confusedness, kJn-fi-zed-nes, s. 365. Want of distinctness, want of clearness. Confusion, kin-fu-zhun, S. Irregular mixture, tumultuous medley ; tumult; indistinct combination ; overthrow, destruction; astonishment, distraction of mind. Confutable, kSn-fu-tl-bl, a. Possible to be disproved. Confutaiion, k6n-fi-ti-shun, s. The act of confuting, disproof. To Confute, k6n-fitej v. a'. To convict of error, to disprove. Conge, or Congee, kin-jlf J *. Act of reverence, bow, courtesy ; leave, farewell. To Congee, k(in-j^i{ v. a. French. To take leave. Conge-d'elire, kin-jJ-dJ-leJr{ s. The king's permission royal to a dean and chapter, in time of vacancy, to choose a bishop. To Congeal, k6n-i^^lj v. a. To turn, by frost, from a fluid to a solid state ; to bind or fix, as by cold. To Congeal, kSn-je^lJ v. a. To concrete by cold. CoNGEALABLE", kftn-jiil-i-bl, a. Susceptible of congelation. CoNGEALMENl, kSn-jJ^l-mlnt, s. The clot formed by congelation. 108 Congelation, k5n-je-la-shun, *. state of Lemg congealed, or made solid. Congener, kun-j^inur, s. 98. Of the same kind or nature. Congenerous, k6n-jenier-rus, a. Of the same kind. CoNGENEROUSNESS, kSn-jen-er-rus-nes, s. The quality of being from the same original. Congenial, k6n-je-n^-dl, a. Partaking of the same genius, cognate. Congeniality, kSn-je-n<^-^Ue-te, ") CONGENIALNESS, k6n-j^ine-4l-nes, / *' Cognation of mind. Congenite, kSn-jen-nit, a. 140. 154. Of the same birth, connate. Conger, kSng-gur, 5. 409. The sea-eei. Congeries, k5n-jeir4-^z, *. A mass of small bodies heaped up together. To Congest, kSn-jest{ v. a. To heap up. CongestiBLE, k6n-jestie-bl, a. That may be heaped up. Congestion, kSn-jest-yun, s. 464. A collectio« of matter, as in abscesses. Congiary, kftnye-a-r5, s. A gift distributed tlie Koman people or soldiery. To Conglaciate, k6n-glaishe-ite, v. n. 461. To turn to ice. Conglaciation, k6ng-gU-shi-iishun, s. 408. Act of changing into ice. To Conglobate, kftn-glo-bdte, v. a. To gather into a hard firm ball. Conglobate, k5n-gli-bate, a. 91. Moulded into a firm ball. CoNGLOBATELY, k8n-gl6-bAte-le, ad. In a spherical form. CoNGLOBATiON, k6ng-glo-ba-shun, s. 408. A round body. To Cong LOBE, k5n-glibe{ v. a. To gather into a round mass. To CoNGLOBE, kSn-glibeJ v. n. To coalesce into a round mass. To Conglomerate, k6n-gl5m-er-ate, v. a. To gather into a ball, like a ball of thread. Conglomerate, k6n-gl6m-er-Atc, a. 91. Gathered into a round ball, so as that the fibres are dis- tinct ; collected, twisted together- Conglomeration, k6n-glom-er-a-shun, s. Collection of matter into a loose ball ; intertcxture^ mixture. To Conglutinate, kon-glu-t^-nite, v. a. To cement, to re-unite. To Conglutinate, kSn-glu-te-nite, v. n. To coalesce. Conglutination, kSn-glu-te-ni-shun, s. The act of uniting wounded bodies. Conglutinative, k6n-glu-te-nA-tiv, a. 91. Having the power of uniting wounds. Conglutinator, kon-glu-te-na-tur, s. 5"20. 166. That which has the power of uniting wounds. Congratulant, k6n-gr4tsh-u-lAiit, a. 461. Rejoicing in participation. To Congratulate, k6n-gritshiu-late, v. a 461. To compliment upon any happy event. To Congratulate, kSn-griltsh-ii-late, v. n. 461. To rejoice in participation. Congratulation, k8n-griltsh-u-l;Ushun, s. 462. The act of professing joy for the happiness or success of another; theform inwliichjoy is professed. Congratulatory, kftn-gr^tsh-u-la-tur-e, a. 512. Expressing joy for the good of another. To Congreet, kin-gieetj v. n. To salute reciprocally. To Congregate, kJng^gr^-gate, v. a. 403. To collect, to assemble, to bring into one place. CON CON r«Sr l67/n8t 163— tube 171,' tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— ^Ain 466, this 469. To Congregate, kSngigre-gite, v. n. To assemble, to meet.l Congregate, k6ngigre-gite, a, 91. Collected, compact. Congregation, k6ng-gr^-gi-shun, s. 408. A collection, a mass of various matters brought together ; an assembly met to worship God in publick. Congregational, k8ng-grJ-gi-shun-nul, a. 88. Publick, pertainine to a congregation. Congress, kSng-gres, s. 408. a meeting, a shock, a conflict ; an appointed meeting for settlement of affairs between diflFerent nations. CoNGRESSIVE, k8n-gresisiv, a. Meeting, en- countering. Congruence, king^gru-ense, s. 408. Agreement, suitableness of one thing to another. Congruent, k8ng-gri-ent, a. Agreeing, correspondent. CONGRUITY, kSn-grui^-tf, s. 408. Suitableness, agreeableness; fitness; consistency. CoNGRUMENT, kSng-gri-ment, s. Fitness, adaptation. Congruous, kftneigri-us, a. Agreeable to, con- sistent with; suital)lc to. Congruously, kSngigr&-us-ll, ad. Suitably, pertinently. Conical, k8n-^-k^l,\ Conick, k6n-ik, J Having the form of a cone. 509. fcj- The in the first syllable of this word is pronoun- ced short, though it is long in Its primitive cone, if we may be allowed to call cone its primitive, and not the Latin Conus and Greek KSvos; in both which the o is long; butConicui.or Kovixof, whence the learned oblige us to aerive our Contc, or Conical, have the o as short as n the English words, and serve to corroborate the opi- nion of Bishop Hare with respect to the shortening power rf the Latin antepenultimate accent, i37. Conic ally, k6n-i-kil-i, ad. In form of a cone. C0NICALNES6, k&ni^-kJl-nes, *. The state or quality of being conical. CoNiCK Sections, kin-ik-sek^sbunz,") Conic KS, kftn-iks, J That part of geometry which considers the cone, and the curves arising from its sections. To CoNJECT, kJn-jekt{ v. n. To guess, to con- jecture. Not used. CONJECTOR, kJn-jek-tur, S. 166. A gucsser, a conjecturer. CoNJECTURABLE, kJn-jek-tsbu-r4-bl, a. 461. Possible to be guessed. Conjectural, k$n-jek-tshu-r4l, a. Depending on conjecture. CoNJECTURALiTY, kftn-jek-tsbfi-raU4-t^, s. That which depends upon guess. CoNJECTURALLY, kin-jek-tshu-rll-i, ad. By guess, by conjecture. Conjecture, kSn-jek^tsbure, s. 461. Guess, imperfect knowledge. To Conjecture, kJn-jek-tsbure, v. a. To guess, to judge by guess. Conjecturer, kin-jekitsbur-ur, *. A guesser. Coniferous, ki-nif^5-rus, a. Such trees are coniferous as bear a fruit, of a woody substance, and a figure approaching to that of a cone. Of tliis kind are, fir, pine. To Conjoin, k8n-join{ v. a. To unite, to con- solidate into one; to unite in marriage; to associate, to connect. To Conjoin, k8n-ioin{ v. n. To league, to unite. Conjoint, kftn-jolntj a. United, connected. Conjointly, kftn-joint-le, ad. In union, togetiier. Conjugal, kSn^u-g^l, a. Matrimonial, belong- ing to marriage. Conjugally, k6n-ju-g^l-J, ad. Matrimonially, connnbially. 109 To Conjugate, kSn-ji-gite, v. a. 9I. To join, to join in marriage, to unite; to inflect verbs. Conjugation, kftn-ju-gi^shun, s. The act of uniting or compiling things together; the form of in- flecting verbs ; union, assemblage. Conjunct, k8n-jungkt{ rt. Conjoined, concurrent, united. Conjunction, k6n-jungk-sbun, J. Union, associa- tion, league; the congress of two planets in the same degree of the zodiack ; one of the parts of speech, whose use is to join words or sentences together. Conjunctive, kSn-jungk-tiv, a. Closely united ; in grammar, the mood of a verb. Conjunctively, k6n-jungk-tiv-le, ad. In union. Conjunctiveness, k6n-jungk-tiv-nes, s. The quality of joining or uniting. Conjunctly, k6n-jungkt^li, ad. Jointly, together. Conjuncture, kSn-jungk-tsbure, s. Combina- tion of many circumstances; occasion, critical time. Conjuration, kftn-jii-rHishiin, s. The form or act of summoning another in some sacred name; an incantation, an enchantment; a plot, a conspiracy. To Conjure, kSn-jureJ v. a. To summon in a sacred name ; to conspire. To Conjure, kun-jur, v. n. 495. To practise charms or enchantments. Conjurer, kun-jur-ur,s. 165. An impostor who pretends to secret arts, a cunning man; a man of shrewd conjecture. Conjurement, kftn-jire^ment, s. Serious injunction. Connascence, kSn-nSs-sense, s. Common birth, community of birth. Connate, k5n-n4tej a. 91. Bom with another. Connatural, k6n-n$tsb^u-r4l, a. 461. Suitable to nature; connected by nature; participa- tion of the same nature. Connaturality, kSn-nAtsb-u-i4l-^-t^, s. 462. Participation of the same nature. CoNNATURALLY, kftn-nitsb-u-ral-e, ad. By the act of nature, originally. CoNNATURALNESS, kin-nitsb-u-ril-nes, s. Participation of the same nature, natural union. To Connect, kftn-nekt{ v. a. To join, to link ; to unite, as a cement ; to join in a just series of thought, as the author connects his reasons well. To Connect, kon-nekt{ v. n. To cohere, to have just relation to things precedent and subsequent. Connectively, kJn-nek-tiv-li, ad. In con- junction, in union. To Connex, kSn-neksJ v. a. To join or link together. Connexion, k6n-nek-shuii, *. Union, junction; just relation to something precedent or subsequent. Connex IVE, kSn-neksiiv, a. Having the force of connexion. Connivance, k&n-nl-vSnse, s. Voluntary blind- ness, pretended ignorance, forbearance. To Connive, kon-nlvej v. n. To wink ; to pre- tend blindness or ignorance. Connoisseur, kA-nes-sireJ s. A judge, a critick. £> This word is perfectly French, and, though in very general use, is not naturalised. The pronunciation of it given here is but a very awkward one, but, perhaps, as good a one as we have letters in our language to express It; for the French ea is not to be found among any of our English vowel or diphthongal sounds. 7'o Connotate, kiin-ni-tate, v. a. To designate something besides itself. Connotation, kftn-no-ta-shun, s. Implication cf somctliing besides itself. To Connote, kun-n6te{ v. a. To imply, tc betoken, to include. Connubial, kSn-nCi-be-al, a. Matrimonial, I nuptial, conjugal. CON CON 559. Fite 73, ^r 77, faU 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, move 164, Conoid, ki-noul, *. A figure partaking of a cone. CONOIDICAI., kA-noi-di-kAl, a. Approaching to a conick fnrm. To CoNQUASSATE, kSn-kw^-sate, v. a. To shake, to agitate. CoNQUASSATioN, k&ng-kwis-si-shun, s. 408. Agitation, concussion. To Conquer, k8ngk'-ur, or kftng^kwur, v. a. 415. To gain Isy conquest, to win ; to overcome, to subdue; to surmount. C3- Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elpliinston, Mr. Nares, and W. Johnston, liave adopted the first pronunciation of this word ; but as it is a wanton departure from our own analogy to that of tlie French, and is a much harsher sound tlian the second, it were to be wislied it could be reclaimed; but as it is in full possession of the stage, there is but little hope of a change. To Conquer, kSngk-ur, v. n. To get the victory, to overcome. Conquerable, kongk-ur-i-bl, a. Possible to be overcome. Conqueror, kSngk-ur-ur, s. 415. A man that has obtained a victory, a victor ; one tliat subdues and ruins countries. Conquest, k&ng-kwest, s. 408. 415. The act of conquering, sulyection; acquisition by victory, thing gained ; victory, success in arms. Consanguineous, kon-s^ng-gwin'-nl-us, a. Near of kin, related by birth, not affined by marriage. Consanguinity, kSn-sJng-gwin'-i-tl, s. Relation by blood. CoNSARCiNATioN, kJn-s5.r-sl-ni-shun, s. The act of patching together. Conscience, kin-shense,*. 357. The knowledge or faculty by which we judge of the goodness or wick- edness of ourselves ; justice, the estimate of conscience; real sentiment, private thoughts ; scruple, difficulty. Conscientious, kSn-shi-en-slms, a. Scrupulous, exactly just. {t3" From an ignorance of the principles of pronun- ciation, we not unfrequeutly hear the second syllable of this word sounded se, without the aspiration ; but this is the same incorrectness we sometimes hear in the word Pronwnciation, which see. Conscientiously, k6n-sh4-en'shus-ll, ad. According to the direction of conscience. Conscientiousness, kSn-sh^-en^shus-nes, s. Exactness of justice. CoNSCIONABLE, kon-shun-J-bl, a. Reasonable, CoNSCioNABLEfffiiss, kftn-shun-a-bl-nes, s. Equity, reasonableness. CoNscioNABLY, kiu-shun-^-bU, ad. Reasonably, justly. Conscious, kftn^hus, a. 357. Endowed with the power of knowing one's own thoughts and actions; knowing from memory ; admitted to the knowledge of any tiling. Consciously, kftn-shus-le, ad. With knowledge of one's own actions. Consciousness, kon-shi'is-ne.s, s. The perception of what passes in a man's own mind ; internal sense of guilt, or innocence. Conscript, kftn^sknpt, a. Registered, enrolled ; i. term used in speaking of tl>e Roman senators, who were called Patres conscripti. Conscription, kJn-sknp-shun, s. An enrolling. To Consecrate, kin-s^-krite, v, a. To make sacred, to appropriate to sacred uses ; to dedicate in- violably to some particular purpose ; to canonize. Consecrate, kon-sJ-krite, a. 91. Consecrated, sacred. Consecrater, k&nisJ-kri-tSr, s. One that per- forms the rites by which any thing is devoted to sacred purposes. Consecration, kSn-s4-krai^shun, s. A rite of dedicating to the service of God ; the act of declaring one holy. ConsectARY, kftn-sek-ti-rl, a. Consequent, conteqoeittial. 110 Consectary, k&n-sek-ti-re, J. 512. Deductid from premises, corollary. Consecution, kSn-se-ku-shun, s. Train of con sequences, cliain of deductions; succession; in astro- noiiiy, the month of consecution, istlie space between one conjunction of the moon with the sun unto an- other. Consecutive, k6n-sek-ku-t1v, a. Following in train; consequential, regularly succeeding. To Conseminate, kin-seini^-nite, v. a. To sow different seeds together. CoNSENSiON, kftn-sen^shun, s. Agreement, accord. Consent, kSn-sent| S. The act of yielding or con- senting; concord, agreement; coherence with ; corre- spondence ; tendency to one point ; the perception one part hasof arfllher, by means of some fibres and nerves common to them both. To Consent, kSn-sent{ V, n. To agree to j to co- operate with. Consentaneous, kSn-sen-tiinl-us, a. Agreeable to, consistent with. Consentaneously, k6n-sen-ti-ne-us-le, ad Agreeably, consistently, suitably. ^ ^ Consentaneousness, kin-sen-t4^ne-us-nes, s Agreement, consistence. Consentient, kJn-sen-shJ-ent, a. Agreeing, united in opinion. Consequence, kSnisl-kv^ense, s. That which follows from any cause or principle; deduction, con. elusion ; concatenation of causes and effects ; import- ance, moment. Consequent, k8n-se-kwent, a. Following by rational deduction ; following as the effect of a cause. Consequent, kftn-S^-kwent, S. Consequence, that which follows from previous propositions j effect that which follows an acting cause. Consequential, k&n-sl-kwen-shil, a. Produced by the necessary concatenation of effects te causes ; conclusive. Consequentially, k5n-s^-kwen^shal-le, ad. With just deduction of con^eTuences ; by consequence eventually ; in a regular series. Consequenti ALNESS, kftn-s^-kvven-sh4l-nes, s. Regular consecution of discnurse. Consequently, k8n^s^-kwent-l^, ad. By con- sequence, necessarily ; in consequence, pursuantly. Consequentness, kftn-si-kwent-iies, s. Regular connexion. Conservable, k8n-8erivJ-bl, a. Capable o. being kept. Conservancy, kSn-ser^van-se, s. Courts held by the Lord Mayor of London .for the preservation of the fishery. ^ Conservation, kftn-ser-va-sbun, *. The act of preserving, continuance; protection; preservation from corruption. ^ Conservative, kon-seriva-tiv, a. Having the power of opposing diminution or injury. Conservator, kin-ser-vA^tur, s. 418. Preserver. Conservatory, kftn-ser'-vi-tur-i, s. 513. A place where any thing is kept. a Conservatory, kftn-ser'-v^-tur-e, a. 512. Having a preservative quality. To Conserve, k&n-serv; v, a. To preserve with- out loss or detriment; to candy or pickle fruit. Conserve, kt^n'-serv, s. 492. A sweetmeat made of the juices of fruit boiled with sugar. ConSERVER, kin-ser-vur, .v. A layer up, a re- positor ; a preparer of const rves. Consession, kSn-sesh-shun, s. A silting together. Consessor, kin-ses^sur, s. 418. One that sits with others. To Consider, k6n-siil'-iV, v. a. 418. lo think upon with care, to ponder ; to have regard to; to re- quite, to reward one for his trouble. CON CON nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tSb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469. think To Consider, kSn-sid-ur, v. n. To maturely j to deliberate, to work in tlie mind. Considerable, k5n-sid-ur-l-bl, a. Worthy of consideration ; respectable ; important, valuable ; more than a li*tle, a middle sense between little and great. CoNSiDERABLENESS,k6n-sidiur-4-bl-nes,*.555. Importance, value, a claim to notice. Considerably, kSn-sid'ur-4-blJ, ad. In a degree deserving notice i importantly. CoNsiDERANCE, kSn-sid^uT-inse, *. Consideration, reflection. Considerate, k6n-s?d-ur-it«?. a. 91. Serious, prudent; having respect to, regardful ; moderate. Considerately, kSn-sid^ur-ite-lJ, ad. Calmly, coolly. Considerateness, k6n-sid-ur-ite-nes, $. 555. Prudence. Consideration, kSn-sid-ur-iishun, s. The act of considering, regard, notice; mature thought ; me- ditation; importance, claim to notice; equivalent, compensation; motive of action, influence; reason, ground of concluding ; in law. Consideration is the material cause of a contract, without which no con- tract bindelh. Considerer, kin-sidiur-ur, s. 98. A man of reflection. To Consign, k6n-slne5 v. a. 385. To give to another anything; to appiopriate; tocnakeover; to transfer ; to commit, to intrust. To Consign, k8n-slne{ v. n. To yield, to sign, to consent to. Obsolete. Consignation, k6n-sig-ni-shun, s. The act of consigning. Consignment, kin-slneiment, *. Tlie act of consigning; the writing by which any thing is con- signed. CONSIMILAR, k6n-sim-i-lur, c. 88. Having one common resemblance. To Consist, kSn-sistJ v. n. To continue fixed, without dissipation ; to be comprised, to be contained in ; to be composed of ; to agree. Consistence, kin-sis-tense, \ Consistency, kin-sis^ten-si, J State with respect to material existence; degree of denseness or rarity; substance, form ; agreement with itself, or with any other thing. Consistent, kon-sisitent, a. Not contradictory, not opposed ; firm, not fluid. Consistently, kSn-sisi-tent-li, ad. Without contradiction, agreeably. Consistorial, kftn-sis-ti-ri-4l, a. Relating to the ecclesiastical court. Consistory, kSn^sls-tur-l, 5. 512. Tlie place of justice in the ecclesiastical court; the assembly of car- dinals; any solemn assembly. Consociate, kftn-sMslii-ite, *. An accomplice, a confederate, a partner. To Consociate, kSn-siishWte, v. a. To unite, to join. To Consociate, kSn-si-shi-ite, v. n. To coalesce, to unite. Consociation, kSn-si-sbi-i^shun, s. Alliance; union, intimacy, companionship. — See Pronunciation. CONSOLABLE, kSn-si'l4-bl, a. That which admits comfort. TbCoNSOLATE, k6n-si-Ute, v. a. 91. To comfort, to console. Little used. Consolation, k&n-sS-U-shun, *. Comfort, aiie. viation of misery. Consolator, kSn^si-li-tur, s. 521. A comforter. Consolatory, k&n-s&l'-li-t5r4, s. 512. A speech or writing containing topicks of comfort. (!;>• 1 have given the o in the second syllable of this word the short sound, as heard in » Kid ; as it seems more agreeable to the analogy of words in tliis termination than the long o which Mr. Sheridan has given : for by inspecting the Rhyming Dictionary we shall see that 111 every vowel, butu in the preantepenultimatesy liable in these words, is short. Dr. Kenrick and W. Johnston give the o the same sound as I have done. Consolatory, k6ii-s5lil4-tiir4, a. Tending to give comfort. To Console, k6n-soleJ v. a. To comfort, to cheer. Console, kSnisole, s. 492. In architecture a part or member projecting in manner of a bracket. Consoler, k6n-s6'lur, s. 98. One that gives comfort. Consolidant, kftn-sSl-e-d^nt, a. Tiiat which has the quality of uniting wounds. 7b Consolidate, kon-sftl-i-dite, v. a. To form into a compact and solid body ; to harden ; to combine two parliamentary bills, or two benefices into one. To Consolidate, k6n-s6l-l-date, v. n. To grow firm, hard, or solid. Consolidation, k5n-sil-^-di^shun, s. The art of uniting into a solid mass ; the annexing of one bill in parliament to another; the combining two benefices in one. Consonance, k6n'-si-nlnse, \ CoNsoNANCY, kftn^si-n4n-s^, J Accord of sound; consistency, congruence; agree* ment, concord. Consonant, k6n-si-nint, a. 503. Agreeable, according, consistent. Consonant, k6n-si-n^nt, s. A letter which can- not be sounded hy itself. CoNSONANTLY,killi«A-nint-l^, ad. Consistently, agreeably. Consonantness, k8nisi-nint-nes, s. Agreea'jieness, consistency. CONSONOUS, kftn-si-nus, a. 503. Agreeing in sound, symphonious. CONSOPIATION, k8n-s6-p5-i-sbun, s. The act of laying to sleep. Consort, kSnisSrt, «. 492. Companion, partner- a number of instruments playing together, more pro- perly written Concert ; concurrence, union. To Consort, k8n-sort{ v. n. To associate with. To Consort, k6n-sort{ v. a. To join, to mix, to marry. He with his consorted Eve. To accompany* CoNSORTABLE, k6n-sor^tl-bl, a. To be compared with, suitable. CoNSORTiON, kSn-s8r'sbun, s. Partnership) society. Conspectable, k6n-spekit4-bl, a. Easy to be seen. Conspectuity, kSn-spek-ti-^-ti, s. Sense of seeing. Not used. Conspersion, kin-sper-shun, s. A sprinkling about. CoNSPicuiTY, k6n-,spi-ki-^-t^, 5. Briglnness, obviousness to the sight. Conspicuous, k6n-spik-u-us, a. Obvious to the sight, seen at distance; eminent, distinguished. Conspicuously, kin-spik-u-us-le, ad. Obviously to the view ; eminently, remarkably. Conspicuousness, kon-spikiii-us-nes, s. Exposure to the view ; eminence, celebrity. Conspiracy, kftn-spir-i-se, s. 109. a plot, a concerted treason; an agreement of tneu to do any thing, in an evil sense; tendency of many ca ses to one event. Conspirant, kSn-spl-ritnt, a. Engaged in a conspiracy, plottins;. Conspiration, kSn-spe-ri^sbun, .v. A plot. Conspirator, kftn-spir^i-tur, s. 110. A man engaged in a plot, a plottei. To Conspire, kfin-splrej v. n. To concert ■■> crime, to plot ; to agree together, as all tilings conspire to make him happy. Conspirer, k6n-spl'rur, s. A ronspiratou n plotter. CON CON t5- 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pInelOS, pin 107— ni 162, move 164. Constable, kun-stS-bl, s. 165. A peace officer, formerly one of tlie officers of the state. CoNSTABLESHiP, kuii-stl-bl-ship, s. The office of a constable. Constancy, kSn-StAn-Se, S, Unalterable con- tinuance; consistency, unvaried state; resolution, steadiness; lasting affection. Constant, kftn-Stint, «. Firm, not fluid ; un- varied, unchanged ; firm, resolute, free from change of atfection ; certain, not various. Constantly, kon-st^nt-le, ad. Unvariably, per- petually, certainly, steadily. To Constellate, kSn-stel-lite, v. n. To shine with one general light. To Constellate, kftn-steKlite, v. a. To unite several shining bodies in one splendour. Constellation, k8n-stel-la-shun, s. A cluster of fixed stars; an assemblage of splendours or excel- lencies. Consternation, kSn-ster-ni-shun, s. Astonish- ment, amazement, terror , dread. To Constipate, kon^sti-pate v. a. To crowd togeiher into narrow room ; to thicken, to condense ; to stop by filling up the passages ; to make costive. Constipation, kSn-st^-pA-shun, s. The act of crowding any thing into less room; stoppage, obstruc- tion by plenitude. Constituent, kftn-stitsh^u-ent, a, 461. Elemental, essential, that of which anything consists. Constituent, kSn-stltsh-i-ent, s. The person or thing which constitutes or settles anything; that which is necessary to the subsistence of any thing ; he that deputes another. To Constitute, kin-ste-tite, v. a. To produce, to appoint ; to erect, to establish ; to depute. CoNSTiTUTER, koii-st^-tu-tur, s. He that con- I stitutes or appoints. Constitution, kftn-ste-tuishun, s. The act of constituting, enacting, establishing; state of being, natural qualities; corporeal fiame; temper of body, with respect to health; temper of mind; established form of government, system of laws and customs; particular law, establishment, institution. Constitutional, kftn-st^-tii-shun-A,l, a. Bred in the constitution, radical ; consistent with the constitution, legal. Constitutive, k&n^ste-tu-tiv, a. Elemental, essential, productive; having the power to enact or establish. To Constrain, k8n-strAneJ v. a. To compel, to force to some action; to hinder by force; lo neces- sitate ; to confine, to press. Constrainable, k8n-striini-bl, a. Liable to constraint. CONSTRAINER,k&n-stra,-nur,i. He that constrains. Constraint, kSn-strantJ s. Compulsion, violence, confinement. To Constrict, kJn-stnktJ v. a. To bind, to cramp ; to contract, to cause to shrink. Constriction, k8n-strik-shun, s. Contraction, compression. Constrictor, kftn-stnk-tur, s. 166. That which compresses or contracts. To Constrinoe, kin-stnnje{ v. a. To compress, to contract to bind. Constringent, k6n-strin'-jent, a. Having the quality of binding or compressing. To Construct, kSn-struktJ v. a. To build, to form. Construction, kSn-strukishun, s. Tlie act of building; the form of building, structure; the putting of words tngetlicr in such a manner as to convey a complete sense ; the act of interpreting, explanation; the sense, the meaning; the manner of describing a figure in geometry. Constructive, k6n-struk-tiv, a. Tending to or capable of construction. 112 Constructure, kSn-strukitshure, s. 461. Pile, edifice, fabrick. To Construe, kftnistrij, or kftn^stur, v. a. To interpret, to explain. (K^ It IS a scandal to seminaries of learning that the latter pronunciation of this word should prevail there. Those who ought to be the guardians of propriety are often the perverters of it. Hence Accidence (ur Accidents, Prepostor for Prepositor, and Constur for Construe; for it must be carefully noted, that this last word is under a different predicament from those which end with r and mute e ; here the vowel u must have its long sound, as in the word true; this letter cannot be sunk or transposed like e in Centre, Sceptre, &c. To Constuprate, kSn-stu-prate, v. a. To violate, to debauch, to defile. CoNSTUPRATiON, kSn-stu-pra-sliun, s. Violation, defilement. Consubstantial, kSn-sub-stin^shil, a. H.iving the same essence or substance; being of tlie same kind or nature. CoNsuBSTANTiALiTY, k<5n-sub-stin-she-4l-^-t^, s. Existence of more than one in the same substance. To Consubstantiate, kSn-sub-stan-she-ate, V. a. To unite in one common substance or nature. Consubstantiation, kftn-sub-st^n-sbe-a'-shun, ». The union of the body of our Blessed Saviour with the sacramental elements, according to the Lutherans. Consuetude, kSn-sv^e-tude, s. Custom, usage. Consul, kin-sul, S. The chief magistrate in the Roman republick ; an officer commissioned in foreign parts to judge between the merchants of his nation. Consular, kSn-shu-l4r, a. 453. Relating to the consul. Consulate, kJn^shi-lat, 91.1 Consulship, kon-sul-ship, J The office of consul. To Consult, kJn-sultJ v. n. , To take counsel together. To Consult, kSn-sult{ v. a. To ask advice of, at he consulted his friends ; to regard, to act with view or respect to; to search into, to examine,af, to consult an author. Consult, kSn-sult, or k4n-sult{ s. The act ol consulting; the effect of consulting, determination ; a council, a number of persons assembled in delibera- tion. CO- I am much mistaken if this word does not incline to the general analogy of accent in dissyllable nouns and verbs, like insult. Poets have used it both ways ; but tlie accent on the first syllable seems the most usual, as well as the most legitimate pronunciation, 492. Consultation , kin-sul-tA-shun, s. The act of consulting, secret deliberation; number of persons consulted together. Consulter, kftn-sul^tur, s. 98. One that con- sults or asks counsel. Consumable, kSn-sij-mi-bl, a. Susceptible of destruction. To Consume, kSn-sumeJ v. a. 454. To waste, to spend, to destroy. 0:?- The reason why the s in this word is pure, and in Consular it takes the aspiration, is, that in one the accent is on the syllable beginning with this letter; and in the other, on the preceding syllable, 450. To Consume, kftn-siamej v. n. To waste away, to be exhausted. Consumer, kSn-su-mur, s. One that spends, wastes, or destroys any thing. To Consummate, kfin-sum-mite, v, a. 91. To complete, to perfect. Consummate, kftn-sura-mate, a. Complete, perfect. 0:5- The propensity of our language to an antepenult!, mate accentuation of simple words of three syllaliles makes us sometimes hear the accent on the first syllable of this word ; but by no correct speakers. Consummation, kftn-sum-mi-shun, s. Completion, perfection, end ; the end of the present system of things ; death, end of life, CON CON nor ICr, nfit 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pour d 313— Min 466, TH'is 469 Consumption, kSn-sum-shfin, s. 412. The act of consuming, waste ; the state of wasting or perisliing ; a waste of muscular flesh, attended with a hectic fever. Consumptive, kon-sfim^tiv, a. Destructive, wasting, exhausting; diseased with a consumption. CoNSUMPTiVENESS, kftn-sum-tlv-nes, s. Tendency to a consumption. CONSUTILE, k6n-su-til, «. 140. Sewed or stitched together. To CoNTABULATE, kftii-tib-u-Ute, V. a. To floor with boards. Contact, kftn'-t^kt, *. Touch, dose union. CoNTACTiON, kSn-tikisbun, s. The act of toucliing. Contagion, k^n-t^-je-un, 5. 542. The emission from body to body by wliicli diseases are communi- cated; infection, propagation of mischief ; pestilence, venomous emanations. Contagious, kftn-tiije-us, a. 542. Infectious, caught by approach. Contagiousness, kon-tiije-us-nes, s. The quality of being contagious. To Contain, kftn-tiiie^ v. a. To bold, as a vessel: to comprise as a writing; to restrain, to with- hold. To Contain, k6n-tinej v. n. To live in continence. Containable, kin-ti-n^-W, a. Possible to be contained. To Contaminate, kSn-timie-nite, v, a. To defile, to corrupt by base mixture. Contaminate, kon-t^m^i-nite, a. 91. Polluted, defiled. Contamination, kSn-tim-e-na-shun, s. Pollution, defilement. To Contemn, kftn-tcmj v. a. 411. To despise, to scorn, to neglect. Contemner, kSn-teminur, s. 411. One that contemns, a de.ipiser. To Contemper, kftn-tem-pur, v. a. To moderate. Contemperament, k6n-temipur-S-menl, s. Degree of any quality, as tempered to others. To Contemperate, k8n-tem^pur-dte, v. a. To moderate, to temper. Contemperation, kftn-tem-pur-a-shun, s. The act of moderating or tempering; proportionate mixture, proportion. To Contemplate, kon-tem^pU\te, v. a. To study, to meditate. G3> There is a very prevailing propensity to pronounce this word with the accent on the first syllable; a pro- pensity which ought to be checked by every lover of the harmony of language. That very singular analogy in our tongue, of placing the accent on the last syllable of the verb, and the first of the noun, 492, seems to have taken place chiefly for the convenience of forming par- ticiples, adverbs, and verbal nouns ; which would be in- harmonious and difficult to pronounce, if the verb had the accent on the first syllable This analogy should teach us to avoid placing the accent on the first syllable of this and similar verbs, however we may pronounce nouns and adjectives ; for though to contemplate with the accent on the first syllable is not of very difficult pronun- ciation, yet contemplating and contemplatingly are almost unpronounceable. To Contemplate, kSn-temipUte, v. n. To muse, to think studiously with long attention. Contemplation, kftn-tem-pU-shun, s. Meditation, studious thought on any subject; holy meditation; study, opposed to action. Contemplative, kftn-tem^pl^-tiv, a. Given to thought, studious, employed in study ; having the power of thought. Contemplatively, k5n~tem'-pl^-tiv-l^, ad. Thoughtfully, attentively. CoNTEMPLATOR, k8n-temipla-tur, s. 521. One employed in study. Contemporary, kon-teinipi-rS-re, a. Living 113 in the same age; born at the same time; existing at the same point of time. Contemporary, kSn-temipi-ra-re, s. 512. One who lives at the same time with another. To Contemporise, kSn-tem^po-rlze, v. a. 153. To make contemporary. Contempt, k8n-temt{ s. 412. The act of de- spising others, scorn ; the state of being despised, vile- ness. Contemptible, k&n-tem-te-bl, a. Worthy of contempt, deserving scorn; despised, scorned, neglec- ted. Contemptibleness, k6n-teni-te-bl-nes, s. The state of being contemptible; vileness, cheapness. Contemptibly, kSn-temit^-ble, ad. Meanty, in a manner deserving contempt. Contemptuous, kftn-tem-tshu-us, a. 461. Scornful, apt to despise. Contemptuously, kon-tem-tshu-us-1^, ad. With scorn, with despite. Contemptuousness, kSn-tem-tsliu-us-iies, s Disposition to contempt. To Contend, kSn-tend{ v. n. To strive, to struggle in opposition ; to vie, to act in emulation. To Contend, kSn-tend{ v. a. To dispute any thing, to contest. Contendent, kftn-tenident, j. Antagonist, op- ponent. Contender, kSn-ten-dur, s. Combatant, champion. Content, k8n-tent{ a. Satisfied so as not to repine, easy. To Content, kftn-tentj v. a. To satisfy so as tc stop complaint, to please, to gratify. Content, kon-tentj S. Moderate happiness ; ac- quiescence ; that which is contained, or included in anything; the power of containing, extent, capacity; th.-it which is comprised in a writing; in this sense used only in the plural, and then it is sometimes ac- cented on the first syllable, 493. Contented, kSn-ten-ted, part. a. Satisfied, * quiet, not repining. Contention, kon-ten^shun, s. strife, debate, contest; emulation, endeavour to excel. Contentious, k3n-tenisbus, a. Quarrelsome, given to debate, perverse. Contentiously, k6n-tenishus-le, ad. Perversely, quarrelsomely. Contentiousness, kftn-tenishus-nes, s. Proneness to contest. Contentless, kon-tent'-les, a. Biscontentefl, dissatisfied, uneasy. Contentment, kSn-tent-ment, s. Acquiescence without plenary satisfaction, gratification. Conterminous, kSn-ter-me-nus, a Bordering upon. CoNTERRANEOUS, kftn-ter-nUne-us, a. Of the same country. To Contest, k&n-test{ v. a. 492. To dispute, to controvert, to litigate. To Contest, k8n-testj v. n. To strive, to con- tend; to vie, to emulate. Contest, kSn-test, S. 492. Dispute, difference, debate. Contestable, kSu-tes-ti-bl, a. Disputable, controvertible. Contestableness, kSn-tes-t^-blriieSj *. Possibility of contest. To Context, kSn-tekst{ v, a. To weave together. Context, kftn'-tekst, s. 494. Tlie general series of a discourse. Context, kSn-tekst,' a. Knit together, firm. Contexture, kSn-teks'-tshure, s. 461. The disposition of parts one among another, the sys- tem, the constitution. CON CON 559. Fite73, &m, fill 83, (At 81-^ml93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164, »3- CoNTiGNATiON, k8n-t1g-ni-shSn, S. A frame of beams or boards joined together) the act of framing or joining a fabrick. Contiguity, k6n-te-gu-4-te, s. Actual contact, nearness of situation. Contiguous, kftn-tig^u-us, a. Meeting so as to touch ; bordering upon. Contiguously, k8n-tig-u-us-li, ad. Without any intervening space. Contiguousness, kon-tig^u-us-nes, *. Close connexion. Continence, kftn^te-nense, \ Continency, kftn'-te-nen-se, J Restraint, command of one's self; chastity in general; forbearance of lawful pleasure; moderation in lawful pleasures. Continent, kftn-te-nent, a. Chaste, abstemious in lawful pleasures ; restrained, moderate, temperate. Continent, kSn^t^-nent, s. Land not disjoined by the sea from other lands j that which contains any thing. Continental, k&n-t4-nent-^l, a. Relating to the continent. To Continge, k&n-tinjej v. a. To touch, to reach. CoNTiNGENCE, kSn-tiH-jense, \ Contingency, k8n-t?ni.jen-sl,/ The quality of being fortuitous ; accidental possibility. Contingent, kSn-tin-jent, a. Falling oat by chance, accidental. Contingent, kftn-tin^ent, s. A thing In the hands of chance; a proportion that falls tc any person upon a division. Contingently, kSn-tin-jent-le, ad. Accidentally ; without any settled rule. Contingentness, kSn-tinyent-nis, s. Accidentalness. Continual, k6n-tin-i-Jl, a. Incessant, proceed ing wiihont interruption ; inlaw, a continual claim is made from time to time, within every year and day. Continually, k8n-tinii-^l-l5, ad. Without pause, without interruption ; without ceasing. Continuance, k8n-tin-u-slnse, *. Succession uninterrupted; permanence in one state; abode in a place; duration, lastingness; perseverance. Continuate, kftn-tin-u-Ate, a. 91. Immediately united; uninterrupted, unbroken. Continuation, kftn-tin-i-i-shun, s. Protraction, or succession, uninterrupted. ContinuatIVE, kSn-tin-u-4-tlv, s. An expression noting permanence or duration. CoNTiNUATOR, k8n-tfn-u-4-tur,s. 521. He that continues or keeps up the series of succession. To Continue, k8n-tin-u, v. n. To remain in the same state ; to last, to be durable ; to persevere. To Continue, kftn-tin-u, v. a. To protract, or repeat without interruption ; to unite without a chasm, or intervening substance. Continuedly, kftn-tin-u-ed-li, ad. Without interruption, witliout ceasing. CoNTiNUER, kftn-tin-u-ur, s. One that has the power of perseverance. Continuity. kftn-t^-nu^^-tJ, s. Connexion, un- inteirupted cohesion; the texture or cohesion of tlie parts of an animal body. Continuous, kSn-tin^i-us, a. Joined togetlier, without the intervention of any space. To Contort, kSn-tort{ v. a. To twist, to writhe. Contortion, kSn-tSr-shun, s. Twist, wry motion, flexure. Contour, k5n-toor{ s. French. The outline, the line by which any figure is defined or terminated. Contraband, kSn-tra-bAnd, a. 524. Prohibited, illegal, unlawful. To Contract, k5n-trikt{ v. a. To draw together, to shorten ; to bring two parties together, to 114 make a bargain ; to betroth, to affiance ; to get a habi' of; to abridge, to epitomise. To Contract, kftn-trikt{ v. n. To shrink up; to grow short; to bargain, as to contract for a quantity of provisions. Contract, kftn-tiikt, s. 492. A bargain, « compact ; an act whereby a man and woman are be trothed to one another; a writing in wlilch the terms of a bargain are included. (t:^ Mr. Nares, in Ills English Orthoepy, page 338, has very properly criticised Dr. Jolinson'sol'sei vatioii on this word, wliere he says, ' Dr. Johnson has accented this 'word on the last syllable, and has subjoined this remark,' '* anciently accented on the first." 'It is evident, (says Mr. Nares,) that the whole article should be reversed . ' the word should stand with the accent on the first, ana 'the remark should be,' "anciently accented on the " last." The justness of these ob.servations will appear from the qiiotations : " Tfaii is the hand which, with a vow'd contrfict, " Was fast belockM in thine." Shakespeare. " I did ; and his amtrict with Lady Lucy, ** And his contrdct by deputy in France." Ibid. But that the accent should now be placed on the first syl- lable, needs no proof but the general ear, and the ge- neral analogy of dissyllable nouns and verbs of the same form, 492. CoNTRACTEDNESS, kSn-tr^k-tetl-nes, *. The state of being contracted. CoNTRACTiEiLiTY, kSn-trak-ti-biK^-t^, *. Possibility of being contracted. CoNTRACTiBLE, kSn-tr^k^ti-bl, a. Capable of contraction. CoNTRACTiBLENESS, kftn-tr4k^t5-bl-nes, s. The quality of suffering contraction. Contractile, kSn-tritk-til, a. 145. 140. Having the power of shortening itself. Contraction, kftn-trik-shun, *. The -ict of contracting or shortening; the act of shrinking or shrivelling; the state of being contracted, drawn into a narrow compass ; in grammar, the reduction of two vowels or syllables to one ; abbreviation, as, the writing is full of contractions. Contractor, k6n-tr^kitur, s. One of the parties to a contract or bargain. To Contradict, kftn-tri-diktj v. a. To oppose verbally, to deny ; to be contrary to. Contradicter, kJn-trl-dik^tur, s. One that contradicts, an opposer. Contradiction, kin-trA-dikishun, s. Verbal opposition, controversial assertion ; opposition ; incon- sistency, incongruity ; contrariety, in thought or etfect. Contradictious, kftn-tra-dik-shus, a. Filled with contradictions, inconsistent; inclined to contra- dict. Contradictiousness, kJn-tr4-dik'shus-nes, *. Inconsistency. Contradictorily, kin-tri-dik-tur-^-l^, ad. Inconsistertly with himself; oppositely to others. Contradictory, kSn-trl-dik-tur-^, a. Opposite to, inconsistent with; in logick, that which is in the fullest opposition. Contradictory, kSn-tr^-dik-tuv-^, «. a pro- position which opposes another in all its terrns; incon- sistency. Contradistinction, kSn-tr^-dis-tingk^shun,*. 408. Distinction by opposite qualities. To Contradistinguish, k6n-tr^-dis-tingi gwish, V. a. To distinguish by opposite qualities. Contrafissure, kSn-tri-fish'-sbure, s. 450. 452. A crack of the scull, where the blow was inflicted, is called fissure ; but in tlie contrary par(i contrafissure. To Contraindicate, kSn-trS-inid^-kite, v. a. To point out some peculiar symptom contrary to the general tenour of the malady. Contraindication, kSn-tri-inde-kd-shun, s. An indication, or symptom, which forbids that to b« done which the main scope of a disease points out a first. CON CON nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, buU 1T3— 41l 299-rpoHnd 313— fhm 466, this 469. CoNTRAMURE, kftn-tri-mure{ s. An outwall built about the main wall of a city. CoNTRANiTENCY, kSn-trA-iii-teii-s^, s. Re-action, a resistance against pressure. Contraposition, k6n-tr^-po-zish-un, t. A placing over against. CoNTRAREGULARiTV, k^n-tri-reg-u-l^r'^-te, s. Contrariety to rule. CONTRARIANT, kin-trk-T^-iut, O. Inconsistent, contradictory. Contraries, kSn-tr5-nz, s. 99. Things of opposite natures or qvialities ; in logicb, propositions which destroy each other. Contrariety, k&n-tM-ri-^-t^, s. Repugnance, opposition ; incon»uitency, quality or position destruc- tive of its opposite. Contrarily, kftn-tri-r^-li, ad. In a manner contrary ; different ways, in opposite directions. Lit- tle used. 0^ This and the following word are by Dr. Johnson accented on the second syllable ; no doubt from the harshness that must necessarily arise from placing the accent on the first, when so many unaccented syllables are to succeed. But if harmony were to take place, we should never suffer the stress on the first syllable of con- trary, from which these words are formed; but that once admitted, as it invariably is by the best speakers, we should cross the most uniform analogy of our'language, if we accented the adverb differently from the substantive and the adjective; and therefore, however harsh they may sound, these words must necessarily have the accent on the first syllable. — See Contrary. Contrariness, kSniti4-r5-nes, s. Contrariety, opposition. Contrarious, kSn-tri^rl-Ss, a. Opposite, repugnant. CoNTRARiousLY, k6n-tri'-ri-us-li, ad. Oppositely. Contrariwise, k8nitri-ri-wlze, ad. Conversely; on the contrary. Contrary, k8n-tri-r4, a. Opposite, contradictory; inconsistent, disagreeing; adverse, in an opposite direction. CCJ- The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of this word by all correct speakers, and as constantly removed to the second by the illiterate and vulgar. When common ears refuse a sound, it is a strong presumption that sound is not agreeable to the general harmony of the language. The learned often vitiate the natural taste for their own language by an affected veneration for others ; while the illiterate, by a kind of vernacular instinct, fall into the most analogical pronunciation, and such as is most suitable to the general turn of the language. An- ciently this word, as appears by the poets, was most com- monly pronounced by the learned, as it is now by the vulgar, with the accent on the second syllable ; but no- thing can be now more firmly establishedthan the accent on the first syllable, and the other pronunciation must be scrupulously avoided. — See Contrarily Contrary, k6n-trJ-r^, s. A thing of opposite qualities; a proposition contrary to some other; in opposition, on the other side 5 to a contrary purpose. Contrast, kftnitrl^t, S. Opposition and dis- similitude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of another. Fo Contrast, k6n-tr^t{ v. a. To place in opposition ; to show another figure to advantage. CoNTRAVALLATioN, kSn-trC-v^l-la-shuu, s. The fortification thrown up, to hinder the sallies of the garrison. Contravene, k8n-tri-v^nej v. a. To oppose, to obstruct, to baffle. Contravener, k&n-tri-v^^nur, s. He who opposes another. Contravention, k6n-trA-v§n^sliun, s. Opposition. Contrectation, kon-trek-t4-shun, s. A touching. Contributary, kftn-tnbiu-t^-r^, a. Paying tribute to the same sovcrpign. To Contribute, kSn-tnb^ute, v. a. To give to (ome common stock. 115 To Contribute, kSn-trib-ite, v. n. To bear part, to have a share in any act or effect. Contribution, kSn-ti^-bu^shun, s. The act o promoting some design in conjunction with other per sons; that which is given by several hands for soma common purpose; that which is paid for the support of an army lying in a country. Contributive, kfin-tnb-i-tlv, a. That has tli« power or quality of promoting any purpose in concur rence with other motives. Contributor, kSn-tnb-u-tur, 5. 166. One that bears a part in some common design. Contributory, kSn-trib^i-tur-i, a. 512. Promoting the same end, bringing assistance to some Joint design. To Contristate, kSn-tnsit^te, v. a. To sadden, to make sorrowful. Not used. Contristation, kSn-tris-ti-shun, 5. Tlieactof making sad, the state of being made sad. Not used. Contrite, kSii-trlte, a. 140. Bruised, much worn ; worn with sorrow, harassed with the sense of guilt, penitent. (i:7- This word ought to have the accent on the last syl- lable, both as it is an adjective, from which is formed the abstract substantive conlritcness, and as the accent on the first syllable has a tendency to shorten the t in the last, HO. Accordingly Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, and Bailey, place the accent on the last syllable; but Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Elphinstone, Dr. Ash, W. Johnston, Perry, Buchanan, and Entick, place it on the first, with unquestionably the best usage on their side. Contritely, kJn^trlte-l^, ad. Penitently, (try- As the adjective contrite, though contrary to ana- logy, seems to prefer the accent on the first syllable; contritely and conlrxteness must necessarily have" the ac- cent on the same syllable See Contrarily. Contriteness, k6nitHte-nes, s. Contrition, repentance. Contrition, kSn-trlsh-un, *. The act of grind- ing or rubbing to powder; penitence, sorrow for sin. ContrivaBLE, kftn-tlKva-bl, a. Possible to be planned by the mind. Contrivance, k5n-ti4-y^use, s. The act of contriving; scheme, plan ; a plot, an artifice. To Contrive, k6n-tiive| v. a. To plan out; to find out means. To Contrive, kSn-tHve,' v. n. To form or design, to plan. Contrivement, kSn-trlve-nient, s. Invention. Contriver, kftn-trUvur, s. 98. An inventor. Control, kin-trAll{ s. 406. A register, or ac- count kept by another officer, that each may be exa- mined by the other; check, restraint j power, autho- rity, superintendence. To Control, k5n-trolK v. a. 406. To ke?p under check by a counter reckoning; tp govern, to restrain; to confute. ? ■ Controllable, kon-trill-A-bl, a. Subject to control, subject to be over-ruled. Controller, kin-tioll-ur, s. One that has th» power of governing or restraining. Controllership, kin-tioll-ui-sh?p, s. The office of a controller. Controlment, kSn-tiuU-m^nt, s. The power or act of superintending or restraining, restraint ■, op- position, confutation. ' Controversial, kSn-tro-v?r-sb^l, a. Relating to disputes, disputatious. Controversy, kSn^tri-ver-s^, s. Dispute, de- hate ; a suit in law ; a quarrel. To Controvert, kon-tro-vert, v. a. To debate, to dispute any thing in writing. Controvertible, kSn-tri-vlrt^^-bl, a. Disputable. CONTROVERTIST, k6nitr6-v2r-dst, S. Disputant, chiefly on rel'.gious subjects. (^~ It is with some surprise I have frequently observed those profound philologists, the Monthly Reviewers, write this word Controversialist. " He apjiears to be a " sensible, ingenious, and candid Controversialist • one CON CON CrT- 569. Fite73, fSr77, fall 83, f4t81— meflS, met95— plne'lOo, p'n 107— no 162, move 164, h " who writes from a regard to truth, and with the full " conviction of liis own mind." M. R. November, 1.79+, p. 346. But nothing is more evident than that every verbal noun ought to be formed from the verb, and con- sequently that to controvert ought to form cont^orertist. Dr. Johnson has only produced the authority of Tillot- son ; to which I will beg leave to add a much better from the Idler, No. 12. " It is common for controvertists, in " the heat of disputation, to add one position to another "till they reach the extremities of linowledge, where " truth and falsehood lose their distinction." Contumacious, kin-tu-ma-shus, «. Obstinate, perverse, stubborn. Contumaciously, kin-tu-ma-shus-1^, ad. Obstinately, inflexibly, perversely. CovTUMACiousNESS, kfin-tu-nia-shus-nes, s. Obstinacy, perverseness. Contumacy, kftn-tU-mS-Se, S. Obstinacy, per- verseness ; in law, a wilful contempt and disobedience to any lawful summons or judicial order. Contumelious, kftn-tu-me-le-us, a. Reproachful, sarcastick ; inclined to utter reproach; productive of reproach, shameful. Contumeliously, kftn-tu-me-le-us-le, ad. Reproachfully, contemptuously. CoNTUMELiousNESS, kun-tu-me-li-us-iies, s. Rudeness, reproach. Contumely, k5ti-tu-me-le, *. Contemptuous- ness, bitterness of language, reproach. To Contuse, kSn-tuze,' v.. a. 437. To beat together, to bruise; to bruise the flesh without a breach of the continuity. Contusion, kun-tu-zhun, s. The act of beating or bruising; the state of being beaten or bruised; a bruise. Convalescence, k6n-v^-les^sense, 510 Convalescency, kSn-vi-les-sen-sJ, Renewal of health, recovery from a disease. Convalescent, k8n-v;t-les-sent, a. Recovering. To CoNVe?iF, kftn-VeneJ v.7l. To come together, to assemble. To Convene, kftn-venej v. a. To cail together, to assemble, to convoke; to summon judicially Convenience, kSn-ve-ne-ense Conveniencv, kun-ve-ne-en-s^ Fitness, commodiousness, cause of ease, accommoda- tion; fitness of time or place. Convenient, kin-vi-n^-ent, a. Fit, suitable, proper. Conveniently, kSn-ve-nl-ent-l^, ad. Commodiously, fitly. Convent, kon-vent, S. An assembly of religious persons ; a religious house, a monastery, a nunnery. 7'o Convent, kSn-ventJ il a. 492. To call before a judge or judicature. Not in use. Conventicle, k6n-ven-t^-kl, s. An assembly, a meeting; an assembly for worship; a secret as- sembly. CCJ- In the first edition of this Dictionary I followed Mr. Sheridan's accentuation of this word upon the first syllable, as I apprehended it was more agreeable to po- lite usage, though less agreeable to the ear than the ac- cont on the second; but from a farther enquiry, and a review of the authorities for both, I am strongly per- suaded in favour of the latter accentuation. For the for- mer we have Sheridan, Ash, W. Johnston, and Entick ; and for the latter. Dr. Johnson, Kenrick, Nares, Scott, Perry, Buchanan, p-.id Bailey. The other accentuation seems chiefly adopted by the poets, who should not be deprived of their privilege of altering the accents of some words to accommodate them to the verse; " For 'twere a sin to rob them of their mite." Pope. Conventicler, kSn-ven-tik-lur, *. One that supports oi frequents private and unlawful assemblies. Convention, kSn-ven-shun, s. The act of coming together, union, coaliiiou; an assembly; a contract, agreement for a time. Conventional, k6n-ven-sh?ui-.M^ a. Stipulated, tjrttd on by compact. lie i}*- Conversant, CoNVENTioNARY, kSn-ven-shun-l-re, a. Acting upon contract. Conventual, kftn-ven-tshu-A.1, a. Belonging to a convent, monastick. Conventual, kon-ven^tshu-^1, s. A monk, nun, one that lives in a convent. To Converge, kftn-verjej v. n. To tend to one point from dift'erent places. / Convergent, k6n-ver-.ient,\ Converging, k6n-verying, J Tending to one point from ditteient places. Conversable, kSn-ver-si-bl, a. Qualified fox conversation, fit for company. CoNVERSABLENESS, kSfi-ver^si-bl-nes, s. The quality of being a pleaiing companion. CONVERSABLY, k6n-Ver-S^-bli, ad. In a con- versable manner. {k6ri-ver-s^nt, "(^ kSn-ver^s^nt, J Acquainted with, familiar; having intercourse with any, acquainted ; relating to, concerning. OC^ There are authorities so considerable for each of these pronunciations as render a decision on that ground somewhat difficult. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Perry, Buchanan, and Bailey, place the accent on the second syllable; and Mr. Nares, W. Johnslon, and Entick, accent the first. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott place it on both, and consequently leave it undecided. Analogy seems to demand the stress on the second syl- lable ; perhaps not so much from the relation the word bears to the veib to converse, since it may possibly be de- rived from the noun converse, 492, as from the very gene- ral rule of accenting words of three, syllables, tliat are not simples in our language, on the second syllabic when two consonants occur in the middle. This rule, how- ever, is frequently violated in favour of the aiitepem.il- timate accent (the favourite accent of our language) as In Aggrandize, dmneslij, character, convertite, ancestor, ma- g-istrate, protestant, &c. and where there is but one con- sonant in the middle, nothing is more comiron than to find the accent of the dissyllable verb neglected, and the trisyllable noun adopting the anteneniiltimate accent. Thus the words confident, president, provident, &c. are not accented like the verbs conjide, preside, &c. he. but are considered as simples, and follow the general rule; which is, that all simples of three syllables, with but one consonant in the middle, have the accent on the first, and that the vowel in this syllable is short, 501. Upon the whole, therefore, since authorities are so equal and analogy so precarious, usage must be the umpire; and my observation fails me if that which may be called the best usage does not decide in favour of the accent on the first syllable. Conversation, kSn-ver-si-sliun, *. Familiar discourse, chat, easy talk, a particular act of discours- ing upon any subject; commerce, intercourse; fami liarity; behaviour, manner of acting in common life. To Converse, kSn-vei-seJ v. n. To cohabit with, to hold intercourse with; to be acquainted with; to discourse familiarly upon any subject; to have com- merce with a dift'erent sex. Converse, kSn-verse, S. 592. Manner of dis- coursing in familiar life; acquaintance, cohabitation, familiarity ; with geometricians, it means the contrary. (J3» It is highly probable that this substantive was anciently pronounced like the verb, with the accent on the second syllable; but nothing is now better establish- ed than the accent on the first. Even the line of Pope, ** Goncrous converse; a soul exempt from pride," however rugged with the accent on the first syllable of this word, cannot with propriety be read otherwise. Conversely, k6n-verse-le, ad. With change of order, reciprocally. Conversion, kSn-ver-shun, s. Change from one state into another, transmutation ; change from reprobation to grace ; change from one religion t« another. Conversive, kin-veribiv, a. Conversable, sociable. To Convert, k5n-vert{ v. a. To change into another substance, to transmute; to change from one religion to another ; to turn from abad to a good life| to apply to any use, to approiiriate. CON COO nor 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il399-- p5und313— Min466, THis~469. To Convert, kSn-vert{ v, n. To undergo a change, to be transmuted. Convert, kSn-vert, *. 492. A person converted from one opinion to another. Converter, k6n-vert-ur, s. One that makes converts. Convertibility, k5n-ver-te-bil-e-te, s. The quality of being possible to be converted. Convertible, k6n-ver-te-bl, a. Susceptible of cliange, transmutable ; so much alike as that one may be used for the other. Convertiblv, kSn-ver-te-ble, ad. Reciprocally. CoNVERTiTE, kSn-ver-titc, s. 156. 503. A convert. Convex, kon-veks, a. Rising in a circular form, opposite to concave. Convex, kin-veks, s. A convex body. Convexed, kftn-veksti part, 359. Protuberant ill a circular form. Convexkdly, kftn-vek^sed-l^, ad. 364. In a convex form. Convexity, kSn-veks-^-t5, s. Protuberance, in a circular form. Convexlv, kSn-veks-ll, ad. In a convex form. CoNVEXNESS, kSn-veks-neS, S. Spheroidical pro- tuberance, convexity. Convexo-concave, k5n-veks-i-k5ngikive, a. Having the hollow on the inside, corresponding to the external protuberance. To Convey, kSn-v^ v, a. 269. To carry, to transport from one place to another ; to hand from one to another; to move secretly ; to transmit, to transfer, to deliver to another ; to impart. Conveyance, k8n-vi'-^nse, s. The act of re- moving any thing; way for carriage or transportation ; the method of removing secretly ; the means by which any thing is conveyed ; delivery from one to another ; act of transferring property; writing by which pro- perly is transferred. Conveyancer, k&n-vi'^n-sur, s. a lawyer who draws writings by which property is transferred. Conveyer, k5n-vi-ur, s. One who carries or transmits any thin;. To Convict, kftn-vikt{ v. a. To prove guilty, to detect in guilt; to confute, to discover to be false. Convict, k6n-Vlkt{ a. Convicted, detected in guilt. Convict, kftn-vikt, s. 492. A person cast at the bar. Conviction, kSn-vik-shun, s. Detection of guilt ; the act of convincing, confutation. Convictive, kftn-vik-tiv, a. 157. Having the power of convincing. To Convince, kfin-vlnsej v. a. To force another to acknowledge a contested position ; to convict. — See To Colltct. CONVINCEMENr, kSn-viilse^ment, S. Conviction, CONVINCIBLE, kou-vin-se-bl, a. Capable of con- viction ; capable of being evidently disproved. Convincingly, kSn-vni^sing-l^, nd. in such a manner as to leave no room for doubt. Convincingness, kfin-vin-sing-nes, s. The power of convincing. To Convive, kiin-vlvej v. a. To entertain, to feast. Obsolete. CoNviVAL, kftn-vUvil, \ Convivial, kSn-viviytll, J "• ""^- Relating to an entertainment, festal, social. Conundrum, k&-nun-drum, *. a low jest, a quibble. To Convocate, kSnivi-kdte, v. a. To call together. Convocation, k6n-vS-ka^shiin, s. The act of calling to an assembly ; an assembly; an assemoly of tlie clergy for consurltation upon matters ecclesiastical. 117 To Convoke, kSn-vokeJ v. a. To call together, to summon to an assembly. To Convolve, kftn-vililvj v, a. To roll together to roll one part upon another. Convoluted, k6n-v6-lu-ted, part. a. Twisted, rolled upon itself. Convolution, kSn-v6-lu-shun, s. The act of rolling anything upon itself; the state of rolling to. gether in company. To Convoy, kSn-Voe| v. a. To accompany by land or sea, for the sake of defence. Convoy, kfin-vSe, s. 492. Attendance at sea or on the road by way of defence ; the act of attending as a defence. Conusance, kftn-u-sinse, s. Cognizance, notice. A law term. — See Cognizance. C;?- Perhaps it may be pleaded by the gentlemen of the law, that this is the word they use instead of Cognizance, and consequently, that the charge against them of mu- tilating that word falls to the ground. But it may be answered, that the second syllables of these words are so different as to leave us in no doubt which tlicy make use of; and that the words cognizable, cognizor, and cognizee, being pronounced by them without the ^, are sufficient proofs of the justness of the accusation. To Convulse, kSn-vulse,' v. a. To give an ir- regular and involuntary motion to the parts of any body. Convulsion, kon-vul-shun, s. A convulsion is an involuntary contraction of the fibres and muscles ; an irregular and violent motion, commotion. Convulsive, k8n-vul-siv, a. 15B. 428. Giving twitches or spasms. Cony, kun-n^, s. A rabbit, an animal that burrows in the giound. Cony-burrow, kun^n^-bur-i, s. A place where rabbits make their holes in the ground. To Coo, koo, v. n, 10. To cry as a dove or pigeon. Cook, kuok, s, 306. One whose profession is to dress and prepare victuals for the table. Cook-maid, kook'mide, s. A maid that dresses provisions. Cook-room, kook-rooni, s. A room in which provisions are prepared for the ship's crew. To Cook, kook, v. a. To prepare victuals for the table. Cookery, kook^ur-l, s. 555. The art of dressing victuals. Cool, kuol, a. 306. Somewhat cold, approaching to cold ; not zealous, not fond. Cool, kool, s. Freedom from heat. To Cool, kool, v. a. To make cool, to allay heat ; to quiet passion, to calm anger. To Cool, kool, v. n. To grow less hot ; to grow less warm with regard to passion. Cooler, kool-ur, *. That which has the power of cooling the body ; a vessel in which any thing is made cool. Coolly, kool-lJ, ad. Without heat, or sharp cold ; without passion. Coolness, kool-nls, s. Gentle cold, a soft or mild degree of cold; wantof affection, disinclination j freedom from passion. COOM, koom, S. 306. Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth; that matter that works out of the wheels of carriages. CoOMB, koom, s, A measure of corn containing fout bushels. Coop, koop, S. A cage, a pen for animals, at poultry or sheep. To Coop, koop, v. a. To shut up in a narrow compass, to cage. Coo PEE, koo-pee{ S. A motion in dancing. Cooper, koo-pur, s. 98. One that makes coopi or barrels. Cooperage, koo-pur-idje, s, 90, The price paid for coopers' work. cot' COR K?" 559. Mte 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164, To Co-operate, k^-Sp'-er-ate, v. ii. To labour jointly with another to tlie same end ; to concur in the same effect. Co-operation, ko-Sp-^t-fchun, s. The act of contributing or concurring to the same eiVd; Co-operative, k6-6p-er-^-dv, a. Promoting the same end jointly. Co-operator, ki-5p-er-i-tur, s, 521. He that by joint endeavours, promotes the same end with others. Co-oPTATioN, kS-Sp-ti-shun, s. Adoption, assumption. Co-ordinate, ki-or^d^-nfce, a. 91. Holding the same rank. Co-ordinately, ki-or^dA-nate-l^, ad. In the same ranl<. Co-ORDiNATENESS, ko-oF^de-nite-nes, s. Tlie state of being co-ordinate. Co-ORblNATiON, k6-Sr-dl-ni-sliSn, S, The state cf holding tlie same rank, coUateraUiess. Coot, koot, s, 306. A small black water-fowl. Cop, kSp, S, The head, the top of any thing. Coparcenary, k6-par-se-ni-re, s. Joint suc- cession to any inheritance. Coparcener, ko-p.ar-se-nur, s. Coparceners are such as have equal portion in the inheritance of the ancestor. Coparceny, kA-p^r-sJ-n^, s. An equal share of coparceners. Copartner, ko-part-nur, s. 98. One that has a share in some common stoclc or affair. Copartnership, k6-part-nur-ship, s. Tiie state of bearing an equal part, or possessing an equal share; COPATAIN, kftp^^-tih, d. 208. Hi|U-raiiea, pointed. Obsolete. COPAYVA, ko-pa^v^, s. 92. A gtim which distils from a tree in Brasil. CoPE, kope, S. Any thing with which the head is covered J asiiccrdolal cloak, worn in sacred ministra- tion ; any thing which is spread over the head. To CoPE, kope, V. a. To cover, as with a cope ; to contend with, to oppose. To CoPEi kipe, v, n. To contend; to struggle, to strive. CoPIERi k6p-pi-ur, S. Ohe that copies, a Iran - scriber; a plagiary, an imitator. Coping^ ko-ping, s. The ilt>per tire of masonry which covers the wall. Copious, ko-pe-us, a. Plentiful, abundant, aboutid- ing in words or images. Copiously, ko-pe-us-le, ad. Phentifully, abundantly, in great quantities; at large, diffusely. Copiousness, ko-pe-ns-hes, s. Plenty, abundance; exuberance of style. Copland, kSp-land, s. A piece of ground which terminates with an acute angle. Copped, kSp-ped, or kftpt, d. Z6Q. Rising to a top or h?ad. CoppeL, kop-pel, S. An instrument used in chymistry . Its use is to try and purify gold and silver. Copper, kSp'-pfir, s. 98. One of the si* primitive metals. Copper, kop-pur, s. A boHer larger than a move- able pot. CopPER-NOSE, kSpipur-nSze, «. A red nose. Copper-plate, kftp^pSir-plite, s. A plate on which pictures are engraven. Copp'ER-woRk, kftp-pur-wurk, «. A place where copper is manufactured. Copperas, kSp-pur-Ss, *. A kind of vitriol. Coppersmith, kSp-pur-Sm?th, s. One that manufactures copper. CopPERWORfti', kftp^pur-wurm, s. A little worm in ships } a worm breeding in one's hand. 118 Coppery, kop-pur-e, a. Containing copper. Coppice, kSp-pis, *. 142. Low woods cut at stated times for fuel. Copple-DUST, kftp-pl-dust, s. Powder used in purifying metals. Coppled, kiip-pld, a. 359. Rising in a conick form. Copse, kSps, *. Short wood To Copse, kops, v. a. To preserve underwood. Copula, k8p-u-l^, s. 92. The word which unites the subject and predicate of a proposition. To Copulate, kSp-u-Ute, v. a. To unite, to conjoin. To Copulate, k6p-u-l4te, v. n. To come together as different sexes. Copulation, kSp-u-la-shun, s. Tiie congress or embrace of the two sexes. Copulative, kSp-u-la-tiv, a. 157. A term of grammar. Copy, kop-pe, S. 482. A transcript from the arclietype or original ; an individual book, as a good and fair copy ; the original, the archetype; a picture drawn from another picture. CoPY-BCiOK, k3p-p^-book, S. A book in which copies are written for learuers to imitate. Copyhold, kop-pe-hold, *. A tenure, for which the tenant hath nothing to show but the copy of the rolls made by the steward of his lord's court. Copyholder, kftp-p^-hol-dur, y. One that is possessed of land in copyhold. To Copy, kSp-p^, v. a. To transcribe, to write after an original ; to imitate, to propose to imitation. To Copy, k5p-pe, v. n. To do any thing in imitaiion of something else. CoPYER, k5p-pe-ur, \ Copyist, kSp^pe-ist, / One who copies writing or pictures. To Coquet, k6-ket{ v. a. 415. To treat with an appearance of amorous tenderness. CogUETRY, ko-ket-ri, s. Affectation of amorous advances. Coquette, ko-kltj *. A gay, airy girl, who endeavours to atti-act notice. Coracle, kftr-^-kl, S. 405. A boat used in Wales by tishers. Coral, kSr-itl, *. Red coral is a plant of a» great hardness and stony nature while growing m tne water, as it is after long exposure to the air; the piece of coral which children use as a plaything. (f3^ We sometimes hear this word pronounced Curral; but this is contrary to all our Pronouncing Dictionaries, and ought to be avoided. Coralline, kSri^-in, a. 150. Consisting of coral. Coralline, kSr-il-in, S. Coralline is a sea-plant used in medicine. Coralloid, or Coralloidal, kSr-^l-l6id, ot kSr-il-loid-^l, a. Resembling coral. CoraNT, k6-rintj S. A nimble sprightly dance. CORBAN, kor-bin, S. 168. An alms basket, a gift, an alms. CORBEILS, kor-belz, s. Little baskets used in for- tification, filled with earth. Corbel, kor-bel, 5. In architecture, the represen- tation of a basket. Cord, kord, s. A rope, a string ; a quantity of wood for fuel ; a pile eight feet long, four high, and four broad. Cord-maker, kord^mi-kur, s. One whose trade is to make ropes, a rope-inaker. CORD-VI'OOD, kord-wild, s. Wood piled up foC fuel. 7'o Cord, kord, v. a. To bind with ropes. Cordage, kor-didje, s. 90. A quantity of cordi, CdKDEb, kor-ded, a. Made of ropes. COR COR •liSr I6T, n$t 163— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/tin 466, this 469. Cordelier, kor-d^-l^erj s. 275, A franciscan friar, so named from the cord which serves him for a cincture. Cordial, koriji-Jl, s. 294. 376. A medicine that increases the force of tlie heart, or quickens the circulation ; any medicine that increases strength ; any thing that comforts, gladdens, and exhilarates. (t7- There is certainty a tendency in the d as well as in the t to slide into a soft hissing sound when preceded by the accent, and followed by adiphthong or a diphthongal vowel, commencing with tlie sound of e. This is evident by the current pronunciation of immediate, verdure, &c. as if written immejiate, rerjure, &c. 294 ; and tliis pro- nunciation is so agreeable to the genius of our language, that the organs slide into it insensibly. Mr. Sheridan, in order to mark this sound, has adopted the y, and spelled the word Cor-dy-al: and if y is here articulated as a consonant, as is intended, its connexion with d pro- duces a sound so near the hiss in Cor-je-al, as to be with difficulty distinguished from it. Cordial, kor-je-4l, a. Reviving, invigorating j sincere, hearty. Cordiality, kor-j4-Jl-^-ti> s. Relation to the heart; sincerity. Cordially, k3r-j5-il-l^, ad. Sincerely, heantlly. Core, k6re, S. The heart ; the inner part of any thing ; the inner part of a fruit, which contains the kernel ; the matter contained in a bile or sore. Coriaceous, k6-rJ-A-shus, a. Consisting of leather; of a substance resembling leather. Coriander, ki-re-in^ur, s. 98. A plant. Corinth, kuKrJn, s. A small fruit commonly called currant, which see. Corinthian, kA-nn-^A^-in, a. Is generally reckoned the fourth of the five orders of architecture. Cork, kork, *. A glandiferous tree, in all respects like the ilex, excepting the bark ; the bark of the cork- tree used for stopples ; the stopple of a bottle. 7b Cork, kork, v. a. To put corks into bottles. Corking-pin, kor-king-p!nJ *. A pin of the largest size. Corky, kor^k^, a. Consisting of cork. Cormorant, kor^mi-r^nt, s. A bird that preys upon fish ; a glutton. Corn, korn, S. The seeds which grow In ears, not in pods: grain unreaped; grain in the ear, yet «n- thrashed; an excrescence on the foot, hard and panitul. To Corn, korn, v. a. To salt, to sprinkle with salt; to form into small grains. Corn-field, komifJ^ld, s. A field where com is growing. Corn- FLAG, kom-fl4g, s. A plant: the leaves are like those of the fleur-de-lis. Corn-floor, korn-flSre, s. The floor where com is stored. Corn-flower, korniflou-ur, *. The bluebottle. Corn-land, korn-lJnd, s. Land appropriated to the production of grain. Corn-mill, korn-mil, s. A mill to grind com into meal. Corn-pipe, korn -pipe, s. A pipe made by slitting the joint of a green stalk of corn. Cornchandler, korn-tshlnd-lSr, s. One that retails corn. ""ornc OTTER, korn-kut-tur, s. A man whose profession it is to extirpate corns from the foot. Cornel, kor-nel, "I Cornelian-tree, kor-nJil^-Jn-tr4^, / The Cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called the Cornelian cherry. Corneous, kor'nJ-us, a. Homy, of a substance resembling horn. Corner, kor-nur, s. 98. An angle ; a secret or remote place ; the extremities, the utmost limit. Corner-stone, kSrinur-stine, s. Tlie stone that unit«s the two walls at the corner. 119 CoRNERwiSE, kor-nur-wize, ad. Diagonally. Cornet, kor-net, s. 99. A musical instrument blown with the mouth ; a company or troop of horse, in this sense obsolete; the officer who bears the stan- dard of a troop ; Cornet of a horse, is the lowest part of his pastern that runs round the coffin. Cornetcy, kor-net-s^, s. The post of a comet in the army. Cornice, kor^nis, 5. 142. The highest projection of a wall or coluuin. Cornicle, kor-n!k-kl, s. 405. A little horn. Cornigerous, kor-nidjei|-rus, a. Homed, having horns. Cornucopia, kor-nu-k6-p4-e, s. The horn of plenty. To CoRNUTE, kor-nitej v. a. To bestow horns, to cuckold. Cornuted, kor-iiA-ted, a. Grafted with homs, cuckolded. CoRNUTO, kor-ni^ti, s. Italian. A man horned, a cuckold. Corny, kor-n^, a. strong or hard like hom, horny; producing grain or corn. Corollary, kftr-6-llr-^, s. 168. Tiie conclusion 5 an inference. CCy- Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Ash, W. John- ston, Buchanan, Entick, and Smith, accent this word on the first, and Dr. Kenrick, Scott, Perry, and Bailey, on the second syllable. The weight of authority is cer. tainly for the accentuation I have adopted, and analogy seems to confirm this authority. For as the word is de. rived from CoroUarium, with the accent on the antepe- nultimate, our pronunciation of this word generally lays an additional accent on the first syllable, which, when the word is shortened by dropping a syllable in Corollary, becomes the principal accent, as in a ]iousand other in- stances. — See Academy. Coronal, kSr^i-n^l, s. 168. A crown, a garland. Coronal, k6r-A-nil, a. Belonging to the top of the head. Coronary, k6r-6-nSr-i, a. Relating to a crown; it is applied in anatomy to arteries fancied to encom- pass the heart in the manner of a garland. Coronation, kSr-6-na-shun, s. The act or solemnity of crowning a king; the pomp or assembly present at a coronation. Coroner, kSr-i-nur, S. An officer whose duty it is to enquire how any violent death was occasioned. Coronet, kor-o-net, s. An inferior crown worn by the nobility. Corporal, kor-pi-rSl, J. 168. The lowest officer of the infantry ; a low sea-officer. Corporal, kor-pA-ril, a. Relating to the body belonging to the body; material, not spiritual. CORPORALITY, kor-p6-rlll-^-te, *. The quality of being embodied. Corporally, k3r^p6-ril-^, ad. Bodily. Corporate, korip6-r4te, a. 91. United in a body or community. Corporation, k6r-p6-ri-shun, s. A body politick. Corporeal, kor-po^re-il, a. Having a body, not immaterial. Corporeity, kor-p6-r4^^-te, *. Materiality, bodiliness. Corps, kire, s. Plural khrz. A body of forces. (t3- Perhaps it is the unpleasing idea this word sug- gests, when pronounced in the English manner, that has fixed it in the French pronunciation. Nothing can be more frightful to an elegant ear, than the sound it has from the mouth of those who are wholly unacquainted with its fashionable and military usage. Corpse, korps, s. 168. A carcass, a dead body,* corse. Corpulence, kor^pu-lense, "I Corpulency, kor-pu-len-s^, J Bulkiness of body, fleshiness. CoRPCLENT, kor-pi-lent, a. ricsby, bulky^ COR COR t^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, Corpuscle, k3r-pus-sl, s, 351. 405. A small body, ail atom. Corpuscular, kor-pus-ku-lSr, ") CoRPUSCULARiAN, kor-pus-ku-lairJ-5n, J Relating to bodies, comprising bodies. To CoRRADE, k6r-rade{ v. a. 168. To hoaid, to scrape together. CoRRADiATiON, k6r-ra-de-a'shun, s. A conjunc- tion of rays into one point. To Correct, kSr-rektJ v. a. To punish, to cliastise; to amend; to obviate the qualities of one ingredient by another. Correct, kSr-rektJ a. Revised or finished with exactness. Correction, kor-rek-shun, S. Punishment, dis- cipline; amendment ; that which is substituted in the place of any thing wrong; reprehension; abatement of noxious qualities, by the addition of something contrary. Correctioner, kftr-rek-shun-ur, s. A jail-bird. Obsolete. Corrective, kftr-rek-tiv, a. 157. Having the power to iriter or obviate any bad qualities. Corrective, kSr-rek-tiv, s. That which has the power of altering or obviating any thing amiss; limitation, restriction. Correctly, kftr-rekt-lJ, ad. Accurately, exactly. Correctness, kSr-rekt^nes, s. Accuracy, exactness. Corrector, kor-rek^tur, s. 98. He that amends, or alters, by punishment ; he that revises any thing to free it from faults; such an ingredient in a composition as guards against or abates the force of another. To Correlate, kSr-re-UteJ v. n. To have a reciprocal relation, as father and son. — See Counter- balance. Correlate, k5r-e-late, s. One that stands in the opposite relation. Correlative, k6r-rel-i-tiv, a. Having a re- ciprocal relation. Correlativeness, kSr-rel^^-tlv-nes, s. Tlie state of being correlative. CORREPTION, kor-rep-shun, t, >, Chiding, repre- hension, reproof. To Correspond, ki1r-re-spSnd{ v. n. To suit, to answer, to fit ; to keep up commerce with another by alternate letters. Correspondence, kftr-rJ-spSn-dense, ") Correspondency, kftr-re-sp6n-den-se, J Relation, reciprocal adaptation of one thing to an- other; intercourse, reciprocal intelligence; friendship, interchange of offices or civilities. Correspondent, k5r-r^-spSn'-dent, a. Suitable, adapted, answerable. — See To Collect, Correspondent, k6r-re-spSn-dent, s. One with whom intelligence or commerce is kept up by mutual messages or letters. CORRESPONSIVE, k6r-re-sp5n-slv, a. Answerable, adapted to any thing. Corridor, kftr-re-dorej a. The covert way lying round a fortification; a gallery or long aisle round about a building. Corrigible, k6r^re-jJ-bl, a. 405. That may be altered or amended ; punishable.— See To Ccllect. Corrival, k6r-rl-vil, S. Rival, competitor. CORRIVALRY, k5r-rl-Vi\l-re, s. Competition. Corroborant, kftr-rSb-o-rint, a. Having the power to give strength. To Corroborate, kSr-rftWS-r.Ate, z;. «. To con- firm, to establish; to strengthen, to make strong. Corroboration, kor-rSb-o-r4-shun, s. The act of strengthening or confirm'.ng. Corroborative, kSr-vSb-6-rl,-tiv, a. Having the power of increasing strength. To Corrode, kftr-rodej v. a. Jo cat away by dfgrces, to wear away gradually. 120 Corrodent, kftr-ro-dent, a. Having the power of corroding or wasting. Corrodible, kSr-rS-de-bl, a. 405. Possible to be consumed. Corrosibility, kSr-ro-se-biKe-te, S. Possibility to be consumed by a menstruum. Corrosible, kftr-ro-se-bl, a. 405. Possible to be consumed by a menstruum. Corrosibleness, kSr-ro-se-bl-nes, s. Susceptibility of corrosion. Corrosion, kor-ro-zhun, s. 451. The power of eating or wearing away by degrees. Corrosive, kfir-nV-siv, a. 428. Having the power of wearing away ; having the quality to fret or vex. Corrosive, kSr-ro-siv, s. 140. That which ha» the quality of wasting any thing away ; that which has the power of giving pain. Corrosively, kSr-ro-siv-le, ad. Like a cor- rosive; with the power of corrosion. CoRROSIVENESS, kSr-ro-SlV-neS, S. The quality of corroding or eating away, acrimony. CoRRUGANT, kftr^rii-g^nt, a. 503. Having the power of contracting into wrinkles. To Corrugate, k6r-ru-gate, v. a. 91. To wrinkle or purse up. Corrugation, k6r-ru-ga-shun, s. Contract-ion into wrinkles. To Corrupt, kftr-rupt,' v. a. To turn from a sound to a putrescent state, to infect; to deprave, to -■ destroy integrity, to vitiate. To Corrupt, k5r-ruptj v. n. To become putrid, to grow rotten. — See To Collect. Corrupt, k6r-rupt{ a. Vicious, tainted with wickedness. Corrupter, kSr-rup-tur, s. He that taints or vitiatos. Corruptibility, kSr-rup-te-bil^e-te, s. Possibility to be corrupted. Corruptible kSr-rup-te-bl, a. 405. Susceptible of coiruptioM ; possible to be vitiated. (KT- Some affected speakers have done all in tlieir power to remove the accent of this word from the second to the first syllable ; thanks to the difficulty of pronoun- cing it in this manner, they have not yet effected tlieir purpose. Those who have the least regard for the sound of their language, ought to resist this novelty with all their might ; fur if it once gain ground, it is sure to triumph. The difficulty of pronouncing it, and the ill sound it produces, will recommend it to the fashionable world, who are as proud to distinguish themselves by an oddity in language as in dress. — See Incomparable. Corruptibleness, kSr-rup-t^-bl-nes, s. Susceptibilityjof corruption. Coi^RUPTiBLV, kftr-rup-te-ble, ad. In such a manner as to be corrupted. Corruption, k6r-rup-shun, s. The principle by which bodies tend to the separation of their parts; wickedness, perversion of principles; putrescence; matter or pus in a sore; the means by which any thing is vitiated, depravation. Corruptive, k5r-rup-tiv, a. Having the quality of tainting or vitiating. CORRUPTLESS, kSr-rupt-leS, a. Insusceptible of corruption, undecaying. Corruptly, kor-rupt-le, ad. With corruption, with taint; viciously, contrary to purity. Corruptness, k6r-rupt-nes, s. Tiie quality corruption, putrescence, vice. Corsair, kor-sare, s. 168. A pirate. Corse, korse, s. Poetically, a dead body, a carcass. Corslet, kbrs-let, *. A light armour for the fore part of the body. Cortical, kor-te-k^l, a. Barky, belonging t© the rind. Corticated, kor-te-ka-ted, a. Resemblim Um barkof a tree. COT COV nSr 167, nStl63— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, this 469 Full of bark. CoRTicosE, kor-tl-kose{ a See Appendix. CouVETTO, kor-vet-to, s. The curvet. CoRUSCANT, ko-rus-kint, The difference of Council and C'okrwelis, in cursory speaking, almost undistinguishable. To Counsel, koun^sel, v. a. 99. To give advice or counsel to any person ; to advise any thing. CouNSELLABLE, koun-sel-i-bl, a. Willing to receive and follow advice. Counsellor, koun-sel-lur, s. One that gives advice; confidant, bosom friend; one whose province is to deliberate and advise upon publick affairs; one that is consulted in a case of law. CouNSELLORSHiP, koun-sel-luF-ship, s. The office or post of privy counsellor. To Count, kount, v. a. To number, to tell ; to reckon, to account, to consider as having a certain character; to impute to, to charge to. To Count, kount, v. n. 313. To lay a sehemej to depend on. Count, kount, S. Number, reckoning. Count, kount, s. A title of foreign nobHity., an earl. Countable, koun-ti-bl, a. Thatmay be numbered. Countenance, koun-te-ninse, s. The form of the face, the system of the features, air, look; confi- dence of mien, aspect of assurance; affection or ill will, as it appears upon the face ; patronage, support. To Countenance, koun^t^-ninse, v. a. To support, to patronise, to make a show of; to en- courage. * Countenancer, koun^t^-nin-sur, s. One that countenances or supports another. Counter, koun-tur, *. 98. A falise piece of money used as a means of reckoning; the form on which goods are viewed and money told in a shop. Counter, koun-tur, ad. Contrary to, in opposi- tion to ; the wrong way ; contrary ways. To Counteract, koun-tur-tkt; v. a. To hinder any thing from its effect by contrary agency. 7'o Counterbalance, koun-tur-b^l-linse, v. a. To act against with an opposite weight:. C3- We may observe, in words compounded of counfer, an evident tendency to that distinction that obtains be- . ween the noun and the verb in dissyllables. Thus the veto to counterbaUmce has the accent on tlu third syl- 122 •»»< ^""^ «^-'' lable, and the noun of the same form on the first, and so of the rest, 492. Counterbalance, koun-tur-bil-linse, i. Opposite weight. To CouNTERBUFF, koun-tur-buf^ v. a. To impel ; to strike back. CoUNTERBUFF, kSun^tUF-buf, 4. A stroke that produces a recoil. COUNTERCASTER, kSun'-tur-kis-tur, S. A book- keeper, a caster of accounts, a reckoner. Not used. CouNTERCHANGE, koun-tSr-tshAnj i; s. Exchange, reciprocation. To CouNTERCHANGE, kouH-tSr-tsbinj ej V. a. To give and receive. CouNTERCHARM, koun-tur-tsh^rm, J. That by which a charm is dissolved. To CouNTERCHARM, koun-tur-tsharm{ v. a. To destroy the effect of an enchantment. To Countercheck, k3un-tur-tshek{ v. a. To oppose. Countercheck, koun^ur-tshek, s. stop, rebuke. To CouNTERDRAW, koun-tur-dtlwl v a. To copy a design by means of an oiled paper, whereon the strokes appearing tnrough, are traced wuh a pencil. CoUNTEREViDENCE, koun-tur-ev-6-dense, s. Testimony by which the deposition of some former witness is opposed. To Counterfeit, koun^tur-flt, v. a. To copy with an intent to pass the copy for an original ; to imi- tate, to resemble. Counterfeit, koun-tiir-fit, a. Forged, fictitious j deceitful, hypocritical. Counterfeit, koun-tur-fit, *. One who per- sonates another, an impostor; something made in imi- tation of another ; a forgery. Counterfeiter, koun^tur-fit-ur, s. A forger. CouNTERFEiTLY, koun-t&r-flt-l^, ad. Falsely, with forgery. "CouNTERFERMENT, kSiiD tSr-fer-taent, s. Ferment opposed to ferment. Counterfort, k3un-tur-f5rt, s. Counterforti are pillars serving to support walls subject to bulge. COUNTERGAGE, koun-tuF-gije, S. A method used to measure the joints by transferring the breadth of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be. CouNTERGUARD, koun-tur-gard, s. 92. A small rampart with parapet and ditch. To Countermand, koun-tur-mand{ v. a. 79. To order the contrary to what was ordered before ; to contradict the orders of another. Countermand, koun-tur-mand, s. Repeal of • former order. To Countermarch, koun-tur-martsh{ v. n. To- march backwards.— See Counterbalance. Countermarch, ko&n'-tur-martsh, s. Retrocession, march backward; a change of measures} alteration of conduct. Countermark, koun-tur-mark,«. A second or third mark put on a bale of goods ; the mark of the Goldsmiths' Company. Countermine, koun-tur-mlne, s. A well or hole sunk into the ground, from which a gallery or branch runs out under ground, to seek out the enemy's mine; means of opposition; a stratagem by which any contrivance is defeated. To Countermine, koun-tur-mine{ v. a. To delve a passage into an enemy's mine ; to counter- work, to defeat by secret measures. Countermotion, koun-tur-mi-shun, s. Contrary motion. CouNTERMURE, koun^tuf-mure, *. A wait built up behind another wall. Counternatural, koun-tur-n4tsh-u-r4l, a. Contrary to nature. CouNTERNOiSE, koiin-tur-noize, s. A so«nd b> which any otlier noise i> overpowered. cou cdtJ hwr \67, nSt .63— tAbe 171, tub M9, bull 173— S!l S99— pSund 313— Min 466, this 46.9. CouNfEROPEMNG, koun-tur-i-pii-ing, s. An aperture on tlie contrary side. CouNTERPACE, kouu^tur-pise, s. Contrary measure. Counterpane, koun-tur-pirie, s. A coverlet for a bed, or any thing else woven in squares. Counterpart, koun-tur-part, s. The corres- pondent part. Counterplea, k3&n-t5r-JJll, s, in law, a re- plication. To Counterplot, koun-tSr-plStJ v. a. To oppose one machination by another. Counterplot, koun^tur-plftt, s. An artifice opposed to an artifice. Counterpoint, koun-tur-p8?nt, s. A coverlet woven in squares; a species of mustck^ To Counterpoise, k3un-tSr-poizeJ v. a. To counterbalance, to be equiponderant to; to produce a contrary action by an equal weight; to act with equal power against any person or cause. Counterpoise, koun-tur-po^ze, s. Equiponderance, equivalence of weight ; the state of being placed in the opposite scaleof the balance; equi- pollcnce, equivalence of power. Counterpoison, koun-tur-po^-zn, s. Antidote. Counterpressure, koun-tur-presh-ure, s. Opposite force. Counterproject, koun-tur-prSd-jekt, s. Correspondent part of a scheme Counterscarp, koun-tur-skirp, s. That side of the ditch which is next the camp. To Countersign, koun-tur-sIne{ v. a. To sign an order or patent of a superior, in quality of secre- tary, to render the thing more authentick. Countertenor, koun-tur-teninur, s. One of the mean or middle parts of musick, so called, as it were, opposite to the tenor. CounteRTIDE, koun^tur-tide, S, Contrary tide. CouNTERTiME, kSun-tuF-tlme, s. Defence, opposition. CouNTERTURN, koun^tur-tum, S. Tlie height and full growth of the play, we may call properly the Counterturn, which destroys expectation. To Countervail, k3un-tSr-vile| v. a. To be equivalent to, to have equal force or value, to act against with equal power. Countervail, koun-tur-vile, s. Equal weight; that which has equal weight or value. Counterview, koun'tur-vA, s. Opposition, a posture in which two persons front each other ; con- trast. To Counterwork, koun-tur-wurkj v. a. To counteract, to hinder by contrary operations. Countess, koun-tes, *. The lady of an earl or count. Counting-house, kSun-ting-house, s. The room appropriated by traders to their books and accounts. Countless, kSunt-les, a. Innumerable, without number. Country, kun-tri, s. A tract of land, a region; rural parts ; tlie place of one's birth, the native soil ; the inhabitants of any region. Country, kun-tr^, a. Rustick, rural? remote from cities or courts; peculiar to a region or people; rude, ignorant, untaught. Countryman, kuri-trJ-mln> *. 88. One bom in the same country ; a rustick, one that inhabits the rural parts ; a farmer, a husbandman. County, koun^t^, s. A shire; that is, a circuit or portion of the realm, into which the whole land is di- vided; a count, a lord. Obsolete in this last sense. Coupee, koo-p^e{ S. a motion in dancing. JOUPLE, kup-pl, S. 314. A chain or tie that holds dogs tocetlier ; two, a brace; a inale and his fe- male.— See 2o Codle. To Couple, kupipl, v. a. 405. To diain ttigether} to join to one another J to tfiarry, to Wed. 123 To COUPJLE, kupipl, V. n. To join embraces. Couple-beggar, kup-pl-beg-ur, s. One that makes it his business to marry beggars to each other. Couplet, kup-let, *. Two verses, a pair of rhymes ; a pair, as of doves. Courage, kur-ridje, s. 90. Braverj', active fortitude. Courageous, kur-rJl-je-us, a. Brave, daring, bold. Courageously, kur-rA-j^-us-le, ad. Bravely, stoutly, boldly. Courageousness, kur-ri-j^-5s-nes, s. Bravery, boldness, spirit, courage. CouRANT, kur-rtlntj 1 Couranto, kur-ran-tA,/ A nimble dance; anything that spreads quick, as a paper of news. To CouRB, ko3rb, v. n. To bend, to bow. Obsolete. Courier, koo-r^irj s. 259. A messenger sent in haste. 