GIFT OF 
 
A Sketch of the History 
 
 of 
 Baptist Education in Pennsylvania 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK GRANT LEWIS, Ph.D. 
 
 Librarian x>f Crozer Theological Seminary 
 Librarian of the American Baptist Historical Society 
 
 Chester, Pa. 
 1919 
 
Baptist Education in Pennsylvania 
 
A Sketch of the History 
 
 Baptist Education in Pennsylvania 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANK GRANT LEWIS, Ph.D. 
 u 
 
 Librarian of Crozer Theological Seminary 
 Librarian of the American Baptist fisr^fbal Society 
 
 Chester, Pa, 
 
 John Spencer, Inc. for Crozer Theological Seminary 
 1919 
 
This is No. Jf 41 of 100 copies reprinted as a mono- 
 graph, from the Bulletin of Crozer Theological Seminary for 
 October, 1918. 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY 
 
 OF BAPTIST EDUCATION 
 
 IN PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 The subject is timely for at least two reasons. In the 
 first place no general account of the history of Baptist educa- 
 tion in Pennsylvania seems to have been undertaken hitherto. 
 In 1909, when the Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society 
 reached three score and ten years, a sketch of its work was 
 prepared by Rev. Jacob G. Walker, D. D., who had been its 
 recording-secretary since 1871. A sketch of the University 
 at Lewisburg (from 1886 Bucknell University) was publish- 
 ed in 1876, and another in 1890. When Crozer Theological 
 Seminary was thirty years of age a brief historical address 
 was issued. There are probably other sketches of aspects of 
 Baptist education in Pennsylvania which have not come to 
 my attention. Up to the present, however, the field of Bap- 
 tist educational activities in Pennsylvania as a whole has re- 
 mained open to the historian, and the topic is important for 
 its own sake. Just now, moreover, the entire question of 
 Baptist education in Pennsylvania is under discussion and 
 can receive best treatment only on the basis of a knowledge of 
 past days. 
 
6 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 I must emphasize at the beginning that this paper is 
 only a sketch. Anything more would require a small volume 
 at least. In spite of the limits which are imposed upon me, 
 however, it will be best to give considerable attention to the 
 earlier days. 
 
 Baptists began to come to Pennsylvania as early at least 
 as 1684. A company from Rhode Island under the leader- 
 ship of Thomas Dungan settled at Cold Spring, between 
 Bristol and Trenton, and organized themselves into the first 
 Baptist society in Pennsylvania. This church was of only 
 temporary duration, however, lasting merely until 1702. 
 
 In the winter of 1687-1688, probably in the month of 
 January, a church was organized near Pennepek Creek which 
 in its early history was known as the Pennepek, but now is 
 more quickly recognized as the Lower Dublin church, within 
 the limits of the present city of Philadelphia. In 1707 this 
 church, the only one in Pennsylvania, with that at the Welsh 
 Tract, Delaware, and the churches at Piscataqua, Middletown 
 and Cohansie, N. J., united into an organization out of which 
 developed the present Philadelphia Baptist Association. The 
 organization was very simple and probably for some years 
 few if any minutes or other records of the meetings were 
 made. Not until 1749 was there any effort to secure a rec- 
 ord of the origin of the churches of the association and of 
 the annual gatherings. From that time on minutes of the 
 meetings were more carefully made and from 1766 or earlier 
 they were published in broadside or pamphlet form. 
 
 I have taken time to speak of these simple origins and 
 the records because on these records, exceedingly brief before 
 1750, and largely compiled from memory, we are chiefly de- 
 pendent for our knowledge concerning the beginning of Bap- 
 tist education in Pennsylvania. 
 
 In these records the first reference to education is in 
 1722, very likely written from the recollection of some one who 
 was interested in the action. The entire record for that 
 year is as follows: 
 
 At the Association in the year 1722, it was Proposed 
 for the Churches to make Enquiry among themselves 
 if they have any Young Persons hopfull for the 
 Ministry And Inclinable for Learning, And if they 
 have, to Give Notice of it to Mr. Abel Morgan before 
 the first of November that he might Recommend such 
 to the Accadamie on Mr. Hollis his account. 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 7 
 
 This quaint language is a reference to one of the benefi- 
 cences of Mr. Thomas Hollis, Jr., a wealthy and well disposed 
 Baptist merchant of London and a liberal giver to the Bap- 
 tists of Boston, who founded professorships in Harvard Col- 
 lege and distributed other evidences of his generous interest 
 in education and in religious life. What academy is refer- 
 red to is not clear. The statement shows, however, not only 
 that Mr. Hollis was disposed to aid in the education of young 
 men preparing for the ministry, but also that the Baptists of 
 the Philadelphia association, which then included all the 
 Baptist churches in the United States as far as they were 
 associated together, were favorably inclined to education as 
 a requisite element in Baptist ministerial life. 
 
 In connection with this fact it should be kept in mind 
 that the Baptist pioneers of the Philadelphia association were 
 not altogether ignorant men. Their leaders and many of 
 the members of the churches had come from Wales and Eng- 
 land and were not unacquainted with the elements of educa- 
 tion. 
 
 A further reference to the minutes of the Philadelphia 
 association furnishes some evidence on this point. Recollec- 
 tions of the associational activities gathered in 1749 were then 
 written out in a somewhat pretentious blank book prepared 
 for the purpose. This book is still the property of the Phila- 
 delphia Baptist Association deposited among the archives of 
 the American Baptist Historical Society for preservation. 
 I have been interested to scan those pages not simply for the 
 data which they furnish but also for the form of English 
 composition which the pages exhibit. These pages are evi- 
 dently the work of men considerably skilled in the writing 
 of the English language. The composition may not be typi- 
 cal of that of a large proportion of the Baptists of that day, 
 but we can hardly suppose that the one who served as clerk 
 at the time was the only man who possessed such qualifica- 
 tions as he displayed. In short the early Baptists of Penn- 
 sylvania and New Jersey were men of considerable education 
 for their time and naturally desired an educated ministry 
 for themselves and their children. 
 
 It will not be amiss here to recall that while transporta- 
 tion and communication in those days were slow, from our 
 point of view, the people of the different communities and 
 different colonies learned with such promptness as the time 
 
8 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 permitted what were the events in other communities and 
 other colonies. Accordingly the members of the Baptist 
 churches throughout the broad limits of the Philadelphia 
 Baptist Association not only knew of Harvard College and 
 that the ministers of the New Haven colony had organized in 
 1701 an institution of learning out of which came Yale Uni- 
 versity, but also were aware of other educational thought and 
 activities of the period. It was in no sense remarkable, 
 therefore, that the action of 1722 was taken. 
 
 Indeed if we knew all of the incidents which occurred 
 we should be aware that the subject was under more or less 
 constant discussion. This is disclosed through a statement 
 in the minute for 1729, according to which it was ordered 
 "Mr. Holme and Mr. Jones to Write to Mr. Wallen & Mr. 
 Hollis to Mantain our Correspondence with them and others 
 in London/' This was only two years before the death of 
 Mr. Hollis. He at some time during the period under re- 
 view had sent to the Philadelphia association a rather large 
 number of books for the use of the ministers of the churches. 
 This is clear from various references to the volumes, though 
 the exact number of these is nowhere stated. These books 
 became materials of ministerial study and sermonic work for 
 the entire century. Apparently the books were distributed 
 among the churches. Once distributed they were so eagerly 
 held that it was difficult to bring them together. In 1760 
 the association appointed "S. Morgan and Burkloe to enquire 
 after the public books. ' ' Similar steps to collect the volumes 
 were taken at various times until in 1809 an offer was ex- 
 tended to bear the expense of transporting them to Philadel- 
 phia if those who had them would forward the books. Even 
 that offer did not bring the volumes together, and in 1813 
 the association voted to distribute the works among such 
 churches as a committee appointed for this purpose thought 
 proper. Not until 1829 did the committee, which was re- 
 appointed from time to time, complete its work, make its re- 
 port, and be discharged. 
 
 I have thus sketched the career of this gift of Mr. Hollis 
 in advance of the general course of events because it appears 
 highly important. Mr. Hollis undoubtedly sent valuable 
 books. They seem to have been eagerly desired by ministers 
 of the association and to have been so attractive that it was 
 practically impossible to bring them together. Undoubtedly 
 some of them were lost, some were carelessly neglected and 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 9 
 
 went to ruin, and others were worn out long before the col- 
 lection was finally disposed of. In spite of this, the volumes 
 must have been of large service and have left a permanent 
 impression upon the mentality not only of the ministers of 
 the association but through them upon the people of the con- 
 gregations. 
 
 We probably do not understand the course of Baptist 
 education in this commonwealth unless we take largely into 
 account the generous gift which Mr. Hollis made and recog- 
 nize its enduring effect. Such a point of view helps us to 
 understand, for example, the following paragraph in the min- 
 utes of 1756 : 
 
 Concluded to Raise a sum of Money Among our 
 Churches for the Encouragement of a Latin Grammar 
 School, Mr. Isaac Eaton to be Master thereof. 
 
 Isaac Eaton was then pastor of the church at Hopewell, 
 New Jersey. In his home the Latin Grammar School was 
 established and until 1764, under his direction, served a very 
 useful educational purpose. 
 
 At first thought the institution thus established appears 
 to have been outside of Pennsylvania altogether. The loca- 
 tion, however, was incidental. If Mr. Eaton had been pas- 
 tor of one of the churches in Pennsylvania the institution 
 would have been founded on Pennsylvania soil. Though 
 located in New Jersey it was as much a Pennsylvania institu- 
 tion as though it had flourished in Philadelphia. The New 
 Jersey churches remained, and were to remain until 1811, 
 members of the Philadelphia association. 
 
 The Association did not merely found this academy. In 
 1758 it is recorded that "what hath been bestowed hath been 
 Well laid Out, and seeing a number of sober Youths have well 
 Improved themselves in Usefull learning & like to be helpfull 
 in our Churches." 
 
 The association, in addition to undertaking the support 
 of this educational movement itself, ventured to ask for aid 
 from the Baptist brothers in England. This is shown by the 
 following quotation from a letter bearing date of May 16, 
 1762, signed by Peter Peterson Vanhorn and Morgan Edwards 
 which they wrote in accordance with the order of the associa- 
 tion at its meeting in the autumn of 1761 : 
 
10 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 Some of the churches are now destitute [of minis- 
 ters] ; but we have a prospect of supplies partly by 
 means of a Baptist Academy lately set up. This in- 
 fant seminary of learning is yet weak, having no more 
 than twenty-four pounds a year towards its support. 
 Should it be in your power to favour this school any 
 way we presume you will be pleased to know how? 
 A few books proper for such a school, or a small ap- 
 paratus, or some pieces of aparatus, are more imme- 
 diately wanted, and not to be had easily in these 
 parts. We have also, of late, endeavoured to form 
 a library at Philadelphia for the use of our brethren 
 in the ministry who are not able to purchas books. 
 This design also wants the assistance of our brethren 
 in England. 
 
