THE DOMINION 
 
 By Rev. L. Norman Tucker 
 
 He shai have lominion also from sea to sea and 
 from the river unto the ends of the earth.
 
 FROM 
 
 SEA TO SEA 
 THE DOMINION 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. L. NORMAN TUCKER, M.A., D.C.I,. 
 
 Rector St. Paul's Cathedral 
 
 London, Ont. 
 Former General Secretary of M.S.C.C. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from 
 
 the river unto the ends of the earth. 
 
 Ps. 72, 8. 
 
 Issued by the Prayer and Study Union of the M.S.C.C. 
 Offices : 627 Confederation Life Building, Toronto.
 
 FIRST PRINTED FOR ST. CATHARINE'S SUMMER SCHOOL, 1911
 
 Preface f 
 
 (TO FIRST EDITION), 
 
 No one can be more conscious than the Author 
 of the many short-comings of this little book. It 
 was written in great haste and in the midst of 
 countless interruptions. Indeed, most of it was 
 written on the journey, where there was no oppor- 
 tunity of consulting books and verifying state- 
 ments. This I regret extremely, as I feel that a 
 Summer School, and especially our first Summer 
 School, is deserving of the best that can be 
 produced. I have striven constantly to bear in 
 mind that it was being written as a text book. 
 I have, therefore, tried to make the divisions of 
 the subject as clear as possible and even to mark 
 them by headlines. I have also tried to suggest, 
 where I did not explicitly mention, the missionary 
 lessons that might be drawn from the points 
 under treatment. I can only now commend the 
 little book and^ the Summer School for which it is 
 intended and the missionary cause which it is 
 meant to promote to the blessing of Him who can 
 use the " weak things of the world to confound 
 the things which are mighty ! " L. N. T. 
 
 NOTE BY THE EDITORIAL COMMITTEE. 
 It is only fair to Canon Tucker to add that 
 some of the chapters have been considerably 
 revised and that he has seen neither the revision 
 nor the final proofs. 
 
 1290321
 
 Contents 
 
 LESSON PAGE 
 
 I. THE COUNTRY AND ITS RESOURCES i 
 
 Extent, Climate, Waterways, Mineral 
 wealth, Soil and products, Railways, Popu- 
 lation, Room for Development. 
 
 Aim : To grasp the value of the Land 
 of Canada if held by the Church of Christ. 
 
 II. THE PEOPLE WHO AND WHENCE - - 17 
 
 Indians, Eskimos, French, English, Other 
 Europeans, Asiatics, Settlers in the West 
 from the East and South. 
 
 Aim : To understand the composite 
 nature of the Canadian Nation and its re- 
 sultant value in the Expanding Kingdom. 
 
 III. A RICH INHERITANCE - - 35 
 
 The Story of work done from England, 
 the S.P.G., the C. & C.C.S., the C.M.S., 
 the S.P.C.K., etc. 
 
 Aim : To value what has been received 
 and learn to give as freely. 
 
 IV. THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILI- 54 
 
 ARIES - 
 
 Early Societies, the D. & F.M.S., the C.C. 
 M.S., Formation of the M.S.C.C., Growth, 
 Work abroad, Work at home, the W.A., Its 
 story and work, the work of the S.V.M.U., 
 the Y.P.M.M., and the L.M.M., the Mis- 
 sionary Prayer & Study Union. 
 
 Aim : To acquire a knowledge of our 
 equipment for the work before us.
 
 PAGE 
 V. THE CHURCH IN ^AST^RN CANADA * - 73 
 
 The Development of the Dioceses, their 
 present needs and equipment. 
 
 Aim : To understand the responsibilities 
 of the East. 
 
 VI. THE CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA - 91 
 
 The Development of the Dioceses, their 
 present needs and equipment. 
 
 Aim : To hear the call of the West. 
 
 VII. DIFFICULTIES - - 119 
 
 Vast extent of country, Sparse popula- 
 tion of certain parts, Severity of climate, 
 Rapid development, Influx of Foreigners, 
 Many languages, Inertia of many people. 
 
 Aim : To estimate the magnitude of the 
 task. 
 
 VIII. THE CALL OF OPPORTUNITY - 137 
 
 The Need, the Opportunity, the Call, 
 For Workers, For Money, For Prayer, 
 The Power. 
 
 Aim : To learn what my own duty is 
 now. 
 
 APPENDIX I. - - 154 
 
 APPENDIX II. - 155 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY - 159 
 
 INDEX .... 161
 
 Illustrations 
 
 FACING 
 
 All Saints' Cathedral, Halifax, N.S ................. 77 
 
 Church on the Prairie Typical .................... 146 
 
 Comparative areas Europe and Canada ............ 5 
 
 Eskimo first offertory towards sending the Gospel to 
 
 their new-found tribe value $250.00 ........... 105 
 
 Eskimo Open Air Service .......................... 104 
 
 Hostel for Clergy at Athabasca Landing ............ 147 
 
 House of Bishops, The 191 1 ...................... i 
 
 Indians at Hay River ............................. 94 
 
 Indians Bringing in Fish .......................... 27 
 
 Inglis, Right Rev. Chas., D.D., First Bishop of Nova 
 
 Scotia ....................................... 76 
 
 Landing at St. John, N.B ......................... 26 
 
 Lumber Train, The .............................. 63 
 
 Machray, Most Rev. R., D.D ..................... 95 
 
 Province of Canada ............................... 74 
 
 Province of Rupert's Land ........................ 92 
 
 Tucker, Rev. Canon, L.N., M.A., D.C.L ............. 62
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 THE DOMINION 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 THE COUNTRY AND ITS RESOURCES. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY has always been the handmaid of Effect of 
 Religion. When God had made the land and upon peoples, 
 the sea and had pronounced them "very good," He 
 spread them out before the man for whom they 
 had been made and said, "Be fruitful and multiply 
 and replenish the earth and subdue it." From 
 that day onward the earth has been gradually 
 overspread by the pioneers of human progress. 
 The banks of rivers became the sites of great 
 cities and their waters the highways of commerce. 
 The valleys swarmed with inhabitants whom 
 they fed with their abundant harvests. And 
 mountains and rivers became the boundaries or 
 gages of battle of great empires. 
 
 And these agencies of human progress have In olden 
 been means for the extension of the kingdom of times - 
 God. The waysides of Palestine were the frame- 
 work and setting of the Saviour's parables. The
 
 SEA to SEA 
 
 sycamore tree, whose shade had refreshed the 
 weary land, became a platform from which Zac- 
 chaeus, who was small of stature, could see the 
 Lord, as He passed by. The well of Jacob, which 
 had quenched the thirst of many generations, 
 was the stand from which the Lord offered the 
 Living Water to thirsty souls. The boat with 
 which the inhabitants of Capernaum had earned 
 their living, was the storehouse from which He 
 distributed the bread of life to the spiritually 
 hungry. The Jordan became a laver of regenera- 
 tion to a repentant people. Lebanon furnished 
 cedar for the building of the Temple and the 
 ships of Tarshish gold for its ornamentation. 
 Mount Sinai was the pulpit for the proclamation 
 of the Old Law, as the Mount of the Beatitudes 
 that for the proclamation of the New. The 
 Roman roads, which had carried the legions to 
 the conquest of the world, were the highways 
 cast up for the messengers of the Prince of Peace. 
 The winds of the Mediterranean, which wafted 
 the grain of Egypt to the shores of Italy and 
 the dregs of the Orontes to the already foul waters 
 of the Tiber, carried the great apostle on his 
 momentous journey to Rome. Thus the physical 
 features and the material resources of the old 
 world became agents and ministers in the ful-
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 
 filment of God's gracious purposes on behalf of 
 the human race. 
 
 As it was then, so is it now. The resources In Canada 
 
 1 11 -, to-day, 
 
 of our country, so vaned and so abundant, its 
 
 extent, its accessibility, its prominence before 
 the world at this time, the glorious future that lies 
 before it, all these are so many voices calling us, 
 as with the tongue of trumpets, to a great mis- 
 sionary advance. And that call is as varied 
 as the tongues that utter it, to give the minis- 
 trations of the Church to infant communities of 
 our own race and language, in their early days of 
 struggle ; to Christianize as well as civilize and 
 Canadianize the varied racial elements that come 
 to us from Eastern and Southern Europe, where 
 for ages they have lived in ignorance, poverty 
 and oppression ; to give the Gospel of Christ to 
 the many thousands who have already reached 
 our shores from Japan, China, and India ; to 
 give the hope of an eternal inheritance to the 
 small and scattered fragments of the original 
 inhabitants of our land, from whom we have 
 inherited this magnificent Dominion, and who, 
 in many places, are disappearing from the earth ; 
 and to lay, in truth and righteousness, the founda- 
 tions of this young nation which, in the providence 
 of God, is so manifestly called to play an important 
 part in the history of the world.
 
 SEA to 
 
 The extent of the country alone suffices to 
 assure to it a great future. Its lakes are the 
 largest on earth. Its high and majestic moun- 
 tains give rise to river systems of immense 
 magnitude. Its area of 3,745,574 square miles is 
 twice that of India, or one-third that of the whole 
 British Empire. Each of its provinces is the 
 size of a kingdom and the country itself is the 
 size ot a continent. Quebec may be said to be as 
 large as France ; Ontario as Spain and Portugal ; 
 Manitoba as Great Britain ; Saskatchewan 
 as Germany ; Alberta as Austria ; British Colum- 
 bia as Denmark and Scandinavia. Imagine the 
 population, wealth, power and varied aptitudes of 
 Europe concentrated within the bounds of our great 
 Dominion ! Are we not justified in building castles 
 in the air in a country that can give scope to a pop- 
 ulation of over a hundred millions, with the varied 
 gifts, intellectual and moral, of the great nations of 
 Europe, without their hereditary limitations, 
 with the experience of all the past to warn and 
 guide it, literally the heir of all the ages in the 
 foremost files of time? If only we remain humble 
 and give the praise to God ; if only we train 
 ourselves in the stern school of truth and right and 
 duty ; if only we seek the glory of God and the 
 welfare of men ; if only we strive to fulfil our
 
 6 PROM SEA to 
 
 destiny in the chastened spirit of Kipling's Reces- 
 sional : 
 
 " Lest we forget, lest we forget." 
 The climate is healthy and bracing. Here are 
 no earthquakes like those of Messina or San 
 Francisco ; no cyclones like those in some of the 
 Western States ; no enervating heat like that of 
 Panama ; no volcanic eruptions like those of 
 Vesuvius ; no yellow fever, no plague, no pesti- 
 lence. The earth is solid beneath our feet, and 
 in the air there lurks no deadly poison. The 
 breezes of the Atlantic seaboard are of the most 
 invigorating character. Ste. Agathe, P.Q., Mus- 
 koka, Banff, the dry belt of British Columbia, are 
 well-known health resorts. St. Andrew's, N.B., 
 Cacouna, and Metis, P.Q., the Thousand Islands, 
 Muskoka, and Kenora, Ont, Banff, Alta., and 
 Bowen Island, B.C., are celebrated Summer 
 resorts. The country enjoys the greatest variety 
 of climate and temperature, from the fogs of the 
 Bay of Fundy to the generous snowfalls of Quebec, 
 the 40 degrees below zero of the prairies, and the 
 rains of the Pacific Coast. It lies in the zone 
 that produces virile races, strong in mind and 
 body, with small temptations to lead a life of 
 ease and pure indulgence, the long winters and 
 the depressions of the thermometer acting as a
 
 THE COUNTRY 7 
 
 constant stimulus to energy ; industry and thrift Waterways. 
 being among the indigenous virtues. 
 
 Its rivers constitute one of its most remark- 
 able endowments. It is well watered, as the 
 garden of the Lord, like the land of Egypt. The 
 sources of its great rivers almost join hands, in 
 various parts of the country. Lake Superior, 
 Lake Winnipeg, and Hudson Bay drain the 
 same central region ; the Saskatchewan, the 
 Churchill, the Peace, the Athabasca, the Mac- 
 kenzie, take their rise almost from the same 
 source ; the Yukon, the Skeena, the Fraser, the 
 Columbia are supplied from the same showers 
 and snowfalls in Northern British Columbia. 
 Before the era of railways and steamboats the fur 
 traders compassed the whole region in their 
 canoes ; Sir George Simpson travelled like a 
 monarch from Montreal to Victoria, by water 
 almost all the way ; Bishop Bompas went, in like 
 manner, from the valley of the Peace River to 
 that of the Yukon, and Archdeacon Kirkby 
 from Fort Garry to Fort McPherson and Fort 
 Selkirk. The construction of the Georgian Bay 
 Canal will place Port Arthur and Fort William 
 in direct communication with Liverpool by water. 
 By irrigation works the eternal snows of the 
 Rockies can be made to water the fertile ranches
 
 8 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 of Alberta. The rivers of Canada contain nearly 
 one-half of the water power of the world. Here 
 again the imagination can indulge its most fan- 
 tastic flights by simply conceiving the digging of 
 a few canals and the construction of a few power 
 houses. 
 
 The prairies are perhaps the best known 
 region in Canada to-day, because of their unifor- 
 mity and of their prominence before the world. 
 They alone are the size of an empire 1,000 miles 
 from East to West and 500 miles from North to 
 South. They are mainly agricultural, though 
 along the Saskatchewan there are wide timber 
 areas, and in Alberta rich coal beds. Already, 
 though only a small portion of the prairies has 
 been brought under cultivation, they produce 
 300,000,000 bushels of grain. They are unob- 
 structed by forests or mountains, so that the 
 settler may break the sod, sow the seed and reap 
 the harvest, as soon as he takes possession of the 
 land. With careful cultivation the soil is prac- 
 tically inexhaustible, and farms can only increase 
 in value with the lapse of time ; and as time 
 goes on there will be an ever-increasing demand 
 for the produce of the prairies, which is the staff 
 of life.
 
 THE COUNTRY 9 
 
 The region called New Ontario is not so well- 
 known, to the world at large, and deserves a 
 passing notice. It extends from the Ottawa 
 River to Lake Nepigon, a distance of 600 miles, 
 and from Lake Huron and Lake Superior to the 
 vicinity of James' Bay, a distance of 200 miles. 
 It is covered with valuable forests and contains 
 wide stretches of good agricultural land. Its 
 deposits of silver and gold at Cobalt and Porcupine 
 are said to be surpassingly rich. While its value 
 as a link between the East and the West is incal- 
 culably great, all its capabilities will be brought 
 into play through the construction of the Grand 
 Trunk Pacific and other railways. 
 
 Less known and more valuable still are the British 
 resources of British Columbia. This is the largest Columbia, 
 and possibly the richest province in the Dominion. 
 Its products are as varied as they are rich. Its 
 salmon fisheries are surely the richest in the world. 
 In the port of Nanaimo alone 45 million pounds of 
 herring are taken out each year. There is in addi- 
 tion deep sea fishing for cod, whale and seal, oyster 
 culture and the canning of crabs and clams. These 
 fisheries employ over 12,000 men and produce 
 over 30 per cent, of the total value of the fisheries 
 of the Dominion. It has the largest area of 
 timber on the American continent. , Its mineral
 
 to FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 deposits are among the richest in the world. There 
 is gold, silver, copper, in inexhaustible quantities. 
 Its mines have already produced $350,000,000. 
 The Crow's Nest Pass alone contains 36,000,000 
 tons of workable coal, while the mines at Nanaimo 
 have supplied the Pacific Coast with coal for half 
 a century. The whole Okanagan district is gradu- 
 ally being converted into a vast orchard, from the 
 C. P.R. South to the boundary line, a distance of 
 200 miles ; and excellent fruit is being grown in 
 Kootenay, in the neighbourhood of Cranbrook and 
 Nelson. The province will contain the termini of 
 all the great transcontinental railways, and can 
 claim its full share of the incalculable trade of the 
 Orient and the Antipodes. The scenery will attract 
 an ever-increasing army of tourists, while the 
 genial climate is already attracting well-to-do 
 residents from all parts of Canada. Sober sense 
 is baffled by the prodigality of these varied 
 interests. The imagination alone can do justice 
 to the subject. 
 
 Influence of It wou id fa difficult to exaggerate the influence 
 of railways in the development of the country. The 
 railway opens up a vast district in one season and 
 settlers move in by tens of thousands ; and scores of 
 little towns and hundreds of farming communities 
 come into being in one Summer. It is hardly too
 
 THE COUNTRY n 
 
 much to say that the present unity and prosperity 
 of the Dominion has been brought about by the 
 railways. One of the conditions of the Confedera- 
 tion agreement was that the outlying provinces 
 should be joined together by bands of steel. But 
 while the railways have cemented the union between 
 the Lower Provinces and the rest of Canada, they 
 have actually opened up and created the West. 
 
 When Manitoba and British Columbia joined the Development 
 Confederation they also were promised a railway 
 and the C.P.R. was the outcome of that promise. 
 The results have more than justified the courage 
 and wisdom of its builders. It has been the main 
 outlet for the grain of the West, and the main 
 inlet for the immigration of the world. It has 
 given Manitoba a population of half a million and 
 Winnipeg one of nearly 200,000, and given that 
 city and province a prosperity of which all Cana- 
 dians are proud. It has opened up the mainland 
 of British Columbia and made its varied resources 
 accessible to the world. It has opened up the 
 mines of Kootenay and the fruit ranches of Okana- 
 gan. It has created a market on the treeless 
 prairies for the lumber of the Gulf of Georgia. It 
 laid the foundation of the city of Vancouver, and 
 made it the most progressive centre in the whole 
 Dominion. It gave the province a population of 
 350,300, still rapidly increasing-
 
 12 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 In addition to this the C.P.R. has laid the 
 foundation of the two provinces of Saskatchewan 
 and Alberta into which the immigration of the 
 world has been pouring during the last few years. 
 It has built up the cities of Regina with a popula- 
 tion of 15,000, Moose Jaw 14,000, Saskatoon 
 14,000, Lethbridge 10,000, Calgary 50,000, and 
 Edmonton 30,000. The main line of the C. P. R. 
 has been, for a quarter of a century, one of the 
 main thoroughfares for the travel between Europe 
 and the Orient, and for the trade between the 
 East and the West. It has been the main artery 
 through which the life of the Dominion has 
 flowed. And within the last ten years branch 
 lines have been extended in every direction, and 
 the work so successfully inaugurated by the 
 C.P.R. is being taken up by other lines of railway. 
 The Canadian Northern Railway has built a line 
 from Port Arthur to Winnipeg, through the Rainy 
 River and Lake of the Woods districts and across 
 the prairies from Winnipeg to Edmonton. The 
 Grand Trunk Pacific has a splendidly equipped 
 line in operation from Winnipeg to Edmonton, 
 and is rapidly proceeding with the work of construc- 
 tion over the Yellow Head Pass and along the 
 Skeena to Prince Rupert, and innumerable spurs 
 are being pushed out by all these main lines to
 
 THE COUNTRY 13 
 
 open and develop every available district in the 
 West. 
 
 Now the changes wrought by these railways Changes 
 on the face of the country is nothing short of roug 
 magical. Hundreds of towns have come into 
 existence and thousands of farming settlements 
 in what was appropriately called the great Lone 
 Land a few years ago. The population of Canada 
 is now more than seven millions, and hundreds of 
 thousands of people are now to be found where a 
 few years ago there was not an inhabitant. In 
 1908 Canada produced one quarter of the whole 
 amount of grain in the whole British Empire and 
 hundreds of millions of bushels of grain are now 
 being grown. And these prodigious developments 
 are only the beginning of things. 
 
 We are living in an age and in a country of Possibilities, 
 surprises. The beauty and riches of our land are 
 only gradually dawning upon us. New Ontario 
 is a discovery of the last few years. British 
 Columbia, to our fathers, was a sea of mountains. 
 The prairies, even in our memory, were thought 
 to be fit only for buffaloes and roving Indians. 
 The Klondike suddenly burst on our astonished 
 eyes and ears only 12 or 15 years ago. The Sas- 
 katchewan Valley was, to General Butler, the great 
 Lone Land, as late as 1870. Kootenay and
 
 14 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Okanagan appeared in a moment, as a dream 
 when one awaketh. And this era of surprises 
 has not yet come to an end. Hudson Bay is said 
 to be navigable for many months in the year. 
 The Hudson Bay Railway may bring Churchill 
 as near to Liverpool as is Montreal, and as near to 
 Calgary and Edmonton as are Port Arthur and 
 Fort William. Grand Prairie may produce better 
 wheat than Manitoba. No one has succeeded in 
 fixing the Northern limits of fertility. And beyond 
 the area of cultivation may soon appear unsus- 
 pected and unlimited areas of coal beds, oil fields 
 and minerals of every description. Is not this 
 another land of promise ? 
 
 Opportun- The Lesson is not far to seek. Here is the 
 
 ies ' promise of abounding population, wealth and 
 
 power a population to be claimed for God and 
 to be trained for service by His Gospel and His 
 church ; a wealth to be consecrated to the glory 
 of God and the highest uses of man ; and a power 
 to be exerted on behalf of truth and right, of 
 peace and goodwill among the nations of earth. 
 In one word, here is a young nation, strong in the 
 strength and enthusiasm of youth, inspired by the 
 vision of world-wide opportunity, sobered by 
 the sense of grave responsibility, to be dedicated, 
 by prayer, effort, self-denial, and sacrifice, to all
 
 THE COUNTRY 15 
 
 the high purposes of national life, to the divine task 
 of realizing the kingdom of heaven in the world 
 and of proclaiming the Christmas message of glory 
 to God in the highest, peace on earth and good- 
 will to men. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON I. 
 
 AIM To grasp the value of the land of Canada 
 if held by the Church of Christ. 
 
 1. Compare Canada with Europe in extent. 
 
 2. What is the general effect upon character of 
 a climate such as that of Canada ? Illustrate by 
 comparing the nations of northern Europe with 
 those of southern Europe. 
 
 3. Do you think the population ot Canada likely 
 to increase more or less rapidly this century than 
 last ? Why ? 
 
 4. In what way do railways affect the settle- 
 ment of a country? Its unity? Its missionary 
 work? 
 
 5. Which city is most likely to be the metropolis 
 of Canada in 1950? Why?
 
 1 6 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 6. Consider the central position of the Land of 
 Canaan. Can you find one more central to the 
 civilized world in the time of our Lord ? 
 
 7. Why is not Israel living in Canaan now, and 
 influencing the rest of the world from there ? 
 
 8. What is the position of Canada to-day 
 relatively to the rest of the world ? 
 
 9. What do you think must be the Divine pur- 
 pose in giving Canada to those who now live in it ? 
 
 10. If those in Canada now rise to this purpose, 
 what will be the effect upon the country, and upon 
 the rest of the world ? 
 
 N. B. These questions given at the end of each 
 lesson are intended for use chiefly in personal 
 study. They should stimulate thought and in this 
 way help in preparation for a mission study class. 
 They do not necessarily call for any one definite 
 or decisive answer, nor would it be wise to use them, 
 as they stand, in the conduct of a class.
 
 THE PEOPLE 17 
 
 LESSON II. 
 THE PEOPLE WHO AND WHENCE ? 
 
 CANADA is a land of immigrants. . The only 
 original inhabitants of the country are the 
 Eskimos and the Indians. 
 
 The Eskimos are to be found only in the Arctic Aborigines, 
 regions. They number in all about 5,000 and 
 are distributed as follows : 1,200 in the vicinity, 
 of Hudson Straits ; 2,500 on the Eastern and 1 
 Western shores of Hudson Bay ; 1,200 on the 
 shores of the Arctic Ocean, of whom there are 600 
 near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. The 
 Moravian Church and the C. M. S. are the only 
 agencies that have made any serious effort to 
 reach them. The story of Rev. E. J. Peck, at 
 Whale River and Blacklead Island, reads like a 
 romance and can be found in a book which he 
 has written on the subject. Mr. Greenshields, 
 Mr. Bilby and Mr. Fleming are now at work 
 among them. There has been an Eskimo Mission 
 at Churchill since 1884. Bishop Bompas, many 
 years ago, tried to reach them, at the mouth 
 of the Mackenzie , and Rev. [C. E. Whittaker, also 
 Bishop Stringer, more recently, on Herschell Island. 
 
 *Innuit the People.
 
 i8 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 u Indians. j^ p ec ^ h as raised a fund of $10,000 for permanent 
 work among them and this has been supplemented 
 by a grant from M. S. C. C. which has appointed 
 a Committee to study the subject further. 
 
 The first. Canadian explorers found the Indians 
 everywhere in possession of the land. The con- 
 version of these aborigines was one of the chief 
 motives that led the French to colonize the country. 
 The work of the Jesuit Missionaries, whose thiilling 
 and heroic story may be read in Parkman, should 
 be studied by all who desire to obtain a complete 
 view of Canadian Missions. Remnants ot these 
 native races are still to be found in Nova Scotia, 
 New Brunswick and Quebec, where they are cared 
 for chiefly by the Roman Church. In Eastern 
 Ontario they are ministered to by the Church of 
 England, the Methodists and the Presbyterians. 
 They number in all about 110,000, of whom about 
 75,000 are in our Western Canadian field, distribu- 
 ted approximately as follows : 8,000 in Algoma, 
 6,500 in Moosonee, 5,000 in Keewatin, 8,000 in 
 Rupert's Land, 2,000 in Qu'Appelle, 5,000 in 
 Calgary, 1,500 in Kootenay, 9,000 in New West- 
 minster, 3,000 in Columbia, 8,000 in Caledonia, 
 1,000 in Yukon, 5,000 in Mackenzie River, 4,000 
 in Athabasca and 6,500 in Saskatchewan. They 
 are not on the increase, as contact with civilization,
 
 THE PEOPLE 19 
 
 which should have improved their earthly condi- 
 tion, has had a most injurious effect upon them, 
 disease and fire-water having decimated and 
 degraded them. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Missionaries began their R - c - 
 work among them in 1818. The authority, pomp Missions - 
 and ceremonial of the Roman Church are, in some 
 ways, suited to the ignorance and to the child-like 
 and dependent condition of the Indians ; and its 
 agents have not lacked the virtues of the early 
 Jesuits, viz., zeal, self-denial and heroism. It has 
 everywhere shown itself extremely aggressive and 
 has not been slow to take advantage of the weak- 
 ness of non-Roman Missions. In many places it 
 has exercised a restraining and uplifting influence 
 on the Indians, but it has sometimes been content 
 to rely on mere outward rites, leaving its so-called 
 converts as ignorant and degraded as they were 
 in their native condition. 
 