03» This word is perfectly French, and often makes a t)1aih Englishman the object of laughter to the polite world, by pronouncing it like Currier, a dresser of leather. Course, kirse, *. 318. Race, career; passage, from place to place; tilt, act of running in the lists; ground on which a race is run ; trac^ or line in which a ship s?ils ; sails, means by which the course is per- formed; order of succession ; series of successive and methodical procedure ; the elements of an art exhi- bited and explained in a methodical series ; method of life, train of actions; natural bent, uncontrolled will j caiamenia ; number of dishes set on at once upon the table ; empty form. To Course, kirse, v. a. To hunt, to pursue ; to pursue with dogs that hunt in view ; to put to speed, to force to run. To Course, kirse, v, n. To run, to rove about. Courser, kir-sur, s, A swift horse, a war horse; one who pursues the sport of coursing hares. Court, k Arte, 5. 318. Tlie place where the prince resides, the palace ; the hall or chamber where justice is administered; open space before a house; a small opening enclosed with houses and paved with broad stones ; persoiis who compose the retinue of a prince ; persons who are assembled for the administration of justice; any jurisdiction, military, civil, or ecclesias- tical ; the art of pleasing, the art of insinuation. To Court, kArte, v. a. To woo, to solicit woman; to solicit, to seek ; to flatter, to endeavour to please. Court-chaplain, kArte-tsh$p-lln, s. One who attends the king to celebrate the holy offices. Court-day, kArte-dA{ s. Day on which justice is solemnly administered. Court Favour, kArte-fi-vur, s. Favours or benefits bestowed by princes. Court-hand, kArte-h^nd, s, Tlie hand or manner of writing used in records and judicial pro- ceedings. Court-lady, kArte-U-di, S. A lady conversant in cotlrt. Courteous, kur-tsliA-us, «. 314. Elegant of manners, well bred. Courteously, kur-tsh^-us-le, ad. Respectfully, civilly, cornplaisantly. Courteousness, kur-tshi-us-neSj s. Civility, complaisance. COURTESAN, I j^,^_^.^J,^ 523. Courtezan, J A woman of the town ; a prostitute, a strumpet. Courtesy, klir^t^-S^, S. Elegance of manners^ civility, complaisance : an act of civility or respect ; a tenure, not of right, butby the favour of others. Courtesy, kurt-sJ, s. The reverence made by women, <^ This word, when it signifies an act of reverence, is not only deprived of one of its syllables by all speakers but by the vulgar has its last syllable changed irjto cAe or uhe, as if written cttrt-s/»ei this impropriety, however, COZ CRA fc> 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, fJt 81— me 93, met 95— pine'lOS, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, Cozenage, kuzizn-ije, s. 90. Fraud, deceit, trick, clieat. Cozener, kuz-zn-ur, s. 98. A cheater, a defrauder. Crab, krSb, S. A shell fish ; a wild apple, the tree that bears a wild apple ; a peevish, morose person ; a wooden engine with three claws for launching of sliips j a sign of the zodiack. Crabbed, kr^b-bed, a. 366. Peevish, morose; liarsh, unpleasing; difficult, perplexing. Crabbedly, krab'-bed-le, ad. Peevishly. Crabbedness, krib-bed-nes, s. Sourness of taste ; sourness of countenance, asperity of manners j difficulty. Craber, kri-bur, S, The water-rat. Crabs-eyes, ki'Sbz^Ize, *. Smaii whitish bodies found in the common crawfish, resembling the eyes of a crab. Crack, krak, S, A sudden disruption ; chink, fissure, narrow lireach; the sound of any body bursting or falling ; any sudden and quick sound ; any breach, injury, or diminution, a flaw; craziness of intellect ; a man crazed; a whore; a boast; a boaster. These last are low and vulgar uses of the word. To Crack, kr^k, v. a. To break into chinks ; to break, to split; to do any thing with quickness or smartness; to break or destroy any thing; to craze, to weaken the intellect. To Crack, krik, v. n. To burst, to open in chinks; to fall to ruin; to utter a loud and sudden sound ; to boast, with Of. Crack-brained, kr^k-brandj a. 359. Crazy, without right reason. . Crack-hemp, kr^k-hemp, s. A wretch fated to the gallows. A low word. Cracker, krAk-fir, S. A noisy boasting fellow ; a quantity of gunpowder confined so as to burst with great noise. To Crackle, kr.^k^kl, v. n. 405. To make slight cracks, to make small and frequent sharp sounds. Cradle, kra-dl, *. 405. A moveable bed, on which children or sick persons are agitated with a smooth motion; infancy, or the first part of life; with sur- geons, a case for a broken bone ; with shipwrights, a frame of timber raised along the outside of a ship. To Cradle, kri-dl, v. a. To lay in a cradle. Cradle-clothes, kri-dl-kl6ze, s. Bedclothes belonging to a cradle. Craft, kr^ft, S. 79. Manual art, trade; fraud, cunning; small sailing vessels. To Craft, krAft, v. n. To play tricks. Obsolete. Craftily, kr^f-te-le, ad. Cunningly, artfully. Craftiness, krat'-te-nes, S. Cunning, stratagem. Craftsman, krafts-m^n, s. An artificer, a manufacturer. Craftsmaster, kr4fts-mas-tur, S. A man skilled in his trade. Crafty, krdf^te, a. Cunning, artful. Crag, krag, s. A rough steep rock ; the rugged protuberances of rocks; the neck. Cragged, krAg-ged, a. 366. Full of inequalities and piominences. CrAGGEDNESS, krSg-ged-nes, S. Fullness of crags or prominent rocks. CrAGGINESS, kr%^ge-nes, S. The state of being craggy. Craggy, kr%%^, a. 383. Rugged, full of prominences, rough. To Cram, kr^m, v. a. To stuff, to fill with more than can conveniently be held ; to fill with food beyond satiety ; to thrust in by force. To Cram, krim, v. n. To eat beyond satiety. Crambo, -kr^m-bo, S, A play in whicli one givci a word, to which another finds a rhyme. Cramp, kravnp, S. A spasm or contraction of the limbs; a restriction, a confinement; a piece of iron neems daily to lose ground, even among the lower orders of the people, who begin to restore the s to its pure sound. To Courtesy, kurt^s^, v. n. To perform an act of reverence ; to make a reverence in the manner of ladies. Courtier, kirteiyur, *. 113. One that frequents or attends the courts of princes ; one that courts or so- licits the favour of another. Courtlike, kSrte-like, a. Elegant, polite. Courtliness, kort-le-nes, s. Elegance of manners, complaisance, civility. Courtly, korte-le, a. Relating or appertaining to the court, elegant, soft, flattering. Courtship, k6rte^ship, s. The act of soliciting favour; the solicitation of a woman to marriage. Cousin, kuz-zn, S. 314. 159. Any one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or a sister; a title given by the king to a nobleman, particularly to those of the council. Cow, kou, s. 323. The female of the bull. To Cow, koil, V. a. To depress with fear. Covv-HERD, koil-herd, S. One whose occupation is to tend cows. Cow-HOUSE, kou^house, s. Tlie house in which kine are kept. Cow-LEECH, kou^letsh, $, One who professes to cure distempered cows. Cow-wEED, kou-wMe, s. A species of chervil. Cow-WHEAT, kou-wh^te, s. A plant. Coward, kou-urd, s. 88. 323. A poltroon, a wretch whose predominant passion is fear; it is some- times used in the manner of an adjective. Cowardice, kou-ur-dis, s. 142. Fear, habitual timidity, want of courage. Cowardliness, kou-urd-l5-nes, s. Timidity, cowardice. Cowardly, kou-urd-l^, a. Fearful, timorous, pusillanimous; mean, befitting a coward. Cowardly, kou-urd-le, ad. In the manner of a coward. To Cower, kou-ur, v. n. 223. To sink by bending the knees, to stoop, to shrink. COWISH, kou-isll, a. Timorous, fearful. Not used. CowkeepER, kou-k^-pur, S. One whose business is to keep cows. Cowl, kolll, s. 323. A monk's hood; a vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two. Cowl-staff, koul-st^f, s. The stair on which a vessel is supported between two men. tow-roCK, koil-pok, S. An eruption from the teats of a cow; said to be an infallible preservative from the small-pox. Cowslip, kou-slip, *. Cowslip is also called pagil, and is a species of primrose. Coxcomb, koks^kome, s. The top of the head ; the comb resembling that of a cock, which licensed foots wore formerly in their caps; a flower; a fop; a superficial pretender. Coxcombly, kSks-kom-lJ, a. or ad. Conceited, like a coxcomb. Coxcombry, k6ks'-c6m-re, s. Foppishness. Coxcomical, kSks-kSm^ik-itl, a. Foppish, conceited. Coy, koe, a, Modest, decent , reserved, not ac- cessible. To Coy, koe, v. n. 329. To behave with resene, to reject familiarity ; not to condescend willingly. Coyly, ko^^le, ad. With reserve. Coyness, koe-nes, s. Reserve, unwillingness to become fainiliar. CoZ, kuz, 4. A cant or familiar word, contracted from cousin. To Cozen, kuz-zn, v. a. 159. 314. To cheat, to trick, to defraud. 124 CRA CRE nor 167, n8t Ib'S— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— 559. Fite73, th 77, faU 83, ^t81-rmi 93, m2t95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, m8ve 164, CREDULOUSNESS, krid-ji-lus-nes, S. Aptness to believe, credulity. Creed, kreid, *. A form of words in which the articles of faith are comprehended ; any solemn pro- fession of principles or opinion. To Creek, kri^k, v. a. To make a harsh noise. Creek, kr^ik, S, 246. A prominence or jut in a winding coast ; a small port, a bay, a cove. CREEKY, kr^-ki, a. Full of creeks, unequal, winding. To Creep, kre^p, v. n. 246. To move with the belly to the gronnd without legs; to grow along the ground, or on other supports ; to move forward without bounds or leaps, as insects; to move slowly and feebly ; to move timorously, without soaring, or venturing; to behave with servility, to fawn, to bend. Creeper, krJi^pur, s. 98. A plant that supports itself by means of some stronger body ; an iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens : a kind of patten or clog worn by women. Creephole, kr^ip-hile, S. A hole into which jiny animal may cresp to escape danger; a subterfuge, an excuse. Creepingly, krJJp-ing-l5, ad. Slowly, after the mai.ner of a reptile. To Crepitate, krep-^-tite, r. n. 91; To make a small crackling noise. Crepitation, krep-i-tiishun, s. A small crackling noise. Crept, krept. Tart, from Creep. Orepuscule, kr^-pus-kule, s. Twilight. Crepusculous, kri-pus^ki-lusj a. Glimmering, in a state between light and darkness. Crescent, kres-sent, «. Increasing, growing. Crescent, kres-sent, S. The moon in her state of increase ; any similitude of the moon increasing. Crescive, kres-siv, a. 158. Increasing, growing. Cress, kres, s. An herb. Cresset, kres-set, s, 99. A great light set upon a beacon, light-house, or watch-tower. Crest, krest, s. The plume of feather* on the top of the helmet; the ornament of the helmet in he- raldry ; any tuft or ornamentof the head ; pride, soirit, fire. Crested, kres-ted, a. Adorned with a plume or cresl ; weaving a comb. Crest-fallen, krest-faln, a. Dejected, sunk, heartless, spiritless. Crestless, krest-les, a. Not dignified with coat- armour. Cretaceous, kr^-ti-shus, a. Abounding with chalk, chalky. CreTATED, kre-ti-ted, a. Rubbed with chalk. Crevice, krev-is, s. 140. A crack, a cleft. Crew, kroo, S. 339. A company of people as- sociated for any purpose; the company of a ship. It is now generally used in a bad sense. Crew, kroo. The pret. of Crow. Crewel, kroo-il, s. QQ, Yam twisted and wound on a knot or ball. CRIBjknb, s. The rack or manger of a stable; the stall or cabin of an ox; a small habitation, a cottage. To Crib, knb, v. a. To shut up in a narrow habitation, to cage ; to steal. A low phrase. Cribbage, krib-bidje, s. 90. A game at cards. Cribration, krl-bri-shun, s. 123. The act of sifting. Crick, knk, s. Tlie noise of a door; a painful stiffness in the neck. Cricket, krik-kit, .«. 99- An insect that squeaks or chirps about ovens and fire-places ; a sport, at which the contenders drive a ball with sticks ; a low scat or stool. Crier, kil-ur, s. 98. The officer whose business is to cry oi make proclamation. 126 Crime, krlme, s. An act contrary to right ; an offence, a great fault. CrimefuL, krlme-ful, a. Wicked, criminal. Crimeless, krlme-les, a. Innocent, without crime. Criminal, knm-^-nil, a. 88. Faulty, contrary to right, contrary to duty ; guilty, tainted with crime; not civil, as a criminal prosecution. Criminal, knm-e-nal, s. A man accused of a crime; a man guilty of a crime. Criminally, knm-e-nil-1^, ad. Wickedly, guiltily. Criminalness, krim-^-nil-nes, s. Guiltiness. Crimination, knm-e-na-shun, s. The act of accusing, arraignment, charge. Criminatory, krim-e-nA-tur-r^, a. 512. Relating to accusation, accusing. Criminous, knra-^-iius, a. Wicked, iniquitous. Criminously, knm-^-nus-le, ad. Very wickedly. Criminousness, krim-4-nus-nes, s. Wickedness, guilt, crime. Crimp, knmp, a. Crisp, brittle, easily crumbled. To CrIMPLE, klim-pl, v. a. 405. To contract, to cause to shrink, to curl. Crimson, knm-zn, s. 170. Red, somewhat darkened with blue ; red in general. To Crimson, knm-zn, v. a. To dye witlj crimson. Crincum, knngkium, S. A cramp, whimsy. A cant word. Cringe, knnje, S. Bow, servile civility. To Cringe, krlnje, v. a. To draw together, to contract. Little used. To Cringe, krliije, v. n. To bow, to pay court, to fawn, to flatter. Crinigerous, krl-nidy^-rus, a. 123. Hairy, overgrown with hair. Crinite, ki4-nite, a. 140. 154. Seemingly having a tail of long hair. To Crinkle, kring-kl, v. n. To go in and out, to run in flexures. Obsolete. CrINOSE, krl-nise{ a. Hairy, full of hair See Appendix. Cripple, krip-pl, s. 405. A lame man. To Cripple, knp-pl, v. a. To lame, to make lame. CrippleNESS, knp-pl-nes, S. Lameness. Crisis, krl-sis, *. The point in which the disease kills or changes to the belter; the point of time at which any affair comes to the height. Crisp, krisp, a. Curled;, indented, winding j brittle, friable. To Crisp, krisp, v. a. To curl, to contract into knots ; to twist ; to indent ; to run in and out. CrISPATION, krls-pA'-shun, S. The act of curlingj the slate of being curled. Crisping-pin, kris-ping-pin, s. A curling iron. CriSPNESS, krisp-nes, s. Curledness. Crispy, krls-p^, a. Curled. Criterion, kri-t^-re-un, s. 123. A mark by which any thing is judged of, with regard to its good- ness or badness. (t^- The plural of this word, likepAeiiomena and a few others, seems to be established by the prevailing pro- pensity of appearing learned in Greek and Latin ; and an Englishman who should, in the simplicity of hit heart, write or pronounce criterions for criteria, vionld b«. pitied or despised. Till lately, however, there was a re- luctance at offending our own analogy ; and though cri- teria was used, it was generally shown to be an alien by printing it in a different character; but pedantry has at last so far prevailed as to associate it without distinction, and by this means to add to the disgraces of our language. CritICK, krit-ik, s. A man skilled in the art o judging of literature; a censurer, a man apt to find fault. CriTICK, knt-lk, a. Critical, relating to crilicisin. CRO CRO nor 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^in 466, this 469. CRITICK, knt-lk, S. A critical examination, critical remarks; science of criticism. Critical, krit-4-kil, a. Exact, nicely judicious, accurate; relating to criticism; captious, inclined to find fault ; comprising the time at which a great event is determined. Critically, kriti^-kJl-i, ad. In a critical man- ner, exactly, curiously. Criticalness, krit-i-kil-nes #. Exactness, accuracy. To Criticise, knt^^-slze, v. n. 153. To play the critick, to judge ; to animadvert upon as faulty. To Criticise, knt^i-slze, v. a. To censure, to pass judgment upon. Criticism, krit-i-sizm, 5. Criticism is a standard of judging well ; remark, animadversion, critical ob- servations. To Croak, krike, v. n. To make a hoarse low noise like a frog ; to caw or cry as a raven or crow. Croak, kr&ke, s. The cry or voice of a frog or raven. CroceouS, kri-shi-us, c. 357. Consisting of •affron, Uke satTron. Crock, krSk, s. A cup. any vessel made of earth. Crockery, kr&k-ur-i, s. 555. Earthen ware. Crocodile, krSk-i-dil, s. 145. An ampliibious voracious animal, in shape resembling a lizard, and found in Egypt and the Indies. (t> Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scott, W. John- ston, and Perry, make the £ in the last syllable short, as I have done; and Buchanan is the only one who makes it long. Crocus, kri-kus, S. An early flower. Croft, krSft, *. A little close joining to a house that is used for corn or pasture. Croisade, kroi-side{ s. A holy war. See Crusade. Cr0I9ES, kro^-sez, *. Pilgrims who carry a cross; soldiers who fight against infidels. Crone, kr&ne, s, Aq old e^e; in contempt, an old woman. Crony, krA-ni, s. An old acquaintance. Crook, krook, S. Any crooked or bent instrument-, a sheep-hook ; any thing bent To Crook, krook, v. a. To bend, to turn into a hook ; to pervert from rectitude. CrookBACK, krook^bik, S. A man that has gibbous shoulders. Crookbacked, kro3k-bikt, a. 359. Having bent shoulders. Crooked. kr2ok-ed, a. 366. Bent, not straight, curved; winding, oblique; perverse, untoward, without rect tude ot mind. Crookedly, krook^ed-lJ, ad. Not in a straight line; untowardly, not compliantly. Crookedness, krookied-nes, s. Deviation from straightness, cuivity ; deformity of a gibbous body.. Crop, krjp, s. The craw of a bird. CropfULL, krSpJ ful, a. Satiated, with a full belly. CroPSICK, kr&p-Slk, a. sick with excess and de- bauchery. Crop, krSp, s. The harvest, the corn gathered off the Held ; any thing cut off. To Crop, kr6p, v. a. To cut off the ends of any thing, to mow, to reap ; to cut off the ears. To Crop, krty, v. n. To yield harvest. Not used. CrdPPER, krOp-pur, *. A kind of pigeon with a large crop. Crosier, kri^zbJ-er, 5. 451. 453. The pastoral staff of a bishop. CrosLET, krftsllet, S. 99. A small cross. Cross, kr6s, S. One straight body laid at right angles over another; tlie ensign of the Christian re- ligion ; a monument with a cross upon it to excite de- votion, such as were anciently set m market-places; a line drawn through another; any thing that thwarts 127 or obstructs, misfortune, hindrance, vexation, oppo- sition, misadventure, trial of patience ; money so called, because marked with a cross. Cross, krfts, a. Transverse, falling atliwart some^ thing else ; adverse, opposite ; perverse, untractablc-, peevish, fretful, ill-humoured; contrary, contradictoryi contrary to wish, unfortunate. Cross, kros, prep. Athwart, so as to intersect any thing ; over, from side to side. To Cross, kr6s, v. a. To lay one body, or draw one line athwart another; to sign with the cross ; t« mark out, to cancel, as to cross an article ; to pass over; to thwart, to interpose obstruction ; to counter act ; to contravene, to hinder by authority ; to contra- dict; to be inconsistent. Cros.S-BAR-SHOT, kris^bar-shutl s. A roumi shot, or great bullet, with a bar of iron put through It. To Cross-examine, kr3s-egz-5m-in, v. a. To try the faith of evidence by captious questions o( the contrary party. Cross-staff, kris-st^f, s. An instrument com. monly tailed the fore-staff, used by seamen to take the meridian altitude of the sun or stars. Crossbite, kr&s-blte, s. A deception, a cheat. To Crossbite, kris-blte, v. a. To contravene by deception. Cross-bow, krfts-bi, S, A missive weapon formed by placing a bow athwart a stock. Crossgrained, krSs-grindJ a. 359. Having the fibres transverse or irregular; perverse, trouble- some, vexatious. Crossly, kris-l4, ad. Athwart, so as to intersect something else ; oppositely, adversely, in opposition to; unfortunately. Crossness, kris-nes, s. Transverseness, intersec- tion ; perverseness, peevishness. CrOSSROW, krSs-rij S. Alphabet, so named because across is placed at the beginning, to show that the end of learning is piety. Crosswind, kr6s-wind, *. Wind blowing from the right or left. — See JVind. CrossWAY, kroS-wA, S. A small obscure path in- tersecting the chief road. Crosswort, kI■Ss-w^I•t, s. 1G6. A plant. ( ROTCH, krStsh, *. A hook. Crotchet, krStsh^et, s. 99. in musick, one of the notes or characters of time, equal to half a minim; a piece of wood fitted into another to support a build- ing ; in printing, hooks in which words are included [thus] ; a perveife conceit, an odd fancy. To Crouch, kroutsh, v. n. 313. To stoop low, to lie close to the ground ; ti- fawn, to bend servilely. Croup, kroop, *. 315. The rump of a fowl; th» buUdcIv^ ot d iwnt, Croupades, kroo-pidzj s. Are higher leaps than those of curvets. Crow, kr6, *. 324. A large black bird that feeds upon the carcasses of beasts ; a piece of iron used as » lever ; the voice ot a cock, or the noise which he makes in his gaiety. Crowfoot, kri'-tut, s. A flower. To Crow, krA, v. n. Fret. Crew or Crowed. To make the noise which a cock makes; to beast, tu bully, to vapour. Crowd, kroud, s. 323. A multitude confusedly pressed together ; a promiscuous medley; the vulgar, the populace; a fiddle. To Crowd, kroud, v. a. To fill with confuse, multitudes; to press close together; to encumber by multitudes ; To crowd sail, a sea phrase, to spread wid» the sails upon the yards. To Crowd, kroud, v. n. To swarm, to be numerous and confused; to thrust among a multitude. Crowder, krou-dur, s. A fiddler. Crowkeeper, kro-ke-pur, s. A scarecrow. Crown, kroiin, s. 324. The ornament of tlie head which denotes imperial and regal dignity ; a gar- land; a reward, honorary distinction; regal power, royalty ; the top of the bead ) the top of any thing, »$ CRU CRY »• 559. FateTS, far 77, fall 83, f^tSl—inl 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16-^ To break into of a mountain ; part of the hat that covers the head ; a piece of money ; honour, ornament, decoration ; completion, accomplisliment. Crown-imperial, kroun-im-p^-rl-itl, *. ' A plant. To Crown, kroun, v. a. To invest with the crown or regal ornament ; to cover, as with a crown ; to dignify, to adorn, to matve illustrious ; to reward, to recompense; to complete, to perfect; to terminate, to finish. Crownglass, kroun-glfc, s. The finest sort of window glass. Crownpost, kroun^post, S. A post, which, in some buildings, stands upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. Crownscab, kroun-sk^b, S. A stinking filthy scab round a horse's hoof. Crownwheel, kroun-whele, s. The upper wheel of a watch. CrOHSWORKS, kroun-Wurks, S, In fortification, bulwarks advanced towards the field to gain some hill or rising ground. Crownet, kroun-et, S. The same with coronet ; chief end, last purpose. Croylstone kroil-stine s, Crystalized cauk. Crucial, kr3oish5-il, a. 357. Transverse, inter- secting one another. To Cruciate, kroo-sh^-Jte, v. a. To torture, to torment, to excruciate. Crucible, kroS-si-bl, s. A chymist's melting- pot made of earth. Cruciferous, kroo-siP-e-rus, a. 518. Bearing the cross. Crucifier, kroo's^-fi-ur, s. He that inflicts the punishment of crucifixion. Crucifix, kroo-se-f1ks, s. A representation in picture or statuary of our Lord's passion. Crucifixion, kroo-s^-fik-shun, s. The punish- ment of nailing to a cross. Cruciform, kroo-s^-fSrm, a. Having the form of a cross. To Crucify, kroo'-se-fi, v. a. 183. To put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross set up "6'''- 2 5 Crude, krood, a. 339. Raw, not subdued by fire ; not changed by any process or preparation ; liarsh, unripe; unconnected; not well digested; not brought to perfection, immature; having indigested notions. Crudely, krood-le, ad. Unripely, without due preparation. CrudeNESS, krooJ-nes, S. Unripeness, indigestion. Crudity, kroo-de-te, S, Indigestion, inconcoc- tion, unripeness, want of maturity. CnUEL, kroo'-ll, a. 339. 99- Pleased with hurt- ing others, inhuman, hard-hearted, barbarous ; bloody, mischievous, destructive. Cruelly, kloo-ll-1^, ad. In a cruel manner, in- liumanly, barbarously. CruF.LNESS, krod-ll-nes, S. Inhumanity, cruelty. Cruelty, kroo-ll-t<^, S. inhumanity, »avageness, barbarity. Cruentate, kroo-en-tite, a. 91. Smeared with blood. Cruet, krSo'-!t, S. 99' A phial for vinegar or oil. Cruise, krods, s. 339. A small cup. Cruise, krdoz, S. A voyage in search of plunder. To Cruise, krooz, v. n. 441. To rove over the sea in search of plunder; to wander on the sea without any certain course. Cruiser, krod-zur, s. One that roves upon the sea in search of plunder. Crum, 1, 1 _ > krum, s. Cruimb,J The soft part of bread, not the crust ; a small particle vr fragment of bread. 128. to I, kroo-sadej \ ), krdo-sA-di, / " To Crumble, krum-bl, v. a. 405. small pieces, to comminute. To Grumble, krum^bl, v. n. To fall into smsii pieces. Crummy, krum-me, a. Soft. Crump, krump, a. Crooked in the back. To Crumple, krum-pl, v. a. To draw into wrinkles. Crumpling, krump'hng, s. A small degenerate apple. Crupper, krup-pur, s. 98. That part of the liorse's furniture that reaches from tie saddle tlic tail. Crural, krod-r<^l, a. Belonging to the leg. Crusade, Crusado, An expedition against the infidels ; a coin stamped with a cross. Cruset, kroo-sit, s. 99. A goldsmith's melting- pot. ^ To Crush, krush, v. a. To press between two opposite bodies, to squeeze ; to press with violence ; to overwhelm, to beat down ; to subdue, to depress, to dispirit. Crush, krush, s. A collison. Crust, krust, s. Any shell, or external coat ; an incrustation, collection of matter into a hard body ; the case of a pie made of meal, and baked ; the outer hard part of bread ; a waste piece of bread. To Crust, krust, v. a. ■ To envelop, to cover with a hard case; to foul with concretions. 7'o Crust, krust, v. n. To gather or contract a crust. Crustaceous, krus-ti-shus, at. 357. Shelly, with joints; not testaceous. Crustaceousness, krus-ta-shus-nes, s. The quality of having jointed shells. Crustily, kruS-te-1^, ad. Peevishly, snappishly. Crustiness, krus't^-nes, s. The quality of a crust; peevishness, moroseness. Crusty, krus-te, a. Covered with a crust ; sturdy, morose, snappish. Crutch, krStsh, S. A support used by cripples. To Crutch, krutsh, v. a. To support on crutches as a cripple. To Cry, kri, v. n. To speak with vehemence and loudness; to call importunately; toprocUiim, to make publick ; to exclaim ; to utter lamentation ; to squall, as an infant; to weep, to shed tears ; to utter an in- articulate voice, as an animal ; to yelp, as a hound on ^ scent. , To Cry, krl, v. a. To proclaim publickly something lost or found. To Cry Down, krl dofinj v. a. To blame, to depreciate, to decry j to prohibit; to overbear. To Cry Out, kri outj v. n. To exclaim, to scream, to clamour; to complain loudly; to blame, to censure ; to declare aloud ; to be in labour. To Cry Up, krl up| v. a. To applaud, to exalt, to praise ; to raise the price by proclamation. Cry, krl, S. Lamenting, shriek, scream ; weeping, mourning! clamour, outcry ; exclamation of triumph or wonder ; proclamation ; the hawkers' proclamation of wares, as the cries of London ; acclamation, popular favour; voice, utterance, manner of vocal expression; importunate call, yelping of dogs; yell, inarticulate noise ; a pack of dogs. Cryal, kri-^1, S, The heron. Cryer, krl-ur, s. 166. The falcon gentle. Cryptical, Cryft.'ck, Hidden, "ccrct, occutt. Cryptically, krip'-ti-k4l-le, ad. Occultly, secretly, Cryptocr-^puy, ki'p-tSg^gr^-fe, *. 518. iL, krip^te-kal, 1 c, krlp-tik, J cue CUL nSr 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 4S6, Tiiis 469. The act of writing secret characters; secret characters, cipliers. Crypto LOGY, krip-t^^'lo-j^j *• 518. Enigmatical language. Crystal, kris-til, S. Crystals are hard, pellucid, and naturally colourless bodies, of regularly angular tigures ; Crystal is also used for a factitious body cast jn the glass-houses, called also crystal glass, which is carried to a degree of perfection beyond tlie common glass ; Crystals, in chymistry, express salts or other matters shot or congealed in manner of crystal. Crystal, kns-t^l, a. Consisting of crj'Stal 5 bright, clear, transparent ; lucid, pellucid. /kris'-t4l-llne,1 Crystalline, | k;isi;iil„;7 «• 148. 149. Consisting of crystal; bright, clear, pellucid, trans- parent. Crystalline Humour, kns-t^l-llne, or knsi t$l-lin u-mur, s. The second humour of the eye, that lies immediately next to the aqueous, behind the uvea. Crystallization, kns-til-l^-zi-shun, *. Congelation into crystals. The mass formed by con- gelation or concretion. To Crystallize, kns-til-llze, v. a. To cause to congeal or concrete in crystals. To Crystallize, kns-tll-Uze, v. n. 159. To coagulate, congeal, concrete, or shoot into crystals. Cub, kub, S. The young of a beast, generally of a bear or fox ; the young of a wliale ; in reproach, a boy or girl. To Cub, kub, v. a. To bring forth. Little used. Cubation, ku-bA-shun, s. The act of lying down. Cubatory, kii-bA-tur-i, a. 513. Recumbent. CuBATURE, ku-b.4-tshure, s. 461. The finding exactly the solid content of any proposed body. Cube, kube, S. A regular solid body, consisting of six square and equal faces or sides, and the angles all right, and therefore equal. jCuBE Root, kube^root, "I CuBicK Root, ku-bik-root, / ' The origin of a cubick number, or a number by tlie multiplication of which into itself, and again into the product, any given number is formed. Thus 2 is the cube root of 8. Cubical, ku-b5-kll,\ .,,„ CUBICK, ki'-bk, J'^-^'^^- Having the form or properties of a cube ; it is applied to numbers ; the number of four multiplied into itself, produces the square number of sixteen, and that again multiplied by four, produceth the cubicle number of sixty-four. CuBiCALNESS, ku-b^-k^l-nls, *. The state or quality of being cubical. CuBicuLARY, ki-bikiki-lir-J, a. Fitted for the posture of lying down. Cubiform, ku'-bi-form, a. Of the shape of a cube. Cubit, kuiblt, S. A measure in use among the ancients, which was originally the distance from the elbow, bending inwards, to tlie extremity of tlie middle finger. Cubital, ku^bi-til, a. Containing only the length of a cubit. Cuckold, kuk-kuld, 5. 166. One that is married to an adultress. To Cuckold, kuk-kuld, v. a. To rob a man of his wife's fidelity ; to wrong a husband by unchastity. CUCKOLDLY, kuk-kuld-1^, a. Having the qualities of a cuckold, poor, mean. Cuckold-maker, kuk-kuld-ma-kur, s. One that makes a practice of corrupting wives. .> uckoldom, kuk-kul-dum, *. The act of adultery; the state of a cuckold. ^UCKOO, kuk-koo, S. 174. A bird which appears in the spring, and is said to suck the eggs of other birds, and lay her own to be hatched in their place , a name of contempt. 129 Cuckoo-bud, kuk-koo-bi\d, ") Cuckoo-flower, kuk-kod-flou-ur, J The name of a flower. CucKOO-SPlTTLE, kuk-koo-sp1t-tl, s. A gpumou* dew found upon plants, with a little insect in it. CucuLLATE, ku-kul-hile, 91.1 CUCULLATED, ku^kul-ltl-ted, / Hooded, covered, as with a hood or cowl : having tha resemblance or shape of a hood. Cucumber, kou-kum-bur, s. 159. The name of a plant, and fruit of that plant. (f:?- In some counties of England, especially in the west, this word is pronounced as if written Coocumher : this, though rather nearer to the orthography than Cow- cumber, is yet faulty, in adopting the ohtuse u heard in bull, rather than the open u heard in Cticujiiis, the Latin word whence Cucumber is derived : though, from the adoption of the b, I should rather supi)Ose we took it from the French Concombre. But however this may be, it seems too firmly fixed in its sound of Cou-cumber to be altered, and must be classed with its irregular fellow esculent Asparagus, wliich see. Cucurbitaceous, ku-kur-be-tA-shus,fl. 357. Cucurbitaceous plants are those which resemble a gourd, such as the pompion and melon. CuCURBITE, ku-kur-bit, S. 156. A chymical vessel, commonly called a Body. Cud, kud, s. That food which is reposited in the first stomach, in order to be cliewed again. CuDDEN, kud'dn, 1 . . „ Cuddy, kud-d^, J A clown, a stupid low dolt. To Cuddle, kud-dl, v. n. 405. To lie close, to squat. Cudgel, kud-jil, s. 99- A stick to s.. -ike with. 7h Cudgel, kud-jil, v. a. To beat with a stick. Cudgel-proof, kud-jil-proof, a. Able to resist a stick. Cudweed, kud^wede, s. A plant. Cue, ki, *. The tail or end of any thing ; the last words of a speech in acting, to be answered by another j a hint, an intimation, a short direction; humour, temper of mind. CUERPO, kweripo, s. To be in cuerpo, is to be without the upper coat. Cuff, kuf, s. A blow with the fist, a box, a stroke. To Cuff, kuf, v. n. To fight, to scuffle. To Cuff, kuf, v. a. To strike with the fist ; to strike with talons. Cuff, kuf, *. Part of the sleeve. Cuirass, kw^-rJ'J s. 310. A breastplate. Cuirassier, kw^-rAs-seerJ s. 275. A man of arms, a soldier in armour. Cuisn, kwis, S. 340. The armour that covers the thighs. fcy- I have followed Dr. Johnson's spelling in this word, though I think it not so correct as cuisse, the ori- ginal French, and which he has himself followed in his Edition of Shakespeare, and his notes upon the word in the first part of Henry the Fourth. But whatever may be the spelling, the pronunciation is certainly tliat which 1 have given. Culdees, kul-d^zej S. Monks in Scotland. Culinary, ku-l^-nir-^, a, 512. Relating to the kitchen. To Cull, kul, v. a. To select from others. Culler, kul-lur, *. 98. One who picks or chooses. CULLION, kul-yun, S. 113. A scoundrel, a mean wretch. CuLLIONLY, kul-yun-le, a. Having the qualities of a cuUion, mean, base. CuLLY, kul-le, *. A man deceived or imposed upon. To Cully, kul-1^, v. a. To befool, to clieat, to impose upon. Culmiferous, kSl-niif^fJ-rus, a. 518. Culmiferous plants are such as have a smooth jointed stalk and their seeds are contained in chaffy husks. K CUN CUR (»- 559. Fate 73, far 77, ftll 83, At 81— pi 93, n^et 95— pine 105, p!n 107— ^6 162, move 164 To Culminate, kiil'-me-nate, v. n. Tc be vertical, to be in the nieridiai. Culmination, kul-m^-nA-slmn, s. The transit of a planet tlirough the meridian. Culpability, kul-p;t-bil-e-te, *. Blameableness. Culpable, kul-pi-bl, a. 405. Criminal, blame- able, blameworthy. Culpableness, kul-p4-bl-ne3, S. Blame, guilt. Culpably, kul-pi-ble, ad. Blamrably, criminally. CllpriT, kul-prit, S. A man arraigned before his judge. CULTER, kul-tur, S. The iron of the plough per- pendicular to the share.— See Counter. To Cultivate, knl-t^-vAte, i>. a. To forward or improve the product of the earth by manual Industry j to improve, to meliorate. Cultivation, kul-te-va-shun, s. The art or practice of improving soils, and forvravdiiig or me- liorating vegetables ; improvement in general, meliora- tion. Cultivator, kul-te-vi-tur, *. 521. One who improves, promotes, or meliorates. Culture, kul-tshure, 5. 461. The act of cultiva- tion ; art of improvement and melioration. To Culture, kul-tshure, v. a. To cultivate, to till. Not used. Culver, kul-vur, s. 98. A pigeon. Old word. CuLVERIN, kill-ve-nn, S. A species o5 ordnance. CulverKEY, kul'ver-ke, *. A species of flower. To Cumber, kum'bur, v. a. 98. To embarrass, to entangle, to obstruct, to crowd or load with something useless; to involve in difficulties and dangers, to dis- tress; to busy, to distract with multiplicity of cares; to be troublesome in any place. Cumber, kum'bur, S. Vexation, embarrassment. Not used. Cumbersome, kum-bur-sum, a. Troublesome, vexatious ; burthensome, embarrassing, unwieldy, un- manageable. Cumbersomely, kum-bur-sum-lJ, ad. In a troublesome manner. Cumbersomeness, kum-bur-sum-nes, s Encumbrance, hindrance, obstruction. Cumbrance, kura-brinse, *. Burthen, hindrance, impediment. Cumbrous, kum-brus, a. Troublesome, vexatious, disturbing; oppressive, burthensome; jumbled, ob- structing each other. CuMf REY, kum-frl, S. A medicinal plant. See Comfrey. Cumin, kum'^mm, s. A plant. OrT- This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary altered it, was, 1 believe, universally spelled with double m. Our ancestors were homebred enough to think, that if we received a word from the Latin, and conformed to the quantity of that language, it was necessary to show that conformity bv a specific orthography of our own. Tims, the first n'in Cuminum being short, they doubled the m to indicate that shortness; as the analogy of our language would infallibly pronounce the tt long, if the consonant were single in the same manner as in Cubic, Cupid, Sec. — See Drama. To Cumulate, kA-mu-Ute, v. a. To heap together. Cumulation, ku-mu-la^shun, s. The act of heaping together. Cumulative, ku^mi-U-tiv, a. Consisting of diverse matter put together. CUNCTATION, kungk-ti-shun, S. Delay, procrasti- nation, dilatoriness. CUNCTATOR, kungk-ta-tur, S, One given to delay, a lingerer. CuNEAL, kvt-iie-^1, a. Relating to a wedge, having the form of a wedge. CuNEATED, ku-ni-i-ted, a. Made in form of a wedge. 13a Cuneiform, ku-nW-(orm, a. Having the form of a wedge. CuNNER, kfin-nur, *. A kind of fish less than aft oyster, tha. sticks close to the rocks. Cunning, kun-mng, a. 410. skiifui, knowing learned; performed with skill, artful ; artfully deceit- ful, trickisli, subtle, crafty. Cunning, kun-mng, S. Artifice, deceit, sliness, sleight, fraudulent dexterity ; art, skill, knowledge. Cunningly, kun-inng-1^, ad. Artfully, suiy, craftily. Cunning-man, kfin-ning-m4n( s. A man who pretends to tell fortunes, or teach liow to recover stolen goods. Cunningness, kun-ning-nes, *. Deceitfulness, sliness. Cup, kup, S. A small vessel to drink out of; the liquor contained in the ci|p, the draught ; social enter- titnment, merry bout ; any thing lii>llow like a cup, as the husk of an acorn ; Cup and Cah, familiar com- panions. To Cup, kup, ?'. a. To supply with cups . obsolete ; to draw blood by applying cupping glasses. Cupbearer, kup-bi-rur, s. An officer of the king's household ; an attendant to give wine at a feast. Cupboard, kiib-burd, s. 412. a case with shelves, in which victuals or earthen ware is placed. Cupidity, ku-pul-e-te, *. 511. Concupiscence, unlawful I mgitig. Cupola, ku-p6-lA, s. 92. A dome, the hemisphe- rical summit of a building. Cupper, kqp-pur, S. One who applies cupping glasses, a scariher. Cupping-glass, kup-pmg-gl^s, s. A glass used by scarifiers to draw out the blood by rarefying the air. Cupreous, ku-pre-us, a. Coppery, consisting of copper. Cur, kur, s. A worthless degenerate dog ; a term of reproach for a man. Curable, ku-ri-bl, a. 405. That admits of a remedy. CuRABLENESS, ku-ri-bl-nsS, S. Possibility to be healed. Curacy, ku^r4-s^, \ Curateship, kA-rate-ship, J Employment nf a curate ; employment which a hired clergyman holds under the beneficiary. Curate, ku-rate, 5. 91. A clergyman hired to perform the duties of another; a parish priest. Curative, ku-r;t-tiv, a. 157. Relating to the cure of diseases, not preservative. Curator, ku-rA-tur, *. 521. One that has the care and superintendence of any thing. Curb, kurb, S. A curb is an iron cjiain, made fast to the upper part of the branches oft he bridle, running ovor the beard of the horse; restraint, inhibition, op- position. Curb-stone, kiirb-stone, s. A thick kind of stone placed at the edge aid upon tlism. 132 Cut-throat, Vut-thrhte, s. A rufilan, a murderer, an assassin. Cut-throat, kut-^/tr6te, a. Cruel, inhuman, barbarous. Cc3- This adjective is frequently used very absurdly, (and not always by the lowest of the people) when it is applied to a house of entertainment that charges an exorbitant price; such a house is not uncommonly, though very improperly, called a Cut-throat-house. This sense, I see, has been adopted by Entick ; though it ought not to have a place in any Dictionary. Cutting, kut-ting, s. A piece cut off, a chop. Cuttle, kut-tl, s. 405. A fish, which, when he is pursued by a fish of prey, throws out a black liquor. Cuttle, kut-tl, S. A foul-mouthed fellow. Cycle, Sl-kl, S. 405. A circle ; a round of time, a space in which the same revolution begins again, a periodical space of time; a method, or account of a method, continued till the same course begins again j imaginary ojbs, a circle in the heavens. Cycloid, Sl-clonl,S. a geometical curve. (i3" Sheridan and Buchanan pronounce the y in this word short ; and Ash, Kenrick, and W. Johnston, long. Cycloidal, se-kloid^il, a. 180. Relating to a cycloid. Cyclopedia, sl-klo-pe^de-J, s. A circle of knowledge, a course of the sciences. Q:y \ have in this word differed from Mr. Sheridan and Dr. Johnson, by placing the accent on the antepenulti- mate syllable instead of the penultimate. I know that Greek words of this termination have the accent on the penultimate syllable; but the antepenultimate accentua- tion is more agreeable to the genius of our tongue, and seems to have prevailed. For though Dr. Johnson has given this word the penultimate accent, he has placed the accent on the antepenultimate syllable of Ambrosia, Euthanasia, and Hydrojihobia, though these have all the accent on the penultimate in the Greek. It is true the i in the last syllable but one of Cyclopaedia'^ h diphthong in the original ; and this will induce those who are fond of showing their Greek learning, to lay the accent on the penultimate, as its opposition to general usage will be an additional reason with them for preferring it. The pronunciation I have adopted I see is supported by Dr. Kenrick, Entick, Scott, Perry, and Buchanan, which abundantly shows the general current of custom. To these observations may be added, that if the t be accented, it must necessarily have the long open sound, as in Elegiac, and not the sound of e, as Mr. Sheridan has marked it. Cygnk T, s'lg-net, S. A young swan. Cylinder, sil-in-dur, s. A body having two flat surfaces and one circular. Cylindrical, s^-lin-dr^-kJl, Cylindrick, si-lin^drik. Partaking of the nature of a cylinder, having tlie form of a cylinder. CyMAR, S^-marJ S. 180. A slight covering, a scarf. Cymbal, simib^l, S. A musical instrument. Cynanthropy, se-niln-Mro-p^, s. A species of madness, in which men have the qualities of dogs. Cynegeticks, sin-n^-jlt-iks, s. The art of hunting. Cynical, Cynick, Having the qualities of a dog, churlish, brutal, snarling, satirical. Cynick, Sin-ik, S. A philosopher of the snarling or currish sort, a follower of Diogenes ; a snarler, a misanthrope. Cynosure, sin^S-shure, or sl'-ni-sbure, s. 463. The star near the north pole, by which sailors steer. (tj» I have, in the first syllable of this word, contrary to Mr. Sheridan, preferred the short to the long sound of y. My first reason is, that this letter in Greek is ths same as in Cynic and Cylinder; both which have the y short. The next reason is, the very general rule in out language of pronouncing the vowel short in all simplei which have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable; 635. 537. 503. I am not certain, however, that the best usage is not against me. Scott has the first sound, and Sheridan and Entick the second ; the rest of the Dictio. naries either have not the word, or do not m&rk tU< quantity of the vowels. •}«• I 01 nuniing. LL, sin'-ik-^l, 1 c, sin-iK, J DAL DAM nor 167, n$tl63— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 399— p3und 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469. Cypress-tree, si-pres-tree, s. A tall straight tree ; its fruit is of no use, its leaves are bitter, and the very smell and shade of it are dangerous; it is the emblem of mourning. Eyprus, si-pnis, s. A thin transparent black stuff. Cyst, sist, ") Cystis, sis^tis, J A bag containing some morbid matter. Cystick, Sis-tlk, a. Contained in a bag. Cystotomy, sis-totiti-ml, s. 518. The act or practice of opening incysted tumours. CZAP., zir, S. The title of the Emperor of Russia. Czarina, zt-vh'-n^, S. The Empress of Russia. D. To dip-fi-dii, ") r, d4f-f6-dil'-l^, >s. JDiLLY, dUr-fi-dSun-dil'-lJ, 4 Dab, dab, v. a. To strike gently with some- thing soft or moist. Dab, dab, s. A small lump of any thing; a blow with something moist or soft; something moist or •slimy thrown upon one; in low language, an artist; a Rind of small flat fish. Dab-chick, dib^tshik, s. A water-fowl. To Dabble, d^b^bl, v. a. 405. To smear, to daub, to wet. To Dabble, d^b-bl, v, n. To play in water, to move in water or mud; to do any thing in a slight manner, to tamper. Dabbler, dib-lur, *. One that plays in water; one that meddles without mastery, a superficial meddler. Dace, dase, s. A small river fish, resembling a roach. Dactyle, dik-til, S. 145. A poetical foot, con- sisting of one long syllable and two short ones. Dad, d^d, \ Daddy, dk'-d^,J*- The child's way of expressing father, Daffodil, diP-fi-dil, daffodilly; Daffodowndi This plant hath a lily-flower, consisting of one leaf, which is bell-shaped. To Daft, dilft, v. a. To toss aside, to throw away slightly. Obsolete. Dag, dag, s. A dagger; a hand-gun, a pistol. Dagger, dilg-ur, *. 98. 381. A short sword, a poniard ; a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used •■or defence ; the obelisk as [t]. Daggersdrawing, d%-?irz-draw-in|f, s. The act of drawing daggers, approach to open violence. To Daggle, dkg'-gl, v. a. 405. To dip negligently in mire or water. To Daggle, digigl, v. n. To be in the mire. Dag G LETA I L, d^g-gl-tile, a. Bemired, bespattered. Daily, da-le, a. Happening every day, quotidian. Daily, Ah!-\h, ad. Every day, very often. Daintily, dane^t^-1^, ad. Elegantly, delicately, deliciously, pleasantly. Daintiness, dine-ti-nes, s. Delicacy, softness; elegance, nicety ; squeamishness, fastidiousness. Dainty, dine-ti, a. Pleasing to the palate; delicate, nice, squeamish; scrupulous; elegant; nice. Dainty, dAne-ti, s. Something nice or delicate, a delicacy ; a word of fondness formerly in use. Dairy, da^r^, s. The place where milk is manufactured. Dairymaid, di-re-made, s. The woman servant whose business is to manage the milk. Daisy, da-zi, s. 438. A spring flower Dale, dile, *, A vale, a valley» in Dalliance, d^Ui^-^nse, *. Interchange of caresses, acts of fondness; conjugsl conversation ; delay, procrastination. Dallier, d^l-l^-ur, s, A trifler, a fondler. To Dally, d^l-le, v. n. To trifle, to play the fool ; to exchange care^es, to fondle ; to sport, to play, to frolick; to delay. Dam, d^m, S. The mother. Dam, dam, s. A mole or bank to confine water. To Dam, dim, v. a. To confine, to shut up water by moles or dafms. Damage, dim^midje, s. 90. Mischief, detri- ment; loss; the value of mischief done ; reparation of damage, retribution ; in law, any hurt or hindrance that a man taketh in his estate. To Damage, dim^idje, v. a. 90. To mischief, to injure, to impair. To Damage, dim-idje, v. n. To take damage. Damageable, dim-id je-i-bl, a. Susceptible of hurt, as damageable goods ; mischievous, pernicious. Damascene, dim-zn, s, 170. a small black plum, a damson. Damask, dim-usk, s. 88. Linen or silk woven in a manner invented at Damascus, by which part rises above the rest in flowers. To Damask, dim-usk, v. a. 88. To form flowers upon stuffs; to variegate, to diversify. Damask-rose, dim-usk-r6ze, *. A red rose. Dame, dime, s, A lady, the title of honour formerly given to women ; mistress of a low family • woman in general. Dames-violet, damz-vi-i-let, s. Queen's gilly- flower. To Damn, dim, v. a, 411. To doom to etema' torments in a future state ; to procure or cause to be eternally condemned ; to condemn ; to hoot or hiss any publick performance, to explode. Damnable, dim-ni-bl, a. Deserving damnation. Damnably, dim-ni-bl^, ad. In such a manno- as to incur eternal punishment. Damnation, dim-ni-shun, s. Exclusion from divine mercy, condemnation to eternal punishment. Damnatory, dim-ni-tur-^, a. 512. Containing a sentence of condemnation. Damned, dimmd, or dim-ned, part. a. Hateful, detestable. (t^ This word, in familiar language, is scarcely ever used as an adjective, and pronounced in one syllable, but by the lowest, vulgar and profane ; in serious speaking it ought always, like cursed, to be pronounced in two, 362. Thus in Shakespeare— " But oh what damned inintites tells he o'er, '* Who doatn, yet doubts — suspects, 5'et strongly loves." There is a very singular usage of this word, as a verb or participle, when it signifies the condemnation of a play; but this application of it, tliough authorised by the politest speakers, has an unhallowed harshness in it to pious cars, and an affectation of force to judicious ones. It is, at least, the figure called Catachresis. DaMNIFICK, dim-nif-lk, a. Procuring loss, mU. chievous. To Damnify, dim^ne-fi, v. a. To endamage, to injure; to hurt, to impair. Damningness, dim-ning-nes, s. Tendency to procure damnation. Damp, dimp, a. Moist, inclining to wet ; dejected, sunk, depressed. Damp, dimp, S. Fog, moist air, moisture ; a noxious vapour exhaled from the earth; dejection, depression of spirit. To Damp, dimp, v. a. To wet, to moisten ; to depress, to deject, to chill, to weaken, to abandon. Dampishness, dimpiish-nes, s. Tendency to wetness, moisture. Dampness, dimp^nes, s. Moisture. Dampy, dimp-e, a. Dejected, gloomy, sorrowful. Damsel, dim'-zel, s, 1 02. A young genUewoman i DAil DAW ty 559. Fhe73, far 11, fall 83, fJtSl— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, an attendant of the better rank; a wench, a country lass. Damson, dim-zn, s. 170. A small black plum. Dan, d^n, S, The old term of honour for men. To Dance, ditnse, v. n. tS, 79. To move in measure. To Dance Attendance, danse, v. a. To wait with suppleness and obsequiousness. To Dance, d^nse, v. a. To make to dance, to put into a lively motion. Dance, d^nse, s. 78, 79- A motion of one or many in concert. Dancer, d^n-sSr, S. One that practises the art of dancing. Dancincmaster, dlnisin»-mas-tur, s. One who teaches the art of dancing. DancingschodIj, d^n^sing-skool, s. The school where the art of dancing is taught. Dandelion, din-dc-ll-un, s. The name of a plant, so called from its likeness to the tooth of a lion. To Dandle, d^n'-dl, v. a. 405. To shake a child on the knee -, to fondle, to treat like a child. DandleR, dind^lur, S. He that dandles or fondles children. Dandruff, d^n-druf, s. Scurf in the head. Danewort, dAne-wurt, s. A species of elder, called also dwarf-elder, or wall-wort. Danger, dane'-jur, s. 98. Risk, hazard, peril. To Danger, dine-jur, v. a. To put in hazard, to endanger. Not in use. Dangerless, dine-jur-les, o. Without hazard, without risk. Dangerous, dAne-jur-us, a. 543. Hazardous, perilous. Dangerously, dane-jur-us-lJ, ad. Hazardously, perilously, with danger. Dangerousness, dane-jur-us-nes, s. Danger, hazard, peril. To Dangle, clitng-gl, v. n. 405. To hang loose and quivering ; to hang upon any one, to be an humble follower. Dangler, d^ng-glur, i. A man that hangs about women. Dank, dSngk, «. 408. Damp, moist. Dankish, dAnejk-lsh, a. Somewhat damp. Dapper, dip-pur, a. 98. Little and active, lively without bulk. Dapperling, dip-pur-hng, *. A dwarf. Dapple, dAp-pl, a. 405. Marked with various colours, variegated. To Dapple, d^p-pl, v. a. To streak, to vary. Dar, dar, 78.") t, J' .^ ,n , „, K fish found in the Severn Dart, dart To Dare, dire, v. n, Pret. T durst; part. / have dared. To have courage for any purpose, to be adven- turous. (K?- If I am not mistaken, there is a prevailing pro- nunciation of this word in Ireland, which makes it a perfect rhyme to far, bar, Sec. That this is contrary to universal usage in England, and to the most general rule in the language, needs not be insisted on ; the only word of a similar form which is so pronounced, is the first person plural of the verb to be. But this, it must be re- membered, is an auxiliary verb; and the auxiliary verbs, being as irregular in their pronunciation as in their form, are but indifferent models by which to regu- late the rest of the language. To Dare, dire, v. a. To challenge, to defy. (}3» In this sense this verb is regular. To Dare Larks, dire larks, v. n. To catcii them by means of a looking-glass. Dare, dire, S. Defiance, challenge. Not in use. DaREFUL, dire-ful, a. Full of defiance. Daring, di-nng, a. Bold, adventurous, fearless. Daringly, di-ring-l^, ad. Boldly, courageously. 134 Darinqness, da-nng-nes, s. Boldness. Dark, dark, a. Without light ; not of a showy oi vivid colour; blind; opaque; obscure; ignorant ) gloiuny. To Dark, dark, v. a. To darken, to obscure. To Darken, dar-kn, v. a. 405. To make dark} to perplex ; to sully. To Darken,, dar-kn, v. n. To grow dark. Darkling, darkUing, /jar^ a. Being in the dark. t)ARKLY, dark-le, ad. In a situation void of light, obscurely, blindly. Darkness, dark-nes, *. Absence of light; opaqueness; obscurity; wickedness; the empire of Satan. Darksome, dark-sum, a. Gloomy, obscure. Darling, dar-ling, a, 515. Favourite, dear beloved. A contraction of dearling, or little dear. Darling, dar-ling, S. A favourite, one much beloved. To Darn, darn, v. a. To mend holes by imitating the texture of the stuff. Darnel, dar-nil, s. 99. A weed growing in the fields. Dart, dart, s. A missile weapon thrown by the hand. To Dart, dart, v. a. To throw offensively ; to throw, to emit. To Dart, dart, v. n. To fly as a dart. To Dash, dash, v. a. To throw any thing suddenly against something; to break by collision ; to throw water in flashes ; to bespatter, to besprinkle ; to mingle, to cliange by some small admixture ; to form or paint in haste; to obliterate, to cross out; to con- found, to make ashamed suddenly. To Dash, dish, v. n. To fly off the surface i to fly in flashes with a loud noise; to rush through water so as to make it fly. Dash, dish, S. Collision ; infusion ; a mark in writing, aline ; stroke, blow. Dash, dish, ad. An expression of the sound of water dashed. Dastard, dis-tird, s. 88. A coward, a poltron. To Dastardize, dis'-tir-dlze, v. a. To intimidate ; to deject with cowardice. Dastardly, dis-tird-1^, a. Cowardly, mean, timorous. DastardY, dis^tir-d^, S, Cowardliness. Date, dite, S. The time at which a letter is written, marked at the end or the beginning; the time at which any event happened; the time stipulated when any thing should be done; end, conclusion; du- ration, continuance ; the fruit of the date-tree. Date-tree, dite-tree, s. A species of palm. To Date, dite, v. a. To note with the time a« which any thing is written or done. Dateless, dateUes, a. Without any fixed term. Dative, di-tiv, a. 157. in grammar, the cast that signifies the person to whom any thing is given. To Daub, dawb, v. a. 213. To smear with some- thing adhesive ; to paint coarsely ; to lay on any thing gaudily or ostentatiously; to flatter grossly. Dauber, daw-bur, s. 98. A coarse low painter. Dauby, daw-be, a. Viscous, glutinous, adhesive. Daughter, daw'-tur, *. 218. The female off. spriugof a man or woman ; in poetry, any descendant j the female penitent of a confessor. To Daunt, dint, v. a. 214. To discourage, t« fright. _^ Dauntless, dant-les, a. Fearless, not dejected. Dauntless, dailt-les-nes, S. Fearlessness. Dauphin, daw'-rtn, s. The heir apparent to the crown of France. Daw, daw, s. The name of a bird. To Dawn, dawn, v. n. To begin to grow light j tt DEA nSr 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tab 173, b&ll 173- DEB il 299— p8und 313— ur. DAZrEb, dA-Zld, O. 282. bespinkled with daisies. To Dazzle, dAz-zl, v. a. 4(iS. To birerpower with light. To Dazzle, dAz-zl, r. n. To be overpowered with light. Deacon, de^kn, s. 170. 227. One of the lowest order of tlie rlerKV. Deaconess, de-kn-nes, s. A female officer in the ancient church. Deaconuy, d4-kn-r^, 1 Deaconship, de-kn-sh'ip, J *' The office or dignity of a deacon. Dead, ded, a. 234. Deprived of life ; inanimate; senseless ; motionless ; empty j useless ; dull, gloomy ; frigid; vapid; spiritless; uninhabited $ without the power of vegetation; in theology, lying under the power of sin. To Deaden, ded-dn, v. a. 405. To deprive of any kind of force or sensation; to make vapid, or spiritless. Dead-doing, dedidoo-?ng, part. a. Destructive, killing, mischievous. Dead-UFT, ded-liftj s. Hopeless exigence. Deadly, ded-ll, a. Destructive, mortal ; im- placable. Deadly, ded-1^, ad. In a manner resembling the dead; mortally; implacably, irreconcilably. DeadNESS, ded-nes, i. Want of warmth; weak- ness of the vital powers; vapidness of liquors, loss of spirit. Deadnettle, dedinet-tl, *. A weed, the same with archangel. Dead-reckoning, dedirek-nlng, s. That esti- mation or conjecture which the seamen make of the place where a ship is, by keeping an account of her way by the log. J)eaf, def, «. 234. Wanting the sense of hearing; deprived of the power of hearing ; obscurely heard. To Deafen, deP-fn, v. a. 405 the power of hearing. Deafly, def^l^, ad. obscurely to tlie ear. Deafness, defines, s. Want of the power of hear- ing ; unwillingness to hear. Deal, dele, *. 227. Great part; quantity, degree of more or less; the art or practice of dealing cards; fir-wood, the wood ot piHes. To Deal, d^le, v. a. Tp dispose to different persons ; to distribute cards ; to scatter, to throw about; to give gradually, or one after another. 135 To deprive of Without sense of so'inds ; To whiten, to The act of With great fondness ; at a To mend clothes. FotMlness, kindness, love; To Deal, d^le, v. n. To traffick, to transact business; to act between two persons, to intervene; to behave well or ill in any transaction ; to act in any manner; To deal by, to treat well or ill ; To deal in, to have to do with, to be engaged in, to practise ; To deal with, to treat in any manner, to use well or ill; to contend with. To Dealbate, d^-Al-bate, v. a. bleach. Dealbation, dl-Al-bA-shun, s. bleaching. Dealer, di-lur, *. 98. One that has to do with anything; a trader or trafficker; a person who deals »lie cards. Dealing, de-Hns;, S, Practice, action ; inter- course; measures of treatment ; traffick, business. Deambulation, d^-Am-btt-la-shun, s. The act of walking abroad. Deambulatory, di*-Am-bu-lA-tui-e, a. Relating to the practice of walking abroad. Dean, dene, s. 227. The second dignitary of a diocese. Deanery, de-nur-ri, *. 98. The office of a dean ; the revenue of a dean ; the house of a dean. Deanship, d^ne-sllip, S. The office and rank of a dean. Dear, dire, a. 227. Beloved, darling ; valuable, costly; scarce; sad, hateful, grievous. In this lasf sense obsolete. Dear, dere, s. A word of endearment. DearBOUGHT, dere-bawt, a. Purchased at a high price. Dearly, dire-Ie, ad. high price. To Dearn, darn, v. a. See jOani. Dearnbss, dire^nes, s. scarcity, high price. Dearth, derth, S. 234. Scarcity which makes food dear; want, famine; barrenness. To Dearticulate, di-ar-tik-u-lAte, v. a. To disjoint, to dismember. Death, dtlh, s. 234. The extinction of life ; mortality; the state of the dead ; the manner of dying; the image of mortality represen'.ed by a skeleton ; in theology, damnation, eternal torments. Death-bed, de^/t-bed, s. The bed to which a man is confined by mortal sickness. Deathful, de^/i-ful, a. Full of slaughter, de- structive, murderous. Deathless, de^A-les, a. Immortal, never-dying. Deathlike, de^A-llke, a. Resembling death, still. DeATH'S-DOOR, de^/ This word is neitlier in Johnson's Dictionary, not any other I have seen, but is of so frequent use as to deserve a place in all. To Decompound is frequently used in this sense, but improperly ; for that word signifies to mix compounded things together, while to decompose means to unmix or analyze things. Decomposite, de-kftm-pSz-it, a. 154. Compounded a second time. Decomposition, de-kftm-po-zisb-un, s. The act of compounding things already compounded. To Decompound, de-kftm-poundj w. a. To compose of things already compounded. Decompound, de-k3m-pouiidJ a. Composed of things or words already compounded. To Decorate, dek-k6-rAte, t;. a. 91. To adorn, to embellish, to beautify. Decoration, dek-ko-rA-shun, s. Ornament, added beauty. Decorator, dekiko-rA-tur, s. 521 . An adomer. Decorous, de-ko'rus, a, 503. Decent, suitable to a character. K;- An uneducated English speaker is very apt to pro- nounce this word with the accent on the first syllable, according to the analogy of his own language ; but a learned ear would be as much shocked at such a depar- ture from classical propriety, as in the words sonorous and canorous, 512. When once the mere English scholar is set right in this word, he will be sure to pronounce Dedecorous with the accent on the penultimate likewise; and when he is told that this is wrong, because that syl- lable in the Latin word is short, he will not fail to pro- nounce Indecorous with the antepenultimate accent ; but what will be his surprise, when he is informed that this too is wrong, because the penultimate syllable in Latin is long. — See Indecorous. To Decorticate, dJ-koKte-kAte, v. a. To divest of the bark or husk. Decortication, d^-kor-t^-ka^shun, s. The act of stripping the bark or husk. Decorum, de-ki-rum, S. Decency, behaviour contrary to licentiousness, seemliness. To Decoy, de-koej v. a. 329. To lure into . cage, to entrap. Decoy, de-koej *. Allurement to mischief. DecoyducK, d^-koe-duk, s. A duck that lures others. To Decrease, d^-kr^sej v. n. 227. To grow less, to be diminished. To Decrease, d5-kr^se{ v. a. To make less, to diminish. Decrease, de-kr^sej s. The state of growing less, decay ; the wane of the moon. To Decree, d^-kr^^{ v. n. To make an edict, to appoint by edict. To Decree, di-kr^ij v, a. To doom, or assign by a decree. Decree, de-kriej s. An edict, a law; an established rule ; a determination of a suit. Decrement, dek-kri-ment, *. 503. Decrease, the state of growing less, the quantity lost by de- creasing. Decrepit, d^-krepilt, a. Wasted or worn out with age. 83' This word is frequently mispronounced, as if spelt decrepid. To Decrepitate, dJ-krep-e-tate, v. a. To calcine salt till it has ceased to crackle in the fire. Decrepitation, de-krep-^-ta-shuti, *. The crackling noise which salt makes over the fire. Decrepitness, de-krep^it-nes, \ Decrepitude, de-krep^e-tude, / * The last stage of decay, the last effects of old age Decrescent, de-kres-sent, «. Growing less. Decretal, d^-kr^^ttl, a. Appertaining lo a decree, containing a deci'ce. DEt) DEF' C3- 559. Fite 73, fir 77, fall 83, f^tSl— mlgs, ihetij!)— jiliie 105, pih 107— n5 162, move 164, Decretal, d^-kr^-til, o?* dek-re-t4l, #. A book of decrees or emcts ; the collection of the Pope's de- rrPes. a::?- All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, place the accent on the second syllable of this word ; and this accentuation, it must be confessed, is agreeable to the best usage. But Dr. Johnson's accentuation on the first syllable is unquestionably the most agreeable to English analogy; first, because it is a trisyllable and a simple, 503 ; next, because it is derived from the latter Latin Decretalis ; which, in our pronunciation of it, has an accent on the first and third syllabic; and therefore, when adopted into our language, by dropping the last syllable, takes the accent on the first. — See Academy. That this is the general analogy of accenting words from the Latin which drop the last syllable, is evident from the. words Decrement, Increment, Interval, &c. DecretIST, d^-kr^-tist, S. One that studies the decretals. Decoetory, dek-kr^-tur-^, a. 557. 512. Judicial, definitive. Decrial, d^-krl-il, S. Clamorous censure, hasty I or noisy condemnation. To Decry, de-krlj v. a. To censure, to blame clamorously, to clamour against. Decumbence, d^-kfim^bense, 1 Decumbency, de-kum-hen-s5, / The act of lying down, the posture of lying doiin. Decumbiture, dJ-kum-b^-tshGre, s, 463. The time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease. Decuple, dek-i-pl, a. 405. Tenfold. Decurion, d^-ku-r4-un, *. A commander over ten. Decursion, d4-kur-shun, s. The act of running down. Decurtation, d2k-kur-ti-sh3n, *. 530. The act of cutting short. To Decussate, di-kus^site, v. a. To intersect at acute angles. Decussation, dek-kus-si-shun, s, 530. The act of crossing, state of being crossed at unequal angles. To Dedecorate, di^ek^ki-rite, v, a. To dis- grace, to bring a reproach upon. Dedecoration, d^-dek-ki-ri-shun, *. The act of disgracing. Dedecorous, d5-dekiki-rus> a. Disgraceful, reproachful. — See Decorous. Dedentition, ded-en-tish-un, s. 530. Loss or shedding of the teeth. To Dedicate, ded-4-kite, v. a. To devote to some divine power; to appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose; to inscribe to a patron. Dedicate, ded-i-kite, a. Consecrate, devoted, dedicated. Dedication, ded-^-ki-shun, s. The act of de- dicating to any being or purpose, consecration ; an ad- dress to a patron. Dedicator, ded-4-ki-tur, *. 521. One who In- scribes his work to a patron. Dedicatory, ded-4-ki-tur-J, a, 503. Comprising a dedication. — See Domestic. Dedition, di-dishiun, s. The act of yielding up any thing. To Deduce, de-dlisej v. a. To draw in a regular connected series ; to form a regular chain of conse- quential propositions; to lay down in regular order. Deducement, d^-duseiment, s. The thing deduced, consequential proposition. Deducibi^e, d^-du-s4-bl, a. Collectible by reason. Deducive, di-di-siv, a. Performing the act of deduction. To Deduct, dl-dukt{ v. a. To subtract, to tabs away. Deduction, d^-duk-shun, *. Consequential col- lection, consequence ; that which is deducted. Deductive, dJ-dukitiv, a. DeduciWe. 138 Deductively, d4-duk-t1v-l4,a. 559. Fdte 73, far 77, fall 83, fdt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 163, move 164, Df.FORSOR, dJ-fir^sur, s. 166. One that over- comes and casts but by force. A law term. To Defraud, de-frawd{ v. a. To rob or deprive by a wile or trick. Defrauder, de-frawidur, s. A deceiver. To Defray, de-fra( v. a. To bear the charges of. Defrayer, de-fra-ur, s, 98. One that discharges expenses. Defrayment, de-fri-ment, s. The payment of expenses. Deft, deft, a. Neat, proper, dexterous. Obsolete. Deftly, deft-le, ad. Neatly, dexterously ; in a skilful manner. Obsolete. Defunct, de-fungktj a. Dead, deceased. Defunct, de-fungkt{ ,r. One that is deceased, a dead man or woman. Defunction, dMfungk-shiin, s. 408. Death. To Defy, d^-fl| v. a. To call to combat, to challenge; to treat with contempt, to slight. Defy, dl-flj S. A challenge, an invitation to fight. Not in use. Defyer, dl-fi-ur, S. A challenger, one that invites to fight. Degeneracy, d^-jen-er-4-s^, s. A departing from tlie virtue of our ancestors j a forsaking of that which is good ; meanness. To Deoenerate, di-jenier-ite, v. n. 91. To fall from the virtue of our ancestors ; to fall from a more noble to a base state ; to fall from its kind, to grow wild or base. Degenerate, d(^-jenier-a.te, a. Unlike his ancestors; unworthy, base. Degenerateness, de-jen-er-ite-nes, s. Degeneracy, state of being grown wild, or out of kind. Degeneration, dJ-jen-er-a-shun, s. A deviation from the virtue of one's ancestors ; a fall- ing from a more excellent state to one of less worth; the thing changed from its primitive state. DegeNEROUS, di-jen-er-us, a. Degenerated, fallen from virtue; vile, base, infamous, unworthy. Degenerously, dl-jen-er-us-l^, ad. In a de- gonerate manner, basely,. meanly. Deglutition, deg-glu-tish-un, s. 530. The act or power of swallowing. Degradation, deg-gri-di-slmn, s, 530. A deprivation of an office or dignity; degeneracy, baseness. To Degrade, de-grildej v. a. To put one from his degree; to lessen, to diminish the value of. Degree, de-grZ-e| S. Qualify, rank, station; the state and condition in which a thing is ; a step or pre- paration to any thing; order of lineage, descent of fa- mily; measure, proportion; in geometry, the three- l:undred-and-sixtieth part of the circumference of a circle; in musick, the intervals of sounds. Bv Degrees, bl de-greezj ad. Gradually, by little and little. DEGUSTATiON,deg-gus-ta-shun,*. 430. A tasting. To DehoRT, de-h3lt( v. a. To dissuade. DeIIORTATION, de-h3r-tAishun, S. Dissuasion, a counselling to the contrary. Dehortatory, de-hor-tJ-tur-l, a. 512. , Belonging to dissuasion. pEHORTER, d^-horitiir, *. A. dissuader, an adviser to the contrary. Deicide, de-e-slde, s. 143. The death of our Blessed Saviour. To Deject, dl-jektj r. a. To cast down, to afflict, to grieve ; to make to look sad. Deject, dl-jektj a. Cast down, afflicted, low- spirited. Dejectedly, dl-jek-ted-le, ad. in a dejected , manner, afflictcdly. Dejectedness, di-jek-ted-nes, s, Lowncss of spirits, 140 Dejection, de-jek-shun, s. A lowness of spiriti, melancholy; weakness, inability; a stool. Dejecture, d^-jek-tshure, *. 461. The excrement. Dejeration, ded-je-ra-shun, s. 530. A taking of a solemn oath. Deification, de-e-f(5-ka-shun, s. The act of deifying, or making a god. Deiform, de-e-form, a. Of a godlike form. To Deify, de-e-fl, v. a. To make a god of, to adore as God ; to praise excessively. To Deign, dane, v. n. To vouchsafe, to think worthy. To Deign, dane, v. a. 249. To grant, to permit. Not in use. To Deintegrate, dl-initl-grate, v. a. To diminish. DeiPAROUS, d^-ip-pi-rus, a. 51 a. That brings forth a God, the epithet applied to the Blessed Virgin. Deism, de-izm, *. The opinion of those that only acknowledge one God, without: the reception of any revealed religion. Deist, de-ist, s. A man who follows no particular religion, but only acknowledges tin.- existence of God. DeISTICAL, de-ls'-te-kUl, a. Belonging to the liercsy of the deists. Deity, de-e-te, S. Divinity, the nature and essence of God; a fabulous god; the supposed divinity of a heathen god. Delacera TION, de-lSs-ser-d-shun, s. A tearing in pieces. Delacrymation, de-li\k-kre-mi-shun, s. The waterishness of the eyes. Delactation, del-4k-ta-shiin, s. 530. A weaning from the breast. Delapsed, de-l^pstj a. 359. Bearing or falling dov.n. To Delate, du-latej v. a. To carry, to convey. Not in use. Delation, de-la-shun, S. A carrying, conveyance } an accusation, an impeachment. Delatoh, de-la- tur, s. 166. An accuser, an informer. To Delay, de-laj v. a. To defer, to put off} to hinder, to frustrate. To Delay, d^-la| v. n. To stop, to cease from action. Delay, dl-lij s. A deferring, procrastination ; stay, stop. Delayer, dl-la-ur, s. One that defers. Delectable, de-lek'-t;t-bl, a. 405. Pl£asing, delightful. Delect-ableness, dl-lek-t^-bl-nes, *. Delight fulness, pleasantness. Delectably, d^-lek'-t^-ble, ad. Delightfully, pleasantly. Delectation, del-lek-ti-shun, s. Pleasure, delight. To Delegate, deKi^-gate, v. a. 91. To send upon an embassy; to intrust, to commit to another; to appoint judges to a particular cause. Delegate, del-le-gAte, j. 91. A deputy, a commissioner, a vicar; inlaw. Delegates are persons delegated or appointed by the king's commission to sit, upon an appeal to liiin, in the Court of Chancery, Delegate, del-le-gate, a. 503. Deputed. Delegates, Court of, del-le-g:ltes, *. a court wherein all causes of appeal, from either of the arch- bishops, are decided. Delegation, del-le-gA^shun, s. A sending away; a putting into commission ; the assignment dlU,s. A mine, a quarry J earthen ware, ELFE, J DeI-ETEUV, del-e-ter-e, a. Destructive, deadly. Deletion, de-le-shun, s. Act of rasing or blotting out; a destiuction Delf Delf counterfeit china ware To Deliberate, d^-lib-er-ate, v. n. 91. To think in order to choice, to hesitate. Deliberate, de-lib-er-ate, a. 91. Circumspect, wary; slow. Deliberately, de-lib^er-ite-le, ad. Circumspectly, advisedly. Deliberateness, de-lib-er-ite-nes, s. Circumspection, wariness. Deliberation, de-lib-er-i-shun, s. The act of deliberating, thought in order to choice. Deliberative, d^-lib^er-^-tiv, «. Pertaining to deliberation, apt to consider. Deliberative, de-libier-4-tiv, s. The discourse in which a question is deliberated. Delicacy, del-e-k^-s6, s. Daintiness, niceness in eating; anything highly pleasing to the senses; softness; nicety; politeness; indulgence; tender- ness, scrupulousness; weakness of constitution. Delicate, deUi-k^te, a. 91. 503. Fine, con- sisting of small parts; pleasing to the eye; nice, plea- sing to the taste; dainty, choice, select; gentle of manners; soft, effeminate j pure, clear. Delicately, dSl'^-kite-le, ad. Beautifully; finely; daintily; choicely; politely; effeminately. Delicateness, dfcl-^-kite-nes, s. The state of being delicate. DelicaTES, del-l-kits, S. Kiceties, rarities. Delicious, de-lish-us, a. 507. Sweet, delicate, that affords delight. Deliciously, d4-lish-us-l^, ad. Sweetly, pleasantly, delightfully. Deliciousness, dMish-us-nes, s. Delight, pleasure, joy. Deligation, del-l^-giishun, «. A binding up. Delight, d^-lltej s. 393. Joy, pleasure, satisfac- tion ; that which gives delight. To Delight, di-llte{ v, a. To please, to content, to satisfy. To Delight, dj-lltej v. n. To have delight or pleasure in. Delightful, dJ-llte^f^l, a. Pleasant, charming. Delightfully, di-llteiful-lJ, ad. Pleasantly, charmingly, with delight. Delightfulness, d^-llte-ful-nes, s. Pleasantness, satisfaction. Delightsome, d^-llte-sum, a. Pleasant, delightful. Delightsomely, d^-lIte-sum-lJ, ad. Pleasantly, in a delightful manner. Delightsomeness, d4-llte-sum-nes, s. Pleasantness, delightfulness. To Delineate, d^-lin-^-^te, v, a. To draw the first draught of a thing ; to design ; to paint in colours; to represent a true likeness ; to describe. Delineation, de-lin-e-i-shun, s. The first draught of a thing. Delinquency, d^lii>g-kwen-s^, s. A fault, failure in duty. Delinquent, dj-ling^kwent, s. An offender. To Deliquate, del'-le-kwate, v. n. 503. To melt, to be dissolved. Dehquation, del-le-kwiishun, s. A melting, a dissolving. DeLIQUIUM, di^-llk-kw^-um, *. A distillation by the force of fire. Delirious, dJ-lir^^-us, a. 507. Light-headed. raving, doating. Delirium, dl-liriJ-um, s. Alienation of mind, dotafie. 141 To Deliver, d^-llv^ur, v. a. To give, to yield; to cast away ; to sunender, to put into one's hands ; to save, to rescue; to relate, to utter; to disburden a woman of acliild ; todeliverover, to put into another's hands, to give from hand to hand ; To deliver up, to surrender, to give up. Deliverance, de-liviur-^nse, s. Tiie act of de- livering a thing to another; the act of freeing from captivity or any oppression, rescue; theact of speaking utterance ; the act of bringing children. Deliverer, de-liv-iir-ur, s. A saver, a rescuer, a preserver 5 a relaler, one that communicates some- tliiiig. Delivery, de-liv-ur-e, S. The act of delivering, or giving ; release, rescue, saving ; a surrender, giving up; utterance, pronunciation ; child-birth. Dell, del, S. A pit, a valley. Delph, delf, s. A fine sort of earthen ware. Deludable, d^-luid^-bl, a. 405. Liable to be deceived. Delude, dl-ludej v. a. To beguile, to cheat, to deceive. Deluder, de-lu-dur, s. A beguiler, a deceiver, an impostor. To Delve, delv, v. a. To dig, to open the ground with a spade ; to fathom, to sift. Delve, delv, s. A ditch, a pitfal, a den. Delver, del-vur, s. 98. A digger. Deluge, del-luje, S. A general inundation ; an overflowing of the natural bounds of a river; any sud- den and resistless calamity. To Deluge, deKluje, v. a. To drown, to lay totally under water ; to overwhelm. Delusion, d^-li-zhiin, s, a cheat, guile j a false representation, illusion, errour. Delusive, d4-luisiv, > 58. 428. \ Delusory, de-lu'-sur-J, 557. 429./"' Apt to deceive. Demagogue, dem-i-gSg, s. 338. A ringleader of the rabble. Demain, "1 jI I , Tx >-de-inene; s. Demesne, J That land which a man holds originally of himself. It is sometimes used also for a distinction between those lands that the lord of the manor has in his own hands, or in the hands of his lessee, and suth other lands ap- pertaining to the said manor as belong to free or copy- iiolders. Demand, d^-mandj s. 79- A claim, a chaiieng. ing; aquestion, an interrogation ; acalling fora thing in order to purchase it ; in law, the asking of what is due. To Demand, d4-mandj v. a. To claim, to ask for with authority. Demandable, de-maii-d^-bl, a. That may be demanded, asked for. Demandant, de-man-dint, s. He who is actor or plaintiff in a real action. DeMANDEK, d^-man-dur, S. One that requires a thing with authority ; one that asks for a thing in order to purchase it. Demean, d^-menej s. A mien, presence, carriage. Obsolete. To Demean, d^-mlnej v. a. To behave, to carry one's self; to lessen, to debase. Demeanour, de-me-nur, s. 314. Carriage, behaviour. Demeans, T de-m5nz,' s. pi. An estate in lands Demesnes, J *^ Demerit, de-mer-it, s. The opposite to merit, ill-deserving. Demesne, de-mJneJ s. — See jOemain. Demi, dem-e, inseparable part. Half, as demi. god, that is, half human, and half divine. Demi-cannon, dem-^-kin-nun, s. A great gun. Demi-culverin, dem-5-kul-ver-in, s, A small cannon. DEM DEN t> 559. Flte73, far 77, fill 83, fttgl— mJpS, met95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 16-J, Demi-devil, dem'e-devM, s. 405. Half a devil. Demi-god, dem-e-g6d, s. Partaking of Divine nature, half a god. Demi-lance, demi^-llnse, s. A light lance, a spear. Demi-man, demi^-min, s. Haifa man. Demi-wolf, dem^^-wulf, s. Half a wolf. Demise, dl-mizej s. Death, decease. To Demise, de-mlzej v, a. To grant at one's death, tohequeat-h. Demission, di-rnish-un, *. Degradation, diminu- tion of dignity. 7'oDemit, dJ-init{ w. a. To depress. Democracy, de-mSk-kri-s^, *. One of the three forms of government, that in which the sovereign power is lodged in the body of the people. Democrate, dein-6-er4t, s, A new-coined word from democracy ; a friend to popular governmeht. (!;?• See Aristocrate. Democratical, dem-i-kr^t-l-kil, a. 530. Pertaining to a popular government, popular. To Demolish, de-mil-lish, v. a. to throw down buildings, to raze, to destroy. Demolisher, dJ-mSl-lish-ur, s. One that throws down buildings; a destroyer. Demolition, dem-i-lishiun, s. 530. The act of overthrowing buildings ; destruction. Demon, d^-mSn, s, A spirit, generally an evil spirit. Demoniacal, dem-i-nUi-kll, "| „ Demoniack, d^-miinUk, / "' ^"^' Belonging to the Devil, devilish; influenced by tlie devil. Demoniack, di-miinJ-Jk, *. 505. One possessed by the devil. Demonian, d^-mA-n^-itn, a. Devilish. Demonologv, dem-6-n&l-6-i4, *. 530. Discourse of the nature of devils. Demonstrable, d^-mSnistr^-bl, a. Tliat may be proved beyond doubt or contradiction.' Demonstrably, d4-m6n^str4-bli, ad. In such a manner as admits of certain proof. To Demonstrate, dl-mSnistrite, v. a. 91. To prove with the highest degree of certainty. Demonstration, dera-mSn-stri-shun, s. 530. The highest degree of deducible or argumental evidence; indubitable evidence of the senses or reason. Demonstrative, di-m&n-stri-tiv, a. Having the power of demonstration, invincibly conclusive; having the power of expressing clearly. Demonstratively, de-m5n-stri-tiv-le, ad. With evidence not to be opposed or doub'ed; clearly, plainly, with certain knowledge. Demonstrator, dem-mSn-stra^tur, s. One that proves, one that teaches. 03- The accent on the penultimate syllable of tliis word seems appropriated to one whose office it is to demon- strate or exiiibit any part of philosophy : when it merely means one who demonstrates any tiling in general, the accent is on the same syllable as the verb, 521. Demonstratory, d4-m8n-stri-tur-4, a. 512. Having the tendency to demonstrate. Demulcent, d^-mulisent, a. Softening, molli- fying, assuasive. To Demur, d^-mur( v. n. To delay a process in law by doubts and objections; to doubt, to have scru- ples. To Demur, d^-murj v. a. To doubt of. Demur, de-murj *. Doubt, hesitation. Demure, d^-murej a. Sober, decent; grave, affectedly modest. Demurely, d^-mure'-l5, ad. With affected modesty, solemnly. Demureness, d^-mure^nes, s. Modesty, sober- nsss, gravity of aspect; affected modesty, 143 Demurrer, d^-muriur, s. 98. A kind of pause upon a point of difficulty in an action. Demy, de-mi,' s. A half fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Demy, d4-ml{ a. A kind of paper. Den, den, s, A cavern or hollow running horizon tally; the cave of a wild beast ; Den may signify either a valley, or a woody place. Denay, d^-na{ s. Denial, refusal. Obsolete. Dendrology, den-dr6l-l6-j6, *. 518. The natural history of trees. Deniable, d^-ni'-4-bl, a. That may be denied. Denial, d^-nl-il, *. Negation, refusal. PeNIER, d^-nl-ur, S. 98. a contradicler, an opponent; one that does not own or acknowledge; a refuser, one that refuses. Denier, de-n^re' *. A imall denomination of French money. To Denigrate, den-^-grite, or dk-nl-grite, v. a. To blacken. K?- All our lexicographers, except Dr. Johnson, accent this word on the second syllable. Placing the accent on the first, is undoubtedly conformable to a very prevailing analogy of our language, 503. But all words derived from Latin words, retaining the same number of syl- lables, seem to retain the accent of their original, 503, e. Thus to Denigrate has the accent on i, because that letter is long, and has the accent in Deni^ro; and to Emigrate has the accent on the first syllable, because in Emigro the same letter is short, and the accent is on the ante- penultimate. — See Arietate and Coacervate. In a former edition of this Dictionary, I followed the general voice of all our orthoepists, except Dr. Johnson, without recollecting that the i in the Latin deiiigro might be pronounced either long or short ; and that when this is the case, we generally adopt the short sound in words derived from that language; and as this short sound is more agreeable to the analogy of our own language. Dr. Johnson's accentuation seems to be the preferable, 503. 545. Denigration, den-i-gri-shun, s. A blackening, or making black. Denization, den-4-zi-shun, S. The act of en- franchising. Denizen, ■>,,, J /^O^'l^ Denison, J*^*'"^^"' llTO.J*' a freeman, one enfranchised. To Denominate, dJ-nSm-e-nite, v. a. To name, to give a name to. Denomination, d^-nfim-^-na-shun, ,v. a name given to a thing. Denominative, d^-num-e-nJ-tiv, a. Tl'at gives aname; that obtains a distinct appellation. Denominator, de-n6m-e-ni-tur, s. 520. The giver of a name.' Denotaiion, den-i-tfehun, s. Tie act of denoting. To Denote, d4-nite{ v. a. To mark, to be a sign of, to betoken. To Denounce, d^-nounse{ v. a. To threaten by proclamation. Denouncement, de-nounseiment, s. The act of proclaiming any menace. Denouncer, de-noun-sur, s. One that declares some menace. Dense, dense, a. Close, compact, approaching to solidity. Density, den-sJ-t^, s. Closeness, compactness. Dental, den-t^l, a. Belonging or relating to the teeth; in grammar, such letters as are pronounced principally by the agency of the teeth. Den telli, den-tel'-le, s. Modillons. A kind of brackets. Denticulation, den-tik-i-liishun, s. The state of being set with small teeth. Denticulated, den-tik'-i-U-ted, a. Set With small teeth. DEP DEP nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Mia 466, this 469. Pentifrice, den-tl-fns, s, 142. A powder made 'o scour the teeth. Dentist, den-tist, s. A surgeon who confines his practice to the teeth. PentitioS, deil-tish-un, S. The act of breeding the teeth ; the time at which children's teeth are bred. To Denudate, de-nu-date, v. a. To divest, to strip.— See To Denigrate. Denudation, den-nu-dA'shun, *. 527. The act of stripping. To Denude, dl-nudej v. a. To strip, to make naked. Denunciation, di-nun-sh^-i-shun, *. The act of denouncing, a publick menace. Denunciator, dJ-nun-shi-A-tur, s. He that proclaims any threat; he that lays an information against another. To DeNV, d^-nlj v. a. To contradict an accusa- tion ; to refuse, not to grant ; to disown ; to renounce, to disregard. To Deobstruct, d4-6b-struktj v, a. To clear from impediments. Deobstruent, di-6b-stri-ent, s. A medicine that has the power to resolve viscidities. DeodaND, d^iA-dind, *. A thing given or forfeited to God for pacifying his wralh, in case of any misfortune, by which any Christian comes to a violent end, without the fault of any reasonable creature. To Deoppilate, de-fip-p^-Ute, w. a. To deob- struct, to clear a passage. Deoppilation, dWp-p^-li'shun, *. The act of clearing obstruction. DeoPPILATIVE, dJ-Sp-p^-li-tlv, a. Deobstruent. Deosculation, dJ-os-ki-li-shun, *. The act of kissing. To Depaint, d^-pint| v. a. To picture, to describe by colours ; to describe. To Depart, de-p3.rt| v. n. To go away from a place ; to desist from a practice ; to be lost ; to desert, to apostatize j to desist from a resolution or opinion j to die, to decease, to leave the world. To Depart, di-pirt{ v. a. To quit, to leave, to retire from. To Depart, dJ-pirt{ v. a. To divide, to separate. Depart, di-pirt' S, The act of going away ; death ; with chymisis, an operation so named, because the particles of silver are departed or divided from gold. ^ DeparTER, d^-par^tur, S. One that refines metals by separation. Department, di-part-ment, s. Separate allot- ment, business assigned to a particular person. Departure, di-paritshure, 5. 461. A going away ; death, decease ; a forsaking, an abandoning. DePASCENT, d^-pis'sent, a. Feeding greedily. To Depasture, de-p4s-tshire, v. a. To eat up, to consume by feeding upon it. To Depauperate, d^-paw-per-ite, v. a. To make poor. DepectirlE, d^-pek-t4-bl, a. Tough, clammy. To Depend, dJ-pendJ v. n. To hang from : to be in a state of servitude or expectation ; to be in sus- lense; to depend upon, to rely on, to trust to; to be in a state of dependance ; to rest upon any thing as its cause. Dependance, dJ-pen-d^nse, "I Dependancy, de-penWin-s^, J The state of hanging down from a supporter; some- thing hanging upon another; concatenation, con- nexion, relation of one thing to another; state of being at the disposal of another ; the things or persons of which any man has the dominion; reliance, trust, confidence. Dependant, di-pen-dint, a. In the power of another. Dependant, dJ-pen-dint, s. One who Uve» in subjection, or at the discretion of another 143 3, de-pen-dense, 1 r, de-pen-den-se, J Dependence, Dependency, A thing or person at the disposal or discretion of an- other; state of being subordinate, or subject; tha/ which is not principal, that which is subordinate', concatenation, connexion ; relation of any thing to another; trust, reliance, confidence. Dependent, dJ-pen-dent, a. Hanging down. Dependent, de-penident, S. One subordinate. Depender, de-pen-dur, s. 98. A dependant, one that reposes on the kindness of another. Deperdition, dep-er-dish-un, s. 527. Loss, destruction. Dephlegmation, def-fleg-mA-shuii, s. 530. An operation which takes away from the phlegm any spirituous fluid by repeated distillation. To Dephlegm, de-flem,' 389. \ T'o Dephlegmate, de-fleg^mate,jr I phlegm, or aqueous insipid matter. DNESS, d^-flem-ed-nes, *. To clear from ] Dephlegmedness, The quality of being freed from phlegm. To Depict, de-piktj v. a. To paint, to portray i to describe to the mind. Depicture, di-pik-tshure, v. a. To repreient in painting. Depilatory, de-pil-la-tur-^, j. An application used to take away liair. DePILOUS, d^-pUluS, a. Without hair. Deplantation, dep-lln-tl-shun, s. The act of taking plants up from the bed. Depletion, d^-pl^-shun, s. The act of emptying. Deplorable, di-pl6-r4-bl, a. Lamentable, sad, calamitous, despicable. Deplorableness, di-j)li-ri-bl-nes, s. Tlie state of being deplorable. Deplorably, d^-ploV^-bl^, ad. Lamentably, miserably. Deplorate, d^-pliirite, a. 91. Lamentable, hopeless. — See To Denigrate. Defloration, dep-li-ri-shun, s. 530. The act of deploring. To Deplore, di-plirej v. a. To lament, to bewail, to bemoan. Deplorer, di-pl6-rur, s. A lamenter, a mourner. Deplumation, dep-li-mA-shun, s. 527- Plucking off the feathers ; in surgery, a swelling of the eyelids, accompanied with the fall of the hairs. To Deplume, di-plime{ v. a. To strip of its feathers. To Depone, d^-p6ne{ v. a. To lay down as a pledge or security ; to risk upon the success of an ad-> venture. Deponent, d^-pi^nent, *. 