 While this academy flourished and was important in it- 
 self it was even more significant, as is well known, because 
 out of it grew what is now Brown University. 
 
 Of the relation of Brown to Hopewell Academy and the 
 Philadelphia association I do not need to speak at length, 
 since the subject has been fully treated in the histories of the 
 university and of the association. Two items in the course 
 of events, however, may well be mentioned, since they seem 
 largely to have been overlooked. 
 
 One of the prominent members of the Hopewell church 
 was Mrs. Elizabeth Hobbs, widow of John Hobbs. In her 
 will, made in 1763, after bequeathing two volumes of " Boles 
 Annotations" to her church for the perpetual use of its pas- 
 tors and providing for the distribution of three hundred copies 
 of Cotton Mather's work entitled "Gospel Justification," and 
 other items, she directed that the remainder of her estate 
 "should go to the education of promising and pious young 
 men of the Baptist church to be disposed of at the discretion 
 of the Baptist Association held yearly in Philadelphia. " 
 
 In 1767 Mrs. Hobbs (not Hubbs as the printed minutes 
 spell the name ; I am certain of this as I have read the original 
 will which is among the New Jersey archives at Trenton) 
 in 1767 Mrs. Hobbs died, and the income from the funds thus 
 received by the association became available. It was used, 
 as the association minutes show, for aiding ministerial stu- 
 dents from the association in their studies in Rhode Island 
 College, now Brown University. 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 11 
 
 The close relationship of the association to the univers- 
 ity in those first days and the growing interest of the asso- 
 ciation in Baptist educational activities are undoubtedly due, 
 to a large extent, to this bequest of Mrs. Hobbs before the 
 university was founded 
 
 The other item which should be brought into larger re- 
 lief concerns the Rev. Samuel Jones, who became pastor of 
 the church at Lower Dublin in 1763, and was one of the ablest 
 men among the able leaders of Pennsylvania Baptists at the 
 close of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the 
 nineteenth. In 1807, when the association celebrated its first 
 centennial, Dr. Jones, as he had then become, was recognized 
 as pre-eminently the one who should preach the century ser- 
 mon. In a note appended to that sermon he modestly wrote : 
 
 In the fall of 1763, the writer of these sheets, on re- 
 quest, repaired to Newport, in Rhode Island and new- 
 modelled a rough draft they had of a charter of in- 
 corporation for a college, which soon after obtained 
 Legislative sanction. 
 
 It was a Pennsylvania Baptist, therefore, who was recog- 
 nized as the man to give substantially final form to the char- 
 ter of Brown University. This is not generally known, I 
 think. It is not widely known either, perhaps, that after 
 the death, in 1791, of James Manning, the first president of 
 Brown University, Dr. Jones was offered the position as his 
 successor and declined because he felt that he was too far ad- 
 vanced in years to assume such responsibility. His high 
 standing as an educator and his service in educational lines 
 may be further recognized from the fact that from about 
 1765 to 1795 he conducted an educational institution at 
 Lower Dublin. As he modestly described it in the note ap- 
 pended to the century sermon referred to : 
 
 The writer kept a boarding school between twenty- 
 nine and thirty years, at Lower Dublin, in which 
 many were educated, that are now useful in the dif- 
 ferent learned professions. 
 
 One of them, the Rev. Dr. Allison, kept a large 
 Academy under his sole direction at Bordentown, in 
 New Jersey, from whence issued many useful char- 
 acters. 
 
12 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 The significance of this modest reference to Dr. Burgiss 
 Allison and the value of Dr. Allison's service to New Jersey 
 and Pennsylvania will be better understood from the langu- 
 age of Morgan Edwards in his "Materials Toward a History 
 of the Baptists of New Jersey," which was published in 1792. 
 Mr. Edwards wrote : 
 
 Mr. Allison is a slender built man, and neither tall, 
 nor of firm constitution ; yet approaches towards an 
 universal genius beyond any of my acquaintance: his 
 stated preaching shows his skill in divinity : the aca- 
 demy he opened in 1778, gives him daily opportun- 
 ities of displaying mastership in the liberal arts, and 
 sciences, and ancient and modern languages : several 
 foreign youths deem his seminary their alma mater: 
 foreigners prefer him for a tutor, because of his ac- 
 quaintance with the French, Spanish and Portuguese, 
 &c. : the academy is well furnished with books, globes, 
 glasses, and other pieces of apparatus for experiments 
 in natural philosophy, astronomy, geography, optics, 
 hydrostatics, &c. : some of the said pieces are of his 
 own fabrication: he is now preparing materials for 
 an orrery, on an improved plan. He is not a strang- 
 er to the muses and graces; for he is an adept in 
 music, drawing, painting, katoptrics, &c. : he has two 
 curious and well finisned chandeliers in his parlour, 
 which show the maker whenever he stands before 
 them. He is as remarkable a mechanic as he is an 
 artist and philosopher : the lathe, the plane, the ham- 
 mer, the chisel, the graver, &c., have displayed his 
 skill in the use of tools. His accomplishments have 
 gained him a name and a place in our philosophical 
 society; and in that distinguished by the name of 
 Rumsey; and in the society for promoting agriculture 
 and home manufactures. Mr. Allison was born at 
 Bordentown, Aug. 17, 1753 : finished his education at 
 Pennepek, under the tuition of dr. Jones; and was 
 ordained by him, Jnn. 10. 1781. 
 
 Morgan Edwards, the writer of this gracious description, 
 was himself a man of no mean attainments and his words can 
 hardly be regarded as fulsome praise. Taken at their proper 
 worth, therefore, they reveal most strikingly not only the 
 educational possibilities offered by Mr. Allison but also the 
 high character of instruction given by Samuel Jones in his 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 13 
 
 boarding school at Lower Dublin, and something of the edu- 
 cational atmosphere in Pennsylvania before the year 1800. 
 
 During this period another bequest came to the Phila- 
 delphia association. This was the legacy received through 
 the will of John Honeywell, of Knowlton, Sussex (now War- 
 ren) county, New Jersey. This was announced to the asso- 
 ciation at the meeting in 1782, and a committee was appoint- 
 ed to give attention to the bequest. The story of this bequest 
 and the educational results would, by themselves, furnish 
 material for an entire discourse. Geographically this educa- 
 tional enterprise was connected with New Jersey, but it was 
 a gift to the Philadelphia association, which still included 
 the New Jersey churches, and its history has been identified 
 with the work of Pennsylvania Baptists. I shall not attempt 
 here anything more than to state that a school was establish- 
 ed and has been maintained through the years. Records of 
 the institution including financial details and other accounts 
 of individuals are preserved in manuscript in the records of 
 the association deposited in the library of the American 
 Baptist Historical Society and furnish highly interesting 
 reading for those who care to consider the details of develop- 
 ments of Baptist education in Pennsylvania. 
 
 During recent years under the entirely changed condi- 
 tions which now prevail the association has found difficulty, 
 as might be expected, in maintaining the school according to 
 its original purpose. In view of this the association through 
 its trustees has recently taken steps to transfer this Honey- 
 well School Fund to the authorities of Warren county. At 
 the meeting of the association on October 4, 1917, the trus- 
 tees recommended that if such a transfer of funds " cannot 
 be legally done, that the properties be sold, and the income 
 paid to the school authorities of Warren County, N. J., for 
 the support of a teacher under their direction. ' ' 
 
 It may be assumed that the number of such educational 
 bequests, in connection with other educational activities of the 
 Philadelphia association, has had a perceptible influence on 
 educational affairs in southeastern Pennsylvania. At any 
 rate it furnishes a factor in the development of Pennsylvania 
 Baptist educational activities. 
 
 In 1787 it was announced to the Association that * ' a real 
 Estate in New Castle county in the state of Delaware, had 
 been demised by Reese Jones to the Ministers of this Associa- 
 tion, for the education of young men," and a committee was 
 
14 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 appointed to secure control of the gift, the expense of such 
 work on the part of the committee being guaranteed. The 
 later minutes do not show what the outcome was, as there 
 is no further reference to the bequest, but apparently the in- 
 tentions of the testator were not realized and no money came 
 to the association. 
 
 As throwing some light on the work of Samuel Jones at 
 Lower Dublin during this period in undertaking the over- 
 sight of young men studying for the ministry, a statement 
 from the minutes of 1789 is suggestive. In this minute we 
 are told that Samuel Jones was to take Mr. Silas Walton 
 
 under his care, for instruction, for one year at 25 
 for his accommodations, including the use of neces- 
 sary books, on our account, . . . the said Wal- 
 ton to give his obligation to refund the money with- 
 in seven years, if he should not become a minister 
 of our order within that time, and continue therein. 
 
 In view of the x above minute it seems probable that the 
 school conducted by Samuel Jones had become a quasi asso- 
 ciational academy. If so, it would explain the action of the 
 association in 1792 when a committee was appointed to in- 
 vestigate concerning 
 
 a considerable sum of money in the hands of the 
 heirs, executors, or administrators of the late Isaac 
 Jones, Esq., belonging to the funds of the grammar 
 school under the direction of this Association, the 
 amount of which is at present uncertain. 
 
 Another possible explanation of the above reference to 
 a grammar school is to be found in the following which ap- 
 pears on page 332 of the printed "Minutes of the Philadel- 
 phia Baptist Association, from A. D. 1707 to A. D. 1807, " 
 which were published in 1851 : 
 
 ADDENDA TO 1797. 
 Baptist Grammar School Pecuniary Transfer, &c. 
 
 March 29th, 1797. 
 