 The Church of England has been represented, c - M - s - 
 in this field, chiefly by the C. M. S., under whose Missions - 
 auspices missions and dioceses have been estab- 
 lished far and wide. That Society has spent vast 
 sums of money in carrying the Gospel to many 
 scattered tribes from Hudson Bay to the Yukon 
 and the names of its devoted Missionaries, Horden, 
 Vincent, Peck, Kirkby, Hunter, Cochran, Cowley,
 
 20 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 MacDonald, Lofthouse, Holmes, McKay Tims' 
 Spendlove, Young, Reeve, Lucas, Canham, 
 Collison, Ridley, McCullagh, Stringer, DuVernet, 
 and above all, Bompas, should be held in ever- 
 lasting remembrance. They covered vast dis- 
 tances, endured untold hardships, effected wonder- 
 ful conversions and did much to pay the debt which 
 the Canadian people owe to the original inhabitants 
 
 Government o f the land- 
 
 For 30 years past the Indian missionaries have 
 enjoyed the active and generous support of the 
 government that made treaties with the Indians 
 and in pursuance of those treaties, gave them 
 reservations of land and spent large sums of money 
 in the support of Boarding and Industrial Schools. 
 But, notwithstanding all the good that has un- 
 questionably been accomplished, the well-meant 
 efforts of the churches and of the government have 
 been but indifferently successful in training the 
 
 Present need. i n( ji a -ri s to a lite of independence and self-reliance. 
 
 The determination of C. M. S. to withdraw from 
 that field and the inability of M. S. C. C. to take 
 it over have led to a crisis that threatens to sacrifice 
 much of the fruits of the labours of the past. 
 What is needed now is a comprehensive plan by 
 which the work can be carried on, in a less ex- 
 pensive way and by which the results already
 
 THE PEOPLE 21 
 
 achieved may, as far as possible, be conserved 
 and the weak and dependent Red Man raised to 
 the status of citizenship in the life of the Dominion. French. 
 
 The French were the first European settlers in 
 Canada and for 150 years disputed with the 
 British the dominion of North America. The 
 founders of Canada were sincerely religious men 
 and women, and the first institutions in the land 
 were religiou , educational and philanthropic 
 churches, convents and hospitals. These institu- 
 tions have ever since marked 'the history and 
 progress, throughout the Dominion, of the French 
 nationality and of the Roman Catholic church. 
 A great missionary lesson is to be found in the 
 fact that in the early settlement of the country 
 the French were strongly influenced by a desire 
 to convert the native races. At the conquest in 
 1759 they were guaranteed by treaty the free 
 use of their language, their laws and their religion. 
 Another gieat missionary lesson is to be found in 
 their unwavering faithfulness to their ideals. 
 From 60,000 they have grown to 1,500,000 in the 
 Province of Quebec, and all the subsequent history 
 of Canada has been stamped by their influence. 
 The fabric of Confederation was reared in conform- 
 ity with their wishes. It was to enable them to 
 be supreme in their own Province that Provincial
 
 22 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Legislatures were established. Education was 
 made a matter of Provincial concern because they 
 had set their hearts on training their own people 
 in the French language and the Roman Catholic 
 faith. To satisfy their aspirations French was 
 made one of the official languages ot the country, 
 and the Province of Quebec was made the unit of 
 representation in the Dominion Parliament. 
 
 The dominant factor in all their life is the 
 Roman Catholic church. That church became the 
 protector of the small remnant at the conquest and 
 nursed them into a powerful and ambitious nation- 
 ality. That church not only nurtured them in the 
 faith of their fathers but moulded their character and 
 aspirations by developing and controlling all their 
 religious and educational institutions. It is under 
 the inspiration and direction of the church that 
 they are quietly gaining possession of all the 
 country parts of Quebec and that they are over- 
 flowing into the Eastern parts of Ontario ; that 
 they have planted French settlements in Manitoba 
 and established separate schools in Saskatchewan 
 and Alberta. The church is keenly alive, at the 
 present juncture, to the importance of the West. 
 She is carefully nurturing her own people, Indian, 
 Half-breed and French, and she is straining every 
 nerve to gather the foreign elements into her fold.
 
 THE PEOPLE 23 
 
 The predominance of the French in Que- 
 bec and the balance of power at Ottawa and 
 by those means, the extension of French and 
 Roman Catholic influence throughout the Domin- 
 ion, such is their policy. Definiteness of aim, 
 unity of action, the astute leadership of the clergy, 
 extraordinary natural increase, such are the means 
 by which that policy is to be carried out. 
 
 In all this we may find many important mission- Protestant 
 ary lessons. There is no question that intelligent 
 and patriotic Canadians should study with greater 
 care and diligence at the present time, than the 
 position, rights and aspirations of the French 
 element in our national life. Under present con- 
 ditions they are bound to have an influence on 
 the future of the country out of all proportion to 
 their wealth and numbers. Efforts have been 
 made to reach them by various Protestant agencies 
 but so far with very slight results. The Baptists 
 have a few French congregations in the Province 
 and a large institution for boys and girls at Grande 
 Ligne. The Presbyterians have done a similar 
 work and established similar Institutions at Pointe 
 Aux Trembles. The Methodists have done less 
 but they also have an educational institution in 
 Montreal. In connection with the Church of 
 England the Sabrevois Mission has done an ex-
 
 24 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 cellent work, but it has been paralyzed for years 
 past by lack of financial support. The only 
 hope of any great change in the religious con- 
 dition by the French Canadians lies in a move- 
 ment from within. When that day comes it is 
 sincerely to be hoped that the movement may 
 not lead the Province of Quebec to follow in 
 the footsteps of France, her motherland, and, 
 in casting off the yoke of the Church of Rome, 
 reject altogether the Bible and Christianity. 
 English. Migration is the result of an impulse that is 
 
 natural, not to say irresistible in the human race. 
 
 The Angles and Saxons obeyed the divine im- 
 pulse and became the backbone of the English 
 people. The love of adventure, the desire to 
 improve their earthly condition, to escape from 
 poverty or oppression and to provide a future for 
 their children led our fathers to lay the foundations 
 U E Loyal- ^ t ^ le British Empire. The United Empire 
 ists. Loyalists may be called the first immigrants to 
 
 Canada, though before their day small streams 
 of settlers had trickled into the Maritime Provinces 
 and Quebec. Many thousands of those sturdy 
 immigrants entered Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 
 
 NOTE : The term English is here used co mean Eng- 
 lish speaking people, whether from the British Isles, or 
 the United States.
 
 THE PEOPLE 25 
 
 and Ontario in 1783, at the close of the American 
 Revolution. For loyalty to king and throne they 
 left all behind them, carved their way into the 
 forests and laid the foundations of many towns 
 and cities that are the glory of our land. Then 
 followed a steady stream of settlers from the old 
 land. What a history theirs has been ! The 
 wrench of separation from home and friends, the 
 long and dreary voyage across the sea, the hard- 
 ships and loneliness of pioneer life, the thrift and 
 industry that were essential to existence, the strong 
 family ties that were cemented, the stern virtues 
 that were engendered, the deep religious life that 
 was created and fostered and the high moral and 
 religious character that was formed, these are the 
 things to which we must look back as we enjoy 
 the religious, educational and benevolent institu- 
 tions which they have handed down to us. 
 
 With the advent of the railway and the opening Later 
 up of the vast and fertile plains and the rich immigration. 
 mining camps of the West a new chapter was open- 
 ed in the history of immigration. Where hun- 
 dreds entered into Manitoba 25 years ago, hun- 
 dreds of thousands are now entering Saskatchewan, 
 Alberta and British Columbia. It may be said, 
 in general terms, that a quarter of a million of 
 people enter the Dominion every year. Across
 
 26 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 the unobstructed prairies railways are being built 
 at the rate of 1,000 miles a year ; and those rail- 
 ways create perhaps 100 little towns and twice as 
 many farming settlements every summer, causing 
 a demand for 100 little churches and 50 clergymen. 
 Here is the centre of our Canadian missionary work 
 to-day. This is the " Jerusalem " at which we 
 are commanded to " begin." Here is the element 
 that is to be the backbone of our nation and our 
 Church. Already great cities have come into 
 existence that are to be the pillars of 
 our national life and hundreds of smaller 
 The Problem towns and villages. The problem that is set us to 
 
 * the solve is to keep these hundreds of thousands of 
 
 Church. . r , . ,. 
 
 people, scattered over impracticable areas, in 
 
 touch with religion and the Church ; to hold up 
 constantly before them the claims of God and of 
 eternity, to save them from utter materialism and 
 ungodliness and to make them moral and religious 
 citizens of the country and loyal and devoted 
 members of the Church. In another lesson this 
 question will be dealt with in greater detail. For 
 the present we need only state that it places before 
 us no less a problem than that of building up a 
 great nation on the foundations of truth and 
 righteousness and, in the bosom of that nation, 
 to build up a great national Church to leaven the
 
 THE PEOPLE 27 
 
 life of the people and to be an agency to assist in 
 the great task of the evangelization of the world. 
 
 FOREIGN ELEMENT 
 
 There are about 75,000 Jews in Canada 45,000 Jews, 
 in Montreal, 20,000 in Toronto, possibly 10,000 in 
 Winnipeg and a considerable number in Ottawa. 
 Their chief characteristics are great intelligence, 
 strong attachment to their faith, careful training 
 of their children and the knack of getting on in the 
 world. They have been greatly aided by the 
 wealthy members of their race. Undei the 
 auspices of the London Society our Church has 
 done a successful work among them in Montreal 
 where efforts are now being made to erect suitable 
 mission buildings. When, however, we remember 
 all we owe to the Jews and the great part they may 
 yet be destined to play in the religious history of 
 the world, we ought to be far more earnest in prayer 
 and in effort to lead them to the Saviour whom 
 once they rejected and crucified. 
 
 The Germans are mostly farmers and number Germans - 
 about 75,000. They come mainly from the States 
 and are of the best class of immigrants. The 
 majority are Lutherans though a large number are 
 Roman Catholics.
 
 28 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Italians. 
 
 Scandinav- 
 ians 
 
 There are about 60,000 Italians in Canada 
 12,000 in Montreal, 9,000 in Toronto, and 2,000 
 in Winnipeg. Great numbers aie employed in 
 railway construction and in day labour in our 
 cities. Sixty per cent, are illiterate, but the chil- 
 dren are quick and ambitious. They are nominally 
 Roman Catholics ; but the vast majority are 
 totally indifferent to religion. They are very re- 
 sponsive to efforts made for their intellectual and 
 spiritual good. 
 
 These are, from every point of view, most de- 
 sirable settlers. They are intelligent, moral, pro- 
 gressive and are easily assimilated. There are 
 about 60,000 of them scattered from Fort William 
 to the Pacific Coast. There are 25,000 Swedes, 
 15,000 Norwegians, 10,000 Finns and 5,000 Danes. 
 There are 1,200 at Fort William, 3,000 in Winnipeg, 
 20,000 in Alberta and a goodly number in British 
 Columbia. They are, for the greater part, Luther- 
 ans, though some are Baptists and some Method- 
 ists. The Canadian Baptists have done an ex- 
 tensive work among them, having 15 churches 
 in various parts of the country. They are ex- 
 tremely self-reliant and give liberally for the 
 support of their clergy and for missions. Akin 
 to . the Scandinavians and in the same territory 
 are about 20,000 Icelanders-
 
 THE PEOPLE 29 
 
 These strange settlers came in 1898 and 1899 Doukllobor8 * 
 from Russia under the distinguished patronage of 
 Count Tolstoi and Prince Kropotkin, and were 
 assisted by the Society of Friends. They number 
 about 10,000 and are established in 3 colonies, 
 near Swan River, Yorkton and Rosthern, in 
 Saskatchewan. They live in villages of from 
 150 to 200 souls. They have no schools and nine- 
 tenths of them are illiterate. Like the Quakers 
 they have no priests, no churches and no regular 
 services. They believe only a few elementary 
 dogmas, but to these they cling with the tenacity 
 of fanatics. Peter Verigin is their religious leader 
 and to him they pay reverential homage. The 
 principle of Communism prevails among them and 
 they are resolutely opposed to war. They have 
 become very prosperous because they are sober, 
 thrifty and industrious. To cure them of their 
 vagaries they stand in need of education and of a 
 freer commingling with the other inhabitants of the 
 land 
 
 The Mormons number from 15,000 to 20,000 in Mormons - 
 Canada and are to be found mainly in Southern 
 Alberta. From a worldly point of view they are 
 good settlers, being thrifty and industrious. Buc, 
 as polygamy is an essential part of their system ; 
 as that system is essentially a missionary system ; as
 
 30 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 just as in the case of the Moslems, every member of 
 the sect is a missionary ; and, as they have a com- 
 plete organization involving, as it does, complete 
 submission to its spiritual leaders, the presence 
 of so many of these Latter Day Saints in our midst 
 involves issues to which our rulers and people 
 should not close their eyes. The door is practically 
 closed to missionary work among them. 
 
 Galicians. The Lithuanians, Ruthenians, Bukowini- 
 
 ans, Hungarians, Roumanians may be placed 
 under the general heading of Galicians. They 
 come from South Eastern Europe and num- 
 ber over 200,000. They are among the lowest 
 class of immigrants. The majority are Roman 
 Catholics though many belong to the Greek 
 Church and they have been greatly neglected 
 by their own clergy. The Presbyterians have done 
 a large work among them chiefly through schools, 
 hospitals and the training of their priests at 
 Manitoba College, Winnipeg. They have given 
 them liberal financial aid, but have allowed them 
 to retain their old rites, ceremonies and beliefs ; 
 and the results have amply justified the experiment. 
 Here is a people to whom the Church of England 
 might have appealed with great force owing to her 
 history, her ministry and her liturgy ; but, strange 
 to say, we have attempted nothing in that field.
 
 THE PEOPLE 31 
 
 The Chinese were originally brought in to aid Orientals : 
 in the construction of the railways. They now ese ' 
 number 20,000. They have a China Town and a 
 Joss -House in Victoria and Vancouver, and they 
 may be seen in all our Eastern cities. They are 
 chiefly laundrymen and domestic servants. In 
 religion they are heathen, though they might more 
 properly be called materialists. Their desire to 
 learn the English language, even if only for their 
 own temporal advantage, has opened a wide door 
 of opportunity among them. Their resolve to 
 return to their own country, soon or late, should 
 make them useful missionaries. Bible and Sunday 
 School Classes have been successfully conducted 
 among them in most of our cities. In Victoria 
 and Vancouver evening classes and Sunday 
 services have been held, but always in an inade- 
 quate way. The overwhelming population of 
 China, straining to find an outlet into less populous 
 countries, has given just alarm to the people of 
 British Columbia and led the Canadian Govern- 
 ment to impose a tax of $500 on every Chinaman 
 entering the country. 
 
 The Japanese have caused the same anxiety to ii Japanese, 
 the people of the West ; but owing to an under- 
 standing arrived at with the Japanese government 
 they are not likely materially to increase. They
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 iii Hindus. 
 
 Kindred 
 element. 
 
 Foreign 
 
 element. 
 
 now number about 10,000. A successful work 
 is being carried on among them by the Church in 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Within the last two or three years 5,000 Hindus, 
 for the greater part Sikhs from the Punjab, have 
 entered British Columbia. Owing to their pre- 
 vious training and to their ideas of caste they are 
 not well adapted to life in this country. The 
 presence in our midst of these Orientals raises many 
 moral and economic questions of the most im- 
 portant character ; but the fact that they are 
 heathen brings very near to us the duty of giving 
 them the knowledge of the gospel of Christ. 
 
 It thus appears that the two large and stable 
 elements in our national life, the English and the 
 French, as having lived long in the land, created 
 its institutions, made its history and as being, in 
 the highest degree, loyal to its best traditions and 
 ideals, which are symbolized by the British flag, 
 are the leaven on which we must rely to leaven the 
 whole lump. The admission of kindred elements 
 from the motherland and the United States im- 
 poses on us the weighty and important duty of 
 providing for their moral and spiritual welfare, 
 during their first few years of struggle. 
 
 But the admission, from the Orient and Con- 
 tinental Europe, of hundreds of thousands of im-
 
 THE PEOPLE 33 
 
 migrants, of foreign race and speech, who are 
 mostly illiterate, who are unused to the working 
 of the institutions of a free country and who owe 
 no allegiance save to their own selfish interests, 
 introduces elements that may have a most injurious 
 effect on the whole future of our country. It is 
 infinitely more important that we should develop 
 safely than rapidly. Our most important asset is 
 our population. Hence the paramount import- 
 ance of bringing to bear on all those foreign ele- 
 ments the best educational, moral and religious 
 influences that can be brought to bear upon them. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON II. 
 
 AIM : To understand the composite nature of 
 the Canadian nation and the importance of making 
 it thoroughly Christian. 
 
 1. Classify the various peoples in Canada under 
 the following headings : (a) Original inhabitants ; 
 (6) National stock ; (c) Foreign importations. 
 
 2. Which of them may rightly be classed as 
 " heathen " ? 
 
 3. To which of these various elements in the 
 Canadian nation do we owe no debt of service ?
 
 34 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 4. Which of them are we neglecting, wholly ? 
 or partly ? 
 
 5. Sum up the arguments for concentrating all 
 attention on the English speaking settlers. 
 
 6. Show the result of our general neglect of the 
 French Canadians. 
 
 7. In what respects do you consider the policy 
 of the Roman Catholics in Canada to be commend- 
 able, or the reverse ? 
 
 8. To which of these many peoples has our own 
 Church a special power of appeal ? Why ? 

 
 THE INHERITANCE 35 
 
 LESSON III. 
 A RICH INHERITANCE. 
 
 Let us now consider the immense value of our 
 spiritual inheritance, and learn something regard- 
 ing those great societies and agencies by whose 
 help our Church has been securely planted in this 
 land. 
 
 First in importance stands the Society for the S ' p>G- 
 Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, famili- 
 arly known as S.P.G. Its general work has been 
 appropriately called the spiritual expansion of 
 the Empire ; its work among us may with equal 
 fitness be called the spiritual expansion of the 
 Dominion. Incorporated by Royal Charter in * Origin. 
 1701, it has had 210 years of beneficent activity 
 for the Church and the nation. It came into being 
 in response to a call from the colonies or planta- 
 tions, where the foundations of the British Empire 
 were being laid. Means of communication were 
 then very poor, and means of helping very small. 
 It took many weeks, sometimes even months, to 
 cross the Atlantic ; and the income of the Society,
 
 36 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 during the first century of its existence, never 
 exceeded $30,000 per annum. As a result the 
 spiritual destitution that existed among the 
 ii Object. settlers was almost past belief. The object of 
 the Society was to supply, as far as possible, 
 this appalling need, as expressed in its charter, 
 " to give religious instruction to the King's sub- 
 jects beyond the seas, both Christian and heathen." 
 Some idea of the magnitude of the Society's 
 operations may be formed from the statement 
 that it has done, and is now carrying on, work in 
 Newfoundland, in the West Indies, in Central and 
 South America, in Africa, in Australia, in India, 
 in New Zealand, in China, and in Japan. Its 
 work may fairly be called the religious expan- 
 sion of the Empire, and it has fully lived up to its 
 title, " The Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel in Foreign Parts." 
 
 Hi In Ameri- its first field of operations was naturally 
 ca * the land now known as the United States. 
 
 At the first General Convention of the newly- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, held under 
 its Bishops in 1785, a grateful tribute was sent 
 to S. P. G. This tribute was repeated at subse- 
 quent general conventions, and formed a per- 
 manent place in the Preface to the American 
 Prayer Book. The American Church now num-
 
 THE INHERITANCE 37 
 
 bers about 90 bishops and 5,000 clergymen, 
 whose position " is largely due, under God, to 
 the long-continued nursing care and protection 
 of the venerable Society." 
 
 What S.P.G. did for the colonies and planta- iv In Canada. 
 tions in the United States, it did, in still larger 
 measure, for the Dominion of Canada. In 1727 
 Rev. Richard Watts, chaplain to the forces i n Maritime 
 Annapolis Royal, obtained from the Society "an ' 
 allowance for teaching the poor children there." 
 He was then the only clergyman within the bounds 
 of the Dominion. In 1749 the Commissioners 
 of Trade and Plantations settled an English 
 colony of 4,000 discharged soldiers, in six town- 
 ships, setting apart in each a lot for a church, 
 with 400 acres of land for a minister, and 200 for a 
 schoolmaster. To this colony the Society ap- 
 pointed six clergymen and six schoolmasters. 
 Rev. William Tutty settled in Halifax and built 
 St. Paul's Church ; Rev. T. Wood at Annapolis ; 
 Rev. W. Ellis at Windsor, and Rev. J. B. Moreau 
 with the French and Germans at Lunenburg. 
 In 1783, 30,000 Royalist refugees from the United 
 States settled in the Maritime Provinces, of whom 
 a large number went to Nova Scotia. They 
 were for the most part Churchmen, and were 
 accompanied by their clergy. It is perhaps not
 
 3 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 too much to say that their loyalty, which led to 
 their migration, was largely the work of S. P. G. , 
 as the Society has always been a bond of union 
 and the foster parent of loyalty, in all parts of 
 the Empire. Among these emigrant clergy was 
 Rev. Charles Inglis, who had been Rector of Holy 
 Trinity, New York, and who was consecrated in 1 787 
 first Bishop of Nova Scotia, and first Colonial Bishop . 
 To this Diocese the Society has contributed large 
 sums of money, $150,000 to King's College, 
 Windsor, in endowments and exhibitions ; $200,- 
 ooo in endowment grants and annual payments 
 towards the support of the bishops ; and it has 
 supported in all 266 clergymen. The first clergy- 
 man of the Church who appeared in New Bruns- 
 wick in 1769 was a missionary of the Society. 
 The clergy who came with the loyalists in 1783 
 were maintained by the Society, which has sup- 
 ported in all 228 clergymen in this Diocese. 
 Quebec. j n Q ue bec, an itinerant missionary of the Society 
 
 from New Jersey accompanied the forces under 
 General Wolfe. Dr. John Ogilvie subsequently 
 came as chaplain to the British troops and their 
 Mohawk allies, and Rev. John Doty, who came 
 with the loyalists to the mouth of the Richelieu, 
 bought for 15 guineas one of the best houses in 
 Sorel and converted it into the first church built
 
 THE INHERITANCE 39 
 
 in Canada proper. In 1789 Bishop Inglis visited 
 this Province and placed the first clergymen at 
 Quebec and Montreal. The Society has sup- 
 ported 315 clergymen in this Province. 
 
 In 1793 there were only six clergymen in Quebec ; 
 in Ontario there were only four in 1803. In 1839 Ontario and 
 the Society contributed to the endowment of the 
 See of Toronto, and when Trinity College was 
 established in 1852 it received a grant of $15,000 
 and seven acres of land from the Society. A 
 similar work was done in all the Dioceses of 
 Ontario, in which the Society has supported 390 
 clergymen. In the Province of Rupert's Land, 
 where the progress has been extremely rapid, 
 the aid of the Society has been correspondingly 
 great. It contributed to the endowment of St. 
 John's College, Winnipeg ; it provided stipends 
 for the Bishops of Saskatchewan and Qu'Appelle, 
 until sufficient endowments were raised ; quite 
 recently it expended $100,000 through its Western 
 Canada Fund, and it is actively co-operating in 
 the work of the Archbishops' Western Canada 
 Committee, which has promised $100,000 to the 
 Boyd Scheme in Calgary, and a large though 
 smaller sum to the Railway mission in Qu'Appelle. 
 British Columbia has been the object of its special 
 care, and to the Dioceses of Columbia, New
 
 Westminster, Caledonia, and Kootenay, it has 
 made generous grants for work among the Indians, 
 the Chinese, and the settlers. 
 
 This cursory review of the Society's work in Can- 
 ada may be summed up in the statement that 
 it supported about 1,600 ordained missionaries, 
 who have ministered to various races speaking 
 sixteen languages ; and it has contributed in 
 all about $10,000,000. 
 
 It should perhaps be added, though it seems 
 ungracious to do so, that the very generosity of 
 the Society has had a tendency to weaken in many 
 of our parishes and dioceses the feeling of indepen- 
 dence and the sense of self-support. Care is 
 being taken that the same mistake be not re- 
 peated in the West ; that even the weakest com- 
 munities should, even from their inception, do 
 what they can to provide for themselves the 
 ministrations of the Church. 
 
 Character of fh e . P. G. is a voluntary Missionary Society. 
 
 Societies. j t & ^ s J Q ^ f orma ti O n of Dioceses and votes 
 block grants to be distributed at the discretion 
 of the Diocesan authorities, and it seeks 
 always to act through the Bishops. By force 
 of circumstances, however, its money and its 
 men are chiefly obtained from one section of the 
 Church, and its policy, in the last resort, is deter-
 
 THE INHERITANCE 41 
 
 mined by its subscribers. The Church Missionary C.M.S. 
 Society, on the other hand, though like S. P. G., 
 a purely voluntary society, frankly claims to be 
 an evangelical organization. It supports only 
 men of its own choosing or men who are in sym- 
 pathy with its principles, and has rules for the 
 conduct of its work, wherever that work may be 
 carried on. This, it is evident, must tend to 
 give unity and effectiveness to its operations. 
 It came into existence in 1799 in the Castle and i Origin. 
 Falcon Hotel, London, in the presence of only 
 1 6 clergymen and 9 laymen. Only six weeks 
 after its birth was its name chosen " The Society 
 for Missions in Africa and the East," and only 
 13 years after was the word " Church " added. 
 
 Its first field, as its name suggested, was the ii Develop- 
 blood-stained coast of Africa ; but it was not un- m 
 mindful of other fields. Gradually the whole heath- 
 en world has come within the scope of its operations. 
 It has carried on all sorts of missionary work 
 educational and medical as well as evangelistic 
 and in many of these it has led the way. Its 
 first two years produced an income of only $4,500; 
 its annual income is now over $2,000,000. A hun- 
 dred years ago no Bishop would have ordained 
 a missionary for the Foreign Field ; now they 
 count it an honour to do so. After five years of
 
 42 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 prayer and effort the Society had only two mission- 
 aries in the field, and, on its tenth anniversary, 
 though it had sent out five, it had only three on 
 its roll ; now, after more than 100 years, it has 
 sent out between 2,000 and 3,000. 
 
 iii Canada. As the object of the C. M. S. is to preach the 
 Gospel to the heathen, its work in Canada has 
 been restricted to the Indian and Eskimo popula- 
 tion ; but in that field that work has been truly re- 
 markable, both for its success and for the hard con- 
 ditions under which it has been carried on. Its first 
 sphere of labour was the Red River Settlement, 
 which occupied the site of the present city of 
 Winnipeg. Early in the igth century Lord 
 Selkirk, one of the magnates of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, sent out a few hundred people from 
 Scotland to take up land on the banks of the 
 Red River. Their hardships and privations, 
 their courage and eventual success, place them 
 among the heroes in the annals of pioneering. 
 To meet their spiritual needs and to reach out 
 to the neighbouring tribes of Indians, the Hudson's 
 Bay Company and the C. M. S. combined to 
 
 iv Rev. John send out a missionary, and for this purpose Rev. 
 
