COLTOX'3 TRAVELER AND TOURIST'S THROUGH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE CANADAS: CONTA1MNO THE ROUTES AND DISTANCES ON THE GREAT LINES OF TRAVEL BY RAILROADS, CANALS, STAGE- ROADS, AND STEAMBOATS: TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, AND OF THK PRINCIPAL CITIES. TOWNS, AND VILLAGES IN EACH. ACCOMPANIED WITH A LARfiE A XI) Acer RATH MAP. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY J. It. COLTON & CO., No. 172 WILLIAM STKEST. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, BY J. II. COLTON, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United Stales for tuts Southern District of New York. ... XUl A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE UNITED STATES, now comprising 31 states and several territorial appendages, occupies by far the most valuable and temperate portion of North America. Confined originally to the shores of the Atlantic ocean, this great confederacy of republics has extended its empire over the whole region spreading westward to the Pacific, and from the great lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. In breadth it measures 2,800 miles, and in depth 1,700 miles, with an area of 3,221,595 square miles. The frontier line is estimated at 10,000 miles 5,120 miles of which are sea coast, and about 1,400 miles lake coast. The colonies planted by England at Jamestown in 1607, and in New England a few years later, formed the nucleus of these states. The French, Dutch, Swedes, &c., also planted colonies, but these were at an early period relinquished to the British, and at the period of the Revolution the whole country east of the Mississippi river, and as far south as Florida and Louisiana, belonged to that nation. The oppressions of the mother- country now produced a resistance, and ultimately resulted in the forma- tion of the United States, and the acknowledgment of their indepen- dence. At this period the United States consisted only of thirteen constituents. Louisiana, including all the territory between the Missis- sippi river arid the Rocky Mountains; Florida; Oregon; Texas; New Mexico, arid California are acquisitions of the present century. The political constituents of the present United States are as follows : I. JWto England States. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 6 II. Middle States. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, and Maryland, (and the District of Columbia,) 5 III. Southern Atlantic States. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida 5 IV. South-western States. Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- ana, Texas, and Arkansas, (and the Indian Territory,) 6 V. North-western States. Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Ken- v B XIV GENERAL DESCRIPTION". tucky, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, (and the territories oi Minesota, Missouri, and Nebraska,) 8 VI. Pacific States. California, (and the territories of New Mexico, Utah, and Oregon.) 1 Each of these states has distinct limits and a separate independent government, with a constitution and laws of its own. The territories belong to the United States, and until admitted as states into the Union, are under the direct surveillance of the federal authorities. T. hese will be described separately. The government of the United States is based on the constitution of 1787, and has only such powers as have been surrendered by the states individually for the benefit of the whole. Its formation was a political necessity necessary for the protection and welfare of each and all the constituent states. Its authority, however, does not interfere with the internal affairs of individual states, nor has one state any power or right of supremacy over another. The powers of government are divided into executive, legislative, and judicial. The chief of the executive depart- ment is styled the President of the United States, whose duty it is to supervise the execution of the laws, &c. The legislative department is styled the Congress of the United States, and consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The President is so far a component of the Legislature as having a qualified veto on all the acts of Congress. The Senate is composed of two members from each state, chosen by the Legislatures thereof; and the House of Representatives consists of mem- bers elected by the people of each state in number according to popula- tion, and of one delegate from each organized territory. The present number of members is 233. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and eight associate justices, which meets at the seat of government annually in December ; of Circuit Courts, held twice a year in each judicial district by a judge of the Supreme Court and a district judge ; and of District Courts. The judges are appointed by the President for life, and are perfectly independent of the other depart- ments of government. The powers of the United States' Courts extend to all questions arising under the constitution ; to international causes ; cases in admiralty, &c. All white male citizens of the United States, of the age of 21 years and upwards, are eligible to vote at elections for President and for members of the House of Representatives, and to hold any office by appointment or election ; but none except native born citi- zens are eligible to hold the offices of President and Vice-President. The population of the United States was in 1790, 3,929,827 ; in 1800, 5,305,941 increase 35*01 per centum ; in 1810, 7,239,814 increase 36-45 per centum; in 1820, 9,638,191 increase 33- 12 per centum ; in 1830, 12,866,020 -increase 33*48 per centum; in 1840, 17,069,453 in- crease 32-67 per centum ; and in 1850, 23,257,723 increase 36'25 per centum. THE NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE section of the United States to which the name of "New England * has been applied, comprises the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. From their posi- tion in regard to the other States, they have also been termed the "Eastern States." New England is bounded W. by "New York; N. by the British Provinces; E. and S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. by the Atlantic and Long Island Hound, and is geographically situated be- tween the latitudes of 41 2' and 47 20' N., and the longitudes of 06 49' and 73 15' W. from Greenwich. The aggregate superficies is 59,326 square miles. The physical aspect of New England is extremely varied. In the N. it is traversed by the White Mountains; and a number of isolated hills are found in various parts. The central portions are less elevated, but consist chiefly of a succession of hills and vales, and several ranges of well-defined elevations from which the principal rivers have their sources. Many beautiful lakes are embosomed in the landscape. Near the sea the surface is low and marshy, and intersected by coves and creeks. The coasts are almost everywhere lined by a multitude of small islands which protect the harbors, but render navigation somewhat diffi- cult. The substratum is generally granitic: the geological character of the country, however, is not uniform. Many valuable minerals abound, such as iron, copper, coal, &c., and marbles of fine texture are found in vast quarries. The natural growths are oaks, pines, maples, &c., which clothe the mountains and line the margins of the lakes and rivers. The scenery, in many instances, is peculiarly sublime, and perhaps no part of Amertcn presents such magnificent prospects as those seen from Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, and Mount Holyoke,in Massachusetts. The climate is generally one of extremes, but the atmosphere is buoyant and salubrious. Every department of national industry is profitably pursued in these States. In the three more northern, agriculture, grazing, and sheep- farming, employ a majority of the people ; while in the States of Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, manufactures, especially those of wool and cotton, engage almost universal attention. These States form indeed the great manufacturing district of the Union. Commerce is also extensively engaged in, and a large internal trade is carried on 2 NEW ENGLAND STATES. by means of the network of railroads that covers the land. Th e fisheries contribute also to the wealth of the country, and more whale-ships sail from the ports of Massachusetts than from all other ports f the United States together. Nowhere, more than in New England, has education been so zealously attended to, and nowhere else does the religion of the Gospel exert its benign influence so powerfully and universally. The people are moral and intelligent, and have long been considered, par excellence, the con- servators of constitutional liberty. Their social condition is pre-eminently a happy one. . The first permanent settlers in these States were the Puritans from England, who arrived at . Plymouth on the 22d December, 1620. The present inhabitants, though considerably mixed with more recent emi- grations, are chiefly descendants from this stock, and still retain the many virtues for which their progenitors were so justly famed. The population in 1850* was 2,727,597. THE STATE OP MAINE. Jlrca 30,000 Square Miles. Population 583,188. MAINE, the north-easternmost of the United States, lies between. 43 5' and 470 20' N. lat., and between 66 49' and 71 4' W. long. : and is bounded N. W. and N. by Canada ; E. by New Brunswick and the river St. Croix ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the State of New Hamp- shire. The surface of Maine is generally uneven, but not mountainous. In the west and north there are some irregular elevations, and Mars Hill, the eastern termination of the range has an altitude of 1683 feet. There are also several detached mountains, of which Mount Katahdin, 5300 feet above the sea-level, is the highest. The rest of Maine is hilly, except near the coast, where the land lies low and consists of sandy gravel, little fit for cultivation. The soil, however, improves on receding from the coast, and in the interior is most fertile. A large amount of the land is yet covered with its primeval forests. The State is well adapted to grazing and sheep-farming. The crops are in general abundant and excellent, but the shortnes^of the summer is somewhat prejudicial. Among the fruits, apples, pears, plums, and melons succeed well. 'The farmers are prosperous, and cultivate their lands with skill and industry. Maine has a seacoast of two hundred and thirty miles, which is m- * This is the census for 1850. Where not otherwise specified, the population of Statw and dties throughout this work rouit be considered a* estimated for the me year. THE STATE OF MAINE. 3 dented by several large bays. Perhaps no State in the Union has so many fine harbors. Its rivers are generally navigable, and many supply valua- ble water-power. In some instances their courses are through the most magnificent sceneiy. The Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, and Saco are the principal. In the interior there are many lakes and ponds, of which Moosehead, thirty-five miles long and from ten to twelve broad, is the largest. The Schoodic Lakes in the east, and Sebago Pond in the southwest, are also considerable bodies of water. The principal bays are those of Penobscot and Casco. Numberless islets lie withii a short distance off the coast, and land-lock many of the fine harbors for which this State is so celebrated. Agriculture employs about four-fifths of the people, and about th irty thousand persons are engaged in manufactures. There are in the State thirty-six woollen factories, and a third that number of cotton mills. Shipbuilding is also extensively carried on : more ships, indeed, are built in Maine than in any other single State. Mining contributes little to the employment of the people; but the fisheries are a principal source of wealth to the seaboard districts. Commerce is very flourishing, and the coasting trade, especially, employs a large tonnage. The trade in lumber is very great, and internal trade generally is extending its ramifications with the progress of internal improvements. There are in Maine 50| miles of canal, and the railroads now completed have an aggregate length of 426 miles. There are also several in progress, and others propqsed and settled upon. Portland is t^e centre of the rail- roads of the State. The principal collegiate institutions are Bowdoin College, at Bruns- wick, to which is attached a medical school, and Waterville College, at Waterville. There are Theological Seminaries at Bangor and Redfleld ; and about ninety academies in various parts of the State. The number of common schools is between 4,000 and 4,200, which are supported by the districts in which they are located. Education is general, and few persons nre unable to read and write. The State is divided into thirteen counties. The principal cities and towns are Augusta, Portland. Bath, Bangor, c. AUGUSTA, the capital, lies on both sides of the Kennebec river, forty- three miles from its month, and at the head of sloop navigation. A handsome stone bridge connects the two sections. The State House and Lunatic Asylum are substantial structures ; and the United States' arsenal situated here is a commodious building. The " Kennebec, Bath, and Portland Railroad " terminates here. Population 8,231. GARDINER CITY, six miles south of Augusta, has several extensive manufacturing estab- lishments, and has lately made great progress in population and wealth. PORTLAND CITY is situated on an elevated peninsula projecting into Casco bay. It is the largest and most commercial city in the State, and 4 NEW ENGLAND STATES. the chief centre of railroad travel. It is well laid out, and has several fine buildings. The harbor is deep, safe, and capacious. Population 20,819. Railroads extend hence to Boston, to Montreal, to Bangor, and to Jlugusta. BANGOR CITY, at the head of navigation on the Penobscot river, sixty- three miles from its mouth, contains a population of 14,441. The Ken- duskeug river, which affords consiaerable water-power, passes through the city. The Penobscot is here spanned by a fine bridge one thousand three hundred and twenty-two feet long. Bangor is one of the most elegantly built places in the Union. Its trade in lumber is immense. Railroads unite it with Oldtnwn, and also with Waterville, Danville, and Portland- BATH is situated on the left bank of the Kennebec river, twelve miles from the sea, and is one of the principal commercial places in Maine. The river is here a mile wide, and the harbor excellent. Shipbuild- ing is extensively carried on. The town is built on a declivity, and extends a mile and a half along the river. Population 8,002. SACO, on the river of the same name, and at the falls, which have a descent of forty-two feet, has a population of 5J94. YORK and WELLS are seaboard towns, and contain each about 3,000 inhabitants. BRUNS WICK, on the Androscoggin, has a population of 4,976. WISCASSET and THOMASTON, are fine ports, between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers. CAMDEN, BELFAST, FRANKFORT, OROKO, and OLDTOWN, on the west, and CASTINE, BUCKSPORT, ORRINGTON, and BREWER, on the east of the Penobscot, are flourishing towns of 1,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. ELLSWORTH, MACHIAS, LTJBEC, EASTPORT, CALAIS, &c., are towns facing on the Atlantic, between the Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. Many of these towns are of considerable note, either for their enterprise or the amount of traffic that centres in them. Thomaston is noted lor its lime, and Hallowell for its beautiful granite ; while Castine boasts of its fine military position and the excellence of its harbor. The first permanent settlements were made by the English in 1635, from which time it was successively under a proprietary government, and the government of Massachusetts, until the 2d March, 1820, when it was admitted as a State of the Union. Its boundary on the Canada line, long a matter of dispute and cause of a great deal of ill feeling, was not determined until 1842. In that year, a treaty for the settlement of the question was concluded at Washington, between Lord Ashburton, Special Envoy from Great Britain, and the fon. Daniel Webster, then United Stat es' Secretary of State. Since th is period th e State h as rapidly progressed in all that contributes to material wealth, and its inhabitants are evincing a determination to lead rather than follow in the inarch of modern improvement. Maine derives its name from Maine in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was proprietor. THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 5 THE STATE OP NEW HAMPSHIRE. Area 9,280 square miles. Population 317,964. NEW HAMPSHIRE adjoins Maine on the west, and lies between 42 41' and 450 11' N. lat., and between 70 40' and 72 28' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lower Canada ; S. E. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. by Massa chusetts, and W. by Vermont, from which it is separated by the Con- necticut river. The Atlantic shore of New Hampshire is but little more than a sandy beach, bordered by salt marshes and indented by numerous creeks and coves ; but with the exception of Portsmouth, near the mouth of the Piscataqua river, there is no harbor sufficiently capacious for merchant ships. For 20 or 30 miles from the coast, the country is little varie- gated ; beyond this, however, the land gradually rises into hills, and in many parts of the state swells into lofty mountains, particularly in the north, and along the "height of land" between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers. The highest summits between these are Grand IMonadiiock, Sunapee Mountain, and Mooseheloc. But the White Moun- tains are the grand feature of the state, and with the exception of the Rocky Mountains, are the loftiest in the United States. Mount Wash- ington, the highest summit of the range, is 6,428 feet in height. Though not a continuous chain, these mountains are sometimes regarded as a continuation of the Alleghanies. The "Notch," a celebrated pass, through which there is a good road, is situated amid the wildest and grandest scenery, and has ever been an object of attraction to the sum- mer tourist. In some places it is not more than 22 feet wide, and pre- sents the appearance of a vast chasm bounded on both sides by lofty and rugged precipices. The general scenery of the state is impressive and in many parts magnificent, and this is especially so from Mount Washington. After climbing its acclivities for some distance, the forest trees begin to diminish in height, till at the elevation of 4000 feet, a region of dwarfish evergreens surrounds the mountain with a formidable collar, and above this the bald part of the summit, which is very steep and consists of naked rocks, presents a scene of desolation ; but the labors of the aspirant are fully recompensed, if the sky be clear, by a most noble and extensive prospect. On the S. E. the Atlantic, 65 miles distant, opens on the view; on the S., the bright waters of Lake Win- nipiseogee ; on the E., the lofty summit of Mooseheloc, and far away on the verge of the horizon is seen the Grand Monadnock. The barren rocks which extend a great distance from the summit, give a melancholy cast to the grandeur of the scene ; and the whole, in many respects, reminds the visiter of the sublime and ever-varying landscape of Swit- zerland. 1* NEW ENGLAND STATES. About 110,000 acres are estimated to be covered with water. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, the Merrimack, and the Piscataqua ; and several of the rivers which disembogue in Maine have their rise in the lakes and mountains of this state. Among the lakes are Lake Umbagog on the E. state line, and Lake Winnipiseogee near the cen- ter. The latter is a highly picturesque body of water, containing many romantic islets. The country around is mountainous, and abounds in the most charming scenery. Squam Lake lies a little northward, and Lake Sinopee to the S. W., between the Merrimack and Connecticut, New Hampshire has but 18 miles of sea-coast. The Isle of Shoals, a group of eight islets, lies in the ocean 11 miles S. E. of Portsmouth. They consist of barren rocks, and are inhabited by a few fishermen. New Hampshire is naturally an agricultural country. The soil on the hills is rich and productive of the finest pastures. The crops, however, frequently suffer from the shortness of the summers, and the climate requires, from its severity, the early housing of cattle. From November to May, the country is clothed in a thick mantle of snow, sind the rivers are frozen up from their sources. The season of vegetation is necessarily brief. The natural growths are oaks, elms, birch, maples, pines, and hemlocks. . A great quantity of sugar is manufactured from the juice of the hard maple-tree. Few wild animals now exist, but still the bear, wolf, and moose are frequently met with in the solitudes. Granite and other building materials are abundant, and copper and iron have been discovered in some localities. The people are actively engaged in every department of productive industry. Agriculture employs a large majority, and is the most nour- ishing in the hilly regions, where large stocks of cattle and sheep are raised. The wool of this state is excellent. Manufactures are rapidly extending their sphere, and the manufacture of cotton goods especially, has of late years been greatly increased. Much of the products of New Hampshire is exported, but direct foreign commerce is comparatively small, the business of the state being mostly conducted at the ports of other states. Internal trade, carried on by means of railroads, is exten- sive. There are about 12 miles of canal in the state, designed chiefly to overcome falls mid rapids in the rivers ; and the railroads now com- pleted have an aggregate length of 488 miles. There are also several in process of construction. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, is the oldest literary institution in the state. Attached to this establishment is the New Hampshire Medical School. There are Theological Seminaries at Gilmanton, Concord, and New Hampton ; and in various parts of the state, academies to the num- ber of GO or 70. There are also 2,400 common schools. The number of persons above 20 years of age unable to read and write is very smaU| being only one-fifth of one per cent, of the population. THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 7 New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties. The principal cities and towns are Concord, Portsmouth, Nashua, Manchester, &c. CONCORD, the capital, lies on both sides the Merrimack river, which is spanned by two bridges. The city lies chiefly on two streets, one of which extends nearly two miles in length. The public buildings are the State House, a Court House, and the State Prison. The State House is a granite building, 126 feet long and 49 feet wide, with a projection on fach front, and surmounted by a fine cupola. The falls of the Merri- mack; at this place, afford the most valuable water-power. Population 8,584. Concord is the centre of a great railroad traffic. PORTSMOUTH, near the mouth of the Piscataqua river, is the most commercial town in the state. Its harbor is excellent. The town is neatly buiit, and has about 9,739 inhabitants, who cany on the coasting trade and fisheries with some activity, and prosecute some branches of manufactures. The United States' Navy-yard at Kittery is on the oppo- site shore. Portsmouth was first settled in 1633, but has several times since been destroyed by fire. The city is connected with Grand Island by a bridge, and with Kittery by two bridges, one of which is 1,750 feet long, and the other 480 feet. Water for the supply of the inhabit- ants is brought from a distance of three miles. Portsmouth communi- latcs with Portland on the JV*., with Boston on the S., and Concord on the W,) by railroad. MANCHESTER is a new town on the E. side of the Merrimack river, and on the line of the " Concord Railroad." It is a remarkable instance of the advantages of a right location. Though not counting ten years since its foundation, it has already a population of 13,933, chiefly em- ployed in the cotton business. It is destined to compete in the markets with its great prototype of England. NASHUA and AMHERST are also thriving towns. The former is happily situated with regard to means of transport, and must eventually become, as it now is to a certain degree, an important station. Giber places of note are Exeter, Dover, Somersworth, Keene, Walpole, Peterboro', Claremont, Gilmanton, Meredith, Hanover, Haverhill, &c. The first settlements were made at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. In 1641 New Hampshire was annexed to Massachusetts, but in 1679 it again became a separate province. For the three succeeding years it formed a part of the government of Sir Edmund Andros. In 1689, the union with Massachusetts was revived, but another separation took place in 1692. From 1699 it was united with Massachusetts and New York, and in 1702 to the former alone. A final separation from Massa- chusetts was effected in 1741. The English authority was extinguished in 1775, and in the following year a temporary government was estab- lished, a president being elected annually. In 1792 its present constitu- tion was adopted. O NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE STATE OF VERMONT. Area 10,212 square miles. Population 313,611. VERMONT occupies the northwest portion of New England, anr : is situ- ated between 42 44' and 45 N. lat., and between 71 33' and 73 25 W. long. It is bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by New Hampshire, from which it is divided by the Connecticut river ; S. by Massachusetts, and W. by New York, from which it is separated chiefly by Lake Champlain. Vermont is a country of mountains. The Green Mountains, from which it derives its name, stretch through the state, traversing it from north to south. The loftiest culminations are Killington Peak, Camel's Rump, and Mansfield Mountain. Ascutney is a single mountain, five miles south of Windsor, 3,320 feet high. From every elevation the scenery is grand; mountains, hills, and valleys, enam- elled with verdure, present a coup d'ceil truly sublime. The moun- tains are one great pasture, where thousands of cattle and sheep find a plentiful subsistence. The climate assimilates that of New Hampshire, and its azure skies and elastic atmosphere have an invigor- ating effect over the residents, who are generally tall and powerful, and indicate in their countenances the best of health. Lake Champlain lies on its western borders, and has several good harbors, from which the chief produce of the land is exported. The principal rivers are the Pas- Bumsic, the White, the West, and the Queechy, which fall into the Connecticut. Several streams also fall into Lake Champlain. None of these are navigable, but present many excellent mill-sites. Agriculture is the principal branch of industry. Manufactures' consist chiefly of domestic or home-made goods, such as are produced by every fanner's family. The foreign trade of Vermont is confined almost wholly with Canada, but a considerable connection is maintained with the cities of New York and Boston. Beef, pork, cheese, live-stock, and pot and pearl ashes are the great export staples. There are some short canals in the state, designed to overcome falls in the Connecticut, White, and Queechy rivers ; and the aggregate length of railroads completed is 426 miles. Others are progressing to completion. The " Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad" will pass through the northern section of this state. The oldest literary institution is the University, at Burlington, which was founded in 1791. Middlebury College was founded in 1800, and Norwich University in 1834. These are all in a prosperous condition. The Vermont Medical School at Woodstock, was founded in 1835. Be- sides these, a number of academies are distributed through the state, and there are about 2,600 common-schools. Literary societies for the THE STATE OF VERMONT. 9 general improvement of the people are numerous. The Vermont Asy- lum for the Insane, located at Brattleboro', is a noble institution, and is sufficiently extensive to accommodate 300 patients. Vermont is divided into 14 counties. The chief cities and towns are Montpelier, Burlington, Brattleboro', Rutland, &c. MONTPELIER, the state capital, is situated at the junction of the branches of the Onion or Winooski river, on a plain of moderate extent, surrounded by hills. It is a great thoroughfare, being on the roads lead- ing from Boston to Burlington. It contains the State House, a Court House, and several elegant church buildings. Population 2,310. BURLINGTON, on Lake Champlain, is the largest city in the state. It is built on a fine bay, which sets up between two points, on the E. side of the Jake, and forms a regular curve. Near the center of the city is the public square on which the Court House is built, and which is surrounded by brick stores and the principal hotels. Some of the public buildings are eluguut and spacious the churches especially are beautiful in design. The harbor is the best on the lake, and is of easy access. It has been much improved, and a breakwater has been erected to protect it from the W. winds. Steamboats stop here daily to take up passengers for Whiteh.-i'i and St. John's; and a steam ferry-boat plies between here and Port Kent. The University of Vermont is located here. About a mile and a hull N. E. is the flourishing village of WINOOSKI, on Onion river, which has here an almost perpendicxilar fall of 20 feet, and affords great water-power, easily available. The first settlement in Burlington was made after the peace of 1783. Population 7,505. The oilier principal towns are ST. ALBANS, SWANTON, and VER- GENNES, on Lake Champlain; MIDDLEBURY, on the line of the 1 " Rut- land Railroad," and the seat of a College; PITTSFORD, MANCHESTER, BENNINGTON, and NEWBTJRY; BRATTLEBORO', on the line of the "Ver- mont and Massachusetts Railroad," and the location of the State Lunatic Asylum, and of late years celebrated for its successful water-cure estab- lishment ; ROCKINGHAM, WINDSOR, BELLOW'S FALLS, and WOODSTOCK ; NORWICH, the seat of a University, and DANVILLE. Fort Dummer was the site of the first settlement in Vermont. From, 1741 to 1704, New Hampshire claimed the territory, jmd made several grants of land therein. New York also laid claim to it, and obtained it from Parliament in 17G4. At the commencement of the revolution, Ver- mont declared itself independent; yet on account of the conflicting claims of New York and New Hampshire, the old Congress declined to admit iis separate representation in the National council. In this condi- tion Vermont remained neutral, and, as a consequence, suffered little in the war, the British hoping to detach it from the revolting states ; but neither c< ,\ ion nor persuasion could tempt the " Green Mountain Boys" mto allegiance to the Crown. They remained true to themselves. In 10 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 1790 New York relinquished all claim to the territory, and in the follow- ing year, all matters being settled, Vermont was admitted as a state into the Union. THE STATE OP MASSACHUSETTS. Area 7,800 square miles. Population 994,499. MASSACHUSETTS, the parent state of New England, and the chief manufacturing district of the United States, lies immediately S. of New Hampshire and Vermont, between 41 23' and 42 52' N. lat, and be- tween 69 50' and 73 30' W. long. ; and is bounded E. ancl S. E. by the Atlantic ; S. by the Atlantic, and the states of Rhode Island and Con- necticut, and VV. by New York. Several ranges of mountains, continued from Vermont and New Hamp- shire, pass through this state from N. to S., into Connecticut. The Taghkanic range occupies the extreme west of the state, and divides the streams which flow into the Hudson from those which empty into the Housatouic river. The Green Mountain range is continued S. be- tween the Housatonic and Connecticut. Other ranges, known as the Mount Tom range and the Lyme range, commence in New Hampshire, in a single chain, and divide a few miles S. of Northampton. The first then crosses the Connecticut, and proceeds in a southerly course on the W. of that river, and the other continues its course on the E. side. The part of the state E. of these mountains is hilly, except in the S. E. coun- ties, where the surface is level and sandy, and the soil generally poor. Otherwise, Massachusetts has a soil of medium fertility, which, by in- dustry, is made to produce abundant crops. The improvements in agri- culture have, of late years, been great, and the farms around Boston are in the very highest state of cultivation, and supply that city with an exuberance of vegetables and fruits. Among the mineral products are iron, marble, and granite. The greatest elevations are Saddle Mountain, Mount Holyoke, and Wachusetts Mountain. .The Peninsula of Cape Cod is sandy and barren, and in many places wholly destitute of vegetation ; yet it is populous, the inhabitants deriv- ing their support chiefly from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies S. of Cape Cod, and has a light and sandy soil. To the S. E. of this island are the Nantucket Shoals, on which many vessels have been wrecked. They extend about 50 miles in length, and 45 in breadth. Martha's Vineyard lies S. W. of Nantucket, and has a spacious harbor called Holmes' Hole. Several other large islands lie off the coast. ^Massachusetts has an extensive sea-board facing on the E. and S. E., THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 11 \tnich is indented by many fine bays and estuaries. Massachusetts Bay, which gives its name to the state, extends from Cape Ann on the N., to Cape Cod on the S., and includes Boston Bay, and Cape Cod Bay. Buz- zard's Bay, on the S. shore, is 30 miles in length, and includes the fine hhrbor of New Bedford. The principal rivers are the Connecticut, the Merrimack, Charles, Neponset, Taunton, .c. All these streams afford immense water-power, and their banks are occupied by numerous thriving manufacturing towns and villages. Massachusetts claims pre-eminence as a manufacturing state. In 1845 it possessed 302 cotton and 178 woollen factories. Calico printing and bleaching are also largely carried on. Carpets were made in 17 mills, and 11 establishments manufactured mixed goods. Besides these, which constitute the staples of the state, large houses were engaged in the varioiii mechanic arts, and in the manufacture of vast quantities of useful articles, for domestic use and export. There were also in the state 30 rolling-mills, 152 forges, 4 furnaces for pig-iron, and 91 for casir ings, 114 machine-shops, &c. Ship-building employs about 1,100 hands. The commerce of Massachusetts centers chiefly at Boston, but no incon- siderable amount of business is transacted at other ports. New Bedford, Salem, Nan tucket, &c., are largely engaged in the whale fisheries, and employ an aggregate of 479 vessels in that branch of industry. There are about 100 miles of canal in this state, (now mainly in disuse ;) and the aggregate length of railroads is 1,357 miles. Harvard University is the oldest and best-endowed school in the United States. William's College and Amherst College are also respect- able establishments. At Andover, Cambridge, and Newton, there are Protestant Theological Seminaries, and the Roman Catholics have a col- lege at Worcester. Attached to Harvard are schools of law, medicine, and divinity. Academies and common schools, free to every child, are very numerous, and conducted on the most approved systems of educa- tion. Every village has its school-house. The state is divided into 14 counties. The principal cities and towns are Boston, Salem, Lowell, Lawrence, Springfield. Fall River, Taunton, Worcester, Northampton, Greenfield, Pittsfield, Adams. &c. BOSTON, the principal sea-port and capital of the state, is beautifully situated, principally on a peninsula on Massachusetts Bay, and had in 1850 a population of 136,871 The city consists of three parts, Old Boston, South Boston, and East Boston. The isthmus that connects it with the main land, is about a mile long, and was originally very narrow, but has been much improved, and now forms the main avenue from the city. Bridges are also constructed to connect with Charlestown, Cambridge, &c., and a solid causeway leads to Brookline. The State House is the principal public building. The Merchants' Exchange, Cus- tom House, Atheiia3utn, Faneuil Hall, &C., are also splendid structures. 12 NEW ENGLAND STATES. The most imposing of these, perhaps on account of its associations, is Faneui! Hull, so celebrated in revolutionary history. It is appropriately tcnni'd t.ho "Cradle of Liberty," and is had in almost sacred veneration. Bunker Hill Monument is also an object of great attraction. As a com- mercial city, Boston is only second in rank to New York. The foreign trade is immense, but the trade by coasters is three or four times as large. The real and personal property in the city was assessed in 1849, at $174.108,900. Boston is the chief center of the New England railroad system, and from it the iron band diverges to all parts. The city is sup- plied with excellent water from Cochituate Lake, 20 miles to the west CAMBRIDGE, four miles from Boston, is the seat of Harvard Univer- sity, population 15,215; and about a mile further is the beautiful ceme- tery of Mount Auburn, in a lovely and picturesque situation, and in which rest many of the great and virtuous soiis of New England. LAWRENCE is a new city, 20 miles N. of Boston, with which it is con- nected by a railroad. It is a very nourishing place, and chiefly engaged in the cotton business. From the numerous facilities, natural and arti- ficial, which it enjoys, it will eventually become one of the largest manu- facturing places in the state. Population 8,233. LOWELL is justly entitled the "Manchester of America." The city is situated on the S. side of the Merrimack, below Pawtucket Falls, and the mills are supplied with water irom that river, through a canal a mile arid a half long. The factories employ about 10,000 females, many of whom have devoted their leisure to literature, music, and the fine arts. Population 33,383. Lowell is connected by railroad with the towns in every direction. SPRINGFIELD is also a very important manufacturing place, and in connection with the village of Chicopee, forms one of the great cotton business districts of the state. It is well known as the seat of the U. S. Armory. Population 11,766. Springfield is very important as a railroad center. WORCESTER, 45 miles W. from Boston, has many large manufacturing establishments, and contains the State Lunatic Asylum and the Ameri- can Antiquarian Society's rooms. It is connected with the capital, Providence, &c., by railroads. Population 17,049. FITCIIBURG is a village on a branch of the Nashua river, and has of late assumed some importance in connection with railroad travel. In its vicinity are large granite quarries. Population 120. LYNN is a sea-port town, and celebrated for its shoe manufacturing establishments. Population 14,257. N AJI ANT, a part of this town, is situ- ated on a peninsula extending into Massachusetts Bay, and is a cele- brated place of summer resort. NEW BEDFORD, on Buzzard's Bay, is a handsome town, and largely engaged in the whale fisheries, employing bout 96,000 tons of shipping in that branch alone. Population 16,461 THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13 PLYMOUTH, on the coast, 36 miles S. E. of Boston, is memorable as Iho spot where the exiled Independents of Yorkshire, usually called the * Pilgrim Fathers," founded the first settlement in New England. Popu- lation 5.717. Most of these are connected with the capital by railroad. SALEM is an important city and has several excellent literary institu- tions. The Museum of the East India Marine Society contains many valuable Indian curiosities. The shipping belonging to the port in 1849 was 37,5x13 tons, and the assessed value of property $9,581,895. Popular tion 20,264. NEWBURYPORT is a pleasant town situated at the mouth of the Mer- riinack. The Custom House and several other fine edifices are built of granite. The celebrated preacher, Whitfield, was buried here. The in- habitants are much interested in the fisheries. Population 9,f>72. ANDOVER, incorporated in 1645, is situated S. of the Merrimack. and has extensive water-power. It is the sear of several large manufacturing establishments. There are also in the town a Theological Seminary, the oldest and best endowed in the Union, and a highly celebrated academy founded in 1788. Population 6,945. ^ DEDHAM is one of the most pleasant villages in New England. The streets are lined with elms, which render them cool and shady in the summer season. The Court House, built of granite, is of remarkably pure architecture: there are also several elegant churches and other public buildings. Manufactures occupy most of the inhabitants. It is connected with Boston by railroad. Population 4,447. FALL RIVER Village, formerly Troy, is situated at the union of the Fall and Taunton rivers, arid enjoys the benefit of great water-power. Large factories are established here. Population 11,805. TAUNTON is also a large manufacturing village. Population 10,441. Both places are con- nected with Boston by railroad. The present slate of Massachusetts, for several years after its first set- tlement, comprised two colonies, styled Plymouth Colony and the Colony of Massachusetts Bay. The first dates from the landing of the Pilgrims, on the 22d December, 1620, and the last was commenced at Salem, in 1623. The two colonies remained separate until 1685-6, when they were^leprived of their charter, and placed under the government of DudPy, and afterwards under that of Sir Edmund Andros. In 1692 they were united, and a new charter granted. On the breaking out, of the revolution, in 1774, a Provisional Congress assumed the government, and in 1775, counsellors were elected. The constitution was framed in 1780, and as amended in 1811, is yet the political basis of the state, government. 14 NEW ENGLAND STATES. THE STATE OE RHODE ISLAND. flrea 1,360 square miles. r^- Population 147,544. RHODE ISLAND, the smallest state of the Union, lies between 41 2% and 420 03' N. lat., and between 71 06' and 71 38' W. long. It is bounded N. and E. by the state of Massachusetts ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by the state of Connecticut. Rhode Island, from which the state takes its name, is situated in Narragansett Bay. This pleasant island has a beautiful climate, and is the resort of invalids. Travellers call it the " Eden of America." Co- nonicut and Block Island lie to the W. The continental part of the state is somewhat hilly and broken in the N., but in the S. is generally level. The soil is indifferently fertile ; but on the islands and country bordering on the bay, the products are very abundant and of the best qualities. The southern part is an excellent grazing country. About one-tenth of the state is covered with the waters of Narragan- sett Bay. The principal rivers are the Pawtucket, which, after its union with Providence river, is called Seekonk ; the Pawtuxet, and the Paw- catuck. All these rivers have falls and rapids, and are well suited for manufacturing purposes. Narragausett Bay is a fine sheet of water, dividing the state into two unequal parts. It is 30 miles long and 15 broad, embosoming the islands above referred to. The northeastern arm is called Mount Hope Bay, the northwestern arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. Into these the rivers disem- bogue. The climate is similar to, but somewhat milder than that of Massachusetts, and is found congenial to those suffering from pulmonic affections. Rhode Island is a great manufacturing state, and in proportion to its size, has a larger number of cotton and woollen-mills than any other. It has also a number of furnaces, tanneries, paper-mills, and other similar establishments. The foreign commerce employs about 43,000 tons of shipping, and the domestic trade is also very extensive. The fisheries are carried on with great spirit. Rhode Island ho^about tsix miles of canal, and 65 miles of completed railroad. Brown University, at Providence, is the chief educational institution. There is also an Athenaeum at Providence. The number of academies in 1850, was 52, and of common schools 334, educating together 27,000 scholars. Liberal provision is made for the Insane, Blind, and other unfortunates. The state is divided into 5 counties. The principal cities and towns are Providence, Newport, Bristol, &c. Providence and Newport are the capitals of the state, each serving as THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 15 such for one year alternately. PROVIDENCE has an area of nine miles square, and is divided by the river q/ the same name. The public buildings are elegant, especially the State House, University, and Athe- naeum. Its harbor, at the head of Narragansett Bay, is excellent, and important to commerce. Population 41,513. NEWPORT, near the S. W. extremity of the island of Rhode Island, has about 9.563 inhabitants. Its harbor is one of the best in the United States, but its commerce is lim- ited, the principal part of its wealth being invested in the fisheries. The town is beautifully located, rising gently from the shore, and presenting from the bay a most pleasing aspect. The State House is a handsome building, situated on Washington Square. This town has, of late years, become a place of fashionable resort in the summer season. BRISTOL, on Warren river, a creek of Providence Bay, is a neat and commercial town, and distinguished for its commerce, coasting trade, and the spirit of its people in the pursuit of the fisheries. Population 4,016. KINGSTON and GREENWICH are also towns of some note. Rhode Island was first settled in 1G3G, by Roger Williams, who located with a small colony at Providencea ; nd, in 1038, William Coddington, having fled with 17 others from Massachusetts, settled at Newport. The two colonies were united by Charles II., who granted a charter to the "Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." This charter was retained as the basis of the state government until 1841. in which year a consti- tution, better adapted to the altered wants of the people, was formed ; but not before a serious rebellion had broken out against the "old establishment." THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. Area 4,674 square miles. Population 370,791. CONNECTICUT lies between 41 and 42 02' N. lat., and between 71 20' and 73 15' W. long. It is bounded N. by Massachusetts; E. by Rhode Island ; S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by the state of New York. The surface, though not mountainous, is traversed by several consider- able lulls from Massachusetts. The Blue Hills, in the Mount Tom range, h;ive an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are the highest culminations in the state. The soil is generally excellent, and the intervale lands especially are very fertile. In some parts of the state, however, the soil is comparatively thin and barren. Few states are so well provided with good harbors ; and the rivers 1C NEW ENGLAND STATES. which disembogue in the Bound, are many of them deep and navigable. The principal are the Housatonic, the Connecticut, and the Thames. All these rivers are celebrated for their shad fisheries. The state is abun- dantly supplied with smaller streams, which afford extensive water-power, and is everywhere watered by brooks and springs of the purest water. Connecticut produces some valuable minerals. Iron ore is very plen- tiful, and copper is found in several places. "Verde antique" marble is found at Mil ford, and freestone almost everywhere. At Stafford and Suffield there are valuable mineral springs, which are frequented by in- valids and -summer visitors. The climate is generally healthy, but near the coast liable to sudden changes. Snow lies on the ground for 3 or 4 months in the winter, and the spring is often backward. Summer and autumn, hfcwever, are delightful. Agriculture employs about one-half the total population. Manufac- tures are carried on with' great spirit, especially those of woollen and cotton. The iron business is likewise very flourishing. Connecticut is also celebrated fbr the large amount of small wares manufactured within its borders, and which are distributed throughout the states by hundreds of pedlcrs. In point of commercial importance, this state stands third among those of New England. The principal exports are horses, cattle, and farm produce. The coasting trade, chiefly carried on with the southern states, is very valuable, and the fisheries are extensively en- gaged in. There are about 64T miles .of railroad in working order in the state. Education, in Connecticut, is universal. The principal literary insti- tutions are Yale College, at New Haven, one of the oldest establishments in the Union; Trinity College, at Hartford, and the Wesley an Univer- sity, at Middletown. The number of common school districts is 1,650, and there is a normal school at Hartford. The Retreat for the Insane and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, are valuable institu- tions, both at Hartford. The State Prison, at Wethersfield, is self-sup- porting, and is a remarkably well-conducted establishment, in which the ".reforming principle" is well carried out. The inhabitants of this state are the best educated and most enlightened in the Union. Connecticut is divided into 8 counties. There are six cities in the state, viz., New Haven, Hartford, New London, Norwich, Middletown, and Bridgeport ; and a large number of towns and villages, with popula- tions of from 300 to 2,000 or 3,000. New Haven and Hartford are alternate capitals of the state. NEW HAVEN lies on the sea-coast, and is a place of considerable commercial and manufacturing importance. It consists of two parts the old town and the new township. The streets are laid out rectangularly. It con- tains a number of beautiful public edifices, among which are Yale Col- lege, the State House, General Hospital, and others. There are also THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 1*7 upwards of 20 churches, most of which are built with strict regard to taste and elegance. Population 20,345, HARTFORD is situated on the Connecticut river, 50 miles from its mouth. The city is beautifully located, but not very regularly built. Hartford has considerable com- merce, and the people are engaged to some amount in manufactu- ring. The State House, Trinity College, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the Asylum for the Insane, are the chief public buildings of note. Hartford has 13 churches and a largo number of school-houses, all wor- thy of attention. The " Old Charter Oak," so celebrated in history, is still standing, and is an object of interest to the traveller. The trunk of this venerable relic of colonial times, now measures 24 feet in circum- ference. " The New Haven and Springfield Railroad" passes through the city, and a railroad has been lately opened to Willimantic, and will be carried on to Providence on the E., and to Fishkill on the Hudson river. Population 13,555. NEW LONDON, with its fine harbor, is situated at the mouth of the Thames river, and is largely engaged in the fisheries. STONINGTON is also a great depot for whale-ships. NORWICH, at the head of steam navi- gation on the Thames, is a manufacturing town, and well supplied with water-power. MIDDLETOVVN is a very handsome city, and is the seat of the Wesleyan University; and BRIDGEPORT, near the mouth of the Housatonic river, has a good harbor, and a flourishing commerce. Steamboats ply to and from New York, daily, to New London, Norwich, Stonington, New Haven, Hartford, and Norwalk, which are all connected with the interior and Boston by railroad. This state comprises the two original colonies of New Haven and Connecticut. The Connecticut colony was first settled at Hartford, by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1635; and New Haven colony, by emigrants from England, in 1638. In 1665 the two were united on the acceptance of a charter from Charles II. This charter was suspended by Sir Edmund Andros, in 1687 ; but was restored in the succeeding jear, and formed the basis of the state government until 1818, in which year the present constitution was framed. 2* 18 MIDDLE STATES. THE MIDDLE STATES. THIS section of the United States comprises the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland ; and the District of Columbia. Their geographical position has determined their nomen- clature. The Middle States are bounded N. by the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence river, and the Provinces of Canada ; E. by the states of New England and the Atlantic ocean; S. by Virginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. They are situated between 38 and 45 N. lat., and between 71& 56' and 80 34' W. long. ; and contain an aggregate superficies of 111,856 square miles. The physical conformation of this region is highly favorable to its pro- gress in all departments of industry. Its mountains, valleys, plains, rivers, and hikes, indicate its unrivaled capacities. Running from N. E. to S. W. are the Alleghanies a mine of inexhaustible wealth, producing iron, coal, and other useful minerals. On the N., the great lakes and the St. Lawrence form outlets for commerce ; and the rivers flowing S. to the Atlantic, convey to the coast the productions of the interior, which are thence transported from the magnificent harbors which indent the shores, to supply the commerce of the world with the varied wealth of this fine region. These natural advantages have conduced much to the prosperity and importance of the region, and elevated the states com- prised within its borders to a proud pre-eminence. With some exceptions, this territory was formerly known as the "Nieuw Niederlauds," and was first settled by the Dutch. On one side was New England, and on the other Virginia, the latter then co-extensive with what are now termed the Southern States. Thus centrally dividing these two great English colonies, and occupied by a nation not always at peace with Great Britain, the interests of the English settlers became identified with the occupation by them of the whole ; and as a conse- quence, it was not long before that government determined on taking possession of the country, and destroying a competitor and enemy at one and the same time. This act was consummated in 1664, from which period to the Revolution, the whole Atlantic region remained in the undisturbed possession of the " mother of nations." The progress which the people have made in every department of life, and the increase of their numbers, has been rapid and astonishing. The few who first settled on Manhattan Island, at the commencement of THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 19 ttte 17th century, and at Philadelphia and other places, at a later period, have extended their limits to their present dimensions, and increased to a population of about 0,624,992 souls. They have rapidly passed from the hardships of settlement and colonial servitude, and are now enjoying all the facilities and conveniences of older nations ; and have in prospect all the glories which are sure to attend the progress of a people devoted to liberty, to virtue, and a reciprocal communion with the world at large. THE, STATE OF NEW YORK Area 46,000 square miles. Population 3,097,394. NEW YORK, the most populous and important of the United States, occupies the northern portion of the Middle States, and, including Long Island, lies between 40 30' and 45 N.* lat., and between 71 56' and 79 56' VV. long. It is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence river, and Canada East ; E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecti- cut ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and the states of New Jersey and Penn- sylvania, and VV. by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and Canada West. In a region so extensive, the physical aspect, soil, climate, and produc- tions are necessarily diverse. The whole eastern portion is mountainous. The S. E. angle of the state is traversed by several ridges, one of which crosses the Hudson at the Highlands, presenting a bold and lofty front on both sides of the river. The Catskill Mountains, further N., are the most elevated, and have several culminations, as Round Top, &c., which attain to the height of 3,000 feet ; but the greatest elevation in the state is Mount Marcy, in the Adirondack group, which rises 5,467 feet above the sea. The country of Lake Champlain is hilly, and becomes moun- tainous on approaching the highlands, which form the watersheds be- tween the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. The western part of the state is generally level, and a great portion of it has, in former times, been covered with the waters of Lakes Ontario and Erie. Besides the great lakes on the N., and Lakes Champlain and George on the E., there are numerous smaller lakes in the western parts of the state, which discharge their waters into Lake Ontario, either directly or indirectly through the Seneca and Oswego rivers, and being connected by canals and railroads, afford peculiar facilities to internal commerce. The principal of these are the lakes Oneida, Skeneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Canandaigua, and Chautauque. In the N. are the Ful- ton chain of lakes and others, which form the sources of the Mo- hawk and Hudson rivers. The principal rivers are the Mohawk and the Hudson on the E. ; and the Genesee, the Oswego, and the Black, which 20 MIDDLE STATES. discharge into Lake Ontario. Several large streams also fall into the St. Lawrence.; and the Alleghany, the Susquehannah, and Delaware have their sources within this state. The Niagara connects lakes Ontario and Erie, and separates the northwestern corner of the slate from Ca- nada. The falls of this river, about half-way between these lakes, are perhaps the greatest physical wonder of the world. The waters here have a perpendicular fall of 176 feet, and their roar may be heard many miles, while the vapor which continually rises in clouds from the abyss, refracts the sunlight in all the colors of the rainbow. The view from the suspension bridge is magnificent. In the Mohawk, about two miles from its junction with the Hudson, are Cohoes Falls, second only to those of Niagara, and surrounded by the most enchanting scenery. A little below, a bridge has been thrown across the river, from which the view of the falls is inexpressibly grand. The falls of the Genesee, and Trenton Falls are also of considerable magnitude. New York abounds in mineral springs. Those of Saratoga and Balls- ton are the most celebrated in America, and during the summer months, are the resort of the gay and fashionable, as well as invalids from all parts of the Union. The waters, which contain considerable quantities of iodine, afford relief in many chronic diseases. The warm springs of New Lebanon, S. E. of Albany, are also much frequented. At Salina, &c., are the celebrated salt springs, owned by the state, and which supply sufficient fine salt for the Western States and the Canadas. The climate is much modified by local circumstances. In the S., the influence of the ocean is perceptible, and the weather is changeable ; but the annual range of temperature is not so great as in the N. and N. E., nor are either heat or cold so intense. The counties E. of the Hudson river assimilate that of the adjoining New England States. In the W., again the climate is modified by proximity to the great lakes, and is in some degree similar to that of the Atlantic region. As a general result, however, the climate is found to be highly salubrious, and with a few local exceptions, free from endemic diseases. The agricultural resources of New York are immense. A rich soil, adapted alike for grazing and corn-growing, invites the. industry of the farmer. Immense flocks and herds are pastured in the western part of the state ; and the production of wool, hides, cheese, butter, and other animal staples is abundant. The grain crops consist of wheat, Indian corn, rye, oiu -, buckwheat, and barley, and a considerable amount of flax and hemp i raised. Fruits of all sorts are cultivated everywhere. Lumber, pot aim pearl ashes, tar, pitch, turpentine, &c., are largely produced, and about 10,000,000 Ibs. of maple sugar are annually drawn from the hard maple. About two-fifths of the whole state is devoted to cereal agriculture. Manufactures employ about 200,000 persons. In the state there are 118 cotton and 345 woollen factories, and several silk-mills. THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 21 The number of iron-works in 1850, was 502; tanneries 1,414, and ash- eries 738. Distilleries, glass-factories, dye and print works, paper-mills, and breweries are very numerous. As a commercial state, New York surpasses all others of the Union, and the internal trade is equally ex- tensive. The foreign trade alone employs 4,450,000 tons of shipping. The canals and railroads are on a grand scale. The Hudson river and Erie Canal form one uninterrupted water communication from the ocean to the northern lakes, and the central line is connected by lateral canals southward with the Alleghauy, Susquehaunah, and Delaware rivers, and on the X. with Lakes Ontario and Champlain. The railroads traverse over nearly the 'same lines, and are especially useful when the canals are closed in the winter season. The total length of canal is 991 miles, and the aggregate length of completed railroad 2,129 miles. There are also several hundreds of miles of railroad now in progress. The tolls received on tlite canals amount annually to more than $3,500,000. In 1850, there were in New York 10 colleges, 163 academies, 55 female seminaries, and 22 other institutions of a higher grade. The state also supports two normal schools, and 13,811 common schools. There were besides, at the same date, 1,569 private schools. The funds set apart for educational purposes amounted to $6,145,662, yielding a revenue of $411/202. The whole amount of public moneys expended on common schools in the year 1850 was $1,035,854 85. The principal colleges are the Columbia College and the University, at New York, and Union College at Schenectady. A free academy has been established at New York, and there are also many evening schools in the large cities. Mechanics 1 Institutes, Lyceums, Libraries, &c., are open to all. New York is divided into 59 counties ; 843 townships ; 12 cities, (New York, Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Hudson, Albany, Troy, Schenec- tady, Syracuse, Oswego. Utica, Rochester, and Buffalo) ; ICO incorpo- rated villages, and between,, 700 and 800 villages not incorporated. Many of the incorporated villages are places of extensive trade and com- mercial importance, especially those on the Hudson river and the lakes, and on .the lines of the railroads and canals. NEW YORK, the commercial capital of the United States, is located in the southern part of the state, on Manhattan Island, at the confluence of the Hudson and East rivers. The city is co-extensive with the island, and is 13 miles long with an average breadth of one mile and three quarters, having an area of 14,200 acres. There are several small islands belonging to the city in the bay and East River. The population in 1850 amounted to 515,507 souls: in 1840 it was 312,714, and in 1845, 371,102. The bay and harbor of New York is one of the most beautiful and safe in the world, and the surrounding scenery magnificent. Shipping from every maritime nation, and merchantmen of every size, line the 22 MIDDLE STATES. wharves of the city on both sides, for a distance of three miles, pre senting a continuous forest of masts and cordage, mingled with the chimneys of numerous steam-vessels. Upwards of 1,000 sail-vessels, 80 steamers, 70 or 80 steam-tugs, and 200 canal-boats may usually be seen in the harbor. In the coldest weather the bay is never obstructed with ice. The dense and populous part of the city has a circumference of 9 or 10 miles. The lower part of the old city is irregularly laid out, but the streets in the upper or new portion intersect each other at right angles. The public buildings, which are generally of a costly nature, are numer- ous. The City Hall and the U. S. Courts, in the Park ; the City Prison, facing on Centre-street ; the Custom House, the Merchants' Exchange, and bank buildings, in Wall-street. &c., are the most conspicuous. Of the churches, many are superb specimens of architectural taste. Trinity Church, in Broadway, at the head of Wall-street; Grace Church, on Broadway, corner of 10th street, three miles up from the Battery, and several others, are magnificent structures. The whole number of churches is not far from 240. The public grounds are the Battery, facing on the bay, and from which the view is extensive and animated; the Bowling Green, the Park, St. John's Park, Washington Square, Tompkins' Square, Gramercy Park, and Union Park: all these aHe adorned with ornamental trees and shrubbery, and some with splendid fountains. The city is well supplied with water, which is conducted through a magnificent aqueduct from the Croton river, in Westchester county, a distance of 40 miles. New York has numerous scientific, literary, and benevolent institu- tions. It has also several well-regulated theatres, the principal of which are the Broadway Theatre, Niblo's Garden, the Bowery Theatre, and the Astor Place Opera House. The Park Theatre, the oldest and most sub- stantial ever established in New York, was burned down in 1848, and has not since been rebuilt. The American Museum, in Broadway, is also a jfiace of great res6rt, and during the summer season, Castle Garden is used for concerts, &c. New York, in short, may be considered as a world within itself. Peo- ple of every nation, kindred, and tongue, and exercising every art and profession known to man, are its inhabitants. Churches of every per- suasion people of all creeds institutions of every imaginable shade, and man in all his phases and in every condition, are agglomerated within the circuit of this, the Empire City of the western world, and form a most heterogeneous compound of all that is extreme. New York has suffered much from fire: the great fires of 1835 and 1845 are matters of history. The hotels of New York are very large, and Well conducted. The value of real and personal estate in the city, in 1850, was assessed THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 23 at $286,061,816, and the amount of tax levied $3,230,085, equal to 113 cents on the $100. The city debt, contracted chiefly for the Croton water-works, amounts to $14,646,783, less the sinking fund $3,025,550. BROOKLYN may be considered as a suburb of New York, and next to that place, is the most populous city in the state. The population, in 1845, was 59,566, but in 1850 it had increased to 96,838. Brooklyn is situated immediately opposite New York, on Long Island, and has constant communication by means of five ferries. The East river is here only three-quarters of a mile wide, and, as a consequence, the business of the two cities is much blended. Brooklyn, however, has on extensive commerce of its own, and good wharfage for shipping of the largest class. The Atlantic Dock is a work of great importance to the city. The United States' Navy-yard at the Wallabout, is a large establishment, and from this place many of our largest battle ships have been launched. The new Dry Dock at this station is perhaps superior to any similar work in the world. Greenwood Cemetery, one of the most beautiful burial-places in the Union, is situated in the southern section of the city, a short distance from the bay, and contains an /area of 200 acres, diversified by hill and dale, woods, plains, and lakes. There are about 50 churches, and many fine dwellings, chiefly inhabited by the merchant princes of the commercial emporium. The City Hall is a beautiful structure, and an ornament to the city. From Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene the view is extensive and grand. Many handsome villages are within a short distance from New York and may be reached by ferry-boats that are constantly plying. The prin- cipal of these are Richmond, Stapleton, &c., on Staten Island; Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows ; Astoria and Ravenswood, N. E. of Brooklyn ; Williamsburgh, adjoining Brooklyn, with a population of 30,786 ; and Jersey City, Hoboken, &c., on the Jersey shore. There are also many Others in the upper parts of the island, and in Westchester county. New York is a principal center of railroad and steamboat travel. The Long Island R, R., and the JV. Y. and JV. Haven R. R., accommodate the travel to Boston, <$-c. ; and the JV. Y. and Harlacm li. R. and the Hudson river R. R., extend JV. on the east side of the Hudson river. The Nuw Jer- sey R. R. to Philadelphia, and the Ramapo, and Patcrson and Hudson R. R. commence at Jersey city, opposite to New York. The JV. Y. and Erie R. R., which has its eastern terminus at Piermont, on the Hudson river, is reached from New York by steamboat. Jl railroad also extends from South jlmboy to Philadelphia, to and from which place passengers are car- ried by steamboats. Steamboats travel regularly to and from all the ports on Long Island Sound as far as Stonington ; and up the North river several times a day to Albany and Troy, stopping at the intermediate places. ALBANY is the political capital and seat of the state government. It 24 MIDDLE STATES. is situated on the W. bank of the Hudson, 145 miles N. of New York,, on a gentle rise of ground, and presents with its gilded domes, an imposing appearance from the river. The Capitol, the City Hall, and the State House, are splendid structures, located on the summit of the ascent over- looking the city. Besides these there are several other public buildings, as the Exchange, State Geological Museum, the Medical College, acade- mies, churches, &c. Albany enjoys a large commerce, and is the entre- pot between the west and the port of New York. Its manufacturing establishments consisC of founderies, breweries, &c., and are very exten- sive. Two ferries cross the river : one to East Albany, for the accom- modation of the railroads terminating there, and the other to Greenbush ; and numerous steamboats, the largest and most splendid river boats in the world, and an endless array of steam tow-boats ply between this city, New York, and the intermediate places. The average speed of the first- class steamboats is about 16 miles an hour. The steamboat Alida made the passage from New York to Albany on the 1st December, 1849, in 7 hours and 54 minutes, including 13 landings which occupied 48 minutes, the fastest trip on record, being something over 21 miles per hour. The Erie canal and a chain of railroads extend from Albany to the lakes, and lateral branches of both diverge to the north and south from the main stem, so as to draw to a focus the whole wealth of the adjacent counties. The transportation and travel on these lines are immense. Railroads also connect it with Boston and the whole of New England ; and the city of New York is reached by the Housatonic Railroad, via Bridgeport. The Hudson River Railroad and the N. Y. and Harlaem Railroad will also be extended so as to connect with this city. Popula- tion in 1850, 50,768. TROY lies on the E. bank of the Hudson, 6 miles above Albany. It is a thriving city, and even now rivals Albany in business and enterprise. Several railroads center here, connecting with Albany and the N. and W., and also with Boston and New York. Steamboats ply regularly between this and New York, on the Hudson. The State Dam, at the head of steam navigation, is a noble work, and ensures sloop navigafton for a number of miles further up the river. About one-third of the people are employed in the various manufactories. The city is well built, chiefly of brick, and the streets are lined with stores, in many instances, equal- ing those of New York in splendor. The Court House, the Episcopal church, and the Lyceum are handsome structures, but otherwise the city cai boast of no buildings which require especial notice. The hotels are, in general, large and well-conducted establishments. Popula- tion in 1850, 28,785. HUDSON, at the head of ship navigation, on the river of the same name, is beautifully situated, and the streets regularly laid out. It has a Court House and several other public buildings. The city is supplied THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 25 With water from Becraft's mountain, two miles disiant. Population 6,289. It is on the line of the Hudson River Railroad, and the steamboats which ply between Troy and Albany, and New York, stop here. The Hudson and Berkshire Railroad connects it with New England. SCHENECTADY is about J7 miles W. of Albany, and is pleasantly situ- ated on the Mohawk river. It is a great thoroughfare, being the center of railroads to Albany, Troy, Whitehall, and westward to the lakes. The Erie canal also passes through this city. About half a mile from the city, Union College, a celebrated institution, is situated. Schenectady was originally the head quarters of the Mohawk Indians, and in 1690, the French and Indians burnt the place and massacred most of the inhabitants. It was settled by the Dutch in 16-20. Population 8,'. 