 Whereas, several of the churches belonging to the 
 Philadelphia Baptist Association, about five and 
 thirty years ago, subscribed and collected money, for 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 15 
 
 the purpose of supporting a Grammar school in their 
 connection, that young men, promising for the min- 
 istry, might enjoy the benefits of education : Now the 
 subscribers, trustees of said money, considering: 
 That it is inconvenient for them from distant parts 
 to attend to so small a concern ; that the trustees of 
 the Association aforesaid have a considerable sum 
 or sums of money in their hands for the very same 
 use ; that the said Association could take care of and 
 apply the money now in the care of the subscribers 
 under one trouble, if the same was committed to their 
 care, and that it is troublesome, unnecessary and use- 
 less, to have two sets of trustees for the very same 
 purpose : 
 
 The subscribers do therefore resolve, vote and de- 
 termine, that the monies in their care for the use 
 above said, shall be delivered to the trustees of the 
 Association aforesaid, the interest whereof to be ap- 
 plied by said trustees to the original use and design, 
 and no other; and the said Association trustees are 
 hereby desired, authorized, and empowered to re- 
 ceive, sue for, and recover all monies, bonds, notes, 
 book debts, books, papers, or other property what- 
 ever pertaining to the subscribers, as trustees as 
 aforesaid, and to give proper receipts and discharge 
 for the same, in as effectual a manner as themselves 
 might or could do. 
 
 In witness whereof, they have hereunto set their 
 hands. 
 
 Samuel Jones, of Lower Dublin. 
 Silas Hough, of Montgomery. 
 Arthur Watts. 
 Benjamin Bennet, of Middletown. 
 
 [Note. The above act of pecuniary transfer was in 
 my possession, in manuscript, and does not appear 
 ever to have been incorporated with the minutes, nor 
 regarded as belonging properly to the records of the 
 Association; but it belonging now to history, and 
 relating to property for which, I believe, the Asso- 
 ciation is yet responsible, I have thought best to in- 
 sert it here. Ed.] (This editor was A. D. Gillette 
 F. G. L.) 
 
16 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 At the meeting of the Association in 1795 a tl Circular 
 Letter published by an Association Meeting at Bromsgrove, 
 in England, on the Education of Children," was recommend- 
 ed for republication and was printed under the direction of 
 Thomas Ustick. This discloses that the Baptists of the Phila- 
 delphia association were interested not simply to avail them- 
 selves of American educational resources but also to utilize 
 an opportune publication from the mother country. 
 
 Probably as a result of the above action and for other 
 reasons the minutes for 1800 and succeeding years reveal an 
 increased interest in educational work. Money was collect- 
 ed and Thomas Ustick was authorized to distribute it in the 
 education of several young men whose names are given. 
 
 In connection with this work of Mr. Ustick it is perhaps 
 worth while to note that in 1800 he was appointed librarian 
 ''to take charge of the Books belonging to the Association, 
 and to make report of their condition." Thus young men 
 who were studying for the ministry were brought at once into 
 contact with a man who handled the money for their assist- 
 ance and at the same time was concerned with the books 
 which the association possessed for the use of its ministers. 
 This may have been of extensive educational significance. 
 
 An apparently new step was taken by the association 
 in 1800, as is seen from the following minute : 
 
 It is recommended to our Churches, that a sermon 
 be annually preached among them, and after it a 
 collection be made, whose amount be returned to the 
 Association at their subsequent Meeting, in order 
 to augment the fund for the education of such pious 
 young men as appear promising for usefulness in the 
 ministry of the Gospel. 
 
 The next year, 1801, a total of $59.54 as a collection from 
 five churches was reported. Similar contributions reached 
 $84.37 in 1804 and were reported during each of the next 
 half dozen years. 
 
 "We have a side-light on the intellectual and educational 
 conditions of the time from the fact that in 1807 the asso- 
 ciation recommended to each of its churches to subscribe for 
 a copy of Dr. Grill's Exposition of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment, for the use of their ministers. It does not follow, of 
 course, that each church did this, or that L!! of the ministers 
 made large use of Dr. Gill's great work. It is of some 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 17 
 
 significance, however, that the ministers were regarded as 
 capable of using to advantage such volumes of Biblical ex- 
 position. And this interest in Dr. Gill's great work con- 
 tinued, for we read in the minutes of 1819 that the nine mas- 
 sive volumes were finally off the press, and were offered to the 
 ministers and churches at the relatively low price of $50.00 
 for the set. 
 
 It is not without meaning that we find in the minutes 
 for 1819 a notice that a Baptist Almanac for 1820 had been 
 published and was recommended to the churches. While 
 such a publication was hardly a text book, those who are fa- 
 miliar with early almanacs are aware that the person who 
 perused their pages could hardly turn from them as ill-in- 
 formed as when he opened the books. 
 
 In 1805 Rev. Dr. William Staughton came to the First 
 Baptist Church, Philadelphia. He was greatly interested 
 both in young men and in education. In March, 1807, he 
 consented to give theological instruction to Daniel Sharp, 
 afterwards Rev. Dr. Daniel Sharp. As time went on he ac- 
 cepted other young men for similar instruction. In July, 
 1812, as an outgrowth of his teaching, and probably intended 
 as a wider support for it, there was organized in the First 
 Baptist Church, Philadelphia, the Baptist Education Society 
 of the Middle States, which was to support an institution of 
 learning. In connection with the step there was offered to 
 American Baptists an Address on the subject which, together 
 with the constitution of the society, was published in the 
 Massachusetts Baptist Missionary Magazine for September, 
 1812. The Address covers two pages. In it the signers 
 said: 
 
 Several young men, we understand, in the states of 
 Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, and some 
 in other sister states, are anxious to enjoy privileges 
 such as the new institution which we propose will 
 supply. 
 
 An establishment of this nature must be begun by 
 some persons. The ministering brethren in Phila- 
 delphia have learned with pleasure, that in the New 
 Jersey association, and among the brethren in New 
 York, considerable solicitude of mind has been awak- 
 ened on this subject. They will feel happy in co-op- 
 erating with them, and with any of their Christian 
 friends, in giving origin, efficacy and permanence to 
 the institution. 
 
18 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 Though the society was nominally for ''the Middle 
 States," it was really local to Philadelphia and came to be 
 called the Baptist Education Society of Philadelphia, as is 
 clear from the language of Rev. S. W. Lynd, the son-in-law 
 and biographer of Dr. Staughton, who tells us also that at 
 the beginning of 1813 Dr. Staughton "was unanimously elect- 
 ed tutor." 
 
 In May, 1814, in the First Baptist Church, Philadelphia, 
 "The General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denom- 
 ination in the United States of America, for Foreign Mis- 
 sions," popularly called the Triennial Convention, was organ- 
 ized. Rev. Dr. Richard Furman, of Charleston, South 
 Carolina, was elected president. In his Address to Ameri- 
 can Baptists, issued at the close of the meeting, he urged the 
 importance of ministerial education. At the meeting of the 
 convention in May, 1817, also held in Philadelphia, Dr. Fur- 
 man took occasion to deliver a special address on education. 
 This led to the appointment of a committee on the subject. 
 The following July the Baptist Education Society of Phila- 
 delphia offered to co-operate with the convention in support 
 of the educational institution which was now being favorably 
 considered. 
 
 As a result of these combined efforts a school was opened 
 in the autumn of 1818 in Philadelphia. Dr. Staughton was 
 principal of the institution and had as associate Rev. Irah 
 Chase, a scholarly young man, who was then beginning a 
 distinguished educational career. The school owned no 
 building, the work being carried on in rooms provided from 
 time to time. The first commencement was held April 25, 
 1821, at the date of the annual meeting of the convention 
 Board, and a certificate was given to each of the seven gradu- 
 ates testifying that he had been ' ' a member of the Theological 
 Institution of the Baptist General Convention." 
 
 From 1817 on there had been some of the leaders of the 
 convention, particularly Rev. Luther Rice, who felt that an 
 institution supported by the Baptists of the entire country 
 should be located in the District of Columbia. In 1819 a 
 site of forty-six and one half acres was secured there. Build- 
 ings were soon after begun and in* the autumn of 1821 the 
 convention school was moved to Washington and opened un- 
 der the name of "the Columbian College, in the District of 
 Columbia, ' ' 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 19 
 
 Such in brief is the history of an institution which, 
 though never intended to be local to Philadelphia, was actual- 
 ly a Pennsylvania enterprise to a large extent, until it was 
 transferred to Washington, and deserves mention in this 
 sketch, though adequate treatment of its record, preserved in 
 the annual reports of the convention and in the Latter Day 
 Luminary, is impossible. 
 
 We have now viewed rapidly some of the more important 
 educational activities of the Baptists of Pennsylvania during 
 somewhat more than a century and a quarter. We have 
 come also to a time which opened a new period in Baptist 
 education in the Keystone State. Before we proceed to that 
 interesting development it may be worth while to record two 
 or three general impressions concerning the Baptist educa- 
 tional situation in Pennsylvania up to about 1830. 
 
 A prominent element of those impressions is that the 
 education thus far had been, primarily, if not indeed almost 
 exclusively ministerial. To be sure Dr. Jones told us in the 
 note above that there had gone out from his boarding school 
 those who were " useful in the different learned professions," 
 and Morgan Edwards' sketch of Dr. Burgiss Allison, makes 
 clear that the academy kept by him did not limit its training 
 to religious subjects. This statement undoubtedly accounts 
 for the fact that in the membership of the churches of the 
 Philadelphia association there were laymen of considerable 
 educational attainments. Nevertheless education of those 
 outside of the ministry was largely incidental. There is no 
 reference to education for women ; the time for it had not yet 
 come. Education was thought of primarily for the church 
 leaders, and there is little to suggest that institutions of learn- 
 ing would have been established except for the training of 
 men for the ministry. In fact advanced training for min- 
 isterial students was not regarded as requisite for leadership 
 among Baptists. 
 
 This is perfectly clear from the language of another para- 
 graph in the note to Dr. Jones' century sermon, and it has 
 the greater significance coming from such a man as Samuel 
 Jones as late as the year 1807. The paragraph is as follows : 
 
 The Baptists, as a society, have never considered 
 the higher branches of learning as essential to the 
 gospel ministry, and there is no doubt but the senti- 
 ment is perfectly correct. They have, nevertheless, 
 
20 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 held education in high esteem, as a handmaid to 
 grace, and have always had not a few among them, 
 that ranked pretty high for literary improvement 
 and extensive reading. 
 
 With this point of view in control, the outcome for Bap- 
 tist education is graphically seen from the language of Rev. 
 George M. Spratt, D.D.,when he reviewed, in 1884, his ministry 
 of half a century in Pennsylvania. He tells us that as late 
 as about 1830 the children 
 
 profited by a quarter's schooling each year, for one 
 or more years, generally under the tuition of some 
 Miss in her teens, and graduated with limited knowl- 
 edge of reading, writing, and spelling. The common 
 school system, that blessing of the present day, was 
 then unknown, and when, some years later, it was 
 introduced, met with strong opposition. 
 
 The Baptists were comparatively few and devoid of 
 wealth; only a single Baptist minister with college 
 training could be found beyond the limits of Phil- 
 adelphia. Not an academy existed, nor had we any 
 private schools or seminaries in the State. 
 