 West. John West was chosen in 1820. His evangelistic 
 
 and educational work anticipated by half a cen- 
 tury the splendid work done by the Cathedral
 
 THE INHERITANCE 43 
 
 and the School and College of St. John's, Winnipeg. 
 From the Red River the work gradually spread 
 to the Saskatchewan, the Peace, the Athabasca, 
 the Mackenzie, and the Yukon. On the shores 
 of Hudson Bay and in the northern part of British 
 Columbia, by means of industrial missions, the 
 Indians were civilized as well as Christianized 
 in one generation. The tribes among whom 
 these wonders were wrought are the Tukudh in 
 the basin of the Yukon, the Tinnes and Chipe- 
 wyans in that of the Mackenzie, the Crees and 
 Ojibways south of the Churchill, the Blackfeet, 
 Peigans, Bloods, Sarcees, and Assiniboines in 
 the Southern plains, the Tsimsheans and Haidahs 
 on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 Among the men by whose agency these wonders v Bp. Horden 
 were wrought we may mention one or two. Bishop 
 Horden evangelized the Indians living on the 
 shores of Hudson Bay. His journeys and labours 
 there form a story of surpassing interest, and his 
 translational labours will be held in lasting re- 
 membrance. He began the translation of the 
 Bible into the Cree language, and adopted the 
 Syllabic System for use in his Diocese, so that the 
 Indians were early given the Word of God in their 
 own tongue. Bishop Bompas, the " Apostle of 
 the North," laboured for forty years in remote
 
 44 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 vi Bps. Bom- regions. His diocese was divided more than once, 
 pas and Rid- jj e always taking the more remote part. Bishop 
 Ridley, after heroic labours in British Columbia, 
 has but lately entered into his rest. 
 
 But time would fail to tell of the missionary 
 vii Heroes. 
 
 heroes of the North, some of whom are still labour- 
 ing amid unspeakable loneliness, cold, privation, 
 and hardship. They had to travel thousands 
 of miles on snowshoes, in dog sleds, or in canoes, 
 amid biting frosts in the winter and devouring 
 mosquitoes in the summer. Around their names 
 and stations may be woven a story of toil and 
 trial, of progress and success that would suffice to 
 vindicate the missionary and his work to any 
 unprejudiced mind. 
 
 Amid all the good that has unquestionably been 
 done both by the government of Canada and the 
 C. M. S. , it must be acknowledged that neither from 
 the standpoint of civilization nor of Christianity is 
 the condition of the Indians satisfactory. Much 
 still remains to be done for them. With all its 
 imperfections, however, the work of the Govern- 
 ment and of the C-M.S. represents the best that 
 has been done to civilize and Christianize the 
 Indians ; to compensate them for the splendid 
 inheritance of which they have been dispossessed, 
 and especially to atone for the wrongs inflicted
 
 THE INHERITANCE 45 
 
 upon them by the vices and aggressions of the 
 unscrupulous representatives of our civilization 
 and our Christianity. 
 
 The Colonial and Continental Church Society c. & C.C.S. 
 has helped to do for the whites what the C.M.S. 
 has done for the Indians. Its original name, 
 the Colonial Church and School Society, suffi- 
 ciently indicates its purpose, to support churches 
 and schools among struggling communities. Its 
 work, which began in Newfoundland, has extended 
 across the Dominion. For many years it sup- i Early work, 
 ported a missionary in the isolated and laborious 
 field of the Magdalen Islands. It supported 
 schools among the small English communities 
 scattered over the Province of Quebec, and it 
 gave valuable assistance to the effort, through the 
 Sabrevois Mission, to present the claims of the 
 Reformed Church of England to our French 
 fellow citizens, in their own tongue. Rev. H. 
 Pataquahong Chase, hereditary chief of the 
 Ojibway Indians, was one of its representatives 
 in Ontario. It assisted lonely missionaries in 
 Algoma and throughout the North West. In the 
 mining camps of Kootenay and Klondyke it was 
 well represented ; as also in the fishing stations 
 of the Gulf of Georgia.
 
 46 FROM SEA', TO SEA 
 
 ii Saskatche- But its most outstanding mission has been 
 wan< in the Diocese of Saskatchewan, and its most 
 
 outstanding missionary has been Archdeacon, 
 now Principal, Lloyd. Its work in that field 
 will rank, in days to come, as one of the most 
 striking ventures of faith in the mission field. 
 It followed the British colonists, in 1903, with its 
 ministrations, from Liverpool to Battleford, and 
 its chaplain, Rev. George Exton Lloyd, became 
 the Joshua of the colony, whose name has been 
 indissolubly linked with its fortunes, in the flourish- 
 ing town of Lloydminster. It made itself respon- 
 sible for the scheme of Catechists known as the 
 Saskatchewan plan, and it has the honour of 
 having sent out sixty missionaries in one ship, 
 and of having built sixty little churches, facetiously 
 called " Canterbury Cathedrals," and sixty small 
 parsonages similarly known as" Lambeth Palaces," 
 in one summer. As long as the Canadian Church 
 can produce such missionary agents as Principal 
 Lloyd and the Church at home such missionary 
 secretaries as Rev. J. D. Mullins, we may cherish 
 the highest hopes for the future of the Church in 
 the Dominion. 
 
 S.P.C.K. The Society for Promoting Christian Know- 
 
 ledge has been a helper of unspeakable value in 
 all our missionary work, from the Atlantic to the
 
 THE INHERITANCE 47 
 
 Pacific. It is scarcely possible to open a Prayer 
 Book on any reading desk or a Bible on any 
 lectern in any of our churches that does not bear 
 the imprimatur of the S.P.C.K. ; and the churches 
 are to be numbered by the hundred throughout 
 the land that have paid off the last instalment 
 of their building obligations by a grant from 
 that Society, ranging from $100 to $500. It has 
 assisted freely in the endowment of bishoprics 
 and in the provision of scholarships, in our Theo- 
 logical Colleges. At the present time it is pro- Immigration 
 viding the stipends of two chaplains stationed Chaplains. 
 respectively at Halifax and St. John in the winter 
 time, and in Quebec in the summer, to meet the 
 immigrants on their arrival and to put those 
 who belong to the Church in touch with the clergy 
 throughout the Dominion ; and it provides in 
 the course of the year scores of clergymen to 
 accompany the immigrants across the Atlantic 
 and minister to them in holy things. Its object, 
 however, as its name indicates, is chiefly educa- 
 tional. It assists in the training of teachers for 
 the schools of the Church at home and of lay- 
 workers of every description ; and in the pro- 
 vision of hospitals and medical supplies for the 
 work of the Church abroad. It has an immense 
 publishing establishment from which issue books,
 
 4& FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 pamphlets, tracts, cards and pictures for the 
 Church at home and abroad. In a fire that 
 occurred in its premises about a year ago over 
 $150,000 of stock was damaged by fire and water. 
 It prints Prayer Books and other publications in 
 various languages and distributes them among 
 soldiers, sailors, prisoners, fishermen, coolies, 
 fallen women, the blind, lunatics, and other classes 
 of people too numerous to mention. It is even 
 now engaged in considering a very large plan to 
 publish a paper for Sunday Schools throughout the 
 Empire. Its efforts have been of incalculable value 
 in building up the Church and in binding the race 
 together throughout the world. Founded in 1698, 
 it is the oldest and most widely useful of all our 
 Church societies. 
 
 Bible Society. The S. P. C. K. is the oldest Bible Society in 
 existence. It does not, however, take the place 
 of the Bible Society, properly so called. The 
 British and Foreign Bible Society was established 
 about a century ago for the sole purpose of circulat- 
 ing the Bible without note or comment. It has 
 printed the whole Bible, the New Testament, and 
 portions of scripture in almost all the known lan- 
 guages, and employs colporteurs to disseminate the 
 oracles of God in almost every country under the 
 sun. It has been the helpmeet of all the missionary
 
 THE INHERITANCE 49 
 
 societies, and has borne the cost of publishing the Handmaid of 
 
 Holy Scriptures in whole or in part for missionaries ^ Ml881on * 
 ... . . TM i. j a*? Societies, 
 
 of all religious communions. Though an undenomi- 
 national society, it is governed and supported, in 
 large measure, by Churchmen. It supplies the 
 Word of God, in their own language, to the ancient 
 Coptic, Ethiopian, Syrian, Armenian and Slavonic 
 churches. The S. P. G. is indebted to it for 
 translations of part or all of the Bible in sixty 
 languages and dialects ; and the C. M. S. for tran- 
 slations in over ninety ; the Universities Mission, 
 in like manner, has had recourse to its aid for the 
 publication of the Scriptures in the Swahili tongue. 
 Its version list contains the whole Bible in 107 
 different languages ; the New Testament in 102 
 more ; and portions in 223 more ; it has provided 
 versions of at least some portion of the Bible in 432 
 distinct forms of speech ; and including the 
 versions of other societies, the Gospel of Christ 
 has found its way into 530 of the world's tongues. 
 It has greatly aided the Canadian Church by 
 printing the Scriptures in the Cree and other 
 Indian languages, in the translations prepared 
 by Archdeacon Mackay and others. And it 
 meets the varied races that are pouring into 
 the North West, at the present time, by cir- 
 culating the Scriptures among them in 60 different
 
 50 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 languages. Its services to Christianity through- 
 out the world have been incalculable. Its office 
 as a unifying influence throughout the English 
 speaking race has been beyond all price. 
 Religious What the Bible Society has done for the Word 
 
 Tract Society. of God> the Religious Tract Society has done 
 for an orthodox and elevating Christian literature. 
 Its governing body is composed, in large part, of 
 Churchmen, as is also its list of supporters ; and 
 it has always had clergymen of our Church in 
 the number of its secretaries. In view of the 
 widespread dissemination of agnostic, anti-Chris- 
 tian and immoral literature, it has rendered, and 
 is rendering invaluable service to Christianity 
 and to the world. 
 
 London Jews' Among the multitudes of immigrants who are 
 Society. pouring into our country there are thousands of 
 Jews who, with the commercial instinct of their 
 race, are settling in our large cities ; and it is not 
 to be doubted that, with the commercial aptitudes 
 of their race, they are bound to wield great in- 
 fluence in the future. The Church of Christ has 
 a special call to present to them the Messiah who 
 was to come, the seed of the woman, the seed of 
 Abraham, the fulfiller of all their own sacred 
 writings. Many of our churches have contributed 
 their Good Friday offerings to the London Society
 
 THE INHERITANCE 51 
 
 for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews. That 
 Society has had a long and varied experience in 
 that most difficult field of labour. It began a 
 work in Montreal which has grown to considerable 
 importance. Its experience, its missionaries and 
 its funds would no doubt be at our disposal should 
 it be found desirable, at any time, to establish a 
 Jewish Mission in Toronto, Ottawa, or Winnipeg. 
 
 The men who founded and built up these great Helpful 
 Societies are among the noblest and the best in exam pl e - 
 our Church and Empire. They were true Chris- 
 tians, true Churchmen, true statesmen, wise 
 master builders. Their work has told profoundly 
 on the destinies of our Church, our Christianity, our 
 Empire, our race. In continuing the work they 
 so nobly began we can not do better than imbibe 
 their spirit and be inspired by their example. 
 Above all, we should draw from the same foun- 
 tains of truth and life. We should fear and 
 honour the God and Father of us all ; love and 
 seek to glorify the same Lord and Saviour ; claim 
 the guidance and blessing of the same Holy Spirit ; 
 love as they did the souls for whom Christ died ; 
 spend freely, as they did, time, treasure, and life 
 itself for the extension of the kingdom of God and 
 the salvation and highest welfare of the sons of 
 men. Their hands have laid the foundations of
 
 52 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 this house ; but we shall have the honour of 
 bringing forth the headstone" with shoutings. Grace, 
 grace be unto it. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON III. 
 
 AIM To value what has been received, and 
 learn to give as freely. 
 
 1. How has it come about that Canada, as a 
 whole, is to be reckoned among Christian, and not 
 among Pagan lands to-day ? 
 
 2. The land we call Canada now was largely 
 Pagan a century ago. What would it be now if 
 nobody in England had " believed in foreign mis- 
 sions " ? 
 
 3. How was this idea of missions to the heathen 
 developed in the S. P. G. ? 
 
 4. What light is cast on the duty of eastern 
 Churchmen to the West by the action of the 
 S. P. G- in the last two centuries ? 
 
 5. In view of C M. S. work for Canadian In- 
 dians, what is the duty laid now upon the Church
 
 THE INHERITANCE. 53 
 
 in Canada towards them and towards the heathen 
 beyond ? 
 
 6. Is it right that an infant should be supported 
 by its parents ? A lad ? A youth ? A full- 
 grown man ? 
 
 7. If a man has received support and help from 
 home until full grown, how should he show his 
 sense of obligation ? 
 
 8. How should Canadian Churchmen endeavour 
 to follow the example of those who helped Canada 
 years ago ? 
 
 9. In what way may the gifts of the Church in 
 England have possibly been too lavish ? Where 
 are they still needed ? 
 
 10. As Canada becomes settled, should there be 
 more or less dependence for financial aid on the 
 mother country ? 
 
 11. To which of the societies mentioned in this 
 lesson is it fair and right that Canadian contribu- 
 tions should be given ?
 
 54 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY AND ITS 
 AUXILIARIES. 
 
 A missionary There is all the difference in the world between 
 
 Force. a Missionary Field and a Missionary Force. When 
 
 i In a parish. ,: , . , . , , , . . . 
 
 any new distnct begins to be settled it is, from 
 
 the nature of the case, a missionary field. The 
 settlers are few, scattered, and generally poor. 
 They cannot combine to call a clergyman, and 
 they are unequal to the task of providing his 
 stipend. As in the early days, " how can they 
 hear without a preacher and how can they preach 
 except they be sent ? " The missionary must be 
 sent by some extraneous authority and supported 
 from some extraneous source. But gradually the 
 people grow in numbers, in wealth, in liberality, 
 in esprit de corps, in self-respect ; they assume 
 more and more of the burdens of self-support, 
 until they are strong enough to bear them unaided. 
 When, however, they have reached that point they 
 cannot stand by and see neighbouring communi-
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 55 
 
 ties in the position in which they themselves 
 were a few years before without doing something 
 to help them, they at once become a missionary 
 force. From needing help themselves they lend 
 a helping hand to others. That is the history of 
 nearly all the self-supporting parishes in the 
 Church to-day. 
 
 Now what is true of parishes is equally true " I Q a D ">- 
 of dioceses. When a diocese is formed the strong cese< 
 congregations combine to help the weak ones. 
 Appeals are made in all the churches ; collections 
 are taken up ; a mission fund is formed and is 
 distributed by the Bishop and his executive 
 committee, according to the needs of the various 
 missions. Generally, at the outset, the indepen- 
 dent parishes are few and the mission stations 
 many ; the Diocesan Mission Fund does not 
 suffice to meet the needs of the poorer districts. 
 Help must be sought from outside, from S.P.G. , 
 or from some neighbouring diocese. But as the 
 communities grow in numbers and in wealth, they 
 pass one by one from missions into rectories, and 
 the rectories at once begin to help the remaining 
 missions. This process of development gradually 
 transforms the Diocese from a missionary field 
 into a missionary force. For no sooner does the 
 diocese become self-supporting than it proceeds
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 to help its weaker neighbours. For those reasons 
 the Eastern Dioceses are called independent, and 
 the Western Dioceses constitute our Canadian 
 Mission Field. . It has, however, to be borne in 
 mind that even the independent Dioceses are 
 hampered by the existence of many missions 
 within their bounds, and that naturally and 
 rightly those missions have a first claim on their 
 sympathy and help. 
 
 A slow pro- It is evident that the process above described 
 cess - is usually a slow one. The growth of communities 
 
 is slow ; as is also the growth of public spirit. 
 Nor are communities always as sensitive as indivi- 
 duals in questions of honour and independence ; 
 they often cling to mission grants when they no 
 longer need them ; they sometimes even look 
 upon their claims as vested rights. But even 
 when that is not the case the local needs are many 
 and pressing. Outside help is a welcome relief 
 even when it is not an absolute necessity. So it 
 has come to pass that all the Eastern Dioceses 
 received help for many years from S.P G., 
 some for nearly a century ; and that, within the 
 Dioceses, some parishes have been known to 
 have received outside help for over 80 years, 
 and to have consumed, in this way, between 
 $30,000 and $40,000 of missionary money. It
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 57 
 
 would almost seem as if some had lost the will, 
 if they ever had the power, to help themselves. 
 This is one of the dangers to be guarded against 
 in the administration of missionary funds. 
 
 The Diocese of Nova Scotia was formed in Beginnings. 
 1787 ; Quebec in 1793; Toronto in 1839; Frederic- 
 ton in 1845; Montreal in 1850; Huron in 1857; 
 and Ontario in 1862. During all those years the 
 Church was gradually perfecting its organization 
 and its equipment. Churches, parish rooms, 
 rectories, and See houses were being built ; ves- 
 tries and synods, diocesan and provincial, were 
 being formed ; new missions were being opened 
 and appeals made and funds created for their 
 support. But practically nothing was done for 
 general missionary work save only occasional 
 contributions to S.P.G. , the Jews' Society and 
 kindred objects. The formation of the Synod 
 of the Ecclesiastical Province of Canada in 1861 
 brought all the Eastern Dioceses into co-opera- 
 tion, both for counsel and for practical action. 
 As a result the Diocese of Algoma was formed in Algoma. 
 1873, and was adopted as the missionary field of 
 the Province of Canada ; appeals were systemati- 
 cally made and contributions taken up for the 
 support of the new diocese. It was soon found, 
 however, that printed appeals were largely un-
 
 58 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 fruitful, and that the Bishop of Algoma could 
 not carry this message through the Church in 
 person without neglecting the work of his Diocese. 
 D. & F.M.S. To remedy this jtate of things a Missionary Society 
 was formed in 1883, modelled on and named after 
 a similar organization in the Church in the United 
 States, and Rev. C. H. Mockridge, D.D., became 
 its first general secretary. The Canadian Church 
 Magazine became its organ, and the Domestic and 
 Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of 
 England in Canada gradually accustomed Church- 
 men to regular appeals and contributions for 
 outside objects and to a definite missionary 
 responribility. The way, however, like that of 
 all pioneers, was not an easy one to travel; yet 
 steady perseverance was rewarded by slow but 
 
 Foreign substantial progress. The adoption of a restricted 
 Missions . . r r . . 
 
 begun. missionary field by the Canadian Church inevi- 
 
 tably suggested the field, as described by the 
 Lord, which is the woild, and the eyes and hearts 
 of many began to turn toward the heathen. In 
 1890 Rev. J. G. Waller was sent out to Japan as 
 the first missionary of the Board of the D. and 
 F.M.S. ; he was followed by Rev. F. W. Kennedy 
 in 1894, and by Revs. C. H. Shortt and Egerton 
 Ryerson in 1900 ; and the Provinces of Shinshu 
 and Echigo became recognized as the special 
 field of the official missionary society of the Church.
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 59 
 
 But the official Society was not the first to Wycliffe 
 move in the matter of foreign missions. In jgSS^ 83 ' 0118 ' 
 Rev. J. Cooper Robinson felt called to offer him- 
 self as a foreign missionary ; but finding that 
 the Society could not undertake to send him out 
 he appealed to his fellow-members of the Wycliffe 
 College Alumni Association. The Association at 
 once formed a society known as Wycliffe Missions 
 which undertook to send out Mr. Robinson to Japan 
 as its missionary. He was followed in 1889 by Rev. 
 J. McQueen Baldwin. Japan was chosen in this 
 case also because it was our nearest neighbour 
 across the Pacific Ocean, and because its political, 
 social and religious condition made a strong appeal 
 to missionaries the world over. In 1894 there wascan. C.M.S. 
 formed an Association of the C. M. S-, which sent 
 out to China the Rev. J. R. S. Boyd as its first 
 missionary, and Wycliffe Missions soon became 
 included in the Canadian Church Missionary 
 Association, called later the Canadian C. M. S. Its 
 relation to the English Society enabled it to send 
 missionaries into all that Society's fields, under the 
 most favourable circumstances, and so gradually 
 Rev. H. J. Hamilton, Rev. A. Lea, Miss Trent, Miss 
 Young, and Miss Archer were sent to Japan ; Rev. 
 J. R. S. Boyd and Rev. Wm. C. White to China; Rev. 
 T. B. R. Westgate and Dr. Crawford to Africa;
 
 6o 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Formation 
 of W.A. 
 
 Provincial 
 
 Synods, 
 
 Canada. 
 
 Miss Louy Thomas to South America ; Miss 
 McKim to Persia ; and Rev. Dr. Gould to Palestine. 
 As C.M.S. had many missions among the Indians 
 in the North West its Canadian branch sent 
 several missionaries into that field, among whom 
 may be mentioned Rev. Mr. Marsh at Hay River, 
 and Rev. I. 0. Stringer at Herschell Island. 
 
 The first awakenings of missionary interest 
 in the Church found a ready response in the hearts 
 of a few earnest Churchwomen. Following in the 
 footsteps of their sisteis in the United States, 
 they asked to be allowed to form a Woman's 
 Auxiliary to the D. and F.M.S. Thus in 1885 
 a small organization of women was formed, which, 
 like the grain of mustard seed, has grown into a 
 large tree, with branches in almost every parish 
 and diocese in our Church. Its field of opera- 
 tions is both Canadian and Foreign. It has a 
 complete organization, parochial, diocesan, and 
 general, and works under a constitution sanc- 
 tioned by the Board of Management of M.S.C.C. 
 
 But the Province of Canada was not the whole 
 Canadian Church, and the Diocese of Algoma 
 and the Provinces of Shinshu and Echigo were 
 not the whole field. The confederation of the 
 Eastern Provinces of Canada in 1867 led to the 
 incorporation of the North West in 1870, and of
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 61 
 
 British Columbia in 1872. The completion of 
 the C.P.R. to the Pacific in 1886 made the Union 
 a reality, and opened up vast fields to immigra- 
 tion, and as a consequence, to the missionary 
 work of the Church. The Church in the West had Ruperts 
 also reached a stage of considerable development. Land - 
 The first Bishop of Rupert's Land was appointed 
 in 1849, and the first Bishop of British Columbia 
 in 1859. In 1865 Robert Machray began his re- Archbishop 
 markable career, in which he presided over the Macnf ay. 
 formation out of his huge jurisdiction of eight 
 separate dioceses, and became in due course Metro- 
 politan and Primate. For the governance of this 
 vast territory he organized the Synod of the Province 
 of Rupert's Land, and for the training of a native 
 clergy he established St. John's College, Winnipeg. 
 
 In 1890 was held the Winnipeg Conference, which General 
 adopted a basis of union for the whole Church Synod, 
 in Canada. A general Synod was formed in 1893, 
 and the nine following years were spent in securing 
 for the scheme the consent of Diocesan and 
 Provincial Synods. 
 
 In September, 1902, the General Synod of the M.S.C.C.: 
 Church in Canada met in the city of Montreal 1 Formation, 
 to close, if possible, the twelve years' discussion 
 that had prevailed on the unification of the Church. 
 It. was universally felt that a mere nominal con-
 
 62 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 solidation, for counsel and debate, would be but of 
 small value ; that the only consolidation worthy 
 of the name was that which would bring the 
 whole Church into the field of action. Here was a 
 united body ; here were vast resources and still 
 vaster possibilities, both in men and in money ; 
 and here were fieldr of unspeakable opportunity, 
 both at home and abroad. By an irresistible 
 impulse, by what many felt to be the guiding 
 Presence and the Overruling Hand of God, a canon 
 was unanimously passed for the formation of a 
 Missionary Society, and a man unanimously 
 chosen to be its first General Secretary. 
 
 ii Apportion- The first meeting of the Board of Management 
 ments. of M S c C . was held in Montreal in November, 
 
 1902,' and the most important business which it 
 transacted was the matter of the apportionments. 
 The question was an entirely new one, and left 
 a great deal to conjecture. Amid the protests 
 of many and the doubts and fears of nearly all, 
 the sum of $73,000 was distributed, as evenly as 
 possible, among all the Dioceses. This sum was 
 more than double what the Church had hitherto 
 given to extra-diocesan missions. Imagine the 
 surprise and joy ot all when the returns, at the end 
 of the year, came within $500 of the full amount. 
 Since then the apportionments have been raised
 
 REV. CANON L. N. TUCKER, M.A., D.C.L.
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 63 
 
 to $150,000, with actual returns of $140,000. To 
 arrive at a basis for the foreign work the incomes 
 of the D. and F.M.S. and of the C.C.M.S. were 
 added together, and were found to be about 
 $20,000, in a ratio of 7 to 13. Hence to allay the 
 suspicions that were then rife the proportion was 
 fixed at i to 2 as regards the relations of the 
 Foreign to the Canadian Field, and almost i to 2 
 as regards the relations of the foreign sections of 
 the work. And though these proportions have 
 ceased to be present in the mind, the problems 
 have generally been worked out on those lines. 
 
 The next important question taken up by the '" Relation to 
 Board was the relations between the D. and F.M.S. Can * C ' M>S< 
 and the C.C.M.S. In private conference a basis 
 of union was arrived at that, owing to the good 
 hand of our God upon us, satisfied all sections 
 of the Board and, on its adoption in London in 
 the spring of 1904, the meeting united in singing 
 the Doxology. This union has worked har- 
 moniously, and has paved the way for the com- 
 plete unification of the Church in its missionary 
 work, and the unspeakable blessings that must 
 flow therefrom. The C.C.M.S. missionaries have 
 been taken over by the Board of Management of 
 M.S.C.C. and their expenses paid from the appor- 
 tionments; and the Society now exists only for
 
 64 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 the purpose of administering trust funds and of 
 introducing Canadian missionaries into C.M.S. 
 fields. And results that would scarcely have been 
 thought possible at the time have come to pass. 
 A Diocese has been established in Honan, China, 
 and a Bishop consecrated for the same ; the con- 
 solidation of our work in Japan has been practi- 
 cally agreed upon on the basis of the creation of 
 a Diocese and the appointment of a Canadian 
 Bishop ; and it has been practically decided to 
 adopt a Canadian field in India, to be placed under 
 one of the local Bishops. With such incentives 
 there is every reason to believe that our Foreign 
 work in the field and its support at home will 
 advance by leaps and bounds. There is food for 
 grateful reflection in the fact that M. S. C. C. , since 
 its formation in 1902, has sent half a million 
 dollars into the Canadian Field, and a quarter of 
 a million into the Foreign Field. 
 
 iv Relation Then the relations of M.S.C.C. with the W.A. 
 