22. SYRACUSE is situated at the junction of the Erie and Oswego canals, and had its rise and retains its importance from this circumstance. It is also celebrated for the manufacture of salt. Population 22,271. OSWEGO is situated at the mouth of the river of the same name, and also derives its importance from its location, being an entrepot between Lake Ontario and the canal system of the state. It has 16 flourmg-mills, capable of turning out 9,000 barrels of flour per diem. Population 12,205. I'TICA, on the Mohawk, is a well-built city. Among the public edifices the State Lunatic Asylum is the most conspicuous. The Erie canal passes through the city. It is also a depot on the great northern line of rail- roads. Population 17,642. ROCHESTER, also on the line of the Erie canal and northern railroads, lies on both sides the G'enesee river near its mouth, and enjoys immense water-power, created by the falls, which have a descent of 215 feet in three successive saults of 90, 20, arid 105 feet. The mills on this river are some of the largest in the world. A splendid aqueduct 804 feet in length, has been constructed to carry the canal over the river. The city contains 24 churches, and several public buildings. Population 36,403. BUFFALO is advantageously situated on Lake Erie, and is the western terminus of the canals and railroads of the state. Its lake commerce is immense, employing some 100 steamboats, which collect from the lake ports a vast amount of produce, which is conveyed eastward by canal. The city contains 22 churches, and other public buildings, and is laid out in a rectangular form. Buffalo was founded in 1801. but was de- stroyed by the British in the war of 1812. Its progress since that period has been rapid, and its prosperity is assured by peculiar advantages. Population 42,261. Among the larger villages may be mentioned Poughkeepsie, Newburg, Kingston, Catskill, Kinderhook, Lansingburg, Waterford, &c., on the Hudson river ; Whitehall, the terminus of the Washington and Saratoga Railroad, at the head of Lake Champlain; Plattsburg, on the same lake ; Ogdensburg, on the St. Lawrence river ; Little Falls, Herkimer, 26 MIDDLE STATES. Rome, Salina, Skeneateles, Auburn, Waterloo, Canandaigua, Geneva, Palmyra, Batavia, Brockport, Lockport, Lewistown, &c., on the line of the great northern avenues ; Goshen, Binghamton, Owego, Elmira, Corn- ing, Olean, Dunkirk, &c., on the line of the N. Y. and Erie Railroad; and a number of others in the neighborhood of the central lakes, "as Ithaca, Penn-yan, &c. New York was discovered by Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, then in the service of the Dutch West India Company. He sailed up the river, which still bears his name, in 1609, and subsequently sold his claim to the country to the Dutch government. A colony of that nation set- tled at Fort Orange, in 1613, arid in the following year built some fortifi- cations on the southern part of Manhattan Island. The territory claimed by the Dutch extended from Fort Good Hope, on the Connecticut, to Fort Nassau, on the Delaware, and indefinitely northward. To this ter- ritory they gave the name of " Nieuw Niederlands." The English also laid claim to these lands, and in 1664, Charles II. granted the whole country to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, who dispatched an armament under Col. Nicholls to enforce a surrender and expel the Dutch. The name of Fort Orange was now changed to Albany, and that of Nieuw Amsterdam to New York, the whole territory also taking the latter name in honor of the proprietor. The colony was recaptured in 1673, and remained in the hands of the Dutch until the ensuing year, when it was restored to the English. During the seven years' war, New Vork suffered severely from hostile incursions, and during the revolu- tionary war was the scene of warlike commotion, and of some of the most glorious victories that American valor ever wrested from the foe. It was one of the "thirteen" that formed the original United States. New York city was held by the British, after the battle of Long Island, until the final evacuation of the country on the 25th November, 1783, a day which has ever since been annually celebrated as a national holiday THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Area 8,320 square miles. Population 489,555. NEW JERSEY, situated between the Delaware river and the Atlantic ocean, lies between 38 57' and 41 2C' N. lat., and between 73 58' und 750 29' W. long. : and is bounded N. by New York ; E. by New York and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Atlantic ocean, and W. by Delaware bay and river. The Blue Mountains and other elevations give a mountainous charac- ter to the northern section of the state ; but the intervales and slopes THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 27 are well adapted to grazing, and the soil is more fertile than in the southern districts. These hills are highly metaliferous, and mining oper- ations are extensively carried on in almost every part The central sec- tion has an undulating, and in some localities a plane surface, but is agreeably diversified. In this portion several copper mines exist. The southern counties, including all the coast, from Sandy Hook to Cape May, are level, and principally of a barren nature, producing little but scrub- oaks and yellow pines ; of late years, however, these, formerly considered as almost worthless, have come into use for steamboats and the supply of the glass-houses; and, as a consequence, the value of the country where they abound has been much increased. The Highlands of Navesink, near Sandy Hook, are the only elevations of note in this section, and are the first land seen by seamen approaching the coast. In this vicinity and at Cape May are several beautifully located watering-places, which attract during the hot summer months large numbers of visiters and invalids. The coast is lined with long, narrow islands, between which and tho mainland are shallow bays bordered by salt marshes and swamps; but there is no good harbor between Sandy Hook and Cape May. The whole coast is very dangerous to navigation, and scarcely a year passes without the destruction of one or more ships. Several of the splendid packets from New York have been stranded in this vicinity. The prin- cipal rivers, besides the Delaware and Hudson, are the Raritan, the Pas- saic, and the Hackensack, none of which are navigable for large ships, but are of inestimable value on account of the water-power they supply for manufacturing purposes. The climate is much similar to that of southern New York, but in many places where the land lies low, endemic diseases are prevalent. New Jersey is more an agricultural and manufacturing than a com- mercial state. The farms are highly cultivated, and great care is taken in raising market crops. The cities of New York and Philadelphia re- ceive from this state a large proportion of their green vegetables, fruits, &c. The manufactures are numerous, and consist of almost every kind of goods. Cotton and woollen-mills are established in many towns, and machinery, hardware, glnss, paper, jewelry, c., are largely produced. Leather articles are also manufactured on a large scale: saddlety, boots and shoes, being staple exports. Among the minor articles are earthen- ware, fire-brick, &c. The iron mines, in the northern part of tho state, are worked with great spirit. Foreign commerce is limited. The length of canal within New Jersey is 148 miles, and of railroad 357 miles. The principal literary institutions are the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, founded in 1738, and Rutger's College, at New Brunswick, founded in 1770, to both of which are attached Theological Seminaries, and to the latter a Law School. There are also 66 academies and 1,575 common schools. 28 MIDDLE STATES. The state is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns are Trenton, Newark, Paterson, New Brunswick, Morristown, &c. TRENTON, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Delaware, at the head of steam navigation. The city is regularly laid out, and con- tains many elegant stores and dwellings. The State House is a hand- some stone building, and there is a magnificent bridge of five arches thrown over the river. It is connected with New York and Philadelphia by railroads, and a branch railroad connects it with Bordentown, 6 miles S. Population 6,466. BORDENTOWN is situated on an elevation over- looking the Delaware, and was the residence of Joseph Bonaparte while in the United States. Population 2,769. BURLINGTON, 13 miles S. of Trenton, on the Delaware, contains six churches, and is the official residence of the Episcopal Bishop of the diocese. Population 5,398. CAMDEN, 18 miles further south and oppo- site Philadelphia, is the terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Population 9,479. A branch railroad extends hence to Woodbury, a village of 1,000 souls. PRINCETON, on Millstone river, 10 miles N. E. of Trenton, with which a.nd New York it communicates by railroad, is noted for its college and. theological seminary. It was the scene of one of Washington's victo- ries in 1777. Population 3,029. NEW BRUNSWICK, on the Raritan river, 16 miles further N. E., is an old town and seat of Rutger's College. It is connected with the Delaware, by a canal to Bordentown, 42 miles long, and is als* an important depot of the New Jersey Railroad. Population 13,387 SOUTH AMBOY, at the mouth of the Raritan, is the E. terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. PERTH AMBOY, on the N. or opposite bank of the river, has several manufactures, and is the seat of the Inventor's Institute. ELIZABETHTOWN, 35 miles N. E. of Trenton, and 5 miles S. of New- ark, is an ancient borough, and on the line of the New Jersey Railroad, and tho railroad from Elizabethport to White House passes through it. Population 5,583. SOMERVILLE, 24 miles W., is a flourishing place on the Central Railroad. RAIIVVAY, on the Rahway river, is 6 miles S. of Elizabethtown, and has considerable manufactures. . Pop 3,306. NEWARK, on the W. bank of the Passaic river, is the most populous city in the state, and is celebrated for its manufactures of machinery, carriages, saddlery, &c. Jewelry is also manufactured on a large scale. The commerce of Newark is considerable. Population 38,894. MORRIS- TOWN, 23 miles W., is reached by the Morris and Essex Railroad. Schooley's Mountain-, about 19 miles further west, is reached by sUigo. Eight miles E. of Newark is JERSEY CITY, opposite to New York, the E. terminus of the New Jersey Railroad and the Morris canal; and also of the Paterson and Hudson Railroad. It is the commencement of south era travel from New York. Two ferries connect it with that city. Jer THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 29 gey City is a place of some trade, and has a good water-front on the Hudson, which is deep enough to accommodate the largest ships. The Cunard line of steamships dock here. Population 6,856. PATKRSON, below the falls of the Passaic river, is a flourishing city and chiefly en- gaged in manufactures, being highly favored Vith water-power and other local advantages. The Morris canal passes south of the city, and railroads connect it with New York, and northward with the line of the New York and Erie Railroad at Ramapo. Paterson contains a number of beautiful churches, and in the suburbs are many elegant private resi- dences. The principal manufactures are cotton goods, machinery, car- riages, paper, and firearms. Population 11,333. There are a number of manufacturing villages in the neighborhood, as New Manchester, Pomp- ton, &c. The foils have a descent of 72 feet, and are surrounded by the most magnificent scenery. New Jersey was originally a portion of the "Nieuw Niederlands," and under Dutch governors, until the capture of New York, in 1664. It was .afterwards included in the extensive grant to the Duke of York, and sub- sequently transferred by him to Lord Berkeley and Sir G. Carteret. In 1665 Philip Carteret was appointed first governor, and in 1676 the prov- ince was divided into East and West Jersey; the former continuing under Carteret, and the latter being attached to the government of New York. In 1682, East Jersey was transferred to William 1'enn ; and Ro- bert Barclay, the celebrated author of the "Apology for the Principles of the Quakers," was appointed governor. A reunion of the prov- inces was effected in 1702, and the province, now styled New Jersey, was placed under Lord Cornbury, the governor of New York ; but in 1738, this connection was dissolved, and a separate government insti- tuted, which lasted until the war of the Revolution. William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated philosopher, was the last royal governor of the province. THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. Area 46,000 square miles. Population 2,311,736. PENNSYLVANIA, which derives its name from the celebrated William Penn, lies between 39 43' and 42 12' N. lat., and between 74 44' and 80 34' W. long. : and is bounded N. by New York and Lake Erie ; E. by New York and New Jersey ; S. by Delaware, Maryland, and Vir- ginia, and W. by Virginia and Ohio. Tiie Delaware river forms the whole eastern boundary. 30 MIDDLE STATES. Few level tracts of any extent are found in this state, except in the N. W. The whole eastern and central parts are mountainous. ; In the S. E., however, the hills subside and the land becomes undulating. The Alleghanies traverse the state from N. E. to S. W. The Blue Moun- tains, Sideling Hill, Laurel Hill, &c., are local names for the several ridges that run parallel with the main range. The eastern ascent of the Alleghanies is rugged and steep, but on the W. the elevations sink grad- ually and form an extensive table-land. The soil is well adapted to profitable agriculture. The richest lands occur in the S. E. of the moun- tains, extending from the Blue Ridge to the Delaware ; and the tract between Lake Erie and the Alleghany river is exceedingly fertile. Miner- als abound in the mountains ; anthracite coal and iron-ore are in inex- haustible profusion. Of anthracite coal upwards of 3,500,000 tons are annually produced. On the W. of the mountains are vast fields of bitu- minous coal, which is used in Pittsburg arid other places for manufac- turing purposes, and has lately come into extensive use for steam boats and locomotives. In this region salt springs also occur, which yield a strong brine. It is calculated that the anthracite beds of Pennsylvania cover an area of 975 square miles, and in some places have a depth of 60 or 70 feet. The area of the bituminous coal region is stated at ~ 1,000 square miles. Both species of coal are frequently found in juxtaposition : indeed the one is but the other decarbonized by volcanic action. Pennsylvania has no sea-coast; but the Delaware river, which forms its E. boundary, and is approached by the noble bay of the same name, affords every convenience that could be derived from an ocean front. Otherwise the state has many water facilities, which have been arti- ficially improved. The Delaware is navigable tor ships to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton. The Susquehiinnah and the Alleghany are the other principal rivers. Pennsylvania has also an outlet on Lake Erie, which is connected with the interior by a noble system of canals. The total length of canal navigation is about 1,100 miles, and the length of railroad between 1400 and 1500 miles. The climate is generally mild, but depends much on elevation and the direction of the winds. Pennsylvania is largely engaged in all the great branches cf industry. Her mines are, next to those of England, the most productive in the world ; and in the mining, reducing, and maim feet uring of iron, an im- mense capital is invested. Agriculture occupies about one-half of the population. The grain crops in the western portion of the state are very fine, and afford a surplus for export. Tobacco and flax are also grown. The annual dairy is valued at three or four minions of dollars, and the amount of wool gathered is estimated at four million pounds. j\!aple su- gar is extensively collected. Pennsylvania has many cotton and woollen- mills, and several in which silk and flax goods are made. Leather, soap, paper, &c., are among the minor manufactures. The great staples, how- THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 31 ever, are machinery, cutlery, firearms, &c. Ship-building is also a prominent feature in the industry of the state. Foreign commerce em- ploys about 260,000 tons of shipping, and the trade on the canals and railroads is of immense value. The coasting trade is also extensive. The whole number of common schools in Pennsylvania in 1850, was 8,845, and the number of scholars 360,605. The cost of instruction to the state was/$609,377. The University and Girard College, at Philadelphia ; Dickinson College, at Carlisle ; Jefferson College, at Canonsburg ; Wash- ington College; Alleghany College, at Meadville; Pennsylvania Col- lege, at Gettysburg; Lafayette College, at Easton ; Marshall College, at Mercersburg; the Western University, at Pittsburg; and the College of St. Thomas, at Villanovu, near Philadelphia, are among the institutions for the higher branches of education. There are also 7 Protestant and 2 Roman Catholic Theological Seminaries; one Law School, and 4 Medical Schools in the state, and a large number of private schools. Pennsylvania has a large number of benevolent institutions. The state is divided into 63 counties. The principal cities and towns are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, &c. HARRISBURG, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Susquehan- nah. The city is handsomely planned, with streets crossing each other at right angles. The State House, on an eminence fronting the river, and the Court House, Masonic Hall, Jail, &.C., are the principal public buildings. There are 13 churches. Considerable manufactures are carried on, and a brisk trade is maintained with the surrounding" country. Population 8,173. The river is here spanned by a fine bridge 2,876 feet long. The Central Railroad commences here ; also the Cumberland Valley Railroad to Ckfimbcrsburg-,56 miles. It is connected by railroad with Philadelphia, 107 miles. PHILADELPHIA, with the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Gar- den, Southwark, and Moyarnensing, is second only to New York in population and importance. It is situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill, extending from river to river. The city has many substantial public buildings and fine squares. The old State House in which the " Declaration of Independence" was signed, the Custom House, the \J. S. Mint, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Girard College, are especially objects of attraction. Several of the churches, of which there are about lf>0, are imposing structures. The colleges and schools are highly cele- brated for their efficiency; and few cities boast of a larger number of literary, scientific, and benevolent societies. The city is supplied with water from the Schuylkill, and the city proper and Kensington have for many years been lighted with gas. The people are actively employed in manufactures, trade, and commerce. Population in 1850, 409,046. PITTSBURG, the " Birmingham of America," is situated on the Ohio at the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. It is the 32 MIDDLE STATES. chief manufacturing city in the state, and contains a large number of furnaces, forges, and rolling-mills, with several cotton and woollen-mills, tanneries, machine-shops, and hardware and cutlery factories. The city is supplied with water from the Alleghany, and since 1830 has been lighted with gas. In 1845 Pittsburg suffered the calamity of a great con- flagration, but the " burnt district" has since been entirely rebuilt in a substantial manner. Few cities are so admirably situated for trade and manufactures, being in the midst of the iron and bituminous coal region, and at the hoid of a great navigable river the highway to the west and New Orleans. In 1840 the population was 24,115, and including its sub- urbs, the adjoining cities and boroughs of Manchester, Birmingham, Luurenceville, &c., 40,000. In 1850 it had increased to 46,601. LANCASTER, on the line of the Columbia Railroad, is an ancient manu- facturing and trading town, chiefly inhabited by Germans. It was for- merly the state capital. Franklin College, situated here, was founded in 1789. It contains 13 churches. Population 12,382. COLUMBIA, on the Susquehannah, and YORK, a few miles further W., communicate with Philadelphia and Baltimore by railroad, and are places of considerable traffic. POTTSVILLK, in the center of the anthracite region, is an im- portant town with an immense trade. In 1824 there were but five houses in the place ; it now contains 7,966 inhabitants. READING, on the E. bank of the Schuylkill, which is here spanned by two bridges, was laid out in 1784. It is now a considerable town, and has a largo trade. It communicates with Philadelphia by railroad. Population 15,743. There are several other important places, among which may be mentioned CARLISLE, the seat of Dickinson College and the United States' Dragoon Barracks; MAUCH CHUNK and HONESDALE, in the coal region; EASTON, on the Delaware, noted for its flouring-mills ; WILKES- BARRE, in Wyoming Valley, noted for the massacre of its inhabitants by the tories and Indians in 1778 ; GETTYSBURG ; BEAVER, a manufacturing village ; ERIE, the chief outlet on the lake coast; MEADVILLE, CANONS- BURG, WASHINGTON, &c. Between 1638 and 1664, various settlements were made in this state by the Swedes, Dutch, and English. In 1681 the country was granted to William Pemi, the Quaker, and in the year following that philanthro- pist brought over his first colony. Penn died in 1718, but his heirs con- tinued to hold his interests until the Revolution, when they sold their claim to the commonwealth. In 1768, the boundary known as Mason and Dixon's line, was run between Pennsylvania and Virginia. The first constitution of the state was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present in 1838. Delaware became a part of Penn's patent in 1682, and for a long period formed a portion of the colony ; and as such, was known as the " three lower counties on the Delaware." A final separa- tion was effected in 1701 by the withdrawal of Delaware. THE STATE OF DELAWARE. 33 THE STATE OF DELAWARE. Area 2,120 square miles. Population 91,535. DELAWARE, next to Rhode Island the smallest state of tho Union, lies between 38 27' and 39 50' N. lat, and between 74 50' and 75^ 40' W. long. : and is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania ; on the E. by Dela- ware bay and the Atlantic ocean, and on the S. and W. by Maryland. It occupies the N. E. portion of the peninsula between Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The northern part of the state is somewhat hilly, but in the southern districts so level and low, that large tracts are sometimes inundated. Some fine grazing farms are found in Sussex county, and the grain crops are generally large and valuable. Delaware has its eastern front on the bay of the same name and the Atlantic. The principal rivers are the Brandywine and Christiana small streams, indeed, but well remem- bered in history. They afford many valuable mill sites. The Appo- quinimink, Duck creek, Jones' river, Maspillion, Broadkill, and Indian river, fall into Delaware bay. The Nanticoke rises in the southwest- era part of the state and flows into Maryland. The climate assimilates that of southern Jersey, and in many parts, from the miasma that rises from the swamps, is unhealthy. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people in the counties of Kent and Sussex, and employs about four-fifths of the whole population. The chief products - are Indian corn, oats, and wheat ; and some cotton and flax is raised. The manufactures of the state, chiefly carried on in Newcastle county, are comparatively extensive, and include woollen and cotton goods, machinery, -leather, paper, gunpowder, &c. Commerce and the fisheries are also actively engaged in. About 11 miles of canal and 49 miles of railroad, belong to this state, all in the northern section. Delaware College, at Newark, is the only collegiate institution. There are, however, about 20 academies and grammar schools, and some 200 common schools. The income of the school fund annually disbursed amounts to $45,239. The state is divided into 3 counties. The principal towns are Dover, Wilmington, Newcastle, &c. DOVER, the capital, is situated on Jones' creek, five miles up from its mouth. It is well laid out, and has a vicinity very picturesque. The State House'is a fine building, on the public square. There are three churches in the town. Population 2,200. WILMINGTON, the principal port and largest city, lies on the Brandy- wine, one mile from its union with Christiana creek. The principal building is the City Hall. It contains 16 churches. A large number of 34 MIDDLE STATES. flouring-mills are located on the river. About 9,460 tons of shipping belong to the port, chiefly engaged in the coasting trade. The fisheries are in some degree attended to. Population 13,979. The railroad from Philadelphia passes through Wilmington, and also through NEWARK, the seat of Delaware College. NEWCASTLE, on the Delaware, a few miles S. of Wilmington, carries on a considerable trade with Philadelphia. A railroad extends hence to French town in Maryland. DELAWARE CITY is a small place opposite to the fortified island called Pea-Patch, to which the United States has lately substantiated a claim. LEWISTOWN, on Lewis' creek, is celebrated for its salt works. FIELDBORO', KENTON, MILFORD, BUIDGE- VILLE, GEORGETOWN, and WASHINGTON, are considerable villages. For several miles along the southern borders are extensive cypress swamps which extend into Maryland. Delaware was settled by Swedes and Finns in 1627, who built forts at Lewistown and Wilmington. These original colonies were expelled by the Dutch in 1655, and after the capture of New York by the British, the Dutch in their turn were driven off. The province was included in the Duke of York's patent, but in 1682, the Duke relinquished his claim to William Penn, who consolidated it with his colony at Philadelphia. Then, as now, it was divided into three counties, which were styled the *' three lower counties on the Delaware." In 1701 the representatives from Delaware withdrew from those of Pennsylvania, and in 1704 con- vened in assembly at Nev r castle. After this period it remained separate, though the same governor presided over both colonies until the Revolu- tion. The first constitution was formed in 1776, the. second in 1792, and the present amended constitution in 1838. , THE STATE OF MARYLAND. Area 9,356 square miles. Population 583,035. MARYLAND is situated between 38 and 39 43' N. lat., and between 750 10' and 79 20' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania ; E. by Delaware and the Atlantic ocean, and S. and W. by Virginia. The Chesapeake bay, one of the finest bodies of water in the world, divides the state into two unequal portions. The country on the E. baa B deeply indented coast, and a low-lying surface of the same physical aspect as that of Delaware. On the W. below the falls of the rivers, ihe same physical features prevail ; but above these the country gradu- ally becomes uneven and hilly, and in the western part of the state is THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 35 mountainous, being traversed by several ridges of the Alleghanies. The Boil is well adapted to wheat and tobacco, and some cotton of infenor quality is raised. Flax and hemp are also produced in the W. The forests abound in nuts, and afford subsistence to vast droves of hogs. Iron-ore and bituminous coal are inexhaustibly abundant near the upper waters of the Potomac, and produce immense wealth to the miners. The Potomac river, which is 7| miles wide at its mouth, and naviga- ble for large ships more than 300 miles, and for boats to Cumberland, 190 miles further, forms the southwestern boundary of the state. All the rivers empty into Chesapeake bay. The rivers flowing from the W. are the Pawtuxent, the Severn, and the Patapsco; and those from the E. the Elk, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke, all of which have their rise in Delaware. The climate is in general con- genial and pleasant ; o*ut the low regions, which are swampy, emit a pernicious miasm. In the more elevated regions, however, the inhab- itants enjoy the best of health. The chief wealth of Maryland is drawn from its mines and agricul- ture. Mining is now being carried on with great spirit, and since the completion of the canal and railroad to Cumberhmd. operations have been greatly extended. It is a fact worthy of observation, that most of our ocean steamships are using the semi-bituminous coal of this region, and large quantities are used at Pittsburg and for steamboats on the Ohio river. Furnaces, bloomeriua, a?id rolling-mills for the manufacture of iron have increased, wonderfully m member during the last three or four years, and turn out large quantities of cast and bar iron. The principal agricultural produce is wool and pork; wheat, Indian corn, arid oats; and tobacco. The cereal crops yield a fair average, and Maryland stands fourth on the list of tobacco growing states, and is highly celebrated for the excellency of this staple. Its manufactures are also very valuable. Woollen and cotton factories are established in several parts, and there are others for the manufacture of silk, flax, and mixed goods. The flour of Maryland is highly esteemed in the markets. Ship-building, chiefly carried on at Baltimore, is also an extensive branch of industry. The commerce of the state is large and valuable ; and the coasting and inter- nal trade equally flourishing. The coast fisheries employ many hun- dreds of families, and supply not only sufficient fish for the city markets, but also no small amount for export. The internal improvements consist of 192 miles of canal and 527 miles of railroad. There are in the state several highly celebrated schools. The Univer- sity is the principal. St. John's College, at Annapolis, founded in 1784, is the oldest. St. Mary's College, at Baltimore, was founded in 1799 ; Mount St. Mary's College, at Emmetsburg, in 1830 ; and St. Jarnes' Col- lege, near Hagerstown, in 1842. These are all in a flourishing condition. There are Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries at Baltimore and Emmets- 36 MIDDLE STATES. burg, and two medical schools at Baltimore. Besides tLese the state haa -about 140 academies and 600 common schools. Maryland is divided into 20 counties. The principal cities and towns are Annapolis, Baltimore, Fredericktown, &.c. ANNAPOLIS, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of the Severn river, two miles from Chesapeake bay. The State House is the hand- somest building the city contains. There are some interesting reminis- cences connected with Annapolis; it was here the old Congress sat fre- quently during the revolutionary struggle, and it was here that Wash- ington resigned his commission to that august body. Population 4,198. BALTIMORE, the commercial capital, is situated on the Patapsco river, 14 miles from the bay, and is the third city in point of population, and the fifth in point of commerce in the Union. Baltimore is also cele- brated for its " monuments," and has several colleges, academies, and 47 churches. The Cathedral is a magnificent edifice, and the Exchange, City Hall, &c., are large and fine buildings. The city is supplied with water from Jones' Falls. The commerce of Baltimore is very extensive ; the foreign arrivals in 1849 were 558 vessels and the clearances 698 ve&- sels, besides which 1,275 vessels arrived coastwise. Manufactures are becoming very important. It is one of the great flour markets of the Union, and exports largely of this staple. The city was founded in 1729. Population 169,054. Railroads extend from Baltimore to Philadelphia and York. Pa. ; and to Cumberland and to Winchester, Va., with branches to Washington city and Annapolis. FREDERICK CITY, on the Monocacy river, ranks as second city in the state, and is a principal depot of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Popu- lation 6,028. HAGERSTOWN, WILLIAMSPORT, BLADENSBURG, WEST- MINSTER, CUMBERLAND, &c., are all places of some consideration and importance, as entrepots of commerce. Cumberland lies in the center of the mining districts. The ports of entry, besides Baltimore, are ST. MARY'S, on the Potomac; NOTTINGHAM, on the Patuxent; HAVRE DE GRACE, at the mouth of the Susquehannah ; CHESTERTOWN, on the Ches- ter river; OXFORD, on Treadhaven creek; VIENNA, on the Nanticoke; and SNOWHILL, on the Pocomoke. Considerable shipping is owned at all these places. The first settlements were made at St. Mary's, by Catholics from Eng- land, in 1634, and the colony, which had been granted to Lord Baltimore in 1632, was from that time to the period of the revolution, governed by the heirs of that nobleman, as proprietors of the territory. In the war with England in 1812, this state suffered severely, and was devastated by fire and sword. Baltimore commemorates the patriotism of her brave citizens who fell defending their country's honor by a splendid monument. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 37 THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. Area. 60 square miles. Population 51,687. The DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, as originally laid out, and as it remained until 1846, occupied an area of 100 square miles, on both sides the Poto- mac, 120 miles from He mouth, and was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Maryland in 1789, of which states respectively it had hith- erto formed parts. It was thus granted for the purpose of establishing therein the Federal Capital and seat of- the General Government. In 1846 the portion granted by Virginia was retroceded to that state, sc that the present District includes only a little more than half its original dimensions, and Hea altogether on the Maryland side of the river. In this are situated the cities of Washington and Georgetown. The gov- ernment of the District is vested solely in Congress. The city of WASHINGTON, the capital of the United States, is situated on the E. bank of the Potomac, at its junction with the Anacosta, and ia ejicompassed by forest-clad hills, from which the view of the country ia magnificent. The city is planned out on a grand scale, and if ever com- pleted as designed, will be one of the finest cities of the world. The streets diverge from several centers, and are very wide. The Capitol ia finely planted on an eminence, and overlooks the whole city. This building is of white freestone, and occupies an acre and a half of ground. The internal arrangements are plain but substantial. The Senate Cham- ber occupies the north wing of the building, and the Chamber of the Representatives the opposite wing. The Supreme Court sits in a cham- ber under the Senate. The building is surmounted by a splendid dome 120 feet high, under which is the rotunda, 95 feet in diameter and 95 feet in height, and on the walls the magnificent national paintings of Trum- bull, Chapman, and Weir, are hung. The apartment is also adorned with various alto relievo groups, each representing some great national event. The colossal statue of Washington, by Greenough, is placed in this room. The White House, the official residence of the Presi- dent, is also a freestone edifice of great beauty. Adjoining this are the extensive buiidings occupied by the war, navy, and treasury depart- ments. The General Post Office is a large and "beautiful marble build- ing with two wings, and is highly adorned with large fluted columns of the same material. The Patent Office is also a large and splendid build- ing, and the building of the Smithsonian Institute is a gorgeous monu- ment of the munificence of its projector. The Navy-yard, about a mile from the capitol, is a fine establishment, and the magazine is replete with $ul warlike stores. Within the limits of the city are some thirty ch urches ; and numerous institutions of a benevolent, religious, educational, and 4 38 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. philanthropic character, dignify the moral aspect of the capital. The thea- tres, and places of amusement generally, are maintained on a liberal foot- ing. The City Hall, intended for the accommodation of the municipal authorities, adds much to the beauty of the place. The Congressional cemetery is also a place worthy of note. Here rest many of the " worthies" of America ; and some of the noblest and bravest of patriots, whose voices have echoed through the land the watchword of freedom, and whose his- tory is blazoned on the fairest page of their country's annals. Wash ington is connected with the N. and S. by railroads, and is accessible from the Atlantic for the largest .ships. During the war of 1812, the British burnt the city, and many of the public records and works of art were either consumed or carried away. This wanton act of vandalism will ever remain a record of disgrace and infamy on the escutcheon of Britain, which no sophistry can palliate. Washington, however, soon recovered from the disaster, and by the liberality of Congress, has risen like a phoeuix from its own ashes. Population 40,001. Washington is con- nected, by means of a branch railroad, with the railroad systems of the Eastern and Middle states ; and with the South by means of steamboats to Acquia Creek Landing the commencement of the great southern line of railroads. GEORGETOWN is divided from Washington by Rock creek, and is distant from the capital three miles. It is beautifully located, and from its elevated position, commands a view of the splendid panorama of the Potomac and surrounding country. It is a place of consider- able commerce and manufactures. The public and private buildings are generally substantial, and have a neat and new appearance. The Roman Catholic College and the churches are especially magnificent. The city is laid out with regularity, and may be considered as a suburb of Washington. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal commences at George- town. The population had been almost stationary for 20 years: in 1830 it was 7,360, and in 1840,7,312; showing, indeed, a small diminution, but in 1850 it had increased to 8,366. The District of Columbia was selected by General Washington as the fittest locality for the seat of the national government, and the capi- tal was laid out under his direction. The situation is one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the Union, and is every way worthy to be the metropolitan district of a nation of freemen. 39 THE PRINCIPAL TRAVELING ROUTES THROUG-H NEW ENGLAND, THE MIDDLE STATES, AND THE CANADAS. MAINE. (1) PORTLAND to BOSTON. Via Portland, Saco, and Ports- mouth R. R. Boston and Maine R. South Berwick R. 1 38 . 1 39 Salmon Falls, N H . 1 40 . 3 43 Madburv 4 47 Saco - 7 13 D h 2 49 Kennebunk 9 22 N - \\' Ir t 5 54 Wells 6 28 South New Market . 3 57 North Berwick 5 33 4 61 South Berwick* 5 38 F t K" 5 66 Eliott 7 45 M t 4 70 Eastern R. R. . 3 73 5 78 Bradford 1 79 4 83 j 9 gcj A r 3 88 R- 1 ] " 1 . o go vv'i ' o-t . 9Q R d' * 3 99 ^ tl T? i V 2 101 ^f U h ' m&> o iQ3 \r i 1 104 Beverly 4 89 Maiden . 2 106 3 109 Lynn 5 96 "R . 9. 111 * Gt. Falls and Conway R. R. t Cocheco R.R. to Meredith 45 m. (3) PORTLAND to CONWAY, N. H. * Boston and Maine R. R. inter- sects here. f Portsmouth and Concord R. R. intersects here. J Branch to Amesbury Mills 3 miles. Essex Co. R. R. to Lawrence 22 miles. (2) PORTLAND to BOSTON. To N. Berwick, (See No. 1) 33 Junction 4 37 . 4 jo West Corn am . 3 13 ^t'lndish 4 17 Evt Baldwin 8 5 West Baldwin . 6 31 3 34 R ^ fi Id 6 40 pi > . 8 48 Centre Conway, N. H. . 4 52 . 4 56 40 ROUTES IN MAINE. (4) PORTLAND to WATERFORD. To South Windham 10 Windham 4 14 North Windham 3 17 Raymond 5 22 'Naples 8 30 Bnugeion 8 38 Norih iiridgeton 3 41 Iha-nson 4 45 South YVaterford 2 47 \\ATKRFORD 1 48 (5) PORTLAND to PARIS. (Stage.) To Stevens' Plains 3 Gray 13 16 VV ek G 1 oucester 7 23 Poland 6 29 Oxford 8 37 Norway 6 43 South Paris 2 45 PARIS 3 48 (6) PORTLAND to MONTREAL. Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. ToFalnumth 5 Cumberland 4 9 Yarmouth "2 11 Junction 1 12 North Yarmouth 3 15 Webber's 4 19 New ( . loucester 3 22 Cobb's Bridge 2 2-1 Danville Junction 3 27 Empire Road 1 28 Hotel Road* 4 32 Mechanics' Falls 4 36 Oxford 4 40 North Oxford 5 45 South Paris 2 47 North Paris 8 55 Bryant s Pond 7 62 Locke's Mills 3 05 BKTHKI 5 70 West Bethel 4 74 Gilemi 6 80 Bhelburne 6 86 Gorham 5 91 Berlin Falls 6 91 Milan 7 1=4 \\Yst Milan 6 110 Siarfi 5 115 '.mborlaml 7 122 : , 8 ' - Bruns'wiek!! '.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'.'.'. Wenlock 3 143 Island Pond 6 149 Morgan 1 55 Norton 8 163 State Line 6 169 Stage. Barford 7 176 Barnston 4 ISO Compton 8 188 Lenoxville 1.2 200 Sherbrooke 4 204 St. Lawrence and Atlantic, 12. R. Windsor 14 218 Richmond 10 228 Durham 15 243 Acton 8 251 Upton 6 257 St. Hyacinthe 13 270 St. Hilaire 13 283 Boucherville 6 289 Charron's 8 297 Longueuil 5 302 MONTREAL 3 305 (8) PORTLAND to WATERVILLE. Androscoggin and Kenne.bcc R. R, To Danville, (see 6) 27 Lewiston Falls 6 33 Greene 8 41 Monmouth 7 48 Winthrop 8 56 Readtield . 4 60 Belgrade 7 67 West Waterville 5 72 WATERVILLE 10 82 (9) PORTLAND to AUGUSTA. Jlndroscoffffin and Kennebtc R. R. To Readtield, (see 8) 60 AUGUSTA, (stage) 10 70 (10) PORTLAND to AUGUSTA. Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. To Falmouth 5 Cumberland 4 9 Yarmouth 2 11 Yarmouth Junction 1 12 Kcnnebec and Portland R. R. Freeport 5 17 Merriman's Road 5 22 Brunswick 4 26 Bowdoinham 9 RICHMOND 7 Gardiner 11 35 42 53 7 137 | Hallowell 5 58 8140iAuousTA 2 60 ROUTES IN MAINE. 41 (11) PORTLAND to BATH. To Brunswick, (see 10) ....26 Hard ing's Station 4 BATH 5 (12) AUGUSTA to SOUTH PARIS To Hallowell Cross Roads . . 4 East Winthrop 2 Winthrop..... 4 Wayne 5 North Leeds 4 North Turner Bridge 3 2 North Turner 4 2 South Hartford 2 2 Buckfield 5 3 West Buckfield 4 Paris 4 SOUTH PARIS 3 4 (13) AUGUSTA to FRYEBURG. To South Paris, (see 12) .... 44 Norway o 4 Waterford 9 5 South Waterford 1 Sweden 5 Lovell 4 Fryeburg Centre 4 w FRYEBURG 5 7. (14) AUGUSTA to BETHEL. To Hallowell Cross Roads . . 4 East Winthrop 2 6 Winthrop 4 10 Wayne ; 5 15 East Livermore 7 North Livermore 4 2(5 Canton 4 30 Dixfield 9 30 Mexico 5 44 East Rumford 3 47 Rumford 7 54 North Bethel 3 57 East Bethel 4 61 B KTHEL 4 65 (15) AUGUSTA to PHILLIPS. To Hallowell Cross Roads. . 4 East Readfield 4 g Readfield 4 jg Mount Vernon ! . 5 17 Mt. Vernon Village 3 20 Vienna 6 2 6 Farmington Falls 4 30 Farmington 5 35 Stron S 11 46 Avon ............ 3 49 HILIPS ................. 6 55 (16) AUGUSTA to ANSON. To Sidney ................ 9 Waterville ....... Q 10 Fairfield ................. '. 4 03 Bloomfield ................ IQ 33 Skowhegan ............ ...3 34 NORRIDGEWOCK-.. . ....... 5 39 Madison. ..... ............. g 47 ANSON.. ................. 4 5^ (17) AUGUSTA to QUEBEC. To Anson, (see 16) ........ 51 Embden.. ................ 5 56 ? lo l .................... 3 59 jDingham ................. 5 54 Moscow .................. 12 75 Carritunk ............ g go TheForks ............ '.'.'.'. 9 91 Jackman's ................ 19 no Moose River .............. 10 120 State Line ................ OQ ^Q St. Charles, (Canada East). .26 166 St. Francis ................ 8 174 16 190 12 202 QUEBEC .................. 33 035 (18) AUGUSTA to BELFAST. To South Vassalboro' ...... 9 South China .............. 5 14 'alermo ........... ....... 5, 19 Vorth Palermo ............ 4 23 Vlontville ................. 5 28 NTorth Searsmont .......... 3 31 ^orth Belmont ........... G 37 3elmont .................. o 39 ELFAST ................. 6 45 (19) AUGUSTA to THOMASTON. o Windsor ............... 10 ooper's Mills- c ........... 4 14 Vest Jefferson ............ 4 ig efferson .................. 4 22 Valdoboro' ............... 9 31 r 7 38 HOMASTON ............... g 44 (20) AUGUSTA to BANGOR. o Brown's Corners ....... 6 assalboro' ............... 5 j j ast Vassalboro' .......... 4 15 i"? a .................... 6 21 Ibion ................... 5 26 ROUTES IN MAINE. Unity y 34 (24) BANGOR to BROWNSVILLE. To Levant 12 East Corinth .... 8 20 Troy 5 39 Dixmont 4 4- Newbtirg 8 51 Hampden 11 62 BANGOR Q QQ (21) BATH to BANGOR. To Woolwich 3 Charleston . Q 26 South Atkinson 8 34 Atkinson 7 41 Williamsburg 3 45 Wiscasset 8 11 BROWNSVILLE .... 2 48 (25) BANGOR to HOULTON. Bangor and Piscataquis fi. R. To Steam Mill Turnout .... 4 Half Way Station 2 6 Thomaston .... fi 44 Upper Stillwater 3 9 East Thoniaston 4 48 Old Town 3 13 West Camden ') 50 Stage. Camden Norlhport 5 (59 Olamon 7 29 Swauville 7 83 North Searsport 3 86 South Lincoln H 42 Frankfort Mills Q Q^ Frankfort - ... 2 97 North Frinkfort 3 100 North Lincoln 3 53 Hampden 3 103 South Moluncas 10 71 (22) BANGOR to NORRIDGEWOCK. (26) BANGOR to CASTINE. To Brewer 1 Pal myra 5 29 Brewer Village.. 2 3 Pittsh'eld 6 35 South Orrinarton 3 10 North Bucks port 5 15 (23) BANGOR to GREENVILLE. On JWooschead Lake. To South Dutton 9 North Castine. 11 33 (27) BANGOR to ELLSWORTH. We^t Charleston 5 5 Brewer P t o 1 South Dover 6 31 East Brewer 4 7 Dover 5 3G North Ellsworth 9 16 Foxcn >ft 1 37 (28) BANGOR to EAST MACHIAS. To Ellsworth, (see 27) 27 Friuklin 7 40 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 43 East Harrington 7 65 (33) CONCORD to BOSTON. Via, Lawrence. To Robinson's Ferry 4 Columbia 4 (j<) Jonesboro' 7 7^ Mucuias 8 84 BAST MACHIAS 6 90 (29) EAST MACHIAS to LUBEC. To Whiting 12 West Lubec 6 18 Martin's Ferry 4 12 Londonderry 6 23 Derry 5 28 LUBEC 5 23 (30) EAST MACHIAS to CALAIS. VVindham 3 31 vSalem .T 5 36 Methuen, Mass 5 41 LAWRENCE 2 43 ri,M,,,,, .... " Baiard vale 2 48 Robijuiston 13 36 C \LAIS i) m Wilmington 6 54 heading 3 57 (31) PORTLAND to EASTPORT. ToBah, [R.R.,]( se ell)..35 Greenwood 1 60 Stoneham 1 61 Melrose l 62 t>outh Prospect 6117 Maiden 2 64 Prospect 6 123 Bucksport > I'K! Somerville 3 67 BOSTON 2 69 (34) CONCORD to PORTSMOUTH. Portsmouth and Concord R. R. To Suncook 7 Elisworth 14 145 East Macbias, (see 28) 63 208 Pembroke, (see 30; 23 231 NEW HAMPSHIRE. (32) CONCORD to BOSTON. Via Lowell. To Robinson's Ferry 4 Houksett 4 Q Howe's Corner 6 13 Candia 5 18 Kaymond- . 6 24 Epping 6 80 New Market 7 37 Stratham 2 39 Greenland 4 43 Martin's Ferry 4 10 MANCHESTER 5 jy (35) CONCORD to PORTSMOUTH. To Chichester. 8 Golf's Falls 4 9i Reed s Ferry j 4 25 Tnorn ton's Ferry 3 3 Epsom 4 i> West North wood 6 18 Tyngsboro', Mass .... 3 41 East North wood 3 21 Nottingham Turnpike 3 24 Durham 7 31 1^0 WELL 2 49 Billerica Mills 4 53 Newington 6 37 PORTSMOUTH 7 44 Billerica and Tewksbury ... 3 56 Wilmington (36) CONCORD to DOVER. To Chichester .8 W f b } U1 ^-- 5 65 South Woburn 2 67 Mediord 3 79 North Chichester 3 11 Pittsfield 5 16 East Cambridge 2 74 Strafford n 07 Barrington 6 33 DOVER 10 43 44 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. (37) CONCORD to WOLFBORO*. To Loudon 8 Bethel 5 95 7 102 6 108 8 116 7 123 10 133 2. ONT. 3 5 8 3 11 T r'l 4 IR Gilmanton Iron Works . 5 23 Alton 5 28 Northfield South Wolf boro' 9 37 * Branch to Bristol 133 (40) CONCORD to CLAREM To West Concord, via R. R Mast Yard WoLFBORO'. 3 40 (38) CONCORD to HAVERHILL. Bost., Concord^ and Montreal R. R. To East Concord 2 North Concord 3 5 Canterbury 5 10 Warner Bradford 7 18 3 21 5 26 10 36 10 46 1ONT. 3 5 8 3 11 3 14 5 19 1 20 5 25 2 27 9 36 8 44 5 49 8 57 E- 25 2 27 9 36 8 44 6 50 3TOWN. 51 6 57 5 62 6 68 9 77 9 86 8 94 5 99 7 106 7 113 6 119 9 128 10 138 9 147 8 155 Northfield 3 13 Sanbornton Bridge 5 18 Union Bridge 4 22 Meredith Bridge 5 7 Newport CLAREMONT (41) CONCORD to CLARE? Weir's 4 33 Mast Yard Meredith Village 4 37 w* 1 MJ IT' / H 'lr PLYMOUTH 4 51 "IV H / * 'lr Quincy's 6 57 Hillsboro' Bridge Rurnney 2 59 Stage. Wentworth 5 67 Warren 4 71 HAVERHILL. 11 82 Unity (39) CONCORD to MONTPELIER, VT. Via Northern R. R. To West Concord ... 3 , (42) CONCORD to KEE? To Hillsboro' Br., (see 41). Stage. Hillsboro' Stoddard Fishersville 4 7 Boscawen 3 10 Franklin* 5 19 East Andover 6 25 Potter Place 5 30 Sullivan . KEENE (43) CONCORD to STEWART To Plymouth, (see 38) Danbury 6 39 Th t Canaan 8 52 Woodstock East Lebanon .... 2 61 F \Vest Lebanon 4 69 Vermont Central R. R. White River Junction 1 70 White River Village 2 72 West Hartford 5 77 Northumberland Sharon 6 83 p i i ' P ] h k Rovalton 3 90 ROUTES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 45 (44) WEST LEBANON to LANCAS- TER. To Hanover , 4 Lyme 10 14 Orford 7 21 Piermont 5 26 Haverhill 5 31 North Haverhill 4 3p Bath 9 44 Lisbon 6 50 Littleton 10 60 Pingreville ' 5 65 Dalton 7 72 LANCASTER 7 79 (45) CONWAY to LITTLETON. To North Con way 3 Lower Bartlett 3 6 Bartlett 6 12 Alt. Crawford House 9 21 Willey House 6 27 Notch House 4 31 Alt. Washington House .... 2 33 Bethlehem 12 45 LITTLETON 6 51 (46) GREAT FALLS to CONWAY. To Rochester .....10 ChesnutHill 9 19 Milton 2 21 Union 7 28 Wakefield 5 33 Ossipee 10 43 Centre Ossipee 5 48 West Ossipee 6 54 Eaton 9 63 CONWAY 6 69 (47) NASHUA to CHARLESTOWN. To Milford 11 East Wilton 5 16 South Lyrideboro' 3 19 Greenfield 7 26 Hancock 6 32 Stoddard 10 42 Marlow 8 50 Alstead 7 57 ' Paper Mill Village 4 61 Langdon 2 63 CHARLKSTOWN 7 70 (48) NASHUA to BRATTLEBORO', VT. To Milford 11 East Wilton 5 16 Wilton 2 18 Peterboro' .12 30 Dublin 6 36 Marlboro' 8 44 Keene 5 49 Chesterfield Factory 8 57 Chesterfield 3 60 BRATTLEBORO' 8 68 (49) PORTLAND to WHITE MOUN- TAINS. To Conway, (see 3) 46 North Conway 3 49 Lower Bartlett 3 52 Bartlett 6 58 Alt. Crawford House 9 67 Willey House 6 73 Notch House 4 77 Alt. Washington House 2 79 MT. WASHINGTON 9 88 (50) BOSTON to WHITE MOUN- TAINS. Via Dover. To Lawrence, (see 76) .. . . 26 Dover 42 68 Cocheco R. R. Gonic 8 76 Rochester 2 78 Walker's Crossing 4 82 Farmington 4 86 New Durham 4 90 Downing's 1 91 Alton Bay 5 96 Steamboat on Winnipiseogee Lake. Centre Harbor 22 118 Stage. Moultonboro' 5 123 Sandwich 3 126 South Tamworth 7 133 Tamworth 2 135 Eaton : . . . 7 142 Conway 6 148 WHITE MOUNTAINS, (see 45)33 181 (51) BOSTON to WHITE MOUN- TAINS. Via Concord. To Concord 73 Meredith Village, (see 38). .37 110 Stage. Centre Harbor 4 114 Conway 30 144 WHITE MouNTAiNS,(see 45)33 177 46 ROUTES IN VERMONT. VERMONT. (52) BURLINGTON to BOSTON. Via, Vermont Central R. R. To Winooski... 3 Essex 4 7 Wiliiston 4 11 Richmond 5 16 Bolton 7 23 \Vnterbury 6 29 Middlesex 5 34 MONTPEI.IER 6 40 Northfleld 10 50 Roxbury 7 57 Brainttve 12 69 Randolph 2 71 Bethel 7 78 Ruyalton 5 83 Boiifb Royalton 2 85 Sharon 5 90 West Hartford 5 95 White River Village 6 101 White River Junction 2 103 Concord 70 173 Lowell 47 220 BOSTON 26 246 (53) BURLINGTON to BOSTON. To White River Junction, (see 52) 103 North Hartland 6 109 Hartland 4 113 Windsor 4 117 Sullivan R. R. Chiremont 8 125 North Charlestown 5 130 Chnrlestown 5 135 South Charlestown 4 139 BBLLOWS FALLS 4143 S. Ashburnham, (see 102) . -54 197 FITCHBURG 11 208 BOSTON, (see 82) 50 258 (54) BURLINGTON to BOSTON. Via Rutland and Burlington R. R. To Shelburn 6 Charlotte 5 1 Ferrisburg 4 15 Vergennes 6 21 New Haven 5 26 Middlebury 7 33 Messrs 8 41 Whiting 3 44 Brandon 6 50 Pitlsford. 8 58 RUTLAND 9 67 Clarendon 3 70 Cuttingsville 7 77 Mount Holly 8 85 Ludlow 7 92 Proctorsville 3 95 Duttonsville I. 2 97 Gassett's 5102 Chester 4 106 Bartonville 4 110 Rockingham 4 114 BELLOWS FALLS 6 120 South Ashburnham 54 174 FITCHBURG 11 185 BOSTON, (see 82) 50 235 (55) BURLINGTON to MONTREAL. Via Vermont Central R. R. To Winooski 7 Essex Junction 4 11 Colchester 4 15 Milton T 22 Georgia 4 26 St. Albans 9 35 Swan ton 9 44 AlburgSpr 1 51 Albimj 2 53 West Alburg 4 57 ROUSE'S POINT 1 58 Cham-plain & St. Lawrence R. R. Lacolle 6 64 Stotfs 5 69 Grande Ligne 6 75 St. Johns 6 81 La<-a,lu T 88 La Prairie Sta 7 95 St. Lambert 6 101 Ferry. MONTREAL 1 102 (57) MONTPELIER to NORWICH. To Barre 7 Washington 8 15 Chelsea" 9 24 Strafford 10 34 South Strafford 2 36 NORWICH -10 46 (58) MONTPELIER to HAVERIIILL. To Barre 7 Orange 7 1.4 West Topsham 5 19 East Corinth 4 23 Bradford Centre 3 26 Bradford 6 3 HAVKRHILL 4 36 ROUTES IN VERMONT. ^59) MONTPELIER tO DERBY LlNE. Via, Danville. To East Montpelier 6 Plainfield 3 9 Marshfield 6 15 Cabot 5 20 Danville 10 30 North Danville 4 34 Wheelock 9 43 Sheffield 2 45 Barton 10 55 Brownington 7 62 Derby 9 71 DERBY LINE 3 74 (60) MONTPELIER to ST. ALBANS. To Worcester 8 Elmore 12 20 Morristown 6 26 Hyde Park 5 31 Johnson 5 30 Waterville 7 43 Bakersfiekl 6 49 East Fairfield 3 52 Fan-field 4 56 ST. ALBANS 7 63 (61) MONTPELIER to MIDDLEBURY. To Middlesex 6 Moretovvn ,7 13 Waitsfieid 6 19 Warren 6 2,3 Greenville 10 35 Hancock 4 39 Ripton 12 51 East Middlebury 3 54 MlDDLEBURY "5 59 . (62) WELLS RIVKR to DKRBY L. To Mclii. lot's Falls . 8 Barnet 3 n Passumpsic 7 18 St. Johmbury 4 22 St. Johnsbury Centre 3 25 Lyndon 5 30 Lyndon Centre 2 32 Sutton 7 39 Barton 11 50 Brownington 7 57 Derby 9 66 DERBY LINK 3 69 (63) WELLS RIVER to DANVILLE. To Ryegate 5 Peacham 9 14 DA.NVILLK 6 20 (64) MIDDLEBURY to TROY, To Cornwall .............. Whiting .................. Sudbury .................. Hubbardton .............. Castleton ................. Poultney ................. GraDviQe ................. Hebron ................... Salem ................... Jackson .................. Cambridge ............... Buskirk's Bridge ---- . ..... Prospect Hill Lansingburg TROY ... N. Y. 4 6 10 6 16 6 22 9 31 7 38 10 48 9. 57 8 65 6 71 6 77 5 82 5 87 14 101 4 105 (65) VERGENNES to WHITEHALL. To Addison ............... 6 Bridport .................. 8 14 Shoreham ................ 6 20 Orwell .................... 6 26 Benson ................... o 32 West Haven .............. 6 38 WHITEHALL .............. 8 40 (66) RUTLAND to ALBANY, N. Y. Via Western Vermont J?. R. To Clarendon ............ (5 Wallingford ............... 3 9 S. Wallingford ............ 4 13 Danby.... ................ 5 18 North Dorset ............. 4 22 East Dorset ............... 8 25 Manchester ............... 5 30 Sunderland ............... 6 36 Arlington ................. 3 39 Shaftsbury ................ 5 44 S. Shaftsbury .............. 5 49 North Bennington ......... 2 51 To ALBANY, (see 167) ...... 38 89 (67) RUTLAND to N. ADAMS, MASS. Clarendon ................ G \Yailingford .............. 3 9 Danby .................... 9 18 East Dorset ............... 8 26 Factory Point ............. 5 31 Manchester ............... 2 33 Sunderland ............... 3 36 Arlington ................. 3 39 Shaftsbury ................ 8 47 J^outh Shaftsbury .......... 3 50 BENNINGTON ............. 4 54 Pownall ....... ........... 9 63 Williamstown ..... ....... 5 68 NORTH ADAMS ............ 5 73 48 .ROUTES IK VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS. (68) RUTLAND to BETHEL. To Pittsfield 15 Stockbridge 4 19 \ Gaysville 3 22 BETHEL 5 27 (69) BETHEL to CHARLESTOWN, N.H. To Barnard 8 Woodstock 9 17 South Woodstock 4 21 Reading 6 27 Felchville 3 30 Upper Falls 4 34 Perkinsville 3 37 North Springfield 2 39 Springfield 4 43 CHARLESTOWN 6 49 (70) BRATTLEBORO' to DERBY L. Stage. To Chesterfield 8 WESTMORELAND 6 14 Cheshire R. R. Walpole 6 20 BELLOWS FALLS 4 24 Sullivan R. R. South Chaiiestowu 4 28 Charleatown 4 32 North Charlestown 5 37 Claremont 5 42 WINDSOR 8 50 Vermont and Central R. R. Hartland., 4 54 North Hartland 4 58 White River Junction 6 64 Connecticut and Passumpsic R. R. Norwich 5 G9 Pompanoosuc 5 74 Thetford 5 79 North Thetford 2 81 Fairlee 5 86 Bradford 7 93 Newbury 7 100 WELLS RIVER 4104 Stage. DERBY LINE, (see 62) 69 173 (71) BENNINGTON to CHARLES- TOWN, N. H. South Shaftsbury . 4 Shaftsbury 3 7 Arlington-.... 8 15 Sunderland 3 18 Manchester 3*21 Factory Point 2 23 WindhaU 4 27 Peru 5 32 Landsgrove 3 35 Londonderry. 2 37 Simonsville 7 44 Chester 6 50 Springfield 8 58 CHARLESTOWN 6 64 (72) BELLOWS F's. to ARLINGTON* To Cambridgeport 3 Saxton's River 3 6 Athens 5 11 Townsend 8 19 WestTownsend 5 24 North Wardsboro' 5 29 West Wardsboro' 4 33 Stratton 4 37 Sunderland 11 48 ARLINGTON 4 52 (73) BRATTLEBORO' to ALBANY, To West Brattleboro' 2 Marlboro' 7 9 Wilmington 9 18 Searsbury 5 23 Woodford ...' 14 37 BENNINGTON 4 41 Iloosick* 7 48 Potter Hill 5 53 Pittstown 4 57 Raymertown 4 61 Troy 9 70 ALBANY 6 76 * North Hoosick 553. MASSACHUSETTS. (74) BOSTON to PORTLAND. Via, Eastern R. R. To PORTLAND, (see 1) 105 (75) BOSTON to PORTLAND. Via Boston and Maine R. R. To PORTLAND, (see 2) Ill (76) BOSTON to LAWRENCE. Boston and Maine R. R. To Somerville 2 Maiden* 3 5 Melrose 2 Stoneham 1 Greenwood 1 South Reading 1 1 Reading. 2 12 EOUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 49 Wilmington 3 Ballardvale 6 i, Aridover o 2 LAWRENCE 3 < * Branch to Bedford 27. (77) BOSTON to LOWELL. To East Cambridge 1 Somerville 2 Medfbrd 2 South VVob urn* 3 Woburn 2 1 Wilmington 5 Billerica jind Tewksbury ... 4 Billerica Mills .. .....3 2 LOWELL 4 o * Br. to Woburn Centre 2 10. (78) BOSTON to CONCORD, N. H. Via Lawrence, (see 33) (79) BOSTON to CONCORD, N. H. Via Lowell, (^ee 3-h 7* (80) BOSTON to WHITE MTS. Via Dover, (see 50) 18 (81) BOSTON to WHITE MTS. Via Concord, N. H. (see 51) 177 (82) BOSTON to FITCHBURG. Fitchburg R. R. To Somerville 3 West Cambridge* 3 G Waltham 4 Stony Brook 2 1 vveston 1 13 Lincoln 4 17 Concord 3 OQ South Acton-... 5 25 We^t Acton 2 27 Littleton 4 31 Grotonf 4 35 Shirley 5 40 Lunenbijrg 2 42 Leominster 4 4(j FITCHBURG 4 59 Branch to Watertown 5 miles. * Brajnch to Lexington 612. t Branch to Chelmsford 1348. (83) BOSTON to ALBANY. Boston and Worcester R.R To Brighton 5' Newton Corner 2 7 New ton vi lit- 1 g West Newton* 1 9 Grantville 5 14 West Needham 1 15 Natickf 3 18 FrarninghamJ 4 22 Ashland 2 24 Southboro' 4 28 Westboro' 4 32 Grafton 6 38 WORCESTER 6 44 Western R. R. Clappville 9 53 Charltori 4 57 Spencer 5 (,2 Kasi Brookfield 2 64 South Brookfield 3 67 West Brookfield 2 69 Warren :... 4 73 Palmer 10 83 Wilbraham 9 92 SPRINGFIELD Q 93 West Springfield 2 100 Westfleld 8 108 Russell 8 116 Chester Village 3 ] 19 Chester Factory 7 126 Becket Station 9 135 Washington .. 3 133 Hinsdale 5 143 alton 3 i 46 lTTSFIELD 5 151 Shaker Village 3 154 Richmond 5 159 State Line 3 102 Albany and W. Stockbridge, R. R. ajui 5 167 t Chatham 5 173 hatham Four Corners 5 177 Dhnthnm Centre 4 181 \inderhook 3 184 5chodack 8 J 92 eenbush 7 199 ALBANY 1 ()0 * Br. to Newton Low. Falls 1-10. t Br, to Saxonville 422 t Br. to Milford 1234. Br. to Millbury 442. (84) BOSTON to NEW YORK. 3 SPRINGFIELD, (see 83) . .98 '. Haven, Hartford^ and Sur'tn& field R. R. ong Meadow 4 102 honipsonville 4 106 Warehouse Point 3 109 Windsor Locks 2111 "ndsor o 117 5 50 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. HARTFORD 7 124 New Britain 8 Berlin 3 Meriden-.-- 7 142 Wallingford 6 }J North Haven 5153 NEW HAVEN* 7 luO New York and New Haven R. R. Milford 10 17 Stratford 4 174 BRIDGEPORT ,*12 Pairfield > J| Southport 1 Westport 4 188 Norwalk. v 4 192 Darien 3 IJo Stamford 5 200 Greenwich 5 ~Uo Port Chester * 2207 Mamaroneck 4 2 New Rochelle 4217 W illiams Bridge G 223 32d street, New York 1 1 < NEW YORK 2 23b * Steamboat to N. York 80240. (85) BOSTON to NEW YORK. Via Norwich. To WORCESTER, (see 83) . 44 Norwich and Worcester R. R. Junction 1 ' Auburn 3 48 Oxford 7 55 North Village 4 59 Webster J Wilson 3 Fisherville J & Mason's J ; Thompson ~ J Porujret 3 /( Daysville 5 Danielsonville J Central Village. 6 Plainfield JewettCity G K Greeueville 9 10, NORWICH * |Y Allyn's Point* 7 u -Soa. NEW LONDON. -8 11 NEW YORK 125 24 * Steamboat To Greenport, N. Y., 32-142 NEW YORK, (see 151,) 96238. (86) BOSTON to NEW YORK. Boston and Providence R. R. o Roxbury 2 amaica Plain 2 4 leadville 5 9 Canton 5 haron 4 '. 'OXBORO' -4 22 Jansfield 2 24 'obey's 2 26 Attleboro' 5 3 Dodgcville 1 32 J awtucket 7 39 'ROVIDENCE 4 43 Stonington R. R. unction 4 47 Warwick 7 54 Greenwich 3 57 Wickford 6 63 Kingston 7 70 Carolina G 7o Richmond Switch 3 4 9 Charleston 4 I Westerly ^ " STONINGTON 5 93 Steamboat. , NEW YORK 125 218 (87) BOSTON to NEW YORK. Via Fall Riser. To Dorchester 4 Quincy 4 8 South Braintree 3 11 Randolph 4 15 East Stonghton * J7 North Bridgewater ..." 3 20 Plainville f 23 Keith's Furnace J J* East and West Bridgewater 1 25 Bridgewater 2 Titicut 4 31 Middleboro' 4 3a Raskin's Myrick's Assonet Miller's ' FALL RIVER * 54 Steainboat. Newport ;J? 73 NEW YORK 16y 238 (88) BOSTON to BLACKSTO^. Norfolk Co. R. R. To Dedham Ellis' Station South Dedham 45 10 U 13 1 14 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 51 Plympton 2 17 18 21 83 Halifax 3 28 Walpole 1 Campbell's Pond 3 Kingston 3 33 City Mi'te 2 25 27 30 33 35 D. 4 9 14 18 22 24 23 31 35 R. 41 55 40 43 47 48 50 52 54 56 59 60 62 4 5 6 8 10 11 15 18 19 21 23 (92) BOSTON to COHASSET. To Briintree (see 91) 10 Franklin 2 Mill River 3 E'ist Braintree 1 11 (89) BOSTON to NEW BEDFOR Boston and Providence R. R To Koxbury 2 North Weymouth 2 14 Hingham 2 17 Nantasket 2 19 Readville 5 Canton ... 5 COHASSET y>... 3 22 (93) BOSTON to GLOUCESTER. Eastern R. R. To North Chelsea 4 F RO' Mansfield 2 Taunton Branch R. R. Norton 4 Q,.o lie 3 Lynn 5 9 Swamscot 2 11 SALEM 3 14 Taunton 4 JVt'W Bedford and Taunton R. Beverly 2 16 Manchester 9 25 GLOUCESTER 5 30 (94) SALEM to LAWRENCE. Via, Essex R. R. (90) BOSTON to SANDWICH. To Middleboro', (see 87). . .35 Cape Cod Branch R. R. North Danvers .... 3 5 Middleton 5 10 South Middleboro' 3 North Andover 10 20 Simon's Mills 1 21 LAWRENCE 1 22 (95) LOWELL to LAWRENCE. Agawam 2 Cohasset Narrows 2 Monument 2 To Tewksbury Centre 6 Shed's Crossing 2 8 North Sandwich 3 LAWRENCE 5 13 (96) WORCESTER to NASHUA, N.H. Worcester and Nashua R. R. To Wpst Bovlston 9 (91) BOSTON to PLYMOUTH. Oakdale 1 10 T) } b .t o Sterlin cr ..2 1 Ttf * Clintonville 4 16 9 t New Boston ... 2 18 >^quan um ^ TR ' t <* Still River 4 3 <* th R ' 1 Harvard ..2 5 South Wey rnouth 4 North \biii fr ton 3 Groton Junction 3 28 Groton Centre 3 31 Pepperell 5 36 Hollis,N H 3 39 NASHUA ... .. 6 45 52 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. (97) WORCESTER to LOWELL. To Groton Junction, (see 96) 28 Stony Brook R. R. Forge Village 6 34 VValpole- ..6 61 BELLOWS FALLS, VT 4 65 (103) SPRINGFIELD to BRATTLE- BORO', VT. Connecticut River R. R. Westford 4 38 Factory Village 2 40 Chehnslbrd 1 41 LOWELL 4 45 (98) WORCESTER to PROVIDENCE. \ To Cabotville* 3 Willhnansett. 3 6 Ireland ..2 8 PROVIDENCE, (see 118) 18 43 (99) WORCESTER to FITCHBURO. To West BoyMon 9 Smith's Ferry 5 13 NORTHAMPTON 4 17 Jlatik-ld 4 21 Whately 5 26 Oakdale 1 10 South Deerfield "8 Sterlii) AMS. To Packard's 3 (102) FITCHBURG to BELLOWS FALLS, VT. Via Cheshire R. R. To Ashburnham, (see 100). 11 W } 1 19 Cheshire 3 9 Fitzwilliam N H 9 8 Cheshire Harbor 2 11 Troy 5 33 Marlboro' 4 37 KKENE 6 43 NORTH ADAMS 6 20 ROUTES IN MASSACHUSETTS. 53 (106) PlTTSFIELD tO NEW YORK Stockbridge and Pittsfield R. R To Lenox ; . g Lee .[ 3 Stockbridge 6 Van Deusenville 6 M Barrington 2 2 Hous atonic R. R. Sheffield Canaan, Conn 6 ^ Falls Village 6 4 West Cornwall G 4 Cornwall Bridge 4 5 Kent 9 6 Gaylord's Bridge 6 6 New Milford 7 7 Brookfield 6 Hawleyville 6 Newtown 4 9 Botsford 4 9, Stepney 5 10( BRIDGEPORT* 10 Hi Steamboat. NEW YORK GO 170 * N. York and N. Haven R. R. NEW YORK, (see 128,) 59169. (107) S. DEERFIKLD to ADAMS. To Conway 7 Ashfield 6 13 Plainfleld 8 21 Savoy 7 28 ADAMS 8 36 (108) GREENFIELD to N. ADAMS. ToShelburne 4 Shelburne Falls 5 9 Charlemont 8 17 Florida 12 29 NORTH ADAMS 5 34 (109) NORTHAMPTON to PITTS- FIELD. To Chesterfield 13 Worthington. 6 19 Peru 4 23 Hinsdale 3 26 Dalton 3 29 PITTSFIELD 6 35 (110) NORTH ANDOVER to NKW- BURYPORT. To West Boxford 5 Georgetown 4 9 By-field 4 13 NEWBURYPORT 6 19 (HI) HAVERHILL to NEWBURY- PORT. To East Haverhill 6 WestAmesbury 3 9 Amesbury 4 13 Salisbury o 15 Bellevilleport l 15 NEWBURYPORT 2 18 (112) SANDWICH to PROVINCE T. To East Sandwich 6 West Barnstable 4 10 Barnstable 6 16 Yarmouthport 3 19 Yarmouth 1 20 Dennis 3 23 East Dennis 1 24 West Brewster 4 28 Brewster 2 30 East Brewster 3 33 Orleans 2 35 East Orleans 4 39 Eastham 2 41 North Eastham 2 43 South Wellfleet 3 46 Wellfleet , 4 50 Truro 7 57 STorthTruro 4 61 "ROVINCETOWN 7 68 113) SANDWICH to WOOD'S HOLE. 'o West Sandwich 2 Monument 4 6 5 ocassett 3 9 ^orth Falmouth 4 13 Vest Falmouth 4 17 ^almouth 4 21 VOOD'S HOLE 4 25 114) N. BEDFORD to EPGARTOWN. o Wood's Hole 30 'olmes' Hole 8 38 DGARTOWN 13 51 15) N. BEDFORD to NAN-TUCKED. food's Hole 30 ANTUCKET 36 66 16) N. BEDFORD to PROVIDENCE. o North Dartmouth 3 'estport 5 8 ALL RIVER 8 16 wanzey 4 20 orth Swanzey 5 25 South Seekonk 3 28 PROVIDENCE, R. I. 6 34 5* 54 ROUTES IN RHODE ISLAND. RHODE ISLAND.' (117) PROVIDENCE to BOSTON. Boston and Providence R. R. To Pawtucket 4 Podgeville 7 11 Attlehoro' 1 12 Tobey's 5 17 Mansfield 2 19 FOXBORO' 2 21 Sharon 4 25 Canton 4 29 Readville 5 34 Jamaica Plain . 5 39 Roxbury 2 41 BOSTON 2 43 (118) PROVIDENCE to WORCESTER. Providence and Worcester R. R. To Pawtucket 5 Valley Falls 1 6 Lonsdale 1 7 Asliton 3 10 Albion 1 II Manville 1 12 Hamlet 3 15 Woonsocket 1 16 Waterford ) o 1a Blackstone j J Millville 2 20 Uxbridge 5 25 Whitins 2 27 Northbridge 4 31 Farnum's 2 33 Grafton 1 34 Button 1 35 Millbu/y 2 37 Grand Junction 5 42 WORCESTER 1 43 (119) PROVIDENCE to WILLIMAN* TIC. Via, Plainfidd. To South Scituate 11 Mount Vernon 6 17 Rice City 2 19 Sterling, Conn 5 24 Plainfleld 4 28 Canterbury 4 32 Westminster 3 35 Scotland 3 38 Wtndham 4 42 W ILLIMA.NTIC 3 45 (120) PROVIDENCE to HARTFORD, CONN. Via West Kiliingly. To North Scituate 10 South Foster 6 16 South Killingly 8 24 West Killingly 3 27 Brooklyn 4 31 Howard's Valley 6 37 Windham 7 44 WILLIMANTIC 3 47 Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill R.R. South Coventry 4 51 Andover 4 55 Bolton 4 59 Vernon 4 G3 Union Village 4 67 East Hartford 8 75 HARTFORD 2 77 (121) PROVIDENCE to STONLNGTON and NEW YORK. Via Stonington R. R. To Junction 4 Warwick 7 11 Greenwich 3 14 Wickford 6 20 Kingston 7 27 Carolina 6 33 Richmond 3 36 Charleston 4 40 Westerly 5 45 STONINGTON 5 50 Steamboat. NEW YORK 125 175 (122) PROVIDENCE to NEWPORT. To Barrington 8 Warren 6 14 Bristol 4 18 Portsmouth 6 24 NEWPORT 9 33 (123) PROVIDENCE to FALL RIVER. To South Sekonk 6 North Swanzey 3 9 Swanzey 5 14 FALL RIVER 4 18 (124) PROVIDENCE to KINGSTON. To Pawtuxet 5 Warwick 6 11 East Greenwich 3 14 Wickford KINGSTON 10 32 ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. 55 (125) PROVIDENCE to N. LONDON. ToNatick 9 Cenireville 2 11 Coventry 2 13 West Greenwich 5 18 Pine Hill 4 22 Brand's Iron Works 6 28 Hopkinton 6 34 North Stonington, Conn. ... 6 40 Mystic 6 46 Centre Groton .3 49 Groton 4 53 NKVV LONDON 1 54 (126) PROVIDENCE to THOMPSON, CONN. To Fruit Hill 4 Greenville 5 9 Che packet 7 16 THOMPSON li 27 (127) FALL RIVER to NEWPORT. To Ti verton 6 Portsmouth 3 9 NEWPORT 9 18 CONNECTICUT. (128; NEW HAVEN to NEW YORK. New York and New Haven R. R. ToMilford 10 Stratford 4 14 BRIDGEPORT 4 18 Fairfietd 5 23 South port 1 24 Westport 4 28 Norwulk 4 32 Darieu 3 35 Stamford 5 40 Greenwich 5 45 Port Chester 2 47 Rye 2 49 Mamaroneck 4 53 New Rochelle 4 57 Williams' Bridge 6 63 32d street, N. Y 11 74 NEW YORK 2 76 (129) HARTFORD to NEW YORK. Neic Haven, Hartford, and Spring- field R. R. To Wethersfleld 5 New Britain 3 Berlin* 3 11 Meriden 7 18 Wallingford 6 24 North Haven 5 29 NEW HAVEN| 7 36 NEW YORK, (see 128) 76 115? Stea..iboat. t To NEW YORK 80116. * Branch to Middletown 10 m. (130) HARTFORD to BOSTON. To Windsor 7 Windsor Locks 6 13 Warehouse Point 2 15 Thompson ville 3 18 SPRINGFIELD 8 26 BOSTON, (see 83) .. 98 124 (131) HARTFORD to NEW HAVEN. Stage. To Wethersfield 4 Rocky Hill 3 7 Upper Middletown 5 12 MIDDLETOWN 2 14 Durham 7 21 Northtbrd 7 28 Fail-haven 10 38 NEW HAVEN 2 40 (132) HARTFORD to NEW LONDON. R. R. via Wiliimantic. To East Hartford 2 Union Village 8 10 Vernon 4 14 Bolton 2 16 Andover 6 22 South Coventry 5 27 WlLLIM ANTIC 3 30 Spoffordsville 3 33 Lebanon Crossings 5 38 Morse's Mills 2 40 Yantic 1 41 Norwich Plains 1 42 NORWICH 2 44 Uncasville 7 51 NEW LONDON 7 58 (133) HARTFORD to NEW LONDON. To East Hartford 1 Glastonbury 5 6 Marlboro' 10 16 Colchester 8 24 Salem 6 30 Chesterfield 6 36 NEW LONDON 8 44 (134) HARTFORD to NORWICH. To East Hartford 1 Manchester 9 10 56 ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT. Bolton 4 Andover 5 Columbia 4 Liberty Hill 4 Lebanon 3 Franklin 7 Norwichtown 3 14 i Saybrook : 3 19 ' Connecticut River 2 23 Lyme 1 27 I South Lyme 4 30 ; East Lyme 5 37 Niantic 3 40 i Waterford 2 NORWICH 2 42 NEW LONDON 2 (135) HARTFORD to WESTFIELD. To Bloomfield 6 Tariffville 5 11 Granby 4 15 South wick, Mass. 7 22 WESTFIELD 5 27 (136) HARTFORD to CANAAN. To West Hartford 3 Avon 7 10 Canton 3 13 Collinsville 2 15 New Hartford 6 21 Winchester 6 27 Norfolk 10 37 CANAAN 6 43 (137) N. HAVEN to FARMINGTON, CONN. Canal R. R. To Hamden Plains 4 Centreville 3 7 Mount Carmel 2 9 Cheshire 7 16 ; Hitchcock's 4 20 Southington Corners 2 22 i Southington 1 23 | Plainviile* 5 28; FARMINGTON 3 31 i Avon 6 37: Weatogue 3 40 Simsbury 2 42 i Tariffville 3 45 * Branch to Collinsville 11.. 39 (138) NEW HAVEN to N. LONDON. N. Haven and N. London R. JR. To Fair Haven 2 East Haven 1 3 Plantsville 2 5 Branford 3 8 , Stony Creek 3 11 : Guilford 5 16 East Paver 1 17 ! Madison 3 20 j Clinton 3 23 j West Brook 5 28 I (189) ALLAN'S PT. to WORCESTER. NORWICH 7 Greeneville 1 8 Jewett City 9 17 Plainfleld 6 23 Central Village 3 26 Danielsonville .'. 6 32 Daysville 3 35 Pomfret 5 40 Thompson 3 43 Mason's 2 45 Fisherville 1 46 Wilson's 1 47 Webster 3 50 North Village 1 51 Oxford 4 55 Auburn 7 62 Grand Junction 3 65 WORCESTER 1 66 (140) NEW LONDON to PALMER. New London^ Williviantic, and Palmer R. R. To Uncasville 7 NORWICH.. } 7 14 Norwich Plains 2 16 Yantic 1 17 Morse's Mills 1 18 Lebanon Crossings 2 20 Spoffordsville 5 25 WILLIMANTIC 3 28 Coventry 5 33 Mansfield 3 36 Tolland 6 42 Stafford 3 45 Monson H 62 PALMER 4 66 (141) EAST HADDAM to NORWICH. To Mechanicsville 3 Westchester 4 7 Colchester 5 12 Bozrahville 7 19 Bozrah 2 21 Norwichtown 4 25 NORWICH 2 27 ROUTES IN CONNECTICUT NEW YORK. 51 (142) WlLLIMANTIC tO BRISTOL. To South Coventry 3 Andover 3 ( Bolton 3 < Vernon 6 1, Manchester 4 19 East Hartford 10 29 HARTFORD 2 3] Newington 8 3< New Britain 3 43 Plainville 3 45 Forestville 3 43 BRISTOL 3 51 (143) BRIDGEPORT to ALBANY. Via Housatonic R. R. To Stepney 10 Botsford 5 15 Newtown 4 19 Hawleyville 4 23 Brcokfleld 6 29 NewMilford; 6 35 G aylord's Bridge 7 42 Kent 6 48 Cornwall Bridge 9 57 West Cornwall 4 61 Falls Village 6 67 Canaan 6 73 Sheffield 6 79 Barrington 6 85 Van Deusenville 2 87 West Stockbridge 8 95 StateLine 3 98 Western R. R. Canaan 5 103 East Chatham 5 108 Chatham Four Corners 5 1$ Chatham Centre 4 117 Kinderhook 3 120 Schodack 8 128 ALBANY 8 136 (144) BRIDGEPORT to WINSTED. Naugatuck R. R. To Stratford 4 Junction 1 5 Derby 9 14 Ansonia 2 16 Humphreysville 4 20 NAUGATUCK 7 27 Waterbury. 