 Dr. Spratt spoke out of an experience which made him 
 familiar with the facts. He probably did not over-state the 
 situation. While Baptists in Pennsylvania previous to about 
 1830 had been far from a really ignorant folk, they were like- 
 wise far from being interested in general education. 
 
 A better day, however, was about to dawn. The first 
 signs of the new light manifested themselves in 1832. In the 
 minutes of the Philadelphia association in that year we read : 
 
 H. G. Jones offered a resolution that this body take 
 measures to have a Manual Labor School established 
 on the farm lately bequeathed us by Elder Straw- 
 bridge, which resolution was referred to the Board of 
 Trustees. 
 
 Twelve years before this action there were, among the 
 energetic pioneers who were taking possession of central 
 Pennsylvania, some Baptists who organized the Northumber- 
 land Baptist Association. In 1832, almost coincident with 
 the action of the Philadelphia association, these enterprising 
 Baptists of the central portion of the state adopted the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 21 
 
 Resolved, That the exigencies of our denomination 
 require that an effort be made to established a Manu- 
 al Labor Academy, in the interior of this common- 
 wealth, for the education of our sons, and to furnish 
 facilities for literary and theological improvement, 
 to brethren who may have been approbated to preach. 
 
 It was at once a question which of these two movements 
 should receive the support of Pennsylvania Baptists. For 
 the moment the advantages, as may easily be seen, were in 
 favor of the Philadelphia brethren and in the minutes of 
 their meeting in 1833 we read : 
 
 The Resolution offered by H. Gr. Jones, last session, 
 concerning a Manual Labor Seminary, having been 
 referred to the Corporation, the President of the 
 body corporate reported 
 
 That the business committed to their care had been 
 deliberately considered, and that it was found inex- 
 pedient to locate the Institution on the farm belong- 
 ing to the body in Lower Providence ; and that, after 
 patient inquiry, it was ascertained that an estate 
 might be obtained at Haddington, four miles west of 
 Philadelphia. The estate has been purchased by 
 order of the Board, and the Institution will be in 
 readiness to receive students the present month. 
 Suitable teachers, professors, &c., have been engaged, 
 and a number of students are in readiness to enter 
 upon their studies. 
 
 [By order of the Corporation, 
 H. G-. Jones, President.] 
 
 Resolved, That brethren Jenkins, McLeod, and I. 
 M. Allen, be a Committee to nominate a Board of 
 Trustees, to whom shall be committed the manage- 
 ment of the Institution at Haddington. 
 
 A board was appointed consisting of twenty-five mem- 
 bers and the beginning appeared thoroughly auspicious. In 
 1834 those in charge of the movement issued an eight page 
 pamphlet entitled "A Report On Haddington Institution," 
 a copy of which the American Baptist Historical Society is 
 so fortunate as to possess. After a general statement giv- 
 ing the location and purpose of the Institution and a four 
 year course of study there is this interesting paragraph: 
 
22 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 In conclusion we observe, the Haddington Institu- 
 tion is the only one belonging to the Baptist denom- 
 ination in Pennsylvania; and is the first exclusively 
 established by the oldest Association of our faith in 
 America. 
 
 Naturally the subject of this Institution came before the 
 Philadelphia association at its meeting in October, 1834. In 
 the minutes of that meeting we find this paragraph : 
 
 A communication from a committee in New Jersey, 
 respecting a general system of education, for the pur- 
 pose of concentrating the efforts of the Baptist inter- 
 est in the middle states, was received and referred to 
 brethren L. Tucker, H. G. Jones, J. H. Kennard, J. 
 Matthias, H. Malcom, D. Dodge, and S. Bernard with 
 the committee. 
 
 Thus we discover that the New Jersey Baptists were as 
 thoroughly awake to the needs of Baptist education as were 
 their brothers in Pennsylvania. The committee, thus ap- 
 pointed, made a report later in the day which seems import- 
 ant to include here in full. It reads : 
 
 The committee to whom was referred the communi- 
 cation from a committee in New Jersey, respect- 
 ing a general system of Education reported : 
 
 That they have carefully considered said communi- 
 cation. They regard the subject as one of absorb- 
 ing magnitude, and fully accord with the general 
 views there expressed of the value of such an insti- 
 tution, and the great importance of uniting, on this 
 subject, all our churches in this and the adjacent 
 States. 
 
 They recommend that the Seminary be put on a 
 more general footing, so far as can be done consist- 
 ently with its doctrinal purity, and the securing of 
 the interests of this Association. They also recom- 
 mend that the Association call a Convention, to con- 
 sist of the Pastor and a delegate, or of two members 
 if the Pastor cannot attend, from any church which 
 may choose to send, within the middle States: to 
 meet at Sansom street meeting house, Philadelphia, 
 on the first Wednesday of December, at 11 o'clock, 
 A. M. 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 23 
 
 Which report was accepted. Brethren Kennard 
 and Huggens, were appointed a committee to issue 
 circulars to all the Baptist Churches in the middle 
 states, informing them of the intended convention 
 to be held on the general system of Education. 
 
 The minutes of the Philadelphia association for 1835 to 
 1838, contain relatively glowing accounts of this school, which 
 in the meanwhile had been removed to Germantown and in 
 the minutes of 1838 is called the Germantown Collegiate In- 
 stitution. The minutes of 1838 tell us that "The Hebrew, 
 Greek, Latin, English, French, and Spanish languages are 
 taught by eminent and well known instructors. ... It 
 will be remembered that the theological students will be gra- 
 tuitously instructed. ' ' 
 
 How an institution which seems to have been thus thor- 
 oughly under way appears suddenly to have dropped out of 
 existence I have not discovered. That its career did sudden- 
 ly cease is probable from the fact that nothing further is 
 said concerning it in the associational minutes. 
 
 Whatever the course of events, they were sufficient from 
 1834 on to influence the Northumberland association so that 
 no further action was taken by that body. The field was left 
 open to the Philadelphia association, however, with cordial 
 good will on the part of the Northumberland brethren, as is 
 seen from the action which they adopted in 1834 and repeat- 
 ed in 1835. 
 
 Resolved, That we view the exertions of the Phil- 
 adelphia Baptist Association, in the establishment of 
 the Haddington Literary and Theological Institu- 
 tion, with deep interest, and feel highly gratified in 
 hearing of its present flourishing prospects. 
 
 When the Haddington Institution was discontinued the 
 field was once more open throughout the state for any- 
 further venture. Apparently there were varying currents 
 in the tide of thought. It was the time when Sunday schools 
 were beginning to receive some attention on the part of Phil- 
 adelphia Baptists. The minutes of 1835 record that the 
 Philadelphia association gave place for an afternoon to a 
 meeting of the Baptist Sunday schools of Philadelphia. In 
 1838 for the first time the associational minutes contained 
 Sunday school satistics. We cannot, however, regard the 
 
24 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 Sunday school activities of those days as in any considerable 
 sense educational, since in 1838 their purpose is emphasized 
 as being only "a means in the conversion of souls. " The 
 following year in fact, the idea was put even more strongly 
 when the association said that "the ultimate object of the 
 Sabbath school is ' l the eternal salvation of the soul. ' ' 
 
 Another current was in the form of some sort of an edu- 
 cation society, since in 1835 the association recorded its ap- 
 proval of "the efforts of the Pennsylvania Education So- 
 ciety." I have not discovered just what this education so- 
 ciety was. The thought of such a society, however, must 
 have been a permanent feature in the informal discussions 
 of the day. This is evident from action which was taken in 
 Philadelphia on September 18, 1839, when, by common con- 
 sent, after formal notice on the part of Baptist leaders, the 
 Philadelphia Education society was organized in the First 
 Baptist Church 
 
 as the deliberate conviction of this meeting that the 
 great want of a well trained and efficient ministry 
 . plainly requires the present formation of 
 an Education Society for this city and vicinity. 
 
 At the meeting the next year, which was held on Novem- 
 ber 5th, the name of the organization was changed to The 
 Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society. At that meeting 
 in 1840 a constitution was adopted. The first article stated 
 that 
 
 the exclusive object of this society shall be to aid in 
 acquiring a suitable education, such indigent, pious 
 young men of the Baptist demonination as shall give 
 satisfactory evidence to the churches of which they 
 are members, that they are called of God to the 
 Gospel ministry. 
 
 Thus originated the Pennsylvania Baptist Education 
 Society, which since that time has been particularly concern- 
 ed with the education of young men devoted to the ministry 
 of the gospel. The history of the society itself is a very 
 significant element in Baptist educational affairs from those 
 days on. Its activities have become more closely related to 
 other Baptist organizations in the state. As a result of 
 this, from 1871 it began to hold its sessions at the same time 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 25 
 
 as the state missionary society and in 1908 became the Edu- 
 cation Board of the Pennsylvania Baptist General Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 To tell the story of the society's work would be most wel- 
 come and I am tempted to yield to its inducements. Since, 
 however, as I have stated at the beginning of this paper, an 
 account of its work was written by Dr. Jacob G. Walker and 
 published in the society's report of 1909, it is advisable here 
 to give less attention to that aspect of my theme and bring 
 into fuller relief other activities which have not been so thor- 
 oughly treated. In connection with these other events I 
 shall touch upon activities of the Education Society which 
 are so important that they must not be left without mention. 
 
 Returning to the days following 1830 we deal with some 
 of the most far-reaching developments covered by the subject 
 in hand. While the Haddington Institution did not suc- 
 ceed, the movement out of which it grew revealed ideas of 
 education which were substantially new. The institution 
 was conceived of as a Manual Labor school and thus looked 
 in the direction of training for the hands as well as for the 
 mind. The scope of the institution was not limited to min- 
 isterial education. It assumed a much broader field of work. 
 Though those ambitions were not realized at Haddington, or 
 Germantown, they were to find development elsewhere. They 
 were the same sorts of ideas as those which prompted the new 
 step of the Northumberland association in 1832. 
 
 The Northumberland Baptists did not lose the thought 
 which prompted that first action. They maintained a com- 
 mittee on education. In 1844 this committee offered an ex- 
 tended report in which they stated: 
 
 In 1841 the Association passed a unanimous resolu- 
 tion "to become auxiliary to the Pa. Bap. Ed. So- 
 ciety," but according to the tables showing the 
 amounts contributed for the different benevolent ob- 
 jects, it appears that only FOUR churches in the 
 whole Association contributed any that year for this 
 object. In 1842 only THREE churches contributed 
 for the same object, and in 1843 only TWO churches 
 leaving 14 churches in the association who did not 
 accompany their prayer, "Lord send forth laborers 
 into the vineyard," with the donation of a penny! 
 