 ' ' were taken up and placed on a basis that would 
 produce harmonious action. A constitution was 
 submitted by the W.A. which was adopted, practi- 
 cally in its entirety, by the Board of Management 
 of M.S.C.C., by which the W. A. are allowed wide 
 freedom of action and all likelihood of friction 
 between the two organizations is practically
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 65 
 
 removed. Under its new constitution the W.A. 
 have extended their organization throughout Can- 
 ada. There are now 39,000 members, and this num- 
 ber is still rapidly on the increase. They support 
 three missionaries in China, one in India, four in 
 Japan, one in Korea, and about two dozen in Can- 
 ada. In the annual statement for 1909-1910 
 they report an expenditure of $15,760.55 on 
 Canadian Missions ; $13,653.75 on Foreign Mis- 
 sions ; $10,561.51 on other missionary objects ; 
 and $22,399.76 on bales, church, hospital, and 
 other furnishings. It may not be amiss to mention 
 here the names of those ladies who, in 1885, took 
 the first step towards the formation of the Auxiliary. 
 They are Mrs. Tilton, who for 25 years was its 
 honoured and trusted president ; Mrs. Muckle- 
 ston, Mrs. Pollard, Mrs. Forrest, Mrs. Cunningham 
 Stewart, Mrs. Bell and Mrs. Matheson. It was 
 said by them of old time, as the height of pros- 
 perity and success, that one should become a 
 thousand. In this case one has become five 
 thousand ; or seven have become 39,000. 
 
 MISSIONARY MOVEMENTS. 
 
 It is frequently forgotten in missionary appeals S>V<M - 
 that men are of more importance than money. 
 This fact has been kept prominently before the
 
 66 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Christian public by the Student Volunteer Move- 
 ment, an organization which originated some 
 twenty years ago. Its appeal has been for men 
 and for the best trained and equipped men from 
 our colleges and churches. It set out upon its 
 course bearing aloft the standard of "The Evange- 
 lization of the World in this Generation." This 
 was startling enough to those who had grown 
 accustomed to look upon the task as one that 
 might be achieved, but only at the end of many 
 centuries. But when the appeal of the world's 
 need was made to the chivalry of the students of 
 two continents it came to pass that young men 
 and women volunteered by hundreds to serve 
 Christ in the Foreign Field. In many cases 
 missionary societies were embarrassed by the 
 number of offers for service, for the movement 
 made its appeal to Christian students of every 
 denomination. Some 5,000 applicants have al- 
 ready been accepted and sent out under the 
 auspices of some missionary society. As has 
 been often said, it is a movement, not an or- 
 ganization ; it simply arouses and arrests the 
 attention of students, gives them valuable direc- 
 tions and then introduces them to the missionary 
 society of the church to which they belong. Under 
 the leadership of Mr. John R. Mott scarcely any
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 67 
 
 limits can be assigned to the developments of the 
 movement. It is gratifying to Canadian Church- 
 men to know that, according to Mr. Mott, one of 
 their institutions, Wycliffe College, has been, in 
 proportion to the number of its students, the 
 greatest recruiting centre for missionaries in all 
 the colleges of the world. 
 
 But the call of Christ was not originally given Y.P.M.M. 
 only to students. It reaches farther and touches 
 all classes of people. On this fact is based the 
 appeal of the Young People's Missionary Move- 
 ment. It goes into the homes and the Sunday 
 Schools and the Young People's Societies of 
 the churches and presents to them the call of 
 Christ and of the world. It is only natural under 
 such circumstances that the movement should be 
 mainly educational. It aims at training leaders 
 of Missionary Institutes and Mission Study Classes. 
 It recognizes the fact that deep and abiding interest 
 can only spring from wide and certain knowledge. 
 On that basis it has organized and conducted 
 Mission Study Classes wherever it has found an 
 opening, and it has produced and published a 
 literature that is unique in the history of education. 
 It has treated all sorts of missionary topics 
 countries, biographies, and special missionary 
 problems and it has treated them from the stand- 
 point of the scientific educator. It has secured
 
 68 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 the production of text books at the hands of the 
 most competent writers, and has published a 
 small library of a dozen standard works bearing 
 on the subject treated in the text book. It sells 
 the text book for 50 cents and the library for 
 $5.00, and it does all its work of publication and 
 education in conjunction with and under the 
 guidance of the Mission Boards of the various 
 churches. It also is a movement, not an organiza- 
 tion. It limits its work to the giving of inspira- 
 tion and instruction ; and it leaves the results to 
 be reaped by the churches themselves. It is 
 international as well as interdenominational ; 
 but it has a Canadian Executive that is responsible 
 for the whole work of the movement, in so far as it 
 affects Canada. It conducts inspiring and success- 
 ful conferences at Whitby, Ontario, Woodstock, 
 Ontario, and Knowlton, P.Q., and institutes in 
 nearly all the principal towns of Ontario. And its 
 policy has been abundantly justified by the results ; 
 for apart from or arising out of the instruction it has 
 imparted there are hundreds, if not thousands, 
 - of young people in North America who are nursing 
 the hope of being able to go forth as foreign mis- 
 sionaries, when the opportunity arises. 
 
 L.M.M. The S.V.M. and the Y.P.M.M. have practically 
 
 solved the question of men. The Laymen's Mis-
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 69 
 
 sionary Movement is now grappling with the 
 question of finance. It seeks to place on all who 
 remain at home the responsibility of providing 
 for the support of all who are called to go abroad 
 as missionaries. This also is a movement, not 
 an organization. It trains and sends forth no 
 missionaries. It raises and expends no money. 
 It simply shakes the tree and allows the churches 
 to gather up the fruit. It also is international 
 and interdenominational, with a Canadian Execu- 
 tive controlling and directing the work in Canada. 
 It appeals specially to men, who, of all classes, 
 have been the most neglectful of their missionary 
 obligation ; it seeks to reach them at suppers for 
 men only, which have met with a gratifying 
 measure of success ; and it aims at placing the 
 whole question of missionary finance on a sound 
 business basis. It has sought to estimate the 
 need of the world, in terms of men and money, 
 and then to rouse the church to supply what is 
 needed for the actual evangelization of the world in 
 the space of a lifetime. Its calculations, which may 
 be more or less defective, have at least the merit of 
 being concrete and practical and of presenting a 
 very strong appeal to the minds of ordinary busi- 
 ness men. Its special call is for a trebling of the 
 present missionary force in the field, and of the
 
 70 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 income of all the missionary societies. It advo- 
 cates the formation of a men's missionary com- 
 mittee in every parish ; the personal canvass by 
 this committee of all the members of the congre- 
 gation ; and the systematic weekly offering 
 through the duplex envelopes. Commonsense 
 teaches that this must be the best method, and 
 experience has found out that, wherever it has 
 been tried, it has proved to be most successful. 
 For the last three years hundreds of men's meet- 
 ings have been held at banquets or suppers, in base- 
 ments of churches, parish rooms and town halls, 
 and many thousands of men have been reached 
 by the appeal of the L.M.M. As a result the 
 income of all missionary societies has been largely 
 increased, and apart from financial considerations, 
 nothing but good can come from an effort to fill 
 the minds and hearts of the men o^ our day with 
 the highest thoughts of our duty to God and to 
 the Church, to the nation and to the world. 
 
 THE PRAYER AND STUDY UNION. 
 Now all the considerations that have found 
 expression in this lesson are brought, as it were, 
 to a focus in the Missionary Prayer and Study 
 Union. It is a purely Church organization, 
 sanctioned in October, 1910, by the Board of Man-
 
 M.S.C.C. AND AUXILIARIES 71 
 
 agement of M. S. C. C. , which will glean for the Church 
 ears of corn that might otherwise be lost. It seeks 
 to form a branch that will bring forth fruit in every 
 parish. As its name indicates, it puts things in 
 their right order. The spirit of the Gospel and 
 Church of Jesus Christ is essentially missionary. 
 That spirit can only be imparted and nourished 
 by the habit of prayer, of personal and united 
 intercession ; and it can only become strong and 
 energetic when it rests on a basis of varied and 
 accurate information. The Union has already 
 issued a Cycle of Prayer. It has printed this little 
 text book. It has organized its first Summer 
 School. It should send forth into many of our 
 parishes leaders, inspired, instructed, strengthened, 
 to conduct Mission Study Classes. It should at- 
 tempt the formation of a branch or chapter of the 
 Union in all the parishes and Missions of our 
 Church. To this end it should seek the co-operation 
 of the bishops and clergy, the Synods and other as- 
 semblies of the Church. It should assist M.S.C.C. in 
 the dissemination, thioughout the land, of an 
 inspiring and informing missionary literature. 
 And it will perform one of its most useful functions 
 if it brings home to all the members of our Church, 
 as we have sought to do in this lesson, a know- 
 ledge of the varied equipment that we have at our
 
 72 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 disposal for the varied and important work that 
 lies before us as a Church. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON IV. 
 
 AIM : To acquire a knowledge of our equip- 
 ment for the work before us. 
 
 r. When should any church begin missionary 
 work ? 
 
 2. When may a church be said to cease to be a 
 Mission and become a missionary force ? 
 
 3. What seem to you to mark the most im- 
 portant stages in the development of the mission- 
 ary undertakings of the Canadian Church ? 
 
 4. Does the story of our Church in Canada 
 show that the sending out of missionaries to foreign 
 countries has been a loss or a gain to the Church 
 at home ? 
 
 5. When we have such complete missionary 
 organization, what is the need of the S. V. M. U. ? 
 The Y. P. M. M. ? The L. M. M. ? 
 
 6. How may the missionary Prayer and Study 
 Union help all the missionary organizations in 
 your parish ?
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 73 
 
 LESSON V. 
 THE CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA. 
 
 The resources of the Church for missionary Needs and 
 purposes, both in men and in money, are to be Resources - 
 found mainly in Eastern Canada ; the needs, for 
 some years to come, will be mainly felt in the West. 
 A consideration of those resources and of those 
 needs may now engage our attention the re- 
 sources in this lesson, the needs in the next. This 
 will afford some useful instruction in the history 
 of our Church and country. 
 
 It may be said in passing that Church people Paucity of 
 have been very slow to collect and store up the matenal - 
 facts regarding the origins of the Church in the 
 older parts of Canada. Absorption in daily toil, 
 and perhaps a slight want of literary faculty, have 
 been accountable for this. Those facts are not 
 only important, as forming part of the life and as 
 explaining the present condition of the Church, 
 but they are intensely interesting as illustrating 
 an era that has passed away and as containing 
 the life-story of the men who have been the
 
 74 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
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 3 
 
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 o 
 
 C* 
 
 c 
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 3 
 
 s
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 75 
 
 fathers and founders of our spiritual Zion, the 
 heroes and saints of their day and generation. 
 The data at our disposal are only fragmentary, 
 and are not to be met with in any easily accessible 
 form. A worthy history of the Church of England 
 in Canada is still to be written. 
 
 The region covered by the Diocese of Nova Nova gcotia. 
 Scotia is remarkable in many ways. It was one of 
 the first lands discovered in America, having been 
 visited by Cabot in 1497, five years after the first 
 voyage of Columbus. It contains the oldest settle- 
 ment in Canada, if not in America, Port Royal, now 
 Annapolis, founded by the French in 1604, four 
 years before the foundation of Quebec. It was 
 finally ceded to England in 1713. Its possibilities 
 of future development are very great, owing to its 
 many and excellent harbours, its healthy climate, 
 its coal and iron mines, its fruit, especially its 
 apples, of which nearly a million barrels are 
 exported annually, its rich soil and its fisheries, 
 which employ 40,000 men. It is only a question 
 of time when a large volume of immigration will 
 be directed to its shores and its material wealth 
 will be indefinitely increased. It has also been 
 the scene of the labours of the first clergy 
 of our Church in Canada. St. Paul's, Halifax, 
 founded in 1749, is the oldest for our Canadian
 
 76 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 churches, and the material of the fabric was 
 brought, at that early date, from Boston. Its 
 early clergy were uncommonly able and devoted 
 men, and their experiences were, in some respects, 
 unique a clergyman having read the service for 
 the Visitation of the Sick at the bedside of a 
 Roman Catholic priest and the Burial Service 
 at his grave ; and, in many places, large numbers 
 of dissenters having joined the Church in a body. 
 Bishop Inglis, consecrated in 1787, was the first 
 Bishop of Nova Scotia and the first Canadian and 
 Colonial Bishop. King's College, Windsor, is the 
 oldest Church University, outside the British 
 Islands ; and has been honourably distinguished 
 for its work in training a native ministry, 75% of 
 the clergy of the Dioceses of Nova Scotia and 
 Fredericton having passed through its class rooms. 
 After 150 years of greater or less dependence on 
 outside help the Diocese has now become entirely 
 self-supporting. It has a beautiful cathedral, on a 
 commanding site in Halifax ; an efficient Uni- 
 versity and Theological College ; flourishing 
 church schools for boys and for girls ; a strong 
 sustentation fund ; and an admirable diocesan 
 organization. It can now suffice for all its own local 
 needs. From a missionary point of view much 
 may be anticipated from the Diocese of Nova Scotia.
 
 RIGHT REV. CHAS. 1NGLIS, D.D., FIRST BISHOP OF NOVA SCOTIA.
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 77 
 
 It has been the first Diocese in Canada to accept 
 its world-wide obligation, having adopted by reso- 
 lution of Synod the basis laid down by the 
 Laymen's Missionary Movement. This for some 
 time must remain an ideal, but it cannot fail 
 to have a stimulating effect on all the missionary 
 work of the Diocese. 
 
 The work in the Diocese of Fredericton is Fredericton. 
 similar . to that in Nova Scotia, though present 
 conditions may perhaps be less favourable and 
 the outlook less hopeful. The climate is severe, 
 the winters are long, and the locality is not, in 
 some respects, the most highly favoured in the 
 land. But it possesses excellent harbours, which 
 are becoming winter ports of the Dominion, 
 abundance of timber and coal and large areas of 
 land that produces wheat and grain of the best 
 quality. These outward conditions are favourable 
 to the production of a hardy, thrifty, industrious 
 and moral class of men, and that is the best 
 contribution that can be made to the future of 
 the nation. The first visit paid by a clergyman 
 to the district was that by Rev. T. Wood, of 
 Annapolis, in 1769. The first regular and con- 
 tinuous work was undertaken, at the coming of 
 the Loyalists, in 1783, by the clergy who accom- 
 panied them. Set apart as a separate Diocese
 
 78 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 in 1845, it flourished for 47 years under the dis- 
 tinguished episcopate of Bishop Medley, by whom 
 the beautiful cathedral at Fredericton was erected. 
 It shows good promise of becoming a source 
 of strength to the missionary cause. Though some- 
 what disconcerting to the Bishop, the Diocese is sup- 
 plying a constant stream of missionaries to our Can- 
 adian Field, by the removal of its clergy to 
 what they feel, perhaps mistakenly, to be more 
 hopeful fields in the West. 
 
 Quebec. The strength and growth of the Church in 
 
 the Diocese of Quebec have been paralyzed by the 
 presence of an overwhelming French population 
 within its bounds. Small and scattered English 
 communities have been hard pressed to save them- 
 selves from absorption or extinction. Their posi- 
 tion has been like that of small garrisons isolated 
 in the midst of a foreign country. The Church 
 population is less than 25,000, and even in 
 the city of Quebec it is extremely small. All, 
 however, that could be done by unity, organiza- 
 tion, and enthusiasm, has been accomplished. A 
 system of finance has been adopted that has 
 become known the world over as the Quebec 
 plan. A system of parochial endowments has 
 been carried out that has gone far to counteract 
 the effects of paucity of numbers and isolation.
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 79 
 
 Pressure from outside has driven both clergy and 
 people closer together, in greater unity, greater 
 liberality, and more intelligent attachment to the 
 Church, with the result that, at the inception 
 of M.S.C.C., Quebec was taken as a model, and 
 that honourable position it has retained ever 
 since. Its apportionment has always been above 
 the normal level, and it has scarcely ever failed 
 to raise it. Thus it has proved to be not only a 
 model but a great inspiration to the stronger and 
 wealthier Dioceses. From the University of 
 Bishop's College, Lennoxville, the clergy of the 
 Diocese are recruited, and yet, with characteristic 
 unselfishness, it applied its Pan-Anglican Thank- 
 offering to the training at this college, from among 
 its students, of young men for the West. There 
 is room in the Church for a variety of gifts. The 
 gift which has fallen to the lot of Quebec, 
 in the midst of weakness and discouragement, has 
 been that of leadership and inspiration to the rest of 
 the Canadian Church ; and the scripture has 
 been fulfilled which saith, " a little child shall 
 lead them." The work of the Church began 
 here with the capture of Quebec in 1759. In 
 1793 the Diocese was founded under the first 
 Bishop Mountain, a man of apostolic zeal and 
 devotion. Among a self-denying and devoted
 
 8o FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 clergy the heroic missionaries in the Magdalen 
 Islands and on the coast of Labrador deserve 
 honourable mention. The endowments of the 
 Diocese amount to nearly a million dollars. 
 Montreal. The work in the Diocese of Montreal began in 
 
 1783, in Sorel, in 1789 in Montreal, and in Philips- 
 burg and neighbourhood about the beginning of the 
 1 8th century. The first bishop was appointed in 1 8 5 o 
 in the person of the Right Rev. Francis Fulford. 
 The supplies of clergymen are obtained chiefly 
 from the Montreal Theological College, which is 
 in excellent working order. There is a Church 
 school for girls at Dunham and the Sabrevois College 
 trains boys and girls in the French language. 
 The conditions here are very similar to those in 
 Quebec. In large portions of the Diocese the 
 English communities are small and widely scat- 
 tered, and the problem of reaching them with 
 the services of the Church is extremely difficult, 
 involving expense to the Church and discourage- 
 ments to both clergy and congregations. These 
 hard conditions, however, have been greatly 
 mitigated by the presence in the See city, which 
 is the commercial metropolis of the Dominion, 
 of Churchmen of large means and of great liberality. 
 Their first care must always be their needy brethren 
 at their own doors ; but much more may be ex-
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 81 
 
 pected from the Diocese when wealthy Churchmen 
 tully realize the larger claims of the West and of the 
 world. This would only be in keeping with the tra- 
 ditions of the diocese. 
 
 As a separate jurisdiction Ottawa only dates Ottawa, 
 back to 1896, when it was set apart under its first 
 Bishop the Right Rev. Charles Hamilton. Before 
 that, however, a splendid missionary work had been 
 done, in that historic region of the lumberman 
 called the Ottawa Valley, and the Church has de- 
 veloped remarkable vitality in the capital of the 
 country. And since that date great progress has 
 been made in strengthening the weak places, in 
 building churches, in creating or increasing endow- 
 ments, and generally in developing the element of 
 self-help. The weak missions, properly so-called, 
 are now comparatively few, and every year adds to 
 the strength of the Diocese. The increase in 
 missionary offerings has been steady and con- 
 tinuous. In 1903 the churches of the city scarcely 
 hoped to be able to raise $2,5or for M. S. C. C. ; 
 now they easily raise double that amount. The 
 L. M. M. has brought out a few prominent lay- 
 men as earnest advocates of missions and more 
 method and better organization have been in- 
 troduced into many of the parishes. In some 
 cases the increase in missionary offerings has
 
 82 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 been fivefold and the blessing on the donors 
 has been a hundredfold. And the success of the 
 past is only a pledge of still greater things to come. 
 The Diocese of Ontario covers some of the most 
 historic and beautiful spots in the Province, among 
 which may be mentioned the Thousand Islands, 
 which are celebrated the world over ; Adolph- 
 ustown, where the U. E. Loyalists landed in 1783, 
 and where a beautiful church has been erected to 
 their memory ; and Kingston, where the first 
 Church services were held in Ontario, noted as a 
 military centre under British as well as under French 
 rule. The Diocese was founded in 1862, and its first 
 Bishop was the Right Rev. J. Travers Lewis, D.D., 
 LL.D. It stands almost alone in the success with 
 which it has met its apportionments, the earnest 
 work of the Bishop and many of the clergy having 
 been admirably supported by the former Treasurer 
 of the Diocese, the late R. V. Rogers, Esq., K.C. 
 But the Diocese contains also some of the poorest 
 parts of the province where missionary work is as 
 greatly needed as in most parts of the West. It con- 
 tains also beautiful and prosperous districts where, 
 owing to the neglect of the past, the Church has 
 been practically obliterated. This contains a solemn 
 lesson to us in regard to our dealings with the 
 West to-day. Apathy and illiberality on our
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 83 
 
 part, at this juncture, may entail irreparable loss 
 over vast areas that might be made strongholds 
 of the Church. 
 
 Toronto, formed into a Diocese in 1839, Toronto, 
 has long been looked upon as the banner Diocese 
 of our Church. Its population, wealth, liberality 
 and enterprise have won for it this premier position. 
 It has the two largest Theological Colleges in Cana- 
 da, the one, part of a Church University, the 
 other, free from all official connections. It has, 
 besides, excellent Church institutions, and possesses 
 all the machinery necessary for the expression of its 
 most vigorous life. And it is inspired by a glorious 
 history extending over a century, and will always 
 remain distinguished for the life and episcopate 
 of John Strachan, first Bishop of Toronto. As 
 might be expected, it has been marked by an 
 aggressive missionary spirit, and our missionaries 
 in the Foreign Field are nearly all from one or other 
 of its Theological Colleges. When the Laymen's 
 Missionary Movement appeared on the scene it 
 had a wide and immediate success in Toronto. 
 Some of the churches doubled their missionary 
 offerings, one congregation even increasing theirs 
 fivefold. But there is still large room for improve-
 
 84 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 ment when we consider that six churches in the 
 city raised two-thirds of the whole Diocesan ap- 
 portionment. 
 
 Now the Diocese of Toronto is, in some respects, 
 our banner Diocese. It is here that the advance 
 has been most marked. It is here that the L.M.M. 
 has done its most effective work. It is here that 
 the largest contributions have been secured, and 
 yet only the fringe of the Diocese has been touched. 
 If the spirit that animates some of the churches 
 should become general, there is no reason why 
 Toronto should not raise a sum equal to the 
 present income of M.S-C.C. ; and if the other 
 Dioceses keep pace with Toronto there is no reason 
 why the Canadian Church should not raise an 
 apportionment of half a million. This is a result 
 to which we may confidently look in the near 
 future ; for any lesser sum is scarcely worthy 
 either of the Church or of the object. 
 
 The Diocese of Niagara formed in 1875 under 
 the Right Rev. Thomas Brock Fuller, D.D., 
 D.C.L., covers a highly favoured region. 
 It is rich in historical associations. The Falls of 
 Niagara early challenged the admiration of the 
 world and Queenston Heights are crowned by a 
 monument to the memory of General Brock. It 
 is also rich in all kinds of material wealth. It
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 85 
 
 grows grain in abundance. Its fruit enjoys 
 world-wide celebrity. Its waterpower is supplying 
 light and power to Western Ontario ; while 
 Hamilton is one of the great manufacturing 
 centres of the Dominion. Little more need be 
 said to set forth the value of this district as a 
 missionary asset. The Diocese is comparatively 
 small, compact and easily worked. It has some 
 strong centres like Hamilton, St. Catharines, 
 Guelph, and Oakville, and but few places that 
 need much outside help. Steady persevering 
 effort will further develop the work so well begun 
 and make it one of the strong pillars of the 
 fabric of our Church in the Dominion. 
 
 Huron is one of the largest and most important Huron 
 Dioceses in the Dominion. It was set apart as 
 a Diocese in 1857 under Bishop Cronyn. Its appar- 
 ent disabilities are, in reality, a great source of 
 strength. It has no large and wealthy city like 
 Montreal and Toronto, but, on the other hand, 
 it has a large number of strong centres like London, 
 Windsor, Chatham, Sarnia, St. Thomas, Wood- 
 stock, Stratford, and Owen Sound. The result 
 is that it has developed a vigorous spirit of self- 
 reliance in the country parishes and a strong 
 esprit de corps throughout the Diocese. As 
 in the rest of Ontario, the rural districts have
 
 86 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 been undergoing a process of transformation ; 
 as young men migrate into the West those who 
 remain enlarge their holdings ; so that while 
 the rural population may decrease the average 
 wealth is increasing ; the missions needing help 
 show a tendency to diminish in number, while 
 the self-supporting parishes increase in strength. 
 Thus everything tends in the direction of self- 
 reliance and self-help. Huron College has been for 
 nearly half a century the training school for the 
 clergy of the Diocese, and is abundantly able to do 
 much better work still if it should meet with more 
 adequate support. The result has been that the 
 Diocese has risen to a unique position as the 
 " Mother of Bishops, " for apart from its 
 own distinguished line of chief pastors Cron- 
 yn, Hellmuth, Baldwin, Williams who were 
 at one time presbyters in the Diocese, it 
 has furnished no less than nine bishops to the 
 Canadian Church McLean, Sweatman, Fauquier, 
 Sullivan, DuMoulin, Carmichael, Mills, and 
 Farthing. This affords an admirable illustration 
 of the value of the principle of self-reliance and 
 self -development, which always carries with it a 
 capacity for the widest influence. The natural 
 inference is that such a Diocese would take a 
 leading part not only in the support of missionaries
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 87 
 
 but in the development of the spirit and organiza- 
 tion of missions. One of the outstanding features 
 of Bishop Baldwin's ministry was the creation and 
 promotion of the missionary spirit ; and in the 
 consolidation of the Canadian Church and in the 
 formation of M. S. C. C. Huron laymen took 
 a leading part, resulting in a rich missionary 
 harvest both in men and in money. Among its 
 representatives in the Mission Field may be 
 mentioned Bishop Stringer, first as missionary 
 at Herschell Island and then as Bishop of Yu- 
 kon ; Rev. J. Cooper Robinson, our first mis- 
 sionary in japan ; Rev. T. B. R. Westgate, and 
 Dr. Crawford, our valued missionaries in East 
 Africa, and Rev. Canon Gould, for many years our 
 missionary in the Holy Land, and now the efficient 
 General Secretary of M.S.C.C. And the capa- 
 bilities of this great Diocese have by no means been 
 tested to the full. 
 
 As we review this whole field the following Summary. 
 points claim special attention, i. Every parish 
 must rise, in some measure, to a sense of its mis- 
 sionary obligation. Only thus can we properly 
 speak of united effort and only thus can we hope 
 to reap a full harvest. 2. The rank and file of the 
 clergy must be seized with the supreme importance 
 of the Church's mission to the world.. As a con-
 
 SS FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 sequence they must furnish themselves with a 
 full measure of information on missionary sub- 
 jects and, out of the abundance of their stores, 
 give interesting and inspiring instruction to their 
 people. They must do this as an essential part 
 of their daily ministrations. Missionary deputa- 
 tions will then take their proper place as only 
 subsidiary agencies. 3. To make this ministry 
 of instruction fruitful, in the highest degree, they 
 must introduce more method and thoroughness in 
 what has been called the follow-up work. Every 
 member of the Church must be given an oppor- 
 tunity of making his contribution to the cause 
 and of making it systematically in weekly or 
 monthly instalments. 4. The laity must be im- 
 pressed not only with the importance and urgency 
 but also with the magnitude of the task. Then 
 the regulation dollar will swell into ten dollars, 
 the ten into a hundred, and the hundred into a 
 thousand or many thousands. 5. To this end the 
 great need is for information. A continuous 
 stream or flood of interesting and up-to-date 
 intelligence should be continually flowing into the 
 homes of our people. Attractive literature should 
 be circulated broadcast. Mission study classes 
 should be organized in every parish. Summer 
 gchppjs and institutes should be held at frequent
 
 CHURCH IN EASTERN CANADA 89 
 
 intervals throughout the land. Thus the Mis- 
 sionary Prayer and Study Union, from which all 
 these developments must flow, becomes an agency 
 of inestimable value. And its first summer school 
 should mark a real turning point in the history of 
 our Church. 6. This process of education and 
 expansion will gradually extend till it reaches the 
 whole Church. The call that produces the money 
 will also produce the men, and the Church, by 
 its own efforts and sacrifices, will bring about the 
 answer to its own oft- repeated prayer, " Thy 
 kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth, as it is 
 in heaven."
 