5 32 Watervillo 3 35 Plymouth 7 43 Camp's Mills 5 47 Litchfield Station 2 49 Wolcottville 3 50 Burrville 5 57 Winsted 5 62 (145) NORWALK to DANBURY. To Wilton (via E. E.) T Eidgefield 5 12 DANBURY 12 24 NEW YORK. (146) NEW YORK to BOSTON. New York and New Haven R. R. 32d street. New York 2 Williams' Bridge 11 13 New Rochelle 6 19 Mamaroneck 4 23 R ye 4 27 Port Chester 2 29 Greenwich 2 31 Stamford 5 35 Darien 5 41 Norwalk 3 44 Westport 4 43 Southport 4 52 Fairfield 1 53 BRIDGEPORT 5 53 Stratford 4 62 Milford 4 66 NEW HAVEN 10 76 JV. Haven, Hartford, and Spring- field R. R. North Haven 7 83 Wallingford 5 88 Meriden 6 94 Berlin 7 101 New Britain 3 104 HARTFORD 8112 Windsor 7 119 Windsor Locks 6 125 Warehouse Point 2 127 Thompsonville 3130 SPRINGFIELD 8 138 Western R. R. kVilbraham 6 144 'aimer 9 153 Warren 10 163 West Brookfield 4 167 South Brookfield 2 169 East Brookfield 3 172 ipencer 2 174 Charlton 5 179 58 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. W ''.,, .. 9 192 Westerly .'...'.. 5 130 Boston and Worcester R. R. G ration 6 198 Carolina 3 142 >r ' 4 208 Kingston 6 148 A.shl-tnd 4 212 Wickford 7 155 Ff>\n-\\fifrham 2 214 Warwick 3 164 Wat NW>rlHim *? 21 Grmtville 1 222 West Nowton 5 227 Boston and Providence R. R. Pawtucket 4 179 Dodgeville 7 186 NewtouviUe 1 228 Brighton 2 231 Tobey's 5 192 (147) NEW YORK to BOSTON. Steamboat. Mansfield 2 194 Foxboro' 2 196 T> ,;,.,,} VlllP 5 209 Norwich and Worcester R. R. Riwlinrv ^ 216 p * MM 1 141 Jewett City 9 150 (149) NEW YORK. to BOSTON Steamboat. To Newport 165 FALL RIVER 19 184 Plaintield 6 156 Central VilH^e 3 159 Danielsonville 6 165 Fall River R. R. Fisherville 1 I' 9 Myrick's 3 196 W ilson * * Auburn 7 * East^mfwest Bridgewater 2 213 Keith's Furnace 1 Junction J JjJ 6 205 Q.-i-.p,, 3 230 uinc> -^" (150) NEW YORK to BOSTON. Long Island R. R. To Greenport (see 1 51) 96 Steamboat. (148) NEW YORK to BOSTON. To STONiMaTON, (Steamboat) "l^ Railroad. Tj/^r^vT /coo 147^ ....110238 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 59 (151) NKW YORK to GREENPORT. To Brooklyn 1 Long Island R. R. Bedford 2 3 East New York 3 Union Course 3 Woodville 1 10 JAMAICA 2 12 Brush ville 3 15 Hyde Pork 3 18 Hempstead Branch* 3 21 Curl Place 2 23 Westbury 1 24 Hicksville 3 27 Farmingdale 6 33 Deer Park 6 39 Thompson-.. 3 42 Suffolk Station 3 45 Lake Road 5 50 Medford 6 56 Yaphank 5 61 St. C eorge's Manor 6 67 Riverhead 8 75 Jaraesport 5 80 Mattetuck 4 84 Cutchogue 3 87 Hermitage 4 91 Southold ^ 1 92 GREENPORT 4 96 * Branch to Hempstead 2 23. (152) N. YORK to PHILADELPHIA. Steamboat. To Jersey City \... 1 jYew Jersey R. R. NEWARK 8 9 Elizabethtown '5 14 Rahway 6 20 Freeman's 7 27 NEW BRUNSWICK 5 32 JV*. Brunswick and Trenton R. R. Kingston 13 45 Princeton 4 49 TRENTON 10 59 Morrisville, Pa. 1 60 Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. Bristol 9 69 Andalusia 4 73 Cornwall's 2 75 Tacony 5 80 Philadelphia Depot 7 87 PHILADELPHIA EXCHANGE . 2 89 (153) N. YORK to PHILADELPHIA. Steamboat. To South Amboy 28 Camden and Amboy R. R. South River 5 33 Spotswood 5 38 West's 4 42 Prospect Plains 3 45 Hightstown 4 49 Centreville 4 53 Newtown 3 56 Sand Hills 2 58 BORDENTOWN 5 63 Kincora 4 57 Burlington 4 71 Rancocas River 6 77 Palmyra 5 82 Camuen 7 89 Steamboat. PHILADELPHIA 1 90 (154) N. YORK to PHILADELPHIA. To Trenton, (see 152) 59 , Bordentown 7 66 PHILADELPHIA, (see 153,) ..27 93 (155) N. Y. to WASHINGTON, D.C. To Philadelphia, (see 152).. 89 Baltimore, (see 257) 97 186 WASHINGTON, (see 299) .... 40 226 (156) NEW YORK to TROY. Steamboat. To Manhattan ville 8 * Fort Lee 1 9 Fort Washington 2 11 Yonkers 6 17 Hastings-... 3 20 Dobb's Ferry 2 22 * Piermont 2 24 Tarrytowu 3 27 *Nyack 2 29 SING SING 4 33 * Haverstraw 3 36 Verplank's Point 5 41 *CaldweU's 3 44 PEEKSKILL 2 46 Anthony's Nose 1 47 *WEST POINT 5 52 3old Spring 1 53 * CORNWALL 4 57 Pish kill Landing 4 61 *NEWBURG ew Hamburg 6 67 * Milton 3 70 POTGHKEEPSIE 4 74 *NewPaltz 1 75 Hyde Park 5 80 60 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. . . 7 90 Millerton ... 8 96 * Kingston Landing .. 1 91 Boston Corners 7 103 Barrytown . . 4 95 Hillsdale- ... 9 112 .. 6 101 CoDoke 3 115 ..10 111 Ghent 13 128 .. 5 116 A T T) A W fOA 1 W\ O 1 } 1 M Columbiaville . 4 120 (158) NEW YORK to ALBANY. Hudson River R. R. To Sl^t street 3 .. 4 124 Kinderhook Landing > .. 3 127 .. 4 131 . . 2 133 . . t 134 Q ' IIP t ' ' ; 11 . . 3 137 Yonkers 4 17 .. 5 142 Hastings 4 21 .. 3 145 Dobbs' Ferrv 1 22 .. 6 151 r; ~ ^* Those marked thus ( * ) are on the west side of the river. (157) NEW YORK to ALBANY. New York and Harlem R. R. To 32d street ** SING SING 6 33 Peekskill 7 43 Cold Spring 3 54 Finikin Landin" 6 60 Carthage 4 64 New Hamburg 2 66 Yorkville 3 G Harlem o g POUGHKKEPSIE 6 75 Mottsville 2 10 Hyde Park 6 81 1 11 For lh- 7i 2 13 Rhinebeck 6 91 Willi'irns' Bridge 1 14 Red Hook .... G 97 1 15 Upper Red Hook. 3 100 H t' R 'He- 2 17 Underhill's 2 19 Livingston 5 110 1 H -f P 4 04 Stockport 4120 W P 2 26 n ^R lr 3 29 |Y : 'I] 3 32 Castleton 3 136 PI '11 2 34 i^ieas< vi 2 36 N >' P- tl 4 40 ..2 42 (159) NEW YORK to ALBANY. Via Housatonic R. R. To Bridgeport, (see 146) . . .58 Stepney 10 08 \Vhitlocksville . . 3 45 ..2 47 . . 2 49 Croton Falls 2 51 Southeast . . 4 55 4 59 p . . 4 63 Botsford 5 73 P' 1' o- '11 4 67 9 fh r^ VI 6 73 Hawleyville 4 81 .. 7 80 Brookfield 6 87 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 61 New Milford 6 93 Mellenville 4 7 Gaylord's Bridge 7 100 Ghent 5 \ f > Kent 6 106 Chatham Four Corners 4 16 Cornwall Bridge. 9 115 West Cornwall 4 119 Edwards 6 27 Falls Village 6 125 State Line 3 30 WEST STOCKBRIDGE 3 33 (164) HUDSON to N. LEBANON SPA, To Edwards, (see 163) 27 Stage. State Line 3 156 New Lebanon Springs 1 34 (165) ALBANY to PITTSFIELD,MASS. To Greenbush 1 Schodack Centre 5 6 Chatham Four Corners 5 171 Chatham Centre 3 174 Kinderhook 4 178 Schodack 8186 Greenbush 7193 ALBANY 1 194 (160) POUGIIKEEPSIE to NEW MIL- FORD, CONN. To Manchester Bridge 5 Sprout Creek .... 4 9 Brainard's Bridge 4 16 Mofflt's Store 3 19. Lew Lebanon 4 23 New Lebanon Springs 1 24 PlTTSFIELD, MASS .... Q 33 (166) ALBANY to BOSTON. Albany and W. Stockbridge R. R. To Greenbush 1 Beekman .... 4 15 P'lwli os 7 04 Quaker Hill 3 27 Kinderhook 8 16 Sherman, Conn 3 30 Chatham Centre 3 19 NEW MILFORD 6 36 (161) POITGHKEEPSIE to WEST CORNWALL, CONN. Chatham Four Corners 4 23 Canaan 5 33 State Line 5 38 To Pleasant Valley 7 Washington Hollow 5 12 Washington 3 15 Dover 6 21 South Amenia 6 27 Western R. R. Richmond 3 41 Shaker Village 5 46 PlTTSFIELD 3 49 D'lltmi e; r t Amenia Union 3 30 Sharon, Conn 5 35 WEST CORNWALL 6 41 (162) HUDSON to GREAT BARRING- TON, MASS. To Cl'iverick 4 Hinsdale 3 57 Washington 5 62 Becket Station 3 65 Chester Village 7 81 Smoky Hollow 4 8 Westfield 8 06 Hoffman's 4 12 HiHsdale 4 16 West Springfield 8 100 South Egremont, Mass 7 23 GREAT BARRiNGToif 5 28 (163) HUDSON to WEST STOCK- BRIDGE, MASS. Hudson and Berkshire R. R. ToClaverack 3 Wilbraham 6 108 Warren 10 127 We 6 *! Brookfield 4 131 South Brookfield- ^ 133 Fist Brookfield 3 136 Soencer 2 1 US 62 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 6rr Clappville 4 147 Middlefield Centre 7ff> WORCESTER 9 156 r f\a Boston and Worcester R. R. Grufton 6 162 (170) ALBANY to UNADILLA. Westboro' 6 168 Guilderland Centre 3 12 Ashland ... 4 176 Framingham 2 178 Knowersville Knox .. 4 16 . 5 21 Natick 4182 West Needham 3 185 Gallopville SCHOHARIE East Cobleskill . 6 27 .. 5 32 . 5 37 rantviiie 1 lob Cobleskill . 5 42 Richmondville . 5 47 XT ^ on v^ lie j JJ~ ..6 53 Worcester . 4 57 Schenevus . 5 62 (16T) ALBANY to BENNINGTON, VT. Troy and Boston R. R. To Troy 6 . 4 66 . 7 73 ..6 79 9QQ Deepikill 1 13 P- >b 6 94 Seha^hticoke 5 18 IT A no Buskirk/s Bridge 9 ^7 (171) CATSKILL to CANAJOHARIE. To Leeds 4 EaHe Bridge . 2 29 North lloosick 4 33 Waloomsac 1 34 . 6 10 St'ite Line 2 36 3 13 North Benninton 2 38 . 4 17 . 6 23 (16s) ALBANY to RUTLAND, VT. Via Rutland & Washington R. R. To Eagle Bridge, (see 167). .29 Writ's Corners 2 31 . 4 7 4 31 3 34 Middleburg 6 40 5 45 Cambridge 3 34 Slius'nan 6 40 . 3 53 Salem 7 47 Charleston Four Corners Rt>ot . 5 58 . 5 63 West Rupert 6 53 Rupert . 2 55 . 4 67 Pa\vlet 7 62 M 70 Gran vi lie . 3 65 (172) CATSKILL to UNADILLA. To Leeds 4 Cairo 6 10 Poultney 8 73 Castleton 7 80 RUTLAND 4 91 (169) ALBANY to COOPERSTOWN. To Guildfrland 9 Acra . 3 13 3 16 TT ' 6 22 . o 04 Wii 11 m Centre Diinnsville 6 15 W lh' . 3 7 Diiaiuisbnrg 8 23 E*pcr M ncc 6 29 Ashland Pntt^ville . 2 29 6 35 Sloansville 4 33 Carlisle .... . 6 39 Moorsville . 4 39 . g 47 Sh aron 4 43 ^,lo,.f 4 51 Leesville 6 49 i South Kortrisrht . 4 55 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 63 Summer route. To Saratoga Springs 38 WestMeredith 7 74 Groton 2 76 Franklin...- 5 81 Sidney 10 91 Whitehall, (see 173) 40 78 Steamboat on Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga 24 102 UNADILLA 1 92 (173) ALBANY to SARATOGA SPRINGS and WHITEHALL. Mohawk and Hudson R. R. To Schenectady 16 Crown Point 10 112 Port Henry 10 12 West Port.... 11 133 Essex 12 145 Burlington, Vt 15 160 Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. Ecxlbrd Fl'its 4 ^0 Port Kent, NY 10 170 Plattsbur" 14 184 Burnt Hills . 4 24 Rouse's Point 26 210 B'U'^ton Centre 4 28 St John's, C E 14 235 SARATOGA SPRINGS 7 38 Saratoga and Washington R. R. Gansevoort's 10 48 Railroad. La Prairie Sta 14 249 St. Lambert 6 255 Fort Edward 7 55 Dunham's Basin 3 58 Fort Ann .... 9 G7 MONTREAL 1 256 (1T7) ALBANY to MONTREAL. Via Whitehall and Burlington. To Whitehall, (see 113) ... .73 State Lioe 6 84 (174) ALBANY to SARATOGA SPRINGS and LAKE GEORGE. To Troy 6 Fair Haven . 2 86 Hydeville . 2 83 Castleton 3 91 Renssdaer and Saratoga R. R. VVaterford .... 4 10 Rutland ... 9 100 Burlington (see 54) 67 167 IMechanicsville 8 ]8 MONTRFAL (see 55) 102 269 BALLSTONSPA 13 31 SARATOGA SPA 7 38 Saratoga and Washington R. R. Gansevoort's ... 10 48 ALBANY to MONTREAL. Via Rutland & Washington R.R. Salern, (see 168.) 47 To Castleton 33 SO Fort Edward 7 55 Stage. Sandy Hill 2 57 Rutland 11 91 Burlington, (see 54) 67 158 Glenn's Falls 3 60 CALDVVELL 9 09 ALBANY to MONTREAL. Via Western Vermont R. R. To N. Bennington, (see 66), 38 (175) TROY to WHITEHALL. Stage. To Lansingburg 4 Wall in "ford 21 SO Scha<'ticoke... 10 14 Kntlanrl Q 'iQ Burlington, (see 54) 67 15(5 North Easton 3 24 (17S) PLATTSBURQ to MONTUK.VL. Via Plattxl>urg& Montreal It. R. South Arrle 7 36 Argyle 4 40 North Argyle 4 44 To Beekmantown West Chazy Hartford 2 51 North Granville 9 60 WHITEHALL ., . . 8 68 64 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Seiota Oak's Corners 5 204 East Vienna 3 207 M * " Tun itioi * West Vienna 1 208 TT ''erf rl Clii'ton Springs 3211 SI rin 5f>n 1>V *"r St I'emi Victor 9 231 P- trV " rr Pittsf ord 12 243 Ferry. Lachine ROCHESTER 4 251 MONTREAL Tonawanda R. jR. Church ville 14 265 * Junction with Ogdensburg R. R. (179) ALBANY to BUFFALO. Mohawk and Hudson R. R. To SCHKNECTADY 16 Utica and Schcnectady R. R. Hoffman's 9 25 Cr.ait'sville 3 28 Amsterdam 4 32 Byron 7 276 BAT AVI A 7 4) 83 Alexander 8 291 ATTICA 3294 Attica and Buffalo R. R. Darien 6 300 Alden 5 305 Tribes Hill 5 37 Fonda 6 43 Spraker's .... 8 51 Lancaster 10 315 BUFFALO 10 325 (180) NEW YORK to DUNKIRK. Steamboat. Palatine Bridge .... 3 54 Fort Pl'iin 3 57 Palestine Church 3 60 New York and Erie R. R. Piermont, (town) 1 25 Blauveltville 4 29 St. Johnsville 3 63 Little Fulls 10 73 Herkimer 6 79 Sch uyler .... 7 86 Clarkstown 4 33 Spriii 01 Valley 2 35 UTIC'A 8 94 Syracuse and Utica R. R. Whitesboro' 3 97 Orisk-my . 4 101 Sufferns 5 42 Ramapo Works 2 44 Ro >i E 71 08 Wilkes' 3 54 Turner's 3 57 Wampsville 3 124 Monroe 3 60 Oxford 62 Chittenaiiffo 6 133 G oshen 5 70 SYRACUSE 10 147 Jluburn and Syracuse R. R. Geddes 2 149 Middletown 3 77 Howell's 3 80 TTlll. . .!,,. Q IfiO Shin Hollow ' 7 92 PORT JEP vis 6 98 SenAet 4 168 Stairway Brook 9 107 Pond Eddy 2 109 Jluburn and Rochester R. R. I -k ' 4 10 Sfnec'i Fills 5 188 M- 't*n f 1 Q 6 Waterloo 4 192 GENEVA 7 199 Narrowsburg 6 13? * Branch to Newburg, (see 183.) ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 65 Cohecton 8 140 Calicoon 5 145 Hanldns 7 152 Equinunk 11 163 Stockport 6 169 Chehocton 4173 Deposit 13 186 Gulf Summit 8 194 Lanesboro' 8202 Great Bend 9 211 Windsor 9 220 BlNQHAMTON 5 225 Union 9 234 Campville 6240 OVVKGO 7247 Tioga Centre 6 253 Smith boro' 4 257 Barton 2 259 Factory ville 7 260 Chemung 4270 Wellsburg 6 276 ELMIRA 7 283 Big Flats 9 292 East Painted Post 4 296 CORNING 3 299 Painted Post 2 301 Cooper's 4 305 Campbelltown 6311 Mud Creek 5316 BATH 6 322 Kenned ysville 4 326 Goff's Mills 5 331 Howard 3 334 HORNELLSVILLE 9343 Almond 5 348 Baker's Bridge 4352 Andover 8 360 Genesee 9 369 Scio 4 373 Phillipsville 4 377 Belvidere 3380 Friendship 5385 Cuba 9394 Hinsdale 5399 Olean 7406 Alleghany 4410 Nine Mile Creek 4414 Great Valley 8 422 Little Valley 11 433 Albion 6 439 Dayton 9 448 Perrysburgh 3451 Smith's Mills 7 458 Forestville 4 462 DUNKIRK 8470 (181) NEW YORK to BUFFALO. Via JVcw York and Eric R. R. To Elmira, (see 180) 283 Junction 4 287 Horseheads 1 288 Millport .8 296 Havana 6 302 Jefferson 3 305 Rock Stream-- 6311 Starkey 5 316 Hemrods 4320 Milo Centre 3 323 PennYan 4327 Benton 4331 Beliona 3 334 Gorham 5 339 Hopewell 4 343 CANA.NDAIGHJA 8 351 ROCHESTER, (see 179) 29 380 | Attica 43 423 BUFFALO 31 454 (181i) NEW YORK to BUFFALO. Via Owego and Ithaca. To Owego (see ISO) 247 Cayugdand SusqueJianna R. R. South Candor 5 252 Candor f> 'jr7 Wilseyville 4 261 Pugsleys. 5 206 Ithaca 13 279 Steamboat on Cayuya L16 BUFFALO, (see 179; ....... 142 453 (182) NEW YORK to BUFFALO. Via Buffalo and N. Y. Citi/ It. R. To HORNELLSVILLE, (ISO). .343 Burns '.) :;>> Whitney's Valley 4 :;:>*> Nunda 11 367 Portage 6 878 Castile 4 377 Gainesville 4 381 Warsaw 6 387 Middlebury 5 392 Linden 4 396 Attica 7 403 Darien City 5 408 Darien 2410 Alden 5 415 Town Line 5420 Lancaster 5 425 BUFFALO ".10 435 6* 66 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. (183) NKWBURQ to CHE Newburg Branch R. Vail's STKR. R. . 6 (187) COOPERSTOWN to arid ITHACA. To Harwick Seminary . Milford UNADILLA .... 4 Salisbury . 4 10 9 ]O Millbrd Centre ... 4 8 6 14 f ' ' r 'I] 517 Colllersville ... 4 ia f 1 ... 6 4 (184) AMSTERDAM to SAGEVILLE. To Perth fi 9 33 Sidney Plains . 5 48 VaU's Mills Broudalbin . 3 9 . 1 10 Coventry ville Coventry .... ...7 60 3 63 Union Mills . 4 14 6 69 Northampton . 5 19 Gene (r anslet 3 72 Osborne's Bridge . 6 25 Whitney 's Point 8 80 . 3 28 Lisle 3QO (185) CHERRY VAL. to SYI IACUSE. Centre Lisle . 3 86 Rich land ... 8 94 Caroline 2 6 Slatersville .. 3 103 W- "' 3Q ITHACA .. Q 1 \f> Richfield . 4 13 (188) BINGHAMTON to UTICA. To Chenango Forks 11 Greene 7 18 Oxlbrd 14 32 Norwich 8 40 NorthNorwich 6 46 Sherburne 5 51 Winfield Bridgewater Sangerfield Madison Morris ville Nelson , 8 21 . 5 26 . 7 33 . 9 42 7 49 . 7 56 A r;n Oran 6 66 Manlius 2 68 Fayetteville 2 70 Dewitt 3 73 SYRACUSE 5 78 (186) COOPERSTOWN tO ITHACA. Earlville Hamilton M adison Waterville Paris New Hartford ...5 56 ... 6 62 ...7 69 ...9 78 -.. 6 84 ... 6 90 A Ql (189) ITHACA to UTICA. To Varna - - * 6 11 3 14 3 17 9 26 4 36 11 47 9 56 4 60 8 68 10 78 2 80 6 86 Wesl R 1' rr\ 8 12 F 1 t b M * r 4 16 Columbus .... Cortlandt . . . 6 22 ..2 24 Sm Otselic Cuyler 8 42 4 46 Cuvler ..7 53 . . . 5 58 H . . 7 65 p .. 6 71 Mrl pan . . 9 80 D 1 V " 8 98 4 102 New Hartford .. . 6 92 .. 4 96 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. (190) ITHACA to SYRACUSE. To Varna 4 Dryden 8 12 McLean 4 16 Oortlandt 6 22 Homer 2 24 Little York 4 28 Preble 3 31 Tally 5 36 Tally Valley 4 40 Cardiff 3 43 Onoadaga Hollow 8 51 SYRACUSE 4 55 (191) ITHACA to AUBURN. To South Lansing 8 Ludlowville 2 10 Lansingville 3 13 Five Corners 3 16 King's Ferry 5 21 Ledyard 2 23 Poplar Ridge 3 26 Sherwood's Corners 2 28 Scipioville 1 29 The Square 3 32 Fleming 3 35 AUBURN 4 39 (192) ITHACA to WATERLOO. To Jacksonville 8 Truiiiansburg 3 11 Covert 3 14 Farmer 4 18 Lodi .... 5 23 Ovid 5 28 Romulus 6 34 Varick 3 37 WestFayette 4 41 WATERLOO 6 47 (193) ITHACA to HORNELLSVILLE. ToEnfield 6 Mecklenburg 6 12 Reyuoldsvllle 4 16 Burdette 6 22 Jeifer.-Km 5 27 Reading 3 30 Pine Grove ...J* 4 34 Tyrone 4 38 Urbanna 9 47 BATH 8 55 Kennedysville 4 59 Guff's Mills 5 64 Howard 3 67 HORNKLLSVILLK 10 77 (194) BATH to GKNKVA. To Urbanna 8 Wayne ..._ 9 17 Barrington 6 23 PENN YAN 9 32 Benton 8 40 GENEVA 8 48 (195) CORNING to BATAYIA. Buffalo, Corning, and N. Y. R. R, To Painted Post 2 Coopers Plains 2 4 Campbell .,.. 5 9 BATH <...!! 20 Kennedyville 4 24 Avoca 4 28 Wallace's 3 31 Liberty 5 36, Wayland ... 10 46 Spring Water 6 52 Oonesus 5 57 (196) ELLICOTTVILLE to ROCHES- TER. To Franklinville 13 Farmersville 5 18 Rush ford 7 25 Ceutreville 7 32 Pike 8 40 East Pike 4 44 Castile 4 48 Perry 6 54 Moscow 7 61 GENESEO 6 67 South Avon 6 73 Avon 2 75 West Rush 5 80 Rush 3 83 Henrietta 5 88 ROCHESTER 7 95 (197) CLEAN to GENESEO. ToHinsdale 6 Cuba 7 13 Friendship 8 21 Hobbieville 5 26 Angelica 5 31 Allen 6 37 G trove . * 6 43 Niihda 8 51 Oakland 3 54 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Brookes' Grove 5 59 MountMorris 7 66 GENKSEO 6 72 (198) GENESBO ; to CANANDAIGUA. To Lakeville. . .'. 6 Livonia 4 10 Richmond Mills 4 14 Allen'sMills 3 17 Bristol 5 22 CANANDAIGUA 9 31 (199) GENKSEO to BUFFALO. To Moscow 6 Perry 7 13 Perry Centre... 2 15 Warsaw 8 23 Orangeville 6 29 Johnsonburg 4 33 Sheldon 4 37 Wales 7 44 Willink. 6 50 East Hamburg 6 56 BUFFALO 12 68 (200) BUFFALO to BATAVIA. To Williamsville 10 Clarence 8. 18 Newstead -4 22 Pembroke 4 26 East Pembroke 6 32 BATAVIA 7 39 (201) BUFFALO to ERIE, PA. Buffalo and State Line II. R. To Rodgers Road 10 18 Mile Creek 5 15 Evans Center 7 22 Lagrange 7 29 Silver (..reek 2 31 DUNKIRK 10 41 Centerville 10 51 "Westville. 6 57 Quincy. 8 65 STATE LINE. 4 69 Erie and North East R. R. North East 4 7: Harbor Creek 7 8' ERIE 8 88 (202) BUFFALO to NIAGARA FALLS and YOUNGSTOWN. Buffalo and Niagara Falls R. R. To Black Kock 3i Tonawanda 8 11 NIAGARA FALLS 11 23 Lockport and Niagara Falls R.R Junction Lewiston R. R. 6 28 Lewiston 3 31 Stage. YOUNGSTOWN 6 31 (203) BUFFALO to QUEENSTOH C.W. Steamboat. To Chippewa 20 Railroad. NIAGARA FALLS 3 23 Drummondsville 1 24 QUEENSTON 6 30 (204) BUFFALO to CHICAGO, ILL. Steamboat. To Dunkirk 43 Erie, Pa 48 91 Conneaut, Ohio 30 121 Ashtubula 14 135 Fairport 33 168 CLEVELAND 30 198 Huron 45 243 Sandusky 14 257 Amherstburg, C. W 52 309 DETROIT, MICH 20 329 Fort Gratiot 70 3U9 Point au Barques 85 484 Thunder Bay 70 554 Presquelsle 80 634 Mackinaw 65 699 Beaver Islands 50 749 Manitou Islands 45 794 MILWAUKIE, Wis. - 150 944 Racine 25 969 Southport 13 982 CHICAGO 57 1039 (205) BUFFALO to OGDENSBURG. Railroad. To Lewiston, (see 202) 31 Steamboat. Rochester 90 121 Oswego 55 176 Sackett's Harbor 40 216 Kingston, C. W. 30 246 Clayton, N. Y. 22 268 Alexandria 15 283 Morristown 23 306 OGDENSBURQ 12 318 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 69 (206) BUFFALO to ALBANY. Attica and Buffalo R. R. To Lancaster 10 Alden 10 20 Darien 5 05 ATTICA 6 31 Tonawanda R.R. Alexander 3 34 BATAVIA 8 42 Byron 7 49 g r ?en 7 5 6 Cnurchville 4 GO ROCHESTER 14 74 Auburn and Rochester R. R. Brighton 4 78 r(ttsford 4 82 yi^u- 12 94 tanandaigua 9 103 Chapinsviite 3 JOG Short's Mills 3 109 Clifton Springs 5 114 vv esl V ienna 3 117 East Vienna 1 U8 Oak's Corners 3 121 G ENE VA 5 126 Waterloo 7 133 Seneca Falls 4 137 Cayuga Bridge 5 142 AfrBfJRN 10 152 Auburn and Syracuse R. R Sennet 5 157 Skaneatelea Junction 4 101 Elbridge 1 102 Camillas 8 170 Geddes G 176 SYRACUSE o 173 Syracuse and Utica R. R. Munlius 10 188 Chittenango 4 192 Canastota G 198 Wampsville 3 201 Oneidu Depot 3 204 Verona Centre 4 208 ROME 9 217 Oriskany 7 224 Whitesboro' 4 228 UTICA 3 231 Utica and Schenectady R. R. Bchuyler 8 2:19 Herkimer 7 2i", Little Falls' G 2./2 St. Johnsville 10 202 Palatine Church 3 2G."> Fort Plain 3 208 Palatine Bridge 3 271 Spraker's 3 274 Fonda 8 282 Tribes Hill 6 288 Amsterdam 5 293 Cranesville 4 297 Hoffman's 3 300 SCHENECTADY 9309 Mohawk and Hudson R. R. ALBANY 16 325 (207) BATAVIA to LOCKPORT. ToOakfleld 8 Alabama 6 14 Royal ton 13 27 LOCKPORT G 33 (208) ROCHESTER ^o LOCKPORT and NIAGARA FALLS. Rochester, L., and N. F. JR. R To Spencerport 10 Adams Basin 2 12- Brockport '... 5 17 Holley 5 22- Murray . . H 25 Albion 5 30 Medina 10 40 Middleport 5 45- Mabce's 4' 49-' Orangeport 2 51 Loekport. l. 5 55 Tonawanda * ... Pekin 10 66 Suspension Bridge 8 74 Niagara Falls . -~ 9 T6 BUFFALO, (see 202) 22 98 (209) ROGHESTER'iO LoeKPORT. To Greece G P.irrna "> 11 Clarkson 7 18 Murray 7 25 (Taines 9 34 West Gaines ...4 38 Oak Orchard ( 3 41 Ridgeway 3 44 Johnson's Creek-. 7 5i Martland 3 54 Wright's Corners 7 Gl LOCKPORT. % 4 G5 (210) ROCHESTER to WEEDSPORT. To Brighton*... 3. Pittsford 4 7 Egypt. G 13.. Macedbu 8 21 70 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. Palmyra 4 25 East Palmyra 4 '20 Newark 4 33 Lyons 6 39 Clyde 7 4fi Muntezuma 11 57 Port Byron 5 62 WKEDSPORT 3 65 (211) CANANDAIGUA to BATAVIA. To Centrefield 3 E;ist Bloornfield 5 8 Wi-st Bloomfield 6 14 Lima 4 18 East Avon 5 23 Avon 4 27 Caledonia 7 34 Le Roy > 7 41 Stafford 7 48 BATAVIA 6 54 (212) AUBURN to CORTLANDT. To Owascb 8 Niles 5 13 Moravia 7 20 Locke 3 23 Summer Hill 6 29 Homer 8 37 CORTLANDT 2 39 (213) AUBURN to OSWEGO. To Sennet 5 Weedsport 3 8 Cato 8 16 Cuto Four Corners .2 18 Ira 4 22 Hannibal 8 30 Kinney's Corners 3 33 OSVVEGO 8 41 (214) OSWEGO to ROCHESTER. To North Sterling 12 Little Sodus 3 15 Red Creek 6 21 Wolcott 5 26 Huron 5 31 Alton 6 37 Sodas 4 41 Williamson 5 46 Ontario 5 51 Webster 9 60 ROCHESTER 13 73 (215) OSWEGO to ROME. To Scriba 4 New Haven 6 10 Mexico 5 15 Union "Square 4 19 Albion 7 26 Williarnstown 6 32 West Camden 6 38 Ciiinden 5 43 McConnellsville 4 47 Pine 7 54 ROME 10 64 (216) SYRACUSE to OSVVEGO. Via Oswcgo and Syracuse R. R. To Baldwinsville 12 Larnson's- . 5 17 Fulton 7 24 Oswcgo 11 35 (217) SYRACUSE to AUBURN. To Geddes 2 Camillas 6 8 Marcel lus 4 12 Skaneateles 6 18 AUBURN 7 25 (218) SYRACUSE to WATERTOWN. To Salina 2 Cicero 8 10 Brewerton 4 14 Central Square 3 17 Hastings 6 23 Colosse 3 26 Union Square 3 29 Richland 8 37 Sandy Creek 6 43 Mansville. 5 48 Pierrepont Manor 2 50 Adams 5 55 Adams Centre 3 58 Appling 4 62 WATERTOWN 6 68 (219) UTICA to SACKETT'S HARBOR. To South Trenton - 9 Trenton* 4 1 Remsen 4 17 Alder Creek 5 22 Booneville 9 31 Leyden...- 6 37 Turin 5 42 Houseville - 4 46 Martinsburg 4 50 Lowville 3 53 Stow e's Square 3 56 Denmark 6 62 Champion 6 68 ROUTES IN NEW YORK. 71 6 80 Richland 5 42 1 >4 .. S Q9 Arista 5 59 * Trenton Falls 2 miles. (220) ROME to CAPE VINCENT. To Stokes a . . . 1 '} 7^ (222) ROME to SACKETT'S HARBOR. West Branch ..5 13 ! Taberg ...4 11 9 20 West Leyrlen Constableville ..5 '2-2 i Redfield ...10 30 ... 18 48 Turin .. 5 33 5 53 Houseville Marlinsburg . . .... .. 4 37 ..4 41 North Adams ... 7 60 5 65 Lowville ... 3 44 (223) OGDENSBURG to BURG. ToFlackville Canton Potsdam PLATTS- ... 8 ...10 18 ...11 29 Stowe's Square ..3 47 . . 6 53 Champion Rutland W T ATERTOWN Brownville .. 6 59 ..6 05 .. 6 71 .. 4 75 Dexter Limerick Chaumont Three Mile Bay .. 3 78 .. 1 79 6 85 ..3 88 Chateaugay Wrights ville Blleuburg Farrel Mace - . ...12 78 ...8 86 .-5 91 ... 15 106 (221) ROME to OGDEN To Denmark, (see 220) . 3BURG. ..53 PLATTSBURG- .. . 1:1 11R (224) OGDENSBURG to ROUSE'S PT. Via Northern R. R. To Lisbon Q \Vilm 5K<1 JQ fQ Madrid ...8 17 ; ^11 700 ...8 25 p m< ^ ' * 500 Stockholm ...3 28 Rich ville ...7 35 De Kalb SlJil ...6 41 Moira ... 6 47 ? '" ' 71 1R Brush's Mills .. . 2 49 (221|) ROME to WATEI Rome and Watcrtown To Pine ... 6 55 6 61 R. R. Q . 4 73 P'll > il MT .. Ifi 89 . . 7 ]3 Ph ' 6 05 Camden 5 18 O ( '11 8 103 5 23 M . . 3 106 pi , . 8 114 Kasoa? .. 3 31 Rouse's Point .. 4 118 THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. THESE immense regions occupy almost the whole of North America lying north of the United States, and are divided into several distinct governments. It is not necessary hi this connection, however, to de- scribe others than those lying on the immediate boundary of our Union ; viz., the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c. To these alone is there any general travel. The CANADAS (Upper and Lower) lie on both sides of the St. Law- rence river, and on the north shores of lakes Ontario and Erie. These united provinces contain an area of about 350,000 square miles, and a population of nearly 1,855,312. The whole country is exceedingly well adapted to agriculture and commerce. The lands of Upper Canada are rich and fertile ; and the climate, though severe, is much milder than hi the lower province. The settlements are as yet almost wholly con- fined to the shores of the great lakes and the river St. Lawrence. The people uf the two provinces are different in origin, manners, and re- ligion. In Upper Canada the majority is of British origin, and conform to the rites of the Church of England; while in Lower Canada the people are descendants of the old French colonists, and profess the Ro- man Catholic faith. The political union of the two races has led to feuds and constant ferment, and so bitter has national antipathy become of late years as to threaten civil war. The Canadians have a parliament of fcheir own, but the Crown exercises the chief executive through a Governor-General. The commerce of the Canadas is already very valu- able, and that carried on with the United States is daily increasing. The exports consist chiefly of breadstuff, furs, lumber, &c. ; and the imports, of manufactures. Several railroads and canals facilitate transit; the lat- ter, however, are used sokrty to overcome falls and rapids in the rivers, but are of inestimable value. Toronto is the seat of government. It has a fine harbor near the western extremity of Lake Ontario. Kings- ton, at the eastern extremity, is the royal naval station on that hike, and has a deep and well-sheltered harbor. Prescott and Cornwall on the St. Lawrence, and By-Town on the Ottawa river, at the north terminus of the Rideau canal, are also important towns. These are in the Upper Province. Quebec, " the Gibraltar of America," on the north side of the St. Lawrence, Montreal, on an island of the same name hi the same river, and La Prairie, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, are the chief towns in Lower Canada, and are intimately connected with the trade between the British Possessions and the American Union. Railroads from New England and New York are almost completed to these points. Several lines of telegraphs have akeady been built, and are in successful operation. THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 73 NEW BRUNSWICK has an area of 27,000 square miles, and an estima- ted population of 193,216. It lies east of the St. Croix river and the State of Maine. Its surface is chiefly undulating, and covered to a great extent with magnificent forests. The people are engaged almost wholly in lumbering and the fisheries, and are chiefly settled on the St. John river, or near the sea-coasts. Frcderickton, at the head of sloop-navi- gation on the St. John, is the capital. St. John, at the mouth of the river, however, is the chief trading-port. Bathurst, Dalhousie, Chatham, and Lien-pool, are ports on the northeast of the province. The executive is vested in a lieutenant-governor, and the legislative power in a council and assembly. NOVA SCOTIA (including Cape Breton) has an area of nearly 20,000 square ingles, and a population of 276,117. It is a peninsula southeast of New Brunswick, and in its general physical character resembles that province. It has many fine harbors. Halifax, the capital, is the chief naval station, and the British North American depot of the Cunnrd Line of steamships sailing between Liverpool and Boston, and between Liv- erpool and New York. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in mining, fishing, and navigation. The bituminous coal of Nova Scotia is exten- sively used by steamships. Pictou, on the north, and Sidney, on the island of Cape Breton, are the chief depots for this mineral. The gov- ernment is similar to that of New Brunswick. PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, north of the above, forms a separate gov- ernment, and has a population of 62,678. Its capital is Charlotte. ROUTES IN CANADA. (225) TORONTO to NIAGARA FALLS and BUFFALO. Steamboat. To Niagara 36 Queenston 7 43 Railroad. Drummondsville 49 j NIAGARA FALLS 1 50 ! Chippewa 3 53 j Steamboat. BUFFALO 20 73 (226) TORONTO to NIAGARA. Stage. ToCooksville 16 Trafalgar . . .' 7 23 Palermo 7 30 HAMILTON 17 47 Stony Creek 6 53 Beamsville 16 69 Jordan 7 76 St. Catharines* 8 84 Queenston 15 99 NIAGARA 7 10G * Niagara 1397. (227) TORONTO to AMHERSTBURG. To Hamilton, (see 226) 47 Ancaster 7 54 Brantford 17 71 Burford 10 81 Woodstock 17 98 Oxford 10 108 London 22 130 Westminster 6 136 Delaware 6 142' Ekfrid 11 153 Mosa 12 165 Thamesville 15 180 Chatham 15 195 Windsor 52 247 Sandwich 2249 AMHERSTBURG 15 264 ROUTES IN CANADA. (228) TORONTO to MONTREAL. Steamboat. To Coburg 80 Kingston 105 185 Brocksville 55 240 Ogdensburg 13 253 Cornwall 60 313 Lachine 62 375 MONTREAL 9384 (229) TORONTO to MONTREAL. ToScarbro 11 Pickering 11 22 Darlington 20 42 Clarke 10 52 Port Hope 11 63 Coburg 7 70 Colbome 15 85 Brighton 8 93 River Trent 10 103 Belleville 12 115 Napanee 25 140 Mill Creek 12 152 KINGSTON 13 165 Gananoque 20 185 Yonge 23 208 Brockville 9 217 Maitlatid 6 223 Prescott 7 230 Matilda 15 245 West Willmmsburg 8 253 East Wiliiamsburg 8 261 Dickinson's Landing 9 270 Cornwall 11 281 Coteau Landing 34 315 Cedars .'-.10 325 Lachine 28 353 MONTREAL 9 362 (230) MONTREAL to QUEBEC. Steamboat. To Varennes 15 William Henry 35 50 St. Francis ../ 32 82 Three Rivers 8 90 St. Anne 25 115 Richelieu Rapids 20 135 CapSant^ 15 150 Point an Trembles 10 160 1 Cape Rouge 13 173 QUEBEC/. 8 181 (231) MONTREAL to QUEBEC. Stage. \ToApertigny 18 LaValtrie 14 32 Berthier 18 50 Maskinonge. 16 66 R. du Loup 8 74 Yamachiche- 5 79 THREE RIVERS 17 96 Champlain 13 109 Batiscan Bridge 10 119 St. Anne ; 8 127 Grondines 9 136 Deschambaolt 6 142 PortNeuf 6 148 Cap Sant6 7 155 Point au Trembles 12 167 QUEBEC 20 187 (232) MONTREAL to NEW YOKK. To St. Johns, (see 55) 21 Rouse's Point, N. Y 23 44 Burlington, Vt. 55 102 Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 Troy, N. Y., (see 66) S3 252 Albany 6 253 Hudson, (see 158) 29 287 Poughkeepsie 41 $28 .W YORK 75 403 (233) MONTREAL to BOSTON. To St. John's, (see 55) 21 Rouse s Point, N, Y. 23 44 Burlington, Vt.. 58 102 Rutland, (see 54) 67 169 Fitchburg US 287 BOSTON. 50 337 (234) QUEBEC to AUGUSTA. To St. Mary 33 St. Joseph . St. Francis St. Charles State Line, Me.. Moose River... Jsickm an's The Fork's Carritunk 12 16 8 26 20 10 19 9 Moscow 6 Birigham 12 Solon 5 Embderi 3 Anson 5 Norridgewock 12 BJoomfleld 7 Waterville 14 AUGUSTA 18 45 61 69 95 115 125 144 153 159 171 176 179 184 196 203 217 235 ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY. (235; NEW YORK to PATERSON and SUFFERN'S. Paterson and Hudson River R. R. To Jersey City 1 . 3 29 4 33 . 5 38 . 4 42 5 47 Stage. 5 52 Boiling Spring 4 9 Clinton . 3 55 3 58 Aquackanonk 1 12 Ackerman's 1 13 Bethlehem Bloomsburg . 3 61 . 4 65 Paterson and Ramapo R. R. Riv\r Road 2 19 . 4 72 * Steamboat to Elizabeth port 15 miles. Rock Road 2 21 Godwinviile 1 22 Hohokus 2 24 Elizabethtown 2 17. (238) NEW YORK to MILFORD, PA. To Morristown, (see 236) ... 33 Suckasunny 10 43 Allendale 2 26 Wanmaker's 3 31 SUFFERN'S 1 32 (236) NEW YORK to E ASTON, PA. Via, Morristown. To Jersey City 1 Stanhope . 5 48 2 50 . 4 54 Newton . 6 60 . 5 65 NEWARK 8 9 Morris and Essex R, R. Orange 5 14 Millville 6 20 Augusta Branch ville . . Tuttle's Corner Hainsville . 3 ee . 2 70 . 5 75 . 5 80 Chatham 3 26 Madison 2 28 Montague 4 84 MILFORD, PA. 2 86 (239) PATERSON to MILFORD, PA. ToPompton 9 New Foundland 9 18 Stage. Mendham 7 40 German Valley 4 50 SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN .... 2 52 Pleasant Grove 3 55 Stockholm Hamburg Deckertown - 4 22 . 9 31 . 5 30 ) -1Q Anderson 5 60 Montague .12 51 New Village 6 66 Stewartsville 2 70 MILFORD, PA 2 53 (240) NEWARK to DOVER. (237) NEW YORK to EASTON, PA. Via Somerville. x West Bloomneld C'lldwell .... 2 7 . 3 10 Pine Brook . 4 14 4 18 NFWARK 8 9 i ciisippany 4 2" Elizabethtown 5 14 Central R. R. KOC way o o^ (241) NEWTON to EASTON, PA. Westtield 2 21 Feltvillf 2 23 Scotch Plains 1 24 Plainfiuld ... . . 2 26 Gratitude . 3 7 . 5 12 ROUTES IN NEW JERSEY. Sunjpta 5 23 Beividere 4 '21 V^o; rHILADELPHIA IO IVIT. HOLLY. To Camden 1 Moorestown 9 10 Rocksburgh 4 31 Harmony 2 33 EASTON 6 39 Rancocus MOUNT HOLLY (249) PHILADELPHIA TON. 6 16 4 20 tO TUCKKR- (242) NEW BRUNSWICK to LAM- BERTSVILLE. To Six Mile Run G Rocky Hill 6 12 Blawenbur" 1 4 10 Moorestown ... 9 10 HoiH'wt'll 4 20 Meet ford Woodsville 4 24 > - 1 ^ 29 Sooy's Inn . . 10 39 (243) NEW BRUNSWICK to LONG BRANCH. To South River 5 Bass River Hotel . . 8 A 7 (250) PHILADELPHIA to ABSECUM. Old Bridge 2 7 Middletown Point 9 16 Key Port 2 18 Middletown 5 23 Haddonfleld Long-a-coming ::::::1 7 9 16 1(1 Q(J Red Bank 5 28 Shrewsbury 2 30 Eatonton 1 31 May's Land ing Bargaintown 19 45 14 59 LONG BRANCH 3 34 A ce (244) TRENTON to BELVIDERE. To Pennington 8 Woodsville 5 13 Ringpe's 6 19 Flemington 6 25 Quaker town 6 31 Pittstown 2 33 Sidney 2 35 (251) PHILADELPHIA to CAPE MAY. To Camden 1 Wood bury 8 9 Carpenter's Landing 3 12 Ghissboro' 7 19 Malaga ... 8 27 Miliville 12 39 Clinton 2 37 Ciurksville 5 42 New Hampton 2 44 Mansfield 3 47 Oxi'< >rd Furnace 3 50 BELVIDERE 5 55 (245) TRENTON to NEW YORK. Railroad. To New York (see 54) 59 Leesburg Dennis Creek Goshen CAPE MAY C. H Fish ing Creek Cold Spring 40 5 50 7 57 4 61 4 65 5 70 8 78 (252) PHILADELPHIA to SALEM. To Camden * (246) TRENTON to PHILADELPHIA. Via. Bristol, Pa. To Philadelphia, (see 254) 30 (247) TRENTON to PHILADELPHIA. Via Burlington. Westville- . -4 5 4 Clarksboro' 4 13 Q 19 4 23 4 27 7 34 Phihuielohia. (see 256) 27 34 4 38 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 77 (253) PHILADELPHIA, to BRIDGETON. (256) PHILADELPHIA to N. YORK. To Bordentown, (see 255) . . .27 Trenton 7 34 Westville **> 4 5 Woodbury 4 9 NEW YORK, (see 254) 59 93 (257) PHILADELPHIA to BALTIMORE. Philadelphia, Wilmington, and' Bal- timore R. R. Mullico Hill - & - 5 17 Pitt's Grove 9 26 Deerfield 7 33 PENNSYLVANIA. (254) PHILADELPHIA to NEW YORK. Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. To Philadelphia Depot 2 Tacony 7 Marcus' Hook 3 17 Cornwell's 5 14 Andalusia .... 2 16 Newport 4 31 Stanton 2 33 Bristol 4 20 Morrisville 9 29 Elkton 6 45 New Brunswick and Trenton R.R. North East 6 51 Chirlestown 3 54 Princeton 10 40 Cecil 5 59 Hivre De Gnce 1 60 Hill's Cross Roads 5 65 New Jersey R. R. Freeman's 5 62 Gunpowder 8 77 Harewood 3 80 Chile's .... 1 81 *_iemmer s ^04 Jersey City 8 88 uan on Steamboat. (258) PHILADELPHIA to BALTIMORE. Steamboat. To Fort Mifflin 9 (255) PHILADELPHIA to N. YORK. Steamboat. To Camden 1 Camden and Jlmboy R. R. Lazaretto 5 14 Chester 4 18 Palmyra 2 8 Marcus' Hook 4 22 Rancocus River 5 13 Burlington 6 19 Newcastle 13 35 New Castle and Frenchtown R. R. Kincora 4 23 Steamboat. J3ORDK> i 1 OWN Pool's Island 21 87 NorthPoint 15 102 Fort McHenry 10 112 (259) PHILADELPHIA to WASHING- TON, D. C. To Baltimore, (see 257) 97 Washington, (see 299) 40 137 7* South \mbov 5 6^ Steamboat. ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. (260) PHILADELPHIA, to HARRIS- BURG. Columbia and Philadelphia R. R. To Head of Inclined Plane. . 4 White Hall 7 11 Altona , HOLLIDAYSBURG . . . 6 244 Jlili'ghany Portage R Plane No 9 .. .R. 4 ^48 Plane No 8 Reesvillo .... 5 19 Westchester Turnout* 2 21 Paoli . . 3 24 Plane No. 4 Plane No . 3 257 3<>iift Whiteland 6 30 Jefferson . . 4()(\A. Halt-way House 4f)(\O Coiitesville 7 41 Tunnel .... Pennsylvania R. R Conemaugu Johnstown '. 2 276 . 2 278 .The Gap 4 53 Kjnzie's 3 56 Paradise 4 60 Enterprise 3 63 LANCASTER 7 70 Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. Landisville 7 77 Mount Joy 5 82 Elizabeth town 6 88 New Florence Lockport Bolivar Blairsville Junction Hill Side .10 288 - 5 293 . 5 298 . 2 300 . 5 305 . 4 309 Conewago Creek 4 92 Middletown 5 97 High Spire ... 3 100 Latrobe Turnpike Turtle Creek 6 320 . 2 322 * Branch to Westchester 10 31. (261) PHILADELPHIA to PITTSBURG. Via. Harrisburff and Hollidays- burcr. To Harrisburg, (see 260) . .107 Central R. R. Rockville 6 113 VVilkinsonburg . 5 353 Liberty 5 358 PITTSBURG . 5 363 (262) PHILADELPHIA to IJ TOWN, M. To Harrisburg (see 260). . Cumberland Valley R. AGERS- 107 R. Cove 5 118 Duncannon 4 122 Aqueduct 3 125 1M K 1 " ' 3 115 Bailey's 5 130 Newport 4 134 bt .,, Millerstown 6 140 Shippensburg ... .10 147 Tuscarora 7 147 Perrvville 6 1 53 Milllintown 1 1 16 Franklin R. R. Green Castle .11 168 Lewiston 12 1 68 McVeytown 5 180 Hamilton ....10 100 HAGERSTOWN, MD (263) PHILADKLP. to CHAMI Columbia R. R. To Lancaster, (see 260) . . Dillersville Hempfield .22 190 .KRSBG. .70 . 1 71 3 74 Mt Union .... 3 l l )3 Mill Creek 6 199 HUNTINGDON 5 204 Petersburg 7 211 Tyrone 7 224 Mount Pleasant Columbia^ . 4 78 4 82 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. Wrightsville 1 83 York and Wrightsville R. R. Hoo ver's 6 89 YORK 6 95 Stage. Farmer's 9 104 Abbottdtowu 5 109 New Oxford * 4 113 Gettysburg 10 123 Cashtown 8 131 Fimaievilie 9 140 CiiAMllliKSBURG 7 147 (204) PHILADELPHIA to NAZARETH. To Rising Sun 4 GeniiaiHown 3 7 Chcsiml Hill 3*10 Wliitc Marsh 3 13 Upper Dublin 2 15 Montgomery ville 6 21 Line Lexington 5 26 Bunker Hill 9 35 Quakertown 3 38 Coopersburg 6 44 Bethlehem 9 53 Hecktown 6 59 NAZARETH 4 63 (265) PHILADELPHIA to EASTON. To Rising Sun 4 Milestown 3 Jenkintown 4 11 Abington 1 12 Willow Grove 2 14 Horsham 3 17 Warrington 5 22 Doylestown 3 25 Danboro' 3 28 Plumsteadville 2 30 Ottsville 8 38 Bucksville 3 41 Reiglesville 4 45 Raubsville 6 51 EASTON 4 55 (2GG) PHILADELPHIA to POTTS- VILLE. Philadelphia, Reading, and Potts' ville R. R. To Inclined Plane 5 Manayunk 2 7 Spring Mill 5 12 Norristown 5 17 Valley Forge 6 23 Phosnixville 4 27 Roy er's Ford 4 31 Pottstown-. 9 40 Douglassville 4 44 Baumstowu 5 49 READING 9 58 Althouse's 8 66 Mohrsville 2 68 Hamburg 7 75 Port Clinton 3 78 Scotchman's Locks 5 83 Orwigsburg 3 86 Schuylkill Haven 3 89 POTTSVILLE 4 93 (267) POTTSVILLE to CORNING,N. Y. Fountain Spring .12 Boar Gap 12 24 Paxinos 5 29 Sunbury 12 41 NORTHUMBERLAND 1 42 Chillisquaque 8 50 Milton 4 54 McEwensville 4 58 Money 10 68 Montures ville .10 78 Williamsport 4 82 Williamsport and Elmira R. R. Trout Run 15 97 Ralston 10 107 Stage. BLOSSBURG 15 122 Corning and Blossburg R. R. Covington 5 127 Mansfield 5 132 Tioga 8 140 Lawrenceville 7 147 Lindleytown, N. Y 3 150 Erwin Centre 3 153 CORNING - 9 162 (268) WILLIAMSPORT to ELMIRA. Williamsport and FJmira R. R. To Trout Run 15 Ralston 10 25 Stage. Canton 20 45 Alba 4 49 Troy 6 55 Columbia Cross Roads. 4 59 South Creek 10 69 Southport, N. Y. 8 77 ELMIRA 2 79 (269) WILLIAMSPORT to HOLLI- DAYSBURG. To Linden 9 Jersey Shore 6 15 80 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. West Branch 5 15 4 19 5 24 5 29 3 32 4 36 8 44 5 49 4 53 4 57 6 63 2 65 N. J. 6 '4 10 5 15 2 17 6 23 2 25 7 32 4 36 2 38 4 42 3 45 URG. 9 2 11 4 15 6 21 8 29 10 39 9 48 8 56 5 61 9 70 7 77 7 84 5 89 6 26 Cherr '11 ..2 28 T ph ' h P Mill Hall 3 31 P-irrv v'll * Lamar 5 36 8 44 Lehighton 4 48 Summit Hill . 6 54 Halt" Moon 8 62 10 72 Blythe 5 77 Port Carbon 4 81 (273) EASTON to TRENTON . ..1Q 101 (270) EASTON to PORT JERVIS. Uftper Blick Eddv 5 13 Mount Bethel 4 n p.p. Slate Ford 2 19 T h '11 5 04 N > H V 1 25 R h 4 29 T- -1 '11 5 34 Y-i UPV '11 4 38 T NT Bushkill 4 42 (274) EASTON to HARRIS E To Butztown 6 48 Milford 6 54 7 61 PORT JERVIS 8 69 (271) EASTON to BINGHAMTON. To Nazareth 8 Jacobsburg 3 11 Bethlehem Trexlertown Kutztown Shai'er's Mount Pocono Stoddartsville Bear Creek WlLKESBARRE ... 7 22 8 30 12 42 8 50 10 60 REAPING Sinking Spring Womelsdorf Myerstown Lebanon Annville Wyoming Exeter North Moreland. 4 65 9 74 6 80 6 86 Palmyra 5 94 Hummellstown 5 99 HARRISBURG 9 108 (275) HARRISBURG to BALTIMORE. Baltimore and Susquehanna, R. R. o 88 j 11 99 Bnrinffviila .... 4 103 TV "!' .... 4 107 25 10 35 11 36 8 44 2 46 8 54 5 59 M . . 7 1 U Lawsville Centre 9 123 BINGHAMTON, N. Y 12 135 (272) EASTON to POTTSVILLE. To Hecktown < - R Gladfelter's ^ ' -} I1J.-T ** 't ^ P-irk ton Bath ...... 4 10 Moukton ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. 81 Mauch Chunk 4 82 Lausanne 8 90 Relay House 6 75 (270) HARRISBURG to HAGERS- TOWN, MD. Via, Gettysburg. To Shiremanton ". . . . 4 (281) PHILADELPHIA to PORT DE- POSIT, MD. To Kingsessin r 4 Shepherdstown 5 9 Dillsburo- 4 13 York Sulphur Springs 8 21 Nether Providence 11 Fairfield 8 43 Fountain Dale 4 47 Chadd's Ford '4 22 Leitersburg, Md 5 62 I-Iamorton 2 24 Kennett's Square. ... 3 ^7 (277) HARRISBURG to NORTHUM- BERLAND. Avon Dale 4 31 West Grove 3 34 New London Cross Roads. . 5 39 Brick Meeting House, Md. . 8 47 Farmington 4 51 Benvenue 7 15 New Buffalo 4 19 Montgomery's Ferry 5 24 (282) NORTHUMBERLAND to HONES- DALE, To D anvil 1 e .... 1 Liverpool 5 29 McKee's Half Falls . . 1 Q 41 Chapman .... 2 43 Catawissa 10 Shamokin Durn . 4 56 Sunbury 2 58 NORTHUMBERLAND 1 59 (278) LANCASTER to READING. To Neffsville 4 Espy 3 28 Berwick 10 38 Beaoh Grove 6 44 Shick^hiiiny . . 10 54 Nanticoke 5 59 Litiz 4 8 Ephratah 8 16 Plainsville 5 72 Reamstown 4 20 Pittston Ferry 4 76 Lackawanna 4 80 READIXP .... 9 34 Hyde Park 4 84 (279) YORK to YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS. To East Brrlin 12 Blakely ... 3 90 Wavmart 6 lO'' YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS... 8 20 (280) PHILADELPHIA to BERWICK. Via Allentown. To Coopersburg, (see 264). .44 Allentown 8 52 North Whitehall . . 8 60 (283) WlLKESBARRE to ELMIRA, N.Y. Wyoming 4 5 Lehigh Gap 10 70 North Moreland 6 20 Parrysville 5 75 Eaton.. 6 26 82 ROUTES IN PENNSYLVANIA. . 2 28 f*ir 8 TQ4 Stf-rlingville ..10 38 Union Mills .... 8 202 Braintree Skinner's Eddy .. 4 42 .. 3 45 W T aterford ERIE . . 8 210 . . 8 53 (286) PHILADELPHIA to ERIE. To Lewistown, (see 261) . .168 Reedsville 5173 Valley 4 177 Runnerfield Creek . (j 59 St;'iidin fr Stone .... Wysox Towanda . . 4 66 ..2 68 East Smithfleld North Stnithfleld Ridgebiirv Weil- 3 !)'!]-" 1 N Y ... . ..7 85 .. 2 87 ..8 95 5 100 Potter's Mill Old Fort BELLEFONTE Milesburg .. 7 184 .. 4 188 .. 9 197 . . 2 199 ELMIRA .' (284) PORT JERVIS toOwi To Milford .. 5 105 ;GO,N.Y. g Phillipsburg Clearfield Bridge ..26 225 . . 15 240 . . 5 45 Luthersburg ..13 258 to on Brookville . . 23 281 Tafton 1 30 Corsica .. 6 287 9 39 Strattonsville . . 7 294 Prom t 5 44 .. 4 293 W f t 6 50 . . 4 30^ CARBONDALE .. 6 56 8 64 Cranberry . . 19 321 . . 3 324 n n 87-> Canal . . g 332 Brooklyn 9 81 Sugar Creek . . 4 336 7 88 Vcadville . .12 348 i ontrose n 0.1 . . 9 357 roresi ''JKe 6 1 00 . . 3 360 txr^ s y e 8 in , Waterford . 10 370 n 1 IT . .14 384 (285) TOWANDA to ERIE. To Burlington ' <"* (287) CHAMBERSBTTRG to WHEEL- ING, VA. To Bedford, (see 262) 56 White Horse-.. ^ "^ Troy .... 6 20 . 5 5 . .14 93 . . 6 31 - .18 111 Covington Charleston -.8 39 8 47 Mount Pleasant McKean's Old Stand ..10 121 . . 5 126 WELLSBORO' Pine Creek Pike IV ills . . 3 50 ..12 62 14 76 West Newton ..*........ Gamble's . 7 133 .. 4 137 3 140 1 88 T) ' *ox ''He 10 150 T -'11 W- ^h* ^lysville g 289 lllicott's Mills 6 295 Ichester 2 297 lelay House 4301 BALTIMORE 9 310 ROUTES IN DELAWARE MARYLAND. DELAWARE. (294) WILMINGTON to GEORGE- TOWN. To NEW CASTLE 5 Saint George's 10 15 McDonough 3 18 Cantwell's Bridge 4 22 Black Bird 6 28 Smyrna 6 34 DOVER 12 46 Camden : 3 49 Canterbury 5 54 Fredrica 5 59 Miltbrd 8 67 Milton 12 79 GEORGETOWN 8 87 (295) GEORGETOWN to CAPE CHARLES, VA. To Millsboro' 8 Dogsboro' 5 13 St. Martin's, Md. 10 23 Berlin 8 31 Newark 8 39 Snow Hill 8 47 Sandy Hill 9 56 Horntown,Va 6 62 Accornan 7 69 Modestto wn 9 78 ACCOMAC,C.H 10 88 Onancock 8 96 Pungoteague 4 100 Bellehaven < 6 106 Franktown 7 113 EASTVILLE 12 125 Capeville 12 137 (296) GEORGETOWN to PRINCESS ANNE. To Concord 12 Laurel 6 18 Salisbury, Md 15 33 Forktown 4 37 PRINCESS ANNE > 11 48 MARYLAND. (297) BALTIMORE to PHILADEL- PHIA. Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. R. To Canton 3 Stemmer's Run 7 10 Chase's 6 16 Harewocd. 1 17 Gunpowder 3 20 Ferryman's 8 28 Hall's Cross Roads 4 32 Havre de Grace 5 37 Cecil 1 38 Charlestown 5 43 North East 3 46 Elktown 6 52 Newark 6 58 Stanton 6 64 Newport 2 '66 WILMINGTON 4 70 Naaman's Creek 8 78 Marcus' Hook 2 80 Chester 3 83 Lazaretto 4 87 Gray's Ferry 7 94 PHILADELPHIA 3 97 (298) BALTIMORE to PHILADEL- PHIA. Steamboat. To Fort McHenry 3 NorthPoint 10 13 Pool's Island 15 28 Turkey Point 21 49 Frenchtown 15 64 JVezo Castle and Frenchtown R. R. Newcastle 16 80 Steamboat. . Marcus' Hook 13 93 Chester 4 97 Lazaretto 4 101 Fort Mifilin 5 106 PHILADELPHIA 9 115 (299) BALTIMORE to WASHINGTON, D.'C. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. To Relay House 9 Washington Branch R. R. Elkridge Landing 1 10 Jessup'sCut 5 15 Annapolis Junction 3 18 Savage Factory 2 20 Laurel Factoiy 1 21 White Oak Bottom 4 25 Beltsville 3 28 Paint Branch 2 30 Bladensburg 3 33 WASHINGTON 7 40 (300) BALTIMORE to ANNAPOLIS. Railroad. To Relay House 9 Elkridge Lauding 1 10 ROUTES IN MARYLAND. 85 Jessup's Cut .... 5 i " North Branch Viaduct ... 2 173 CUMBERLAND K 170 Brady's "Mill 7 1S6 Rawlins Station 6 192 Annapolis Junction . Patuxent Forge . Millersville 3 If 4 2-, 6 2r (301) BALTIMORE to WHEELING, VA. Baltimore, and Ohio R. R. To Rcioy House " New Creek . 10 '> >? Piedmont 5 9, -7 Frank ville Q ->ifi Altamont g 094 Oakland 9^33 Cr. Summit |o 243 Avalou 1 10 Rowlesburg \\_ -754 Eli icon's Mills 3 13 2 15 Independence 8 269 Thornton 5 974 Putnev's Bridge 39 1 Fetlerman 8 v> Woodstock 1 23 Naz urn's Mills 9 2itt Marriotts ville I Ben ton's Ferry g 999 3 30 Fairrnount 4 g(j| \Voodbint! 3 35 1 Barrack ville 5 -303 Farmington 5 S13 Mount Airy Mannington. 7 309 Monrovia Ijam^viile 6 50 Glover's Gap 7 :;27 Littleton \{ ^33 Reel's Mill Monocacy Bridge- . . FREDERICK 4 58 1 59 3 62 Beilton 7345 Welling Tunnel 5 350 Cameron 2 3'V? Do'ip's Switch Point of Rocks Catoctiu Switch .... 4 6t> .... 4 70 o 70 WHEELING n 330 (303) BALTIMORE to PITTSBURG. To Hookstown .... 5 Knox ville 3 79 HARPER'S FERRY Peach er's Mill .... 3 82 . . . . 9 g4 Pikesville 3 Q O wing's Mills 4 10 Duffield's Lee town Road 3 9J Finksburg . .. . 5 oj Kerneysville Westminster 7 93 Drake's 49? MARTINSBURG ijittlestovvn Penn 7 42 Warm Spring Road ... Tabb's 2 103 Cet-ysburg... 10 52 Cashtown r>n Hedges vil'e Depot ... ... 2 106 r ayetteville 9 gq Back Creek Bridge Runner's Ferry Road . Licking Water Station. Walnut Bend -..2 112 -.. 5 117 .. . 2119 PITTSBURG, (see 262) .151 >J27 (304) BALTIMORE to WINCHESTER and WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. To Harper's Ferry, (see 30 1)82 Winchester and Potomac R. R. Halltown Q 88 Charlestown 4 90 St. John's Run Great Cacapon .... Rockwell's Run Doe Gully Tunnel ... 7 140 . 2 142 Water hiation Paw Paw Tunnel.... Little Cacapon ... 9 151 ...3 154 ... 4 158 Summit Point 7 99 Stephenson's Depot 10 109 WINCHESTER.... ... 5 114 Green Spring Run Patterson's Creek ... 7 165 Stage. Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 122 86 ROUTES IN MARYLAND. Middletown 5 127 Freeland's 5 34 Tom's Brook 6 138 York and Maryland Line R. R. Woodstock 6 144 Ed iii bur " 5 149 Heath cote's 4 4^ Red Banks 4 153 Mount Jackson 4 1 57 New Market 7 164 Glatfelter's 2 49 Tunnel 1 50 YORK 7 57 WrightsvUle and York R. R. Heaston's Mills . . 7 64 Mount Crawford 8 191 Mount Sidney 6 1 97 STAUNTON 11 08 Wrightsville 6 70 Buffalo Gap 13 221 Columbia R. R. Deerfield 15 236 Cloverdale Hotel 9 245 Green Valley 7 252 Warm Springs or Bath C. H.14 266 Hemptield 4 79 Dillersville 3 82 (307) BALTIMORE to NORFOLK, VA. Steamboat. To Fort McHenry 3 Morris Hill 14 285 Call'i"'h an's 8 293 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS .14 31)7 (305) BALTIMORE to CARLISLE, PA. NorthPoint 10 13 Sandy Point .... 14 27 Thom n s Point 10 37 Pikesville 3 8 Owin Y f p. r ^Q . . 6 32 rten A o n , j a. . ; r^ Allen's Fresh ...9 41 (310) WASHINGTON to ANNAPOLIS. Lou " Old Fields - Q . 3 44 Chaptico 8 52 6 58 ... 8 17 . . 6 64 Queen Anne ...9 26 Great Mills ...12 76 Davidsonville ANNAPOLIS v.. 4 30 .. 9 39 Saint Inegoes ...6 82 .. 5 m THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. UNDKR this head are included the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, which occupy a territory of more than 900 miles in length, or from Mason and Dixon's line to the south- ernmost point of the peninsula of Florida. Their geographical position 10 between 40 43 and 25 N. lat.; and between 75 and 88' W. long. They are bounded N. by Pennsylvania: N. E. and E. by Mary- land and the Atlantic ocean ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by that Gulf and the states of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Ohio ; and include an aggregate area of 248,120 square miles. The surface of this section of the United States exhibits several dis- tinct and different physical conditions. Along the Atlantic coast is an extensive level tract, having its western limits marked by the rocky ledge over which the rivers fall, and to the foot of which, in several in- stances, the tides penetrate. Morasses and swamps, sluggish streams and wide arms of the sea, stretching far inland, are among the features of this plain, which slopes gently eastward, and is continued under the sea. Succeeding this, a table-land, with an elevation of 800 or 1,200 feet above (he sea-level, intervenes to the mountains. The Alleghanies form the background, but do not attain the great elevation which distin- guishes them in the more northern parts of the range. Black Moun- tain, 6,476 feet high, is the loftiest culmination. Virginia is the only one of these states that extends beyond the mountains. The soil, climate, and products of these several divisions are essentially different each from the other. On the Atlantic plain the soil and climate are suitable for the growth of tobacco, cotton, and rice the latter of which is chiefly grown in the South Carolina swamps. The elevated plateau succeeding this low region, is well adapted to cereal agriculture, while the moun- tains and their intervals are appropriate for grazing and sheep-fanning. The whole range of the Alleghanies abounds in minerals coal, iron, granite, &c., being the chief products; and at the eastern base of the mountains, considerable deposites of gold have been discovered. Be- yond the mountains in Virginia, bituminous coal and iron are very abun- dant, and find a ready market in the manufacturing establishments hi the neigh borhood of the mines, and for steamboats plying on the Ohio and other western rivers. The southern states hav i hitherto been almost wholly devoted to ag- THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 89 riculture ; but of late years, manufactures of several descriptions have been established in various sections. The manufacture of cotton goods has especially been advanced, and there is a fair prospect of ultimate success in this new branch of southern industry. The woollen business has also received a similar impetus, and m'any planters are turning their attention to these and like manufactures, with a view to supply their home-market with materials hitherto imported. The direct foreign commerce of the southern states is by no means proportionate to the amount of products furnished by the agriculturist ; but the coasting- trade with the northern ports is immense ; and. internal traffic, facilitated by the advance of railroad communication and steam navigation on the rivers, is rapidly increasing in amount and value. Within the past ten years, indeed, industry in these states has been completely revolutionized, and capital been diverted to a hundred different employments, hereto- fore never thought of by the people. THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. Area 61,352 square miles. Population 1,421,661. VIRGINIA is situated between 36 33' and 40 43' N. lat., and between 75 25' and 83 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Pennsylvania and Maryland ; E. by the Atlantic ocean ; S. by North Carolina and Tennes- see, and W. by Kentucky and Ohio. It is the largest of the Atlantic states, and has been the longest time settled by Europeans of any portion of the Union, with the exception of those parts settled by the Spaniards. Several ridges of the Alleghany mountains from Pennsylvania pass through this state in a southwestern direction, into North Carolina and Tennessee. The most easterly is known by the name of the Blue Ridge. On the west the Laurel Mountain and Chesnut Ridge extend from Penn- sylvania, and terminate in this state. The Cumberland Mountains oc- cupy the western border. There are other ridges, as Greeubrier, North Mountain, Back Bone, Iron Mountain, Great Flat Top, &c. The loftiest summits are the Peaks of Otter, 4,250 feet high. The state is watered by a great number of rivers, among which may be mentioned the Poto- mac, Rappahannock, York, James, and Staunton, on the east side of the mountains, and the Ohio, Kanawha, &c., on the west side. The south- ern part of Chesapeake Bay belongs to this state ; and by its depth and extent, and the numerous fine rivers it receives, is of the highest value to navigation. Most of the large towns are situated a considerable dis- tance up the rivers. The estuary of James' river forms a spacious haven, called Hampton Roads. These roads are strongly fortified, and 8* . 90 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. the entrance is impracticable to an enemy. A peninsula, about 60 miles long, and from 10 to 15 wide, lies on the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay, and is bordered towards the sea by a string of low, sandy islets. The waters of the Chesapeake enter the sea between capes Charles and Hen- ry, forming a strait about 15 miles in width. From the Atlantic to the head of tide-water in the rivers, the country is low, flat, and swampy, and has a meager, sandy soil, covered with pines and cedars, except on the margins of the streams, which are loamy and rich, arid in these parts the vegetation is abundant and luxurious. This territory is alluvial, and beneath the surface exhibits strata of ma- rine deposites. In the valley between the Blue Ridge and the main ridge of the Alleghanies, we come to a limestone country ; and here, the soil resting on a bed of that rock, is very fertile. In some parts the soil is chalky. Between the mountains and the Ohio river the surface is much broken, and the soil indifferently fertile ; but occasionally large tracts of good land are met with. The most remarkable natural features in Virginia are, Weir's Cave, the Rock Bridge over Cedar Creek, and the Passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry. The Rock Bridge has been formed by the bursting of accumulated waters through a wall of rock more than 200 feet in height. The bridge is 60 fet-t in width, with perpendicular sides. A road passes over the top, and the scenery from this is exceedingly grand and romantic. Weir's Cave, in Augusta coun- ty, extends 1,260 feet into the earth, and contains upwards of 80 large chambers, glittering with stalactites and stalagmites in the shape of col- umns, thrones, statues, petrified water-falls, and other fantastic figures. The Passage of the Potomac presents the appearance of an immense rent, three quarters of a mile wide, through a stupendous mass of rock. The broken fragments of the mountain which lie scattered all around, and its craggy front torn down to its base, attest the violence of the dis- ruption, and forcibly remind the spectator of the period when the moun- tain opposed a barrier to the stream, and when its collected waters swelled to such a volume as to tear away the mountain from its founda- tion. In the S. W. corner of the state there is a natural tunnel, winding like an 5" in the solid rock, 450 feet long, and from 50 to 150 feet wide, and from 70 to 80 feet high, through w r hich runs a branch of Clinch river, 400 feet below the summit of the hill that thus crosses it. These chance works of nature are frequently visited by the tourist ; and certainly few places in the United States present more impressive or imposing objects for contemplation, while the buoyant atmosphere and the grand scenery around, are alike prolific in health and that species of recreation so con- genial to the summer traveler seeking forgetfulness of the every-day cares of life. In the mountainous and western part of the state is an abundance of THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 91 iron, lead, and bituminous coal. Gypsum is also found in the same re- gion. At the eastern foot of the mountains, between the Potomac and James' rivers, gold has been, discovered near the surface, and consider- able quantities have been obtained by washing the earth. Since 1827 a large amount of this gold has been annually coined at Philadelphia. Almost every part of the state W. of the mountains abounds in salt springs ; and in the mountains is also a great number of mineral springs. The principal are the White Sulphur Springs in Greenbrier county, and the Warm and Hot Springs in Bath county. The Sweet Springs of Monroe, and the baths of Berkley county, are also much frequented by invalids. Virginia is essentially an agricultural state, and produces the finest tobacco. The cultivation of this staple is chiefly confined to the region E. of the mountains. In tho valleys between the ridges of the Alle- ghaniea, the staples are wheat and Indian corn ; while cattle, hogs, and other live-stock are reared in abundance in the western sections of the state. Cotton, flax, hemp, &c., are also cultivated ; and upwards of four million pounds of wool are gathered annually. The manufactures of the state are comparatively small, but are rapidly increasing, espe- cially those of iron, wool, and cotton. Virginia had in 1849 about 40 cotton factories. Leather, glass, earthenware, &c., are also manufac- tured. As a commercial state, Virginia ranks the eighth in importance. The exports consist of tobacco, cotton, and some other staples. The coasting trade is also very extensive, and employs a large tonnage. The shipping employed in the foreign trade is about 75,000 tons. The fish- cries are little attended to, except those on the immediate coast. The length of railroad in the state is 578 miles, and of canal 211 miles. Education in Virginia is confined to the white population. William and Mary College at Williamsburg, founded in 1692, is the oldest in- stitution of the kind in the southern states. There are nine or ten others in the state, which have from three to ten professors each, and libraries containing from 1,200 to 7,000 volumes. The number of poor schools in 1850 was 3.904, and the total number of children educated 31,655 ; the amount expended for tuition was $68,135. The children of the wealthy are generally taught at the academies, (of which there are about 500,) at private schools, or at home by private teachers. Virginia is divided into two districts, Eastern and Western; and con- tains 137 counties. The chief cities and towns are Richmond, Norfolk, Petersburg, Fredoricksburg, &c. RICHMOND CITY, the capital, is beautifully situated on the N. bank of James' river, 150 miles from its mouth, immediately below the falls. It is a .great commercial depot, having an extensive back country abound- ing in tobacco, wheat, hemp, and coal, which is reached by the James' river Canal and branches. The flouring-milfe of Richmond have a 92 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. world-wide celebrity. The city itself has many handsome buildings ; among which the Capitol is the cynosure. The City Hall, the Armoiy, the Penitentiary, churches, &c., are all substantial and line buildings. The private residences are equal to any of the same description in other large cities. Three large reservoirs supply the city with water. Manu- factures of various kinds are rapidly increasing ; and within the last two or three years several cotton-mills have been erected, and are now in profitable employment. Richmond has many facilities for this spe- cies of industry, which must ultimately become advantageous to the whole neighborhood. The river is navigable to its mouth, and travel, north and south, is maintained by railroad. Population 27,483. MAN- CHESTER is a flourishing village on the opposite bank of the river, and is chiefly noted for its manufactures. It is connected with Richmond by two bridges. NORFOLK, the chief sea-port, is situated on the N. bank of Elizabeth river, just below the confluence of its two branches, 8 miles above its entrance into Hampton Roads, and 32 from the ocean. It has a safe and commodious harbor, the entrance to which is between Old Point Com- fort and a sand-bar called the Rip-Raps, and which is defended by Fort- ress Monroe and Fort Calhoun. These fortifications completely com- mand the entrance from Hampton Roads. Population 14,320. Oppo- site to Norfolk is PORTSMOUTH, with 8,456 inhabitants, and immediately above it GOSPORT, the site of one of the most important naval stations in the United States, and where a splendid dry-dock has been con- structed of hewn granite. On Washington Point, between the E. and W. branches of Elizabeth river, about one mile from Norfolk, is the U. S. Marine. Hospital. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound through Pasquotank river, and opens an extensive water communication to the south. Norfolk owns about 24,200 tons of shipping, and has more foreign commerce than any other port in Virginia. The site of the city is Luw, and there are marshes in the vicinity. The Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad commences at Ports- mouth, and runs westward as far as Newsom's depot, 49 miles, and will be further continued to Welden and Gaston. Steamboats run from Norfolk to City Point, and a branch railroad thence communicates with the great southern line. PETERSBURG, on the Appomatox, below the falls, and 12 miles from its mouth, is a depot for the staples of the surrounding country. It is connected with the N. and S. by railroad, and the river is navigable to the city for vessels of 100 tons. Population 14,010. FREDERICKSBURG, on the Rappahannock, below the falls, 100 miles from its mouth, and at the head of navigation, is a depot for the corn, flour, and tobacco of the neighborhood, and has several manufacturing establishments driven by*water-power. Population 6,000. Other places THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. 93 of note in the tide-water section of the state are YORKTOWN, famous for the surrender of Cornwallis to Washington ; WILLIAMSBURG, the seat of the oldest college in Virginia, and formerly the capital; and JAMES- TOWN, on an island in James' river, the first settlement made in Virginia by the English. IVlT. VERNON, on the Potomac, is noted for the home- stead of Washington, and his final resting-place. ALEXANDRIA, for- merly in the District of Columbia, but now in Virginia, is a place of commercial activity. Population 8,752. In the region between the Blue Ridge and the tide-water region are also several important places. CHARLOTTEVILLE is the seat of the University of Virginia; and MONTICELLO, about 3 miles thence, is fa- mous for the home and grave of " Thomas Jefferson^ author of the Dec- laration of Independence, and founder of the University of Virginia"* LYNCHBURG, on the S. bank of James' river, is one of the largest tobacco markets in the world. HARPER'S FERRY, the seat of the U. S. Armory ; WINCHESTER, 32 miles from Harper's Ferry by railroad ; and STAUNTON, 94 miles by stage from Winchester, the seat of the State Lunatic Asy- lum, are situated in the central valley. These are all important centers, from each of which several great lines of travel diverge. West of the Alleghanies, the chief towns are WHEELING, a flourishing manufactur- ing town on the E. bank of the Ohio, at the head of low-water navi- gation; PARKERSBURG, near the mouth of the Little Kanawha; and CHARLESTON, at the head of steam navigation on the Kanawha, near the great salt-works in that vicinity. Several other towns of considera- tion are found on the Ohio. Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent settlement form- ed by Europeans within the original territory of the United States. The country was granted to Sir Walter Raleigh by Queen Elizabeth, who named it Virginia, in honor of his virgin sovereign ; but the grant waa vacated by the execution and attainder of Raleigh, under James I., who gave the country to the London Company. Jamestown was then set- tled. The early history of the colony is replete with romance, and many highly affecting incidents occurred during the Indian wars. The colony was originally governed by a council of seven, and a president chosen from that body by themselves ; .but afterwards by a governor appointed by the Crown. Shortly after the war of the Revolution broke out, a provisional government was appointed, and in 1776 a constitution was formed, which, until 1830, when the present constitution was adopted, was the fundamental law. Virginia has produced a number of eminent Statesmen : among whom are Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, and Mad- ison, all of whom have been presidents of the United States ; Patrick Henry, and the late Chief-Justice Marshall. Many of our most illustri- ous living statesmen are also natives of this state. * Such is the inscription on a granite obelisk placed over his grare. 94 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Area 45,000 square miles Pop-idation 868,903. NORTH CAROLINA lies between 33 53' and 36 33' N. lat., and between 750 23' and 84 20' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Virginia ; E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and W. by Tennessee. Except in the extreme W., where the Blue Ridge from Virginia crosses the country, the greater part of the state is level, and the soil mainly sandy and poor, with extensive swampy tracts. There are, how- ever, fertile tracts here and there, and the margins of the rivers are gen- erally productive. The soil in the western part is much the best. The state-is watered by the Chowan and Roanoke, which rise in Virginia and flow S. to Albemarle Sound ; by Cape Fear river, which empties into the sea in the southern part of the state ; by the Pamlico and the Neuse, which flow into Pamlico Sound, and by the Yadkin, which passes into South Carolina. A number of low, sandy islands are scattered along the coast, and enclose several large sounds ; but the entrances to these and the mouths of the rivers are so obstructed with shoals that no good har- bors are found in the state ; and N. of Cape Lookout, the only navi- gable pass for sloops is Ocracoke Inlet. This want of harbors has driven the trade of North Carolina to the more favored states N. and S. of it. The climate in summer is hot and unhealthy in the low regions, but in the mountainous country of the W. the air is more elastic and bracing. The winters are very mild. The Dismal Swamp in the N. E. is pregnant with every evil to which humanity can be exposed. A great part of the country is covered with forests of pitch-pine. In the low parts this tree is almost exclusively the natural growth of the soil, and its products constitute one-half of the exports of the state. Several valuable medicinal plants are produced, as snake-root, ginseng, seneca, &c. The rich intervals are overgrown with canes, the leaves of which continue green through the winter, and afford good fodder for cattle. The mineral region of the state is chiefly situated between the Yadkin and Catawba rivers. "Cold is found near the surface in grains among the sand and gravel, and is obtained by washing the earth. The grains are in general small, but several large lumps have at different times been found one weighing 28 Ibs. Iron, coal, salt, and granite, are also among the minerals found in this state. North Carolina is mainly an agricultural state. The products of tne low country are tar, turpentine, and lumber. Tobacco, wheat, and In- dian corn, are grown chiefly in the middle counties ; while cattle, and other live-stock, are the staples of the upper country. Cotton and rice are produced largely. Wool-growing is also becoming an important THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 95 branch. Manufactures are as yet in their infancy ; but, in common with the other Atlantic states, much of the capital of this state has of late years been diverted to the manufacturing of cotton fabrics ; and, in 1850, at least 28 mills were in full operation. Foreign commerce is almost unknown, but the coasting-trade is carried on briskly. The exports consist altogether of raw staples. Some fisheries are prosecuted along the coast, and a small capital is invested in the whale-fisheries. Within the state are 354 miles of railroad, and about 30 miles of canal. Within the last 20 or 25 years, education has received great encour- agement. In 1804, there were only two academies in the state, and in 18:30 not 50. The number at the present time is 173. The University at Chapel Hill, founded in 1789, is the oldest college : there are two oth- ers of recent date, viz., Davidson College, in Mechlenburg county, and Wake Forest College, both founded in 1838.' The University has nine Professors, and is very flourishing; the other two have each three Pro- fessors. The primary and common schools number about 700, and edu- cate about 20,000 scholars. The wealthy are educated at the academies, and privately at home. The state is divided into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns are Raleigh, Newbern, Wilmington, Fayetteville, &c. RALEIGH, the capital, is pleasantly situated near the S. bank of the river Neuse, and about the middle of the state. It contains a respecta- ble State-House, built of granite, and other public buildings. There are also 5 or G churches. Remoteness from navigation has been its greatest drawback, but it has lately been connected with the Roanoke by railroad, and may now become an important center. Population 3,000. NEWBERN is also situated on the Neuse, 30 miles from its entrance into Pamlico Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and secures to it a considerable commerce in the exportation of flour, naval stores, and lumber. It was once the seat of the state government. Population 4,000* KINGSTON, WAYNESBORO', and SMITHFIELD, higher up the river, are places of some importance. WILMINGTON, on the E. bank of Cape Fear river, 35 miles from the sea, is the largest and most commercial town in the state. The shipping belonging to the port amounts to 15,198 tons. It enjoys a large coasting- trade, and exports great quantities of naval stores, &c. Population 6.200. WASHINGTON is situated on the N. bank of Tar river, at the head of navigation. It has considerable commerce. Population 2,600. Regular lines of packets sail between it and New York. FAYETTEVILLE, at the head of steam navigation on Cape Fear river, is next in population and commercial importance to Wilmington, and has considerable trade with the neighboring country. Population 5,000. BEAUFORT, in Carteret county, and near Cape Lookout, has an excel- lent harbor. CHARLOTTKVILLE, in Mechlenburg county, is the chief 96 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. town in the "gold region." GASTON, WELDON, and HALIFAX, on the Roanoke, are important only as railroad stations. Very early after the discovery of North America, several attempts were made to settle on the coasts of Carolina, but without success. The first permanent colony was planted by refugees from Virginia, between 1640 and 1G50. In 1663, Charles II. granted the Carolinas to the Earl of Clarendon and others, who had charge of it until 1729, when the coun- try was purchased by the Crown, and divided into North and South. Dining the Revolution, North Carolina took an active part in the strug- gle for independence ; and, in 1776, adopted a constitution, which, with the exception of a few amendments made in 1835, is still that under which the government is organized. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Area 24,500 square miles. Population 668,507. SOUTH CAROLINA lies between 32 02' and 35 10' N. lat., and between 78 24' and 83 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. by the Atlantic ocean, and S. W. by Georgia, from which it is separated by the Savannah river. The whole sea-coast is low and level, and towards the south is skirted by a multitude of islands, divided from the mainland by narrow channels. These islands, like the neighboring mainland, are low and flat, but cov- ered with forests of live-oaks, pines, and palmettoes, and many of them are now under cultivation. The long, sandy beaches which border these towards the sea, are the resort of thousands of water-fowl. The tide- water region of the state is also chiefly covered with pitch-pines, inter- spersed with swamps and morasses. The staple of this section is rice. Beyond this is a parallel belt of territory, called the Middle Country, consisting of low sand-hills, resembling the waves of an agitated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a few straggling pine-trees, and sometimes a field of corn or potatoes. Succeeding this is another belt, called the -"Ridge," where the country rises by a steep and sudden ascent, and afterwards continues gradually to ascend ; and beyond this the surface exhibits a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. The Blue Ridge, from North Carolina, forms the boundary on the ex- treme west. King's Mountain, a solitary elevation on the N. state line, is the highest land in the country. Several large rivers flow in a S. E. direction through the state, the principal of which are the Great Pedee, a continuation of the Yadkin from North Carolina ; the Santee, formed THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 97 by the union of the Wateree and Congaree, and the Savannah, which washes the southern boundary. These fall into the Atlantic, but none of them have good harbors. The only harbor of consequence on the whole coast is that of Charleston, which receives the Ashley and Coopei rivers. The climate varies in these several regions. Along the coasts the atmosphere is moist and warm, and in the hot season intolerable. The winters here are of short continuation, and very mild. Higher up the country, the air becomes cooler, and in the N. W., where the land is elevated, the climate is generally salubrious, with a drier atmosphere, and a cold winter. The soil is very indifferent, except near the rivers. The western highlands, however, are generally productive, and afford a plentiful supply of grasses. South Carolina has but few useful min- erals. Cold has been found in various parts, and this probably exists in considerable quantities. Domestic salt is abundant. There are sev- eral mineral springs, which are frequented by tourists and invalids. South Carolina is an agricultural state, the great staples of which* are cotton and rice ; the former cultivated chiefly on the margins of the rivers, and the latter in the swamp lands near the coast. Wheat and Indian corn are produced in the regions above tide-water, and cattle and sheep are numerous in the west. Manufactures have scarcely a footing in this state. The export of cotton forms an important item, and that of rice is equally great. Commerce, .however, is carried on chiefly by northern shipping. The length of railroad is 583 miles, and of canals 52 miles. The College of South Carolina, founded in 1804, is the most important literary institution in the state, and has attached to it a theological sem- inary; but the oldest is the college at Charleston, founded in 1785. Erskine College, in Abbeville District, is also a valuable institution. In 1850, these colleges had an aggregate of 391 students. The Theolo- gical Seminary at Lexington, and the Furman Seminary in Fairfield District, are also flourishing institutions, and the Medical College at Charleston is a school of high repute. Besides these, there are about 130 ncademies and grammar-schools; and the number of free schools in 1P50 was 1023, attended by 9,1 22 children. These schools are under the superintendence of commissioners appointed by the legislature. The state is divided into 29 districts, and these are subdivided into parishes. The principal cities arid towns are Columbia, Charleston, Georgetown, &c. COLUMBIA, the capital, is situated on the Congaree, below the union of Broad and Saluda rivers. It is a handsome and regularly built town. The Ptate House is a plain wooden building, but the' College of South Carolina, here located, is a fine and spacious edifice. The city has con* siderable trade with Charleston, and several manufactures. The river 9 98 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. is navigated by steamboats ; and a branch railroad connects it with the South Carolina Railroad. Population 6,060. CHARLESTON, situated at the confluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, 7 miles from the sea, is the most commercial and populous city in the state. It is pleasantly located, but so low that parts of it have some- times been inundated. The principal buildings are the City Hall, Ex- change, Court House, Custom House, &c. ; besides which, there aro several handsome churches. About 33,292 tons of shipping belong to the port. The harbor is spacious, and well protected by fortifications. Charleston is connected with New York and Philadelphia by regular lines of steamboats and packets, and with the west by the South Caro- lina Railroad, which is completed to Hamburg on the Savannah river, where it connects with the Georgia lines to Chattanooga, and thence to Nashville, Tenn. The population of the city proper in 1850 was 26,451, but with the suburb St. Philip's, it is about 42,985. A canal, 22 miles long, from the head of Cooper river, connects the harbor with the San- tee, 50 miles to the north. GEORGETOWN, on Winyaw Bay, near the mouth of the Pedee, is 13 miles from the ocean, and well situated for trade, being backed by a fertile country. There is a bar at the entrance of the bay, however, which prevents vessels drawing more than 11 feet of water from entering. Population about 4,600. The other principal towns are HAMBURG, at the head of steam navi- gation on the Savannah, and the depot of the N. W. part of the state ; CHERAW, on the Pedee, at the lower falls; and BEAUFORT, on Port Royal Island, which has a fine anchorage. Eutaw Springs, King's Mountain* Cowpens, and Camden, are famous for victories of the Amer- icans in the revolutionary war. The first permanent settlement in this state was made on Port Royal Island, in 1670 ; but the emigrants soon after removed to the present site of Charleston. Until 1729, when it became a Crown colony, the settlement was under a proprietary government. In 1776, the British authority was thrown off, and in 1790 a constitution was framed. It haa since been several times amended. THE STATE OF GEORGIA. Area 58,000 square miles. Population 905,999. GEORGIA is situated between 30 19' and 35 N. lat., and between 80 50' and 85 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina ; N. E. by South Carolina ; S. E. by the Atlantic ocean; S. by Florida, and W. by Alabama. THE STATE OF GEORGIA. 99 The southern part of the state is generally level ; but in the N. sev- eral ridges of the Alleghanies pass from Tennessee and North Carolina into this state, all of which, however, terminate before reaching the 33d parallel of N. latitude. The soil is of various characters, and near the coast there is much swamp land. The Savannah washes almost the whole of the N. E. boundary. The Ogeechee and'Alatamaha rivers have their whole course in the state, and the Flint and Chattahoochee pass south into Florida, the latter forming part of the western border. The coast is lined by a chain of islands, which for fertility are unequal- led, and on which is produced the finest cotton in the world, well known in the markets as the ' ; sea island staple." The land here, and along the coasts, consists of marshy tracts or hummock lands. On the Florida border is the great swamp of Okefinokee, and beyond, a belt of pine bar- rens, interspersed with swamps ; still further the country becomes sandy, but towards the hilly region the soil is strong and productive. There are many large forests, which supply timber for exportation. In those parts which are flooded by the rivers, the land is devoted to rice culti- vation. The low country has an agreeable and healthy climate for seven or eight months in the year ; but in the latter part of summer and in the fall, it is sickly, except on the sea islands, which are comparatively healthy. The climate of the upper country is temperate ; and in the N. W., at the. foot of the mountains, it is esteemed one of the healthiest in the Atlantic states. Georgia has a number of valuable mineral springs. The mineral resources of the state are inconsiderable : some few mines of iron have been discovered, and coal is said to be abundant. Gold, in large quantities, however, has been from time to time found in the northern parts, and this metal is annually sent to Dahlonega for coinage in various amounts. Granite is also quarried to some extent. The great agricultural staples are cotton and rice, and some tobacco is grown. In- dian com is more cultivated than any of the cereals, and wheat and oats are grown largely in the uplands. Cattle, sheep, and swine are numer- ous ; and wool-growing has long been a favorite employment in the mountains. Georgia is making rapid progress in manufactures. Large cotton-mills have lately been established at Columbus, Augusta, Gran- iteville, &c. ; and other branches of this species of industry are spring- ing up in various parts of the state. The number of cotton-mills in 1850 was 33, being an increase since 1840 of 16. These are as yet employed in the manufacture of heavy goods; as osnaburgs. drillings, and similar fabrics. The Georgians do their own carding, spinning, and weaving ; and as they also grow their own cotton, and have a home-market for their goods, enjoy many advantages over the northern manufacturers. All the machinery is driven by water-power. Georgia has also several large tanneries and leather factories, and will soon manufacture its own 100 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. Bhoes, boots, harness, &c. The state has also a large number of floaing* mills. The exports from Georgia to foreign countries are of considera- ble value, and consist of the agricultural staples peculiar to the state. The coasting and internal trade are also in a flourishing condition, and are being daily increased in importance by the extension of railroads, and the establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and coasts. The total length of railroad in the state is 842 miles, and of canal 28 miles. The principal educational institutions are Franklin University at Ath- ens, (founded 1785,) Oglethorpe College at Milledgeville, Emory College at Oxford. Mercer University at Penfield, and Christ College at Montpe- lier. These have from four to eight Professors each, and an aggregate of 400 students. There are Theological Seminaries at Montpelier and Penfield, and a medical school at Augusta. Besides these, there are about 200 academies and grammar-schools, and some 700 coinmon- echools, scattered over the state. Georgia is divided into 94 counties. The chief cities and towns are Milledgeville, Savannah, Augusta, Columbus, &c. MILLEDQEVILLE, the capital, is situated near the centerof the state, on the W. bank of the Oconee. It contains the State House, Penitentiary, Arsenal, &c., and, being at the head of steam navigation, has an exten- sive business with the back country. Population 3,200. Indian Springs are 50 miles N. W. from this. SAVANNAH, the largest and most commercial city, is built on a sandy plain on the S. bank of the Savannah river, 18 miles from its mouth. Vessels drawing 14 feet of water can come up to its wharves, but thoso of a larger size are obliged to anchor three miles below. The streets and buildings are regular and well planned, and the streets being lined with trees, the city has a rural appearance. The Exchange, City Hall, Court House, Hospital, &c., are the principal public buildings. Churches are numerous, and generally built in excellent taste. The trade of Ceor- gia centers here, and the greatest portion of cotton and rice grown in the state is exported hence. Railroads extend from Savannah to Chatta- nooga on the Tennessee river, 428 miles, and will ultimately be carried on to Nashville. Population 10,060. AUGUSTA, on the W. bank of the Savannah below the falls, 145 milea from the sea, is the entrepCt of the produce of a large district, which ia sent down the river to Savannah in steamboats, or to Charleston by rail- road. Population 7,400. The Georgia R. R. extends hence to Atlanta. COLUMBUS, at the head of steamboat navigation on the Chattahoochee, is an important place, and has lately commenced manufacturing cotton goods on a large scale. In 1828 it was a wilderness; it now contains 7,000 inhabitants. SUNBURY, BRUNSWICK, and ST. MARY'S, are small ports S. of Savannah. DARIEN, on the Alatamaha, 12 miles froYn its mouth , is a place of trade, and a depot for the produce of the river val- THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 101 ley. Among the interior towns not before mentioned, the most impor- tant are ATHENS, the seat of Franklin University ; MACON, at the head of steam navigation on the Ockmulgee, and an important point on the Central Railroad; DECATUR, on the Georgia Railroad, and DALTON, a new and thriving village on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. At all these places a large amount of business centers. DAHLONKGA, in the "gold region," is the seat of a branch of the United States' Mint. A number of new towns have of late sprung up along the lines of railroad, and are rapidly increasing in population and Importance. Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original states. Previous to 1732, it was a wilderness. At this period the territory was granted to a company whose object was to transport gratuitously such persons as were unable to earn a subsistence in England. In honor of the grantor, George II., it was called Georgia. In November of that year, 160 per- sons arrived, under Gen. James Oglethorpe, and the town of Savannah was then settled. Emigrants from Scotland and Germany arrived at successive periods. Georgia was retroceded to the Crown in 1752, and a regular civil government was established in 1755. From this period the colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and population. During the revolutionary war, it was several times overrun by British troops, and immediately after the termination of that, suffered much from the incursions of the Seminoles. In 1795 its present constitution was formed. In 1802 the state ceded all its lands W. of the Chattahoo- chee river to the United States ; from which, at a subsequent period, the states of Alabama and Mississippi were formed. The recent history of Georgia is barren of important events, but the state is making rapid strides in all that is conducive to prosperity and permanent wealth. THE STATE OE PLORIM. Area. 59,268 square miles. Population 87,401. FLORIDA, the most southerly of the United States, is situated between 250 ant i 310N.Jat., and between 80 and 87 30' W. long.: and is bound- ed N. by Georgia and Alabama ; W. by Alabama and the Gulf of Mexi- co ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by the Atlantic ocean. This state occupies two distinct territories the one the southern part of the mainland of the United States, and the other a long, narrow pe- ninsula, lying between the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The greater portion of both these sections consists of swamps and hum- mocks, overgrown with oaks and other valuable timbers. Much of the 9* 102 SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. soil is a rich alluvium, but there are also extensive tracts of sandy wastes. The climate is such that vegetation is perennial, and tropical fruits grow luxuriantly. From October to June it is generally mild and pleasant, but the summer months are extremely hot and sultry, and in the low and swampy parts very unhealthy. San Augustine and the isl- ands, however, enjoy an excellent climate, and are often resorted to by those suffering under pulmonic affections. The shores are indented by bays and lagoons, and along the south- ern point of the peninsula a string of small islands, very dangerous to navigation, stretch far away to the south-west. The principal rivers are the St. Mary's and St. John's, emptying into the Atlantic, and the Apalachicola, formed by the union of the Flint and Chattahoochee riv- ers, which falls into the Gulf. The Withlacoochee, Escambia, Suannee, Oscilla, Ocklocony, and the Choctawatchie, are also considerable streams. The Perdido divides the state from Alabama, There are sev- eral lakes in the interior, some of which are noted for the quiet beauty of their scenery. The natural productions of Florida are live-oak and other timbers of great value. The fig, orange, date, &c., are among its fruits. Its min- erals are unimportant. Cotton, sugar, rice, and indigo are the staples of its agriculture ; but much of the land is devoted to pasture and cattle- rearing, which is a business with many of the settlers. Very little grain is grown in the state. Manufactures are chiefly of a domestic nature, or of a minor character. Foreign commerce is very limited, the produce being exported coastwise. The fisheries, however, are actively carried on, and are increasing in importance. Owing to the unsettled condition of the country, and to the Indians that still infest several districts, indus- try of all kinds is retarded, and but few undertakings of permanent value are attempted ; nor has much as yet been done towards facilitating in- tercommunication. Perhaps the most needed improvement is a canal across the northern part of the peninsula, so as to direct our commerce through a safer passage than by the Florida Channel, or the intricate labyrinth of islands which forms the eastern boundary of the Gulf of Mexico. No great obstacle opposes such an enterprise, and its realiza- zation would be of incalculable value to navigation. The total length of railroad in Florida is 54 miles. Of the public lands of Florida, only 942,248 acres had been sold up to 1st January, 1849 ; and the total, including all other disposals, entered upon, was only 4,487,136 acres, or about one-ninth of the whole. . Florida is divided into five districts, each composed of several coun- ties. The principal towns are San Augustine, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Jacksonville, &c. TALLAHASSEE, the capital, lies in the northern part of Leon county, upon an elevated site. It contains the State House, a Jail, and several THE STATE OF FLORIDA. 103 churches. The permanent population numbers about 2,000 ; but in the winter season it is much augmented by casual visitors. A railroad, 36 miles long, extends to Port Leon on Appalachee Bay. SAN AUGUSTINE, the chief town in East Florida, is the oldest one in the state, and has a population of about 2,993. It is situated about two miles from the Atlantic, on the S. side of a peninsula protected from the ocean by Anastasia island. Its climate is pure and healthy, and the town is embosomed in orange groves. The public buildings are the U. S. barracks, the Land Office, and several churches. As in all old places, the streets are narrow. Fort Marion, standing at the mouth of the har- bor, protects the town. PENSACOLA, in Escambia county, is the most westerly of the Florida towns. It lies on Pensacola Bay, 10 miles from the Gulf, and is accessi- ble to vessels drawing 8 feet of water. The U. S. Navy Yard, at this place, is the principal station for the Gulf squadron. Population 2,000. JACKSONVILLE, on the St. John's; APALACHICOLA, on the river of the sam name ; and ST. JOSEPH'S, on St. Joseph's Bay, have good harbors, and maintain considerable commerce. LANCASTER, SMYRNA, and some other settlements, locally important as depots for their immediate neighborhoods, will ultimately rank high. KEY WEST, one of the islands of the southern point of the penin- sula, has a fine harbor, and is important as a naval station. The Wreck- ers' Court, established here, adjudicates in salvage cases. The wreckers of Key West are a hardy set of men, and have done much in rescuing goods and passengers from vessels stranded on the shoals, which beset the northeastern entrance to the Gulf of Mexico. The number and value of ships lost in this section has annually increased : in 1845, 24 vessels were adjudicated upon; in 1849, the number was 46. In the latter year the value of property rescued was $1,304,600, upon which the salvage amounted to $127,870, and the incidental expenses to $219,162. This increase may perhaps be owing more to the increase of commerce in the Gulf, than to any increased ratio of disaster;. but on this point no reliable information is accessible. The late Dr. Samuel Forry recom- mended this island as a residence for invalids, and preferred it even to far-famed Malta for those suffering under pulmonic diseases. Florida was discovered by Cabot in 1496. It was first visited by the Spaniards in 1512, and in 1562 we find the Spaniards and French con- testing its possession. Subsequently the English from Georgia and Carolina attempted to gain it, but unsuccessfully. In 1763 it was ceded to England in exchange for Cuba, which had been captured from Spain the year previous. Spain recovered it in 1781, and at the peace of 1783 its possession was confirmed to that nation. The United States pur- chased the territory in 1819, and, after the usual territorial probation, Florida was admitted as a state of the Union in 1845. 104 ROUTES IN THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC STATES. VIRGINIA. (313) WASHINGTON to PARKERS- BURG. To Georgetown, D. C 2 Prospect Hill, Va. 10 12 Drauesville 9 21 Belmont 8 29 Leesburg 6 35 Hamilton 6 41 PurcelPs Store 4 45 Snickersville 8 53 Snicker's Ferry 6 59 Berryville 4 63" WINCHESTER 12 75 Back Creek Valley 13 88 CaponBridge 8 96 Hanging Rock 5 101 ROMNEY 16 117 Burlinerton 10 127 Ridgeville 5 132 Claysvillo 6 138 Hoysburg 14 152 Glade Valley 9 161 German Settlement 6 167 Evansville 21 191 Three Forks 7 198 Pruntytown 8 206 Bridgeport 10 216 CLARKSBURG 6 222 New Salem 14 236 West Union 16 252 Permsboro'. 12 264 Schumla 21 285 PARKERSBURG 20 305 (314) WASHINGTON to STAUNTON. Via Culpeper C. H. To Alexandria 7 Fairfax Court House 14 21 Centreville 7 28 Groveton 7 35 Buckhmd 7 42 New Baltimore 3 45 Warrenton 6 51 Warrenton Springs 5 56 Jeffersonton 5 61 Rixeyville 6 67 Culpeper Court House 9 76 Colvin's Tavern 4 80 Locust Dale 8 88 Orange Court House 8 96 Gordonsville 8 104 Everittsville 15 119 CHARLOTTESYILLK 6125 Hardin's Tavern 8 133 Yancey's Mills 8 141 Brookville 4 145 Waynesboro' 7 152 Fishersville 5 157 STAUNTON 6 163 (315) WASHINGTON to the VIR- GINIA SPRINGS. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md 7 i4 Mount Vernon 2 16 Crane Island .... 6 22 SandyPoint 12 34 Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 Railroad. FREDERICKSBURG 14 58 Stage. Chancellors ville 10 68 Wilderness 5 73 Locust Grove 5 78 Verdiersville - 6 84 Orange Court House 12 96 Gordonsville 8 104 Everittsville 15 119 CHARLOTTES VILLE 6125 Hardin's Tavern 8 133 Yancey's Mills 8 141 Brookville 4 145 Waynesboro' 7 152 Fishersville 5 157 STAUNTON 6163 Buffalo Gap 13 176 Deerfield 15 191 Cloverdale Hotel * 9 200 Green Valley 7207 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 105 Warm Springs or Bath C.H. 14 221 Hot Springs 5 220 Morris Hill 14 240 Canadian's 8 248 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS* 14 262 Lewisburghf 9 271 BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS... 13 284 * Sweet Springs . . 17279. f Second Creek... 13-282. Union 9291. SALT SULPHUR SPA. 3 294. Indian Creek 9303. RED SULPHUR SPA 8 311. (3 1C) WASHINGTON to FREDERICK. Stage. Georgetown 2 Te.nnally Town 2 4 Eockville. 11 15 Middle Brook 10 25 Clarksbnrir 3 28 Hyatt. s; own 4 32 Urban lift 4 36 FKEDEUICK 7 43 (olG.i) RICHMOND to STAUNTON. Virginia Central H. R. To Storrs. 6 Crenshaws 1 7 Alley's 2 9 Peake's 6 15 Hanover C. II ...-3 IS | "Wyckh aiu's 9 27 1 Junction 3 30 ! Andersons 8 33 Noel's 2 35 Hewletts. 5 40 Beaverdam ... 5 45 Bumpa?1 ... 5 50 Frederick's Hall 6 56 Tollersville C 62 Louisa C. II. 5 67 Trevillians 9 76 Gordonsville 5 81 Lindsay's Turnout 2 83 Keswick 7 90 Shadwell 3 93 CHARLOTTESVILLE 4 97 University 1 98 Woodville 6 104 Medium's River 3 107 (317) RICHMOND to KEESEVILLE. Richmond and Danville It. R. To Kobios 10 Coalfteld 3 1 Tomahawk 4 17 Powhattan 5 2 Mattoax 5 27 Scott's Shop 6 3 Amelia C. H. 3 36 Wyanoke..-. 7 4 Jennings Ordinary. 7 50 Haytokah 4 54 Liberty Church .... 5 59 Mehherrin 6 65 KEESEVILLE 8 73 (317*) WASHINGTON to WILMING TON, N. C. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md. ..... 7 1 Mount Vernon 2 16 Crane Island 6 22 Sandy Point 12 34 Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 Richmond, Frcdcricksburg, and Potomac R. R. FREDERICKSBURG 14 58 Gurney's Depot 12 70 Milford Depot 11 81 Rather Glen -10 91 Junction, (Louisa R. R.) . . . 6 97 Taylorsville 2 99 Hungary Station 13 1 12 RICHMOND 8120 Richmond and Petersburg R. R. Manchester 2 122 Clover Hill 11 133 Port Walthall 3 136 PETERSBURG 142 Petersburg and Roanoke R. R. Stony Creek Warehouse . .21 163 Jarrett's 9 172 Hicksford 10 182 Pleasant Hill, N. C 11 H Gareysburg 6 1" WELDON 5 204 Wilmington and Weldon R. R. Halifax." 7 211 Enfleld H 222 Battleborough 1 1 233 Rocky Mountain 8 241 JoyneVs 9 250 106 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. Bi'ick Creek ..6 203 Middleburg 5 40 Nahunt't 7 C) 70 Upperville 8 48 Paris 4 52 Dud'ey .... .... 9 200 Berry's Ferry 5 57 Fmson's 12 302 W'trs'ivv 8310 Millwood 2 59 WINCHESTER 11 70 Strickland's 8318 (321) WINCHESTER to HANCOCK. Teachv's 10 328 South Washington 9 337 Ber^aw 7 344 Oakland 19 27 Rocky Point 8 352 WILMINGTON 14 36(5 (318; WASHINGTON to NORFOLK. Steamboat. To Alexandria 7 Fort Washington, Md 7 14 Mount Vernon, Va 2 16 Crane Island 6 22 Sandy Pont 12 34 Aquia Creek Landing 10 44 Berkley Springs 10 37 HANCOCK, MD 6 43 (322) WINCHESTER to STA NTON. Newtown Stephensburg ... 8 Middletown 5 13 Strasburg 5 18 Tom's Brook 6 24 Woodstock 6 30 Edinburg 5 35 Red Banks 4 39 Mount Jackson 4 43 Matthias Point 8 62 Cedar Point, Md. 7 69 Swan Point 4 73 Piney Point 25 98 Point Lookout 13 111 Smith's Point, Va. 12 123 Windmill Point, mouth of Rappahannock River 22 145 New Market 7 50 Spartapolis -8 58 Harrisonburg 11 69 Mount Crawford 8 77 Mount Sidney 6 83 STAUNTON 11 94 (323) WINCHESTER to CARPER'S FERRY. Winchester and Potomac R. R. To Stephenson's Depot 5 Summit Point 10 15 Charle^town 7 2 iT New Point Comfort . . 7 167 Back River Point 12 179 Old Point Comfort 11 190 NORFOLK 15 205 (319) WASHINGTON to LYNCH- BURG. To CHARLOTTESVILLE, (see 315) 125 Halltown 4 26 HARPER'S FERRY 6 32 (324) RICHMOND to GORDONSVILLE. Richmond, Frederichsburg, and Potomac jR. R. Garland's 14 139 Taylorsville 13 21 Louisa R. R. Beaver Dam Depot 13 36 INeW V* Ul. r,( W Frederick shall 12 48 LYNCHBURG 15 195 (320) ALEXANDRIA to WINCHES- TER. To Fairfax Court House- ... 14 Chintillv 6 20 Tolersville 6 54 GORDONSVILLE 14 74 (325) RICHMOND to LYNCHBURG. Coal Mines 13 15 Arcola... 5 29 Hallsborouffh 3 18 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. 107 Scottsville 7 33 To Prince George's C. H 7 Af aeon 7 40 Ballsville 8 48 Cabin Point 9 26 Cumberland Court House . . 9 57 Langhorne's Tavern 5 62 Surry Court House .... 12 38 B'icon Castle 8 46 Raines ... 8 70 DurweuBijay .... o o^ Prospect 10 85 W aiker's Church 6 91 SUFFOLK * 10 78 Clover Hill 7 98 (331) PETERSBURG to CITY POINT. Concord 3 109 (332) NORFOLK to WKLDON, N. C. Portsmouth and Roanokedl. R. To Portsmouth 1 (326) RICHMOND to TAPPAHANNOCK. To Old Church 15 Avletts 13 28 Fleetwood Academy 8 36 Millar's T'ivern 4 40 Suffolk Court House 17 18 C.-irrsville 14 32 Franklin 5 37 (327) RICHMOND to HAMPTON. Bov kin's Depot ' 5 54 M'lrEf'iivttsville N C ( ) 63 New Kent Court House .... 13 30 Barhamsvilie 10 40 - i)iii'tr jo 75 WELDON 5 80 (333) FARMVILLK to GREENSBORO*. N. C. To Prince Edward C. H. . . . 7 Midway Inn .-8 15 Williamsburg 12 GO Hali'wiy House 12 84 HAMPTON 12 1)6 (328) RICHMOND to NORFOLK. Steamboat. To Warwick 7 KiMuioku Bridge .6 21 Charlotte Court House 7 28 Midland 10 38 Mount Laurel 7 45 Graysville 5 52 Wiiliamsburg Landing ... .30 82 Burweli's Bay. - 13 95 Halifax Court House 12 57 Bloonisburg J3 70 Cunningham's Store, N. C. . . 13 83 Milton 10 93 (329) PETERSBURG to LYNCHBURG. South Side R. R. To Sutherland's 10 Ford's 10 20 Yancey ville 13 106 Sludi-'S ... 9 115 Lenox Castle 7 l c> 2 Hjcrh Rock 3 i ; >5 JVlo'nticeJlo 8 133 "Wilson's 8 2S "Wellville 3 31 (334) LYNCHBURG to KNOXVILLE. Virginia and Term. R. R. Hitlsey's 5 Blacks and W^liites 6 37 Nottoway C H 6 43 Burkville 9 52 Rice's 10 62 F'irmville 6 6S Clay's Crossing 3 8 Forest DiM)ot ^ 10 Prospect.... ' 10 78 Clover Hill 13 91 Poindexter's 3 13 Spout Sprin 01 8 99 Lovvry's Crossing 3 19 Concord 3 102 Liberty . . C 25 Oiikmul^a. .. 4 29 108 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA. T/sbon- -. 3 32 MiVMla \fnrt*itn; in fie BufonPs Gap . . 5 37 Pott's Creek 4 80 Kiuke's . . . 5 42 5 47 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS .17 101 Big Lit.-k . . 6 53 7 60 (337) LEWI.SBURG to GUYANDOTTE. To Clintonville 10 . . . 25 85 20 105 Wytheville 28 133 Marion ...27 160 1. 17Q Seweli's Mountain 19 29 Locust Lane 10 39 A a ' 11 189 Mountain Cove 9 48 Sapling Grove . . 13 202 Gauley's Bridge 14 62 Eden's Ridge .. 9 211 . . 9 220 Loop Creek 5 67 PaintCreek 10 77 Kanawha Saline 16 93 " New C;tnton . . 9 235 7 94<> KANAWHA COURT HOUSE . . 6 99 Yellow Store 3 45 Red Bridge 10 ^63 Cabell Court House 12 138 Rocky Spring Bonn's Station . . 7 270 . . 4 74 GUYANDOTTE 7 145 (338) LEWISBURG to NEWBERN. To Second Creek 10 Rutled NSBORO', ..12 .. 5 17 5 ^2 Salt Sulphur Springs 3 22 Red Sulph ur Springs 8 39 Peterstown 9 48 Giles Court House 9 57 Poplar Hill 10 67 Ward's Bridge Chalk Level .. 5 27 ..13 40 NEWBERN ' 12 79 (339) STAUNTON to KNOXVILLE, TENN. To Greenville 12 . . 5 45 Pittsylvania Court House - Danville .. 7 52 ..20 72 Graves, N.C Rawlingsburg Reidsville . . 9 81 .. 8 89 . . 9 98 . . 4 102 SteePsTavern 6 18 Fairfield 6 24 Timber Ridge 6 30 Hillsdale Martinsville . 4 106 .. 5 111 .. 6 117 Fancy Hill 8 43 NATURAL BRIDGE 7 50 Pattonsburg 10 60 GREENSBORO' 7 m (336) LYNCHBURG to LEWISBURG. To New London "i 1 FINCASTLE 12 72 Cloverdale 3 81 Bio- Lick 9 90 ..7 18 8 26 I 'ih Wvtheville 48 168 Blue Ridge . 8 42 14 56 Abingdon 55 223 Rl^itntui'illa - OO 0/1=1 Craie's Creek .10 66 1 KNOXVILLK... ...105 350 ROUTES IN VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 109 To Mouth of Pocotaligo . ... 1C Walnut Grove 4 20 Petersburg and Roanoke R. R. Redhouso Shoals 6 26 Buffiilo 6 32 Pleasant Hill.... 6 173 Hickstord, Va. 11 184 Arbuckle 7 39 POINT PL a AS ANT 16 55 (341) FINCASTLE to CUMBERLAND GAP. To New Castle 17 Jurrett's 10 194 Stony Creek Warehouse ... 9 203 Richmond and Petersburg- R. R. Port Walthall 6 230 Clover Hill 3 233 Newport 18 47 RICHMOND ^ 'M6 Gile 1 * Court House 13 60 Richmond, Fredcricksburg, and Potomac R. R. Hun" i rv Station 8 ^54 E'ist River 16 76 Bi"- Sprin^ 1 12 88 Blue Stone 15 103 Tazewell Court House 14 117 Taylorsville 13 267 Junction (Louisa R. R.) . . . . 2 269 Ruther Glen .... fi 275 Hortoirts Valley 14 142 Elk Garden 11 153 Miltbrd Depot 10 285 Gurney's Depot 11 296 Dickinson ville 11 173 Aquia Creek Landing 14 322 Steamboat. Sindv Point 10 332 Osborne's Ford 14 1H7 Pend'eton 11 07 Stock Creek 5 212 Mount Vernon .... 6 350 Powell's Mountain 10 222 Jont'sville 14 23G Fort. Washington, Md 2 352 Rose Hill 18 254 WASHINGTON CITY 7 366 (343) WILMINGTON to NORFOLK, VA. Via Wilmington and Raleigh R.R To Gareysburg, (see 342). .167 Portsmouth and Roanoke R. R. Mar" - aretsville 12 179 CUMBERLAND GAP, KY 9 271 NORTH CAROLINA. (342) WILMINGTON to WASHING- TON, D- C. Wilmington and Wddon R. R. To Rocky Point 14 Bergnw f . 8 22 South Washington 7 29 Bov kins Va--.. Q 188 Newson's Depot 5 193 Franklin... 12 205 Carrsville 5 210 Teachv's 9 38 Strickland's 10 48 Warsaw 8 56 Portsmouth 17 241 NORFOLK 1 242 (344) WILMINGTON to NEWBERN. To Strickland's, (see 342). . .48 Stage. Kenansville 10 58 Dudley 12 76 GoU'^orou'rh. 9 85 Nihunt'i " !! *)6 Bl'ici- Creek 7 103 To-v.io!t 6 109 Hallsville 8 66 Richlind . ... T 86 Rool'v Mount 4 15 Marketplace 9 95 NJE WBKRN 12S 10 110 ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA. TON, S. C. -v Steamboat. To Smith ville 30 (351) FAYETTEVILLE to WARSAW. CHARLESTON 140 170 (346) WILMINGTON to FAYETTK- VILLE. To Robinson's 16 Springvale 8 43 WARSAW, (on railroad) 6 49 (352) FAYETTEVILLE to RALEIGH. To Averysborough 25 ' Westbrook 15 31 Elizabethtown 17 48 Prospect Hall 17 05 FAYETTEVILLE 21 86 (347) F AYE TTE VILLE to MARION COURT HOUSE, S. C. To Little Rock G RALEIGH 12 60 (353) RALEIGH to WASHINGTON, D C. Raleigh and Gaston R. R. ToNeuse 9 Forestville fi 1*5 St. Paul's 9 15 Lumberton 16 31 Leesville 11 42 Gatkiysville 10 52 j _-_ p TT 9J 7C Franklinton 11 26 Staunton 11 37 (348) FAYETTEVJLLE to CHERAW, B.O. Ridgeway ; 13 57 Macon Depot 10 67 Littleton 11 78 Randallsville 12 26 Gaston 9 87 Greenville R. R. Ruland's, Va 10 97 Laurel Hill ..8 40 Brightsville, S. C 18 58 Hicksford's - 11 108 WASHINGTON, (see 342). . .182 290 (354) RALEIGH to WASHINGTON, N. C Via Rocky Mount. (349) FAYETTEVILLE to CHAR- LOTTE. Randallsville 12 26 Montpelicr 6 32 Rockingham 25 57 Wakefield 8 20 Tindalsville 11 68 Nish ville 12 45 Lilesville 5 73 Rocky Mount (on railroad) . 16 61 Tarboro' 17 78 Wadesboro' 5 78 Lanesboro' 13 91 Jenkin's Store 13 104 Falkland 8 94 Creenville 9 103 Orrville 5 118 Maxwell's Store 5 123 WASHINGTON 13 12J> (355) RALEIGH to BEATTFORT. Via Wayncsboro* and Ncicbern. To Gulley's Store . 9 (350) FAYETTEVILLE to SALISBURY. To Peir^on's Mills 14 Johnson ville 9 23 Smithfield 18 7 Boon Hill 10 37 Peets' 12 51 Goldsboro' (on railroad) 1 52 Mosely Hall 11 63 Hill's Store ... ...15 78 Kinston . . ... 16 79 ROUTES IN NORTH CAROLINA. Ill Trenton 26 105 Polloksville 12 117 NEWBERN 8 125 Cravensville 17 142 BEAUFORT 31 173 (356) NEWBERN to NORFOLK, VA. Via. Plymouth and Edcnton. To Swift Creek Bridge 17 WASHINGTON 18 35 Plymouth ........35 70 Edenton, (by steamboat) . . .20 90 Hertford 12 102 Woodville 11 113 Elizabeth City 10 123 New Lebanon 12 135 Deep Creek 25 160 NORFOLK 10 170 (357) EDENTON to NORFOLK, VA. Via, Currituck C. H. To Hertford 12 Woodville ....11 23 Elizabeth City 10 33 Camden 5 38 Shiloh K 6 44 Indiantown 6 50 Currituck Court House 10 60 N. W. River Bridge, Va . . . 15 75 Great Bridge 14 80 NORFOLK... 10 99 (358) HALIFAX to PLYMOUTH. Via Williamston. To Scotland Neck 22 Palmyra 7 29 Roanoke 5 34 Hamilton 8 42 Williamston 13 55 Gardner's Bridge 11 66 PLYMOUTH 11 77 (359) RALEIGH to SALISBURY. Via Orcensboro\ Moringsvilie 20 Chapel Hill 8 28 H iilsborough 12 40 MJJSOH'S Hall 9 49 Haw River 11 60 Albright's 6 66 Allemance 6 72 GREENSBORO' 13 85 Jamestown 11 9i> BrummelPs 10 106 Rich Fork 6 112 Lexington 8 120 SALISBURY 17 137 (360) RALEIGH to SALISBURY. Via Jtshboro*. To Grove 20 Hackney's Cross Roads 7 27 Pittsborough 8 35 St. Lawrence 12 47 Marley's Mills ... 10 57 ASHBORO' 16 73 Can-away 9 82 Spencer 8 90 Cotton Grove .11 101 SALISBURY 10 117 (361) SALISBURY to ASHVILLK. Via Lincolnton. To Miranda 14 Mount Mourne 12 26 Seattle's Ford 8 34 Catawba Springs 4 38 Vesuvius Furnace 4 42 Lincolnton 10 52 Wilsonville 13 65 Garner's Ford 7 72 Rutherford ton 23 95 Fairvievv 29 124 ASHVILLE 12 136 (362) SALISBURY toWARM SPRINGS. Via Morgantown and Jlshville. To Cowarisville 16 Statesville 11 27 Poplar Grove 9 36 Newton 5 41 Chestnut Oak 11 52 Drowning Creek 11 63 MORGANTOWN 15 78 Marion Court House 26 104 Old Fort 10 114 Swannano 12 126 ASHVILLK 13 139 Lapland 20 159 WARM SPRINGS 17 176 (363) SALISBURY to YORKVILLE, S. C. To Concord 20 Harrisburg 12 32 Charlotte 7 39 White Hall 8 47 Ranaleburg 8 55 YORKVILE, S. C 17 72 (364) SALISBURY to CHERAW, S.C. To Rock vi lie 15 Kendall's Store 10 25 Albemarle 3 28 112 ROUTES IN N. CAROLINA S. CAROLINA. ...12 40 Gii<4tnvn< . . 1Q Ono Cedar Hill ... 5 -45 Cheek's Cross Roads 14 2^3 . .. 6 51 ... 6 57 Panther Springs 5 234 Jiorv'on 10 67 . 4 71 CliERAW, S. C ...10 81 Strawberry Plain" 9 255 (I;i;V) GREENSBORO' to VA. HALIFAX, ...13 (368) SALEM to RALEIGH. Hu 84 Moringsville 8 92 RALEIGH 20 112 To New Garden .. . 6 .. . 3 9 SOUTH CAROLINA. (369) CHARLESTON to AUGUSTA, GA. Via, South Carolina R. R. To Sineath's 13 7 16 g'tlein 11 27 Old Town- .... 6 3'* . . 3 36 Litile Yadkm 9 4) 6 51 Tihnont 6 57 Ladson's 5 18 11 68 Summerville 4 22 P l< V QO on Jnabnet's 9 31 Hillsville S 98 Ross' s 6 37 9-1(17 St. George's 11 48 *~ s e11 ^ 1O 1 CH \ Branch ville 14 62 (3!i7) SALEM to KNOXVILLE, TENN. Etii^to Turnout-.. . 4 66 G rah am's 9 81 ii i' 11 -' M Blackville 9 90 nunisA ' . ' ' ' ' * * 10 OQ Williston 9 99 Ch;:pelPs Cmss Roads .. ...6 45 r. ci\ Windsor 8 107 Johnson's 8 115 W'\lr ^ ' if? pi* Aiken 5 1 ;) P^rtH^ P 13 79 Marsh's 8 128 J 't> x Hamburg 8 136 N i jo -t |C) 1(J^ AUGUSTA, GA 1 137 Tnylorsvilie, Tenn. ...... Moore's Iron Works . . 14 li>2 ...9 131 9 140 (370) CHARLESTON to SAVANNAH. Steamboat. To Sullivan's Island 6 Elizabeth town ..-13 153 18 171 North Edi^to Rivt r ^8 34 Leesburg ... 5 176 . .10 186 St. Helena Sound 15 49 Port Royal Entrance 69 4 [(jo Sivannah River .... 20 89 Greenville ... 6 196 SAVANNAH ... ... 18 107 ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 113 (371) CHARLESTON to SAVANNAH. To Jacksonboro' 32 Ashepo Ferry 9 41 Blue House 9 50 Collins Cross Roads 10 60 Pocotaligo 4 64 lillisonville 5 69 vlrahamsville 10 79 Perrysburg 15 94 SAVANNAH, GA 18 112 (372) CHARLESTON to CAMDEN. To Camden Junction, (see 373) 106 Camden Branch R. R. CAMDEN 44 150 (373) CHARLESTON to COLUMBIA. Via South Carolina R. R. To Sineath's 13 Ladson's 5 18 Summerville 4 22 Inabnet's 9 31 Ross's 6 37 St. George's 11 48 Branchville 14 62 Columbia and Branchville R. R. Orangeburg 18 80 Semerson's 6 86 Lewisville 5 91 Fort Motte 8 99 Camden Junction 7 106 Gadsden 5 111 Hopkins 8 119 Woodlands 5 1-24 COLUMBIA 5129 (374) COLUMBIA to AUGUSTA, GA. To Lexington Court House. 12 Leesville 18 30 Ridge 10 40 Edgefleld Court House 17 57 Hamburg ? 18 75 AUGUSTA ..... 1 76 (375) COLUMBIA to FAYETTEVILLE, N.C. To Camden 33 Tiller's Ferry 25 58 CHERAW 34 92 Brightsville 12 104 Laurel Hill, N. C. 18 122 Montpelier 8 130 Randallsville 6 136 Davis' Springs 12 148 FAYETTEVILLE 14 162 (376) COLUMBIA to SALISBURY, N.C. To Cookham 20 Wiusboro' 9 29 Yonguesville 12 41 Blackstock's 5 46 Chester Court House 11 57 Brattonsville 12 69 Guthriesville 3 72 YORKVILLE 7 79 Ranaleburg 17 96 White Hall.... 8 104 Charlotte 8 112 Harrisburg...' 7 119 Concord 12 131 SALISBURY 20 151 (377) COLUMBIA to RVTHERFORD- TON, N. C. To Cedar Creek 12 Thompson's 12 24 McMeekin's 4 28 Monticello 3 31 Glympville 6 37 Maybintown 5 42 Goshon Hill 8 50 Beaverdam 5 55 Unionville 12 67 Bogansville 11 78 Glenn Springs 5 83 SPARTANSBURG - 12 95 Damascus 9 104 Buck Creek 7 111 Island Ford, N. C 6 117 RUTHERFORDTON 15 132 (378) COLUMBIA to WARM SPRINGS, N.C. Via Greenville. ToOakville 13 Pomaria 13 26 Newberry Court House 16 42 Pagesville 9 51 Huntsville 7 58 Holland's 5 63 Lauren's Court House 9 72 Greenwood 11 83 Fountain Inn 9 92 GREENVILLE C. H 15 107 Traveller's Rest 10 117 Orleans 8 125 Merrittsville 5 130 Flat Rock, N. C 13 143 Hendersonviile 7 150 10* 114 ROUTES IN SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA. Limestone 5 160 AsilVILLK 10 170 ^JOt; GEORGETOWN IO UHERAW. To China Grove 24 WARM SPRINGS 37 207 (379) AUGUSTA, GA., to GILLISON- VILLE. To Silverton, S. C 17 Jeffrey's Creek 23 66 Mars' Bluff 7 73 DARLINGTON C. H 13 86 Society Hill. .. . 15 101 CHER AW 15 116 Four Mile Branch 9 26 (385) GEORGETOWN to SUMTKR- VILLE. Speedwell 6 32 Erwinton 11 53 Roberts ville '. .28 87 GlLLl^ONVILLE \^ 99 (380) AUGUSTA, GA., to GREEN- VILLE. To Hamburg 1 EdtcefieM 18 19 Dtmtonsville 9 28 Bradlevville .... 14 78 (386) YoRKviLLE-to ABBEVILLE. To Blairsville 10 Pinckneyville 10 20 Decatur 9 29 WintorSeat 5 42 Fraziersville 9 51 Abbeville Court House 9 60 Unionville 7 36 Cedar Grove 6 42 Cross Keys 6 48 Huntington 8 56 Varennes 10 80 Lauren's Court House 12 68 Anderson Court House 5 85 Steel's 9 94 Stony Point 5 84 Dead Fall 7 91 Pendleton 7 101 Double Branches 8 109 Pickensville 8 117 ABBEVILLE 10 101 (387) YORKVILLE to CAMDKN. GREENVILLE T..13 130 (381) CHARLESTON to DARLINGTON COURT HOUSE. To Pineville 51 Kingslree 23 74 Landsfbrd 10 31 C.itawba 12 43 Long Street 3 46 Dry Creek 4 50 Effingham 13 100 DARLINGTON, C. H 20 120 (382) CHARLESTON to GEORGE- TOWN. RussellPlace 8 58 Liberty Hill 8 66 Red Hill 6 72 GEORGIA. (388) SAVANNAH to MACON. Central Railroad. To Eden Depot .20 (383) GEORGETOWN to WILMING- TON, N. C. To Bucksville 35 Reform 10 30 Little River 28 72 Shallotte N C 94 Halcyondale 4 50 Smithsville 21 115 WILMINGTON 30 145 Midville ..10 90 ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 115 Davisborough 22 1 2:2 Teiiviiie 14 130 To Macon, (see 388) ..... .191 Oconee Jl 147 Eminntt 5 152 (394) SAVANNAH to ST. AUGUSTINE, FA. To Old Court House 17 Riceboro' ' ' ^ Gordon .... 18 170 Larksville 10 180 MACON 11 191 (380; MACON to ATLANTA. J\I ican and Western R. R. To Howard's 6 q 43 D \RIEN . .]<) 62 Bethel 10 QA PntlsviiUi. 11 17 JO OO Forsvh 7 24 T . U ' '. 7 QQ Other's 30 1M'?- t IS 1 17 GO/-;;IM'S 5 3o ^t Marv's c>O IQQ BiifiK' (403) MACON to South Wt T'lIATTAHOOCIIEE. stern H. R. 12 8 20 jrjaiiQStown . . .. Fort Valley 8 23 ' J ... Marshalville- .. 7 35 I f |l Tl f * * T 42 A , , -, n Montezuma .... 6 43 (399) AUGUSTA to CLARKS OGLFTIIOPPE 2 50 03 74 05 99 Culbreath's Palmyra 12 111 5 no 05 141 T ' -it R' ir 1 ridffp ... 38 17Q p 1 -? CHATTAHOOCHE (404) MACO To Clinton E 05 204 P t > --1 N to ATHENS. 15 10 25 Clopton's Mills 7 32 Dowersvuw . . Stanfordsville . 5 37 ' ..! Eatonton 11 48 p 1 IU s ^ lile MADISON 20 68 CLARKSVILLE (400) AUGUSTA to MIL VILLE. Salem 10 78 5 83 7 90 . . . 7 Q7 (405) MACON to COLUMBUS. Mavfield Sparta Echoconna .... 3 14 11 25 MlLLEDGKVILLE Francisville 6 31 ROUTES IN GEORGIA. 117 Talbotton 12 62 Dirttown 16 1 74 Ellerslie . 16 78 Summerville 8 182 (406) COLUMBUS to GRIFFIN. La Fayette 17 204 RossviLLE'. 13 225 To Harrison & Catawba ... 6 15 (409) ATLANTA to MONTGOMERY. Via La Grange R. R. Hamilton 7 22 Kind's Gap 8 30 White Sulphur Springs-... 6 36 Palmetto 7 25 Texas 14 61 Newnun 15 40 Erin 4 65 Ho^ansville - 19 59 Mount Mourne -'.11 76 GRIFFIN 8 84 LA GRANGE 13 72 Lou " ( ^ane 10 82 (407) COLUMBUS to ATLANTA. To Ellerslie 16 Montgomery and West Point R. R. Opelici 21 108 Waverly Hall .... .... 7 23 Bluff Springs- 3 26 LoachapoTca 7 122 Bellevue 7 33 PleTnnt Hill 5 38 Cheh'iw .... 8 135 Double Bridges 5 43 Thomaston 10 53 Union Hill 11 64 Franklin 7 142 MONTGOMERY 33 175 % (410) GRIFFIN to MONTGOMERY. To Mount Mourne 8 Greenville 29 37 Mountville 10 47 Mncon and Western R. ft. Milner's 7 78 GRIFFIN 11 89 Fosterville 15 104 Jonesboro' 7 111 Tucker's Cabin 7118 Poolesville 3 121 Long Cane 10 66 WKST POINT 5 71 MONTGOMERY, (see 409) . . .97 168 (411) COVINGTON to NEWNAN. To Oak Hill " 11 (408) COLUMBUS to ROSSVILLE. Catawba 6 15 Hamilton 7 22 Fo^ f erville 11 34 Cochran's Cross Roads 5 27 Carlisle 5 32 Fayetteville 9 '43 Kidron 11 54 Cane Point 4 36 NEVVNAN. .... 12 66 (412) ATHENS to CLAYTON. To Danielsville Corinth 15 59 NEVVNAN 9 74 Lodi 9 83 Carrollton 12 09 Bancroft .... .... 7 45 TalliDoosa ... 21) 119 Cedartown 16 135 CLAYTON 19 84 118 ROUTES IN GEORGIA FLORIDA. (413) ATHENS to DAHLONEGA. To Jefferson 17 (418) ST. AUGUSTINE to TALLA- HASSEE. Cunningham's Store 9 20 Carey's Ferry 23 41 Fort Harlee 25 66 Ntixju RfiHtro 12 *8 Newnansville 21 87 Ellisville 17 104 ALLIGATOR 18122 (414) DAHLONEGA to DALTON. Little River P. O. 15 137 Lower Mineral Springs 14 151 Columbus 17 168 Prince Edward 12 28 Ellijay 11 39 Coosuwattee 16 55 Spring Place ' 10 65 Marion 22 220 DALTON 8 73 (415) GREENSBORO' to ABBEVILLE, S.C. ToWoodville 8 Woodstock 8 16 Washington 15 31 Danbury 10 41 TALLAHASSEE 14244 (419) TALLAHASSEE to ALLIGATOR. Via Monticdio. To Miccosukee 20 MONTICELLO 18 38 Cherry Lake 30 68 Woodland--.. 10 78 Calboun's Mills, S. C. 8 62 Lebanon 6 68 ABBEVILLE 6 74 FLORIDA. (416) ST. AUGUSTINE to DARIEN, GA. To Jacksonville 40 Kirklancl 30 70 Benton 6 84 Jasper 16 100 White Springs 17 117 ALLIGATOR 15 132 (420) TALLAHASSEE to ST. MARKS. (421) TALLAHASSEE to BAIN- BRIDGE, GA. To Salubrity 12 Quincy . 12 4 St. Mary's, Ga. 20 90 Jeffersonton 22 112 BAINBRIDGE 24 48 (422) TALLAHASSEE to MOBILE, ALA. Way nesville 7 1 37 Bethel 12 149 DARIEN 18 167 (417) ST. AUGUSTINE to TAMPA BAY. Chattahoochee 21 45 Webbville 10 86 Pilatka ...20 2Q Fort King & - 25 74 Milton 45 221 Okahumpka 18 107 Floridatown 9 230 Fort Dade 40 1 47 Fort Foster 20 167 Blakely 58 302 TAMPA .. ...21 188 MOBILE 14 316 ROUTES IN FLORIDA. 119 (423) APPAI.ACHICOLA to COLUM- BUS, GA. Steamboat. To Fort Gadstieii 24 lola 28 52 Blountstown 40 92 Ochesee 15 107 CHATTAHOOCHBB 16 123 Brown's Ferry 30 153 Woodville, Ala 18 171 Columbia 16 187 Fort Gaines, Ga. 35 222 Eufaula, Ala. 30 252 Roanoke, Ga 23 275 Fort Mitchell, Ala 48 323 COLUMBUS, GA 13 336 120 THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. THE states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, are comprised in this division of the Union. They are bound- ed N. by the southern line of Virginia and Kentucky, and the parallel of 3G 30' N. lat.; W. by New Mexico and the Rio Grande; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina. This section lies between latitudes 26 and 36 42 N., and between longitudes 81 and 103 W. from Greenwich ; and includes an area of 459,428 square miles. These states are situated in the lower valley of the Mississippi, and in the basin of the Gulf of Mexico. Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas are mostly within the latter ; while Tennessee and Arkansas, with the northern portions of the other states, are drained by the tributaries of the Mississippi river. The rivers of the south fall into the Gulf, and have generally a direct southern descent. Considerable diversity of soil, climate, and productions obtains in the several states : in the north the land is generally elevated, but with trifling exceptions not mountainous; and has a rolling surface, and a climate much cooler than that of the south. The southern section is low and level, and in many parts swampy. The climate here is almost tropical, and in the lower regions very unhealthy. The varied productions of these states, however, form some of the great staples of the Union, and contribute largely to tho- an- nual aggregate earnings of American industry. The social institutions of these states are much akin each to the other, and slavery, in a greater or lesser degree, is common to all. With the exception of a few scattered settlements along the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, the commencement of the present century found the whole of these states a wilderness, inhabited only by the In- dian, and the wild animals of the forest and prairie. The rapidity of settlement, and the progress of population since that period, though not so great as in the north-west, have been wonderful. The chief part of that wilderness is now under cultivation, and the population which then numbered only 30,000, has now swelled to upwards of 3,000,000: while the material wealth of the settlers has been developed with astonishing success. THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 121 Except Texas, which formed a part of the Vice-royalty of New Spain, the country now divided into the several states above named belonged originally to the French. That portion E. of the Mississippi was ceded to England in 1763, and reverted to the United States by the terms of the treat/ of 1783 ; and Louisiana, Under which title was included all the lands W. of the Mississippi as faj north as the British Possessions, (49 N. lat.) was pin-chased of France in 1803. Texas became a part of th Union in 1846. THE STATE OP TENNESSEE. Area 45,600 square miles. Population 1,002,625. TENNESSEE, once a part of North Carolina, lies between 35 and 36<* 42' N. lat., and between 81 30' and 90 10' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Kentucky and Virginia ; E. by North Carolina ; S. by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and W. by Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river. The Cumberland Mountains traverse this state centrally from north- east to south-west, and divide the territory into two unequal parts. The eastern section is mountainous, being intersected by several ridges; the elevated valleys between which are very fertile, and the climate con- genial to the perfection of the cereals and fruits which flourish in the middle latitudes. The western section is chiefly level, but towards the central range of hills becomes first undulating, and then more abrupt and elevated. In this region the soil, especially on the margins of the rivers, is deep, rich, and fertile. Tennessee produces cotton, tobacco, hemp, and a variety of other staples, both of the North and South. The state is watered by the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, the first of which rises in the eastern section of the state, traverses it from north to south, and thence has its course in Alabama, from which it again emerges W. of the mountains, and then passes northward through the state to the Ohio, into which it empties. The Cumberland rises on the W. side of the mountains in Kentucky, and traverses the northern part of the western section, and also falls into the Ohio a few miles E. of the mouth of the Tennessee. These are large rivers, and navigable for a great distance. Several small streams belonging to this state, fall into the Mississippi. The climate is generally healthy, and vegetation commences from six to seven weeks earlier than in the New England States. Cattle require no housing in the winter. Like the state of Kentucky, Tennessee has numerous caves, some of 11 122 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. which contain human skeletons, and the bones of various animals. One cave has been explored for a distance of 10 miles. In the Cumberland Mountains are some very singular impressions of the feet of men, horses, and other animals, as distinctly marked in the solid limestone as if made in moist clay. Petrifactions of various kinds are found in many places : petrified trees and animals are abundanj ; and-among these are the bones of the Mastodon, and the organic remains of animals long since extinct. Immense banks of oyster-shells, of enormous size, have been found in the southern part of the state. The mineral productions of Tennessee are iron, bituminous coal, and some small amounts 6f lead and gold. Granite and salt are also ob- tained. The immense water-power afforded by the rivers gives to the state great advantages for manufacturing, and these advantages are being developed by artificial improvements, and the erection of factories and mills on the courses of the streams. Great progress has been made in the manufacture of cotton goods, and the woollen business is also be- coming extensive. But as. yet agriculture is the chief employment of the people, cotton and tobacco being the great staples. Wheat, oats, and Indian corn are the chief cereal products, scarcely any rye, barley, or buckwheat being grown. Flax and hemp are also largely cultivated. The direct foreign commerce is very small, but no inconsiderable amount of produce finds its way to New Orleans for exportation. The internal trade is considerable, but is much impeded from the want of good roads. Of railroads k 28T miles only are built, but in a few years many more now in progress will pass through the state, uniting the western rivers With the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico. There are two universities and six colleges in Tennessee, each having from two to seven professors, and an aggregate of some 500 students. A Roman Catholic seminary has been established at Nashvilie, and a Presbyterian seminary at Maryville. At Memphis there is a medical college, and at Lebanon a law school. There are also about 170 acad- emies and grammar schools, attended by 6,000 students, and about 1,200 primary and common schools, attended by 28,000 scholars. This is but a small number in so large a population. Education, however, is liber- ally provided for, and it seems to depend more on the people them- selves than on their governors, that it is not more generally di If used. The state is divided into three districts, viz. the Eastern, Middle, and Western, and into 79 counties. The principal cities and towns are Nashville, Knoxville, Fayetteville, Memphis, &c. NASHVILLE, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Cumberland river, at the head of steam navigation, 122 miles from its mouth. The city is built on an elevated site, and the streets are v laid out in regular squares. The public buildings are the State House, Lunatic Asylum, Penitentiary, 3 banks, 13 churches, the University buildings, &c. Water THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. 123 is raised by a steam-engine from the river for the supply of the city. Numerous steamboats ply between Nashville and Cincinnati, and other places. The city is rapidly rising to importance, and its prosperity will be much enhanced when the projected railroad to Chattanooga is com- pleted, as it will ^hen have an uninterrupted access to the Atlantic sea- board at Charleston and Savannah. Owing to its healthy situation, Nashville is much resorted to in the summer season by people from the lower country. The population is 10,478. CARTHAGK, LEBANON, GAL- LATIN, FRANKLIN, and CLARKESVILLE, in the valley of the Cumberland, are thriving villages. KNOXVILLE, on the N. bank of the Tlolston river, a few miles W. of its junction with French Broad river, and at the head of sfeam navi- gation, is a considerable town, and was formerly the state capital. East- ern Tennessee college is located here. The population amounts to between 4,000 and 5,000. A railroad is in progress from this place to unite with the Western and Atlantic, by which the town will enjoy the advantages of two ports on the Atlantic. The vicinity is thickly settled, and a number of large villages occupy the surrounding country. CHATTANOOGA, on the S. bank of the Tennessee, is a thriving vil- lage, and derives importance from being the present terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which is to be continued to Nash- ville. KINGSTON, on the Tennessee at its junction with the Holston, is also a thriving place. The other places of note in the state are FAY- ETTEVILLE, at the head of navigation on the Elk river; SAVANNAH, REYNOLBSBURG, and PERRYSBURG, on the Tennessee; COLUMBIA, on Duck creek; MURFREESBORO', on Stone river, formerly the capital, &c. MEMPHIS is the most important place on the Mississippi. It is Bituated on the site of old Fort Pickering. The commerce of the city is perhaps more extensive than that of any other in the state. The Uni- ted States have a rope factory at this place. Population 6,000. BOLIVAR, RANDOLPH, COVINGTON, and some other extensive villages, lie to the N. of Memphis. Tennessee was originally included in North Carolina. Fort London was built on the Little Tennessee in 1757, but in 1760 the garrison and settlers were massacred by the Cherokees. The first permanent settle- ment was effected in 1768 by emigrants from Virginia. The territory was ceded by North Carolina to Congress in 1790, when it was erected into a separate government. In 1796 the inhabitants formed a constitu- tion, and the state was admitted as an independent member of the Union. Tennessee has given two presidents to the United States, in the persons of Andrew Jackson and James Knox Polk. 124 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. THE STATE OF ALABAMA. Area 50,722 square miles. Population 771,671. ALABAMA is situated between 30 17' and 35 N lat., and between 840 5' unt i ggo 2G' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Tennessee; E. by Georgia; S. by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Mississippi. The northern districts, being penetrated by Several ridges of the Alle- ghanies, are mountainous, but the remaining portions of the state are generally level, sloping towards the Gulf of Mexico. The soil, ciiraate, and products of these two sections are essentially different. In the north the soil is fertile, and covered with immense forests of oak, hickory, elm, ash, cedar, and poplar. The center of the state is comparatively sterile ; and here the pine flourishes in luxuriaucy. The soil of the south is rich and deep, and the natural growths are cypress, swamp-oak, holly, and live-oak. Here also the olive, the orange, and lemon, come to per- fection ; and the climate is proper for the cultivation of cotton, sugar, and rice. The country between the Tombigbee and Alabama is the best portion of the state. Alabama is traversed by several fine rivers. The Tennessee drains the country northwest of the mountains. The south is drained by the Alabama and Tombigbee, which about 31 N. lat. unite and form the Mobile, which, after a short course, falls into Mobile Bay. The Ala- bama is formed by the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, which unite in 32 30' N. lat. The Tombigbee rises in the state of Mississippi, and before its junction with the Alabama, receives many considerable streams : the Black Warrior, one of its tributaries, is navigable almost to its source. The Perdido separates the state from East Florida. The bay of Mobile, which receives the main body of the waters of the state, is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and affords some of the best harbors on the Gulf of .Mexico. The waters, except at its entrance, are deep, and the anchorage safe. The mountainous regions of the north are rich in minerals. Iron and coal are abundant : the great coal region is in the neighborhood of Tus- caloosa. Gold is found in Randolph and Tallapoosa counties, in the north-eastern portion of the state. Besides these, granite, marble, lime, and gypsum are abundant. Salt is made in several parts. The prod- ucts of agriculture are the various cereals, and the staples peculiar to the south, as tobacco, sugar, cotton, rice, &c. The forests yield lumber, with large amounts of resin and turpentine. In manufactures, the state is rapidly increasing ; and several cotton-mills have lately been erected. There are also large numbers of tanneries, and some minor manufactures. THE STATE OF ALABAMA. 125 Alabama enjoys an extensive foreign commerce, of which Mobile is the center. Ther-e are 143 miles of railroad in this state. The University at Tuscaloosa, founded in 1828, is the chief collegiate institution ; it has 9 professors and about 100 students. The colleges at La Grange, Spring Hill, and Marion are also well attended. Attached to the University is a law school, and there are theological seminaries at Spring Hill and Marion. There are in the state about 130 academies and grammar schools, and between GOO and 700 primary and common schools. Education, however, is far from being universal even among the white population. Alabama is divided into 52 counties. The principal cities and towns are Tuscaloosa, Mobile, Montgomery, &c. MONTGOMERY, the state capital, at the head of steam navigation, on the east bank of the Alabama, is situated on a high bluff, and commands an extensive prospect, A large trade is carried on in this city, it being the center of an extensive cotton region. It is connected by railroad with West Point on the Georgia line, and steamboats ply regularly hence to Mobile. Population 6,400. MOBILE, the most important place in the state, is situated on the west bank of Mobile river, at its entrance into the bay. It is built on a slightly elevated plain, and has a splendid prospect. The commerce of the whole state centers here, and as a cotton mart, Mobile ranks next to Charleston. Immense quantities of this and the bttier staples from the upper districts, and also from western Georgia and eastern Mississippi, are brought down the rivers in steamboats, and exported hence to the northern ports and foreign countries. The city is supplied with water brought for a distance of two miles through iron pipes. The harbor, though difficult of access, is good, and well protected. The port is situated on a low sandy point, at the mouth of the bay, opposite to Dauphin Island. Mobile was founded by the Spaniards in 1700, but did not become a place of importance until captured in 1811 by the Americans. A number of regular steam and sailing vessels ply between this port and the principal cities in the Gulf and the Atlantic coasts ; and a railroad is projected to extend to the Ohio river, and ultimately to Chicago. BLAKELEY, opposite Mobile, on the Tensuw, has many advantages as a commercial point, but has never been able to supersede Mobile, although it enjoys a finer climate, and is perfectly healthy. The population of Mobile in 1840 was 12,672, and is at the present time about 20,513. TUSCALOOSA, the former capital, is situated on Black Warrior river, at the head of navigation. It is a small, but thriving town, being the center of an extensive agricultural and mining district. The University and old State House are the principal public buildings. The other principal places south of the mountains are ST. STEPHEN'!, 11* 126 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. on the Torabigbee ; CAHAVVBA, at the confluence of the Alabama and Cahawba rivers ; WETUMPKA, at the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers ; and several nourishing towns besides St. Stephen's are found on the Tombigbee* HUNTSVILLE, FLORENCE, and TUSCUMBIA are flourishing villages in the northern part of the state. The latter is connected with Decatur by railroad. The natural outlet of this section is the Tennessee river, which is navigated by steamboats to Florence during the seasons of high water. The first settlement was made by the Spaniards at Mobile in 1700, at which period the southern part of the state formed a portion of Flori- da ; but it was also claimed by the French as a portion of Louisiana. After the purchase of the latter by the United States, the Spaniards still held possession, and not until 1811 was the American claim to the coun- try south of 31 N. lat. enforced. In that year an expedition was fitted out, and the city captured ; and the territory, which extended from the Rio Perdido to Pearl river, was subsequently divided between Alabama and Mississippi, which ensures to each a considerable seaboard. At tho time it came into the hands of the United States, very lew inhabitants were found in all the district. In 1817, Alabama, within its present lim- its, was erected into a separate territorial government, and in 1820 be- came an independent state of the Union. That part of the state N. of 31 was originally a portion of Georgia, and so remained, until ceded to the United States in 1802. THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. Area 47,156 square miles. Population 606,555. MISSISSIPPI lies between 30 10' and 35 N. lat., and between 88 Iff and 91 35' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Tennessee ; E. by Alaba- ma ; S. by the~ Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and W. by Louisiana and the Mississippi river. The southern part of this state, for 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is almost a dead level, and chiefly composed of swarnps and marshes, overgrown with pines and cypresses. Further north, the country rises, and in some places is hilly and broken, but nowhere becomes moun- tainous. A range of bluffs stretches along the Mississippi, sometimes reaching almost to the margins of the river: these are an extension of the table-lands, which cover a portion of the state, and which have gen- erally a fertile soil. The low alluvial is the richest land, but this is not unfrequently overflowed during the floods. The lands bordering on the THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 127 Yazoo are especially fertile, being a fine black mould. The great staple of Mississippi is cotton, but Indian corn, tobacco, indigo, &c., are also largely cultivated. The natural growths consist of valuable timber, with a -great variety of spices and fruits. The Gulf of Mexico skirts the southern shore of the state for 70 or 80 miles, and a chain of low and sandy inlands line the coast. The princi- pal of these are Cat and Ship islands. The Bay of Puseagoula, lying between these and the mainland, is 65 miles long, and from 7 to 8 wide, and forms an inland navigation from Mobile bay to Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchurtrain. No harbor admitting vessels of more than eight feet draught is found in all this distance. The Mississippi river winds along the western border for 520 miles. The Yazoo is the largest river entirely within the state, and is navigable for 50 miles. The Big Black is also a large river, but not so capacious as the Yazoo. The other riv- ers emptying into the Mississippi are small, and, except the Homochitto, not navigable. The Pascagoula and the Pearl flow S. into the Gulf of Mexico. The climate of this state is more mild and agreeable than Louisiana, except along the S. coast, where the atmosphere is uncomfortably hot and every way unhealthy. In these regions, however, the lime and the orange flourish luxuriantly. In the N. the temperature ranges during the year between 26 and 94 Fahr. ; but these points may be consider- ed as extremes and of short duration. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The staple crops are cotton, tobacco, and rice. Manufactures have scarcely a footing, and at best include only such as are imperatively necessary to the comfort of man and the protection of stores among which we may include brick and lime making, and a few establishments for tanning leather and the manufacture of soap. Foreign commerce is carried on through the me- dium of New Orleans. The state contains 97 miles of railroad. The chief collegiate institutions in Mississippi are the University at Oxford, founded in 1846; the College at Oakland, founded in 1830, and Centenary College in Rankin county, founded in 1841. The first is still in its infancy, but the two latter have established a reputation, and are well attended. Besides these, there are between 70 and 80 academies, and some 400 common schools in the state. A law on this subject was passed in 1846, by which each school-district, of which there are five in each county, is compelled to support common schools by taxation, and several small items of revenue are devoted to the same purpose. The larger towns have already adopted this system, but the sparseness of the population in the country is a formidable obstacle to- the success of any general system. Ttje state is divided into 59 counties. The chief cities and towns are, Jackson, Natchez, Vicksburg, Columbus, &c. 128 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. JACKSON, the capital, is situated on the W. bank of Pearl river. It contain* the State House, a Penitentiary, and some other public build- ings. It is connected with Vicksburg by a railroad. Population 4,000. VICKSBURO lies on the western declivity of Walnut Hills, and from the Mississippi river has a picturesque appearance. It contains several handsome buildings. Vicksburg is the depot of an extensive back- country, and the steamboat traffic in the cotton season is immense. Population between 5,000 and 6,000. PORT GIBSON, on Bayou Pierre, and between Vicksburg and Natchez, is a flourishing village. Population 2,600. GRAND GULF, its port, is sit- uated on the Mississippi. NATCHEZ, 106 miles S. of Vicksburg, is the largest and most business- like town in the state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 12J. miles below the mouth of Yazoo river. It consists of two parts ; the lower town, which is situated immediately on the river, and the upper town, which is built on a bluff which rises abruptly 300 fcet above the level. The first is devoted to the conveniences of those trafficking on the river, and the latter for the residences of the better class of society. The streets are wide, regular, and shaded with ornamental trees. Natchez contains many elegant buildings, and during a part of the year is a pleas- ant and not unhealthy abode. It is the great cotton mart of the lower Yazoo district. Population about 8,000. YAZOO CITY, on the river of the same name; COMMERCE, on the Mississippi near the north boundary ; MONTICELLO, the former capi- tal ; WOODVILLE, in the S. W. corner of the state ; and MISSISSIPPI CITY and SHIELDSBORO' on the Gulf, are some others of the more considera- ble towns. COLUMBUS, at the head of steam navigation on the Tombigbee river, enjoys considerable commerce, and is the depot of a large agricultural neighborhood. An immense trade is done here. Population about 8,000. This portion of the United States was discovered by De Soto, a Span- ish adventurer, who, in 1540, reached the Mississippi from Florida, and died on the banks of that river in 1342. The first settlement in the present state was made at Natchez by the French in 1716, but in 1719 the colony was massacred by the Indians. In 1763 it was ceded to Eng- land, and became a part of Georgia. In 1802 the whole territory W. of Georgia was purchased by the General Government, and organized un- der the title of the Mississippi Territory ; but in 1817, Mississippi was portioned off as a state, while the remainder of the territory was erected into a separate government. The portion of the state below 31 N. lat. belonged to Florida until 1811, when it was captured by the United States on^the assumption of its being a part of the Louisiana purchase, and then attached to the Mississippi Territory. THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. 