 Our sister States are annually pouring their thous- 
 sands into the Treasury of the Ed. Society. In '42 
 
26 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 the small state of New Jersey with only 9,000 Bap- 
 tists raised, for the education cause, $2,000, besides 
 supporting all of her own beneficiaries. While 
 Pennsylvania with nearly THREE TIMES that 
 number of Baptists raised the same year but $560! 
 Brethren what is the cause of this astonishing differ- 
 ence? 
 
 The report from which the above is quoted was written 
 by C. A. Hewitt, pastor of the church at Lewisburg. In 
 1845 the chairman of the committee was Rev. Joel E. Brad- 
 ley, who during the year since the last meeting had succeed- 
 ed Mr. Hewitt as pastor of the Lewisburg church. He like 
 his precedecessor, offered an urgent communication to his 
 brothers of the Northumberland association. In this report 
 he said: 
 
 Your committee have endeavored to discover the 
 cause of the lamentable lethargy on this subject which 
 seems to pervade the Pennsylvania Churches, and are 
 inclined to ascribe it, in great part, to the facts, that 
 our literary institutions are in other States, and that 
 young men educated elsewhere cannot act as efficient- 
 ly upon the population of our State as could those 
 educated among us. The establishment of an Insti- 
 tution in our midst is absolutely necessary, in order 
 to bring out the strength of our denomination in 
 Pennsylvania. Your Committee therefore earnestly 
 recommend to this Association the adoption of meas- 
 ures for the establishment of a Literary and Theo- 
 logical Institution in this State. 
 
 J. E. BRADLEY, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 The minutes continue: 
 
 Resolved, That a Committee of five persons be 
 appointed to report this afternoon on the propriety 
 of forming a Literary and Theological Seminary in 
 central Pennsylvania, when brethren Tucker, Lud- 
 wig, Bradley, J. G-. Miles, and J. Moore, Sr., were 
 appointed that Committee. 
 
 This committee later in the day submitted its report as 
 follows : 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 27 
 
 The committee appointed to report on the expedi- 
 ency of forming a Literary and Theological Semin- 
 ary in Central Pennsylvania, submit the following, 
 wnich was received, viz: 
 
 They heartily approve of the establishment of a 
 literary institution of a high order, in the interior 
 of our State, and for the purpose of effecting so 
 desirable an object, they offer to the Association, for 
 adoption, the following resolutions: 
 
 Resolved, That we esteem it desirable that a Lit- 
 erary Institution should be established in Central 
 Pennsylvania, embracing a high school for male 
 pupils, another for females, a college, and also a 
 theological Institution, to be under the influence of 
 the Baptist denomination. 
 
 Resolved, That this Committee be continued, with 
 instructions to prepare a report on the subject, to 
 be printed with the minutes, and also to lay it be- 
 for the various religious bodies of our denomination 
 in the State, either by correspondence or otherwise, 
 especially before the Education Society, and the 
 State Convention, at their next meeting in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Resolved, That they be authorized to adopt such 
 other measures as they may deem advisable for the 
 accomplishment of the said object, and report at our 
 next annual meeting. In behalf of the Committee. 
 
 WM. H. LUDWIG, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 William H. Ludwig, the chairman who signed this re- 
 port, was a physician in Lewisburg. It is not improbable 
 that the future course of events is largely indebted to him 
 for the shape they took, for, at the meeting in 1846, he sub- 
 mitted a statement entitled "Report of Committee on Liter- 
 ary and Theological Institution," which reads as follows: 
 
 The special committee, on the subject of a State 
 Literary Institution, respectfully report, 
 
 That according to their instructions they prepared 
 an address on the subject of a State Literary Insti- 
 tution, and handed it over to the publishing commit- 
 tee for insertion in the minutes of last year. 
 
 Shortly after the adjournment of your last meet- 
 ing, a State Association was formed for the purpose 
 
28 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 of effecting the object contemplated in the appoint- 
 ment of your committee, and as they seemed to possess 
 facilities for moving in the business which the com- 
 mittee could not command, it was thought best to 
 await their action, consequently your committee have 
 done nothing farther in that behalf but are happy 
 to be able to say that the State Association have suc- 
 ceeded beyond their most sanguine expectations. 
 
 WILLIAM H. LUDWIG, Chairman. 
 
 Thus was begun the University at Lewisburg. In order 
 to understand the meaning of the movement and the institu- 
 tion thus founded emphasis must be placed upon the fact 
 that training was planned for other male pupils as well as 
 those who were students for the ministry and that provision 
 was to be made for young women. These are significant 
 features in the thinking which brought about the founding 
 of a Baptist university in Pennsylvania. 
 
 At first it was no more than a high school and the ses- 
 sions were held, as Dr. Leroy Stephens in a recent letter to 
 me has kindly and graphically described, "in the low base- 
 ment of the old Baptist church. I have many a time," he 
 continues, "touched the ceiling of that basement with my 
 middle finger while standing solid on the floor. There were 
 three rooms only, one main room and two small rooms back, 
 and here was germinated our creditable Bucknell University. ' ' 
 
 Instruction was begun in the autumn of 1846, but the 
 "First Annual Catalogue," covering the academic year 1850- 
 
 1851, was issued at the close of that year. No president had 
 yet been appointed but there were students of both sexes 
 representing the various classes from seniors in the college 
 down through the grades to the primary department. In 
 
 1852, Rev. Howard Malcom, D. D., became president, and in 
 the autumn of 1853 the department for women, called the 
 Female Seminary, was opened in a separate building favor- 
 ably and conveniently located about one-half mile from the 
 other buildings. 
 
 It would be highly attractive to follow in detail the his- 
 tory of the university thus established. Of course that is 
 impossible in this paper. We may turn to other matters 
 with less regret because the later history of the University at 
 Lewisburg is far more easily accessible than the beginnings 
 which I have described with some fullness. 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 29 
 
 The action of the Northumberland association and the 
 opening of the University at Lewisburg seem to have stimu- 
 lated the Baptists of western Pennsylvania. In the annual 
 report of the Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society for 
 1844, the meeting being held at Milton, we find this unusual 
 paragraph. 
 
 Resolved, That we regard with sympathy and en- 
 couragement the efforts made in Western Pennsyl- 
 vania to obtain the Madison College at Uniontown as 
 a Baptist institution. 
 
 Apparently nothing came of this movement as there is 
 no further reference to it in the contemporary documents, 
 and there is only the tradition that the effort failed. 
 
 In connection with this act of the Pennsylvania Baptist 
 Education Society it is worth observing that its sympathies 
 have always been comprehensive and ready to support any 
 promising movement, whether instituted by itself or by oth- 
 ers. Various items in its proceedings from year to year 
 might be selected as evidence of this. Naturally, however, 
 it gave special consideration to the promising institution at 
 Lewisburg. A paragraph of its report for 1848 is worth 
 recording, both as illustrating this interest and as showing 
 how early the setting apart of a special day of prayer for in- 
 stitutions of learning was considered by the society. The 
 item reads: 
 
 At this session it was recommended to the churches 
 to observe the last Thursday in February as a day 
 of special prayer and fasting, to entreat the Lord for 
 more laborers, and to pray that the University at 
 Lewisburg may be visited by frequent seasons of re- 
 freshing. 
 
 In 1851 the society, as a further evidence of its interest in 
 the University, put itself on record as 
 
 painfully impressed with the importance of educat- 
 ing our own sons and daughters at institutions where 
 they will not acquire prejudices against our senti- 
 ments and practices. We therefore with affection- 
 ate earnestness present to our constituents the pres- 
 ent necessity of patronizing the University, by 
 sending their children and their young licentiates, 
 and of completing the endowment. 
 
30 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 While the society was thus caring for its own special 
 field and supporting wider projects for Baptist education it 
 was studying improved methods for carrying on its own la- 
 bors. Previous to 1852 it had encouraged the support of 
 individual students not only at Lewisburg but at Hamilton, 
 now Colgate, and other institutions outside of Pennsylvania, 
 through church scholarships designated specifically for in- 
 dividual students. At the meeting of 1852 the Board of 
 Managers of the society proposed the establishment of a Gen- 
 eral Fund rather than the personal scholarships. This pro- 
 posal was urged on the following grounds: 
 
 the contributors feels his contributions have been en- 
 A fund formed in this way ... is more 
 simple, more easily managed by the Treasurer; and 
 should any young man aided by this society after- 
 wards leave the ministry or not enter it, no one of 
 tirely lost. And in case of young men aided by 
 the society rising to usefulness and eminence in the 
 churches, each contributor feels the conscious satis- 
 faction that he has borne his part in the education 
 of such men. 
 
 In 1853 the society voted that it was important to have 
 a sermon on ministerial education as a part of the com- 
 mencement exercises at Lewisburg. This action is notable 
 as the beginning of one of the established functions of the 
 Bucknell University commencement season. 
 
 At the meeting of 1855 it was announced that a charter 
 for the society had been secured early in the past year, that 
 is, in the autumn of 1854. In this way the organization was 
 put upon a secure legal basis for carrying on its work which 
 in the course of years came to involve extensive financial op- 
 erations. 
 
 At that same anniversary Eev. George M. Spratt, who 
 had become General Agent of the society in 1851, reported 
 that the number of applications for aid in preparing for the 
 pastorate " would be greatly multiplied, were it not for the 
 loose views entertained by too many churches and pastors in 
 regard to a proper preparation for the arduous and respon- 
 sible work of the Christian ministry." Indeed the annual 
 reports for many years after that time refer frequently to 
 similar conditions confronting the society's efforts. The 
 situation was concisely stated in 1857 when Mr. Spratt called 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 31 
 
 attention to the fact that one third of the churches in the 
 state gave nothing for ministerial education, one third did 
 "a little under urging," and the actual burden was borne 
 by the remaining one third of the churches. This unhappy 
 condition affected other Baptist effort as well as that of the 
 Education Society. Among the churches there were not only 
 examples of the same ignorance which existed at the begin- 
 ning of the century but also direct and intense opposition to 
 education in general and ministerial education specifically. 
 Dr. Spratt, as he became in 1869, had opportunity to know 
 what this opposition was, and in another paragraph of his 
 recollections of a half century's ministry in Pennsylvania, 
 referred to above, and published in the report of the Penn- 
 sylvania Baptist Education Society for 1884, he pictured 
 these adversaries. Baptist schools, he said, 
 
 they branded as smut factories, and even advised 
 in unholy sarcasm, Rev. Dr. Howard Malcom to put 
 up a sign over his college, "God, Malcom & Co., 
 Priest Factory." 
 