503. One that deposes his testimony in a court of justice ; in grammar, such verbs as have no active voice are called deponents. To Depopulate, di-pip-u-lite, v. a. To unpeople, to lay waste. Depopulation, de-p6p-u-U-shun, s. The act of unpeopling, havock, waste. Depopulator, d^ pftp^u-li-tur, s. 521. A dispeopler, a destroyer of mankind. To Deport, di-pirt{ v. a. To carry, to demean. Deport, dJ-pArtJ s. Demeanour, behaviour. Deportation, dep-6r-ti-shun, s. Transportation, exile into a remote part of the dominion] exile in general. ^ Deportment, de-port-ment, s. 512. Conduct, management, demeanour, behaviour. To Depose, d^-p6ze{ v. a. To lay down j to de. grade from a throne ; to take away, to divest; to giv testimony, to attest. To Depose, d^-pozej v. n. To tiear witness. Depositary, d^-pt\z-i-tir-i, *. 512. One with whom any thing is lodged in trust. To Deposite, d^-p5z-it, v. O. To lay up, to DEP DES p- 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fitSl— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nS 162, move 164, evil. , dep-prJ-ki-tiv, ") _,„ r, dep-pre-ka-tur-e, J lodge in any place; to lay up as a pledge or security; to laj' aside. DePOSITE, de-pftz^lt, S. 154. Any thing com- mitted to tlie trust and care of aiiotlier ; a pledge, a pawn, the stale of a thing pawned or pledged. Deposition, dep-p6-zish-un, s. Tiie act of giv- ing pubiick testimony; the act of degrading a prince from sovereignty. Depository, d6-pozi^-tur-e, s. 512. The place where any thing is lodged. Depravation, dep-r^-va^shun, s. 530. The act of making any thing bad; degeneracy, depravity. To Deprave, de-pravej v. a. To violate, to corrupt. Depravedness, d^-pravd^nes, s. Corruption, taint, vitiated state. Depravement, d^-prive-ment, s. A vitiated state. Depraver, d^-pri-vur, s. A corrupter. Depravity, de-prllv^e-te, 5. 511. Corruption. To Deprecate, dep-pre-kate, v. a. 91. To implore mercy of; to beg off; to pray deliverance from. Deprecation, dep-pre-kd-shun, s. Prayer against evil. Deprecative, Deprecatory That serves to deprecate, To Depreciate, de-pre-she-Ate, v. a. 91. To bring a thing down to a lower price; to under- value. To Depredate, dep'prc-date, v. a. 91. To rob, to pillage; to spoil, to devour. Depredation, dep-pre-da-shun, *. A robbing, a spoiling ; voracity, waste. Depredator, dep-pre-d^-tur, s. 521. A robber, a devourer. To Depreiiend, dep-pr^-hendj v. a. To catch one, to take unawares ; to discover, to find out a thiiig. Little used. DEPREHENSinLE,dep-pre-hen-se-bl,a. That may be caught ; that may be understood. Deprehensibleness, dep-pre-hen^sJ-bl-nes, s. Capableness of being caught ; intelligibleness. Deprehension, dep-pre-hen^shun, s. A catch- ing or taking unawares j a discovery. To Depress, de-pres5 v. a. To press or thrust down; to let fall, to letdown; to humble, to deject, to sink. Depression, d^-presh-un, s. The act of pressing down ; the sinking or falling in of a surface; the act of humbling, abasement. Depressor, d^-pres-sur, s. 166. He that keeps or presses down. Deprivation, dep-prJ-vi-shun, s. 530. The act of depriving or taking away from ; in law, is when a clergyman, as a bishop, parson, vicar, or prebend, is deposed from his preferment. To Deprive, de-privej v. a. To bereave one of a thing; to put out of an office. Depth, dep^A, *. Deepness, the measure of any thing from the surface downwards ; deep place, not a shoal; the abyss,a gulf of infinite prufuiidiiy ; the middle or height of a season ; abstruseness, obscurity. To Depthen, dep^^An, v. a. 103. To deepen. Depulsion, de-pul-shun, s. 177. A beating or thrusting away. Depulsory, dJ-puUsur-i, a. 440. Putting or driving away. yo Depurate, dep^i-r^te, w. ct. 91. To purify, to cleanse. Depurate, dep^ia-rite, a, 50o. Cleansed, freed from dregs ; pure, not contaminated. Depuration, dep-u-ra^shun, *. The act of separating the pure from the impure part of any thing. To Depure, d^-purej v. a. To free from im- purities; to purge. 144 Deputation, d^p-u-ti-shun, s. The act of deputing, or sending with a special commission ; vice- gerency. To Depute, d^-pilte,' f, a. To send with a special commission, to empower one to transact instead of another. Deputy, dep-u-te, S. A lieutenant, a viceroy, any one that transacts business for another. (t3» This word is frequently mispronounced even by good speakers. There is a proneness in the p to slide into its nearest relation b, which makes us often hear this word as if written debbuty. To Dequantitate, de-kvirSn^t^-tate, v, a. To diminish the quantity of. To Deracinate, di-ras-se-nate, v, a. To pluck or tear up by the roots. To Deraign, ~l ji I , r^DERAiN, j-d^-r^neW.a. To prove, tojustify. To Derange, dd-rinje{ v, a. To disorder, to disarrange. Deray, d4-rij s. Tumult, disorder, noise. Derelict, der-e-likt, s. Any thing which is relinquished by the ownf^r. Dereliction, der-e-lik'shun, s. An utter forsaking or leaving. To Deride, d^-rlde,' v. a. To laugh at, to mock, to turn to ridicule. Derider, di-rl-dur, s. 98. A mocker, a scoffer. Derision, de-nzhifin, s. The act of deriding or laughing at; contempt, scorn, a laughing-stock. Derisive, de-rl-siv, a. 423. Mocking, scoffing. Derisory, d^-rl-sur-e, a. 429. 512. Mocking, ridiculing. Derivable, de-rUv4-bl, a. Attainable by right of descent or derivation. Derivation, der-e-va-shun, *. 530. The tracing of a word from its original ; the tracing of any tiling from its source; in medicine, the drawing of a humour ' from one part of the body to another. Derivative, d^-riv-i-tiv, a. Derived or taken from another. Derivative, de-nv^^-tiv, s. 157. The thing of word derived or taken from another. Derivatively, de-riv-^-tiv-le, ad. In a derivative manner. To Derive, dc-rlve{ v. a. To turn the course of anything; to deduce from its original ; to communi- cate to another, as from the origin and source; in grammar, to trace a word from its origin. To DERive, de-iive5 v. n. To come from, to owe its origin to ; to descend from. Deri VEK, de-rlveifir, s. One that draws or fetches from the original. Dernier, dtrn-yirel a. Last. To Derogate, der-o-gite, v. a. To lessen the worth of any person or thing, to disparage. To Derogate, der-o-g^te, v. n. To retract. Derogate der-6-gate, a. 91. Lessened in value. Derogation, der-o-ga^shun, s. 530. A dis- paraging, lessening or taking away the worth of any person or thing. Derogative, d^-rSg-i-tiv, a. Derogating, lessening the value. Derogatorily, de-r3g-^-tur-e-le, ad. In a detracting manner. Derogatoriness, d^-rSg^5.-tur-e-nes, *. Tlie act of derogating. Derogatory, de-rfig-a-tur-e, a. 512. Tliat lessens the value of. DerVIS, der^vis, S. A Turkish priest. Descant, des^kint, s. 492. A song or tune j a discourse, a disputation, a disquisition branched out into several divisions or heads. To Descant., des-k^nt^ v. n. To liarangue, to discourse at large. DES . DES nor 167, nit 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pSSnd 313— ^/tiii 4GG, Tiiis 469. 7'o Descend, d^-sendj v. n. To come from a higher place to a lower ; to come down ; to coine sud- denly, to fall upon as an enemy ; to make an invasion ; to proceed from an original ; to fall in order of inhe- ritance to a successor; to extend a discourse from a general to particular considerations. To Descend, de-send{ v. a. To walk downward upon any place. Descendant, dJ-sen'-d^nt, *. The offspring of an ancestor. Descendent, de-sen-dent, S. Falling, sinking, coming down ; proceeding from another as an original or ancestor. Descendible, de-sen-d^-bl, a. Such as may be descended; transmissible by inheritance. DescensioN, de-sen-shim, S. The act of falling or sinking, descent ; a declension, a degradation. Descent, d^-sent{ s. The act of passing from a higher place; progress downwards; invasion, hostile entrance into a kingdom ; transmission of any thing by succession and inheritance ; the state of proceeding from an original or progenitor; birth, extraction, pro- cess of lineage, offspring, inheritors ; a single step in the scale of genealogy ; a rank in the scale or order of being. To Describe, de-skrlbe| v. a. To mark out any thing by the mention of its properties; to delineate, to mark out, as a torch waved about the head describes a circle; to distribute into proper heads or divisions ; to define in a lax manner. Describer, d^-skrl-bur, s. He that describes. Descrjer, de-skrl-ur, s. 98. A discoverer, a detectei. Description, d5-sknp-shun, s. The act of de- scribing or marking out any person or thing by percep- tible properties ; tne sentence or passage in winch any thing is described ; a lax definition; the qualities ex- pressed in a description. Descriptive, d^-skripkiv, a. 157. Describing. To Descry, d^-skrl{ v. a. To spy out, to ex am'ne at a distance; to discover, to perceive by the eye, to see any thing distant or absent. Descry, d^-skrl{ s. Discoirerj', thing discovered. Not in use. To Desecrate, des^si-krite, v. a. To divert from the purpose to which any thing is consecrated. Desecration, des-s5-kriishun, s. The abolition of consecration. Desert, dez'-ert, *. Wilderness, waste country, uninhabited place. Desert, dez-ert, a. Wide, waste, solitary. To Desert, d^-zert| v. a. To forsake ; to fall away from, to quit meanly or treacherously; to leave, to abandon ; to quit the army, or regiment, in which one is enlisted. Desert, d^-zertj *. Qualities or conduct con- sidered with respect to rewards or punishments, degree of merit or demerit ; excellence, tight to reward, virtue. Deserter, d^-zer^tur, *. 98. He that has forsaken his cause or his post ; he that leaves the army in which he is enlisted; he that forsakes another. Desertion, d^-zer-shun, s. The act of forsaking or abandoning a cause or post. Desertless, de-zert^les, a. Without merit. To Deserve, di-zervj v, a. To be worthy of either good or ill ; to be worthy of reward. Deservedly, de-zer-ved-ll, ad. 364. Worthily, according to desert. Deserver, d^-zer^vur, *. 98. A man who merits rewards. Desiccants, de-sik^kAnts, s. Application* that dry up the flow of sores, driers. To Desiccate, di-sik'-kdte, v, a. 503. To dry up. Desiccation, des-ik-ka^shun, s. The act of making dry. Desiccative, de-sik-ki-tiv a. That which has the power of drying. 145 To Desiderate, de-sid'-er-ate, v. a. To want, to miss. Not in use. Desideratum, de -sid-e-ra'-tum, s. Some desira- ble thing which is wai.ted. S3- This Latin word is now so much in use as to require a place in an English Dictionaiy; and it were to be wished it were so far anglicised as to form its plural bys, and not preserve its Latin plural Desiderata, as we almost always hear it. Desidiose, de-sid-je-isej a. 376. Idle, lazy, heavy. — See Appenaix, To Design, de-sinej v. a. 447. To purpose ; to form or order with a particular purpose ; to devote in- tejitionally; to plan, to project; to mark out. O;?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan, by preserving the s, in this word and its compounds, pure. I am sup- ported in this by Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Scoit, and Mr. I'erry, and have always looked upon To Dezign as vulgar. — See Principles, 447. Design, d^-slnej S. An intention, a purpose; a scheme, a plan of action ; a scheme formed to the de- triment of another; the idea which an artist endea- vours to execute or express. DeSIGNABLE, de-Sine^A-bl, a. Distinguishable, capable to be particularly marked out. Designation, des-s%-ni-shun, s. The act of pointing or marking out; appointment, directions; import, intention. To Designate, des^ig-nate, v. a. 503. To point out or mark by some particular token. Designedly, de-sl-ned-le, ad. 364. Purposely, intentionally. Designer, de-sl-nur, s. 98. A plotter, a con- triver; one that forms the idea of any thing in paint- ing or sculpture. Designing, de-sl-ning;, part. a. insidious, treacherous, deceitful. Designless, de-slneiles, a. Unknowing, inad- vertent. DesignleSSLY, de-slne-les-li, ad. Without in- tention, ignorantly, inadvertently. Designment, d6-sine!^ment, *. A plot, amalici- ous intention ; the idea, or sketch of a work. Desirable, d6-zl-r4-bl, a. Pleasing, delightful ; that is to be wished with earnestness. Desire, di-zlrej S. Wish, eagerness to obtain or enjoy. To Desire, de-zirej v. a. To wish, to long ftr j to express wishes, to long; to ask, to entreat. Desirer, de-zi-rur, S. 98. One that is eager after any thing. Desirous, de-zUrus, a. 314. Full of desire, eager, longing after. Desirousness, de-zUrus-nes, s. Fulness of desire. Desirously, d^-zl-rus-le, ad. Eagerly, with desire. To Desist, d^-sistj v. n. 447. To cease from any thing, to stop. 0:^ I have preserved the s pure in this word, contrary to Mr. Sheridan, who spells it dezist. Dr. Kcnritk and Mr. Perry are of my opinion, and I cannot sec any reason, either from custom or analogj', to alter it, 447. DesiSTANCE, de-sisitanse, s. The act of desist- ing, cessation. Desistive, d^-sis-tiv, a. 157. Ending, concluding. Desk, desk, 5. An inclining table for the use of writers or readers. Desolate, des^so-late, a. 91. Without in- habitants, uninhabited ; deprived of inhabitants, laid waste; solitary, without society. To Desolate, des-so-Ute, v. a. To deprive of inhabitants. Desolately, des-si-lite-le, ad. In a desolate manner. Desolation, des-so-la'sliun, s. Destruction of inhabitants; gloominess, melancholy; a jplace wasted and forsaken. I. DES DET t> 559. FiteT3, &v 77, fall 83, fit 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164 Despair, dj-sp4rej *. Hopelessness, despondence; that which causes despair, that of which there is no hope; in theology, loss of confidence in the mercy of God. To Despair, de-spirej v. n. To be without hope, to despond. DespAIRER, de-splre-ur, s. One without hope. Despairingly, d^-spi-ring-U, ad. In a manner betokening hopelessness. To Despatch, de-sp4tshj v. a. To send away hastily ; to send out ot the world, to put to death ; to perform a business quickly ; to conclude an affair with another. 03- There is a general rule in pronunciation, viz. when a vowel ends a syllable immediately before the accent, that vowel has a tendency to lengthen, and is often, par- ticularly in solemn speaking, pronounced as open as if the accent were on it — See To Collect, 544. This general tendency inclines us to divide words in such a manner as to make the vowel end the unaccented syllable : and if the two succeeding consonants are combinable, to carry them both to that syllable which has the accent. When the e is thus left to finish the syllable before the accent in despair, despatch, &c. it inclines to its open slender sound, which, being rapidly pronounced, falls into the short t, which is exactly its short sound, 10b. 107 ; for when the e is short by being closed with a consonant, like other vowels, it goes into a different sound from the 'ong one, 544. Thus the word despatch, till Dr. Johnson corrected it, was always written with an i; and now it is corrected, we do not find the least difference in the pro- nunciation. Despatch, d^-spitshj S. Hasty execution; ex- press, hasty messenger or message. DeSPATCHFIJL, d^-spJtsh-ful, a. Bent on haste. Desperate, d?;sipi-rAte, a. 91 . Without iiope ; without care of safety, rash; irretrievable; mad, hot- brained, furious. Desperately, des-p^-rite-li, ad. Furiously, madly; in a great degree: this sense is ludicrous. Desperateness, d2s-pl-rate-nes, s. Madness, fury, precipitance. Desperation, des-p5-riishun, s. Hopelessness, despair. Despicable, des-p4-kJ-bl, a. Contemptible, mean, worthless. Despicableness, des'p5-ki-bl-nes, *. Meanness, vileness. Despicably, des-pi-kJ-bli, od. Meanly, sordidly. Despisable, di-spl-zl-bl, a. Contemptible, re- garded with contempt. To Despise, di-splze{ v. a. To scorn, to contemn. Despiser, d^-spUzur, *. Contemner, scorner. Despite, de-spltej *. Malice, anger, defiance ; act of malice. Despiteful, d4-splte^ful, a. Malicious, full of spleen. Despitefl'Lly, de-splte^ful-li, ad. Maliciously, malignantly. Despitefulness, de-splte-ful-nes, s. Malice, hate, malignity. To Despoil, d^-spoil| v. a. To rob, to deprive. Despoliation, des-pi-l4-A-shun, s. 530. The act of despoiling or stripping. To Despond, de-sp5nd5 v. n. To despair, to lose hope ; in theology, to lose hope of the Divine mercy. Despondency, de-spftn'-den-s^, s. Despair, hopelessness. Despondent, di-sp&n^dent, a. Despairing, hope- less. To Desponsate, de-spSn-site, v. a. To betroth, to affiance. Desponsation, des-pSn-si^sbun, *. 530. The betrothing persons to each other. Despot, des-pot, *. An absolute prince. Despotical, d^-sp&t^i-k^l, Despotick, d^-spSt^ik, Absolute in power, unlimited in authority( 14C .}. Despoticalness, dl-sp6t-i-k4l-nes, s. Absolute authority. Despotism, des^pi-tizm, s. Absolute power. Dessert, dez-zertj S. The last course of an ei» tcrtainment. To Destinate, des-t^-n4te, v. a. To design foi any particular end. Destination, des-te-niisbun, s. The purpose for which any thing is appointed. To Destine, des-tin, v. a. 140. To doom, to appoint unalterably to any state ; to appoint to any use or purpose; to devote, to doom to punishment or misery; to fix unalterably. Destiny, des-te-n^, s. The power that spins the life, and determines the fate ; fate, invincible neces- sity, doom, condition in future time. Destitute, des^te-tute, a. Forsaken, abandoned ; in want of. Destitution, des-t^-tu-sbiin, s. Want, the state in which something is wanted. To Destroy, d^-stroej v. a. To overturn a city, to raze a building, to lay waste, tn make desolate; to kill ; to put an end to, to bring to nought. Destroyer, de-stroe-ur, *. 98. The person that destroys. Destructible, d^-struc-t^-bl, a. Liable to destruction. Destruction, d<^-struk-shun, *. The act of destroying, waste; murder, massacre: the state of being destroyed; in theology, eternal death. Destructive, de-stnik-tiv, a. That destroys, wasteful, causing ruin and devastation. Destructively, de-struk-tiv-l4, ad. Ruinously, mischievously. Destructiveness, d^-struk-tiv-nes, s. The quality of destroying or mining. Destructor, d^-struk-tur, *. 166. Destroyer, consumer. Desudation, des-u-dA-sbun, s, A profuse and inordinate sweating. Desuetude, des-sw^-tude, s. 334. Cessation from being accustomed. Desultory, des'ul-tur-i, 512. 1 Desultoreous, des-ul-ti-ri-us, J Removing from thing to thing, unsettled, immetho- dical. — .See Subsullory. To DeSUME, de-sumej v. a. To take from any thing. To Detach, de-tatsbj v. a. To separate, to dis- engage ; to send out part of a greater body of men on an expedition. Detachment, de-titsb-ment, s. A body of troo.ps sent out from the main army. To Detail, de-tilej v. a. To relate particularly, to particularize. Detail, de-talej S. a minute and particvilar account. To Detain, d^-tinej v. a. To keep that which belongs to another ; to withhold, to keep back; to re- strain from departure ; to hold in custody. Detainder, de-tAne-dur, *. 98. The rame of a writ for holding ono in custody. Detainer, d^-ta-imr, *. He that holds back any one's ritht, he that detains. To Detect, de-tektj v. a. To discover, to find out any crime or artifice. Detector, de-tek-tur, s. A discoverer, one that finds out what another desires to hide. Detection, de-tek-sbun, s. Discovery of guilt or fraud ; discovery of any thing hidden. Detention, d^-ten-sbun, *. The act of keeping what belongs to another; confinement, restraint. To Deter, d^-terj v. a. To discourage from any thing. D ETERMENT, dJ-ter^ment, S. Cause of discourage- ment. DET DEV nor 167, nit 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173--oil 299— pound 313- To Deterge, dl-terje{ v. a. To cleanse a sore. Detergent, d^-ter^Jent, a. Tiiat cleanses. Deterioration, de-t^-rl-A-ri^shun, s. The act of making any thing worse. Determinable, d^-ter-m^-n4-bl, a. That may be certainly decided. Determinate, d^-terimJ-nite, a. 91. Limited; established; conclusive; fixed, resolute. Determinately, d^-ter^m^-nite-le, ad. Resolutely, with fixed resolve. Determination, di-ter-mi-naishun, s. Absolute direction to a certain end ; the result of de- liberation ; judicial decision. Determinative, d^-terimi-ni-tiv, a. That uncontrollably directs to a certain end; that makes a limitation. Determinator, d^-ter-ml-niitur, s. 521. One who determines. To Determine, de-teKmin, v. a. 140. To fix, to settle; to fix ultimately ; to adjust, to limit ; to in- fiuence the choice; to resolve; to decide; to put an end to, to destroy. To Determine, dJ-teri-min, v. n. To conclude ; to end ; to come to a decision ; to resolve concerning , any thing. Deterration, dJ-ter-ri^shun, s. Discovery of any thing by removal of the earth. Detersion, di-ter-sliun, s. Tl»e act of cleansing 8 sore. Detersive, di-ter^siv, a. 158. Having the power to cleanse. Detersive, di-ter^siv, «. 428. An application that has the power of cleansing wounds. To Detest, d^-test{ v. a. To hate, to abhor. Detestable, di-tes-ti-bl, a. Hateful, abhorred. Detestably, di-tes^ti-bli, ad. Hatefully, abominably. Detestation, det-es-ti-shun, s. 530. Hatred, abhorrence, abiunination. Detester, d^-tes^tur, s. 98. One that hates. To Dethrone, Ak-thrhne', v. a. To divest of re- paiitv, to throw down from the throne. Detinue, d^-tin-D, S. 50.}. a writ that lies against him, who, having goods or chattels delivered him to keep, refuses to deliver them again. Detonation, det-i-ni^shun, s. A noiswomewhat more forcible than the ordinary crackling of salts in calcination, as in the going off of the pulvis or auruin fulminaiis, or the like. To DetoNIZE, det'-ti-nlze, v. a. To calcine with detonation. To Detort, di-tort{ v. a. To wrest from the original import. To Detract, d^-trikt{ v. a. To derogate, to take away by envy and calumny. DetrACTER, di-trik-tur, S. One that takes away another's reputation. Detraction, di-trik-sbun, s, Tlie act of taking off from any thing ; scandal. Detractory, dl-trJkitur4, a. 557. Defamatory by denial of desert, derogatory. Detractress, d^-trik^tres, s. A censorious woman. Detriment, det'tr^-ment, *. Loss, damage, mischief. Detrimental, det-tri-men^til, a. Mischievous, harmful, causing loss. To Detrude, d^-troodj v. a. To thrust down, to force into a lower place. Detrition, d^-trishf^un, *. 507. The act of wearing away. To Detruncate, de-trungikite, v. a. To lop, to cut, to shorten. Detruncation, det-rung-ki-shun, s. - The act of lopping. 147 tJiin 466, THIS 469. The act of thrust. Detrusion, d4-trooizhun, *. ing down. To DevaST, d^-vist; v. a. To waste or destroy to plunder. " The country, thongh deluged and dnastafed, was not utterl " put berond the power of restoration." — Hannah Mare' Strictures on Female Education, Vol. 1. page 68. To Devastate, di-v^-tite, v. a. To lay wast^ to plunder. Devastation, dev-ts-ti-shun, *. Waste, havock. Deuce, duse, s. Two. To Develop, d^-vel-Sp, v, a. To disengage from something that infolds. Devergence, de-veKjense, s. Declivity, decli- nation. To Devest, d5-vest{ v. a. To strip, to deprive or clothes ; to take away any thing good ; to free from any thing bad. Devex, de-veksj a. Bending down, declivons. DevEXITY, d^-vekisi-tl, S. Incurvation down- wards. To Deviate, dMvl-ite, v. n. 542. To wander from the right or common way ; to go astray, to err, to sin. Deviation, di-v5-i-sbun, *. The act of quitting the right way, errour ; variation from established rule; offence, obliquity of conduct. Device, di-vice{ s. A contrivance, a stratagem; a design, a scheme formed; the emblem on a shield; invention, genius. Devil, dev^vl, *. 159. 405. A fallen angel, the tempter and spiritual enemy of mankind. Devilish, devivl-lsh, a. Partaking of the qualities of the devil; an epithet of abhorrence or contempt. Devilishly, devM-isb-1^, ad. In a manner suiting the devil. Devious, de-vi-us, a. 542. Out of the common track; wandering, roving, rambling; erring, going astray from rectitude. To Devise, d^-vlzej v. a. 347. To contrive, to invent; to grant by will. To Devise, di-vbe{ v. n. To consider, to contrive. Devise, de-vlze{ *. The act of giving or bequeath- ing by will. Devise, d^-vlse{ *. 347. Contrivance. Properly Derice. DfcvlSER, di-vUzur, *. A contriver, an inventor. DeviTABLE, devie-ti-bl, a. Possible to be avoided. Devitation, dev-i-ti-shun, s. The act of escaping. Devoid, de-void{ <7. Empty, vacant; without any thing, whether good or evil. Devoir, de-vworj s. Service; act of civility or obsequiousness. To Devolve, d^-vSlv{ v. a. To roll down; to move from one hand to another. To Devolve, d(;-v6lv| v. n. To fall in succession into new hands. Devolution, dev-i-b't-sbun, s. Tlie act of roll- ing down ; removal from hand to hand. To Devote, d^-v6tej v, a. To dedicate, to con- secrate ; to addict, to give up to ill ; to curse ; to exe- crate. Devotedness, d^-v6ited-nes, s. Tlie state of being devoted or dedicated. Devotee, dcv-vo-teej *. One erroneously or supersiitiously religious, a bigot. Devotion, de-vi-sbun, S, Piety, acts of religion* an act of external worship; prayer, expression of de» votion ; the state of the mind under a strong sense of dependence upon God ; an act of reverence, -respect, or ceremony j strong affection, ardent love ; disposal^ power. mM DIA c?- 559. Fite 73, ikr 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93," met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, Devotional, dJ-vo^shun-il, a. Pertaining to Diagnostick, dI-%-n6s^tik, s. A Devotional, dJ-vo-shun-il, a. Pertaining to devotion. Devotionalist, de-v6ishun-dl-ist, *. A man zealous without knowledge. To Devour, de-v6urj v. a. To eat up ravenously; to destroy or consume witlt rapidity and violence; to swallow up, to annihilate. Devourer, de-voii-rur, s, 98. A consumer, he that devours. Devout, de-voiltj a. Pious, religious, devoted to lioly duties ; filled with pious thoughts ; expressive of devotion or piety. Devoutly, de-voilt-le, ad. Piously, vrith ardent devotion, religiously. DeuSE, duse, S. The Devil. Deuterogamy, du-ter-og-5-me, s. 518. A second marriage. Deuteronomy, du-ter-ftn-i-ro^, *. 518. The second book of the Law, being the fifth book of Moses. Deuteroscopv, du-ter-fts'ko-pJ, s. The second intention, a meaning beyond the literal sense. Dew, du, S. The moisture upon the ground. Tb Dew, du, v. a. To wet as with dew, to moisten. Dewberry, di^ber-re, s. Tlie fruit of a species of bramble. Dewbesprent, du-bJ-sprentJ part. Sprinkled with dew. Dewdrop, du-dr^p, s. A drop of dew whicli sparkles at sun-rise. Dewlap, du-l4p, S. The flesh that hangs down from the throat of oxen. DewlAPT, du-lApt, a. Furnished with dewlaps. DewworM, du-wurm, S. A worm found in dew. Dewy, du-e, a. Resembling dew, partaking of Jew ; moist with dew. Dexter, deks-ter, a. The right, not the left. Dexterity, deks-ter-^-t^, s. Readiness of limbs, activity, readiness to obtain skill; readiness of con- trivance. Dexterous, deks-ter-us, a. Expert at any manual employment, active, ready; expert in manage- ment, subtle, 'full of expedients. Dexterously, deks-ter-us-li, ad. Expertly, skilfully, artfully. DextrAL, dSks^tril, a. The right, not the left. Dextrality, deks-tr4l-J-ti, S. The state of being on the right side. Dey, dd, s. The supreme governor in some of the Barbary States. Diabetes, dl-i-bl^tes, s. A morbid copiousness of urine. Diabolical, dl-i-bSUJ-kil, ") DiABOLicK, dl4-bSUik, 509. J Devilish, partaking of the qualities of the devil. DiACODIUM, dl-4-k6-de-um, S. The syrup of poppies. DiACOUSTICS, dl-i-kou-Stlks, S. The doctrine of sounds. Diadem, dl-^-dem, *. A tiara, an ensign of royalty bound about the head of eastern monarchs j the mark of royalty worn on the head, the crown. Diademed, dl-A-demd, a. 359. Adorned with a diadem. Diadrom, dU^-drum, *. 166. The time in which any motion is performed. Diuresis, dl-er-e-sis, s. 124k, The separation or disjunction of syllables. (try. Mr. Sheridan has given the long sound of e to the second syllable of this word, contrary to the general practice, which is supported by the most general rule in pronunciation. The antepenultimate accent, unless suc- ceeded by a diphthong, always shortens the vowel it falls upon, a34. Nor does the diphthong in this word prevent the shortening power of the accent any more than in Ctceurca, 124. 148 move 164, Diagnostick, dI-%-n6s^tik, s. A symptom bj which a disease isdistinjtuishfd from others. Diagonal, dl-%-o-nJl, a. 116. Reaching from one angle to another. Diagonal, dl-ag-6-nAl, S. A line drawn fron angle to angle. Diagonally, dI-%io-nil-l, ad. In a diagonal direction. Diagram, dl-A-grim, s. A delineation of geo. metrical figures, a mathematical scheme. Dial, dl-al, *. 88. A plate marked with lines, where a hand or shadow shows the hour. Dial-plate, dl'-4l-plAte, s. That on which hours or lines are marked. Dialect, dl-i-lekt, *. The subdivision of a language; style, manner of expression; language, speech. Dialectical, dl-A-lek-ti-kil, «. Logical, argumental. DialectICK, dl-i-lek-tlk, S. Logick, the art of reasoning. Dialling, di'-;\l-linff, S. The art of making dials; the knowledge of shadows. Diallist, dl-ctl-list, *. A constructor of dials. DiALOGIST, dl-^l-l6-jlSt, *. IIG. A speaker in a dialogue or conference. Dialogue, dUil-l3g^, s. 338. A confeicnce, a conversation between two or more. Dialysis, dl-il'-e-sis, s. 116. The figure in rhetorick by which syllables or words aie divided. Diameter, di-Am-e-tur, *. 116. The line which, passing through the centre of a circle, or other curvi- linear figure, divides it into equal parts. Diametral, dl-4m^me-tr;ll, a. Describing the diameter. Diametrally, dl-4m-mJ-tril-e, ad. According to the direct ion of a diameter. Diametrical, dl-^-inet'-tri-k^l, a. Describing a diameter; observing the direction of a diameter. Diametrically, dl-i-met-tre-kil-e, ad. In a diametrical direction ; directly. Diamond, dl-;t-mund, *. The most valuable and hardest of all the gems. Diapason, dl-it-p;l'zftn, s. A term in musick; an octave, the most perfect concord. Diaper, dl-i-pur, s. 98. Linen cloth woven in figures ; a napkin. To Diaper, dl-i-p5r, v. a. To variegate, to diversify ; to draw flowers upon clothes. Diaphaneity, dl-cl-fa-ne-^-t^, S. Transparency, pellucidness. DiAPHANiCK, dl-i-fAn-ik, a. 509. Transparent, pellucid. Diaphanous, dl-^f'f4-nus, a. 518. Transparent, clear. Diaphoresis, dl-^f-6-r^-sis, *. 116. A bearing through ; the expulsion of humours through the porei of the skin. Diapiioretick, di4f-o-ret-ik, a. Sudorifick, promoting perspiration. Diaphragm, dl-4-fi4m, s. 395. The midriff, which divides the upper cavity of the body from the lower; any division or partition which divides a hol- low body. Diarrhoea, dl-^r-re-sl, s. A flux of the belly. DiARRHOETiCK, dl-^r-iet-ik, a. Promoting the flux of the bell v, solutive, purgative. Diary, dl-J-re, s. An account of every day, a journal. Diastole, dI-^-ti-l5, s. 116. A figure in rhetorick, by which a short syllable is made long ; the dilatation of the heart. DiASTVLE, di-3.s-tlle, *. An intercolumniation a. three diameters. ([:7- The reason that this word is pronounced in three syllables, and Diastole in four, is, that the latter is per- DIE DIF nSr 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299— pound 313— f/tin 466, this 469. feet Greek JiarToXij, and the former is a compound of our own, formed from Sia and irrCho;, a pillar. The same reason liolds good for pronouncing Apocope, as divided into A-poc-o-pe ; and Osteocope into Oa-te-o-cope. And tlioHgli Johnson, Ash, Buchanan, and Barclay, accent X)!as«u/e on the second syllable, I have no hesitation in ditfering from them by placing the accent on the first.— See Academy. DiATESSERON, cfl-i-tes-si-r5n, S. An interval in muslck. Dibble, dib-bl, s. 405. A small spade. Djbstone, dib-stone, s. A little stone which children throw at another stone. DiCACiTY, de-kas'-se-te, s. 124. Pertness, sauciness. Dice, dlse, s. The plural of Die.— See Die. Dice-box, dlse-boks, s. The box from which the dice are thrown. Dicer, dl-siir, *. 98. A player at dice, a gamester. To Dictate, dik^tite, v. a. 9\. To deliver to aHother with authority. Dictate, dik-tate, *, 91. Rule or maxia de- livered with authority. Dictation, dlk-td-shun, s. The act or practice of dictating. Dictator, dik-tA-tur, s. 521. A magistrate of Rome made in times of exigence, and invested with absolute authority ; one invested with absolute autho- rity ; one wliose credit or authority enables him to direct the conduct or opinion of others, 166. Dictatorial, d?k-ti-ti-ri-4lj a. Authoritative, confident, dogmatical. Dictatorship, dik-ta-tur-ship, s. The office of a dictator ; authority, insolent confidence. Dictature, dik-ti-tsbure, s. The office of a dictator. Diction, dlk-sbun, S. style, language, expression. Dictionary, dik-sbun-4-ri, s. a book contain- ing the words of any language, a vocabulary, a word- book. 03- A few years ago this word was universally pro- nounced as if written Dixnartj, and a person would have been thought a pedant if he had pronounced it according to its orthography ; but such has been the taste for im- rrovemcnt in speaking, that now a person would risk the mputation of vulgarity should he pronounce it otherwise than it is written. Did, did. The pret. of Do; the sign of the preter- imperfect tense. Didactical, d5-dAkiti-kil, T DiDACTiCK, d^-dikitik, 124.J*'' Preceptive, giving precepts. DiDAPPER, did-:tp-pur, s, A bird that dites into the water. DiDASCALiCK, did-Ss-kJl-ik, a. 125. 509. Preceptive, didactick. DiDST, didst. The second person of the preter tense of Do. — See Did. To Die, dl, v. a. To tinge, to colour. Die, dl,*. Colour, tincture, stain, hue acquired. To Die, dl, v. n. To lose life, to expire, to pass into another state of existence ; to perish, to come to nothing ; in theology, to perish everlastingly; to lan- guish with pleasure or tenderness ; to wither as a vege- table ; to grow vapid, as liquor. Die, dJ, s. Dice, dlse, plur. A small cube, marked on its faces with numbers from one to six, which gamesters throw in play; hazard, chance; any cubick body. Die, dl, s. Dies, dize, plur. The ttamp used in coinage. DiER, di-ur, ». 98. One who follows the trade of dying. Diet, dl-et, s. Food, victuals; food regwlated by the rules of medicine. To Diet, dUet, v. a. To give food to; to board, to supply with diet. 7'o Diet, dl-et, v. n. To eat by rules of physick j to eat, to feed. 149 Diet, dl-et, *. An assembly of princes or estates, Diet-Drink, dl-et-drink, *. Medicated liquors. Dietary, dl-et-i-ri, a. Pertaining to the rules of diet. Dieter, dUet-ur, S. 98. One who prescribes rale* for eating. Dietetical, dl-e-tet-e-k^l, ") DiETETiCK, dl-e-tet-ik, J Relating to diet, belonging to the medicinal cautions about the use of food. To Differ, dlf^fSr, v. n, 98. To be distinguished from, to liave properties and qualities not the same with those of another ; to contend, to be at variance j to be of a contrary opinion. Difference, dif^fur-ense, s. 555. state of being distinct from something; the qualities by which one differs from another; the disproportion between one thing and another; dispute, debate, quarrel ; dis- tinction; point in question, ground of controversy; a logical distinction. Different, dif^tur-ent, a. Distinct, not the same; of many contrary qualities; unlike, dissimilar. Differently, dif^fur-ent-le, ad. In a different manner. DiFFICIL, dlPfe-srl, a. Difficult, hard, not easy ; scrupulous. Not in use. Difficult, dif^fe-kuit, a. Hard, not easyj troublesome, vexatious- ; hard to please, peevish. Difficultly, diP-fi-k<-l^, ad. Hardly, with difficulty. Difficulty, dlf^fJ-kul-te, S. Hardness, con- trariety to easiness ; that which is hard to accomplish , distress, opposition; perplexity in affairs; objection, cavil. To DiFFlDE, dif-flde{ v. n. To distrust, to have no confidence in. Diffidence, dif^fe-dense, *. Distrust, want of confidence. Diffident, dif^fe-dent, a. Not confident, not certain. To Diffind, dlf-findj v. a. To cleave in two. DiffissioN, dlf-iish-un, S. The act of cleaving. See ^6scission. DiFFLA TION, dif-fli-shun, S. The act of scattering with a blast of wind. Diffluence, dif-fli-ense, "1 DiFFLUENCY, diPflu-en-s^, / The quality of falling away on all sides. Diffluent, dif^flu-ent, a. 518. Flowing every way, not fixed. DiFFORM, dlf-form, a, Contrarj* to uniform, •ving parts of different structurt, as,,3 difform flower, one.of which the leaves are unlike each other. Difform ITY, dlf-for-mi-ti, *. Diversity of form, irregularity, dissimilitude. To Diffuse, dif-fuze{ v. a. To pour out upon a plane; to spread, to scatter. Diffuse, dlf-fuse{ a. Scattered, widely spread j copious, not concise. K?- This adjective is distinguished from tlieverh in the proimnciatiun of s, in the same manner as the noun vse is from the verb to use, and abuse from to abuse, &,c. 499. This analogy is very prevalent, and seems the reason that adjectives ending in she have the s pure, 428. Diffused, dif-fuzdj part. a. 359. Wild, uncouth, irr-egular. Diffusedly, dif-fu-zeil-1^, ad. 364. Widely, dispersedly. DiFFUSEDNESS, dif-fii-zed-nes, J. 365. Tlie state of being diffused, dispersion. Diffusely, dit'-fuse-l^, ad. Widely, extensively : copiously. Diffusion, dlffil^zhun, S. Dispersion, the state of being scattered every way ; copiousness, exuberance of style. Diffusive, dlf.fu'-siv, a. 428. Having the quality of scattering any tning every way ; scattered, dispersed} exffnded, in full extension. DIL DIM is- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fftt 81— m^93, metSo— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, Diffusively, dif-fu^siv-ll, ad. Widely, extensively. Diffusiveness, dif-fu-siv-nes, s. Extension, dispersion; want of conciseness. To Dig, dig, v. a. pret. Dug or Digged, />ar^. pass. Dug or Digged. To pierce with a spade; to cultivate the ground by turning it with a spade j to pierce with a sharp point. To Dig, dig, v. n. To work with a spade. Digest, dl-jest, .v. 492. The pandect of the civil law. To Digest, d^-jestj v. a. '24. To distribute int9 various classes or repositories, to range methodi- cally; to conrott in the stomach ; to soften by heat, as in a boiler, a chymical term ; to range metliodically in the mind ; to reduce to any plan, scheme, or me- thod ; in thirurgery, to dispose a wound to generate pus in order to a cure. To Digest, d^-jestj w, n. To generate matter as a wound. Digester, de-jes-tur, S. He that digests or con- cocts his food ; a strong vessel, wherein to boil, with a very strong heat, any bony substance, so as to reduce it into a fluid state ; that which causes or strengthens the concoctive power. Digestible, d^-jes^t^-bl, a. Capable of being digested. Digestion, de-jes-tshun, *. The act of concoct- ing food; the preparation of matter by a chymical heat; reduction to a plan; the act of disponing a wound to generate matter. Digestive, d^-jes-tiv, a. Having the power to cause digestion ; capable by heat to soften and subdue; disposing, methwiising. Digestive, d^^-jes-tiv, s. An application which discloses a wound to generate matter. Digger, dlg-gur, s. 98. One that opens the ground with a spade. To Dight, dite, V. a. 393. To dress, to deck, to adorn. Not in use. Digit, did-Jlt, S. The measure of length contain- ing three fourths of an inch ; the twelfth part of the diameter of the sun and moon j any of the numbers expressed by single figures. Digitated, didij^-tA-ted, a. Branched out into divisions like fingers. Dfgladiation, dl-gla-de-A'-shun, *. 125. A Combat with swords, any quarrel. Dignified, dig^^n^-flde, a. 282. Invested with some dignity. Dignification, dig-n^-fe-ka^shun, *. Exaltation. To Dignify, dig^n^-fl, v. a. 183. To advance, to prefer, to exalt : to honour, to adorn. I^GNITARV, dlgine-ti-r^, «. A clergyman ad- vanced to some dignity, to some rank above that of a parochial priest. Dignity, dlg-n^-te, s. Rank of elevation ; grandeur of mien ; advancement, preferment, high place; among ecclesiasticks, that promotion or prefer- ment to which any jurisdiction is annexed. To Digress, de-gres,' v. n. 1 24. To depart from the main design ; to wander, to expatiate. Digression, de-gresh-un, s. A passage deviating from the main tenour ; deviation. Dijudication, dl-ju-d^-ki-shun, s. 125. Judicial distinction. Dike, dike, *. a channel to receive water; a mound to hinder inundations. To Dilacerate, di-las-s^-rite, v. a. 124. To tear, to rend. Dilaceration, d^-ljls-s^-ri-shun, s. The act of rending in two. To DiLANiATE, d^-l;Une-Ate, v. a. 124. To ruin, to throw down. Dilapidation, de-lip-e-da'-shun, s. 124. The incumbent's suffering any edifices of his ecclesi- astical living to go to ruin or decay. 150 DiLATABlLITY, de-lA-d-blK4-t^, s. The quality of admitting extension. Dilatable, de-la^til-bl, a. 405. Capable of extensiim. Dilatation, dil-li-ti^shun, s. 530. The act of extending into greater space; the state of being ex- tended. To Dilate, de-lAteJ v. a. 124. To extend, to spread out; to relate at large, to tell diffusely and co- piously. 7b Dilate, d^-late,' v. n. To widen, to grow wide; to speak largely and copiously. Dilator, d^-li^tur, s. 166. That which widens or extends. DiLATORiNESs, dil-l^-tur-^-nes, s. Slowness, slugRishness. Dilatory, dil-a-tiir-^, a. 512. Tardy, slow, sluggish. —See Domestick. DiLECTiON, de-lek^shun, *. 124. The act of loving. Dilemma, dl-lem-m^, *. 119. An argument equally conclusive by contrary supposition;; adifficult or doubtful choice. Diligence, dll-^-jense, *. Industry, assiduity. Diligent, dll-e-jent, «. Constant in apiilication assiduous; constantly applied, prosecuted with ac tivity. D1LIGENTI.Y, dll-i-jent-ll, ad. With assiduity with heed and perseverance. Dill, dll, *. An herb. Dilucid, de-lu^sid, a. 124. Clear, not opaque; clear, not obscure. To Dilucidate, d^-li^s^-d^te, v. a. To make clear or plain, to explain. DiLuciDATioN, de-lu-s^-di'-shun, s. The act of making clear. Diluent, diKlu-enl, a. Having the power to thin other matter. Diluent, dll-lu-ent, S. That which thins other matter. 7b Dilute, d^-lutej v. a. 124. To make thin; to make weak. DiLUTER, de-lu-tur, S. That which makes any thing else thin. Dilution, d^-lia-shun, S. The act of making any thing thin or weak. Diluvian, de-lu^ve-in, a. 124. Relating to the deluge. Dim, dim, a. Not having a quick sight ; dull of apprehensicin; not clearly seen, obscure; obstructing the act of vision, not luminous. 7b Dim, dim, v. a. To cloud, to darken ; to make less bright, to obscure. Dimension, de-men-shun, S. 124. Space con- tained in any thing, bulk, extent, capacity. Dimensionless, de-men-shun-les, a. Without any definite bulk. DiMENSiVE, de-men-siv, a. That marks the boundaries or outlines. DiMiDiATiON, de-mid-de-a-shun, s. The act of halving. 7b Diminish, de-m^n-ish.t;. a. 124. To make less by any abscission or destruction of any part; to impair, to lessen, todegrade; to take any thing from that to which it belongs, the contrary to add. (K^ What has been observed of the e ending a syllable before the accent is applicable to the t; they are exactly of the same sound. — See Despatch. To Diminish, d^-mm-ish, v. n. 124. To grow less, to be impaired. Diminishingly, de-min'-ish-ing-le, ad. In a manner tending to vilify. Diminution, dim-me-nuishun, *. The act of making less; the state of growing less; discredit- in architecture, the toniiatln n oi the diamclir of a column ai it ascends. DIP DIR nor 167, n&t 163— tube 171, tfib 172, bull 173— oil 299— p8und 313— 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164, DiS, (lis, or diz, 425. 435. An inseparable particle used in composition, implying commonly a privative or negative signification of the word to which jt IS joined; as, to orro, to disarm; to join, to disjoin, &c. (Ky- When tlie accent, either primary or secondary, is on this inseparable preposition, the s is always sharp and hissing, 41 ; but when the accent is on the second syl- Jable, the s will be either hissing or buzzinfc, according to the nature of the consecutive letter. That is, if a sharp mute, as p, t, &c. succeed, the preceding s must be pronounced sharp and hissing, as dispose, distaste, &c, but if a flat mute, as 6, d, &c. or a vowel or a liquid be- gin the next syllable, the foregoing s must be sounded like 2, as disburse, disdain, &c. but if the secondary accent be on this inseparable preposition, MS, as in disbelief, &c. the s retains its pure hissing sound. Dismal, which «eems to be an objection to the first part of this rule, is in reality a confirmation of it; for the first syllable in this word is not a preposition, but a contraction of the Latin word dies; and dismal is evidently derived from dies malus. For want of this clue, Mr. Sheridan has given the s pure to disgrace, disguise, &c. Disability, dis-X-hiV-e-d, s. 454. Want of power to do any thing, weakness ; want of proper qua- lifications for any purpose, legal impediment. To Disable, diz-a-bl, i'. a. 454. To deprive of natural force ; to deprive of usefulness or efficacy ; to exclude as wanting proper qualifications. To Disabuse, dis-i-buzej v. a. To set free from a mistake, to set right, to undeceive, DiSACCOMMODATiON, dis-4k-kSm-mS-da-shun, s. The state of being unfit or unprepared. To Disaccustom, dis-^k-kus-tum, v. a. To destroy the force of liabit by disuse or contrary practice. Disacquaintance, dis-Jk-kwdn-tlnse, s. Disuse of familiarity. Disadvantage, dis-id-van^t;\ie, s. 90. Loss, injury to interest ; diminution of any tiling de- sirable ; a state not prepared for defence. Disadvantageable, dis-M-v4n'-t4-ji-bl, a. 405. Contrary to profit, producing loss. Disadvantageous, dis-ad-vin-ti-jus, a. Contrary to interest, contraiy to convenience. Disadvantageously, dis-id-vin-ta-jus-le, ad. In a manner contrary to interest or profit. Disadvantageousness, dis-^d-vin-ti-jus-n&j s. Contrariety to profit, inconvenience. Disadventurous, dis-id-ven-tshu-rus, a. Unhapjiy, unprosperous. To DiSAFFECT, dis-lf-fektj V. a. To fill with discontent. Disaffected, dis-ilf-fek^ted, part. a. Not dis- posed to zeal or atfection. Disaffectedly, dis-if-fek'ted-le, ad. After a disaffected manner. Disaffectedness, dis-^f-fek-ted-nes, s. The quality of being disaffected. Disaffection, dis-Af-fek-shun, s. Want of zeal for the reigning prince. Disaffirmance, dis-if-fer-minse, s. Confutation, negation. To Disafforest, dis-3.f-fSr-rest, w. «. To throw open to common purposes, from the privileges of a forsst. To Disagree, dis-^-gree{ v. n. To differ, not to be of the same opinion ; to be in a state of opposition. Disagreeable, dis-i-gree-i-bl, a. Contrary, unsuitable; unpleasing, offensive. Disagreeableness, dis-^-gr^J-^-bl-nes, s. Unsuitableness, contrariety; unpleasantness; offen- siveness. Disagreeably, dis-^-gre^-^-bl^, ad. In a disagreeable manner. Disagreement, dis-i-gre^^ment, s. Difference, dissimilitude; difference of opinion. To Disallow, dis-il-loii,' v. a. To deny authority to any ; to consider as unlawful ; to censure by seme posterior act. ■52 To Disallow, dis-^l-lou,' v. n. To refuse per- mission, not to grant. DiSALLOWABLE, dis-^l-lou-^-bl, a. Not allowable. Disallowance, dis-^l-lou-inse, s. Prohibition. To Disanchor, diz-ingk^kur, v. a. 454. To deprive a ship of its anchor. To Disanimate, diz-in^e-mite, v. a. 454. 91. To deprive of life; to discourage, to deject. Disanimation, diz-in-^-md-shun, s. Privation of life. To Disannul, dis-^n-nuU v. a. To annul, to deprive of authority, to vacate. DiSANNULMENT, dis-in-nul-ment, s. The act of making void. To Disappear, dis-^p-pere{ v. n. To be lost to view, to vanish out of sight. To Disappoint, dis-ip-pointj v. a. To defeat of expectation, to balk. Disappointment, dis-4p-pointiment, s. Defeat of hopes, miscarriage of expectations. Disapprobation, dis-ip-pr6-b.^-shun, s. Censure, condemnation. To Disapprove, dis-ip-proov{ v. a. To dislike, to censure. To Disarm, diz-armj v. a, 454. To spoil or divest of arms. To Disarrange, dis-ir-ranjej v. a. To put out of order; to derange. To Disarray, dis-Jr-r^ v. a. To undress any one. Disarray, dlS-ar-raJ S. Disorder, confusion ; un- dress. Disaster, diz-4o-tur, 5. 454. The blast or stroke of an unfavourable planet; misfortune, grief, mishap, misery. To Disaster, diz-is-tur, v. a. To blast by an unfavourable star ; to afiiict, to mischief. Disastrous, diz-^s-triis, a. Unlucky, unhappy, calamitous; gloomy, threatning misfortune. Disastrously, diz-is'trus-le, ad. in a dismal manner. Disastrousness, diz-;1s^trus-nes, s, Unluckiness, unfortunateness. To DiSAVOUCH, dis-i-voutsh{ v. a. To retract profession, to disown. To Disavow, dis-S-vou{ ?'. a. To disown, to deny knowledge of. Disavowal, dis-^-vou-al, 1 r^ • , r^ .1 ^ 3■^, 1 . > S. Denial. Disavowment, di3-a-vou'-ment, ) To Disauthorise, diz-aw-^/to-rize, v. a. 454. To deprive of credit or authority. To Disband, diz-b4nd{ v. a. 435. To dismiss from military service. To Disband, t\iz-bind5 v. n. To retire from military service ; to separate. To DlSBARK, diz-bark{ v. a. To land from a ship. Disbelief, dis-be-lJefJ s. 425. Refusal of credit, denial of belief. To Disbelieve, dis-be-le^vj v. a. Not to credit, not to hold true. Disbeliever, dis-bJ-lJ-vur, s. One who refuses belief. To Disbench, diz-benshj v. a. To drive from a seat. To Disbranch, diz-brinshj v. a. To separate^ to break off. To Disbud, diz-budj v. a. To take away the sprigs newly put forth. To Disburden, diz-bur-dn, v. a. To unload, to disencumber; to throw off a burden. To Disburden, diz-bur-dn, v. n. To ease the mind. DIS DIS n3r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— S!l299—pSund313— ^;an466, this 469. struction; rule of government, order; military regu- lation, a state of subjection ; chastisement, correction. To Disburse, diz-burse{ v. a. To spend or lay out money. ^ Disbursement, diz-burs-ment, s. A disbursing or laying out. DiSBURSER, dlZ-bur-Sur, S. One that disburses. DiscALCEATED, dls-k^l-sh^-i-ted, a. 357. Stripped of shoes. DiscALCEATioN, dis-kal-she-a-shun, s. 357. The act of pulling off the shoes. To DiscANDY, dis-k4n-de, v. n. To dissolve, to melt. To Discard, dis-ka.rd| v. a. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless ; to discharge or eject from service or employment. DiscARNATE, dis-kar-uite, a. 91. Stripped of flesh. To DiSCASE, dis-kise{ v. a. To strip, to undress. To Discern, diz-zern; v. a. 351. To descry, to see; to judge, to have knowledge of; to distinguish ; to make the difference between. To Discern, diz-zern{ v. n. To make distinction. DiSCERNER, dlZ-Zer^nur, S. 98. Discoverer, he that descries; judge, one that has the power of distin- guishii g. Discernible, diz-zer-nJ-bl, a. Discoverable, perceptible, distinguishable, apparent. Discernibleness, diz-zer-n^-bl-nes, s. Visiblencss. J^iscernibly, diz-zerini-bl^, ad. Perceptibly, apparently. Discerning, diz-zer'-ning, />ar^ a. Judicious, knowing. Discerningly, diz-zer-ning-ll, ad. Judiciously, rationally, acutely. Discernment, diz-zern-ment, s. Judgment, power of distinguishmg. To Discerp, dis-serp{ v. a. To tear in pieces. Discerptible, dis-serp-t^-bl, a. Frangible, separable. DiscEKPTiBiLiTY, dis-serp-tJ-bil-e-tc, s. Liableness to be destroyed by disunion of parts. Discerption, dis-serpishun, s. The act of pull- ing to pieces. To Discharge, dis-tsharjej v. a. To disburden; to disembark ; to give vent to any thing, to let fly ; to let off a gun ; to clear a debt by payment ; to set free from obligation ; to absolve ; to perform, to execute; to put away, to obliterate ; to divest of any office or employment ; to dismiss, to release. To Discharge, dis-tshSrje{ v. n. To dismiss itself, to break up. Discharge, dis-tsharje| s. Vent, explosion, emission ; matter vented ; dismission from an office ; release from an obligation or penalty; performance, execution ; an acquittance from a debt. Discharger, dis-tshar-jur, s. He that discharges in any manner; he that fires a gun. DiSClNCT, dis-sinkt{ a. Ungirded, loosely dressed. To DiSCIND, dlS-Sind| v. a. To divide, to cut in pieces. Disciple, dis-sl-pl, s. 405. A scholar. Discipleship, dis-sUpl-ship, s. Tlie state or function of a disciple. Disciplinable, dis-si-plin-i-bl, a. Capable of instruction. Disciplinableness, dis-s5-plm-a-bl-nes, *. Capacity of instruction. Disciplinarian, dis-se-plin-i-rJ-ln, a. Pertaining to discipline. Disciplinarian, dis-si-plin-i^ri-in, s. One who rules or teaches with great strictness ; a fol- lower of the Presbyterian sect, so called from their clamour about discipline. Disciplinary, dis-s^-plin-^-rJ, a. 512. Pertaining to discipline. Discipline, dis^si-plin, s. 150. Education, in- 153 To Discipline, dis-se-pliu, v. a. To ed^icate, to instruct; to keep in order; to correct, to chastise j to reform. To Disclaim, dis-klime{ v. a. To disown, to deny any knowledge of. Disclaimer, dis-kla-mur, s, 98. One that dis- claims, disowns, or renounces. To Disclose, dis-klizej v. a. To uncover, to produce from a hidden state to open view ; to open ; to reveal, to tell. Discloser, dis-klo-zur, s. One that reveals or discovers. Disclosure, dis-kl6izhure, *. 452. Discovery, production into view ; act of revealing any secret. Discoloration, dis-k&l-6-ri^sbun, *. The act ofchanging the colour; the act of staining; change of colour, stain, die. To Discolour, dis-kuKlur, v. a. To change from the natural hue, to stain. To Discomfit, dis-kum-f'it, v. a. To defeat, to vanquish. Discomfit, dis-kum-flt, s. Defeat, overthrow. Discomfiture, dls-kum-tlt-yure, s. Defeat, rout, overthrow. Discomfort, dis-kum-fuit, s. 166. Uneasiness, melancholy, gloom. To Discomfort, dis-kum-fuit, v. a. To grieve, to sadden, to deject. DiscoMFORTAbLE, dis-kum^fur-ti-bl, a. One that is melancholy and refuses comfort ; that causes sadness. To Discommend, dis-k6m-mend{ v. a. To blame, to censure. Discommendable. dis-kSm-men-da-bl, a. Blameable, censurable.— See Commendable DlSCOMMENDABLENESS, dis-k&m-men-da-bl- nes, S. Blameableness, liableness to censure. Discommendation, dis-kSm-men-dA-sliun, s. Blame, censure. ^ ^ Discommender, dis-kSm-men-dur, s. One that discommends. To Discommode, dis-kom-mode; v. a. To put to inconvenience, to molest. Discommodious, dis-kom-rao-de-us, or dis- kSm-mi-j^-us, a. Inconvenient, troublesome. See Commodious. Discommodity, dis-kftm-mSd^c-te, s. Incon- vcnience, disadvantage, hurt. To Discompose, dis-k6m-pize| v. a. To disorder, to unsettle ; torutile; to disturb the tem- per; to offend; to displace. Discomposure, dis-kom-po'-zhure, s. Disorder, perturbation. To Disconcert, dis-kftn-sertj v. a. To unsettle the mind, to discompose. DiscoNFORMiTY, dis-kftn-for-me-tf, s. Want of agreement. DiSCONGRUiTY, dis-kSn-gru'-^-t6, s. Disagree- ment, inconsistency. Disconsolate, dis-kSn^so-lAte, a. 91. With- out comfort, hopeless, sorrowful. ^ Disconsolately, dis-kun^so-late-le, ad. In a disconsolate manner, comfortlessly. Disconsolateness, dis-kSn^si-lite-nes, s. The state of being disconsolate. Discontent, dis-k8n tSnt{ s. Want of content, uneasiness at the present state. Discontent, dis-kSn-tentJ a. Uneasy at the present state, dissatisfied. • To Discontent, dis-kSn-tentJ v. a. To dis- satisfy, to make uneasy. Discontented, dis-k6n-teu-t.ed, part, a. Uneasy, dissatisfied. DIS BIS 559. Fite T3, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m4 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move, 164, 83- DlscoNTENTEDNESS, dls-kSu-tenited-nSs, *. Uneasiness, dissatisfaction. Discontentment, dis-kJn-tent-ment, *. The state of discontent. Discontinuance, dis-kSn-tin-u-anse, s. Want of coliesion of parts; a breaking off; cessation, inter- mission. Discontinuation, dis-k8n-tin-u-aishun, s. Disruption of continuity, separation. To Discontinue, dis-kon-tin-u, v. n. To lose the cohesion of parts; to lose an established or pre- scriptive custom. To Discontinue, dls-kSn-tin^u, v. a. To leave off, to cease any practice or habit. Discontinuity, dis-kftn-ti-nu-^-ti, s. Disunity of parts, want of cohesion. DiscoNVENiENCE, dis-kftn-vl-ii^-ense, s. Incongruity, disagreement. Discord, dis-kord, s. 492. Disagreement, op- position, mutual animogity ; difference, or contrariety of qualities; in musick, sounds not of themselves pleasing, but necessary to be mixed with others. To Discord, dls-kord,' v. n. 492. To disagree, not to suit with. Discordance, dis-kor-dJnse, \ ^ Discordancy, dis-kor-d^n-s^, J Disagreement, opposition, inconsistency. Discordant, dis-kor'-dant, a. Inconsistent, at variance with itself; opposite, contrarious. Discordantly, dis-kor^dAnt-li, ad. Inconsistently, in disagreement with itself; in dis- agreement with another. To Discover, dis-kuv-ur, v. a. To disclose, to bring to light ; to make known ; to find out, to espy. Discoverable, dis-kuv-ui-A-bl, a. That may be found out ; apparent, exposed to view. Discoverer, dis-kuv'ur-ur, s. One that finds any thing not known before; a scout, one who is put to descry the enemy. Discovery, dis-kuv-ur-J, s. 555. The act of finding any thing hidden ; the act of revealing or dis- closing any secret. Discount, dis^kount, s. 313. 493. The sum refunded in a bargain. To Discount, dis-kount| v. a. To count back, to pay back again. To Discountenance, dis-koim't^-ninse, v. a. To discourage by cold treatment; to abash; to put to shame. Discountenance, dis-koun-te-n^nse, s. Cold treatment, unfriendly regard. DiscouNTENANCER, dis-koun-ti-n^n-suF, s. 98. One that discourages by cold treatment. To Discourage, dis-ktir'-idje, v. a. 314. To depress, to deprive of confidence; to deter, to fright from any attempt. Discourager, dis-kur^ndje-ur, s. One that impresses diffidence and tenor. Discouragement, dis-kurindje-ment, s. 90. The act of i1eterri;;g, or depressing hope ; the cause of depression, or fear. Discourse, dis-kirse' s. 318. The act of the understanding, by which it passes frorn premises to consequences ; conversation, mutual intercourse of language, talk ; treatise, a dissertation either written or uttered. To Discourse, dis-kArse{ v. n. To converse, to talk, to relate ; to treat upon in a solemn or set man- ner ; to reason, to pass from premises to consequences. DiscoURSER, dis-kor-sur, *. A speaker, an haranguer; a writer on any subject. DiSCOURSIVE, dlS-kor-Slv, a. Passing by inter- mediate steps from premises to consequences; con- taining dialogue, interlocutory. Discourteous, dis-kur-tslms, a. Uncivil, un- coniplaisant. Discourteously, d!s-kur-tshus-lJ, ad. Uncivilly, rudely. 154 Discourtesy, dis-kur-te-sl, *. Incivility, rudeness. Discous, dis-kus, a. Broad, flat, wide. Discredit, dis-kred-it, s. ignominy, reproarti, disgrace; want of trust. To Discredit, dis-kred-it, v. a. To deprive of credibility; to disgrace, to shame. Discreet, dis-kreet{ a. Prudent, cautious, soberi ' modest, not forward. Discreetly, dis-kreit^l4, ad. Prudently, cautiously. Discreetness, dis-kri^t-nes, *. The quality of being discreet. Discrepance, dis-krJ-pinse, s. Difference, con- trariety. Discrepant, d1s-kre-p3.nt, a. Different, disagree- ing. Discrete, dis-kr4te| a. Distinct, not continuousi disjunctive. (fj- This word and its companion Concrete, one would have supposed, should have the same accentuation in all our Pronouncing Dictionaries; and yet scarcely any two words are more differently accented. The accent is placed on the last syllable of Concrete by Dr. Ash, Bu- chanan, Perry, Eniick, and Bailey ; and on the first by Sheridan, Dr. Johnson, Smith, W. Johnston, and Dr. Kenrick. Scott accents the last syllable of CowcreJewhen an adjective, and the first when a substantive, a distinc- tion very agreeable to analogy, 494; but Entick, directly contrary to this analogy, reverses this order. Discrete is always used as an adjective, but has scarcely less di- versity of accentuation than Concrete. Dr. Johnson, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Perry, and Entick, accent it on the last syllable : and Dr. Ash, Mr. Sheridan, and Bailey, on the first. When I wrote the Rhyming Dictionary, I accented both these words on the first syl- lable; but this accentuation 1 imagine arose from con- trasting them, which often places the accent on the op- posing parts, as in Mtemal and ex'termil; but upon ma- turer consideration, 1 apprehend the accent ought to be placed on the first syllable of Concrete when a substantive, and on the last when an adjective. Discretion, dis-kresh-un, *. 507. Prudence, knowledge to govern or direct one's self; liberty of acting at pleasure, uncontrolled and unconditional power. Discretionary, d1s-kresli-un-4r-^, a. Left at large, unlimited, unrestrained. DiSCRETIVE, d!s-krJ-tlv, a. The same as Discrete. DiSCRIMlNABLE, dlS-krim-^-na-bl, a. Distin- guishable by outward marks or tokens. To Discriminate, dis-kiiini^-nAte, v. a. To mark with notes of difference ; to select or separate from others. Discriminateness, dis-krim-^-nite-iies, *. 91 . Distinctness. Discrimination, dis-krim-e-nA-shun, s. The state of being distinguished from other persons or things; the act of distinguishing one from another, distinction ; the marks of distinction. Discriminative, dis-knm-e-n^-tiv, a. 157- Tiiat makes the mark of distinction, characteristical ; that observes dittinction. DiSCRlMINOUS, dis-krim^^-TlUS, a. Dangerous, hazardous. DiscuBiTORY, d?s-ku-b^-tur-^, a. 512. Fitted to the posture of leaning. DiscuMBENCY, dis-kum-ben-s^, *. The act of leaning at meat. To Discumber, dis-kum-bur, v. a. To disengage from any troublesome weight or bulk. Discursive, dis-kui-siv, a. 158. Moving here and there, roving; proceeding by regular gradatiou from premises to consequences. Discursively, dis-kur-siv-1^, ad. By due gra- dation of argument. Discursory, dls-kur-sur-e, a. Argumental For the o, see Dumestick. Discus, dis-kns, s. A quoit. To Discuss, dis-kusj v. a. To examine j to dis- perse any humour or swelling. DIS DIS nSr 16T, nSt 163— 4:ube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 3l3—tfi\n 466, mis 469. DiSruSSER, dlS-kllS-SUr, S. 98. He tliaf discusses. Discussion, dlS-kus'shun, S. Disquisition, ex- amination. DiscussivE, dis-kus-siv, a. 428. Having the power to discuss. DiSCUTIENT, dlS-kuishent, S. A medicine lliat has power to repel. To Disdain, diz-danej v. a. To scorn, to consider as unworthy of one's character. — See Dis. Disdain, diZ-dAneJ*. Scorn, contemptuous anger. Disdainful, diz-dane-ful, a. Haughty, scornful, indignant. Disdainfully, diz-d^ne-ful-l, ad. With iiaughty scotn. Disdainfulness, diz-dane^ful-nes, s. Haughty scorn. Disease, diz-izej *. Distemper, malady, sickness. To Disease, dlz-^zej v. a. lo afflict with disease, to torment witli sickness; to pain, to mal^e uneasy. Diseasedness, diz-^-zed-nes, s. 365. Siclv. a. (.dis-o-bleejej J To oflTend, disgust, to give otfence to. Disobliging, d\s-h-hlV-]mg, pai-t. a. 111. Disgusting, i\npleasing, offensive. Disobligingly, dis-A-blUjing-1^, ad. In a disgusting or offensive manner, without attention to please. Disobligingness, dis-o-blUjing-nes, s. Offen- siveness, readiness to digust. Disorbed, diz-orbd{ a. 359. Thrown out of the proper orbit. Disorder, diz-or-dur, S, Irregularity, confusion; tumult, disturbance; neglect of rule; sickness, dis- temper; discomposure of mind. To Disorder, diz-or-dur, v. a. To throw into confusion, to disturb, to ruftle ; to make sick. Disordered, diz-orWurd, a. 359. Irregular, vicious, loose, diseased. Disorderly, diz-or-dur-l5, a. Confused, irre- gular, tumultuous ; contrary to law, vicious. Disorderly, diz-or-dur-li, ad. Irregularly, confusedly ; without law, inordinately. Disordinate, diz-or'-di-nite, a. 9I. Not living by the rules of virtue. Disordinately, diz-oridJ-nite-l5, ad. Inordinately, viciously To Disown, diz-6ne{ v. a. To deny, to renounce. To Disparage, dis-p^Kndjc, v. a. 90. To match unequally, to injure by union with some- thing inferior in excellence ; to injure by comparison with something of less value. Disparagement, dis-p^r'idje-ment, s. Injurious union or comparison with something of in- ferior excellence. Disparager, dis-p^riridje-ur, s. One that disgraces. Disparity, d'is-p5r-c'-t^,«. 511. Inequality, dif- feience in degree, either of rank or excellence ; dissi- militude, unlikeness. To DiSPARK, diS-pXrkJ V, a. To throw open a park ; to set at large without enclosure. To Dispart, dis-part{ v. a. To divide into two, to separate, to break. Dispassion, dis-pfch-un, S. Freedom from mental perturbation. Dispassionate, dis-pSshiun-ite, a. 9I. Cool, calm, temperate. 7'o Dispel, dlS-pel{ v. a. To drive by scattering, to dissipate. Dispensary, dis-pen^si-re, s. The place where medicines are dispensed. Dispensation, dis-pen-sAishun, s. Distribution, tlie act of dealing out anything; the dealing of God with his creatures, method of Providence; an exemp- tion from some law. Dispensator, dis-peii-sa-tur, s. One employed in dealing out any thing, a distributer. Dispensatory, dis-pen-si-tur-i, s. 512. A book in which the composition of medicines is de- scribed and directed, a pharmacopoeia. To Dispense, dis-pensej v. a. To deal out, to distribute; To dispense with, to excuse, to grant dis- pensation for. Dispense, dis-pensej .9. Dispensation, exemption. Dispenser, dis-pen^sur, j. 98. One that dis- penses, a distributer. 157 To Dispeople, dis-p^ipl, v. a. To depopulate, to empty of people. Dispeopler, dis-pe-pl-ur, s. A dcpopulator. To DisPERGE, dlS-perdje{ v. a. To sprinkle. To Disperse, dis-perse{ v. a. To scatter, to drive to different parts ; to dissipate. Dispersedly, dis-perised-le, ad. 364. In a dispersed manner. Dispersedness, dis-per-sed-nes, s. Tiiinnesn, scatteredness. Disperser, dis-per^sur, s. 98. A scatterer, » spreader. Dispersion, dis-per-shun, j. The act of scatter- ing or spreading; the state of being scattered. 7h Dispirit, dis-pir^it, v. a. I09. To discourage, to depress, to damp ; to exhaust the spirits. Dispiritedness, dis-pir-it-ted-iies, s. Want of vigour. To Displace, dis-plase{ v. a. To put out of place ; to put out of any state, condition, or dignity; to disorder. Displacency, dis-pla-sen-se, s. Incivility, dis- obligation ; any thing unpleasing. To Displant, dis-plint{ v. a. To remove a plant ; to drive a people from the place in which they have fixed. DiSPLANTATION, dis-plSn-tiishuH, S. The removal of a plant: the ejection of a people. To Display, dis-plaj v. a. To spread wide; to exhibit to the sight or mind ; to set out ostentatiously to view. Display, dls-pla{ S. An exlbition of any thing to view. Displeasant, dis-plezi4nt, a. Unpleasing, offensive. To Displease, dis-plJze{ v. a. To offend, lo make angiy ; to disgust, to raise aversion. DlSPLEASiNGNESS, dis-ple^zing-nes, s. Offensive- ness, quality of offending. D SPLEASURE, dis-plezh-ire, S. Uneasiness, pain received; offence, pain given; anger, indignation} state of disgrace. To Displeasure, dis-plezh^ure, v. a. To dli- please, not to gain favour. To DiSPLODE, dis-pl6de5 v. a. To disperse with a loud noise, to vent with violence. DiSPLOSlON, di3-plo-zhun, s. The act of displod< ing, a sudden burst with noise. Disport, dlS-pArtJ $. riay, sport, pastime. To Disport, dis-pirtj v. a. To divert. To Disport, dis-port{ v. n. To play, to toy, to wanton. Disposal, dis-po-zdl, s. The act of disposing or regulating any thing, regulation, distribution ; the power of distribution, the right of bestowing. To Dispose, dis-pozej v, a. To give, to place, to bestow ; to adapt, to form for any purpose ; to frame the mind; to regulate, to adjust; To dispose of, to apply to any purpose, to transfer to any person, to give away, to sell ; to place in any condition. Dispose, dlS-pozeJ s. Power, management, dis- posal; cast of mind, inclination. Disposer, dis-po-ziir, s. 98. Distributer, giver, bestowcr ; governor, regulator. Disposition, dis-pi-zisWun, s. Order, method, distribution ; natural fitness, quality; tendency to any act or state; temper of mind ; affection of kindness or ill-will; predominant inclination. Dispositive, dis-p5z-e-t]v, a. That implies disposal of any property. DisposiTivELY, dis-pSz^J-tiv-le, ad. Distrilnitively. To Dispossess, dis-pSz-zSsJ v. a. To put out of possession, to deprive, to disseii^e. DispoSURE, dis pi^zhure, s. Disposal, govern- ment, managemftitj state, posture. DIS DIS t> 559. Fite 73, far77, fall 83, Mt Bl—mh 93 mit 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, PiSPKAlSE, dis-pr^e| s. Blame, censure. To Dispraise, edimciit; to deprive of a right or claim by some positive restric- tion. Disquiet, cRs-kwI-e't, s. Uneasiness, restlessness vexation, anxiety. To Disquiet, dis-kwi^et, v. a. To disturb, to make uneasy, to vex, to fret, Disquieter, dis-kwl-et-ur, s. A disuirber, a harasser. Disquietly, dlS-kwi-et-1^, ad. Without rest, anxiously. Disquietness, diS-kwUet-n2s, s. Uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety. Disquietude, dis-kwU^-tude, s. Uneasiness, anxiety. Disquisition, dis-kw^-zish-un, s. Examination, disputative inquiry. Disregard, dis-re-gard| s. Slight notice, neglect. To Disregard, dis-r^-gardj v, a. To slight, to contemn. Disregardful, dis-r^-g?ird-ful, a. Negligent, contemptuous. Disregardfully, dis-re-gard-ful-le, ad. Contemptuously. Disrelish, diz-reKish, *. 435. Bad taste, nauseoiisness ; dislike, squeamishiiess. To Disrelish, diz-reKish, v. a. To infect with an unpleasant taste ; to want a taste of. Disreputation, dis-rep-u-ta'shun, s. Disgrace, dishonour. Disrepute, dis-r^-putej s. Ill character, dis- honour, want of reputation. Disrespect, dis-r^-spekt{ *. Incivility, want of reverence, rudeness. Disrespectful, dis-re-spekt-ful, a. Irreverent, uncivil. Disrespectfully, dis-re-spektiful-le, ad. Irreverently. To Disrobe, diz-robej v. a. 435. To undress to uncover. Disruption, diz-rup^shuii, s. 435. The act of breaking asunder, breath, rent. Dissatisfaction, dis-sit-is-f4k-shun, s. The state of being dissatisfied, discontent. Dissatisfactoriness, dis-s3.t-is-flk-tur-l-nes, s. Inability to give cmitent. Dissatisfactory, dls-slt-is-fikitur-i, a. 557. Unable to give content. To Dissatisfy, dis-sit-is-f!, v. a. To discontent, to displease. To Dissect, dis-sektj v. a. 424. To cut in pieces ; to divide and examine minutely. Dissection, dis-sek-shiin, s. The act of sepa- rating the parts of animal bodies, anatomy. Disseisin, dis-se-zin, *. An unlawful dispossessing a man of his land. To Disseize, dis-seze{ v. a. To dispossess, to deprive. Disseizor, dis-s^^zor, s. 166. He that dis- possesses another. To Dissemble, dis-semibl, v. a. To hide under false appearance, to pretend that not to be which really is ; to pretend that to be which is not. To Dissemble, dis-sem'-bl, v. n. To play the hypocrite. Dissembler, dis-sem^blur, s. A hypocrite, man who conceals his true disposition. Dissemblingly, dis-sem-bling-le, ad. With dissimulation, hypocritically. To Disseminate, dis-sem^^-nite, v. a. Toscatter as seed, to spread every way. Dissemination, dis-sera-i-ndishun, s. The act of scattering like seed, DIS DIS nSr 167, ntt 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— Sil 299-i)ound 313— thm 466, THis 469. That which Ivas the Disseminator, dls-sem-i-nd-tur, *. 521. He tliat scatters, a spreader. Dissension, dis-sen-shun, s. Disagreement, strife, Contention, breach of union. DiSSENSIOUS, dis-sen-shus, a. Disposed to dis- coid, contentious. To Dissent, dis-sentj v. n. To disagree in opinion ; to differ, to be of a contrary nature. Dissent, dis-sentj S. Disagreement, difference of opinion, declaration of difference of opinion. Dissentaneous, dis-seii-ti-ni-iis, a. Disagree- able, inconsistent, contrary. Dissenter, dis-sen-tur, *. 98. One that dis- agrees, or declares his disagreement from an opinion ; one who, for whatever reasons, refuses the communion of the Efiglisli church. Dissentient, dis-sen-shent, a. Declaring dissent. Dissertation, dis-ser-ti-shun, *. A discourse. To Disserve, dis-serv{ v. a. 424. To do injury to, to harm. Disservice, dis-ser-vis, s. injury, mischief. DisSERVICEABLE, dlS-Ser-VlS-a-bl, a. Injurious, mischievous. Disserviceableness, dls-ser^vis-l-bl-nes, *. Injury, harm, hurt. To Dissetile, dis-set^tl,i;. a. 40.'). To unsettle. To Dissever, dis-sey-ur, v, a. To cut in two, to break, to divide, to disunite. DiSSIDENCE, dlS-S^-dense, *. Discord, disagree nient. DISSILIENCE, dis-siKyeiJse, *. 113. The act of starting asunder. DiSSILIENT, dlS-Sll-yent, a. Starting asunder, bursting in two. DiSSILlTION, dis-sil-ish-un, *. The act of bursting in two, of starting different ways ; the opoosite to Coa- lition. Dissimilar, dis-sim-e-lur, a. 88. Unlike, heterogeneous. Dissimilarity, dis-sim-^-lir-i-ti, *. Unlikeness, dissimilitude. Dissimilitude, dis-stm-mil-i-tude, s. Unlike- ness, want of resemblance. Dissimulation, dis-sim-u-liishun, s. The act of disseinbliiig, hypocrisy. DiSSIPABLE, dlS-S^-pi-bl, a. Easily scattered. To Dissipate, dis-se-pite, r. a. 91. To scatter every where, to disperse ; to scatter the attention ; to spend a fortune. Dissipation, dis-s^-pi-shun, *. The act of dis- persion i tlie slate of being dispersed ; scattered atien- tion. To Dissociate, dis-siishJ-Ate, v. a. To separate, to disunite, to part. Dissolvable, diz-z6l-vi-bl, a. Capable of dis- solution. Dissoluble, dis-so-lu-bl, a. Capable of separa- tion of one part from another. (t5- The accent is invariably placed on the first syllable of iliis word, as it comes from the Latin dissolubilis, which seems to confirm the observations on the word In- comparable. £)i«so/iu6/e is a compound of our own, and therefore retains the accent of the verb from which it is formed, 501. — See Academy, Disputable, and Resoluble. Dissolubility, tlis-sil-lii-bil-e-t^, s. Liabie- ness to suffer a disunion of parts. 7o Dissolve, tliz-z&lvj v. a. 424. To destroy the form of any thing by disuniting the parts ; to loose, to break the ties of any thing ; to break up assemblies ; to break an enchantment ; to be relaxed by pleasure. To Dissolve, diz-zftlv| v. n. To be melted; to fall to nothing ; to melt away in [Jeasurc. Dissolvent, diz-zol-vent, a. Having the power of dissolving or melting. Dissolvent, diz-zul-vent, i. The power of dis- uniting the part« of any thing. 159 DissoLVER, diz-zSKvur, s, power of dissolving. DissOLViBLE, diz-zSUve-bl, a. Liable to perish by dissolution. KP" If this word and its etymon must be written His- solvible and Soltible, and not Dissolvable and Solvable, because Solvoand its compounds in Latin are of the third conjugation, and form trieir personal and temporal va- riations hy assuming i, there is no reason why Resolvable should be written with a, as it stands in Johnson, who, notwithstanding he writes Dissolvible here with an i, yet in his explanation of the etymology of Inrlissolvable, tells us it is formed from in, and Dissolvable with an a. Dissolute, dis-s6-lute, a. Loose, wanton, de- bauched. Dissolutely, dis^so-lute-l^, ad. Loosely, in debauchery. Dissoluteness, dis-si-lute-nes, s. Looseness, laxity of manners, debauchery. Dissolution, dis-sA-lii-shun, s. The act of liquifying by heat or moisture; the slate of l>eing li- quified ; destruction of any thing by the separation of its parts; death, the resolution of the body into its constituent elements; destruction; the act of breaking up an assembly ; looseness of manners. Dissonance, dis-sii-ninse, s. A mixture of harsh, unharmonious sounds. Dissonant, dlS-SO-nint, a. Harsh, unharmonious; incongruous, disagreeing. To Dissuape, dis-swAdeJ v. a. 331. To divert by reason or importunity from any thing. DissuADER, dis-swa-dur, s. 98. He that dissuades. Dissuasion, dis-swa-zhun, *. 451. reason or importunity against any thing Urgency of Dehortatury, Dissuasive, dis-swA-siv, a. 428. tending to persuade against. Dissuasive, dis-swa-siv, s. Argument to turn the mind off from any purpose. Dissyllable, dis-sil-li-bl, s. A word of two syllables. Distaff, dis'-t^f, S. The staff from which the flax is drawn in spinning; it is used as an emblem of the female sex. To DiSTAIN, dis-tanej v. a. To stain, to tinge; to blot, to sully with infamy. Distance, dlS-tanse, S. Distance is space con- sidered between any two beings; remoteness in place; the space kept between two antagonists in fencing; a space marked on the course where horses run ; space of time; remoteness in time ; lespect, distant behaviour; retraction of kindness, reserve. To Distance, dis-tAnse, v. a. To place remotely, to throw off' from the view ; to leave behind at a race the length of a distance. Distant, dlS-tAnt, a. Remote in place ; remote in time either past or future; reserved; not obvious. Distaste, dis-tistej s. Disgust, dislike J alienation of affection. To Distaste, dis-tistej v. a. To fill the mouth with nauseousness ; to dislike, to loathe; to offend, to disgust. Distasteful, dis-tAste^ful, a. Nauseous to the palate, disgusting , offensive, unpleasing. Distemper, dis-tem-pitr, s. A disease, a malady ; bad constitution of mind, depravity of inclination ; uneasiness. To Distemper, dis-tem'-pur, v. a. To disease, to disorder; to disturb; to destroy temper or modera. tion. Distemperate, dts-tem-pur-Att, a. 91. Immoderate. Distemperature, dis-tem-pur-i-tshure, s. Inieinperaieness, excess of heat or cold, perturbation of the mind. To Distend, dis-tend{ v. a. To stretch out in breadth. Distent, dis-tent{ s. The space through whicli any thing is spread. DIS DIT g^- 559. Vke 73, iirlj, fall 83, lAtSi— m^93,'m?t95— pine 105, pm 107— n6 162, move 164, Distention, dis- ten^slmn, s. The act of stretch- ing in breadth ; breadth, space occupied. Distich, dis-tik, s. 353. A couplet, a couple of lines. To Distil, dlS-tll{ v. n. To drop, to fall by drops; to flow geiuly and silently ; to use a still. To Distil, dis-tilj v. a. To let fall in drops ; to draw by distillation. Distillation, dis-til-la'-shun, *. The act of dropping, or falling in drops; the act of pouring out in drops; that whicli falls in drops; the act of distilling by fire; the substance drawn by the still. Distillatory, dis-til-li-tur-e, a. 512. Belonging to distillatinn. Distiller, dis-tll-litr, S. One who practises the trade of distilling; one who makes pernicious inflam- matory spirits. Distilment, dis-tll-raent, S. That which is drawn by distillation. Distinct, d]s-tingkt; a. 408. Different; apart; clear, unconfused : marked out, specified. Distinction, dis-tingk-shun, s. Note of dif- ference ; honourable note of superiority ; that by which one di Hers from another; division intoditferent parts ; notation of difference between things seemingly the same. DiSl INC five, dlS-tingk^tlV, a. That makes dis- tinction or difference ; having the power to distinguish. Distinctively, dis-tingkitiv-le, ad. In right order, not confusedly. Distinctly, dis-tingkt-lf, ad. Not confusedly; plainly, clearly. Distinctness, dis-tingkt-nes, s. Nice observa- tion of the difcrence between things ; such separation of things as makes them easy to be observed. To Distinguish, d'fs-tfngigwTsh, v. a. 340. To note the diversity of things ; to separate from others by sorne mark ef honour ; to divide by proper notes of diversity ; to know one from another by any mark ; to discern critically, to judge; to constitute difference; to specificate; to make known or eminent. To Distinguish, dis-tingigwish, v. n. To make distinction, to find or show the difference. Distinguishable, dis-tingigwish-i-bl, a. Capable of being distinguished; worthy of note, worthy of regard. Distinguished, dis-ting%wisht, jsarf. a. 359. Eminent, extraordinary. Distinguisheu, dls-ting-gvvioh-ur, s. A judicitHis observer, one that accurately discerns one thing from another ; he that separates one thing from another by proper marks of diversity. Distinguish ingly, dis-tingigwish-ing-li, ad. With distinction. Distinguishment, dis-ting^g\vish-nient, s. Distinction, observation of difference. To Distort, dis-tort{ v. a. To writhe, to twist, to deform by irregular motions; to put out of the true direction or posture ; to wrest from the true meaning. Distortion, dis-tor^shun, s. irregular motion, by wliich the face is writhed, or the parts disordered. To Distract, dlS-trAktJ v. it. Part. pass. Dis- tracted, anciently Distraught. To pull different ways at once ) to separate, to divide; to perplex; to make inad. Distractedly, dis-tr^k^ted-li, ad. Madly, frantickly. Distractedness, dis-ti4k^ted-nes, s. The state of being distracted, madness. Distraction, dis-trAkishSn, 5. Confusion, state in which the attention is called different wavs; per- ' lurbation of mind ; frantickncss, loss of the wits; tu- mult, difference of sentiments. 7h Distrain, dis-tranej v. a. To seize. 2'o Distrain, rVis-traneJ v. n. To make seizure. Distrainer, dis-tra'-nur, s. 98. He that seizes. Distraint, dls-trdnt,' s. seizure, 160 Distraught, dis-trawt{ part. a. Distracted, Little used. Distress, dis-tresj s. The act of making a legal seizure ; a compulsion, by which a man is assured to appear in court or to pay a debt; the thing seized by lawj calamity, misery, misfortune. To DlSTKESJS, dts-tit-si V, a. To prosecute by law to a seizure ; to harass, to make miserable. Distressful, dis-tresiful, a. Full of trouble, full of misery. Tq Distribute, dis-tnb-ute, v. a. To divide amongst more than two, to deal out. Distribution, dis-tre-bu^shun, s. Tiie act of distributing or dealing out to others ; act of givin^ in charity. ^ Distributive, dis-trib!^u-tiv, a. Assigning to others their proper portions. DiSTRIBUTIVELY, dlS-trib^i-tlV-le, ad. By dis- tribution; singly, particularly. District, disitrikt, s. The circuit within which a man may be compelled to appearance; circuit of au- thority, province; region, country, territory. To Distrust, dis-trustj v. a. To regard with diffidence, not to trust. Distrust, dis-trust{ s. Loss of credit, less of confidence, suspicion. Distrustful, dis-trust'ful, a. Apt to distrust, suspicious; diffident of himself, timorous. Distrustfully, dis-trust^ful-le, ad. In a dis- trustful manner. Distrustfulness, dis-trust-ful-nes, s. The state of being distrustful, want of confidence. Distrustless, dis-trustMes, a. Void of distrust. To Disturb, diS-tSrbJ v. a. To perplex, to dis- quiet; to put into irregular motions; to interrupt, to hinder. Disturbance, dis-tur-banse, s. Intermption of tranquillity; confusion, disorder, tumult. Disturber, dis-tur-bur, s. A violator of peace, he that causes tumults; he that causes perturbation of mind. To DiSTURN, dis-turnj v. n. To tuni off. Not used DiSVALUATION, diz-v4l-u-a-shuu, S. Disgrace, diminution of reputation. To DiSVALUE, diZ-VctUu, v. a. To undervalue. Disunion, d1s-u^n^-un, S. Separation, disjunction ; breach of concord. cry- Some curious inspector may, perhaps, wonder why I have given disunion, disuse, &,c. the pure s and not the I, since I have laid it down as a general rule under the prepositive particle Dis, that the s immediately before the accent, when a vowel begins the next syllable, is always flat ; but it must be remembered, that long u in these words is not a pure vowel, 8 : not that I think the z, in this case, would be palpably wrong; for, though long « may be called a semi-consonant, it is sufficiently vocal to make the s or z sound, in these words, perfectly indifferent. — Sec Dis. To Disunite, dis-u-nltej v. a. To separate, to divide ; to part friends. To Disunite, dis-u-nite{ v, n. To fall assunder, to become separate. Disunity, dis-u-ne-te, s. A state of actual separation. DiSUSAGE, dlS-u^zAje, S. 90. The gradual cessa- tion of use or custom. Disuse, dis-Ase^ *. 437. Cessation of use, want of practice; cessation of custom. To Disuse, dis-izej v. a. To cease to make use of; to disaccustom. . • To Disvouch, diz-voutsh{ v, a. To destroy the credit of, to contradict. Ditch, ditsh, s. A trench cut in the ground usually between fields ; any long narrow receptacle of water; the moat with which a town is surrounded. To Ditch, dltshj v. a. To make a ditch. Ditcher, dilsb^-ur| s. One who digs ditches. DIV 1)IZ nor 167, nStl63— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oii2i)9— puund313— ;Ain466, this AGQ. DlTHYRAMBICK, dl^Zt-^-r^m-bllc, S. A song in honour of Bacchus ; any poem written witli wildness. Dittany, (Vit-t4-ne, s. An herb, DiniED, dit-tul, a. 282. Sung, adapted to niusick. Ditty, dit-te, S. A poem to be sung, a song. Divan, de-vanj *. 124. The council of the Oriental Princes; any council assembled. To Divaricate, di-var-e-kAte, v. n. 125. To be parted into two. Divarication, di-v^r-e-ka-sliun, s. Partition into two ; division of opinions, To Dive, dive, »'. n. To sink voluntarily under water ; to go deep into any question, or science. Diver, dl-vur, S. One that sinks voluntarily under water; one that goes under water to search for any thing ; he that enters deep into knov.ledge or study. To Diverge, d«-verie( v. n. 124, To tend various ways from one point. Divergent, de-ver'/Knt, a. 124. Tending to various parts from one point. Divers, dl-verz, a. Several, sundrj', more than one. Diverse, dl-versc, a. Different from another; different from itself, multiform ; in difi'crent direc- tions. Diversification, dc-ver-s^-fJ-ka-shun, s. The act of changing forms or qualities; variation, va- riegation ; variety of forms, multiformity ; change, alteration. To Diversify, d'wer-se-fi, v. a. To make dif- ferent from another, to distinguish ; to make diflerent from itself, to variegate. DiVERSIOiJ, do-ver-shun, s, 124. The act of turning any thing off from its course; the cause b)' which any thing is turned from its proper course or tendency; sport, something that unbends the mind ; in war, tlie act or purpose of drawing tlie enemy oil' from some design, by threatening or attacking a dis- tant part. Diversity, di-ver-s5-t5, s. Difference, dissimili- tude, variety. DiVERSI.Y, dI-vers-1^, ad. In different ways, variously. To Divert, de-vert( v. a. 124. To turn off from any direction or course; to draw forces to a different part; to witlidraw the mind ; to please, to exhilarate. Diverter, de-ver-tur, S. Any thing that diverts or alleviates. To Divektise, di-ver-tiz, v. n. To sport, to amuse, to divert, Crj- Dr, Johnson seems to have accented this word on the last syllable, in compliance with the verb advertise, which is "exactly of the tame form, and therefore he thought ought to be accented in tlie same manner. But by making (/ii.ei'fise con form in accentuation tn advertise, we make the general rule stonp to the exception, rather than the exception to the general rule. For in all verbs of three or more syllables, where the termination ise is only the verbal formation, and docs not belong to the root, we never find the accent on it; as criticise, exercise, epitomise, &c. — See Advertisement. DivERTiSEMENT, di-vei^tiz-mcut, s. Diversion, delight. DiVERTlVE, de-ver-tiv, a. Recreative, amusivc. To DiVEST, de-vest{ v. a. 124, To strip, to make naked, DIVF.STURE, de-veskshiire, s. Tlie act of putting off. DlviDAELE, de-vUdi-bl, a. That may be separated, DiVIDANT, de-vUditnt, a. Different, leparate. Not used. To Divide, de-vldej v. a. 124. To part one whole into different pieces; to separate; to disunite by discord ; to deal out, to give in shares. To Divide, d(^-vide{ v. n. To part, to sunder, to break friendship. Dividend, div'-^-dend, s. A share, the part allotted in division ; dividend is the number given to be parted or divided. ICI Divider, de-vUdiir, s. 98. That wliich parts a;iy thing into pieces; a distributer, he who deals out to each his share, a disuniter; a particular kind of com- passes. Dividual, de-vid^-u-til, or de-vidiju-4l, a. 293. 