129 THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. Area 52,198 square miles. Population 209,639. ARKANSAS is situated between 33 and 36 30' N. lat, and between 890 50' and 94Q 30' W. long. ; and is bounded N. by Missouri ; E. by the Mississippi liver ; S. by Louisiana, and W. by Texas and the Indian Territory. The eastern portion of the state, bordering on the Mississippi, is an extended plain, and so low as to be frequently inundated. In the central districts the surface is undulating, and in some parts broken. The west- ern section is hilly and the soil sterile, and a large portion absolutely worthless for any agricultural purpose. The Black Mountains, N. of the Arkansas river, and the Washita Hills, at the head-waters of the Wa- shita, are considerable elevations. The principal rivers in the state are the Arkansas, which is navigable to Fort Gibson ; the White, a consid- erable, stream which joins the Arkansas near its mouth, and has itself several large affluents ; the Red River, which passes through the S. W. corner of the state, arid forms its southern boundary for a few miles, and the St. Francis, on the N. E. The Washita, Saline, and other affluents of the Red River, drain the southern districts. The mineral resources of Arkansas are little known. The mountains contain iron, lead, coal, and salt, but they have been but little worked. Extensive deposites of ma- rine shells are found, and a large number of hot and warm springs exist near the head of the Washita. The shell deposites have proved useful in supplying the settlers with lime. The soil in the low country is very rich, but requires draining. In the undulating region it is easily culti- vated, and produces very fine crops of grain and grasses. The climate is generally mild and equable, but the winters are oc- casionally severe, owing to the cold north winds which sweep over the country, and at times Jay waste large districts. Except in the swamp regions on the Mississippi, it is remarkably healthy. Grapes, plums, and several other descriptions of fruits, grow wild. Arkansas is altogether an agricultural state. The attention of the peo- " pie is generally bestowed on the cultivation of cotton, for which the more thickly settled part of the country is well adapted. Indian corn is largely grown, but the crops of wheat, barley, oats, and rye, are .very small : no buckwheat is grown. The cultivation of cotton has trebled in amount during the past 10 years. Cattle and hogs are numerous, but the flocks of sheep are small in proportion to the means of rearing them. Lumber, pitch, and turpentine are produced in large quantities, and the furs and skins of animals are exported to some extent. Manu- 130 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. factures extend only to a few articles of immediate necessity. The state has no direct foreign commerce : its cotton and other products are sent down the Mississippi and Red River to New Orleans, and thence shipped to Europe and the northern ports. The internal trade is not extensive, being impeded from the want of good roads, and from obstructions in the rivers. No railroads have yet been built in the state. Perhaps on the whole, Arkansas is the least improving or progressive state in the Union, and the one least inviting to settlers. Education is not fostered in Arkansas. Though Congress granted seventy-two sections of land for the endowment of a seminary of learn- ing, there is neither university nor college in the state. In some of the larger towns there are academies, but we have no means of ascertaining their condition. There are but few common schools in the state. The state is divided into 51 counties. Little Rock, Van Buren, Bates- vilie, Fayetteville, &c., are the principal places. LITTLE ROCK, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Arkansas, on a bluff rising 150 feet above the river. It is laid out in regular squares, and contains the State House, a Court House, the U. S. Arsenal and Land Office, the State Penitemiary, several churches, an academy, and other public buildings. It is accessible by steamboats from the Mississippi, and has considerable trade with the neighborhood. Popu- lation 4,500. VAN BUREN, on the Arkansas near the western boundary, has about 1,200 inhabitants and is a point of some importance in western travel. BATESVILLE, on White River, and FAYETTEVILLE, near the N.W. corner of the state, are also important villages. The population of each is about 1,000. Few other villages have more thun 500 or 600 inhabitants, the majority of the .people being thinly scattered over the country. Co- lumbia, Napoleon, and Helena lie on the Mississippi. HOT SPRINGS, a few miles N. of the Washita river, and 84 miles S.W. of Little Rock, derives its importance from tthe medicinal virtues of its waters, and has lately Become a popular resort. Visiters are well pro- vided with hotel accommodation. Arkansas was a portion of the Louisiana purchase. Previous to 1819 it was attached to Missouri, but in that year it was formed into a sepa- rate territorial government; and in 1836, having formed a constitution. it was received into the Union as an independent state. THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 131 THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. Area. 46,431 square miles. Population 511,974. LOUISIANA is situated between 29 and 33 N. lat, and 88 40' and 940 05' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Mississippi and Arkansas ; E. by the Mississippi and Pearl rivers ; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Texas, from which it is separated by the Sabirie river. The whole southern part of the state consists of swamps and marshes, destitute of trees, but covered with a strong reedy vegetation. Through this district the Mississippi flows in a south-eastern direction, dividing in its course into numerous branches called bayous, which diverge from each other and sluggishly wind their way to the Gulf, forming the delta of that great river. So low is the general surface, that a sixth part of the state is annually inundated by floods and high tides, and it has be- come necessary to build levees to protect the settlements. In this low alluvial region the soil is very fertile. The northern part of the state has an undulating surface, and is covered with a heavy natural growth of white, red, and yellow oak, hickory, black-walnut, sassafras, mag- nolia, and poplar. The uplands, which are sandy and less fertile, are overgrown with extensive pine forests. The climate is almost tropical, and the heat of summer very oppressive. In the winter season, how- ever, the cold is frequently intense, owing to the "northers" which sweep over the 'country from the pole. The summers and falls are very unhealthy, and frequently the yellow fever causes great destruction of life iu the swampy region of the south. The staple productions of Louisiana are sugar, cotton, and rice. Sugar grows chiefly on the shores of the Gulf and the delta of the Mississippi : little is grown north of 31 N. lat. Cotton is .grown almost everywhere, but the best cotton-lands are found on the lower courses of the Red river, which has not inaptly been termed the u cotton-planter's para- dise." Rice is grown in the swamps and other places convenient for irrigation. The quantity of land adapted to sugar has been computed at 250,000 acres, and a like quantity suitable for rice, exclusive of sub- merged lands which might be recovered. The cotton lands have an estimated area of 2,400,000 acres. Some tobacco is also grown, but with the exception of Indian corn, the cereals are little attended to. Manufactures can scarcely be said to form an item of industry in this state, being confined to a few of the minor branches. Some tanneries, soap-boiling establishments, brick-yards, &c., exist, but the value of their products is insignificant. The commerce of Louisiana is that of the wholo Mississippi Valley. The exports are not confined to its own products, but much of that of all the western states goes down the great rivers and is cleared at New Orleans. The receipts of produce at that 132 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. port during the year ending 31st Aug. 1849, were valued at $81,989,691, and in some years the value has reached as high as 90 millions. Of this amount about one-third is exported to foreign countries, and the re- mainder is either consumed in the state, or goes coastwise to other ports. The foreign imports average about $7,000.000 annually. There are sev- eral short railroads in the state. Education in Louisiana is lamentably backward, but suitable provision has been made in the new constitution for its support. A university has been lately established at New Orleans ; and within the last 10 or 12 years colleges have been founded at Jackson, Grand Coteau, Baton Rouge, and Opelousas. There is also a medical college at New Orleans. Academies and common schools are found in almost every district, but hitherto less than an average of 23,000 scholars have taken advantage of these institutions. The state is divided into two districts and 47 parishes. The principal cities and towns are Baton Rouge, New Orleans, &c. BATON ROUOE, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Missis- sippi, 140 miles above New Orleans. The city lies chiefly on one street, and on a bluff from 30 to 40 feet above high-water mark. The United States' barracks at this place are among the most commodious buildings of the kind in the Union. Population 3,600. The view from the espla- nade is magnificent. NEW ORLEANS, the former capital, and one of the great commercial marts of the Union, stands on the E. bank of the river, 105 miles from the Gulf, and four from Lake Pontchartrain. The city is built on a plain inclined from the river to the swamp in its rear, so that when the Mis- sissippi is full, the streets are frequently inundated ; the levee, however, prevents the great body of water from overwhelming the place, and at the same time affords to the citizens a pleasant promenade. The public buildings of New Orleans are conspicuous objects. The Cathedral, or Church of St. Louis, strikes the stranger forcibly by its venerable and antique appearance. Many of the other churches are worthy of notice. The Charity Hospital and Franklin Infirmary are noble institutions, and the markets, theatres, cotton-presses, &c., command attention. The St. diaries' Hotel is world-renowned for its magnificence ; and the Custom. House, United States' Branch Mint, the banks, &c., are worthy the opu- lence of the city. There are in New Orleans, besides the new uni- versity, two colleges, several academies, and forty, or upwards, of prima- ry and common schools. The city is supplied with water from the Mis- sissippi. The harbor is one of the most capacious in the world, and the local conveniences for the shipping, and the transaction of an immense business, unsurpassed. It is the great receiving and distributing depot of the whole West, and the greatest cotton mart in the world. During the business season, or from November to July, the port is crowded with THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. 133 Teasels of all sizes and of every nation, together with hundreds of large and elegant steamers, and a multiplicity of river-craft. Nothing can present a more busy scene than the levee at this time : the loading and unloading of steamers and ships, and the throng of drays transporting the varied products of the Great West, is truly exhilarating, and im- presses the beholder with an idea of the vastness of the commerce that requires all this commotion in its prosecution. Besides the immense number of steamers and other craft coming down the Mississippi, the arrivals from foreign parts in 1849 were 1,013 vessels, of a burden of 408,079 tons, and manned by 14,741 seamen ; and the arrivals coastwise in the same year were 1,491 vessels, of a burden of 448,374 tons, and manned by 17,741 seamen. The city is divided into three municipalities, each having a distinct council : the/rsi includes the city proper, extend- ing from the river back to Lake Pontchartrain, and occupying the center ; the second adjoins it above, and the third below, both extending from the river to the lake. The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, Spaniards, Creoles, and the colored races in every shade; and every other nation is well represented in this modern Babylon. The French and Spaniards occupy chiefly the central and lower parts of the city, where the buildings are of an ancient and foreign construction, and where the manners, customs, and languages v of those nations are pre- served in all their purity. On entering this portion the stranger could scarcely realize that he was in an American city. Population 119,401. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by Bienville, the then governor of Louisiana, MADISONVILLE, on Lake Pontchartrain, is a healthy and pleasant re- sort for the inhabitants of New Orleans during the hot season ; DONALD- SOXVILLE, on the opposite bank of the Mississippi above New Orleans, was once the capital of the state. ALEXANDRIA, on the Red Eiver, 150 miles from its mouth, is the center of a fine cotton region : it is well laid out, and contains about 2,00* inhabitants. NATCHITOCHES, on the W. bank of the Red River, 80 miles above Alexandria, is the largest town W. of the Mississippi, and was formerly a military post of great strength. It is situated at the head of steam navigation, and has a very mixed pop- ulation of French, Spaniards, Americans, and Indians. WALLACE and SHREVEPORT are towns further west ; and ST. FRANCISVILLE, OPELOU- SAP, and ST. MARTINSVILLE, are also considerable towns, and enjoy trade with their immediate neighborhoods. Louisiana comprises the southern part of the purchase made by the United States in 1803. The first settlement was made at Iberville, in 1699. In 1804 the present state was erected into a separate government, under the name of the Territory of Orleans ; and in 1812 it became a state of the Union under its present title. It is now one of the most prosperous of the United States. 12 134 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. THE STATE OF TEXAS. Area. 237,321 square miles Population 212,592. TEXAS, the largest of the United States, lies between 26 and 34 N. iat., and between 91 2G' and 102 W. long. : and is bounded on the N. by New Mexico and the Indian Territory; E. by Louisiana; S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by the Rio Grande del Norte, which separates it from the Republic of Mexico. Along the coast and far inland, the surface is a low level, free from swamps, however, and composed of excellent soil. The bottoms along the rivers which flow through this section are well wooded, and very fertile. Over this vast plain immense droves of wild horses and cattle roam at large. In the north the land is elevated and undulating, and clothed with thick forests. The northwest is mountainous, and spanned crosswise by several ranges, which form the natural border of New Mex- ico. The flanks of these mountains are covered with oak, pine, cedar, and a great variety of trees and shrubs, and their alluvial intervales af- ford some of the finest of lands. Few countries, indeed, have so small a portion of land unfit for agriculture. The surface is everywhere cov- ered with a fine growth of grasses, and affords excellent pasture. Among the remarkable features of the country, the w ' cross-timbers" of northern Texas are conspicuous. These are a continuous series of forests, varying in width from 5 to 50 miles, and extending in a direct line about 97 W. long, from the woody region, at the sources of the Trinidad, northward to the Arkansas river. They appear from a distance as an immense wall of wood, and from the west, such is the lineal regularity, that they ap pear to be rather the handwork of man, than a natural growth. Here the prairies terminate. The country between the Nueces and Rio Grande is comparatively barren, and it is only in the neighborhood of the rivers and lakes that cultivation could be profitable. The whole coast is lined with long, low islands, which enclose a great number of shallow bays, into wkich the rivers empty. But few go di- rectly to the sea. The largest are the Sabine, the Neches, Trinidad, Bra- zos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, and Rio Grande. These are all navigable for steamboats, and are so many avenues of commerce from the interior to the sea. The Red River and Arkansas wind along the northern frontier, and are partially navigable for boats. Galveston Bay, into which the Trinidad, San Jacinto, &c., fall, is by far the finest on the coast, but its entrance is obstructed by a sand-bar. The climate of the low region is essentially tropical. A wet and dry eaaou divide the year. From December to March the rains are inces- THE STATE OF TEXAS. 135 sant, and the rivers swell and inundate the country, frequently rendering it impassable. Snow, except on the mountains, is seldom seen, but cold blasts from the north render the winters chilly and unpleasant. u Nine- lenths of the country," however, says Mr. Kennedy, " are considered healthier than the most healthy parts of the United States." This may be an exaggeration; but there is little doubt that in the main Texas is a fine and healthy region, and well fitted for agricultural settlement. The mineral wealth of Texas consists of coal and iron ore in the low countries, and the precious metals in the mountains. Saltpetre, salt, bitumen, &c., abound, and granite, limestone, gypsum, shale. &c., are plentiful in the west, and higher regions of the north. The wild animals common to Texas are bears, cougars, panthers, peccaris, wolves, foxes, racoons, &c. ; birds of all kinds, and excellent fish, oysters, &c., in the lagoons. Alligators inhabit the Red river, and turtles and tor- toises the estuaries of the rivers emptying into the Gulf. Reptiles and insects are prolific, and alike dangerous and troublesome. The vegeta- tion is very various, but consists of nothing peculiar to the state. The principal grasses are the common prairie grass, the gama, musquite, wild clover, wild rye, &c. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The rearing of stock is largely pursued. Cotton is the great staple, and it is affirmed, and perhaps truly, that it is of superior quality and of a fine staple. Its cul- tivation is principally confined to the rich alluvial soils of the Red river, the Brazos, the Trinidad, and Colorado rivers. In some cases a bale and a half is yielded from an acre. Planting begins in February, and pick- ing in June. The grains cultivated are maize and wheat. Rye, barley, and oats are suited to the upper country, and rice is cultivated near the river estuaries. Sugar-cane grows well, and yields heavily. The plan- tations, however, are as yet very limited, and hitherto its culture has been experimental. Tobacco will probably become a staple. The mul- berry grows vigorously, and the climate is suitable for the silkworm. Texas has no manufactures, except those of the ordinary domestic kinds, which every family makes for its own use. The commerce of Texas ia as yet limited, and must long be retarded, for want of avenues. The staples are brought down the Red river to the Mississippi, or to Calves- ton, whence they are shipped to New Orleans, or the northern Atlantic ports. The building of railroads, and clearing the rivers from drift, which now obstructs them, will soon be demanded by the advance of the coun- try ; and it is only by such improvements as these that Texas can ever become that flourishing state which nature has designed her to become. The provisions made for education are much on the same basis as in the other new states. Public schools are supported by the revenues of the school lands, and one-tenth of the taxation is devoted to the same object. No statistics have yet been published with respect to learning. 136 SOTJTH-WESTERIf STATES. Texas is divided into 92 counties. The principal cities and towns are Austin, Galveston, Houston, Zodiac, &c. The CITY OF AUSTIN (San Felipe de Austin) the capital of the state, is situated on the west bank of the Brazos river, at the northeast corner of an extensive prairie about 90 miles from the Gulf coast, and contains about 2500 inhabitants. The country in the neighborhood is being rapidly brought under cultivation. GALVESTON, the commercial capital, is located at the eastern point of the island of the same name. Its harbor is one of the best on the Gulf, and is about 450 miles from New Orleans. The commerce of the port is rapidly increasing, and although the city was founded so lately as 1837, it now numbers at least 6,000 inhabitants. HOUSTON, the former capital, is situated at the head of navigation of Buffalo Bayou. MATAGORDA, GOLIAD, SAN ANTONIO DK BEXAR, &c., are ancient Spanish presidios, and were formerly strongly garrisoned. ZODIAC is a new town on the Pedernales river, inhabited by Germans and Mormons, who from thrift and industry have converted the neigh- borhood into a garden ; and NEW BRAUNFELS is also a new and flourish ing settlement of Germans, near the junction of the Guadalupe and Co- mal rivers. Eastern Texas is the most thickly settled part of the country, and there nevr villages are constantly springing up, some of which may ultimately become of sectional importance ; but as yet these are small, and mere temporary settlements. Several villages are springing up on the Rio Grande, of which BROWNSVILLE is the largest, and has become a place of commerce and industry. Texas separated from Mexico in 1836, and was formed into an inde- pendent republic. In 1846, having maintained itself for ten years against Mexico, it was annexed to the United States, voluntarily on both sides, and has since become an integral portion of the Union. Its pro- gress has been rapid, and new accessions are constantly making to the populaion by emigrants from- Europe, especially those from Germany, who h ive settled in colonies under their own chiefs. ^ THE INDIAN TERRITORY. 137 THE INDIAJf TERRITORY. Area 181,171 square miles. Population 100,000. THK INDIAN TERRITORY is situated between 33 50' and 42 N. lat, and between 94 30' and 109 W. long. : and is bounded N. by Nebraska river; E. by Missouri and Arkansas; S. by Texas, and W. by Cali- fornia. Of the whole area, only 58,346 square miles lie S. of 30 30' N. lat. Its geographical connection, however, with the South-western States, makes its description in this place convenient. The lands of this region are represented to bo generally fertile, and the climate adapted to agricultural success. It is watered by numerous fine rivers, which rise in the Mexican mountains and traverse the country from west to east, falling ultimately into the Mississippi. Iron, lead, coal, and salt are abundant. This territory was set apart by Congress for the permanent residence of the Indian tribes, and here they are se- cured a refuge from the encroachments of the white races. They live under governments of their own, and many of the tribes have made great advances in civilization. The number of ndians resident in the territory is about 100,000, four-fifths of which have been transported from the east of the Mississippi. The most numerous tribes are the Chero- kees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the Semi- iioles. The other tribes are numerically small. The CHOCTAYV NATION occupies a territory of 19,500 square miles be- tween the Red River and the Canadian. The domain is watered by numerous streams, has a fine soil, diversified in surface, and enjoying a healthy climate. The government is a constitutional republic. The Choctaws are employed in wool-growing and the cultivation of cotton, which they manufacture into clothing. The missionaries have taught them several of the mechanical arts. Manual labor schools are support- ed by the public, and education is imparted to all the young people. The New Testament, and several useful works, have been translated into their language, and a weekly newspaper is published for general in- formation. Census population 12,410. The CREEK NATION is situated between the Canadian and the Red Fork of the Arkansas. Though inferior to the Choctaws, the Creeks are progressing in intelligence and industry. Their fields produce the ce- reals, and cotton is also cultivated ; while their homesteads are well- built and comfortable, being generally surrounded by garden-plats. They have a written constitution, which recognizes a chief and a council of the nation. The laws are alao written. Census population 24,594. The CHEROKEE NATION lies upon both sides of the Arkansas. They 12* 138 THE INDIAN TERRITORY. are good, agriculturists, and have a large trade in horses and cattle. Tho nation is divided into 8 districts, each of which sends two senators and three representatives to the Grand Council. The chief (John Ross, elected successively since 1828) receives a salary of $500. The mem- bers of the council are elected for two years, and receive each $3 a day. They have a public debt of $100,000, which they are devising means to pay. Tahlcquah, the capital, is a pretty village, and contains a very neat Court House, and some very good brick buildings. The residence of Ross is a fine building, and having much wealth, he keeps his house expensively. Two large edifices, for a male and female seminary, have been built at the cost of $70,000. One hundred pupils will be boarded in each, at the expense of the nation. For several years the nation has likewise supported 22 district-schools ; the teachers receive $333.33 per annum each, and stationary and books are supplied from the public fund. An orphan school, at the expense of $18,000, is being built, to which the orphan fund, now yielding $2,500 annually, will be devoted. The Cherokees are better educated than other Indians ; they live in bet- ter style, and are anxious to come up to the whites in every kind of im- provement. It is said that in a few years they will ask for representation in Congress ; and surely that nation which so freely admits foreigners, will not reject the enlightened American Indians. A well-conducted paper, the Cherokee Advocate, is published in the nation. Census population 29,911. The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of the missionaries. They occupy various determined sections of the territory, and are not allowed to interfere with each other's governments. They have each their own laws, and are considered as so many distinct nations. The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced in the same degree as their brethren from the east. Some tribes, how- ever, are settling into habits of industry. The barbarism of the Indian, indeed, is passing away, and the symbols of civilization becoming every day more apparent. ' f late years, considerable, quantities of cotton, peltry, and other staples of the territory, have been brought down to New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch of commerce becoming very extensive. A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to pe- tition Congress for the removal of all the Indian tribes within the United States to the lands at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and there secure to them a permanent residence ; and also to constitute them into a state, with senators and representatives in Congress. Numerous petitions to this effect will also be presented by the white population, and it is ex- />ected by many that such will be granted. 139 ROUTES IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. TENNESSEE. (424) NASHVILLE to MEMPHIS. Via Huntingdon, To Chesnut Grove -18 ... 5 186 11 197 .. .45 242 (426) NASHVILLE to SPRINGS, ALA. To Bolivar (see 424^) HOLLY 1RR Charlotte '' 22 40 10 50 12 62 . 9 71 10 176 LR Grange . 13 189 .10 81 10 199 . 8 89 ,. , ' .... ' 6 205 .12 101 HOLI Y SPR a OIQ .16 117 (427) NASHVILLE to JACKSON. To Good Spring 13 . 8 125 J- -k 13 138 AT > i 1 150 J ... 5 18 BoliA'ir 16 100 ... 10 28 Middleburg . 7 173 5 178 Lick Creek ...25 53 .. 9 62 SOMERVILLE WhHe fall ... .11 189 5 194 Beaver Dam Spring ...7 69 . . 12 81 (>'ikl"rid 5 199 . . -6 107 Hickory \Vithe .... 4 4> 03 ... g 115 Morning Sun . 8 211 6 217 7 2^4 Lexington ...14 129 .. .12 141 "R- 1 ' >-h . 8 149 M' ' in oo/i . . 1 ^7 (425) NASHVILLE to MEMPHIS. Via Purdy. To Good Sprin " 13 (428) NASHVILLE to HICKMAN, KY. To Reynoldsburg, (see 424) 71 Sandy Hill 1Q Qa White House Spr in o- Hill . 6 24 . 7 31 .12 43 .11 54 Mount Holyoke ... 8 109 91 10 COLOMBIA Dresden Old Hickorv ... 7 125 12 137 .18 72 Totteu's Wells R ^A> NorUi Bend . 5 77 17 94 HICKMAN 18 161 (429) NASHVILLE to COLUMBUS, KY. To Piris, (see 428) """ .15 109 16 125 8 133 . 9 110 . 9 14<> Boydsville 9 119 R op frpok 10 152 10 129 fira' "tt . 7 159 FT' TC . 6 135 .15 174 fT ' ...16 151 Middieburor ... . 7 181 ...12 163 140 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. (430) NASHVILLE to TUSCUMBIA, ALA. To COLUMBIA, (see 425) 43 Mount Pleasant 11 54 Lawrenceburg 33 77 Cherry Grove, Ala. 23 100 Florence 15 115 TUSCUMBIA 5 120 (431) NASHVILLE to HUNTSVILLE, ALA. Via Columbia. To Columbia, (see 425) ... .43 Poplar Ridge 12 55 Lynnville 6 61 PULASKI 14 75 Elkton 16 91 White Hill 10 101 Madison Cross Roads 6 107 HUNTSVILLE 15 122 (432) NASHVILLE to HUNTSVILLK, ALA. Via Murfreesboro* . To Mount View 12 Steward sboro' 8 20 MURFREESBORO' 14 34 Fosterville 12 46 Shelbyville 13 59 RichViilley 5 64 Fayetteville 20 84 Hafcel Green. Ala 16 100 Meridian ville 6 106 HUNTSVILLE 8 114 (433) NASHVILLE to McMiNNS- VILLE. To Mount View 12 Stewardsboro 1 8 20 MURFREK3B(5RO' 14 34 Readyville 13 47 Woodbury... 7 54 Clermont 10 64 McMlNNSVILLE 11 75 (434) NASHVILLE to SPARTA. Via Oallatin. To Pleasant Hill 7 Hendersonville 9 16 GALLATIN 10 Hartsville 20 46 Dixon's Spring 6 52 Carthage--- ' 10 62 Pekin 16 78 Double Springs 8 86 Newark 12 98 SPARTA 10108 (435) NASHVILLE to KNOXVILLK. To Green Hill 12 CedarGrove 7 19 Lebanon 11 30 Three Forks 13 43 Alexandria 5 48 Liberty 9 57 Sligo 16 73 SPARTA 16 89 Bon Air Springs 13 102 Crossville 20 122 Belleville 12 134 Post Oak Springs 5 139 Kingston 7 146 Wood's Hill 18 164 Campbell's Station 8 172 KNOXVILLK 15 187 (436) KNOXVILLE to SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. To Acudemia 10 Blain's Cross Roads 9 19 Spring House 7 26 Rutledge 7 33 Bean's Station 10 43 Rocky Spring 4 47 Red Bridge 7 54 Rogersville 10 64 Lyons' Store 12 76 New Canton 6 82 Kingsport 9 91 Eden's Ridge 6 97 BLOUNTSVILLE 9106 Sapling Grove 9 115 ABINGDON 13 128 Glade Spring 11 139 Seven Mile Ford 11 150 Marion 6 156 Pleasant Hill 11 167 Rural Retreat 7 174 Wytheville 9183 Draper's Valley 18 201 NEVVBERN 10 211 Poplar Hill 12 223 Giles Court House 10 233 Peterstown 9242 Red Sulphur Springs 9 251 Indian Creek. 8 25S Salt Sulphur Springs 9 268 Union-. : 3 271 Second Creek 9280 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE. 141 LEWISBURO.- ............. 10 200 WHITE SULPHUR. SPRINGS . 9 299 25 (437) KNOXVILLE to BLOUNTS- VILLE. Via Russcllville. To Strawberry Plains 16 New M arket " 9 Mossy Creek 4 Panther Springs 8 Morristown 6 RUSSELLVILLE 5 Bay Mount 14 Greenville 13 Henderson's Mills 6 Rheatown 4 (4384) D ALTON to KNOXVILLE. East Tennessee & Georgia R. R. Varnell's 9 Red Clay Blue Spring 9 Cleveland 4 Charleston 12 Riceville .- 7 ( Athens 8 37 i Mouse Creek 6 Leesburg ................. 10 95 JONESUORO' .............. 5 100 Hilton .................... 10 110 BLOUNTSVILLE ............ 7117 (438) NASHVILLE to SAVANNAH, NaskrUle and Chattanooga R. R. To Antioch ............... 10 Smyrna .................. 11 21 Murfreesboro .............. 11 32 Christiana ................ 9 FoBterville ................ 4 Bell Buckle .......... ..... 5 Wai-trace ................. 5 Normandy ................ 8 Tullahoma ...... .......... 7 Allisonia .................. 7 Deeherd .................. 7 Cowan .................... 5 Tantalion ................. 7 Anderson ................. 9 Stevenson ---- Shell Mound .............. 15 130 Station . .................. 10 140 CHATTANOOGA ............ 11 151 Western and Atlantic R. R. Tennessee Line ...... ..... .16 167 Dalton ..... ............... 21 188 Kingston ................. 39 227 ATLANTA ................. 60 2S7 Ma con and Western R. R. East Point Junction. ..... 6 293 Griffin ................ ..... 37 330 Forsyth ................... 34 364 MACON ................... 24 888 Central R. R. Gordon ................... 1 5 403 Millen .......... . ......... 96 499 SAVANNAH ................ 80 579 41 45 50 55 63 70 77 84 59, 96 105 10 115 Sweet Water 8 Philadelphia 7 Loudon 6 15 24 28 40 47 55 61 69 76 82 (439) NASHVILLE to CHARLESTON, S. C. To Atlanta, (see 438) 274 Georgia R, R. Decatur 6 280 Stone Mountain 10 290 Lithonia 8298 Conyer's 6 304 Covington 11 315 Social Circle 10 325 Rutledge 8 333 Madison 8 341 Buckhead 8 349 Greensboro' 13362 Union Point A .... 7 369 Jefferson Hall 5 374 Crawfordsville 6 380 Cumming 8388 Double Wells 5 393 Camac 5 398 Thompson 9 407 Lombardy 9416 Berzelia , 8424 Belair 11 435 AUGUSTA 10 445 CHARLESTON, (see 397) . . .137 582 (440) KNOXVILLE to CUMBERLAND* GAP. To Wilson's 10 Clinton 6 16 142 ROUTES IN TENNESSEE ALABAMA. Jacksonboro' 13 30 Finrustle 12 48 DALTON 9 132 -Miunta, (see 438) 99 231 Speedwell 54 M.icon, (see 389) 101 332 Gidtown 12 GO SAVANNAH, (see 388) ....... 191 523 (444) SPARTA to HUNTSVILLE, ALA. To Rock Island 13 (441) KNOXVILLE to RALEIGH, N.C. To Joriesborough, (see 437)100 Eliz ibethtown 18 118 .VcMinnville 13 28 Hickory Creek 13 39 Buyer's Ferry 9 127 Moore's Iron Works 13 140 Hillsboro .. 9 48 Eik River 9 57 T-tviur^ville 9 149 NoVt.i Fork, N.C 14 163 S'ilem 10 76 Jefferson , 12 175 Reliv's River 17 19-2 New Market, Ala - . 18 94 IlUNTSVILLE 19 113 Wi'ki-sboro' 13 205 Denny ville ... .... 16 21 (445) SPARTA to MONTICELLO, KY. To Falling Water 10 White Plains 10 20 Oak Hill 14 34 Livingston 5 39 - Monroe 6 45 Ch:t[>oll'8 Cross Roads 5 226 Hamptonvtlte 6 232 Hunujville 18 250 Panther Creek 10 260 SALBM 11 271 Kiii.|i.j>ravil1tt 11 939 Friendship 7289 GRKENSBORO' 9298 Allernance 13 311 Albright's 6 317 Haw River 6 323 Olympus 8 53 Albany, Ky. 11 64 Newberry 11 75 MONTICELLO 9 84 ALABAMA. (446) MOBILE to MONTGOMERY. Steamboat. Mason's Hull 11 334 Hillsboro' 9 343 Chapel Hill 12355 Morin^s ville 8 303 (442)KNOXVILLEtoWARM SPRINGS and ASHVILLE, N. C. To Mecklenburg 5 Tait's Landing .... 30 74 French's Landing ... 6 90 Dandridge 30 35 Newport .... 10 53 Cl air borne 7 114 Lnpl'ind 17 97 Black Bluff Land in" c> 155 ASHVLLLK 20 117 Upper Peach Tree Landing 13 168 Prairie Bluff 12 180 (443; KNOXVILLE to SAVANNAH. To MarysviJJe . 16 Portland- 21 211 Madison ville 8 46 Benton 28 278 Calhonn 5 76 Cleveland 1 88 Btate Line ... 20 108 Washington 10 320 Cohuttah SDrinza. Ga 3111 MONTGOMERY... ..12332 ROUTES IN ALABAMA. 143 (447) MOBILE to MONTGOMERY. Stage. To Blakely. 14 St. Stephen's 8 96 Wood's Bluff <>o 140 Stockton > > - .... 16 30 Nanafalia Bluff 31 171 Mt Pleasant ... 35 65 Moscow 35 '>OG Clairborne 18 83 Demopolis . . 14 Mouth of Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa River C) 2 Burntcom 12 108 Activity 18 120 Jones's Bluff 42 G4 Greenville 7 i"i3 Kirkville 11 104 Sandy Ridge 5 169 Jamestown 1-2 294 Vienna 12 306 Fail-field ... 15 31 Pint Lala .... 10 184 Pickensville 18 339 MONTGOMERY 13 197 (448) MOBILE to TUSCALOOSA. To Mount Vernon 33 Nashville 9348 COLUMBUS C) ' ) 37C (451) MOBILE to CITRONELLK. Mob He and Ohio 11. R. M'-iu vila 1-3 New Wakefield 20 53 St Stephen's 15 G8 Citron^lle -20 33 Coffeeville ..J7 85 (452) MONTGOMERY to ATLANTA. Montgomery and West Point R. R. To Franklin 33 gprino- fli 11 9 14G Macon 8 1(51 Oarth it?e 9 c> 1 (449) MOBILE to SELMA. To Blakely 14 Chehaw 7 40 Stockton 1G 30 1 ] ^ t r ^Q Tensaw 15 45 \ 1 * ' ~ Kn Opelica 7 67 Clairborne 18 84 Bell's Landiri<* 21 105 Black's Bluff 8 113 Hogansville 13 116 Cam^en 9 122 Canton G 128 Newnan 19 135 Palmetto 15 150 Prairie Bluff G 134 Cambridge 10 144 i dirourn i^ CAIIA.BA > -14 1)8 (453) MONTGOMERY to ATLANTA. Via. Origin. To West Point, (see 452). . .97 (450) MOBILE to COLUMBUS, Miss. Steamboat. To Fort St Philip 21 La Grange 10 112 Month of Tombigbee River 23 44 Mountville c ) 121 Greenville Jo 131 Jackson 20 88 Texas 14 145 144 ROUTES IN ALABAMA. Erin . 4 149 11 160 . 8 168 Sylucauga \Veewok~T " r 7 153 Church Hill . 9 32 4 36 Cave Spring, 5 158 . . 6 164 16 52 19 71 T, > .... I 9 176 (458) MONTGOMERY GA. to COLUMBUS, 1 A 7 78 18 96 .13 109 Eutaw 13 122 . 7 129 Son Clinton 10 3^ 8 137 .14 151 10 4 a nf .; ( ,tv trjii 17 59 8 159 .12 171 16 75 Pickensville C irard 11 86 . 9 180 1 ft? .14 194 (459) SELMA to I To Pleasant Valley tUNTSVILLK. 5 (455) MONTGOMERY to LOOSA. Via Selma. To Greensboro', (see 454) . Havarma Carthage TUSCA- .96 .15 111 . 9 120 8 13 Planters ville 7 20 15 35 Montevallo 23 58 H7Q TUSCALOOSA (456) MONTGOMERY to LOOSA. Via Maplesville. .17 137 TUSCA- 15 10 25 17 42 18 60 ELYTON 15 87 7 94 Mount Pinson 7 ]Q1 8 109 Blountsville .... .. 28 137 Oleinder 5 162 Mount Hill 6 168 Chesnut Creek Lacy's Springs 5 173 4 177 10 70 14 84 8 92 . 6 98 vvm r . 10 187 (460) TUSCALOOSA Miss to COLUMBUS, 1 11 109 .13 122 ip rsoitiiport -jo 13 (457) MONTGOMERY to Roi To \Veturnpkci AE, GA. 15 24 39 .17 56 13 26 Reform 6 32 6 38 Rockford - p 1*1 g 44 Hanover ...17 61 ROUTES IX ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI. 145 (461) TUSCALOOSA to HUNTSVILLE. To MoMath's 32 Jonesboro' 11 43 ELYTO.V 13 56 HrvisviLLE, (see 450)- ... 100 156 (462) TUSCALOOSA to COURTLAND. To North port 1 North River 10 11 New J .exington 14 25 Sheffield 6 31 Eldridw 25 56 Thorn Hill 22 78 lynlock 7 85 Camp Spring 14 99 Moullon 10 109 Cot RTLAND 13 122 (463) TUSCALOOSA to FLORENCE. To North port 1 North River 10 11 New Lexington 14 25 Fayette Court House 16 41 Palo 7 48 Hughes' Mill 14 62 Pikeville 6 68 Toll Gate 10 78 Russellville 35 113 Tuscumbia 18 131 FLORENCE 5 136 (464) FLORENCE to ROME, GA. To Masonville 10 Rogersville 12 22 Athena 23 45 Shoalford 12 57 HUNTSVILLE 13 70 Berkley 12 82 New Hope 10 92 Cottonville 7 99 Claysville 6 105 Gunter's Landing 2 107 Fall River 6 113 Van Buren 18 131 Blue Pond 18 149 Cedar Bluff 11 160 Missionary Station, Ga. ....16 176 Coosa 7 183 ROME 6 189 (465) GUNTER'S LANDING to JAS- PER, TENN. To Claysville , 2 Dodsonville 15 17 Bellefoute 18 35 Bolivar 16 51 Rocky Spring 6 57 Battle Creek, Tenn 5 62 JASPER 6 68 (466) TUSCUMBIA to HUNTSVILLE Tuscumbia, and Decatur R. R. To Leighton 11 Courtland 13 24 Hillsboro' 9 33 Trinity ...- 5 38 Decatur 5 43 Mooresville, (stage) 7 50 Saimdt-rs 10 60 HUNTSVILLE 14 74 (467) TUSCUMBIA to COLUMBUS, Miss. To Russellville 18 Toll Gate 35 53 Millville 12 65 Quincy, Miss. 17 82 Athena 7 89 Aberdeen 7 96 Barton 15 111 COLUMBUS ...12123 MISSISSIPPI. (468) JACKSON to VICKSBURO. Vicksburg and Jackson R. R. To Clinton 10 Bolton's Depot 9 19 Midway 4 23 Edwards' Depot 5 28 Bit? Black River 6 34 Bovina 2 36 Montalban... 4 40 VICKSBURG ....6 46 (469) JACKSON to GRAND GULF. To Clinton 10 Raymond 8 13 Auburn 13 31 Cayuga 5 36 Rocky Swings 8 44 Willow Springs 8 52 GRAND GULF 11 63 (470) JACKSON to NATCHEZ. ToNewtown 10 Line Store 12 22 Gallatin 18 40 Margrave 15 55 Union Church 9 64 13 146 ROUTES IN MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. Malcomb 14 78 (475) COLUMBUS to MEMPHIS,TNN. To Barton 12 Hamburg 10 88 Washington 10 98 NATCHEZ 6 104 (471) JACKSON to DE KALB. To Brandon, (via R. R.) . . .13 Prairie Mount 30 57 Holly Springs 5(5 1^8 MEMPHIS, (see 474) 56 184 ARKANSAS. (476) LITTLE ROCK to NEW OR- LEANS. Steamboat. To Pine Bluffs 90 Hillsboro' 18 48 Union .... 15 75 DE KAI.B 20 106 ^ (472) JACKSON, to COLUMBUS. To Midway 12 Richland 6 121 Sharon 10 35 Ark'tns'ts Post 55 101 Pleasant Grove 9 44 Wellington 30 2-^1 Thomastown 13 57 NEW ORLEANS, (see 491).. 620 871 (477) LITTLE ROCK to MONT- GOMERY'S POINT. Louisville 36 108 Ya&aley .... 14 I'** COLUMBUS 24 158 (473) JACKSON to YA/OO CITY. Reagan's Bluff . 33 68 Steamboat. MONTGOMERY'S POINT.... 140 208 (478) LITTLE ROCK to FORT GIB- SON. Steamboat. To Lewisburg ... 60 Canton 13 25 YAZOO CITY 10 59 (474) VICKSBURO to MEMPHIS, TENN. Dardanelle 42 102 Scotia 13115 Milldale 5 15 Morrison's Bluff 6 138 Satartia ... .... 5 33 Ozark 5 163 Van Buren 58 221 FORT SMITH ... 8 "**9 ' o-t 27 f> Fort Coffee IT 17 ^46 Black Hawk 15 97 Canadian River 45 ^91 Carrollton 16 113 FORT GIBSON 40 331 (479) LITTLE ROCK to FORT GIB- SON. Stage. Oakachickama 13 149 Coffeeville 5 154 Sevier 15 169 Oxford 16 185 Aberville 14 199 1 , Waterford 10 209 HOLLY SPRINGS 9218 North Mount Pleasant 15 233 Noncomier, Tenn. 15 248 Hurricane 14 69 Galley Creek 8 77 Norristown 7 84 Dvvight 9 93 Scotia 6 99 MEMPHIS.. ...15274 Clarksville .. .. 7 115 ROUTES IN ARKANSAS. Horsehead 11126 Ozark 17 143 Pleasant Hill 12 155 Van Buren 24 179 FORT SMITH 7186 Kidron 25 211 FORT GIBSON 36 247 (480) LITTLE ROCK to BOSTON, TEX. To Collegeville 15 Benton 10 25 FairPlay 12 37 Rockport 8 45 Raymond 30 75 Antoine 20 95 Washington 29 124 Fulton 14 138 BOSTON 50 188 (481) LITTLE ROCK to FORT TOW- SON, IND. TER. To Washington, (see 480). 124 Columbus 9 133 Saline 10 143 Brownstown 5 148 Paraclit'ta 12 160 Ultima Thule 25 185 Eagletown 10 195 FORT TOWSON 45 240 (482) LITTLE ROCK to SHREVE- PORT, LA. To Washington, (see 480) .124 Spring Hill 15 139 Lewisville 16 155 Walnut Hill 26 181 SHREVEPORT 89 270 (483) LITTLE ROCK to HOT SPRINGS. To Collegeville 15 Benton 10( 25 FairPlay 12 37 HOT SPRINGS 18 55 (484) LITTLE ROCK to MEMPHIS, TENN. To Grand Prairie 35 Reagan's Bluff 33 68 Clarendon 5 73 Oakland 35 108 St. Francis 25 133 Green Plains 19 152 Marion ]G 168 MEMPHIS, TENN 10 178 (485) LITTLE ROCK to ST. Louis, Mo. To Oakland Grove 30 Searcy Court House 25 55 Rock Point .32 87 Batesville n 93 Reed's Creek 24 122 Smith viile 12 134 Jackson 14 148 Pocahontas 15 163 Fourche Dumas 8 171 Hick's Ferry 15 186 Cane Creek, Mo 32 218 Greenville 18 236 Fredericktown . .' 35 271 Mine La Motte 12 283 Farmington 5 288 Iron Mountain 14 302 Caledonia lo 312 Potosi 12 304 Old Mines 7331 Glenfiulay lo 341 Hillsboro' 10 351 Herculaneum 1 1 303. Sulphur Springs 9 371 Oakville 8 379 Jefferson Barracks 5 384 Carondelet 4 3^3 ST. Louis 5 393 (486) BATESVILLE to MEMPHIS. To Sulphur Rock 10 Elizabeth 18 28 St. Francis 55 83 Green Plains 19 102 Marion 16 118 MEMPHIS, TENN 10 128 (487) BATESVILLE to MEMPHIS. Steamboat. To Pleasant Island 35 Elizabeth 13 43 Clarendon 210 258 Reagan's Bluff 8 266 White River 140 406 Delta, Miss 66 472 Helena, Ark.. 10 482 Sterling, Ark 1() 492 Commerce, Miss 45 537 MEMPHIS, TENN 27 564 (488) ARKADELPHIA to NEW OR- LEANS. Steamboat. Manchester 11 Dallasport 18 i!9 148 ROUTES IN LOUISIANA. Homochitta River, Miss. . . 10 257 Ellis Cliffs Miss 26 283 ChumpHguoie 32 12fi NATCHEZ, Miss 18 301 Rodney, Miss 31 332 B ; i r k's I ad n n"j-' la l r > 271 Bruhisbur ', Miss 10 342 Trinity 165 43(5 fiRAND GULF, Miss. 10 352 Mouth Rtvl River 120 556 NEW ORLEANS 236 792 LOUISIANA. (480) NEW ORLEANS to MOBILE. To Lakeport, '(on Lake Pont- C>rthK.je, La .27 379 Warrenton, Miss.. 19 398 VICKSBURG, Miss 10 408 Yazoo River, Miss. 12 420 Providence La ... 61 481 Columbia, Ark 45 555 Bolivar Court House, Mi.ss.53 608 Napoleon,(mouth of Arkan- sas River,) Ark. 12 620 Montgomery's Point, Ark. 20 640 Victor! i Miss 1 641 Steamboat. Fort Coquilles 7 27 Lake Bonjne 10 37 Gr'nd IsHnd ..9 46 HELENA, ARK ...10 716 Sterling, Ark., (mouth of St. Francis River) 10 726 Pevton Miss I** 738 West M'lri'inne 9 55 East Miri'inne 5 60 Cut Island 11 71 Mississippi City 11 82 Deer Islaryl . . * 5 87 MEMPHIS TENN 7 798 Pasca.^oula, Miss. 23 110 Cedar Poi'it, Ala 26 136 (; reenock, Ark. 34 832 Randolph, Tenn.,(mouth of MOBILE 30 166 (490) NEW ORLEANS to CALVES- TON, TEXAS. To Rattle C round 6 Fulton Tenn * 11 876 O^ceola Ark 10 886 English Turn 6 12 Fort St I eon 5 17 New M'idrid Mo 30 965 Poverty Point 18 3,* Fort Si Philip 37 72 Hickman Ky 42 1007 Furt Jackson, (opposite) ... South East Pa 67 Moutville 9 93 Davis Point 5 20 New Washington 14 34 i*r , , i o i oi Anderson - 17 141 Huntsville . Sj 176 Stage. Crockett . . 30 ^0 Sprint Cref j k 13 1 1C Lockranzy 38 258 Dowlass . l f> ^70 Mo r ii i 'ome i 'v 22 138 HUNTSVILLB 28 1(36 (499 1 GALVESTON to WASHINGTON. To Houston, (see 498) .81 Eden 'M 105 ACOGDOCHES 15 285 Melrose 11 296 San Augustine ... I 319 Rock Island 29 134 Mil'im 8 337 (500) GALVKSTON to MATAGORDA. NATCIIITOCHES 25 404 Columbia. .... .25 61 (505) AUSTIN to MATAGORDA. To La Grange, (see 504) . . .67 Columbus 30 97 Bra/oria 9 70 Ccdur Lake 10 80 Caney 9 89 MATAGORDA -.22 111 (501) GALVESTON to MATAGORDA. To San Louis 28 Egypt 16 128 Wharton 14 14<> Preston .... 8 150 Velasco 14 42 L/aney zs 17 A (506) AUSTIN to MATAMORAS. To Lockhart 28 (502) GALVESTON to' PORT LA- VACCA. Steamboat. To mouth of Brazos River. .58 Saluri'i 80 138 Gonzales 36 64 Refugio 30 159 Jndiatiola 15 153 San Patrico 50 209 Brownsville, (on the ) Rio Grande,) and V .... 160 369 MATAMORAS ) (507) AUSTIN to PRESIDIO DEL Rio GRANDE. San Marcos ... 28 (503) GALVESTON to AUSTIN. To Houston (see 498) ..81 Richmond 28 109 Coiutnbus .... 50 159 La Grange 30 189 Cunningham's P. 22 211 New Braumfels 20 48 Webber's Prairie 17 41 AUSTIN CITY ... ...'.. 15 256 Rio Frio... 40 163 ROUTES IN TEXAS. 151 RlO CtRANDK .70 258 (508) AUSTIN to CORPUS CHRISTI. To S;in Patrice, (see 506). .209 To Henderson . .43 ..45 83 . ,i(j 104 Daingerfield 35 1 >J 9 (509) HOUSTON to GOLIAD. To Richmond 28 (512) BOSTON to Au To De Kalb .. 3TIN. ..14 ovnl . 30 60 Texiiiia Victoria .45 105 .30 135 GOLIAD (510) MATAGORDA to W TON. .27 162 ASHING- 41 Clarksville ...12 43 , . OQ 63 Tarrant 28 91 Kaufman Court House Buffalo ...64 155 36 191 9 50 .20 70 . ]5 85 8 129 S- '< i'l e 35 120 140 Tework nv * ' 1QJ . 7 147 45 206 Chapel Hill 11 1>8 WASHINGTON .12 170 ..42 316 152 THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. THE North-western States, comprising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, on the N., and Kentucky on the S. of the Ohio and E. of the Mississippi river, and Missouri and Iowa on the W. of the Missis- sippi, occupy an area of 395,319 square miles. The immense terri- tory west of these (with the exception of Minesota) is still a wilderness, and occupied only by roving bands of Indians. The whole region lies N. of the parallel of 36 30' N. lat., and E. of the Rocky Mountains, and is comprised in the great basins of the St. Lawrence, the Ohio, the Up- per Mississippi, and the Missouri rivers. The aggregate superficies of the N. W. states and territories is 1,202,583 square miles. If we except a few isolated elevations, and the range called the Black Hills between the upper waters of the Missouri and Platte rivers, tht, whole extent of these states and territories presents a series of undula- ting plains, inclining only in the direction of the great rivers and lakes, which form so distinguishing a feature of this prolific country. From 81 to 105 VV. long., no continuous chain, or any hill approaching to the semblance of a mountain, interrupts the vision, and the far horizon alone arrests the powers of sight. Along the rivers indeed a few ragged bluffs occur ; but so limited is their extent, and so small their occupancy, that they are almost lost in the pervading characteristics of the whole, and , can only claim a notice in the minute topography of regions. The soil is everywhere excellent infinite in variety, of great depth, and fertile beyond description. Naturally it is clothed with a strong sward, bearing a tall, coarse grass ; and in many places extensive tracts are covered with an abundant growth of timber forests of oak, pine, maple, walnut, and other valuable trees. The most lively landscape prevails, and for miles and miles a varied scenery of natural growth, with all the diversity of gentle swell and plain here trees grouped together, or standing singly and alone, and there arranged in long avenues as though planted by human hands, with strips of open prairie intervening. Sometimes the 44 openings" are dotted with numerous clear lakes, and form scenes of enchanting beauty. In these regions the bison roams, and here the red hunter formerly delighted to pursue his game amid the primeval devel- opments of nature. THE STATE OF OHIO. 153 The great rivers which, with a thousand branches, penetrate to almost every portion of the country, and lead off the surplus waters to the vast central trunk that traverses it from N. to S., are perhaps, no less than the extended plains, a distinguishing, as they are an important feature of the west. Without these, and those great lakes which lie ou the N., the whole region must forever have remained ah impenetrable wilderness. These are now the avenues of a commerce unsurpassed in extent, and have contributed more than all the artificial constructions of man to de- velop the teeming wealth of the regions watered by their courses. Craft of every description, from the primitive flat-bottom boat to the magnif- icent steamer, the acm6 of mechanical skill, bear upon their bosoms the staples and productions of every land, endowing with riches the whole country, and adding daily to the necessaries and luxuries of the thriving people, who, by their .presence and perseverance, have made the wil- derness to smile, and the nakedness of the earth to be clothed in peren- nial harvests. The " Great West" is perhaps the only region in the world that sup- plies so universally the wants of man, or unites so much and varied treasure and such accommodations. The earth produces spontaneously an aggregate of almost every useful species of vegetation, and supports animals suitable alike for food and clothing; and if we penetrate the dark womb of the earth, even there we find every valued mineral. Lead, copper, iron, and coal are found in exhaustless mines, and salt is everywhere abundant. Nothing, indeed, is wanting to man's happiness. The earth, the air, and the waters are replete with blessings, and in- voke only his industry to reap their teeming wealth. Is it wonderful, then, that such a country should attract the eyes of mankind, or that it has so rapidly filled up by immigration ? Untrod by white man within a century, it now maintains its millions. The destiny of such a country, how grand ! The great empires of the ancient world will sink to insig- nificance before the vastness and brilliancy of this rising power. THE STATE OP OHIO. drea 39,964 square miles. Population 1,980,408. Tins flourishing and populous state is situated between 38 34' and 420 N. lat., and between 80 35' and 84 57' W. long. : and is bounded ' N. by Michigan and Lake Erie ; E. by Pennsylvania and Virginia ; S. by Kentucky, and W. by Indiana. The Ohio river runs along its southern and the greater pa-t of its eastern boundary for 402 miles, separating the Btate from Virginia and Kentucky. 154 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. The northern part of Ohio, bordering on Lake Erie, and the interior, are generally level, and in some places marshy. In the E. and S. E. th& Country is much broken, often rising into rugged and abrupt elevations, but nowhere becoming mountainous. The^ whole state may be said to be susceptible of cultivation, and certainly it is one of the most product- ive and fertile in the Union. In the valleys of the Sciota and the Great and Little Miami, are found the finest portions of the country. In a state of nature, Ohio, with the exception of the centra! pr.';iries, was covered with dense forests, to which the fertility of the soil gave stupen- dous development. The most extensive prairies are those of the central table-laud. The principal riverS, besides the great and beautiful river which gives its name to the state, are the Mahoning, Beaver, Muskin- gum, Hockhocking, Sciota, and the Little and Great Miami, which flow south into the Ohio river ; and the Maumee, Sandusky. Hu-on, Grand, and Ashtabula, which fall into Lake Erie, which forms the northern boundary of the state for 160 miles. The climate is one of the most healthy. - Free from the extremes of heat and cold, it is peculiarly adapted to agricultural and other out-door employments, and to this fact is no doubt owing the general prosperity of the inhabitants. Numerous remains of former and extinct races are found in various' parts. These consist of tumuli or mounds, and ancient fortifications of earth, articles of earthenware, &c. To what people or time these are to be referred, is questionable ; but it is evident that the race of Indians found in these territories by the first explorers, have had no connection with them : indeed, they were entirely ignorant of their origin, nor were they acquainted with their use or economy. Ohio is extensively engaged in all the great branches of industry ; but agriculture is the chief employment of the inhabitants. All the cereals, fruits, and other products of moderate climates, are cultivated; and in the rearing of live-stock, the state is pre-eminent, and for this no state has better facilities. Of hogs alone, about 600,000 are annually slaugh- tered, and the yearly production of wool amounts to nearly 4,000,000 Ibs. The mineral wealth of Ohio, consisting of iron, coal, salt, &c., is im- mense, but as yet only partially developed, and building material is abundant. Gold, is said to have been found near Lisbon. Manufactures are carried on with success, and are daily increasiixg in importance. The exports consist of wheat, pork, wool, and other agricultural staples. These find outlets at the lake ports and the ports on the Ohio. Internal communication is provided for by a splendid system of railroads and canals. Every element of prosperity indeed is here in active operation. The length of railroad now completed is 1,622 miles, and the length of * canal nearly 900 miles. Education is munificently provided for. There are in the state 12,279 common schools, with an average attendance of 340,000 children. Th THE STATE OF OHIO. 155 school fund owned by the state amounts to $1,566,931. There are also about 130 academies, twelve colleges, six theological seminaries, one law school, and two medical schools. The number of private schools is also very large. The state also supports an Asylum for the Insane, and a Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The state is divided into 87 counties. The principal cities and towns are Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky, Springfield, Ports- mouth, Marietta, &c. COLUMBUS, the capital, is situated about the middle of the state, on the E. bank of the Sciota, immediately below the junction of the Whet- stone river. The streets are laid out 'rectangularly ; and in the center of the city is a fine public square. The great national road intersects here, and is carried over the river by a bridge, which also unites the city with Franklinton. Population 17,883. CHILICOTHE, on the W. bank of the river, 60 miles south, and PORTSMOUTH, at its mouth, are places of considerable, importance and population. In the neighborhood of Ports- mouth is a large number of furnaces. Pop. of P. 4.228. CINCINNATI, the u Queen city of the West," is situated on the north bank of the Ohio, near the western border of the state. It is the largest city in Ohio, and in point of population the fifth in the United States. Its public bu'tJ dings are numerous, and equal to those of any city of like population. In manufactures, trade, and commerce, it is pre-eminent. Population in 1810, 2,540 ; in 1849, 115,438. It is connected both by canal and railroad with Lake Erie, and with the whole east mid west by the noble Ohio. SPRINGFIELD, on the E. fork of Mad river, 84 miles north by railroad, is a rapidly increasing town, engaged in nianu'aclures, and has considerable commercial connection. Population 5,109. The other towns on the Ohio deserving of notice are GALMPOLIS, an improving place, and capital of Gallia county population 1,680 ; COAL- PORT, the chief depot of mining operations; POMKROY, a place of exten- sive traffic population 1,637; MARIETTA, on the E. bank of the M.us- kingum, at its mouth, noted for its mills population 3,133 ; STEUBEN- VILLE, the center of a rich and populous country population 6,140, &c., & c. ZANESVILLK, on the E. bank of the Muskingum, 80 miles N. of Marietta, is a manufacturing town of about 7,791 inhabitants. Anthracite coal and a clay suitable for earthenware are found in the neighborhood. The national road passing through the town, makes it a great thoroughfare, and, by the improvements in the river, navigation is opened to the Ohio, while the Ohio Canal unites it with Lake Erie and the Sciota river. COSHOCTON, NKVV PHILADELPHIA, BOLIVAR, MASSILLON, and FULTON, are also on the Muskingum, N. of Zanesville. AKRON, 34 miles S. of Cleveland, and about 10 miles N. of Fulton, is an important canal center. CLEVELAND, at the mouth ot the Cuyahoga river, and the northern ter- 156 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. minus of the Ohio Canal, is the most important of the lake ports. It is excellently situated for commerce, and has now a population of 17,074. SANDUSKY CITY, situated on the S. side of Sandusky Bay, about three miles from Lake Erie, is a point of importance. It is united with Cin- cinnati by railroad, and also with Mansfield and Newark. The port is continually thronged with vessels during the open season. Population 5,088. TOLEDO, near the mouth of the Maumee, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, is the eastern terminus of the railroad to Adrian in Mi- chigan, and possesses superior advantages as a commercial depot. It is constantly progressing, and must eventually, with the natural and artifi- cial means at its disposal, at no distant period become one of the most important places on the lake coast. The present population is only about 3,819. PORT CLINTON, PAINE SVILLE, ASHTABULA, &c., are also places of great commercial importance, and are rapidly increasing in population. Previous to 1788 the whole of Ohio was a wilderness. In that year a settlement was made at Marietta, and in 1789 the country was placed under a territorial government, and called the " Western Territory." This designation was applied not only to Ohio, but to all the district north-west of the Ohio to the Mississippi river, and included the states of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of the territory of Minesota. At a subsequent period it was known as the "Territory north-west of the Ohio." The ordinance by which this territory was established forbade slavery in any future state that might be formed with- in the district. The Indian wars in Ohio were terminated by Wayne's expedition in 1794. In 1802 this state was received into the Union. Since then no state has increased so rapidly, and it now ranks as third in population and wealth. THE STATE OF MICHIGAN Area 56,243 square miles Population 397,654. MICHIGAN lies between 41 48' and 47 30' N. lat., and between 82 20' and 90 10' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior ; E. by St. Mary's river, Lake Huron, St. Glair river, Lake St. Clair, Detroit river, and Lake Erie ; S. by the states of Ohio and Indiana, and W. by Lake Michigan and the Menomonee and Montreal rivers. The state consists of two distinct peninsulas. The " Southern Peninsula," or Michigan proper, contains an area of THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 157 39,850 square miles. The surface is generally level, but has a gradual ascent Iroiu the shores to the center of the country, where it attains an elevation oi' tiOO or 700 feet. The coasts of Lakes Michigan mid Huron have high and steep banks, arid along the former are bl lifts and sand hills from 100 to 300 feet elevation. The interior is mostly covered with fine forests, interspersed with prairie and openings. The country is , drained by several large rivers and numerous smaller streams, which rise near the center, and pass off in an E. and W. direction. The Che. boygan and some small streams, however, flow N. into Mackinaw Strait. The large* rivers are navigable almost to their sources. RaisiD and Huron rivers flow E. into Lake Erie ; Rouge into Detroit river ; Clinton and Black into the St. Clair;.andSaginaw, formed by the union of several streams, into Saginaw Bay. But the largest rivers flow into Lake Michigan. St. Joseph's, Kalamazoo, Grand, and Maskegon rivers are all navigable by steam. Several lakes are found in the northern part of the peninsula. The quality of soil is very various : in the north there are considerable sandy tracts and marshes ; but on the whole the coun, try is not unfertile, and not much inferior to the fine lands of the South for agricultural purposes. No part of the Union is better supplied with fish, game, and wild fowl, and the climate is remarkably mild, being tempered by the large bodies of water by which it is almost sur- rounded. The "Northern Peninsula," between lakes Michigan and Superior, occupies 16,387 square miles. Portions of it are the mere development of sublime scenery. Mountains and plains, -lakes, rivers, and ibrests spread over it with a boldness of outline which may be said to consti- tute almost a peculiar type in North American geography. This divi- sion embraces the wt mineral district" of Michigan. Much of it falls under the influence of causes which render it of little value in an agri- cultural point of view. The northern shores of lakes Michigan and Huron are exclusively limestone, and abound in gypsum and saline springs. The interior abounds in small lakes, and enjoys a singular ad- vantage of intercommunication by its streams and portr-gf:s. The length of coast navigation is about 750 miles, and in this distance are embraced several large bays and excellent harbors. About 40 large, and some GO small streams, discharge their waters into the lakes constituting portions of its boundary. The whole peninsula is eminently distinguished for the value and diversity of its minerals. Copper exists 'in vast beds in the neighborhood of Lake Superior, and is frequently Ibund in its native state. In some of the river beds large boulders of this mineral are frequently met with. Iron of a very superior quality is also tbund; and recent surveys have developed the fact that it exists in an almost pure state, and in larger bodies than even in the state of Missouri. The copper mines are now being worked by a number of Eastern capital- 14 158 HORTH- WESTERN STATES. lets, and large amounts of ore and reduced metal are finding their way into the markets. The favorable situation of Michigan, having immediate access to four of the great American lakes; its fine soil and climate; its mineral re- sources and other advantages, must eventually make it one of the moat prosperous of the Western states. Its industry is as yet only in its in- fancy, and its capabilities only partially known. The farmers raise almost every staple of temperate climates, and are rich in live-stock. The chief cereal crops consist of wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Barley, rye, and buckwheat, are raised in small quantities. Maple sugar is a never-failing crop. The products of both wild and domestic animals are large. Manufactures are progressing, but as yet are confined chiefly to articles of immediate necessity. Michigan is perhaps better situated for commerce than any other inland state. It is now accessible from New York and New Orleans wholly by water, and with those places main- tains considerable traffic. Canada overlooks its eastern shores, and in several places is only separated by narrow straits. With regard to its inland trade, every facility is enjoyed that navigable rivers and excellent roads can afford. Already the exports amount to an important sum. Flour, wheat, corn, pork, beef, fish, wool, leather, &c., constitute its chief exports. Taxable property in the state, real and personal, amounts to $29,008,769. The railroads in Michigan have a total length of 474 miles, tl\e main lines running across the southern part of the lower peninsula. The University, founded in 1837, is located at Ann Arbor, and has three departments : viz., for literature and the sciences, law, and medi- cine. It is supported by a fund arising from lands appropriated to its use by Congress, and is governed by a Board of Regents. No charge is made for tuition. Provision is made by law for 26 professorships, and also for the establishment of departments for female education, for the education of teachers, and for agricultural science ; but the institution as now organized consists only of seven -professors, and the three de- partments as above named. Primary schools are established through- out the state, and governed by local boards, supported by taxes and a general school-fund. There are 435 townships in the state, in 270 of which school libraries are supported, and provision is also made for dis- trict libraries. The number of school districts in the state is 2,809, and the number of scholars 97,658. The amount expended annually is about $140,000. Instruction is under the general supervision of a super- intendent. The CatholJc college of St. Philip's, near Detroit, was found- ed in 1839, and in 1849 had four professors and about. 37 students. A state normal school was established at Ypsilanti in 1849. Michigan is divided into 64 counties. The principal cities and towns are Lansing, Detroit, Pontiac, Monroe, Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Teeumseh, THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 159 Adrian, Marshall, Kalamazoo, Nilos, New Buffalo, all in the southern portion of the state ; Grand Rapids and Maskegon, on the rivers of the same name; Saginaw, on Saginaw river; Port Huron, at the N. entrance of St. Clair river, &c. LANSING, the capital, is situated in Inghara county, on Grand river, 117 miles from Detroit, and has been the seat of government since Dec. 1847. It is centrally situated in reference to the settlements. Though but a few years have elapsed since the place was a wilderness, it now contains upwards of 400 houses and several large hotels. The State House is a spacious and handsome building, in the center of an enclo- sure overlooking the town, and on an elevation of about 50 feet above the river. Several saw and flouring mills, propelled both by steam and water power, have been erected, and there seems to be every prospect of its becoming a flourishing place. Pop. 1,229. A stage communication is maintained to Jackson, on the Central Railroad. DETROIT, the former capital, and the largest and most flourishing town in Michigan, is well situated for trade on the VV. side of Detroit river, seven miles S. of Lake St. Clair, and 18 N. of Lake Erie. It stands on an elevated site, about 30 feet above the water. It is regularly laid out, and has many excellent public buildings and private residence!. It enjoys great facilities for an extensive commerce, and few cities have better prospects for future eminence. Pop. 21,057. The Central Rail- road extends hence to New Buffalo, 221 miles, and another to Pontiac, 25 miles. Detroit was formerly a military post of the French, and a great depot of the fur-traders. PONTIAC, 25 miles N. W. from Detroit, on the N.bank of Clinton river, contains the county buildings of Oakland, and is a flourishing inland town, containing several manufactures. Population 2,819. It is con- nected with Detroit by railroad. SHELBY and MT. CLEMENS, on the same river, to the E of Pontiac, are considerable villages. ST. CLAIR and PORT HURON, on St. Clair river, occupy excellent commercial sites, and with the progress of settlement must become important. MONROE, 39 miles S. of Detroit, is well situated, both for manufactures and com- merce, at the lower falls of Raisin river, and is accessible for the largest vessels from Lake Erie. Population 2,809. Here commences the South- ern Railroad. ADRIAN and TKCUMSEH, also on the Raisin, are populous villages, the former of which is a station on the Southern Railroad. HILLSDALE is the present terminus of that road. YPSILANTI, the seat of the State Normal School, and ANN ARBOR, the seat of Michigan Uni- versity, are towns on the S. bank of Huron river, and on the line of the Central Railroad. The population of each is about 4,8TO. DEXTER, JACKSON, and MARSHALL are towns on the same railroad. Marshall, which is situated on the N. bank of Kalamazoo river, is aja important place, with a population of about 2,823. KALAMAZOO, on the S, bank, 160 NORTH- WE STERN STATES. has great commercial advantages, the river being navigable to tho lake. It has long been an important point of travel, and has especially in- creased in prosperity since the completion of the Central Railroad. A large trade centers here from the neighboring country. Population 2,507. NILES, on the E. side of St. Joseph's river, at the head of steam navigation, is an important place on the Central Railroad. Population 3,400. NEW BUFFALO, opposite Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the W. term'.nus of the Central Railroad, and distant from Detroit 221 miles. It has much of the busy aspect of its. great prototype of the east. ST. JOSEPH'S, at the mouth of Ihe river of the same name, has a good loca- tion for commerce, but hitherto has not realized the expectations of its founders. CiiRANi) RAPIDS is situated on the S. E. side of Grand river, at the rap- ids, which have a fall of 15 feet in a mile, and afford immense water- power. A large number of splendid saw and flouring mills have been erected here. The village contains the public offices of Kent county, and has a .population of about 2.040. A canal round the rapids would se- cure navigation to steamboats many miles further up the river. It was founded in 1833, and promises to become one of the most important places in the state. MASKEGON, on the S. bank of the river of the same name, is also a large village, and well located for commerce. It is the natural outlet of an extensive back-country. Pop 404. SAGINAW, on the VV. bank of ^aginaw river, 23 miles from its mouth, stands on an elevated site, and contains several substantial public build- ings. It has long been an important village, and has considerable com- merce. It is the chief outlet for the extensive country watered by the numerous tributaries of the Saginaw. Pop 917. MACKINAW, on Mackinaw Island, which forms a part of the N. E. bank of the strait of Mackinaw, is a village of some 800 inhabitants. It is an important military station, occupied by the U. S. forces. The fortifica- tions are built on an eminence, 1(30 feet above the surface of the lake. The Indians resort to this station to receive from government their an- nuities, and are here met by the traders. Steamboats call here on their passages through the strait. ~ Few villages exist in the northern peninsula. Those occupied by the miners are only of a temporary nature. SAULT ST. MARIE, however, is an exception. This village, 90 miles N. W. from Mackinaw, is situated near the rapids of St. Mary's river, between lakes Superior and Huron, and at the head of steam navigation. It is proposed to connect the two lakes by a canal round the falls, and thus secure a continuous naviga- tion between the lakes, and form an outlet for the vast resources of the upper lake country. The first permanent settlement within the bounds of Michigan was made by the French at Detroit in 1670 ; but at the peace of Paris in 1763, THE STATE OF INDIANA. 161 the country was transferred to England, and at the close of the Revolu- tionary war reverted to the United States. In 1805 it was erected by Congress into a separate territorial government. During the last war with England it fell into the hands of the enemy through the cowardice of Gen. Hull, but was retaken by Gen. Harrison in the following year. On 13th of June, 1836, it was admitted as a state of the Union. Arkan- sas was admitted on the same day as a slave state. THE STATE OF INDIANA. Jl rea 33,809 square miles. Population 988,416. INDIANA lies between 3?o 45' and 410 52' N. lat., and between 84 42> and 88 is' \y. i OB g. : an( j i s bounded N. by Lake Michigan and the state of the same name ; E. by Ohio ; S. E. and S. by the Ohio river, and W. by the Wabash river and Illinois. The physical aspect of this state is generally similar to that of Ohio. In no part is it mountainous; but that portion bordering on the Ohio river contains much broken and hilly land. The interior is undulating, and in many parts clothed with timber. The river bottoms are always rich and fertile. On the shores of Lake Michigan are extensive sand- hills, and along the course of the Kankakee river swamps and marshes. The Ohio meanders along the entire southern boundary. The E. and W. forks of the White river and the Wabash drain the whole western and central portion of the state. The Wabash is navigable for steam- boats to Logansport, and the head waters of this river interlace with those of the St. Joseph's and Maumee. It falls into the Ohio in the S. W. corner of the state, and forms the western border for 100 miles. The climate is comparatively mild, and highly favorable for agriculture ; and with few local exceptions, the whole country is remarkably healthy. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant, and salt is manufactured hi several counties. Few persons, however, are emj/Ioyed in mining. Agriculture engrosses almost universal attention. Wheat, oats, and In- dian corn are the great cereal staples, and are largely exported, as are also wool and pork. Tobacco is also produced. Indiana is progressing in manufactures, and in this branch a large capital is already employed. The commerce of the state is chiefly carried on through the Ohio ; and to ttie ports on that river most of the exports are brought by the Wa- bash, and the several internal improvements. Michigan City is the only port of consequence on Lake Erie. The length of completed railroad in IhV state is 902 miles, and of canal 420 miles. 