 Such was the attitude which ignorance displayed toward 
 the splendid educational work which Dr. Malcom, as presi- 
 dent, and his co-laborers were carrying on in the University 
 at Lewisburg. It need not surprise us that in the face of 
 such opposition, not limited to Baptists alone, progress up 
 to the present time has not been all that could be desired. 
 
 It is refreshing to know that in the face of such difficul- 
 ties there were some who not only conceived of education as 
 necessary for ministers but as something for the mind and for 
 the hands of all. Fortunately such a view was somewhat 
 igener'al. It had taken hold upon the thought of John P. 
 Crozer whose success as a business man at Upland and whose 
 devotion to the welfare of the people led him to establish in 
 1858 the Upland Normal Institute. For the work of this 
 institute he erected what is now the main building of Crozer 
 Theological Seminary and the work of instruction was begun. 
 The "Second Annual Catalogue" of the institute, covering 
 the year 1859-1860, lists a faculty well qualified for the ser- 
 vice and a total student attendance consisting of both men 
 and women of 161. This catalogue shows the objects of the 
 institute to have been 
 
32 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 to furnish, at a reduced cost, a comprehensive, thor- 
 ough, and practical education for business, teach- 
 ing, college, and any literary or professional pursuit. 
 
 Though begun with such a worthy object and having a 
 goodly number of students the institute was soon under the 
 shadow of the Civil War. Its work was discontinued and 
 the building and campus used as a hospital for soldiers from 
 both of the armies. At the close of the conflict conditions 
 were not favorable for its reopening. In 1866 Mr. Crozer 
 died. There came at once before his family the question of 
 disposing of the plant which he had established. This ques- 
 tion was naturally considered in view of the close relation 
 which Mr. Crozer had sustained to the University at Lewis- 
 burg and to the Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society, of 
 which he had been president since 1856. The situation still 
 further involved the fact that, while the University at Lewis- 
 burg had not been established chiefly for ministerial education, 
 it had nevertheless given much training which fitted men for 
 pastoral service, and in 1855 had opened a distinct Theological 
 Department with one professor who devoted his time exclu- 
 sively to the education of men for the ministry. 
 
 After due consideration of all the factors concerned it 
 was mutually agreed that an institution to be known as 
 Crozer Theological Seminary should be established at Upland 
 making use of the plant erected for the Upland Normal In- 
 stitute, and that the seminary should take over and recog- 
 nize fully the Theological Department of the university. 
 Thus the Baptists of the Keystone State came to possess not 
 only a university with a preparatory department, and a de- 
 partment for women as well as college men, but also, through 
 the generosity of Mr. Crozer 's family, a thoroughly establish- 
 ed and well endowed theological seminary, the initial gift 
 for the latter amounting to approximately $275,000. 
 
 Instruction in the Seminary began on October 2, 1868, 
 under the direction of a faculty consisting of the president, 
 Dr. Henry G. Weston, and Professors George D. B. Pepper, 
 D. D., and Howard Osgood, D. D. 
 
 Mr. William Bucknell, a son-in-law of John P. Crozer, 
 whose wife Margaret Crozer Bucknell died soon after the de- 
 cease of her father, conceived of the happy idea of founding 
 the library of the seminary, at a cost of about $30,000 erect- 
 ed Pearl Hall as a library building, in honor of his wife, and 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 33 
 
 gave $25,000 for the immediate purchase of books. Though 
 the gift of Mr. Bucknell was small in comparison with the 
 gift of the family of Mr. Crozer it placed the library of the 
 Seminary for the time being in an exceptionally strong posi- 
 tion for its service. It may be of interest even to those of 
 the present day and certainly to coming generations to rec- 
 ord that the library structure was used temporarily as the 
 place in which the commencement exercises of the Seminary 
 were held. 
 
 The result of the generous foundation offered to the Bap- 
 tists of the State by Mr. Crozer 's family and the happy effect 
 upon those who were then interested in education are well 
 reflected in the language of the report of the Board of Man- 
 agers of the Education Society which was presented at fhe 
 annual meeting at Lewisburg on July 28, 1868. 
 
 The Board desire to express their hearty sympathy 
 with, and co-operation in, the newly organized Theo- 
 logical Institute at Upland, Delaware County. No 
 effort on the part of the Board will be wanting to 
 make this grand and noble offering presented first 
 to the Lord and then to his Church by the family 
 whose late head has been in years past the honored 
 President of this Society a permanent success. 
 
 . Both the University [at Lewisburg] and 
 the Institute have sprung up under our shadow, and 
 amid our prayers and efforts. They are in an import- 
 ant sense our children, brought to their birth under the 
 same benign influences that summoned us into life 
 and impressed us as a Society with a sense of the vital 
 import and solemn grandeur of our holy mission. 
 
 . We therefore bid the Crozer Theological 
 Institute a hearty welcome, and earnestly desire the 
 God of all grace to crown even its infancy with 
 choice and heavenly blessings. We also assure the 
 friends of our noble University at Lewisburg, that 
 no abatement of interest in its welfare will mark our 
 future course, and we indulge the confident hope 
 that by the withdrawal of the more direct form of 
 theological instruction it will become none the less 
 powerful as an auxiliary in the great work of mini- 
 sterial education. 
 
 The establishment of a university and a theological sem- 
 inary on secure foundations though they were Baptist ad- 
 
34 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 vances of the greatest importance, did not satisfy the Baptist 
 constituency of the State. This may have been the case 
 partly because the period following the Civil War witnessed 
 a general renaissance in education and brought into the fore- 
 front the work of public schools. While these schools were 
 developed rapidly and brought about great changes in edu- 
 cation they did not meet all the needs that were felt by those 
 who were concerned for educational progress, especially 
 members of churches who were jealous that education should 
 be religious as well as general. Out of such a situation arose 
 the denominational academies and other institutions which 
 were called colleges, though really no more than academies 
 in work. Pennsylvania experienced her share of these and 
 without some knowledge of them we cannot understand the 
 history of Baptist education in Pennsylvania and rightly con- 
 sider the problems of our own day. (For some of the data 
 used I am indebted to Dr. Leroy Stephens.) 
 
 The first of these institutions takes us back to 1856. 
 That year George's Creek Academy was opened at Smith- 
 field. It was recognized by the Baptists of the state, and 
 in succeeding years the Pennsylvania Baptist Education So- 
 ciety sometimes aided students for the ministry who were 
 studying there. The quality of work, however, appears to 
 have been of a comparatively low grade and the society found 
 it inadvisable to continue recognition of the school. Con- 
 cerning the later years of this academy and its discontinu- 
 ance have learned only that its property was turned over 
 to the public school. It served a temporary purpose and was 
 abandoned. 
 
 In 1862 there was organized at Reidsburg, Pa., another 
 Baptist academy called Eeid Institute. It did not open for 
 work until 1866 but then was recognized by the Education 
 Society, whose beneficiaries were aided there for several years. 
 Until 1887 it remained one of the accredited Baptist institu- 
 tions. It was weakened by the opening of the State Normal 
 School at Clarion, the building was burned, and the school 
 terminated. 
 
 In 1867, according to the report of the United States 
 Commissioner of Education, there was opened at Jefferson, 
 Greene County, an institution called Monongahela College. 
 It seems to have been a college in name alone. The officials 
 took particular pains to emphasize the education of prepara- 
 tory students and training of boys and girls. Facing a con- 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 35 
 
 tinual struggle for existence it continued its work, however, 
 and remained in the list of schools recommended by the Edu- 
 cation Society until 1887. The college was in some sense 
 related to the Ten Mile Baptist Association. At the meet- 
 ing of this association in 1889 there was submitted a relative- 
 ly long report on Monongahela College including a sketch of 
 its financial history up to that time. An educational meet- 
 ing at Jefferson was provided for to be held on the 15th of 
 October, 1889. The property afterwards went into private 
 ownership and is still so held. 
 
 The efforts of the Baptists of western Pennsylvania in 
 the direction of secondary education found a response in the 
 far northeastern portion of the state by the opening in 1868 
 at Factoryville of Keystone Academy. Factoryville being 
 within the bounds of Abington association, that body assum- 
 ed a special relation to the new institution and appointed 
 three trustees for membership in its corporate board. The 
 action of the association taken on September 3, 1868, was as 
 follows : 
 
 Resolved, That we highly approve the efforts now 
 being made to establish an Academy within the 
 bounds of this Association ; and that we recommend 
 the Keystone Academy to the patronage and liberal 
 support of our brethren. 
 
 Resolved, That we comply with the condition of 
 the charter of said Academy, and appoint three 
 Trustees to sit with its Corporate Board accordingly. 
 
 During the fifty years since that time Keystone Academy 
 has continued to give secondary training to young men and 
 young women. Like all academies which have survived as 
 well as those which have been unable to continue, it has known 
 the severe struggle which comes from financial limitations. 
 At the present moment a campaign is under way to place it 
 on a more substantial basis. It has become primarily a boys 7 
 school, girls being admitted chiefly as day students. 
 
 A feeling on the part of the Baptists of the Monongahela 
 association akin to that which had prompted academies for 
 Baptists in other parts of the state ^ed to the organization at 
 Mt. Pleasant of another institution of secondary grade. At 
 its meeting in 1871 the association, after commending the 
 University at Lewisburg, and pledging to that institution its 
 support as a college for advanced study, adopted the follow- 
 ing: 
 
36 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 Whereas, We have long felt, as a denomination, 
 our need of increased educational facilities in western 
 Pennsylvania; and 
 
 Whereas, At a meeting held in Pittsburg in De- 
 cember last, in which this and other Associations 
 were represented, it was determined to established 
 a school of high grade at Mt. Pleasant, which has 
 since been incorporated under the name of "The 
 Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific In- 
 stitute," therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That we commit ourselves to this en- 
 terprise and pledge ourselves to support it by our 
 contributions and prayers. 
 
 At the meeting of the Association in 1872 a conditional 
 subscription of $15,000 was reported as being expected from 
 the churches, and the Board of Trustees was planning to se- 
 cure $65,000 as a proper basis on which to found the school. 
 In 1873 the hopes for the institute had grown so that $100,- 
 000 was thought of as the proper financial foundation. Un- 
 fortunately the high promise concerning the school was not 
 realized. In the panic of 1873 subscribers were unable to 
 pay their pledges and it, like its sister Baptist secondary 
 schools throughout the state, has experienced continued 
 struggle. It is still doing work, chiefly as a school of music, 
 but its maintenance is, I understand, a serious question at 
 the present time. 
 