376. Divided, shared or participated in common with others. Divination, div-e-nA-shun, j. 530. Prediction or foretelling of future things. Divine, de-vlnej a. 124. Partaking of the nature of God; proceeding from God, not natural, not human; excellent in a supreme degree ; presageful. Divine, de-vine{ S. A minister of the gospel, a priest, a clergyman; a man skilled in divinity, a theo- logian. To Divine, d^-vinej v. a. To foretel, to foreknow. To Divine, de-vlnej v. n. To utter prognostica- tion; to feel presages ; to conjecture, to guess. Divinely, de-vlneMe, ad. By the agency or in- fluence of God; excellently, in the supieme degree; in a manner noting a deity. DivINENESS, d^-vlne-nes,, S. Divinity, participa- tion of the Divine nature; excellence in the supreme degree. Diviner, de-vUnur, s. 98. One that professe* divination, or the art of revealing occult things by su- pernatural means ; conjecturer, guesser. DiViNERESS, di-vlne'rt'S, *. A prophetess. Divinity, de-vin^e-tJ, S. 511. Participation of the nature and excellence of God, deity, godhead; the Deity, the Supreme Being ; celestial being; the science of divine things, theology. Divisible, de-viz-e-bl, a. 124. Capable of being divided into parts, separable. Divisibility, de-viz-^-bil-^-tl, s. The quality of admitting division. DlVISlBLENESS, de-viz^c-bl-lies, s. Divisibility. Division, de-vizh^un, S. The act of dividing any thing intopaits; the state of being divided ; that by which any thing is kept apart, partition; the part which is separated from the rest by dividing; disunion, difference ; parts into which a discourse is distributed; space between the notes of musick, just time ; in aritli- metick, the separation or parting of any number or quantity given, into any parts assigned. Divisor, de-vl-zur, s. 166. The number given, by which the dividend is divided. Divorce, de-vorsej s. 124. The legal separation of husband and wife ; separation, disunion; the sen- tence by which a marriage is dissolved. To Divorce, de-v6rse{ v. a. To separate a husl)and or wife from tlie other; to force asunder, to separate by violence. Divorcement, dii-vorseini2at,5. Divorce, separa- tion of marriage. Divorcer, de-vor-siir, s. Tlie person or cause which produces divorce or sepanvtion, DiURETiCK, dl-u-ret-ik, a. Having the power to provoke urine. Diurnal, dl-ur-nal, a. 116, Relating to the day; constituting the day ; performed in a day, daily Diurnal, dl-ur-n^l, S. A journal, a day-book. Diurnally, dl-u5-n;t-l6, ad. Daily, every day. Diuturnity, di-ia-tur^ne-te, *. Length of duration. To Divulge, de-vuljej v. a. To publish, to make publick ; to proclaim. DivuLGER, de-vul-jur, s. 98. A publisher. DiVULSION, dj-vul-shun, S. The act of plucking away. To DiZEN, dl-zn, v. a. 103. To drcss,"to decko DiZZARD, diz-zurd, S. A blockhead, a fool. Dizziness, diz-ze-nes, s. Giddiness. Dizzy, dJz-ze, a. Giddy, causing giddiness ; thoughtless. To Dizzy, diz-zJ, v. a. To whirl roiraa, to make giddy. u DOG DOL ts- 559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, Mt 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107— no 102, move, 164, 7b Do, doo, V. a. 164. To practise or act any thing good or bad ; to perform, to achieve ; to execute, •r. dUciiarge ; to finish, to end ; to conclude, to settle. Tb Do, doo, V. n. To act or behave in any manner well or ill ; to make an end, to conclude; to cease to be concerned with, to cease to care about ; to fare, to be with regard to sickness or health, as. How do you do } To do is used for any verb to save the re- petition of the word ; as, I shall come ; but if I do not, go away ; that is, if I come not. Do is a word of ve- hement command, or earnest request; as, Help me, do ! Make haste, do ! DOCIBLE, d6s^^-bl, a. 405. Tractable, docile, easy to be taught. DOCIBLENESS, dSs-i-bl-neS, S. Teachableness, docility. Docile, dfts-s'l, a. 140. Teachable, easily in- structed, tractable. (!:3> Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Smith, and Mr. Perry, make the first syllable of this word short, and Buchanan only makes it long. — See Indocil, Docility, diVsU-le-te, 5. Aptness to be taught, rcadines." to leain. Dock, dok, *. An herb. Dock, duk, S. The stnmp of the tail, which remains after docking. Doc-K, dok, *. A place where water is let in oi out at pleasure, where ships are built or laid up. To Dock, dSk, v. a. To cut off a tail ; to cut any tiling short; to cut off a reckoning j to lay a ship in a dork. Docket, dik-it, S. 99- A direction tied upon goods, a summary of a larrger writing. 7'o Docket, dftk-lt, v. a. To mark with a docket. Doctor, dftk-tur, s, 166. One that has taken the highest degree in the faculties of divinity, law, or physick ; in some universities they have doctors of inusick ; a physician, one who undertakes the cure of diseases. To Doctor, dSk^tur, v. a. To physick, to cure. Doctoral, dik-ti-rAl, a. Relating to the degree of a doctor. DoCTORALLY, dik^t6-l4l-i, ad. In manner of a doctor. DOCTORSHIP, dftk-tur-shlp, ». The rank of a doctor. Doctrinal, d8k-tre-nal, a. Containing doctrine; pertaining to the act or means of teaching. Doctrinally, d&k'-tre-n4l-^, ad. In the form of doctrine, positively. Doctrine, dftk-trin, s. 140. The principles or positions of any sect or master; the act of teaching. Document, d6k-u-ment, *. Precept, instruction, direction. Dodder, dftd-dur, S. 98. A plant which winds itself about other plants, and draws the chief part of its nourishment from them. Dodecagon, do-dek^i-gftn, s. A figure of twelve sides. To DoDOE, dSdje, v. n. To use craft; to shift place as another "approaches ; to play fast and loose, to raise expectations and disappoiiu them. DODIMAN, dSd-m^n, *. 88. The name of a fish. Doe, do, *. A she deer, the female of a buck. Doer, doo-ur, S. 296. One that does any thing good or bad. Does, duz. 296. Tlie third person from Do, familiarly used lor Doth, which is now grown solemn and almost obsolete. To Doff, dSf, v. a. To strip, to put away, to get rid of; to delay, to refer to another time. Obsolete. Dog, dog, S. A domestick animal remarKably various in his species ; a constellation called Sirius, or Caniciila, rising and setting with the sun during the dog days ; a reproachful name for a man. To Dog, di^, v. a. To follow any one, watcliing him with an insidious design. 162 Dog-teeth, dog'-tekth, s. The teetu in the human head next to the grinders, the eye teeth. Dog-trick, dig-tnk, s. An m turn, surly or brutal treatment. Dog-bane, dog-bane, s. An herb. Dog-briar, dig-bri-ur, s. The briar that bears the hip. Dog-cheap, dSg-tsheep, «. Cheap as dog's meat. DoG-DAYS, dftg-diize, *. The days in which the dog-star rises and sets with the sun. Doge, doje, *. The title of the chief magistrate of Venice and Genoa. Dogfish, dftg-flsh, s. A shark. DoGFLY, dtig-fll, *. A voracious biting fly. Dogged, dftg-ged, a. 366. Sullen, sour, morose, ill-humoured, gloomv. Doggedly, dig-ged-le, ad. Sullenly, gloomily, DoggedneSS, dSg^ged-nes, S. Gloom of mind, sullcni\ess. Dogger, d&g-gur, S. 98. A small ship with one mast. Doggrel, dog-grel, s. Mean, worthless verses. Doggish, dftg-gish, a. Currish, brutal. Dog hearted, dog-har-ted, a. Cruel, pitiless, malicious. Doghole, dSg^hole, *. A vile hole. DoGKENNEL, dSg^ken-nel, *. A little hut or house for dogs. DOGLOUSE, dig-loiise, ». An insect that harbotirs on dogs. Dogma, dftg-m^, ». Established grinciple, settled notion. (t^ This word, unlike many of its Greek and Latin relations, seems to have deigned to pluralize itself by Dogmas : Dogmata is indeed sometimes used, but. like Memoranda, is growing pedantick. Dogmatism, dftg-mi-tizm, ». Dogmatical asser- tion. Dogmatical, dSg-m^ti^-kil, 1 Dogmatick, dftg-mltiik, 509./ Authoritative, magisterial, positive. Dogmatically, d&g-mslt-e-k^l-l, ad. Magisterially, positively. DoGMATiCALNESS, d^)g-mit-^-k^l-nes, s. Magistcrialness, mock authority. Dogmatist, dftgim4-tist, s. A magisterial teacher, a bold advancer of principles. To Dogmatise, dSg-m4-tlze, v. n. To assert positively; to teach magisterially. DOGMATISEH, d6g-mi-tl-zur, S. An assertor, a magisterial teacher. DOGROSE, dig-rize, S. The flower of the hip. DOGSLEEP, d&g-sle^p, *. Pretended sleep. DOGSMEAT, dSgZ-mite, *. Refuse, vile stuff. DoGSTAR, dig-star, *. The star which gives name to the dog-days. Dogstooth, dSgz^too^A, S. A plant. DoGTROT, d6g-tr8t, *. A gentle trot like that of a dog. DogwEARY, dSg-W^ifl, a. Tired as a dog. DoGAVOOD, dftgiwud, s, — See Cornelian Cherry, Doily, doe-le, s. A species of woollen stuff. Doings, doo-mgz, s. Things done, events, trans- actions; feats, actions good or bad; stir, bustle, tu- mult. Doit, doit, s. a small piece of money. DOLEi dole, s. The act of distributing or dealing; any thing dealt out or distributed ; provisions or money distributed in charity ; grief, sorrow, misery. To Dole, dole, v. a. To deal, to distribute. DOLEfUL, dile^ful, a. Sorrowful, expressing grief J melancholy, aiHictrd, feeling griei. DOM BOO nor I6r, n5t 163— tfibe 171, tub 172, bull 1T3— oil299— p3ind313— f/tin46'?, rriis 469. Dolefully, dole-flll-le, ad. In a doleful manner. DOLEFULNESS, (lole-ful-nes, s. Sorrow, melan- clioly ; dismalness. DoLESOME, dole-sum, a. Melancholy, gloomy, dismal. DoLESOMELY, dile-sum-le, ad. In a dolesome manner. DoLESOMENESS, dole^sum-nes, *. Gloom, melancholy. DoLlCHURUS, do-lik-u-rus, «. In Poetry, having a syllable too much at the end. Doll, dJl, *. a little girl's puppet. (J3- This word ought to be written with one I only: for the reasons, see Principles, 406. Dollar, dSl-lur, S. 418. A Dutch and German coin of different value, from about two shillings and six-pence to four shillings and six-pence. DoLOKrFiCK, d&l-6-rif^ik, a. 530. Tliat causes grief or pain. Dolorous, d6l-6-rus, a. 503. Sorrowful, dole- ful, dismal; painful. Dolour, dA-lur, S. 314. Grief, sorrow ; lamenta- tion, complaint. tS3- Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, Buchanan, Elphinston, and Entick, make the first o in tliia word short, as in Dollar; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and Dr. Ash, long, as in Donor: the latter is, in my opinion, the most analogical, 542. Dolphin, dSUfin, s. A fish. Dolt, dilt, *. A heavy stupid fellow. Doltish, dilt-ish, a. Stupid, blockish. Domain, di-mine{ s. Dominion, empire; poa- sessior, estate. Dome, d&nie, *. A building, a house, a fabrick 5 an hemispherical arch, a cupola. (t3> There is a strong propensity, particularly in the people of London, to pronounce this word so as to rhyme with room; but this is contrary to all our Dictionaries, which give the sound of the vowels, and ought not to be suffered to add to the already too numerous exceptions to the general sound of o. Domestical, di-mes-te-k3.1, "I DoMESTicK, di-mes^tik, J Belonging to the house, not relating to things publick; private, not open; inhabiting the house, not wild; not foreign, intestine. O:?- Dr. Johnson observes, that of English, as of all living tongues, there is a double pronunciation, one cur- sory and colloquial, the other regular and solemn. He gives no inslanies of this double pronunciation; and it is at first a little difficult to conceive what are the words in which this observation is verified. Solemn speaking seems to have no effect upon the accented vowels ; for, let us pronounce them as rapidly or as solemnly as we will, we certainly do not make any change in the quan- tity or quality of them. The only part of the language in which Dr. Johnson's observation seems true, is some of the vowels when unaccented ; and of these the seems to undergo the greatest change in consecjuence of solem- nity or rapidity. Thus the in oiey is, in solemn speak- ing, pronounced as long and full as in the first syllable o{o]>en; but in rapid and cursory speaking, as short as the in oven. This latter soundj however, must not be given as a model; for, let the pronunciation be ever so rapid and familiar, there is a certain elegance in giving the o, in this situation, its full, open sound, approaching to that which it has when under the accent ; and though nothing but a delicacy of ear will direct us to the degree of openness with which we must pronounce the unac- cented in Domestick, Docility, Potential, Proceed, Mo- nastick, Monotony, &c. we may be assured that these vowels are exactly under the same predicament; and can never be pronounced short and shut, as if written Dommestick, Dussility, Pottential, &c. without hurting the ears of every good speaker, and overturning the first principles of pronunciation, S47, 548. The same observations seem to hold good of the unac- cented o in every word ending in nry; as transitory, dila ■ tory, &r. The in rapid speaking certainly goes into short u, as if written transitury, dilatury, &c. but in so- lemn pronunciation approaches to the accented, open •ound of in glory, story, &c. but as the o in these ter- minations never .-vdroiisof heiiu jironounced (jHite 10 m open as when ending a syllable before the accent, I have, like Mr. Sheridan, given it the colloquial sound of short u, 512. b'jj. — Sea Command. To Domesticate, dA-mesite-kAte, v. a. To make domestick, to withdraw from the publick. Domiciliary, dStn-e-sil-y^-r^, a. 113. Intruding into private houses under pretence of searching for enemies or contraband goods. Dominant, d6m-^-nant, a. Predominant, pre- siding, ascendant. To Dominate, d6m-i-nite, v. a. To pre- dominate, to prevail over the rest. Domination, d5m-e-na-shun, s. Power, dominion; tyranny, insolent authority; one highly exalted in power, used of angelick beings. DoMiNATOR, d6mie-ni-t6r, a. 521. The pre- siding power. To Domineer, d5m-l-ne5r{ v. n. To rule with insolence, to act without control. Dominical, di-min-^-k4l, a. That which notes the Lord's day, or Sunday. Dominion, di-min-yun, s. 113. Sovereign authority; right of possession or use, without being accountable ; territory ; region, district ; predomi- nance, ascendant ; an order of angels. Don, d5n, *. The Spanish title for a gentleman. To Don, d6n, v. a. To put on. Little used. DONARY, Ah-rA-rh, S. A thing given to sacred uses. Donation, di-na-shun, s. The act of giving any 1 thing ; the grant by which any thing is given. Donative, dftn^i-tiv, s. 503. a gift, a largess, a present ; in law, a benefice merely given and collated by the patron to a man, without institution or induc- tion. (t> I have differed from Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W.Johnston, and Entick, in the quantity ofthe vowel in the first syllable of this word, not only as 1 think it con- trary to the best usage, but as it is at variance with the analoey of words in this termination. Let not the long ?|uantity of the Latin o in Donatio be pleaded against me ; or (waving the utter uncertainty of arguing from the Latin quantity to ours, 545), this would prove that the a and e in the first syllable of Sanative and Lenitive ought to be long likewise. Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, and Mr. Perry* are on my side. Done, dun. Part. pass, of the verb Do, Done, dun, interj. The word by which a wager is concluded; when a wager is offered, he that accepts says it is Done. Donor, dA-nftr, S. A giver, a bestower. Doodle, doo^dl, S. 405. A trifler, an idler. A low word. To Doom, doom, v. a. To condemn to any punishment, to sentence; to command judicially or authoritatively; to destine, to command by uncon* trollable authority. Doom, doom, S. Judicial sentence* judgment ) condemnation ; determination declared ; the state to which one is destined ; ruin, destruction. Doomsday, doomz^da, s. The day of final and universal judgment : the last, the great day ; the day of sentence or condemnation. Doomsday-book, doomz-da-book, 3. A book made by order of William the Conqueror, in which the estates of the kingdom were registered. Door, dire, S. 310. The gate of a house, that which opens to yield entrance; entrance, portal; pas- sage, avenue, means of approach : Out of doors, no more to be found, fairly sent away : At the door of any one, imputable, chargeable upon him ; Next doof to, approaching to, near to. (fry- Ben Jonson, in his Grammar, kas a quotation from Gower, where Ibis word is spelled Dore as it is pro- nounced at this day, and this was probably the old pro- nunciation. " There is no fire, there is 1.0 spark, " There is no Dore, which may chark. — Goiter, lib, 4. Doorcase, dSre^kise, s. The frame in which the door is enclosed. Doorkeeper, dire^ke^p-ur, s. Porur, wt that keeps the entrance of a house. DOU DOW (O- 55J). Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— mJ: 93, met J)5— inne 105, pin 107— no IG'2, move 164, DOQUET, doU'-lt, 5. 99- 415. A paper coiU&ining a wariaiit. DORICK, dor'-lk, a. Relating to the Dorick architecture ; a species of arcliitectiire inveiued liy the Doriatis, tlie iiihaliitants of Doria, a province or dis- trict in ancient Greece. Dormant, dor-in5nt, «. Sleeping; in a sleeping posture ; concealed, not divulged. DoRMiTOUY, din-me-tur-e, s. 557. A pli^ci to sleep in, a room with many beds j a burial-place. Dormouse, dor-mouse, s. A small animal which passes a large part of the winter in sleep. DORN, doni, S, The name of a fish. Dorr, dor, S. A kind of flying insect, the hedge- chafer. DoRSEL, dor^sil, 1 DoRSER, dor-sur, / A pannier, a basket or V/ag, one of which hangs on either side of a beast of burden. Dorsiferous, dor-sif^fe-rus, ") _,. T^ ,3 Q , i Q >■«. 518. DoRSiPAROUS, dor-sip-pa-rus, J Having the property of bearing or bringing forth on the back ; used of plants that have the seeds on the back of their leaves, as fern. Dose, dose, s. So much of any medicine as is taken at one time ; as much of any thing as falls to a man's lot ; the utmost quantity of strong liquor that a man can swallow. 7'o Dose, dose, v. a. To proportion a medicine properly to the patient or disease. Dossil, dos-sil, S. A pledget, a nodule or lump of lint. Dost, dust. The second person of Do. Dot, dot, S, A small point or spot made to mark any place in a writing. To Dot, d&t, v. a. To make dots or spots. Dotage, di-tadje, S. 90. Loss of understanding imbecility of mind; excessive fondness. Dotal, do-t:1l, a. 88. Relating to the portion of a woman, cniistituting her portion. Dotard, do-tard, s. 88. A man whose age h.is impaired his intellects. To Dote, dite, v. 7l. To have the intellects im- paired by age or passion ; to be in love to extremity; to dote lipou, to regard with excessive fondness. DOTER, do-tur, S. 98. One whose understanding is impaired by years, a dotard ; a man fondly, wflakly, and excessively in love. Doth, liuth. The third person of Do. Doting LY, do^tin^-lt, ad. Fondly. DotTARD, dSt-t^rd, S. 88. A tree kept low by cutting. Dotterel, d&titur-il, s. 99- The name of a bird. Double, dubibl, a. 314. 405. Two of a sort, one corresponding to the other; twice as much, con- taining the same quantity repeated ; two-fold, of two kinds, two in number: having twice the effect or in- fluence; deceitful, acting two parts. — See Cudle. Double-plea, dub'-bl-ple, s. That in which the defendant alleges for himself two several matters, wiiereof either is sufficient to effect his desire in debar- ring the plaintiff. Double-biting, dub-bl-bl-ting, a. Biting o.- cutting on either side. Double-buttoned, dub-bl-but-tnd, a, 170. 359 Having two rows of buttons. Double-dealer, dub-bl-de-lur, s. A deceitful, subtle, insidious fellow, one who siays one thing and thinks another. Double-dealing, dub-bl-d^ilin^, s. Artifice, dissimulation, low or wicked cunning. To Double-die, dub-bl-dlj v. a. To die twice over. Double-headed, dub-bl-hedied, a. H?ving the flowcrr growing one to another. :g"4 To Double-lock, dub-bl-lftkj t'. «. To shoot the lock twice. Double-siinded, dub-bl-mliid-ed, a. Deteilfiil, insidious. Double-tongued, dub-bl-tungdj a. 359. Deceitful, giving contrary accounts of the same thing. To Double, dub'-bl, v. a. To enlarge any quantity by addition of the same quantity ; to lontaiu twice the quantity j to arid one to another in the same order or parallel ; to fold ; to pass round a headland. To Double, dub-bl, v. n. To increase to twice the quantity ; to enlarpe the stake to twice the sum in play ; to wind in running. Double, dub-bl, S. Twice the quantity or number; strong beer of twice the common strength; a trick, a shift, an artifice. DouBLENESS, dub-bl-n2s, S. The state of being double. DOUBLER, dub-bl-ur^ J, Ho that doubles any thing. Doublet, dub-bl-et, s. 99< The inner garment of a man, the waistcoat ; two, a pair. Doublon, dt^ib-bl-oonj s. French. A Spanish coin, containing the vaU-eof two pistoles. — See Ejicure. Doubly, dub-bl-e, ad. In twice the quantity, to twice the degree. To Doubt, dout, v. a. 313. To question, to be in uncertainty ; to fear; to suspect ; to hesitate. To Doubt, dout, v. n. To hold questionable, to think uncertain ; to fear, to suspect, to distrust. Doubt, dout, .t. Uncertainty of mind, suspense; question, point unsettled; scruple, perplexity; sus- picion, apprehension of ill ; difficulty objected. Doubter, doii-tur, s, 98. One who entertains scruples. Doubtful, doutiful, a. Dubious ; ambiguous questionable, uncertain; not secure, not confident. Doubtfully, dout-ful-e, ad. Dubiously, irre- solutely ; ambiguously, with uncertainty of meaning. Doubtfulness, doiit-ful-nes, *. Dubiousness, ambiguity. DouBTINGLY, dOut'-ing-le, ad. In a doubting manner, dubiously. Doubtless, dout-les, a. Without fear, without apprehension of dancer. Doubtless, doilt-les, ad. Without doubt, un- questionably. Dove, duv, S. 165, A wild pigeon ; a pigeon. Dovecot, dliv-kot, S. A small building in which pigeons are bred and kept. Doveiiouse, duv-hoiise, s. A house for pigeons. Dovetail, duv-tale, s. A form of joining two bodies together, wliere that which is inserted has the form of a wedge reversed. Dough, do, s. 318. The paste of bread or pies yet unbaked. Doughty, dou^te, a. 313. Brave, illustrious, eminent. Now used only ironically. ]JoUGHY, diJ-e, a. Unsound, soft, unhardened. To Douse, douse, v. a. 313. To put over head suddenly in the water. To Douse, douse, v. n. To fall suddenly into the water. Dowager, dou-i-j3r, s. 223. A widow with apiintiire; the title given to ladies who survive theit husbands. Dowdy, dou-de, S. 223. An awkward, ill-drcsseu, nclegant woman. Dower, doii^ur, 223 ") OWERY, dou-ur-e, J That which the wife bringeth to her husband in mar riagn; that which the widow possesses; the gifts of a husband for a wife ; endowment, gift. Dowered, dou-urd, a. 359. Portioned, supplied with a portion. DowerleSS. dou-ur-les, a. WjTtiout a fortune. • DoM'LAS, dou-lils, «, 223, A cot.'5e kindof linen. DRA DRA nor 167, uSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, THis 469. Down, doun, *. 223. Soft feathers; any thing that soothes or mollifies ; soft wool, or tender liair j tlie soft fibres of plants which wing (he seeds. Down, doiin, S. a large open plain or valley. Down, douU, p7-ep. Along a descent, from a higher place to a lower; towards the mouth of a river. Down, doun, ad. On the ground, from a higher to a lower siuiation ; tending towards the ground ; out of sigiit, oeiow the horizon; to a total subjection; into uisgrace, info declining reputation ; Up and down, here and there. Down, doun, mterj. An exhortation to destruction or demolition. Downcast, doun'-klbt, a. Bent down, directed to the ground. DOWNFAL, doun-fall, s. 406. Ruin, fall from state; a body of tilings falling; destruction of fabricks. DOWNFALLEN, doun-faln,/>ar^. a. Ruined, fallen. Downhill, doun-hil, s. Declivity, descent. See Dunghill. DOWNLOOKED, doun-lookt, ff. Having a dejected countenance, fallen, melancholy. DOWNLYING, doun-ll-ing, a. About to be in travail of childbirth. Downright, doun-rIte{ ad. straight or right down; in plain terms; completely, without stopping short. Downright, doun-rlte, a. Plain, open, undis- guised ; directly tending to the point ; unceremonious, honestly surly; plain, without palliation. DOWNSITTINO, doilil-Slt-ting, S. Rest, repose. Downward, dotiniwurd, 88.1 , Downwards, doun-wurdz, J Towards the centre; fromahigher situation to slower; in a course of successive or lineal descent. Downward, doiin-wurd, a. Moving on a de- clivity; declivous, bending; depressed, dejected. Downy, dou-ne, a. Covered with down or nap, made of down or soft feathers j soft, tender, soothing. DowRE, dour, 223.1 Dowry, dSu-re, J A portion given with a wife ; a reward paid for a wife. DoxoLOGV, dok-s6l-6-je, s. 518. A form of giving glory to God. Doxy, dok-se, s. A whore, a loose wench. To Doze, dize, v. n. To slumber, to be half asleep. To Doze, doze, v. a. To stupify, to dull. Dozen, duz-zn, s. 103. The number of twelve. Doziness, do-ze-nes, s. Sleepiness, drowsiness. Dozy, do-ze, a. Sleepy, drowsy, sluggish. Drab, dr4b, S. A whore, a strumpet. Drachm, dr^in, s. An old Roman coin; the eijjhih part of an ounce. Drachma, drak^i, 5. The drachm; the name of an old Roman coin. Draff, dr^f, S. Any thing thrown away. Draffy, drAf^f^, a. Worthless, dreggy. Draft, diA.ft, a. Corrupted from Draught. To Drag, dntg, v. a. To pull along the ground by main force ; to draw any thing burthensome; to draw contemptuously along; to pull about with violence and ignominy ; to pull roughly and forcibly. To Drag, dri^, v. n. To hang so low as to trail or grate upon the ground. Drag, drag, s, a net dra\vn along the bottom of the water ; an instrument with hoolis to catch hold of things underwater; a kind of car drawn by the hand. Dragnet, dr%'-net, s. a net which is drawn along Uie bottom of the water. To Draggle, dr^gigl, v. a. 405. To make dirty by dragging on the ground. To Draggle, dr^gigl, v. n. To grow dirty by beinc drawn alcugthe ground, IG5 Dragon, drtlg-un, s. 166. A winged serpent; a fierce violent man or woman j a constellation near the North Pole. Dragonet, drag-un-et, s. A little dragon. Dragonfly, dr^g-un-fli, s. A fierce stinging fly. Dragomsh, dritg-un-isb, a. Having the form of a dragon. Dragonlike, dntg-un-like, a. Furious, fiery. Dragonsblood, dr%-unz-blud, s. a kind of resin. Dhagonshead, diag-unz-hed, s, A plant. Dragontree, dnV-un-tree, s. Palm-tree. Dragoon, dra-goon' S. A kind of soldier that serves indifferently either on foot or on horseback. See Encode. To Dragoon, dra-goonj v. a. To persecute by abandoning a place to the rage of soldiers. To Drain, drane, v. a. To draw off gradually; to empty by drawing gradually away what it contains; to make quite dry. Drain, drane, S. The channel through which liquids are gradually drawn. Drake, drake, s. The male of the duck ; a small piece of artillery. Dram, dr^m, s. In weight the eighth part of an ounce ; a small quantity ; such a quantity of distilled spirits as is usually drank at once; spirits, distilled liquors. To Dram, dr4m, V, n. To drink distilled spirits^ Drama, dra-m^, or dntm-rni, S. A poem ac- commodated to action, a pcem in which the action is not related, but represented ; play, a comedy, a tragedy. C;> The last mode of pronouncing this word is that which was universally current till within these fe* yeslrs, but the first has insensibly stolen into use, as we rtiajr observe from the several Dictionaries which have adopted it. Mr. Sheridan, VV. Johnston, Mr. Nares, and, as far as we can jud^e by the position of the accent, Entick and Bailey, pronounce it with the first a long ; and Dr. Ken- rick, Buchanan, and, if we may guess at Dr. Ash by liis accent, with the same letter short. Mr. Scott gives it both ways; but, by placing the sound with the long a first, seems to prefer it. The authorities are certainly on the side I have adopted; but I wish also to establish it by analogy. And first it may be oV)served, that if any argument can be drawn from the Latin quantity to the English, it is certainly in favour of the first pronunciation : for in a Latin word of two syllables, wiiere a consonant comes between two vowels, the consonant always goes to the last, and the first vowel is pronounced long, without the least regard to the quantity. Thus CrStes, the philoso- ))her, and crSles, a hu-rdle ; ilfcus, honour, and dedo, to give; Svo, to triumph, and ovum, an egg; Atima, the le- gislator, and Numen, the divinity, have the first vowels always sounded long by an English speaker, although in the Latin the first vowel in the first word of each of these pairs is short. From this universal manner of pronoun- cing Latin words, though contrary to Latin quantity, it is no W(mder, when we adopt words from that language without any alteration, we sliould pronounce them in the same manner; and it may be fairly concluded, that this uniform pronunciation of the Latin arises from the genius of our own tongue; which always inclines us to lengthen the accented vowel before a single consonant in words of two syllables ; otherwise, what reason can we assign for the rule laid down by our ancestors for doubling the con- sonants in verbs, verbal nouns and participles, where a single vowel was preceded by a .iingiC consonant in Ihein.? But an affectation of Latinity seems to have disturbed the general pronunciation of our own language, as much as ourown pronunciation has disturbed the Latin Quantity: for, though we neglect the quantity of Latin issyl lables, when we are pronouncing that language, yet in dissyllables of our own, formed from the Latin, and anglicised, we seem to be, in some measure, guided by the Latin quantity. To what else can we attribute tli£ short sound of the first vowel in magick, placid, tepid, vigil, novel, &c. ! and to what but the genuine force of vernacular pronunciation can we ascribe the long sound of !i in this situation, let the quantity of the Latin origi- nal be what it will ? Thus, though epick, topick, cynick, and tonick, have the first vowel short, tunick, stupid, Cupid, tu7nid, &c. have the u long, though always short in the Latin words from which they are derived. But however this may be in words anglicised from the Latm, and ending in a consonantj parliaps, in nothing is our DRA DRE fcs- 559. Tke 73, fSr, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mJ 93, m?t 95— plue'lOS, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, pronunciation, more regular than in the- quantity of the first vowel in a word of two syllables ending with a vowel: n this case the first vowel is invariably long; and why the word in question should be the only exception, can- not easily be accounted for. We have no words origi- nally English of this form ; but those we adopt from other languages sufficiently show the analogy of pronun- ciation : thus, Gola, Coma, China, Era, Strata, Quota, Fico, Dado, Sago, Bravo, Tyro, Heio, Negro, &c. &c. have all the first syllable loiig; and why Drajna should not fall into the same analogy, I cannot conceive. A corroboration of this is the pronunciation of Lama, Srama, Zuma, and Zara, and all proper names of the same form from the Greek and Latin, as Cato, Plato, Strati), Crito, Draco, &c. ; and I think it may be with confidence asserted, that an Englishman, who had never heard the word Drama pronounced, would naturally place the accent upon the first syllable, and pronounce the vowel in that syllable long and slender, 544, 545. Dramatical, dr;t-in:ttie-kil, \ Dramatick, drll-mitiik, 509./"' Represented by action. Dramatically, dri-mlt^^-kil-^, ad. Repre- seiitatively, by representation. Dramatist, drim-4-tist, s. 503. The author of dramatick compositions. Drank, drink. The pret. of Drink. Draper, drA^pur, s. 98. One who sells cloth. Drapery, dra-piir-J, s. Glothwork, the trade of making cloth ; cloth, stuffs of wool; the dress of a pic- ture or statue. DrAUGH, dr4f, S. 331. Refuse, swill. Draught, drift, «. 215. 393. The act of drink- ing; a quantity of liquor drank at once; the act of drawing or pulling carriages; the quality of being drawn ; delineation, sketch ; a picture drawn ; the act of sweeping with a net ; the quantity of fishes taken by once drawing the net; forces drawn off from the main army, a detachment; a sink, drain; the depth which a vessel draws, or sinks into the water; a bill drawn for the payment of money. Draughtiiouse, dr4ftUi5use, s. A house in whicli filth is deposited. To Draw, draw, v. a. pret. Drew, part. pass. Drawn. To pull along, to pull forcibly; to drag ; to suck ; to attract ; to inhale ; to lake from a cask ; to pull a sword from the sheath ; to let out any liquid ; to take bread out of the oven ; to unclose or slide hack curtains; to close or spread curtains; to extract; to protract, to lengthen ; to represent bv picture ; to form a representation ; to deduce as fron> postulates ; to al- lure, to entice; to persuade to follow; to induce; to win, to gain ; to extort, to force; to wrest, to distort ; to compose, to form in writing; to eviscerate, to em- bowel ; to draw in, to contract, to pull back, to inveigle, to entice; to draw off, to extract by distillation, to withdraw, to abstract; to draw on, to occasion ; to in- vite, to cause by degrees ; to draw over ; to persuade to revolt; to draw out, to protract, to lengthen, to pump out by insinuation, to call to action, to detach lor service, to range in battle, to draw up, to form in order of battle, to form in writing'. To Draw, drJw, v. n. To perform the office of a beast of draught; to act as a weight; to contract, to shrink; to advance, to move; to unsheath a weapon ; to practise the art of delineation; to take a card out of the pack, to take a lot ; to make a sore run by attrac- tion ; to draw off, to retire, to retreat; to draw on, to advance, to approach. Drawback, draw-bik, s. Money given back for ready payment. Drawbridge, dr^w-bndje, s. Abricge made to be lifted up, to hinder or admit communication at pleasure. Drawer, draw-ur, S. One employed in procuring water from the well ; one whose business is to draw liquors from the cask ; that which has the power of at- traction. Drawer, draw-ur, S. A box in a case, out of which it is drawn at pleasure ; in the plural, part of a man's dress worn under the breeches. Drawing, driiw-ing, s. Delineation, representation. Drawing-room, draw-ing-roSm, s. The room in which company assemble at court ; the csnipany as- sembled there. 166 Drawn, drawn, part, from Draw. Equal, where each party takes his own stake ; with a sword un sheathed; open, put aside or unclosed; eviscerated; induced as from some motive. Drawwell, draw-wel, s. A deep well, a well out of which water is drawn by a long cord. — See Dunghill. To Drawl, drawl, v. n. To utter any thing in a slow way. Dray, dri, 1 Draycart, dri^kart, / ** The car on which beer is carried. Drayhorse, dra-hSrse, *. A horse which draws a dray. Drayman, drA-min, s. 88. One that attends a dray. Drazel, driz-zl, S. 102. 405. A low, mean, wortiiless, wretch. Not used. Dread, dred, s. 234. Fear, terror; awe; the person or thing feared. Dread, dred, a. Terrible, frightful; awful, venera- ble in the highest degree. To Dread, dred, v. a. To fear in an excessive degree. To Dread, dred, v. n. To be in fear. Dreader, dred-ur, s. 98. One that lives in fear Dreadful, dred'-ful, a. Terrible, frightful. Dreadfulness, dred-ful-nes, s, Terribleness, frightfulness. Dreadfully, dred'-ful-^, ad. Terribly, frightfully. Dreadlessnbss, drid-les-nes, s. Fearlessness, intrepidity. Dreadless, drcd-les, a. Fearless, unaffrighted, intrepid. Dream, dreine, s. 227. A phantasm of sleep, the thoughts of a sleeping man ; an idle fancy. 7b Dream, dreme, v. n. To have the representa- tion of something in sleep; to think, to imagine; to think idly ; to be sluggish ; to idle. To Dream, drerae, v. a. To see in a dream. Dreamer, dre-mur, *. 98. One who has dreams j an idle fanciful man ; a mope, a man lost in wild ima- gination ; a sluggard, an idler. Dreamless, dreme-les, a. Without dreams. Drear, drere, a. 227. Mournful, dismal. Dreary, dre-re, a. Sorrowful, distressful ; gloomy, dismal, horrid. Dredge, dredje, s. A kind of net. To Dredge, dredje, v. a. To gather with a dredge. Dredger, dred-jur, s. One who fishes with a dredge. Dregginess, dreg-gJ-nes, s. Fulness of dregs or lees, feculence. DreggisH, dreg-gish, a. Foul with lees, feculent. Dreggy, dreg-ge, a. 382. Containing dregs, •consisting of dregs, feculent. Dregs, dregz, S. The sediment of liquors, the lees, the grounds ; any thing by which purity is cor- rupted ; dross, sweepings, ref^use. To Drein, drane, v a, 249. To empty; better written Drain. To Drench, drensh, v. a. To soak, to steep j to saturate with drink oi moisture; to physick by violence. Drench, drensh, *. A draught, swill ; physick for a brute; physick that must be given by violence. Drencher, drensh-ur, *. One that dips or steeps any thing; one that gives physick by force. To Dress, dres, v. a. To clothe; to adorn, to embellish; to cover a wound with medicamonts; to curry, to rub; to prepare for any purpose ; to tnm, to fit any thing fr- ready use ; to prepare victuals for the table. Dress, dres, s. Clothes, garmen* j the skill of ad- justing dress. Dresser, dres-sur, ;>■. One employed in putting DRI DRO n8r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29i)— pound 313— ^Ain 466, thIs 4G9. on the clothes of another; one employed in regulating or adjusting any thing; the bench in a kitchen on which meat is drest. Dressing, drtsising, S. The application made to a sore. Dkessing-room, dres-sing-room, s. The room in which clothes are put on. Dressy, dres-se, a. showy in dress. Drest, drest, part, from Dress, properly Dressed. fCT- This is one of those words whicli, tor the sake of rliyming to the eye, as it may be called, poets have con- tracted into an irregular form ; but how unnecessarily may be seen, Principles, No. 360. To Drib, drib, v, a. To crop, to cut off. A cant word. To Dribble, drib^bl, v. n. 405. To fall in drops ; to fall weakly and slowly; to slaver as a child or idiot. To Dribble, drib-bl, v. a. To throw down in drops. Driblet, dnb-let, S. A small sum, odd money in a sum. — See Codle. Drier, drl-ur, S. That which has the quality of absorbing moisture. Drift, drift, S. Force impellent, impulse ; violence, course ; any thing driven at random ; any thing driven or borne along in a body ; a storm, a shower ; a heap or stratum of any matter thrown to- gether by the wind ; tendency, or aim of action ; scope of a discourse. To Drift, drift, v. a. To drive, to urge along; to throw together in heaps. J'o Drill, dril, v. a. To pierce any thing with a drill ; to perforate, to bore, to pierce ; to make a hole; to delay, to put off; to teach recruits their exercise. Drill, dril, s. An instrument with which holes are bored ; an ape, a baboon. To Drink, drink, v. n. Pret. Drank, qt Drunk; part. pass. Drunk, or Drunken, To swallow liquors, to quench thirst; to he entertained with liquors; to be an liabitual drunkard To drink to, to salute in drinking. To Drink, drink, v. a. To swallow, applied to liquids; to suck up, to absorb. Drink, drink, S, Liquor to be swallowed, opposed to meat ; liquor of any particular kind. DrINKMONEY, drink-mun-^, S. Money given to buy liquor. Drinkable, drink-i-bl a. That may be drur^. Drinker, dnnk-ur, s 98. One that drinks to excess, a drunkard. To Drip, drip, v, n. To fall in drops ; to have drops falling from it. To Drip, drip, v. a. To let fall in drops,- to drop fat in roasting. Drip, drip, *. That whioh falls in drops. Dripping, dnp-ing, S, The fat which housewives gather from roast mf at. Dripping-pan, drip-ing-p^n, *. The pan in which the fat of roast meat is caught. 7'o Drive, drive, v. a. Fret. Drove, anciently Drave; part. pass. Driven, or Drove. To force along by impetuous pressure; to expel by force from any place ; to force or urge in any direction ; to guide and regulate a carriage; to make animals march along under guidance; to clear any place by forcing away what is in it; to force, to compel ; to carry on, to drive out, to expel. 7'o Drive, drive, v. n. To go as impelled by an external agent; to rush with violence; to pass in a carriage ; to tend to, to consider as the scope and ulti- mate design ; to aim, to strike st with fury. T» Drivel, driv-vl, v. n, 102. To slaver, to let the spittle fall in drops ; to be weak or foolish, to dote. Drivel, dnv-vl, S. Slaver, moisture shed from the mouth; a fool, an idiot, a driveller. Drivbller, drivivl-ur, S. A fool, an idiot. Driven, drlv-vn, 103. part, of Drive, ycrf Driver, dri-vur, s. The person or instrument who gives any motion by violence; one who 4rive* beasts, one who drives a carriage. To Drizzle, driz^zl, v. a. 405. To shed in small slow drops. To Drizzle, driz^zl, v. n. To fall in short slow drops. Drizzly, driz'zl-^, a, shedding small rain. Droll, drile, 406. One whose business is to raise mirth by petty tricks, a jester, a buffoon ; a farce, something exhibited to raise mirth. 03- When this word is used to signify a farce, it is pro- nounced so as to rhyme with doll, loll, &c. 406. If this wanted proof, we might quote Swift, who was too scru- pulous to rhyme it with extol, if it had not been so pro- nounced. " Some as justly fame extols, " For lofty lines in Smitbfield drolls." This double pronunciation of the same word to signify different things is a gross perversion of language. Bither the orthography or the pronunciation ought to be altered. Droll, when signifying a farce, ought either to be pro- nounced so as to rhyme with hole, or to be written with only one I. — See Bowl. Droll, drile, a. Comic, farcical. To Droll, drile, v. n. To jest, to play tlie buffoon. Drollery, dri-lur-^, *. Idle jokes; buffoonery. Dromedary, drum^^-da-r^, s. 165. A so;t of camel. G:?- I have in the sound of the o in this word followed Mr. Nares rather than Mr. Sheridan, and I think with the best usage on my side. Drone, drone, s. The bee which makes no honey; a pipe of a bagpipe ; a sluggard, an idler; the hum, or instrument of humming. To Drone, drone, v, n. To live idly. Dronish, dri-nish, a. Idle, sluggish. To Droop, droop, v. n. To languish with sorrow; to faint, to grow weak. Drop, drop, S. A globule of moisture, as much liquor as falls at once when there is not a continual stream ; diamond lianging i« the ear. Drop-serene, dr8p-si-rine{ s. A disease of the eye. To Drop, drop, v. a. To pour in drops or single globules; to let fall; to let go, to dismiss from the hand, or the possession ; to utter slightly or casually j to insert indirectly, or by way of digression ; to inter- mit, to cease ; to let go a dependant, or companion ; to suffer to vanish, to come to nothing ; to bcdrop, to bespeckle, to variegate. To Drop, drSp, v. n. To fall in drops or single globules; to let drops fall ; to fall, to oune from a higher place; to fall spontaneously; to fall in deatli, to die suddenly; to sink into silence, to vanish, to come to nothing ; to come unexpectedly. Dropping, drfip-ping, s. That which falls ia drops ; that which drops when the continuous sireani ceases. Droplet, drSp-let, *. a little drop. Dropstone, drSp-stine, *. Spar formed into tlie shape of drops. Dropsical, dr8p-se-kAl, 1 Dropsied, drftp-sid, 282. / Diseased with a dropsy. Dropsy, drftp-s^, s. A collection of water In the body. Dropwort, dr3p-wurt, s. A plant. Dross, dros, S. The recrement or scum of metals ; rust, incrustation upon metal; refuse, leavings, sweep- ings, feculence, corruption. DrossineSS, dl'os-se-nes, *. Foulness, feculence, rust. Drossy, dros-se, a. Full of dross; worthlew, foul, feculent. D^OVE, drove, s. A body or number of cattle j a number of sheep driven ; any collection of animals j I a crowd, a tumult. DRU DUC fc5»559. Fitft73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m5 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 163, move 1G4 One given to ex- Drove, drive. Pret. of Drive. Droven, dro-vn, part, a, from Drive. Not in use. Drover,, dri-vur, S. One that fats oxen for sale, and drives them to market. Drought, drout, .9. 313. 393. Dry weather, vpant of rain ; thirst, want of drink. (}:?• This word is often iironounced as if written drouth, but improperly. When these abstracts take g in their composition, and this ff is preceded by a vowel, the t does not precede tlie ft, but follows itj as weigh, weight; Jly, flight ; no, nouglit, &c. Dkoughtiness, drou-te-nes, s. The state of \vanting rain. Droughty, drou-te, a. Wanting rain, sultry; thirsty, dry with thirst. To Drown, droim, v, a. 323. To suffocate in water; to overwhelm in water; to overflow, to bury in an inundation ; to iminerge. To Drown, droun, v. n. To be suffocated by water. To Drowse, drouz, v. a. 323. To make lieavy with sleep. To Drowse, drouz, v. n. To slumber, to grow heavy with sleep ; to look heavy, not cheerful. Drowsily, droii-ze-le, ad. Sleepily, heavily ; sluggishly, slothfully. Drowsiness, droil-ze-nes, S. Sleepiness, heavi- ness with sleep. Drowsihead, droil-ze-lied, *. Sleepiness, in- clination to sleep. Drowsy, droil-ze, a. sleepy, heavy with sleep, lethargick; lulling, causing sleep ; stupid, dull. To Drub, drub, v. a. To thresh, to beat, to bang. Drub, drub, s. A thump, a blow. To Drudge, drudje, v. n. To labour in mean offices, to toil without honour or dignity. Drudge, drudje, s. One employed in mean labour. Drudger, drudje-ur, S. A mean labourer; the box out of which Hour is thrown on roast meat. Drudgery, drudje-ur-c", S. Bfean labour, ignoble toil. Drudging-box, drudje-ing-boks, s. The box out of which flour is sprinkled upon roast meat. Drudgingly, drudje-ing-le, ad. Laboriously, toilsomely. Drug, drug, S. An ingredient used in physick, a medicinal simple; any thing without worth or value, any thing for which no purchaser can be found. To Drug, drug^, V, a. To season with medicinal ingredients ; to tincture with something offensive. Drugget, drug-git, s. Q9, A coarse kind of woollen cloth. Drc;ggist, drug-gist, s, 382. One who sells physical drugs. DrUGSTER, drug-stur, S. One who sells physical simples. This word is only used by the vulgar. Druid, dru-ld, s. A priest and philosopher of of the ancient Britons. Drum, drum, s. An instrument of military musick; the tympanum of the ear. To Drum, v. n. To beat a drum, to beat a tune on a drum ; to beat with a pulsatory motion. To Drumble, drum^bl, v. n, 405. To drone, to be sluggish. Obsolete. DrUMFISH, drum-fish, *. The name of a fish, DRUMMAJOR,.drum-m^-jur, s. The chief drum- mer of a regiment. Drummaker, drum-mi\-k5r, s. He who deals in drums. Drummer, drum-mur, s. He whose ofF.ce is to beat the drum. Drumstick, drum-stik, s. The stick with which a drum is beaten. Drunk, drungk, a, intoxicated with strong liquor, inebriated ; drenched or saturated with moisture 1G8 Drunkard, drungk^urd, s, cessive use of strong liquors. Drunken, dritng^kn, a. 103. Intoxicated with liquor, inebriated; given to habitual ebriety ; satu- rated with moisture ; done in a state of inebriation. Drunkenly, drung-kn-le, ad. In a drunken manner. Drunkenness, drung-kn-nes, s. Intoxication with strong liquor ; habitual ebriely ; intoxication ol inebriation of any kind, a disorder of the faculties. Dry, dl'l, a. Arid, not wet, not moist ; without rain ; not succulent, not juicy ; without tears ; thirsty, atliirst; jejune, barren, unembellishcd. To Dry, dri, V, a. To free from moisture ; to ex- liale moisture ; to wipe away moisture, to scorch with thirst ; to drain, to exhaust. To Dry, dn, v. n. To grow dry, to lose moisture. Dryad, dri-ad, s, A wood nymph. Dryads, dil'-iids, s. The English plural oi Dryad. DryadeS, drl-i-dez, S. The Latin plural of the same word. Dryer, dri-ur, s. 98. That which has the quality of absorbing moisture. Dryeyed, drl-lde, a. Without tears, without weeping. Dryly, drl-le, ad. Without moisture ; coldly, without affection ; ji-junely, barrenly. Dryness, dH-llL-s, S. Want of moisture, want of succulence ; want of embellishment, want of pathos, want of sensibility in devotion. DryNURSE, dri-nurse, S. A woman who brings up and feeds a cliild witliout the breast; one who takes care of another. To Drynurse, dil-nurse, v. a. To feed without the breast. Dryshod, dll-shSd, a. Without wet feet, without treading above the shoes in the water. Dual, du-al, a. Expressing the number two. To Dub, dub, v. a. To make a man a knight; to confer any kind of dignity, Dub, dub, *. A blow, a knock. Not in use. Dubious, du-be-us, a. 542. Doubtful, not settled in an opinion; uncertain, that of which the truth is not fully known; not plain, not clear. Dubiously, du-be-us-le, ad. Uncertainly, with- out any determination. Dubiousness, du-be-us-nes, s. Uncertainty, doubtfulness. Dubitable, du-be-ti-bl, rt. Doubtful, uncertain. Dubitation, dia-be-ta-shun, s. The act of doubting, dsubt. Ducal, du-kill, a. Pertaining to a duke. DuCAT, duk-it, S. 90. A coin struck by dukes ; in silver valued at about four shillings and sixpence, m gold at nine shillings and sixpence. Duck, duk, S. The water fowl, both wild and tame; a word of endearment, or fondness ; a declina- tion of the head; a stone thrown obliquely on the water. To Duck, duk, v. n. To dive under water as a duck; to drop down the head, as a duck; to how low, to cringe. To Duck, duk, v. a. To put under water. DuCKER, duk-ur, S. 98. A diver, a dinger. DUCKING-STOOL, duk-klllg-Stool, S. A chair in which scolds are tied, and put under water. Duck-legged, duk-legd, a. 359. Short-legged. Duckling, duk-ling, *. A young duck. Duckmeat, duk-mete, *. Acommon plant growing in standing waters. DucKS-FOOT, duks-fut, s. Black snake-rooi, o May-apple. Duckweed, duk-wede, s. Duckmeat. DuCT, dukt, s. Guidance, direction j a passage through vyhicb any thing is conducted. BUM DUR nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 1T3— 8il 299— pound 313— Min 466, thIs 469. Ductile, dukitil, a. 140. nexiUe, pliable; easy to be drawn out into length; tractable, obse- quious, complying. DucTiLENESs, duk-til-nes, s. Flexibility, ductility. Ductility, duk-til^^-te, s. Quality of suffering extension, flexibility; obsequiousness, compliance. Dudgeon, dud-jun, s. 259. A small dagger; malice, suUenness, ill-will. Due, du, a. Owed, that one has a right to demand; proper, fit, appropriate ; exact, without deviation. Due, du, ad. Exactly, directly, duly. Due, di, 5. That which belongs to one, that which may be justly claimed; right, just title; whatever cus- tom or law requires to be dune ; custom, tribute. Duel, dii-ll, S. 99- A combat between two, a single fight. To Duel, du-ll, t>. n. To fight a single combat. Dueller, du-il-lur, *. 99- A single combatant. Duelling, du'-il-linij, s. 410. The act of fight- ing a duel. Duellist, du-il-list, s, A single combatant; one who professes to live by rules of honour. Duello, du-el-lo, s. The duel, the rule of duelling. Duenna, du-en-na, s. An old woman kept to guard a younger. Dug, du^, S. A pap, a nipple, a teat. Dug, dug. Pret. and part. pass, of Dig: Duke, duke, s. 376. One of the highest order of nobility in England. GCy- There is a slight deviation often heard in the pro- nunciation of this word, as if written Dook; but this borders on vulgarity; the true sound of then must be carefully preserved, as if written Dcvik. There is another impropriety in pronouncing this word, as if written Jovk; this is not so vulgar as the former, and arises from an ignorance of the influence of accent. — See Principles, No. 46'2. Dukedom, duke-dum, s. The possession of a duke ; the title or quality of duke. DulBRAINED, dul-brAnd, a. Stupid, doltish, fooiish. Dulcet, dul-set, a. 99. Sweet to tlie taste, luscious ; sweet to the ear, harmonious. DULCIFICATION, dul-se-fe-ka-shun, s. The act of sweetening, the act of freeing from acidity, saltness, or acrimony. To Dulcify, dul-s4-fi, v, a, 133. To sweeten, to set free from acidity. Dulcimer, dul-se-mur, s. 98. A musical instru- ment played by striking the brass wire with little sticks. To Dulcorate, dul-ko-rAte, !». a. 91. To sweeten, to make less acrimonious. DuLCORATiON, dul-k6-ra-shun, s. Tlie act of sweetening, Dulhead, dul-hed, S. A blockhead, a wretch foolish and stupid. DULIA, dia-l^-i, s. 92. A kind of inferior worship ; inferior adoration. — See Latria. Dull, dul, a. stupid, doltish, blockish, unappre- hensive; blunt, obtuse; sad, melanclioly ; sluggish, heavy, slow of motion ; not bright; drowsy, sleepy. To Dull, dul, v. a. To stupify, to infatuate; to blunt; to sadden, to make melancholy; to damp, to clog; to make weary or slow of motion; to sully brightness. Dullard, dul-lird, s. A blockhead, a dolt, a stupid fellow. Dully, dul'-le, ad. Stupidly; sluggishly; not vigorously, not gayly, not brightly, not keenly. DulNESS, dul-neS, S. Stupidity, weakness of in- tellect, indocility; drowsiness, iucliuation to sleep; sluggishness of motion ; dimness, want of lustre. Duly, du-le, ad. Properly, fitly ; regularly, exactly. Dumb, duxn, a, 347. Mut.!;, incapable of speech ; 169 deprived of speech; mute, not using words; silent, refusing to speak. Dumbly, dum^e, ad. Mutely, silently. Dumbness, dum^nes, s. Incapacity to speak J omission of speech, muteness ; refusal to speak, silenc*. To Dumbfound, dum-found, v. a. To confuse, to strike dumb. Dump, damp, s. Sorrow, melancholy, sadness. A low word, used generally in the plural i a?, to be in the dumps. Dumpish, dump-ish, a. Sad, melancholy, sor- rowful. Dumpling, dunip-ling, s. A sort of pudding. Dun, dun, a. A colour partaking of brown and black ; dark, gloomy. To Dun, dun, v. a. To claim a debt witii vehemence and importunity. Dun, dun, S. A clamorous, troublesome creditor. Dunce, dunse, S. A dullard, a dolt, a thickscull. Dung, dung, S. The excrement of animals used to fatten ground. To Dung, dung, v. a. To fatten with dung. Dungeon, dun-jun, s. 259. A close prison, generally spoke of a prison subte'raneous. Dungfork, dung-fork, s. A fork to toss out dung from stables. DungHIL, dung-hll, S. A licap or accumulation of dung; any mean or vile abode: any situation of meanness ; a term of reproach for a man meanly born. K?- Leaving out one I in the last syllable of this word is, perhaps, agreeable to the laws printers have laid down for themselves ; but there is no eye that is not hurt at the ditferent appearance of hill when alone, and when joined to another word. That double letters may be, in some cases, spared, is not to be denied ; but where either the sense or sound is endangered by the omission of a letter, there to spare the letter is to injure tlie language. A secret conviction of this has made all our lexicogra- phers waver greatly in spelling these words, as may be seen at large in the Preliminary Observations to the Rhyming Dictionary, page xv. DCNGHIL, dung-hil, a. 406. Sprung from the dunghil, mean, low. Dungy, dung'^, a. 409. Full of dung, mean, vile, base. Dungyard, dung-yird, s. The place of the dunghil. DuNNER, dun-nur, S. 98. One employed in soliciting petty debts. Duodecimo, dii-o-des-se-mi, s. A book in which one sheet of paper makes twelve leaves. DUODECUPLE, du-6-dek-ku-pl, a. Consisting of twelves. Dupe, dupe, S, A credulous man, a man easily tricked. To Dupe, dui)e, v. a. To trick, to cheat. To Duplicate, du-ple-kate, v. a. 91. To double, to enlarge by the repetition of the first number or quantity ; to fold together. Duplicate, di!i-ple-kate, 5. 91. Another corres- spondent to the first, a second thing of the same kind, as a transcript of a paper. Duplication, dia-ple-ki-sliun, s. Tiie act of doubling; the act of folding togctlier; a fold, a doub- ling. Duplicature, dii-pU-ki-tslmre, s. a fold, any thing doubled. Duplicity, du-plis-J-t^, s. Donbleuess ; deceit, doubleness of heart. Durability, du-r4-bil-^-t^, s. The power of lasting, endurance. Durable, dii'ri-bl, «. 405. Lasting, having the quality of long continuance; having successive ex- istence. DURABLENESS, du-ri-bl-nes, S. Power of lasting. Durably, dli-r;t-ble, ad. In a lasting manner. Durance, dii-ntnse, s, imprisonment} the DWE EAR ■»r 559. FiteTS, far 77, fall 83, f4t81— mJ 93, mlt95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164, custody or powe"of a jailer j endurance, continuance, duration. Duration, du-ri-shun, *. Continuance of time ; power of continuance; length of continuance. To Dure, dure, v. n. To last, to continue. Not in use. DUREFUL, dure-ful, a. Lasting, of long con- tinuance. DURELESS, dure-les, a. Without continuance, fading. Duresse, du-res, *. Imprisonment, constraint. During, du-ring, prep. For the time of the con- tinuance. DURITY, du-re-t^, s. Hardness, firmness. Durst, durst. The pret. of Dare. DpSK, dusk, a. Tending to darkness , tending to blaclvness, dark coloured. Dusk, dusk, s. Tendency to darkness; darkness of colour. To Dusk, dusk, v. a. To make duskish. To Dusk, dusk, v. n. To grow dark, to begin to lose light. Duskily, dusk^4-l4, ad. With a tendency to darkness. Duskish, dusk-ish, a. Inclining to darkness, tending to obscurity ; tending to blackness. DUSKISHI.Y, dusk-lsh-1^, ad. Cloudily, darkly. Dusky, dusk-e, a. Tending to darkness, obscure ; tending to blackness, dark coloured; gloomy, sad, in- tellectually clouded. Dust, dust, S. Earth or other matter reduced to small particles; the grave, the state of dissolution ; mean and dejected state. To Dust, dust, v. a. To free from dust, to sprinkle with dust. DuSTiMAN, dust-min, S. 88. One whose employ- ment is to carry away the dust. Dusty,, dus-te, a. Filled with dust, clouded with dust; covered or scattered with dust. Dutchess, dutsh-es, S. The lady of a duke; a lady who has the sovereignty of a dukedom. DUTCHY, dutsh-i, S. A territory which gives title to a duke. DuTCHYCOURT, dutslii^-kSrt, S. A court wherein all matters appertaining to the dutcliy of Lancaster are decided. Duteous, du^te-us, or du'-tsh^-us, a. 263. 294. Obedient, obsequious; enjoined by duty. Dutiful, du^te-ful, a. Obedient, submissive to natural or legal superiors; expressive of respect, re- verential. Dutifully, du-t^-ful-^, ad. Obediently, submis- sively; reverently, respectfully. DuTIFULNESS, (lu-t^-ful-nes, *. Obedience, sub- mission to just authority; reverence, respect. Duty, du-te, s. That to which a man Is by any natural or legal obligation bound ; acts of forbearances requiicd by religion or morality; obedience or sub- mission due to parents, governors, or superiors; act of reverence or respect ; the business of a soldier on guard; tax, impost, custom, toll. Dwarf, dworf, S. 85. A man below the common size of men ; any animal or plant below its natural bulk ; an attendant on a lady or knight in romances ; it is used often in composition, as dwarf elder, dwarf honey suckle. To Dwarf, dworf, v. a. To hinder from growing to the natural bulk. Dwarfish, dworf'-ish, a. Below the natural bulk, low, little. Dwarfish LY, dworf^ish-l^, ad. Lile a d»varf. DwarfISHNESS, dworf-^sh-nes, S. Minuteness of stature, littleness. To Dwell, dwel, v. n. Pret. Dtvelt or Divelled. To inhabit, to live in a place, to reside, to have an ha- bitation; to be in any state or condition; to be sus- 170 pended with attention} to fix the mind upon ; to con- tinue Ions sneakiui. Dweller, dw?l-liir,s. 98. An inhabitant. Dwelling, dweKling:, S. Habitation, abode; state of life, mode of living. Dwelling-house, dwelMing-house, s. The house at which one lives. To Dwindle, dwind-dl, v. n. 405. To shrink, to lose bulk, to grow little ; to degenerate, to sink ; to wear away, to lose healtli, to grow feeUle ; to fall away, to moulder off. Dying, dUing. The part, of Die Expiring, giving up the ghost ; tinging, giving a new colour. Dynasty, dl-n^s-te, or din-is-te, s. Govern- ment, sovereignty. 63- All our orthoepists, except Mr. Elpliinsten and Entick, adopt the first pronunciation; but analogy is, in my opinion, clearly for the last, 503. Dyscrasy, dis-kr^-se, *. An unequal mixture of elements in the blood or nervous juice, a distempera- ture. Dysentery, dlS-sen-ter-^, *•. A loosenass, wherein very ill humours flow otf by stool, and are also some- times attended with blood. O Dr. Jolinson, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, and Bucha- nan, accent this word on the second syllable j and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, W. Johnston, Perry, Eiititk, and Bailey, on ihp first. That this is in posses- sion of the best usage, I have not the least doubt ; and that it is agreeable to the analogy of accenting words fri>TO "ii-> le■^'->?^ 'i^giiages which we naturalize by drop- ping a sy.iable, is evident from the numerous class of words of the same kind. — See Academy, Incomparable, &c. A collateral proof too thai this is the true pronunciation is, that Mesentery, a word of the same form, is by all the above-mentioned Icxicograpliers who have the word, except Bailey, accented on tlie first syllable. DyspEPSY, dis^pep-s^, S. A difficulty of digestion. DySPHONY, dlS^fo-n^, *. A difficulty in speaking. Dyspnoea, disp-n^-^, *. 92. A difficulty of breathing. Dysury, dizh'-u-re, *. 450, 451, 452. A difficulty in making urine. 03" The s in this word has the flat aspiration, for the same reason as the s in Treasury. — See Disunion, E. XiACH, Itsh, p7-on. 98. 227. Either of twoj every one of any number, taken separately. Eager, ^-gur, a. 227. struck with desire, ardently wishing; hot of disposition, vehement, ardent; quick, busy ; sharp, sour, acrid. Eagerly, e-gur-1^, ad. Ardently, hotly ; keenly, sharply. Eagerness, e-gur-nes, *. Ardour of inclination ; impetuosity, vehemence, violence. Eagle, ^igl, S. 227. 405. A bird of prey, said to be extremely sharp-sighted; the standard of the an- cient Romans. Eagle-eyed, e-gl-Ide, a. 282. Sharp-sighted a» an eagle. EaglESTONE, e-gl-stone, s. A stone said to be found at the entrance of the holes in which the eagles make their nests. Eaglet, ^-glet, S. A young eagle. Ear, ^er, s. 227- The whole organ of audition or hearing; that part of the ear that stands prominent ; power of judging of harmony ; the spike of corn, that part which contains the seeds ; To fall together by the ears, to fight, to scuffle; To set by the ears, to make strife, to make to quarrel. Earless, eer-les, a. Without any ears. Ear-ring, ^er-ring, s. Jewels set in a ring, and worn at the ears. Ear-shot, ^er'-shl^t, S Kcach of the ear. EAS ECC nor 16T, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 5il 299— pound 313— Min 466, thIs 469. Earwax, ^iriwUks, S. The cerumen, or exudation which smears the inside of the ear. Earwig, eer-wig, S. A sheath-winged insect} a whisperer. Earwitness, ^er-witines, s. One who attests, or can attest any thing as heard by himself. To Ear, ^^r, v. a. 246. To plow, to till. To Ear, ^er, V, n. To shoot into ears. Eared, hhvi, a. 359. Having ears or organs of hearing; having ears, or ripe corn. Earl, erl, s. 234, 237. A title of nobility, anciently the highest of this nation, nov» the third. Earl-marshal, erl-mar^shS.!, s. He that has the chief care of military solemnities. Earldom, erlidum, s. 166. The seigniory of an earl. EarlineSS, er-le-nes, s. Quickness of any action with respect to something else. Early, er-1^, a. 234. Soon with respect to some- thing else. Early, er-1^, ad. Soon, betimes. To Earn, em, v. a. 234. 371. To gain as the re- ward or wages of labour ; to gain, to obtain. Earnest, er-nest, a. 234. Ardent in any affection, warm, zealous ; intent, fixed, eager. Earnest, er^nest, S. Seriousness, a serious event, not a jest; the money which is given in token that a bargain is ratified. Earnestly, er-nest-lJ, ad. Warmly, aff'ection- ately, zealously, importunately; eagerly, desirously. Earnestness, er-nest-nes, s. Eagerness, warmth, vehemence; solicitude. Earth, hth, S. 234. 237. The element distinct from air, fire, or water; the terraqueous globe, the world. (SS- This word is liable to a coarse, vulgar pronuncia- tion, as if written Urlh; there is, indeed, but a delicate difference between this and the true sound, but quite sufficient to distinguish a common from a polite speaker. To Earth, arth, v. a. To hide in earth ; to cover with earth. To Earth, ertA, v. n. To retire under ground. Earthboard, erth-hbrd, s. The board of the plough that shakes off the earth. Earthborn, er^A-born, a. Bom of the earth; meanly born. Earthbound, Krth-hound, a. Fastened by the pressure of the earth. Earthen, cr'-thn, a. 103. of clay. Earthflax, irth'-hX\is, s. Earth INESS, erth'-k-nvs, s. taining earth, grossness. Earthling, ur^/t-lin^, s. earth, a poor frail creature. Earthly, ertb-1^, a. Not heavenly, vile, mean, sordid; belonging only to our present state, not spiri- tual. Earthnut, er. n. To flow back towards the sea ; to decline, to decay, to waste. Eben, Ebon, Ebony, A hard, heavy, black, valuable wood. EbrieTY, e-bn-e-te, S. Drunkenness, intoxication by strong liquors. EbrioSITY, e-br^-OS-e-te, *. Habitual drunken- ness. Ebullition, eb-ul-lish-un, s, 177. The act of boiling up with heat; any intestine motion; efferves- cence. Eccentrical, ek-sen-tre-k^l, EccENTRiCK, ek-sen-tnk, Deviating from the centre; irregular, anomalous. Eccentricity, ek-sen-tnsie-te, s. Deviation from a centre; excursion from the proper orb. Ecchymosis, ek-ke-mo-sis, s. 520. Livid spots ol blotches in the skin. Ecclesiastical, ek-kle-zhe-is-te-k4l, \ Ecclesiastick, ek-kl^-zh^-is^tik, J Relating to the church, not civil. Ecclesiastick, ek-kli-zhi-lts-tik, s. A. person dedicated to the ministries of religion. 0^- I have given these words the flat s aspirated, as I am convinced it is quite agreeable to the analogy of pro- nunciation ; for the third syllable coming after the se- condary accent, is exactly under the same predicament as the penultimate syllable in Ambrosial, Ephesian, Geo- (icEsiaii, &c. — See Principles, No. 451. " And pulpit drum eccfesiaiHcfc, • Was be.it wiili f/'fc iiisteatl uf a stick .^Hurfifrroi. lecline, to decay, to X, ebiben, ^ >f, eb-un, ?■$. «JY, eb-i-ne, J h EDG EFF t> 550. F^te73, fir 77, fall 83, Mt81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, Echinus, i-kUnus, 5. 503. a hedgehog; a shdi fish stt with prickles ; witii botanists, tlie prickly head of any plant; in architecture, a member or ornament taking Its name from the roughness of the carving. Echo, ek-ko, «. The return or repercussion of any- sound ; the sound returned. To Echo, ek^kS, v. n. To resound, to give the repercussion of a voice; to be sounded back. To Echo, ek-kfi, V, a. To send back a voice. EcLAiRCissEMENT, ek-klare^siz-ment, s. Explanation, the act of clearing up an affair. , C5" This word, thougli long in use, is not yet natura- lized. Every syllable but the last may be perfectly pro- nounced by an Englishman who does not speak French ; but this syllable having a nasal vowel, not followed by hard c or g (see Encore), is an insuperal)le difficulty : the nearest sound to it would perhaps be to make it rhyme with long and strong. But a speaker would, perhaps, risk less by pronouncing it like an English word at once, than to imitate the French sound awkwardly. EcLAT, e-klaw{ s. 472. French. Splendour, show, lustre. EcLECTICK, ek-lek^tlk, a. Selecting, choosing at will. Eclipse, e-klipsj s. An obscuration of the luminaries of heaven; darkness, obscuration. To Eclipse, e-klipsj v. a. To darken a luminary; to extinguish; to cloud; to obscure ; to disgrace. Ecliptic, e-klip-tik, s. A great circle of the sphere. Eclogue, ek^lftg, s. 338. A pastoral poem. Economy, i-k6n^6-me, s. 296. 518. Themanage- inent of a family; frugality, discretion of expense; disposition of things, regulation; the disposition or arrangement of any work. EcoNOMicK, tk-ko-nftm^ik, 530.\ Economical, ek-kA-nftm^^-k:tl, / "" Pertaining to the regulation of a household; frugal. ECSTACY, eksJ-ti-Se, S. Any passion by which the thoughts are absorbed, and in which the mind is for a time lost; excessive joy, rapture; enthusiasm, exces- sive eVevation of the mind ; madness, distraction. ECSTASIED, eks^ti-Sid, a. 283. Ravished, en- raptured EcsTATicAL, eks-dt'-6-k^l, 1 EcsTATiCK, eks-tit'-ik, 509. J "' Ravished, raptured, elevated to ecstasy; in the high- est degree of joy. Edacious, e-di'-shfis, a. Eating, voracious, ravenous, greedy. Edacity, i-das-i-ti, S. Voraciousness, ravenous- ness. Edder, ed^dur, s. 98. Such fencewood as is commonly put upon the top of fences. Eddy, ed^de, s. The water that, by some reper- cussion, or opposite wind, runs contrary to the main stream ; whirlpool, circular motion. Edematose, e-dem-^-toseJ a. Full of humours. See Appendix. Edematous, e-dem'-iWus, a. Full of humours. Edentated, e-den-ti-ted, a. Deprived of teeth. Edge, edje, s. The thin or cutting part of a blade; a narrow part lising from a broader^ keenness, acri- mony; To set the teeth on edge, to cause a tingling pain in the teeth. To Edge, edje, v. a. To sharpen, to enable to cut; to furnish with an edge j to border with anything, to fringe; to exasperate, to imbitter. To Edge, edje, v. n. To move against any power. Edged, edjd, or edfjed, pmt. a. 359. Sharp, not blunt. Edging, ed'-jing, S. What is added to any thing by way of ornament ; a narrov/ lace. EdgeleSS, edje'-les, a. Ehmt, obtuse, unable to cut. Edgetool, edJeitooJ,' s. A tool made sharp to cut. 173 Edgewise, edje'-wize, ad. AVith the edge put into any particular direction. Edible, ed^e-bl, a. 503. Fit to be eaten. Edict, e-dikt, s. A proclamation of command or prohibition. 03- Good speakers seem divided about the quantity of the vowel in the first syllable of this word. Kenrick, Perry, and Buchanan, make it short ; and Sheridan Nares, Entick, Ash, Scott, and W. Johnston, long. This majority has induced me to make it long likewise, and not any length of the same letter in the Latin edictum; tor thougli the Latin accent is frequently a rule for the placing of ours, the quantity of Latin has almost as little to do with our quantity as it has with that of the Chinese or Hebrew.— See Introduction to Rhyming Dic- tionary, page xix. Edification, ed-e-fe-ka'-shun, *. The act of buiklingup man in the faith, improvement in holiness; improvement, instruction. Edifice, ed'-^-fis, *. 142. A fabrick, a building. Edifier, ed^t-fl-ur, s. One that improves or in- structs another. To Edify, ed^e-fj, v. a. To build; to instruct, to improve; to teach, to persuade. Edile, i-dile, s. 140. The title of a magistrate in old Home. Edition, i-dish^un, S. Publication of any thing, particularly of a book; republication, with revisal. Editor, ed'-i-tur, s. 166. Publisher, he that re- vises or prepares any work for publication. To Educate, edyu-kate, v. a. 91. To breed, to bring up. CC?" This pronunciation may seem odd to those who are not acquainted with the nature of the letters ; but it is not only the most polite, but, in reality, tlie most agree- able to rule.— See Principles, No. 294. 376. Education, ed-jii-ka'-shun, s. Formation of manners in youth. To Educe, e-duse,' v, a. To bring out, to extract. Eduction, e-duk^shun, s. The act of bringing a>ny thing into view. To Edulcorate, i-dul'-k5-rate, v. a. To sweeten. Edulcoration, e-dul-ko-ra-shun, s. Th'j act of sweetening. To EeK, iek, V. a. To make bigger by the addition of another piece ; to supply any deficiency.— See F.ke. Eel, eel, s. A serpentine slimy fish, that lurks in mud. . . E'en, een, ad. Contracted from Even. EffABLE, efif^-bl, a. 405. Expressive, utterable. To Efface, ef-fAse{ v. a. To destroy any form painted or carved; to blot out; to destroy, to wear away. CCy- The strong tendency of the vowel to open, when it terminates a syllable, immediately before the accent, makes us frequently hear the e in these words, when the accent is cm the second syllable, pronounced as open as if there were tut one/. The same may be observed of the in occasion, offence, official, &c. Tliis is certainly a deviation from rule; but it is so general, and so agree- able to the ear, as to be a distinguishing mark of elegant pronunciation. Effect, ef-fekt,' s. 98. That which is produced by an operating cause; consequence, event; reality, not mere appearance ; in the plural, goods, moveables. To Effect, ef-fekt; v. a. To bring to pass, to attempt with success, to acliieve; to produce as a cause. Effectible, ef-fek^ti-bl, a. Perfurmable,"practi- cable. Effective, ef-fek-tiv, a. Having the power to produce effects; operative, active; efficient. Effectively, ef-lek^tiv-le, ad. Powerfully, with real operation. Effectless, ef-fekt^les, a. Without effect, im- potent, useless. Effector, ef-fek'-tur, 5, 166. He that produces any effect. Effectual, ef-fekJtshu-^1, «, 463, ProiUictiv* EFT EIG nSr 16T, n5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 29D— pound 313— thin 4GG, this 46.9. ef effects, powerful to a degree, adequate to the occa- sion, efficacious. Effectually, ef-fek-tshu-al-lJ, ad. in a manner productive of the consequence intended, effi- caciously. To Effectuate, ef-fek-tshu-ate, v. a. To bring to pass, to fulfil. Effeminacy, ef-fem-e-ni-se, s. Admission of the qualities of a woman, softness, unmanly delicacy ; lasciviousness, loose pleasure. Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, rt, 91. Having the qualities of a woman, womanish, voluptuous, tender. To Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, v. a. 91. 98. To make womanish, to emasculate, to unman. To Effeminate, ef-fem-e-nate, v, n. To soften, to melt into weakness. Effemination, ef-fem-e-rul-shun, s. The state of one grown womanish, the state of one emasculated or unmanned. To Effervesce, ef-fer-vesj v. n. To' generate heat by intestine motion. Effervescence, ef-f«'-ves-sense, s. 510. The act of growing hot, production of heat by intes- tine motion. Efficacious, ef-fe-ka-shus, a. Productive of effects, powerful to produce the consequence intended. Efficaciously, ef-fc-ka^shus-le, ad. Effectually. Efficacy, ef^fe-ka-se, s. Production of the con- sequence intended. Efficience, ef-fishiyeiise, \ Efficiency, ?f-(1sh^yeii-se, J *' * The act of producing effects, agency. Efficient, ef-fishiyent, s. The cause which makes effects ; he that makes, the effector. Efficient, ef-fish^yent, a. 113. Causing effects. Effigies, ef-t1dyes,l Effigy, efife-je, /*' Resemblance, image in pain Efflorescence, ef-Ho-res^sense, \ Efflorescency, ef-flo-res-sen-se, J *' Production of flowers ; excrescences in the form of flowers ; in pliysick, the breaking out of some humours in the skin. Efflorescent, ef-flo-res-sent, a. shooting out in form of flowers. Effluence, ef-flu-ense, s. Tliat which issues from some oilier principle. Efflu\IA, ef-flu'-v^4, the plural of Effluvium, tf-flu^-e-uni, *. Those small particles which are continually flying off from bodies. Efflux, efifluks, 5. 492. The act of flowing out ; effusion ; that which flows from something else; ema- nation. To Efflux, ?f-fiuks,' v. n. 98. To run out. Effluxion, ef-flukishun, s. The act of flowing out; that which flows out, cfthivium, emanation. Effort, ef^fort, S. struggle, laborious endeavour. EffossioN, ef-fosh-uii, s. The act of dii^ging up from the ground. Effrontery, ef-fruniter4, >row. distrih. Whichsoever of tlie two, whether one or the other J each, both. Either, C-THUF, conj. 252. A distributive con- junction, answered byOrt either the one or the other. Ejulation, ed-ju-lA-Silun, S, Outciy, lamenta- tion, moan, wailing. Eke, eke, ad. Also, likewise, besides. To Eke, eke, v, a. To increase j to supply, to fill up deficiencies ; to protract, to lengthen; to spin out by useless additions. To Elaborate, i-lib^i-rite, v. a. To produce with labour; to heighten and improve by successive operations. Elaborate, 4-lib-i-rite, a. 91. Finished with great diligence. Elaborately, i-l^b^i-rite-1^, ad. Laboriously, diligently, with great study. Elaboration, e-lib-6-ra-shun, «. Improvement by successive operations. To Elance, ^-l4nse{ v. a. To throw out, to dart. To Elapse, e-l^pse{ V, n. To pass away, to glide away. Elastic al, J-lisit^-k^l, \ Elastick, ^-lisitik, J "' Having the power of returning to the form from which it is distorted, springy. Elasticity, ^-lis-tis-e-te, S. Force in bodies, by which they endeavour to restore themselves. Elate, i-late{ a. Flushed with success, lofty, haughty. To Elate, e-lite{ v. a. To puff up with pros- perity; to exalt, to hcijjhten. Elation, e-la-shun, s. Haughtiness proceeding from success. Elbow, eKbi, *. 327. Tlie next joint or curvature of the arm below the shoulder; any flexure or angle. ELbOWCHAIR, el-bA-tsbareJ s. A chair with arms. Elbow ROOM, el-bo-room, *. lloom to stretch out the elbows, freedom from confinement. To Elbow, el-bo, v. a. To push with the elbow; to push, to drive to a distance. To Elbow, el-bi, v. n. To jut out in angles. Eld, eld, s. Old age, decrepitude ; old people, persons worn out with years. Elder, el-dur, «. 98. Surpassing another in years. Elders, el-durz, *. Persons whose age gives them reverence ; ancestors ; tliose who are older than others; among the Jews, rulers of the people ; in the New Tes- tament, ecclesiasticks ; among Presbyterians, laymen introduced into the kirk polity. Elder, eKdSr, *. 98. The name of a tree. Elderly, el^dur-le, a. No longer young. Eldership, el^dur-ship, s. Seniority, primogeniture. Eldest, el-dest, a. Oldest »that has the right of primogeniture ; that has lived most years. Elecampane, el-^-kim-paneJ J. A plant, named also starwort. To Elect, e-lekt| v. a. To choose for any office or use; in theology, to select as an object of eternal mercy. Elect, ^-lektj a. Chosen, taken by preference from among others ; chosen to an office, not yet in possession ; chosen as an object of eternal mercy, 1T4 Electa RV, e-lek'-tit^re, s. A form of medicine made of conserves and powders, of the consistence of honey. {K?« This is an alteration of the word Electuary, whiih has taken place within these few years; and, it must te owned, is an alteration for the better : for as there is no « in the Latin Electarium, there can be no reason for in- serting it in our English word, which is derived from it. Election, e-lekishun, s. The act of choosing one or more from a greater number; the power of chnice; voluntary preference; the determination of God, by which any were selected for eternal life; the ceremony of a publick choice. Electioneering, e-lek-shun-^^r-ing, s. Concern in parliamentary elections. Elective, ^-lek^tiv, a. Exerting tlie power of choice, Electively, e-lek'-tiv-l5, ad. By choice, with preference of one to another. Elector, e-lek^tur, s. 98. He that has a vote in the choice of any officer ; a prince who has a voice in the clioice of the German emperor. Electoral, i-lek-t6-r3,l, a. Having the dignity of an elector. Electorate, e-lek^to-rite, 5. 91. The territoiy of an elector. Electre, ^-lek'-tur, s. 98. 416. Amber; a mixed metal. Electrical, i-lek^tre-kal, " Electric K, e-lek^tnk, _, Attractive without magnetism ; produced by an elcc- trick body. Electricity, l-lek-trisie-te, s. A property in bodies, whereby, when rubbed, they di aw substances, and emit fire. Electrometer, e-lek-trom-e-ter, s. 518. An instrument to measure the power of attraction. ' Electuary, e-lek^tshu-Ar-e, s. — See Electary. Eleemosynary, el-^-mSzie-nir-e, a. Living upon alms, depending upon charity ; given in charity. Elegance, eUe-g$nse, "1 Elegancy, el^e-g^n-se, J* Beauty without grandeur. Elegant, el-e-gant, a. Pleasing with minuter beauties; nice, not coarse, not gross. Elegantly, el-e-g^nt-le, ad. In such a manner as to please without elevation. ElegiACK, el-4-jl-^k, a. Used in elegies ; mourn- ful, sorrowful. (t3" Our own analogy would lead us to place the accent upon the second syllable of this word ; but its derivation from the Latin elegiacus, and the Greek tXEyeTanoc, (in both which the antepenultimate is long), obliges us, under pain of appearing grossly illiterate, to place the accent on the same letter. But it may be observed, that we h?.ve scarcely an instance in the whole language of adopting a Latin or Greek word, and curtailing it of a syllable, without removing the accent higher on the English word. — See Academy. ElegIST, el-5-jist, S. A writer of elegies. Elegy, el-^-j^, s. A mournful song; a funeral song ; a short poem, with points or turns. Element, el-e-ment, *. The first or constituent principle of any thing; the four elements, usually so called, are earth, air, fire, water, of which our world is composed ; the proper habitation or sphere of any thing; an ingredient, a constituent part; the letters of any language ; the lowest or first rudiments of lite- rature or science. Elemental, el-^-men-ti\l, «. Produced bv some of the four elements ; arising from first principles. Elementarity, el-e-men-t^r-e-t^, s. Simplicity of nature, absence of composition. Elementary, el-e-men-tir-^, a. Uncompounded, having only one principle. Elephant, el-^-Mnt, *. The largest of all quad- rupeds. Elephantine, el-^-f^n'-tin, a, 140. Pert^iming to the elephant, ELO EMB nor 167, nJt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— p5und 313— Min 468, this 4t.;9. to break To Elevate, el-e-vate, v. a. 91- To raise up aloft; to exalt, to dignify; to raise the mind with great conceptions. Elevate, eV-e-vkte, part. a. 91. Exalted, raised aloft. Elevation, el-^-va-shun, s. The act of raising aloft; exaltation, dignity; exaltation of the mind by noble conceptions; the height of any heavenly body ■with respect to the horizon. Elevator, el'-e-v^-tur, *. 521. 166. A raiser or lifter up. Eleven, e-lev!^vn, a. 103. Ten and one. Eleventh, e-lev-vn^A, a. Tlie tiext in order to the tenth. Elf, elf, s. Plural, Elves. A wandering spirit, supposed to be seen in wild places ; a devil. ElFLOCK, elPlftk, S. Knots of hair twisted by elves. To Elicit, e-lis-sit, v. a. To strikeout, to fetch out by labour. Elicit, e-lisisit, a. Brought into action. Elicitation, e-lis-se-tA-shun, s. A, deducing the power of the will into act. To Elide, ^.-lldej v. a. To break in pieces. Eligibility, el-e-Je-bll-e-te, s. Worthiness to be chosen. Eligible, el-^-je-bl, a. 405. Fit to be chosen, preferable. EligiDLENESS, eUe-je-bl-nes, *. Worthiness to be chosen, preferahleness. Elimination, e-lim-e-na-sbun, *, The act of banishing, rejection. Elision, ^-lizh-un, s. The act of cutting off; division, separation of parts. Elixation, el-ik-sA^sbun, a. 533. 530. The act of boiling. Elixir, e-lik-sur, S. 418. A medicine made by strong infusion, where the ingredients are almost dis- solved in the menstruum ; the liquor with which ciiy- mists transmute metals ; the extract or quintessence of any thing ; any cordial. a^ There is acorrupt pronunciation of this word, even among the upper ranks of people, which changes the i ill the second syllable into e, as if written Eleiir. The t is never pronounced in this manner when the accent is on it, except when followed by r and another consonant, 108. Elk, elk, S. The elk is a large and stately animal of the stag kind. Ell, el, s. A measure containing a yard and a quarter. Ellipsis, el-lip-S?S, *. A figure of rhetorick, by which something is left out; in geometry, an oval figure generated from the section of a cone. — See Efface. Elliptical, el-l?p^t^-kil, Elliptick, el-lipttik. Having the form of an ellipsis. Elm, elm, S. The name of a tree. Elocution, el-6-ku-shun, s. The power of fluent speech ; eloquence, flow of language ; the power of expression or diction. 03" This Word originally, Twth among the Greeks and Romans, signified the choice and order of words; and Dryden and other moderns have used it in the same sense ; it is now scarcely ever used but to signify pronun- ciation. The French seem to have been the first who used it in this sense : Addison has followed them; and as it is perfectly agreeable to the Latin original c and lo- ?uor, and serves to distinguish oratorical pronunciation rom pionunciation in general, the alteration isnotwith- out its use. Elogy, eUo-ji, *. 503. Praise, panegyric. To Elongate, e-lftng^gate, v. a. To lengthen, to draw out. To Elongate, ^-iSng^gite, v. n. To go off to a distance from any thing. Elongation, el-ong-ga'-sliun, s. 530. 533. The act of stretching or lengthening itself; the state of being stretched; distance; space at which one thing is distant from another; departure, removal. 175 ■}"• To Elope, e-l6pe{ v. a. To run away, loose, to escape. Elopement, e-lope^ment, s. Departure from just restraint. ElOPS, e^lftps, *. A fish, reckoned by Milton among the serpents. ELOgUENCE, eKo-kwense, S. The power of speak- ing with fluency and elegance; elegant language uttered with fluency. Eloquent, el-6-kwent, a. Having the power ot oratory. Else, else, pron. Other, one besides. Else, else, ad. Otherwise ; besides, except. Elsewhere, else^wbare, ad. 397. In any other place; in other places, in some other place. To Elucidate, e-lu-se-date, v. a. To explain, to clear. Elucidation, e-lij-se-da-shun, s. Explanation, exposition. Elucidator, i-liV-se-da-tur, s. 521, Explainer, expositor, commentator. To Elude, e-lude{ V, a. To escape by stratagem, to avoid by artifice. Eludible, e-lu-de-bl, a. Possible to be eluded. Elves, elvz, s. The plural of Elf. ElvelocK, elv^lftk, S. Knots in the hair. Elvish, el-vish, «. Relating to elves, or wandering spirits. ElumBATED, e-lum-bi-ted, a. Weakened in tlie loins. Elusion, e-lu-zhun, *. An escape from inquiry or examination, an artifice. Elusive, e-ltt^siv, a. 158. 428. Practising elusion, using arts to escape. Elusory, e-k'i-sur-e, a. 429. 512. Tending to elude, tending to deceive, fraudulent. To Elute, e-liatej V, a. To wash olT. To Elutriate, ^-lii^tre-Ate, v. a. 91. To decant, to strain out. Elysian, e-lizh-^4n, a. 542. Deliciously toft and soothing, exceedingly delightful. Elysium, e-lizh-e-um, S, The place assigned by the heathens to happy souls; any place exquisitely pleasant. To Emaciate, ^-miUshe-Ate, r. a. 542. To waste, to deprive of flesh. To Emaciate, ^-mA-sh^-ate, v. n. To lose flesh, to pine. PiMACiATiON, i-ma-sh^-A^shiin, S. The act of making lean ; the state of one grown lean. Emaculation, ^-mik-i!i-la-sh?in, s. The act of freeing any thing from spots or foulness. EmanaNT, em-i-nint, a. Issuing from something else. To Emanate, em-^-nate, v. n. d\. To issue or flow from something else. Emanation, em-m4-na-shun, s. 530. The act of issuing or proceeding from any other substance; that which issues from another substance. EmANATIVE, em^^n-i-tlV, «. 91. Issuing from another. To Emancipate, i-ni;tn^s5-pite, v. a. To set free from servitude. Emancipation, e-mitn-sJ-pi^shitn, s. The act of setting free, deliverance from slavery. To Emarginate, e-marye-nate, v. a. To take away the margin or edge of any thing. To Emasculate, e-m^s^ku-lAte, v. «. To castrate, to deprive of virility; to effeminate 5 to vitiate by unmanly softness. Emasculation, e-m3^s-ku-U-shun, s. Castration ; effeminacy, womanish qualities. To Embale, em-bale{ v. a. To makf up iat* « bundle J to bind up, to enclose. EMB EME S^ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nA 162, m3ve, 146, MDASSAGE, em^b^s-saje, 90.1 2 ;i4 I ' r ' MBASSV, em'bas-se, J To Em BALM, em-bamj v. a. 403. To impregnate a body with aromaticks, that it may resist putiefac- tion. (i3» The affinity between the long e and the short i, when immediately followed by the accent, has beep ob- served under the word Despatch. But this affinity is no where more remarkable than in those words where the e is followed by m or «. This has induced Mr. Sheridan to spell embrace, endow, &c. imbracc, indow, he. and tliis spelling may, perhaps, sufficiently convey the cursory or colloquial pronunciation ; but my observation greatly fails me if correct publick speaking does not preserve the e in its true sound, when followed by m or n. The dif- ference is delicate, but, in my opinion, real. Embalmkr, em-bam-er, s. 409- One that practises the art of embalming and preserving bodies. To Embar, ein-bai5 v. a. To shut, to enclose j to stop, to hinder by prohibition, to block up. Embarkation, em-bar-ka-shun, *. The act of putting on shipl>oard; the act of going on sliipboard. Embargo, eni-bar-go, s. 98. A prohibition to pass, a stop put to trade. To Embark, em-barkj v, a. To put on ship- board ; to engage another in any affair. To Embark, tim-b?irkj v. n. To go on ship- board; to engage in any affair. To Embarrass, em-b;tr-rA.s, v. a. To perplex, to distress, to entangle. Embarrassment, em-b^riris-ment, s. Perplexity, entanglement. To Embase, em-bilsej v. a. To vitiate ; to degrade, to vilify. EmbaseMENT, em-base-munt, S. Depravation. Embassador, em-bis^s^-dur, s. 98. One sent on a publick message. EmBASSADRESS, em-bis-S^-dreS, S. A woman sent on a publick message Em E A ])ublick message ; any solemn message. 