14* 162 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. The school fund amounts to $2,195,149, but in this are included $1,500,000, the estimated value of school lands unsold. The number of academies is about 80, and of common schools 2,000. There are also six colleges in the state, one theological seminary, one law school, and one medical school. About 90,000 students and scholars attend these institxitions. Indiana is divided into 91 counties. The chief cities and towns are Indianapolis, Evansville, Jeffersonville, Madison, Lawrenceburg, Coving- ton, Logansport, Michigan City, &c. INDIANAPOLIS, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the West Fork of White river, and at the head of steam navigation. An elegant bridge is thrown over the river, over which passes the great national road. The State House is one of the most splendid buildings in the West, and is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens. The city contains also sev- eral handsome churches arid school-houses. It was laid ont in 18-21, and now has a population of 8034. Indianapolis is the principal railroad center in the state. LAWRENGKBURG, on the Ohio, is a place of importance, at the south terminus of the Whitewater Canal, but is liable to inundation. It is a great depot for the rich produce of the Miami and Whitewater valleys, and will ultimately become a large city. Population 4.500. VEVAY was settled by a Swiss colony in 1804, and is the seat of Switzerland county. It has a tine location, and is prettily laid out, being surrounded by vine- yards. The lands in the neighborhood indeed were granted by Con- gress, with the stipulation to make vine culture a prominent part of the agriculture of the colonists. Population 2,000. MADISON derives im- portance from being the southern terminus of the railroad, 86 miles long, to the capital. It has great facilities for both manufactures and com- merce. Population 8,039. JKFFKRSONVILLE, opposite Louisville, is the site of the State Prison. Population 2,800. NEW ALBANY is a large and flourishing place, and carries on some manufactures. Ship-building is one of its chief businesses. A railroad connects it with Salem ; and eventually the line will be extended to Crawfordsville, in Montgomery County, and Lafayette, on the Wabash. Population 9,785. ROME and ROCKPORT are lower down the Ohio. EVANSVILLE has an extensive trade with the interior. It is connected by a canal with Lake Erie, 458 miles N. N. E. Several manufactures are carried on in the town. Population 5,400. MT. VKRNON, 22 miles W., is the capital of Posey county, and a flourishing village. VINCENNKS, on the Wabash, 150 miles from its mouth, is the oldest city in tiie state, having been settled by the French in 1702. The inhabitants are chiefly descendants ol the old colonists, and still retain much of their national vivacity and politeness. It was formerly the state capital. Population 2,800. NEW HARMONY, 50 miles S. of Vincennes, was set- THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 163 tied in 1816 by a colony of German enthusiasts, styled " Harmonists,* under the" spiritual charge of George Rapp. These religionists ultimate- ly settled on Beaver Creek, Pa., and their lands were purchased by Rob- ert Owen, the Scottish Socialist, who here attempted to test the opera- tion of his " new-light" principles on a large scale. About 1,000 persons congregated here under his system, but the experiment was soon aban- doned, and the place is now a mere village. TERRK HAUTK, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, about 100 miles N. of Vincennes, and LOGANSPORT, at the head of steam navigation on the Wabash, are important places. LAFAYETTE, WILLIAMSPORT, COVINGTON, and NEWPORT, are also flour- ishing towns on the Wabash. Opposite Lafayette was fought the fa- mous battle of Tippecanoe. MirmoAN CITY is the only port in Indiana on the lake. There are some considerable towns and villages in the eastern portion of the state, but none of large population, or of much consequence to the traveller. The early history of Indiana is obscure. The first settlement was made at Vincennes by French soldiers from Canada in 1702. In 17G3 the ter- ritory was ceded to the British, and afterwards formed a part of the Western Territory. Indian wars desolated the country until 1797, and in 1811-12, the Indians, incited by the British, again commenced hostil- ities. The battle of Tippecanoe compelled them to sue for peace. In 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union; and since that period has been rapidly filling up with a hardy and vigorous immigration, and now ranks fifth in point of population. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. Area 5t*>,405 square miles. Population 851,470. ILLINOIS, so noted for the extent of its prairies, is situated between 3T and 420 30' N. lat,, and between 87 49' and 91 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Wisconsin; E. by Lake Michigan and Indiana; S. E. and P. by the Ohio river, which separates it from Kentucky, and W. by the Mississippi, which flows from the N. southward, between it and Iowa and Missouri. The surface is generally level : the southern and northern parts of the state are somewhat hilly and broken, but nowhere mountainous. That portion S. of a line from the mouth of the Wabaah to the mouth of the Kaskaskia river, is mostly covered with timber : thence N. prairie pre- dominates. A range of bluffs commences on the margin of the Missis- sippi, (a short distance above the mouth of the Ohio,) and extend N. of the Des Moines rapids, sometimes rising abruptly from the water's edge 9* 164 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. I but most generally at a few miles distant, having between the bluffs and river a strip of alluvial formation of the most exhaustless fertility. Probably two-thirds of the state is prairie land. The soil throughout is excellent, rich, deep, and productive, being watered by an abundance of pure springs, and well adapted for all kinds of grain, and other agri- cultural staples of temperate climes. The great lead region in this state is in the N. W. portion, and the mines in the neighborhood of Galena are perhaps the richest in the world. Copper and iron ores also exist, and coal is found in almost every county, while salt-springs abound in the southern counties. The Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers form more than two-thirds of the boundary of the state. The Big-Muddy, Kaskaskia, Illinois, and Rock rivers, and many smaller streams, empty themselves into the Mississippi. Chicago river empties into Lake Mi- chigan ; the Vermillion, Embarras, and Little Wabash into the Wabash river, which, and some few others, empty into the Ohio. The state is everywhere well watered. The climate is excellent, and in the south is sufficiently mild for the cultivation of cotton, while peaches come to ma- turity everywhere. Except on the river bottoms, and in the neighbor- hood of swamps, the country is healthy, and free from endemic diseases. The productive industry of Illinois is chiefly employed in agriculture. The cereal staples are wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Tobacco, hemp, and flax are also raised. The manufactures are comparatively of small importance. Mining, however, is briskly carried on, and large quanti- ties of lead, copper, iron, and bituminous coal are annually produced. The lead region extends from Galena beyond the limits of the state north and west, and is supposed to occupy a district 200 miles long and GO broad. Mining operations have been carried on for 30 years. Illinois has but little direct foreign commerce, but supplies no inconsiderable amount of that carried on with other states ; and since the completion of the Illinois Canal a large export business has been done via the lakes. The Mississippi river, however, will ever be the great outlet for the pro- ductions of the interior. Many of the rivers are navigable, and with the already completed internal improvements, afford great facilities for the transportation of goods and merchandise. Illinois has projected a splen- did system of railroads, but only 400 miles are completed. The canal from the lake to the Illinois river, however, is finished, and answers per- fectly every anticipation of its projectors. Illinois has four colleges, a theological seminary, and a medical school. There are also about 60 academies and grammar schools in the state, which educate about 3,500 students; and 2,317 common schools, at which 51,447 children are taught for various terms during the year. The whole number of persons under 20 years of age was in 1848, 209,639. The school fund amounts to $1,404,752. There is a Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Springfield, which, in Jan. 1850, had 60 pupils. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 165 The state is divided into 99 counties. The following are among the principal cities and towns Springfield, Chicago, Galena, Rock Isl.,Nau- TOO, Quincy, Kaskaskia, Alton, Cairo, Shawneeiown, &c. SPRINGFIELD, the capital, is situated on the border of a beautiful plain, 4 miles S. of the Sangamon river, and very near the center of the state. In 1823 it contained about 30 families, living in small log cabins. It now has several fine public buildings, including the capitol, an elegant edi- fice of hewn stone, and a population of 5,000. The surrounding country is one of the richest prairie districts in the state. CHICAGO is situated on the S. W. shore of Lake Michigan, and is the most commercial city of Illinois. It is built on a level prairie, elevated somewhat above the lake surface, and lies on both sides of Chicago river, about a mile above its entrance in the lake. By the construction of piers, an artificial harbor has been made at the mouth of the river. The city has sprung up rapidly. In 1830 it was a mere trading post; it now contains about 29,963 inhabitants, and is one of the largest grain depots in the Union. Its commerce is immense, and in the aggregate employs about 60,000 tons of shipping, one half steamers and propellers. Tke lumber trade is also becoming very profitable. This trade is chiefly carried on with Buffalo. Chicago is connected with the western rivers by a sloop canal, one of the most magnificent works ever under- taken. It is connected w4th Galena by railroad. GALENA, in the heart of the lead regions, is situated on Fever river, 7 miles from the Mississippi, and derives all its importance from the mi- ning carried on in the vicinity. Population 7,000. A railroad connects it with Chicago. ROCK ISLAND, near the mouth of Rock river, is an island about 4 miles long and 2 broad. It is the site of Fort Armstrong, the foundation of which is laid upon rocks rising some 20 feet out of the river. ROCK ISL., N. of the junction of the Rock river with the Mississippi, is a flourishing village of 2,300 inhabitants. NAUVOO, the site of the Mor- mon city, which contained in its palmy days about 24,000 inhabitants, is located on a bluff, with an easy ascent. The Mormons have been driven out, and their magnificent temple was destroyed by fire in 1848. The city, or rather its ruins have been purchased by M. Cabet, the chief of the "Icarians," large bodies of which sect are now emigrating from France. WARSAW, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river, is a small, but thriving village. QUINCY is situated on a bluff, and com- mands a fine view of the river and surrounding country. It has a large river trade, being the depot of a fertile back-country. Pop. 7,000. AL- TON, situated a little north of and opposite to the mouth of the Missouri, is a very thriving town, in a region rich in timber and bituminous coal. Population 3,500. KASKASKIA, on the river of the same name, 11 miles from its mouth, stands on an extensive plain. It was originally set- 106 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. tied by the French from Canada, and was a place of the greatest impor- tance. Population 1,800. CAIRO, at the mouth of the Ohio, occupies a site most appropriate for a large commercial city, but in consequence of the lowness of the ground, and unhealthiness of the situation, it can never rise to that im- portance its projectors anticipated. A levee has been built to keep back the waters, at a cost of a million of dollars. Population from 200 to 300. SHAWNEETOWN, on the Ohio, 9 miles S. of the Wabash, was origin- ally a village occupied by Indians of the Shawnee tribe. It has consid- erable trade, and a population of 1,500. Among the interior towns the most notable are OTTAWA, on Fox river, an important canal station; PERU, the western terminus of the Illiaois and Michigan Canal; PKORIA, on the Illinois river, S. of Peoria Lake ; PONTIAC, on Vermillion river ; BLOOMINGTON, the county seat of McLean ; BEARDSTOWN, on the Illinois : MEREDOSIA, on the same river ; JACKSONVILLE, the seat of Illinois College ; VANDALIA, on the National Road, &c. &c. Early in the 17th century, Illinois was explored by La Salle, the en- terprising traveller ; and French settlements were formed at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and other places soon afterwards. In 1763 the whole country was ceded to England. Until 1809, Illinois was a part of the territory N. W. of the Ohio. In that year it was placed under a separate terri- torial government, and in 1818 was admitted into the Union as a state. The present population has resulted from immigration during the cur- rent century. THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. Jlrea 37,680 square miles. Population 982,405. KENTUCKY, formerly a part of Virginia, lies between 36 47' and 39 10' N lat., and between 82 11' and 89 35' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, from which it is separated by the Ohio river; W. by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Mis- souri ; S. by Tennessee, and E. by the Cumberland Mountains and Big Sandy river, which seoarates it from Virginia. The outline of Kentucky, except on its southern boundary, is very ir- regular, being drawn chiefly by the meanderings of the Ohio. The only portion of this state that can be called mountainous is that on the east- ern border, which is traversed by several transverse ridges of the Cum- berland range. Much hilly and broken land, however, is found near the Ohio, extending along its whole length at various distances. The soil of THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 167 these regions is good ; and a part of this tract, lying immediately on the river, averaging a mile in width, consists of bottom lands, which from frequent inundation are exceedingly rich and fertile. Between this tract, the eastern counties, and Green river, is the "garden of the state." ^ This fertile tract is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 miles broad, with an undulating surface and rich black friable soil. The country be- tween Green and Cumberland rivers is called the " barrens ;" a term, however, which does not apply literally, for the soil is good and fertile, though in relation to the rich prairie land certainly inferior. The natu- ral growths are black walnut, black cherry, locust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-maple, elm, ash, cotton-wood, white thorn, &c. The whole state below the mountains rests on a limestone bed, usually about eight feet below the surface. There are everywhere apertures in this formation called "sink holes," through which the waters of the rivers disappear; and as a consequence, during the dry season the rivers are lower than in any other portion of the Union, and the small streams are entirely dried up. In the S. W. part of the state, between Green and Cumber- land rivers, there are several extensive caves: one called the "Mam- moth Cave" is 8 or 9 miles long. Kentucky is almost isolated by navi- gable rivers. The Big Sandy, which rises in the Cumberland Moun- tains, near the sources of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, forms the eastern boundary for nearly 200 miles, while the Ohio winds along the north for more than 600 miles, and the Mississippi along the west for about 80 miles. The Cumberland and Tennessee both have their sources in the eastern mountains, and after circuitous windings for 600 or 700 miles through the states south of Kentucky, bend to the north, and finally disembogue into the Ohio, within 12 miles of each other. The Licking, Kentucky, Salt, and Green rivers, are wholly within the state, and fall into the Ohio. All these are navigable for various dis- tances, and have been much improved, so as to admit of navigation almost to their sources. The banks of these rivers are peculiarly striking in formation, and the streams seem to have worn deep channels in the calcareous rock through which they flow. The precipices formed by the Kentucky are in many places awful in appearance, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone. Situated in the center of the United States, on the table land of the w Great West," with the Alleghany mountains to the eastward, and the high lands of Tennessee on the south, Kentucky enjoys a climate pro- tected from all extremes, and is not excelled in salubrity by any other portion of North America. The heat seldom exceeds 80 Fahr. or re- cedes below 25. Such a climate is suitable to the perfection of every production of temperate regions. The minerals produced in this state are iron, bituminous coal, and alt. All these are abundant. Its agricultural resources are equal to 168 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. any other of the western states. Wheat, oats, rye, and Indian corn are the cereal staples, and flax, tobacco, and hemp are extensively grown. Kentucky is amply provided wjth live-stock, and produces wool in large quantities. The pork trade is a large item in its resources. The manu- j factures of the state are hardware, coarse cottons, and cotton bagging, cordage, woollens, tobacco, spirits, &c. The cotton business has been developing itself largely during the past few years. The exports are considerable, and the quantity of produce shipped to New Orleans for a foreign market is immense. Louisville is the chief port. A large trade is also maintained with the southern states. Works of internal improvement undertaken in this state are important : of railroads 93 miles are in operation, and upwards of 800 miles are in progress or proposed, and there are some improvements to overcome river obstruc- tions. The state has also great facilities in its fine rivers and dry high- ways. Kentucky has several old and well-conducted colleges. Transylvania University, at Lexington, was founded in 1798, and is the best literary establishment in the state. The Catholic College of St. Joseph, at ~ Bardstown, and Centre College, at Danville, are perhaps the most flour- ishing. The Baptists have a Theological Seminary at Covington, and there are schools of law and medicine attached to the University at Lex- ington, and a separate medical school at Louisville. There are also about 140 academies, 1,200 common schools, and a large number of private schools. The state institutions for the relief of the unfortunate are the Lunatic Asylums at Lexington and Hopkinsville, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Danville, the School for the Blind at Louisville, and the MariueVlospitals at TSrnithland and Louisville. The state contaiuslOO counties. Among the principal cities and towns are Frankfort, Louisville, Lexington, &c. FRANKFORT, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of Kentucky river, 60 miles from its mouth, and in a deep valley surrounded by lofty and precipitous hills. The State House is built of white marble, and is a handsome edifice ; and the State Penitentiary, conducted on the Auburn plan, is a strong and durable structure. Many of the public and private buildings are built of the fine limestone with which the country abounds. Steamboats come up to the city, and keel-boats navigate the river for many miles further. Population 4,372. Railroads connect it with Lex- ington and Louisville. LEXINGTON is situated in a rich district, and is the oldest city in Ken- tucky. The surrounding country is beautiful and exceedingly fertile. The main street is spacious and about a mile and a half long, and con- tains many elegant houses. Some manufactures are carried on, but the city is quiet, and none of the bustle of commercial towns is observed. The University, Lunatic Asylum, &c., situated here, are important adornments to the city. A railroad connects it with the capital. Popu- THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. 109 lation 9,500. The Hon. Henry Clay, the illustrious statesman, resides at Ashland, near this place. LOUISVILLE, on the S. bank of the Ohio, immediately above the Falls, is the chief commercial city. The canal from Portland enables steam- boats to come up to the wharves. An immense and valuable trade centers here, and manufactures of various descriptions are carried on with great spirit. Foundries, steam bagging factories, cotton and woollen mills, flouring mills, &c., are numerous. Pork packing is a large business. The city is laid out in rectangular form, the principal streets running parallel with the river. Among the public buildings are the City Hall, Court House, a college, two hospitals, a medical school, seve- ral asylums, and about 30 churches. Several daily and weekly papers and other periodicals are published here. The value of property in 1846 was assessed at $13,047,514 number of houses 7,000 population 43,1%. COVINGTON, on the W. bank of the Licking river, near its mouth, is built on an elevated plain. The streets are so laid out as to appear to be a continuation of those of Cincinnati, on the opposite bank of the Ohio. It contains several handsome public buildings and a number of manufacturing establishments. A steam-ferry con- nects it with Cincinnati, and a suspension bridge is about to be built over the Licking, to connect it with Newport. Population 0,637. NEWPORT, on the opposite bank of the Licking, and also facing Cincin- nati, is connected with that city by a steam-ferry. It is a thriving town, and has some manufactures. It is a station of the U. S. army. Popula- tion 6,<>2i>. MAYSVILLIO is the commercial dep-t of the eastern counties. It is situated on the alluvial tract of the Ohio, and is a well-built and handsome city, and contains a City Hall, a bank, several churches, &c. It has also some manufactures. Population 4,256. CLARKSBURG and GREKNUPSBURG are thriving towns E. of Maysville. The cities and towns west of Louisville on the Ohio, are Portland, Henderson, Smith- land, Paducah, &.c. PORTLAND, 3 miles 'below Louisville, is a flourish- ing and business-like place, and holds communication with New Albany by a steam-ferry. Population J,200. HENDERSON is a shipping port of some consideration, and is largely engaged in the tobacco-trade. Popu- lation 1,800. SMITIILAND, at the mouth of the Cumberland, has some trade with the interior, and a population of about 1,200. PADUCAH, at the mouth of the Tennessee, is a place of rapidly-increasing importance, and as a depot of the river-trade, is already possessed of an extensive commerce. Population 2,400. The interior towns are in general small. Latonian Springs, four miles from Covington, is a fashionable resort during the hot season ; and Drennon Springs, in Henry county, 20 miles up Kentucky river, supplies every variety of sulphur and chalybeate wa- ters, and is much frequented by the citizens of Louisville and Cincinnati. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was made by the celebra- 15 170 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. ted Daniel Boone, in 1775. Until 1790 it was an integral part of Vir- ginia, but in that year it became detached, and formed for itself a consti- tution. In 1792 it was admitted into the Union as a state. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. Area, 67,380 square miles. Population 682,043. MISSOURI, the largest of the western states, is situated between 36 30' and 4QQ 30' N. lat., and between 89 and 96 45' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Iowa; E. by Illinois and Kentucky, from which it is separated by the Mississippi river ; S. by Arkansas, and W. by Nebras- ka Territory and the Missouri river. Missouri has, generally, a rolling or hilly surface, and is about equally divided between prairie and timber land. The S. E. corner is almost entirely alluvial. No part of the state can be called mountainous. A range of low hills, however, commences in St. Francois county, and ex- tends in a S. W. direction to the southern boundary; and another range, of a larger class, extends from the Missouri river, between the Gascon- ade and Osage, increasing in magnitude until far within the -state of Arkansas. These are sometimes called the Ozark Mountains. The celebmted Iron mountain is situated in St. Francois county. Five miles S. of this is " Pilot Knob," also composed almost wholly of oxide of iron. These, with the exception of the recently discovered iron beds in northern Michigan, are the richest known deposits of iron in the world. Copper is found in several districts, and lead mines of great ex- tent are known to exist. Washington county is a perfect bed of metallic wealth lead, copper, copperas, black-lead, and brimstone ; carnelian and other precious stones ; free-stone, grind-stone, and burr-stone, and chalk, are the prevailing formations. St. Genevieve county has quar- ries of fine marble, and vast caverns full of beautiful white sand resem- bling snow, much prized for the manufacture of flint-glass. Throughout the mineral district beds of rich red marls are found, which prove to be the very best kind of manure, and such deposits being found in this comparatively sterile region are doubly valuable. The best portion of the state south of the Missouri river, is between the Osage and that river. It is agreeably diversified and fertile beyond conception, and abounds in coal, salt, &c. The country north of the Missouri is scarcely inferior. There is no part of the globe win-re greater extent of country can be traversed more easily when in its natural state. It has, for the most part, a surface delightfully rolling and variegated, sometimes rising into picturesque hills, and then stretch ing far away into the sea of prairie, occasionally interspersed with shady groves and sparkling streamlets. THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 171, The Mississippi meanders along the eastern border of the state for 400 miles, receiving in its course the turbid waters of the Missouri, which river traverses the state in a south-western direction. The La Mine, Osage, and Gasconade, from the S., and the Little Platte, Grand, and Chariton, from the N., are the navigable tributaries of the Missouri. Salt river, a navigable stream, falls into the Mississippi 86 miles above the mouth of the Missouri ; and Maramee river, also navigable, disem bogues 18 miles below St. Louis. The White Water and St. Francoia drain the S. E. portion, and the tributaries of the Neosho the S. W. part of the state. The Missouri river, during a part of the year, is navigable for 1,800 miles. Almost every acre of this fine country is susceptible of agricultural improvement. The climate is remarkably serene and temperate, being well suited to out-door employment and the raising of live-stock. The chief products consist of tobacco, hemp, wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Wool-growing is becoming a favorite employment ; and of late years the improvement of breed has been attended to. The trade in hogs is very extensive, and large numbers of cattle are reared for the market. About five-sixths of the people are farmers. Mining occupies at least 4,000 persons, and perhaps two-thirds of these are employed at the lead mines : the remainder are employed at the iron, copper, and bitumin- ous coal mines. As a manufacturing stole Missouri is not of much im- portance. The exports from this state consist chiefly of agricultural produce and its minerals. Cattle arid horses are also largely exported to the East and South. St. Louis is the chief commercial city, and the great receiving and distributing depot. Internal trade is carried on mainly by steamboats on the Missouri and its tributaries. The University of St. Louis, Kemper College, at the, same place, and Missouri University, at Columbia, to each of which is attached a medi- cal school, are the principal scholastic institutions. There are also col- leges at Cape Girardeau, in Marion county, at St. Charles, and Fayette, and a medical college at Willoughby. Academies and common schools arc supported on a liberal footing. Missouri is divided into 101 counties. The principal cities and towns are Jefferson City, St. Louis, St. Charles, &c. JEFFERSON CITY, the capital, is situated on the S. bank of the Mis- souri, 130 miles from its rnouth, and near the center of the state. The State House and the Penitentiary are the principal public buildings. Population 4,000. The most important places on the river, W. of the capital, are Marion, Nashville, llocheport, Booneville, Chariton, Lexing- ton, Blayton, Liberty, Independence, Western, St. Joseph's, &c. INDE- PENDENCE, on the S. bank o the river, 352 miles from its junction with the Mississippi, is the starting-point or rendezvous for traders to northern Mexico, and for emigrants to Oregon and California. The distance from 172 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. St. Louis by land is 266 miles. Portland, Pinkney, Newport, and St. Charles, lie eastward of Jefferson City. ST. CHARLES, formerly the state capital, 22 miles from the mouth of the river on its N. bank, is a thriving place, and contains about 5,000 inhabitants, many of whom are of French origin. Warsaw and Osceola are the principal towns on Osage river. ST. Louis, the commercial capital of the state, and one of the most important places in the West, is situated on the Mississippi, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, 863 miles from Fort Sneliing, and 1,212 from New Orleans. No city could be better located for an extensive commerce. The whole Union is its tributary, and already its trade amounts to nearly one half the whole foreign commerce of the U. S. in value. About 1,000 flat-boats arrive here annually, and steamboats with an aggregate of 500,000 tons. The Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi are navigated by its fleets, and even the northern lakes con- tribute to its commerce. Year by year its importance is increasing. The city consists of two parts, built at different elevations. The lower part, or that on the margin of the river, is laid out in narrow streets, and is chiefly occupied by those engaged in business. The more elevated portion is different in appearance, and is laid out regularly in broad hand- some streets, lined with the splendid mansions of the rich. A variety of public buildings beautify this locality. The population, about 77,360, is composed of men of all nations, but the most numerous are Ameri- cans, French, and Germans. The city is supplied with water from the river, which is raised into a reservoir by steam-power, and thence dis- tributed through iron pipes. The streets are lighted with gas. St. Louis is the principal depot of the American Fur Company. Jefferson Bar- racks, the most extensive military station in the West, is situated on 11 range of bluffs, about 9 miles below the city. The principal places N. of St. Louis are Westport, Clarkesville, Louisiana, Hannibal, Marion City, La Grange and Tally, on the Mississippi, and St. Francisville, on the Des Moines river. To the S. of St. Louis are Hereulaneum and St. Genevieve, the chief ports of the mineral district ; Cape Girardeau, which has a finehiubor for keel-boats; Ohio City, opposite Cairo, and New Ma- drid, formerly a noted place, but containing now less than 500 inhabitants. Missouri was originally a portion of Louisiana, as purchased by the United States in 1803. Settlements were made at St. Louis, St. Gene- vieve, find elsewhere, about the middle of the last century. In 1821, Missouri became a state. Previous to its admission, however, great debate was had on the subject of slavery, nor was it until a distinctive line had been drawn between stave soil and free soil that the state was recognised by Congress. This line (36 30' N. lat.) is usually called the " Missouri Compromise line," N. of which to the Rocky Mountains, except so far as regards this state, slavery is never to be tolerated. THE STATE 0^ IOWA. 173 THE STATE OF IOWA. Area. 50,914 square miles. Population 192,214. IOWA is situated between 40 30' and 43 30' N. lat., and between 90 20' and 97 40' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Minesota Territory ; E. by the Mississippi river, which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois ; S. by Missouri, and W. by the territory of Nebraska. Prairie predominates in this state. Scarcely a hill interrupts the sea- like expanse of its wavy surface. An elevated table-land or plateau, however, extends through a considerable portion of the country, and forms the watershed between the streams flowing into the Missouri and Mississippi rivers respectively. The margins of the streams are thickly timbered. The prairie lands are variously covered : some are clothed in thick grass, suitable for grazing farms, while hazel thickets and sas- safras shrubs invest others with perennial verdure. In spring and sum- mer the surface is enamelled by wild flowers in endless variety. The soil is universally good, being a rich black mould, mixed sometimes with sandy loam, and sometimes with red clay and gravel. Lead, zinc, iron, &c., are very plentiful. The " mineral region" is principally confined to the neighborhood of Dubuque. The lead mines of this region are per- haps the most productive and valuable in the world. Ten thousand mi- ners could here find profitable employment. Zinc occurs in fissures ;ilong with the lead, chiefly in the form of electric calamine. In some u dig- gings" this mineral is found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a sulphuret. Iron ore is abundant in several districts ; but as yet the mines have not been worked to any great extent. The state is well watered by numerous navigable rivers and streamlets flowing into the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, which bound the state the first on the E. and the latter on the W. The principal of these are the Red Cedar arid Iowa, and the Des Moines, which empty into the Mississippi. The rivers falling into the Missouri are comparatively unimportant. The climate is excellent, especially on the prairies, and the country is as free from endemic dis- eases as the most favored portion of the Union. Periodic breezes blow over the prairies as regularly and as refreshing as on the ocean between the tropics. The only unhealthy portions of Iowa are the low margins of the rivers, which are frequently inundated. Though the buffalo, once the denizen of this beautiful country, is now almost extinct, and though the elk is only found in the wild recesses not yet occupied by civilization, a great variety of wild animals remain, and afford pleasure to the sportsman and profit to the hunter. The wolf, panther, and wild- cat are still numerous, and in the wooded districts the black bear is found. Foxes, racoons, opossums, gophars, porcupines, squirrels, and 15* 174 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. the otter, inhabit almost the whole unsettled country. Deer are also quite numerous, and the musk-rat and common rabbit are incredibly prolific. Among the bird tribes are wild-turkeys, prairie-hens, grouse, partridges, woodcocks, &c. Geese, ducks, loons, pelicans, plovers, snipes, &c., are among the aquatic birds that visit the rivers, lakes, and sluices. Bees swarm in the forests ; the rivers and creeks abound with excellent fish, and the insect tribes, varied and beautiful, add gaudiness to the scene. Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultural resources. Its fine prairies are easily converted to cultivation, and its natural pastures afford peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle, and sheep farming. Wool- growing, indeed, has become one of the staple employments of the farmers ; and the raising of hogs for market, is no less profitable in its results. The sheep and hog are here raised with little or no trouble, the natural productions of the forest and prairie affording a plentiful sub- sistence. The cereal and root crops grow luxuriantly, and all the fruits of temperate climates find here a congenial soil. Tobacco is grown ex- tensively on the alluvial margins of the Des Moines, and the castor-oil plant, which has been lately introduced, succeeds well. No country in the world, in every point of view, is more promising to the agriculturist. Fertile and productive, yielding minerals of the greatest value, pene- trated by numerous navigable rivers, and bordered by the noble Mis- sissippi, easily accessible, and free from many of the dangers incident to newly-settled countries, it offers the greatest inducements to immigrants and others to make it their homes. Its commercial advantages are per- haps second to those of none other of the Western States, while every portion of the country is open to easy navigation and land travel. It already contributes largely to the valuable cargoes that annually arrive at New Orleans. The settled portion of the state is well provided with good roads ; but as yet no canals or railroads, though several are pro- jected, have been built. The manufactures of Iowa consist principally of such heavy articles as are of immediate necessity to the settler, or of such goods as are usually made in families, as coarse woollen and cotton articles, &c. The aggregate value of property assessed for taxes in this state in 1848 was $14,449,200. Education is well provided for. A respectable university has been established, and the constitution makes it imperative that a school shall be established in each district. Instruction is placed under the direction of a superintendent, chosen by the people for three years. The perma- nent school fund amounted, Nov. 1st, 1848, to $132,908, and all lands granted by Congress, all escheated estates, and all rents accruing from unsold lands of the state, are applied to this fund, the interest of which is devoted exclusively to the support of schools. Military exemption fines, and all fines imposed by courts, aie appropriated to the same THE STATE OF IOWA. 175 purpose. The University is supported by the interest of moneys arising from the lease or sale of public lands granted by Congress for the sup- port of the institution. The settled portion of Iowa is divided into 99 counties. Among the principal cities and towns are Iowa City, Dubuque, Muscatine, Bur- lington, Keokuck, &c. IOWA CITY, the capital, is situated on the E. bank of the Iowa river, about 60 miles N. of its junction with Red Cedar river. The river is navigable to this point for keel-boats. The location is beautiful, rising in a succession of plateaux or elevated terraces, overlooking a splendid country. Previous to 1839 the site was in the wilderness. The state capitol is a handsome building in the Doric style of architecture. It is 120 feet long and 60 feet wide, and is two stories high above the base- ment, and surmounted by a dome supported by 16 Corinthian columns. The churches and many of the private residences are substantially built, and in some cases elegantly. Population about 2,000. DUBUQUE, on the Mississippi river, 1712 miles from its mouth, and 4(58 from the Falls of St. Anthony, is situated in the very center of the lead region, and is the chief outlet for the commerce of the district. It was originally settled by a French half-breed of the name of Dubuque. It is regularly laid out, and has a city charter. It contains six or seven churches, one of which is an elegant Roman Catholic cathedral of stone. Considerable commerce is attracted to this place, and the trade of the city has long been in a flourishing condition. The Land Office for the District, and the Surveyor-General's Office for the states of Iowa and Wisconsin, are located here. The interior of the state contributes large- ly of its agricultural wealth to swell its otherwise commercial prosperity. Population 4,000. DAVENPORT, 74 miles S. of Dubuque, is finely located on an elevated plain, and surrounded by a rich agricultural country. It is becoming an important place of trade. Pop. 1,600. MUSCATINE, formerly Bloomington, 22 miles further south, is one of the most thr'ving towns in the state, and contains a court house, jail, several churches, and a number of mercantile houses and stores. Population 2,200. In 1840, the popu- lation was less than 600. BURLINGTON, 248 miles above St. Louis, for- merly the territorial capital, is finely situated for an extended trade. It was originally laid out in 1833. The ground rises gradually from the river to the hills which form its background. It contains many fine public buildings. A steam-ferry here crosses the Mississippi. The site was formerly known as the Flint Hills, an old Indian trading-post, and was once the residence of Black Hawk, whose remains are buried here. Population 4.500. FORT MADISON, 10 miles below Burlington, has a population of about 2,000. KEOKUCK, a few miles N. of the mouth of the Missouri, is becoming rapidly an important place, and has, of late years, increased in population and wealth, perhaps more than any other town 176 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. in the state. It has a large commerce, and many advantages in situation and topography, which must ultimately make it a most nourishing mart. The present population is about 3,600. The ulterior towns are in general small, consisting chiefly of agricul- tural settlements. SALEM, in Henry county, is a thriving settlement, and chiefly inhabited by members of the Society of Friends. A considera- ble colony of Mormons is settled in Pottawatamie county. Iowa was a portion of Louisiana as purchased in 1803. It was erected into a separate territorial' government in 1838, and admitted into the Union as a state in 1846. THE STATE OE WISCONSIN. Area, 53,924 square miles. Population 305,191. WISCONSIN lies between 42 30' and 47 N. lat., and between 87 and 92 30' W. long. : and is bounded N. by Lake Superior and the northern peninsula of Michigan ; E. by Lake Michigan ; S. by Illinois, and W.by Iowa and Minesota Territory. Wisconsin is one vast plain, varied only by river hills and the gentle swells and undulations of. the country. This plain is elevated from 600 to 1,500 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest lands are the watershed between the waters flowing respectively to the Mississippi and Lake Michigan. The slope towards Lake Superior is very abrupt, and the rivers short, rapid, and broken by falls. The Wisconsin and Mississippi bluffs rise from 100 to 300 feet above the rivers. The soil is excellent, black marl predominating in the lowest timber and prairie lands, and is often six feet deep. The dark loam is the most common in the openings and on the rolling prairie, and is cultivated with the best success. The country is naturally divided into timbered, opening, and prairie. South-east of the Fox and Wisconsin it is in general heavi- ly wooded. In the mineral region S. of the Wisconsin, the rolling prairie, interspersed with openings, prevails. North of these rivers the country is pretty equally divided between openings and prairie. The climate is mild and salubrious, and perhaps more congenial to the Eu- ropean constitution than that of anyother of the United States. Geologically, Wisconsin, presents interesting phenomena. The north- ern portion is .entirely primitive, and exhibits granite and old red sand- stone as its bases. The Wisconsin flows through the sandstone district, and the hills on this river are soft and crumbling, and when carried into the stream by a rise of water, frequently change its current. The THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 177 mineral district occupies the S. W. corner of the state. Wisconsin has great advantages in the availability and easy transport of its mineral wealth. Tiie production of galena has become very considerable, and the copper mines of the north and west are prospectively of immense value. Many other metals are found, and good marble and building stone are abundant in almost every part. Besides the great lakes on the N. and W., a number of smaller lakes, varying from one to twenty miles in extent, are scattered over the state. These are often surrounded by the most beautiful scenery, and abound in fish of various kinds, while on their shores are found fine specimens of agate, carnelian, and other precious stones. In the shoal waters of the bays the zigania aquatica, a species of wild rice, is abundant, and attracts immense flocks of water-fowl to these localities. Green Bay, in the N. E., is a large arm of Lake Michigan, and receives the Fox and other rivers. The Mississippi forms a large part of the W. bound- ary. It is augmented from this state by the Chippewa and Wisconsin rivers, the latter of which, with the Fox river, divides the state into two nearly equal portions. Innumerable smaller streams and branches run through the whole extent of the state, so that no portion of it is without a plentiful supply of good, and generally, pure water. The Wisconsin and Chippewa are navigable for steamboats. All kinds of crops that are raised in temperate ch'mates may be culti- vated with success in Wisconsin; and owing to the great range of pas- turage on the prairies, it is an uncommonly fine grazing country. Already it exports largely of grain. Manufactures are still in their in- fancy. But few countries have the same natural facilities for extensive operations, and there can be no doubt, that as. the wants of the people enlarge, these will be made substervient to their interests. The ports on Lake Michigan are already distinguished for their busy commerce, and their rapid increase in prosperity and wealth. The river trade is great, and the busy strife of commercial activity has penetrated to the very centre of the state. Steamboats ply on its waters, and a system of good roads greatly facilitates the development of its natural capacities. The union of the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by canaling the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, is now al- most realized, and will, when completed, create a navigable channel 6f the greatest importance. Wisconsin has also several railroads, which together will extend over a line of 800 miles, about 60 of which- are now in operation. Wisconsin has made provision for an extensive system of education The Wisconsin University, at Madison, was established in 1840. The number of school sections is 2,200, and the number of children in the state between 4 and 2X) years of age about 40,000. The school fund con- sists of the proceeds of the 16th sections of land, 500,000 acres ceded to the state by Congress ; all forfeitures and escheats to the state ; all inili- 178 NORTH-WESTERN STATES. tary exemption fines ; all the net proceeds of penal fines ; 5 pei cent, of the proceeds of all sales of U. S. lands in the state, and all moneys ari- sing from, any grant to the state, where the purposes of such grant are not specified. The value of these various items is not ascertained, but must be great and ever increasing. The state is divided into 31 counties, 18 of which are S. of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. N. of these the settlements are very sparse. The most important cities and towns are Madison, Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Munitouwoc, Green Bay, Mineral Point, &c. MADISON, the capital, 90 miles W. of Milwaukee, is pleasantly situated between the 3d and 4th of the chain called "' Four Lakes," on a gently rising ground, from which there is a regular descent each way to the water, it is regularly laid out, with a central square, in the middle of which stands the State House. This is a spacious stone edifice, two stories high above the basement, and surmounted with a handsome dome, and can be seen for a distance of 10 miles from every direction. The city also pontains the county prison and several churches, with a number of stores. Two newspapers are issued weekly. Population 1,871. It was laid out in 1836. MILWAUKEE, the largest and most important town of the state, is situa- ted on both sides of Milwaukee river, near its entrance into Lake Michi- gan, 90 miles N. of Chicago, 111. It is the natural outlet of one of the finest grain regions in the Union. The progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1834 it was surrounded by a wilderness, and contained only two log-houses. It has now 20,061 inhabitants, and for the last few years has increased at the rate of 2,000 or 3,000 annually. Regular lines of steamboats ply between Milwaukee and Buffalo, the trade between which is immense, and constantly increasing. SIIKBOY- GAN, at the entrance of Sheboygan river into Lake Michigan, 56 milea N. of Milwaukee, has a deep and capacious harbor, and is a place of rising importance. MANITOUWOC, 30 miles further N., is also a rapidly progressing village. Population 766. In 1849 it imported goods to the amount of $127,000, and exported agricultural produce to the value of $72,000. RACINE and WASHINGTON are also towns well situated, and have a prospect of attaining commercial prosperity. GREEN BAY, at the head of the bay of the same name, and on the E. bank of the Fox river, at its mouth, is a most important haven ; and when the improvements in the Fox and Wisconsin rivers are completed, so as to admit of naviga- tion through the state to the Mississippi, it must rapidly increase in population and wealth. Fort Howard, on the opposite bank of the river, is one of the most important military stations in the north-west. PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, on the Mississippi, is the most prominent point on that river. It is situated a few miles N.of the Wisconsin river, and has its name from the beautiful prairie on which it is located. It ia one THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 179 of the oldest settlements in the west, and has been the scene of many battles, both of Indian and civilized warfare. The Indian trade that once centered here, has almost ceased since the removal of the Winne- bagoes. Population about 2,000. MINERAL POINT, 50 miles W. of Madison ; FOND DU LAC, at the head of Winnebago Lake : EMUIORI^ 22 miles W. of Racine; and MONROK, 30 miles S. E. of Mineral Pointf are important interior towns. FORT WINNEBAGO is situated at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and on the great route between the lakes and the Mississippi. This portage will be overcome by a canal now in process of completion. There are akso. in the interior counties, a large number of villages, with populations varying from 300 to 700 ; -and so rapidly are new villages being settled, that it is next to an impossibility to take account of them. In many instances large colo- nies of Germans, Norwegians, and other European emigrants, have pur- chased tracts of land, and built up their villages as if by magic ; and the immediate neighbors are even ignorant of their presence, until they be- hold with astonishment the smoke curling over the new settlement. Wisconsin originally belonged to the French, and formed part of that vast territory known as " New France," which was ceded . to Great Britain in 17C3. Few settlements were made previous to 1H3G, when it was erected into a separate territorial government. In 1848 it was ad- mitted as a state into the Union. Never since the formation of the American Confederacy has a state advanced so rapidly in population: the tide of immigration is continuous not only from Europe but from, the eastern United States, and certainly few states have ever before pre- sented such a combination of inducements to those seeking a home. Its situation and facilities of intercourse, its agricultural capacities, its mineral wealth, and other natural advantages are pre-eminently inviting, and offer golden prospects to every grade and condition of man. THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. Area 83,000 square miles. Population 6,077. MINESOTA is situated between 43 30' and 49 N. lat, and between 890 30' and 102O 10' W. long.: and is bounded N. by British America; E. by Lake Superior and the state of Wisconsin ; S. by the state of Iowa, and W. by Missouri Territory. Of the immense territory included with- in these limits, 22,33(3 square miles belonged to the late territory of Wis- consin, and the remainder to the late territory of Iowa. Throughout the whole of this territory scarcely an elevation that could be dignified with the name of mountain occurs. The surface is in gen- 180 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. eral level or undulating, but varies considerably in elevation, and in the ascents and descents of its plateaux. In some parts, especially in the neighborhood of the Mississippi and St. Peter's, tlie ground is much broken, and their margins lined with high bluffs of various formations; while in others the rivers flow through deep channels, seemingly worn into the earth by the force of their waters. Every portion of Minesota may be reached by inland navigation. The traveller will meet constant- ly with springs and small lakes, the sources of mighty rivers, whose wa- ters are discharged thousands of miles to the N. into Hudson's Bay; as many to the E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, or to the S. into the Gulf of Mexico. Springs are often seen within a few feet of each other, the sources of rivers, whose outlets in the ocean are some six thousand miles apart. In almost every direction canoe navigation, with short portages, is practicable by means of the numerous rivers, whose sources are nearly interlocked or connected by chains of lakes. The Mississippi has its source here, some 3,000 miles from its mouth. Nine hundred miles of the length of this majestic river are embraced in this territory, and its numerous tributaries course through its fertile plains. The N. E. portion is washed by the crystal waters of Lake Superior, which is of itself an inland sea for the prosecution of trade and commerce, and opens an ave- nue to tk# Atlantic. The Missouri, after having^flowed nearly 1,000 miles from the base of the Rocky Mountains, sweeps along its whole W. boundary, ensuring* navigation almost to Oregon. Its large tributaries, James and Big Sioux rivers, water valleys of great beauty and fertility. Extensive prairies, blooming with flowers and covered with luxuriant grasses, affording sustenance to immense herds of buffalo, saying nothing of elk, deer, antelopes, and other small game. Red River, which dis- charges itself into Lake Winnipeg, has its sources near those of the Mississippi. Beautiful lakes of transparent water, well stocked with fish, and varying in size from ponds to inland seas, are profusely scat- tered over the territory. Forests of pine and other evergreens, orchards of sugar-maple, groves of hard and soft woods of various species, wild rice and cranberries, and various species of wild fruit, copious springs of pure water, a fertile soil, and water-power, easily improved and abun- dantly distributed, render this region peculiarly adapted to the wants of man. Add to these a salubrious climate, and Minesota appears to enjoy eminent capacities for becoming a thriving and populous state. Its min- eral resources are unknown, but indications and discoveries have been made that certify its wealth in copper and lead. Building stone of every description, limestone, &c., are found everywhere underlying the soil, while many valuable and precious stones are found on the shores of the lakes. For a country so overspread with lakes, and traversed by such a number of rivers, it is astonishingly free from marsh and morass. The land has a great elevation above the Gulf of Mexico, and the waters THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 181 of the N. and E., and as a consequence is easily and perfectly drained ; and moreover, the margins of the lakes and rivers themselves are gen- erally surrounded by hills and bluffs, which protect their neighborhoods from iuimdution. The whole country is thus eligible lor agriculture. The settlements as yet made in the territory are chiefly confined to the ' peninsula between the Mississippi and St. Croix on the S., and on tho Red river on the N. Otherwise the country is inhabited only by the aboriginal hunters, the Chippewas, and Sioux Indians. Their numbers are not ascertained, but may approximate to about 12,000. With some of the tribes treaties have been made for the purchase of their lands, and for their removal, which, when effected, will open to the white settler immense tracts of rich and fertile soils, productive of every species of grain and fruits usually grown in northern climates. The Indians have long been in connection with the whites, and have for more than two centuries carried on with them a profitable trade in furs and peltries. Their hunting-grounds are now chiefly confined to the vast prairies west of the Mississippi. The white inhabitants are from almost every portion of the wo/Sd: the Canadian, the sons of New England and the Middle States, with English, French, and Germans, are all intermingled ; and not a few of the citizens consist of half-breeds, who chiefly reside on the Red River, and have settlements for some distance on both sides of our N. boundary. These are descendants of the original settlers at Lord Selkirk colony, and Indian women <$f the Chippewa family. Their village is called Pembina. Hardy and hard working, prudent as the Now England farmer, religious and intelligent, they form no mean class in the general community. They trade with the southern settlers, exchanging furs and pemmican foVthe superfluities of the South. They rear cattle and sheep, weave their own clothing, and live in a middle state of civilization. They have churches and schools, and many of the better class are educated at a collegiate establishment which has long been maintained among them. As a consequence, however, of their ostracized -situation, they still retain many of the peculiarities of their ori- ginal nation*, modified indeed by the circumstances that surround them, and their connection with savage life. In the new settlements, the indus- try of the whites is almost entirely agricultural. They have mills on a number of the streams, and steamboats ply regularly on their waters. They are building roads, and from the energy they exhibit in overcoming, natural obstacles, the real prosperity of the territory seems to be ensured. A large business has been already dune by the steamboats that sail regu- larly between Galena: and St. Paul and Stillwater. The products of the chase, and the fruits of the field are exported in considerable quantities. With regard to immigration, the prospects are favorable/ Farmers, labor- ers, and professional men, are daily ascending the rivers in search of a. new home. The day indeed is not distant, when the forests will be laid low, 16 182 THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. and the flowery prairies be converted into fields and gardens, producing every necessary to the use and enjoyment of man. Earth, air, and wa- ter abound in the prerequisites of man's happiness and enjoyment, and are only awaiting his advent to yield up their now unused abundance. The organization of the government of the territory having been so recent, it is impossible to exhibit by statistics the resources of this new' and almost untouched country. The first legislature, which adjourned after a session of sixty days, on the 1st November, 1849, was chiefly employed in organizing the government, and dividing the territory into suitable civ^l districts, and appointing officers to enforce the laws. Among its most important acts were those establishing the judi- ciary, a school system, and relative to the improvement of roads. All these will have a paramount influence over the future destiny of the country. Perhaps one of the most humane and politi(| acts of the legiu- lature was the admission to citizenship of " all persons of a mixture of white and Indian blood, who shall have adopted the habits and customs of civilized men ;" and not less politic is that law which requires the es- tablishment of schools throughout the territory. The act of the General Government organizing the territory appropriates two sections of land in every township for the support of common schools. No other state in the Union has received more than one section in each township for such purpose. On the llth June, 1849, the whole citizen population numbered 4,780, of which 3,067 were males and 1,713 females. The present population (May, 1850) is probably not far from the estimate exhibited at the head of this article. Minesota was divided by the Legislature into nine counties in lieu of the counties of St. Croix and La Pointe, which constituted the remain- ing portions of the territories of Iowa and Wisconsin, of which Mine- seta was formed./ The principal settlements are St. Paul, Still water, Mendota, Fort Snelling, Pembina, &c. ST. PAUL, the capital, is situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 15 miles by water, and 8 miles by land, below the Falls of St. Anthony. The town is situated on a plateau terminating on the river in a precipi- tous bluff 80 feet elevation above the river. The bluff recedes from the river at the upper and lower ends of the town, forming two land- ings, from both of which the ascent is gradual. The first store or trading-house was built in 1842. In June, 1849, the town contained 142 houses, all of which, with the exception of perhaps a dozen, had been 4 built within the year previous. This number included the Government House, three hotels, four warehouses, ten stores, several groceries, two printing-offices, (from which two newspapers are issued weekly,) seve- ral mechanics' shops, a school-house, .c. There was not a brick or stone house in the town. Fince the period above mentioned, however, several churches and many durable houses, built of stone and brick, THE TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 183 from materials in the vicinity, have been erected. The population in June. 1849, was 840. St. Paul is well located for commerce; and from its being at the head of navigation below the Falls, must necessarily be- come not only the political, but the commercial capital of the territory. In the neighborhood of St. Paul there is an extensive settlement of Canadians, chiefly persons formerly employed by the Hudson Bay Com- pany, called LITTLE CANADA. Population 600. STILLWATER is situated on the W. side of Lake St. Croix, near ita head, on ground having a gentle ascent from the shore to a high bluff in the rear, which extends in the form of a crescent, and nearly enclo- ses the town. The first settlement was made in 1843. It contains a Court House, several hotels and stores, and many neat dwellings. Steamboats seldom ascend higher than this place. The environs con- sist of a beautiful prairie country, and are being rapidly brought under cultivation. Population in June, 1849, 609. MARINE MILLS is a flour- ishing settlement on St. Croix river, a few miles above its entrance into the lake. The precinct contains about 200 inhabitants. Its water-power and the fine country which surrounds it must enforce its speedy increase and prosperity. Several villages on the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix river have been established, and are rapidly increasing in importance. Indeed, the resources of the vicinity on both sides are such as to ensure to the villages considerable commerce. FORT SNELLTNG is situated on the high rocky promontory, 106 feet above the water, at the confluence of St. Peter's river with the Missis- sippi. The military works were commenced in 1819. The fort is in the form of a hexagon and surrounded by a stone wall. From the river its appearance is imposing and seemingly impregnable. It is, however, within the reach of cannon from higher ground : but the object for which the site was selected the protection of the frontier from savage incursion is well attained by its situation. The garrison usually con- sists of three companies of dragoons. The view from these fortifica- tions is extensive. The military reservation of the establishment em- braces an area of 10 miles square, of which the fort is near the center. The settlement in the neighborhood contains only about 40 inhabitants. In the fort there were 267 males and 50 females in June, 1849. MEN- DOTA, or St. Peter's, on the W. bank of the Mississippi, S. of the confluence of St. Peter's river, has been occupied for several years by the American Fur Company as a depot for their trading establishments with the Indians of the north-west. Two stores and two or three houses constitute the village. It is, however, a fine town site ; and be- ing situated at the junction of two great rivers, and near the head of steam navigation, its importance in a commercial point of view has not been overlooked. Whites are not allowed to reside here without special permission from the U. S. government, the village being in the 184 THE WESTERN TERRITORY. military reservation. It will ultimately command the trade of the St. POUT'S river. Population in June, 1849, 122. Some other small villages exist in this neighborhood, but of their im- port-nice or present state little is known. KAPOSIA, from its situation near the point of land opposite St. Paul, though yet little more than an Indian town, may ultimately become of consequence. ST. ANTHONY, at the Fails, and SAI T K RAPIDS, opposite the mouth ot Osakis river, are both (tw the E. bunk of the Mississippi ; and higher up, on both sides of Nokay river, is FORT GAINES, the most northerly military establish- ment in the country. The supplying of these remote stations with pro- visions, 6rc., creates considerable traffic and travelling both by land and water. The return traffic consists of furs and peltry, with other Indian contributions. The territory of Minesota derives its name from Jffini-sotah, the In- dian name for St. Peter's river ; minim their language meaning "water," and xot.ah " muddy or slightly turbid." The country originally belonged to the French by priority of discovery. At an early period their tra- ders, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder- ness. The United States had little authority over this region until 1812. In 1810 a law of Congress excluded foreigners from the Indian trade; and for the encouragement of our citizens the military post at Fort Snelling was established in 1819. Among the explorers of this country the niunea of Carver, Pike, Cass, Long, Beltrami, Schoolcrift, Nicollet, Owen, &c., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belongs to Schoolcraft. The present territory w*. established by act of Congress, 3d iVarch, 1849, and shortly alter Alexander Ramsey was appointed (Governor, and made i. Paul his capital, where the government was organized. ''Con- gress may hereafter divide said territory, or annex any portion of it to another state or territory," THE WESTERN TERRITORY. This territory comprises the remaining unorganized portion of Lou- isiana, as purchased by the United States in 1803. It extends from the Nebraska or Pialte river northward to the 49th parallel, and from White Earth and Missouri rivers westward to the Rocky Mountains. The territory has an area of 724,26-4 square miles. The greater part of this immense territory is watered by the Missouri liver and its numerous tributaries. The Yellow Stone, the largest trib- THE WESTERN TERRITORY. 185 utary, extends its branches to the very base of the Rocky Mountains, and to near the sources of the Nebraska. A mountain ridge, which branches from the great Rocky Mountains, in about 42 N. lat., traverses the country in a N. E. direction towards Lake Winnipeg. In the E. portion of the territory the country is partly covered with forests, but beyond this commences a vast ocean of prairie, almost level, and clothed AI grass and flowers. Approaching the mountains, however, the coun- try gradually assumes a barren aspect. Countless droves of buffalo, elk^ and deer, range upon the vast plains, but even these are fast diminish- ing before the attacks of the hunter. In a country of such extent, generally level, naked, and open, the climate must in a great measure correspond to the latitude. Immedi- ately on the borders of the settled states it is mild and temperate ; be- yond, it gradually becomes more extreme, and towards the mountains cold, bleak, and polar. Travellers speak of encountering storms of hail and sleet in the summer. When the winds blow from the W. over the mountain summits, the cold they occasion is intense. As yet the whole territory is inhabited by Indians, but the time is not far distant when the pioneer will penetrate its forests and prairies, and bring under cultivation the soil that from its creation has not been turn- ed by the labor of man. The wild herds will be replaced by the ox, the horse, and the sheep, and golden crops will succeed the flowers and grasses that now only bloom in useless luxuriance, and wither with the first frosts of autumn, without contributing to the necessity or comfort of civilized man. That portion of the country lying in the valley of the Platte is some- times termed u Nebraska Territory," and as such it has been proposed to organize it. A bill for the purpose of defining its boundaries was in- troduced into Congress 7th January, 1845, but no action was had on the subject. The country north of this valley still retains the name of " JV. West Territory," from the fact that it formerly belonged to the extensive territory under that name, from which the present state of Missouri was set off. 16* 186 ROUTES IN THE NORTH-WESTERN STATES. OHIO. (513) CINCINNATI to PITTS Steamboat. Columbia, O. BURG. 5 2 7 12 19 5 24 4 28 7 35 7 42 4 46 6 52 2 54 8 62 12 74 7 81 5 86 7 93 4 97 f 16 113 22 135 6 141 14 155 4 159 8 167 13 180 24 204 4 208 12 220 1 221 15 236 22 258 1 27 ( ) 37 384 WHEELING, VA. ) Bridgeport, O. f ' ' ' \Varrenton O .... ....13 397 ... 406 8 414 Little Miami River, O . . 7 4'H New Richmond, O Wellsville O 441 Point Pleasant, O. 4 445 Moscow, O. . . t f OO , U. 4 449 Mecbanicsburg, Ky Beaver, Pa. ....14 463 AUGUSTA, Ky Freedom, Pa 5 463 (j 474 Ripicv, O. M" I 11 V> 10 4gg Charleston, Ky. MAVSVILLE, Ky. ) ..11 497 (514) CINCINNATI to ST. Louis. To North Bend O 1fi Aberdeen, O. f " M "c ; ip ....2 142 1 143 Letarlsvilie, O. Portland, Ky. j " West Point, Ky . .. ,o() 163 Hockin (r ^nort O ... J7 |80 Blennerhassett's Island Belpre. O. ) 11 290 2 292 f 13 305 17 322 25 347 iv' an lr -t T 1 |81 Northampton, la. .... 7 188 Parkersburg, Va. \ MARIETTA, O., (mouth o Muskingum River) Newport, O. .... SistervUle, Va Amsterdam, la 3 191 8 199 4 203 Alton, la Concord ia, Kv. ....13 216 .... 10 226 ROUTES IN OHIO. 187 Stevensport, Ky. \ , . 0ver-i|)O''t Ky . . 10 247 Metamora 7 47 CannoUoii, In 13260 Troy, Iji. 6 266 Low'^oort Ky . 6 ''72 New Salem 4 G2 Rushvilie* 7 69 Rock port la . 12 84 Owen^bun?, Ky 9 203 Enterprise la 6 99 Newbu vo> Ii ...... 15 314 SiicT'u* Creek 5 94 Green River, Ky 6 320 F,v VSVILLK, la 8 328 INDIANAPOLIS . . . 15 109 (517) CINCINNATI to ST. Louis. Stage. To Indianapolis, (see 510)- 109 ST. Louis, (see 599) 239 348 (518) CINCINNATI to PITTSBURO. Staff -e via Stfubenville. To Columbus, (see 527) . . .127 Zanesville, (see 528) 56 183 Cambridge, (see 528) 24 207 Hrndersonville. Ky. 10 338 Mount Vernon la 2(5 364 Unioiuown, Ky 15 379 Wubnsh River 5 384 Rsici /h Kv 6 390 Shr.wneetown, III. 5 395 Ca^'yv'l'p Ky 9 4 ?| 4 Cave in Rock, 'ill., 13 417 Elizabethtowri, 111 7 424 Golcoiula 111 1 436 Smith l:md. Ky., (mouth of C i: iiiberhpd River) 18 454 Padncah, Ky., (mouth of Tennessee River) 15 469 Londonderry 3 "24 Belgrade ill 6475 Moorefield 4 232 Fort ^assv 111 ... .3 478 Cadiz ....1345 Oiledonia 111 4 50^ Greene 8 253 Trinity III 9 511 Bloomin^dale 3 ^56 CAIRO, ILL., (mouth of Ohio P ; "" i- ) 5 516 Holliday's Cove 3 ^4 ( ' - >o (" -M-rJ ,011 AT O 1O 5--f Pris > . 4 c> 78 Er/in bridge, Mo 12 568 Cl.eslcr, III. 4a 613 St. Genevieve, Mo. 16 629 Fe'm;i MO 25 654 Florence 5283 Bavington 4 287 North Star 3 290 Fayette 6296 Herculaneum, Mo 4 658 PITTSBURO '..13 309 (519) CINCINNATI to WHEELING, VA. Stave. To Columbus, (see 527). . .127 WHEELING, VA., (see 528) 130 257 (520) CINCINNATI to SANDUSKY CITY. Little Miami R. R. To Columbia 5 Jefferson Barracks, Mo 19 679 ST. Loris, Mo 9 688 (515) CINCINNATI to N. ORLEANS. To Cairo, (month of Ohio RiverO [see 514[ 516 NKVV()RLEVNS .... 1040 1556 (516) CINCINNATI to INDIANAPOLIS. Miami 6 13 Clark's Store . 4 17 Plainville 4 9 Milford 5 14 Polktown 2 18 Cedar Grove 5 32 Loveland's . . 2 20 188 ROUTES IN OHIO. Foster's Deerfield Morrow Fort Ancient . 6 26 . 4 30 . 5 35 . 4 39 Marathon Fayetteville Allensburg Hillsboro' 9 27 8 35 8 43 Freeport . 3 42 Rainsboro' in Ri Waynesville ? . Claysville . 5 47 . 4 51 Bainbridge 8 71 Spring Valley 7 58 7 65 .10 75 CHILLICOTHK (524) CINCINNATI to To Walnut Hills 13 95 ZANKSVILLK. 10 85 Mad River and Lake Erie Urbana West Liberty . . R. R. .14 99 10 109 Pleasant Ridge 5 g Montgomery Twenty Mile Stand . 5 13 7 20 Bellefontaine 8 117 Hopkinsville 7 124 3 127 2 1^9 Rich! and Rochester 4 31 Bell Centre Clarksville 7 33 Keriton .12 141 .11 152 .13 ]H5 Wilmington 10 48 Snbino ' Carv Washington Court H New Holland , ouse . . 12 70 ..10 go Oregon 5 170 11 181 9 190 5 195 Tiffin Republic 9 97 Lodi 12 109 SANDUSK? CITY (521) CINCINNATI to DAY Via Lebanon. To Reading 15 219 roN. 10 3 13 5 18 6 24 8 32 7 39 6 45 9, 54 TON. 10 3 13 5 18 4 22 4 26 10 36 6 42 4 46 8 54 30THE. 4 4 8 5 13 5 18 Rush ville 9 127 8 135 10 145 .... 10 155 1 l^fi Sharon ville (525) CINCINNATI to EATON. To Carthage .... R Piso-ah f. Lebanon Springdale 7 13 Centreville Ro^sville 1 04 8 32 (562) CINCINNATI to DAY Via Franklin. Somerville .... .... 4 36 5 41 (526) CINCINNATI to SIDNEY. Sharon ville West Chester 7 13 Mo OP 10 23 F kT Trenton 10 33 Mi-i'Tiish o- 4 37 Alexandersville DAYTON (523) CINCINNATI to CHILLK To Fulton Franklin Miamisburg 6 43 6 49 4 53 8 61 West Charleston .... 10 71 Plainville Trnv 11 82 Milfoni *rJ .... 