 9 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON V. 
 
 AIM To understand the responsibilities of 
 the East. 
 
 1. Which part 01 Canada may fairly be expected 
 to help the other ? Why ? 
 
 2. Explain what is meant by the term " Dio- 
 cesan Missions ". 
 
 3. Is it likely that any Diocese will cease to 
 need any " Diocesan Missions " of its own ? 
 
 4. Why should not each Diocese confine its 
 efforts to its own Diocesan Missions until these 
 are no longer needed ? 
 
 5. What would have been the result to Canada 
 if the Church in England had followed this policy ? 
 Or the Church in Jerusalem ? 
 
 6. What seems to you the greatest need of the 
 Church in Eastern Canada ? 
 
 7. What are its best resources ? Place them 
 in what seems to you the order of their value. 
 
 8. How is the Church to be fully aroused to its 
 responsibilities ? 
 
 9. What are you doing to make this work 
 effective ?
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 91 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 THE CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 In Lesson V. we passed the Eastern Dioceses 
 in review tor the purpose of tracing their history 
 and of estimating their present needs and the 
 help they may bring to the missionary cause. In 
 this lesson we shall make, a similar survey of the 
 Western Dioceses with a view to finding out their 
 equipment for the work that, lies before them 
 and the pressing needs by which they are beset, 
 that we may be able to hear the Call of the West. 
 
 The name of Algoma has become very dear to Algoma 
 many in Eastern Canada through the devoted 
 labours of its first two bishops, Fauquier and 
 Sullivan, who became practically martyrs to the 
 work of the Diocese ; the altogether insufficient 
 help that was given them to meet their over- 
 whelming needs having brought them to premature 
 graves. 
 
 Difficult as is the task of the present Bishop, he is at 
 least cheered by the sense that the Church is alive to 
 his needs and by the hope that, at no distant date,
 
 92 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 
 
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 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 93 
 
 his Diocese will be in a comparatively easy posi- 
 tion. An impressive missionary lesson lies here 
 on the surface. The character of our bishops 
 and missionaries is the best asset any Diocese can 
 have, and the memory of their heroism and 
 devotion its best endowment. In this it may 
 truly be said that the Canadian Church has given 
 of its best to the Mission Field. But it would be 
 better and wiser to give them adequate support 
 while they live than to write eulogiums to their 
 memory after they are gone* 
 
 For many years the Indian tribes and the few " Early 
 white people scattered along the shores of Lake work< 
 Huron and Lake Superior had been ministered to, in 
 a desultory way, by the Diocese of Toronto, of 
 which this vast region formed a part. As far back 
 as 1830, Archdeacon McMurray opened a mission 
 at Garden. River, near Sault Ste. Marie, and this 
 beginning was followed up by Rev. Dr. F. A. 
 O'Meara, who translated the Bible into Ojibway. 
 In 1868 Rev. E. F. Wilson originated a work 
 that resulted in the formation of the Algoma 
 Shingwauk Home for Indian boys, and the Wa- 
 wanosh Home for Indian girls. These have been 
 widely known for more than a generation, and their 
 appeal has always been' specially felt by the children 
 of our Sunday Schools.
 
 94 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 iii Formation In 1873 the Bishopric of Toronto was relieved 
 of the Northern part of its jurisdiction by setting 
 apart as a separate Diocese this vast district of 
 600 by 150 miles. The S. P. G., the S. P. C. K., 
 and the C. and C. C. S. each guaranteed ,i,ooo 
 a year to help and the Canadian Church began its 
 first attempt at supporting a missionary Diocese, 
 iv Later De- Railways were then in contemplation that prom- 
 velopment. j se( j to O p en U p new districts and add greatly to the 
 population. Thus the call of Algoma which, at the 
 outset, was one of sheer necessity, has become one of 
 abounding promise. The inrush of miners and set- 
 tlers into its Northeastern part has placed a strain 
 on the Diocese utterly beyond its power. But it is 
 no longer the case of a few, poor, scattered settlers 
 without roads and without future. It is Cobalt and 
 Gowganda ; it is Sault Ste. Marie and the twin 
 cities of Port Arthur and Fort William. There 
 will, no doubt, always be poor and dependent 
 districts that will need the nursing care of the 
 Church ; but there is every reason to hope that 
 at no distant date, the Diocese will not only be 
 able to supply its own needs, but also to help in 
 the larger work of the Church. When Bishop 
 Fauquier came there were but 7 clergy and 19 
 churches. There are now about 40 parsonages and 
 100 churches, a commodious See House, about a
 
 MOST REV. R. MACHRAY, D.D.
 
 95 
 
 dozen self-supporting parishes, and endowments 
 to the value of $150,000. 
 
 We have dealt with the Eastern Dioceses of Rupert's 
 Canada and with Algoma. All the rest of Canada, Land - 
 as far West as the Rocky Mountains, was originally 
 included in the Diocese of Rupert's Land. 
 
 Its first missionary, Rev. John West, began work 
 among the Indians on the Red River in 1820. It 
 contains the first Indian missions established in the 
 West. It has been the parent of eight other Dioceses, A Parent 
 and here in 1890 the General Synod was formed. Diocese - 
 The first Primate of all Canada, Archbishop Mach- 
 ray was the second Bishop of this Diocese. 
 Its name perpetuates the memory of the ser- 
 vices rendered by the first governor of the Hud- 
 son's Bay Company. It was the scene of the 
 first attempts at settlement in 1811, when Lord 
 Selkirk planted a little colony on the banks 
 of the Red River. The first Bishop, the Right 
 Rev. D. Anderson, came in 1849, and the first 
 churches were established here, which have become 
 the parents of the vast system of the ecclesiastical 
 Province of Rupert's Land. Here, too, under the 
 auspices of the Church, were instituted the first 
 schools which have become the parents of the effi- 
 cient educational system of the West. From this ^ centre for 
 centre has radiated far and wide a missionary the West
 
 9 6 
 
 propaganda that has spread along all the rivers 
 to the Arctic Ocean, and over the mountains into 
 the basin of the Yukon. Here, too, the wonder- 
 ful fertility of the West has received its first 
 practical demonstration. Here, too, the lure of 
 the farther West is having a powerful effect, in 
 producing extensive migrations and consequent 
 decrease of population in many places. Here, too, 
 the presence of a large foreign population is raising 
 serious questions as to language, education, poli- 
 tics, moral and social reform, the solution of 
 which is not yet clearly seen. 
 
 It was eminently fitting that this Diocese 
 should be the first in the West to become self- 
 supporting. This marks one clear stage in 
 the development of the Church in our Canadian 
 Mission Field. 
 
 The problems immediately pressing upon the 
 Archbishop of Rupert's Land are the supply of 
 men for vacant missions in his Diocese, the erection 
 of a suitable cathedral, and the closer connection 
 of St. John's Theological College with the Provin- 
 cial University. 
 
 Moosonee. J n 1872 the region surrounding the shores of 
 
 Hudson Bay was set apart from Rupert's Land 
 and formed into the Diocese of Moosonee.
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 97 
 
 It is a splendid illustration of the results 
 of missionary work. Fifty years ago the Indians 
 on the shores of Hudson Bay were practically 
 savage and heathen ; they were unacquainted 
 with the appliances of our civilization, and they 
 knew not God nor Jesus Christ our Lord. In 1850 Bp. Horden. 
 a missionary appeared among them in the person of 
 Rev. John Horden, who in 1872 became first Bishop 
 of the new Diocese. His mission embraced the 
 material as well as the spiritual well-being of the 
 people. 
 
 The result has been that the Indians A Christian 
 have accepted Christianity, and in so doing civilization. 
 their lives have undergone a complete trans- 
 formation. They are no longer savage nor 
 heathen. They have their own books which they 
 can read in their own language. They have 
 churches in which they devoutly worship God. 
 Nearly all the people attend the services and nearly 
 all the adults are communicants. They do not 
 swear. They do not drink. They do not steal. 
 They are truthful, honest and reliable. On their 
 journeys, as well as at home, they invariably 
 begin and end the day by prayer to God. Indeed 
 they are an example and a rebuke to the profane 
 and dissolute white men who sometimes appear 
 among them. And the experience of Moosonee
 
 98 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Rev. E. J. 
 Peck. 
 
 Rev. E. W. 
 T. Green- 
 shields. 
 
 Beginning 
 of white 
 work. 
 
 extended with variations, over all the vast regions 
 of the North-West, will give some idea of the 
 remarkable work done by our missionaries among 
 the Indians. The debt we owe to our Red brethren 
 from whom we have inherited this land is unspeak- 
 ably great. We can at least reward them in 
 spiritual things for the loss of their hunting grounds. 
 That debt has so far been paid mainly by the mis- 
 sionaries and the C.M.S. The share taken in the 
 work by Canadian Church people has been infi- 
 nitely small. 
 
 In the Northeast of this great Diocese a heroic 
 work has been carried on among the Eskimos of 
 Blacklead Island by the Rev. E. J. Peck. The 
 difficulty of access makes the position of a mission- 
 ary in that region serious indeed if the yearly ship 
 should fail to arrive ; but the Eskimos themselves 
 are kind and hospitable. This year, 1911, the 
 Queen of Holland conferred upon the Rev. E. W. 
 T. Greenshield the Order of Orange-Nassau, as a 
 mark of appreciation of the services rendered to 
 the crew of a Dutch schooner wrecked in the 
 Arctic in 1909, and placed a sum of 200 guilders 
 at his disposal " in order to enable him to reward, 
 in such manner as he may deem appropriate, the 
 Eskimo who assisted him in feeding the said crew." 
 
 Moosonee is an illustration of the transition 
 that is taking place in many of our Western
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 99 
 
 Dioceses, from Indian to white work. The 
 discovery of New Ontario and the building of 
 the G.T.P. Railway have been responsible for 
 the change. The rich mineral deposits of that 
 region, its wide timber limits, its agricultural areas 
 and its unmeasured waterpower have arrested the 
 attention of the world. Already it invites the 
 missionary to its lumber camps and its railway 
 construction camps. Already many little towns 
 have come into existence and some have risen 
 into importance. Cochrane, at the junction of 
 the G.T. P.R. and the Provincial Railway, has 
 become a miniature capital and is likely to become 
 the See city of the Diocese. The missionary 
 stationed here has already met with remarkable 
 success. Within the next five or ten years, the 
 whole of the region between the Ottawa River 
 and Lake Nepigon and between the watershed 
 and James' Bay, will be opened up to settlement, 
 and a score of missionaries and many scores of 
 little churches will be needed to minister to the 
 needs of the settlers. The needs will be great, 
 with corresponding demands on the resources of 
 the Church. But a New Ontario, as large, as rich, 
 and as promising as the old, is surely worthy of all 
 the efforts and sacrifices which it can call on us 
 to make.
 
 too 
 
 PROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Keewatin. 
 
 The Western part of the immense territory of 
 Moosonee was formed in 1901 into the Diocese of 
 Keewatin, and in 1902 the Right Rev. Joseph 
 Lofthouse became its first Bishop. He had al- 
 ready spent eighteen years in most laborious and 
 successful work among the Indians and Eskimos at 
 Fort Churchill, where the isolation and difficulty 
 of communication is so great as to be understood 
 with difficulty by those in more favoured regions. 
 
 What has been said about the Indians of 
 Moosonee applies to the Northern part of Keewatin 
 which borders on the shores of Hudson Bay. The 
 Indians in those regions retain all their native 
 good qualities, which have been vastly improved 
 by the adoption of Christianity. They are a credit 
 to the country and the Church, and, under proper 
 
 Contact of treatment, a bright future lies before them. In 
 
 Indians with 
 
 white men. the Southern part of the Diocese on the other hand 
 
 they have greatly deteriorated owing to their 
 contact with the white man and the vices and 
 diseases that come in the train of his civilization. 
 They are inclined to be idle, dissolute and thrift- 
 less. Their prospects for the future are gloomy 
 indeed. These remarks may be extended to the 
 whole field, where the Indians have been brought 
 into close touch with the white man. Many, 
 indeed, may have remained unscathed ; some
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 101 
 
 may even have been improved by the contact ; 
 but the great majority of them have been injured, 
 where they have not been hopelessly ruined. 
 This sad reflection should lead us to make re- 
 doubled efforts, for it is clearly our duty to help 
 and save them against the example and influence 
 of our own unscrupulous and self-seeking white 
 brethren. The construction of the C. N- R. Railway 
 through the Rainy River and the Lake of the 
 Woods districts has opened up vast timber and 
 agricultural areas that must result in making 
 those districts, in due time, populous and wealthy. 
 But in a rocky and wooded region progress must 
 be slow and the population must remain, for some 
 time, small and weak. The main line of the C.P.R. 
 has been the outlet for the grain of the West. It 
 has also offered a good many little towns and 
 mining centres to the enterprise of the Church. 
 The new G.T.P.R. from Port Arthur to Winnipeg 
 has already engaged the labours of some of the 
 devoted workers of the English Navvy Mission 
 Society. Negotiations have just been completed 
 between that Society and M.S.C.C. that promise to 
 place itinerant missionaries in the construction 
 camps of all the railways that are to be built in 
 the next few years. As many of these so-called 
 navvies are settlers, who are only working tern-
 
 102 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 porarily on the railway, this work will have a great 
 influence on the future of the whole country. 
 
 Athabasca. j n l872) wne n the Eastern part of Rupert's 
 
 Land became the Diocese of Moosonee, the Northern 
 part of the Western half was formed into the Dio- 
 
 Bp. Bompas. cese o f Athabasca. In 1865, a young clergyman, 
 William Carpenter Bompas, had answered the 
 call given by Bishop Anderson when preaching 
 in London for somebody to take the place of 
 Archdeacon MacDonald, then seriously ill and 
 thought to be dying. Mr. Bompas went out at 
 three weeks' notice, was ordained by Bishop 
 Machray, and proceeded at once to his work in 
 the far North. He returned to England only once 
 to be consecrated Bishop in 1874 for the new 
 Northern Diocese of Athabasca ; and in all the 
 remaining thirty years of his episcopate he re- 
 turned to civilization only once again to aid 
 in the appointment of a successor to his friend 
 Archbishop Machray. 
 
 A field open- This Northern region was explored in the 
 eighteenth century by the Hudson Bay Company, 
 who established trading posts in several places, 
 chief of which was that at Chipewyan, since 1874 
 an important missionary centre. Here and at 
 Vermilion are important Indian schools, and 
 throughout the valleys of the Athabasca and
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 103 
 
 Peace Rivers faithful work has been done by mis- 
 sionaries whose names are held in honoui through- 
 out the country. It has been found that the Peace 
 River valley is as fertile, and produces as good 
 wheat as any other part of the West. Settlers are 
 finding their way into the country by hundreds 
 It is believed that the country abounds in coal fields, 
 in gold mines and even in oil wells ; it will soon be 
 accessible by means of railways. Then the prob- 
 lems of Athabasca will be the problems of all the 
 West and the cry will be " More money and more 
 men ! " It would be the part of wisdom to be 
 early in the field and not allow the need to become 
 overwhelming before we begin to attend to it. 
 
 In 1884 the Northern part of Athabasca became Mackenzie 
 the Diocese of Mackenzie River, and Bishop Bom- River. 
 pas, leaving the Southern part to Bishop Young, 
 became himself the first Bishop of Mackenzie 
 River. 
 
 The River from which the Diocese takes its 
 name was explored in 1789-93 by Alexander 
 Mackenzie. Its banks are high and covered with 
 pine trees until near the mouth, where the country 
 is a vast scene of desolation. The cold is intense 
 during the long arctic nights, but the equally long 
 arctic day gives great power to the Summer sun.
 
 104 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Inexhaustible coal beds exist on the banks of 
 the river, and who can say how the country may 
 develop ? 
 
 Eastern Canada has sent missionaries to Mac- 
 Bp. Stringer, kenzie River. The Rev. I. O. Stringer went out 
 to Peel River in 1892, and later went to live on 
 Herschel Island, a desolate spot in the Arctic 
 Ocean at the mouth of the Mackenzie River, 
 that he might be better able to reach the Eskimos. 
 Devoted missionaries took up the work, when 
 owing to failing eyesight, he was obliged to lay it 
 down. But the work in this Diocese is chiefly a 
 labour of love among a few, widely-separated tribes 
 of Indians. Great names, both secular and religious 
 are connected with this region : Franklin, Hearne, 
 Simpson, Bompas, MacDonald, Kirkby, Hunter, 
 Reeve. The labours, trials and prayers of those 
 men, we may rest assured, will bring forth their 
 fruit in due season. 
 
 In 1891 the Western half of the Diocese of 
 Mackenzie River was cut off to become the Diocese 
 of Selkirk, and its name was afterwards changed 
 to Yukon. Bishop Bompas again chose for him- 
 self the part which seemed more remote from 
 civilization, leaving Mackenzie River in charge 
 of his .tried missionary, Archdeacon Reeve, who 
 ;iow became Bishop Reeve. But in 1896 gold was
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 105 
 
 discovered in the Yukon valley, tens of thousands 
 of men crowded in, and it became necessary to 
 commence work among these. Bishop Bompas 
 at once inaugurated plans for their benefit ; but 
 in 1905 he began at last to feel the pressure of 
 increasing age, and resigned his See to Bishop 
 Stringer. He passed to his rest shortly after. 
 Bishop Stringer took up the charge, and should be 
 borne on the sympathy and the prayers of the 
 Church, owing to the difficulties and discourage- 
 ments of his position. The work itself is of the A laborious 
 most laborious and self-denying character. The work. 
 population is small, scattered and heterogeneous. 
 There are but few bright spots, and the prospect is 
 anything but cheering. Financial support is so 
 utterly inadequate that it is a case of making bricks 
 without straw. But the grace of God and the 
 resources of prayer are equal to every emergency. 
 Let us make the Diocese of Yukon a special object 
 of prayer. Man's extremity is God's opportunity.' 
 
 Shortly after the formation of Moosonee and Saskatche- 
 Athabasca, the Diocese of Rupert's Land was wan. 
 reduced to nearly its present size by the formation 
 of its Western and much larger part into the 
 Diocese of Saskatchewan. The Right Rev. John 
 McLean became its first Bishop in 1874. Missions 
 to the Indians in this district had been begun as
 
 io6 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 early as 1840, and for many years nearly all the 
 work of the Diocese was for the Indians. 
 
 But three or four years ago this Diocese became 
 the centre of the vast streams of immigration that 
 were pouring into the West. Since then, Qu'Appelle 
 and Calgary have shared with it the attention of 
 the world. At one time three transcontinental 
 railways were being built through the Diocese. 
 The number of railway towns and farming settle- 
 ments that came into existence ,waS phenomenal. 
 A new plan. TO meet the extraordinary demands of the work, 
 the Saskatchewan scheme was devised whose aim 
 was to cover the whole ground by means of Cate- 
 chists and by the building of many small Churches 
 and parsonages. It is a record that some sixty 
 missionaries entered the Diocese and some sixty 
 Churches and Parsonages were built in one year. 
 This represents at least a serious effort to bring the 
 services of the Church within the reach of all the 
 Church-members, if not indeed of all the inhabi- 
 tants, of the Diocese. As a further outcome of the 
 Emmanuel scheme, Emmanuel College was established at 
 e ^ e * Saskatoon, in affiliation with the provincial Uni- 
 versity. The Catechists are being trained in this 
 college and twenty-seven of them were ordained 
 at one service some six months ago. The work of 
 he C- and C. C. S. described in Lesson III. belongs
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 107 
 
 to this Diocese. A Girls' School has been estab- 
 lished at Prince Albert through the efforts of Mrs. 
 Newnham. 
 
 The Diocese of Qu'Appelle was formed out of Qu'Appelle. 
 Saskatchewan and Rupert's Land in 1884 under 
 Bishop Anson. It may properly be called the 
 creation of the railways. It came into being 
 when the C.P.R. was built across the prairies, 
 and its rapid development within the last few 
 years is due to the phenomenal extension of the 
 railways within its bounds. The cities of Regina 
 and Moose Jaw have attained a population of 
 15,000 each, while numberless small towns have 
 come into existence. It is fitting that this should 
 be the scene of the Railway Mission. Rev. Railway 
 Douglas Ellison, who had laboured for 17 years Mission. 
 in South Africa as the superintendent of a railway 
 mission, offered his services for a similar work 
 along the Western railways. A grant from the 
 Archbishop's Western Canada Fund, supplemented 
 by a small sum from M.S.C.C., enabled him to 
 inaugurate his mission in this Diocese. The head- 
 quarters are in Regina, to which the men return 
 periodically for rest and spiiitual refreshment. 
 About half a dozen priests, aided by about as 
 many lay-workers, are operating over all the 
 lines of railway, holding services in the settle-
 
 io8 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 merits almost from their inception. The mis- 
 sionaries are supported at the outset by extraneous 
 funds, but only long enough to enable the people 
 to erect churches for themselves, when they will 
 be called on to aid in the support of those who 
 minister to them. The Railway Mission is only 
 supplementary to the ordinary parochial work of 
 the Diocese, in which some 65 or 70 clergymen are 
 
 Prairie engaged. A Prairie Brotherhood, under Rev. H. 
 
 Brotherhood. McLean, has been at work in the Southwestern 
 part of the Diocese, with results that cannot yet be 
 estimated. A Theological School for the training 
 of local men for the ministry has been established 
 
 St. Chad's, in St. Chad's Hostel, Regina. Qu'Appelle is an 
 object lesson of the total inability of the Canadian 
 Church not only to provide the means, but also 
 to provide the men for the rapid developments of 
 the Church in the West. It is at least worthy of 
 note that nearly all the missionaries, indeed nearly 
 all the clergy, in the Diocese, are of English birth 
 and training. The results will be as worthy of 
 consideration as the fact itself and its causes. 
 
 Calgary. The Diocese of Calgary was formed from 
 
 Saskatchewan in 1887-8 ; and its Bishop, the Right 
 Rev. W. C. Pinkham, remained Bishop of Sas- 
 katchewan and Calgary until 1903, when Bishop 
 Newnham came to Saskatchewan.
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 109 
 
 Calgary lies on the Eastern edge of the Rockies Favourable 
 a distance Northward of nearly 500 miles. situatio 
 Several consequences flow from this : (i) The 
 climate is more temperate than farther East owing 
 to the prevailing Chinook winds. (2) The snows 
 and rains of the Rockies, carried by irrigation 
 canals, make the farmer independent of the 
 seasons. (3) The genial climate of the South seems 
 to be as successful in the treatment of tuberculosis 
 as in the production of grain. (4) The deflection 
 of the Rockies in a Westerly direction, in the 
 North, makes Edmonton the centre of a vast area 
 that is supassingly rich in mineral, timber and 
 agricultural possibilities. (5) The depression of 
 the Rockies, too, at this point, has produced the 
 lowest grades in North America for railway traffic 
 to the Pacific. (6) Coal beds abound in all parts 
 of Alberta. All these causes combine to assure 
 to this diocese great prosperity in the future. The 
 immigration to this part of the West has been 
 generally of a superior class and success here has 
 been more marked and more general. The needs 
 of the Church have been great and pressing. 
 
 The last six years have witnessed a complete Development 
 transformation in the outward condition of the Dio- 
 cese. Mission stations have been opened, the clergy 
 have been increased by the score, and even now a
 
 no FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 score of missionaries could find vacant places 
 in the Diocese. Under the auspices of the Arch- 
 bishops' Western Canada Fund, Rev. W. G. Boyd 
 has established the centre of an important mission 
 at St. Faith's Mission House, in Edmonton, 
 and over a dozen clergy and layworkers are 
 employed in the country to the North and 
 West of the capital ; while a similar effort, though 
 on a smaller scale, is being made in the Southern 
 part of the Diocese. Mormon settlements in 
 the South and Galician settlements in the North 
 are features of this region that deserve the 
 attention of the State as well as of the Church. 
 The Indian schools on the Sarcee, the Blackfoot, 
 the Blood, and the Peigan Reserves are well 
 known, as also the names of Canon Stocken and 
 Archdeacon Tims. There is a Girls' and a Boys' 
 School in existence and a Theological College in 
 contemplation in Calgary. For some years to come 
 there must be considerable outside help given to 
 this Diocese if the Church is to be placed in its 
 rightful position. But that help need only be 
 temporary, for such cities as Lethbridge, with a 
 population of 14,000, Edmonton, with 40,000, and 
 Calgary, with 56,000, all rapidly increasing in 
 wealth as well as in numbers, must soon enable 
 the Church to become self-supporting.
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA in 
 
 The Pacific coast of British Columbia was Columbia : 
 explored in the latter part of the eighteenth | ^ arly His " 
 century by Captain Cook, Captain Vancouver, and 
 others. Alexander Mackenzie came through to 
 the Pacific from Chipewyan and Simon Eraser 
 travelled in a canoe from the source of the Fraser 
 River to the ocean. In 1852 the Hudson Bay 
 Company established a trading post where the city 
 of Victoria now stands, and a chaplain was sent 
 out by them in 1856. The Diocese over which 
 Bishop Hills took charge in 1859 included the 
 whole of British Columbia. Its area in 1879 
 became narrowed by the creation of two new 
 Dioceses, to Vancouver Island and the islands in the 
 Gult of Georgia. 
 
 This Diocese has always stood in a singularly " Favourable 
 favourable position. The area of settlement within G1 on * 
 its bounds has been very restricted, confined 
 almost to a narrow strip on the Eastern coast 
 of Vancouver Island. Munificent gifts from the 
 late Baroness Burdett Coutts sufficed to endow, 
 at an early stage, the Bishopric and an Arch- 
 deaconry. And the Church has never been per- 
 plexed by an overwhelming inrush of settlers. 
 The framework of organization is even now being 
 strengthened and not strained by the steady 
 stream of well-to-do people who are finding their
 
 ii2 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 way into its parishes, attracted by its favourable 
 openings and its delightful climate. The growth 
 of the city of Victoria has been remarkable, though 
 not phenomenal, like that of Vancouver. Under 
 present and prospective conditions, the Diocese 
 may look forward to becoming self-supporting, 
 within a reasonable time, as its contributions to 
 almost equal its grants from M.S.C.C. Now this 
 is one of the most gratifying results of the work. 
 The M. S. C. C. not only aids needy communities 
 and benefits individual men and women, but it 
 gives a helping hand to Dioceses in their noble 
 efforts to equip themselves for the carrying on of 
 their own work, and becoming strong centres for 
 the support of the work of the Chufch as a whole. 
 iii Columbia This may not be an un fi tt i n g p i ace to mention 
 
 Mi . the Columbia Coast Mission, though it belongs 
 
 equally to New Westminster and to Columbia. 
 The Rev. John Antle in his Mission Boat Columbia 
 Number 2 comes into touch with 4,000 or 5,000 log- 
 gers in some 7 5 camps in the Gulf of Georgia. It is a 
 floating library, carrying books, magazines and 
 newspapers to thousands of isolated men. It is a 
 floating ambulance and hospital, treating slight 
 cases of illness or accident in its own cots and by 
 means of its own surgeon, and conveying more eri- 
 ous cases to well-equipped hospitals at Van Anda, in
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 113 
 
 the South, at Rock Bay, in the centre, and at Alert 
 Bay in North, while its main object is to reach 
 and benefit the souls and lives of the men through 
 the spiritual ministrations of the Church. 
 