7'o Embattle, em-bit^tl, v. a. 405. To range in order or array of battle. To Embay, ern-ba,' v. a. 98. To bathe, to wet, to wash ; to enclose in a bay, to land-lock. To Embellish, em-bel-lisb, v. a. To adorn, to beautify. Embellishment, em-bel-lish-ment, s. Orna- ment, adventitious beauty, decoration. Embers, em-burz, s. Without a singular. Hot cinders, ashes not yet extineuislied. Ember-week, em-bur-week, *. A week in which an ember day falls. The ember days at tlie four sea- sons are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, after the first Sunday in Lent, tlie feast of Pentecost, Sep- tember fourteenth, December thirteenth. To Embezzle, em-bez-zl, v. a. 405. To appro- priate by breach of trust ; to waste, to swallow up in riot. Embezzlement, em-bez^/,l-ment, s. The act of appropriating to himself that which is received in trust for another; appropriation. To Emblaze, em-blaze{ v. a. To adorn with glittering eml)ellishments ; to blazon, to paint with ensigns armorial. To Emblazon, em-bla-zn, v. a. To adorn with figures of heraldry ; to deck in glaring colours. Emblem, eni-bleni, *. inlay, enamel ; an occult representation, an allusive picture. To Emblem, em-blem, V, a. To represent in an occult or allusive manner. Emb-lematical, em-ble-mat'-e-kili, 509. j EmblemAtick, em-ble-m$t'-ik, j" "' Comprising an emblem, allusive, occultly representa- tive; dealing in emblems, using eii.blems. Emblematically, em-ble-mt\Lie-k;tl-c, ad. in the manner of emblems, allusively. Emblematist, em-blem-i-tist, s. Writer or in- fentor of emblems, 17.1 Embolism, em-bo-lizm, s. Intercalation, inser- tion of days or years to produce regularity and equation of time; the time inserted, intercalatory time. Embolus, em-bo-lus, s, Any thing inserted and acting in another, as the sucker in a pump. To Emboss, etn-b5s( v. a. To form with pro- tuberances; to engrave with relief, or rising work; to enclose, to include, to cover. Embossment, em-bfis-ment, s. Any thing stand- ing out from the rest, jut, eminence; relief; rising work. To Embottle, era-bftt-tl, v. a. To include in bottles, to bottle. To Embowel, em-bou'-el, v. a. To deprive of the eutiails. To Embrace, ein-brase{ v, n. To hold fondly in the ariTia, to squeeze in kindness ; to seiit- nrdently or eagerly, to lay hold on, to welcome ; to comprehend, to take in, to encircle; to comprise, to enclose, to contain. - To Embrace, em-br^se{ v. n. To join in an embrace. Embrace, em-brase{ *. Clasp, fond pressure in the arms, hug. Embracement, em-brise-ment, .9. Clasp in the arms, hug, embrace; state of being contained, enclo- sure; conjugal endearment. Embracer, em-bra-sur, s. The person embracing. Embrasure, em-bra-zhure, s. An aperture in the wall, battlement. To Embrocate, em-bro-kate, r. a. 91. To rub any part diseased with medicinal liquors. Embrocation, em-bro-ka-sbun, *. The act of rubbing any pait diseased with medicinal liquors; the lotion with which any diseased part is washed. To Embroider, em-broe-dur, v. a. To border with ornaments, to decorate with figured works. Embroiderer, em-broe-dur-ui-, s. One that adorns clutlies with needle-work. Embroidery, um-broe-dur-e, *. Figmes raised upon a ground, variegated needle-work, variegation, diversity of colours. To Embroil, em-broilj v. a. To disturb, to con- fuse, to distract. To Embrothel, em-brt)TH'eI, v. a. To enclose in a brothel. Embryo, eni^bre-o, T Embryon, em-bre-un,/'" The offspring yet unfinisbed in the womb; the state of any thing yet not fit for production, yet unfinished. Emendable, e-men-dil-bl, a. Capable of emenda- tion, corrigible. Emendation, em-en-da'-sbun, *. 530. Correction, alteration of any thing from worse to better; an alteration made in the text by verbal cri- ticism. Emendator, em-en-da-tor, 5. 521. A corrector, an improver. Emerald, em^e-rald, s. A green precious stone. To Emerge, e-merjej v. n. To rise out of any thing in which it is covered ; to rise, to mount from a state of depression or obscority. Emergence, ^-merijensc, ") Emergency, e-mer-jen-se,/ Tlie act of rising out of any fiuid by which it is cover- ed ; the act of rising into view; any sudden occasion, unexpected casualty ; pressing necessity. Emerc;ENT, e-mer-Jent, «. Rising out of that which overwhelms and obscures it ; rising into view or notice ; proceedingor issuing from any thing; sudden, unexpectedly casual. Emerited, e-mer-it-ed, a. Allowed to have done sullicieut public service. Emeroids, em-er-i)idz, *. Painful swellings of the hemorrhoidal veins, piles, properly Hemorrhoids. Emersion, e-mer-shSn, S. The time when a star, having been obscured by its tro near approach to tU« sun, appears again. EMP ExMP lioi- 1(37, nJt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173-4U299— p3und313— f/Mn4o'5, this 469. .}„ Emerv, em-er-e, S. Emeiy is an iron ore. It is prepared by grinding in mills. It is useful in cleaning and polishing steel. Emetical, e-met-e-k;tl, Emetick, e-m6t-ik, Having the quality of provoking vomits. Emetically, e-raet-e-k4l-e, ad. In sucli a manner as to provoke to vomit. Emication, em-e-ka-shun, s. 530. Sparkling, flying off in small particles. Emiction, e-mik-slum, s. Urine. Emigrant, em-e-o^railt, *. One that emigrates. 7'o Emigrate, em-me-grAte, v. n. To remove from one place to another. Emigration, em-e-gra-shun, s. 530. Change of habitation. Eminence, em-e-nensc, ") Eminency, eni-e-neii-se, / * Loftiness, height; summit, highest part; exaltation, conspicuousness, reputation, celebrity ; supreme de- gree; notice, distinction; a title given to cardinals. Eminent, em-e-nent, a. High, lofty ; dignified, exalteil ; conspicuous, remarkable. Eminently, em-e-nent-l^', ad. Conspicuously, in a manner that attracts observation ; in a high de- gree. Emissary, em-is-s3.r-re, s. One sent out or, private messages; a spy, a secret agent; one that emits or sends out. Emission, e-mish-un, s. The act of lending out, vent. To Emit, 5-mitJ v. a. To send forth ; to let fly, to dart ; to issue out juridically. EmmeNAGOGUE, eni-meni;t-gog, S. A medicine to promote circulation in females. Emmet, em-mit, s. 99- An ant, a pismire. To EmmeW, em-mul v. a. To mew or ccop up. Emollient, e-niol-yent, a. 113. Softening, suppling. Emollients, c-niol-yeiits, s. Such things as sheathe and soften the asperities of the humours, and relax and supple the solids. i^jiOLi.iTiON, era-mSl-lish-un, s. The act of softening. Emolument, e-niol-u-ment, s. Profit, advantage. Emotion, e-mi-shun, S. Disturbance of mind, vehemence of passion. To Empale, em-JJaleJ v. a. To fence with a pale; to fortify; to enclose, to shut in; to put to death by spitting on a stake fixed upright. EmpaNNEL, em-p<^n-nel, S. The writing or en- tering the names of a jury into a schedule by the she- riff, which he has summoned to appear. To Empannel, em-pllninel, v. a. To summon to serve on a jury. To Empassion, em-pilsh-un, v, a. To move with passion, to affect strongly. To EmpeoplE, em-pe-pl, v. a. To form into a people or community. EmPERESS, em-per-es, S. A woman invested with imperial power ; the queen of an emperor. Emperor, em-per-ur, s. 166. A monarch of title and dignity superior to a king. Empery, em-per-e, s. 503. Empire, sovereign command. A word out of use. Emphasis, em-fa-sis, S, A remarkable stress laid upon a word or sentence. Emphatical, em-fat-ik-;tl, Emphatick, 2m-fat^ik, Forcible, strong, striking. Empiiaiically, em-Mt-e-kil-e, ad. Strongly, forcibly, in a stril:ing manner. To Empierce, em-persej v. a. 250. To pierce into, to enter into by violent apoulse. — See Pierce. Empire, em-pire, s. 140 imperial power, 177 ■}«■ ■h supreme dominion ; the region over which dominion is extended ; command over any thing. Ji^p- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan and Buchanan in the pronunciation of the last syllable of this word, as I think the long sound of i is more agreeable to the ear, as well as to the best usage, though 1 confess not so ana- logical as the short t. Dr. Kenrick, Scott, VV. Johnston, and Perry, pronounce the i long as 1 have done.— See Umpire. Empirick, em-pe-rik, or em-pii-ik, s. A trier or experimenter, such persons as venture upon obser- vation only ; a quack. CTT- Dr. Johnson tells us, tire first accentuation is adopted by Dryden, and the last by Milton ; and this he prefers. There is indeed a strong analogy for the last, as the word ends in ick, 509 ; but this analogy is sometimes violated in favour of the substantives, as in Liiviitick, Hcrelick, &c. and that this is the case in the word in question, may be gathered from the majority of votes in its favour; for tliough Dr. Jolinson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Narcs, and W.Johnston, are for the latter; Dr. Ken rick, Dr. Ash, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, liiuhanan, Entick, I'ailey, and Barclay, are for the former. This word classes too with those that almost always adopt the ante penultimate accent, 503 ; but the adjective has jnore pro perly the accent on the second syllable. Empirical, em-pir-e-kill, Empirick, em-pir-ik. Versed in experiments, practised only by rote. Empirically, ein-pn-c-k^l-le, ad. Experimentally, without rational grounds; in tie manner of a quack. Empiricism, em-pir-e-sizm, *. Dependence on experience without knowledge or art ; quackery. EmplaSTER, em-plAs-tur, s. An applic^ation to sore of an oleaginous or viscous substance spread upon cloth. To Emplaster, cm-plis^tur, v. a. To cover with a plaster. EmPLASTICK, em-pl^S-tlk, a. Viscous, glutlnou*. To Emplead, em-pledej v. a. To endict, to prefer a charge against. To Employ, em-plocj v. a. To busy, to keep at work, to exercise; to use as an instrument; to com- niissiim, to intrust with themanagement of any affairs; to fill up with business; or to spend in business. Employ, em-pioe} S. Uusiness, object of industry j publick office. Employable, em-ploe'-;\-bl, a. Capable to b» used, proper for use. Employer, em-ploe-ur, s. One that uses, or causes to he used. Employment, em-ploe-meilt, s. Business, object of industry ; the stale of being employed ; oRice, post of business. To Empoison, em-poe.-zn, v. a. To destroy by poison, to destroy by venomous food or drugs ; to en- venom. EmPOISONER, em-pO(;-zn-ur, S. One who destroys another by poison. Empoisonment, em-poe-zn-nicnt,*. Thepractice of destroying by poison. Emporetick, em-pi-ret-ik, a. That is used at markets, or in merchandise. E.MPORIUM, em-po-re-um, s. A place of mer. chandise, a commercial city. To Empoverish, em-pSv-er-ish, r. a, Totnake ))Oor; to lessen fertility. ((3~ This word, before Dr. Johnson's Dictionary was published, was always written iw/;o!-(»ris/i; nor since he lias reformed ihe orthography do we find any consider- able difi'erence in the sound of the first syllable, except in solemn speaking; in this case we must undoubtedly preserve the e in its true sound. — See Embalm. Empoverisiier, em-pov-fir-ish-ur, s. On* that makes others poor; that which impairs fertility. Empo''erisiiment, em-p5v-er-ish-meiit, #. Diminution, waste. To Empower, »jin pt'ii-ur, v. a. To authorise, to commission ; to enable. ElMi'RESS, eni'pres, *. The queen of -tw cmjirror; ENA ENC 559. Fite73, far 77, fall ^3, Mt 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 1G4, female invested with imperial dignity, a female so- (t3» The same observations hold good in words begin- a female invested with imperial dignity, a female so vereign ; properly Emperess. Emprise, em-priztjj *. Attempt of danger, under- taking of liazard, enterprise. Emptier, em-tl-ur, s. One that empties, one that makes void. Emptiness, em-te-nes, s. The state of being empty, avoid space, vacuity; unsatisfactoriness, in- ability to fill the desires; vacuity of head, want of knowledge. Emption, em-shun, *. A purchasing. Empty, em-te, a. 412. Void, having nothing in it, not full; unsatisfactory, unable to fill the mind or desires ; without any thing to carry, unburthened ; va- cant of Iliad, ignorant, unskilful; without substance, without solidity, vain. To Empty, em-te, v. a. To evacuate, to exhaust. To Empurple, em-pur-pl, v. a. To make of a purple c(»lour. To Empuzzle, em-puz-zl, v. a. To perplex, to put til a stand. Empyema, era-pl-e-mi, s. 92. a collection of purulent matter in any part whatsoever, generally used to sigiiily that in the cavity of the breast only. Or?. 1 have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the sound of the;/ in the second syllable of this word, merely from ■ the disagreeatile effect it has on the ear, to pronouTice •wo Vowels of exactly the same sound in immediate suc- cession. This sameness is, in some measure, avoided by giving y the long diphthongal sound of i; and the same reason has induced me to the same notation in the word Empyrean. If good usage is against me, I submit. Empyreal, em-pir-l-ll, a. Formed of fire, re- fined beyond aerial. Empyrean, em-pl-re-in, or em-pir-l-An, s. The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire is • supposed to subsist. — See Empyema. K?" This word has the accent on the penultimate syllable in Sheridan, Kenrick, Barclay, Nares, and Bailey; and on the antepenuliimale in Ash, Buchanan, Perry, and Entick : and this last accentuation is, in my opinion, the most correct; for as the penultimate is short, there is the same reason for placing the acient on the ai.tepenultimate as in Cerulean ; though Poets, with their usual license, generally accent the penultimate. — See European. Empyreum, em-pir-rl-um, \ Empyreuma, em-pe-ru-mi, / The burning of any matter in boiling or distillation. Empyreumaiical, em-pe-ru-mat-e-k4l, a. Having the smell or tasle of burnt substances. Empyrosis, em-pe-ro-sis, s. 520. Conflagration, general fire. To Emulate, em-u-late, v. a. To rival ; to imitate with hope of equality, or superior excellence j to be equal to ; to rise to equality with. Emulation, em-ii-la-shim, s. Rivalry, desire of superiority; contest. Emulative, em^u-la-tiv, a. inclined to emula- lation, rivalling. Emulator, em'u-la-tur, s. 166. 521. a rival, a competitor. To Emulge, i-muljej v. a. To milk out. EmuLGENT, i-mul-jent, a. Milking or draining out. Emulous, em-U-luS, a. 314. Rivalling; engaged in compelition; desirous of superiority, desirous to rise aliiive another, desirous of any excellence pos- sessed by another. EmuLOUSLY, em-iJ-luS-ll, ad. Wi Enact, en-iktj v. a. To establish, to decree; to represent by action. 178 (t3» The same observations hold good in words begin- ning with en as in those with em See Embalm and Ea- comium. Enactor, en-^k^tur, *. 1G6. One that forms decrees, or establishes laws; one who prartiscs or per- forms any thing. EnALLAGE, en-^Kl^-je, s. A figure in grammar, whereby there is a changeeither of a pronoun, as when a possessive is put for a relative, or when one mood o. tense of a verb is put for another. To EnAMBUSH, en-im-busll, v. a. To hide in ambush, to hide with hostile intention. To Enamel, en4m-el, v. a. 99- To inlay, t« variegate with colours. 7b Enamel, en-^m-el, v. n. To practise the use of enamel. Enamel, en-^m-el, S. Any thing enamelled, ot variegated with colours inlaid; the substance inlaid in other things. Enameller, en-im-el-lur, *, One that practise* the art of enamelling. To Enamour, en-am-ur, v. a. 314. To inflame with love; to make fond. EnaRRATION, en-n4r-rA-shun, *. Explanation. Enarthrosis, en-ar-. a. To surround, to environ, to enclose in a ring or circle. Encirclet, en-serk-let, .». A circle, a ring. Enclitical, en-klit^fc-kil, a. Relating to en- clitick?. EnCLITICKS, en-kht-iks, *. Particles which throw back the accent upon the last syllable of the foregoing word. To Enclose, en-klizej v. a. To part from thing* or grounds common by a fence; to environ, to en- circle, to surroiintl. Encloser. en-klo'zur *. One that enclose* orgeparato« rommon t^olrls info several distinct proper- ties ; any thing in which anotlier is enclosed. Enclosure, en-klo-zhui-e, *. The act of enclos- ing or environing any thing ; i he separation of common grounds into disiinct possessions; the approrriLtion (if tilings coininon ; state of being shut up in any place; the space enclosed. Encomiast, en-ko-me-ist, s. A panegyrist, • praiser. ENC END nor 167, ii5t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— ^il 299— pound 313— ^/^in 466, THis 469. Encomiast'CAL, en-ko-me-fc^te-klll, "I E.NCOMIASTICK, en-Ko-iuL'-ls^tik, / PaneKyiicHl, containiiifc praise, bestowing praise. Encomium, en-ko-me-um, 5. Panegjrick, praif e, elogv. (t3- Tlioueli in cursory speakingwe frequently hear tl:e e confounded with the short i in tlie first syllables of en- camp, enchant, &c. without any great offence to the ear, yet sucb an interchange in encomium, encnmiast, &c. is not only a departure from propriety, but from politeness; and it is not a little surprising that Mr. Sheridan sliouid have adopted it. The trntli is, preserving the e pure in all words of this form, whether in rapid or deliberate speaking, is a correctness well worthy of attention. 7^0 Encompass, en-kum^l)is, v. a. To enclose j to encircle , to go round any place. Encompassment, ^n-kum-pis-inetit, «.- Circumlocution, reinote tendency of talk. Encore, ftngJ-kiSreJ ad. Again, once more. Cc^' This word is perfectly French, and, as usual, we have adopted it with the original pronunciation. In other words which we have received from the French, where the nasal vowel has occurred, we have substituted an awkward pronunciation in imitation of it, which has at once shown our fondness for foreign modes of speak- ing, and our incapacity of acquiring them : thus fa tsson has been turned into Casnonn, Ballon into Balloon, Dra- gon into firag'oon.and CUamont (d character in the Orphan) into Shamoon; but in the word before us, this nasal sound is followed by c hard, which after n always mvolves hard g-, 403 ; and this is precisely an English sound. An Englishman, therefore, does not find the difficulty in pronouncing the nasal sound in this word, which he would in another that does not admit of the succeeding hard c or g' ; as entendement, attentif, &c. ; for if in pro- nouncing the en in these words the tongue should once touch the roof of the mouth, the French nasal sound would be ruined. No wonder then that a mere English speaker should pronounce this French word so well, and the rest of the nasal vowels so ill. It does not arise from the habit they contract at theatres, (where it would be the most barbarous and ill-bred pronunciation in the world to call for the repetition of an English song in plain English). It does not, I say, arise from custom, but from coincidence. The sound, in the word before us, is common to both nations; and though the French may give it a somewhat lighter sound than the English, thcv are both radically the same. Adopting this word, however, in the Theatre, does the English no manner of credit. Every language ought to be sufficient for all its purposes. A foreigner who understood our language, but who had never been present at our dramatick perfor- mances, would suppose we had no equivalents in English, should he hear us cry out Encore, Bravo, and Brarissimo, when we onlv wish to have a song repeated, or to applaud the agility of a dancer. Encounter, en-koun-tur, s. 313. Duel, single fight, conflict; battle, figlit in which enemies rush against each other; sudden meeting; casual incident. To Encounter, en-koun-tur, v. a. To meet face to face; to meet in a hostile manner, to rush against in conflict; to attack; to oppose; to meet by accident. To Encounter, en-koun^tur, v. n. To rush together in a hostile manner, to conflict ; to engage, to fight; to meet face to face; to come together by chance. Encounterer, en-koun-tur-ur, s. Opponent, antagonist, enemy ; one that loves to acco.«t others. To Encourage, 2n-kur-ridje, v. a. 60. To animate, to incite to any thing ; to give courhge to, tosupport thespirits, toembolden ; to raise confidence. Encouragement, en-kur-ndje-ment, s. Incitement to any action or practice, incentive; fa- vour, countenance, support. Encourager, en-kur-ndje-ur, s. 314. One thai supplies incitements lo any thing, a favourer. 7^0 Encroach, en-krotshj v. n. 295. To make invasions upon the right of another ; to advance gra- dually and by stealth upon that to which one has ho rignil Encroacher, en-kritsh-ur, s. One who seizes the possession of another by gradual and silent means ; r>no who makes slow and gradual advances beyond his rights. Encroachment, en-krotsh-ment, s. An unlaw- J79 ful Rathering in upon another man ; advance into the territories or rights of aviother. To Encumber, en-kum-bur, v. a. To clog, to loan, to impede; to load with debts. Encumbrance, en-kum-br^nse, s. Clog, load, impediment ; burden upon an estate. Encyclical, en-sik-le-k^l, a. 535. Circular, sent round through a large region. Encyclopedia, en-si-klo-pe-de-^, s. The circle of sciences, the round of learning. — See Cyclopedia. Encysted, en-SlS-ted, a. Enclosed in a vesicle or bag. End, end, s. Tlie extremity of any thing ; the con- conclusion or cessation of anything; the conclusion or last part of any thing ; ultimate state, final doom ; final determination, conclusion of debate or delibera- tion ; death; abolilion, total loss; fragment, broken piece; purpose, intCTition; thing intended, final de- sign ; an end, erect, as his hair stands an end. To End, end, v. a. To terminate, to conclude, to finish; to destroy, to put to death. To End, end, v. n. To come to an end 5 to con- clude, to cease. To Endamage, en-dim-idje, v. a. 99. To mi,. chief, to prejudice, to harm. To Endanger, en-dAn^jur, v. a. To put into hazard, to bring into peril; to incur the danger of, to hazard. To Endear, en-d^ei'{ v. a. 227. To make dear, to make beloved. Endearment, en-d^er-ment, *. The cause of love, means by which any thing is endeared ; the state of being endeared, the state of being loved. Endeavour, en-dev-ur, s. 234. Labour directed to some certain end. To Endeavour, en-dev^ur, v. n. Tc labour to a certain pinpose. To Endeavour, en-dev^ur, v, a. To attempt, to try. Endeavourer, en-dev^ur-ur, *. One who labours to a certain end. Endecagon, e.i-dek^^-gon, s. A plain figure of eleven sides and angles. Endemi Endej Endemi Peculiar to a country, used of any disease that aflTc-cls several people together in the same country, proceed- ing from seme cause peculiar lo the country where it reigns. To Endenize, en-den-iz, v. a. 159. To make free, to enfranchise. To Endenizen, en-denie-zn, v. a* 103. 234. To naturalize. To Endict, To Endite, To charge any man by a written accusation before a court of justice, as he was endicted for felony ; to draw up, to compose; to dictate. a^ Before Johnson publisnea his Dictionary, these words were universally spelt indict and indite. That great reformer of our language seems to have considered, that as the Latin indicere came to us through the French en- diter, we ought to adopt the French rather than the Latin preposition, especially as we have conformed to the French in the sound of the latter part of this word. But notwithstanding his authority, to ind.ct, signifying to charge, stands its ground, and to indite is used only when we mean to draw up or compose; in this sense, perhaps, it may not be improper to spell it endite, as it may serve to distinguish it from the other word, so diff'erent in sig- nification. ENDICTMENT,") i lU / a . „ >• en-ditei-ment, s. Enditement,J a bill or declaration made in form of law, or the be- nefit of , the commonwealth. Endive, en-div, s. An herb, succory. Endless, end^les, a. Without end, without con- clusion or termination; infinite in duia''oM, perpe- tual; incessant, continual. ven sides and angles. emial, en-de-m^-al, "1 EMICAL, en-dem-e-k^l, /^s EMiCK, en-demiik, J '"' ]• 3n-dlte; V. a. ENG ILNI !t> 559. FAte73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Endlessly, end-les-le, ad. Incessantly, per petiially; withnut termination of length. Endlessness, end-les-nes, *. Perpetuity, endless duration ; ilie quality of being round witliout an end. Endlong, end-l5ng, ad. In a straight line. Endmost, end-most, a. Remotest, furthest, at the furl her end. Ti Endorse, en-dorse{ v. a. To register on the bdck of a writing, to superscribe; to cover on the back. Endorsement, en-dorse-ment, s. Superscrip- tion, writing on the back; ratification. To Endow, en-doiij v. a. 313. To enrich with a portion ; to supply with any external goods; to enricli with any excellence. Endowment, eii-doii-ment, «. Wealth bestowed to any person or use; the bestowing or assuring a dower, the setting forth or severing a sufficient portion for pen>etual maintenance; gifts of nature. 7b Endue, en-du{ v. a. To supply with mental excellencies. Endurance, en-du-r^nse, s. Continuance, last- ingness. To Endure, en-dure{ v, a. To bear, to undergo, tn sustain, to support. To Endure, en-dt!irej v. n. To last, to remain, to coniinue ; to brook, to bear. Endurer, eil-dti-rur, s. 98. One that can bear or endure, sustainer, sufferer; eontinuer, laster. Endwise, end^wlze, ad. Erectly, on end. Enemy, en-e-ni^, *. A publick foe; a private op- ponent, an antagonist ; one that dislikes ; in theology, the fiend, the devii. Energetick, en-er-jet-ik, a. 530. Forcible, active, vigorous, efficacious. To Energize, en-er-jlze, v. n. To act with energy. Energy, en'er-jl, 5. 503. Power; force, vigour, efficacy; faculty, operation. To Enervate, l-ner-vdte, w. a. 91. To weaken, to deprive of force. Enervation, en-er-vi^shun, s. 530. The act of weakening ; the state of being weakened, effeminacy. To Enerve, e-nerv{ v. a. To weaken, to break the force of, to crush. To Enfeeble, en-fJ-bl, v. a. 405. To weaken, to enervate. To Enfeoff, en-fJefJ v. a. 256. To invest with any dignities or possessions. A law term. Enfeoffment, en-feef-ment, *. The act of in- feoffing; the instrument or deed by which one is in- vested with possessions. 7'o Enfetter, en-fet^tur, v. a. To bind in fetters, to enchain. Enfilade, en-fiJ-lideJ s. A strait passage. To Enforce, en-forsej v. a. To strengthen, to invigorate; to put in act by violence; to urge with energy ; to compel, to constrain. Enforcedly, en-fir-sed-ll, ad. 364. By violence, not voluntarily, not spontaneously. Enforcement, en-forse^^ment, s. An act of violence, compulsion, force offered ; sanction, that which gives force to a law ; pressing exigence. Enforcer, en-for-sur, s. 98. Compeller, one who effects by violence. To Enfranchise, en-fr^n-tshiz, v. a. 159. To admit to the privileges of a freeman ; to set free from slavery ; to free or release from custody ; to de- nizen. Enfranchisement, en-fr^n-tshiz-ment, s. Investiture of the privileges of a denizen; release from prison, or from slavery. Enfrozen, en-friizn, part. 103. Congealed with cold. - To Engage, ?n-gaie| v. a. To impawn, to stake; to enlist, to bring into a party ; to embark in an affair, 111 enter in an undertaking; to unite, to attack ; to in- duce, to win by pleasine means, to gain; to bind by ley any ajipointment or cor.tract ; to seize by the atten tion ; to employ, to hold in business; to encounter, to fight. To Engage, en-gAjeJ v. n. To conflict, to fight to embaik in any business, to enlist in any party. Engagement, en-gaje-ment, *. The act o engaging, impawning, or making liable to debt ; nbll. gation by contract ; adherence to a party or cause, par- tiality; employinent of the attention; fight, conflict, battle; obligation, motive. To Engaol, en-jalej v. a. To imprison, to confine. To Engarrison, cn-gir-re-sn, v. a. 170. To protect by a garrison. To Engender, en-jen-dur, v. a. To beget between different sexes; to produce, to 5or;n; to ex- cite, to cause, to produce; to bring forth. To Engender, en-j3nyur, v, n. 98. To be caused, to be produced. To Engine, en-jin, s. 140. Any mechanical complication, in which various movements and parts concur to one effect; a military machine; an instru- ment to throw water upon burning houses ; any meaiii used to bring to pass ; an agent for anotlier. (t3» Pronouncing this word as if written ingine, though very common, is very improper, and savours strongly of vulgarity. Engineer, en-je-neerj s. One who manages engines, one who directs the artillery of an army. Enginery, en-jin-re, s. The act of managing artillery; engines of war, artillery. To Engird, en-gerd{ v. a. 382. To encircle, to surround. Engle, eng-gl, s. 405. A gull, a put, a bubble. English, ing-glish, a. 101. Belonging to Eug'land. To Englut, en-glut,' v. a. To swallow up j to glut, to pamper. To Engorge, en-gorje{ v. a. To swallow, to de. vour, to gorge. To Engorge, en-gorjej v. n. To devour, to feed witw eagerness and voracity. To Engrain, en-grane{ v. a. To die deep, to die in grain. To Engrapple, en-grSp^pl, v. n. 405. To close with, to contend with, to hold on each other. To EngrASP, en-gl4spj v, a. To seize, to hold fast in the hand. To Engrave, en-grave{ v. a. Pret. Etigrnved. Part pass. JEngraued or Engraven. To picture by incisions in any matter; to mark wood or stone; to impress deeply, to imprint; to bury, to inter. Engraver, en-grA-viir, s. A cutter in stone or other matter. T'o Engross, en-gr5sej f. a. 162. To thicken, . to make thick ; to increase in bulk; to fatten, to plump up, to sei/.e in the gross; to purchase the whole of any commodity for the sake of selling it at a high price; to copy in a laree hand. — See Gross. Engrosser, en-gros'-siir, s. 98. He that puichases large quantities of any commodity in order to sell it at a high price. Engrossment, en-gros-ment, s. Appropriation of tilings in the gross, exorbitant acquisition. To Enguard, en-gard; v. a. 92. 332. To protect, to defend. To Enhance, en-h^nsej-r. a. 79. To ral(ie,to advance in price ; to raise in esteem; to aggravate. Enhancement, en-h^nse^ment, s. Augmentation of value; aggravation of ill. Enigma, l-nig-mit, s. 92. A riddle, an obscure question. Enigmatical, en-ig-mitt-e-k^l, a. 530. Obscure, ambiguously or darkly expressed. Enigmatically, cn-ig-ni^t-e-kAl-e, ad. Tn sense different from that which the words in their fa« miliar acceptation impiy. Enigmatist, e-nig-mi-tist, s. One who dcaU in obscure and arjibiguous matters. liNO ENS nor 1C7, nh 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 6il 299— pound 313— i/dn 46ff, Tuis 46*9^ To direct, to To Enjoin, en-joinj v. a. 299. order, to prescribe. EnJOINER, f n-j6ni-ur, S. Onewhogives injunctions. EnJOINMENT, el)-join-Ul3nt, S. Direction, com- mand. To Enjoy, en-joe( v. a. 329. To feel or perceive with pleasure ; to obtain possession or fruition of; to please, to gladden. To Enjoy, en-joej v. n. To live in happiness. Enjoyer, en-joe-ur, S. 98. One that has fruition. Enjoyment, en-joe-ment, s. Happiness, fruition. To Enkindle, en-kin^dl, v. a. 405. To set on fire, to inflame; to rouse passion-, to incite to any act or hope. To Enlarge, en-lai;je{ v. a. To make greater in qiiaiility or ap|)earance ; to dilate, to expand; to am- plify, to release from confinement; to diffuse in elo- quence. To Enlarge, 2ii-larjcJ v. n. To expatiate, to speak in many words. Enlargement, 2n-lar«ct-ment, s. Increase, angmentati'in, fariher extensi(u> j release from ciui- finemenl orservitude-. magnifying representation ; ex. patiating speech, copious discourse. Enlarger, en-lai-jiir, s. 98. Amplifier. To Enligiit, en-litej v. a. To illuminate, to supply will) light. To Enlighten, en-lUtn, v. a. 103. To illuminate, to suiiply with light ; to instruct, to fur- nisli with increase of kniiwlege; to supply with sight. EnligiiTENER, en-ll-tn-ur, S, One that gives light J instructor. To Enlink, en-link{ v. a. To chain to, to bind. To Enlist, en-list{ v. a. To enter into military service. (}:7> This word is not in Johnson's Vocabulary, but he has used it to explain the word to list; Ash has the word to inlUt, which, as the word is derived from the Freiuh Hue, a catalogue, is not so properly compounded as with the inseparable preposition en. To Enliven, en-lUvn, v. a. 103. To make quirk, to makealive, to animate; to make vigorous or active; to make sijvightly ; to make gay. Enlivener, en-ll-vn-ur, S. That which animates, that which invigorates. To Enlijmine, en-lu-min, v. a. 140. To illumine, to illuminate. To Enmarble, eu-mar-bl, v, a. 405. To turn to marbie. To Enmesh, en-meshj v. a. To net, to entangle. Enmity, en-iue-t^, S. Unfriendly disjjosition, malevolence, aversion; state of opposition; malice, mischievous attempts. To Ennoble, en-noUil, v. a. 405. To raise from ciimiuonalty to nobility; to dignify, to aggran- dize ; to elevate ; to make famous or illustrious. Ennoblement, en-iio'-bl-ment, s. The act of raising to the rank of nobility ; exaltation, elevation," dignity. Enoi.»ATU;N, en-o-da-shun, s. 530. The act of untying a Knot ; solution of a difficulty. EnoKMITY, e-nor-mc-te, *. Deviation from rule ; deviation from right; atrocious crime, flagitious vil- lany. Enormous, ^-nor-raSs, a. 314. irregular, out of rule; wicked beyond the common measure; exceed- ing in bulk the common measure. Enormously, e-nSr-mus-le, ad. Beyond measure. Enormousness, c-nor^mus-nes, s. Immeasurable wickedness. Enough, e-nui'J a. 314. 391. Being in a sufficient measure, such as may satisfy. Enough, e-nufj S. Something sufficient in great- ness or excellence. ENOUGH; i-nufj ad. in a sufficient degree, in The plural of Enough,- a degree that gives satisfaction ; an exclamation noting fulness or satiety. Enow, e-nou,' a. 322. A sufficient number. (J:7- This word is growing obsolete, but is not quite S9 much out of date as the word Mo, signifying a greatei number. We still hear snnie speakers talk of having ink enough and ; ens enow ; but the greater part seem now to use enough bmh forquantity and number; as more ha» been so used for some centuries. To Enrage, en-rajej v, a. To irritate, to provoke, to make furious. To Enhance, en-rinje{ v. a. To place regularly, to put into order. To EnrANK, en-rilngk{ v. a. To place in orderly ranks. To Enrapt, en-rapt{ v. a. To throw into an ecstasy, to transport into enthusiasm. To Enrapture, en-i4p-tsbure, v. a. To transport wiili pleasure. To Enravish, en-riv-ish, v. a. To throw into ecstasy. Enravishment, en-riv-isli-ment, *. Ecstacyof dcliiiht. To Enrich, en-ntshj v. a. To make wealthy, to make opulent ; to fertilize, to make fruitful ; to store, to supply with augmentation of any thing desirable. Enrichment, en-ritsb-nient, *. AHjjmentation of wt-alth ; improvement by addition. To Enridge, en-ridjej v, a. To form with longitudinal protuberances or ridges. To Enring, cn-riiigj v. a. To bind pound, or encircle. Til Enripen, en-n-pn, v. a. To ripen, to mature. To Enrobe, en-iobe{ v. a. To Enrol, cn-iolej v. a. 406. To insert in a roll or register ; to record; to involve, to iiiwiap. Enroller, en-rol-l?ir, s. He that enrols, he that registers. Enrolment, en-ril-ment, *. in v.liicli any thing is recorded. To Enroot, en-root{ v. a. the root. 7'o Enround, t'ii-round{ w. a. 312. To environ, to surround, to enclose. lli.VS, ellZ, S. Any being or existence. To Ensanguine, en-s5ng-g\viii, v. a. 340. To smear with, gore, to suffuse with blood. To Enschedule, en-sed-ule, v. a. To insert in a schedule or writing. — See Scheitidc. To Ensconce, en-skftnsej v. a. To cover as with a fort. To Enseam, en-seme{ v. a. 227. To sew up, to enclose by a scam. To Ensear, en-sere| v. a. 227. To cauterize, to stanch or stop with fire. To Enshield, en-shet'JdJ v. a. 275. To cover. To Enshrine, en-shrliiej v, a. To enclose in a chest or cabinet ; to preserve as a thing sacred. EnSIFORM, ell-Se-form, a. Having the sliape of sword. Ensign, en-slne, S. 385. The .lag or standard of a regiment; badge, or mark of distinction ; the officer of foot who carries the flag. !fc3' I have given the last syllable of this word the long sound, as I am convinced it is the most correct, though I am of opinion that, in the military profession, it is oflcner pronounced short, as if writtan e/tfin. Some rea- sons from analogy might be produced in favour of this latter pronunciation, 14+ ; but they do not seem sufficien,t to outweVgh the more general usage which declares for the former. Ensignbearer, en-slne-bi-rur, s. He that carries the flag. EnsigNCY, eil^sin-S^, S. The offlce ot an ensign. JO- I have not met with this word in anv of our Die tionaries, but, from its very frequent use In the polite world, am persuaded it deserves a place there, and par- 103. To dress, to clotlie. Register ; writing 306. To fix by ENT ENT fcs- 559. The 73, far, 77, fall 83, f^t 81— mJ 93, met 95— plne"l05, p'n 107— no 162, m2ve, 164, ticularly ii> a Pronouncing Dictionary; as it must be re marked, tliat tliougU llie second syllable pf ensign is ge- nerally and more correctly pronounced with the i long, tlie same letter in tlie same syllable of ensigncy is alwajs short. To Enslave, en-slavej v. a. To reduce to servitude, to deprive of liberty ; to make over to an- other as his slave. Enslavement, en-slive-ment, s. The state of servitude, slavery. Enslaver, en-sli-Vur, S. He that reduces others to a slate of servitude. To Ensnare. — See fnsnare. To Ensue, en-suj v. a. To follow, to pursue. To Ensue, en-suj v. n. To follow as a conse- quence to premises ; to succeed in a train of events, or course of time. Ensurance, en-shu-rSnse, s. Exemption from hazard, obtained by the paymentof a certain sum ; the sum paid for security. EnSURANCER, en-shu-r^n-Sur, S. He who un- dertakes to exempt frnm hazard. To Ensure, eii-shurej v. a. To ascertain, to make certain, to secure; to exempt any thing from hazard by paying a certain sum, on condition of being reimbursed for miscarriage. O:^" As this word and its compounds come from the word sure, they all retain the aspirated pr'inunci.iticm of the s in that word, 454 ; and it is not a little surprising that Mr. Sheridan has omitted to mark it. Ensurer, eii-shu-rur, S. One who makes con- tracts of ensurance. Entablature, eii-tAb'-ht-tshure, "1 Entablement, en-t:l-bl-iiient, J In architecture, the architrave, frieze, and cornico of a pillar. Entail, en-tale,' s. 202. The estate entailed or settled, with regard to the rule of its descent j the rule of descent settled for any estate. To Entail, eil-tilej v. a. To settle the descent of any estate so that it cannot be, by any subsequent pos- sessor, bequeathed at pleasure. To EntaME, en-tamej v. a. To tame, to sub- jugate. To Entangle, en-tAngig^l, v. a. 40.5. To enwrap or ensnare with something nm easily extri- calile ; to twist or confuse ; to involve in diftitulties, to perplex. Entanglement, en-ting-gl-ment, s, intricacy, perplexity, puzzle. EnTANGLER, en-t4ng-glur, S, One that entangles. To Enter, en-ter, v, a. 98. To go or come into any place ; to initiate in a business, method, or society ; to set down in a writing. To Enter, en-ter, v. n. To come in, to go in i to penetrate mentallv, to make intellectual entrance; to engage in ; to be initiated in. Entering, en-ter-ing, *. Entrance, passage into a place. To EnteRLACE, en-ter-lAse{ v. a. To intermix. EnTEROCELE, en-ter-O-Sele, S. A tumour formed by the prolapsion of the intestines into the scrotum. — See Hydrocele, Enterology, en-t^-r&l-i-ji, S. The anatomical account of the bowels and internal parts. Enterprise, en-ter-prlze, s. An undertaking of hazard, ati arduous attempt. To Enterprise, cn-ter-prize, v, a. To under- take, lo attempt, to essay. Enterpriser, en-ter-prl-zur, s. A man of en- terprise, one who undertakes great things. 3'» Entertain, en-ter-tine' v. a. To converse with, to talk with; to treat at the table; to receive hospitably ; lo keep in one's service; to reserve in ihe mind; to please, to amuse, to divert; to admit with satisfaction. Entertainer, en-ter-ta-nur, s. He tiiat keeps others in his service ; he that treats others at his table; he that pleases, diverts, or amuses. 182 Entertainment, cn-ter-tAne-mlnt, s. Conver. sation ; treatment at the table : hospitable reception; payment of soldiers or servants; amusement diver- sion; dramatick performance, the lower comtdy. Entertissued, en-ter-tish-ijde, a. Interwoven or intermixed with various colours or substances. To Enthrone, en-f/tronej v. a. To place on regal seat ; to invest with sovereign authority. Enthusiasm, en-^/iii-zhe-^zm, s. A vain belief of private revelation, a vain confidence of divine fa- vour; heat of imagination ; elevation of fancy, exalta- tion of ideas. (fry- For the pronunciation of the third syllable of this and the three following words, see Bcctesiastick, and Principles, No. 451. Enthusiast, ^n-thu'-zh^-^st, s. One who vainly imagines a private revelation, one wlio has a vain con- fidence of Ills intercourse witli God ; one of a hot ima- gination ; one of elevated fancy, or exalted ideas. Enthusiastical, en-^Au-zhe-^s^te-kll, I Enthusiastick, en-Mu-7he-as^tik, / Persuaded of some communication with the Deity; vehemently hot in any cause; elevated in fancy; ex- alted in ideas. EntHYMEME, en'-the-meme, S. An argument con- sisting only of an antecedent and consequential propo- sition. To Entice, en-tlsej v. a. To allure, to attract, to draw by blandishment or hopes. Enticement, en-tlse-ment, s. The act or practice of alluring to ill ; the means by which one ig allured to ill ; allurement. En TICER, en-tl-S?tr, *. 98. One that allures to ill. Enticingly, en-tI-sing-1^, ad. Charmingly, in a winning manner. EnTIERTY, en-tlre-t^, S. Completeness. fcj~ Tliif word, though very exoressive, is '11 formed; as It Is apt to induce u'i to pronounce the last e in a distinct syllaine, as in sobiitfly, variety, oic. but as this word is a forma:i(ui of <>nr own, we must be careful to pronounce it in three syllables. Entire, tn-tirej a. Whole, undivided ; unbroken, complete in its parts; full, complete; in lull strength. Entirely, en-tire-le, ad. In the whole, witiiout division; completely, fully. EntIRENESS, en-tJre-neS, S. Completeness, falness. To Entitle, en-tl-tl, v. a. 405. To grace or dignify with a title or honourable appellation; to su- perscribe or prefix as a title; to give a claim to any thing; to grant any thing as claimed by a title. ' Entity, ell-t^-t^, S. Something which really is, a real being ; a particular species of being. To Entoil, en-t6il| v. a. To insnare, to entangle, to bring into toils or nets. To Entomb, en-toom| v. a. To put into a tomb. Entrails, en-tnls, *. 208. The intestines, the bowels, the guts ; the internal parts ; recesses, caverns. E.N'TRANCE, en-trinse, s. The power of entering into a place; the act of entering; the passage by which a place is entered, avenue; initiation, com- menccmeut; the act of taking possession of an office or dignity ; the beginning of any thing. To Entrance, en-transej v. a. Ql- To pi;t into a trance, to withdraw the soul wholly to other regions; to put into an ecstasy. To Entrap, en-tripj v. a. To insnare, to catch in a trap; to involve unexpectedly in ditiiculties ; to take advantage of. To Entreat, eii-tretej v. a. 227. To petition, to solicit, lo importune; to prevail upon by solicita- tion ; lo treat or use well or ill. To Entreat, en-trctej v. n. To offer a treaty oi compact; to treat, todisconrse; to make a pelilinn. Entreatance, en-tre-tinse, s. Petition solicitation. Entreaty, en-tre-te, *. Petition, prayer, s( licita> li(ui. Entry, en^tre, s. The passage by which any ona enters a house; the act of entrance, ingress; tiie act EPA EPI nXr ler, nSt 103— tibe 171, tub 172, bull ns—oil 299— pSSnd 313— , s. 182. Pain felt and malignity conceived at the sight of excellence or happiness ; rivalry, competition ; malice. To Enwheel, en-wbe^l{ v. a. To encompass, to encircle, "^o Enwomb, en-woomj v. a. To make pregnant ; to bury, to hide. Epact, e-pikt, *. A number whereby we note the exicss of the common solar year above the lunar, and theieby may find out the age of the moon every year. Epaulet, ep^aw-let, s. A military sfhoulder-orna- ment. Epaulment, e-pawl-inent, *. In fortification, a siucwork made either of earth thrown up, of 'lags of eartii, gabions, or of fascines and earth. 181 EpeNTHESIS, e-pan'-thc-sis, S. 503. C. The ad- dition of a vowel or consonant in the middleof a ward. Ephemera, e-fem-^-rA, s. 92. A fever that terminates in one day ; an insect that lives only one day. ttZy- I was much surprised when I found Mr. Sheridan had given the long open sound of e to the second syllable c>( Ephemera, Ephemeris, &c. If it was in compliment to the Greek eta, the same reason shonkl have induced him to give the sound of long e to tjie first syllable of Hemistich, Demagogue, and Rhetorick. Ephemeral, e-fem-e-ril, 88. \ Ephemerick, e-fem'-e-nk, 510. J "' Diurnal, beginning and ending in a day. Ephemeris, e-fem-e-ns, s. A journal, an account of daily transactions ; an account of the daily motions and situations of the planets. Ephemerist, e-fem-e-rist, *. One who consults the planets, one who studies astrology. Ephod, ef-ftd, or e-f4d, s. An ornament worn by the Hebrew priests. Kj- Scntt, Buchanan, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash, adopt the first ; Eutick and Kenrick tlie last, which, in my opinion, is the best. Epic, ep-ik, «. Comprising narrations, not acted, not rehearsed. It is usually supposed to be heroick. Epicedium, cp-^-se-de-um, s. An elegy, a psem upon a funeral. Epicure, ep-^-kure, s. A man given wholly to luxury. Epicurean, ep-i-ki-ri-tn, s. One who holds the principles of Epicurus.— See European. Epicurean, ep-i-ku-ri-Hn, a. Luxurious, con- tributing to luxury. Epicurism, ep-^-ku-rlzm, s. Luxtiry, sensual enjoyment, gross pleasure. Epicurism, ep-^-ktj-nzm, s. The principles of Epicurus. 03- Mr. Mason tells us that this word should have the accent on the third syllable. For my own part, I think that accentuation of the word as faulty as the explana- tion. It seems to me that Epicureanism is an attach- ment to the doctrines of Epicurus ; and that Epicurism is formed from the word Epicure, which signifies a sen- sualist, and particularly in eating, or rather delicacy in eating. A lady once told Mr. Hume, that she had heard he was a great Epicure; No, Madam, said he, I am only a Glutton. Epicv-CLE, ep^^-sl-kl, s. 405. A little circle whose centre is in the circumference of a greater, or a small orb dependant on a greater, as the moon on the earth. Epicycloid, ep-e-sl-kloid, s. A curve generated by the revolution of the periphery of a circle along the convex or concave part of another circle. Epidemical, ep-e-dem-e-kill, "1 Epidemick, ep-i-dem-ik, 509. J That falls at once upon great numbers of people, as a plague; generally prevailing, alfecting great num- bers; general, universal. Epidermis, ep-e-der-mis, s. The scarf-skin of a man's body. Epigram, epi^-grim, s. A short poem terminating in a point. Epigrammatical, ep-^-grAm-m^tie-k^l, 1 Epigrammatick, ep-^-grim-mAt-ik, 509. / Dealing in epigrams, writing epigrams; suitable to epigrams, belonging to epigrams. Epigrammatist, ep-e-gi4m-m^-tist, s. One who writes or deals in epigrams. Epilepsy, ep-e-lep-se, *. A convulsive motion of the whole body, or of some of its parts, with a loss of sense. EpilepticK, cp-^-lep^tlk, a. 509. Convulsed. Epilogue, ep-e-!6g, s. 338. The poem or speech at the end of a play. EpinicioN, ej)-e-iiish-e-ori, s. A song for victoryj a festival to commemorate a victory (from the Greek iTTi', it/;oi!, and \Un, a victory), Epiphany, ^-piW^-ii^, s. A church f^stiviil. EQU (K^559. Fite 73, far 77, fall 83, l4t81— ine93, celebrated on the twelfth day after Christmas, in com- memoration of our Saviour's l)eing manifested to tlve world, by the appearance of a miraculous blazing star. EpIPHONEMA, ep-e-fo-Iie-m^., S. 92. An excla- mation, a conclusive sentence not closely connected with the wards foregoing. Epiphora, e-pif-fo-r^, s. 92. An inflamation of any part. Epiphysis, e-pif-e-sis, s. 520. Accretion, the parts added by accretion. Episcopacy, ^-pis-ko-pi-s^, *. The government of bishops, established by the apostles. Episcopal, e-pls-ko-pil, a. Belonging to a bishop ; vested in a bisliop. Episcopate, ^-pis-ko-pAte, s. 91. A bishoprick. Episode, ep-e-SOde, *. An incidental narrative, or digression in a poem, separable from the main subject. Episodical, ep-c-s6die-k^l, \ Episodick, ep-e-sSd-ik, 509. J Contained in an episode. EpISPASTICK, ep-e-Sp^S-tlk, ff. Drawing; blister- ing. Epistle, ^-pis-sl, s. 472. A letter. — See Apostle. Epistolary, 6-pisit6-lar-e, t Relating to letters, suitable to letters; transacced by letters. EpiSTLER, e-piS-lur, ,y. 93. A scribbler of letters. Epitaph, ep-e-taf, S, An inscription upon a tomb- stone. Epithalamium, ep-e-^/ti-la-me-um, s. A nuptial song upon marriage. Epithem, ep-e-^Aem, S, A liquid medicament externally applied. Epithet, ep-e-^Aet, S. An adjective denoting any quality good or bad. Epitome, e-pit-o-me, s. Abridgment, abreviature. To Epitomise, 5-pit-6-nilze, v. a. To abstract, to contract into a narrow space ; to diminish, to curtail. Epitomiser, e-pit-6-ml-zur, \ Epitomist, e-pit'-o-mist, J An abridgcr, an abstracter Epoch, ep'-ok, or e-pok Epocha, ep-iS-kA, Tlietime at whicli a new computation is begun, from which dates are numbered. G3^ As the last of these words is Latin, from the Greek firoxJi, the Latin accent and quantity on the antepenul- timate syllable is preserveil by polite speakers ; and the first being aiiglicised, and containing only two syllables, falls into the quantiiy of the original. Sheridan, Bu- chanan, Nares, and Ash, make the first syllable of e/)oc/i short ; but Perry and Kenrick, in my opinion, make it more properly long. Epode, eiJ-ode, o>' e-pode, s. The stanza after the strophe and antistrophe. 5^ Sheridan, Entick, Scott, Perry, W. Johnston, Nares, and Ash, make the first e short ; but Kenrick makes it long, as, in my opinion, it ought to be, 545. Epopee, tfp-o-pej S. An epic or hcroick poem. liPULATION, ep-u-la-shi'in, S. A feast. EPULOTICK,ep-u-lot-ik, S, A cicatrizing medica- ment. Equability, e-kwa-bil-e-te, s. Equality to itself, evenness, uniformity. Equable, e^kwtVbl, «. 405. Equal to itself, even, uniform. Equably, e^kwa-ble, aii. Uniformly, evenly, equally to itself. Equal, e'kw.^l, «. 36. 88. Like another in bulk, or any quality that admits comjiarison; adequate to any purpose; even, uniform; in just proportion ; im- partial, neutral ; indifferent; equitable; advantageous alike to both parties ; upon the same terms. Equal, e-kwal, s. One not inferior or superijr to another J one of the same age. To Equal, e-kwal, v. a. To make one thing cr person equal to another ; to rise to the same state with anotlier person ; to recompense fully. 184 EQU '■h 545. met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 1C2, move 164, To Equalise, e-kwv^l-ize, v. a. To make even to be equal to. Equality, e-kw^Ke-te, *. 86. Likeness wiiiv regard to any quantities compared ; the same degree o dignity ; evenness, uniformity, equability. Equally, e-k\Val-le, ad. In the same degree with another; evenly, equably, uniformly ; impartially. EqUANGULAR, e-kw^ng-gu-lir, a. Consisting o. equal angles. Equanimity, e-kw^-nim-e-te, s. Evenness of mind, neither elated nor depressed. Equanimous, e-kw^n-e-mus, a. Even, not dejected. Equation, e-kwa-shun, s. The investigation of a mean proportion collected from the extremities of ex- cess and defect ; in algebra, an expression of the same quantity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value; in astronomy, the difference between the time marked by the Sim's apparent motion, and that measured by its motion. Equator, e-kwa-tur, s. 166. A great circle, whose poles are the poles of the world. It divides the globe into two equal parts, the northern and southern hemispheres. Equatorial, e-kwi-to-re-^1, a. Pertaining to the equator. Equestrian, e-kwes-tre-^n, a. Appearing on horseback ; skilled in horsemanship; belonging to the second rank in Rome. Equery, e-kwei-e, *. Master of the horse, Equicrural, e-kwe-kioo-nll, a. Having the legs of an equal length. Equidistant, e-kwe-dis-taiit, a. At the same distance. Equidistantly, e-kwe-dis^t;liit -le, ad. At the same distance. Equiformity, e-kwe-for-nie-te, «. Uniform equality. Equilateral, e-k\ve-lit-ei-;tl, a. Having all sides equal. To Equilibrate, e-kwe-li-br;\te, v. a To balance equally. Equilibration, e-kwe-lI-brA-shun, s. Equipoise. Equilibrium, e-kwe-lib-re-um, s. Equipoise, equality of weight; equality of evidence, mo'ives or powers. Equinecessary, e-kwe-nes-ses-s^r-e, a. Needful in the same degree. Equinoctial, e-kwe-iii^k-shil, s. 88. The line that encompasses the world at an equal distance from either pole, to which circle when the sun ccnus, he makes equal days and nights all over the globe. Equinoctial, e-kwe-nftk-shil, a. Pertaining to the equinox; happening about the time of the equi- noxes : being ntar the equinoctial line. Equinoctially, e-kwe-n3k-sh4l-e, ad. In the direction of the equinoctial. Equinox, e'kwe-lloks, s. Equinoxes are the precise times in which the sun enters into the first point of Aries and Libra; for then, moving exactly under the equinoctial, he makes our days and nights equal; equinoctial wind. Equinumerant, e-k\ve-nu-me-r^nt, a. Having the same number. To Equip, e-k\Vip{ l>. a. To furnish for a horse- man ; to furnish, to accoutre, to fit out. Equipage, ek-kwe-paje, s. 90. Furniture for a horseman; carriage oisttite, vehicle; attendance, re- tinue; accoutrements, furniture. Equipendency, e-kwe-peii-den-se, s. The an of hanging in equipoise. Equipment, e-kwip-meiit, s. The art of equip. ping or accoutcring; accoutrement, equipage. Equipoise, e-kw^-pbize, s. Equality of weigh; equilibration. EqUIPOLLENCE, e-kvV(i-p5l-lense, J. Equality o. force or power. t7- Tlie strong tendency of our language to an encli ERE ERV nor 167, n3t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, Tills 469. tical pronunciation, 513, would induce me to give the ante- penultimate accent to this and the following word, in opposition to Mr. Sheridan and others ; as no good reason can be given to the ear, why they should not have this accent, as well as equivalent, equivocal, &c. But as JEquivalens and Mquivocns have the accent on the ante- penultimate in Latin, and Mquipollens on the penulti- mate, and the number of syllables being the same in Dotli languages, the accent is generally on the Sume syl- jable, i03. Equipollent, ^-kw^-polilent, a. Having equal power or force. Equh'onderance, ^-kwe-pSn-der-^nse, "I Equiponderancy, e-kw^-pSn-der-an-s^, J *' Equality of weight. EyuiPONDERANT, e-kwe-p6n-der-ant, a. Being of the same weight. To Equiponderate, e-kwe-pon-dcr-ate, v. n. To weigh equal to any thing. EguiPONDious, ^-kw^-p6n-de-us, a. Equilibrated, equal on either part. Equitable, ek-kwe-tA-bl, a. 405, Just, due to justice; loving justice, candid, impartial. Equitably, ek-kwe-t4-ble, ad. Justly, impartially. Equity, ek-kwe-te, S. Justice, right, honesty J impartiality; in law, the rules of decision observed by the Court of Chancery. Equivalence, ^-kwiviv^-lense, \ Equivalency, ^-kwiv-vi-len-su, J ' Equality of power or worth. Equivalent, ^-kwiv^v4-lent, a. Equal in value; equal in excellence; of the same import or meaning. Equivalent, 5-kwiv-v^-Ient, s. A thing of the same weight, dignity, or value. Equivocal, e-kwiv-vo-kll, a. Of doubtful signi- fication, meaning different things ; uncertain, doubt- ful. Equivocally, e-kwivivi-k^l-e, ad. Ambiguously, in a doubtful or double sense; hy uncer- tain or irregular birth, by generation out of tile stated order. Equivocalness, e-kwiv^vi-kJl-ncs, s. Ambiguity, double meaning. To Equivocate, e-kwiv^vo-kite, v. n. To use words of double meaning, to use ambiguous expressions. Equivocation, ^-kwiv-vo-ka-shun, s. Ambiguity of speech, double meaning. Equivocator, ^-kwiv-vo-ka-tur, s. 521. One who uses ambiguous language. Era, t'-ra, s. The account of time from any particular date or epoch. Eradiation, e-ri-de-a-shun, *. 534. Emission of radiance. To Eradicate, e-rkd'-h-klte, v. a. To pull up by the root; to destroy, to end. Eradication, ^-rM-e-ka-sb?in, s. The act of tearing up hy the root, destruction ; the state of being torn up by the roots. Eradicative, e-rid-J-ktt-tiv, a. 512. That cures radically. To Erase, ^-risej v. a. To destroy, to rub out ; to expunge. — See To Rase, ErASEMENT, e-rAse-ment, S. Destruction, devasta- tion ; expunction, abolition. ErASTIANISM, ^-rJst-yun-lzm, S. The doctrine or principles of Erastu.i, a physician of Switzerland, who held that excommunication, in achristi?n state, was lodged in the hands of the civil magistraie. |2re, Are, ad. 94. Before, sooner than. Erelong, ire-l6ng{ ad. Before a long time had elapsed. Erenow, ire-nouj ad. Before this time. Erevvhile, iie-hwilej Erewhiles, Are-hwilz Sometime ago, before a little while. To Erect, t-rektj v. a. To place perpendicularly 185 ad. to the horizon ; to raise, to build; to elevate, to exalt to animate, to encourage. To Erect, e-rektj v, n. To rise upriuht. Erect, ^-rektj a. Upright ; directed upv/aid* bold, confident, vigorous. Erection, e-rlk-shun, s. The act of raisinr, or state of being raised upward; the act of building ot raising edifices. Erectness, ^-rekt-nes, s. Uprightness of posture. Eremite, er-i-mite, s. 155. One who lives in a wilderness, a hermit. Eremitical, er-e-mit-e-k^l, a. Religiously solitary. Erep TATION, e-rep-tA-shun, S. A creeping forth. Ereption, e-rep-shun, S. A snatching or taking away by force. Ergot, er-g3t, s. 166. A sort of stub, like a piece of horn, placed behind and below the pastern joint. Ertngo, ^-ring-g6, S. Sca-hoUy, a plant. Eristical, ^-ris-te-kil, a. Controversial, relating to dispute. Ermine, er-min, S. 140. An animal that is found in cold countries, and which very nearly resem- bles a weasel in shape; having awhile pile, and the tip of the tail black, and furnishing a choice and Ta< luable fur. Ermined, erimind, a. 363. Clothed with ermine. To Erode, ^-rode{ v. a. To canker, or eat away, Erogation, er-ri-gi-shun, s. The act of giving or bestowing. Erosion, ^-roizhun, s. 451. The act of eating away ; the state of being eaten away. To Err, er, v. n. To wander, to ramble ; to misg the right way ; to stray ; to deviate from any purpose ; to commit errors, to mistake. Errand, ^r-rilld, .S. A message, something to be told or done by a messenger. C?" This word is generally pronounced as it is marked ; but might, perhaps, without pedantry, be more properly pronounced as it is written. Errable, er^ri-bl, a. 405. Liable to err. Errableness, er-ri-bl-nes, s. Liableiiess to err. Errant, er-rint, a. Wandering, roving, rambling i vile, abandoned, completely bad. (f^ This word is generally pronounced exactly like a»- rant, when it has the same signification ; but when ap- plied to a Kniglit, it is more correctly pronounced regu- larly as it is marked. Errantry, er-rint-r^, s. An errant state, the condition of a wanderer ; the employment of a knight errant. Errata, er-ra-ti. The plural of Erratum. The faults of the printer or author inserted in the be. ginning or end of the book. Erratick, er-rit-lk, a. Wandering, uncertain, keeping no certain order; irregular, changeable. Erratically, er-r^t-e-k4l-e, ad. Wlthoui rule, without method. Erroneous, er-ro-ne-us, a. unsettled ; mistaking, misled by error. Erroneously, er-ro-ne-us-le, ad. not rigiitly. Erroneousness, er-ro-ne-us-nes, s. falsehood, inconformity to truth. Errour, er-rur, s. 314. Mistake, involuntary deviation from truth ; a blunder, a mistake committed; roving excursion, irregular course. Better written error. Erst, erst, ad. First ; at first, in the beginning ; once, when time was; formerly, long ago; before, till then, till now. Erubescence, er-ru-bes^sense, \ Erubescency, er-ru-bes-sen-sl,/*' Tlie act of growing red, redness. Erubescent, er-ru-bes'-sent, a. Reddish, some, what red Wandering, By mistake Physical 510. ESP EST C3- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, ftlt 81— m6 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164, To Eruct, ^-ruktj v. a. To belch, to break wind from tlie stomacli. Eructation, e-mk-tA-sliun, s. The act of belching; belch, the matter vented, Erudite, er-u-dltej n. Learned. Erudition, er-u-dish-un, s. Learning, knowledge. ErUGINOUS, ^-ru-je-nus, a. Partaking of the nature of copper. Eruption, e-rup-shun, *. The act of breaking or 'bursting f(irth ; burst, emission; sudden excursion of a hostile kind; efflorescence, pustules. Eruptive, ^-rup-tiv, a. Bursting forth. Erysipelas, er-e-sip-^-l^s, s. An eruption of a hot acrid humour. Escalade, es-k^-lide| s. The act of scaling the walls. Escalop, sk&l-lup, S. A shell fish, whose shell is indented. To Escape, e-skape{ v. a. To fly, to avoid ; to pass unobserved To Escape, e-skape,' v. n. To fly, to get out of danger. Escape, e-ska.pe| s. Flight, the act of getting out of danger: in law, violent or privy evasion out of lawful . I'iistraiiit; oversight, mistake. Eschalot, shil-l5t5 *. a plant. Eschar, es-k^r, s. 353. A hard crust or scar made by hot applications. ESCHAROTICK, es-ki-r&t-ik, a. Caustick, having the power to sear or burn the flesh. Escheat, es-tshJte{ s. Any lands, or other profits, that fall to a lord within his manor by for- feiture, or the death of his tenant, dying without heir general or especial. &:> This, and the three following words not being de- rived from the learned languages, have the cA pronounced in the English manner. To Escheat, es-tshetej v. a. To fall to the lord of the manor by forfeiture. Escheator, es-tshe-tur, *. 166. An officer that observes the escheats of the king in the county whereof he is escheator. To Eschew, es-tshoo,' v. a. To fly, to avoid, to shun. CC?- This word, from its being almost antiquated, has escaped the criticism of all our orthbepists, except Mr. Elphinston, who contends that it ought to be pro- nounced as if written eske'j). " No wonder eskeip (he says) often falsely articulated, because falsely exhibited eschew, was ocularly traced from the old scheoir (after- wards echoir), to devolve or escheat, rather 'han frf^m esquiver, to parry, avoid, oreskew, by those to whom the body of the child and the soul of the parent were equally unknown." The etymological abilities of this gentle- man in the French and English languages are unques- tionable ; but the pronunciation of this word seems fi.xed to its orthography ; and beyond the reach of etymo.ogy to alter. Words, like lsnd,have a limitationto their rights. When dii ortnugrapny and pronunciation have obtained for a long time, though by a false title, it is ^)erhaps better to leave them in quiet possession, than to iisturb the language by an ancient, though perhaps better claim. Escort, es-kort, S. 492. Convoy, guard from place to place. To Escort, es-kortj v. a. To convoy, to guard trom place to place. Escritoir, es-kru-torej s. A box with all the implements necessary for writing. Escuage, es^ki-Aje, *. 90. A kind of knight's service. Esculent, es'ku-lent, a. Good foi food, eatable. Esculent, es'ku-lent, *. Something fit for food. Escutcheon, es-kfitsh-in, s. 259. The shield of the family, the picture of the ensigns armorial. E.SPALIER, es-piliyer, *. 113. Trees planted and cut so as to join. ^SPECIAL, e-speishill, a. Pnncipal, chief. 186 Especially, ^-spesh-Al-^, ad. Principally chiefly. Esperance, es-pe-rtnsej *. French. Hope. Espial, ^-spl-il, s. A spy, a scout. Espionage. {fc> A perfect French word, signifying the practice of a spy. This word has been of late much iiitniductd into political publications, when, perhaps, there was never less use for it. That our language is without this word, is a compliment to our government ; but if we must have an useless word, let it be one in our own analogy, and call it espiery. Esplanade, es-plA-nideJ s. The empty space be- tween the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of th« town. Espousals, J-spou-zils, *. (Without a singular). The act of contracting or affiancing a man and woman to each other. Espousal, e-sp3ii-z4l, a. Used in the act of espousing or betrothing. To Espouse, e-spouze{ v. a. To contract or betroth to another; to marry, to wed; to maintain, to defend. To Espy, e-spij v. n. To see a thing at a distance; to discover a thing intended to be hid; to see un« expectedly ; to discover as a spy. Esquire, ^-skwirej S. The armour- aearer or attendant on a knight; a title of dignity, and next in degree below a knight. 7h Essay, es-sk', v. a. To attempt, to try, to .endeavour; to make experimerts of ; to try the value '.and purity of metais. Essay, es-si, s. 492. Att?mpt, endeavour; a loose performance ; an irregular indigested piece ; an easy, free kind of composition ; atrial, an experiment. Essayist, es-sa-ist, .«. One who makes essays. Essence, es-sense, *. Existence, the quality of being; constituent substance; the cause of exist ence; the very nature of any being; in medicine, the chief properties or virtues of any simple, or compo- sition, collected into a narrow compass; perfume, odour, scent. To Essence, es-sense, v. a. To perfume, t» scent. Essential, es-sen-sh4l, a. Necessary to the con- stitution or existence of any thing; important in the highest degree, principal; pure, highly rectified, subr tilely, elaborated. (pj- What has been observed of the word efface is ap- plicable to this word : the same reasons have induced me to diflFer frm Mr. Sheridan in the division of especial, espousal, establish, &c. as 1 have no doubt, in words o| this form, where the two first crmsonants are combinable, that they both go to the second syllable, and leave the vowel in the first long and open. Essential, es-sen-shil, *. Existence; first or constituent principle , the chief point. Essentially, es-£«n-sh^l-le, ad. By the con stitution of nature. ESSOINE, es-soinj s. Allegement of an excuse for him that is -summoned, or sought for, to appear; ex- cuse, exemption. To Establish, e-stib-hsh, v. a. To settle firmly, to fix unalterably ; to found, to build firmly, to fix iminoveably ; to make settlement of any inhe- . ritance. Establishment, ^-stib-lish-ment, s. Settle- ment, fixed state; seitled regulation, form, model j allowance, income, salary. Estate, e-StateJ *. The general interest, tf.e piiblick; condition of life; fortune, possession in land. To Esteem, e-steemj v. a. To set a value, whether high or low, up(ni any tbing ; to prize, to rale high ; to hold in opinion, to think, to imagine. Esteem, e-steemj *. High value, reverential regard. Esteemer, ^-steem-ur, *. One that highly values, one that sets a high rate upon any ihing. Estimable, es-te-mi-bl, a. 405. Valuable, worth 1 large price; worthy of esteem, worthy of ho- nour. ETH EVA n8r ler, n$t 163— tibe 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469. EsTiMAlLENESS, esite-mi-bl-nes, *. The quality of deser /iiig regard. 7^0 Estimate, es^t^-mite, v. a. To rate, to adjust the value of ; to judge of any thing by its pro- portion to something else ; to calculate, to compute. Estimate, es-te-mate, *. 91. Computation, calculaticin ; value; valuation, assignment of propor- tioned value; opinion, judgment; esteem, regard, lionour. Estimation, es-te-ma^shun, *. The act of adjusting proportioned value; calculation, computa- tion; opinion, judgment ; esteerti, regard, honour. Estimative, es-te-m^-tiv, a. 512. Having the power of comparing and adjusting the preference. Estimator, es-te-raa-tur, *. 521. A setter of rates. ESTIVAI., esit^-vil, a. 88. Pertaining to the summer: cuniinuiiig for the summer. To Estrange, e-stranjej v. a. To keep at a distance, to withdraw ; lo alienate from affection. Estuangement, e-stranje-ment, s. Alienation, distance, removal. Estrapade, es-tr4-pade( *. The defence of a horse that will not obey, but rises before, and yerks furiously wilh his hind lees. EsTREPEMENT, ^-Stre^p-nient, *. Spoil made by the tenant for term of life upon any lands or woods. ESTRICH, es-tntsh, *. The largest of birds; properly Ostrich. Estuary, es^tsbu-i-r^, *. 461. An arm of the sea, the moutli of a lake or river in which the tide ebbs and flnws. Tb Estuate, es-tsbu-^te, v. a. 91. To swell and fall reciprocally, to bml. EstuATION, es-tsbu-a'-sbun, s. The state of boiling, reciiirocaiiiin of rise and fall. Esurient, ^-zA^r^-ent, a. 479. Hiinary, vnracious. ESURINE, e/b^u-llne, «. 479. Corroding, eating. Etc. et-Set-e-r^, &c. A contraction of the Latin word.i Et cetera, which signifies And so if the reft. To Etch, etsb, v. a. A way used in making of prints, by drawing with a proper needle upon a copper- plate. Etching, etsb-ing, *. An impression of a copper- plate, cited from Harris by Johnson, under the word Etch. Eternal, i-ter-n^l, a. Without beginning or end; unchangeable. Eternal, e-teriu4l, *. One of the appellations of the Godhead. Eternai.IST, e-ter^n^l-list, s. One that holds the past existence of the world infinite. To Eternalize, ^-tir'-ni\-\\ze, v. a. To make eternal. Eterna LLY, e-ter-ll4l-l5, ad. Without beginning or end ; unchangeably, invariably. Eterne, ^-tern( a. Eten.a:, perpetual. Eternity, • ^-ter'-ne-te, s. Duration without begmiiing or end ; duration without end. To Etkp.!./,e, ^-ter^nize, v. a. To make endless, to per(.e\uate ; to make for ever famous, to immor- talize. Ether, v'-ther, S. An element more line and sub- tile than air, air refined or sublimed; ihe matter of the higliesi regicuis above ; achymical preparation. Ethereal, e-f/t^'-re-Al, a. 88. Formed of ether; celestial, heavenly. Ethereous, ^-tht:'-rh-us, a. Formed of ether, heavenly. Ethical, tth'-l'-kkl, a. 88. Moral, treating on mi.rality. Ethicalln, eM-e-kil-^, ad. According to the doctrines of morality. EtHICK, e/A-lk, a. Moral, delivering precepts of morality. ?87 Ethicks, elh'-lks, s. (Without the singular). The doctrine of morality, a system of morality. Ethnick, eth'-mk, a. Heathen, Pagan, no» Jewish, not Christian. EtHNICKS, eth-mks, S. Heathens. Ethological, eM-6-lftdje-e-kal, a. 530. Treating of morality. Etiology, ^-te-Sl'o-j^, s. An account of the causes of any thing, generally of a distemper. Etiquette, et-e-ketj *. 415. The polite form or manner of doing any thing; the ceremonial of good manners. ts:^' This word crept into use some years after Johnson wrote his Dictionary, nor have I found it in any other I have consulted. 1 have 'eijtured, however, to insert it here, as it seems to be cstai lished ; and as it is more specifick than ceremoni-.l, it is certainly of use. Bmir rielot and Mr. Huet derves it from jTjxof, stichiis, siiche- tus, stichelta, Etiquette : and tliis etymology seems na- tural. Etui, et-w4{ *. French. A case for tweezers and such instruvnvnts. Etymological, et-^-mA-l&djeii-kil, a. Relating to etymology. Etymologist, et-e-mftl-6-jist, *. One who searches out the original of words. Etymology, et-^-mol-6-je, s. The descent or derivation of a word from its original, the deduction of formations from the radical word ; tlie p;irtof gram- mar which deliveis the inflections of noaiis and verbs. To Evacate, e-vi-kate, v. a. To empty out, to throw out. To Evacuate, ^-v^k-u-Ate, v. a. To make empty, to clear; to void by any of the excretory pas- sages ; to quit, to withdraw from out of a place, EVACUANT, ^-vak-u-aut, *. Medicine that pro- cures evacuation by any passage. Evacuation, ^-v4k-ti-A-sbun, s. Such einission* as leave a vacancy i discharge; the practice of empty ing the body by physick ; discharges of the body by any vent, natural or artificial. To Evade, e-vAdeJ v. a. To e'ude, to avoid ; to escape or elude by sophistry. To Evade, k-vkAe', v. n. To escape, to slip away; to practise sophistry or evasion. EVAGATION, ev-i-gi-sbun, S. The act of wander- ing, deviation, (tni" I am well aware that this and the tivo f\)llowing words are often, by good speakers, pronounced with the c in the first syllable long and open, but I think contrary lo that correctness which arises from general analogy, 330. Evanescent, ev-4-nes-sent, a. Vanishing, im perceptible. Evangelical, ev-^n-jel-^-kil, a. Agreeable to gospel, consonant to the Christian law revealed in the holy gospel ; contained iu the gospel. Evangelis.M, e-v3n-.je-l!zin, s. The promulga tion of the blessed gospel. Evangelist, ^-vin-J^-list, *. A writer of the history of our Lord Jesus ; a promulgator of the Chris- tian laws. To Evangelize, ^-vin-i^-llze, i;. a. To instruct in the gospel, or law of Jesus. EVANID, e-v^n-id, a. Faint, weak, evanescent. EVAPORABLE, h-v\p-h-Y%-h\, a. 405. Easily di>sipated in fumes or vaimuis. To Evaporate, e-vip-o-rate, v. n. 91. lo ny away in fumes or vapmiis. To Evaporate, e-v^p-6-rite, v. a. To drive away in fumes j to give vent to ; to let out in ebullition or sallies. Evaporation, ^-v^p-6-raisbun, s. The act of flying away in fumes and vapoxirs ; the act of attenu- atiiiK matter, so as to uTake it fume away; in phar- macy, an operation by which liquids are spent oi driven away in steams, so as to leave some part stronger than before. Evasion, ^-vaizhun, s. 49. Excuse, subterfuge,- sophistry, artifice. EVE EUP t> 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, ^t 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, Usual, happening Evasive, e-va-siv, a. 153.42a. Practising eva- sion, elusive; containing an evasion, sophistical. Eucharist, yu-ka-nst, s. 353. The act of giving thar.ks, the sacramental act in which the death of our Redeemer is commemoiatfd with a thankful re- membrance ; the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. EUCHARISTICAL, yu-ki-ris^te-kal, a. Contain- ing acts of thanksgiving ; relating to the sacrament of the Supper of the Lord. EUCHOLOGY, yu-k5l-6-je, S. A formulary of prayers. EuCRASY, yu-kra-se, S. An agreeable, well-pro- portioned mixture, whereby a body is in health. Eve, eve, \ Even, e^vn, / The close of the day ; the vigil or fast to be observed before a holiday. Even, e-vn, a. 103. Level, not rugged; uniform, smooth; equal on both sides; without any thing owed ; calm, not subject to elevation or depression ; capable to he divided into equal parts. Zb Even, e-vn, V, a. To make even ; to make out of debt ; to make level. Even, e-vn, ad. A word of strong assertions, verily; supposing that ; notwithstanding. Evenhanded, e-vn-h4n-ded, a. Impartial, equitable. Evening, e-vn-ing, s. The close of the day, the beginning of night. Evenly, e-vn-1^, ad. Equally, imiformly; smoothly ; impartially, without favour or enmity. Evenness, e-vn-nes, *. state of b^ing even ; nniformitv, regularity; equality of surface, levelness; freedom from inclination to either side ; calmness, freedom from perturbation. Eventide, e-vn-tide, s. The time of evening. Event, e-ventj *. An incident, any thing that happens ; the consequence of an action. To Eventerate, e-ven-t^-rate, v. a. To rip up, to open the belly. Eventful, ^-vent-fiil, a. Full of incidents. To Eventilate, ^-ven'-te-late, v. a. To winnow, to sift out: to examine, to discuss. Eventual, e-ven-tslm-il, a. Happening in con- sequence of any thing, consequential. Eventually, ^-ven-tshu-^l-le, ad. In the event, in the last result. Ever, ev-ur, ad. 98. At any time ; at all times ; forever; a word of enforcement, As soon as ever he liad done it; it is often contracted into E'er. Evereubbling, ev-ur-bub-bling, a. Boiling up with perpetual murmurs. Everburning, ev-ur-bur-ning, a. Unextinguished. EvERDURlNG, ev-ur-du-ring, a. Eternal, endur- ing witliout end. Evergreen, ev-iir-green, a. Verdant through- out the year. Evergreen, ev-ur-green, *. A plant tliat retains its verdure through all the seasons. £veriionoured, ev-ur-6n-nurd, a. Always held in honour. Everlasting, ev-ur-l^s-ting, cr. Lasting or enduring without end, perpetual, immortal. Everlasting, ev-ur-lls-ting. *. Eternity. Everlastingly, ev-ur-hts'-ting-le, ad. Eternally, without end. V^verlastingness, ev-ur-l?.siting-nes, s. Eternity, perpeiuity. lf.VERLIVlNG, ev-ur-liv-ing, a. Living witliout end. Evermore, ev-ur-tnorej ad. Always, eternally. To EverSE, fc-verse{ v, a. To overthrow, to subvert. To Evert, ^-vert| v. a. To destroy. Every, cv'ur-e, rt. Each one of all. 188 Everyday, evifi f-e-da, a. every day. EVESDROPPER, evz-dl'6p-pur, s. Some mean fellow that sculks about the house in the night to listen. To Evestigate, i-ves^t^-gate, v, a. To search out. EuGH, yoo, s. A tree. To Evict, l-viktj v. a. To take away by a sentence of law ; to prove. Eviction, ^-Vik^shun, g. Dispossession or depriva- tion by a definitive sentence of a court of judicature | proof, evidence. Evidence, ev-e-dense, s. The state of being evident, clearness; testimony, proof; witness, one that gives evidence. To Evidence, ev^e-dense, v. a. To prove, to make discovery of. Evident, ev-e-dent, a. Plain, apparent, notorious. Evidently, ev'^-dent-le, ad. Apparently, certainly. Evil, e-vl, a. 159. Having bad qualities of any kind; wicked, corrupt; miserable; mischievous, de- structive. Evil, e-vl, .?. Wickedness, a crime; injury, mis« chief, malignity, corruption; misfortune, calamity; malady, disease. Evil, e-vl, ad. Not well in whatever respect; in juriously, not kindly. EviLAFFECTED, e-vl-^f-fek-teil, a. Not kind, not disposed to kindness. Evildoer, e-vl-ilo-ur, *. Malefactor. EviLFAVOURED, e-vl-fa-vurd, a. lU-countcnaiiced. Evilfavouredness, i-vl-fa-vurd-nes, *. Deformity. EvilminDED, ^-vl-mlnd-ed, a. Malicious, mis- chievous. EviLNESS, Mvl-nes, S, Contrariety to goodness, badness of whatever kind. EviLSPEAKiNG, ^-vl-spe-king, s. Defamation, calumny. EviLWISIIING, e-vl-wish-ing, a. Wishing evil to, having no good will. Evilworker, ^-vl-wurk-ur, s. One who does iu. To Evince, e-vinsej v. a. To prove, to show. Evincible, l-vin-se-bl, a. Capable of proof, de- monstiable. EviNClBLY, J-\in-s5-ble, ad. In such a manner as to force convicticm. 7'o Eviscerate, i-vis-se-rate, v. a. To embowel, to deprive of the entrails. EvitABLE, ev^e-t^-bl,. a. 405. Avoidable, that may be escaped or shunned. To EviTATE, ev^e-tAte, v. a. To avoid, to shun. Evitation, ev-e-td-shun, s. 530. The act oi avoiding. Eulogium, yu-liV-ie-um, \ „ . ,^ T , , I . I f 5. Praise, ( Eulogy, yu'lo-je, J EuNUCn, yil-nuk, *. One that is castrated. Evocation, ev-o-ka-shun, s. The act of calling out. Evolatio.v, ev-0-lA-shun, s. 530. The act of flying away. To Evolve, e-v6lvj v. a. To unfold, to dis- entangle. To EvOLVEj e-vftlvj v. n. To open itself, to dis- close itself. Evolution, ev-o-li-sbun, s. 530. The act of unrolling or unfolding ; the series of things unrolled or unfolded ; in tacticks, the motion made by a body of men in changing their posture, or form of drawing up. EvoMiTioN, ev-6-mish'un, s. 530. The act of vomiting out. EUPEPSY, yu-peo-S^, S, A good concoction, an easy digestioft-. , encomium. EXA EXA nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469. s. 453. Eupeptic, yi-pep-tik, a. Easy cf digestion. Euphonical, yu-fSn-e-kal, a. Sounding agreeably. Euphony, yu-fo-ne, s. An agreeable sound, the contrary to harshness. EuPHORBlUM, yu-for-be-um, s, A plant, a gum. Euphrasy, yu-fra-se, 5. 92. The herb Eyebright, EuRiPUS, yu-rl-pus, s. (From Euri/iMS Eulioims, tliat ebbs and flows seven times in a day). Perpetual fluctuation. EUROCLYDON, yu-ruk'le-tlon, S. A wind which, blows between East and North, very dangerous in the Mediterranean. European, yu-ro-pe-Sn, a. Belonging to Europe. (K;- This word, according to the analogy of our own language, ought certainly to have the accent on the se- cond syllable; and this is the pronunciation which un- lettered speakers constantly adopt; but the learned, ashamed of the analogies of their own tongue, always place the accent on the third syllable, because Europcpus has the penultimate lone, and is therefore accented in Latin, fpicurenn has the accent on the same syllable by the same rule ; while Herculean and Cerulean submit to English analogy, and liave the accent on tlie second syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is short. EuruS, yu-rus, S. The east wind. EuRYTHMY, yu-Tith-ma, S. Harmony, regular and symmetrical measure. Euthanasia, yu-//«in-a-zhe-^, "I Euthanasy, yu- There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, as if written yoe, which must be carefully avoided. E\VER, yu-lir, S. 98. A vessel in which water is brought for washing the hands. EwRY, yu-r^, s. An office in the king's household, where iliey take care of the linen for the king's table. Ex, eks, or egz. A Latin preposition often prefixed to compounded words ; sometimes meaning out, as ex- haust, to draw out. e:^ The I in this inseparable prepositicn is, with re- spect to sound, under the same predicament as the t in Dis; which see, 425. To Exacerbate, egz-As^er-bite, v. a. To embitter, to exasperate. Exacerbation, tgz-^-er-ba-sbun, s. Increase of malignity, augmented force or severity. Exacervation, egz-^-ser-va-shun, s. The act of heaping up. Exact, egz-iktj a. 478. Nice; methodical j accurate; honest, strict, punctual. To Exact, egz-AktJ v. a. To lequire authorita- tively ; to demand of right. To Exact, egz-;1kt| v. n. To practise extortion. Exacter, tgZ-Ak^tur, g. 98. Extortioner, one who claims more than his due ; one who is severe in his injunctions or his demands. Exaction, egz-Aktisliun, s. Extortion, unjust demand; atoll, a tribute severely levied. Exactly, 2gz-fikl-le, ad. Accurately, nicely. Exactness, egZ-Ukt-neS, S. Accuracy, nicety ; regjilarity of conduct, strictness of manners. To Exaggerate, egz-^dje'-e-rate, v, a. To heighten by rcpreaentation. 189 (t^ This word is sometimes heard with the double < hard, as in dag'^r; but every one who has a scrap ol Latin knows, that wayg'ei-ate conies (mm exaggero, and that all words from that language have the g soft before eandi; the third syllable, therefore, must have the g soft. But it will be said, that, according to the laws of pronunciation, the first g ought to be hard, as the first c IS inyZacc!./, siccity, &c. To which it maybe answered, that, strictly speaking, it ought to be so; but polite usage has so fixed the first as well as the last g in the soft sound, that none but a confirnied pedant would have the boldness to pronounce them differently. This usage too we find is not without all foundation in analogy. Wherever there is a considerable difficulty in keeping sounds separate, they will infallibly run into each other. This is observable in the sound of s, which, when final, always adopts the sound of z when a flat con- sonant precedes, 434 ; the first s likewise in the termina- tions session, mission, &c. necessarily runs into the sound of sh like the last s : but it may be said Ijliat the first g in exaggerate has no such relation to the second as s has to sh ; and that this very dilTerence between the two conso- nants makes us preserve the first c in/uccid and siecily in its hard sound of k, which is perfectly distinct from the other sound of c, which is nothing more than s. To this it can only be replied by way «f initigatinn, that hard g and soft g or j are formed nearer together in the Rioi.tli than hard c or fr, and soft c or «; and therefore as they are more liable to coalesce, their coalescence is more ex- cusable. Exaggeration, egz-JilJe-i-ri-shun, s. The act of heaping together ; hyperbolical amplification. To Exagitate, egz-idje-e-tite, v, a. To shaV^, to put in motion. Ex AGITATION, egz-4dje-5-tiishun, s. The act of shaking. To Exalt, egz-altj v. a. To raise on high ; to elevate to power, wealth, or dignity ; to tlcvate tojny or confidence ; to praise, to extol, to magnify ; to ele- vate in diction or sentin\ent. Exaltation, egz-Al-ta-shun, s. The act of raising on high; elevation in power or dignity; most ele- vated state, state »f greatness or dignity. F^XAMEN, egZ-a-men, S. 503. Examination, dis- quisition. Examinate, t'gz-iniie-uate, s. The person ex- amined. Examination, egz-im-eii:l-shuii, s. The act of examining by questions or experiment. Examinatok, cgz-im-e-ni-tiiir, s. 521. As examiner, an enquirer. 7'o Examine, egz-imiin, v. a. 140. To try a person accused or suspected by interrogatories ; to in- terrogate a witness; to try the truth or (alseh;)i)d of any proposition; to try by experiment, to narrowly silt, to scan ; to make inquiry into, to search into, to scrutinize. Examiner, 2gz-5m'-e-n5r, S. One who inter- rogates a criminal or cvidei-.te; one who scaiches or tries any thing. Example, egZ-Am-pl, S. 478. Copy or pattern, that which is proposed to be resembled ; prcccitent, former instance of the like ; a peison fit to bo proposed as a pattern ; one punished for tlit aduionition of others; instance in which a rule is illustrated by an application. Exancuious, ck-siliig-gwe-u9, a. Having no blood. See Eiiccate. Exanimate, t-gz-An-e-niatc, a. Lifeless, dc.ul} spiritless, depressed. ExanimaTION, i-gz-aii-u-nia-shun, S. Depriva- tion of life. EXANIMOUS, ?gz-^ll-e-inus, a. Lifeless, dc.td, kilted. Exanthemata, 'ks-iln-/Acni-i-til, s. Erupiiom, pustules. Exanthematous, cks-iii-iAeni-A-tus, a. Pustulous, eruptive. To Exantlate, i-gz-iint-l;itc, v. a. To dra'v oi\t; to exhaust, to waste away. Exantlation, eks-}lnt-laish?in, s. The act of drawing o.:t. Exauticulation, cks-ar-t'k-u-la-shun, s. The di:loration of a joint. EXC EXC ty 559. Fate 73, fSr 77, fall 83, lit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, m3ve, 146, To Exasperate, egz-is-per-ke, v. a. To pro- voke, to enrage, toinitate; to heiglilen a difference, to aggravate, to Imbiiter. ExASPEHATEH, e gz-ls'-per-i-tur, s. He that exasperates or provokes. Exasperation, egz-^-p^-ra-shun, *. Aggrava- tion, malignant representation ; provocation ; irrita- tion. To Exauctorate, egz-lwkito-rAte, v. a. To dismiss from service ; to depriveof a benefice. Exauctoration, egz-awk-to-ri-shun, s. Dismission from service; deprivation, degradii.ion. Exca.ndescence, eks-kin-des^sense, 510. ~1 ^^ Excandescency, eks-kAn-des^seii-5^, / * Heat, tlie state of growing hot; anger, the state of growing angry. a t a Excantation, eks-kftn-ta-shun, «. Di»enchant- ment I)y a counter charm. To ExcARNATE, eks-kar^nate, v. a. To clear from flesh. ill a ExcARNiFiCATiON, eks-kar-ni-K-kd'-shun, s. The act of taking away the flesh. To Excavate, eks-k4-vAte, v. a. To hollow, to cut into hollows. EXCAVAI ION, eks-ki-vi'-slmn, *. The act of cut- ting into hollows; the hollow formed, the cavity. To Exceed, ek-s^edj v, a. To go beyond, to outgo ; to cxrel, to surpass. To Exceed, ek-seedj v. n. To go too far, to pass the bounds of fitnes ; to go beyond any limits j to bear the greater proportion. Exceeding, ek-see-ding, part. a. Great in quantity, extent, or duration. Exceedingly, ek-sei-ding-1^, ad. To a great degree. To Excel, ek-sel{ v. a. To outgo in good qualities, to surpass. To Excel, ek-s«l{ v. n. To have good qualities in a great dfgree. Excellence, ek-sel-lense, ")^ Excellency, ekUel-len-s^, J Dignity, hiph rank ; the state of excelling in any thine; that in which one excels; a title ot honour, usually applied lo embassadors and governors. Excellent, ek-sel-lent, a. Of great virtue, of great worth, ot great dignity ; eminent in any good quality. Excellently, ek-sel-lent-li, ad. Well in a high degree ; lo an eminent degree. To Except, ek-septj v. a. To leave out, and specify as left out of a general precept or position. To Except, ek-sept{ v. n. To object, to make objections. Except, ek-septj prep. Exclusively of, without inclusion of; unless. Excepting, ek-sep-ting, prep. Without inclu- sion of, with exception of. Exception, ek-s2p-shun, s. Exclusive from the things coi..prehended in a precept or position ; thing excepted, or specified in exception; objection, cavil ; peevisli dislike, otTence taken. Exceptionable, ek-sep'-shun4-bl, a. Liable to objection. ExCEPTlOUS, ek-sep-shus, a. Peevish, froward. ExCEt'TlvE, ek-sep-tiv, a. Including an exception. EXCEPTLESS, ek-se[)t-les, a. Omitting or neglect- ing all exceptions. Exceptor, ek-sep-tur, *. 