7 gg Perrin's Mills ...13 102 ROUTES IN OHIO. 189 (527; CINCINNATI to COLUMBUS. To Xenia, (see 520) 65 Columbus and Xenia R. R. Cedarville 8 73 South Charleston .11 84 London .....11 95 West Jefferson 10 105 COLUMBUS 14 119 (528) COLUMBUS to WHEELING,VA. Central Ohio R. R. Black Lick 11 Pataskala 6 17 Summit 5 22 Union 4 26 NEWARK 7 33 Clay Lick...... 6 39 Kockclale 2 41 Black Hand 5 46 Claypool Mill 4 50 Pleasant Valley 2 52 Dillons Falls 4 56 ZANESVILLE 3 59 (529) COLUMBUS to INDIANAPOLIS, IA. To Alton ' 9 West Jefferson 5 14 La Fayette 8 22 Sumnierlbrd 5 27 Vienna 5 32 Springfield 10 42 Enon 7 49 Fairfield 7 56 DAYTON 11 67 Liberty 7 74 Medill 7 81 West Alexandria 6 87 Eaton 6 93 New Westerville 10 103 Richmond, la. 6 109 Centrevilie 6 115 Cambridge 9124 Dublin 2 126 Lewisville 8134 Knightstown 10 144 Charlotteville 5 149 Kinnard 4 153 Greenfield 4 157 Philadelphia 5 162 Cumberland 5 167 INDIANAPOLIS 10 177 (530) COLUMBUS to LOWER SAN- DUSKY. To Clintonville 4 Worthington 5 9 Williamsville G 15 Delaware '9 24 Norton 10 34 Waldo 6 4ft Marion 3 4? Little Sandusky 12 55 Upper Sandusky 7 62 Tymochtee 8 70 McCutchinville 3 73 TIFFIN* 11 84 Fort Seneea 8 92 LOWER SANDUSKY 10 102 (531)CoLUMBL T s to SANDUSKY CITY. CV//., Cleveland and Col. R. R. To Worthington 9 Delaware 14 23 Cardington 17 40 Iberia... 12 52 Gallon 7 59 Crestline 3 62 SHELBY ..11 73 Mansfield and Sandusky R. R. Plymouth 9 82 New Haven 2 84 Centrevilie 6 90 Havana 4 94 Poiitiac ...4 98 Monroeville 4 102 Ladd's 8 110 SANDUSKY 8118 (532) COLUMBUS to PORTSMOUTH. To South Bloomfield 17 Circleville 9 26 CHILLICOTHE 21 47 Waverly 15 62 Piketon 4 66 Lucasville 14 80 PORTSMOUTH 12 92 190 I ROUTES IN OHIO. (533) CLEVELAND to COLUMBUS. Via. Cm., Cleveland and Col. R. R. To Rockport 7 Berea 5 1 Oimstead 3 15 Eaton 7 22 Grafton 3 25 La G range 4 29 Pittsfield 4 33 Wellington 3 36 Rochester 5 41 New London 6 47 Greenwich 7 54 SHKLBY 13 67 Crestline 11 78 Ga'ion 3 81 Jbtria. 7 88 Cardiiigfon 12 100 Delaware 17 117 Worth ington 14 131 COLUMBUS 9140 (534) COLUMBUS to LANCASTER. To Grove Port 12 Lithopolis 5 17 Green Castle 5 22 LANCASTER 7 29 (535) ZANESVILLE to MAYSVILLE, KY. To Putnam 1 Fultonham 10 11 Somerset 10 21 Rushville I -...8 29 Lancaster 9 38 Clear Creek 8 46 Tarleton 8 54 Kingston 9 63 CHILLICOTHE ....10 73 Bourneville 13 86 Bainhridge 11 97 Riinsboro' '8 105 Hillsboro' 10 115 New Market 6 121 Sircar-tree Ridge 7 128 Scott 7 135 Bentonville 10 145 Aberdeen 10 155 MAYSVILLE, KY 1 156 (536) ZANESVILLE to MARIETTA. To Blue Rock 11 Rokeby 8 19 McConnellsville 8 27 Beverly 18 45 Waterford 2 47 Lowell 9 56 MARIETTA 12 68 (537) ZANESVILLE to WOOSTER. To Dresden 15 Adam's Mills 3 18 Roscoe 12 30 Coshocton 1 31 Keene's 7 38 Clark's 8 46 Millersburg 8 54 Hoimesville 6 60 Fredericksburg 5 65 WOOSTER 10 75 (538) WOOSTER to WARREN. To Smithville 8 Marshallville 6 14 Chippewa 6 20 New Portage 6 26 AKRON 9 35 Middlebury 2 37 Tallmadre 3 40 BrimfieW 5 45 FAnklin Mills 5 50 RAVENNA 6 56 Charlestown 5 61 Parisville 5 66 Newton Falls 5 71 WARREN 8 79 (539) LANCASTER to MT. VERNON. To Pleasantville 9 New Salem 4 1 Thornvilte 5 18 Jacksontown 4 22 Newark 8 30 St. Louisville 8 38 Utica 4 42 Homer 5 47 MOUNT VERNON 11 58 (540) CHILLICOTHE to Px. PLEAS- ANT, KY. To Richmond Dale 16 Jackson 15 3 Rocky Hill a 39 Thurman 6 45 Rio Grande 6 51 Gallipolis H 62 POINT PLEASANT 6 68 (541) CHILLICOTHE to MARIETTA. To Gillespieville 15 AUensville 12 27 ROUTES IN OHIO. 191 McArthurstown 8 35 Lee r. 14 49 Hcbardsville 3 52 Athens 6 58 Amesville 12 70 Bartlett 8 78 Wesley ;. 4 82 Harmer 16 MARIETTA 1 (542) CHILLICOTHE to MAYSVILLE, KY. Via, West Union. To Bourneville 13 Bainbridge 11 Cynthiana... 5 Sinking Spring 10 Locust Grove 6 Dunbarton 6 Dunkinsville 5 WKST UNION 5 Aberdeen 17 MAYSVILLE 1 24 29 39 45 51 56 61 78 79 (543) WKLLSVILLE to ASHTABULA, To West Point 7 New Lisbon 7 14 Franklin Square 5 19 Salem 5 24 Green.'brd 5 29 Canfield 5 34 Orange 7 4 1 OhlsTown... 4 4."> Warren 6 51 Bristolville ....11 62 North Bloomfleld 5 67 Orwell 6 73 Rome 5 73 Morgan 4 82 Eagleville 5 87 Jefferson 4 91 ASHTABULA 9 100 (544) PAINESVILLE to CANTON. To Concord 4 Chardon 7 n Munson 4 ].> Newbury 7 22 Auburn 3 25 Mantua 6 31 Shalersville 5 30 RAVENNA 6 42 Rootstown v ... 5 47 Randolph-** 5 52 Hartville 6 58 CANTON 11 69 (545) PAINESVILLE to PITTSBURG, PA. To Concord . Chardon ... Claridon 4 7 11 ........ 5 16 burton ................... 4 20 Parkman ................ 9 29 Nelson ................... 4 33 Windham ................ 4 37 Braceville ............... 5 42 WARREN ................. 7 49 6 55 : . 5 Youngstown .'. . 4 POLAND 6 70 Beaver, (see 547) 31 101 PITTSBURG .28 129 (546) CLEVELAND to WHEELING, Via Wooster. ToOhloCity 1 Brooklyn 3 4 Jforma 3 7 Strongsville 8 15 Brunswick 6 21 Medina g 29 Guillord 9 33 Old H ickory 4 42 WOOSTER 10 52 Apple Creek 6 58 Mount Eaton 9 67 Deardoff's Mills 9 76 Strasburg 3 79 Canal Dover 5 #4 New Philadelphia 3 87 Uhricksville 9 95 Deersville ]l ]07 Cadiz 12 119 Short Creek 6 125 Harrisville 3 128 Mount Pleasant 5 133 Ci;lf-n:ine 5 133 Martin's Ferry 5 1 13 WHEELING, VA 1 144 (547) CLEVELAND to WELLSVILLE. Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. To New burgh 8 travel Bank Bedford 6 14 "lacedonia 6 20 ludson 6 26 Earlville 6 32 192 ROUTES IN OHIO. Ravenna 6 38 Rootstown 5 43 Atwater 6 49 Lima 4 53 Alliance 5 58 Winchester 5 63 Moultrie 3 66 Bayard 3 69 Rochester 1 70 Hanover 5 75 Brufch Run 6 81 Salineville 5 86 Steubenville Road 5 91 Hammonds . 3 94 Yellow Cr. 3 97 WELLSVILLE 2 99 (548) CLEVELAND to BUFFALO, N. Y. Cleveland and Erie R. R. To Euclid 9 Wickliffe 5 14 Willoughby 4 18 Mentor 5 23 Painesville 6 29 I Perry 6 35 I Madison 5 40 Unionville 2 42 Geneva 3 45 Saybrook ' 5 50 Ashtabula 4 54 Kingsviile 6 60 Conneaut 8 68 Springfield 7 75 Girard 5 80 Fairview 5 85 Swanville 3 88 ERIE 7 95 Erie and North East R. R. Harbor Creek 7102 North East 8 110 State Line 4 114 Buffalo and State Line R. R. Quincv 4 118 Westfteld 8 126 Centerville 6 182 DUNKIKK 10 142 Silver Creek 10 152 Lagrange 2 154 Evans Center 7 1 61 18 Mile Creek 7168 Rodgers Road 5 173 BUFFALO..... 10 183 (549) CLEVELAND to BUFFALO, N.Y. Steamboat. ToFairport 30 Ashtabula 33 63 Conneaut 14 77 Erie, Pa 30 107 Dunkirk', N. Y 48 155 BUFFALO 43 198 (550) CLEVELAND to TOLEDO. To Ohio City. 1 Rockport 7 8 Dover 5 13 North Ridgeville 7 20 ELYRIA 4 24 Amherst 8 32 Henrietta 3 35 Birmingham 3 38 Florence 3 41 Berlinville - 4 45 Milan 8 53 Norwalk 4 57 Monroesville 4 61 Four Corners 3 64 Lyine 3 67 Bellevue 3 70 Green Creek 10 80 LOWER SANDUSKY 8 88 Black Swamp 8 96 Woodville 7 103 Stony Ridge 7 110 Perrysburg 9 119 MaumeeCity 1 120 TOLEDO 10 130 (551) CLEVELAND to WARREN. To Warrens ville 8 Barry 5 13 Chagrin Falls 7 20 Bridge Creek 7 27 Auburn 3 30 Welshfleld 3 33 Parkman 4 37 Nelson 4 41 Garrettsville 3 44 Windham 3 47 Braceville 5 52 WARREN 7 59 (552) BUCYRUS to MANSFIELD. ToGalion 11 Riblett's 5 16 Ontario 4 20 MANSFIELD 7 2^ ROUTES IN OHIO. 193 Ankeney town , . . 5 81 Frederietori 5 86 MOTNT VKRNON ... 6 02 Hunt's 6 98 (ambier 3 lol Utica 4 105 St. Louisville 4 109 Newton 3 112 NEWARK 5 117 * Connects with the Cin. Cleve- land and Co!. R. R. To Columbus, (see 531,) 73 miles. Cleveland, (see 53.*,) 07 miles. f Ohio and Penn* to cross here. (553) SANPUSKY to CINCINNATI. Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. To Bellevue 15 Lodi 9 24 Republic 5 29 Tiffin 9 38 Oregon 11 49 Cary 5 54 Peterson 13 67 Kenton .1,1 78 Bell Centre 12 90 Richland 2 92 Huntsville 3 95 Bellefontaine 7 102 West L.oerty 8 110 (555) SANDUSKY to CHICAGO, FLL. o, UU!l r "r 14 iqj To Amherstburg, C. W.. . .52 4 DETROIT, MICH 20 72 Little Miami R. R. Fort Grutiot 70 1 42 Yellow Springs 10 144 Point au Barques 85 227 Xenia 10 154 Thunder Bay 70 297 Sprint? Valley 7 161 Presque island 80377 Claysville 7 168 Mackinaw 65 442 Waynesville 4 172 Beaver Islands 50 492 Freeport 5 177 Manitou Islands 45 537 Fort Ancient 3 180 MILWAUKEE, VVis 150 687 Morrow 4184 Racine 25712 Deerfiuld 5 189 Souttiport 13 725 Foster's 4 193 CHICAGO 57782 Polktowu' 3 ..' .".'..'!'.'.'..' '/.'..' .' 2 201 ( 55G) SANDUKY to BUFFALO, N-3T. Germany . .. - 2 203 To Huron 14 Wilford 2205 ( LKVELAND 45 59 Plainville 5 210 Fairport 30 89 Columbia 4214 Ashtabula 33 122 CINCINNATI 5219 < onneuut 14 136 Erie, i j a 30 166 (554) SANDUSKY to NEWARK. Dunkirk, N. Y 4r? '414 MmsfieM and Sandusky R. R. BUFFALO 43 257 To Ladd's 8 (557 ) BUFFALO. N. Y. to X. YORK. Monroeville 8 16 Pontiat; 4 20 Attica and Buffalo R. R. Havj.iia 4 24 To Lancaster 10 Qentreville 4 28 Alden 10 20 New Haven 6 34 Daricn 5 25 Plymouth 2 36 ATTICA G 31 MANSFiKLDf *" 5 56 Alexander 3 34 Columbus and Lake Erie R. R. Byron .... 7 49 Lexington 9 65 Borjjon 7 56 Belville 5 70 Church ville 4 60 Independence 6 76 , ROCHESTER 14 74 17 194 ROUTES IN OHIO. Jluburn and Rochester R . R. 4 78 4 82 12 94 9 103 3 106 3 109 5 114 3 117 1 118 3 121 5 126 7 133 4 137 5 142 10 152 R. 5 157 4 161 1 162 8 170 6 176 2 178 R. 10 188 4 192 6 19d 3 201 3 204 4 208 9 217 7 224 4 228 3 231 . 72. 8 239 7 246 6 252 10 262 3 265 3 268 3 271 3 274 6 288 5 293 4 297 (558) DUNKIRK, N.Y., to N Via New York and Erie To Forestville .YORK. R.R. . 8 Pittalbrd Victor Canandaigua Chapinsville Short's Mills Clifton Springs Perrysburgh Dayton Albion Little Valley . 4 12 . 7- 19 , 3 22 . 9 31 . 6 37 West Vienna East Vienna Oak's Corners GENEVA Waterloo Great Valley Nine Mile Creek Alleghany Glean .11 48 . 8 56 . 4 60 4 64 Seneca Falls Cay uga Bridge Cuba Friendship . 7 71 . 5 76 - 9 85 Auburn and Syracuse R Sennet Skatieateles Junction Elbridge Belvidere Phillipsville Scio Genesee . 5 90 . 3 93 . 4 97 . 4 101 . 9 110 Camillas Geddes SYRACUSE Syracuse and Utica R. Baker's Bridge Almond , HoRNELLSVILLE 8 118 . 4 122 . 5 127 -10 137 Goff's Mills . 3 140 ChiUeniingo Kennedysville BATH . 5 145 . 4 149 Wampsville Mud Creek . 6 155 . 5 160 . 6 166 Painted Post . 4 170 . 2 172 Whitesboro' East Painted Post Bif Flats * . 3 175 . 4 179 Utica and Schenectady R ELMIRA . 9 188 7 195 Ch " -k^ . 4 205 Little Falls St Johnsv'lle Barton 7 212 Palatine Church Fort Plain Tioga Centre OWEGO . 4 218 . 224 7 231 V t > ' , ' . * . (; 037 Fonda Tribes Hill BlNGHAMTON - {) 246 5 251 Amsterdam Great Bend . 9 200 . 9 269 Hoffman's 3 300 9 309 1C* 325 45 470 G ul f '- ummit Denosit . 8 277 8 285 Mohawk and Hudson R. 13 298 tstockport 4 302 Steamboat. Equinunk 6 308 .11 319 ORE Calicoon 7 326 ROUTES IN OHIO. 195 Cohecton 5331 Narrowsburg 8 389 Mast Hope 6 345 Lackawaxen 6 351 Barrvville 4 355 Pond Eddy 7 302 Stairway Brook 2 364 PORT JERVIS 9 373 Shin Hollow 6 379 Otisviile 7 336 Harwell's 5 391 Middletown 3 394 New II ampton 3 397 GOSIIEX 441 Chester 5 406 Oxford 3 409 Monroe 2 411 Turner's 3 414 Wilkes 1 3 417 Monroe Works 3 420 Sloatsburir - 6 426 Ramapo Works 1 427 Sufterns 2 429 Mousey 5 434 Spring Valley 2 4o6 Clarkstown 2 43S Blauveltviile 4 412 Piermont, (town) 4 446 PiERMO-vr, ([>ier) 1 447 Steamboat. NEW YOKK 24 471 (559) WHEELING, VA., to BALTI- MORE, PHILADELPHIA, & N. YORK. Baltimore and Ohio R. R. To Moundsville 11 Roseby's Rk. 7 18 Cameron 10 28 Wellius Tunnel 2 30 Bellton .... 6 36 Br'd Tree 3 39 Littleton 3 42 Burton ... 7 49 Glo ver's Gap 4 53 M&nnington 7 60 Fariningto'n 7 67 Barrackville 5 72 FAIKMOUXT 5 77 Benton's Ferry 4 81 Nazum's Mills 8 89 Valley Falls 2 91 Fetterman 6 97 Thomson 8 105 Independence 6 111 Simpson's 2113 Tunnelton 6119 Rolesbury 7 126 Cr. Summit 9 137 Oakland 10 147 Allamount 9 156 Frank ville 7 163 Bloomington 8 171 Piedmont 2 173 New Creek 5178 Rawlin'sSta 10 lS8 Brady's Mill 6 194 CUMBERLAND 7 201 Patterson's Creek 8 209 Green Spring Run 6 215 Little Cacapon 7 222 No. 12. Water Station 7 229 Rockwells Run 11 240 Bruce's Dep 7 247 Sir John's Run 4 251 Hancock. 5 256 Cherry Run 10 266 N. Mountain 6 272 Martinsburg 6 278 Kearneysville 9 237 I Duffield's 5 292 I HARPER'S FERRY 6 298 ; Sandy Hook 1 299 ! Berlin 5 304 j Point of Rocks 6310 ! Hue-keystone 7 317 I Moiioeacy 4 321 Ijamsville 5 326 Monrovia 4 330 Plane No. 4 4 334 Mount Airy. 2 336 Plane No. 1 3 339 Gaithers 8 347 Sykesville 1 348 Marriottsville 4 352 Woodstock 3 355 Elysville 4 359 Ellicott's Mill 6 365 Relay House 6 371 Mount Clare 7378 BALTIMORE . 2 330 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. R. Canton 3 383 Stemmer's Run 7 - %i 90 Chase's .. 6 396 Gunpowder 4 400 IVrryrnan's S 408 Hall's Cross Roads - . 4 412 Havre de Grace . 5 417 196 ROUTES IN OHIO MICHIGAN. Cecil 1 41 S Charlestown 5 423 North East 3 426 Elktown 6 432 Newark, Del 6 438 Stan ton 6 444 Newport 2 440 WILMINGTON 4 450 Nan man's Creek 8 458 Marcus' Hook, Fa 2 400 Chester. 3 463 Lazaretto 4 467 Gray's Ferry 7 474 PHILADELPHIA. 3 477 Philadelphia and Trenton R. R. Philadelphia Depot 2 479 Tncony -7 486 Cornwell's 5 491 Andalusia 2 493 Bristol 4 497 Morrisville 9 506 New Brunswick & Trenton R. JR. TRKNTON 1 50T Princeton 10 517 Kingston 4 521 Dean's Pond 4 525 NEW BRUNSWICK 9 534 New Jersey R. R. Metuchin 5 539 Kahway 7 546 Elizabeth town 6 552 NEWAIIK 5 557 Jersey City 8 565 Steamboat. NEW YOKK 1 566 (560) PITTSBURG to PHILADELPHIA. Penn. Central R. R. To Liberty Irwin's Badebanghs Latrobe." 40 Deny .... ... 9 49 Blairsville Junction. 9 58 Lockport 7 65 New Florence 5 7.0 Ninevah 5 75 Johnstown 10 85 Ckmemaugh 2 87 Half Way House 8 95 Jefferson 4 99 Summit 10 109 HOLLII) AYS BURG ..10 119 Altoona 6 125 Fastoria .' 8 133 Spruce Creek 13 140 Petersburg ... 6 152 HUNTINGTON 7159 Mill Creek 5 164 Mount Union 6170 Hamilton 3 173 MeVeytown 10 183 Andersons 5188 Lewiston 7 195 Miffimtown 12 207 Perry ville 3 210 Tuscarora 6 216 Millerstown 7 223 Newport 6229 Baileys 4 233 Aqueduct 5 238 1 Hmcannon 3 241 Rockville 9 250 H AKEIBBURO 6 256 Harrisburg and Lancaster R. R. Hiirh Spire 6 262 Mi.Ulletown 4 266 Elizabeth town 9 275 Mount Joy 6 281 Dillervillo 11 292 LANCASTER 1 293 Columbia & Philadelphia R. R. Enterprise 7 300 Paradise 3 303 Kinzies 4 307 Penningtonvllle 7 314 Parkesbnrg 3 317 Coatesville 5 322 Downington 7329 Whiteland 4 333 Paoli 6 339 Westchester Turnout 3 342 Morgan's Corner 7 349 White Hall 3 352 Head of Inclined Plane 7 359 PHILADELPHIA 4 363 MICHIGAN. (561) DETROIT to NEW BUFFALO. Central Railroad. To Dearbornville 10 Wayne 7 17 Ypsilanti 12 29 Geddes' Mills ..' 4 33 ANN ARBOR 4 37 Delhi 6 43 Scio w 2 45 ROUTES IN MICHIGAN. 197 2 47 9 56 . 6 62 3 65 (565) DETROIT to PORT HURON. To Rosoville n Franciscoville Mount Clemens 13 22 7 29 11 40 11 51 12 63 AC. R. .12 6 18 7 25 AW. .25 5 30 3 33 3 68 . 7 75 C 1 h St C'air 5 80 5 85 11 % (566) DETROIT to PONT Detroit and Pontiac R. To Royal Oak Albion . 7 ]()) Marshall . 6 109 . 5 114 . 8 122 PONTIAC Charleston .10 132 . 4 13(5 (567) DETROIT to SAGI> To Pontiac, (see 566) Waterford Comstock . 4 110 . 4 144 .16 160 . 8 168 Clarkson 3 36 .10 178 ! Springfield . 3 39 . 7 46 Pokagon . 6 184 Groveland isfiies 7 1J)1 Stouv Run . 5 51 Buchanan 5 196 Grind Blanc 4 55 6202 FLINT . 8 63 4 67 New Buftalo .16 218 OIU^PP. MICHIGAN CITY 10 2 9 8 7 74 .n 87 Porter 12 240 Lake - . 11 98 Gibson's .10 258 (568) PONTIAC to OWA To \V"terfbrd Centre 3SO. Junction 10 268 8 Mile Side Track CHICAGO .10 278 Kast White L'ike 5 10 (563) DETROIT to LANSING. ToRedford .....15 Livonia 3 . 18 4 14 6 8 8 . 9 37 5 42 Vernon Shiawasse . 6 48 5 53 Farmington Novi . 4 22 . 5 27 10 37 OWASSO 4 62 (569) MONROE to CHICAGO, IL;L. Via Southern Railroad. To Ida 12 Petersburg 8 2C Deerfleld 4 24 Hrio-ht n 7 44 Genoa Howell Cedar Conway . 5 49 . 5 54 . 7 61 . 6 67 Phelpstown Williainstown LANSING (564) DETROIT to LAN To Jackson, (see 561) . 9 76 . 7 83 . 7 90 3ING. .77 40 117 ADRIAN* Clayton H udsou Oseco 11 M 11 49 6 55 .12 67 . 5 7 5 77 9 86 . 9 95 ' 17* 198 ROUTES IN MICHIGAN. ....10 114 Grandville 7 82 Tallmadtce 10 92 .... 4 118 W h 1 P' 1 1'iO Bristol la ....... 7 137 GRAND HAVEN 9 109 ... .11 148 (574) LANSING to DEXTER. To Delhi Centre 7 Alaiedon 4 11 Mason 4 15 In^ham 9 24 Mishawuka Sot TII BEND Terre Coupee LA PORTE .... 9 157 .... 4 16] . . . . 9 170 ....18 188 Calumet Bailv Town- Millers .... 9 197 9 206 8 209 8 217 17 234 Stock bridge 9 33 Unadilla (5 39 DEXTER 13 52 (575) LANSING to PONTIAC. CHICAGO- ....12 246 (570) MONROE to ANN ARBOR. To Williamstown 7 Conway 9 ^3 0,'dar 6 29 To East Raisinville North Ruisiuville London Milan York 9 ...3 12 ...3 15 ....4 19 .... 4 23 1 1 o w E LL 7 36 Osceol a Centre 5 41 Hartljmd-- 5 46 Hiirhlfind 7 53 Mtiftml A. ^7 Saline .' Lodi ANN ARBOR (571) ADRIAN to TOL F.rie and Kalamazoc To Palmyra Blissfield ... 6 29 ...3 32 ...6 38 EDO, O. R. R. ... 6 ...4 10 ..8 18 Commerce 6 63 Watertbrd Centre 5 68 PONTIAC 5 73 (576) LANSING to JACKSON. To Delhi Centre 7 Alaiedon 5 12 Mason -. 4 16 Svlvania 3 21 TOLEDO 12 33 (572) ADRIAN to YPSILANTI. To Raisin . A. Eden 5 21 Aurelius 5 26 West Rives 5 31 j^.jjgQjf . . g 40 (577) JACKSON to TOLEDO, O. To Michigan Centre 5 Napoleon 6 11 Norvell 4 15 . . . 6 10 Clinton Benton Saline ...5 15 ....7 22 ....5 27 Pittsfleld 5 32 Yl'SILANTI 5 37 (573 1 LANSING to GRAND HAVEN. To Delta fi Elba 3 18 Manchester 4 22 Clinton 7 29 Ea"le ... 7 13 Erie and Kalamazoo R. Ji. TOLEDO, (see 571) 33 77 (578) JACKSON to JONESVILLE. Portland ... 10 23 ... 5 28 ... 5 33 7 40 . 1 50 ... 7 57 Scipio Centre 9 23 Ada ...8 65 ROUTES IN MICHIGAN INDIANA, 199 (579) MARSHALL to COLDWATER. To Tekonsha 13 Girard 5 18 COLDWATER 6 24 (560) MARSHALL to CENTREVILLE. To Tekonsha 13 Burlington 5 18 Union City 4 22 Sherwood 7 29 Port Pleasant 7 36 Nbttoway 6 42 CENTREVILLE 5 47 (581) CATTLE CREEK to GRAND RAPIDS. To Bedford 6 Johnstown 6 12 Hastings 12 24 GRAND RAPIDS 32 56 (582) KALAMAZOO to MOTTVILLE. To Schoolcraft 14 FlowerSeld 5 19 Three Rivers 8 27 Constantino 9 36 MOTTVILLE 6 42 (583) KALAMAZOO to SAUGATUCK. To Cooper 6 Plainwell 5 n Otsego 4 15 Allegan 11 26 Manilas 10 36 SAUGATUCK 14 50 (584) KALAMAZOO to ST. JOSEPH. To Paw Paw Station 18 Paw Paw 4 22 Hamilton 11 33 Keeiersville 4 37 Bainbridge 7 44 ST. JOSEPH 12 56 (585) NILES to ST. JOSEPH. To Berrien Springs 10 ST. JOSEPH 15 25 (586) DETROIT to BUFFALO, N. Y. Steamboat. To Amberetburg, C. W. . . .20 Sandusky, 52 72 K ron 14 86 CLEVELAND 45 131 SWrport 30 161 Ashtabula 33 194 Conneaut 14 208 Erie, Pa 30 238 Dunkirk, N. Y 48 286 BUFFALO 43 329 (587) DETROIT to CHICAGO, ILL. Steamboat. Fort Gratiot , 70 Point au Barques 85 155 Thunder Bay 70 225 Presque Isle 80 305 Mackinaw 65 370 Beaver Islands 50 420 Manitou Islands 45 465 MILWAUKEE, Wis 150 615 Racine 25 640 Southport 13 653 CHICAGO 57 710 (588) DETROIT to FORT WILKINS. (On Lake Superior.) Steamboat. To Fort Gratiot 70 Point au Barques 85 155 Thunder Bay .70 225 Presque Isle 80 305 SauJt St. Marie 100 405 While Fish Point 40 445 Hurricane River 40 485 Pictured Rocks 35 520 FORT WILKINS and Copper Harbor 120 640 (589) GRAND HAVEN to MILWAU- KEE. Steamboat. To MILWAUKEE 90 (590) NEW BUFFALO to CHICAGO. Steamboat. Michigan City, la. .10 City West 13 23 CHICAGO, ILL 33 56 INDIANA. (591) INDIANAPOLIS to CINCINNATI, OHIO. Via Rushville, To Sugar Creek 15 Kinder , 5 20 Morristown fi 26 Beech Grove 7 33 Rushville 7 40 200 ROUTES IN INDIANA. To Edinburg, (see 593) 30 Je/ersonville R. R. Taylorsville 5 35 COLUMBUS 6 41 Bannerville 7 48 L au rel 6 57 Brookville - 7 69 Cedar Grove 8 77 NewTrenton 5 82 Harrison, 6 88 Clark's Store- ". 4 92 Miami 4 96 Cheviot 6 102 CINCINNATI 7 109 (592) INDIANAPOLIS to CINCINNATI. Via Shelbyville. Kockford 5 56 Farraington 6 62 Langdoris 4 66 Baker's Mi 1 !. 4 70 Center Switch . . 4 74 Henryville 8 88 Brandy wine 6 Q Sellersburg 6 98 SHELBYVILLK 6 26 JEFFERSON VILLE 9 107 gt Omer 3 37 (595) INDIANAPOLIS to TERRE HAUTE. Terre Haute and Richmond R. R. man es in ft? Plainfieki 5 14 Cleves 3 96 North Belleville 2 19 Drv Rid 5 1^ OAfl (604) INDIANAPOLIS ETT^. To Piketon to LA FAY- 9 (599) INDIANAPOLIS to SPRING- FIELD, ILL. To TERRE HAUTE, (see 597) 75 Elbridge, 111 10 85 5 14 Th ornlev villo C 1Q Paris 10 95 6Q(? 12 107 Thornton in 1*1 Hitesville 6 113 19 Af Charleston 12 125 T !fr!^ 4C 1 8 133 c . 6On 6C7 7 140 5 62 Cochran's Grove 8 148 W H tt " * 5 67 SHELBYVILLE .... 12 160 n t tC TO Taylorsville 35 195 16 on LAFAYETTE 7 79 (605) INDIANAPOLIS to NILES,MICH. To Augusta... 9 9 20 (600) INDIANAPOLIS To Hampton toMoNTEZUMA. 12 Eagle Village 6 15 Danville 8 20 707 Northfield Kirk's Cross Roads 5 20 12 32 10 42 6OQ Middlefbrk ........ 6 48 HCf) 5 53 13 65 Carroll * 10 63 10 75 LOGANSPORT 8 71 (601) INDIANAPOLI 3 to COVINGTON. g Metea 12 83 11 94 ... 13 107 p, ji. ....... 10 1 17 R I 6 14 South Bend .. 24 14,1 14 28 8 149 ...... 7 35 4 153 202 ROUTES IN INDIANA. VILLE, O. 11 11 22 7 29 17 46 5 51 6 52 8 65 7 72 6 78 4 82 6 88 7 95 5 100 10 110 BUS,O. 10 5 15 5 20 4 24 4 28 5 33 10 43 8 51 2 53 9 62 6 68 6 74 10 84 6 90 6 96 7 103 7 HO 11 121 7 128 Vevay 9 38 Moretleld 6 44 Home 5 49 MADISON 10 59 (610) MADISON to LOUISVILLE, KY. Saluda 6 11 Charleston 1 1 29 Uiica 8 37 Jefferson vi He 9 46 GRKENVII LE (607)lNDIANAPOLIS to COLUM To Cumberland (611) LOUISVILLE, KY., to VIN- CENNES. To Portland 3 New Albany, la 1 4 Greenville--- 12 16 Philadelphia Greenfield Palmyra 9 25 D'lhl" Ch iml pr 'hnit? 6 41 p , _. , t p ao li 6 47 C < > ' Y\ N-itchez 16 63 T>. ., . Mount Pleisant I*' 75 New Westerville, O Washington 15 90 Berrv ville 7 97 West Alexandria, (612) LOUISVILLE, KY., to OR- LKANS. Hambnr" 8 9 a ' (rfi il \ 7 135 10 145 5 150 Vi'eiuri Pekin 3 25 DurnmerTpra 5 155 8 163 5 168 9 177 RIDGE. 7 4 11 6 17 10 27 2 29 LDISON. 4 8 12 Salem 1 1 36 Clivsvillc 12 48 ORLFANS 10 58 (613) EDINBURG to RUSHVILLK. To Shelbvville 17 (608) BROOKVILLE to CAMB Little Blue River 7 24 Manilla 6 30 jwtiioii RUSHVILLE 8 38 Milton ... . (614) MADISON to INDIANAPOLIS. Madison and Indianapolis R. R. To Wert 6 (609) LAWRENCEBURG to MJ Middlefcrk 4 10 Bis Creek 2 12 ROUTES IN IN; a 203 Dupont 2 14 Champion's Mill 2 16 Butler's Switch 4 20 Vernon 2 22 Queensville 6 28 Scipio 3 31 Elizabothtown 7 38 COLUMBUS 7 45 Taylorsville 6 51 Edinburg 5 56 Amity 5 61 Franklin 5 66 Greenwood 10 76 Soutbport 4 80 INDIANAPOLIS 6 86 (615) MADISON to TERRE HAUTE. To Columbus, (see 614) .... 45 Lefevre 8 53 Nashville 12 65 Unionville 10 75 BLOOMINGTON 8 83 Whitehall 7 90 Spencer 8 98 VANDALIA 9107 Bowling Green 8 115 Christie's Prairie 10 125 TERRE HAUTE 14 139 (616) BLOOMINGTON to LA FAY- ETTE. To Ellittsville 7 Mount Tabor 6 13 Gosport 3 16 Mill Grove 9 25 Clover Dale 5 30 Putnamville 7 37 Greencastle 5 42 Fincastle 12 54 Parkersburg 7 61 CRAWFORDSVILLE 13 74 Romney 15 89 LAFAYETTE 11 100 (617) MOUTH OF WABASH RIVER to LA FAYETTE. Steamboat. To New Harmony 52 Mount Carmel 45 97 VINCENNES ..35 132 Kussellville 13 145 Palestine 18 163 Merora 5 168 Hutsonville 8 176 York 8 184 Darwin 11 195 TERRE HAUTE 25 220 Clinton 16 236 Montezuma 11 247 Newport Landing 7 254 Perry villo 18 272 COVINGTON 8 280 Baltimore 3283 Pi-rtland 8 291 Williamsport 5 296 La Grange 14 310 LAFAYETTE 13 323 (618) EVANSVILLE to TERRE HAUTE. To Sandersville 10 Princeton..... 20 30 Patoka 4 34 VINCENNES 20 54 West Union 15 69 Carlisle 8 77 Merom 12 89 Greysville 5 94 Furman's Creek 5 99 Prairie Creek 8 107 Prairieton 7 1 J 4 TERRE HAUTE 9123 (619) TERRE HAUTE to LOGANS- PORT. TbNuma 8 Clinton 7 15 Highland 10 25 Newport 6 31 Eugene 7 38 Perry ville 7 45 COVINGTON 7 52 Portland 8 60 Rob Roy 5 65 Attica 4 69 Shawnee Prairie 5 74 West Point 8 82 LAFAYETTE 11 93 Americus 11 104 Delphi 7 11] Lockport 9 120 LOGANSPORT 12 132 (620) TERRE HAUTE to CRAW- FORDSVILLE. ToRoseville 15 RockvilJe 9 24 Bruin's Cross Roads 8 32 Wavelaixl 6 38 CRAWFORDSVILLE 14 52 204 ROUTES IN INDIANA ILLINOIS. (621) LOGANSPORT tO TOLEDO, O. To Lewisburg 9 Peru 9 18 Wabash 15 33 LaGro.. 6 39 Huntington 13 52 Aboite 16 68 FORT WAYNE 12 80 New Haven 17 97 Antwerp, 7104 Junction 14 118 DEFIANCE 10 128 Milldule 4 132 Florida...'. 5 137 Napoleon x 8 145 Damascus 8 153 Providence... 6 159 Waterville .12 171 Maumee City 5 176 TOLEDO 9 185 (622) FORT WAYNE to CINCINNATI, OHIO. To Poughkeepsie 12 Decatur 12 24 Limber Lost.. 12 36 Bear Creek 9 45 Jay 8 53 Deerfield 12 65 WINCHESTER 7 72 Lynn 11 83 New Garden 6 89 Chester 5 94 Richmond 5 99 Abington 9 108 Brownsville 6 114 Liberty 5 119 Dunlapsville 5 124 Fairfield 6 130 BROOKVILLE 7 137 Cedar Grove 8 145 New Trenton 5 150 Harrison, O. - 6 156 Clark's Store 4 16(1 Miami - 4 161 Cheviot 6 170 CINCINNATI 7_ 1T~ (623) LA PORTE to JOLIET, ILL. To Door Village 4 Valparaiso 18 22 Deep Paver 9 31 Lake Court House 9 40 Endor, III 10 50 Crete 9 59 Chelsea 11 70 JOLIET 12 82 (624) MICHIGAN CITY to INDIANAP- OLIS. To La Porte 13 Plymouth 30 43 INDIANAPOLIS, (see 605). . .117 160 ILLINOIS. (625) SPRINGFIELD to CINCINNATI. To Rochester 9 Taylorsville 16 25 SHELBYVILLE 4 35 60 Cochran's Grove 12 72 Paradise 8 80 Bethsaida 7 87 Charleston 8 95 Hitesville 12 107 Grandview 6 113 Paris 12 125 Elbridge 10 135 TERRE HAUTE, IA 10 145 Van Buren 12 157 Brazil 7 164 Manhattan 8 172 Green Castle 7 179 Stilesville 13 192 Belleville 8 200 Plainneld 5 205 Bridgeport 6 211 INDIANAPOLIS 9220 CINCINNATI, (see 591) 109 329 (626) SPRINGFIELD to GOLCONDA. To Zanesville 38 Hillsboro' 16 54 Hurricane 15 69 VANDALIA 12 81 Foster's 13 94 SALEM 12 106 Jordan's Prairie 14 120 Mount Vernon 9 129 Spring Garden 11 140 BENTON 12 152 Frankfort 7 159 Marion 13 172 Sarahsville 8 180 GOLCONDA ...28208 (627) SPRINGFIELD to ST. Louis. To Chatham 7 Auburn 8 15 CariinviUe 24 39 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 205 Macoupin !.. 6 45 i Shipm.in 8 53 Monticello 14 6T Alton. 5 72 ST. Louis, Mo. 24 96 j (623) SPRINGFIELD to NAPLES. Sangamon and Mora- an R. R. Berlin 17 Lsi.md Grove 4 21 Strown's 5 26 JACKSONVILLE 7 33 Jones' 5 36 Bethel 9 47 Vau.gundy 5 52 NAPLES 5 57 (G29) SPRINGFIELD to QUINCY. To Naples, (see 628) 57 CriirifsviUe 10 67 Beverly 10 77 Liberty 14 91 Burton 6 97 QUINCY 9 106 (630) SPRINGFIELD to KKOKUCK, IOWA. ToRichland 10 Pleasant Plains 6 16 Lancaster 7 23 Virginia 10 33 Beardstown 14 47 Frederick ville 4 51 RLSHYILLE ... 8 59 Cauiden 13 72 Huntsville 6 78 Pulaski 5 83 Augusta 3 86 Plymouth 5 91 St. Mary's 4 95 ElmTive 7 102 Carthage 7 109 Warsaw 18 127 KEOKUCK 4 131 (631) SPRINGFIELD to BURLINGTON, IOWA. To Rush ville, (see 630) .... 59 Littleton 6 65 Doddsville 6 71 Macomb- 13 84 Bland insville 14 98 BURLINGTON 24 122 (632) SPRINGFIELD to LEWISTOWN. To Athens 14 ' Petersburg 8 22 Snngamon River 12 34 Bath 8 42 Havanna 8 50 Water.ord 5 55 LEWISTOWN 5 60 (633) SPRINGFIELD to CHICAGO. To Twelve Mills 8 Miduletown ...12 20 Delavan 9 29 Dillon 23 52 Tremont 5 57 Groveland 6 63 PEORIA 6 69 CHICAGO, (see 655) 165 234 (634) SPRINGFIELD to COVINGTON, IA. To M ech anicsburg 15 * Decatur 24 39 Cerro Gordo 15 54 Monticello 10 64 North Bend 13 77 UrbaiJim 9 86 Homer 14 100 Danville 20 120 COVINGTON 15 135 (635) VINCENNES, IA., to SHAWNEE- TOWN. To St. Francisville 10 Armstrong 9 19 Mount Carmel 9 28 Graysville 18 46 Pii iliipstown 9 55 CARMI-... ; 9 64 Emma b 72 New Haven (J 78 SHAWNEETOWN 17 95 (636) VINCENNES to ST. Louis, Mo. To Lawrenceville . 9 Prairkton 10 19 OIney 13 32 Maysville 16 48 Xenia 16 64 Frederickstown ... 9 73 SALEM 9 82 Carlyle 24 106 Shoal Creek 9 115 A vision 6 121 Lebanon 11 132 Rock Spring 4 13G Belleville 9 145 French Village 8 153 18 206 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. ST Louis. Mo . 1 159 CHESTER .... 13 78 (637) VlNCEN> To Carlyle, (see 6 ES to ALTON. 36\ IOQ (642) SHAWNEETOWN to CAPE GlRARDEAU, Mo. To Bay 7 9115 Highland MountAiry 8 15 Marine Settlemen t 1^ 135 Vienna 32 47 Mount Pleasant 10 57 jMiwiurusvuie 1 100 ppt ton 2 16 Cedar Creek Landing 18 87 (638) VINCENNB To Russell ville s to CHICAGO. 10 (643) SHAWNEETOWN to ST. Louis. To Equality 14 15 5 H Ue 'l] 8 33 Raleigh 12 26 York 5 38 Gallatin 6 32 9 47 Benton 20 52 Marshall 10 57 Mount Hawkins. 20 72 16 73 Nashville ;; 22 94 Bloomfield 13 86 Akau 14 108 10 96 Mascoutah 15 123 P lt 5 101 Belleville 10 133 D 10 111 French Village 8 141 North Fork Milford 15 126 03 149 Wiggins' Ferry 5 146 ST. Louis 1 147 11 | go (644) SHAWNEETOWN to VANDALIA. Bulbonia's Grove Rock ville 6 194 Reed's Grove - 7 213 { Moore's Prairie 13 52 T Jord-m's Prtirip 9 75 T ' ]f t f <>"n SALEM 14 89 Des Pl'iins 9 39 Footer's 1** 101 Summit 10 249 13 6 VANDALIA 13 114 (645) CAIRO to ST. Louis. Mill Creek 11 (639) MT. CARMI To Albion :L tO F AIRFIELD. 18 Jonesboro' "0 34 Wabash 9 27 . Q ^fi Urbane 12 46 (640) SALEM to CARMI. To Hickory Hill 1a Jones' Creek 20 79 Chester 8 87 Kaskaskia 7 94 F'lirfieM oj 39 Prairie De Roche 14 108 Burnt Prairie CAR^II 11 50 13 63 Waterloo 21 129 Columbia 8 137 (641) SALEM to CHESTER. 8 (646) ST. Louis, Mo., to JACKSON- VILLE. W'thi'it Hill. 5 13 Nashville Elklioni 6 par in .... 19 32 To Alton 24 7 39 Godfrey 7 31 ..17 56 | Delphi 6 37 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. 207 Jerseyville 8 45 Kane 5 50 Carrollton 8 58 Whitehall 10 68 Manchester 8 76 JACKSONVILLE 17 93 (647) QUINCY to JACKSONVILLE. To Columbus 15 Camp Point 6 21 Clayton 6 27 Mount Sterling 12 39 Versailles 9 48 Meredosia 7 55 Bethel 8 63 JACKSONVILLE 12 75 (648) QUINCY to PEORIA. Via Rushville. To Columbus 15 Camp Point 6 21 Clayton 6 27 Mount Sterling 12 39 Ripley 9 48 RUSHVILLE 9 57 Astoria 14 71 Vermont 5 76 Otto 7 83 Lewistown 8 91 Jackson Grove 7 98 Canton 7 105 Farmington 10 115 Trivoli 7 122 PEORIA. 18 140 (649) QUINCY to KNOXVILLE, To Mendon 14 Woodville 10 Chili 3 Carthage 14 Fountain Green 11 MACOMB 17 Drowning Fork 5 Woodstock 14 St. Augustine 3 Hartford 7 KNOXVILLE 9 24 27 41 52 69 74 88 91 98 107 (650) QUINCY to KEOKUCK, IOWA. To Ursa 10 Lima 8 18 Greon Plains 8 26 (651) QUINCY to GALENA. To Macomb, (see 649) 69 Swan Creek 16 85 Monmouth 18 103 Spring Grove 7 110 North Henderson 6 116 Pope Creek 6 122 Farlow's Grove 8 130 Pre-emption 5 135 Camden's Mills 10 145 ROCK ISLAND 3 148 Moline 5 153 Hampton 7 160 Port Byron 7 167 Cordova 5 172 Albany 11 183 Fulton 7 190 Savanna 16 206 Hanover 14 220 GALENA 15 235 (652) PEORIA to COVINGTON, Lv. ToGroveland 8 Tremont 6 14 Mackinaw 7 21 Stout's Grove 5 26 Wilksboro' 5 31 Bloomington 10 41 Le Roy 16 57 Santa Anna 10 67 Mahomet 14 81 URBANA 13 94 Homer 14 108 Danville 20 128 COVINGTON 15 143 (653) PEORIA to BURLINGTON, IOWA. To Kickapoo 11 Robin's Nest 3 14 Brimfield 5 19 French Creek 6 25 Knoxville 18 43 Galesburg 5 48 Cold Brook 10 58 Monmouth 6 64 Oquawka 18 82 BURLINGTON 16 98 (654) PEORIA to ALBANY. To Mount Hawley 10 Wyoming , 19 29 Toulon 6 35 Warsaw .................. 6 32; Wethersfield .............. 11 46 KBOKUCK ................. 4 36 i Burns 17 63 208 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS. . 15 84 TVi Duvtnn 4 ALBANY .\"Z yo North ville 16 20 (655) PEORIA to CHICA To Chilicothe Penfield 9 29 G0t Bristol 5 34 18 Oswe r 'o 5 39 Lacori .14 32 Aurora 7 46 5 37 Batavia 6 52 H > ' 13 50 ST CHARLES ... - 4 56 P '1! . 4 54 p 10 64 (659) CHICAGO to DETROIT, MICH. 15 79 . 8 87 To Michigan Citv la 40 18 105 NEW BUFFAIO MICH 10 50 Dresden PI h . 6 120 Buchanan 1 71 Jol 1KT . 7 l7 Niles 6 77 . 6 133 Dowa"iac 11 ">^ 9 142 Decatur 1 I**') CHICAGO (656) PERU to ST. Loui Steamboat. .23 165 PHW Paw Station 8 1> H 3, Mo. Comstock , 4 1-8 Galesbur " - 4 J i ;: 2 17 Charleston 4 136 Lacon Chilicothe 18 35 BattleCreek 10146 .11 46 Ceresco 8 154 Rome . 2 48 Marshall 5 l r >9 .16 64 Maren p. '- . 9 73 Albion ... 7 172 T ; 1 .25 98 Gidlev's Station 11 183 Havaima . 9 107 B'trry* 5 I8H Ueardstown 32139 JACKSON 5'193 .8147 Leoni 7200 MT >d >"fa . 8 155 Grass Lake 3 203 N 1 "4 . 7 162 Francisco villo '{ 06 EM 10 172 Davison's 6212 M t . 5 177 Dexter 9221 T, . . i 6 183 Scio f> <>'>} N rt Gilford 18 210 ANN ARBOR 6 231 Mouth of Illinois River . . 16 226 Geddes' Mills 4 C) 35 . 2 228 Ypsilanti 4 4> 39 A't 18 46 Wayne 12 51 Missouri River . 3 249 Dearborn ville 7 258 .IS OIVT Ttw^DntTi ... ..in one (657) PERU to GALENA. (6SO) CHICAGO to BUFFALO, N. Y. To 1 1 Moille . r - IS Steamboat. Dixon 1" 55 Racine 1'J 70 Elkhorn Grove 8 63 MILWAUKEE 25 05 5 68 Manitou Islands, Mich. - . . 150 245 KOCK CULK: 12 80 Beaver Islands 4 > "90 . oo joo Macki'iaw 50 340 .15 117 Presouelsle 65 405 ROUTES IN ILLINOIS KENTUCKY. 209 Thunder Bay 80 485 j Racine 10 71 Point au Baroues 70 5"/5 O'lk Creek 14 85 Fort Gratiot .85 640 ' Mir.winvuw o ox DETROIT 70 710 (663) CHICAGO to OTTAWA. Via Plainfield. To Lyons 13 Amherstburg, C. W. 20 730 Sandusky Ohio 52 782 Huron 14 79G CLEVELAND 45 841 Fail-port 30 871 Flag Creek 5 18 Cass 5 23 Ashtabula 33 904 Conueaut 14 918 Erie, Pa 30 948 Plainfield 18 41 Ausable 13 54 Dunkirk, N. Y. 48 996 BUFFALO 43 1039 Holderman's Grove . 4 68 (661) CHICAGO to GALENA. Chicago and Galena R. R. To N'ovesvillc 10 (664) CHICAGO to DIXON. To St. Charles Br., (see 661) 35 St. Charles 4 39 Cott'i rr e Hill 7 17 Sugar Grove 13 52 Acasto 7 59 "Whe'itlind 4 5 Little Rock 3 62 Somonauk 6 68 St Ch Tries Brincli 5 35 Shabboney's Grove 9 77 Paw Paw Grove 7 84 Gilberts ... ... 8 50 Huntley 5 55 Lee Centre 8 101 Union 7 62 DIXON 15 H6 (665) DIXON to BELOIT, Wis. To G rand de Tour 6 Garden Prairie 6 72 Belvidere . ... 6 78 Cherry Valley 6 84 Oregon 9 \ Byron 1 1 % Stage. Kishvvaukee io 'U> Harlem .... . . 7' 40 Roscoe 4 5'$ Ridott's 5 116 BELOIT 3 tM KENTUCKY. (666) LOUISVILLE to CINCINNATI, O. Steamboat. To CINCINNATI, (see 514). . . 140 (667) LOUISVILLE to CAIRO, ILL. Steamboat. To CAIRO, mouth of tUe Ohio River, (see 51 4) 376 (668) LOUISVILLE to NASHVILLE, TENN. To Salina .... ] i White Oak Springs 32 173 (662) CHICAGO to MILWAUKEE. To Dutchman's Point 13 Wheeling .... . . 10 3 Half Day 5 28 Liberty ville 6 34 Otsego 5 49 W'est P(jjn . 10 21 Southport, Wis. 12 61 Elizabethtowii .... 22 43 18* 210 ROUTES IN" KENTl'CKy, Lexington and Frankfort R. R. Midway 14 79 VVoodsonville ". . 10 83 Pivwelt's Knob 6 89 I (672) LEXINGTON to CINCINNATI, O i To Georgetown 12 BOWLING- GREEN...., 14 115 franklin 21 136 > Little Eagle 15 27 Mitchell ville, Tenn 8 144 \ Ray's p or ^ 6 33 Muiiov's 5 149 ' Williimstown 14 47 Pleasant Hill 6 171 W'Uton 7 65 NASHVILLE 7 178 fi,... o -r * Mammoth Cave 7 100. (660) LOUISVILLE to HARRODS- BURO. To Snow Hill 11 Dry Creek 3 77 Coviivton 6 83 (673) LEXINGTON to MAYSVILLE. Frederickstown 8 47' Springfield 9 56 Forest Retreat ........ . 6 ^9 Lower HI ue Lick 8 37 Potts vil le 10 66 Oak Woods 6 43 IT , 'in r (670) LOUISVILLE to SHAWNEE- TOWN, ILL. To Salina 11 (674) LEXINGTON to OWINGSVILLE. To Childsburg 8 Westpoint 10 21 Colbyville 7 15 Brandenbun* . .... H 40 Mount Sterlin" 15 35 Clifton Mills 14 54 OWINGSVILLK 15 50 (675) LEXINGTON to KNOXVILLE, TENN. To Nicholisville 12 Hsiwesville 9 84 Yelvingt-on 16 100 Ovvensboro' ? 10 110 Boon's Knob 7 19 Hebbardsville 12 122 Henderson 17 139 Bryantsville 5 24 Smith's Mills 12 lot- Morgaufield - - - - 12 163 Walnut Flat 6 51 Raleigh 9 172 SIIAWNEETOWN, ILL 5 177 (671) LOUISVILLE to LEXINGTON. Louisville and Frankfort R. R. To Williamson 14 Crab Orchard 4 55 Mount Vernon 13 68 LONDON 19 87 Barboursville ...... ...12 112 Cumberland Ford 16 128 La <'Jran.gt! 12 o tt 'Walnut ilrove .... 6 3 iJ Yellow Creek 8 136 Tazewell, Tenn. 12 1 55 Sycamore 5160 Bellevue-.. .. 2 41 ROUTES IN KENTUCKY. 211 . 4 171 GOVV. To Smith's Grove 14 Rutledge .10 181 Spring House Blum's Cross Roads . 7 188 . 7 195 Merry Oaks .. 7 21 in ti . 9 204 (681) BOWLING GREEN to BUS. To South Union Allison Russellville COLUM- ..14 .. 7 21 .. 7 28 K" * .10 '214 (676) LEXINGTON to NA TENN. ToPekin Shawnee Run 5HVILLE, .12 .12 24 H. \RRODSBURG Perry ville Lebanon Haysville . 7 31 .10 41 ..18 59 . 6 65 Elkton Fairview , HOPKINSVILLE . . 15 43 . . 9 52 ..11 63 11 74 .12 77 f 1 - r in 84. Greensburg ..12 89 ..12 101 Canton .. 7 91 ..10 111 10 111 .13 124 Mavfield on 1 11 Cedar Spring .12 136 in 1 4't Scottsville .13 149 Milburn ni 1A. ..33 182 . 10 192 (682) RUSSELLVILLE to NASHVILLE, TKNN. To Adairsville -i" Pleasant Hill . . 9 201 . . 7 9f IS (677Y FRANKFORT to CINCINNATI. To Porks of Elkhorn &. Springfield, Tenn . 15 05 4 8 p t O^ * rr . 7 15 (683) RUSSELLVILLE to VILLE, TKNN. To Allensville CLARKS- ..14 4 18 (" t W ' ._ 1 Irt CINCINNATI,, (see 672) 72 90 (678) FRANKFORT to MADISON, IA. Christianburg . 5 15 Minor's Nursery, Tenn. . .. 6 24 JC> VJ(j Pleasureville Now C'l^lle . . 7 22 . 6 8 (684) HoPKINSVILLEtoNA TENN. To Oak Grove SHVILLE, . .14 10 38 . 6 44 ^jijlo.) ... .11 11 MADISON, IA 1 56 (679) PARIS to CINCINNATI. To Ruddles Mills 6 New Providence ClarksviHe ..10 24 2 6 . 11 37 Th '-'ll 441 . 8 14 jnomabvine 12 26 . 5 3] (685) HOPKINSYILLE to PADUCAH. To Oakland 1O Fftlmouth 9 40 FI r O -ppk 8 48 c t' r ' '\ 10 58 Alexandria .. 7 65 . 6 71 Princeton Eddyville ..14 26 . 12 38 Newport ..7 78 .. 1 79 Smithland -.25 63 -.18 81 212 ROUTES IN KENTUCKY MISSOURI. (686) PADUCAH (mouth of Tennes- see River) to FLORENCE, ALA. Steamboat. To Reynoldsburg, Tenn. . .105 Perryville , 50 155 Carrollsville 20 175 Savannah 35 210 FLORENCE 64 274 (687) SMITHLAND (mouth of Cum- berland River) to NASHVILLE. Steamboat. ToEddyville 33 Canton 25 58 Tobacco Port, Tenn 14 72 Dover 12 84. Palmyra 26 110 Clarksville 11 121 NASHVILLE 63 184 MISSOURI. (688) ST. Louis to NEW ORLEANS. Steamboat. Jefferson Barracks, Mo 9 Harrison ville, 111 19 28 Herculaneum, Mo 2 30 Sehna, Mo 4 34 St. Genevieve, Mo 25 59 Chester, 111 16 75 Bainbridge, Mo 45 1 20 Cape Girardeau, Mo 12 132 Commerce, Mo 12 144 CAIRO, ILL, (mouth of Ohio River) 28 172 Columbus, Ky 18 190 Hick man, Ky 15 205 New .Madrid, Mo. 42 247 Little Prairie, Mo. 30 277 Obion River, Tenn 29 306 Ashport, Tenn 8314 Osceola, Ark. 12 326 Fulton, Tenn 10 336 Randolph, Tenn., (mouth of Hatch ie River) 11 347 Greenock, Ark. 33 380 Memphis, Tenn. 34 414 Commerce, Ark 27 441 Pevton,Miss. 33 474 Sterling, Ark., (mouth of St. Francis River) 12 486 HELENA, ARK. 10 496 Delta, Miss. 10 506 Victoria, Miss 65 571 Montgomery's Point, Ark.. 1 572 Napoleon, Ark., (moaih of Arkansas River) 20 588 Bolivar Court House, Miss. 12 604 Columbia, Ark 53 657 Princeton, Miss 45 702 Providence, La. 29 731 Yazoo River, Miss 61 792 VICKSBURG, Miss 12 804 Warrenton, Miss 10 814 Carthage, La. 19 833 GRAND GULF, Miss. 27 860 Bruinsburg, Miss. 10 870 Rodney, Miss 10 880 NATCHEZ, Miss 31 911 Ellis Cliffs, Miss. 18 929 Homochitta River, Miss ... 26 955 Fort Adams, Miss 10 965 Red River Island, La 11 976 Point Coupee, La. > fin JQOQ St. Francisville, La. j * ' Port Hudson) 11 1047 BATON ROUGE, LA 25 1072 Plaquemine, La. 23 1095 Donaldson ville, La 34 1129 Jefferson College, La. 19 1148 Red Clmrch, La 38 118Q Carrollton, La 20 1206 La Fayette, La 4 1210 NEW ORLEANS, LA 2 1212 (689) ST. Louis to FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. Steamboat. To Missouri River 18 Alton, 111 3 21 Grafton, III. 18 39 Illinois River, 111 2 41 Gilead, 111 32 73 Hamburg, 111 10 83 ClarksviUe, Mo 13 96 Louisiana, Mo 11 107 Hannibal, Mo 25 132 QUINCY, ILL 18 150 La Grange, Mo 10 100 Tully, Mo. 7 167 Warsaw, 111. ) 17 ISA Des Moines River \" Keokuck, Iowa 4 188 Montrose,Iowa ) 10 onn Nauvoo, 111. \ U Madison, Iowa 10 210 BURLINGTON, IOWA 20 230 Oquawka, 111 17 24? New Boston, 111 19 266 ROUTES IN MISSOURI. 213 17 328 16 344 17 361 20 381 8 389 2 391 20 411 7 418 60 478 14 492 16 508 18 526 25 551 12 563 70 63 . 7 99 An laluaii 111 10 309 Rock Jsisiud, 111. ) 9 318 Kansas River Davenport, Iowa \ Hampton, 111. ..11 329 . . 8 337 Parksville Platte River FORT LEAVENWORTH Albany, 111 . .jt) 35^ 9 365 Pharl st T 15 380 S'lvamrih 'ill 2 38 . .1Q 4(VI Great Nemahaw River Fever River, 111., (to Galena 6 miles) '. 7 4ns Little Nemahaw River 90 423 P 1 ' . . g 43(3 Belle vue Trading House . . 12 645 40 685 , IOWA. 9 6 15 5 20 16 36 6 465 (691) ST. Louis to KEOKUCK To Waltonhara Feefee ST. CHARLES . . -20 485 Fort Crawford Prairie du Chien Upper Iowa River Bad Axe River ... 2 487 . . . 2 489 . .38 527 ...12 539 Root 1- iver Black River Chippewa River Maiden's Rock ( ...23 502 ...12 574 ...68 642 5 667 Flint Hill Troy Auburn 7 43 10 53 12 65 10 75 10 85 14 99 Lake Pepin $ St. Croix,River ...35 702 Bowling Green . ? ST. PALL MendoM ) . ,26 728 5 733 New London 8 107 8 115 13 128 Fort Sr : ".l in- $ " PALMYRA (690) ST. Louis to COUNCIL BLUFFS. Steamboat. To mouth of Missouri River 18 La Grange Tully 20 148 7 155 20 175 4 179 ROCK, 5 4 t 5 14 . 8 22 K K 'K IOWA (692) ST. Louis to LITTLE ARK. 1 63 . . 26 89 Griswold City ... . . . . 8 97 Hermann Portland .. .16 113 ..17 |30 Oakville Cote Sans Dessein ...20 150 lierculaneum . 9 31 .11 42 . . 17 177 t lenfmliv 10 52 .10 62 . 7 fi ; i i on Mountain 10 91 ...12 238 i s^rmington 14 105 Grand River . f> ^61 1 r'redericktown . 12 122 35 157 ...23 284 Greenville ... 214 ROUTES IN MISSOURI. C P ^k ...18 175 . (695) ST. Louis to JKFFERSOH CITY. Via St. Charles. To Fulton, (see 694) 110 Now Bioornfield 1 1 101 H'fks' F "-V Ark ... 32 207 F -\- V) r . . 15 222 P 1 * ... 8 230 . ..15 .45 Smitiiville ... 14 259 10 131 ...12 271 J P 1 lOil ... 24 295 (696) ST. Louis to JEFFERSON CITY. Via Mt. Sterling. To Rock Hill Q y, . p .' , 11 306 HP^ r rt H ...39 338 O Irl \ Cr VP ... 25 363 . . .30 393 (693) ST. Louis to NEW MADRID. . 11 19 ..14 33 Union . .22 55 .. . 4 9 Adamsburg ..23 78 Oakville ... 5 14 Lynn -.16 108 Sulphur Springs Clifton ... 8 22 ...5 27 Lisle JEFFERSON CITY .. 8 116 . .10 126 Herculaneum .. . 4 31 ... 8 39 (697) JEFFERSON CITY PENDENCE. To Marion Moniteau Midway Clark's Fork BOONEVILLE to INDK- , 15 .. 5 20 .. 9 29 ..6 35 ..10 45 Rush Tower 8 47 St. Cenevieve St. Mary's Landing Perry ville Apple Greek JACKSON ...14 61 12 73 ...12 85 ... 12 97 ....16 113 11 1 O .< Beaton 16 140 Pleasant Plains 10 1 50 Ogden 8 158 NEW MADRID 23 181 (094) ST. Louis to FORT LEAVEN- WORTH. La Mine Arrow Rock Marshall Mount Hope Dover ..10 55 ..12 67 . . 15 82 ..25 107 .. 7 114 ..11 125 . . 1 137 16 153 T , , ^ ^ . .. . 12 165 6 15 (698) JEFFERSON CITY LEAVENWORTH To Boone ville, (see 697). to FORT ...45 . . 4 49 . . . . 5 20 . . . 12 32 3 35 ....13 48 ... 10 58 10 59 JJjO-h | jjjl ... 9 67 ..11 7Q ....18 85 FORT LEAVENWORTH, ( 7Ul\ see 149 219 ....10 95 . . . 7 102 (699) JEFFERSON CITY SMITH, ARK. To High Point to FORT .. .15 .. g 110 TUT" -sbnrff 12 122 ( ' ! h" jo 134 P -h f 13 147 . . . 25 40 Favi'ti.e GLASGOW. FORT LEAVENWORTH, 7un ....15 162 ....11 173 (see ... 149 322 Cole Camp WARSAW ...24 64 ..16 80 ...13 93 Judah's Gao . . . 8 101 ROUTES IN MISSOURI IOWA. 215 . 18 1 ;) 8 Paris . . . 1<> 55 Richland -\ 18 146 jo (37 SPRINGFIELD ..12 158 7 185 Sharpsburg ...7 74 14 83 McDon-ild . 16 Ul J CSD It, Q Q7 ..17 ' ? 18 (703) MARAMEC to SPRINGFIELD. To Little Pr'iirie ^ n . -2 40 ..28 268 . 18 286 Little Pinfv 20 30 .-11 297 Pine Bluff 8 38 Natural Dam Van Buren ..12 309 ..14 323 .. 7 330 VVaynesville Bellefonte Oakland . . . 12 50 ...11 61 13 74 (700) JEFFERSON CITY GlRARDEAU. to CAPE . . 9 1-) gg 16 10 .. i') JJ4 13 l c> 7 17 26 s 8 135 Kiuderhook . . 10 36 IOWA. (704) IOWA CITY to Ki :OKUCK. 30 ...12 48 .15 63 BU j elvilie 1 75 Ou< r O |i> 7 Hrmony ..15 102 ]5 117 Fail-field ...26 56 4 80 10 17 F 1 -f 10 90 . .14 141 F-i ' "5 76 Milton ...12 30 ... 16 92 216 ROUTES IN IOWA WISCONSIN. ^skfiloosa 13105 Union 5 2 lied Rock 29 134 i 0*1 - 597 PORT Dus MOINES 31 165 \709) BURLINGTON to MUSCATINK. To Yellow Springs 15 Linton ... 9 24 Warren Jant'sville .. 3 30 11 41 Rock Valley .... 7 48 BELOIT Rockton Roscoe ...6 54 . . 3 57 .. 4 61 Grandview 9 40 MUSCATINE 14 54 (710) MUSCATINE to DAVENPORT. To Fairport 7 Harlem 4 60 ROCKFORD 7 72 (715) MADISON to MILWAUKEE. West Buffalo 11 18 Deerfleld 8 16 Rockingham 8 26 Lake Mills ... 9 25 3 28 (711) DAVENPORT to DUBUQUK. To Dewitt , 19 Maquoketa .22 41 Andrew 7 48 Ixonia . . 8 46 Summit Delaneld Howard .. 8 54 .. 4 58 .. 7 65 LaMotte 14 62 DUBUQUE 12 74 (712) DAVENPORT to DUBUQUE. To Berlin 16 Waukesha Brookfield *. Wawatosa ..3 68 .. 5 73 .. 6 79 ^ AA (716) MADISON to GREEN BAY. To Windsor 11 Lowville 14 25 Wyocena 9 34 Princeton 6 22 Camanche 8 30 Lyons 10 40 Elk River 10 50 Bellevue 24 74 Tete des Motte 10 84 DUBUQUE 12 96 "WISCONSIN. (713) MADISON to GALENA, ILL. To Middleton 8 FORT WINNEBAGO Rock Hill Kingston Grand Prairie Tichor'i 8 4^ -.17 59 .. 2 61 -. 4 65 5 70 6 76 P ) -on 1'ilf 14 90 F r . . ]3 ]Q3 T- (] 1-1 . 3 106 . jo Jig 3 119 Ridgeway 9 31 Stockbridge .. 8 127 > 18 145 Mineral Point 8 48 . . 17 ig2 Belmont 13 61 (717) MILWAUKEE toCnic To Oak Creek AGO, ILL. .. 9 Platteville 7 68 fienton 12 80 Hazel Green 5 85 GALENA, ILL 11 96 (714) MADISON to ROCKFORD, ILL. Racine South port Otso (r o 111 ..10 33 ..12 45 . . 5 50 A hi o- 1* 6 "56 Rutland ..- 6 17 .. 4 60 ROUTES IN WISCONSIN. 217 Half Day 6 f>6 Wheeling 5 71 Dutchman's Point 10 81 CHICAGO 13 94 (718) MILWAUKEE to JANKSVILLE. To Greenfield I) Puny Bewin 5 14 Vrruon (j '20 Mukwonego 6 20 East Troy 6 32 i Troy 3 33 i SULCMI- Creek 8 43 ! Richmond 9 52 j Johnstown 3 55 I JANES VILLE 11 66 I (723) RACINE to JANESVILLE. To Fountain 7 Ives' Grove 8 15 Yorkvilie 5 20 Rochester 4 24 BurliiijL'ton 5 29 Spring Prairie J 7 36 Eikhorn 8 44 Dcievan (3 50 J'farien- 4 54 Fairfield 3 57 Emerald Grove 7 64 JANESVILLK 8 72 (724) SOUTHPORT to BKLOIT. (719) MILWAUKEE to WHITE j To Pleasant Prairie 4 WATER. 'Bristol 6 10 To Wawatosa 5 ' Salem 9 19 Brookfield 6 11 'Geneva 15 34 Waukesha 5 16 Geneva Bay 6 40 Genesee 8 24 Walworth 4 44 Ottawa 6 30 Shfiron 6 50 Palmyra 8 38 i Allen's Grove 3 53 WHITEWATER 10 48 i Clinton 6 59 i BKLOIT 9 68 (720) MILWAUKEE to FOND DU LAC. To Granville 10 (7-5) JANESVILLE to FOND DU LAC. Menominee Falls 7 17 ! ,,.,, P ii- QQ 37 To Milton 8 Homer 7 44 . MKotkonong ...8 16 flhSJL 8 $ Fort A tkiii'son 5 21 SJnnSoid' '. .' ' " " 6 58 : J fer)ii 6 27 Bvmn ' ^ fio Johnson's Creek 5 32 K^DULAC::::::::;::V| n WA TOWM -- 10 ' Emmet 5 47 (721) MILWAUKEE to SHKBOYOAN. OaPSwi 6 5C To (.'ood Hope. 8 Beaver Dam 7 63 Mequon liiv^r 6 14 Waushzira 10 73 Cedarburg 6 20 Waupun 10 83 CniUoii 3 23 Lamartine 9 92 Backville 4 27 j FOND DU LAC 9 101 Ox-\ukie 4 31 G^bbvSe ^:::::::::::::: 1 ! II (726) J ^ EsviLLEto G ^^ Slii'Unytfan Falls 6 55 To Bachelor's Grove 8 SHEBOYGAN 6 61 Spri^ Valley 5 13 Deoatar 7 20 (722) MILWAUKEE to SHEBOYGAN. Monroe 12 32 Wiotrt 12 44 Steamboat. Shullsburg 20 64 To Oxaukie 28 White Oak Springs 6 70 SHKBOYGAN 30 58 GALENA 10 80 19 218 ROUTES IN WISCONSIN MINESOTA. (727) SHEBOYGAN to NEENAH. To Sheboygan Falls 5 Plymouth 9 14 Green Bush 6 20 Owascus 10 30 FOND DU LAC 11 41 Friendship 5 46 Oshkosh 13 59 Vinlau'l 6 65 Groveland 5 70 MINESOTA. (728) ST. PAUL to NEW ORLEANS. Steamboat. To St. Louis, (see 689). . 728 NKW ORLEANS, (see 688) 1:212 1940 (729) ST.- PAUL to FALLS OF ST. CROIX. To Stillwater 17 Marino Mills 12 29 NEENAH 5 75 I FALLS OF ST. CROIX .20 4U MlLWAUKIE To Wamvatosa 5 Elm Grove 5 10 Powers' Mill 4 14 Plank Road 3 17 WAUKBSIIA - 8 20 '..ienessce 8 28 MILWAUKEE AND Miss. R. R ; North Prairie . . Eagle Prairie . . Palmyra. Whitewater 8 Child's Station 5 Milton. .. 7 36 42 50 55 62 Janesville 8 TO 219 THE PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. IN this division of the United States are included the Territory of Oregon, and the extensive regions recently acquired from the Mexican Republic, known as Alta California and New Mexico. The whole lies between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, and between the Rio Gila on the S. and the 49th" parallel of north latitude on the N. ; within which limits the area is estimated at 992,474 square miles. Tn this aggregate, however, is included all that portion of New Mexico lying east of the Rio Grande, and which was formerly claimed by Texas as a part of her territories. THE TERRITORY OF OREGOX. Area 341,463 square miles. Population 13,293.* OREGON is situated between 42 and 49 N. lat., and between 100 and 124 W. long. ; and is bounded N. by the British Possessions ; E. by the Rocky Mountains; S. by Alta California; and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Oregon is a country of huge mountains, and wide, elevated plateaux. It is divided by two great ranges into three distinct portions. From the Pacific Ocean to the Cascade range, a distance of from 100 to 150 miles, includes the first ; from the Cascade range to the Blue Moun- tains, the second; and from these to the Rocky Mountains, the third. Considerable diversity in soil, climate, and productions, characterizes these several regions. The southern portion of the Pacific section is supposed to be that best adapted to agriculture. The middle sec! ion has a light, sandy soil, except near the streams, where a rich alluvium prevails. The mountains are almost barren. The third, or eastern sec- tion, is a rugged country, but in its intervales contains much grass lands, which renders it peculiarly suited to the rearing of cattle and for slu-ep- farming. Some parts of the Cascade Mountains rise 4,000 feet above the * Exclusive of Indians, the number of which is unknown. 220 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. sea-level. The Rocky Mountains, many culminations of which attain 6,001) feet, present a serious barrier to communication with the old states. Only three passes have been found which admit of travel : the first in 400 22' N. ; the second in 44 30' ; and the third, the South Pass, discov- ered by Fremont. The usual overland route to Oregon is through the It is I'.. A range of mountains, called the " Klamet," runs from the Rocky Mountains westward towards the Pacific. The climate on the Pacific is temperate, Tind much milder than near the Atlantic in the same latitude. In the interior, it becomes more extreme; and in the mountains, varying with their elevation, winter is almost perpetual, and many of the higher culminations are capped with snow throughout the year. The greatest quantity of rain fails between November and March. The Pacific coast of Oregon is generally rugged, and extends 650 miles along that < >cean. Only three or lour harbors occur in its whole length. The Columbia, or Oregon, is the principal river; and into this, which has a S. W. and W. course from the Rocky Mountains, all the main streams of the territory empty. The navigation of this river is frequently ob- structed by falls and rapids, and there is only an uninterrupted passage from the ocean, for large ships, of about 120 miles. The principal tribu- taries are Willamette river; Lewis, or Saptin river; and Clark's, or Flat- head river; ail which receive numerous flue streams that water an im- mense surface. There are a number of small lakes in the country. There is no material difference in the natural productions of Oregon and those of the Eastern states. Vegetation is, however, more devel- oped. The fir has been found 46 feet in circumference and 300 feet in height, and pines from 200 to 230 feet high, and from 20 to 40 feet in girth. The mineral resources of the country are almost unknown, but there is no reason to suppose that the earth here is less metalliferous than in the more southern portion of the Pacific region. Wild animals, in great numbers and variety, inhabit the recesses of the mountains, and the valleys and plains. The trapper and hunter have explored the country with profit in peltry and furs. The cultivated portions, as yet confined chiefly to the banks of the lower Columbia and to the neighborhood of Pugefs Sound, are very productive. The cereal crops have been abun- dant, and fruit trees, vines, and culinary vegetables thrive well. Since the discovery of gold in California, a great demand has arisen for the agricultural products of Oregon, and, as a consequence, a commercial connection has been the result. The export of lumber has been* large. This incipient commerce will not be transitory the demand for build- ing materials is constantly on the increase, and that for breadstuff's and provisions will last as long as mining is the chief employment in Califor- nia. Some commercial intercourse is maintained also with the Sand- wich Islands and the Russian settlements on the north. But with all these fortuitous circumstances that have attended the first settlement of TERRITORY OF OREGON. 221 the territory, it must still remain much as it is a mere agru ultural and pastoral country, unless some means of easy and rapid communication can be maintained with the Western states and the Atlantic coast. A railroad is the only solution of this difficulty. The one proposed by Mr. Whitney seems to have some claims to consideration, and by its means the shores of Lake Michigan would be brought in a juxtaposition with the mouth of the Columbia river. The details for the construction of such an avenue, chiefly through a country infested with hostile Indians, and through mountain passes almost inaccessible, have been laid before Congress, and are favorably spoken of; but to mature plans, and obtain capital for such a work, seems to offer insuperable difficulties even to its commencement. It is almost too great a work for individual enter- prise. If a railroad is to be built, let it be a national work. There are several villages and settlements of considerable pretensions in Oregon. OREGON CITY, the territorial capital, is situated about 30 miles up the Willamette river, and two miles above the Clackmas rapids, which prevents all navigation to the city. Perhaps no other place in the Union has such immense water privileges, and many large saw-mills are already in operation. Population, 702. PORTLAND, 12 miles below the falls, may be considered as the port of Oregon City. Its trade with the Pacific towns, and also with those of the Atlantic, especially with New York, is prosperous and increasing. Population, 200. ASTORIA, near the mouth of the Columbia river, on its S. bank, has a good harbor and other natural advantages for becoming a great commercial depot. At present, there are not 20 buildings in the place. It is the only port of entry in the territory. FORT VANCOUVER, on the N. bank of the Co- lumbia river, 100 miles from its mouth, is the principal trading post of the Hudson Bay Company, W. of "the mountains. Ships drawing 14 feet water, can ascend 20 miles further up the river. The estabjishment consists of about 100 houses enclosed by picket-fences, and defended by armed bastions and a block-house. A Catholic church is the only build-- ing of note. The inhabitants are chiefly South Sea Islanders in the em- ploy of the company. The establishment is on an extensive scale, and the center of vast interests all the company's Indian trade being con- ducted here. Extensive agricultural operations for the support of the traders, are carried on. The farm contains about 3,000 acres. The stock of cattle and sheep is very large, and is rapidly increasing in numbers and improving in breed from the importation of European stock. The mixed breed of sheep yields from 12 to 18 pounds of fleece. The mills and outposts of the fort extend several miles above on the river. Other settlements on the Columbia are, WALLA-WALLA, a little below the con- fluence of Lewis river ; FORT OKKNAGAN, at the mouth of the river of the same name ; FORT COLVILLE, below the union of Clark's river with the Columbia. 222 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. FORT NESQUALLY, on Puget's Sound, is occupied by the "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company." Their farms are very extensive, and are kept in a high state of cultivation. They supply provisions to the Hud- son Bay Company's servants W. of the mountains, and export largely to the Sandwich Islands and the Russian post of Sitka. The company has also extensive farms on the Cowlitz river. Oregon, in its entirety, extends between 42 and 54 40' N. lat., but by the treaty of 1846, all the territory north of 49 was ceded to Great Brit- ain. Perhaps the greatest defect in this treaty was the ceding of Van- couver's Island to the British- an island notoriously the finest portion of the disputed country, both in regard to its agricultural capacities, its commercial position, and its mineral productions. The retention of this alone would have been preferable to our possession of the whole main- land. This country was not discovered until nearly two centuries after the occupation of Mexico by the Spaniards, nor was it at all known until late in the 18th century. In 1792 the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia river by Capt. Grey gave to the United States a claim to sov- ereignty over the country watered by that river and its branches. Set- tlements, however, had previously been made by the English at Nootka Sound, and on the upper waters of the Columbia, and on these facts the British based their claim. . The Louisiana Treaty of 1803 transferred the claims preferred by France to the United States, and presuming that Lou siana really did extend to the Pacific, this formed a most im- portant point in the controversy. In 1804-5-G, Captains Lewis and Clarke explored the country from the head waters of the Missouri river to the mouth of the Columbia. Trading houses were subsequently erected by Americans on Lewis river and at Astoria, The fort at As- toria was taken by the British in the last war, but restored on the con- clusion of peace. To adjust, or rather suspend, the conflicting claims of each, the United States and Great Britain, in 1818, agreed to a suspen- sion of sovereign occupancy for 10 years, which agreement was extended indefinitely in 1828, with the proviso that either party might recede from the agreement on giving one year's notice to that effect. The treaty of 1819 with Spain, in which that nation withdrew its claims to the terri- tory in favor of the United States,-greatly strengthened the presumptions of the Union ; but still, no immediate measures were resorted to. The disputes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1845, and the Pres- ident was authorized by Congress to give the notice required. This step led to the final settlement of the question, mid a partition of the terri- tory by the line of 49 N. lat. In 1848 a bill passed both Houses of Con- gress, and was approved by the President on the 14th August, by which Oregon was erected into a territorial government, and soon after the necessary officers were sent out, and the government organized. By the treaty of partition, the Hudson Bay Company retained pos- * CALIFORNIA ALTA STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 223 session of their forms, &c., in Oregon. They have now made the offer to the United States, of all their right and title in these occupancies, for the sura of $1,000,000. Should this be accepted, both parties will, no doubt, be satisfied, and all future cause of disagreement be prevented. CALIFORNIA ALTA. CALIFORNIA ALTA in its full extent, as acquired by the United States from the Republic of Mexico, lies between 32 and 42 N. lat., and between K)fi and 124 W. long. : and is bounded N. by the Territory of Oretrnn; E. by the Indian Territory and New Mexico ; P. by the Rio Gila, which separates it from the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Souora, and by California Baja; and W. by the Pacific Ocean, on which it has a front of 970 miles. The area included within these limits is estimated at 448.091 square miles; and the total population, exclusive of aboriginal tribes, (variously estimated at from 100,000 to 300,000 in number,) is about 200,000. California Alta is now divided into the "State of California" and the ki Territory of Utah," the latter co-exten- sive with the d-decant "State of Deseret" and the "Territory of New Mexico" in part. TH^ STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Area 138,981 square miles. Population 200,000. CALIFORNIA occupies all that portion of the above-named territory westward of the following line: to wit beginning at the intersection of 420 N. lat. and 120 VV. long.; thence S. in a direct line tq 39 N. lat.; thence S. E. to where the Rio Colorado intersects 35 N. lat., and thence down the mid channel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. This grand division of California (the only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from N. to S. by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively the Sierra Nevada, which divides the region from the great basin, and the Coast Range, running almost parallel to and at a short distance from the Pacific coast. The main feature of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers the two valleys forming one 500 miles long and 50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structure of the country, and break it into a surface of valleys and mountains the valleys a few hundreds, and the mountains 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. These form greater masses and become more 224 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shastl, enter the regions of perpetual snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. It is a single geographical forma- tion, lying between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San Francisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive numerous affluentsmany of them bold rivers, become themselves navigable rivers flow towards each other, meet half way, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water ; making a continuous water line from one end to the other. The resources of this valley, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords greater facilities for easy development. Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. Westward of the rivers, the soil is chiefly dry and unproductive ; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being intersected by nu- merous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white-oaks. The foot hills of the Sierra which limit the valley make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and pretty vales. Near the Tulare Lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San Jonquin rivers, the surface is composed of level plains, gradually changing into undulating and rolling towards the mountains. The region W. of the Coast Range to the Pacific the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold has long been the seat of numerous missions ; and around these, generally situated in the most lovely vales, agriculture has converted the courlkry into a perfect garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, and to vegetables used for culinary purposes, which in fact grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities indeed can produce in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. The coasts of California are generally precipitous and rugged; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco, are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisco Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, but also and mainly from the accessory advantages which belong to it fertile ;.nd picturesque dependent Coun- try, general mildness of climate, connection with the great central valley, &c. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, its im- portance rises superior to all contingencies. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon; its climate that of Italy; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent country are THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 225 the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides from the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction about 35 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 275 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Surisson bays. The surface is much broken by numerous islands some mere rocks, and others' grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water,' crowned by forests of lofty cypress, which are visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the bay. Behind, the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,770 feet high, overlooks the surrounding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating land, and rich alluvial tracts, backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be overspread. Such is the bay and proximate country and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. The climate of California is remarkable in its periodical, changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing as they do the year into two nearly equal parts, which have a most peculiar in- fluence on the labor applied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and in fact connect themselves inseparably with all the interests of the country. The dry season commences with May. The north-east winds, following the course of the sun's greatest attraction, then commence to blow, and in their passage across the snow-clad ridges of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada become deprived of all their moisture. They therefore pass over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature, is very high in the summer, in a very dry state, and absorb like a sponge all the moisture the atmosphere arid surface of the earth can yield. The dry season commences much earlier in the south than towards the north, and continues some time after the sun repasses the equator at the autumnal Equinox. About the middle of November, the climate being relieved from these N. E. currents, the S. W. winds set in from the ocean, surcharged with moisture; the rains commence and continue to fall, not constantly, but with sufficient frequency to designate the period of their continuance. Cold winds and fogs render the climate of Suit Francisco, and in fact the whole coast, extremely 226 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. irksome. A few miles inland, however, where the heat of the sun modifies and softens the ocean wind, the weather is delightful. The heat in the middle of the day is not too great to retard labor. The nights are cool and pleasant. This is the climate which prevails in all the valleys of the Coast Range, and extends throughout the country north and south as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea breeze loses its influence, and the degree of heat in the middle of the day during the summer months is much greater than on the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. It is dry, however, and perhaps not more oppressive. The thermometer sometimes ranges from 110 to 115 in the shade, during three or four hours, say from 11 to 3 o'clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, the radiation of heat ceases. The cold, dry atmosphere from the mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders the nights cool and invigorating. No general description of the climate o!' California will cover the whole land : it varies with the latitude. The climate of the coast and interior, of the mountain and valley, &c., differ widely; and it is perhaps to these circumstances that the opinions and statements respecting it are so conflicting. Each writer has noted his own im- pressions. The population of California at the period it came in possession of the United States, probably did not exceed 30,000, of which about 18,600 consisted of converted Indians. The immigration of Americans and foreigners since that period has been unremitting. On the 1st January, 1851, it was estimated that 120,000 Americans and 40,000 foreigners had come into the country since the discovery of gold. The majority of these are occupied in the mining districts. It is impossible to form any estimate of the number of mountain Indians. Some suppose there are as many as 300,000 in the country. These inhabit the foot hills of the Sierra, and the valleys between them and the coast. They seem to be of the lowest grade of human beings. They live chiefly on acorns, roots, and insects, and the kernel of the pine burr: occasionally they catch fish and game. They exhibit no inclination to cultivate the soil, neither do they pretend to hold any interest in the lands, nor have they been treated by the Spanish or American immigrants as possessing any. They are lazy idle to the last degree. Formerly, at the missions, those who were brought up and educated by the priests made good servants. Many of those now attached to families seem to be faithful and intelli- gent ; but those who are at all in a wild and uncultivated state, are most degraded objects of filth and sloth. They are invariably hostile to the whites, and have already committed many aggravated murders and depredations on the persons and property of the immigrants and gold- hunters. Previous to the treaty of peace with Mexico and the discovery of gold, THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 227 the exportable products of the country consisted almost exclusively of hides and tallow. The Californians were a pastoral people, and paid much more attention to the raising of horses and cattle than the cultiva- tion of the soil. Wheat, barley, maize, beans, and edible roots, were cultivated in sufficient quantities for home consumption. The destruc- tion of cattle for their hides and tallow has now ceased, in consequence of the demand for beef. The number of cattle now in California is es- timated only at 500,000 head a supply inadequate to the wants of the beef eaters now in the country for more than 5 or 6 years. Tlie great bulk of animal food must therefore come from the Atlantic Coast and the Western States. The time is not far distant when cattle from the Mississippi Valley will be driven by tens of thousands to supply this new market. The climate and soil of California are well suited for the ce- reals ; but the temperature along the coast is too cool for the successful culture of maize as a field crop. The root crops thrive luxuriantly. Apples, poors, and peaches are cultivated with facility ; and there is no reason to doubt that all the fruits of the Atlantic States can be produced in great plenty and perfection. The grasses are very luxuriant and nu- tritious, afford ing excellent pasturage. Oats spring up spontaneously the whole length of the coasts, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. The dry season matures and cures these grasses and oats, so that they re- main in an excellent state of preservation during the summer and au- tumn, and afford an ample supply of forage. While the whole surface of the country appears parched, and vegetation destroyed, the numerous flocks and herds which roam over it continue in excellent condition. Irrigation would become necessary in many parts during the dry season, to improve the products of the soil and increase their quantity. The farmer derives some important advantages from this season. His crops are never injured by rain, and he can with perfect confidence permit them to remain in his fields as long after they have been gathered aa his convenience may require. Agriculture, however, must continue for some time to come as,of secondary consideration. Men will not submit to its toils while they can gather a harvest of gold. Commerce must supply almost every species of food, until the thirst for metal becomes satiated, or the supply exhausted. The commercial resources of California are at the present founded entirely on its metallic wealth. Gold is the staple product of the country, and is immediately available in an uncoined state for all the purposes of exchange. It is not here as in other countries, where the products of the earth and of art are sent to markets foreign and domestic to be exchanged for the precious metals. Here gold not only supplies the medium of domestic trade, but of foreign commerce. A large trade has consequently sprung up, and, centering at San Francisco, is thence dis- tributed into the interior. The whole world is competing for its market. 