 In 1879 the Southern part of the mainland of New West- 
 British Columbia was formed into the Diocese of 
 New Westminster under Bishop Sillitoe. 
 
 New Westminster is seeking to solve its prob- 
 lems to the best of its ability. A scheme has 
 been agreed upon whereby there shall be two 
 schools of training for the clergy of the prov- 
 ince. Bishop Latimer College is in actual 
 operation. Considerable sums are already on 
 hand for the establishment of St. Mark's, and 
 both will be affiliated with the provincial Uni- 
 versity, which is shortly to be established. For 
 twenty years past a Chinese Mission has been 
 carried on in Vancouver, with considerable suc- 
 cess, and for nearly ten years a Japanese Mis- 
 sion ; while for nearly half a century the Church 
 has ministered to the spiritual need? of some 
 two thousand Indians in the interior. There 
 is an Indian school for girls at Yale, and one 
 for boys at Lytton. The Diocese is advancing 
 rapidly in the direction of self-support. The 
 amount it contributed to M. S. C. C. is almost, 
 if not quite equal to the grant it receives from the
 
 ii4 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Society. The rapid progress of the Church in the 
 city of Vancouver, both in numbers and in wealth , 
 will enable this Diocese soon to follow in the foot- 
 steps of Rupert's Land and decline all further aid 
 from M.S.C.C. 
 
 Caledonia. When the Diocese of New Westminster was 
 
 formed from the Southern part of the mainland 
 of British Columbia in 1879, the Northern part 
 became the Diocese of Caledonia. The Right 
 Rev. Wm. Ridley who had been a C. M. S. mission- 
 ary in India, became its first Bishop. 
 
 Metlakatla. In 1856 Wm. Duncan had come to Metlakatla 
 as a lay missionary to labour among the Indians. 
 He taught them, civilized them, and prepared 
 them for baptism. The Bishop of Columbia and 
 several clerical missionaries visited the settlement 
 and baptized these converts. In course of time, 
 however, Mr. Duncan became unwilling to comply 
 with the rules of the Church. The C.M.S. tried 
 in vain to suggest some line of action that 
 would meet with his approval. The result was 
 that Mr. Duncan left Metlakatla in 1887 with 
 most of the Christian Indians, having obtained 
 permission from the United States authorities to 
 settle in Alaska. Since that period of difficulty, 
 steady progress has been made.
 
 CHURCH IN WESTERN CANADA 115 
 
 For half a century, the region covered by this Triumphs of 
 Diocese has been the scene of wonderful triumphs e os P e 
 wrought by missionaries on behalf of civilization 
 and Christianity on the coast and in the valleys 
 of the Stickine, the Naas and the Skeena, whole 
 tribes of Indians have been transformed from savage 
 and heathen to civilized and Christian men ; and 
 they stand before the world to-day as living wit- 
 nesses of the power of the Gospel and of the Spirit 
 of Jesus Christ. There are 8000 Indians and scarcely 
 a heathen among them. 
 
 Bishop DuVernet is more closely identified 
 with the work among the whites. He witnessed 
 the birth of the city of Prince Rupert and 
 laid the foundations of the Church in what is 
 destined to be one of the great cities of the Dom- 
 inion. With the building of the G. T. P. R. through 
 those Northern mountains, scores of settlements 
 will no doubt be brought into existence ; with 
 mining camps, logging camps, construction camps 
 and farming settlements calling for the services of 
 the Church. 
 
 The Diocese of Kootenay was set apart from Kootenay. 
 New Westminster in 1899 under Bishop Dart. 
 
 This Diocese is largely covered with hills and 
 mountains, and these physical features determine 
 the character of the missionary work that is to be
 
 u6 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 done. The mountains we shall call Kootenay and 
 the hills Okanagan. Kootenay is noted for its 
 forests and minerals. Hence we have Cranbrook 
 as the centre of the lumber industry ; Michel of 
 the coal mines ; Fernie of the coke ovens ; Ross- 
 land of the gold and silver mines ; and great 
 smelters at Trail and Grand Forks. Nelson is 
 the commercial capital of the whole region. Okan- 
 agan is noted for its fruit industries, which cluster 
 round Okanagan Lake. At its North end is Vernon, 
 the centre of vast fruit ranches, including Cold 
 Stream Ranch, many miles away, planted by Lord 
 Aberdeen twenty years ago. On its East side is 
 Kelowna at the entrance of a valley that leads to 
 Long Lake, whose slopes are said by some to be the 
 most promising fruit fields in the land. 
 
 At its South end is Penticton, situated in a wide 
 valley that extends scores of miles to the South into 
 the boundary country, while on the West side are 
 Summerland and Peachland, which are already 
 celebrated for their fruit crops. Mining camps 
 and mining towns where men live close together 
 and can be easily reached by the clergy, and can 
 easily band themselves together to support the 
 Church, offer a totally different problem from that 
 presented by the widely scattered homesteads and 
 flimsy railway towns of the prairies. Different,
 
 too, is the problem, and much easier of solution, 
 presented by small fruit ranches. Some initial 
 expense has undoubtedly to be incurred to plant 
 and establish the Church ; but in many places 
 these compact communities, even when they are 
 small, rise with comparative ease to a condition of 
 self-support. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON VI. 
 AIM To hear the call of the West. 
 
 1 . What reasons can you think of why an elder 
 brother in a family should help the younger 
 children ? 
 
 2. How far is Eastern Canada an elder brother 
 to the West ? How far is it a parent ? 
 
 3. Explain the special claims of Algoma upon 
 Eastern Canada on account of (a) its formation, 
 (6) its growth, (c) its future. 
 
 4. Which of these missionary Dioceses may 
 fairly be expected to become self-supporting ?
 
 n8 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 5. Why will the others continue to have a 
 claim upon the rest of the Church ? 
 
 6. Express in a sentence the call from each 
 Diocese.
 
 DIFFICULTIES 119 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 Everything that is worth doing is difficult. Valu of dif - 
 That is a universal t rule. And difficulties gener- culties> 
 ally increase with the importance and magnitude 
 of the task. Hence, when we are confronted with 
 difficulties we should assume their solution, look 
 beyond them to the exceeding great rewards 
 from which they debar us and be inspired and 
 nerved to lay the plans, undertake the labours 
 and make the sacrifices which the attainment of 
 those rewards and the removal of those difficulties 
 demand. It is written that Jesus, for the joy 
 that was set before Him, endured the cross, des- 
 pising the shame, and is set down at the right hand 
 of the throne of God. That is a triumphant atti- 
 tude in the face of difficulties that would other- 
 wise be insurmountable. But difficulties exist 
 and have to be faced, and the best way to face 
 and overcome them is to begin by frankly recog- 
 nizing them The obstacles presented by the op- 
 position of the natural man to things of the
 
 I2O 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Immeasure- 
 able Dis- 
 tances 
 
 Spirit are to be met with everywhere and at all 
 times. They are so well known that they need 
 not be mentioned here- In this field, however, 
 they act with peculiar force owing to the ten- 
 dency of the whole life to drag men down to the 
 level of the earthly and the material. 
 
 In looking over our Canadian Field the first 
 difficulty that confronts us is its almost immeasur- 
 able distances. Every Diocese is the size of a 
 kingdom, and the country the* size of a continent. 
 From Winnipeg to Calgary is 1,000 miles, 
 and from the American boundary to the 
 Northern line of settlement is 500 miles. Here, on 
 the prairies alone, is a region to be compassed cover- 
 ing an area of over 500,000 square miles. Each sep- 
 arate mission is almost the size of an English Dio- 
 cese. When Rev. Walter H. White acted as 
 organizing agent for the Diocese of Qu'Appelle, his 
 field, in the last Mountain Valley, on the Pheasant 
 Hills' branch of the C.P.R., was at least 50 miles 
 long by 30 wide. It seemed a world in itself, 
 and a team of the best horses was needed to 
 cover it. He had previously woiked on the 
 C.N.R., with Kamsack as a centre, in a district 
 at least 100 miles in length. He then took up 
 work at Lanigan, on the Yorkton branch of the 
 C.P.R., in a circle with a radius of 50 miles. Each
 
 DIFFICULTIES 121 
 
 of these districts was large enough to employ 
 several men, and the three districts together 
 formed only a small portion of the North-East 
 corner of Qu'Appelle. The Railway Mission, in 
 the same Diocese, gives to each of its half-dozen 
 missionaries the impossible task of looking after 
 100 miles of railway; and new railways are being 
 built in the West at the rate of 1,000 miles a year. 
 When Archdeacon Lloyd mapped out the Diocese 
 of Saskatchewan for his sixty catechists, each 
 district was about 30 miles square, and even this 
 distribution of territory only dealt with that part 
 of the Diocese where railways and settlers were to 
 be found. The Rev. W. G. Boyd's mission in 
 connection with the Archbishops' Western Canada 
 Fund, extends along the G.T.P.R., west of Edmon- 
 ton, a distance of about 160 miles from East to 
 West by 70 miles from South to North. And 
 each of these districts is calling aloud for more 
 helpers. It was no uncommon thing, two or three 
 years ago, to be told that into certain districts, 
 which were pointed out, several thousand settlers 
 had gone who were entirely unknown to the agents 
 of the Government, as well as to the clergy. Parts 
 of some of those districts are still without any repre- 
 sentative of the Church. When we bear in mind 
 that every yard square, in those districts, is rich
 
 122 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 grain-growing land, we can form some idea of the 
 vast population that will some day fill the land, 
 of the magnitude of the work and of the value of 
 the harvest that lies before the Church, and we 
 shall find encouragement to face and overcome 
 this difficulty. 
 
 Widely Scat- The next difficulty that confronts us is the 
 tered Settle- widely scattered character of the settlements. 
 ments. There are no forests to be uprooted, no mountains 
 
 to be scaled, no roads to be built. These condi- 
 tions, which are favourable to the settlers, are 
 extremely unfavourable to the missionaries. The 
 advent ot the railway brings in a flood of settlers, 
 but, through the increase in the value of land, it 
 has a tendency to drive them far into the interior, 
 where the land is cheap. The policy of the 
 Government has given to the railways the owner- 
 . ship of every alternate block, a mile square, called 
 a section, and these blocks are often withheld 
 from the market with a view to the higher prices 
 of the future. Thus, even in the settled parts, 
 the population is extremely sparse. Foreigners 
 Galicians, Poles, and other Europeans have a 
 tendency to settle together in colonies, whose 
 members do not speak English and do not belong 
 to the Church. The immigrants from the United 
 States, who speak English, are largely indifferent
 
 DIFFICULTIES 
 
 to religion. Although of those who come from the Scattered 
 British Islands into the ocean ports a large propor- Churchmen - 
 tion are Churchmen, yet many of these settle in 
 Eastern Canada. Those who go on to the West 
 are a mixture of Presbyterians, Methodists, 
 and Baptists, with a greater or less proportion of 
 Churchmen. Even in the railway towns that 
 proportion is seldom large. As a consequence, 
 the Churchmen are not only few but also far 
 between. To reach these with the services of the 
 Church requires extensive driving ; to band them 
 together into congregations is an almost impos- 
 sible task ; while to neglect them now means 
 their absorption into other religious communions. 
 Pioneer work of the most laborious character is 
 required, sometimes for years, to keep the Church 
 alive in order that, in the end, combined action 
 may be possible. The proper training of the 
 children and the building of parsonages and 
 churches are extremely difficult where they are 
 not impossible. 
 
 Another difficulty that confronts us is the Conditions 
 condition under which the people live, as well as of Iife * 
 the character of the people themselves. It is 
 not usually the religious class that swells the 
 tide of immigration, but rather that worldly, 
 adventurous class that seeks first to improve its
 
 124 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 material condition. Under the most favourable 
 circumstances the lot of the settler is a hard one. 
 He has no house to begin with, and even the most 
 elementary comforts of life are beyond his reach. 
 He may build a small shack of turf and sometimes 
 of poles found in the neighbouring bluffs. He must 
 laboriously break the soil and then wait one or 
 two years for the harvest from which he may 
 derive a living and pay his debts. When Sunday 
 conies neither he nor his team is in a mood to 
 drive miles to a religious service, to be held in 
 some dingy schoolhouse, or in some crowded and 
 stifling kitchen, or shop, or bar-room. The toil 
 of the week induces a weariness of flesh and spirit 
 that is only too ready to spend the Sunday in 
 complete rest or in sleep. Removed from the 
 happy surroundings of the past, with none of the 
 usual attractions of the House of God to allure 
 him, and with all the deadening influences of a 
 sordid materialism that thinks and speaks only of 
 dollars and bushels of grain, to choke the strivings 
 of the spiritual life within him, the ordinary 
 settler is not the most promising field in which to 
 sow the seed and reap the harvest of the Word of 
 God. There are, indeed, many cheering excep- 
 tions to this rule. The very remoteness from 
 home and the absence of all the customary means
 
 DIFFICULTIES 125 
 
 of grace have a tendency to awaken the conscience 
 of some, and to produce in them newness of life. 
 But under normal conditions the pioneer mis- 
 sionary in the West stands as much in need of the 
 prayers and moral support of the Church at large 
 as the foreign missionary who toils among the 
 depressing surroundings of heathenism. 
 
 The toils and hardships of the missionary to Toils a ^ d 
 the Indians in the Far North have long been hardshlps ' 
 known to the world. The plague of flies and 
 mosquitoes with which he is afflicted makes life a 
 veritable purgatory on earth. His fare, which 
 is rude and scanty at the best, is often varied by 
 the prospect and even the experience of famine. 
 Bishop Stringer's adventure in crossing the moun- 
 tains from the mouth of the Mackenzie to the 
 basin of the Yukon lives in the memory of all. 
 Besides the hardships of cold and toil and weari- 
 ness, he was reduced to the extremity of eating 
 his moccasins, and when he put in an appeaiance 
 at the Indian encampment, he was in such a state 
 of exhaustion and emaciation that his own wife 
 would have scarcely recognized him. The long 
 canoe journeys of Bishop Bompas, from the 
 sources of the Peace River to the mouth of the 
 Mackenzie and back, seem to be incredible feats 
 in these days and regions of railways and steamers
 
 i26 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Bishop Lofthouse once covered on snow shoes a 
 distance of 1,800 miles. Rev. E. J. Peck, many 
 a time, sailed through almost impassable ice floes, 
 in the Arctic regions, lodged in Eskimo iglos, with 
 furious dogs snapping at his heels, held services 
 with a snow wall as his only protection from the 
 freezing wind and heaped up snow banks around 
 and above his dwelling, to economize fuel, and to 
 protect himself from a temperature in which the 
 thermometer stood 60 below zero. This is the 
 price our missionaries have to pay in order to 
 preach the gospel to the Indians and the Eskimos. 
 The privations of the missionaries' wives, under 
 such conditions, are not to be overlooked ; as 
 also the trial of parting for years with their chil- 
 dren that they may be educated, or of keeping 
 them at home and allowing them to grow up in rude- 
 ness and ignorance. And, perhaps more difficult 
 to bear than hardship and hunger is the oppressive 
 silence and loneliness of those cold and cheerless 
 regions, where the nearest friend or doctor is 
 1,000 miles away, and the mails arrive only once 
 or twice in rhe year. 
 
 Of a different character, because lit up with 
 the rainbow of hope, is the difficulty that arises 
 from the overwhelming inrush of settlers. Imagine 
 a district, where there is not a house or an inhabi-
 
 DIFFICULTIES 127 
 
 tant, suddenly invaded by a horde of immigrants, 
 speaking a dozen different languages, professing a 
 dozen different faiths and taking possession, in 
 one summer, of many square miles of the best soil 
 of Canada. Then imagine a bishop or a priest, 
 responsible for their spiritual welfare, vainly 
 struggling, single-handed, to reach them with 
 the ministrations of the Church. There is sure 
 to be no church in the district. There may not 
 even be a schoolhouse in which to hold a service. 
 And many of the people may be without even a 
 tent to shelter them trom cold and rain. Then, 
 imagine large congregations of Churchpeople in 
 the towns and cities of Eastern Canada, living in 
 beautiful homes, surrounded by all the comforts 
 and luxuries of an advanced civilization, worship- 
 ping in well-appointed churches, needing to be 
 aroused, by fervent appeals to provide the means 
 for helping the Church's representative in the 
 West to offer, under almost impossible con- 
 dition, the bread of life to these hordes of new- 
 comers into our land. 
 
 One of the greatest discouragements our mission- 
 aries have to suffer is that they find themselves con- 
 fronted by splendid opportunities, while they are 
 unable to discharge what they feel to be a patriotic 
 and religious duty towards these newcomers ; and
 
 128 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 at the same time they know that, in the hands of 
 Church-people, in other parts of the land, there are 
 ample means to enable them to discharge those 
 duties, means that are too often squandered in the 
 service of self, the world, the flesh and the devil. 
 
 The previous training of many of the settlers 
 presents a great obstacle in the way of the Church's 
 progress. The immigrants from Ireland are so 
 few as not to require special notice ; when they 
 are Churchpeople they are usually staunch Church- 
 people. Of the Scotch it may generally be said 
 that they are Presbyterians, that they are excel- 
 lent settlers and citizens, and that they are loyally 
 attached to their own communion, of which they 
 become willing and generous supporters. The 
 English are, in the main, members of the Church ; 
 in some districts three quarters of the population 
 are composed of Church members. This, at first 
 sight, seems most promising, and the heart of the 
 missionary is often cheered by the hearty support 
 which he receives from many of his people. But 
 unfortunately this cannot be said of all. It has 
 often been a puzzle to us to explain why so many 
 English Churchpeople, Whose ancestors have, 
 from time immemorial, been Church members, 
 who have themselves been baptized and con- 
 firmed in the Church, who have lived, all their
 
 DIFFICULTIES 129 
 
 lives, within the shadow of the great cathedrals 
 and parish churches of England, and who have 
 enjoyed, in sickness and in health, the ministra- 
 tions of the cultured and devoted clergy of the 
 Church, should be totally indifferent not only to 
 the ?piritual claims of religion, but also to the 
 mote outward claims of the historical and national 
 Church of England. It may, perhaps, be said 
 with truth that Churchpeople are the poorest 
 churchgoers in the West. This we shall not 
 attempt to account for ; it offers nevertheless 
 a serious difficulty to the Church. That they 
 should also be the poorest supporters of the 
 Church, even when they attend its service-, is 
 more easily explained, though it is a no less serious 
 difficulty. As members of the established and 
 endowed Church of the Motheiland, whose revenues 
 are so largely derived from the benefactions of 
 pious ancestors, they have enjoyed its services, as 
 a matter of course, without giving much, if any- 
 thing, for their maintenance ; they have never 
 acquired the habit of giving ; and they find it 
 hard to realize that the Church in Canada is a 
 purely voluntary Society that could not continue 
 to exist without the financial supoort of its mem- 
 bers. If to this be added the fact that the English 
 are possibly the least adaptable of all the settlers,
 
 130 
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Americans. 
 
 Eastern 
 Canadians. 
 
 as they come in large numbers from English cities, 
 and that their progress in material well-being is 
 usually slow, at the outset, it will be readily seen 
 that serious initial difficulties throng the path of the 
 Church. 
 
 The Americans are, in many ways, most 
 desirable settlers. They are industrious, in- 
 telligent, and resourceful, and they enjoy a 
 wide experience of pioneer life. They know at a 
 glance the best districts and the best farms and 
 they are prompt to make the best use of their 
 opportunities. But they have lived for years 
 as the advance guard of civilization, where their 
 touch with organized religion was ot the slightest ; 
 they have, in many cases, become completely 
 secularized. Heie, too, there are many noble 
 exceptions ; but even where they are religious 
 they are rarely members of the Church, from the 
 fact that its services are almost unknown in many 
 of the regions from which they come. Their atti- 
 tude toward religion in general is one of aloofness, 
 with a shade of prejudice against the Church of 
 England and of reluctance to join in its reverent 
 and congregational services. Eastern Canadians 
 who come largely from the country parts of 
 Ontario are, in great numbers, Presbyterians and 
 Methodists. They are the most desirable element
 
 DIFFICULTIES 
 
 of all, but the proportion of Churchmen among 
 them is comparatively small. It will thus be 
 seen that the Church is seriously handicapped 
 in running the race that is set before it in the 
 West. 
 
 The difficulty of providing suitable churches, Need of 
 parish halls, and Sunday school rooms has pressed, e 1 ul P ment - 
 as a great burden, on the Church throughout the 
 Dominion. Church debts and dubious devices for 
 raising money have been the unfortunate results. 
 The difficulty is still seriously felt in Eastein 
 Canada in the form of enlargements and improve- 
 ments ; but those difficulties are as nothing, in 
 Eastern Canada, when compared with the West. 
 Where vast districts are brought under settlement 
 in one season, where, for miles around, there is 
 scarcely a comfortable house and not a single 
 public building worthy of the name ; and where 
 the people are struggling and must continue to 
 struggle for some years with the primary neces- 
 sities of existence, the problem of erecting any 
 sort of church, even the cheapest, becomes a 
 serious one. For social and Sunday school pur- 
 poses the need and value of a parish room has 
 been so great that in many places, the sanctuary 
 of the building that is used for public worship on 
 Sunday is curtained off and the rest of the build-
 
 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 ing used for more secular purposes during the 
 week. The hard conditions of pioneer life have 
 encouraged a tendency to form communities of 
 unmarried missionaries, as in the case of the Rail- 
 way Mission, of the Prairie Brotherhood and of 
 the Boyd Scheme ; but the value of a married 
 clergy has not been lost sight of. Parsonages 
 thus become an absolute necessity as, in many 
 places, no other abode can be found for the clergy- 
 man's family. These difficulties aie manifestly 
 great ; for young communities cannot wring 
 much for the Church out of their own small re- 
 sources and church buildings are always expen- 
 sive. But the need of such buildings is equally 
 manifest ; for it is almost impossible to hold such 
 reverent and dignified services as can alone be 
 of lasting benefit to the community without build- 
 ings specially adapted to the purpose. Here is a 
 difficulty that has pressed long and is pressing 
 now on the Church with ever growing force, and 
 yet it has never received the attention it deserves. 
 It rests as a heavy burden grievous to be borne 
 on the shoulders of the local bishops and clergy, 
 M.S.C.C. having done no more than seek to pro- 
 vide stipends for the living agents in the Field. 
 Need of men. But perhaps the greatest difficulty of all is 
 that of providing suitable men, in sufficient num-
 
 DIFFICULTIES 133 
 
 bers, to do the work, with some degree of efficiency. 
 The dearth of men for the ministry is felt through- 
 out Christendom by all religious communions. 
 Many causes have contributed to this result, 
 but the result itself is as evident as it is deplor- 
 able. The Bishop of Fredericton reports that 
 there are nearly a score of vacancies in his Dio- 
 cese, in spite of his persistent efforts to fill them ; 
 and there is scarcely an Eastern Diocese where 
 there are not several vacancies that remain 
 unfilled. Now, the pressure in the East should 
 be reduced to a minimum, for there is a com- 
 paratively dense population from which to draw 
 recruits ; there are men of means with oppor- 
 tunities of study ; there are efficient theological 
 colleges, and there pioneer missionary work 
 scarcely exists. These conditions are entirely 
 reversed in the West. The population is ex- 
 tremely sparse, even in the more settled dis- 
 tricts ; fortunes are in the making and oppor- 
 tunities of leisure in the future ; theological 
 colleges are so remote as to be almort inaccessible; 
 and the influx of immigrants is such that a need 
 is created for scores of new missionaries every 
 year. The bishops in the East are naturally 
 loath to see their best men go into the West ; 
 their misfits they are not so anxious to retain.
 
 134 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 The Westein bishops feel no great craving for 
 incompetent men, come they from any part of 
 the world ; but with vacant parishes and un- 
 occupied districts by the score staring them in 
 the face, they sometimes choose the lesser evil, 
 as they think, and accept men against their 
 better judgment. It is their poverty, and not their 
 will, consents. The greatest of all needs, at all 
 times and in all places, is for men. The more 
 important and exacting the work the greater the 
 need of good men. In view of the superior charac- 
 ter of many ot the immigrants who are pouring 
 into the West ; in view of the far-reaching im- 
 portance of their work as the fathers and founders 
 ot towns and cities, as the upbuilders of the nation 
 and the Empire, the West needs to-day the very 
 best men the Church can give it, and needs them 
 "not single spies but in battalions." Too high praise 
 cannot be given to the devotion and ability of 
 many of those who have gone out into the West, 
 especially those who have come from the Mother- 
 land. If a sufficient number of such men, suitable 
 in character, in sympathy, in learning, in resource- 
 fulness, in devotion, in spirituality, could be 
 drafted into the West, in the next ten years, the 
 best possible guarantee would be given that the 
 great problem of the West would be solved in a
 
 DIFFICULTIES 135 
 
 way that would satisfy the requirements of the 
 case, the demands of the people, of the Church, of 
 the nation, of the Empire, and of the wider and 
 deeper interests of the spiritual kingdom of Jesus 
 Chiist. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON VII. 
 AIM To estimate the magnitude of the task. 
 
 1. How have the difficulties of distance, scat- 
 tered population and rapid growth been overcome 
 in the cause of education, commerce, civilization ? 
 
 2. What is the lesson here for the Church ? 
 
 3. What other difficulties impress you as to 
 the missionary situation in Canada in addition to 
 those mentioned in this chapter ? 
 
 4. How may we gather courage from our 
 difficulties ? 
 
 5. Can you think of any reasons why work in 
 the new settlements should be more especially diffi- 
 cult for the Church of England ? 
 
 6. What lesson is there for us in the fact that 
 settlers from the United States seldom know much 
 of our Church ?
 
 136 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 7. What attempts have been made to meet 
 the need for men ? 
 
 8. Arrange the difficulties before us in what 
 seems to you their order of importance, then see 
 how they may be removed or overcome.
 
 THE CALL 137 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 THE CALL OF OPPORTUNITY. 
 