 In 1884 in response to requests from ambitious young 
 men hungry for an education Rev. Dr. Russell H. Conwell 
 began to conduct a class for their mental improvement. Out 
 of such humble beginnings came Temple University in Phila- 
 delphia with its thousands of students in various departments 
 of study and its far-reaching influence. While this institu- 
 tion has always remained non-sectarian, the fact that its 
 dominating force, President Conwell, and others who have la- 
 bored with him, have been Baptists, has kept the university 
 closely related to Baptist life, and mention of it must be 
 made. 
 
 Another institution similar to the academies briefly de- 
 scribed above was that known as Hall Institute at Sharon. 
 The beginning of its relation to Baptist affairs in Pennsyl- 
 vania is seen through an item in the report of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Baptist Education Society for 1888, where we read: 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 37 
 
 Bro. H. C. Hall announced that through the liber- 
 ality of a brother in attendance upon these meetings 
 [Nathaniel W. Hazen], a very valuable property in 
 Sharon has been donated for the use of the Hall In- 
 stitute; whereupon the audience joined in singing 
 
 ''Praise God, from whom all blessing flow," 
 
 and Brethren G. M. Spratt and H. C. Hall were ap- 
 pointed a committee to arrange for a suitable 
 Thanksgiving service. 
 
 The institute remained as one of the accredited second- 
 ary schools of the Education Society until 1905 when it is 
 called The Hall Military Institute, after which its name dis- 
 appears from the list of Baptist institutions in Pennsyl- 
 vania. The property was sold and the proceeds distributed. 
 It faced difficulties similar to those which all private acade- 
 mies have met and after furnishing considerable service in the 
 direction of Baptist education was unable to continue in that 
 field. 
 
 In 1889 the Education Society in harmony with its gen- 
 eral policy of open-mindedness and wide sympathy struck out 
 from the first article of its constitution the word ''exclusive 7 ' 
 in order to open the way for aiding "in the education of 
 worthy young women of Baptist churches who give promise 
 of usefulness in Missionary work, such aid to be granted by 
 funds designated for that purpose." This was a new step 
 and one of greater significance, perhaps, than appears on the 
 surface. It made possible the support of young women on 
 terms essentially the same as those open to young men and 
 the funds of the society have been used accordingly since that 
 time. In view of that action it was natural for the society 
 in 1891 to adopt the following : 
 
 Resolved, That we place on record our apprecia- 
 tion of the effort looking toward the establishment 
 of a training school in Pennsylvania, and pledge our 
 hearty co-operation in the work. 
 
 The institution thus contemplated having opened in 
 1892 in Philadelphia as the Baptist Training School for 
 Christian Work, in 1893 the Education Society voted that it 
 be considered as "an auxiliary to the work of the society." 
 Through such support from the society and many other 
 
38 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 friends the Training School has developed into the present 
 Baptist Institute for Christian Workers, with its splendid 
 plant in South Philadelphia where young women receive in- 
 struction which fits them for varied lines of religious ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Mention must be made of two other institutions, 
 the Baptist Orphanage in West Philadelphia and the Down- 
 ingtown Industrial and Agricultural School at Downingtown. 
 The first thought of an institution like the Baptist Orphanage 
 arose as early as 1875, but the institution was not opened un- 
 til 1880. While the boys and girls cared for in the orphan- 
 age attend the public school, the training given them in the 
 home itself has become a dominant factor in the lives of 
 hundreds of men and women. The institution, therefore, 
 has been properly recognized and commended by the Penn- 
 sylvania Baptist Education Society and deserves recognition 
 among the Baptist educational forces in the state. The 
 Downingtown Industrial and Agricultural School dates from 
 1905 when Mr. John S. Trower and Rev. William A. Creditt, 
 D. D., of Philadelphia, called together other leading colored 
 men and worked out plans which became a foundation for a 
 very important school for Negro young people. They are 
 trained in mind and also in technical lines for the various 
 walks of life and, while this institution is non-sectarian, the 
 very great interest of Dr. Creditt and other Baptists in its 
 maintenance make it in some real sense a Baptist educational 
 plant. 
 
 In 1900 the Education Society broadened its activities 
 into another new field by undertaking to aid in the support 
 of Italians who were studying for missionary work in the 
 United States. In 1902 the Board reported that aid had 
 been asked for a member of the Slavonic race. The field 
 which thus opened naturally enlarged and in 1911 and later 
 similar aid was being given to a school for training Hun- 
 garians; and in 1916 assistance was reported for Hungari- 
 an, Slavic, Italian, Russian, and Lithuanian students. In 
 1912 it was proposed to develop the Institute at Mt. Pleas- 
 ant as a training school for foreign speaking Baptists, but the 
 idea has been abandoned. Since 1900 students preparing to 
 be medical missionaries have likewise been assisted in their 
 courses of study. 
 
 As early as October, 1904, the Education Society, mem- 
 orialized by the Reading Baptist Association in action taken 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 39 
 
 the preceding May on motion of Mr. Eli. S. Reinhold, began 
 to consider possibilities for further training of men already 
 in the pastorate. A committee was appointed to advise in 
 that direction. It was hoped that such a plan would receive 
 the support of the State Mission Society and the Baptist 
 educational institutions of Pennsylvania. At the meeting 
 of the society in 1905 an extended report was offered by the 
 committee outlining a detailed course of reading which should 
 cover four years. At this same meeting a committee was 
 appointed, of which Mr. Reinhold was the chairman, "to 
 consider the matter of arranging a course of systematic read- 
 ing for lay workers in our churches, and report next year." 
 In 1906 a report covering the field assigned to both the above 
 committees explained that arrangements such as were hoped 
 for had not been realized. A year later, however, what ap- 
 peared to be a happy solution of the problem was outlined. 
 The Teacher Training Courses which had been established 
 by the American Baptist Publication Society gave promise 
 of meeting the needs of layworkers, and the willingness of 
 Crozer Theological Seminary to provide an extension course 
 for ministers opened the way to supply the needs in that di- 
 rection. 
 
 The Teacher Training Courses have naturally been sup- 
 ported by the Publication Society so as to serve a much wider 
 field than the Keystone State. In like manner the Crozer 
 Extension Course has been developed so that students not 
 only in the various states but in foreign countries, hundreds 
 of them altogether, receive by correspondence thorough 
 training in better preparation for the pastoral calling. It 
 must be remembered, however, that both of these far-reach- 
 ing educational movements owe their inception largely to 
 Pennsylvania Baptists, and that one of the chief supporters 
 of the work and director of the Crozer Extension Course, 
 Mr. Reinhold, has always been an active Pennsylvania Bap- 
 tist. 
 
 One of the excellent results of the Extension Course is 
 the fact that students are frequently led through it to take 
 up study in academy, college, or seminary. The range of 
 this service may be further indicated from the report of Mr. 
 Reinhold to the Education Society as early as 1914 "that 
 the number of separate blanks, folders, and pamphlets issued 
 by the Extension Department to date numbers 134." 
 
40 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 This extension service and the interest of those who have 
 supported it have had a further influence in the direction of 
 education. In 1908 the Pennsylvania Baptist Education 
 Society, which had so heartily approved these extension 
 plans, became the Education Board of the Pennsylvania Bap- 
 tist General Convention. The convention co-ordinated all 
 the Baptist activities in the state. As an outcome of this 
 co-ordination the Convention in 1915, representing Baptist 
 thought throughout the commonwealth, took an advanced 
 stand with reference to the education of men in the Baptist 
 ministry. It urged "that the minimum standard of educa- 
 tion shall in no case be less than a full course in a high school 
 as standardized by the State, or its equivalent; "and "that such 
 educational standard shall be regarded as the basis for the 
 theological training in which the minimum requirement shall 
 be the complete Crozer Extension Course, or the Course 
 required by the Baptists of New York." It is obvious that 
 even a sketch of the growth of Baptist education in Penn- 
 sylvania would be inadequate without taking into account 
 this extension work which has become so large a means of 
 mental and moral improvement. 
 
 In this sketch I have dealt almost entirely with origins. 
 I have brought together material concerning beginnings of 
 Baptist education and concerning new steps which have been 
 taken from time to time. There has been no attempt to deal 
 with details of development for any of the institutions. Such 
 details, whether the names of presidents, the number of teach- 
 ers and students at any time, the annual increase of endow- 
 ments and other property, the extent of the several libraries, 
 and other like statistics, since 1868, are collected in the An- 
 nual Report of the United States Commissioner of Educa- 
 tion, a complete set of which may be found in any good 
 library. What I have brought together, therefore, even 
 when regarded as merely a sketch, will appear quite in- 
 adequate unless the above facts are taken into account. It 
 has been the more natural to deal with origins because of 
 their own worth, and because without knowledge of these 
 an understanding of Baptist education in Pennsylvania is 
 impossible. In addition to that I have thought it best to 
 select such material because much of it is from rare original 
 documents which happen to be easily accessible to me. 
 
 Before closing, a brief statement should be made con- 
 cerning two or three general topics. One of these is the sub- 
 
BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 41 
 
 ject of finance as related to Baptist education in Pennsyl- 
 vania. As far, however, as pertains to the early days little 
 can be said. The description already given of the early 
 records shows that there was no large outlay of money. Such 
 was the case until little more than half a century ago. Even 
 since then the small institutions, particularly the academies, 
 have been without any considerable support and now exhibit 
 slight permanent financial results. Keystone Academy and 
 the Western Pennsylvania Classical and Scientific Institute 
 at Mt. Pleasant, the only ones that have survived, though they 
 have some endowment have experienced a continuous finan- 
 cial struggle. Bucknell University, though it has had from 
 its beginning no adequate support in proportion to its im- 
 portance, has fared much better than the secondary schools 
 and now reports property including grounds, buildings, and 
 endowment, worth more than one million dollars. Crozer 
 Theological Seminary, with a much more auspicious financial 
 beginning, has property of at least a similar amount. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society likewise 
 has been hampered through the years by lack of money. Be- 
 ginning in 1839 with receipts of $420.82, its annual income 
 gradually grew until in 1870 it approximated $10,000. 
 In the nearly fifty years since that time the income has in- 
 creased, but it has always been largely from invested funds. 
 As early as 1856 the first $1500 scholarship was founded by 
 W. W. Keen, of Philadelphia, only smaller individual gifts 
 having been received theretofore. In 1858 John P. Crozer 
 established the second $1500 scholarship, and before his death 
 in 1866 he had founded six others of like amount. Still 
 other gifts of varying sums have been received until the 
 permanent investments of the society now approximate 
 $160,000. 
 