166. Objector. To EXCERN, ek-sernj v. a. To strain out, to separate or emit liy strainers. Excerption, ek-serp-shun, s. The act of glean- ing, selecting; the thing gleaned or selected. Excess, ek-sesj S. More than enough, superfluity; iiiteiiipeiance, unreasonable indulgence ; transgression of due limits. Excessive, ek-ses-siv, a. Beyond the common l.W proportion of quantity or bulk; vehement beyond measure in kindness or dislike. Excessively, ek-ses-slv-le, ad. Exceedingly eminently. To Exchange, eks-tshinjej v. a. T 559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fJtSl— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 162, move 164, Pw/vT . .TivTj 2Vc-f,V.li J.f?v. » Tlint h^, rmwpr (»■ This word, as a substantive, lias the accent always Exfoliative, ?ks-fi-ll-4-tiv, a. Tiiat has power of procuring exfoliation. ExHALABLE, egz-hi-ltl-bl, a. 405. That maybe evaporated. Exhalation, e-ks-hi-ld-shun, s. The act of ex- haling oi sending out in vapours ; the state of evapo- rating or flying out in vapours j that which rises in va- pours. To Exhale, egz-hillej v. a. 478. To send or draw out vapours or fumes. fi^ Though the ablest grammarians (Beauz^e Gram- maire G^n^rale, toni. i. p. 66) liave determined //to be A consonant, they have not decided whether it belongs to the flat or sharp class. If we consult our ear when we place an unaccented i before i-t, we shall judge it belong* to the former, as llie x in this situation generally slides into HZ. ExHALEMENT, egz-hilciment, s. Matter ex- haled, vapour. To Exhaust, egz-hitwstj v, a. 425. To drain, to diminish; to draw out totally, to draw out till no- thing is left. Exhaustion, egz-haws-tshun, s. 464. The act of drawing out, or draining. ExiiAUSTLESS, egz-hawst-les, a. Not to be emptied, inexhaustible. To Exhibit, egz-hlb'-it, v. a. 478. To offer to view or use, to olfer or propose; to show, to display. ExHiniTER, egz-hib-it-ur, *. He that offers any thing. Exhibition, eks-he-hish^un, s. The act of exhibiting, display, setting forth ; allowance, salary, pen.'ilon. 7b Exhilarate, egz-hil-^-rite, v. a. To make cheerful, to All with mirth. Exhilaration, egz-hil-i-ra-shun, *. The act of giving gayeiy ; the state i.f being enlivened. To Exhort, eijz-hort{ v. a. To incite by words to any good action. Exhortation, eks-hor-ta'shun, s. The act of exhorting, incitement to good; the form of words by which one is exhorted. Exhortative, egz-bor-ti-tiv, a. Tending to exhortation, containing exhortation. Exhortatorv, egz-hor-tH-tur-l, a. 512. Tending to exhort. — For the last o, see Dumestick. Exhorter, egz-hor-tur, s. One who exhorts. To Exiccate, ek-sik^kite, v. a. To drj-, 03" The first syllable of this word, strictly speaking, ought to he pronounced according to the rule hiid down under the preposition Ex: but in this pronunciation we totally lose the sharp s wliich commences the Latin word stcco, to dry; of which this word is compounded; and thus the sound of the word is radically injured, and its etymology lost. But it will be said, the Latins made the itame pxcisiop of the radical s on account of the coinci- dence with the s contained in the :t of the preposition, and wrote tiie word eiicco. It is allowed these corrup- tions obtained amongst them, as amongst us; though it IS doubtful whether the same inconvenience arose RiTiongst them in this word as with us ; for Vossius makes it highly probable that the Latins never gave the flat sound eg'z to the letter x; and the best manuscripts in- form us, that writing this word with an s, as eisicco, and thus preserving the composition distinct and perfect, is the most accurate orthcgraphy. ExicCATiON, ek-sik-ka-shun, s. Act of drying up, state of being dried up. ExiccATivE, ek-sik-kH-tiv, a. 512. Drying in quality. Exigence, ek-s^-jense, ") Exigency, ek-sl-jen-se, J ** Demand, want, need; pressing nccessitj, distress, sudden occasion. Exigent, ek-se-jent, s. Pressing business, occasion that requires immediate help. ExiGUrrv, eks-c-gu-e-tl, S. Smallness, diminu- tive n ess. Exiguous, e^Z-lg^U-US, a. Sm.tll, diminutive, little. Exile, eks^lle, S. Banishment, state of being banished J the person banished. I9i O:?- This word, as a substantive, has the accent always on the first syllable ; as a verb, it was formerly accented on either syllable ; but it is now, as Mr. Nares oljserves, universally accented as the noun. Exile, eg-zilej a. 478. Small, slender, not full, (t^ This word, as an adjective, derived from the Latin exilis, is by Nares, Sheridan, Ash, and EnticI;, accented on the last syllable. The third edition of Johnson's folio edition has the accent on tlie last aiso; but the quarto edition has it on the first. Authority is certainly on the side of the ultimate accent; but it may be questioned whether it is not contrary to analogy, for the penulti- mate t being long in Latin has no necessary intluencc on the English word, anymore than it has on /losti/e, servile, &c.— See Principles, No. HO. To Exile, eg-zllej v. a. 492. To banish, to drive from a country. Exilement, eg-zile^ment, s. Banishment. ExiLrnON,eks-e-lish-un,S. Slfnderness, smallness. EximiouS, eg-zini-e-US, a. Famous, eminent. To Exist, eg-zistj v. n. 478. To be, to have a being. Existence, eg-zis-tense, ") ^ Existency, eg-zis^ten-se, J State of being, actual possession of being. Existent, eg-zis-tt- nt, a. In being, in possession of being. ExiSTiM.'^TiON, eg-zis-te-mA-shun, s. Opinion ; esteem. Exit, eks-it, S. The term set in the margin of plays to mark the time at which the player goes off . departure, act of quitting the theatre of life. ExiTiAL, e|z-ish'-}4l, 113.1 EXITIOUS, egz-isli^j'us, J Destructive, fatal, mortal, ExoDUS, tks-0-dus, \ ExoDY, eks-o-de, J Departure, journey from a place ; the second book of Moses is so called, because it describes the journey of the Israelites fro.Ti Egypt. EXOLETE, eks-i-l^'te, a. Obsolete, out of use. To EXOLVE, egz-ftlvj V, a. To loose, unbind • to free from a debt. ExoMPHALOS, egz-5mifA-l3s, s. A navel rupture. To Exonerate, egz-ftn-er-lte, v. a. To unload, to.disburden. Exoneration, egz-Sn-er-i-shun, s. The act of disburdening. EXOPTABLE, egz-ftpit^-bl, a. Desirable, to be sought with eagerness or desire. ExoRAELE, eks^o-rA-bl, a. 405. To be moved by entreaty. Exorbitance, tgz-oribe-tanse, \ Exorbitancy, egz-oribl-t^n-s^, J " ' Enormity, gross deviation from rule or right; extra vagant demand; boundless depravity. Exorbitant, egz-tn^be-t^nt, a. Enormous, beyond due proportion, excessive. To Exorcise, eks-or-size, v. a. To adjure by some holy name; to drive away by certain forms of adjuration; to purify from the i'nllience of malignant spirits. ExorciSER, eks-Sr-sl-Zur, S. One who practises to drive away evil spirits. EXOHCIS.VI, eks-ir-sizm, S. The form of adjura- tion, or religious ceremony by which evil and malig nant spirits are driven away. Exorcist, eksiftr-SlSt, S. One who by adjurations, prayers, or religious acts, drives away malignant spirits. Exordium, egz-6ride-uiii, s, A formal prefitce, the proomial part of a composition. Exornafion, eks-6r-nA-shun, s. Omamejit, de- coration, embelli.shment. Exossated, egz-is-si-tcd, a. Deprived of boncn ExoSSEOUS, egZ-OSh-she-US, «. Wanting bones, bunclfsst EXP EXP n8r I67,'n8t 1G3— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, mis 46di Exostosis, eks-6s-tA-SlS, S. 520. Any pro- tuberance of a bone that is not natural. 53" I have in the accentuation of tliis word differed from Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, and Dr. Asli, and have adhered to a Medical Dictionary, which places the accent regularly on the penultimate. EXOTERICK, eks-O-ter^jk, a. Belonging to the •ecturcs of Aristotle on rhetorick, and the more super- ficial parts of learning, which any one had liberty to hoar; as opposed to the more serious parts of doctrine and instructions, lo which none but his friends were admitted. ExoTiCK, e£CZ-3t-ik, a. Foreign, not produced in our own coun'.ry. To Expand, eK-spSndJ v. a. To spread, to lay open as a net or sheet ; to dilate, to spread out every way. Expanse, ek-Sj.A.IlseJ S. A body widely e.xtended without inequalities. Expansibility, ek-sp^n-su-bil-e-te, s. Capacity of exiension, possibility to be expanded. Expansible, ek-sp^n-se-bl, a. Capable to be extended. Expansion, eks-pin-sh?in, s. The state of being expanded into a wider surface; the act of spreading out; extent; pure space. Expansive, eks-paii-siv, a. 428. Having the power to spread into a wider surface. To Expatiate, ek-spi^sbe-iUe, v. n. 542. To range at large ; to enlarge upon in language. To Expect, ek-spukt{ v. a. To have a previous apprehension of either good or evil ; to wait for, to attend the coming. Expectable, ek-sp?kit<1.-bl, a. To be expected. Expectance, ek-spek^tinse, \ Expectancy, ek-spekit;ln-se, J *' The act or state of expecting; something expected; liope. Expectant, ek-spek^tint, a. Waiting in ex- pectation. Expectant, ek-spekitant, *, One who waits m expectation of any thing. Expectation, ek-spek-ta-shun, s. The act of expecting; the state of expecting either with hope or fear; prospect oi" anything good to come ; a state in which something excellent is expected from us. Expecter, ek-spek'tur, j. One who has hopes of something ; one who waits for another. To Expectorate, eks-pek-to-n\te, v. a. To eject from the breast. Expectoration, eks-pek-to-raishun, s. The act of discharging from the breast; the discharge which is made by coughing. Expectorative, eks-pek-to-ri-tlv, a. 512. Having the quality of promoting expectoration. Expedience, eks-pe-ae-'rise, 1 „,^ Expediency, eks-pe-de-en-se, ji Fitness, propriety, suitableness to an end; expedition, adventure, haste, dispatch. Expedient, eks-oe-du-ent, or ex-p^-j^-ent, a. 293. Proper, fit, convenient, suitable; qwick, expe- ditious. Expedient, eks-pe-de-ent, s, Tliat which helps forward, as means to an end ; a shift, means to an end contrived in an exigence. Expediently, eks-pe^de-ent-le, ad. Fitly, suitably, conveniently ; hastily, quickly. To Expedite, eks-pe-dite, v. n. To facilitate, to free from impediment ; to hasten, to quicken; to despatcli, to issue from a publick office. Expedite, eks^pe-dlte, a. Quick, hasty, soon performed ; easy, disencumbered, clear ; nimble, ac- ti^ve, agile; light armed. Expeditely, eks'-pe-dlte-le, ad. With quickness, readiness, haste. Expedition, eks-p^-dish^i'm, s. Haste, speed, activity ; a march or voyage with martial intentions. Expeditious, eks-pe-dish-us, a. Speedy, quick, swift, 193 To Expel, eks-plU v. a. To drive out, to force away; to banisli, to drive from the place of residence. Expeller, eks-pel-lur, s. One that expels or drives away. To Expend, eks-pendj v. a. To lay out, to spend. Expense, eks-pense{ s. Cost, charges, money ex pended. Expenseful, eks-pense^ful, a. Costly, charge able. Expenseless, eks-peiise-les, a. Without cost. Expensive, eks-pen-siv, a. 428. Given to ex- pense, extravagant, luxurious j costly, requiring ex- pense. Expensively, eks-pen-siv-l^, ad. With great expense. Expensiveness, cks-pCn-siv-nes, s. Addition to expense, extravagance; rostliuess. Experience, eks-neire-eiise, s. Practice, fre- quent trial ; knowlecige gained by trial and practice. To Experience, eks-pe-re-eiise, v. a. To try, to practise; to know by practice. Experienced, eks-pe-re-enst, part. a. Made skilful by expcrisnce; wise by long practice. ExpERIENCER, eks-peire-en-sur, s. One who makes trial; a practiser of experiments. Experiment, cks-perie-ment, s. Trial of any thing, something dune in order to discover an uncer- tain or unknown effect. Experimental, eks-per-^-meu-t^l, a. Pertain- ing to experiment ; built upon experiment ; known by experiment or trial. Experimentally, eks-per-e-men-t4l-e, ad. By expeiience, by trial. Experimenter, eks-per-e-mtn-tur, s. One who makes experiments. Expert, eks-pert{ a. Skilful j ready, dexterous. Expertly, eks-pert-le, ad. In a skilful ready manner. Expertness, eks-pert-nes, s. Skill, readiness. ExpiABLE, eks-pe-^-bl, a, 405. Capable to ba expiated. To Expiate, eks-pe-Ate, v. a. 90. To annul the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety, to atone for; to avert the threats of prodigies. Expiation, eks-pe-a^shuil, S. The act of ex- piating or atoning tor any crime; the means by which we atune for crimes, atonement ; practices by which eminous prodigies were averted. Expiatory, eks^pe-A-tur-e, «. 512. Having the power of expiation. — For the o, see Dovicslick. ExPILATION, eks-pt'-la-sl-um, S. Robbery. Expiration, eks-p^-rA-shun, s. The act o/ • respiration which thrusts the air out of the lungs ; tht last emission of breath, death ; evaporation, act of fuminK out ; vapour, matter expired ; the conclusion of any limited time. To Expire, ekspirej v. a. To breathe out; to exhale, to send out in exhalations. To Expire, ek-spiiej v, n. To die, to breathe the last •■ to conclude, to come to an end. To Explain, eks-pline{ v. a. To expound, to illustrate, to clear. Explainable, eks-plane^i-bl, a. Capable of being explained. Explainer, eks-plane^ur, s. Expositor, interpreter, commentator. Explanation, eks-pl^-na'shSn, s. The .net of explaining or interpreting; the sense given by an ex- plainer or interpreter. Explanatory, eks-pl^u-a-tur-e, a. Containing explanations. — For the o, see Domcstick, and Princi- ples, No. 557. Expletive, eksiple-tiv, s. 157. Something use* only to take up room. Explicable, eks-pli-ka-bl, a, Expluiiiabl*^ possible to be explained. o EXI EXS *»■ 559. Fke 73, far, 77, fall 83, th 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move, 164, To Explicate, eks-pl^-kite, v. a. To unfold, to expand j to explain, to clear. Explication, eks-pl^-kiishun, s. The act of opening, unfolding, or expanding ; the act of explain- ing, interpretation, explanation; the sense given by an explainer. Explicative, ?ksipl^-ki-tiv, a. Having a tendency to explain. p::?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the accentu- ation of this word. He has placed the accent on the se- cond syllable, with the authority of every Dictionary, and of every good speaker, against him. In the first edi- tion of this Dictionary, virhen I supposed Mr. Slieridan's accentuation of this word agreeable to analogy, I did not recollect the verb to explicate, whence it is derived, and which, in my opinion, ought to determine its accentu- ation. — See Principles, No 512. Dr. Johnson, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, Dr. Kenrick, Dr. Ash, Entick, and Barclay, place the accent on the first syllable, as I have done. ExplICATOR, eks-ple-kA-tur, *. Expounder, in- terpreter, explainer. Explicit, eks-plis^it, a. Unfolded, plain, clear, not merely by inference. Explicitly, eks-plis^t-l4 ad. Plainly, directly, not merely by inference. To Explode, eks-pl6dej v. a. To drive out dis- gracefully with some noise of contempt; to drive out with noise and violence. Exploder, eks-pli^dur, s. A hisser, one who drives out with open contempt. Exploit, eks-ploit{ s. A design acconoplished, an achievement, a successful attempt. To EXPLORATE, eks-plA-rite, v. a. To search out. EXPLORATFON, eks-pl6-rAishun, S. Search, ex- amination. ExpLORATOR, eks-pli-ri^tur, s. One who searches ; ar. examiner. Exploratory, eks-plftr-i-tur-^, a. Searching, examining. C3" In this word, as in Declaratcry, we may perceive the shortening power of the pre-antepenultimate accent; which, like the antepenultimate, when not followed by a diphthong, shortens every vowel butu, 511. 535. To Explore, eks-pl6re{ v. a, 503, n. To try, to search into, to examine by trial. ExPLOREMENT, cks-plAre-ment, s. Search, trial. Explosion, eks-plMzhun, s. The act of driving out any thing with noise and violence. Explosive, eks-pli-siv, a. 158. 428. Driving out with noise and violence. To Export, eks-pirt{ v. a. To carry out of a country. Export, eks^pirt, S. 492. Commodity carried out in traffick. Exportation, eks-pip-ti-shun, s. The act or practice of carrying out commodities into other coun- tries. To Expose, eks-pize{ v. a. To lay open, to make liable to ; to lay open, to make bare ; to lay open to censure or ridicule; to put in danger; to cast out to chance. Exposition, eks-pi-zish-un, s. The situation in which any thing is placed with respect to the sun or air: explanation, interpretation. Expositor, eks-p6z-i-tur, *. Explainer, ex- pounder, interpreter. To Expostulate, eks-pSs-tshu-Ute, v. n. 463. To canvass with another, to debate; to remonstrate in a friendly manner. Expostulation, eks-pis-tshi-liishun, s. Debate, disciuuion of an affair ; charge, accusation. Expostula or, eks-p(Vtshi-lA-tur, s. 521. One that debates with another without open rupture. ExP0STULATORY,eks-p&s'tshi-lA-tur-i, a. 463. Sl-2. Containing expostulation. Exposure, eks-po-zhure, s. The act of exposing; the state of being exposed ; the state of being in dan- ger; situation, as to sun and air. 7^0 Expound, eks-poundj v, a, To explwn, to tUar, to interpret, 194 Expounder, eks-poun-dur, *. Explainer, in- terpreter. To Express, eks-pres{ v. a. To represent by any of the imitative arts, as poetry, sculpture, painting; to represent in words ; to utter, to declare ; to denote; to squeeze out ; to force out by compression. Express, eks-presj a. Copied, resembling, exactly like; plain, apparent, in direct terms; on purpose, for a particular end. Express, eks-pres{ s. A messenger sent on pur- pose; a message sent. Expressible, eks-pres'-s4-b1, a. That may be uttered or declared ; that may be drawn by squeezing or expression. Expression, eks-preshifin, s. The act or power of representing any thing; the form or cast of lan- guage in which any thoughts are uttered; a phrase, a mode of speech ; the act of squeezing or forcing out any thing by a press. Expressive, eks-presisiv, a. Having the povtr of utterance or representation. Expressively, eks-pres^siv-l^, ad. In a clear and representative way. Expressiveness, eks-presisiv-nes, s. The power of expression, or representation by words. Expressly, eks-pres-le, ad. In direct terms, not by inclination. Kxpkessure, eks-preshiAre,5. 452. Expression, utterance; the form, the likeness represented; the the mark, the impression. To Exprobrate, eks-pro-brate, v. a. 503, n. Til charge upon with repioach, to impute openly with blame, to upbraid. ExpRobRATiON, eks-pio-bri-shun, *. Scornful charge, reproachful accusation. ExPROBRATiVE, eks-pnjibrA-tiv, a. Upbraiding. To ExrROPRiATE, eks-pro-pre-ate, v. a. To relinquish one's property. To ExpuGN, eks-punc,' v. a. 385. 386. To conquer, to take by assault. EXPUGNATION, eks-piig-ni-shun, s. Conquest, the act of 'aking by assault. To ExPULiE, eks-piilse5 v. a. To drive out, to force away. Expulsion, eks-puUshun, s. Tiie act of expelling or driving out; the state of being driven out. Expulsive, eks-pul^^si/, a. 158. 428. Having the power of expulsion. Expunction, eks-piuigk-shun, S. Absolution. To Expunge, 4ks-punie,' v, a. To blot out, to rub out; to efface, to annihilate. Expurgation, eks-pur-gi-shun, s. The act of purging or cleansing ; purification from bad mixture, as of ei ror or falsehood. Expurgatory, eks-pur-gi-tur-^, a. Employed in purging away what is noxious. Exquisite, eks-kwe-zit, a. Excellent, consum- mate, complete. Exquisitely, eks-kwe-zit-le, ad. Perfectly, completely. Exquisiteness, eks-kwe-zit-nes, s. Nicety, perfection. Exscript, ek-sknpt, s. A copy, writing copied from another. EXSICCANT, ek-Slk-k4nt, a. Drying, having the power to dry up. To Exsiccate, ek-sik-k^te, v. a. To dry. See Exiccate. Exsiccation, ek-sik-kiishun, s. The act o. drying. ExsiccATIVE, ek-sik^ki-tiv, a. Having tjie power of drying. ExspuiTiON, ek-spu-ish-un, S. A discharge by spitting. ExsucTiON, ek-suk^shtln, 9, Tlie act of sucUlrg out, EXT nor 167, nU 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173 A sweating, an EXT r instrument by which any thing Is de- stroyed. 195 Exterminatory, eks-terim^-nA-tur-^, a. Tending to extermination. To ExterminE, eks-ter-min, v. a. 140. To exteiminate. Extern, eks-ternj a. External, outward, visible j without itself, not inherent, not intrinsick. External, eks-ter-nil, a. Outward, not proceed ing from itself, ojiposite to internal ; having the out ward appearance. Externally, eks-ter-nil-^, ad. Outwardly. To Extil, ek-Stll{ v. n. To drop or distil from. EXTILLATION, ek-Stll-l4-shun, S. The act 01 falling in drops. To ExTiMULATE, ek-stimii-lite, W. fl. To prick, to incite by stimulation. ExTiMULATiON, ek-stim-u-li-shun, S. Pungency power of exciting inotion or sensation. Extinct, ek-stingkt{ a. 408. Extinguished, quenched, put out; without succession; abolished, out of force. Extinction, ek-stingkisbun, s. 408. The act of quenching or extinguishing; the state of being quenched ; destruction ; excision, suppression. To Extinguish, ek-st1ngi«fwisb, v. a. To put out, to quench ; to suppress, to destroy. ExTiNGuiSHABLE, ek-sting-gwish-S-U, a, 405 That may be quenched nr destroyed. Extinguisher, ek-sting^gwish-ur, s. A hollow cone put upon a candle to quench it. Extinguishment, ek-sting-gwish-Hment, s. Extinctian, suppression, act of quenching; abolition, nullification ; termination of a family or succession. 7'oExtirp, ek-st.erp{ v. a. 108. To eradicate, to root out. To Extirpate, ek-steripite, v. i. To root out, to exscind. Extirpation, ek-ster-piishun, *. The act of rooting out, excision. Extirpator, ek-steripA-tur, 5. 166. 521. One who roots out, a destroyer. To Extol, ek-st4l{ v. a. 406. To praise, t* magnify, to celebrate. Extoller, eks-t6i-lur, s. A praiser, a magnifier Extorsive, eks-t3r-siv, a. 158. 428, Having the quality of drawing by violent means. ExTORSiVELY, eks-torisiv-le, ad. In an extorsive manner, by violence. To Extort, eks-tortj v. a. To draw by force, to force away, to wrest, to wring from one ; to gain by violence or oppression. To Extort, eks-tort{ v. n. To practise oppression and violence. Extorter, eks-tor^tur, *. 98. One who practises oppression. Extortion, eks-tSrishun, s. The act or practice of gaining by violence and rapacity; force by which any thing is unjustly taken away. Extortioner, eks-tor-shun-ur, *. One who practises extortion. To Extract, eks-trAkt} v. a. To draw out d sotnething; to draw by chymical operation; to take from something ; to select and abstract from a largef treatise. Extract, eks-tr^kt, s. 492. The substance extracted, the chief parts drawn from any thing; thi chief heads drawn from a book. Extraction, eks-tr^k^shun, *. The act a drawing one part out of a compound; derivation from an original ; lineage, descent. Extractor, eks-trik-tur, s. The person oi instrument by which any thing is extracted. Extrajudicial, eks-tri-jiVillsh-ill, a. Out of the regular course of legal procedure. Extrajudicially, eks-tri-)ij-ill,l)-;'il-e, ad. , In a manner difTerent from the ordinary coup* of legal procedure. EXT EYE c^ 659. The 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 163, move 164, Tr.YTn AAtisainM «?ks-tr3-mis>iiiin/.0- Thp art nf F,YTniISir>JSI. f-ks-troo-zhiin. s. Thp art nf thmat. ExTRAMissioN, eks-trJ-mish-un,' *■• The act of emitting outwards. ExTUAMUNDANE, eks-trJ-mun-dine, a. Beyond the verge of the material world. Extraneous, eks-tra-ne-us, a. Belonging to a different substance ; foreign. Extraordinarily, eks-trorMe-nar-e-le, ad. 374. In a manner out of the common method and order; uncommonly, particularly, eminently. EXTRAORDINARINESS, eks-trorMe-n^r-e-ties, s. Uncommonness, eminence, remarliableness. Extraordinary, eks-tror^de-mtr-e, a. Different from common order and method; eminent, reniarliablc, more than common. C:y- There is a vulgar pronunciation of this word, which sinks the a, d, and i, and reduces the word to four syllables, as if written extrawnary. There is a better pronunciation which preserves the cl, as if written ejr- trordnary ; but solemn speaking certainly demands the restoration of the i, and requires the word to be heard with five syllables, 374. ExTRAPAUOCHiAL, eks-trlt-par-6-ke-4l, a. Not comprehended within any parish. ExTRAPROViNCiAL, eks-tr^-pro-vin-shil, a. Not within the same province. ExTRAREGULAR, eks-trA-veg-ia-lar, a. Not comprehended within a rule. Extravagance, eks-tr«1.v-;1-g3nse, ") Extravagancy, eks-trivi^-gan-s^, / Excursion or sally beyond prescribed limits ; irregula- rity, wildness; waste, vain and superfluous expense. Extravagant, eks-tr^v-a-g^nt, a. Wandering out t>f his hounds ; roving beyond just limits or pre- soribed methods; irregular, wild; wasteful, prodigal, \aiHly expensive. Extravagantly, eks-tr^yi^-gilnt-le, ad. In an extravagant manner, wildly ; expensively, lux- uriously, wastefully. Extravagantness, eks-triv^^-gint-nes, s. Excess, excursion beyond limits. To Extravagate, eks-triv-4-gate, v. n. To wander out of limits. Extravasated, eks-triv-vi-sa-ted, a. Forced out of the proper containing vessels. Extravasation, §ks-tr;t-vi-sa-shuii, s. The act of forcing, or state of being forced out of the proper containing vessels. Extravenate, eks-triv-e-nite, a. Let out of the veins. ExTRAVERSiON, eks-tra-ver-shuu, s. The act of tlirowing out. Extraught, eks-trawtj /Jar/. Extracted. Extreme, eks-tr^me{ a. Greatest, of the highest degree ; utmost ; last, that beyond which there is nothing; pressing to the utmost degree. Extreme, eks-treme{ s. Utmost point, highest degree of any thing ; ])oints at the greatest distance from each other, extremity. Extremely, eks-tr^nie-l5, ad. In the utmost degree ; very much, greatly. EXTREM ity, eks-trem-e-te, s. The utmost point, the highest degree ; the points in the utmost degree of opposition ; remotest parts, parts at the greatest dis- tance ; the utmost violence, rigour, or distcess. 7'o Extricate, eks^tre-kite, v. a. To dis- embarrass, to set free anyone in a state of perplexity. Extrication, eks-tre-kA-shun, s. The act of disentangling. Extrinsical, eks-trin-sJ-kil, a. External, out- ward; not intrinsick. \iXTRiNsiCALLY, eks-trin^se-k^l-J, ad. From without. EXTRINSICK, eks-trin^Sik, a. Outward, external. To ExtrUCT, ek-struktj v. a. To build, to raise, to form into a structure. EXTRUCTOR, ek-Struk-tur, S. A builder, a fabricator. To ExTR.UDr, cks-troudej v. a. To thrust off. VjG ' >v. n. Extrusion, eks-troo-zhun, s. The act of thrust. ing or driving out. ExTUBERANCE, eks-ti^bJ-rinse, s. Knobs, or parts protuberant. Exuberance, egz-u^be-ranse, s, Overgrowtli, superfluous abundance, luxuriance. Exuberant, egz-u-be-rant, a. 479. Overabundant, superfluously plenteous;! abounding in the utmost degree. Exuberantly, egz-u^be-rint-le, ad. Abundantly ; to a superfluous degree. To Exuberate, egz-u-be-rate, v. n. To abound in the highest degree. EXUCCOUS, ek-suk-kus, a. Without juice, drj'. OCT' This word and the three following, with exuperabla, exujierance, and exuscitate, by servilely following an er- roneous Latin orthography, are liable to an improper pronunciation. — See £xiccate. Exudation, ek-su-da-sbun, s. The act of emitting in sweat ; the matter issuing out by sweat from any body. To Exudate,- ek-su^dite," To Exude, ek-sudej To sweat out, to issue by sweat. EXULCERATE, egz-ul-se-iilte, V. a. To make sore with an ulcer ; to corrode, to enrage. ExULCERATION, eks-ul-Se-ra-shun, S. The begin- ning erosion, which forms an ulcer; exacerbation, cor- rosion. Ex'jLCERATORY, egz-ul-se-ri-tur-e, a. 512. Having a tendency to cause ulcers. To Exult, egz-ultj v. n. To rejoice above measure, to triumph. ExulTANCE, egz-ul-tinse, S. Transport, joy triumph. Exultation, eks-ul-tA-sbun, s, Joy, triumph rapturous delight. To Exundate, egz-un-date, v. n. To overflow. ExuNDATioN, eks-un-da-shun, s. Overflow, abundance. ExuPERABLE, ek-SU-per-i-bl, a. Conquerable, superable, vincible. ExupERANCE, ek-Su'-p^-rSnse, S. Over-balanGe, greater proportion. ExUPERANT, ek-Sll-pJ-rint, a. Over-balancing, having greater proportion. To Exuscitate, ek-sus-se-tAte, v, a. To stir up, to rouse. Exustion, egz-us-tsbun, s. The act of burning np, consumption by fire. . Exuvis:, egz-u-ve-e, S. Cast skin, cast shells, whatever is shed by animals. Eyas, l-as, S, A young hawk just taken from the nest. Eyasm USKET, 1-As-mus-ket, S. A young unfledged male musket hawk ; a raw young fellow. Eye, 1,*. 8. (The obsolete plural jEy we; r\ov/ JUl/es) . The organ of vision ; aspect, regard ; notice, attention, observation; sight, view: any thing formed like an eye; any small perforation ; a small catch intowhicU a hook goes ; bud of a plant ; a small shade of colour To Eye, 1, v. a. To watch, to keep in view. To Eye, 1, v. n. To appear, to show, to bear ei/ appearance. Eyeball, i-bawl, S. The apple of the eye. Eybright, l-brlte, s. An herb. Eyebrow, l-brou, s. The hairy arch over the eye Eyedrop, 1-drftp, s. A tear. EyeGLANCE, 1-glinse, S. Quick notice of the eya Eyeglass, l-glas, S. Spectacles, glass to assist the sight. ^ Eyeless, i-leS, a. Without eyes, sightless, de- prived of sight. Eyelet, 1-ltt, S. A l.ole through which light may enter; any small perforation. FAB FAD liSr 167, nftt 163— tube 171, tdb 172, bull 173— oil 299— pSund 313— Min 466, THis 469. Kyelid, l-lid, S. The membrane that shuts over the eye. EyesERVANT, 1-Ser-vint, S. A servant that works only while watched. Eyeservice, i-ser-vis, s. Service performed only under inspection. Eyeshot, i-shSt, S. Sight, glance, view. Eyesight, 1-site, s. Sight of the eye. Eyesore, l-sore, S, Something offensive to the sight. Eyespotted, i-spSt-ed, a. Marked with spots like eyes. EyESTRING, Ustring, S. The string of the eye. Eyetooth, l-tooth, s. The tootli on the upper jaw next on each side to the grinders, the fang. EyeWINK, l-Wing^k, *. A wink, as a hint or token. Eyewitness, 1-wit-nes, s. An ocular evidence, one who gives testimony of facts seen with his own eyes. Eyre, are, 5. 269. The court of justices itinerants. Eyry, i-re, s. 269. The place where birds of prey build their nests and hatch. F. F ABACEOUS, fi-bi-shJ-us, a, 357. Having the nature of a bean. Fable, fi-bl, S. 405. A feigned story intended to enforce some moral precept ; a fiction in general ; the series or contexture of events which constitute a poem; a lie. To Fable, fi-bl, V, n. To feign, to write not truth but fiction ; to tell falsehoods. To Fable, fi^bl, v. a. To feign, to tell a falsity. Fabled, fa^bld, a. 359. Celebrated in fables. Fabler, fi-bl-ur, S. a dealer in fiction. 7b Fabricate, fib-r^-kite, v. a. To build, to construct; to forge, to devise falsely. Fabrication, Mb-re-ki-shun, *. Tlie act of building. Fabrick, fibirik, or fa-brik, s. A building, an edifice ; any system or compages of matter. 63- The a in this word seems floating between long and short quantity, as it was in the Latin Fabrica. 1 have, like Mr. Sheridan, made it short; for though Latin wards of two syllables, when adopted into Eng- lish, always have the accent on the first, and the vowel generally long, as basis, focus, quota, &c. ; yet when words of three syllables in Latin, with but one consonant in the middle, are an licised by reducing them to two syllables; as the penultimate in such Latin words is ge- nerally short, and the accent of consequence antepenul- timate, so the first vowel in the English word is generally short, from the shortening power of the antepenultimate accent in our pronunciation of the Latin word from which it is derived. Thus the Latin Mimicus, reduced to the English Mimic, has the first vowel short, though lon^ in Latin, because we make it short in our pronun- ciation of Latin : the same may be observed of t-lie viords florid, vivid, and livid, from the Latin ^oridus, vi- vidus, and lividus, Thus,|though Fabrica might have the first vowel long in Latin, yet as we always pronounce it short in the English pronunciation of that language, so, when it is reduced to the English Fabric, it seems agree- able to this usage to make the first syllable short. Authority seems likewise to favour this pronunciation; for Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, Mr. Scott, Mr. Perry, and, as far as we can judge by the position of the accent, Bailey, are for the a short ; and Buchanan, W. Johnston, and, if we can guess by accent. Dr. Ash and Entick, for the long o. — See Principles, No. M4. To Fabrick, Mb'-nk, v. a. To build, to form, to construct. Fabulist, flb-u-list, s. A writer of fables. Fabulosity, fib-u-l5s-5-te, s. Lyingness, full- ness of stories. Fabulous, iSb'-u-lus, «. Feijned, full of fables. 197 Fabulously, f^b-u-lus-1^, ad. In fiction. Face, fase, s. The visage ; the countenance • the surface of any thing; the front or forepart of an thing; state of affairs ; appearance; confidence, boli^ ncss ; distortion of the face ; Face to Face, when both parties are present ; without the interposition of other bodies. To Face, fase, v. n. To carry a false appearance j to turn the face, to come in front. To Face, fase, V, a. To meet in front, to oppose with confidence ; to oppose with impudence; to stand opposite to; to cover with an additional superficies. Faceless, fase-les, a. Without a face. Facepainter, fase-pane-tur, s. A drawer of portraits. Facepainting, fise-pine-tiHg, s. The art of drawing portraits. Facetious, fi-sJishus, a. 292. Gay, cheerful, lively. Facetiously, f4-s^-shus-l^, ad. Gayiy, cheerfuUjs, Facetiousness, f^-seishus-nes, s. Cheerful wif. mirth. Facile, fis-Sll, a. 140. Easy, performable with little labour; pliant, flexible, easily persuaded. To Facilitate, 1^-sil-e-tite, v. a. To male. easy, to free from difiiculty. Facility, fi-Sll-e-te, S. Easiness to be performed, freedom from difficulty ; readiness in performing; dex- terity; vicious ductility, easiness to be persuaded-, easiness of access, affability. Facinerious, fSs-^-n^-re-us. a. Wicked. Facing, fa-Sing, S. An ornamental covering. Facinorous, f3.-sin-o-rus, a. Wicked, atrocious, detestably bad. — See Sonorous. FaciNOROUSNESS, fi-Slll-6-ruS-neS, S. Wicked- ness in a high degree. Fact, fakt, s. A thing done; reality, not suj.- position; action, deed. Faction, fAk-shuil, S. A party in a state J tumult, discord, dissension. Factionary, fak-shun-ir-^, s. A party man. Factious, fik^shus, a. 292. Given to faction, loud and violent in a party. Factiously, f4k-shus-le, ad. In a manner criminally dissensious. Factiousness, ftk-shus-nes, s. Inclination to publick dissension. Factitious, fik-tlsh-us, a. Made by art, in op. position to what is made by nature. Factor, i^k-tur, s. 166. An agent for another, « substitute. Factory, fik^tur-^, s. 557. A house or district inhabited by traders in a distant country ; the traders embodied in one place. Factotum, f^k-to-tum, S. A servant employed alike in all kinds of business. Facture, fik^tsbure, s. 463. The act or manner of making any thing. Faculty, ftk^ul-t^, S. The power of doing any thing, ability ; powers of the mind, imagination, reason, memory; a knack, dexterity; power, autho- rity; privilege, right to do any thing; faculty, in an university, denotes the masters and professors of the several sciences. Facund, fik'-und, a. 544. Eloquent. !!::>• Dr. Johnson has placed the accent on the lost syl- lable both of this word and Jocund; in which he is con- sistent, but contrary both to custom and to English ana- logy. Mr. Sheridan places the accent on the first syllable of Jocund, and on the last of this word. The reasons are the same for accenting both; they both come from the Latin/acunrfus and jocunrf'js; and there is scarcely a more invariable rule in our language than that of remov- ing the accent higher when we adopt a word from the Latin, and abridge it of its latter syllables.— See Academy. To Faddle, Md-dl, V. n. 405. To trifle. W .«y, to play. To Fade, fadC; V, n. 75. To tend frt)m greater to FAI FAL 559. Fite 73, far 77, fill 83, f$t 81— ml 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164, less vigour; to tend from a brighter to a weaker co- lour; to witlier as a vegetable; to die away gradually; to be naturally nut durable, to be transient. ''b Fade, fdde, V, a. To wear away } to reduce to languor. 7*0 Fadge, f^dje, V. n. To suit ; to fit ; to agree, not to quarrel ; to succeed, to hit. F^CES, f^-Sez, S, 88. Excrements, lees, sediments and settlings. To Fag, fig, V, a. To grow weary, to faint with weariness. Fagend, f4g-end{ S. The end of a web of cloth ; the refuse or meaner pari of any thing. Fagot, f^g^ut, S. 88. 166. A bundle of sticks bound togtlher for the fire ; a soldier numbered in the muster roll, bat not really existing. To Fagot, fig-ut, v. a. To tie up, to bundle. To Fail, file, v. n. 202. To be deficient, to cease from former plenty, to fall short; to be extinct, to cease to be produced : to perish, to be lost ; to decay; to decline, to languish ; to miss, not to produce its effect ; to miss, not to succeed rn a design $ to be de- ficient in duty. To Fail, file, v. a. To desert, not to continue to assist or supply; not to assist, to neglect; to omit, not to perform ; to be wanting to. Fail, fdle, S. Miscarriage; omission; defieience, want. Failing, f^-ling, s. Deficiency, imperfection, lapse. Failure, ftUe-yure, 5. 113. Defieience, cessation : omission, uon- performance, slip; a lapse, a slight fault. Fain, fine, a. 202. Glad, meny, cheerful, fond j forced, obliged, compelled. Fain, fine, ad. Gladly, very desirously. To Faint, fillt, v. n. 202. To lose the animal functions, to sink motionless ; to grow feeble ; to sink into dejection. To Faint, fant, v. a. To dfject, to depress, to enfeeble. Faint, fint, a. Languid ; not bright ; not loud ; feeble of body; cowardly; depressed; not vigorous, not active. ^AiNTHEARTED, fint-hart-ed, a. Cowardly, timorous. Faintheartedly, fant-hart-ed-ll, ad. Timorously. Faintheartedness, fint-hlrtitd-nes, s. Cowardice, timorousuess. Fainting, fint-ing, s, Deliquium, temporary loss of animal motion. FaiNTISHNESS, fint-ish-nes, S. Weakness in a slight degree ; iiiciiiient debility. ^'AINTLING, fint-ling, a. Timorous, feeble-minded. Faintly, fAnt-l^, ad. Feebly, languidly; timorously, with dejection, without spirit. FaiNTNESS, fantines, s. Languor, feebleness, want of strength; inactivity, want of vigour, timo- Tousness, dejection. •dainty, fant^^, a. Weak, feeble, languid. (t> This word is much in use in the West of England, UMi is merely provincial. Fair, fAre, a. 202. Beautiful, handsome ; not black, not brown, white in the complexion ; clear, not cloudy, not -foul, not tempestuous; favourable, pros- perous; likely to succeed ; equal, just; not efltctcd by any insidious or unlawful methods ; not practising any fraudulent or insidious arts; open, direct; gentle, not compulsory ; stiild, not severe; equitable, not in- jurious. Fair, fire, arf. Gently, decently? civilly; success- fully; on good terms. Fair, fire, S. A beauty, elliptically a fair woman ; honesty, just dealing. fAIR, fire, s. An annual or stated meeting of buyers and sellers. Fairing, fire-ing, S. a present given at a fair. Fairly, fire-le, ad, BeautlfuUyi commodiously, IQft conveniently; honestly, justly ; ingenuously, plainly, openly; candidly, without sinistrous interpietations ; without blols ; completely, without any deficiency. Fairness, ftire-nes, *. Beauty, elegance of form j honesty, candour, ingenuity. Fairspoken, fare-sp6-kn, a. 103. Civil in laug-uage and address. Fairy, fA-ri, S. A kind of fabled being supposed to appear in a diminutive human form; an elf, a fayj enchantress. Fairy, fa-rl, a. Given by feiriesj belonging to failles. Fairystone, fi^r^-stine, s. A stone found in gravel pits. Faith, fi/A, s. Belief of the revealed truths of religion ; the system of revealed truths held by the Cliristian church ; trust in God ; tenet held ; trust in the honesty or veracity of another ; fidelity, unshaken adherence'; honour; social confidence; sincerity ; ho- nesty, veracity ; promise given. Faithbreach, fi^A-br^tsh, S. Breach of fidelity, perfidy. Faithful, fa^A^ful, a. Firm in adherence to the truth of religion; of true fidelity, loyal, true to alle- giance; honest, upright, without fraud f uhierv&iU of compact or promise. Faithfully, fkth-ful-k, ad. With firm belief in religion ; with full confidence in God ; with strict ad- herence to duty ; sincerely, honestly, confidently, steadily. Faithfulness, fif/tiffil-nes, *. Honesty, veracity ; adherence to duty, loyalty. Faithless, fa^A^les, a. Without belief in the re- vealed truths of religion, unconverted; perfidious, dis- loyal, not true to duty. Faithlessness, fif/i-les-nes, s. Treachery, per- fidy; unbelief as to revealed religion. FalCADE, fil-kidej S. 84. A horse is said to make falcades, when he throws himself upon his haunches two or three times, as in very quick curvets. Falcated, f^Kki-ted, a. 84, Hooked, bent like a scythe. FalcatioN, fal-ki-shun, *. 84. Crookedness. Falchion, fal-shun, s. 84. A short crooked swerd, a ci meter. Falcon, faw-kn, s. 84. 170. A hawk tsrained for sport ; a sort of cannon. Falconer, Mw-kn-ur, s. 98. One who breeds and trains hawks. Falconet, fal-ko-net, s. A sort of ordnance. Faldstool, fild-stool, s. A kind of stool placed at the south side of the altar, at which the kings of England kneel at their coronation. To Fall, fall, v. n. Pret. I fell. Compound pret. / have fallen or fain. To drop from a higher place; to drop from an erect to a prone posture; to drop ripe from the tree; to pass at the outlet, as a riverj to apostatize, to depart from faith or goodness ; to die by violence ; to be degraded from a high station ; to enter inio any state worse than the former ; to decrease in value, to bear less price; to happen, to befall ; to come by chance, to light on ; to come by any mis- chance to any new possessor ; to become the property of any one by lot, chance, inheritance; to be burn, to be yeaned ; ts fall awav, to grow lean, to revolt, to change allegiance; to falfbacU, to fail of a promise or purpose ; to recede, to give way ; to fall down, to pros- trate himself in adoration ; to sink, not to stand; to bend as a suppliant ; to fall from, to revolt, to depart from adherence ; to fall in, to concur, to coincide ; to comply, to yield to; to fall off, to separate, to apos- tatize : to fall or^ to begin eagerly to do any thing, to make an assault; to fall over, to revolt, to desert from one side to the other; to fall out, to quarrel, to jar, to happen, to befal ; to fall to, to begin eagerly t« eat ; to apply himself to; to fall under, to be subject to; to be ranged with ; to fall upon, to attack, to attempt, to rush against. 7b Fall, fall, v. a. To drop to let fall; to sink, to depress ; to diminish in value, to kt sink in price; to cut down, to fell ; to yean, to biing forth. Fall, fslU, *. The act of dropping from on high» FAM FAN aor 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— thin 466, this 469. the act of tumbling from an erect posture; death, overlhrow; ruin, dissolution ; downfal, loss of great- ness, declension from eminence, degradation; dimi- nution, decrease of price; declination or diminution of sound, close to niusick; declivity, steep descent ; cataract, cascade; the outlet of a current into any water; autumn, the fall of the leaf; any thing tliat falls in great quantities; the act of felling or cutting down. Fallacious, f^I-la-shus, a. 314. Producing mistakes ; sophistical, deceitful, mocking expectation. Fallaciously, f^l-lA-shus-li, ad. SopUisticaliy, with purpose to deceive. Fallaciousness, fil-li-shus-nes, s. Tendency to deceive. Fallacy, f^l-lA-se, s. Sophism, logical artifice, deceitful argument. Fallibility, t^l-le-bil-^-te, s. Liableness to be deceived. Fallible, f^l-l^-bl, a. 405. Liable to error. Fallingsickness, fal-ling-sik^nes, s. The epilepsy, a disease in which the patient is, without any warning, deprived at once of his senses, and falls down. Fallow, fdl-lo, «. Pale red, or pale yellow; un- sowed, left to re,.t after the years nf tillage ; ploughed, but not sowed; unploughed, uncultivated; unoccupied, neglected. Fallow, fil-lA, S. 327. Ground ploughed in order to be ploughed aeain ; ground lying at rest. To Fallow, ml-li, v. n. To plow in order to a second ploughing. FalloWNKSS, fil-l6-n§S, s. Barrenness, the state of being fallow. False, false, a. Not morally true, expressing that which is not tliou;;ht; not physically true, conceiving that which does not exist; trcacheruu?, pertidious, traitorous; counterfeit, hypocritical, not real. Falsehearted, false-bart-ed, a. Treacherous, perfidious, deceitful, hollow. Falsehood, false^hud, s. Want of truth, want of veracity; want of honesty, treachery; a lie, a false assertion. (t3» This word, by the parsimony of Printers, is often tpelt without the e. They may allege, that spelling the word with e makes it liable to be pronounced in three syl- lables by those who do not know the composition of the word; and it may he answered, that spelling it without the e makes it liable to a mispronunciation, by joining the ( and h together; if, therefore, the composition must be understood before the word can be pronounced with security, let it, at least, be presented to the eye, and the chance of a mistake will be less. — See Household and Hogshead, Falsely, ^Ise^l^, ad. Contrarily to truth, not truly; erroneously, by mistake; perfidiously, trea- cherously. Falseness, lalse-nes, s. Contrariety to truth; want of veracity, violation of promise; duplicity, de- ceit; treachery, perfidy, traitorousness. Falsifiable, f^l-s^-ri-^-bl, a. 183. Liable to be counterfeited. Falsification, fal-sJ-fJ-kiishSn, s. The act of counterfeiting any thing so as to mal(e it appear what it is not. Falsifier, fal'se-fi-ur, S. One that counterfeits, one that makes any thing to seem what it is not j a liar. To Falsify, fal-S^-fl, v. a. To counterfeit, to forge. To Falsify, faUse-fl, v. n. 183. To tell lies. ' ALSITY, fal-S^-te, s. Falsehood, contrariety to truth; a lie, an error. To Falter, lil-tur, v. n. To hesitate in the utterance of words ; to fail. ' ALTERINGLY, faKtur-lIlg-l^, od. With hesitation, witli difficulty ^AME, fame, S. Celebrity, renown; report, rumour. Famed, famd, a. 359. Renowned, celebrated, much talked of. FamELESS, fanie'-les, a. Without fame. 199 Familiar, fS-mil-j :1r, a. 113. Domestick, re.- lating to a family ; atl'able, easy in conversation ; well known; well acquainted with, accustomed; uncon< strained. Familiar, ^-mil-ytr, s. An intimate, one long acquainted. Familiarity, M-mil-yl-^ri^-te, s. Easiness of conversation, omission of ceremony j acquaintance, habitude ; easy intercourse. To Familiarize, f4-mil-yJr-lze, v. a. To make easy by habitude; to bring (iown from a state of distant superiority. Familiarly, f4-mil'yir-l^, ad. Unceremoniously, with freedom ; easily, without formality. Famille, f4-m^el{ ad. In a family way. O This word is perfect Frencli, and is never used without c?i before it. " Deluded mortals whom the great Choose for compaDions tetc-a-t«te ; ** Who at their dinners enfamUlef " Get leave to sit whene'er you will." Smft. Family, fAm-^-1^, s. Those who live in the same house, household ; those that descend from one com- mon progenitor, a race, a generation ; a class, a tribe, a species. Famine, llm-in, s. 140. Scarcity of food, dea- . To Famish, flm^ish, v, a. To kill with .lungcr, to starve; to kill by deprivation of any thing necessary. To Famish, fim-ish, v. n. To die of hunger. Famishment, Mm-ish-ment, s. Want of food. Famosity, fJ-m6s^e-te, S. Renown. Famous, fA-mus, a. 314. Renowned, celebrated. Famously, fi-nms-le, ad. With celebrity, with great faine. Fan, fail, s. An instrument used by ladies to move the air and cocil lliemselves; any thing spread out like a woman's fun ; the instrument by wliich the chaff is blown away ; any thing by which the air is moved ; an instrument to raise the fire. To Fan, fan, v. a. To cool or recreate with a fan ; to ventilate, to aficct by air put in motion; to sepa- rate, as by winnowing. Fanaticism, fl-n^t-^-sizm, s. Enthusiasm. religious phrensy. Fanatick, fi-n4t-ik, a, 509. Enthusiastick, superstitious. Fanatick, f4-nit-ik, s. An enthusiast, a man mad with wild notions. Fanciful, flll-sl-fiil, a. Imaginative, rather guided by imagination than reason; directed by the imagination, not the reason. FancifuU-Y, f^Il-si-ful-i, ad. According to the wildness of imagination. Fancifulness, flnise-fiil-nes, s. Addiction to the pleasures of imagination. Fancy, fan-S^, *. imagination, the power by which the mind forms to itself images and representations; an opinion bred rather by the iniaginatioti than the reason; inclination, liking; caprice, humour, whim ; frolick, idle scheme, vagary. To Fancy, f^n-S^, v. n. To imagine, to believe without being able to prove. To Fancy, f^ni&i, v. a. To ponrtray in the mind, to imagine; to like, to be pleased with. Fancymongeb, fiu-se-mung-gur, *. One who deals in tricks of imagination. Fancysick, fli>isd-sik, o. One whose distemper is in his own mind. Fane, fane, *. a temple consecrated to religion. Fanfaron, ftn-f^-rinj *. French. A bully, a Hector; a blusterer, a boaster of more than he can perform.— See Encore. Fanfaronade, fl^n-f^r-o-uidej s. A bluster, • tumour of fictitious dignity. To Fang, flng, v. a. To seize, to gripe, to clutch. Fang, flag, s. The long tusks of a boar or other animal; the naiU, tlie talons; any thing like a long tooth FAR FAS ts- 559. The 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— m^ 93, "met 95— pine 105, pm 107— nS 162, move 1G4, ■h FangED, Mngd, a. 359. Furnished with fangs or long teeth, furnished with any instrument in imitation of fangs. FanGLE, f^njigl, S. 405. SBIy attempt, trifling scheme, Fangled, fSno-^dd, a. 359. It is scarcely used but in new-fangled, vainly fond of novelty. FanglesS, flng-les, a. Toothless, without teeth. Fannel, filn-nel, s. A sort of ornament like a scarf, worn about the left arm of a mass priest. Fanner, fAn-nur, s. One that playj a fan. Fantasied, ftn^ti-sid, a. 283. Filled with fancies. Fantasm, fitn'-t^zm, s. — See Phantasm. Fantastical, Mn-tis^ti-kil, ") Fantastick, f4n-tis'-tik, 509./"' Irrational, bred only in the imagination ; subsisting only in the fancy, imaginary; capricious, humorous, unsteady; whimsical, fanciful. Fantastically, fin-tis-t^-kM-e, ad. By the power of imagination; capriciously, humorously; whimsically. Fantasticalness, fSn-t4s-te-kJl-nes, Fantastickness, iln-t^s-tik-nes, Humorousness, mere compliance with fancy; whim- sicalness, unreasonableness; caprice, unsteadiness. Fantasy, fln-ti-S^, S. Fancy, imagination, the power of imagining; idea, image of the mind; hu- mour, inclination. Fap, fap, a. Fuddled, drunk. An old cant word. Far, ftlr, ad. 77, 7a. To great extent ; to a great distance; remotely, at a great distance; in a great part, in a great proportion; to a great lieight; to a certain degree. Far-fetch, fir-fetshj s. A deep stratagem. Far-fetched, far-fetshtj a. 359. Brought from places remote; studiously sought; elaborately strained. Far-piercing, far-p^ir-sing, a, striking, or penetrating a great way. Far-shooting, far-shoot-ing, a. Shooting to a great distance. Far, far, a. Distant, remote ; from far, from a remote place. To Farce, farse, v. a. To stuff, to fill with mingled ingredients; to extend, to swell out. Farce, farse, S. A dramatick representation written withotit regularity, generally stuffed with ribaldry and nonsense. Farcical, far-se-kil, a. Belonging to a farce. Farcy, far-se, s. The leprosy of horses. Fardel, fSr-del, S. A bundle, a little pack. To Fare, fAre, v. n. To go, to pass, to travel ; to be in any state good or bad; to happen to any one well or ill ; to feed, to eat, to be entertained. Pare, fare, s. Price of passage in a vehicle by land or by water; food prepared for the table, provisions. r, f fare-wel, or fare-welj ~) Farewell, ■< ^^ , q, ri a,, >■*. ' t far-wel, oj- far-wel; J The parting compliment, adieu; it is sometimes used only ac an expression of separation without kindness. 03- To all these different pronunciations Is this word subject. The accentuation, either on the first or last tyllable, depends much on the rhythm of the sentence. See Ci^nmodore ani Commonwealth. When i! is used as a substantive, without an adjective before it, the accent is generally on the first syllable; as, ** See how the morniug opes her golden gate;;, ** And takes her/dreiuc/i of the glorious sun." Shak. Or, if the adjective follow the substantive, as, " If chance the radiant sun with ffireiveU sweet " Extend his cv'ning beam, the fields revive, ** The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds " Attest their joy, that hill and valley ring." Milton. But if the adjective precede the substantive, the accent is generally placed on the last syllable; as, ** Treading the path to nobler ends, ** A long /rtreit't // to love I gave.'' fVatler. Ai ill this grove I took my \v,t farav^U," Dryicn. 200 Or when it is governed by a verb, as, " I bade him /ore- w^U," or, " 1 bade/areu,'e7/ to him." When it is used as an adjective, the accent is always on the first syllable; as, " A/areire/i Sermon." But when it is used as an interjection, (for with great deference to Dr. Johnson I cannot think it an adverb) the accent is either on the first or second syllable, as the rhythm of pronunciation seems to require. " But /liretcel?, king; sith thus thou wilt appear, ** Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here." Shak O queen, farewell ; be still jiossest " Of dear remembrance, blessing still and blest* Pope With respect to the pronunciation of a in the first syl- lable of this word, Mr. Sheridan says, that in England the first syllable is pronounced like/ar, and in Ireland like^iue. But if this be really tlie case, the two nations seem to have changed dialects ; for nothing can be more evident to the most superficial observer, than the ten- dency in Ireland to pronounce the a like that in far, and in England like that in fare. Not that I think the pro- nunciation of the first syllable of/a)ette((, like/ar, either vicious or vulgar : lam convinced many good speakers so pronounce it; but the other pronunciation 1 think more analogical, as well as more general ; Dr. Kenrick and Mr. Scott pronounce it with the second sound of a, and W. Johnston and Mr. Perry with the first. Farewell, fare-welJ s. Leave, act of departure. Farinaceous, fftr-e-na-shus, a. Mealy, tasting like meal. Farm, farm, S. Ground let to a tenant; the state of lands let out to the culture of tenants. To Farm, farm, v. a. To let out to tenants at a certain rent; to take at a certain rate; to cultivate land. Farmer, far-mur, .S. One who cultivates hired ground ; one who cultivates ground. Farmost, far-most, a. Most distant. FaRNESS, far-nes, S. Distance, remotcners. Farraginous, filr-r^dje-e-iius, a. Formed of ditferent materials. Farrago, fir-n\-e;5, S. 77. A mass formed con- fusedly of several ingredients, a medley. Farrier, fAr-re-ur, 5, a shoer of horses ; one who professes the medicine of horses. Farrow, ftlr-ro, s. 327. A little pig. To Farrow, far-ro, v. a. To bring pigs. Fart, fart, S. Wind from behind. To Fart, f?irt, v. a. To break wind behind. Farther, far-THer, ad. At a treater distance, to a greater distance, more remotely. — See Further. Farther, far^Tiicr, a. 93. More remote longer, tending to greater distance. FartHERANCE, far-THer-itnse, s. Encourage- ment, proportion. Farthermore, far^THer-more,' ad. Besides over and above, likewise. 7'o Farther, far-THer, v. a. To promote, t» facilitate, to advance. Farthest, far-THest, ad. At the greatest dis- tance; to the greatest distance. Farthest, fur-THest, a. Most distant, remotest. Farthing, far-THing, S. The fourth of a penny J copper money. Fartii ingale, far-THing-g^l, s. A lioop, used to spread the petticoat. Farthingsworth, fXr-THingz-wurtli, s. As much as is sold for a farthing. Fasces, fjs-sez, S. Rods anciently carried before the consuls. Fascia, fish'-e-^, S. 92. A fi.let, a bandage. FaSCIATED, f^hi^-A-tod, a. Bound with fillets. Fasciation, fAsh-e-A-sliun, s. 356. Bandage. To Fascinate, fAs-se-nate, v. a. To bewitch, to enchant, to influence in some wicked and secret man- ner. Fascination, fAs-s^-ni^shun, s. The power or act of bewitching, enchantment. Fascine, fAs-sene{ s. 112. A fagou FAT FAU nor 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— oil 299- p5und 313— //tin 466, THis 469. FasCINOUS, f^^sJ-nuS, a. Caused or acting by witchcraft. JFashiON, ffch-un, 5.' Form, malvc, state of any thing with regard to appearance; the nialie or cut of clothes ; manner, sort, way ; custom operating upon dress, or any domestick ornaments; custom, general practice; manner imitated from another, way esta- blished by precedent; general approbation, mode; rank, condition abcve the vulgar. .% Fashion, f^sh^un, v. a. To form, to mould, to figure; to fit, to adapt, to accommodate; to cast into external appearance; to make according to the rule prescribed by custom. Fashionable, f$sh'un-4-bl, a. Approved by custom, established by custom, made according to the mode; observant of mode; having rank above the vulgar, and below nobility. Fashionableness, ftsh-un-i-bl-nes, s. Modish elegance. Fashionably, Msh-un-H-bl^, ad. In a manner conformable to custom, with modish elegance. Fashionist, fish^un-ist, s, A follower of the mode, a coxcomb. To Fast, fist, v. n. 79. To abstain from food; to mortify the body by religious abstinence. Fast, s. Abstinence from food; religious mortlAca- tion by abstinence. Fast, fSst, a. Firm, immoveable; firm in ad- lierence; speedy, quick, swift; fast and loose, uncer- tain, variable, inconstant. Fast, fast, ad. Firmly, immoveably; closely, nearly; swiftly, nimbly; frequently. To Fasten, f^-sn, v. a. 405. To make fast, to make firm ; to hold together, to cement, to link; to affix, to conjoin. To Fasten, f^^sn, v. n. 472. To fix himself. *i'ASTENER, ftsisn-ur, s. One that makes fast or firm. Faster, fSst-ur, S. 98. He who abstains from food. FasthanDED, f^t'h5nd-ed, a. Avaricious, close- handed, covetous. Fastidiosity, fis-tid-^-6si^-tJ, s. ■ Disdainfulness. Fastidious, ffc-tid-^-us, or f5s-tidije-us, a. 293,394. Disdainful, squeamish, delicate to a vice. Fastidiously, fAs-tid-^-us-li, or fis-tid-j^-us- le, ad. 293, 294. Disdainfully, squeamishly. Fasting-day, f4st-ing-da, s. Day of mortification by abstinence. Fastness, f^St-nes, S. Firmness, firm adherence ; strength, security; a strong place ; a place not easily forced. Fastuous, fis-tshu-us, a. 464. Proud, haughty. Fat, f3t, a. FuU-fed, plump, fleshy ; coarse, gross, dull ; wealthy, rich. Fat, fit, S. ■■ The unctuous part of animal flesh. Fat, fat, S. A vessel in wliich any thing is put to ferment or be soaked. To Fat, fit, v. a. To make fat, to fatten. To Fat, fit, v. n. To grow fat, to grow full-fleshed. Fatal, fa-til, a. Deadly, mortal, destructive, causi ng destruction ; proceeding by destiny, inevitable, necessary ; appointed by destiny. Fatalist, fa-til-list, S. One who maintains that all things happen by invincible necessity. Natality, fi-til-4-t^, S. Predestination, pre- determined order or series of things and events ; decree of fate ; tendency to danger. ^^TALLY, fi^til-li, ad. Mortally, destructively, even to death ; by the decree of fate. FaTALNESS, fi'-til-nes, s. Invincible necessity. Fate, fate, s. Destiny, an eternal series of succes- sive causes; event predetermined; death, destruction; cause of death. Fated, fa-ted, a. Decreed by fate j determined in any manner by fate. 301 Father, fa^THer, s. 34. 78. 98. He by whoa the son or daughter is begotten ; the first ancestor ; the appellation of an old man; the title of any man reve- rent; the ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries; the title of a popish confessor; the title of a senator of old Rome; the appellation of the first person of tM adorable Trinity, 76. Father-in-law, fa-tner-in-law, *. The fathei of one's husband or wife. To Father, fa-THer, v. a. To take as a son or daughter; to supply with a father; to adopt a compo- sition; to ascribe to anyone as his offspring or pro- duction. Fatherhood, fa-THer-hud, s. The character of a father. Fatherless, fa-THer-les, a. Without a father. Fatherliness, fa-THer-l«-nes, s. The tenderness of a father. Fatherly, fa-THer-le, a. Paternal, like a father. Fatherly, fa-THer-1^, ad. In the manner of a father. Fathom, fiTH-um, S. 166. A measure of length containing six feet; reach, penetration, depth of con- trivance. To Fathom, fiTH-um, v. a. To encompass with the arms ; to sound, to try with respect to the depth ; to penetrate into, to find the bottom ; as, I cannot fathom his design. Fathomless, fiTH-iim-les, a. That of which no bottom can be found ; that of which the circumference cannot be embraced. Fatidical, £i-tid-e-kil, a. Prophetick, liavii| the power to foretell. FatifeROUS, fi-tlfifj-rus, a. Deadly, mortal. FaTIGABLE, fit^e-gi-bl, a. Easily wearied. To Fatigate, fit-e-gate, i;. a. 91- To weary, to fatigue. Fatigue, ii-te%J s. 337. Weariness, lassitude j the cause of weariness, labour, toil. To Fatigue, fi-te^g{ v. a. 112. To tire, to weary. Fatkidneyed, fit^kid-nid, a. 283. Fat. Fatling, fit-ling, s. A young animal fed fat for the slaugnter. Fatner, fit-tn-ur, s. More properly JFattener. That which gives fatness. {CT- It is not a little surprising that Dr. Johnson should let the vulgar spelling of this word have a place in his vocabulary. Partner and yintner have no e between the t and n, because we have no verb to parten or to vir.ten, hui fattener from the word to fatten, as necessarily re- quires the c as hearkencr, whitener, listener, &c. The same may be observed of the word softner, which see. Fatness, fitiues, s. The quality of being fat, plump; fat, grease; unctuous or greasy matter; ferti- lity; that which causes fertility. To Faiten, fit-tn, V. a. 405. To feed up, to make fleshy ; to make fruitful ; to feed grossly, to in- crease. To Fatten, fit-tn, ]v. n. To grow fat, to be pampered. Fatuous, fitsh-u-us, a. 461. stupid, foolish, feeble of mind ; impotent, without force. Fatuity, fi-tu'e-te, s. Foolishness, weakness o mind. OC?- For the second syllable of this word, see Futurity, Fatwitted, fit-Wlt-ed, a. Heavy, dull. Fatty, fit-te, a. Unctuous, oleaginous, greasy. Fauset, .fawiset, a. A pipe inserted into a vesse. to give vent to the liquor, and stopped up by a peg o; spigot. FauCHION, faUshun, s. A crooked sword. F'aVILLOUS, fi-vil-lus, a. Consisting of ashes. Faulcon, faw-kn, s. — See Falcon. Fault, fait, S. 404. Offence, alight crime, some- wlir.t liable to censure; defect, want; puzzle, diiii-. cully. 0:?- Dr. Johnson tells us, that the { in this woid U FEA FEA »5- 559. Ylte 73, ^r 77, fall 83, fk 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move, 145, •ometimes sounded and sometimes mi\te, and that in conversation it is generally suppressed. To this Dr. Keii- •icli adds, tliat it is needlessly suppressed. None of our .exicographers have marked this letter mute but Mr. Slie- idan. Mr. Nares says, tlie word is pronounced bnth frays, and leaves it undetermined j but Mr. Elphinston ecides positively against retaining tlie I even in writing: lis reasons are, that as the French have left out the I ni their antiquated /anitf, we ought to leave it out of our fnglish word, which w<\s derived from their ancient one. his reasoning, however, 1 think is not conclusive. If after deriving words from their living languages, and using them for centuries, we were to alter them as their present language happens to alter, our own language would have no stability. The truth is, the French lan- guage is much more altered within the last two centuries than the English, and is greatly enfeebled by dropping its consonants. Its nasal vowels too have added to its weakness, by rendering both vowels and consonants less distinct. The ( in question has nothing harsh or uncom- mon in its sound, and, if it were mute, would deiert its relation to the Latin falsitas, and form a disgraceful ex- ception ; and if poets have sometimes dismissed it to rhyme the word with thought, sought, &c. they have as readily admittted it to rhyme with malt, salt, and assault, " Which of our thrum-capp'd ancestors found /fliilt, " For want of sugar-tongs, or sikjous for salt ?" Kin^. Faultfinder, falt^find-fir, s. A censurer. Faultily, faKte-le, ad. Not rightly, improperly. FaulTINESS, fal-te-neS, *. Badness, viciousnessj delinquency. Faultless, falt-Ies, a. Without fault, perfect. Faulty, fal'-te, a. Guilty of a fault, blamable, erroneous, defective. Faun, fawn, *. a kind of rural deity. 7'(? Favour, fa-viir, v, a. To support, to regard with kindness; to assist with advantages or conve- niences ; to resemble in feature; to conduce to, to con- tribute. Favour, fa-vur, s. 314. Countenance, kindness; support, defence; kindness granted ; lenity, mitigation ©f punishment: leave, good will, pardon; object of favour, person or thing favoured ; something given by a lady to be worn ; any thing worn openly as a token; feature, countenance. Favourable, fa'-vur-^-bl, a. Kind, propitious, affectionate; palliative, tender, averse from censure ; conducive to, contributing to ; accommodate, conve- nient; beautiful, well-favoured. Favourableness, fa^vur-^-bl-nes, s. Kindness, benignity. Favourably, f^-vur-i-ble, ad. Kindly, witii favour. Favoured, faivurd, part. a. Regarded with kindness; featured, with well or ill. Favou REDLY, fa^vurd-le, ad. With well or ill, in a fair or foul way. Favourer, fd-vur-ur, s. One who favours j one who regards with kindness or tenderness. Favourite, fii-vur-it, s. 156. a person or thing beloved, one regarded with favour; one, chosen as a companion by his superior. FavOURLESS, fA^vur-les, a. Unfavoured, not re- garded with kindness; unfavouring, unpiopitious. Fautor, faw-tur, *. 166. Favourer, countenancer. Fautress, faw-tres, S. A woman that favours or shows countenance. Fawn, fawn, *. A young deer. To Fawn, fawn, v. n. To bring forth a young deer; to court by frisking before one, as a dog ; to court ser- vilely. Fawner, faw^nur, s. One that fawns, one that pays servile courtship. Fawningly, faw-ning-ll, ad. In a cringing servile way. Fay, ik, S. A fairy, an elf; faith. To Feague, ih^s, V. a. 337- To whip, to chastize. Fealty, fe-^l-t^, S. Duty due to a superior lord. 83" Dr Kcnrick, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scolt, Buchanan, W.Johnston, and, if we may judge by the position of 202 the accent, Eutick, make only two syllables of this word Mr. Perry, Mr. Nares, and, by the position of the ac. cent. Dr. Ash, three. I do not hesitate a moment t* pronounce the last division the best; not onlv as it is immediately derived from a French word of three syl lables, feaulti, but as this is generally its quantity is Milton and Skakespcare. " I am in parliament pledge for his truth, " And lastiug /eaffy to the new-made king." Shak Let my sovereign Command my eldest son, * ay, all my sons, As pledges of my fealtij and love." Ibid " Man disobeying, " Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins ' Against the high suprsmaey of heav'n.*' jVXilfon. " Each bird and beast behold ** After their kinds ; I bring them to receive '* From thee their names ; and pay thee fealty " With low subjection. Ibid. ** Whether his first design be to withdraw " Our fealty to God, or to disturb " Coigugal love." fbid. In these q-uotations from Johnson we see the first only makes /?a/(y two syllables ; and even here it may Iw pre- sumed there is a poetical licence exactly like that which Young uses in the word really : ** Why really sixty-five is somewhat old." Fear, fere, S. 227. Dread, horrour, apprehension of danger; awe, dejection of mind; anxiety, solici- tude; that which causes fear; something hung up to scare deer. To Fear, fere, v. a. To dread, to consider with apprehensions of terrour; to fright, to terrify, to make afraid. To Fear, fere, v. n. To live in horrour, to be afraid ; to be anxious. Fearful, f^re-ful, or fer-ful, a. 230. Timorousj afraid; awful; terrible, dreadful. —See 7"'ierce. Fearfully, fere'ful-1^, or fer-ful-le, ad. Timorously, in fear; terribly, dreadfully. Tearfulness, fere-ful-nes, or fer-ful-nes, s. Timorousness, habitual timidity; state of bet ng afraid, awe, dread. Fearlessly, fere-les-1^, ad. Without terrour. Fearlessness, fere-les-nes, s. Exemption from fear. Fearless, fere-les, a. Free from fear, intrepid. Feasibility, fe-z^-bll-e-t^, *. a thing practicable. Feasible, fe-ze-bl, a. 227. Practicable, that may be effected. Feasibly, fe-ze-ble, ad. Practicably. Feast, f^lst, s. 227. An entertainment of the table, a sumptuous treat of great numbers ; an anni- versary day of rejoicing ; something delicious to the palate. To Feast, feest, v. n. To eat sumptuously. To Feast, feest, v. a. To entertain sumptuously j to delight, to pamper. FeASTER, fe^st-ur, S. One that fares deliciously ; one that entertains magnificently. Feastful, feest-ful, a. Festive, joyful; luxurious, riotous. FeASTRITE, feest-rite, S, Custom observed in entertainments. Feat, ihte, s. 227. Act, deed, action, exploit ; a trick, a ludicrous performance. Feat, f^te, a. Ready, skilful, ingenious ; nice, neat. Feateous, fe'-t^-us, or fJitsb^-us, a. 263. Neat, dextrous. Feateously, f^it^-us-lJ, ad. Neatly, dextrously Feather, feTH-ur, s. 98. 234. The plumje oi birds; an ornament, an empty title; upon ahorse, sort of natural frizzling hair. To Feather, feTH-i'r, v. a. To dress in feathers, to fit with feathers ; to tread as a cock; to enrich, to adorn ; to feather one's nest, to get riclies together. FEE FEL nor iCr, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— 559. The 73, itr 77, fall 83, tk 81— m493, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, inSve 164, #00, as Mr. Sheridan has marked them, see Principles, No. 376 and 474. Fiduciary, fJ-du-sh^-^-re, *. One who holds any thing in truit 5 one who depends on faith without worlcs. Fiduciary, f5-du^slil-l-re, a. Confident, steady, undoubting. Fief, feef, S. A fee, a manor, a possession held by some tenuae of a superiour. Field, feeld, S. 275. Ground not inhabited, not built on; cultivated tract of ground; the open coun- try, opposed to quarters; the ground of battle; llie ground occupied by any army ; a wide expanse ; space, compass, extent; in heraldry, the surface of a shield. Fielded, feel-ded, a. Being in a field of battle. Field-basil, feeld-biz-il, s, A plant, Fieldred, feeld-bed, s. A bed contrived to be set up easily in the field. Fieldfare, fel'-fAre, s. 515. A bird. FlELDMARSHAL, f^eld-maiisliil, S. Commtnder of an army in the Held. FlELDMOUSE, fe^ld-mouse, s. A mouse that burrows in banks. FlELDOFFICER, f^^ld-Sf^fe-sur, s. An officer whose command in the field extends to a whole regi- ment, as the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major. FlELDPlECE, feeld-peese, *. Small cannon used in battles, but not in sieges. Fiend, fj^nd, s. 275. An enemy, the great enemy of mankind, Satan ; any infernal being. Fierce, fferse, or ferse, a. Savage, ravenous ; vehement; outrageous; angry, furious; strong, for- cible. Cj- The first mode of pronouncing this word is the most general ; the second is heard chiefly on the stage. Actors, who have such continual occasion to express the passions, feel a propriety in giving a short vowel sound to a \yord denoting a rapid and violent emotion ; and therefore, though this pronunciation may be said to he grammatically improper, it is philosopiiicully right. See Cheerful. Fiercely, feerseU^, 07- ferseMi, ad. Violently, furiously. Fierceness, fJerse-nes, or ferse-nes, s. Ferocity, savageness; violence, outrageous passion. FiERiFACiAS, fi-6-re-fa-slius, S. 88. In law, a judicial writ from liim that has recovered in an action ' of debt or damages, to the sheriff, to command him to levy the debt, or the damages. FlERINESS, fl-er-i-nes, S. Hot qualities, heat, aciiniony; heat of temper, intellectual ardour. Fiery, fi-er-e, a. ■ Consisting of fire ; hot like fire ; vehement, ardent, active; passionate, outrageous, e«sily provoked ; unrestrained, fierce; heated by fire. Fife, nfe, *. A pipe blown to the drum. Fifteen, flf^teell, a. Five and ten. Fifteenth, tlf^teen^A, a. The fifth after the tenth. Fifth, fiUh, a. The next to the fourth. Fifthly, ffft/i-l^, ad. In the fifth place. FirriETH, fii'-tti-tth, a. 279. The next to the forty .ninth. Fifty, fif-te, a. Five tens. Fig, ^g, s, A tree that bears figs ; the fruit of the fig-tree. FiGAPPLE, flg-^p-pl, S. 405. A fruit. Figimarigold, fig-mir-e-g6ld, *. A plant. To Fight, fite, v. n. Pret. Fought.. Part. pass. Fought. To contend in battle, to make war; to con- tend in single fight; to contend. To Fight, flte, v. a. To war against, to combat against. Fight, rite, *. Battle; combat, duel ; something to screen the combatants in ships. Fighter, fi^tur, S. Warriour, duellist. Fighting, fi-ting, part. a. Qualified for war, fit for battle j occupied by war. 206 Figment, fig-ment, s. An invenfon, a fiction, tlie idea feigned. FlGPECKER, f'lg-pek-ur, *. A bird. FiGULAfE, dg-u-late, a. 91. Made of potter's clay. FiGURABLE, f?^iu-r5.-bl, a. Capable of being brought to acertain form, and retained in it. Thus lead is figurable, but not water. FiGURABlLlTY, fig-u-^-bil-e-t^, s. The quality of being capable of a certain and stable form. FiGURAL, rig-u-ril, a. Belonging to a figure. Fig URATE, fig^u-rate, a. 9I. Of a certain and determinate form; resembling any thing of a deter- minate form. Figuration, fig-u-ri-shun, s. Determination to a certain form ; the act of giving a certain form. Figurative, flg-u-ri-tiv, a. Representing some- thing else, typical; not literal; full of rhetorical ex- ornations. Figuratively, fi^^u-ri-tiv-le, ad. By a figure, in a sense different from that which words originally imply. Figure, flgiure, *. The figure of any thing as terminated by the outlines ; shape; person, external form, appearance, mean or grand ; distinguished ap- pearance, eminence, remarkable character; a statue, an image; representations in painting; a character denoting a number; the horoscope, the diagram of the aspects of the astrological houses ; in the,oIogy, typo-, representative; in rhetorick, any mode of spcakiiig in vyhich words are detorted from their literal and primi- tive sense; in grammar, any deviation from the rules of analogy or syntax. CC?" There is a coarse and a delicate pronunciation of this word and its compounds. The first is such a pro- nunciation as makes tne u short and shut, as if written JiUfiur : the last preserves the sound of u open, as if y were prefixed, fig-yure. That this is the true sound of open K, see Principles, No. 8. To Figure, flg-ure, v. a. To form into any determined shape ; to cover or adorn with figures ; to diversify ; to represent by a typical or figurative resem- blance; to image in the mind; to form figuratively, to use in a sense not literal. Fig WORT, fig-wurt, *. A plant. Filaceous, fJ-hUshus, a, 357. Consisting of threads. Filacer. fil-S-sur, s. 98. An officer in the Common Pleas, so called because he files those writs whereon he makes process. Filament, dK^-ment, «. a slender thread, a body slender and long like a thread. Filbert, fiKburt, s. 98. A fine hazel nut with a thin shell. To Filch, filsh, v. n. To steal, to pilfer. Filch er, fllsh'-ur, s. 98. A thief, a petty robber. File, file, s. A thread ; a line on which papers are strung; a catalogue, roll ; a line of soldiers ranged one behind another; an instrument to smooth metals. Filec utter, flleikut-ur, *. A maker of files, To File, file, v. a. To string upon a thread or wire ; to cut with a file ; to foul, to sully, to pollute. To File, file, v. n. To march in file, not abreast, but one behind another. FiLEMOT, fil-e-mot, S. A brown or yeUow-brow« Colour. Filer, fl-liir, s. 98. One who files, one who use* the file in cutting metals. Filial, fil-y^l, a. 113. retaining to a son, befitting a son ; bearing the character or relation of son. Filiation, fil-^-i-shun, s. The relation of a son to a father, c^irrelative to paternity. Filings, ri-luigz, S. Fragments rubbed oflT by th. file. To Fill, fil, v. a. To store till no more can be ailinitlcd; to pour liquor into a vessel till it roaches the top ; to satisfy, to content ; to glut, to surfeit; to fill out, to pour out liquor for drink, to extend bv FIN FIR nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/nn 466, this 469. sometliing contained ; to fill up, to make full, to sup- l)ly, to occui)y by bulk. 7b Fill, fil, v. n. To give to drink : to grow full; to glut, t(i satiate. Fill, fll, S. As much as may produce complete satisfaction ; the place between the shafts of a caniagc. Filler, fll-lur, s. Any thing that fills up room without use: one whose employment is to fill vessels of carriage. Fillet, t'il-llt, a. 99. A band tied round the head or other part ; the fleshy part of the tliigh, applied commonly to veal; meat rolled together, and tied round; in architecture, a little member which appears in the ornaments and mouldings, and is otherwise called listel. 7b Fillet, fll-ht, v. a. To bind with a bandage or fillet; to adorn with an astragal. 7b Fillip, fil-lip, v. a. To strike with the nail of the finger by a sudden spring. Fillip, fll- lip, s. A jerk of the finger let go from the thumb. Filly, fil-le, s. A young mare j opposed to a colt or young horse. Film, film, S. A pellicle or thin skin. 7b Film, film, v. a. To cover with a pellicle or thin skin. Filmy, fil-mi, a. Composed of thin membranes or pellicles. 7b Filter, fll-tir, V, a. To clear by drawing oiT liquor by depending threads ; to strain, to percolate. Filter, fil-tur, s. A twist of thread, of wTiich one end is dipped in the liquor to be cleared, and the other hangs below the bottom of the vessel, so that the li- quor drips from it ; a strainer. Filth, fiUA, s. Dirt, nastiness; corruption, pollution. Filthily, ii\th'-h-\h, ad. Nastily, foully, grossly. FilthiNESS, iiltti'-k-nes, S. Nastiness, foulness, dirtiness ; corruption, pollution. Filthy, fiUA-e, a. Nasty, foul, dirty? gross, polluted. 7b Filtrate, fil-trate, v. a. 91. To strain, to percolate. Filtration, fll-trA-shun, s. A method by which liquors are procured fine and clear. Fimbriated, fim-br4-4-ted, a. Fringed, edged round, jagged. Fin, fin, *. The wing of a fish. Fin-footed, fin'-fut-ed, a. Having feet with membranes between the toes. Finable, fl-nJ-bl, «. 405. That admits a fine. Final, fi-nJl, a. 88. Ultimate, last; conclusive; mortal ; respecting the end or motive. Finally, fl-nil-5, ad. Ultimately, in concliision, completely, without recovery. Finance, f^-n4nsej S. Revenue, income, profit. Financial, f^-nan-shttl, a. Relative to finance. Financier, fln-nan-se^rj *. 357. One who collects or farms the publick revenue. FiNARY, fl-n^-r^, *. The second forge at the iron mills. Finch, finsb, S, A small bird ; of which we have three kinds, tlie goldfinch, the cliaffincli, and bulrinch. 7b Find, find, v. a. To obuin by searching or seeking; to obtain something lost; to meet with, to fall upon; to know by experience; to discover by study; 40 discover what is hidden ; to liit on by chance, io perceive by accident; to detect, to deprehend, to catch; to determine by judicial verdict; to supply, to furnish, as he finds me in money; in law, to approve, as to find a bill j to find himself, to fare with regard to ease or pain ; to find out, to unriddle, to solve ; to discover something hidden, to obtain the knowledge of; to invent. Finder, flnd'-ur, *. One that meets or falls upoft any thing ; one that picks up any thing los.. FlNDFAULT, find-falt, s, A censurer, a caviller. 207 Fine, fine, a. Refined, pure, free fyom dross subtle, thin, as the fine spirits evaporate; refined; kein, smoothly sharp; clear, pellucid, as the wine is fine; nice, delicate; artful, dextej'ous ; elegant, with elevation; beautiful, with dignity ; accomplished, elegant of manners; showy, splendid. Fine, fine, s, A mulct, a pecuniary punishment; penalty ; forfeit, money paid for any exemption or li- berty; tlie end, conclusion. 7b Fine, fine, v. a. To refine, to purify ; to make transparent ; to punish with pecuniary penalty. 7b Fine, fine, v. n. To pay a fine. 7b FiNEDRAW, flneMraw, v. a. To sew up a rent with so much nicety that it is not perceived. Finedraaver, flne-draw-ur, s. One whose business is to sew up rents. Finefingered, fine-fing-gurd, a. Nice, artful, exquisite. Finely, flne-ll, ad. Beautifully, elegantly; keenly, sharply; in small parts; wretchedly [ironi- cally]. Fineness, fine^nes, *. Elegance, delicacy : show, splendour ; artfulness, ingenuity; purity, freedom from dross or base mixtures. Finery, fl-nur-l, *. 557. Show, splendour of appearance. Finesse, fiJ-nes{ s. 126. Artifice, stratagem. Finer, fUnur, *. 98. One who purifies metals. Fine-spoken, fineisp5-kn, a. Affectedly polite. " Dear Madam, be sure he's a fine-spoken man." Swift. Finger, fing^gur, S. 381. The flexible member of tlie hand by which men catch and luild; a small measure of extension; the hand, the instrument of work. 7b Finger, fing^gur, v. a. To touch lightly, to toy with ; to touch unseasonably or thievishly ; to touch an instrument of musick ; to perform any work ex-quisitely with the fingers. Finglefangle, flng^gl-f^ngigl, s. A trifle. Finical, fin-^-kil, a. Nice, foppish. FiNICALLY, fin-e-kil-^, ad. Foppishly. FiNICALNESS, fin^^-k4l-nes, S. Superfluous nicety. 7b Finish, fin-ish, v. a. To bring to the end proposed, to perfect, to polish to the excellency in- tended. Finisher, fin-ish-ur, s. One that finishes. Finite, fl-nite, a. 126. Limited, bounded. FiNITELESS, fl^nlte-les, a. Without bounds, ttn- unlimitcd. Finitely, fi^nlte-U', ad. With certain limits, to a certain degree. Finitenejs, fi^nlte-nes, ") Finitude, fm^e-tude, J Limitation, confinement within certain bounuaries. FiNLESS, fin-les, a. Without fins. Finlike, fin-llke, a. Formed in imitation of flns. FlNNED, find, a. 362. Having broad edges spread out on either side. Finny, fln-n^, a. Furnished with fins, formed for the element of water. FiNTOED, fin-tide, a. Having a membrane between the toes. FiNOCHIO, fe-ni-she-6, S. Fennel. Fir, fer, s. 109. The tree of which deal-board* are made. Fire,' fire, S. The element that bums ; any thing burning; a conflagration of towns or countries; the piinishment of the damned; any thing that inflamef the passions ; ardour of temper ; liveliness of imagina- tion, vigour of fancy, spirit of sentiment ; the passion of love: eruptions or imposthumations, as St. An- thony's fire. Firearms, flreiarmz, s, Arms which owe their efficacy to fire, guns. »• FIS FIX 559. FJte73, far 77, ftU 83, fltSl— mJ 93,'met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 1G4 Fireball, fire-ball, S. Grenado, ball filled with combustibles, and bursting wliere it is tlirown. FiREBRUSH, fire-brush, S. Tlie brush which hangs by the fireside to sweep the hearth. PiREDRAKE, fire-drake, S. A fiery serpent. FiRENEW, fire-nuj a. New from the forge, new from the melting-house. FiRER, fire-ur, s. 98. An incendiary. Fireside, lire-sidej s. The hearth, the chimney. FiRESTICK, flre-Stlk, S. A lighted sticlc or brand. Fireworks, fire-wurks, S. Preparations of gun- powder to be exhibited for show or publick rejoicing. To Fire, fire, v. a. To set on fire, to kindle ; to to inflame the passions, to animate. To Fire, fire, v. n. To take fire, to be kindled ; to be influenced with passion; to discharge any fire-arms. Firebrand, rire-br^nd, s. A piece of wood kindled; an incendiary, one who inflames factions. FirecrosS, fire-krSs, S. A token in Scotland for the nation to take arms. F1.RELOCK, fire-lok, S, A soldier's gun, a gun discharged by striking steel with a flint. Fireman, fire^m^n, s. 83. One who is employed to extinguish burning houses. Firepan, flre-pJn, s. A pan for holding or carrying fire ; in a gun, the receptacle for the priming powder. FiRESHIP, fire-ship, S. A ship filled with com- bustible matter to fire the vessels of the enemy. i IRESHOVEL, f!re'-shuv-vl, s. The instrument ■with which the hot coals are thrown up. Firestone, fire-stone, s. A hearth-stone, stone that will bear the fire, the pyrites. Firewood, fire-wud, s. Wood to bum, fuel. Firing, fiiring, s. Fuel. To Firk, ferk, v. a. To whip, to beat. Firkin, fer-kin, S. A vessel containing nine gallons ; a small vessel. Firm, ferrn, O. 108. strong, not easily pierced or shaken; hard, opposed to soft; constant, steady, resolute, fixed, unshaken; the name or names under which any liouse of trade is established ; a commercial word. To Firm, ferm, v, a. To settle, to confirm, to establish, to fix; to fix without wandering. Firmament, fer-m^-ment, s. The sky, the heavens. Firmamental, fer-ml-men-tdl, a. Celestial, of the upper regions. Firmly, ferm-le, ad. Strongly, impenetrably; immoveably ; steadily, constantly. Firmness, ferm-nes, s. Stability, compactness; steadiness, constancy, resolution. First, furst, a. 108. The ordinal of one ; earliest in time; liighest in dignity ; great, excellent. First, furst, ad. Before any thing else, earliest ; before any other consideration ; at the beginning, at first. First-got, furstigot, \ FiRST-EFGOTTEN, furst-be-gSt-tn, J The eldest of children. FiRST-FRUITS, furst-froots, s. What the season first produces or matures of any kind ; the first profits of any thing ; the earliest effects of any thing. Firstling, furst-ling, *. The first produce or offspring ; the thing first thought or done. FiSC, fisk, S. Publick treasury. Fiscal, fis-k^l, s. 88. Exchequer, revenue. FiSH, fish, s. An animal that inhabits the water. 7b Fish, fish, v. n. To be employed in catching fish ; to endeavour at any thing by artifice. To Fish, f iSh, v. a. To search water in quest of fish. Fish-hook, fish-hook, s. A hook for matching fish. 203 Fishpond, flsh^pund, s. A small pool for fish. Fisher, ftsh-ur, s. S8. One who is employed in catching fish. Fish-erboat, fish^ur-bote, s. A boat employed in catching fish. Fisherman, fish-ur-m4n, *. 88. One whose employment and livelihood is to catch fisli. Fishery, flsh-ur-^, s. The business of catching fish. FiSHFUL, fish-ful, a. Abounding with fish. To FiSHIFY, flsh^e-fi, v. a. To turn to fish. Fishing, fish-ing, S. Commodity of taking fish. FiSHKETTLE, fish^ket-tl, s. 405. A caldron made long for the fish to be boiled without bending. Fishmeal, fish^mele, s. Diet of fish. Fishmonger, fish-mung-gur, s. A dealer in fish. Fishy, fish-e, a. Consisting of fish ; having the qualities of fish. Fissile, fis^sil, a. 140. Having the grain in a certain direction, so as to be cleft. FiSSJLITY, flS-Sll-5-t^, S. The quality of admitting to be cloven. Fissure, flsh^shure, s. 452. A cleft, a narrow chasm where a breach has been made. Fist, fist, s. The hand clenched with the fingers doubled down. Fisticuffs, fis^te-kufs, s. Battle with the fist. Fistula, fis^tshu-lA, s. 461. A sinuous ulcer callous within. FlSTULAR, f1s-tshu-l4r, *. 88. Hollow like a pipe. Fistulous, fis-tshu-lus, a. Having the nature of a fistula. Fit, fit, s. A paroxysm of any intermittent dis- temper; any short return after intermission ; disorder, distemperature ; the hysterical disorders of women, and the convulsions of children. Fit, fit, a. Qualified, proper; convenient, meet, right. To Fit, fit, v. a. To suit one thing to another ; to accommodate a person with any thing ; to be adapted to, to suit any thing; to fit out, to furnish, to equip; to fit up, to furnish, to make proper for use. To Fit, fit, v. n. To be proper, to be fit. Fitch, fltsh, s. A small kind of wild pea. Fitchat, fitshiit, 1 Fitchew, itt^tshoo, J A stinking little beast, that robs the henroost anj warren. Fitful, fit-fill, a. Varied by paroxysms. Fitly, ^t-li, ad. Properly, justly, reasonably ; commodiously, meetly. Fitness, flt-nes, S. Propriety, meetness, justness, reasonableness; convenience, commodity, the slate of being fit. Fitment, fit-ment, S, Something adapted to a particular purpose. Fitter, fit^tur, s. The person or thing that confers fitness for any thing. Five, five, a. Four and one, half of ten. FiVELEAVED Grass, five-leevd, s. Cinqucfoil, a species of clover. Fives, fivz, S. A kind of play with a ball; a disease of horses. To Fix, fiks, V. a. To make fast; to settle; to (•irect without variation ; to deprive of volatility; to transfix ; to withhold from motion. To Fix, flks, V. n. To determine the resolution to rest, to cease to wander; to lose volatilily, so as to be malleable. Fixation, fik-sa-shun, s. stability, firmness confinement, want of volatility; reduction from fluidity to firmness. Fixedly, fik-sed-le, ad. 364. Certainly, firmly. Fixedness, flk-sed-nes, 5, 365. stability ; want of Mss of volatility J steadiness, settled opinion or re- solution. FLA FLA nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 1,3— Oil 299— pound 313— ^'*in 466, Tills 469. PiXIDITY, f1k-si(l-e-t^,l „ , r . T- i-^i r I * ( f *• Coherence of parts. Fixity, fik-se-te, J Fixture, flks-tshure, s. 463. Firmness, stable stale ; a piece of furniture fixed to a house. FiXURE, f'lk-shure, 5. 479. Firmness, stable state. Fizgig, fiz-j;ig, s. A kind of dart or harpoon, with wliicli seamen strike fish. Flabby, flilb-be, a. Soft, not firm. Flabile, fi^b-ll, a. 140. Subject to be blown, airy. Flaccid, flik-sul, a. Weak, Umber, not sliflj iax, not tense. — See Bxa'^gerate. Flaccidiiy, fliik-sid-e-te, 5. Laxity, limbemess, want of tension. 