 From the survey of our Canadian Field, made Review. 
 all too briefly and imperfectly in the foregoing 
 lessons, it will readily be admitted that we have 
 here one of the most laborious and fruitful fields in 
 all the world. We have lifted up our eyes and look- 
 ed upon areas of almost unlimited extent, with 
 resources as varied and as rich as are to be found 
 in any country on the globe. Those resources 
 include gold and all sorts of minerals ; wheat 
 and all sorts of grain ; apples and peaches and all 
 sorts of fruit ; cod and salmon and all sorts of 
 fish ; oak and pine and all sorts of lumber ; 
 horses and cattle and all sorts of domestic animals ; 
 rivers and lakes and all sorts of water stretches ; 
 factories and warehouses and all sorts of indus- 
 tries ; railways and steamers and all modes of 
 transportation ; an incomparable position on the 
 two great oceans and facing the two great con- 
 tinents ; and above all, a healthful and invigorat- 
 ing climate eminently suitable for the production
 
 138 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 of the best types of manhood. We have seen 
 that this country is the most inviting field for 
 the capital and the immigration of the world. 
 The people are free, intelligent, moral, and reli- 
 gious, and their institutions, governmental, edu- 
 cational, journalistic and literary, are suited to 
 the genius and requirements of a free and moral 
 people. We have formed some idea of the remark- 
 able growth of the population within the last 
 few years, and of the likelihood that that growth 
 will continue with accelerated speed. Grafted 
 on two of the main stocks of Europe, the English 
 and the French, are hardy immigrants from 
 many lands, including a sprinkling from Japan, 
 China and India. This heterogeneous immi- 
 gration, indeed, threatens great dangers, but it 
 also imposes great duties and offers great oppor- 
 tunities. We have passed in review the fostering 
 care and help we have received from the Mother- 
 land, through the agency of the S. P. G. , the S. P. C. K. 
 the C.M.S., the C.&.C.CS., the Jews' Society, and 
 the Bible Society, and we have seen how these 
 societies have been both sources of inspiration 
 and bonds of union. We have surveyed, one by 
 one, the Dioceses of Eastern Canada, their history, 
 their resources, and the wonderful power they 
 place in our hands for the prosecution of our
 
 THE CALL 139 
 
 great task, so that we may, in some measure, 
 understand the responsibilities under which we 
 rest. We have also surveyed, one by one, the 
 Dioceses of Western Canada, and seen the great 
 possibilities that lie latent in them, the equip- 
 ment which they already possess, and the urgent 
 need of men and money, in which they stand, 
 that we may be prepared to hear the call of the 
 West. We have traced the development of the 
 missionary idea in the Church, and of the organs in 
 which that idea has found shape, resulting in 
 the vigorous agencies known by the initials D. & F. 
 M.S., C.C.M.S., M.S.C.C., W.A., S.V.M.U., Y.P.M.M. 
 and L.M.M., that we may acquire a knowledge of 
 our equipment for our work. And we tried to 
 estimate the magnitude of our task by casting 
 a glance at the difficulties which it presents 
 the immeasurable distances to be covered, the 
 widely scattered character of the settlements, 
 the untoward conditions under which the people 
 live, the toils, hardships and privations of the 
 missionaries in the far North, the overwhelming 
 inrush of settlers, their unpromising antecedents, 
 the sore need of suitable equipment in the form 
 of church buildings and the extreme difficulty 
 of obtaining an adequate supply of suitable men. 
 We are now prepared to make a final survey of 
 the glorious opportunities that lie before us-
 
 140 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 When we think of these opportunities, in our 
 Canadian Field, it is difficult not to feel keyed 
 tip to a high pitch of enthusiasm. 
 
 i. We have unequalled opportunities of doing 
 individual work. That is perhaps the most valu- 
 able and fruitful work of all. That is the work 
 to which our Lord, during His earthly ministry, 
 specially addressed Himself, in this as in all else, 
 setting us an example It is to be feared that 
 much of our work to-day is ineffective because 
 it is too general. Our preaching and our teaching 
 are too theoretical and not sufficiently personal. 
 Our pastoral visitation is too much of the nature 
 of social calls and not enough of the nature of 
 dealing with souls. Soul winning is not deep 
 enough in our hearts and clearly enough before 
 our eyes, in our daily ministrations. We speak 
 to men in the mass ; we do not reach and win 
 individuals. Pioneer work in the West offers 
 splendid opportunities for individual work. Its 
 special features are individualistic from the nature 
 of the case ; for much of it is necessarily visitation 
 and instruction carried on from man to man, 
 from child to child, from family to family. It 
 leads directly to heart to heart talks. More- 
 over, the men themselves and the families 
 are peculiarly susceptible to such ministrations.
 
 THE CALL 141 
 
 Their lives are. lonely ; they naturally crave for 
 sympathy. Their circumstances are hard and 
 earthly ; they need the softening influences of religion. 
 Far removed from the scenes and friends and 
 associations of their youth, the Church, the Prayer 
 Book, the Sunday, the minister, awake within 
 them many tender memories and find an open 
 door for the message of the Gospel of Christ. 
 For the purely spiritual work of the kingdom of 
 God this field presents unrivalled opportunities. 
 
 2. It offers also magnificent opportunities Constructive 
 for constructive work, for the building up of work * 
 parishes and dioceses. The elements may be 
 diverse and mutually repellant. Americans, 
 Canadians and Europeans may not easily coalesce ; 
 but the amalgam, if effected, will be a most valu- 
 able product, combining the best qualities of each 
 component part. Here is the opportunity of 
 building up a congregation from its foundations, 
 of bringing all the experience of the past to bear 
 on a new problem, of training a new order of 
 Churchmen who will count it a privilege to take an 
 interest in their Church, to work for their Church, 
 to support their Church. Everything in their 
 life has a tendency to make them see the social 
 side of the Church's work, as well as its spiritual 
 side. Young men who have no companions or
 
 142 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 only evil companions may be looked after. The sick 
 who have no friends may be visited, and the 
 lonely may be cheered. The settler keenly feels 
 the need of all this, and readily sees its value, 
 and the congregation and the diocese, cemented 
 together by the goodwill and gratitude of their 
 members, and " compacted together by that 
 which every joint supplieth, maketh increase of 
 the body unto the edifying of itself in love." 
 
 3. The opportunity of leavening, moulding 
 and stamping young communities is not to be 
 overlooked. Communities have a life and charac- 
 ter all their own, like individuals. They follow 
 along lines of natural development. The stamp 
 that is early put upon them, in some form, persists. 
 A peaceful, united, public-spirited community 
 who does not like to see ? A community that 
 strives after what is good, that observes the 
 Sunday, that respects the Church, the Bible, and 
 the moral law, and that is prone to deeds of 
 benevolence and charity. If such communities 
 should be made to prevail in the land they would 
 have a far-reaching influence on the life of the 
 nation. And the Gospel and Church of Jesus 
 Christ, that tamed the Angles and the Saxons, that 
 moulded the British people, and that trained the 
 nations of Europe, are the only means that can 
 produce sucJrjjemarkable results.
 
 THE CALL 143 
 
 4. Nor should the opportunity of training Citizenship, 
 manhood and citizenship be ignored. We are 
 
 at the beginning of things in Canada to-day. 
 The seeds sown and the germs planted now 
 will produce the harvests of the future. At 
 this stage of our national development it is 
 all important to recognize that man is essentially 
 a spiritual being. The foundation of all true 
 manhood is spiritual. Character and principle 
 to be firm and enduring must rest on a spiritual 
 basis. And religion is the great formative in- 
 fluence in the spiritual sphere. The religion of 
 Christ alone can give men right views of life and 
 right motives of duty, train them to the rightful 
 use of the ballot and of all the attributes of citizen- 
 ship, lead them to stand up for the right, to respect 
 the claims of others, to bear the infirmities of the 
 weak and not to please themselves. Men and 
 citizens of that description are worth infinitely 
 more to the nation than wheatfields and gold 
 mines. 
 
 5. And this question has more than a national Responsibili- 
 outlook. Canada is an integral part of a world- ties . to the 
 wide Empire. The powers that be are ordained mpure \ 
 
 of God. To those who believe in an overruling 
 Providence in the affairs of men it will be evident 
 that the British Empire must have been formed
 
 144 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 for some beneficent, universal purpose, as the 
 Roman Empire was in the olden time. Those 
 larger purposes have already been served, in a 
 measure at least, by the British Empire. It has 
 carried round the world the principles of freedom 
 and justice, of morality and religion. It is uni- 
 versally acknowledged to be to-day an influence 
 for good among the nations of the earth. It has 
 spread broadcast the civilizing influences of 
 trade and education. In the rnidst of warfare 
 and bloodshed, it has promoted the interests of 
 universal peace and goodwill. It has protected 
 and uplifted native races. Its rulers have every- 
 where been the defenders of the weak and the 
 representatives of the eternal principles of truth 
 and justice. Citizens of Canada should be citizens 
 of the Empire and citizens of the Empire should 
 be citizens of the world. Now we have the oppor- 
 tunity of training such citizens ; and there is no 
 influence that can serve this end in comparison 
 with the Gospel and Church of Jesus Christ. 
 Every missionary of the Church is or should be an 
 agent for the promotion of those lofty ends. 
 Resjonsibil- 6. And yet there is a still larger and higher 
 ity to the opportunity, that connected with the work 
 of world-wide evangelization. The Canadian 
 Church is an integral part of the Anglican com-
 
 THE CALL 145 
 
 munion, and the Anglican communion is already 
 spread around the world. In it are to be found 
 bishops and clergy of varied races, colours and 
 tongues. At the Pan-Anglican Congress and 
 the Lambeth Conference were to be seen negroes 
 from the centre of Africa whose ancestors, from 
 time immemorial, had been sunk in the darkness 
 and degradation of heathenism and slavery. 
 The Edinburgh Conference demonstrated the fact 
 that, by the union of all the forces of Christendom, 
 the evangelization of the world is possible, and 
 that it is being planned for and will most assuredly 
 be achieved in a measurable time. The Anglican 
 communion, from its historical and scriptural 
 position, may become the centre for the reunion 
 of Christendom and for the evangelization of the 
 world. These two greatest problems, whose solu- 
 tion must hasten the coming of our Lord and 
 Saviour Jesus Christ, are in process of being 
 solved. The Edinburgh Conference, whose 
 object was to consider the carrying of the Gospel to 
 the whole world, made the strongest appeal that 
 ever was heard for the reunion of the broken frag- 
 ments of the Church of Christ on earth. If this is 
 not sufficient to inspire us to unprecedented efforts 
 and sacrifices no other appeal can avail. The 
 conclusion of the whole matter is that we need
 
 146 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 men of world-wide outlook, men who rise to the 
 measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ. 
 British men have for generations been actors on 
 a world-wide stage, and been trained for world- 
 wide action. The Anglican communion is begin- 
 ning to realize its mission to the world. The 
 British Empire and the Anglican communion offer 
 the best standing ground from which to attempt 
 the world-wide enterprise. As we have seen, the 
 Gospel and the Church of Jesus Christ can alone 
 offer an adequate motive and inspiration for the 
 task. No greater opportunity can ever be pre- 
 sented to us on this side the grave. If we fail to 
 seize the opportunity after ages of training and 
 preparation for it, we shall deserve the judgment 
 pronounced on the Jews : " Your house is left 
 unto you desolate. Ye knew not the day of your 
 visitation." 
 
 Needs On all sides we are overwhelmed by the call 
 
 of the Church's needs. In New Ontario, with 
 developments rapidly taking place, in Port Arthur 
 and Fort William, in Cobalt and Gowganda, in 
 the Diocese of Algoma; and with developments 
 impending in the Diocese of Moosonee, in the 
 vast forest region north of the Great Lakes 
 mining towns, lumber camps, farming settlements 
 the need is so great as to require a large share
 
 TYPICAL CHURCH ON THE PRAIRIE.
 
 THE CALL 147 
 
 of the Church mission funds. In each of the 
 Dioceses of Qu'Appelle, Calgary and Saskat- 
 chewan, the need of men and of equipment prob- 
 ably surpasses anything that has confronted the 
 Church in modern times. In British Columbia, 
 especially in the Diocese of Caledonia, the con- 
 struction of hundreds of miles of new railways, 
 in regions almost unknown, will create possibilities 
 and needs still undreamt of. In the Diocese of 
 Athabasca, where vast grain fields, coal mines, 
 and even oil wells have been discovered ; even 
 in far Yukon, in Mackenzie River, and in the 
 Northern parts of Moosonee and Keewatin, a 
 Macedonian cry is heard from the settler, the 
 miner, the Eskimo and the Indian. The Indian 
 work has reached an almost desperate state, 
 owing to lack of financial support, and the fruits 
 of half a century of unparalleled toil and devotion 
 are in danger of being sacrificed. Bishops are 
 left without means to meet pressing claims and 
 glorious opportunities ; communities are left 
 without equipment and without clergy; half a 
 continent is in process of transformation from a 
 wilderness into a tilled field ; the work of cen- 
 turies is being compressed into a decade ; and 
 yet multitudes of our People, like Gallic, "care for 
 none of these things."
 
 148 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 The resources in men and in money are at 
 our disposal. We have universities and theo- 
 logical colleges to train the men ; and if a 
 tithe of the college men should offer themselves 
 for the work of the ministry there would be 
 enough men and to spare. What is wanting 
 is the will to make the necessary effort and the 
 necessary sacrifice. Mothers should now begin 
 to dedicate their children to the ministry of the 
 Church. Sunday Schools should begin to train 
 the children to come to Christ not only for pardon, 
 but also for service, to follow Him in His mission 
 to seek and to save the lost. The clergy should, 
 in season and out of season, appeal for the offering 
 of life as well as of money. Church members 
 should understand that the call of Christ and the 
 call of the Church's need is a call specially ad- 
 dressed to themselves. M.S.C.C., W.A., St. 
 Andrew's Brotherhood, Anglican Young People's 
 Associations, should all be recruiting agencies 
 to enlist volunteers in the army of the Lord. 
 Then will the whole Church become aflame with 
 the desire to serve. Then will oblations of men 
 and money be poured out freely on the altar of 
 sacrifice. Then will the Church be abundantly 
 rewarded, in increased spiritual life and power, 
 in peace and joy, for any sacrifice it may
 
 THE CALL 149 
 
 have offered to God, to the nation, to the Empire, 
 to the world. 
 
 But "except the Lord build the house their The power, 
 labour is but lost that build it." This work is 
 essentially spiritual. No progress can be made 
 in it, without the presence and power of the Holy 
 Spirit of God. He alone can make schools of 
 theology veritable schools of the prophets. He 
 alone can call and train the men. He alone can 
 endow them with the necessary gifts. He alone 
 can open the way for them in the field. He alone 
 can dispose the minds of men to receive them, 
 by turning the hearts of the disobedient to the 
 wisdom of the just. The greatness of the task 
 and of the need should drive us from man to God. 
 Has He not said, "All power is given unto Me in- 
 heaven and in earth" ? Has He not commanded, 
 "Go ye into all the world" ? Has he not promised, 
 "Lo ! I am with you alway" ? And have not the 
 power and the presence been promised in order 
 to enable us to carry out the command. But we 
 must tarry in Jerusalem until we be endued with 
 power from on high. We must wait upon God 
 in earnest and united prayer till we be filled with 
 the Holy Ghost. The chief resources of the 
 Church consist, not in wealthy congregations and 
 liberal supporters, but in the efficacy of prayer
 
 150 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 and faith. All things are possible with God, and 
 with Him who is united to God by a living faith. 
 And whatever we ask in prayer, believing, we 
 shall receive. These were the tokens that marked 
 the Apostolic Church. They believed ; they 
 prayed ; and they turned the world upside down. 
 They introduced the leaven of Christianity into 
 the unspeakably corrupt society of the Roman 
 world and gradually cleansed it. They were 
 mighty to the pulling down of the strongholds of 
 Satan and sin. 
 
 Our task is, indeed, a greater one than theirs, 
 because we have to deal with the whole habitable 
 globe and not only with the countries that 
 surrounded the Mediterranean Sea. But we have 
 resources unknown to them. We have numbers ; 
 we have wealth ; we have organization. To us 
 the world is accessible, from within and from 
 without. Nations and continents are yearning 
 and asking for the very things we have to offer. 
 We have education and civilization as the out- 
 come of our Christianity. Japan might have been 
 Christian to-day if the modern Church had been 
 as living and zealous as that of the apostles. 
 China is wide open and may be brought to the 
 knowledge of Christ in our generation if we are 
 faithful to our trust and to the Lord who called
 
 THE CALL 151 
 
 us. Africa is an open field. Its tribes are won- 
 derfully responsive. Uganda is an evidence of 
 what may, under the blessing of God, be accom- 
 plished in a lifetime. Many other tribes, besides 
 the Baganda, can be won for Jesus Christ. Our 
 missionaries in British and German East Africa, 
 Westgate and Crawford, tell us that the miracle 
 of Uganda can be reproduced in their fields if we 
 have faith and devotion enough to man those fields 
 adequately. 
 
 The Spirit promised to the apostles is still The promise. 
 available for our equipment. He is waiting. 
 His arm is not shortened that it can not save. 
 What we need in the modern Church is the faith 
 and devotion of the first disciples. We should 
 go everywhere preaching the word. The spirit 
 of faith and prayer should dwell richly in our 
 hearts, in our homes, in our churches, in our Sun- 
 day Schools ; then should we have a power and 
 wisdom which our adversaries would not be able 
 to gainsay nor resist. And the Missionary Prayer 
 and Study Union may have been raised up for 
 just such a time as this to plant an organization 
 in every parish that will create and foster and 
 deepen the spirit of prayer throughout the Church ; 
 to inspire the lukewarm and faithless with courage 
 and zeal, by making known the great things the
 
 152 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Lord is now doing in His field, which is the world. 
 This would be enough to prepare us to receive 
 the thrilling message with which the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury closed his address to the Edin- 
 burgh Conference, all the more ' thrilling that it 
 was but an echo of the words of the Lord Him- 
 self, "There may be some standing here which shall 
 not taste of death till they see the Son of Man 
 coming in His kingdom." 
 
 SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS ON LESSON VIII. 
 AIM To learn what my own duty is now. 
 
 1. What are the natural features of Canada 
 which contribute to making it a great mission 
 field ? 
 
 2. How does the nature of the population of 
 Canada make it a great mission field ? 
 
 3. What inspiration to missionary effort should 
 be derived from the remembrance of the help we 
 have received, and of the difficulties before us ? 
 
 4. If present opportunities are utilized in Can- 
 ada, what should be the result, for individuals ? 
 .for Church life ? for national life ?
 
 THE CALL 153 
 
 5. How does all this affect the problem of the 
 evangelization of the heathen. world ? 
 
 6. Compare our task with that set before the 
 Church in Jerusalem. 
 
 7. What difference is there between our 
 equipment and theirs ? 
 
 8. In what respect is our equipment the same 
 as theirs ? 
 
 9. How shall I begin ?
 
 154 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 LIST OF MISSIONARY MAGAZINES. 
 Besides many books and pamphlets descriptive 
 of their work and explanatory of their principles, 
 the following magazines are published regularly 
 by the Societies mentioned in Chapter III. : 
 
 S. P. G. 
 
 East and West A quarterly review. 
 The Mission Field. 
 The Church Abroad. 
 Home Workers' Gazette. 
 The King's Messengers. 
 
 C. M. S. 
 
 The C. M. Review A monthly review. 
 The C. M. Gleaner. 
 The Children's World. 
 The Home Gazette. 
 Awake. 
 Mercy and Truth. 
 
 C. and C. C. S. 
 Greater Britain Messenger.
 
 APPENDIX. 155 
 
 B. and F. B. S. 
 The Bible in the World. 
 
 LONDON JEWS' SOCIETY. 
 Jewish Intelligence. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 List of Bishops with date of Consecration of 
 each : 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 Inglis, 1787. 
 Stanser, 1816. 
 Inglis, 1825. 
 Binney, 1851. 
 Courtney, 1888. 
 Worrell, 1904. 
 
 FREDERICTON. 
 Medley, 1845. 
 Kingdon, 1892. 
 Richardson, 1906. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 Mountain, 1793- 
 Stewart, 1826. 
 Mountain, 1837. 
 Williams, 1863. 
 Dunn, 1892.
 
 156 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 MONTREAL. 
 Fulford, 1850 . 
 Oxenden, 1869. 
 Bond, 1879. 
 Carmichael, 1906. 
 Farthing, 1909. 
 
 OTTAWA. 
 Hamilton, 1896. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 Lewis, 1862. 
 Mills, 1901. 
 
 TORONTO. 
 Strachan, 1839. 
 Bethune, 1867. 
 Sweatman, 1879. 
 Sweeny, 1908. 
 
 NIAGARA. 
 Fuller, 1875. 
 Hamilton, 1885. 
 Du Moulin, 1896. 
 Clarke, 1911. 
 
 HURON. 
 Cronyn, 1857. 
 Hellmuth, 1871. 
 Baldwin, 1883. 
 Williams, 1905,
 
 APPENDIX. 157 
 
 ALGOMA. 
 
 Fauquier, 1873. 
 Sullivan, 1882. 
 Thornloe, 1897. 
 
 RUPERT'S LAND. 
 Anderson, 1849. 
 Machray, 1865. 
 Matheson, 1905. 
 
 MOOSONEE. 
 Horden, 1872. 
 Newnham, 1893. 
 Holmes, 1905. 
 Anderson, 1909. 
 
 KEEWATIN. 
 Lofthouse, 1902. 
 
 ATHABASCA. 
 Bompas, 1874. 
 Young, 1884. 
 Reeve, 1903. 
 Holmes, 1905. 
 
 MACKENZIE RIVER. 
 Bompas, 1884. 
 Reeve, 1891. 
 Vacant.
 
 158 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 YUKON. 
 Bompas, 1891. 
 Stringer, 1905. 
 
 SASKATCHEWAN. 
 McLean, 1874. 
 Pinkham, 1887. 
 Newnham, 1903. 
 
 QU'APPELLE. 
 Anson, 1884. 
 Burn, 1893. 
 Grisdale, 1896. 
 
 Harding, 1910. 
 
 CALGARY. 
 Pinkham, 1887. 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 Hills, 1859. 
 Perrin, 1893. 
 
 NEW WESTMINSTER. 
 Sillitoe, 1879. 
 Dart, 1895. 
 De Pencier, 1910. 
 
 CALEDONIA. 
 Ridley, 1879. 
 Du Vernet, 1904. 
 
 KOOTENAY. 
 Dart, 1900. 
 De Pencier, 1910.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 159 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 The works of more direct importance for mis- 
 sionary study are marked *. 
 
 Besides those mentioned below, the historical 
 works of Parkman and others will be found useful. 
 BUTLER Great Lone Land. 
 Wild North Land. 
 
 BUSKIN More than 40 Years in Gospel Harness. 
 *BOMPAS Northern Lights on the Bible. 
 .*BOMPAS Life of 
 
 *(a) An Apostle of the North. 
 *(b) On Trail and Rapid by Dog-sled 
 and Canoe (for younger readers) . 
 CHRISTMAS Emigrant Churchman in Canada. 
 FROST Sketches of Indian Life. 
 GRENFELL Harvest of the Sea. 
 Vikings of To-day. 
 Grenfell of Labrador. 
 
 *E. GREENE By Lake and Forest (Algoma). 
 GREENE Among the Selkirk Glaciers. 
 HARRIS Early Missions in West Canada. 
 *HORDEN Forty-two Years Among Indians and 
 
 Eskimos. 
 
 *HORDEN Life of. 
 *LEWIS Life and Work of Rev. E. J Peck among 
 
 the Eskimos. 
 
 *MONTGOMERY The Church on the Prairie. 
 *RIDLEY Snapshots in the North Pacific.
 
 160 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 *TUCKER Western Canada. (Church Expansion 
 
 Series.) 
 *WILSON Mission Work Among the Ojibway 
 
 Indians. 
 WOODSWORTH All People's Mission. 
 
 Strangers Within Our Gates. 
 *Life of Bishop Machray. 
 *Life of Bishop Sillitoe- 
 *S. P. G. Digest. 
 Churchman's Missionary Atlas. 
 *History of the C. M. S., in 3 vols. 
 *0ne Hundred Years. (Shorter History of C. 
 
 M. S.) 
 Gleaners' Atlas. 
 
 Files of the following will also be found useful: 
 Canadian Church Mission News. 
 Canadian C. M. Gleaner. 
 New Era. 
 W. A. Leaflet. 
 Algoma Mission News. 
 Qu'Appelle Occasional Paper. 
 
 Saskatchewan Monthly and other diocesan maga- 
 zines, as well as the files of the magazines of the 
 English Societies working in Canada 
 
 The Triennial Report of the M.S.C.C. for 
 1911 gives full statistics and can be obtained free 
 of charge from the office of the Society.
 
 INDEX 161 
 
 A. 
 
 Aberdeen, Lord, 116. 
 
 Aborigines, 17. 
 
 Adolphustown, 82. 
 
 Africa, 36, 41, 107, 151. 
 
 Alaska, 115. 
 
 Alberta, 4, 7, 8, 12, 25, 28. 
 
 Alert Bay, 113. 
 
 Algoma, Diocese; Bishop of, 91 ; History of, 93, 94, 146 ; 
 Indians, population, 18 ; Missionary Field of Province, 
 57 ; received help from C. and C. C. S., 45. 
 
 America, North, 21 ; South, 36, 60. 
 
 American Church, 36 ; American Prayer Book, 36. 
 
 American Revolution, 25. 
 
 Americans, 130, 141. 
 
 Anderson, Bishop, Right Rev. D., 95, 102. 
 
 Angles, 24, 142. 
 
 Anglican Communion, 144, 145, 146. 
 
 Anglican Young People's Association, 148. 
 
 Annapolis Royal, 37 ; when founded, 75. 
 
 Anson, Bishop, 107. 
 
 Antipodes, 10. 
 
 Antle, Rev. John, 112. 
 
 Apostolic Church, 150. 
 
 Archbishops' Western Canada Committee, 39. 
 
 Archbishops' Western Canada Fund, 107, 100, 121. 
 
 Archer, Miss, 59. 
 
 Arctic Regions, 17, 96, 126. 
 
 Armenian, 49. 
 
 Assiniboines, 43. 
 
 Athabasca, Diocese, History of, 102, 105, 147. 
 
 Athabasca, River, 7, 1 8, 43. 
 
 Atlantic, 6, 35. 
 
 Austria, 4.
 
 1 62 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 B. 
 
 Baganda, 151. 
 Baldwin, Bishop, 86, 87. 
 Baldw n, Rev. J. McQueen, 59. 
 Banff, 6. 
 
 Baptists, 23, 28, 123. 
 Battleford, 46. 
 Bell, Mrs., 65. 
 Bible, 24, 31, 48, 142 ; different versions, 49 ; translated in 
 
 Ojibway, 93 ; translated in Cree, 43. 
 Bishop, First Colonial, 38, 76. 
 Bishop's College, 79. 
 Blacklead Island, 17, 98. 
 Blackfeet, 43. 
 Blackfoot Reserve, no. 
 Blood Resevre, no. 
 Bloods, 43. 
 Bompas, Bishop, Rev. Wm. C., work, 7, 17, 20, 44, 102, 104, 
 
 125 ; death, 105. 
 