 While even such gifts from Pennsylvania Baptists for 
 educational institutions and ministerial training have been 
 highly important and have achieved comparatively large 
 results, the men and women who have been the leaders of 
 Pennsylvania Baptist education must be regarded with at 
 least equal significance. No justice can be done to them in 
 such a statement as is here possible. A mere catalog of the 
 heroic figures who have wrought and are still in the midst 
 of the work would be an extended list. This is true in spite 
 of the fact that Pennsylvania has been favored with remark- 
 ably extended careers among its educators. One calls to 
 
42 BAPTIST EDUCATION IN PENNA. 
 
 mind at once such names as the late Henry G. Weston, presi- 
 dent of Crozer Theological Seminary from 1868 to 1909 ; Dr. 
 Justin R. Loomis, who directed the affairs of the University 
 at Lewisburg from 1857 to 1879; Samuel A. Crozer, who 
 from its founding until 1910, was president of the Board 
 of Trustees of Crozer Theological Seminary; and William 
 Bucknell, whose continuous interest and gifts led the trus- 
 tees of the University at Lewisburg to change its name in 
 1886 to Bucknell University. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Baptist Education Society has like- 
 wise been fortunate in the extended service of some of its 
 leaders. In the autumn of 1850 Rev. George M. Spratt, 
 after a missionary pastoral experience from 1835, most of 
 this in Pennsylvania, was chosen General Agent and entered 
 upon the duties of that position the following March. In 
 1859 he was made corresponding secretary as well. For 
 nearly a half century, therefore, until his death in 1899, he 
 was pre-eminent as a leader in Baptist educational affairs in 
 the state. One who has read page after page of the annual 
 reports which he wrote through those years cannot fail to be 
 impressed with his wide sympathy, his virile manhood and 
 the resourcefulness of his mental and spiritual life. 
 
 A word at least must be permitted concerning his suc- 
 cessor, Dr. Leroy Stephens, who fortunately is still with us. 
 His long service, beginning with the principalship of the In- 
 stitute at Mt. Pleasant in 1879, his election as General Agent 
 of the society in 1894, the addition of the corresponding 
 secretaryship after the death of Dr. Spratt in 1899, in its 
 thorough devotion to the work and its sacrificial labor is 
 known only to those who have had opportunity for intimate 
 acquaintance with the activities of those decades. 
 
 The names of those I have mentioned, even though they 
 have rendered such distinguished service, seem to make a list 
 tinged with partiality when we remember Eugenic Kincaid, 
 William Shadrach, Howard Malcom, John P. Crozer, J. Lewis 
 Crozer, Levi Knowles, and others who wrought in eminent 
 service, and when with them we think of the invaluable labor 
 of others who happily are still leading. 
 
 It remains for us of to-day, and those who will follow, 
 to see that the labors and lessons of the past have not been 
 in vain. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Bucknell Univ. 
 
 Annual sermon on minis- 
 terial education 30 
 
 Finances 41 
 
 Founding of 25-28 
 
 History 5 
 
 Chase, Irah 18 
 
 Children, Education 16 
 
 Coihansie., N. J , Bap. Ch. ... 6 
 
 Cold Spring, Pa 6 
 
 Colgate Univ 30 
 
 Columbian College 18 
 
 Con-well, Russell H 36 
 
 Credit!, William A 38 
 
 Crozer, John Lewis 42 
 
 Crozer, John P 31, 41, 42 
 
 Crozer, Samuel A 42 
 
 Crozer Extension Course ..39 
 
 Crozer Theol. Sem 32, 33 
 
 Finances 41 
 
 History 5 
 
 library 32, 33 
 
 Day of Prayer 29 
 
 Dodge, Daniel 22 
 
 Downingtown, Pa., School ..38 
 
 Abington Asso 35 
 
 Academies 34 
 
 Allen, Ira M 21 
 
 Allison, Burgiss 11, 12, 19 
 
 Amer. Bap. Pub. Soc 39 
 
 Baptist Academies 34 
 
 Baptist Almanac 17 
 
 Bap. Education data 40 
 
 Bap. Education Soc. of Phila. 18 
 Bap. Ed. Soc. of the Middle 
 
 States 17 
 
 Baptist General Conv 18 
 
 Baptist Institute for Christian 
 
 Workers 37, 38 
 
 Baptist Ministers 40 
 
 Baptist Orphanage , . .38 
 
 Baptists in Penn: 
 
 Before 1830 20 
 
 Beginnings 6 
 
 Opposition to Educa. 30, 31 
 
 Bennett, Benjamin 15 
 
 Bernard. S 22 
 
 "Boles Annotations" 10 
 
 Bordentown, N. J., Academy 11 
 
 Boston, Mass., Baptists 7 
 
 Bradley. Joel E 26 
 
 Brown Univ 10, 11 
 
 Bucknell, Margaret Crozer ..32 
 Bucknell, William ..32, 33, 42 
 Bucknell Seminary 28 
 
 Dungan, Tihomas 6 
 
 Eaton, Isaac 9 
 
 Education. Before 1830 19 
 
 Edwards, Morgan 9, 19 
 
 "Materials toward a his- 
 tory of the Baptists in 
 
 New Jersey" 12 
 
 English Baptists 9, 16 
 
 Finances 16, 41 
 
 Foreign speaking students. .38 
 
 Furman, Richard 18 
 
 George's iCreek Acad 34 
 
 Germantown Collegiate Inst. 23 
 
 Gill, John 16 
 
 Gillette, Abram D 15 
 
 Haddington Institution 21,23,25 
 
 Hall, Horace C 37 
 
 Hall Institute 36, 37 
 
 Harvard College _^. 7 
 
 Hazen, Nathaniel W 37 
 
 Hewitt, Collins A 26 
 
 Hobbs, Elizabeth 10 
 
 Hobbsi, John 7 10 
 
 Hollis, Thomas 7, 8 
 
 Holme, Mr 8 
 
 Honeywell Academy 13 
 
 Hopewell Academy 9, 10 
 
 Hough, Silas 15 
 
 Hubbs Elizabeth 
 
 See Hobbs, Elizabeth 
 
 Huggrens, Samuel 23 
 
 Jenkins. John S 21 
 
 Jones, Mr. . 8 
 
 Tones, Horatio G 20, 22 
 
 Jones, Isaac 14 
 
 Jon -s, Reese 13 
 
 Jones Samuel 13, 14, 19 
 
 Keen, William W 41 
 
 Kennard, Joseph H 22, 23 
 
 Keys/tone Acad 35, 41 
 
 Kincaid, Eugenio 42 
 
 Knowles, Levi 42 
 
 Latin Grammar School 9 
 
 "Latter Day Luminarv" 19 
 
 Lewfsburg. Pa., Bap. Ch. 26 28 
 Lew^burgf University 
 
 See Bucknell University. 
 
 Loomis. Justin R .42 
 
 Lower Dublin Academy ....11 
 
 Lower Dublin Bap. Ch 6 
 
 Ludwig, William H 25 27 
 
 Lynd, Samuel W 18 
 
 McLeod, George 21 
 
 Madison College 29 
 
 Malcolm, Howard 22, 28, 31, 42 
 
INDEX 
 
 Manning, James 11 
 
 "Mass. Bap. Miss. Mag." 17 
 
 Mather, Cotton 10 
 
 Mathias, Joseph 22 
 
 Middletown, N. J., Bap. Ch. 6 
 
 Miles, Joseph G 26 
 
 Ministerial Education 23, 39. 40 
 
 Monongahela College 34, 35 
 
 Moorey James 26 
 
 Morgan, Abel 6 
 
 Mt. Pleasant, Pa. Institute 
 
 35, 36, 38, 41 
 
 New Castle County, Dela 13 
 
 New Jersey Baptists . .9, 22, 26 
 Northumberland Bap. Asso. 
 
 20, 23, 25-27 
 
 Ordination standard 40 
 
 Osgood, Howard 32 
 
 Pennepek Bap. Ch 6 
 
 Penn. Bap. Ed. So.: 
 
 Aids medical missionaries 38 
 
 Charter 30 
 
 Extends support to women 37 
 
 Finances 41 
 
 Forms of scholarships ... .30 
 
 History 24, 25 
 
 Supports foreign - speaking 
 
 students 38 
 
 Wide sympathies 29, 37 
 
 Penn. Bap. General Conv. . . .40 
 
 Penn. Ed. Soc 24 
 
 Pepper, George D. B 32 
 
 Phila. Bap. Asso.: 
 
 Action of 1722 6 
 
 Action of 1756 9 
 
 Action of 1834 22 
 
 Annual sermon on educa. 16 
 
 Education funds 13, 15 
 
 Form of early minutes .... 7 
 
 Grammar school 14 
 
 Library 8. 16 
 
 Manual Labor Academy 20, 21 
 Organization .6 
 
 Rules for ministerial bene- 
 ficiaries in 1789 14 
 
 Philad. Bap. Ed. So 18 
 
 Philad. Baptist Ministers 17 
 
 Philad. Baptist Orphanage ..38 
 
 Philad. Education Soc 24 
 
 Philad. First Bap. Ch 17 
 
 Philad. Staughton School ..18 
 Piscataqua, N. J., Bap. Ch. . . 6 
 
 Reading Bap. Asso 38 
 
 Reid Institute 34 
 
 Reinhold, Eli S 39 
 
 Rice, Luther 18 
 
 Shadrach, William 42 
 
 Sharon, Pa 36 
 
 Sharp, Daniel 17 
 
 Spratt, George M 20, 30, 42 
 
 Staughton, William 17, 18 
 
 Stephens, Leroy 28. 34, 42 
 
 Strawbridge, Elder 20 
 
 Sunday Schools 23, 24 
 
 Teacher Training Courses... 39 
 
 Temple Univ 36 
 
 Ten Mile Bap. Asso 35 
 
 Triennial Convention 18 
 
 Trower, John S 38 
 
 Tucker, Charles 26 
 
 Tucker, Levi 22 
 
 Uniontown, Pa 29 
 
 University at Lewisburg 
 
 See Bucknell University 
 Upland Normal Institute 31, 32 
 
 Ustick, Thomas 16 
 
 Vanhorn, P.eter Peterson .... 9 
 
 Walker, Jacob G 5, 25 
 
 Wallen, Mr 8 
 
 Walton. Silas 14 
 
 Wartts, Arthur 15 
 
 Welsh Tract Bap. Ch. Del. . 6 
 Western Penn. Classical and 
 
 Scientific Institute 36 
 
 Weston, Henry G 32, 42 
 
 Women, Education 19 
 
 Yale Univ. ... .8 
 
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