7^0 Flag, fiAg', v. n. To hang loose without stiffness or tension ; to grow spiritless or dejected ; to grow feeble, to lose vigour. To Flag, fl%, v. a. To let fail, to suffer to drop; to lay with broad stones. Flag, fl;tff, *. A water-plant with a broad-bladed leaf and yellow flower ; the colours or ensign of a sliip or land forces; a species of stone used for smooth pavement. Flag-DROOM, flSg-broom, S. A broom for sweep- ing flags or pavements. Flag-officer, flig-5f-fJ-sur, s, A commander of a squadron. Flag-ship, fl^g-ship, S, The ship in which the commander of a fleet is. Flag-worm, fl%-wurm, s. a grub bred in watery places among flags or sedge. Flagelet, fl5.dje-e-let, *. A small fiutc. Flagellation, fl3.dje-el-la-shun, s. The use of tlie scourge. Flagginess, fli\g-gc-nes, S, Laxity, limbemess. Flaggy, flig-ge, a. 383. Weak, lax. Umber; insipid. Flagitious, flA-jish-us, a. Wicked, vUlainous, atrocious. Flagitiousness, fli-jish-us-nes, s. Wiikedness, villainy. Flagon, flig-un, S. 166. A vessel of drink with a narrow moutli. Flagrancy, fla-grin-s6, S. Burning heat, fire. Flagrant, flA-grant, a. Ardent, burning, eager; glutting; red; notorious, flaming. FlAGRATION, fli-gra-sbun, *, Burning. Flagstaff, flig-staf, s. The staff on which the flag is fixed. Flail, flale, S. 202. The instrument with which grain is beaten out of tf.e ear. Flake, flake, S, Any IhiHg that appears loosely held togetlicr i a stratum, layer, a lotk of wool drawn out. Flaky, fla^ke, O. Loosely hanging together ; lying in layers or strata, broken into lamina. Flam, flim, S. A falsehood, a lie, an illusory pretext. To Flam, fl3in, V, a. To deceive with a lie. Flambeau, flim-bo, s. 245. A lighted torch. Plural Flumbeaicx, Flame, flame, ,y. Light emitted from fire ; a stream of fire; ardour of temper or imagination, brightness of fancy ; ardour of inclination ; passion of love. To Flame, AAitip, r. n. To shine as fire, to burn with emission of liglit ; to blaze; to break out in vio- lence of passion. Flame-coloured, fiameikul-lurd, a. 362. Of a bright yellow colour. Flaimen, fla-inen, s. 503. A priest in ancient times, one tliat ofiieialed in solemn otiices. Q:y- If there be any case in which we are to take our English quantity from the Latin, it is in words of two syllalilcs whicli retain their Latin form, and have the vovvcl in the (irst syllable long. — See Drama, 209 Flapeared, flap-eerd, a. 362. Having loose and Flammation, flSm-maishun, s. The act of setting on flame. Flammability, fl^m- mit-biUe-te, s. The qualitj- of admitting to lie set on fire. FlAiMMEOUS, fl^m'me-us, a. Consisting of flame* Flammiferous, flitm-mit-fe-rus, a. 518. Blinking flame. Flammivomous, fl4m-miv-6-mus, a, 528. Vomiting out flame. Flamy, fld-me, a. Inflamed, burning; having the nature of flame. Flank, flAngk, S. The part of the side of quadruped near the hinder thigh ; in men, tlie latter part of the lower belly ; the side of any army or fleet ; 111 fortification, tliat part of the bastion wiiicli reaches from the curtain to the face. To Flank, fl^ngk, v. a. To attack the side of a hatialion or fleet; to be posted s(. as to overlook or command any pass on the side, to be on llie side. Flanker, flingk^ur, *. A fortification jutting out so as to command the side of a body marching to the assault. Flannel, flin-nSl, s, 99. A soft nappy stuff of wool. Flap, flap, S. Any thing that hangs broad and loose; the motion of any thing broad and loose; the noise made by that motion; a disease in horses. To Flap, fl^p, v. a. To beat with a flaj), as flies are beaten ; to move with a flap or noise. To Flap, flip, i'. n. To ply ^ne wings with noise ; to fall with flaps or broad parts depending. FlAPDRAGON, flAp-drig-un, S. A play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy ; the thing eaten at flapdiajon ^LAPEAREl broad ears. T'o Flare, flare, v. n. To flutter with a splendid show; to glitter with transient lustre; to glitter offen- sively ; to be in too much light. Flash, flisb, S. a sudden, quick, transitory blaze , sudden burst of wit or merriment ; a short transient state ; a body of water driven by violence. To Flash, flitsh, v. n. To glitter with a quick and transient flame; to burst out into any kind of vio- lence ; to break out into wit, merriment, or bright thought. 7'f Flash, flish, v. a. To strike up largo bodiei of water. Flasher, flasb-ur, s. A man of more appearance of wit than reality. Flashily, flisli-e-le, ad. with empty show. Flashy, flish-^, a. Empty, not solid ; showy, without substance; insipid, without force or spirit. Flask, flisk, S. a bottle, a vessel ; a powder-horn. Flasket, flisk-It, S. A vessel in which viands are served. Flat, flit, a. Horizontally level ; smooth, without protuberances; without elevation; level with the ground; lying horizontally prostrate, lying along; in painting, without relief, without prominence of the figures; tasteless, insipid; dull, unanimated ; spirit- less, dejected; peremptory, absolute, downright ; not sharp in sound. Flat, flit, S. A level, an extended plane ; even ground, not mountainous; a smooth low ground ex- posed to inundations; shallow, strand, place in the sea where the water is not deep ; the broad side of a blade; depression of thought or language; a mark er character in musick. To Flat, flit, v. a. To level, to depress, to make broad and smooth ; to make vapid. To Flat, flit, v. n. To grow flat, opposed to swell; to become unanimated or vapid. FlATLONG, flit^l(*ng, ad. With the flat down- wards, not edgewise. Flatly, flit-Ie, ad. Horizontally, without inclina. lion ; without prominence or elevation ; without spirilj duUy, frigidly ; peremptorily, downright, V FLE FLE (»-559. Fite73, far 77, 1^1183, f4t81— m^SS, met95— pliie 105, pin 107— hi6 162, move 164 Flatness, flat-nes, s. Evenness, level extension i want of relief or prominence; deadness, insipidity, vapidness ! dejection of state; dejection of mind, want of life; dullness, insipidity, frigidity; the contrary to shrillness oraCnteness of sound. To Flatten, flit-tn, v. a. 405. To make even or level, without prominence or elevation ; to boat down to the ground; to make vapid; to deject, to de- press, to dispirit. To Flatten, flit-tn, v. n. To grow even or level; to grow dull and insipid. Flatter, flit-tur, s. 98. The workman or instru- ment by which bodies are flattened. To Flatter, flit-tur, v. a. To sooth with praises, to please with blandishments; to praise falsely; to raise false hopes. FlatfereR, flit-tur-rur, S. One who flatters, a fawner, a wheedler. Flattery, flit-tur-^, s. 557- False praise, artful obsequiousness. FlATTISH, flit-tish, a. Somewhat flat, approaching to flatness. Flatulency, flitsh-u-len-se, *. 461. Windiness, turgidness; emptiness; vanity. Flatulent, flitsh-u-lent, a. Turgid vfith air, windy; empty, vain, big without substance or reality, pufl'y. Flatuosity, fl^tsh-A-os-e-t^, S. Windiness, ful- ness of air. FlATUOUS, flitsh-U-US, a. Windy, full of wind. Flatus, fli'tus, S, Wind gathered in any cavities of the body. Flatwise, flUt-wlze, ad. With the flat downwards, not the edge. To Flaunt, flant, v. n. 214. To make a flutter- inij show in apparel ; to be hung with something loose and flying. Flaunt, flant, S. Any thing loose and airy. Flavour, fli-vur, S. 314. Power of pleasing the taste J sweetness to the smell, odour, fragrance. Flavoorous, fla-vur-us, a, 557. Delightful to the palate ; fragrant, odorous Flaw, flaw, S. A crack or breach in any thing ; a fault, a defect ; a sudden gust ; a violent blast ; a tu- muli, a tempestuous upioar; a sudden commotion of mind. To Flaw, flaw, v. a. To break, to crackj to damage with fissure. Flawless, flaw-U^s, a. Without cracks, without defrcls. Flawy, flaw-^, a. Full of flaws. Flax, flAks, S. The fibrous plant of which the finest thread is made; the fibres of flax cleansed and combed for the spinner. FlAXCOMB, flilks-kom, S. The instrument with which the fibres of flax are cleansed from the brittle parts. Flaxdresser, fliks-dres-sur, s. He that pre- pares flax for the spinner. Flaxen, fl^k-sn, a, 103. Made of flax; fair, long, and flowing. Flaxweed, fl^ks-weed, s. A plant. To Flay, flA, v. a. 221 . To strip off tlie skin 5 to take off the skin or surface of any thing. (CT- There is a common pronunciation of this word as if spelled Jlta, rhyming with sea, which is every day growing moie vulgar. Flayer, fli-ur, S. He tliat strips the £kin oflT any thing. Flea, fl^, s. A small insect remanrkable for its agility in leaping. To Flea, fle, v. a. To clean from fleas. Fleabane, fle-bane, s. A p ant. Fleabitk, flcMnto, "^ . 1 LEABITINC; fi^'b'.-ting, J 214 Red marks caused by fleas; a small hurt or pain like that caused by the sting of a flea. FleaBI TTEN, fleib'lt-tn, a. 103. Stung by flea* ; mean, worthless. FlEAK, fleke, S. A small lock, thread, or twist. To FlEAK, fleke, v. a. To spot, to streak, to stripe, to dapple. Fleam, fleme, S. An instrument used to bleed cattle. FlEAWORT, fle-Wlirt, S. A plant. To Flecker, flek^ur, v. a. To spot, to mark with strokes or touches. Fled, fled. The pret. and part, of Flee. Fledge, fledje, a. Full-feathered, able to fly. To Fledge, fledje, v. a. To furnish with wings, to supply with feathers. To Flee, Rkh, v. n. Pret. Fled. To run from danger, to have recourse to shelter. Fleece, fleese, S. As much wool as is shorn from one sheep. To Fleece, fl^^se, v. a. To clip the fleece of a sheep ; to strio, to plunder, as a sheep is robbed of its wool . Fleeced, fleest, a. 359. Having fleeces of wool. Fleecy, flee'se, ad. Woolly, covered with wool. To Fleer, fl^^r, v. n. To mock, to gibe, to jeet with insolence and contempt ; to leer, to grin with an air of civility. Fleer, fleer, S. Mockery expressed either in words or looks; a deceitful grin of civility. Fleerer, flcer-ur, *. 98. A mocker, a fawner. Fleet, flWt, *. A company of ships, a navy. Fleet, fleet, *. A creek, an inlet of water. Fleet, fleet, a. Swift of pace, quick, nimble, active; skimming the surface. To Fleet, fl^^t, v. n. To fly swiftly, to vanish ; to be in a transient state. To Fleet, fl^et, v. a. To skim the water ; to live merrily, or pass lime away lightly. Fleetly, fleet-1^, ad. Swiftly, nimbly, with swift pace. FleETNESS, fle^t-nes, *. Swiftness of course, nimbleness, celerity. Flesh, flesh, S. The body distinguished from the soul ; the muscles distinjiuished from the skin, bones, tendtiSlc in t^ie chase. To Fling, fling:, v. n. To flounce, to wince, to fly into violent motions; to fling out, to grow unruly or outrageous. Fling, fling, S. A throw, a cast; a gibe, a sneer, a contemptuous remark. Flinger, fling^ur, s. 409. He who throws. FUNT, flint, s. A kind of stone used in firelocks ; any thing eminently or proverbially hard. Flinty, fluit^^, a. Made of flint, strong J hard of heart, inexorable. Flip, flip, s. a liquor much used in ships, made by mixing beer with spirits and sugar. A cant word. . Flippancy, flip-p^n-S^, S. Talkativeness, loquacity. Flippant, flip^p^nt, a. Nimble, moveable: it is used only of the act of speech ; pert, talkative. Flippantly, flip^p^nt-l^, ad. In a flowing, prating way. To FllRT, flurt, V. a. 108. To throw any thing with a quick elastick motion ; to move with quickness. To Flirt, flurt, v. n. To jeer, to gibe one ; to run about perpetually, to be unsteady and fluttering; to coquet with men. Fliht, flurt,*. A quick elastick motion ; a sudden trick ; a pert iiussey, a coquette. 2U Flirtation, flur-ta^shun, s. a quick sprightly motion ; coquetry. To Flit, flit, v. n. To fly away ; to remove, to flutter; to be flux or unstable. Flitch, flitsh, *. The side of a hog salted and cured. Flittermouse, flltkur-m&use, *. The bat. Flitting, fllt-ting, S. An offence, a fault ; a flying away. Flix, fliks, *. Down, fur, soft hair. To Float, flote, v. n. 295. To swim on the surface of the water j to pass with a light irregular course. To Float, flite, v. a. To cover with water. Float, flote, s. The act of flowing ; any body go contrived or formed as to swim on the water ; the cork or quill by which the angler discovers the bite. Floaty, flo-te, a. Buoyant and swimming a-top. Flock, fltjk, S. A company of birds or beasts ; a company of sheep, distinguished from herds, which are of oxen; a body of men; a lock of wool. To Flock, flok, v. n. To gather in crowds or large numbers. To Flog, fl&g, v. a. To lash, to whip. Flood, flud, s. 308. A body of water; a deluge, an inundation: flow, flux, not ebb; catamenia. To Flood, flud, v. a. To deluge, to cover with waters. Floodgate, flud^gite, s. Gate or shutter by which the watercourse is closed or opened at pleasure. Floor, flook, *. 306. The broad part of the anchor which takes hold of the ground. Floor, flAre, *. 310. The pavement; the part of a room on which we tread ; a story, a fliglit of rooms. To Floor, flire, v. a. To cover the bottom with a floor. Flooring, flA^^ring, s. Bottom, floor. To Flop, flftp, v. a. To clap the wings with noise. Floral, flo-ril, a. Kelating to Flora, or to flowers. Florence, flSriense, s. A kind of cloth; a kind of wine. Floret, flA-ret, S. A small imperfect flower. Florid, flSr-ld, a. 544. Productive of flowers, covered with flowers; bright in colour, flushed with red ; embellished, splendid. Floridity, fli-rid-A-te, S. Freshness of colour. FloridnesS, fl6r-ld-nes, s. Freshness of colour j embellishment, ambitiuus elegance. Floriferous, flA-riP-f^-rus, a. 518. Productive of flowers. Florin, flftr^in, s. A coin first made by the Florentines. That of Germany is four shillings and sixpence, that of Spain four shillings and four-pence halfpenny, that of Palermo anally cultivated. Flowerines?, fiou-ur-e-nes, s. The state of abounding in flowers; floridness of speech. Flowering-bush, flou-ur-ing-bush, s. A plant. Flowery, floii-ur-e, a. Full of flowers, adorned w iili flowers real or fictitious. Fl.OWINGLV, flo-ing-le, ml. With volubility, with al undance. FlOWK, Alike, s. A fl.,andor. Fi-OWN, flone. Part, of Fly, or Jlee, Gone away, escaped, puffed, date. " i S12 FOL FOO nSr l67,~nSt 163— tube ITl, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 465, Tuis 469. To close over another of To Fly, fli, v. a. To shun, lo avoid, to decline ; to refuse association with ; to quit by fliglit j to attack by a bird of prey. Fly, fll, *. A small vpiiiged insect j that part of a machine which, being put into a quick motion, regu- lates the rest ; Fly in a compass, that which points lidw the wind blows. 7'o Flyblow, flUbli, v. a. To taint with flies, to fill with Mia);gi)ts. FlvdoAT, fil-bote, s, A kind of vessel nimble and light for sailing. Flycatcher, fll-katsh-ur, s. One that hunts flies. Flyer, fll-ur, *. 98. One that flies or runs away j one that uses wings ; the fly of a jack. To Flvfish, fll-fish, V, n. To angle with a hook baited with a fly. Foal, fole, s. 295. The offspring of a mare, or other beast of burden. To Foal, file, v. a. To bring forth a foal. FOALBIT, foleiblt, S. A plant. Foam, fime, s. 295. The white substance which agitation or fermentation gathers on the lop of liquors, froth, spume. To Foam, f'ime, v. n. To froth, to gather foam ; to be ill rage, lo be violently agitated. Foamy, fo-Ol^, a. Covered with foam, frothy. Fob, lob, s. A small pocket. To Fob, fSb, v. a. To cheat, to trick, to defraud ; to fob otf. to shift off, to put aside with an arlilice. Focal, fo-kil, a. 88. Belonging to the focus. Focus, fi-kus, s. The point where the rays are collected by a burning glass; the point in the axis of a lens, where the rays meet and cross each other j a certain point in the axis of a curve. Fodder, fSd-durj s. Dry food stored for cattle against winter. To Fodder, fod^dur, v. a. To feed with dry food. F'ouDERER, fSd-dur-rur, s. He who fodders cattle. For, fo, s. 296. An enemy in war ; a persecutor, an enemy in common life; an opponent, an ill-wisher. FoEMAN, fiimin, S. Enemy in war. Foetus, fe'-tus, s. 296. The child in the womb after it is perlecfly formed. Fog, liig", s. A thick mist, a moist dense vapour near the surface of the land or water ; aftergrass. Foggily, f6g^ge-l6, ad. 383. Mistily, darkly, cloudily. FOGGINESS, fSgigJ-nes, s. The state of being dark or inisty, cloudiness, mistiness. Foggy, f(5g'-gi, a. 383. Misty, cloudy, dark J cloudy in understanding, dull. Fori, ffth ! interj. An interjection of abhorrence. Foible, foe^bl,*. 299. 405. A weak side, abUnd side. To Foil, foil, v. a. To put to the worst, to defeat. Foil, foil, S. 299. A defeat, a miscarriage; leaf gilding; something of another colour near which jewels are set to raise their lustre ; a blunt sword used in fencing. • OILER, fo jl-ur,J. One who has gained advantage over another. To FoiN, foin, V. n. 299. To push in fencing. FoiSON, fue-zn, S. 170. Plenty, abundance. To Foist, ioist, v. a. 299. To insert by forgery. Fold, fold, s. The ground in which sheep are con- fined ; the place wheve sheei; are lioiised ; the flock of sheep ; a limit, a boundary ; a double, a complication, fme part added to another-. froiTi the foregoing signifi- cation is derived the use of Fold in composition. Fold si;',nifiL's the same quantity added, as twenty fold, twenty times repealed. To Fold, ftjld, v. a. To shut sheep in the fold ; to double, to complicate ; to enclose, to include, to shut. 213 To Fold, fild, v. the same kind. FolIACEOUS, fo-le-i-sbus, a. Consisting of lamina or leaves. Foliage, fo-le-adje, s. 90. Leaves, tufts of leaves. To Foliate, fi-le-ate, v. a. To beat into lamina or leaves. Foliation, fo-le-a-sbun, *. The act of beating into thin leaves ; the flower of a plant. Foliature, fo-le-il-tsbure, s. The state of being hammered into leaves. Folio, fi-le-6, S. A large book, of which the pages are formed by a sheet of paper once doubled. Folk, foke, s. People, in familiar language j nations, mankind. OO" Notwithstanding this word is originaRy phirr.I, our language is so little used to a plural, without s, that luiks may now be accounted the best orthography, as it is cer- tainly the only current pronunciation. Follicle, f3l-li-kl, s. 405. A cavity in any body with strong coats j a capsula, a seed-vei^sel. To Follow, fSKlA, v. a. 327. To go after, not before, or side by side ; to attend as a dependant ; to pursue; to succeed in order of time ; to be consequen- tial, as eff"ects; to imitate, lo copy; to obey, to ob. serve; to attend to, to be busied with. To Follow, fiUli, v. n. To come after another; to be posterior in time; to be consequential; to con- tinue endeavours. Follower, ffil-lo-ur, s. One who comes after another, not before him, or side by side; adependaiit; an attendant ; an associate; an imitator, a copier. Folly, fol-le, *. Want of understanding, weakness of intellect; criminal weakness, depravity of miiidj act of negligence or passion unbecoming wisdom. To Foment, ftJ-mentJ v. a. To cherish with heat; to bathe with warm lotions; to encourage, to support, to cherish. Fomentation, fi-uien-ti-shun, s. A fomentation is partial bathing, called also stuping; the lotion pre- pared to foment the parts. FoM ENTER, fi-ineu-tiir, s. An encouragcr, a supporter. Fond, fJnd, a. Foolish, iilly 5 foolishly tender, injudiciously indulgent ; pleased in too great a degree, foolishly delighted. 7h Fondle, fSn-dl, v. a. 405. To treat with great indulgence, to caress, to cocker. Fondler, fon^dl-ur, s. One who fondles. Fondling, fSn-dl-ing, *. A person or thing mueii fondled or caressed; something regarded with great atfection. Fondly, fondMe, ad. Foolishly, weakly; witli great or extreme tenderness. Fondness, f^nd-nes, s. Foolishness, weakness ; foolish tenderness; tender passion; unreasonable liking. Font, font, S. A stone vessel in which the water for holy ba|itism is contained in the church. Food, food, S. 10. 306. Victuals, provision for the mouth ; any thing that nourishes. FOODFUL, foodiful, a. Fruitful, full of food. Fool, fool, s. 306. One to whom nature ha» denied reason, a natural, at. idiot; in Scripture, a wicked man; a term of indignity and reproach; one who counterfeits folly, abufloon, a jester. 2'o Fool, fool, V, n. To trifle, to play. To Fool, fool, v. a. To treat with contempt, tti disappoint, to frustrate; to infatuate; to cheat. FoOLDORN, fooi-born, a. Foolish from the birth. Foolery, fool'-ur-e, *. 557. Habitual folly ; an act of folly, trifling practice; object of folly, Foolhardiness, fool-har-de-iies, s. Mad rashness. Foolhardy, fool-bar-de, a. Daring without judgment, madly adventurous. FooiTRAP, fool-tl4p, *, A snare lo catch fools in. FOR FOR t5» 559. The 73, fir 77, fall 83, f4t8I— m593, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, To Forage, fftr^je, v. a. To plunder, to strip. FORAOE, for-aje, *. 90. Search of pruvisions, the act of feeding abroad j provisions souglit abroad ; pro visions in general. FoRAMiNous, fi-rim^^-nus, a. Full of holes. To Forbear, for-bAreJ v. n. Pret. I Forebore, anciently Forbare. Part. Forborn. To cease from any thing, to intermit; to pause, to delay ; to omit volun- tarily; to :;bslain ; to restrain any violence of temper, to be patient. {tj- The in these words (ireceding the accent, and fol- lowed by a consonant, is under the same predicament as the same letter in Command, CuUect, &c. which see. To Forbear, for-barej v. a. 240. To decline, to omit voluntarily ; to spare, to treat with clemency ; to withhold. Forbearance, for-bare-Anse, s. The care of avoiding or shunning anything; intermission of some- thing ; command of temper; lenity, delay of punish- inent, mildness. Forbearer, for-bi-rur, S. An intermitter, mter- cepter cf any thing. To Forbid, for-bidj v. a, Pret. I/brbude. Part. Forbidden or Forbid. To prohibit ; to oppose, to hinder. FoRBIDDANCE, f3r-bi(UdSnse, S. Prohibition. Forbiodenly, for-bid-(ln-le, ad. In an un- lawful manner. FORBIDDER, for-bid-dur, s. One that prohibits. Forbidding, fir-bid'-dimg, part. a. Kaising abhorrence. Force, forse, .». strength, vigour, might; violence; virtue, efficacy; validness, power of law; armament, warlike preparation; destiny, necessity, fatal com- pulsion. To Force, forse, v. a. To compel, to constrain; to overpower ; to impel; to enforce; to drive by vio- lence or power; to storm, to take or enter by violence; to ravish, to violate by force; to force out, to extort. Forcedly, fAr'seil-1^, ad. 364. Violently, con- strainedly. Forceful, forse-fiil, a. Violent, strong, impetuous. Forcefully, firse-ful-le, ad. Violently, impetuously. Forceless, forse-les, a. Without force, weak, feeble. Forceps, fur-seps, s. Forceps properly signifies a pair of twy folly; fond- Foolish, idle, vain ; vain in ness of dress Foppish, fopiplsh, a. show, vain of dress. Foppishly, fip-pish-le, ad. Vainly, ostentatiously. Foppishness, lopipishriies, s. Vanity, showy vanity. FoppLING, fSp-lln^, S. A petty fop. See To Codk. For, for, prep. 167. Because of; with respect to ; considered as, in the place of; for the sa-ke of; in comparative respect ; after Oh, an expression of de- sire ; on account of, in solution of; inducting to as a motive ; in remedy of ; in exchange for : in the place ■ of, instead of; in supply of, to serve in the place of; through a certain duration ; in search of, in quest of; in favour of, on the part of; with intention of; not- withstanding, to the use of; in consequence of; in . recompense of. For, fbr, conj. The word by which the reason is given of something advanced before , because, on this act ount that ; for as much, in regard that, in consi- deration of. To Forage, fir-aje, v. n. 168. To wander in search of provisions ; to ravage, to feed on spoil. 214 FOR FOR nSr 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tSb 173, bull 173— 3il 299— pound 313— //an 466, Tiiis 460. To Forecast, fore-kast{ v. n. To form schemes, to contrive beforehand. Forecast, fore-kSst, 5. 492. Contrivance before- hand, antecedent policy. Forecaster, fore-kist-ur, *. One who contrives beforehand. Forecastle, fire-kfc-sl, s, 405. in a ship, that part where the foremast stands. Forechosen, f6re-tsh6-zn, part. 103. Pre-elected. Forecited, fore-st-ted, //arf. Quoted before. To Foreclose, fore-klSzeJ v. a. To siiut up, to preclude, to prevent j to foreclose a mortgage, is to cut off the power of redemption. Foredeck, foreidek, *. The anteriour part of the ship. To Foredesign, fire-dl-sln{ v. a. To plan beforeliand. To FoREDO, fire-doo{ v. a. To ruin, to destroy i to overdo, to weary, ii> harass. To Foredoom, f6re-doom{ v. a. To predestinate, to determine beforehand. FoREEND, fore-end, *. Tlje anteriour part. Forefather, fove-f^'-thur, «. Ancestor, one who in any degree of ascending genealogy precedes another. To Forefend, fore-fendj v. a. To prohibit, to avert ; to provide for, to secure. Forefinger, foreifing-gur, *. The finger next to the thumb, tlie index. Forefoot, fore-fut, s. Plural Forefeet. The anteriour foot of a qnadruped. To Forego, fire-goj v. a. To quit, to give up % to go before, to be past. Foregoer, fore-go-ur, s. Ancestor, progenitor. Foreground, f6reiground, s. The part of the field or expanse of a picture which seems to lie before the figures. Forehand, fore-h^nd, *. The part of a horse which is before the rider ; the chief part. Forehand, fireihAnd, a. Done too soon. Forehanded, fore-h^nd-ed, a. Early, timely ; formed in the foreparts. . Forehead, for-hed, s. 515. Tl>at part of the face which reaches from the eyes upwards to the hair; impudence, confidence, assurance. ForEHOLDING, fire-hild-ing, s. Predictions, ominous accounts. Foreign, fSr-in, a. Not of this country, not domostick j alien, remote, not allied; excluded, ex- traneous. Foreigner, fur-rin-ur, s. A man that comes from another country, a stranger. ForeigNNESS, foi-rui-nes, S. Remoteness, want of relation to something. To FoREiMAGiNE, fore-im-midijin, v, a. To conceive or fancy before proof. To Forejudge, fire-judjej v. a. To judge beforehand, to be prepossessed. To Foreknow, firo-nA| v, a. To have prescience of, to foresee. Foreknowable, fire-ni'-i-bl, a. Capable of being foreknown. Foreknowledge, fire-nfil-idje, *. Prescience, knowledge of ih»t which has not yet happened. Foreland, fore-land, s. a promontory, head- land, high land jutting into the sea, a cape. To Forelay, fore-la,' v. a. To lay wait for, to entrap by ainbnsli. To Forelift, fire-lift( v. a. To raise aloft any anti-riour part. FoRFI.orK, fore^ok, s. The hair that grows from the forepart of the bead. Foreman, fireimin, s. dO. The first or chief person on a jury ; the fir.«t servant in a s'.icp. 215 Forementioned, fire-menishund, a. Mentioned or recited before. Foremost, fore-most, a. First m place; first in dignity. Forenamed, fire-nimdj a. Nominated before. Forenoon, fire-noon, s. The time of day reckoned from the middle point between the dawn and the meridian, to the meridian. FORENOTICE, fire-ni-tis, s. Information of an event before it happens. FORENSICK, ti-ren^sik, a. Belonging to courts of judicature. To Foreordain, fore-or-dine,' v. a. To pre- destinate, to predetermine, to preordain. Forepart, fire^part, s. The anteriour part. ForepasT, fire-pfct,' a. Past beyond a certain time. Forefossessed, fore-pftz-zestj a. Pre-occupied, prepossessed, pre-engaged. Forerank, fore-rAngk, «. 408. First rank, front. Forerecited, fSre-rl-sl-ted, a. Mentioned or enumerated before. To Forerun, fore-run' r-. «. To come before as an earnest of something following; to precede, to have the start of. Forerunner, fore-runinur, s. A harbinger, a messenger sent before to give notice of the approach of those that follow ; a prognostick, a sign foreshowing any thing. To Foresay, fore-sAj v. a. To predict, to prophesy. To Foresee, fire-see,' v. a. To see beforehand, to see wliat has not yet happened. To Foreshame, fire-shime{ v. a. To shame, to bring reproach upon. Foreship, fire^sh^p, *. The anteriour part of the ship. To Foreshorten, fore-shSritn, v. a. To shorten the forepart. To Foreshow, fore-shij v. a. To predict} to represent before it comes. Foresight, fore-site, S. Foreknowledge; pro- vident care of futurity. Foresightful, fire-slteiful, a. Prescient, provident. To Foresign IFY, fore-sigin^-rt, v. a. To betoken beforehand, to foreshow. Foreskin, fore-skin, s. The prepuce. Foreskirt, fire-skert, s. The loose part of the coat before. To Foreslow, ft)re-sl6j v. a. To delay, to hinder; to neglect, to omit. To Forespeak, fAre-spike{ v. n. To predict, to foresay ; to forbid. Forespent, fore-spent| a. Wasted, tired, spent; forepassed, past ; bestowed before. Forespurrer, fore-spur'ur, s. One that rides before. Forest, fir-rest, *. A wild uncultivated tract of ground, with wood. To Forestall, fire-stawlj v. a. 406. To anticipate, to take up beforehand; to hinder by pre-occupation or prevention ; to seize or gain posses- sion of before another. FoRESTALLER, fire-stiiwl-ur, s. One that anticipates the market, one that purchases before others to raise the price. FoRESTBORN, fir-rest-bSm, a. Bom in a wild. Forester, f8r-res-tiir, s. An ofiicer of the forest « an inhabitant of the wild country. To F^ORETASTE, firc-tistej t/. fl. To have antepast of, to have prescience of; to taste before another. Foretaste, fire^tiste, s. 492. Anticipation of. To Foretell, fire-telj v. a. 406. To predict, to jirophecy, to foreshow. Foreteller, fire-vel-lun s. Predicter, foreshgwee. FOR FOR 83-559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— m5 93, "met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move 164, To FORETHINK, fire-^/nngk{ v, a. To anticipate in the mind, to liave prescience of. 7b FoRETHiNK, fore-f/tingkj v. n. To contrive bcfoi-ehand. Forethought, fire-^AavvtJ Part. pret. of tlie verb Forethink. Forethought, fore-^Aawt, s, 492. Prescience, anticipation ; provident care. 2h Foretoken, fore-ti-kn, v. a. To foreshow, to prognosticate as a sign. Foretoken, fore-to-kn, s. 103. Prevanient sign, prognostick. Foretooth, fore-too^A, *. Tiie tooUi in the dntcriour part of the mouth, one of tlie incisors. Foretop, fore-top, s. That part of a woman's liead-dress that is forward, or tlie top of a periwig. Forevouched, fore-voutsh^ed, pait. 359. Affirmed before, formerly told. Foreward, fore^ward, s. The van, tlie front. 7b Forewarn, fore-warnj v. a. To admonish beforehand; to inform previously of any future event; to caution against any tiling beforehand. 7b Forewish, fore-Wlsh{ v. a. To desire before- hand. I'oreworn, fore-w6rn5 part. Worn out, wasted by time or use. Forfeit, f3r-flt, S. 255. Something lost by the commission of a crime, a fine, a mulct. 7b Forfeit, fbr-ilt, v. a. To lose by some breach of condition, to lose by some offence. Forfeit, for-tit, a. Liable to penal seizure, alienated by a crime. Forfeitable, for-flt-^-bl, a. Possessed on con- ditions, by the breach of wliich any tiling may be lost. Forfeiture, for-ilt-yure, *. The act of forfeit- ing ; the tliino; forfeited, a mulct, a fine. 7b ForfEND, f3r-fendj v. a. To prevent, to forbid. Forgave, for-gaver The pret. o{ Forgive. Forge, forje, s. The place where iron is beaten into form; any place where any thing is made or ' shaped. 7b Forge, forje, v. a. To form by the hammer; to make by any means; to counterfeit, to falsify, Forger, ford-jur, S. One who makes or forms; one who counterfeits any thing. (t?" This word is sometimes, but without the least foundation in analogy, written /or^erer. If it should be urged that the word comes from the French verli/org-er, and therefore like/niiferer from/ratier, we add an er to make it a verbal noun ; it may be answered, that we have the word to forge in the same sense as the French, but we have no verb lo fruit, and therefore there is an excuse for adding er in the last word which has no place in the former. F'orgkrY, fore-jur-e, S. The crime of falsification ; smith's work, the act of Uie forge. To Forget, for-get| v. a. Pret. Forgot. Part. Forgotten or Forgot. To lose memory of, to let go from the remembrance; not to attend, to neglect. 53- The in this and similar words is like that in For- bear, which see. Forgetful, for-get-ful, a. Not retaining the memory of; oblivious, inattentive, negligent. FoRGETFULNESS, lor-get'-flll-ne.s, S. Oblivion, loss of memory; negligence, inattention. Forgetter, for-get-tur, 4. One that forgets j a careless person. 7b Forgive, for-giv{ w. a. 157. Vrct. Forgave. Part. pass. Forgiven. To pardon ; to remit, not to exact debt or penalty. Forgiveness, for-givines, s. The act of forgiving, pardim ; tenderness, willingness to pardon ; remission of a fine or penalty. FORGIVER, for-giv-ur, S, One who pardons. Forgot, for-gotj 1 I Forgotten, fSr-gSt^ui, 103. j''^"- ^^''' °'\ J'orget. Not remembered. [ 215 FOJIK, fork, S. An instrument divided at the ends into two or more points or prongs ; a point. 7b Fork, fork, v. n. To shoot into blades, as corn does out of the ground. Forked, fbr-ked, a. 366. Opening into tviro or more parts. Forkedly, for^ked-le, ad. In a forked form. ForKEDNESS, for^ked-neS, S. The quality of opening into two parts. Forkhead, fork'hed, S. Point of an arrow. FoRKV, for-ke, a. Forked, opening into two parts. Forlorn, for-lornj a. Deserted, destitute, forsaken, wretched, helpless; lost, desperate, small, despicable. (K?" This word is sometimes, but improperly, pro- nounced so as to rhyme with mourn. Mr. Sheridan, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Sco"tt, Mr. Perry, and W. Johnston, make it rhyme with corn. Forlornness, for-lorn-nes, s. Misery, solitude. Form, form, or form, S. The external appearance of any thing, shape; particular model or modification; beauty, elegance of appearance ; ceremony, formality, order; external appearance without the essential qua- lities, empty show; external rites; stated method, established practice; a long seat; a class, a rank ot students ; the seat or bed of a hare. C^ When this word signifies a long seat, or a class of students, it is universally pronounced with the 0, as in four, more, &ic. It is not a little surprising that none of our Dictionaries, except Mr. Smith's and Mr. Nares's, take any notice of this distinction in the sound of the o, when the word signifies a seat or class. It were to b« wished, indeed, that we had fewer of these ambiguously sounding words, wliich, while they distinguish to the ear, confuse and puzzle the eye. — See Boul. To FoRia, form, v. a. To make ; to model, to scheme, to plan ; to arrange, to adjust; to contrive, to join; to model by education. Formal, for-mal, a. 89. Ceremonious, solemn, precise ; regular, methodical, external, having the ap- pearance, but not the essence; depending upon esta- blishment or custom. Formalist, for-mill-ist, s. One who prefer* appearance to reality. Formality, for-m;'ll-e-te, s. Ceremony, established mode of behaviour; solemn order, hahit., or dress. 7b Formalize, for^m^-llze, v. a. To model, to modify; to affect formality. Formally, fSr-mal-le, ad. According to esta- blished rules; ceremoniously, stiffly, precisely; in open appearance ; essentially, characteristically. FOR.MATION, for-miUshun, S. The act of forming or generating; the manner in which a thing is formed. Formative, for^m^-t'iv, a. 157. Having the power of giving form, plaslick. Former, form^ur, s. 166. He that forms, n)aker, contriver, planner. Former, for-nii^ir, a. 98. llefore another in time; mentioned before another : past. Formerly, for-mur-le, ad. In times past. Formidable, for^m^-di-bl, a. 405. Terrible, dreadful, tremendous. Formidableness, for-me-dil-bl-ntls, s. The quality of exciting terrour ot dread; the thing causing dread. Forsiidably, for-me-di-ble, ad. In a terrible manner. Formless, form-les, a. Shapeless, without regularity of form. Formula, for-mu-ht, 5. 91. A prescribed form. Formulary, for-mi'i-l:\r-e, $ A book containing stated and prescribed models. FoRMULE, fur-mule, s. a set or prescribed model. 7b Fornicate, for-n^'-kate, v. n. To commit lewdness. Fornication, for-n^-ka-shun, s. Concubinage or commerce with an unmarried woman ; in Scripture, sometimes idolatry, FOR FOU nor 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— 3!l 299— pound 3\3—thm 466, this 469. Fornicator, for-ne-ki-tur, *. 166. 521. One tliat has commerce with unmarried women. 'Fornicatress, for-iie.-ki-tres, s. Awomanwiio, without marriage, cohabits witli a man. 7o Forsake, for-sake,' v. a. Pret. Forsook. Part. pass. Forsook or Forsaken. To leave in resent- ment or dislike j to leave, to go away from ; to desert, to fail. FoRSAKER, for-S^ikur, S. 93. Deserter, one that forsakes. Forsooth, fSr-Soo^/iJ ad. In truth, certainly, very well ; an old word of honour in address to women. To Forswear, fSr-swireJ v. a. Pret. Forswore. Part. Forsxrorn. To renounce upon oath, to deny upon oalh ; with the reciprocal pronoun, as to forswear him- self, to be perjured, to swear falsely. Th Forswear, for-swcirej v. n. To swear falsely, to commit perjury. FoRSWEARER, fbr-swir-ur, *. One who is perjured. Fort, fort, *. a fortified house, a castle. FORTED, firt-ed, a. Furnished or guarded by forts. Forth, fhvth, ad. Forward, onward ; abroad, out of doors ; out into publick view; on to the end. Forth, fhrth, prep. Out of. FORTHCOMINfi, forf/l-kumiing, a. Heady to appear, not absconding. FoRTHissuiNG, for"559. The 73, far 77, fill 83, fSt 81— m^ 93,'inet 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move, 164, any loss or diminution; florid, vigorous j liealtliy in countenance; ruddy; free from saltnessj sweet, op- posed to stale or stinlcing. To Freshen, fresh^shn, v. a. 103. To mals any procedure void. CTy" For the o, see Domettick. Frustum, friis-tum, s. A piece cut off from a regular figure. A term of science. Fry, fli, s. The swarm of little fishes just prodaced from the spawn ; any swarm of animals, or young people in contempt. To Fry, fri, v. a. To dress food by roasting it in a pan on the fire. To Fry, fl't, v. n. To be roasted in a pan on the fire ; to suflTer the action of fire ; to melt with heat j to be agitated like liquor in the pan on the fire. Fry, fri, s. A dish of things fried. Frytngpan, frl-ing-p;tn, s. The vessel in which meat is roasted on the fire. FrytH, frith, S. (Not so common a spelling). A frith, a wood ; a plain between woods. To Fud, fub, V. a. To put off. 63" This word is more usually written Fob. FuB, fnb, S. A plump chubby boy. Fucated, fu-ki-ted, a. Painted, disguised with paint; disguised by false show. Fucus, fu'kus, s. Paint for the face. To Fuddle, fud-dl, v. a. To make drunk. To Fuddle, fud-dl, v. n. 405. To drink to txceso. Fuel, fu'-il, s. 99. The matter or aliment of fire. Fugacious, fi-gA^slms, a. 292. 357. Volatile, (leetiug. FuGACICUSNESS, fu-ga-shus-nes, S, Volatility, the quality of flying away. FuGACITY, fu-gis^e-te, S. Volatility, quality of flying away; uncertainty, instability. Fugitive, fu-j^-tiv, «. Not tenable; unsteady; volatile, apt to fly away ; flying, running from danger; flying from duty, falling oflf; wandering, vagabond. Fugitive, fu-je-tiv, *. One who runs from his station or duty j one who takes shelter under another power from punishment. Fugitiveness, fu'J^-tiv-nes, *. Volatility, instability, uncertainty. Fugue, fiig, s. 337. Flying musick. Fulciment, fuUse-m^nt, s. 177. That on whicli a body rests. To Fulfil, fvil-filj v. a. To fill till there is no room for more ; to answer any prophecy or promise by performance; to answer any desire by compliance or gratification : to ansv/er any law by obedience. Fulfilment, ful-fil-ment, s. An accomplishment, a fulfilling. FulFRAUGHT, tul-frawtj a. Full stored. Fulgency, ful-jen-se, *. 177. Splendour. Fulgent, ful'-ient,! Fulgid, ful^.iid, J FULGIDITY, ful-)ld-e-te, S, Splendour. FULGOUR, ful-gur, S. 314. Splendour, dazzling brightness. FuLGU RATION, ful-gu-ri-shuH, s. The act of lightening. Fuliginous, fu-lid-jin-us, a. Sooty, smoky. FuLL; fill, a. 174. Repkte, without any space 2S? void ; abounding in any quality good or bad; stored with any thing ; well supplied with any thing ; plump, fat; saturated, sated; crowded in the imagination o memory; complete, such as that nothing farther is wanted; containing the whole matter, expressing much; mature, perfect; applied to the moon, com- plete in its orb. Full, ful, *. Complete measure ; the highest state or degree; the whole, the total; the state of being full : applied to the moon, the time in which the moon makes a perfect orb. Full, ful, ad. Without abatement ; with ths wliole effect; quite; exactly; very sufficiently; di- rectly. Full-blown, ful'-bl6ne, a. Spread to the utmost extent; stretched by the wind to the utmost extent. Full-bottomed, ful-b6t-tumd, a. Having a large bottom. Full-eared, ful-eerdj a. 362. Having the heads full of grain. Full-eyed, ful-Ide{ a. Having large prominent eyes. FuLL-FED, ful-fedj a. Sated, fat, saturated. FuLL-LADEN, ful-li^dn, «. 103. Laden till there can be no more. Full-spread, ful-spred{ a. Spread to the utmost extent. Full-summed, ful-sumd| a. Complete in ail its parts. To Full, ful, v. a. To cleanse cloth from its oil or grease. FULLAGE, ful-laje, *. 90. The money paid for fulling or cleansing cloth. Fuller, ful-lur, S. 98. One whose trade is to cleanse cloth. 03" This word, though derived from the Latin Fullo, has deviated into the sound of the English word/«/Z, and is an exception to the rule laid down in the Principles, No. 177. Fullers Earth, fuUlurz-ei-Mj s. A kind of marl or clay used in fulling. FULLERY, fiil'-lur-re, S. The place where the trade of a fuller is exercised. FULLINGMILL, fuUllllg-mil, S. A mill where hammers beat the cloth till it be cleansed. Fully, ful'le, ad. Without vacuity ; completely, without lack. Fulminant, ful-me-n^nt, a. 177. Thundering, making a noise like thunder. To Fulminate, ful'-me-nate, v. n. 91. To thunder; to make a loud noise or crack; to issue out ecclesiastical censures. Fulmination, ful-m^-na^shun, s. The act of thundering ; denunciation of censures. Fulminatory, ful-ine-na-tur-e, a. 512. Thundering, striking horrour. Fulness, ful'-nes, S. The state of being lull i copiousness, plenty; repletion, satiety; struggling perturbation, swelling in the mind; force of sound, such as fills the ear. FULSOAIE, ful-sum, a. 177. Nauseous, offensive j of a rank odious smell ; tending to obscenity. FULSOMELY, ful-sum-le, ad. Nauseously, rankly, obscenely. FuLSOMENESS, ful-sum-nes, s. Nauseousness j rank smell ; obscenity. FUMAGE, fu-tnije, S. 90. Hearth-money. FuMATORY, fu'-mfl-tur-4, «. 512. 534. AherV To Fumble, fum^bl, v. n. 405. To attempt any thing awkwardly or ungainly ; to puzzle, to strain iE perplexity; to play childishly. FUMBLER, fum-bl-ur, S. One who acts awk- wardly. Fumblingly, fitm^bling-le, ad. In an awkward manner.. Fume, fume, S. Smoke, vapour, any volatile parts flying away; exhalation from the stomach; heat of mind, passion ; any thing unsubstantial ; idle conceit, vain imagination. PUR FUR nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, t&b 17^, bull lt3— oil ^&9— pound 313— er. Gadfly, g.^id-fll, s. A fly that, when he stings tht cattle, makes them gad or run madly about. Gaff, gaf, S. a harpoon or large hook. Gaffer, gaf-fur, s. 98. A word of respect, now obsolete. GaffleS, gaf-flz, S. 405. Artificial spurs upon cocks ; a steel contrivance to bend cross bows. To Gag, g^g, v. 7l. To stop the mouth. Gag, g.ug, s. Something put into the mouth to hinder speech or eating. Gage, gadje, *. A pledge, a pawn, a caution. To Gage, gadje, v, a. To depone as a wager, to impawn ; to measure, to take the contents of any vessel of liquids. Gaggle, g:tg-gl, v. n. 405. To make a noise lik; a goose. Gaiety, ga-e-t5, 5.-^See Gayettf. Gaily, ga-le, ad. Airily, cheerfully; splendidly, pompously. — See Gayly. Gain, gAne, *. 73. 202. Profit, advantage ; interest, ' lucrative views; overplus in a comparative computa- tion. To Gain, gine, v. a. To obtain as profit or ad vantage ; to have the overplus in cemparative compu- tation ; to obtain, to procure; to win; to draw into any interest or parly; to reach, to attain; to gain over, to draw to another party or interest. To Gain, gAne, v. n. Tj encroach, to come forward by decrees ; to get round, to prevail against ; to obtain influence with. Gainer, gane-ur, S, One who receives profit or advantage. Gainful, gane-fid, a. Advantageous, profitable lucrative, productive of money. Gainfully, g;\ne-fui-e, ad. Profitably, advan- tageously. Gainfulness, gAne-ful-nes, s. I.ucrativeness. Gaingiving, gAne-glv-ing, S. The same as mi*. giving, a giving against. Gainless, gane^lcs, a. Unprofitable. Gainlessness, gaue^les-nes, s. Unprofitablenca GaiNLY, gane-le, ad. Handily, readily. GAL GAM 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound ns—thin 466, THis 469. 2h Gainsay, gane-s;l,' v. a. To contradict, to oppose, to controvert with. Gainsay ER, gane-sa-ur, s. Opponent, adversary. 'Gainst, geiist, prep. 206. Poetically for against. GAlRren, ga-rish, a. 202. Gaudy, showy; ex- travagantly gay, flighty. Gairisiiness, ga-rish-nes, s. Finery, flaunting gaudiness ; flighty or extravagant joy. Gait, gate, s. March, walk j the manner and air of walking. Gala, ga-la, S, A grand entertainment j splendid amusement. Cj- 1 have given this Italian word a place in this Dic- tionary, as I think it has been sufficiently received to make part of the language. It is a good sounding word; and as we have not an equivalent for it, we ought to give it the same welcome we do to a rich foreigner who comes to settle among us. Galaxy, g^l-htk-se, s. 517. The milky way. GalBANUM, gitl-bi-uum, S. 503. A kind of gum. Gale, gale, S, A wind not tempestuous, yet stronger than a breeze. Galeas, gal-yfe, s. A heavy low-built vessel, with both sails and oni'5. GaleATED, gk-\e-k-ied, a. 507. Covered as with a helmet; in botany, such plants as bear a flower re- sembling a helmet, as the monkshood. Galiot, gitl-yut, S. A little galley or sort of brigantiiic, bu'ilt very slight, and fit for chase. Gall, gawl, S. The bile, an animal juice remarkable for its supposed bitlerness; the part which contains the bile ; any thing extremely liilter; rancour, malig- nity ; a sliglit hurt by fretting off the skin ; anger, bit- terness of mind. To Gall, gawl, v. a. To hurt by fretting the skin; to impair, to wear away; to tease, to fret, to vex ; to harass, to mischief. To Gall, gawl, v. n. To fret. Gallant, gil-liiit, a. Gay, well-dressed; brave, liigh-spirited ; fine, noble, specious. Gallant, g^l-l^nt,' a. Inclined to courtship. Gallant, g^l-la-ntj s. A gay, sprightly, splendid man ; one who caresses women to debauch them; a wooer, one who courts a woman for marriage. (t:> The difference of accent in English answers the feme purpose as the different position of the adjective in French. Thus u» gallant humme signifies a gallant man, and un humme gallant, a gallant man. Gallantly, g^lM^nt-l^, ad. Gayly, splendidly ; bravely, nobly, generously. Gallantly, gftl-lant'-l^, ad. Like a wooer, or one who makes love. Gallantry, gRl-l4n-tr^, S. Splendour of appear- ance, show ; bravery, generosity ; courtship, refined address to women ; vicious love, lewdness. Gallery, gil-lur-^, s. 557. A kind of walk along the floor of a house, into which the doors of the apartments open; the upper seats in a church; the seats in a playhouse above the pit, in which the meaner people sit. Galley, gal-le, s. A vessel driven with oars. Galley-slave, gil-le-slave, s. A man condemned for some crime to row in the galleys. GalliARD, gAl-yard, S, A gay, brisk, lively man ; a fine fellow, an active, nimble, sprightly dance Galliardise, gil-yar-dlse, *. Merriment, exuberant gayety. Gallicism, gil-le-sizm, s. A mode of speech peculiar to the French /anguage. Galligaskins, gil-le-glsikins, j. Large open hose. Callimatia, g4l-le-mi^sh^, s. Nonsen'se, talk without meaning. Gallimaufry, gil-le-mawifr^, s. A hotch-potch, or hash of several Sorts of broken meat, a medley ; an inconsistent or ridiculous medley. Gallipot, gal-!e-pSt, s. A pot painted and glazed. Gallon, gill-lun, s. A liquid measure of four quarts. 225 Galloon, g^l-lSonJ s. A kind of dose lace, made of gold or silver, or of silk alone. To Gallop, g^l-lup, v. n. To move forward by leaps, so that all the feet are off the ground at once ; to ride at the pace which is performed by leaps; to move very fast. Gallop, gjKlup, S. The .notion of a liorse when he runs at full speed. Galloper, ^^I'lup-ur, s. Ahorse that gallops; a man that rides fast. Galloway, gal-l6-wa, s. A horse not more than fourteen hands high, much used in the north. To Gallow, gal'-lo, V. a. To terrify, to fright. Gallows, gdlilus, s. Beam laid over two posts, on which malefactors are hanged. Galoche, gi-l6shel/';. Galociies, g^-lo^shiz, s. A kind of wooden shoe, worn by the common people in France. fcy- I have found this word in no Dictionary in our lan- guage but Ash's; who quotes Chaucer for it, and marks it as obsolete. But however obsolete this word may be as signifying a wooden shoe, it is certainly in use, as it signifies a larger shoe, worn over a common one to pre- vent damp or dirt in walking. This shoe was most pro- bably of leather in England, since we find in Edward the Fourth's time, the King in Parliament enacted, "That no Corduainer or Cobler within the citty of London, or within three miles of any part of the said citty, &c. do upon any Sunday in the yeere or on the feasts of the As- cension or Xutivittj of our Lord, or on the feast of Corpus Cliristi, sell or command to be sold any shooes, huseans, (i.e. bootes), or Galoches; or upon the Sunday or any other of the said /easts, shall set or put upon the feet or leggs of any person, any shooes, huseam, or Galoches, upon pain of forfeiture or loss of 20 shillings, as often as any person shall do contrary to this ordinance." HeylMs Hist, of the Sabbath, part 2, chap. 7, pageiSl. Galvanism, g4Uviii-izra, *. (Cf- A system of electricity lately discovered by Gal- rani, an Italian, in which it is found, that by placing thin plates of metal together in a pile, and putting between them thin leaves of wet paper, several electrical phoeno- mena are produced. Gambade, gitm-bidej \ Gambado, gim-biMi,/ In the plural, Spatterdashes, a kind of boots. Gambler, g^m-bl-ur, .v. a knave whose practice is to invite the unwary to game, and cheat them. Gamboge, g^m-boodjej s. a concreted vegetable juice, partly of a gummy, partly of a resinous nature. To Gambol, gam-bul, v. n. 166. To dance, to skip, to frisk. Gambol, gSm-bul, *. A skip, a leap for joy, a frolick, a wild prank. GaMBREL, gim-bnl, S. Q^. The hind leg of a horse. Game, game, S. Sport of any kind ; jest, opposed to earnest; insolent merriment, sportive insult; a single match at play ; field sports, as the chase; ani- mals pursued in the field ; solemn contests exhibited as spectacles to the people. To Game, gime, v. n. To play at any sport; to play wantonly and extravagantly for money. Gamecock, gimeikftk, s. A cock bred to fight. Gaimeegg, game-eg, s. An egg from which fighting cocks are bred. Gamekeeper, game-keep-ur, s. A person who looks after game, and sees it is not destroyed. Gamesome, gime-s&m, a. Frolicksome, gay, sportive. Gamesomeness, game-sum-nes, *. Sportiveness, merriment. Gamesomely, gAme-sum-1^, ad. Merrily. Gamester, gAme^stur, s. One who is viciously. addicted to play ; one who is engaged at play ; a merry, frolicksome person ; a prostitute. Gammer, g^mimur, s. The compellation of a woman corresponding to Gaffer. Gammon, g^m-mun, s. 166. The buttock of a hog salted and dried; a term at backgaminun for win* ning the game. Q GAR GAS (l3-'559. Fite73, far 77, fall 83, fJt 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Gamut, gim-ut, *. Tlie scale of musical noles. GANjgAn. Poetically for ^eg-an, as 'Gin ior Begin. Gander, g5.n-dur, S, 98. The male of the goose. To Gang, g^ng, v. n. To go, to walk j an old word not now used, except ludicrously. Gang, gang, *. a number hanging together, a troop, a company, a tribe. Ganglion, g^ng-gle-un, s. 166. A tumour in the tendinous and nervous parts. Gangrene, ging-grene,*. 408. A mortification, a stoppage of circulation followed by putrefaction. To Gangrene, g^ng-grene, v. a. To corrupt to mortification. Gangrenous, ging-gre-nus, a. Mortified, or betoliening mortification. Gangway, g^ng-wi, s. In a ship, the several ways or passages Trom one part of it to the other. Gangweek, ging^wi^k, S. Rogation week. Gantelope, g4nt'-lope, 'I Gantlet, gintMet, J * A military punishment in which tlie criminal running between the ranks receives a lash from eacii man. 03- The former of these words h the most proper, but the latter is most in use. Ganza, gln-Z^, *. A kind of goose. Gaol, jAle, s. 213. A prison. Gaoldelivery, jAle^d^-liv^ur-^, S. The judicial process which, by condemnation or acquittal of persons confined, evacuates the prison. Gaoler, jile-ur, s. Keeper of a prison, he to whose care the prisoners are committed. Cap, gap, s. An opening in a broken fence, a breach; a hole, a deficiency; any interstice, a vacuity. GaP-TOOTHEU, g^p'-tvutht, a. 359. Having interstices between the teeth. To Gape, gap, v. n. 75. 92. 241. To open the mouth wide, to yawn ; to open the mouth for food, as a young bird ; to desire earnestly, to crave ; to open in fissures or holes ; to stare with hope or expectation ; to stare with wonder ; to stare irreverently. OrT- The irregularity in the pronunciation of tli's word seems to arise from the greater similitude of the Italian a to the action signified, than of the slender English a. — See Cheerful, Fierce, &c. Gaper, ga-pur, S. 98. One who opens his mouth; one wlio stares foolishly j one who longs or craves. Garb, garb, S. Dress, clothes 5 exterior appearance. Garbage, g^r-bidje, s. 90. The bowels, the offal. GarBEL, gar^bll, S. 99. The plank next the keel of a ship. Garbidge, gar-bidje, *. 90. Corrupted from Garbage. To Garble, gar-bl, v, n. 405. To sift, to part, to sepal-ate the good from the bad. Garbler, gar-bl-ur, *. He who separates one Part from another. GarBOIL, gar-boil, 5. Disordi^r, tumult, uproar. GaRD, gard, S. Wardship, custody. Garden, gar-dn, s. 92. 103. A piece of ground enclosed and cultivated, planted with herbs or fruits ; a place particularly fruitful or delightful: Garden is often used in composition to signify, belonging to a garden; as, ga?'(/en-tillage, gai'u'e)i-ware. 0» When the a in this and similar words is preceded by C, G or K, polite speakers interpose a sound like the consonant y, which coalesces with both, and gives a mel- lowness to the sound ; thus a Garden pronounced in this manner is nearly similar to the two words Egg and Ytir- den united into eggyarden, and a Guard is almost like rggyard. — See Guard. Garden-ware, giridn-wire, s. The produce of gardens. Gardener, gar^dn-ur, s. He that attends or cultivates gardens. Gardening, gaiidn-ing, s. The act of cultivating or planning gardens. 22C GaRGARISM, girigi-nzm, S. A liquid form ol medicine towash the mouth with. To Gargarize, garig^-rlze, v. a. To wash the mouth witli medicated liquors. To Gargle, gar-gl, v. a. 405. To wash the throat with some liquor not suffered immediately to descend ; to warble, to play in the throat. Gargle, gar-gl, s, A liquor trith which tlie throat is washed. Garland, gar-l4nd, s. A wreath or branches of flowers, Garlick, garMik, s. A plant. GarlickEATER, glrilik-l-tur, s. A mean fellow. Garment, gar-ment, s. Any thing by which the body is covered. Garner, gar^imr, S. A place in which threshed corn is stored up. To Garner, gar^nSr, v. a. To store as in gamers. Garnet, gar'-net, s. 177. A gem. To Garnish, gar-nish, v. a. To decorate with ornamental appendages; to embellish a dish with something laid round it; to fit with fetters. Garnish, gar-nish, s. Ornament, decoration; embellishment; things strewed round a dish ; in gaols, fetters ; an acknowledgment in money when first a prisoner goes into gaol. A cant term. Garnishment, gai-inish-ment, s. Omameni^ embellishment. Garniture, gar^ni-tshire, s. Furniture, ornament. G AROUS, gi-rus, a. Resembling the pickle made offish GaRRAN, gar-run,*, 81. A small horse, a hobbyj A wretched horse. Garret, gitr^ret, s, 81. A room on the highest floor of the house. Garretteer, g4r-ret-teerj s. An inhabitant of a garret. Garrison, g^r-r^-sn, s. 170. Soldiers placed in a fortified town or castle to defend it; fortified place stored with soldiers. To Garrison, g4r-r4-sn, v. a. To secure by fortresses. Garrulity, g^r-ru-le-t^, *. Incontinence of tongue; talkativeness. Garrulous, g?ir-iu-lus, a. Prattling, talkative. Garter, gar-tur, S. 93. A string or ribband by which the stocking is held upon the leg; the mark of the Older of the garter, the highest order of English knighthiiod; the piir.cipal king at arms. To Garter, gar-tur, v. a. To bind with a garter. Garth, gar^A, properly Girth, s. The bulk of the body measured by the girdle. Gas, gas, S. a spirit not capable of being coagulated. Gasconade, gis-ki-iulde} *. a boast, a bravado. To Gash, gash, v. a. To cut deep, so as to make a gaping wound. Gash, gAsh, s. A deep and wide wound ; the mark of a wnund. GaskiNS, g^s-klliz, S. Wide hose, wide breeches. To Gasp, gAsp, v. n. To open tlie mouth wide to catch breath ; to emit breath by opening the mouth convulsively; to long for. ftry- The a in this word has sometimes, and not impro- perly, the same sound as in gape, and for the same reason. See Gape. Gasp, gasp, *. The act of opening the mouth to catcli breath ; the short catch of the breath in the last agonies. To Gast, gist, V. a. To make aghast, to fright, to shock. GaSTRICK, gisitrik, a. Belonging to the belly. Gastriloquist, cAs-tril-o-kwist, s. One wli« speaks from the betly. Gastriloquy, gis-tril-o-kwu, s. Speaking ronounc€ this word as if written GEN GEO KJ- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fat 81— mi 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, m8ve 164, Genealogy; but those who are ever so little attentive to propriety, preserve the a in its fourth sound. GeNF.RABLE, jen-er-^-bl, a. That may be pro- duced or begotten. General, jen-or-^l, a. 83. Comprehending many species or individuals, not special ; lax in signification, not restrained to any special or particular import ; not restrained by narrow or distinctive limitations ; relat- ing to a whole class or body of men ; publick, compris- ing the whole; extensive, though not universal; common, usual. General, jen^er-il, s. Tlie whole, the totality; the publick, the interest of the whole; the vulgar; one that has the command over an army. Generalissimo, jen-er-al-is-se-mo, s. The supreme commander. Generality, jen-er-il-e-te, s. The state of being general ; the main body, the bulk. To Generalize, jen-er-^l-lze, v. a. To arrange particulars under general heads. Generally, jen-er-^l-e, ad. In general, without specification or exception ; extensively, though not universally; commonly, frequently, in the main, without minute detail. GeNERALNESS, JL'U-er-3.1-neS, S. Wide extent, though short of universality ; frequency, commonness. GeNERALTY, jell'er-4l-te, S. The whole, the greater part. Generant, jen-er-^nt, S. The begetting or pro- ductive power. To Generate, jen-er-ate, v. a. To beget, to prni)agate ; to cause, to produce. Generation, jen-er-A-shun, s. The act of begetting or producing ; a family, a race ; a progeny, offspring; a single succession, an age. Generative, jen-er-A-tiv, a. 512. Having the power of propagation, prolifick ; having the power of production, fruitful. Generator, j2n-er-i-tur, 5. 166. 521. The power which begets, causes, or produces. Generical, je-ner-e-k^l, 1 Generick, j^-ner-rik, 509./ That comprehends the genus, or distinguishes from an- other genus. Generically, jJ-ner-i-kil-e, ad. With re- gard to the genus, though not the species. Generosity, jeii-er-Ss-e-ti, s. The quality of being generous, magnanimity, liberality. Generous, jen-ei'-us, a. 314. Not of mean birth, of good extraction; noble of mind, magnani- mous; open of lieart, liberal, muniiictfiit ; strong, vigorous. Generously, jen-er-us-le, ad. Not meanly with regard to birtiij magnanimously, nobly; liberally, munificently. Generousness, jen-er-us-ncs, s. The quality of being generous. Genesis, jen-e-SlS, S. Generation, the first book of Mcses, which treats of the production of the world. Genet, jen-nit, S. 99- a small well-proportioned Spanish horse. GENETHLlACAL,jen-e<7t-li^^-kJl, a. Pertaining to nativities as calculated by astrologers. C:^. For the g', see Heterogeneous. Genethliacks, je-neiuti'-'<1, (oiiiti-U. i2^ Geniculation, je-nik-i-la^shun, s. Knottines% Genio, je-ne-O, S. A man of a particular turn oi mind. Genitals, jen-e-t^lz, s. 83. Parts belonging to generation. GenitinG, jen-ni-tin, *. An early apple gathered in June. Genitive, jen-4-tlv, a. In grammar, the name o' a case. Genius, je-ne-us, *. The protecting or ruling power of men. places, or things ; a man endowed with superiour faculties ; mental power or faculties ; dispo- sition of nature by which any one is qualified for some peculiar employment ; nature, disposition. Genteel, ;|i'n-teelj a. Polite, elegant in behaviour, civil ; grateful in mien. Genteelly,, jen-teel-le, ad. Elegantly, politely ; gracefully, handsomely. GenteelneSS, jen-teel-nes, s. Elegance, grace- fulness, politeness ; qualities befitting a man of rank. Gentian, jiill-shfm, S. Fdwort or baldmony. Gentianella, jen-sh4n-^Ul;t, s. A kind of blue colour. Gentile, Jen-til, orjenMle, s. One of an un. covenanted nation, one who knows not the true God. (fcj- In the Principles of Pronunciation, No. 140, 1 thought Mr. Sheridan wrong in marking the i in thi» word long, because it is contrary to analogy ; but have since had occasion to observe, that this pronunciation is most agreeable to general usage. This word in grammar is used to signify people of different countries. A gentile substantive, is a noun which marks a particular country ; as a Venetian, a native of Venice: a g(?H(i/c adjective is an adjective formed from this substantive ; as a Venetian domino. GeNTILISM, jen-til-izm, *. Heathenism, paganism. GeNTILITIOUS, jen-tll-lish-us, a. Endemial, peculiar to a nation ; hereditary, entailed on a family. Gentility, jen-til-e-te, s. Good extraction; elegance of behaviour, gracefulness of mien; gentry, the class of persons well born ; paganism, heathenism. Gentle, Jen-tl, a. 405. Soft, mild, tame, peace- able; soothing, pRcifick. Gentlefolk, jen-tl-foke, j. Persons distinguished by their birth from the vulgar. — See Folk. Gentleman, jen'-tl-mJn,*. 88. A man of birth a man of extraction, though not noble ; a man raised above the vulgar by his character or jmst ; a term of complaisance; the servant that waits about the person of a man of rank ; it is used of any man itowever high« Gentlemanlike, Gentlemanly, Becoming a man of birth. Gentleness, jen-tl-nes, s. Softness of manners, sweetness of disposition, meekness. GeNTLESHIP, jen-tl-sliip, *. Carriage of a gentle- man. Gentlewoman, jen-tl-wum-Sn, s. A woman of birth above the vulgar, a woman well descended; a woman who waits about the person of one of high rank ; a word of civility or irony. Gently, jeii-tl6, ad. Softly, meekly, tenderly; softly, without violence. Gentry, jen-tre, s. Class of people above the vulgar; a term of civility, real, or ironical. Genuflection, ji-nia-flek-shun, s. The act of bending the knee • adoration expressed by bending the knee. Genuine, jen-u-in, a. 150. Not spurious. Genuinely, jen-u-in-li, ad. Without adultera- tion, without foreign admixture, naturally. Genuineness, jen-u-in-nes, *. Freedom from any thing counterfeit, freedom from adulteration. Genus, je-nus, S. In science, a class of being comprehenclnig under it many species, as Quo'ifrupcd is a Genus comprehending under it almost all tcric»« trial beasts. Gr.OCENTKlCK, je-o-.s3!i'-ti'k, ft. Ai.plinl lo i IK ; u is useu oi any man nowe^ IKE, jeii-tl-n»Sn-llke, \ f, jen-tl-m^n-le, J GES GIB nor 167, n8t 163— tube 17I, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^Ain 466, THis 469. planet or orb having the earth for its centre, or the «amc centre with the eaith. Geodjesia, .j^-A-de'zh^-4, S. 452. That part cf geometry which contains tlie doctrine or art of mea- suring surfaces, and finding the contents of all plane figures. GeoDSTICAL, .je-A-cl?ti(^-kil, a. Relating to the art (if measuring surfaces. GnoGUAPHEK, jJ-i^^ra-fur, J. 116. 257. One wlio descriijes tlie earlli according to the position of its different pariT. Geographical, je-6-grA.f^e-k4l, a. Relating to geography. 4 i 4 i Geographically, je-o-graf-e-kal-e, ad. In a geographical manner. Geography, jMgigr^-fe, 5. 116. 237. 518. Knowledge of the earth. Geology, j^-ftl-6-je, S. Tlie doctrine of the eartli. Geomancer, je-o-m^n-sur, s. A fortuneteller, a caster of figures. Geomancy, je-0-m^n-se, s. 519. The act of foretelling by figures. Geomantick, je-6-niitn-tik, a. Vcrtaining to the art of casting figures. Geometer, je-5in-e-tur, s. One siviUed in geometry, a geometrician. Geometral, j6-oni-^-tr^l, a. Pertaining to geometry. Geometrical, je-o-mct-trf-k^l, \ Geometrick, je-o-met-trik, J Pertaining to geometry, prescribed or laid down by geometry ; disposed according to geometry. Geometrically, je-o-met-tre-kal-e, ad. According to the laws of geometry. Geometrician, j^-6m-^-tnsh^^n, s. One sliilled in geometry. To Geometrize, j6-8m^5-trize, v. n. To act according to the laws of gcometrj'. Geometry, .j6-6m'-me-tr^, *. 116. 257. 518. The science of quantity, extension, or magnitude, ab- stractedly considered. GeOPONICAL, j6-6-p5n-e-k^l, a. Relating to agriculture. GeoPONICKS, je-6-l)on-iks, S, The science of cultivating tbe ground, theldoclrine of agriculture. George, jorje, S. a figure of St. George on horse- back, worn by the knights of the garter; a brown loaf. GeORGICK, jor-jik, *. 116. Some part of the science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry. See Construe. Georgick, joi'-jtk, a. Relating to the doctrine of agriculture. GE0TICK,je-6t-ik, a. 509. Belonging to the eartli. Gerent, je-reilt, a. Carrying, bearing. German, jer-ni^n, s. 88. A first cousin. German, jer-in^n, a. Related. Germander, jer-m Jn'dur, s. A plant. Germe, jerm, S. A sprout or shoot. GeRMIN, jer-min, S. A shooting or spi outing seed. To Germinate, jer-m^-nite, v. n. To sprout, to shoot, to bud, to put forth. Germination, jer-me-ni-shun, s. The act of sprouting or shooting; growth. Gerund, jer'und, S. In the I-alin irammar, a kind of verbal noun, which governs cases like a verb. GeST, jest, s. A deed, an action, an achievement; show, representation ; the roll or journal of the seve- ral days, and stages prefixed, in the progresses of kings. Gestation, jes-ta-shun, s. The act of bearing the young in the womb. T'o Gesticulate, jes-tik-u-late, v. n. To play antick tricks, to show postures. Gesticulation, jes-tik-u-la-shun, s, Antick itic.ks, various postures. 220 Gesture, jes^tshure, s. 461. Action or posture c-xprcssive of sentiment ; movement of the body. To Get, get, v. a. 331. Pret. / Got, anciently Gat, Part. pass. Get or Gotten. To procure, to ob- tain ; to beget upon a female ; to gain a profit ; to earn, to gain by labour ; to receive as a price or reward ; ta procure to be; to prevail on, to induce; to get off, to sell or dispose of by some expedient. To Get, g»;t, v. n, 560. To arrive at any state or posture by degrees with some kind of labour, effort or difficulty ; to find the way to ; to move j to remove to ; to have recourse to; to go, to repair to ; to be a gainer ; to receive advantage by ; to get off, to escape; to get over, to pass without being stopped; to get up, to raise from repose, to rise from a seat; to get in, to enter. Getter, get-tur, S. One who procures or obtains j one who bcRets on a female. Getting, get-ting, s. Act of getting, acquisition j gain, profit. Gewgaw, gtJ-giw, *. 381. A showy trifle, a toy, a bauble. Gewgaw, gia-gaw, a. Splendidly trifling, showy without value. Ghastful, gist-ful, a. 390. Dreary, dismal, melancholy, fit for walking spirits. GhaSTLINESS, g^t-le-nes, S. Horrour of coun- tenance, resemblance of a ghost, paleness. Ghastly, gistile, a. Like a ghost, having horrour in the countenance ; horrible, shocking, dreadful. Ghastness, gSst-nes, S. Ghastliness, horrour of look. Gherkin, ger-km, s. A pickled cucumber. Ghost, gist, S. 390. Tlie soul of a man ; a spirit appearing after death ; To give up the ghost, to die, to yield up tbe spirit into the hands of God ; the third person in the adorable Trinity, called the Holy Ghost. GhostliNESS, gost-le-nes, S. Spiritual tendency, quality of having reference chiefly to the soul. Ghostly, g6st-le, a. Spiritual, relating to the soul, not carnal, not secular: having a character from religion, spiritual. Giant, jl-Ant, *. A man of size above tiie ordinary rate of men, a man unnaturally large. Giantess, jl-in-tes, *. A she giant. Giantlike, il-4nt-llke, \ „ ^. .. , GlANTLY,jliant-l^, ; /"• G.gant,ck, vast. GlANTSHIP, jl-int-ship, S. Quality or character of a giant. GiBBE, gib, J. 382. Any old worn out animal. To Gibber, gib^bur, v. w. 382. To speak inarticulately. Gibberish, gib-bur-isb, s. 382. Cant, the private language of rogues and gipsies, words williout meaning. Gibbet, jlb-blt, S. A gallows, the post on wliich malefactors are hanged or on which tlieirtarcassei are exjioscd ; any transverse beam. To Gibbet, jlb-blt, v. a. To hang or expose on a gibbet, to hang on any thing going transverse. Gibbosity, gib-bfts'-^-ti, s. Convexity, pro- minence, protuberance. Gibbous, gib-bus, a. 382. Convex, protuberant, swelling into inequalities; crooked-backed. GibBOUSNESS, g'b-bllS-nes, S. Convexity, pro- minence. Gibcat, gib-k^t, s. 382. An old worn-out cat. To Gibe, .jibe, v. n. To sneer, to join censorioui- ness with contempt. To Gibe, jibe, v. a. To scoff, to ridicule, to treat ivith scorn, to sneer, to taunt. Gibe, jibe, S. Sneer, hint of contempt by word or looks, scoff. Giber, jl-bur, S. A sneerer, a scofl^er, a taunter. Gibingly, jUblng-l/i, ad. Scornfully, con- temptuously. GIN GIV t5- 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, fJt 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n6 162, move 164 Giblets, jlbilets, S, TUe parts of a goose which are cHt off before it is roasted. Giddily, g1d-d^-l^, ad. With the liead seeming to turn round; inconstantly, unsteadily; carelessly, heedlessly, negligently. Giddiness, g^id^d^-nes, s. The state of being giddy; inconstancy, unsteadiness; quick rotation, in- ability to keep its place. filDDY, gld^de, a. 382. 560. Having in the head a whirl, or sensation of circular motion ; whirling ; in- constant, unsteady, changeful ; heedless, thoughtless, uncautious; intoxicated. GiDDYBKAiNED, gid-de-buAnd, a. Careless, thoughtless. GiDDYHEADED, gid^de-hed-ed, a. Without steadiness or constancy. GiDDYPACED, gld^de-p^Ste, a. Moving without regularity. GlEll-EAGLE, jer-i-gl, S. 405. An eagle of a particular kind. Gift, gift, *. 382. a thing given or bestowed; the act of giving; offering; power, faculty. Gifted, gif-ted, a. Given, bestowed; endowed with extraordinary powers. Gig, gig, s, 382. Any thing that is whirled round in play. GiGANTICK, ji-g^nitlk, a. 217. Suitable to a giant, big, bulky, enormous. To Giggle, gig-gl,f. n. 382. To laugh idly, to titter. Giggler, gigigl-ur, S. A laugher, a tittercr GiGLET, glg-gl-!t, properly Gigglet, S. A wanton, a lascivious girl. — See Codle. GiGOT, jlg-ut, i. 166. The hip joint. To Gild, gild, v. a. 382. Fret. Gilded or Gilt. To overlay with thin gold ; to adnrn with lustre ; to brighten, to illuminate. — See Guilt. Gilder, gil-dur, S. One who lays gold on the surface cf any other body ; a coin, from one shilling and sixpence to tv/o shillings. Gilding, gll-ding, S. Gold laid on any surface by way of ornament. Gills, gilz, *. 382. The aperture at each side of. the fish's head ; the flaps that hang below the beak of" a fowl ; the flesh under the chin. Gill, jll, S. A measure of liquids containing the fourth part of a pint ; the appellation of a woman in ludicrous language ; the name of a plant, ground ivy ; malt liquor medicated with ground ivy. (t3- There cannot be a more striking proof of the in- convenience of having words written exactly alike, and pronounced differently according to their ditferent signi- fication, than the word gill, which, when it means the aperture below the head of a fish, is always pronounced with the g hard, as in guilt; and when it signifies a woman or a measure of liquids, is always heard with the g soft, as if written ji(i. To those who speak only from hand to mouth, as we may call it, this jumble of spell- ing and pronouncing creates no perplexity; but to foreigners, and those Englishmen who regard the perspi- cuity and consistency of their language, this ambiguity IS a real blemish. — See Boul. GilLHOUSE, jll-hSuse, S. A house where gill is sold. GiLLIFLOWER, jiKl^-flour, *. Cornipted from Julyflower. Gilt, gilt, s. 382. Golden jhow, gold laid on the surface of any matter. Gilt, pit, 560. The part, of Gild, which see. GiM, jim, a. Neat, spruce. An old word. GiMCRACK, jim^krllk, S. A slight or trivial mechanism. Gimlet, gim^let, s. 382. A borer with a screw at its point. Gimp, gimp, s. 382. A kind of silk twist or lace. Gin, jin, s. A trap, a snare ; a pump worked by sails ; the spirit drawn by distillation fwm juniper berries. 2S0 Ginger, jin-jur, s. An Indian plant J the root of that plant. Gingerbread, jinyur-bred, s. a kind of sweet* me.it made of dough, and flavoured with ginger. Gingerly, jin-jnr-le, ad. Cautiously, nicely. GlNGERNE.SS,.)in^jur-neS, *. Niceness, tenderness Gingival, jin-je-v4l, a. Belonging to the gums. To GiNGLE, jing-gl, V. n. 405. To utter a sharp clattering noise ; to make an affected sound in periods or cadence. To GiNGLE, jingigl, V. a. To shake so that a sharp shrill clattering noise should be made. GiNGLE, jing-gl, *. A shrill resounding noise, affectation in the sound of periods. Ginglymoid, ging-gl^-moid, a. Resembling a ginglymus, approaching to a ginglymus. GiNGLYMUS, ging-gle-mus, s. A mutual indent ing of two bones into each other's cavity, of which the elbow is an instance. GiNNET, jin-net, s. A nag, a mule, a degenerated breed. Ginseng, iin-seng, s, A Chinese root brought lately into Europe; it is cordial and restorative. Gipsy, iip-S^, s. 438. A vagabond who pretends to tell fortunes; a reproachful name for a dark com- plexion ; a name of slight reproach to a woman. GiRASOLE, jir-A-sMe, S, The herb turnsol ; the opal stone. To Gird, gerd, v. a. 382. 560. Pret. Girded or Girt. To bind round; to invest; to cover round as with a garment ; to enclose, to encircle. CO' We may observe that the g in this and similar ■mortis lias the same liquid sound as in those where it is followed by a and i long, and it may be accounted for in the same manner, 92. 160. The short e, which is the true sound of i in these words, it has been frequently ob- served, is not really the short sound of that letter, but of a slender, 66; a\id as r followed by another consonant has a tendency to lengthen the e as it does the o, 77. 81, we find the same effect produced; that of interposing the sound of e nearly as if written egg-yurd, &c. — See Guard, To Gird, gerd, v, n. To break a scornful jest, to gibe, to sneer. Girder, ger-dur, s. In architecture, the largest piece of timber in a floor. Girdle, ger-dl, *. 405. Any thing drawn round the waist, and tied or buckled ; enclosure, circum- ference ; a belt, the Zodiack, a zone. To Girdle, ger-dl, v. a. To gird, to bind as with a girdle; to enclose, to shut in, to environ. GiRDLEBELT, ger-dl-belt, s. The belt that encircles the waist. GiRDLER, ger'dl-ur, *. A maker of girdles. GiRE, jlre, s, A circle described by any thing in motion. Girl, gerl, S. 382. A young woman or female child, Girlish, gerl-lish, a. Suiting a girl, youthful. Girlishly, ger-lish-li, ad. In a girlish manner. Girt, gert, 382. Part. pass, from to Gird. — See Gird. To GiRl-, gert, v. a. To gird, to encompass, to encircle. Girth, gerth, s. 382. The band by which the saddle or burden is fixed upon the horse ; the compase measured by the girdle. To Girth, gerfh, V, a. To bind with a girth. To Give, giv, v. a. 157. 382. Pret. Gave. Part. pass. Given. To bestow, to confer without any price or reward ; to pay as a price or reward, or in ex- change; to grant, to allow; to yield without resist- ance; to empower, to commission; to exhibit, to ex- press ; to exhibit as the product of a calculation; to exhibit; to addict, to apply ; to resign, to yield up: to give way, to alienate from one's self; to give back, to return, to restore ; to give the hand, to yield pre- eminence, as being subordinate or inferior; to give over, to leave, to quit, to cease ; to addict, to attach to } to conclude lost, to abandon; to give out, to proclaim, to publish, to utter; to them in false appearance ; t* GLA GLE nir 167, n8t iSS—tube 171, tub 172, bSll 173— oil 299— p3und 313— ^Mn 466, this 469. give up, to resign, to quit, to yield, to abandon, to deliver. To Give, giv, v. n. To grow moist, to melt or soften, to thaw ; to move ; to give in, to go back, to give way ; to give into, to adopt, to embrace; to give off, to cease, to forbear ; to give over, to act no more ; 10 give out, to publish, to proclaim, to yield ; to give way, to make room for. Giver, giv-ur, S. One tliat gives, bestower, dis- tributor, granter. Gizzard, giz'-zurd, s. 88. 382. The strong musculous stomach of a fowl. Glabritv, glib-ri-te, s. Smoothness, baldness. Glacial, gla-sh^-Jl, a. 113. Icy, made of ice, frozen. To Glaciate, gli-sh4-ate, v, n. To turn into ice. Glaciation, glA-she-A-shun, *. The act of turning into ice, iee formed. Glacis, gla-sis, or glU-slzeJ s. 113. In fortifica- tion, a sloping bank. 0:^ Dr. Johnson, Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, W. John- ston, Dr. Ash, Dr. Kenrick, Mr. Barclay, and Bailey, place the accent on the first syllable of this word ; and only Mr. Nares andEntickon the second. Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott give the a the sound it has in glass. The great majority of suffrages fer the accent on the first syllable, which is the more agreeable to the analogy of our own language, are certainly sufficient to keep a plain Englishman in countenance for pronouncing the word in this manner ; but as it is a French word, and a militaiy term, a military man would blush not to pronounce it h la Fran^oue; and notwithstanding the numbers for the other manner, 1 cannot but think this the more fashion- able. Glad, gl^cl, a. Cheerful, gay 5 pleased, elevated with joy; pleasing, exhilarating; expressing gladness. To Glad, gl^d, V, a. To make glad, to cheer, to exhilarate. To Gladden, gl^d-dn, v. a. 103. To cheer, to delight, to make glad, to exhilarate. Glade, glide, *. A lawn or opening in a wood. GladfULNESS, gl4d-fiil-nes, s. Joy, gladness. Gladiator, glid-de-i-tur, s, 534. A sword- player, a prize-fighter. Gladly, glAd-1^, ad. Joyfiilly, with merriment. Gladness, glid-nes, *. Cheerfulness, joy, exultation. Gladsome, glJd-sum, a. Pleased, gay, delighted 5 causing joy. ^ Gladsomely, glad-sum-le, ad. With gayety and delight. Gladsomeness, glid-sum-nes, s. Gayety, showiness, delight. Glaire, gUre, *. The wliite of an egg; a kind of halbert. To Glaire, glire, v. a. To smear with the white of an egg. This word is still used by the bookbinders. Glance, glinse, s. 78, 79. A sudden shoot of light or splendour; a stroke or dart of the beam of sight; a snatch of sight, a quick view. To Glance, glinse, v. n. To shoot a sudden ray of spk'ndour; to fly off in an oblique direction; to view with a quick cast of the eye; to censure by ob- lique hints. To Glance, gl^se, V, a. To move nimbly, to shoot obliquely. Glancingly, glSn-s;ng-le, ad. in an oblique broken manner, transiently. Gland, gl;tnd, S. A smooth fleshy substance which serves as a Kind of strainer to separate some particular fli\id from the blood. Glanders, glin-durz, *. A disease incident to horses. Glandiferous, glSn-dif-fe-rus, a. Bearing mast, bearing acorns. Glandule, gl^nidiile, s, A small gland serving to the secretion of luimours. Glandulosii Y, glin-du-lfts-4-te, s, AcoUection of glands. 231 Glandulous, glin^du-lus, a. 294. Pertaining to the glands, subsisting in glands. To Glare, glare, v. n. To shine sc as to dazzle the eyes; to look with fierce piercing eyes; to shine ostentatiously. To Glare, gl^re, v. a. To shoot such splendour as the eye cannot bear. Glare, glare, S. Overpowering lustre, splendour, sucli as dazzles the eye ; a fierce piercing look. GlAREOUS, gla-r^-US, a. Consisting of viscous transparent matter, like the white of an egg. Glaring, gla-nng, a. Applied to any tiling very shocking, as a glaring crime. Glass, glas, s, 79. An artificial substance made by fusing salts and flint or sand together, with a vehe- ment fire; a glass vessel of any kind; a looking-glass, a mirror; a glass to help the sight; an hour-glass, a glass used in measuring time by t lie flux of sand; a cup of glass used to drink in; the quantity of wine visually contained in a glass ; a perspective glass. Glass, gl^, a. Vitreous, made of glass. To Glass, glis, v. a. To case in glass J to cover with glass, to glaze. Glassfurnace, gl^-fur-nis, s. A furnace in which glass is made by liquefaction. Glassgazing, gl^-gi-zing, a. Finical, often contemplating himself in a mirror. Glassgrinder, glis-grlnd-ur, s. One whose trade is to polish and grind glass. Glasshouse, gl^s-house, *. A house where glass is manufactured. Glassman, gl;\s-m^n, s. 88. One who sells glass. GlASSMETAL, glisim§t-tl, S, Glass in fusion. GlASSWORK, glis-wurk, S. Manufactory of glass. Glasswort, glis-wixrt, s. A plant. Glassy, gl^-si, a. Made of glass, vitreous ; resembling glass, as in smooUiness,or lustre, or brittle- ness. Glastonbury Thorn, glfc-sn-ber-l-<7tornJ s. A species of medlar; a kind of thorn which blossoms in winter. Glaucoma, glaw-koima, s. A fault in tiie eye, which changes the chrystalline humour into a greyish colour. GlAVE, glive, S. A broad sword, a falchion. To Glaze, glize, v. a. To furnish with windows of glass ; to cover with glass, as potters do their earthenware; to overlay with something shining and pellucid. Glazier, gU^zhur, s. 283. 450. One whose trade is to make glass windows. Glead, glMe, *. A kind of hawk. Gleam, gl4me, S. 227. Sudden shoot of light, lustre, brightness. To Gleam, gl^me, v. n. To shine with sudden flashes of light; to shine. Gleamy, gl^^m^, a. Flashing, darting sudden shoots of light. To Glean, gl^ne, v. a. 327. To gather what the reapers of the harvest leave behind ; to gather any thing thinly scattered. Gleaner, gle-nur, S. One who gathers after the reapers ; one who gathers any thing slowly and labo- riously. Gleaning, glJ-mng, *. The act of gleaning, or thing gleaned. Glebe, glebe, S. Turf, soil, ground; the land Eossessed as part of the revenue of an ecclesiastical enefice. Glebous, gl^-bus,") Gleby, gll^bi, J Glede, glMe, s. A kite. Glee, gl^6, S. Joy, gayety ; a kind of song, Gleeful, gl^e-ful, a. Merry, cheerful. Gleek, gle^k, *. Muslck, or niusicten. Turfy. GLO GLU ft3- 559. F4te73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, metgS— pine 105, pm 107— ni 162, move 164 Gleet, gl^Jt, *. a thin ichor running fropi a sore; a venereal disease. To Gleet, g\tht, v. n. To drip or ooze with a tliin sanious liquor; to run slowly. Gi.EETY, g'lee-te, a, Ichory, thinly sanious. Glen, glen, S. A valley, a dale. GlEW, glu, S. A viscous cement made by dissolving the skins of animals in boiling water, and drying the jelly. — See Glue. Gliu, glib, a. Smooth, slippery, so formed as to be easily moved ; smooth, voluble. To Glib, glib, v. a. To castrate. GlIDLY, gllb-le, ad. Smoothly, volubly. GliBNESS, glib-nes, S. Smoothness, slipperiness. 7b Glide, glide, v. n. To flow gently and silently j to pass gently and without tumult j to move swiftly and smoothly along. Glider, gll-dur, s. One that glides. GlIKE, glike, S. A sneer, a scoff. To Glimmer, glim-mur, v. n. To shine faintly; to be perceived imperfectly, to appear faintly. Glimmer, glim-mur, S. Faint splendour, weak light; a kind of fossil. Glimpse, gllmps, *. A weak faint light ; a quick flashing liglit ; transitory lustre; short, fleeting enjoy- ment; a short transitory view; the exhibition of a faint resemblance. To Glisten, glis-sn, v. n. 472. To shine, to sparkle with light. To Glister, glls-tur, v. n. To shine, to be bright. To Glitter, glit-tur, v. n. To shine, to exhibit lustre, to gleam : to be specious, to be striking. Glitter, gllt-tur, S. Lustre, bright show. Glitteringly, glit^tur-ing-ll, ad. With shining lustre. To GloAR, glore, v. a. To squint, to look askew. To Gloat, glAte, V, n. To cast side-glances as a timorous lover. Globated, gl6-ba-ted, a. Formed in shape of a globe, spherical, spheroidical. Globe, globe, S. A sphere, a ball, a round body, a body of which every part of the surface is at the same distance from the centre ; the terraqueous ball ; a sphere in wliich the various regions of the earth are geographically depicted, or in which the constellations are laid down according to their places in the sky. Globose, glo-b')f5e( a. Spherical, round. Globosity, glo-bfts-e-t^, s. sphericainess. GlobouS, glo-bus, a. 314. Spherical, round. Globular, gl6b-u-lir, a. 535. Round, spherical. Globule, glSb-llle, S. Such a small particle of matter as is of a globular or spherical figure, as the red particles of the blood. GloBULOUS, glob-U-lu3, a. In form of a small sphere, round. To Glomerate, gl5m-er-ate, v. a. To gather into a ball or sphere. Glomerous, gl6ni-er-us, o. 314. • Gathered into a ball or sphere. Gloom, gloom, *. 306. Imperfect darkness, dis- malness, obscurity, defect of liglit; cloudiness of as- pect, heaviness of mind, sullenness. To Gloom, gloom, v. 7l. To shine obscurely, as the twilight; to be cloudy, to be dark; to be melan- choly, to be sullen. Gloomily, gloom-e-le, ad. Obscurely, dimly, without perfect light, dismally ; sullenly, with cloudy aspect, with dark intentions. Gloominess, gloom-e-nes, s. Want of light, obscurity, imperfect light, dismalness ; cloudiness of look. Gloomy, gloom-^, a. Obscure, imperfectly illuminated, almost dark ; dark of complexion; sullen, melancholy, cloudy of look, heavy of heart. 32 Gloried, glo^rid, a. 282. Illustrious, honourable. Glorification, glo-r^-fe-ki^shun, *. The ac« of giving glory. To Glorify, glo^r^-fi, v. a, 183. To procure honour or praise to one; to pay honour or praise ia worship; to praise, to honour, to extol; to exalt t9 glory or dignity. Glorious, glo^r^-us, a. 314. Noble, illustrious, excellent. Gloriously, gl6-re-us-l5, ad. Nobly, splendidly, illustriously. Glory, glo-re, s. Praise paid in adoration ; the felicity of heaven prepared for those that please God; honour, praise, fame, renown, celebrity; a circle of rays which surrounds the heads of saints in pictures; generous pride. To Glory, gli^r^, v. n. To boast in, to be proud of. To Close, gloze, v. a. 437. To flatter, tp collogue. Gloss, glos, s. 437. A scholium, a comment ; an interpretation artfully specious ; a specious represen- tation ; superficial lustre. To Gloss, glSs, v. n. To comment, to make sly remarks. To Gloss, gl$S, v. a. To explain by comment; to palliate by specious exposition or representation; to embellish with superficial lustre. Glossary, glftsis;1.-re, s. A dictionary of obscure or antiquated words. Glosser, glOs-Sur, S. A scholiast, a commentator; a polisher. Glossiness, glSs-se-nes, s. Smooth polish, superficial lustre. Glossographer, gl5s-s5g-gri-fur, s. A scholiast, a commentator. Glossography, glS.s-sog-gr^-fiJ, s. 518. The writing of commentaries. Glossy, glos-se, a. Shining, smoothly polished. Glottis, glSt-tlS, S. The head of the windpipe, the aperture of the larynx. Glove, gluv, *. 