 Boston ; material for St. Paul's Church brought from, 76. 
 Bowen Island, 6. 
 Boyd, Rev. J. R. S., 59. 
 Boyd, Rev. W. G., no. 
 Boyd Scheme, 39, no, 121, 132. 
 British Columbia, n, 13, 25, 28, 31, 32, 39, 43, 61, in, 147 ; 
 
 Climate, 6 ; Development and population, 11 ; Resources, 
 
 9, 10 ; size, 4. 
 
 British Empire, 4, 13, 24, 35, 143 ; responsibilities of, 146. 
 British and Foreign Bible Society, 48 ; purpose of, 48, 49. 
 Brock, General, 84. 
 Bukowinians, 30. 
 Butler, General, 13.
 
 INDEX 163 
 
 C. 
 
 Cacouna, 6. 
 
 Caledonia, 18, Diocese formed, 114 ; story of, 114, 115, 147. 
 
 Call, The, 150. 
 
 Calgary, 12, 14, 18, 39, no, 120 ; Diocese formed, 106, 
 108 ; development, no, 147 ; situation, 109. 
 
 Canada, climate, 6 ; extent, 4 ; immigrants yearly, 25 ; 
 Jews in, 27 ; opportunities, 14 ; population and pro- 
 duction, 13 ; possibilities, 13 ; prosperity due to, n ; 
 resources, 137 ; rivers, 8 ; waterways, 7. 
 
 Canadians, Eastern, 130. 
 
 Canadianize racial elements, 3. 
 
 Canadian Church, began support of a Missionary Diocese, 
 94 ; given its best to Mission Field, 93 ; inability to 
 provide men and means in West, 108, 131 ; magazines, 
 58 ; work among Indians small, 98. 
 
 Canadian Church Missionary Society, 59, 63, 64. 
 
 Canadian Missions, 18, 56. 
 
 Canadian Northern Railway, 101, 120. 
 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, 10, n, 12, 60, 101, 107, 120. 
 
 Canham, Archdeacon, 20. 
 
 Canterbury, Archbishop of, quoted, 152. 
 
 Canterbury Cathedral, 46. 
 
 Capernaum, 2. 
 
 Carmichael, Bishop, 86. 
 
 Castle and Falcon Hotel, 41. 
 
 Catechists, 46, 106, 121. 
 
 Central America, 36. 
 
 Chaplains, 47. 
 
 Chase, Rev. H. Pataquahong, 45. 
 
 China, 3, 36, 59, 138. 
 
 Chinese, 31, 40. 
 
 Chinese Mission, 113.
 
 164 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Chinook winds, 109. 
 
 Chippewyans, 43, 102, in. 
 
 Christmas, 15. 
 
 Church, alive to needs, 91 ; duty of Clergy of, 87 ; minis- 
 trations of, 3, 1 8, 32 ; opportunities, 30 ; problem, 26 ; 
 resources, 73, 99. 
 
 Churchill, 14, 100 ; River, 7, 43. 
 
 Church Missionary Society, character and origin, 41 ; debt 
 to Bible Society, 49 ; help given to Indians, 98 ; name 
 and development, 41 ; rules of, 41, 114 ; work in Canada, 
 42. 
 
 Citizenship, 143. 
 
 Cobalt, 9, 94, 146. 
 
 Cochran, Mr., 19. 
 
 Cochrane, 99. 
 
 Cold Stream Ranch, 1 16. 
 
 Colleges, Theological, 148 ; contemplated, no. 
 
 Collison, Archdeacon, 20. 
 
 Colonial and Continental Church Society, 94, 106 ; name, 
 purpose and work, 45. 
 
 Columbia Coast Mission, 112. 
 
 Columbia, Diocese, formed, in ; situation and history, in, 
 
 112. 
 
 Columbia River, 7. 
 
 Commissioners of Trade and Plantation, 37. 
 
 Communism, 29. 
 
 Communities, 14. 
 
 Confederation, 21. 
 
 Conferences, 68, 88. 
 
 Cook, Captain, in. 
 
 Coptic, 49. 
 
 Coutts, Baroness Burdett, in.
 
 INDEX 165 
 
 Cowley, Mr. 19. 
 Cranbrook, 116. 
 Crawford, Dr., 59, 87, 151. 
 Crees, 43, 49. 
 Cronyn, Bishop, 85. 
 Crow's Nest Pass, 10. 
 Cunningham, Mrs., 65. 
 Cycle of Prayer, 71. 
 
 D. 
 
 Danes, 28. 
 
 Dart, Bishop, 116. 
 
 Denmark, 4. 
 
 Diocesan, Mission Fund, 55. 
 
 Dioceses, 62, 64 ; aid in formation, 40 ; dates, 57 ; (special 
 
 under respective names), summary, 87. 
 Dissenters, 76. 
 
 Distances immeasurable, 120. 
 
 Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society, 58, 63. 
 Dominion, 4. 
 Doty, Rev. John, 38. 
 Doukhobors, 29. 
 Du Moulin, Bishop, 86. 
 Duncan, Wm., 114. 
 Dunham, 80. 
 Dutch Schooner, 98. 
 Du Veraet, Bishop, 20, 115. 
 
 E. 
 
 East Ontario, 18. 
 
 Echigo, 58. 
 
 Edinburgh Conference, 145, 152.
 
 1 66 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Edmonton, 12, 14, 109, no. 
 
 Egypt, 2, 7. 
 
 Ellis, Rev. W., 37. 
 
 Ellison, Rev. Douglas, 107. 
 
 Emmanuel College, 106. 
 
 Eskimos, number and distribution, 17 ; Iglos, 126 ; work 
 
 among, 42, 98, 100, 104, 147. 
 Ethiopian, 49. 
 Europe, 3, 4, 12, 32, 138. 
 Europeans, 122, 141. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fauquier, Bishop, 86, 91, 94. 
 Farthing, Bishop, 86, 
 Fernie, 116. 
 Finns, 28. 
 Fisheries, 9. 
 Fleming, Mr., 17. 
 Foreign Element in Canada, 32. 
 Foreign Field, hundred years ago, 42 ; Missionaries there 
 
 largely from Toronto Diocese, 83. 
 Foreign Missions begun, 58. 
 Forest Wealth, 9. 
 Forrest, Mrs., 65. 
 Fort Garry, 7. 
 Fort McPherson, 7. 
 Fort Selkirk, 7. 
 
 Fort William, 7, 14, 28, 94, 146. 
 France, 4, 24. 
 Franklin, Mr., 104. 
 Fraser, R., 7, in. 
 Fraser, Simon, in.
 
 INDEX 167 
 
 Fredericton, Diocese of, 57 ; climate and conditions, 77 ; 
 formation and future promise, 78 ; report of Bishop, 133. 
 French, 21, 22, 32, 37, 45, 138. 
 
 French-Canadians, hope for, in movement from within, 24. 
 Friends, Society of, 29. 
 Fulford, Bishop, Rt. Rev. Francis, 80. 
 Fuller, Bishop, Right Rev. Thomas Brock, 84. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galicians, 30, 122. 
 
 Galician Settlement, no. 
 
 Gallic, 147. 
 
 Garden River, Mission at, 93. 
 
 Georgia, Gulf of, n, 46, in, 112. 
 
 Georgian Bay Canal, 7. 
 
 Germans, 27, 37. 
 
 Germany, 4. 
 
 God, glory of, 4 ; kingdom of, r. 
 
 Gospel, 3, 14, 32, 142, 145. 
 
 Gould, Rev. Canon, 60; General Secretary of M. S. C. C., 87. 
 
 Government, 121, 122. 
 
 Gowanda, 94, 146. 
 
 Grand Forks, 116. 
 
 Grande Ligne, 23. 
 
 Grand Prairie, 14. 
 
 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, 12, 99, 101, 115, 121. 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway, 9. 
 
 Great Britain, 4. 
 
 Greek Church, 30. 
 
 Greenshields, Rev. E. W. T., 17. 
 
 Guelph, 85.
 
 1 68 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 H. 
 
 Haidah--, 43. 
 
 Halifax, 37, 47, 76. 
 
 Hamilton, Bishop, Rt. Rev. Chas., 81. 
 
 Hamilton, City of, 85. 
 
 Hamilton, Rev. H. J., 59. 
 
 Handmaid of Missionary Societies, 49. 
 
 Hardships and toils, 44, 125. 
 
 Hay River, 60. 
 
 Hearne Mr., 104. 
 
 Hellmuth, Bishop, 86. - 
 
 Heroes, their trials, 44. 
 
 Herschell Islands, 17, 60, 104. 
 
 Hills, Bishop, in. 
 
 Hindus, 32. 
 
 History of Church of England, still to be written, 75. 
 
 Holland, Queen of, 98. 
 
 Holy Scriptures, 49. 
 
 Holy Trinity Church, 38. 
 
 Home for Indians, 93. 
 
 Honan, 64. 
 
 Horden, Bishop, Rev. John, 19, 43 ; work in Moosonee, 97. 
 
 Hudson Bay, 7, 14, 17, 19, 43, 96 ; Company, 42, 102, in ; 
 
 Railway, 14 ; Straits, 17. 
 Hunter, Mr., 19, 104. 
 Huron College, 86. 
 
 Huron, Diocese of, 57 ; progress 86 ; source of strength, 85. 
 Huron, Lake, 9, 93. 
 
 I. 
 
 Icelanders, 28. 
 Immigration, 12, 106, 127 ; from United States, 122, 123 ; 
 
 heterogeneous, 138.
 
 INDEX 169 
 
 India, 3, 36, 64, 114. 
 
 Indians, 13, 17, 60 ; bad effect of contact with civilization, 
 18, 19, 100 ; condition unsatisfactory, 44 ; homes for, 
 93 ; number and how cared for, 18 ; schools, 102, no, 
 113 ; state of, 147 ; work among, 20, 42, 43, 93, 95, 97, 
 104, 106, 125. 
 
 Inglis, Bishop, Rt. Rev. Chas., 38, 39; first Colonial Bishop, 76. 
 
 Institutes 67, 68, 88. 
 
 Ireland, 128. 
 
 Irrigation, 7. 
 
 Italians, distribution and number, 28. 
 
 Italy, 2. 
 
 J- 
 
 Jacob, Well of, 2. 
 James', Bay, 9, 99. 
 Japan, 3, 36, 58, 59, 64, 138, 150. 
 Japanese, 31 ; Mission, 113. 
 Jerusalem, 149 
 Jesuit, Missionaries, 18, 19. 
 
 Jews, distribution and work among, 27, 50, 51, 146. 
 Jordan, 2. 
 Joshua, 46. 
 Joss House, 31. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kamsack, 120. 
 
 Keewatin, 18, 147 ; Diocese formed, history, 100. 
 Kelowna, 116. 
 Kennedy, Rev. F. W., 58. 
 Kindred element in Canada, 32. 
 
 King's College, 38 ; oldest church university outside British 
 Isles, 76.
 
 170 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Kipling's Recessional, 6. 
 Kirkby, Archdeacon, 7, 19, 104. 
 Klondike, 13, 46. 
 Knowlton, Conference at, 68. 
 
 Kootenay, 10, II, 13, 18, 40, 46 ; Diocese formed and situa- 
 tion, 116, 117. 
 Korea, 65. 
 Kropotkin Prince, 29. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labrador, Mission at, 80. 
 
 Lambeth Conference, 145. 
 
 Lambeth Palaces, 46. 
 
 Lanigan, 120. 
 
 Latimer (Bishop) College, 113. 
 
 Latter Day Saints, 30. 
 
 Law, new and old, 2. 
 
 Laymen's Missionary Movement, 69, 70, 81 ; success in 
 
 Toronto, 83. 
 Lea, Rev. A., 59. 
 Lebanon, 2. 
 Lennoxville, 79. 
 Lethbridge, 12, no. 
 
 Lewis, Bishop, Right Rev. J. Travers, 82. 
 Lithuanians, 30. 
 Living Water, 2. * 
 Lloyd, Principal, 46, 121. 
 Lloydminster, 46. 
 
 Lofthouse, Bishop, Right Rev. Joseph, 100, 126. 
 London (Eng.), 41. 
 London (Ont.), 85. 
 London Society to Jews, 27, 50, 57.
 
 INDEX 171 
 
 Lone Land, 13. 
 Long Lake, 116. 
 Lucas, Archdeacon, 20. 
 Lunenburg, 37. 
 Lutherans, 27, 28. 
 Lytton, school at, 113. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macdonald, Archdeacon, 102, 104. 
 Macedonian Cry, 147. 
 Machray, Archbishop, 61. 
 Mackay, Archdeacon, 49. 
 Mackenzie, Alex., 103, in. 
 Mackenzie River, Diocese formed, 103 ; history of, 103, 
 
 104, 147. 
 
 Mackenzie River, 7, 17, 43, 125. 
 Magdalen, 45 ; devoted clergy at, 80 
 Manitoba, 4, 14, 25. 
 Manitoba College, 30. 
 Maritime Provinces, 24, 37. 
 Marsh, Rev. Mr., 60. 
 Matheson, Mrs., 65. 
 McCullagh, 20. 
 McKim, Miss H. D., 60. 
 McLean, Rev. H., 108. 
 McLean, Rev. John, 105. 
 McMurray, Archdeacon, 93. 
 Mediterranean, 2, 150. 
 Medley, Bishop, 78. 
 Methodists, 18, 23, 28, 123, 130. 
 Metis, 6. 
 Messina, 6.
 
 172 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Metlakatla, 114. 
 
 Metropolitan, 61. 
 
 Michel, 1 1 6. 
 
 Mills, Bishop, 86. 
 
 Missionaries, C. M. S., 19, 44. 
 
 Missionary Education Movement, 67, 68. * 
 
 Missionary field, 54, 55, 96. 
 
 Missionary force, 54, 55, 57, 58. 
 
 Missionary Institutes, 67, 68. 
 
 Missionary movements, 65. 
 
 Missionary Prayer and Study Union, 151, 70, 89. 
 
 Missionary Society of the Canadian Church, 18, 20, 81, 84 ; 
 apportionments, 62, 63 ; formation, 61 ; money spent 
 since 1902, 64 ; negotiations, 101, 107, 112, 113 ; part 
 taken in it by Huron laymen, 87 ; relation to other 
 societies, 64 ; sanction Missionary Prayer and Study 
 Union, 70. 
 
 Missionary Study Classes, 67, 71, 88. 
 
 Mockridge, Rev. C. H., 58. 
 
 Mohawk, 38. 
 
 Montreal, 7, 14, 23, 27, 28, 39, 51, 61, 85 
 
 Montreal, Diocese of, 57 ; work in, 80. 
 
 Montreal, Theological College, 80. 
 
 Moose Jaw, 12, 107. 
 
 Moosonee, 18 ; Doicese of, 96 ; success among Indians, 97 ; 
 work and development, 98, 102, 105, 146, 147. 
 
 Mount of Beatitudes, 2. 
 
 Mountain, Bishop, 79. 
 
 Mountain, Valley, 120. 
 
 Moravian Church, 17. 
 
 Moreau, Rev. J. B., 37. 
 
 Moslems, 30.
 
 INDEX 173 
 
 Mott, John R., 66, 67. 
 Muckleston, Mrs., 65. 
 Mullins, Rev. J. D., 46. 
 Muskoka, 6. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naas River, 115. 
 Nanaimo, 9, 10. 
 Navvy Mission Society, 101. 
 Need, of churches, 26 ; of men, 26, 132. 
 Nelson, 116. 
 Nepigon Lake, 9, 99. 
 New Brunswick, 18, 24, 38. 
 Newfoundland, 36. 
 New Jersey, 38. 
 New Law, 2. 
 Newnham, Bishop, 108. 
 Newnham, Mrs., 107. 
 
 New Ontario, 13 ; area and products, 9, 99, 146. 
 New Testament, 49 ; versions, 49. 
 New Westminster, 18, 40. 
 New York, 38. 
 New Zealand, 36. 
 
 Niagara, Diocese formed and Bishop, 84 ; resources, 85. 
 Niagara Falls, 84. 
 North America, 21. 
 Norwegians, 28. 
 
 Nova Scotia, 18, 24, 37, 57 ; Diocese of, 76, 77 ; resources 
 of, 75- 
 
 O. 
 
 Oakville, 85. 
 Ogilvie, Dr. John, 38.
 
 174 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Ojibway, 43, 45. 93- 
 
 Okanagan, 10, II, 14, 116. 
 
 O'Meara, Rev. Dr. F. A., 93. 
 
 Ontario, 4, 25 ; Diocese of, 39, 57 ; situation and history of, 
 
 82. 
 
 Opportunities, 140. 
 
 Order of Orange Nassau conferred, 98. 
 Orient, 10, 12, 32, 
 Orientals, 31, 32. 
 Orontes, 2. 
 
 Ottawa, Jews in, 27, 51. 
 Ottawa, Diocese of, when founded, 81. 
 Ottawa River, 9, 99. 
 Outlook, world- wide, 146. 
 Owen Sound, 85. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacific, 10, 28, 43, 59, in. 
 Palestine, I, 60. 
 Panama, 6. 
 
 Pan-Anglican Congress, 145. 
 Pan-Anglican thank-offering, 79. 
 Parkman, (Historian,) 18. 
 Peace River, 7, 43, 103, 125. 
 Peachland, 116. 
 
 Peck, Rev. E. J., 17, 19, 98, 126. 
 Peel River, 104. 
 Peigans, 43 ; reserve, no. 
 Penticton, 116. 
 Persia, 60. 
 Pinkham, Bishop, Right Rev. W. C., 108.
 
 INDEX 175 
 
 Pheasant Hill, 120. 
 
 Pointe Aux Trembles, 23. . 
 
 Poles, 122. 
 
 Pollard, Mrs., 65. 
 
 Porcupine, 9. 
 
 Port Arthur, 7, 12, 14, 94, 146. 
 
 Port Royal, 75. 
 
 Portugal, 4. 
 
 Power, 149. 
 
 Prairie Brotherhood, 108, 132. 
 
 Prairies, 8, 120. 
 
 Prayer Book, 48 ; American, 36. 
 
 Prayer and Study Union, 70, 89. 
 
 Presbyterian, 18, 23, 30, 123, 128, 130. 
 
 Primate, 61, 95. 
 
 Prince Albert, 107. 
 
 Prince of Peace, 2. 
 
 Prince Rupert, 12, 115. 
 
 Problems, 96 ; in Athabasca, 103 ; in Kootenay, 117 ; of 
 
 Church, 26 ; in West, 134. 
 Protestant effort, 23. 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, 36. 
 Punjab, 32. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers, 29. 
 
 Qu'Appelle, 1 8, 39 ; Diocese formed, 107 ; History of, 107, 
 
 120, 147. 
 Quebec, 4, 18, 21, 22, 24, 38, 39, 45 ; Diocese formed, 57 ; 
 
 growth and population, 78 ; model to richer Dioceses, 
 
 79- 
 Queenston Heights, 84.
 
 1 76 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 R. 
 
 Railway Mission, 39, 107, 108, 121, 132. 
 
 Railways, 12, 94 ; influence of, 10, 13 ; rapid construction, 
 
 26, 106, 121. 
 Rainy River, 12, 101. 
 Ranches, 7. 
 
 Recruiting agencies, 148. 
 Red River, 43, 95. 
 Red River Settlement, 42. 
 Reeve, Bishop, 20, 104. 
 Reformed Church of England, 45. 
 Regina, 12, 107. 
 Religion, I. 
 
 Religious Tract Society, 50. 
 Responsibilities to Empire, 143. 
 Review, general, 137. 
 Richelieu, 38. 
 
 Ridley, Bishop, Right Rev. Wm., 20, 44, 114. 
 Rivers, 7. 
 
 Robinson, Rev. J. Cooper, 59, 87. 
 Rock Bay, 113. 
 Rocky Mountains, 7, 95, 109. 
 Rogers, R. V., 82. 
 Roman Catholic Church, 21, 22, 24, 30 ; influence and policy, 
 
 22, 23. 
 
 Roman Catholic, 28. 
 
 Roman Catholic Missions among Indians, 18, 19. 
 
 Rossland, 116. 
 
 Rosthern, 29. 
 
 Roumanians, 30. 
 
 Royal Charter, 35. 
 
 Royalist refugees, 37.
 
 INDEX 177 
 
 Rupert's Land, 39, 105, 114 ; Diocese formed, 61 ; history 
 of, 95 ; name perpetuated, 95 ; problem at present, 
 96. 
 
 Russia, 29. 
 
 Ruthenians, 30. 
 
 Ryerson, Rev. Egerton, 58. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabrevois College, 80. 
 Sabrevois Mission, 23, 45. 
 San Francisco, 6. 
 Sarcee Reserve, 1 10. 
 Scarcees, 43. 
 Sarnia, 85. 
 Saskatchewan, Diocese formed, 105 ; History, 106, 107, 121, 
 
 147. 
 
 Saskatchewan plan or scheme, 46, 106. 
 Saskatoon, 12, 106. 
 Sault Ste. Marie, 93, 94. 
 Saxons, 24, 142. 
 Scandinavians, 28. 
 Scenery, 10. 
 Schools, Boarding and Industrial, 20, 95, 102, 107, no, 113 ; 
 
 theological, 108. 
 Scotch, The, 128. 
 
 Selkirk Diocese, afterwards Yukon, 104. 
 Selkirk, Lord, 42, 95. 
 Settlers, faults of, 128 ; inrush of, 126. 
 Shingwauk Home, 93. 
 Shinshu, 58. 
 Short, Rev. C. H., 58. 
 Sikhs, 32.
 
 178 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 Sillitoe, Bishop, 113. 
 
 Simpson, Sir George, 7, 104. 
 
 Sinai, Mount, 2. 
 
 Skeena River, 7, 12, 115. 
 
 Slavonic, 49. 
 
 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 47, 48, 94. 
 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 35-41, 49, 55, 
 
 56, 94- 
 Sorel, 38. 
 Spain, 4. 
 
 Spendlove, Mr., 20. 
 Ste. Agathe, 6. 
 St. Andrew's, 6. 
 St. Andrew's Brotherhood, 148. 
 St. Chad's Hostel, 108. 
 St. Faith's Mission House, no. 
 St. John, N.B., 47. 
 St. John's College, 39, 43, 61 
 St. Mark's College, 113. 
 St. Paul's Church, 37, 75. 
 St. Thomas, 85. 
 Stewart, Mrs., 65. 
 Stickine River, 115. 
 Stocken, Canon, no. 
 Strachan, Bishop, Rt. Rev. John. 83. 
 Stratford, 85. 
 Stringer, Bishop. On Herschell Island and later of Yukon, 17 
 
 20, 60, 87, 104, 125. 
 
 Student Volunteer Movement, 66, 67, 68. 
 Study Classes, 67, 71, 88. 
 Sullivan, Bishop, 86, 91. 
 Summary, 87.
 
 INDEX 179 
 
 Summerland, 116. 
 
 Summer resorts, 6. 
 
 Summer schools, 68, 88. 
 
 Superior, Lake, 7, 9, 93. 
 
 Sunday Schools and Classes, 31, 48, 93, 148, 151. 
 
 Swahili tongue, 49. 
 
 Swan River, 29. 
 
 Sweatman, Archbishop, 86. 
 
 Swedes, 28. 
 
 Syllabic System, 44. 
 
 Synod, 71 ; Provincial, 57 ; General, 61, 95. 
 
 Syrian, 49. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tarshish, 2. 
 Temple, 2. 
 
 Theological College, 76, 83, no, 148. 
 Thomas, Miss Louy, 60. 
 Thousand Islands, 6, 82. 
 Tiber, 2. 
 Tilton, Mrs., 65. 
 Timber, 8, 9. 
 
 Tims, Archdeacon, 20, no. 
 Tinnes, 43. 
 Tolstoi, Count, 29. 
 Toronto, 27, 28, 51, 85 ; Diocese of, 39, 57, 93 ; founded, 
 
 history, population, institutions, 83, 84. 
 Trail, 116. 
 
 Treaties, with Indians, 20. 
 Trent, Miss, 59. 
 Trinity College, 39. 
 Tsimsheans, 43. 
 Tukudh, 43. 
 Tutty, Rev. Wm., 37.
 
 180 FROM SEA TO SEA 
 
 U. 
 
 Uganda, 151. 
 
 United Empire Loyalists, 24, 37, 77, 82. 
 United States, 27, 32, 37, 58, 60. 122. 
 
 Universities Mission, 49. 
 
 V. 
 
 Van Anda, 112. 
 
 Vancouver, n, 31, 32, 112, 113, 114- 
 Vancouver, Captain, in. 
 Verigin, Peter, 29. 
 Vermilion, 102. 
 Vernon, 116. 
 Vesuvius, 6. 
 
 Victoria, 7, 31, in, 112. 
 Vincent. Mr., 19. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waller, Rev. J. G., 58. 
 Watts, Rev. Richard, 37. 
 Wawanosh House, 93. 
 West, Rev. John, 43, 95. 
 West Indies, 36. 
 
 Western Dioceses, see under respective names. 
 Westgate, Rev. T. B. R., 59, 87, 151. 
 Whitby, Conference at, 68. 
 
 White, Bishop, Rt. Rev. W. C., 59 ; size of his field, 120. 
 Williams, Bishop, 86. 
 Wilson, Rev. E. F., 93. 
 Windsor, 37, 38, 85, 
 Winnipeg, 12, 42, 51, 120 ; Italians in, 28 ; Jews in, 27 ; 
 
 population and prosperity of, n ; Scandinavians in, 
 
 28.
 
 INDEX 181 
 
 Winnipeg Conference, 61. 
 
 Winnipeg Lake, 7. 
 
 Wolfe, General, 38. 
 
 Women's Auxiliary, form and organization, 60 ; founders and 
 
 expenditure, 65 ; missionaries supported, 65 ; recruiting 
 
 agency, 148 ; relation to M. S. C. C., 64. 
 Wood, Rev. T., 37, 77. 
 Woods, Lake of, 12, 101. 
 Woodstock, 85 ; conference at, 68. 
 Work, constructive, 141 ; individual, 140. 
 Wy cliff e College Alumni Association, 59. 
 Wycliffe College, Recruiting centre for Missionaries, 67. 
 Wycliffe Missions, 59. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yale, School at, 113. 
 Yellow Head Pass, 12. 
 Yellow Fever, 6. 
 Yorkton, 29, 120. 
 Young, Bishop, 20, 103. 
 Young, Miss, 59. 
 
 Young People's Missionary Movement, formerly, 67, 68. 
 Yukon, Diocese, 18 ; formed, 104 ; work done there, 105, 
 
 147. 
 Yukon River, 7, 19, 96, 125. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacchaeus, 2. 
 Zion. 75.