165. Cover of the hands. Glover, gluv-ur, *. One whose trade is to mak or sell gloves. To Glout, glout, V. n. 313. To pout, to look sullen. To Glow, gli, v. n. 324. To be heated so as to shine without flame ; to burn with vehement heat ; to feel heatof body ; to exhibit a strong bright colour; to feel patsion of mind, or activity of fancy ; to rage or burn as a passion. To Glo^V, glo, V. a. To make hot so as to sliine. Glow, gl6, S, shining heat, unusual warmth ; vehemence of passion; brightness or vividness of co- lour. Glow-worm, glo-wurm, s. A small creeping insect with a luminous tail. To Gloze, gloze, v. n. To flatter, to wheedle, to fawn ; to comment. Gloze, gloze, S. Flattery, insinuation ; specious show, gloss. Glue, glu, S. A viscous body commonly made by boiling the skins of animals to a gelly, a cement. To Glue, glu, v. a. To join with a viscous cement; to hold together; to join, to unite, to invis, cate. Glueboiler, gluiboil-ur, S. One whose trade is to make glue. Gluer, glu-ur, *. 98. One who cements with glue. Glum, glum, a. Sullen, stubbornly grave. A low cant word. To Glut, glut, v. a. To swallow, to devour ; to cloy, to fill beyond sufficiency; to feast or delight even to satiety ; to overfill, to load. Glut, glut, S. That which is gorged or swallowed { plenty even to loathing and satiety j more than enough, overmuch. GOA GOL :ior 167, n6t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— ^/iin 466, this 469. Glutinous, glu-tJ-nus, a. Gluy, viscous, tenacious. Glutinousness, glu-t^-nus-nes, s. Viscosity, tenacity. Glutton, glut^tn, s. 170. One wlio indulges himself too mucli in eating; one eager of any tiling to excess; an animal remarkalile fora voracious appetite. C:^- Though'tlie second syllable of this word suppresses the 0, the compounds seem to preserve it. This, how- ever, is far from being regular; for if we were to form compounds of Cotton, Button, or Mutton, as Cottony, Jiuttony, Muttony, &c. we should as certainly suppress the last in the compounds, as in the simples. — See Principles, No. 103. To Gluttonise, glut-tun-Ize, v. a. To play the glutton. Gluttonous, glut-tun-us, a. Given to excessive feeding. Gluttonously, glut-tun-us-le, ad. With the voracity of a glutton. Gluttony, glut-tun-^, s. Excess of eating, luxury of the table.— See Glutton. Gluy, glu-e, a. Viscous, tenacious, glutinous. Glyn, glin, s, A hollow between two mountains. To Gnarl, narl, v. n, 384. To growl, to murmur, to snarl. Gnarled, nariled, a. Knotty. To Gnash, nlUh, v. a. 384. To strike together, to clash. To Gnash, nish, v. n. To griiid or collide the teeth ; to rage even to collision of the teeth. Gnat, nat, 5. 384. A small winged stinging insect; any thing proverbially small. Gnatflower, n^t-flou-ur, s. The bee flower. Gnatsnapper, nit-sn^p-pur, s. A bird so called. To Gnaw, naw, V, a. 384. To eat by degrees, to devour by slow corrosion ; to bite in agony or rage; to wear away by biting ; to fret, to waste, to corrode ; to pick with the teeth. To Gnaw, naw, v. n. To exercise the teeth. Gnawer, naw^ur, s, 98. One that gnaws. Gnomon, no-mSn, s. 384. The hand or pin of a dial. Gnomonicks, n6-mSn-iks, s. 509. The art of dialling. To Go, go, V. n. Pret. 1 went, I have gone. To walk, to move step by step ; to walk leisurely, not run; to journey a-foot; to proceed.; to depart from a place; to apply one's self; to have recourse; to be about to do; to decline, to tend towards death or ruin ; to escape; to tend to any act; to pass; to move by mechanism ; to be in motion from whatever cause; to be regulated by any method ; to proceed upon princi- ples ; to be pregnant ; to be expended ; to reach or be extended to any degree; to spread, to be dispersed, to reach; to contribute, to conduce; to succeed; to pro- ceed in train or consequence ; to go about, to attempt, to endeavour; to go aside, to err, to deviate from the right ; to abscond ; to go between, to interpose, to moderate between two; to go by, to pass away un- noticed; to observe as a rule; to go down, to be swal- lowed, to be received, not rejected ; to go in and out, to be at liberty ; to go off, to die, to decease ; to depart from a post ; to go on, to make attack ; to proceed ; to go over, to revolt, to betake himself to another party ; to go out, to go upon any expedition; to Le extin- guished ; to go through, to perform thoroughly ; to exe- cute, to suffer, to undergo. Go-to, g6-too{ interj. Come, come, take the right course. A scornful exhortation. Go-by, go-bij *. Delusion, artifice, circumvention. Go-cart, go-kart, s. A machine in which children are enclosed to teach them to walk. Goad, gode, s. 295. A pointed instrument with which oxen are driven forward. To Goad, gode, v. a. To prick or drive with a goad ; to incite, to stimulate, to instigate. Goal, gole, S. 295. The landmark set up to bound a race : the starting post ; the final purpose, the end to which a design tends. 233 Goal, jile, S. An incorrect spelling for Gaolf which see. Goar, gore, s, 295. Any edging sewed upon cloth. Goat, gote, s. 295. An animal that seems a middle species between deer and sheep. Goatbeard, gote-berd, s. A prant. GOATCHAFER, gote^tsha-fur, *. A kind of beetle, vulgarly Cockchafer. GOATH ERD, gote-herd, s. One whose employment is to tend goats. GoATMARJORAM, gJte-maKjur-uin, s. Goatbeard. GOATS-RUE, gots-roo, "I . , ^ ix //. 3 >S. A plant. GoATS-THORN, gotS-^/tom, J Goatish, gote-ish, a. Resembling a goat in rank- ness or lust. To Gobble, gob^bl, v. a. 405. To swallow hastily with tumult and noise. Gobbler, gSb^bl-ur, s. One that devours in haste. Go-between, gi-b^-twl^n, s. One that transacts business by running between two parties. Goblet, gftb-let, s. Properly Gohblet. A bowl or cup. — See Codlc. Goblin, gSb-lin, S, An evil spirit, a walking spirit, a frightful phantom ; a fairy, an elf. God, god, s. The Supreme Being 5 a false god, an idol; any person or thing deified, or too much ho- noured. Godchild, gSd^tsblld, s. The child for whom one became sponsor at baptism. God-daughter, gud-daw-tur, s. A girl for whom one became sponsor in baptism. Goddess, gSd-des, S, a female divinity. Goddess-like, gftd-des-llke, a. Resembling a God-father, g8d-fa-THur, s. The sponsor at the font. Godhead, g3d-hed, S. Godship, divine nature, a deily in person, a god or goddess. Godless, gSd-les, n. Without sense of duty to God, atheistical, wicked, impious. Godlike, gSd-llke, a. Divine, resembling a divinity. GODLING, gftd-lin^, S. A little divinity. Godliness, g3il-le-nes, j. Piety to God ; general observation of all the duties prescribed by religion. Godly, gftd-l^, a. Pious towards God ; good, righteous, religious. Godly, gftd-l6. ad. Piously, righteously. GodlyhEAD, god-le-bed, S. Goodness, righteous- ness. Godmother, g6diinuT!i-3r, s. A woman who has become sponsor in baptism. Godship, gftd-sbip, s. The rank or character of a god, deity, divinity. Godson, gftd-sun, s. One for whom one has been sponsor at the font. Godward, gSd-ward, ad. Toward God. Godwit, gftd-wit, S. A bird of particular delicacy. Goer, go-ur, s. One that goes, a runner, a walker. To Goggle, gftg-gl, v, n. 405. To look asquint. Goggle-eyed, gftg-gl-lde, a. 283. Squint-eyed, not looking straight. Going, go-ing, 5. The act of walking j pregnancy; departure. Go LA, go-1^, s. The same with Cymatium. Ii:f- Tluit is a term in architecture signifying a member or moulding, one half of which is convex and the other concave. Gold, gold, or goold, s. 164. The purest, heaviest, and most precious of all metals; money. K/^,U is much to be regretted that the second sound o, this word is grown much more frequent than the first. GOO GOV fc^ 559. Fite 73, far, 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— nJ 163, move, 164, It is not easy to guess at the cause of this unmeaning de- viation from the general rule, but tlie effect is to impo- verislithe sound of the language, and to add to its irregu- larities. It has not, however, like some other words, irievocably lost its true pronunciation. Rhyme still claims its right to the long open o, as in bold, cold, fold, &c. *' Judges and Senates have been bought for gold; '* Esteem and Love were never to be sold. ** Now Europe's laurels on tlieir brows behold, ** But stain'd with blood, or ill excbang'd fur ^-oW.-**' Pope. And solemn speaking, particularly the language of scrip, ture, indispensably requires the same sound. With these establishecf authorities in its favour, it is a disgrace to the language to suffer indolence and vulgarity to corrupt it into the second sound. — See fVind. But since it is gene- rally corrupted, we ought to keep this corruption from spreading, by confining it as much as possible to familiar objects and familiar occasions: thus Goldbeater, Gold- fivch, Goliljinder, Golding, and Goldsmith, especially when a proper name, as Dr. Goldsmith, may admit of the second sound of o, but itot Golden, as the GcUen Age. Gold, g6ld, a. Made of gold, golden. Goldbeater, gold-be-tur, s. One whose occupa- tion is to beat gold. Goldbeaters' skin, gold'-b4-turz-skin| s. Skin which goldbeaters lay between the leaves of their metal wliile they beat it. GoLDBOUND, gold-bound, a. Encompassed with gold. Golden, gil-dn, a. 103. Made of gold, consisting of gold ; shining; yellow, of the colour of gold ; excel- lent, valuable; happy, resembling the age of gold. GolDENLY, gil-dn-U, ad. Delightfully, splendidly. Goldfinch, g6ld-f?nsh, s. A singing bird. Goldfinder, gi)ld-f1nd-ur, s. One who finds gold. A term ludicrously applied to those that empty a Jakes. GOLDIIAMMKR, ffild-llSm-mur, S. A kind of bird. Golding, gild-ing, s. A sort of apple. GoLDSIZE, giSld-slze, *. A glue of a golden colour. GOLDSiVIITH, gold-smi^/j, *. One who manufactures gold ; a banker, one who keeps money for others in his hands. GoME, ghme, s. The black and oily grease of a cart wheel ; vulgarly pronounced Coom. Gondola, gSn-do-li, S. A boat much used in Venice, a small boat. Gondolier, gon-di-l^crj s. A boatman. Gone, g8n. Part, pret, from Go, Advanced, for- ward in progress; ruined, undone; past; lost, de- parted ; dead, departed from life. s. 166. Gonfalon, gftn-fi-lun, "l GoNFANON, g}tu'-(X-min, J An ensign, a standard. Gonorrhoea, g&n-6r-rl-4, s. A morbid running of venereal hurts. Good, gud, «. 307. Comp. Better. Super. Best. Having such physical qualities as are expected or de- sired ; proper, fit, converrfent; uncorrupted, unda- maged ; wholesome, salubrious; pleasant to the taste; complete, full ; useful, valu;ihle; sound, not false, not fallacious; legal, valid, rightly claimed or held; well qualified, not deficient; skilful, ready, dexterous; having moral qualities, such as are wished, virtuous; benevolent; companionable, sociable, merry; iwct too fast ; in good sooth, really, seriously ; to make good, to maintain, lo perform, to supply any deficiencies. Good, gild, S, That which physically contributes to happiness, the contrary to evil ; moral qualities, such as are desirable ; virtue, righteousness. Good, gud, ad. Well, not ill, not amiss ; as good, no worse. GooD-coNDn ioned, giid-kin-dish-und, a, 362. Without ill qualities or symptoms. GOODLINESS, giid-le-nes, *. Beauty> grace, elegance. Goodly, gud-le, a. Beautiful, fine, splendid; bulky, swellina ; happy, gay. . Good-NOW, giid-nou, interj. In good time. 234 Goodman, gud-mJn, s, A slight appellation of civility ; a rustic1< term of compliment, gaffer. Goodness, gud^nes, S. Desirable qualities either moral or physical. Goods, gudz, S. Moveables in a house ; wares, freight, mercliandise. Goody, gud-de, s. A low term of civility used to mean old women ; corrupted from goodwife. Goose, goose, s. A large waterfowl proverbially noted for foolishness ; a tailor's smootliing iron. Gooseberry, g8oz-ber-^, *. A tree and fruit. Goosefoot, goose-fiit, S. Wild orach. Goosegrass, gottSe-gr^S, S. Clivers, an herb. Gorbelly, gor-bel-le, s, A big paunch, a swelling belly. Gorbellied, fforibel-lid, a. 283. Fat, big-bellied. GoRD, gord, s. An instrument of ghming. Gore, gore, S. Blood j blood clotted or congealed. To Gore, gire, i: a. To stab, to pierce; to pierce with a horn. Gorge, gorjo, S. The throat, the swallow; that which is gorged or swallowed. To Gorge, gorje, v. a. To fill up to the throat, to glut, to satiate; to swallow, as the fish lias gorged the hook. Gorgeous, gor^jus, a. 262. Fine, glittering in various colours, showy. Gorgeously, gor-jiis-le, ad. Splendidly, mag nificently, finely. Gorgeousness, gor-jus-nes, i. Splendour, mag nificeitce, show. Gorget, gor-Jet, *. The piece of armour that defends the throat. Gorgon, gor-gun, *. 166. A monster with snaky liairs, of which the sight turned beholders to stone; any thing ugly or horrid. GORMAND, gor-ni^nd, S. A greedy eater. To Gormandize, gor-m^n-dlze, v. n. To feed ravenously. Gormandizer, gorimJn-dl-zur, s. A voraciom eater. GoRSE, gorse, S, Furze, a thick prickly shrub. Gory, gi-re, a. Covered with congealed blood; bloody, murderous. Goshawk, gftsUiawk, S. A hawk of a large kind. Gosling, goz-hng, s. A young goose, a goose not yet full grown ; a catkin on nut trees and pines. Gospel, gSs-pel, S. God's word, the holy book of the Christian revelation ; divinity, theology. G.OSPELLER, gSs-pel-ur, *. A name given to the followers of Wic" gospel. ickliif, who professed to preach only the Gossamer, gSs-sJ-mur, s. The down of plants ; the long while cobwebs which float in the air about harvest time. Gossip, gSs-Sip, S. One who answers for a child in baptism; a tippling companion; one who runs about tattling like a woman at a lying in. To Gossip, gSs-sip, v. n. To chat, to prate, to be merry; to be a pot companion. Got, g8t. Pret. of To Get. Gotten, gSt-tn, 102, 103. Part. pass, of Get. To Govern, guv-urn, v. a. To rule as a chief magistrate; to regulate, to influence, to direct; to manage, to restrain ; in grammar, to have fo ice with regard to syntax; to pilot, to regulate the motions of a ship. To Govern, guv^urn, v. n. 98. To keep superiority. Governable, guviur-n4-bl, a. Submissive to authority, subject to rule, manageable. Governance, guv-ur-nitnse, s. Government, rule, management. GRA GRA nor 167, nSt 163— tube 171, tub 173, bull 173— «il399— p5und313— Min466, this 469. GOVERNANTE, gi-Vur-n^ntJ S. A lady who has the care of young girls of quality. Governess, guv-ur-nes, s. A female invested with authority ; a tutoress, a woman that has the care of young ladies; a directress. Government, guv-um-inent, *. Form of com- munity with respect to the disposition of the supreme authority; an establishment of legul authority, admi- nistration of publick affairs ; regularity of heliaviour ; manageableness, compliaijce, obsequiousness ; in gram- mar, influence with regard to construction. Governour, guv-ur-nur, *. 314. One who has the supreme direction ; one who is invested with su- preme authority in a state; one who rules anyplace with delegated and temporary authority; a tutor; a pilot, a manager. Gouge, goodje, S. A chissel having a routid edge. Gourd, ghrd, or goord, s. 318. A plant, a bottle, G3" Mr. Elphinston, Mr. Nares, W. Johnston, and Bu- chanan, pronounce this word in the first manner; and Mr. Sheridan, Mr. Scott, Dr. Kenrick, and Mr. Perry, in the last. The first is, in my opinion, the most agree- able to English analogy. GourdiNESS, girid^-nes, S. A swelling in a horse's leg. Gournet, gur-net, s. 314. A fish. Gout, gout, s. 313. A periodical disease attended with great pain. Gout, goo, *. 315. A French word signifying taste; a strong desire. GOUTWORT, gOUt-WUrt, *. An herb. Gouty, gou-ti, a. Afflicted or diseased with the gout; relating to the gout. Gown, goun, S. A long upper garment ; a woman's upper garment; the long habit of a man dedica'.cd to arts of peace, as divinity, medicine, law; the dress of peace. Gowned, gound, a, 362. Dressed in a gown, GownmAN, goun-min, s. 88. A man devoted to the arts of peace. To Grabble, gr^b-bl, v. a. 405, To grope. To Grabble, grib-bl, v. n. To lie prostrate on the ground. Grace, grAse, S. 560. Favour, kindness ; favour- able influence of God on the human mind ; virtue, ef- fect of God's influence; pardon; favour conferred; privilege ; a goddess, by the heathens supposed to be- stow beauty ; behaviour, considered as decent or unbecoming; adventitious or artifleial beauty; orna- ment, flower, highest perfection ; the title of a duke, formerly of the king, meaning the same as yotir good- ness or your clemency ; a short prayer said before and after meat. Grace-cup, gr^e-kup, s. The cup or health drank after grace. To Grace, grAse, v. a. To adorn, to dignify, to embellish ; to dignify or raise by an act of favour ; to favour. Graced, grist, a. 359, Beautiful, graceful; virtuous, regular, chaste. Graceful, grAse^ful, a. Beautiful with dignity. (Gracefully, griseiful-J, ad. Elegantly, with pleasing dignity. Gracefulness, grAse-ful-nes, s. Elegance of manner. Grace (.ess, gr^e-les, a. Without grace, wicked, abandoned. Graces, gra^siz, s. 99. Good graces, for favour; it is selc om used in the singular. GrACILE, gr4s^Sll, a. 140. Slender, small, fiRACILENT, grii^^-lHIlt, a. Lean. Gracility, gRi-siK4-t4, s. Slendemess, Gracious, grA^shus, a. 314. Mercitu., bitjetoieftv; favourable, tind; virtuous, good; graceful, beco^iing. Graciously, gr^'-shus-l^, ad. Kindly, with kind condeicension } ia a pleasing manner. 235 Graciousness, gri^shus-nes, s. Kind conde- scension ; pleasing manner. Gradation, gri-da-shun, *, Regular progres* from one degree to another; regular advance step by step; order, arrangement; regular process of argu- ment. Gradatory, gr4d-^-tur-e, s. 512, steps from the cloister into the church. Gradiant, gra-de4nt, or gra-j^-^nt, a. 293. Walking. Gradual, grid^u-^.!, or grSdyi-il, a. 293, 294. 376. Proceeding by degrees, advancing step by step. Gradual, gr^d^ii-^1, s. 88. An order of steps. Gra DUALITY, gr^d-u-4l-^-t^, s. Regular pro gression. Gradually, gntd-u-il-le, ad. By degrees, in regular progression. To Graduate, grid^ii-ate, v. a. To dignify with a degree in the university, to mark with degrees; to raise to a higher place in the scale of metals; to heighten, to improve. Graduate, gr^d'-u-Ate, 5. 91, A man dignified with an academical degree. Graduation, gr^d-u-a-sbun, s. Regular pro- gression by succession of degrees; the actof conferring academical degiees. Graff, grif, *. A ditch, a moat. Graft or Graff, grift or grafF, s. 79. A small branch inserted intotlic^ stock of another tree. To Graft or Graff, grAft or grilF, v. a. To insert a scion or branch of one tree into the stock of another; to jjropagate by insertion or inoculation ; to insert into a place or body to which it did not origi nally belong; to join one thing so as to receive support from anoth3r. (t3- Nothing can be clearer than that Grajfis the true word, if we appeal to its derivation from the French word Grejf'er; and accordingly we find this word used in Scripture, and several of the old writers: but nothing can be clearer than that it is now obsolete, and that the word Grafted has been long used by our most respectable modern authors ; and that it ought to be used exclu- sively. Grafter, griPtur, S. One who propagates fruit* by grafting. Grain, grAne, s. 202. A single seed of com; corn ; the seed of any fruit; any minute particle; the smallest weight ; any thing proverbially small ; Grain of allowance, something indulged or remitted ; the direction of the fibres of wood, or other fibrous matter; died or stained substance; temper, disposition, hu- mour; the form of the surface with regard to rough- ness and smoothness. Grained, grind, a. 359. Rough, made less smooth. Grains, grinz, S. The husks of malt exhausted in brewing. Grainy, griUn^, a. Full of com; full of grains or kernels. Gramercy, grJ-meris^, interj. An obsolete ex- pression of surprise. Gramineous, gri-inin-l-us, a. Gra-osy. Graminivorous, grim-e-nivii-rfiis, a. 518. Grass-eating. Grammar, ^rKm'-mh; s. 418. The science of speaking correctly, the art which leaches the relation of words to each other; propriety or justness of speech; the book that treats of the various relations of words to one another. Grammar-school, grAm-mir-skool, *. A school in which the learned languages are gramma- tically taught. Grammarian, grim-mi^re-in, s. One who teaches grammar, a philologer. Grammatical, grAm-mitf^e-kil, a. Belonging to grammar ; taught by grammar. Grammatically, grim-mit^e-k^l-e, ad. According to the rules or science of grammar, Grample, grira'-pl, *. 405. A crab Ash. GRA GRA (»■ 559. Fate 73, far 77, fall 83, f^t 81— me 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— no 163, move, 154, Grampus, grim-pus, S. A large fish of the whale kind Gran AM, gran-um, s. A ludicrous word for Granilam. Granary, grin-i-rJ, s. 503. A storehouse for the threshed corn. K^ We sometimes hear tliis word pronounced with the first a like tliat in grain; but all our c>rth6epists mark it like the a in grand. The first manner would insinuate, that the word is derived from the English word grain; but this is not the case; it comes from the Latin grana- rium ; and, by our own analogy, has the antepenulti- mate vowel short. Granate, ^rin-kt, s. 91, A kind of marble, so called because it is marked with small variegations like grains. Grand, gr5.ntl, a. Great, illustrious, high in power; splendid, magnificent; noble, sublime, lofty, conceived or expressed with great dignity; it is used to signify ascent or descent of consanguinity. GrANDAM, gr^n-d^ra, S. Grandmother, one's father's or mother's mother ; an old withered woman. Grandchild, grind-tshlld, s. The son or daughter of one's son or daughter. Granddaughter, gr^ndMaw-tur, s. The daughter of a son or daughter. Grandee, grin-deej s. A man of great rank, power, or dignity. Grandeur, griii^jur, *. 376. state, splendour of appearance, magnificence; elevation of sentiment or language. Grandfather, gi4nd-fa-THur, s. The father of a father or mother. Grandifick, grin-dif^ik, a. 509. Making great. Grandinous, griii^d^-nus, a. Full of hail. Grandmother, gr^nd^muTH-ur, j. The father's or mother's mother. Grandsire, gfind-slre, s. Grandfather; any ancestor, poetically. Grandson, grind-sun, s. The son of a son or daughter. Grange, granje, s. A farm ; generally, a farm with a house at a distance from neighbours. Granite, grin-it, s. 140. a stone composed of separate and very large concretions rudely com- pacted together. Gramvorous, gri-niviv5-rus, a, 518. Eating grain. Grannam, grSn-num, S. 88. Grandmother. To Grant, grint, v. a. 78, 79. To admit that which is not yet proved ; to bestow something which cannot he claimed of right. Grant, grint, s. The act of granting or bestowing; the thing giantcil, a gift, a boon; in law, a gift in writing, of such a thing as cannot aptly be passed or conveyed by word only; admission of something in dispute. • GRANTABLE, grint^a-bl, a. That may be granted. Grantee, gian-t^ej S. He to whom any grant is made. Grantor, grint-tor{ s. 166. He by whom a grant is made. Granulary, grin-u-lir-e, a. Small and compact, resembling a small grain or seed. To Granulate, grin-u-late, v. n. To be formed into small grains. To Granulate, gr;tu-ii-ltite, v. a. 9\. To break into small masses ; to raise into small asperities. Granulation, grAn-u-la^shun, s. The act of pouring melted metal into cold water, so that it may congeal into small grains; the act of breaking into small parts like grains. Granule,, grAn-uIe, s. A small compact particle. GrANULOUS, griuiu-lus, a. Full of little grains. Grape, grape, s. The fruit of the vine, growing in clusters. GRAnilC, gntfilk, a. Well described, delineated, 236 Graphical, grttf^e-k^l, o, Weu delineated. Graphically, gr;tf-e-kil-e, ad. In a pfcturesque manner, with good description or delineation. Grapnel, grip-nel, *. A small anchor belonging to a little vessel ; a grappling iron with wliich in figli one ship fastens on another. To Grapple, gripipl, v. n. 405. To contend by seizing each other; to contest in close fight. To Grapple, gntpipl, v. a. To fasten, to fi.x; to seize, to lay fast hold ef. Grapple, grap-pl, S. Contest, in which the com- batants seize eiich other; close fight ; iron instrument by which one ship fastens on another. Grapplement, grap-pl-inent, s. Close fight. Grasshopper, grits-hop-ur, s, a small insect that hops in the summer grass. Grasier, gra-zbur, s. 283. — See Grazier. To Grasp, grisp, v. a. To hold in the hand, to gripe; to seize, to catch at. To Grasp, grisp, v. n. To catch at, to endeavour to seize; to struggle, to strive; to gripe, to encroach. Grasp, gritsp, s. The gripe or seizure of the hand; possession, hold; power of seizing. Grasper, grisp-ur, s. 98. One that grasps. Grass, grls, *. 78, 79- The common herbage of fields on which cattle feed. Grass-plot, gr^-plSt, S. A small level covered with grass. GrASSINESS, gris-s5-nes, S. Tlie state of abound- ing in grass. Grassy, gris-se, a. Covered with grass. Grate, grate, S. A partition made with bars placed near to nue another; the range of bars within which fires are made. To Grate, grate, v, a. To rub or wear any thing by the attrition of a rough body; to off'end by any tiling harsh or vexatious ; to form a harsh sound. To Grate, grate, v. n. To rub so as to injure or ofl"cnd; to make a harsh noise. Grateful, grate-ful, a. Having a due sense of benefits; pleasing, acceptable, delightful, delicious. Gratefully, grite^ftil-^, ad. With willingness to acknowledge and repay benefits; in a pleasing manner. Gratefulness, gr^te'ful-nes, s. Gratitude, duty to benefactors ; quality of being acceptable, pleasant- ness. Grater, grate-ur, *. A kind of coarse file with which soft bodies are rubbed to powder. Gratification, gr4t-e-fe-kA-shun, s. The act of pleasing; pleasure, delight, recompense. To Gratify, gr^t'-h-^, v. a. To indulge, to please by compliance ; to delight, to please; to requite with a gratification. Gratingly, grate-ing-le, «c/. Harshly, off"ensiveiy. Gratis, gra-tis, ad. 544. For nothing, witlvout recompense. Gratitude, grat-^-tude, s. Duty to benefact«rsj desire to return benefits. Gratuitous, gri-tu-e-tus, a. Voluntary, granted without claim or merit ; asserted without proof. Gratuitously, gnt-tu-e-tus-l6, ad. Without claim or merit ; without proof. Gratuity, gri-til-e-ti, S. A present or acknow- ledgment, a free gift. To Gratulate, grStsh-u-late, or grAt-iJ-late, u. a. 461. To congratulate, to salute with declarations of joy; to declare joy for. Gratulation, gr4tsh-t!i-laishun, s. Salutatiom made by expressing joy. Gratulatory, gritsh-ii-li-tur-i, a. Congratulatory, expressing congratulation. ti^^ For the o, see Uomeslick, 512. Grave, grAve, s. The place in which the dead .\re repositei , GRE GRE nSr 167, n8t 163— tibe 171, t5b 172, buiri73— 3il299— p3und313— #;un466, this 469. Grave-clothes, graveikloze, s. The dress of the dead. Grave-stone, grave-stone, s. The stone that is laid over tlie grave. To GuAVE, grAve, v. a. Pret. Graved. Part. pass. Graven. To carve on any hard substance; to copy painting on vifood or metal; to impress deeply; to clean, calk, and sheath a ship. To Grave, grave, v. n. To write or delineate on liard substances. Grave, grAve, a. Solemn, serious, sober; of weight; not showy, not tawdry; not sharp of sound, not acute. Gravel, gr^v^el, S. 99- Hard sand; sandy matter concreted in the liidneys. To Gravel, griv-el, v. a. To cover with gravel ; to stick in the sand ; to puzzle, to put to a stand, to embarrass; to hurl the foot of a horse with gravel con fined by the shoe. GravELESS, grive-leS, a. Without a tomb, iniburied. Gravelly, gr^v^el-le, a. Full of gravel, abound- ing with gravel. Gravely, grave-1^, ad. Solemnly, seriously, sobeily, without lightness ; without gaudiness or show. Graveness, grive-nes, s. Seriousnessj, solemnity and sobriety. Graveolent, gra-ve-&-lent, a. strong scented. Graver, gra-vur, S. 98. One whose business is to inscribe or carve upon hard substances, one wlio copies pictures upon wood or metal to be impressed on paper ; the stile or tool used in graving. Gravidity, gr4-v^d-^-te, s. Pregnancy. Graving, gra-v!ng, s. Carved work. To Gravitate, grS.v-e-tate, v. n. To tend to the centre of attraction. Gravitation, griv-e-ta-shun, s. Act of tending to the centre. Gravity, grav^-te, s. Weight, heaviness, tendency to the centre ; seriousness, solemnity. Gravy, gra-ve, S. The juice that runs from flesh not much dried by the fire, the juice of flesh boiled out. Gray, gri, a. White with a mixture of black ; white or hoary with old age; dark like the opening or close of day. Gray, grA, s. A badger. Gravbeard, gri-beerd, S. An old man. Grayling, gra'-ling, s. The umber, a fish. GrAYNESS, grA-neS, S. The quality of being gray. 7'o Graze, grAze, v. n. To eat grass, to feed on grass ; to supply grass ; to touch lightly on the surface. To Graze, grize, v. a. To tend gracing cattle; to feed upon : to touch lightly the surface. Grazier, grA-zhur, *. 283. 484. One who feeds cattle. Grease, gr^sc, *. 227. 560. The soft part of the fat; a swelling and gourdiness ot the legs, which ge- nerally happens to a horse after his journey. To Grease, gr^ze, v. a. 437. To smear or anoint with grease ; to bribe or corrupt with presents. Greasiness, gr^-z^-nes, s. OiUness, fatness. • Greasy, gre-z^, a. Oily, fat, unctuous; smeared with grease; fat of body, bulky. Great, grAte, a. 240, 241. Large in bulk or number; having any quality in a high degree ; consi- derable in extent or duration; important, weighty; chief, principal ; of high rank, of large power; illus- trious, eminent ; noble, magnanimous ; familiar, much acquainted; pregnant, teeming; it is added in every step of ascending or descending consanguinity, as great-grandson is the son of my grandson. Great, grate, $. The whole, the gross, the whole in a lump. Greatbellied, grAte-beUxd, a, 283. Pregnant, teeming 237 Greathearted, grAte-hartied, a. High spirited, undejected. Greatly, grAte-1^, ad. In a great degreej nobly, illustriously ; magnanimously, generously, bravely. Greatness, grAte-nes, *. Largeness of quantity or number; comparative quantity; high degree of any quality ; high place, dignity, power, influence ; merit magnanimity, nobleness of mind; grandeur, state magnificence. Greaves, gr^vz, s. Armour for the legs, GrECISM, gr^-Sizm, S. An idiom of the Greek language. , To Grecize, gre-size, v. a. To imitate the idiom of the Greek language. Greece, greese, s. A flight of steps. Greedily, gree-de-li, ad. Eagerly, ravenously, voraciously. Greediness, gree-de-iies, s. Ravenousness, hunger, eagerness of appetite or desire. Greedy, gree-de, a. Ravenous, voracious, hungrj'; eager, vehemently desirous. Greekling, greek-ling, s. A young Greek scholar; a smatterer in Gieek. Green, green, a. Having a colour formed by compounding blue and yellow ; pale, sickly; flourish- ing, fresh; new, fresh, as a green wound; not dry; not roasted, half raw ; unripe, immature, young. Green, green,*. The green colour ; a grassy plain. To Green, gr^en, v. a. To make green. Greenbroom, green-broom{ s. This shrub grows wild upon barien dry heaths. Greencloth, green-kl3^7 green-sward, s. Greensword, J ^ The turf on which grass grows. Greenweed, green-we^d, S. Dyers' weed. Greenwood, gre^n-wud, s. A wood considered as it appears in the spring or summer. To Greet, gr^^t, v. a. To address at meeting ; to salute in kindness or respect; to congratulate; to pay compliments at a distance. C:5> This word had anciently a double signification, im- porting two opposite meanings. In Chaucer, it signifies to rejoice; and in Spenser, to complain. In the latter sense it is entirely obsolete, and would never have been heard of if Spenser had not dug it up, ^Ith many similar withered weeds, to adorn his Fairy Queen. Greeting, greit-ing, s. Salutation at meeting, or compliments at a distance. Greeze, greeze, s. A flight of steps. GregAL, gre-gil, a. Belonging to a flock. Gregarious, gr^-gA-r^-us, a. Going in flocks or herds. Gremial, gre-me-al, a. Pertaining to the lap. Grenade, gie-nade{ s. A little hollow globe « GRI GRO i:^ 559. The 73, fir 77, fall 83, fUtSi— me93, met95— pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, ball about two inches in diameter, which, being filled with fine powder, as soon as it is kindled, flies into many shatters; a small bomb. Grenadier, gren4.d^er{ s 275. A tall foot soldier, of wliom there is one company in every re- giment. Grenado, gri-naido, s. 77. — See Grenade and Lumbago. Grew, gru. The pret. of Grotv. Grey, gra, «. — See Gray. Greyhound, grA-hound, s. A tall fleet dog that chases in siglit. To Gride, gride, v. n. To cut. <1r!DELIN, grul-e-lin, a. A colour made of white and red. Gridiron, gnd'-I-urn, s. A portable grate. Grief, gr^ef, *. 275. Sorrow, trouble for some- thing past ; grievance, harm. Grievance, gree^vinse, s, 560. A state or the cause of uneasiness. To Grieve, gre^v, v. a. To afflict, to hurt. To Grieve, gr^ev, v. n. To be in pain for some- thing past, to mourn, to sorrow, as for the death of friends. Grievingly, grelv-ing-1^, ad. In sorrow, sorrow- fully. Grievous, gr^evius, a. Afflicted, painful, hard to be borne; such as causes sorrow ; atrocious, heavy. Grievously, greev^us-le, ad. Painfully; cala- mitously, miserably ; vexaliously. Grievousness, gr^ev-us-nes, s. Sorrow, pain. Griffin, \ i„fi Griffon, J ^ A fabled animal, said to be generated between the lion and eagle. Grig, grig, *. A small eel; a merry creature. To Grill, gril, v. a. To broil on a gridiron ; to harass, to hurt. Grillade, gnl-ladej s. Any thing broiled on the gridiron. Grim, grim, a. Having a countenance of terrour, horrible; ugly, ill-looking. Grimace, gr^-misej s. A distortion of the countenance from habit, affectation, or insolence; air of affectation. Grimalkin, grim-mltl-kin, s. An old cat. Grime, grime, S. Dirt deeply insinuated. To Grime, grime, v. a. To dirt, to sully deeply. Grimly, grim-le, ad. Horribly, hideously; sourly, sullenly. Grimness, grim-nes, *. Horrour, frightfulness of visage. To Grin, grin, v. n. To set the teeth together and withdraw the lips, so as to appear smiling with a mix- ture of displeasure ; to fix the teeth as in anguish. Grin, grin, s. The act of closing the teeth. To Grind, grind, v. a. Pret. / Ground. Part, pass. Ground. To reduce any thing to powder by fric- tion ; to sharpen or smooth ; to rub one against an- other ; to harass, to oppress. To Grind, gnnd, v. n. To perform the act of grinding, to be moved as in grinding. Grinder, grlnd^ur, *. 98. One that grinds ; the instrument of grinding ; one of the double teeth. Grindlestone, grinidl-8t6ne, \ Grindstone, grind-stone, J The stone on which edged instruments are sharpened. GrINNER, grin-nur, S. 98. He that grins. GfRINNINGLY, grin-iung-lu, ad. With a grinning laugh. Grip, grip, S. A small ditch. To Gripe, gripe, v. a. To hold with the fingers closed ; to catcli eagerly ; to seize ; to close, to clutch ; . to pinch, to press, to sipieeze. 238 To Gripe, gripe, v. n. To pinch the be.ly, to give the cholick. Gripe, grfpe, *. Grasp, hold; squeeze, pressure; oppression ; pinching distress. Gripes, grips, S. Belly-ache, cholick. I Griper, gri-pur, *. 98. Oppressor, usurer. J Gripingly, grl-ping-le, ad. With pain in the ' guts. Grisamber, gris-Am-bur, S. Used by Milton for ambergrise. Griskin, gris^kin, S. The vertebriE of a hog broiled. Grisly, griz^l^, a. Dieadful, horrible, hideous. Grist, grist, S. Corn to be ground; supply, provision. Gristle, gris^sl, s. 472. A cartilage. Gristly, gris-sle, a. Cartilaginous. Grit, gnt, s. The coarse part of meal ; oats husked, or coarjelv ground; sand, rough hard parti- cles; a kind of fossil ; a kind of fish. GriitiNESS, gritite-nes, s, Sandiness, the quality of abounding in grit. Gritty, grit-te, a. Full of hard particles. Grizlelin, griz-zl-lin,a. More properly Grideliti, Having a pale red colour. Grizzle, griz^zl, s. 405. A mixture of white and black ; gray. Grizzled, griz-zld, a. 359. Interspersed with gray. Grizzly, griz-zle, a. Somewhat gray. To Groan, grine, v. n. 295. To breathe with a mournful noise, as in pain or agony. Groan, grone, s. Breath expired with noise and difficulty ; any hoarse dead sound. GroANFUL, grine-ful, a. Sad, agonizing. Groat, griwt, S. 295. A piece valued at four- pence; a proverbial name for a small sum; groats, oats that have the hulls taken off. Grocer, gri^sur, *. 98. A man who buys and sells tea, sugar, plums, and spices. fcS" Mr. Nares observes that this word ought to be written Grosser, as originally being one who dealt by the gross or wholesale. There is not, however, he observes, much chance that Grocer will give place to Grosser; especially as they no longer engross merchandise of all kinds, nor insist upon dealing in the g'rots alone. The other derivation of this word, from grossus, a fig, is not worth notice. Grocery, gr6-sur-l, a. Grocers' ware. Grogerum,! 4 , 2 ^ f ffr(5g-runi, s. Grogram, J & o ' Stuff woven with a large woof and a rough pile. Groin, groin, S. Tlie part next the thigh. Groom, groom,*. A servatit that takes care of the stable. Groove, groov, *. a deep cavern or hollow; a channel or hollow cut with a tool. To Groove, groov, v. a. To cut hollow. To Grope, gripe, v. n. To feel where one cannot see. To Grope, gripe, v. a. To search by feeling in the dark. Gross, grise, rt. 162. Thick, corpulent ; shame- ful, unseemly; intellectually coarse; inelegant; thick, not refined; stupid, dull; coarse, rough, opposite to delicate. 0^= This word is irregular from a vanity of imitating the French. In Scotland they pronounce this word re- gularly so as to rhyme with moss. Pope also rhymes it with this word. " Shall only man be taken in the gross? '* Grant but as many sorts of mind as moss." This, however, must be looked upon as a poetical license ; for the sound seems now irrevocably fixed as it is marked, rhyming with jocose, verbo.te, &c. Gross, grose, *. The main body, the main force ; GRO nor 167, nSt 163— t&be 171, tub 172, bull 173- the bulk, the whole not divided into its several parts ; the chief part, tlie main mass; the number of twelve dozen. Grossly, grose^l^, ad. Bulliily, in bulky parts, coarsely; without subtilty, without art; without deli- cacy. Crossness, gl'ose-nes, s. Coarseness, not subtilty, thickness; inelegant fatness, unweildy corpulence; want of refinement ; want of delicacy. Grot, grit, s. A cave, a cavern for coolness and pleasure. Grotesque, gro-tesk{ a. Distorted in figure, un- natural. Grotto, grot-tO, S, A cavern or cave made for coolness. Grove, grive, S. A walk covered by trees meeting above. To Grovel, grSvivl, v. n. 102. To lie proi«, to creep low on the ground; to be mean, to be without dignity. Ground, ground, S. 313. The oarth, considered as solid or as low; the earth as distinguished from air or water • land, country ; region, territory ; farm, estate, possession; tlie floor or level of a olace ; dregs, lees, faces ; tlie first stratum of paint upon which the figures are afterwards painted ; the funda- mental substance, that by which the additional or acci- dental parts are supported ; first hint, first traces of an inventiiin; the first principles of knowledge ; the fun- damental cause ; the field or place of action ; the space occupied by an army as thev fight, advance, or retire ; the state in which one is with respect to opponents or competitors ; the foil to set a thing off. To Ground, groiind, v, a. To fix on the ground; to found as upon cause or principle ; to settle in first principles or rudiments of knowledge. Ground, grouml. The pret. and part. pass, of Grind. Ground-ash, groiind-Ssh{ s. a saplin of ash taken from the ground. Ground-bait, ground-bate, s. A bait made of barley or mall boiled, thrown into the place where you angle. Ground-floor, groiindiflore, *, The lower story of a house. Ground-ivy, ground-l-v^, s. Alehoof, or tumhoof. Ground-oak, ground-Ake{ s. A saplin oak. Ground-pine, grouud-pliiej s. A plant. Ground-plate, grolind-plate, *. In architecture, the outermost pieces of timber lying on or near the ground, and framed into one another with mortises and tenons. Ground-plot, ground-pl&t, s. The ground on which any building is placed; the ichnograpliy of a building. Ground-rent, ground-rent, *. Rent paid for the privilege of building on another man's ground. Ground-room, ground-room, s, A room on a level with the groufid. Groundedly, ground^ed-le, ad. Upon firm principles. Groundless, groiuuKles, a. Void of reason. Groundlessly, groiind^les-1^, ad. Without reason, without cause. Groundlessness, groundMes-nes, s. Want of just reasdn. Groundling, groiind-hng, *. A fish which keeps at the bottom of tlie water ; one of the vulgar. Groundly, ground-l<^, ad. Upon principles, solidly. Groundsel, groun-sil, *. A timber next the griiund ; a plant. Groundwork, groiind-wurk, s. The ground, the first Etraiuni ; the first part of an \mdertaking, the fundamentals; first principlfSjOriginal reason. Group, groop, S. 315. A crowd, a cluster, a huddle. To Gr(^up, gidop, V. a. T« put into a crowd, to huddle togellit;r. 239 GRU -oil 299— pound 313— Min 466, this 469. 03- This word is now more properly written Groupci like the French word from which it comes to us. Grouse, grouse, s. 313. A kind of fowl, a heath- cock. Grout, grout,*. 313. Coarse meal, pollard ; that which purges off'; a kind of wild apple. To Grow, gr6, v. n. 324. Pret. Grew. Part, pass. Grown, To vegetate, to have vegetable motion 5 to be produced by vegetation ; to increase in stature; to come to manhood from infancy; to issue, as plants from a soil ; to increase in bulk, to become greater ; to improve, to make progress; to advance t» any state; to cotne by degrees ; to be changed from one state to another ; to proceed as from a cause ; to adhere, to stick together; to swell, a sea term. Grower, grA-ur, s. 98. An inweaser. To Growl, groul, v. n. 323. To snarl or murmur like an angry cur, to murmur, to grumble. Grown, grone. Part. pass, of Grow. Advanced in growth ; covered or filled by the growth of any thing j arrived at full growth or statnre. Growth, grhtk, s. 324. Vegetation, vegetable life; product, thing produced; increase in number, bulk, or frequency; increase of stature, advance to maturity; improvement, advancement. To Grub, grub, v. a. To dig up, to destroy by digging. ^ Grub, grub, S. A small worm that eats holes in bodies ; a short thick man, a dwarf. To Grubble, grubibl, v, n. 405. To feel in the dark. Grub-street, grub-strJet, s. The name of a street in London, formerly much inhabited by writers of small histories, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean production is called Grub-street-. To Grudge, grudje, v. a. To envy, to see any advantage of another with discontent ; to give or take unwillingly. To Grudge, grudje, v, n. To murmur, to repine; to be unwilling, to be reluctant, to be envious. Grudge, grudje, *. Old quarrel, inveterate male- volence ; anger, ill-will ; envy, odium, invidious cen- sure ; some little commotion, or forerunner of a disease. Grudgingly, grudijing-1^, ad. Unwillingly, malignantly. Gruel, gru-il, S. dQ. Food made by boiling oat- meal in water. Gruff, gruf, a. Sour of aspect, harsh of mannen. Gruffly, gruf^le, ad. Harshly, ruggedly. GruffNESS, gruf^nes, s. Ruggedness of mien. GrUM, grum, a. Sour, surly. To Grumble, grumUil, v. n. 405. To murmur with discontent; to growl, to snarl ; to make a hoarse rattle. Grumbler, grum^bl-Sr, *. a murmurer. Grumbling, grum^bl-ing, s. A through discontent. Grume, groom, *. 339. A thick viscid consistence of a fluid. GruMLY, grum-ll, ad. Sullenly, morosely. Grummel, grum-mel, 5. Ao herb. Grumous, gro8-mus, a. 339. Thick, clotted. GrumousneSS, groS-mus-nes, S. Thickness of a coagulated liquoi. Grunsel, grun-sil, S. 99. The lower part of the building. To Grunt, grunt, \ To Gruntle, grunt^tl, 405./^' "' To murmur like a hog. Grunt, grunt, *. The noise of a hog. Grunter, grun-tur, s. 98. He that grunts j k kind of fish. Gruntling, grunt-ling, 5. A young hog. To Grutch, grutsh, v. n. To envy, lo rei)inet One that grumbles murmuring GUI GUL b>"559. The 73, f^r 77, fall 83, ftt 81— m5 93,"met 95— pine 105, pin 107— ni 162, move 164, Grutch, grutsh, S. Malice, ill-will. GOAIACUM, gwi^yJ-kum, s. 340. A physical wood, Lignum vitcB. Guarantee, g;tr-i4n-tej s. 332. A power who undertakes to see stipulations performed. To Guaranty, g^r-ran-te, v. a. 92. To under- take to secure the performance of a treaty or stipula- tion between contending parties. To Guard, gyard, v. a. 92. 160. To watch by way of defence atid security; to protect, to defend; 10 preserve by caution ; to provide against objections; to adorn with lists, laces, or ornamental borders. To Guard, gyard, v. n. 332. To be in a state of caution or defence. Guard, gyard, s. 92. A mati, or body of men, whose business is to watch; a state of caution, a state of vigilance; limitation, anticipation of objection; an ornamental hem, lace, or border; part of the hilt of a sword. {fc5> This word is pronounced exactly like the noun yard, preceded by hard g, nearly as egg-yard. The same sound of y consonant is observable between hard g and a in other words. Nor is this a fanciful peculiarity, but a pronunciation arising from euphony and the analogy of the language, 160. Guardage, gyar'-dAje, s. 90. state of wardship. Guarder, gyar^dur, s. 98. One who guards. Guardian, gy^r-de-Sn, or gyaKje-^n, s. 293, 294. 376. One that lias the care of an orphan ; one to whom the care and preservation of any thing is com- mitted. Guardian, gyar-de4n, a. 293. 376. Performing the oflice of a kind protector or superintendant. Guardianship, gy?irid^-Jn-sh'ip, s. The office of a guardian. GuARPLESS, gyard-les, a. Witlwut defence. GUARDSIIIP, gyard-ship, S. Protection ; a king's ship to guard tlie coast. GuBERNATlON, gu-ber-ni-shuH, s. Government, superintendency. Gudgeon, gud-jun, s. 259. A smaU fish found in brooks and rivers; a person easily imposed on; something to be caught to a man's own disadvantage. Guerdon, ger^dun, s. 166. 560. A reward, a recompense. (K?- I have differed from Mr. Sheridan in the first syl- lable of this word, which he spells gwer. I have made the u mute, as in guess, not only as agreeable to the French guerdon, but to our own analogy. The authority of Mr. Nares confirms me in my opinion. Ben Jonson, indeed, classes the gu in this word with the same letters in anguish; but as these letters are not accented in the last word, the analogy is dillerent, and the sound I have given remains still more agreeable to rule. To Guess, ges, v. n. 336. To conjecture, to judge without any certain principles of judgment; to conjec- ture rightly. To Guess, ges, v. a. To hit upon by accident. Guess, ges, s. 560. Conjecture, judgment with- out any positive or certain grounds. GueSSER, ges-sur, 5. Conjecturer, one who judges without certain knowledge. GUESSINGLV, ges-sing-le, ad. Conjecturally, uncertainly. GuEST, gest, S. 336. One entertained in the house of another ; a stranger, one who comes newly to reside. GUESTCHAMBER, gest-shdm-bur, S. Chamber of entertainment. To Guggle, gug-gl, v. a. 405. To sound as water running with intermissions out of a narrow vessel. GuiACUiM, g\ve-A-ku.m, S. An improper spelling and pronunciation of Guaiacum, which see. Guidage, gyl-daje, s. 90. The reward given to a guide. Guidance, gyl-dinse, S. Direction, government. To Guide, gylde, v. a. 1 60. To direct; to govern by counsel, to instruct; to regulate, to super- intend. way; one who directs anot-her in his conduct; direc- tor, regulator. (KP" As the g is hard in this word and its compounds, it is not easy to spell them as they are pronounced; y must be considered as double c, and must articulate the suc- ceeding vowel as much as in yield. — See Guard. GuIDELESS, gylde-les, a. Without a guide. Guider, gyKdur, *. 98. Director, regulator, guide. Guild, gild, f. 341. A society, a corporation, fraternity. Guile, gylle, s, 341. Deceitful cunning, insidious artifice. Guileful, gylle^ful, a. Wiiy, insidious, mis. chievously artful ; treacherous, secretly miscliievous. Guilefully, gylleiful-^, ad. Insidiously, tre'acherously. GuiLEFULNESS, gylle-ful-HeS, S. Secret treachery, tricking cunning. Guileless, gylle-les, a. Without deceit, without insiaiousness. GuileR, gyileiur, s. Ose that betrays into danger by insidious practices. GUJLT, gilt, s. 341. The state of a, man justly . charged with a crime; a crime, an offence. C3> It is observed in Piinciples, No. 92. that when g comes before short a, the sound of c so necessarily inter- venes that we cannot pronounce these letters without it ; but that when the a is long, as in regard, we may pro- nounce these two letters without the intervention of e, but that this pronunciation is not the most elegant. The same may be ubserved of the g hard, and the long and short !. We may pronounce guide and guile nearly as if written cgg-ide and egg-ile, though not so properly as egg-yide and egg-yile, but gild and guilt must necessarily admit of the e sound between hard g and i, or we can- no-t pronounce them. Guiltily, gilt'-e-le, ad. Without innocence. Guiltiness, gilt^e-nos, s. The state of being guilty, consciousness of crime. Guiltless, gllt-les, a. innocent, free from crime. Guiltlessly, gilt'-les-le, ad. Without guilt, innocently. Guiltlessness, gilt^les-nes, s. Innocence, free- dom from crime. Guilty, gllt-te, a. Justly chargeable with a crime, not innocent ; wicked, corrujit. Guinea, gui-ne, s. 341. A gold coin valued at one and twenty shillings. Guineadropper, gin-ne-drop-pur, s. One who cheats by dropping guineas. Guineahen, gill-ne-hen, S. A small Indian hen. Guineapepper, gin-ne-pep^pur, S. a plant. GuiNEAPIG, gin-n^-pig, *. A small animal with a pig's snout ; a kind of naval cadet in an East Incliaman. Guise, gylze, ^. 160. 341. Manner, mien, habit; practice, custom, property ; external appearance, dress. Guitar, git-tar,' *. 341. A stringed instrument of musick. Gules, gulz, a. Red, term used in heraldry. Gulf, gulf, S. A bay, an opening into land ; an abyss, an unmeasurable depth; a whirlpool; a sucking eddy; any thing insatiable. Gulfy, gul-fe, a. Full of gulfs or whirlpools. To Gull, gul, v. a. To trick, to cheat, to defraud. Gull, gul, S. A sea bird; a cheat, a fraud, trick; a stupid animal, one easily cheated. Gullcatciier, gfil-k^tsh-ur, s. A cheat. GulLER, gill-lur, S. 98. A cheat, an impostor. GulLERY, gul-lur-e, *. Cheat, imposture. Gullet, gul-lit, 5. 99. The throat, the meatpipe. To Gully, gul-le, v. n. To nm with noise. Gullyhole, gul'-le-hole, s. The hole where the gutters empty themselves in the subterraneous sewer. , GuLOSiTY, gij.-lSs'e-ti, *. Greediness, gluttony, Guide, gyide, s. One who directs another in his voracity. 240 GUT HAB nSr 167, n8t 163— tube 171, tub 172, bull 173— Sil 299— pound 313— Min.466, this 4«9. To Gulp, gulp, v. a. To swallow eagerly 5 to suck down without intermission. Gulp, gulp, S. As much as can be swallowed at once. Gum, gum, S. A vegetable substance, differing from a resin in being more viscid, and dissolving in aqueous menstruunis; the fleshy covering that contains the teeth. Th Gum, gum, v. a. To close with gum. GuMMINESS, gum-me-nes, S, The state of being gummy. GuMMOSiTY, gum-m3s-se-te, s. The nature of gum, gumminess. Gummous, gum-mus, a. 314. Of the nature of gum. Gummy, gum-me, a. Consisting of gum, of the nature of gum ; productive of gum ; overgrown with gum. Gun, gun, S. The general name of fire-arms, the instrument from whicli shot is discharged by .fire. Gunnel, gun^inl,*. 99- Corrupted from Gunwale. Gunner, gun-nur, s. 98. A cannonier, he whose employment is to manage the artillery in a ship. Gunnery, gun-nur-e, S. The science of artillery. Gunpowder, gun-pou-dur, *. The powder put into guns to be tired. Gunshot, gun-shSt, s. The reach or range of a Gunshot, gun-shot, a. Made by the shot of a gun. Gunsmith, gun-smiM, S. A man whose trade is to make guns. GunSTICK, gun-Stik, s. The rammer. GlWSTOCK, gun-stSk, s. The wood to which the barrel of a gun is fixed. GUNSTONE, gun-stine, S. The shot of cannon. Gunwale, or Gunnel, gun-nil, s. Tliat piece of timber which reaches on either side of the ship from the half-deck to the forecastle. Gurge, gurje, s. Whirlpool, gulf. GuRGiON, gur-junj s. 259. The coarser part of meal, sifted from the bran. Tu Gurgle, gur-gl, v. n. 405. To fall or gush with noise, as water from a bottle. Gurnard,! 1 / ^i. «„ . ,. , , „ ' >■ gur^nit, S. 99. A kmd of sea-fish. To Gush, gush, v. n. To flow or rush out with violence, not to spring in a small stream, but in a large body ; to emit in a copious effluxion. Gush, gush, s. An emission of liquor in a large quantity at once. Gusset, gus-sit, S. 99. Any thing sewed on to cloth, in order to strengthen it. Gust, gust, S. sense of tasting ; height of percep- tion ; love, liking; turn of fancy, intellectual tastej a sudden violent blast of wind. GUSTABLE, gus^t^-bl, «. 405. To be tasted; pleasant to the taste. Gustation, gus-ti-sbun, s. The act of tasting. GUSTFUL, gust^ful, a. Tasteful, well-tastsd. Gusto, gUS-to, S. The relish of any thing, the flower by which any thing excites sensations in the pa- ate; intellectual taste, liking. Gusty, gus-t^, a. stormy, tempestuous. Gut, gut, S. The long pipe reaching with many convolutions from the stomach to the vent; the sto- mach, the receptacle of food, proverbially; gluttony, love of gormandizing. To Gut, g?it, v. a. To eviscerate, to draw; to take out the inside ; to plunder of contents. GUTTATED, gut-ti-ted, a. Bcspiinkled with drops, bedropped. Gutter, gut^tur, *. 98. A passage for water. To Gutter, gul-tur, v. a. To cut in small hollows. 241 To Guttle, gutiti, v. n. 405. To feed luxuriously to gormandize. A low word. To Guttle, gut-tl, v. a. To swallow. Guttler, gut-tl-ur, s. 98. a greedy eater. GuTTULOUS, gut-tshu-lus, a. 463. In the form of a small drop. Guttural, gutitsbu-r^l, a. 463. Pronounced in the throat, belonging to the throat. GUTTURALNESS, gutitshu-r^l-nes, S. The quality of being guttural. GUTWORT, gut^wurt, S. An herb. To Guzzle, guz-zl, v. n. 405. To gormandize, to feed immoderately, to swallow any liquor greedily. To Guzzle, guz-zl, v. a. To swallow with im- moderate gust. Guzzler, gu2-zl-ur, s. 98. A gormandizer. Gybe, jibe, s. A sneer, a taunt, a sarcasm. To Gybe, jibe, v. n. To sneer, to taunt. Gymnastically, jim-nits-te-kM-e, ad. AthlPiically, filly for strong exercise. Gymnastick, jim-nis-tik, a. Relating to athletick exercises. (tS- In this word and its relatives we not unfreqncnlly hear the g hard, as in Gimlet, for this learned reason, because they are derived from the Greek. For the very same reason we ought to pronounce the g in Genesis, Geography, Geometry, and a thousand other words, hard, which would essentially alter the sound of our lauKuage. Mr. Sheridan has very properly given the soft ^ to these words ; and Mr. Nares is of the same opinion will^Te- spect to the propriety of this pronunciation, but duubts of the usage; there can be no doubt, however, of the absurdity of this usage, and of the necessiiy of curbing it as much as possible.— See Principles, No. 350. GYMNICKjjim-nikjff. Such as practise the athletick or gymnastick exercises. Gymnospermous, jun-ni-sper-raus, a. Having the seeds naked. GyrATJON, jl-r^-shun, S. The act of turning any thing about. Gyre, jire, S. A circle described by any thing going in an orbit. Gyves, jivz, S. Felters, chains for the legs. C^ Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Scott make the g in this word hard; but Mr. Elphinston, Dr. Kcnrick, ar.d Mr. Perry, with more propiiely, make it soft as 1 have marked it. Mr. Nares makes the sound dnuhtful ; but this majority of authorities and agreeableness to analogy- have removed my doubts, and made me alter my former opinion. To Gyve, jive, v, a. To fetter, to shackle. H. llA, ha, interj. An expression of wonder, surprise, sudden question, or sudden exertion ; an expression o( laughter, when often repeated. Haak, h^ke, s. A fish. Haberdasher, hib^ur-dish-iV, s. One whc sells small wares, a pedlar. Haoerdine, hib-ur-deenj s. Dried salt cod. Habergeon, hib-ber-j^-6n, *. Armour to cover the neck and breast. (K?- This word is analogically accented on the second syllable: hut Johnson, in all the editions of his Dic- tionary, has the accent on the first, though his authori- ties are against him. Habiliment, hi-bil-^-ment s. Dress, clothes, garment. To Habilitate, h4-bil-5-tAte, v. a. To quaiily, to entitle. H A BI LITATION, h^-bll -A-ti? shuil, S, Quali ficatjon, R. HAl HAL »• 55S. rite 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95 — pine 105, pin 107— no 162, move 164, HaBILITY, hA-bll-i-tJ, S. Faculty, power. Habit, hab-it, s. state of any thing, as liabit of body ; dress, accoutrement ; liabit is a power or ability in man of doing any thing by frequent doing; custom, inveterate use. To Habit, hJb'-lt, v. a. To dress, accoutre. Habitable, hib^e-t^-bl, a. Capable of being dwelt in. Habitablkness, h;tb^4-t4-bl-nes, s. Capacity of being dwell in. HaBITANCE, hib'-e-tanse, S. Dwelling, abode. Habitant, hib^^-t^nt, s. Dweller, one that lives in any place. Habi lATlON, hSb-e-t4^shun, S. The act of dwell- ing, the state of a place receiving dwellers; a place of abode, dwelling. Habitator, bib-e-ti-tur, *. Dweller, inhabitant. Habitual, hA-bitsh-u-Al, a. 461. Customary, accuitomeil, inveterate. Habitually, hi-bit-sbiA-al-e, ad. Customarily, by habit. Habitude, h4bie-tude, s. Familiarity, converse, frequent intercourse; long custom, habit, inveterate use ; the power of doing any thing acquired by fre- quent repetition. Haenab, h^b-n^b, ad. At random, at the mercy of chance. Th Hack, hJk, v. a. To cut into small pieces, to chop ; to speak unreadily, or with hesitation. To Hack, hik, v. n. To turn hackney or prostitute. Hackle, h;tk-kl, s. 405. Raw silk, any filmy substance unspun. To Hackle, hik^kl, v. a. To dress flax. Hackney, hiking, \ Hack, hik, J*' A hired horse; a hireling, a prostitute; any thing let out for hire ; a. Much used, common. To Hackney, hilk^n^, v. a. To practise in one thing, to accustom to the road. Had, h^d. The pret. and part, pass, of Have. Haddock, hid-duk, /t. 166. A sea fish of the cod kind. Haff, bift, S. 78, 79. a handle, that part of an instrument that is taken into the hand. To Hakt, hift, V. a. To set in a haft. Hag, hag, S. A fury, a she monster; a witch, an enchantress ; an old ugly woman. To Hag, bUg, v. a. To torment, to harass with terrour. Haggard, hJg-g^rd, a. Wild, untamed, irre- claimable; lean; urIv, rugged, deformed. Haggard, llAffi^ird, *. Any thing wild or irre- claimable; a species of hawk. Haggardly, h%%ttrd-Ie, ad. Deformediy, wildly, Haggisf}, liig-gish, a. Of tlie nature of a hag, deformed, horrid. To HA(iGLE, h^g-gl, V. a. 405. To cut, to chop, to mangle. To Haggle, b^g^gl, v. n. To be tedious in a bargain, to be long in coming to the price. Haggler, hig%l-ur, 5. 98. One that cuts; one that is tarily in bargaining. Haii, ba, interj. An expression of some sudden effort. Hail, hale, *. Drops of rain frozen in their falling. To Hail, bile, v. n. To pour down hail. Hai.L, bale, interj. A term of salutation. To Hail, bale, v. a. To salute, to call to. Hailshot, hdle-sbi^t, s. Small shot scattered like hail. Hailstone, hale-stone, s, A particle or single ball of hail. Uailv, hu-le, ad. Consisting of hail. A kind of fish. Hair, hare, *. One of the common teguments o. the body ; a single hair; any thing proverbially smaln Hairbrained, bAreibrind, a. 359. Wild, irregular. Hairbell, hare-bel, s. The name of a flower, th« hyacinth. Hairbreadth, hare-bred^A, *, a very small distance. Haircloth, hkre-klith, s. stuff made of hair, very rough and prickly, worn sometimes in mortifica- tion. Hairlace, hireMase, s. The filltt with which women tie up their hair. Hairless, hare^les, a. Without hair. Hairiness, hi'-re-nes, s. The state of being covered with hair. Hairy, ha-re, a. Overgrown with hair; consisting of liair. Hake, hake, 1 Hakot, hAki^ut, 166./*' Halberd, hall'burd, J. 98. A battle-axe fixed on a long pole. Halberdier, h?ill-bur-d^erj s. One who is armed with a halberd. Halcyon, bal-sbe-un, s. 166. A bird that is said to breed in the sea, and that there is always a calm during her inrubalion. Halcyon, bilUsh^-un, a. 357. Placid, quiet, still. Hale, bale, a. Hoal'.hy, sound, hearty: To Hale, bale, oi- b;uvl, v. a. To drag by force, to pull violently. (U> Tins wold, in familiar language, is corrupted be- yond recovery into ftuul; but solemn speaking still re- quires the regular sound, rhyming with pale; the other sound would, in this case, be gross and vulgar.— See Vb Haul. Haler, hi'-lSr, or hawl-ur, s. 98. He wlm pulls and hales. Half, baf, S. 78. 401. A moiety, one of two equal parts; it sometimes has a plural signification when a number is divided. Half, baf, ad. fn part, equally. Half-L'LOOD, haf-bliid, s. One not born of the same father and motlitr. Half-BLOODED, baf-bliid-ed, «. Mean, de- generate. Half-faced, haf-fiste, a. 362. Showing only part of the face. Half-heard, haf-berd, a. Imperfectly heard. Half-moon, baf-iiioonj s. The moon in its appearance when at halt increase or decrease. Half-penny, ba-pen-n^, s. A copper coin of which two make a penny. • ftTT' This word is not only deprived of half its sovuul, but even what is left is grossly corrupted ; sounding the n as in half, is provincial and rustick. Half-pike, haf-pike, $. The small pike carried by officers. Half-seas-over, baf^sez-o-vur, a. A proverbial expression for one far advanced. It is commonly used of one half drunk. Half-sphere, baf-sfere, *. Hemisphere. Half-strained, baf-strAnd, a. Half-bred, im- pel feet. Half-sword, baf-sord, *. Close fight. Half-WAV, liaf-wa, ad. In the middle. Half-wit, baf- wit, s. fellow. Halibut, hSUle-but, s. Halimas, bil-le-mits, *, Halituous, bi-lltsh-ii-us, a. Vaporous, fumous. Hall, ball, s. A court of justice ; a manor-house^ so called because in it were held courts for tlie tenants the pub'.ick room of a corponition ; the fiist laijeroow at the entrance of a house. A blockhead, a foolish A sort of fish. The feast of All-soult. 463. HAM HAN n6r 167, nSt 163— tibe 171, tub 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 3l3—t7i\n 466, THis 4G9. Hallelujah, hll-le-loo-yi, s. Praise ye the Lord ! A song of thanksgiving. Halloo, hA,l-loo{ interj. A word of encourage- ment when dogs are let loose on their game. 7o Hallo, hal-looj v. n. To cry a» after the dogs. T'o Halloo, hil-loo{ v. a. To encourage with shouts ; to chase with shouts ; to call or shout to. To Hallow, h^'-li, v. a. To consecrate, to make holy ; to reverence as holy, as. Hallowed be thy name ! tt3~ In pronouncing the Lord's Prayer, we sometimes hear the participle of this word pronounced like that of the word Hollovi. This arises from not attending to the distinction made by syllabication between the single and double I : the double I in the same syllable deepens the a to the broadest sound, as in «aJi; but when one of the liquids is carried off to the next syllable, the a has its short and slender sound, as taUlou ; the same may be observed of hall and hallow, &c.— See Principles, No. 85. Hallucination, hil-lu-sJ-ni^shun, s. Errour, blunder, mistake. Halm, hawin, s, straw. (t3- This is Dr. Johnson's pronunciation of this word. Halo, ha-lo, *. A red circle round the sun or moon. HalSER, haw-sur, S. A rope less than a cable. To Halt, halt, v. n. To limp, to be lame ; to stop in a march ; to hesitate, to stand dubious ; to fail, to falter. Halt, halt. a. Lame, crippled. Halt, halt, S. The act of limping, the manner of limping; a stop in a march. Halter, hal-tur, s. He who limps. Halter, hal-tur, s. A rope to hang malefactors ; a cord, a strong siring. To Halter, haUtur, v. a. To bind with a cord ; to catch in a noose. To Halve, hav, v. a. 78. To divide into two parts. Halves, ha.vz, s. Plural of Half. Halves, havz, interj. An expression by which any one lays claim to an equal share. Ham, h^ni, s. The hip, the hinder part of the articulation of the thigh ; the thigh of a hog salted. Hamadryad, h^m-H-drl-Jd, s. One of the nymphs who were supposed t-o reside in woods and groves. Hamadryads, h^in-i-drl-Jdz, s. The English plural o{ Hamadrifad. Hamadryades, him-^-drl-i-dlx, i. The Latin plural of the same word. Hamlet, him-let, *, 90. A small village. Hammer, h4ni-mur,.V. 98. The instrument, con- sisting of a long handle and heavy head, with which any thing is forced or driven. Hammercloth, hAin-mur-klS^A, s. The cloth upon the seat of the coach-box. (!3^ A critick in the Gentleman's Magazine gives the following etymology of this word, which we do not find in any of our dictionaries : " When coaches and chariots were first introduced, our frugal ancestors used to load the carriage with provisions for the family when they came to London. The hamper, covered with a cloth, was a convenient repository, and a seat for the coachman. This was afterwards converted into a box. Nammer-cloth is therefore very probably a corruption of hamper-cloth." If the derivation of this word were worth spending a thoueht upon, I should think, that as the seat of the coachman is not boarded, but slung like a hemntock, the word is rather a corruption of hammock-cloth. To Hammer, hSin^mur, v. a. To beat with a hammer; to forge or form with a hammer; to work in the mind, to contrive by intellectual labour. To Hammer, h^m-miir, v. n. To work, to be busy ; to be in agitation. Hammerer, h^m-mur-rur, *. He who works with a hammer. Hammer HARD, himimur-hard, a. Made hard with much hammering. HAMMOCh, him-mSk, *. 166. A swinging bed. 243 Hamper, h^mp^ur, s. 98. A large basket for carriage. To Hamper, hlnip^ur, v. a. To shackle, to entangle; to ensnare; to perplex, to embarrass; to put in a hamper. Hamstring, hAnaistnng, s. The tendon of the ham. To Hamstring, h^m' string, v. a. Pret. and part. pass. Hamstrung. To lame by cutting the tendon of the ham. HANAPER, h^n-^-pur, S. 98. A treasury, an ex- chequer. Hand, h^nd, S. That member of the body which reaches from the wrist to the fingers' end; measure of four inches ; side, right or left; part, quarter; ready payment; rate, price ; workmanship, power or act of manufacturing or making; act of receiving any thing ready to one's hand ; reach, nearness, as, at hand, within reach; state of being in preparation ; cards held at a game ; that which is used in opposition to another transmission, conveyance; possession, power; pres- sure of the bridle; method of government, discipline, restraint; influence, management; that wiiich per- forms the office of a hand in pointing; agent, person employed; giver and receiver; a workman, a sailor; form or cast of writing; Hand over head, negligently; rashly ; Hand to hand, close fight ; Hand in hand, in union, conjointly ; Hand to mouth, as want requires ; To bear in hand, to keep in expectation, to elucie ; To be hand and glove, to be intimate and familiar. To Hand, hind, v. a. To give or transmit with the hand ; to guide or lead by the hand ; to seize, to lay hands on; to transmit in succession, to deliver down from one to another : Hand is much used in com- position for that which is manageable by the hand, as, a hand-saw ; or borne in the hand, as, a hand-barrow. Hand-basket, h^iidib3s-kit, s. A portable basket. Hand-bell, hiud-bel, s. A bell rung by the hand. Hand-breadth, hilnd-bred^A, s. a space equal to the breadth of the hand. Handed, h^n-ded, a. With hands joined. Hander, h^n-dur, s. Transmitter, conveyer in succession. Handfast, hSnd-f^st, S, Hold, custody. Handful, h^nd-ful, *. As much as the hand can gripe or contain ; a small number or quantity. Hand-gallop, hitnd^gM-lup, *. A slow easy gallop. Handgun, hind-gun, s. A gun wielded by the hand. Handicraft, hinWS-krift, s. Manual occupa- tion. Handicraftsman, hin-d^-krifts-mJn, s. 88. A manufacturer, one employed in manual occupation. Handily, hin-d4-ll,arf. With skill, with dexterity. HaNDINE-SS, hin-dJ-nes, *. Readiness, dexterity. Handiwork, hin-dJ-wurk, s. Work of the hand, product of labour, manufacture. Handkerchief, h;lng-ker-tshif, s. A piece of silk or linen used to wipe the face, or cover the neck. To Handle, hin'-dl, v. a. 405. To touch, to feel with the hand; to manage, to wield, to make fa- miliar to the hand by frequent touching; to treat in discourse; to deal with, to practise; to treat well or ill ; to practise upon, to do with. Handle, hUn-dl, *. 405. That part of any thing by which it is held in the hand ; that of which use is niade. Handless, hstnd-les, a. Without a hand. Handmaid, hind-mide, s. A maid that waits n<: hand. Handmill, hind-mil, S. A mill moved by «lie hand. Hands off, hindz-SfTJ interj. A vulgar phrase for Keep off, forbear. HANDSAILS, hind-Salz, *. Sails managed by the hand. HAR HAR C3- 559. FAte 73, far 77, fall 83, fit 81— m^ 93, met 95— pine 105, pin 107— n5 162, move ia4j Handsaw, h^nd-saw, *. A saw manageable by the hand. Handsel, hin-sel, *. The first act of using any thing, the first act of any tiling, the first act of sale, the money taken for the first sale. To Handsel, hJn-sel, v, a. To use or do any thing the first time. Handsome, hin^sum, «. Beautiful, graceful ; elegant; ample, liberal, a», a handsome fortune; ge- nerous, nohle, ar,a handsome action. Handsomely, hA.n-sum-l4, ad. Beautifully, gracefully; elegantly, neatly ; liberally, generously. Handsomeness, hin-sum-nes, *. Beauty, grace, elegance. Handvice, hind-vise, *. A vice to hold small work in. Handwriting, hind-rl-ting^, s. A cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand. Handy, h4n-d^, a. executed or performed by the hand ; ready, dexterous, skilful, convenient. Handydandv, h;ln-d^-din-de, s. A play in which children change hands and places. To Hang, hAnp;, v. a. 409. Fret, and part. pass. Hanged or Hung, anciently Hong. To suspend, to fasten in such a manner as to be sustained, not below, but above J to place without any solid support; to choakand kill by suspending by the neck ; to display, to show aloft; to decline; to fix in such a manner as in some directions to be moveable ; to furnish with orna- ments or draperies fastened to the wall. To Hang, hang, v. n. To be suspended, to be supported above, not below ; to dangle; to rest upon by embracing; to hover, to impend ; to be compactor united ; to adhere ; to be in suspense, to be in a state of uncertainty ; to be delayed, to linger; to be depen- dent on ; to be fixed or suspended with attfention ; to have a steep declivity; to be executed by the halter; to decline, to tend down. Hanger, h^ng^ur, S. 409. That by which any thing hangs, as the pothangers. Hanger, hing'-ur, S. 98. A short broad sword. Hanger-on, hinsr-ur-SnJ *. A dependant. Hanging, hillg-ing, s. 410. Drapery hung or fastened against the walls of rooms. Hanging, hing-ing, part. a. Foreboding death by the halter ; requiring to be punished by the lialter. Hangman, h4ng-m4n, s. 88. The publick executioner. Hank, hUngk, S. a skein of thread. To Hanker, hingk-ur, v, n. To long im- portunately. Ha'nt, ha nt, 80. For Has not, or Have not. Hap, hSp, s. Chance, fortune ; that which happens by chance or fortune; accident, casual event, misfor- tune. Hap-hazard, hip-hiz^urd, s. 88. Chance, accident. To Hap, hitp, v. n. To come by accident, to fall out, to happen. Haply, hap-le, ad. Perhaps, peradvcnture, it may be; by chance, by accident. Hapless, hJp-les, a. Unhappy, unfortunate, kick- less. To Happen, hip'-pn, v. n. 405. To fall out by chance, to come to pass; to light on by accident. Happily, hip-pe-li, ad. Fortunately, luckily, successfully ; addressfully, gracefully, withoiU labour; in a state of felicity. Happiness, hap-pi-nes, s. Felicity, statein which the desires are satisfied; good luck, good fortune. Happy, hSp-pe, a. in a state of felicity ; lucky, successful, fortunate; addressful, ready. Harangue, hi-ringj 5. 337. A speech, a popular oration. To Harangue, hi-rin^J v. n. To make a speech. Harangufr, h^-ritng'-ur, 5. Au oratw, a imbUck ffeaker. 844 To Harass, h;1r-^, v. a. To weary, to fatigue. Harass, hAr-ils, s. Waste, disturbance. Harbinger, har-bin-jur, s. A forerunner, a precursor. Harbour, hiu-^bur, *. 314. A lodging, a place d entertainment; a port or haven for sliipping; a« asylum, a shelter. To Harbour, ha.r^bur, v. n. To receive entertain* ment, to sojourn. To Harbour, har-bar, v. a. To entertain, to permit to reside; to shelter, to secure. Harbourage, har-bur-Aje, s. 90. Shelter, entertainment. HaRBOURER, h^r^bur-ur,S. 98. One that enter- tains another. HaRBOURLESS, har^bur-les, a. Without harbour. Hard, hard, a. 78. Firm, resisting penetration or separation; diflicult, not easy to the intellect ; diHicult of accomplishment ; painful, distressful, laborious; cruel, oppressive, rigorous) sour, rough, severe; in- sensible, untouched ; unhappy, vexatious ; vehement, keen, severe, as, a hard winter; unrcisonable, unjust ; forced, not easily granted ; austere; rough, as litjuids; harsl), stitf, constrained ; not p'entiful, not prosperous; avaricious, faultily sparing. Hard, hard, ad. Close, near, at, hard by; diligently, laboriously, incessantly; uneasily, vex- atiiuisly, distressfully; fast, nimbly; with d;Sculty ; tempestuously, boisterously. Hardbound, hilrd-bound, a. Costive. TTj Harden, har^dn, r. a. 10.3. To make hard j to confirm in effrontery, to miike impudent; to con- firm in wickedness, to make obdurate; to make insen- sible, to stupify; to make firm, to endue with con- stancy. Hardener, har'dn-ur, s. One that makes any thing hard. Hardkavoured, hard-fA-vurd, «, Coarse of feature. Hardhanded, hard-hin-ded, a. Coarse, mechanick. Hardhead, hard-hed, S. Clash of heads ; a hard contest. Hardhearted, hard-hirt'ed, a. Cruel, inexor- able, merciless, pitiless. Hardheartedness, hard-hart-ed-nes, s. Cruelty, want of tenderness. Hardihead, har^de-hed, . \ Hardihood, har-de-hud, 307. J Stoutness, bravery. Obsolete. Hardiment, haride-ment, *. Cour.ige, stoutness, bravery, act of bravery. Hardiness, h.Hiide-nus, s. Hardship, fatigue; stoutjiess, courage, bravery: ctfrontery, confidence. Hardlap-oured, hard-la^burd, a. 363. Elaborate, studied. Hardly, hard^le, ad. With difficulty, not easily; scarcely, scant ; grudgingly ; severely ; rigorously, op- pressively ; harshly, not tenderly, not dclic-ately. Hardmouthed, hard-moiiTHd,' a. Disobedient to the rein, not sensible of the bit. Hardness, hard-nes, s. Power of resistance in bodies; difficulty to be understood; difficulty to be accomplished; scarcity, penury ; obscurity, prufligale ness ; coarseness, harshness of look ; keenness, \ehe- mence of weather or seasons; cruelly of temper, savageness, harshness; faulty parsimony, stinginess. Hardock, har-dok, S. I suppose the same with Burdock. Hards, hardz, s. Tlie refuse or coarser part of flax. Hardship, hard-ship, *. injury, oppression ; in- convenience, fatigue. Hardware, h^rd-ware, s. Manufactures of metal. Hardwareman, hard^wire-min, 5. A maker of seller of metalline manufactures. Hardy, harWe, a. Bold, brave, stout, daring itrong, hard, firm. HAR HAS Ii5r 167, u8t 163— tibe 171, t^b 172, bull 173— oil 299— pound 313— fAin 466, this 469- Harpsichord, harp-s^-kord, s. A musical in- HaRE, hire, S. A small quadruped, remarkable for timidity, vigilance, and fecundity; a constellation. Harebell, hare-bel, s. A blue flower of the bell shape. Harebrained, hare'brind, a. Volatile, un- settled, wild. HaKEFOOT, hare-fut, S. A bird ; ai\ herb. Harelip, hare-lip, s, A fissure in the upper lip with want of substance. Haresear, harz^eer, s. A plant. Haricot, h5r-i-k6, s. French. A kind of ragout, generally made of meat steaks and cut roots. Harier, hir-re-ur, s. A dog for hunting hares. (53- Eitlier the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered. The spelling necessarily requires the a long, as in hare; and the pronunciation demands the r to be doubled, llie most rational alteration would be to pronounce it with the a long, and to let the other pronunciation ht considered as the language of the stable and the field.— See Leash. To Hark, hirk, v. n. To listen. Hark, hark, interj. List ! hear ! listen ! Harl, harl, *. The filaments of flax ; any filamen- tous substance. Harlequin, har'-le-kin, s. 415. A buffoon who plays tricks to divert the populace, a jackpudding. Harlot, har-lut, «. 166. A whore, a strumpet. Harlotry, har-lut-r^, s. The trade of a harlot, fornication ; a name of contempt for a womai:. Harm, harm, *. Injury, crime, wickedness j mis- cliief, detriinent, hurt. To Harm, harm, v. a. To hurt, to injure. Harmful, harm-fiil, a. Hurtful, mischievous. Harmfully, harm-ful-i,arf. Hurtfuliy, noxiously. Harmfulness, harm-ful-nes, s. Hurtfulness, mischievousness. Har.MLESS, harm-les, a. Innocent, innoxious, not hurtful; unluirt, undamaged. Harmlessly, harm-les-l^, ad. Innocently, without hurt, without crime. Harmlessness, harm-les-nes, s. Innocence, frecd'un from injury or hurt. Harmonical, hSr-min-i-kil, \ Harmonick, hilr-m&n-ik, 508./ Adapted to each other, musical. Harmonious, har-m6-ne-us, «. Adapted to each other, having the parts proportioned to each other; musical. Harmoniously, har-miinJ-us-l^, ad. With just adaptation and proportion of parts to each ether; musically, with concord of sounds. Harmdniousness, har-mo-ii^-us-nes, s. Proportion, musicalness. To Harmonize, harimo-nize, v. a. To adjust in fit proportions. Harmony, har-mi-ne, s. The just adaption of one part to another; just proportion of sound; con. cord, correspondent sentiment. Harness, Imr-ues, *. Armour, defensive furniture of war; the traces of draught horses, particularly of caniages of pleasure. To Harness har-nes, v. a. To dress in armour; to fix horses in tlieir traces. Harp, harp, s. A lyre, an instrument strung with, wire and struck with the finger; a constellation. To Harp, harp, v. n. To play on the harp; to touch any passion ; to dwell vexatiously on one subject. Harper, har-pur, S. 98. A player on the harp. Harping- IRON, bar' ping- I-iirn, s. A bearded dart with a line fastened to tlie handle, with whicli whales are struck and caught. Harpooner, har-poo-ne^r{ s. He that throws the harpoi'U. Haepooni har-poon{ s. A harping iron. 245 strument. Harpy, har-pe, S. The harpies were a kind of birds which had the faces of women, and fi>ul long claws, very filthy creatures ; a ravenous wretch. Harouebuss, har-kwe-bus, s. Ft: Arquebuse. A handgun. Harquebussier, har-kw4-bus-6eerj s. 275. One armed witli a harquebuss. Harridan, hir-re-dan, s. A decayed strumpet. Harrow, h^r-ro, s. A frame of timbers crossing each other, and set with teeth. To Harrow, hAr-ri, t. a. To break with the harrow ; to tear up ; to rip up ; to p|illage, to strip, to lay waste; to invade,, to harass with incursions; to disturb, to put into commotion. Harrower, h^r-ri ur, s. He who liarrows; a kind of hawk. To Harry, h4r-r4, v. a. To teaze, to ruffle; in Scotland, it signifies to rob, plunder, or oppress. Harsh, harsh, a. Austere, rough, sour ; rough to the ear ; crabbed, morose ; peevish ; rugged to the touch; unpleasing, rigorous. Harshly, harsh-le, ad. Sourly, austerely to the palate; with violence, in opposition to gentleness; se- verely, morosely, crabbedly ; ruggedly to tlie car. Harshness, harsh-nes, S. Sourness, austere taste; roughness to the ear; ruggedness to the tsuch ; crab- bedness, peevishness. Hart, hart, S. A he-deer of the large kind, the male of the roe. Hartshorn, harts-horn, s. Spirit drawn from horn. Hartshorn, harts-horn, s. An herb. HarvesI', bar-vest, s. The season of reaping and gatherinz the corn; the corn ripened, gathered, and inned ; the product of labour. Harvest-home, har-vest-home. The songwhicii the reapers sing at tlie feast made for having inned the liarvest ; the opportunity of gathering treasure. Harvest-lord, har-vest-lord, s. The he-.d reaper at the harvest. Harvester, har-ves-tur, s. One who works at the harvest. Harvestman, har-vest-in^n, s. A labourer iu harvest. Has, haz, Tlie third person singular of the verb To have. or?- There is some reason in the custom adopted by th6 profound and ingeniofts author of the Philosophy of Rlie- torick, where he makes the third persons of veriis end in /A,- when the succeeding word begins with s, to avoid the want of distinction between the final and initial s, an.i he giveth several examples of this : 6ut this is only avoid- ing in one instance what cannot be avoided in a thou- sand ( and as the lisping sound is not tlie most respect- able part of our language, and requires more ert'ort than the simple hiss, it may, except in very solemn language, be very well laid aside. To Hash, bslsh, v. a. To mince, to chop into small pieces and mingle. Haslet, harslet. Harslet, bar-slet. The heart, liver, and lights of a hog, with the wind- pipe and part of the lliroat to it. Hasp, hfcp, S. 79. a clasp folded over a staple, and fastened' as with a padlock. To Hasp, bisp, v. n. To shut with a lix';p. Hassock, hils-suk, *. 166. a thick mat on which men kneel at church. Hast, bSst. The second person singular ot Have. Haste, haste, S, 74. Hurry, speed, nitnblcncs' precipitation; passion, velieiiieiite. 7b Haste, biste, 472. 1 To Hasten, btUsn, 405. J ^' "" To make haste, to be ia a luirry ; to move with swifu ness. .,}»• HAU HAW (t3-' 559. Fite 73, fSrTT, ^1 83, ^t 81— mJ 93, met 95— pine 105, pm 107- ni 162, move 164 E, haste, \ ,1, f-v. a. 473. EN, lia-sn, J To Haste, 7b Haste To push forward, to urge on, to precipitate, HasteNER, hiisn-lir, S. 98. One tliat hastens or hurries. Hastily, has^t^-le, ad. In a hurry, speedily, nimbly, quickly ; raslily, precipitately ; passionately, with velieinence. Hastiness, has^te-nes, *, Haste, speed, hurry, precipitation : angry testiness, passionate vehemence. Hastings, h^ls-tiugz, S. Pease that come early. Hasty, has-ti, a. Quick, speedy ; passionate, vehement; rash, precipitate ; early ripe. Hasty-pudding, his^t^-pud^ing, s, A pudding made of milk and flour boiled quick together. Hat, hit, S. 74. A cover for the head. Hatband, bit-bind, s. 88. A string tied round the hat. Hatcase, hit^kise, *. A slight box for a liat. To Hatch, hitsh, v. a. To produce young from eggs; to quicken the eggs by incubation; to form by meditation, to contrive ; to shade by lines in drawing or graving. To Hatch, hitsh, v. n. To be in the state of growing quick; to be in a stale of advance towards effect. Hatch, hitsh, s. A brood excluded from the egg ; the act (if exclusion from the egg ; the disclosure, dis- covery; the half-door; in the plural, the doors or openings by which they descend from one deck or Hoor of a ship to another ; to be under hatches, to be in a state of ignominy, poverty, or depression. In this sense, it is generally used in the plural, as, to be under the hatches, to be in distress. To Hatchei,, hik^U, v. «. To beat flax so as to separate the fibrous from the brittle part. Hatchel, hik^kl, S, The instrument with which flax is beaten. HaTCHELLER, hik^kl-ur, S. a beater of flax. Hatchet, hitsh^it, s. 99. A small axe. Hatchet-face, hitsbiit-fise, s. An ugly face. Hatchment, hitsh-ment, s. Armorial escutcheon placed over a door at a funeral. Hatchway, hitsh^wi, s. The way over or through the hatches. To Hate, bite, v. a. 74. To detest, to abhor, to abominate. Hate, bite, *. Malignity, detestation. Hateful, hite-ful, a. That causes abhorrence ; odious, abhorrent, malignant, malevolent. Hatefully, hiteifxil-^,arf. odiously, abominably; malignantly, maliciously, Hatefulness, hite^ful-nes, s. Odiousntss. Hater, bi-tur, s. 98. One that hates. Hath, hAth. The third person singular of the verb To have; now seldom used but in solemn composition. —See Has, Hatred, hi^tred, s. Hate, ill-will, malignity. To Hatter, hit-tur, v. a. To harass, to weary. Hatter, hit-tur, s. 98. A maker of hats. Hattock, hitituk, J. 166. A shock of com. Hauberk, biw^berk, s. 213. A coat of mail. To Have, biv, v. a. 75. Pret, and part. pass. Had. To carry, to wear ; to possess ; to obtain, to en- joy ; to contain ; to be a husband or wife to another : it is most used in English, as in other European lan- guages, as an auxiliary verb to make the tenses. Have, the preierperfect, and Had, the preterpluperfect : Have at, or wi h, is an expression denoting resolution to make some attempt. Haven, bi^vn, s. 103. A port, a harbour, a safe station for ships 5 a shelter, an asylum. Haver, hW-nv, s. 98. Possessor, holder. Haugh, havir, S. A little meadow lying in a valley. (C?' This word, though for ages obsolete, or heard only 'n the projier names of h'elherstonehaugh, Philiphaugh, 246 &c. seems to have risen from the dead in the late whim- sical deception we meet with in some gardens where we are suddenly stopped by a deep valley wholly impercep- tibic till we come to the edge of it.' The expression of surprise. Hah! Hah I which generally breaks out upon a discovery of the deception, is commonly supposed to be the origin of this word. HauGHT, hawt, «. Haughty, insolent, proud. Haughtily, baw^t^-le, ad. Proudly, arrogantly. Haughtiness, haw-te-nes, s. Pride, arrogance. Haughty, haw^te, a. 393. Proud, lofty, insolent, arrogant, contemptuous ; proudly great. Having, hiv-ing', *. Possession, estate, fortune} the act or stale of possessing; behaviour, regularity. Haviour, bi-v^-ur, s. Conduct, manners. To Haul, bawl, v. a. To pull, to draw, to drag by violence. — See Hale. 03" This word is in more frequent use than the word To hale, and seems to have a shade of difference in its nieaning. To Aa/e seems to signify the forcing or drag- ing of aperson; and lo haul, the forcing or draggin'g of a thing; and is generally used in sea business, or on ludi- crous occasions to a person, as, To pull andftaaione about. Haul, bawl, S, Pull, violence in dragging. Haum, havvm, s. 213. straw. Haunch, hansh, s. 214. The thigh, the hind hip; the rear, the hind part. To Haunt, b^nt, v. a. To frequent, to be much about any place or person ; it is used frequently in an ill sense of one that comes unwelcome; it is eminently used of apparitions. 83" This word was in quiet possession of its true sound till a late dramatick piece made its appearance, which, to the surprise of those who had heard the language spoken half a century, was, by some speakers, called the Hawnted Tower. This was certainly the improvement of some critick in the language; for a plain common speaker would undoubtedly have pronounced the au, dm in aunt, jaunt, &c. and as it had always been pronouncea in the i>7umn!fj-, or the i/o!m«erf i/ou.'ie. That this pro- nunciation is agreeableto analogy, see Principles, No. 214. To Haunt, bSnt, V, n. To be much about, to appear frequently. Haunt, bant, s. Place in which one is frequently found ; habit of being in a certain place. Haunter, hant-tur, s. 98. Frequenter, one that is oflen found in any place. Havock, hiv-vuk, S. 166. Waste, wide and general devastation. Havock, biv-vuk, interj. A word of encourage- ment to slaughter. To Havock, bavivuk, v. a. To waste, to destroy. Hautboy, bo-boe, s. a wind instrument. Mautboy Strawberry, hiiboe, *. See Strawberry. Haut-gout, bo-gooj s. French. Any thing with a strong scent. Haw, baw, *. The berry and seed of the hawthorn ; a hedge; an excrescence in the eye; a small piece of ground adjoining to a house. Hawthorn, biw-^//orn, *. The thorn that bears haws; the white thorn. Hawthorn, baw-t are sub- ordinate; place of honour, the first place; under- standing, faculties of the mind; resistance, hostile op- position ; state of a deer's horns, by which his age is known ; the top of any thing bigger than the rest ; the forepart of any thing, as of a ship; that which rises on the top of liquors : upper part of a bed ; dress of the liead ; principal topick of a discourse; source of a stream; crisis, pitch; it is very improperly applied to roots. To Head, bed, v, a. To lead, to influence, to direct, to govern ; to behead, to kill by taking away the head ; to fit any thing with e^ head, or principal part ; to lop trees at the top. Headach, hed-ake, s. 355. Pain in the head. Headband, bed^bJnd, s, a fillet for the head, a lop-knot ; the band to eacli end of a book. Headuorough, hed^bur-ri, s. A constable, a subordinate constable. Headdress, hed'dres, *, The covering of a woman's head ; any thing resembling a head-dress. Header, hedi