228 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. Vessels of all nations have their prows directed to this Dorado. Gold is the sun that attracts them. The whole trade of the Pacific that of China and the islands will centre at San Francisco, for no other coun- tries on the west coast have exports which find a market in the ports of Asia. Important as the commerce of the Pacific is and will be to California, it cannot now, nor will it ever, compare in magnitude and value to the domestic trade between it and the older States of the Union. Two years ago, California did, not probably contain more than 25,000 people. That portion of it which has since been so wonderfully peopled was comparatively without resources. Notwithstanding the great dis- tance emigrants have been compelled to travel, more than 100,000 have already overcome the difficulties, and Spread themselves over the hills and plains. They have been supplied from distances as great, not only with necessaries but the comforts and many of the luxuries of life. Houses have been imported from China, Chili, and the Atlantic States. All materials required in building cities and towns have been added to the wants of a people so numerous, destitute, and remote from the sources of supply. Those wants will exist as long as emigration con- tinues to flow into the country, and labor, employed in collecting gold, shall be more profitable than the mechanic arts. The value of the trade between the old States and California for the year 1850, is estimated at $25,000,000; and if the emigration and general movement continues for five years longer, this trade may amount to $100,000,000 per an- num. The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, and from 40 to 50 miles wide, following the line of the Sierra Nevada. Further discoveries may, and probably will, increase the area. The metal is found in the beds of the rivers, and in the gullies formed by the action of waters during the rainy season. The original seat of this metal is in the quartz rock of the mountains, and it is there that the veins will be ultimately found. Hitherto it has been gathered chiefly from the surface, in the form of dust. No scientific mining operations have been initiated. What the production will eventually be, no one can foresee. The value of the metal gathered in 1849 is estimated at $40,000,000 ; and this only from the surface, and by less than half the number of persons that will operate during the year 1850. There does not seem to be any special deposits in the rivers gold is found every- where E. of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The greater part of the immense amount gathered was carried away by foreigners, and perhaps not more than one-fourth reached the Atlantic ports. About $12,000,000 have been coined at the United States' mint up to April 1st, 1850. Quicksilver is found in the form of cinnabar in several districts, and must soon become valuable for the purpose of extracting the gold from impurities. The mineral resources of California are not confined THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 229 to these metals coal, irdn, &c., are known to exist ; but these will not be worked so long as gold hunting is remunerative. The principal towns in California previous to the occupation of the country by the Americans, and the discovery of the rich gold deposits in the valley of the Sacramento, were Monterey, the ancient capital, San Diego, a port in the south, Los Angelos, San Jose, San Francisco, &c. None of these were of much importance, nor was their connection with the commercial world otherwise than very limited. Since these great events, however, a new era has commenced, and the whole region has experienced one of the mightiest revolutions in the history of man- kind. The old settlements above alluded to have become large cities new towns have sprung up with almost fabulous rapidity a living tide has inundated the country from all parts of the habitable globe. Wher- ever a site eligible for commerce or trade is found, there we now see the germ of a future city, or perhaps a city grown to considerable pro- portions. Every thing is progressive ; and where a year or two ago the population could be numbered by thousands i.t now numbers its tens of thousands, and yet the tide flows, and every day witnesses new arrivals of hardy immigrants the fathers of a future State, whose wealth and position in the world will vie with that of Tyre in the days of its greatest glory. SAN JOSE, the present capital, is a town founded on the ancient mission of the same name, in a pleasant valley opening on the southern extremity of the Bay of San Francisco. It is here that the governor resides, and here the legislature of the State holds its sessions. SAN FRANCISCO is situated not far from the entrance to the bay, on its south shore, and has an excellent harbor and every accommodation for an extensive commerce. From the geographical position of this place, and its proximity to the gold regions, which must supply all the ex- ports, it will eventually become the mart of an extensive commerce with Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Never in the annals of a nation has any city risen to importance at such a rate as this. At the commence- ment ot 1849 it was a mere village at the commencement of 1850 it had a population of 30,000, and had during the intervening year received more than 70,000 immigrants from all parts, whose destination was the great mineral region of the valley above. Steam communication has been established between New York, via Panama, and this city, and regular lines of steamboats sail between it and the. new towns on the Sacramento. Its commerce with Oregon has also been greatly developed, and will no doubt be much enlarged in the future. Among the new cities are NAPA, SONOMA, BENICIA., &c., on the north shore of Pablo Bay, and MARTINEZ on its south shore. On the Sacramento and its tributaries, are NEW YORK of the Pacific, STOCKTON, SUTTKR, SAC- RAMENTO, FREMONT, VERNON, YUBA, NICOLAUS, &c. ; and on the San Joaquin, the city of SAN JOAQUIN, near the mouth of the Staiiisla.ua 20 230 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. river. HANGTOWN, WEAVERS VILLE, MARYSVILLE, and numerous other places are mentioned ; but so rapidly are they, one and all, increasing in extent and population, that it is futile to attempt to describe their present condition every new arrival from this wonderful country bring- ing information that renders the most recent previous information obsolete and nugatory. Each successive day indeed witnesses the foundation of some future city. Nothing is here stationary. San Fran- cisco in one season increased its population from hundreds to thousands, while in a shorter period Sacramento City and Stockton became the depots of an extensive inland commerce, and rose to an importance to which few cismoiitane cities can boast after a whole century of existence. With such results from one year's exertion, and with comparatively small means, what great ends must we not anticipate, since the inhabitants have acquired almost every thing adapted to facilitate their labors ? The history of California previous to its occupation by the Americans has little to interest the general reader. It was discovered by Cobrillo, a Spanish navigator, in 154-2 ; and the northern part of it having been visited by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, he gave it the name of New Albion. The first colonies were planted in 1768, by the Spaniards chiefly by priests of the order of St. Francis, whose object was to convert the Indians to the Catholic faith. The mission stations which are found in the country were established by this renowned order. The revolu- tion which separated Mexico from Spain annexed California to that republic. The country has several times since the Spanish power was exterminated suffered from revolution ; and "for the last ten or twelve years of its connection with Mexico, the authority of that nation over it was very loose. Its distance from the metropolis indeed would tend to such a result. The people more than once declared themselves inde- pendent, and as often rejoined the confederacy. In 1846 California was occupied by the United States forces; and by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2d Feb., 1848, the whole country was ceded to that government. In the latter part of the same month, a mechanic, named James W. Marshall, was employed in building a saw-mill for Captain Butter, on the south branch of a river known as the American Fork. On Fremont's map, the river is called k 'Rio de los Americanos." While cutting a mill-race for this improvement, Mr. Marshall discovered the scales of gold as they glistened in the sun-light at the bottom of the sluice, Pieces of considerable size were taken out, and in a lew days gold to the amount of $150 was gathered. The laborers soon became satisfied of its precious nature, and the news spread rapidly about (he country. Examinations were prosecuted at other points along the stream, and almost every where with success. The result has been extraordinary. Thousands have flocked to the scene from all parts of the world, and a lively commerce has thas been initiated, which bids fair in a few more TERRITORY OF UTAH. 231 years to become more extensive and valuable than all the present foreign trade of the United States together. In 1849, in consequence of the disorganized condition of things and the insecurity which generally prevailed, tSie people, by their delegates, met in convention, and formed a constitution, under the provisions of which the commonwealth is now organized and governed. The main feature of this document is its exclusion of slavery from the state otherwise it is not much different from those of the generality of the older states. California was admit- ted as a state of the Union in 1850. TERRITORY OF UTAH. (Deserety Area. 187,923 square miles. Population 11,381. UTAH TERRITORY occupies all that portion of the great Californian basin lying north of 37 N. lat., and extends from the Sierra Nevada to the mountains of New Mexico. This is one of the most singular countries in the world. The basin is some 500 miles in diameter every way, between 4GOO and 5000 feet above the level. of the sea, shut in all around by mountains, with itsown system of lake;? and rivers, and without any direct connection with the sea. Partly arid tmd sparsely inhabited, its general character is that of a desert, but with great exceptions there .being many parts of it very fit for the residence of a civilized people ; and of these the Mormons have lately established themselves in one of the largest and best. Mountain is the predominating structure of the interior of the basin, with plains between the mountains wooded and watered, the plains arid and sterile. In this great b.-isin are situated the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, besides numerous smaller bodies of water. The Humboldt river is the most important of its water courses. This river possesses qualities which, in the progress of events, may give it both value and fame. It lies in the line of travel to California and Oregon, and is the best route now known through the great basin, and the one traveled by emigrants. Its direc- tion E. and W. is the right course for that travel. It furnishes a level, unobstructed way for nearly 300 miles, and a plentiful supply of the in- dispensable articles of water, wood, and grass. Its head is towards the Great Salt Lake, and consequently towards the Mormon settlements, which must become a point in the line of emigration to California and the Lower Columbia. Its termination is within 50 miles of the base o the Sierra Nevada, and opposite the Salmon Trout River pass; a pass* * "Deseret," in Mormon history and interpretation, signifies "honey 9ee;" and is indicative of industry and its kindred virtues. 232 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. only 7200 feet above the level of the sea, and less than half that above the level of the basin, and leading into the valley of the Sacramento, some 40 miles N. of Sutler's Fort. These properties give to this river a prospective value in future communications with the Pacific Ocean. The Rio Gila bounds the territory on the S., and the Rio Colorado traverses it in a S. W. direction from the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of California, into which both rivers empty by one mouth. This portion of California Alta was never settled by the Spaniards, Dor was it ever more than a nominal dependency of that nation nor of the Mexican Republic. Previous to the Mexican war, indeed, few white men except those engaged in scientific explorations had entered the country. About the period when that war broke out, the Mormons were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob violence, and shortly afterwards emigrated to the borders of the Creat Salt Lake. Their settlements became prosperous and populous, and within two years ai'ter the first pioneers had entered the country, their numbers had increased to about 5,000. After peace had been ratified, they found them- selves without a government, arid without protection for person or pro- perty. To remedy this anomalous condition of things, they organized a temporary government, under the style of the "State of Deseret," and under its sanction elected officers to manage the affairs of the common- wealth. But the ultimate destiny of the country belonged to Congress, and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded it back to a territorial condition under its present title ; at the same time curtailing the limits claimed by its spontaneous constitution. The increase of its population, however, is so rapid, that it must at no distant period be admitted as a state ; and whenever such an event is consummated, Utah will, no. doubt, form a bright star in the glorious galaxy of our Union. The metropolis of Deseret is GREAT SALT LAKE CITY, situated 22 miles S. W. of the lake from which it takes its name, and about one mile and a half E. of the Jordan River, 4300 feet above the level of the sea, and in 40 45' 44" N. hit., and 11 1 26' 34" VV. long. It is laid out in large squares, and one acre and a quarter of land is allotted to each family for garden purposes. A council house has been erected ; and the citizens have it in view to build another temple, larger and more magnificent even than that of Nauvoo. The houses are ;tS yet small, but very cornmodiously built, the material being adobes, or sun-dried brick. The population of the city is about 0,500, butit is so laid out as to admit, of its becoming one of the largest and most convenient cities in the world. Being on the highway to California, thousands of emigrants from the States find in this settlement a place to rest themselves and cattle, and recruit their stores of provisions, previous to entering the desert they have to cross before reaching the goal of their desires. TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 233 Some settlements of Mormons have also been made on the borders of Utah Lake. The prospects of these settlements are very encouraging. They are on all sides surrounded by a labyrinth of mountains, which are sup- posed to be very rich in mineral wealth. Rock salt is very abundant in the neighborhood, and the Great Lake is saturated with salines which concrete spontaneously on its shores and incr ust its bottom. Otherwise they are possessed of vast rescources. The soil is exceedingly rich, and when irrigated, which is of easy accomplishment, yields fine crops of grain and other agricultural staples. Add to these natural advantages the industry to appropriate them, which is a portion of the religion of the settlers, and what shall stay the onward progress of this colony, the location of which within a few years was scarcely known to civil- ized man ? TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. Area 210,744 square miles. Population 61,547. NKW MEXICO lies between 32 and 38 N. lat. and between 103 and 1160 \y. long.; and is bounded N. by the Territory of Utah and the Indian Territory; E. by Texas; S. by the Northern Mexican States, from which it is principally separated by the Gila River ; and W. by California. That portion of the territory lying westward of the Rocky Mountains was originally a part of California Alta, and was temporarily attached to New Mexico in 1850. The general aspect of New Mexico Proper is mountainous, with a large valley in the middle running N. and S., formed by the Rio Grande del Norte. The valley is generally about 20 miles wide, and bordered on the E. and W. by mountainous chains continuations of the Rocky Mount- ains. The height of these S. of Sunta Fe may, upon an average, be from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, while near that city, and in the more northern regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen, which rise from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of igneous rocks, as granite, sienite, diorite, basalt, c., and are highly met- aliferous. On the higher ranges, excellent pine timber grows ; on the low- er, cedars, and sometimes oaks ; and in the central valley, mezquite, &c. The main artery of New Mexico, the Rio Grande, is a large and long river. Its head waters are found between 37 and 38 N. lat., but its highest sources are some two degrees further N., in the recesses of the ftocky Mountains. Its course is generally S. and S. E., and its principal affluents are the Chamas, Pecos, Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. The length of the river in a straight line is about 1.200 miles but from the meanderings of its lower course, it runs at least 2,000 miles from the 20* ~34 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. regions of eternal snow to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf of Mexico, which it enters in 25 50' N. lat. The elevation of the river above the sea is 4,800 feet at Albuquerque; 3,800 at El Paso; but at Reinosa, 300 or 400 miles from its mouth, only 170 feet. The fall of the river is seldom used as a motive power. The principal advantage at present derived from its waters is for agriculture, by a well-managed system of irrigation. In its upper course it is shallow, and interrupted by sand-bars. The lower course of the river, however, is open to navigation, and steamboats ascend as far up as Laredo, 700 miles from the Gulf. The soil is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it pro- duces abundant crops. Indian corn, wheat, beans, onions, and fruits, are raised in large quantities. The most fertile part of the valley begins below Santa Fe, and it is no uncommon thing in the S. pans of the country to raise two crops in the year. The general dry ness of the cli- mate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agricul- ture to the valleys of the water-courses. The inhabitants have no sys- tem in their funning. The plough is a rough machine, ;tnd made en- tirely of wood ; and their fields are generally without fences. The best cultivated lands are found on the " estaiicias? or large estates belonging to the rich. These "-haciendas" are apparently a remnant of the old feudal system, and were granted, with the Indians and all other appur- tenances, by the 'Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The inhabitants pay considerable attention to the raising of stock, and the great owners are possessed of large numbers of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. These, however, are generally of small size. The pasturage in the un- cultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of stock graze thereon the year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, and frequently carry off numerous herds of cattle, &c. The mines of New Mexico are very rich. Mining, however, has long been neglected, and many of the most valuable "placers," which were formerly worked, have been entirely deserted. Gold, silver, iron, and copper, are plentiful in the inountains. Gold is found in the ?anta Fe district as far S. as Gran Quivira, and N. as far as the Rio Sangre do Cristo. The poorer classes occupy some of their time in washing out gold-dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams. The mines in the neighborhood of Santa Fe are the only ones worked at the present time. Silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at Avo, at Cerillos, and in the Nambe Mountains; but operations have long since ceased. Copper is abundant throughout the country, and iron is equally so; but these metals are entirely overlooked as useless. Coal has also been discovered in a number of places ; and gypsum, both com- mon and selenite, are found in large quantities. The common is used as lime for whitewashing, and the crystalline, or selenite, instead of win- TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 235 dow-glass. On the high table-lands, between the Del Norte and Pecos, are some extensive " Salinas," or salt lakes, from which all the domes- tic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large caravans from the capital visit these in the dry season, and return with as much salt as they can con- veniently carry. The merchants exchange one bushel of salt for an equal quantity of wheat, or sell it for one, or, sometimes, two dollars a bushel. The climate is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Consider- able atmospheric differences, however, are experienced in the mountain districts and in the low valley of the river. In the latter, the summer- heat sometimes rises to 100 Fahrenheit, but the nights are always cool and ploas..'iit. The winters are comparatively of long duration, and fre- quently severe. The sky, however, is clear and dry, owing to the con- dens-uion of the moisture on the frozen hills. The months of July to October inclusive constitute the rainy season, but the rains are neither so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of the contim-nt. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and typhoid fevers in the winter season. The population of New Mexico may be estimated at 60,000 or 63,000 ; and its proximate composition may be thus stated: Spaniards, 2,600 ; Creoles, 10,000 ; meztizos, 13,000 ; Puebla Indians, 27,000, and the re- mainder Americans and foreigners. This is exclusive of the independ- ent tribes of Indians which still exist in the country. The Nawajoea are a powerful tribe, inhabiting a fine country W. of the Rio Grande, and numbering about 7,000 ; the Eataws inhabit the N. VV. frontier, and number 4,000 or 5,000 ; the Apaches, about 5,000, roam over the vast re- gions E. of the Rio Grande and N. of El Paso ; the Jicoriltes, a branch of the Apache family, 500 in number, are neighbors of the Eiitaws on the N. VV. frontier. To these must be added large parties of Cama-nckcs, Arr opalines, and Chcycnnes, perhaps 36000 in number, which infest the borders to the N. and E., and lay the unwary traveller under contribu- tionfrequently committing the foulest murders, or carrying off the wo- men and children into captivity. The constitution of society in New Mexico is similar, in most respects, to that of all Indo-Spanish countries. While the rich conform to the dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the man- ners and customs of former times. The men retain their scrapes, or colored blankets, and wide trousers, trimined with glittering buttons; and the ladies, of all classes, their rebozo, or small shawl, drawn over their heads, which gives them so coquetish an appearance. Both sexes enjoy their cigarcttos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at monte or fandaito-o. Their dances are very graceful, and combine the quad- rille and waltz. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their Indian blood it is visible in their features, complexion, and in all their acts and disposals. The men are ill-featured, but the women are grace- 236 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. ful and winning. The differences in the sexes"are no where more observ- able. The men are lazy, mendacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the women are affectionate, open-hearted, and active. Education is by no means common, but there is a strong common sense, arid natural apt- ness in the people, which are frequently of more practical use than the most refined book-learning, especially in a country so circumstanced as this. Many of the evils of this condition of New Mexican society will, no doubt, be eradicated by the contact of civilization, and education will become an indispensable requisite in order to keep up with the progress of commerce, and the influx of an educated population from the east. New Mexico, previous to the late war, was a state of the Mexican Re- public, and its rulers consisted of a governor and legislature, (junta de- partmental ;) but as the latter was more an imaginary than a real power, the governor was, in fact, despotic, and subject only to the laws of revo- lution, which, in this state, were very freely administered by upsetting the gubernatorial chair as often as the republic did -the presidential. Well knowing the favors of fortune were at all times precarious, the governors have, in general, during their terms of office, plundered the treasury and provided against contingencies. The people, creduluus and easily deceived, had to submit to every outrage, and should one more courageous than his fellows assert the profligacy of the government, his doom was as certain as speedy. Thus lias New Mexico dragged on its existence the sport of despots and the foot-ball of fortune. The judi- ciary was as dependent as the executive was independent, and all law succumbed to the dictates of one man. Besides these, the clergy, as well as the military classes, had their own courts of justice. In relation to the confederacy, however, New Mexico always maintained greater in- dependence than any other of the states partly from its distance from the capital, but more from the spirit of opposition in the people, who derived no advantage from the connection, and suffered much from its taxation without an equivalent protection. The supreme government never succeeded here in imposing upon the people the estraitquitlas, or monopoly of the sale of tobacco, and New Mexico was free from some other enormities. In the same way the people resisted the introduction of copper coin. This loose connection with the central power will aid much in the assimilation of the people with the emigrants from the United States, provided the government of the latter will bestow upon them what the former could not stability, safety, protect ion, and those just rights which are enjoyed by all persons under the aegis of American principles. The principal city of New Mexico is SANTA FE, one of the /oldest Spanish settlements. Its elevation above the sea is 7,047 feet. Santa Fe is about 20 miles E.,in a direct line, from Rio del Norie, and lies in a wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. A small creek, rising ill TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 23? the hills, and flowing past the city, supplies it with water. The land around is sandy, poor, and destitute of timber ; but the mountains are covered with pine and cedar. No pasturage is observed about the settlements, and as a consequence stock is driven to the mountains. The climate is delightful and free from extremes. The sky is clear and cloudless, and the atmosphere dry. The houses are built of adobes, but one story high with flat roofs. The streets are narrow and irregular. The piazza is spacious, and one side is occupied by the official residence of the executive. The palace is, without being extraordinarily grand, a good building, and exhibits two curiosities, viz., windows of glass and festoons of Indian ears. Among the public buildings there are two churches with steeples, but of an ordinary construction.' There are 30 or 40 stores in the city, principally kept by Americans. The inhabitants, excepting the Americans, are Spaniards and Indians, and the castes sprung from an indefinite amalgamation of the two races. Society is in a deplorable condition. They spend their time in card-playing, drinking, smoking, and at fandangoes. They are expert thieves, and live in a mis- erable state of ignorance, superstition, dirt, and poverty. The city proper contains 4,000 or 5,000 souls, and about as many more are settled within its jurisdiction. Santa Fe is the dep6t of a considerable commerce, carried on between Northern Mexico and the Western States, and is gen- erally visited by the overland emigrants to California. There are a number of other towns along the course of the Rio Grande, chiefly inhabited by Indians. These are styled Pueblos, and the inhabi- tants Pueblo Indians, to distinguish them from the same races that infest the open country. The principal are Taos, Canada, San Miguel, Paso del Norte, &c. None of these, however, demand more than a passing notice. New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and formal possession was taken of the country in 1598. Christianity and slavery were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, and conversion and personal service enforced by the sword. The con- verted Indians were made to live in villages, and were distinguished from the roving bands by the title of Pueblos. Many towns, of which only the ruins now remain, were established at that time. Many mines were worked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, when, quite unexpectedly, in 1680, a general insurrection of all the Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The Spaniards were either massacred or driven southward, where they founded Paso del Norte. The country was not recovered for 10 or 12 years. Several insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as this one. The deep rancor of the Indian, however, bequeathed from sire to son for successive generations, still animates the race, and is often displayed in the most bloody and cruel outbreaks. This country followed 238 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES. the fate of Mexico after the revolution that overthrew the Spanish power, and since that period has been silently degenerating. The history of New Mexico previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to arrest attention. It is a continuous record of barbarism and tyranny. On the 8th of September, 1846, Santa F6 was captured by the Ameri- cans under General Kearney, and soon after several of the river towns were visited on his route to California. A civil government was now established. On the 19th of January, 1847, an insurrection broke out against the Americans, and in several pueblos many Americans were murdered; among whom was Governor Bent and Sheriff Lee. Taos, Arroya-Hondo, and Rio Colorado were the chief scenes of strife. The battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred in this month, and in February the battle of Taos ; in all of which the Mexicans were com- pletely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none of importance. From this period the U. S. authorities exercised exclu- sive power. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace and cession was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico was assigned to the Union. On the 9th September, 1850. the country within its present, limits was erected into a territorial government, the claim of Texas to the east bank of the Rio Grande having been adjusted. JK> 239 ROUTES TO OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. (730) FORT LEAVENWORTH to SAN Summit of Mountain 23 1117 Great Salt Lake City 18 1135 ' Mary's River 315 1450 Emory's Route. To Oregon Trail 43 The Sink 274 4724 Truckee Lake 134 1858 Diamond Spring 20 144 Cotton Wood Creek 29 173 Johnson's Ill 1969 SACRAMENTO CITY 35 2004 Cow Creek 58 231 Bend of Arkansas River . .22 253 Pawnee Fork 35 288 (732) INDEPENDENCE to OREGON CITY, OREGON. Jackson Grove 64 352 BENT'S FORT 212 564 To the crossing of Kansas River ...90 Camp on the Timpa 34 598 " * Purgatory ...53 651 " Raton. 17 668 Platte River 220 310 Crossing of Buffalo Creek .25 335 Good "^Drinff 61 396 " Canadian.... 17 685 " w Cimmaron Ci- ton 30 715 The Pools 50 765 Lone Tree 34 481 Chimney Rock 74 555 Scott's Bluff 22 577 Vegas 27 792 Vernal Springs 19 811 SANTA FE 62 873 Raw Hide Creek 36 613 FORTLARAMIE 12 625 gau Felippe 38 911 Limatar 52 1011 Ni^ht Creek ' 190 1201 Rio CILA 8 1^09 Upper Platte ferry and ford 29 752 San Francisco River .... 160 1369 Disappointment Creek 21 1390 Sweet W ater River 50 802 Independence Rock 1 803 SOUTH PASS 101 904 Pijomos and Coco Marico- "Uoa Villacra PQ 1^17 Green River 62 966 Fort Bridger 55 1021 Junction of Gila and Colo- rado 170 1687 Bear River 33 1054 Beer Springs 95 1 149 CarieoCreek 99 1786 ValleCiton 16 1802 American Falls 22 1226 Warner's Ranch eria . .. . -35 1837 SAN DIEGO 79 1916 Lewis River Crossing .40 1391 (731) INDEPENDENCE to SACRA- Grind Ronde 68 1671 MENTO CITY, CAL. Fort Walla Walla 95 1766 Vi& South Pass Unritillah River 25 1791 Wwhp.r Rivfir Ford 40 1094 Falls River ... ..20 1881 40. ROUTES TO OREGON AND CALIFORNIA. The Dalles 20 1901 Cascades 40 1941 Fort Vancouver 53 1994 OREGON-CITY 30 2024 (733) COUNCIL BLUFFS to the GT. SALT LAKE CITY. To Elkhorn River 27 Platte (liver 12 39 LoupFork 47 86 Beaver River 18 104 Old Pawnee Village 11 115 Upper Ford of Loup Fork 19 134 Main Platte River 32 16G Wood River 3 169 Deep Dry Creek 43 212 Crossing of Buffalo Creek . . 20 232 Bear River, (see (732) . . .719 951 Weber River Ford 40 991 Summit of Mountain 23 1014 GREAT SALT LAKE CITY- 18 1032 241 THE PRINCIPAL CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES. MAINE. CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD BLACKSTONE CANAL. Worcester to Providence, (not now From Portland to Sebago Pond 20 HAMPSHIRE AND HAMPDEN Sebago Pond to Long Pond, via Songo River Improve- ment ... 30 50 1 CANAL. Northampton to Connecticut Line, NEW HAMPSHIRE. Canal around Bow Falls, (Merri- MONTAGUE FALLS CANAL. Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- er Smiles. Around Amoskeag Falls ... I " ki Hookset Falls 1-6" " Seawall's Fata " u Union Falls 9 " SOUTH HADLEY CANAL. Around the Falls at South Had- . ley 2 miles VERMONT. There are three short canals in Ver- mont, overcoming obstructions in Connecticut river, viz.: Around White River Falls mile. " Bellows Falls " " Waterquechy Falls " MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND. BLACKSTONE CANAL. From Providence to Worcester, (not now in use) 45 njiles. CONNECTICUT. ENFIELD CANAL. Around Falls in Connecticut Riv- Charles River, opposite Bos- ton, to Somerville 2 Medford 5 7 FARMINGTON CANAL. New Haven to Massachusetts State Line, (partly filled in). .56 miles. Wilmington 5 16 NEW YORK. Middlesex, on the Merrimac ERIE CANAL. PAWTUCKET CANAL. From ALBANY to West Troy 7 Junction Champlain Canal. . 2 9 Lowell to Chelmsibrd. . H miles. Lower Aaueduct... ..3 12 242 PRINCIPAL CANALS 4 30 9 39 5 44 3 47 5 52 5 57 9 66 uga and Seneca Canal- Clyde 6 205 11 216 5 221 4 225 6 231 1 232 3 235 5 240 4 244 3 247 5 252 4 256 2 258 1 259 4 263 6 269 10 279 2 281 3 284 5 289 5 294 4 298 2 300 4 304 3 307 4 311 4 315 3 318 3 321 5 326 7 333 7 340 12 352 8 360 1 361 3 364 Lake 9 3 12 8 20 4 24 2 26 7 33 3 36 2 38 3 41 8 49 2 51 6 57 4 61 Rotterdam Philips' Locks Lock Berlin Amsterdam ) LYONS Port Jackson $ " Schoharie Creek Lockville Port Gibson 3 69 3 72 3 75 2 77 4 81 2 83 3 86 2 88 7 95 6 101 9 110 3 113 1 114 3 117 6 123 2 125 2 127 2 129 3 132 2 134 2 136 1 137 4 141 3 144 2 146 4 150 3 153 5 158 4 162 1 163 2 165 5 170 1 171 2 173 4 177 2 179 5 184 6 190 6 196 3 199 Fort Plain Diefendorl 's Landin " St. Johnsville ... East Canada Creek LITTLE FALLS ROCHESTER, Junct. of Gene- see Valley Canal Herkimer ) Mohawk $ " Frankfort Brockvvay's UTICA, Junction of Chenan- YorkMilJs Holley Newville Rome, Junction of Black River Canal Wood Creek Aqueduct Jlawley's Bysin ALBION Knowlesville. Shelby's Basin New London Stucy's Bas'n Higgin.-j', Junction of Oneida T RT Oneida Creek ) Lower Black Rock Durhamville \ Black Rock CHAMPLAIN CANAL Connects Erie Canal with Champlain. Kirkville Waterford Mechanicsville . . Lodi SYRACUSE, Junction of Os- Bl ^ -k ? R Van Duzen's Lauding Geddes ^ .. t (r n . Camillus Fort Miller Fort Edward S 'tl '' R- ' IN THE UNITED STATES. 243 Comstock's Landing 4 65 WHITEHALL 8 73 CHENANGO CANAL Connects the Mohawk and Sus- quehannah Rivers. UTICA to Clinton 9 Deansville 5 14 Oriskany Falls 5 19 Boucksville 5 24 Peck'sBasin .2 26 HAMILTON 4 30 Lebanon Factory 2 32 Earlville 4 36 Sherburne 5 41 North Norwich 4 43 Norwich 6 51 OXFORD 9 60 Hayner's Mill 10 70 Green 4 74 Chenango Forks 8 82 Port Crane 7 89 BlNGHAMTON 8 97 BLACK RIVER CANAL Extends from Rome to the high falls on Black River, and together with the river improvement, is 7?i miles. With a feeder from Black River to Boonvillo H) miles. ONEIDA LAKE CANAL Extends from Higgins to Oneida Lake 8 miles. OSWEGO CANAL Connects the Erie Canal at Syra- cuse, with Lake Ontario at Os- wego. SYRACUSE to Salina 2 Liverpool 3 5 New Bridge 8 13 Phoenix 4 17 Sweet'sLock 3 20 Fulton 7 27 Tiffany's Landing 8 35 OSWEGO 3 38 CAYUGA AND SENECA CANAL Extends from Moritezurna on the Erie Canal To Seneca River 5 Seneca Fsills 5 10 Chamberlain's Mills 2 12 Waterloo 2 14 Teal's 5 19 GENEVA 2 21 CROOKED LAKE CANAL. Dresden to Mallory's 3 Andrews and Ways 2 5 PENN YAN ... 2 7 Crooked Lake 1 8 GENESEE VALLEY CANAL Will extend from Rochester on the Erie Canal, to Olean on the Al- leghany River. ROCHESTER to Tone's Basin 8 Scottsville 4 12 Sackett's Basin 10 22 Fowlerville 2 24 Barclay's .Mill 2 26 Spencer's Basin 4 30 Tracy '8 Basin 2 32 Cuyler 1 33 Gencsee Dam 3 36 MOUNT MORRIS 1 37 Shaker's Settlement 4 41 Fitzhugh's Basin 2 43 Sherwood's Landing 4 47 McN air's Landing 2 49 DANSVILLE 3 52 CHEMUNG CANAL Extends from Knoxville to Seneca Lake. Seneca Lake to HAVANA . 4 Millport 6 10 Fairp^rt 7 17 Elmira 6 23 Knoxville 10 33 With a feeder from near Corning to Fairport 16 miles. DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL Connects the Hudson River with the Delaware River and the Pennsylvania coal mines. Eddy viiie to Rosedale 6 Marble Quarries 2 8 Mechanicsville 1 9 Allegervilie 4 13 Port Jackson 4 17 Middleport 4 21 Port Benjamin 3 24 Ellenville 4 28 244 PRINCIPAL CANALS Philipsport 6 34 Beatysburg 2 36 Sneed's Basin 5 41 Brownville 3 44 Neversink Aqueduct 8 52 PORT JERVIS 8 60 Bolton 4 64 Tucker's Aqueduct 7 j Craigsville 4 75 Barryville. 4 79 Delaware Dam 4 83 Pennsylvania Division. Mouth of Lackawaxen .... 1 84 Rowland ville 5 89 Blue Eddy 3 92 Jones' Rift 8 100 Newcastle 1 101 HONKSDALE 7108 NEW JERSEY. MORRIS CANAL Connects the waters of the Hudson and Delaware Rivers. JERSEY CITY to Newark .10 Bloomfleld 7 17 PATERSON 8 25 Little Falls 5 30 Beavertown 6 36 Montville 4 40 Boonton 2 42 Rockaway 7 49 Dover 4 53 Drakesville 7 60 Feeder from Hopatcong Lake 3 63 Stanhope 2 65 Saxon's Falls 5 70 Hackettstown 4 74 Andersontown 7 81 PortColden 3 84 Washington 5 89 New Village 4 93 Greenwich 6 99 PhHipstown 2 101 EASTON, PA 1 102 DELAWARE AND RARITAN CANAL Connects the Delaware with the Raritan River. NEW BRUNSWICK to Bound Brook 7 Millstone 5 12 Griggstown 7 19 Rocky Hill 2 21 Kingston 2 23 Williamsburg 3 26 TRENTON...... 11 37 Bordentown 6 43 A navigable feeder extends from Trenton to Saxtonsville on the Delaware. Length . . .23 miles. PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA CANAL MAIN Connects the Susquehanna with the Alleghany and Ohio Rivers. Columbia to Marietta 3 Bainbridge 6 9 Falmoutti 4 13 Middletown 4 17 High Spire 3 20 HARRISBURO 6 26 Blue Mountain Gap 5 31 Dauphin 3 34 Duncan's Island 7 41 Newport 10 51 Millerstown 8 59 Thompsontown 5 64 Mexico 7 71 Milrl'mtown 4 75 Lewistown 14 89 Waynesburg 14 103 H untingdon 29 132 Petersburg 7 139 Alexandria 7 146 Water Street 2 148 Yellow Springs 11 159 Franksto wn - - 10 1 69 HOLLIDAYSBURO 3 172 JIUetrhany and Portage R. R. Summit-, 11 183 Wilmore 12 195 Summer Hill 3 198 Johnstown 10 208 Western Division Canal. Laurel Hill Gap 6 214 Lockport 10 224 Cliesnut Hill 5 229 Blairsville -.- 8 237 Paltzburs: 16 253 Warrentown 12 2fi5 Leech burg 10 275 Freeport 5 280 Tarentum 13 293 Sharpsburg 12 305 PlTTSBURG ... ... 7312 IN THE UNITED STATES. 245 SUSQUEHANNA DIVISION Diverges from the main or central line at Duncan's Island, 15 miles above Harrisburg. Duncan's Island to Liver- French Creek Feeder* .- ..19 88 Conneautville 10 98 Lockport 16 114 ERIE 17 136 West Mahantango Creek . . 6 21 * French Creek Feeder 45 miles. SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION CANAL Connects the anthracite coal region with Philadelphia. Fairmount Dam, Philadel- phia, to the F*ills 4 NORTH BRANCH DIVISION Extends from Northumberland in- to the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania. NORTHUMBERLAND to Dan- ville 12 Norristown 12 16 Pho3nixville I 9 28 Pottstown 15 43 Centreville 20 32 ; RKADINO 21 64 Berwick 7 ; ) ; M ohrsville 12 76 LACKAWANNA 11 73 Tunkhannock .... 3 96 Port Clinton 4 91 Schuylkill Haven 11 102 Wyalusing 28 124 PORT CARBON 2108 WEST BRANCH DIVISION Extends from Northumberland in- to the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania. NORTHUMBERLAND to Mil- ton 11 Muncy 13 24 Williamsport 13 37 Linden 8 45 Jersey Shore 8 53 Dunnsburg 14 67 FARRANDSVILLE 8 75 DELAWARE DIVISION Extends from Bristol to the Lehigh Canal at Easton. Bristol to Morrisville 9 NewHope 17 26 Lumberville 7 33 Monroe 16 49 EASTON 11 60 BEAVER AND ERIE CANAL Extends from Beaver on the Ohio River to Lake Erie. Beaver to Moravia 19 Newcastle 5 24 21* LEHIGH NAVIGATION COMPANY Extends from Easton along the banks of the Lehigh River to Stoddartsville. EASTON to Bethlehem 12 AUentown 5 17 Lockport Basin 14 31 Mauch Chunk 15 46 Penn Haven 7 53 Rockport 8 61 White Haven* 9 70 Falls at Stoddartsville ...... 14 84 * A railroad extends hence to Wilkesbarre 20 miles. UNION CANAL Extends from Reading on the Schuylkill River, to Middletown on the Susquehanna. From the commencement of the Canal to Reading 4 Bernville " 15 19 Stouchestown 12 31 Lebanon 13 44 Swatara Aqueduct 10 54 MIDDLETOWN 28 82 246 PRINCIPAL CANALS SUSQUEHANNA OR TIDE- WATER NORTH CAROLINA. CANAL Extends from Wrighlsville, oppo- site Columbia, on the Susque- WELDON CANAL Extends around the I 1 alls of the Roanoke, from Weldon to Blake- oi that river to Havre de Grace, Maryland. Length 45 miles. DELAWARE. CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL Extends from Delaware City on the Delaware River, to Back Creek, j^m Leivth, 14 miles CLUBFOOT AND HARLAN CANAL, From Clubfoot Creek, a tributary of the Neuse River, to Harlan Creek, which empties into the Atlantic near Beaufort- ! miles. SOUTH CAROLINA. SANTEE CANAL MARYLAND. CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. This canal will ultimately be ex- tended from Cumberland to Pitts- burg, on the Ohio, 15U miles far- ther. Alexandria to Georgetown 7 Sen^ci Creek Oi> 30 Connects the Santee River with Charleston Harbor 22 miles. WIN YAW CANAL Extends from Winyaw Bay to Kinlock Creek, a branch of San- tee River. Length Ik miies. The navigation of the Catawba River has been improved by five short canals, with an aggregate length of Jl miles. Harper's Ferry 7 71 Wii'i'unsnort 40 111 r*"PO'Rr < T A SAVANNAH AND OGEECHEE CANAL VIRGINIA. JAMES RIVER CANAL Extends along the bank of the James River from Richmond to Extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee R. (Cosed.) 16 miles. BRUNSWICK CANAL Extends from Altamaha to Bruns- wick Length 12 miles Lynch burg. Richmond to Dover Mills. . .20 ALABAMA. MUSCLE SHOALS CANAL Extends from Florence along the north bank of the Tennessee DISMAL SWAMP CANAL Extends from Deep Creek to Joyce's Creek, a branch of Pas- quo tank River, which flows into Albemarie Sound, N. Carolina. River 35$ miles. It is designed to overcome the obstruction caused by the Muscle Shoals. HUNTSVILLE CANAL Extends from Huntsville to Triania on the Tennessee Riv. .16 miles. IN THE UNITED STATES. LOUISIANA. ' ORLEANS BANK CANAL Extends from New Orleans to Lake Poiitchartraiu. Length, 4 miles. BARATARIA CANAL Extends from the Mississippi River opposite New Orleans to Bayou Terre Bonne, and consists of 26 miles of canal and 2d miles of lake and steam navigation. LAKE VERET CANAL Extends from Napoleon viile on La Fourche Bayou to Lake Veret. Length Smiles. KENTUCKY. LOUISVILLE AND PORTLAND CANAL. This canal is constructed around the Rapids in the Ohio River, and is sufficiently capacious to admit the passage of the largest steamboats, which can only pass the Rapids during the high floods. It is 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep. Length 2 miles. The navigation of the Kentucky, Licking, Green, and Barren Riv- ers, has been greatly improved by the construction of dams and locks in them. OHIO. OHIO CANAL Connects the Ohio River with Lake Erie. CLEVELAND to Rathbun's Lock 5 Mill Creek 4 9 Tinker's Creek 4 13 Pinery Feeder 4 17 Boston 4 21 Peninsula 3 24 Niles 6 30 Old Portage 2 -32 North Akron 5 37 South Akron 1 38 New Portage 6 44 Wolf Creek Lock 3 47 Clinton 5 52 Fulton 4 56 W ellman's Mills 5 61 Massillon 4 65 Navarre and Bethlehem 6 71 Bolivar 9 80 Zoar 3 83 Jennings' Bridge 3 86 Dover 7 93 Lockport 4 97 Newcastle 2 99 Trenton 4 103 Gnadcnhutten * 5 108 Port Washington 4 1 12 Newcomerstown 6 118 Evansburg 4122 LewisviUe 10 132 Roscoe 3 135 Adams' :V ill 10 145 Webbsport 4 149 Hartford's 3 152 Frozersburg 3 155 Nashport 6 161 Licking Dam 5 166 Lickingtown 4 170 NEWARK 6 176 Granville Feeder 5 181 Hebron 4 185 Licking Summit 4 189 Miltensport 2 191 Baltimore 5 196 Havensport 6202 Carroll 2 204 Lockville 2 206 Waterloo 3209 Rayne) sport 5 214 Lockbourne 7 221 Holmes' Landing 3 224 Miilport and Bloomfleld ... 4 228 Circleville 8 236 WesUall 5 241 Yeliowbud 5246 Deer Creek 4-250 Anderson ville 2 252 Clinton Mills 4 256 Chilicothe 2 258 Tomlinson's 6 264 Stony Creek 3^67 Head of Big Bottom 2 269 Sharonville 7 276 Waverly 4 280 Trimble's Bridge 3 283 Jasper 3 286 248 PRINCIPAL CANALS Cutter's Station 3 294 Brush Creek 7 301 "WALHONDING CANAL B er l m 5 119 Minster .... 3 122 Bremen 3 125 ROSCOK to Crooked Run Bridge 2 Walhonding Dam 4 6 St. Mary's Feeder 6 131 St. Mary's 2 133 Warsaw 2 8 Bedford Bridge 2 10 Darling's Bridge 1 11 JUNCTION* 35 181 * See Wabash and Erie Canal, Gamble's Lock - 1 12 la. Butler's Lower Crossing ... 1 13 Butler's Upper Crossing ... 2 15 WARREN COUNTY CANAL Extends from Lebanon to the Gamble's S'iw Mill 1 19 Miami Canal at Middletown. Cummings' Bridge 2 21 en & mi e . SIDNEY FEEDER HOCKING CANAL Extends from Port Jefferson to the Miami Extension Canal at Lock- port Length 13 miles Extends from the Ohio Canal along the left bank of the Hocking River to Athens. ST. MARY'S FEEDER Extends from Celina to the Miami Reams' Mill 5 14 Extension Canal at St. Mary's. Rush Creek 2 1G Greek's Mill 6 22 MUSKINGUM IMPROVEMENT Hockin (y Falls 5 27 Lo^an . 1 28 Extends from the Ohio Canal at Dresden along the valley of the Muskingum to its mouth. SevenMileRun 2 36 DRESDEN to Simm's Creek . 6 Nelsonville 5 41 Monday Creek 3 44 Taylorsville and Duncan's Falls 10 26 Chauncey 5 49 Wolfs 2 51 Rokeby and Eagleport 10 36 McConnellsville and Malta . 7 43 Windsor 10 53 MIAMI CANAL AND EXTENSION Extends from Cincinnati on the Beverly and Waterford .... 10 68 Ohio, to Junction with the Wa- bash and Erie Canal. CINCINNATI to Lockland .12 Hamilton Side Cut. 16 28 Devon's 7 86 MARIETTA and HAMAR 5 91 SANDY AND BEAVER CANAL (Mahoning) Extends from the Ohio Canal at Bolivar, along the valleys of the Sandy and Beaver Creeks to the Ohio River. Length . .86 milea. IN THE UNITED STATES. 249 INDIANA. TVABASH AND ERIE CANAL. Ohio Division. Manhattan to TOLEDO 4 Port Miami 8 12 Pigeon Dam 7^> 443 EVANSVILLK 19 4G7 * This canal is now open to Point Commerce. WHITEWATER, CANAL. This canal extends from Cambridge on the National Road to the Ohio River. LAWRENCEBURG to Hard- ingsburg Elizabethtown 6 Maumee City 1 13 Water ville 5 18 Damascus 6 36 Napoleon 8 44 Florida 8 52 Independence 5 57 DEFIANCE 4 61 Junction of Miami Exten- Harrison 8 14 New Trenton..... 6 20 Brookville 11 31 Laurel City 14 45 Connersvllle 11 56 scrvoir . . . . . 11 bi CAMBRIDGE 12 68 State Line ' 4 88 ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL Extends from Lake Michigan to Peru on the Illinois River, there- by opening a water communica- tion between the Lake and Mis- sissippi River. CHICAGO to Canalport 4 Indiana Division. Indiana City . 3 91 FORT WAYNE 1 108 Utica 9144 L? TO . 5 149 WAS ASH 6 155 Peru 15 170 Des Plaines 10 ^2 Athens ' 4 ^6 Lockport 6 3 Amsterdam 9 195 Lockport 6 201 Dupage ... 10 48 Delphi 5 212 Morrisiana 9 61 Marseilles 1^ 77 Ottawi 8 85 TERRE HAUTE 36 317 TTfinn Q4. I a Salle 4 98 Newburg 17 376 PERU 2 100 250 TABLE OF UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN MONEYS. UNITED STATES' MONEYS. Fineness. GOLD. Washington fo00*- ' Weight. lvalue. ...516 grains 20 dollars. 10 " :agle " 6-1.5 liar " 25.8 SILVER.-Dollar T^oV 412 ' 5 iDollar " 206.25 \ Dollar " 103.125 Dime * 41.25 iDime " 20.625 COPPER.-Cent pure 168 iCent " 84 100 cents. 50 " 25 10 " 5 " 10 mills.! Accounts are kept in dollars, ($,) cents, (c.) and mills, (m.) The Spanish silver dollar and its parts, ( l-2s., l-4ths, l-8ths, and l-16ths ;) and also those of Mexico and the South American republics, circulate at the same values as the U. S. dollar and its parts. The gold of Spain, Mexico, and the South American republics has a legal value of 89.9 cents per dwt. In retail trade the dollar is variously divided in different states: in New York it is divided into shillings=12J cents, and sixpences=6i cents; in New England into shillings also, but the shilling there is 16 2-3 cents, and the New York shilling (which corresponds with the Spanisn eighth) is 9 pence, and so in proportion. In the Southern States the Spanish eighth is called a bit, and the sixteenth a fip or picayune, and are taken as 10 and 5 cents. The greatest bulk of the circulating me- dium in the United Slates consists of notes of a dollar and upwards, issued by banks incorporated under the sanction of the individual states. FOREIGN MONEYS, And their equivalents in United States' currency. Gold Coins. British Sovereign $4 84 Prussian 10 Thalers $782 2 241 2 25 3 90 2 26 3 95j 3 40A 3 90' 3 85 $ 5 78J i autifully got up mnp, and, from the closeness of its infor- mation, contains as much as the generality of maps twice its size. 'It is weil adapted for the use of those who do not require tfc* detail ol topography, which is the peculiar feature in the larger, inn ps. Asa companion to the student of general history it is, perhaps, prefer- able to any other, as it is compact and easy of reference. The pro- gress of discovery, from the times of Columbus to the present day, is rally exhibited ; and especial care has been taken to show distinctly the recent explorations in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD, On a hemispherical projection, each hemisphere being six feet in diameter, and both printed on one piece ol cloth at one impression. Size, 160 by SO inches. Price, $10 00. This map presents to the eye, at one view, the moral and religious condition of the world, and the efforts that are now making for its evan- gelization. It is so colored, that all the principal religions of the world, with the countries in which they prevail, and their relation, position, juid extent are distinguished at once, together with the principal stations of the various missionary societies in our own and other countries. It is so finished, being on cloth, that it may be easily folded and conveyed from pl.-iee to place, and suspended in any large room. It is especially recommended for the lecture-room, Suudav-scbooL &.G., and should be possessed by every congregation. MAP OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, With an enlarged plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- ing the line of the railroad from Chagres to Panama ; also tables off distances from the principal ports of the United States to all parts of the world, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, Si 25; in cases, $0 75. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, With the adjacent coasts : compiled from the latest au- thorities. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in caoes, $0 75. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, (viMi wi www i ii ruviuiAw'tj Carefully" compiled from the latest maps and charts and othei; geographical publications. 2 sheets. Size, 44 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. Tliis is the largest and best map of South America ever iss. country, and the only one available for commercial purposes. It is also MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, Arc., of the several states. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF EUROPE, CareTully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. The best map of Europe extant, exhibiting the topography and polit- ical condition of that continent with great accuracy, it is an excellent map for schools as well as for the merchant's office. * MAP OF EUROPE, Compiled from the latest authorities, &c., with statis- tical tables exhibiting the area, population, form of government, religion, &c, of each state. J sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, 1. 50. MAP OF ASIA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts* and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size* . 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, o 00. This map is the largest and most accurate ever issued in Americat *iwl contains all the most recent determinations in Bririch India, .0 MAPS, CHAT1TS, BOOKS, ETC., It is indispensably necessary to merchants trading with China, India, &o., and must bo especially valuable at the present time, when our con- nection with those countries is daily becoming more intimate. Nor is it less valuable lor seminaries of learning. MAP OF ASIA, Compiled from the most recent authorities, together with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* MAP OF. AFRICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. The largest and most accurate map of Africa ever published m the United States. It exhibits the most recent discoveries of travellers the new political divisions on the north and west coasts and in South- ern Africa, &c., &c. As an office or school map it has no superior. MAP OF AFRICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mjmuted, $1 50 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES.. MEXICO, AND THE WEST INDIES. Showing the country from the Atlantic, to the Pacific ocean. 4 sheets. Size, 62 by 55 inches* Price, $5 00. Extraordinary exertions have been employed to make this map perfect- ly reliable and authentic in all respects. It" is the only large map that ex- hibits the United States in its full extent. Being- engraved on steel, and nandsomely mounted, it forms not only a useful, but highly ornamental addition to the office, library, or hall. All the railroads, carnils, and post- roads, with distances from place to place, are accurately laid down. To make the map more generally useful, the publisher has appended to it a map of Central America and the Isthmus of Panama, and also a plan ex- hibiting the inter-oceanic railroad, &c. It deserves to take precedence o all maps heretofore published in this country. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COL TON. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE CANADASj Showing the base, meridian, and township lines of the United Stai.es surveys; the lines of canaries, districts, nte ai.es surveys; te nes o canares, strcts, and parishes; the location of cities, villages, and post- ollices; all railroads, canals, post and other roads; also the district and town lines of the Canadas the whole ein:; compiled from the latest surveys and other authen- ic sources. 9 sheets. Size, S^ by U8 inches. Price, mounted, or in portable form, SlO.OO. | b tic OPINIONS OB THE PRESS. " As a work of mere art, it is exceedingly beautiful ; but as an accurate and faithful delineation of the country, in all its aspects, geographical and political, it is entitled to the very highest praise. The map is six feet bv So v u, projected on a scale of twenty-lour miles to the inch ; .showing, with the utmost accuracy, not only the general, but minute features of the whole Country. Every state, county, and township, within our whole broad ter- ritory, "is designated by boundary lines the courses of rivers and streams, canals, railroads, stage and post roads, the position of civies, towns, vil- lages and hamlets, lakes and mountains, are laid down every county being colored separately. The meridian and township lines of the United States survevs, and indeed all the topographical minuti* ever found on maps, is here displayed. So far as the ornamental portion of this great work is con- cerned, we repeat that it is superior to any tiling we have seen. It is splendidly bordered by scroll-work, and by the introduction, at proper places, of fourteen, of the most important "cities of the United States: among which, New York and New Orleans are most Conspicuous, and upon a larger scale. Boston, Philadelphia. Baltimore, Washington, and Charleston, are very accurately represented, and beautifully engraved, as is the case with all the rest, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, Sic., &c. These views, it seems to us, are worth half the price of the whole work, as specimens of our rapid improvement in the arts. However, it is to the utilitarian portion of the map, that we wish particularly to call the atten- tion of the public. In this respect, it is invaluable." New York. Courier and Enquirer. "This noble map is six feet by seven, projected on a scale of twenty-four miles to the inch, and is certified on the map by Mr. Sieiger, the principal Clerk of Survevs at Washington, that it embraces all surveys made by the United Slates, "from the Atlantic ocean to the American Desert, or to the 32d degree of west longitude. It would seem to be authority on all boun- dary. 00. The only large and accurate map of Indiana ever issued, and one that every land-owner and speculator will find indispensably necessary to a full understanding of the topography of the country, mid the im- provements which have been completed, and those which are now in progress. It ia handsomely engraved and embellished. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 9 MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, Compiled from the United States' surveys. Exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, situation and boundaries of counties, the location of cities, villages, and post-offices canals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &c., &c. % sheets* Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. This map is a reduction from the large work, and contains equally with that important publication all 'the essential features of the state and the improvements that have been effected. It is suitable for an office or house map. A NEW MAP OF INDIANA, Reduced from the large map. Exhibiting the boundaries of counties ; township surveys ; location of cities, towns, villages, and post-officescanals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 17 by 14 inches. Price, in cases, $0 38. MAP OF MICHIGAN, Map of the surveyed part of the State of Michigan. By Jolin Farmer. 1 sheet. Size, 35 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $2 00; in cases, $1 50* % MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES, Viz.: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, and the Territory of Minesota, show- ing the township lines of the United States' Surveys, location of cities, towns, villages, post-hamlets canals, railroads, and stage-roads. By J. Calvin Smith. 1 sheet. Size, 28 by 24 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25. MAP OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE; Exhibiting the railroads, post roads, &c. 1 sheet. Size 25 by 17 inches. Price, mounted, $1 .25 ; and in cases, $0.50. 10 PUBLISHED BY J. H. SQLTON. STREAM OF TIME, Or Chart of Universal History. From the original man of Strauss. Revised and continued by R. Fisher, M. D. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Trice, mounted, $3 00. An invaluable companion to every student oi' History. MAP OF THE CITY Af\D COUNTY OF I\ ! EW YORK, With parts of Brooklyn, Williamsbiirgh nml Green Point, and of Jersey City, Hobken 5 Are. 1'onip'led I'rom the latest Surveys, &c. 1 Sheet. Size .'52 by 2O inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; incases, $0 50. This map exhibits that portion of the city below 87th street on a large and uniform scale; the portion north of that street is exhibited on a smaller scale, but is distinct and complete, being engraved on Steel. The ward lines, lire limits. Ac., are laid down with accuracy, and in every respect the map is well suited either for the office or pocket . PORTRAITS OF THE PRESIDENTS, And Declaration of Independence. 1 sheet. Size, 42 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. NEW MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA, From the most recent and authentic sources ; showing the lines of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One sheet. Price, in cases, $0 50* MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS, A combined view of the principal mountains and rivers fn the world, with tables showing their relative heights and lengths. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. A CHART OF NATIONAL FLAGS, Each represented in its appropriate colors. 1 shret* Sia-e, 28 by 22 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 11 AN ILLUSTRATED MAP OF HUMAN LIFE, Deduced from passages of Sacred Writ. 1 sheet. Size* 25 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, $0 75. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities: chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E." Robinson, and with plans of Jerusalem and of the journeyings of the Israelites. 4 sheets. Size, 80 by 62 inches. Price, mounted, 6 00. This large and elegant map of the Holy Land is intended for the Sun- day-school and Lecture-room. It is boldly executui, and lettered in large type, which may be read at a great distance. Both the ancient and modern names of places are given. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities : chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. . Robinson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50. This map is elegantly engraved on steel, and is peculiarly adapted to family use and the use' of theological students. It contain* every place noted on the larger map. the only difference being in the settle on which it is drawn. While the large map is well suited tor a school or lecture- room, this is more convenient for family use and private study. Plana of Jerusalem and the vicinity of .Jerusalem are attached. The religious and secular press throughout the country has expressed a decided preference for this map of Professor Robinson over all others thai have ever beeii issued. MAP OF EGYPT, The Peninsula of Mount Sinai, Arabia Pemta, with the southern part of Palestine. Compiled from the latest authorities. Showing the journeyings of the children of Israel from Egypt to the Holy Land. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. An excellent aid to the Bible student. 12 PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. NEW TESTAMENT MAP, A map of the countries mentioned in the New Testament and of the travels of the Apostles with ancient and mod- ern names, from the most authentic sources. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25. " Its size, finish, distinctness, fullness, and accuracy, make it very ele- gant and useful. Sabbath-school teachers and private Christians, as well as theological students, may esteem and use it with great advan- tage. * * * I own and value." Samuel H. Coz, D. D. " On a scale neither too large to be unwieldy, nor yet too small to bo accurate, it presents at a single view, with great distinctness, the scenes of the striking events of the New Testament, and cannot fail to give to those events a greater clearness, and by presenting so plainly their lo- calities to throw over them new interest. * * * * * ft seems to have been drawn in accordance with the best authorities." Erskine Mason, D, D. " Valuable for accuracy, beauty, and cheapness. Having both the ancient and modern names of places, and being of portable size, it would appear happily adapted for the use of Sabbath-school teachers." William R. Williams, D. D. " I have been much pleased with the apparent accuracy, f;M the beautiful execution of a map of the countries mentioned in the New Testament, published by Mr. Colton, and think it adapted to be useful.'* Stephen H. Tyng, D. D. GUIDE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &o, Travelers' and Tourists' Guide-Book through the United States of America and the Canadas. Containing the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steamboats, togeth- er with descriptions of the several states, and the principal cities, towns, and villages, in each accom- panied with a large and accurate map. Price, $1.00. ROUTE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, 8< fitisriit.s, mat! miscellaneous iufor- matioti. 85y fridmiiird I?. I, 75. This map is a reduction of the, large m;ip of Georgia by the same author, m\'\ contains all the peculiar features detail, aeoiir.-ic.y, and beauty of she original. K<>a4. are l.-dd down ; and the State throughout is repre- sented faithfulh as it exists at the present time. The traveler will find this map to be a true guide to the localities he may wish to visit. THE EUROPEAN BATTLE FIELDS, ]?Iap of 3C rope; together with a Iiurjje plan of the J!latrl% Nea iiiad :t 11 ti bi; a {Provinces. 1 t8ieet. Size, SO by 34 iiicBie*. Price, mouaitod, ^ | 35 . in ea.nes, $O 5O ; isi etheetM, ^O 37 This map has been provided with the view of exhibiting the progress of the Kus.-s.i-Turkish war. It contains a l:ir., author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. (Not yet complete.) 1 vol. Svo. pp. 400. Price, bound, $g.OO This elaborate work represents, in the tangible form of figures and de- scriptions, all the creat interests which make, and distinguish nations. It comprises among its subjects the geography, geology, and natural resources of ail the countries of North and South America, and full statistical details of the population, industry, and general condition of each. It is a work which every American needssufficiently detailed in all its departments for the utilitarian, and in its style and general character not too elaborate for the college or school library. By the student it may be used as a sequel to his geographical studies, and it is perhaps surpassed by no other work in its adaptation for the family circle, a*it combines with its subjects much striking and instructive information respecting- the original inhabitant*, the antiquities, and curiosities of the continents to which its descriptions specially refer. No oae, indeed, who is possessed of the maps of America, ought to be without this work, which so lucidly fills up the outlines they depict. THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD j Being a general description of nil nations and countries, their geography, resources, industry, and institutions; together with a brief history of thetr rise, progress, and present condition. By Richard S. Fisher, 31. D., author of the " Book of the World," and other statistical works. (Not yet complete.) 2 vols. Svo. pp. 400, 410. Price, bound, $3.50. This is a work of universal utility, and, from its accuracy of detail, must become a STANDARD in geographical literature. It contains a full resume of ail the great interests of nations, and describes, in concise language, the distinguishing features of the families of mankind, their origin, languages, customs, religionSj pursuits, and characters. The vast amount of statis- tical information it contains has been derived from the most recent and authentic sources principally from official documents referring to the year 1850, and hence, from the uniformity of the statistical series used in its compilation, comparison is more easy, and the results more lucidly por- trayed. As a text-book for colleges and hi^h schools, or as a work of refer- ence in public and private libraries, it is invaluable, and in many respects its superiority as a " book for the people" generally is too apparent to bo mistaken. It is in fact a companion to the Map of the World. It describes where the map demarks, and makes apparent to the mind what the latter only typifies to the eye. INDIANA ; Its geography, statistics, institutions, county topography, 1 City of Cincinnati. 104. Australia. 51. Indiana. 105. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. 52. Michigan. 106. Africa. N. E. sheet. 53. N. Michigan and Lake Superior. 107. Africa, N. W. sheet. 54. Illinois. 108. Africa, Southern. Wliole number of Maps, 173, on 29 TO TEACHERS AND SCHOOL COMMITTEES. ' COLTON AND FITCH'S AMERICAN SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. Now in Pre-88. J. H. Colton Si Co. announce to the public that they have in press a new system of Geography for Common Schools and Academies, which they desnni to issue during the present year, (1851)- The wide spread demand fora new school geography, aad the convic- tion in their minds that a threat improvement on those in general use is needed and aHainahle, have induced the publishers to undertake the en- terprise, and they are resolved that no pains or expense shall be spared in making a first-rate work. Previously to undertaking the rask of preparing a new school geogra- phy, the author (3Tr. George W. Fitch) communicated with a great number of experienced teachers respecting the defects of our present books, and the manner in vdyoh the subject should he treated in order to meet their approbation. Profiting by the suggestions thus obtained, as well as by his own experience in teaching, he has sought to make the work eminently practical, and to adapt it especially for use in the school- room. It has been a leading idea with the author, to give particular promi- nence to the. facts of Physical Geography, and to arrange them in such a way that the learner may see the relations they bear to each other, and to the industrial affairs of mankind. Great advancement has h-on made in this department of geograpnical science during the past .few years, and the author is not aware thai, the facts relating thereto, with appropriate illustrations, have ever been systematically embodied in an American school-book, adapted to the comprehension of the great mass of scholars in our Common Schools and Academies. The author trusts that his mode of treating this branch of the subject will meet the approbation of all intelligent teachers. The work is to be entirely new. with new maps and pictorial illustra- . tions throughout. The maps will be nearly two inches longer and wider than those -of any existing school-atlas, thus affording space for an en- larged scale, so essential for the proper delineation of small and populous states. They will represent the most recent surveys and explorations, and will exhibit the physical and political divisions of the globe according 1 to the most recent information. iggf The Publishers express the hope that Teachers and School Committees who contemplate adopting a new school geography, will await the appearance of this work before msiking their selection. 30 Just published, in 1 Vol., 8?;o, pp. 500. Price $2 00. WA MOTUj OR, REEF EOVINGS IN THE SOUTH SEAS, ILLUSTRATED WITH TWO MAPS AND TWELVE ENGRAVINGS. This work is a narrative of the adventures of its author, chiefly in the Pacific, during a period of five years, and contains such observations and reflections as the social and political condition of the people he visited naturally suggested to his mind. The first part, which is a record of highly interesting incidents on an American whaler, is followed by a graphic description of the peculiar life and romantic scenery at the Sandwich, Georgian, and Society Isl- ands. The character of liie natives, their cusionis, feasts, and pas- times, their mythology and battles, and all the prominent features of their semi-barbarian life, derive unusual interest from the easy and vivid st\le in whi"h they are portrayed. An appendix affixed to the work contains a valuable account of the Wands of the South Seas, of their resources, industry, and wealth, and their political and social condition at the present day. The first chapter treats of the present condition of Polynesia, of its governments and relations with the civilized world, the -habits and lan- guage of the natives, its natural productions and population, and of every thing pertaining to it that would interest and instruct the mind. It also contains an account of steam navigation in the Pacific. The second chapter is entitled '-The French in the Pacific." It gives an account' of the conquest of the Marquesas by I>u Petit Thounrs in 1842; of the occupation of the Oeoririan, (iamM.-r, Pamote*, and Wallis Islands, and also of the seizure, of New Caledonia in 1853. It .more particularly notices the Tahitian Islands, the naval and land forces and public, Improvements, and makes known the port and police regula- tions of Tahiti. It treats, also, of the illiberal and unjust policy of the French in their intercourse with other nations and foreigners, and more especially with the K.tisilish mission since 'he dethronement of Queen Pomare in Is4;>. It compares the present and former resources of those islands, and notices their commercial decline since the establish- ment of the Protectorate. The third chapter, on kt American Whaling Interes's in the Pacific," contains most valuable statistics of that, great and interesting branch of commerce. It describes the cruisinsr grounds and mode of catching whales, and ably treats of the condition, rights, and wants of the Amer- ican seamen en^asied in that service. The beautiful scenery of the South Seas is fai'hfully represented by twelve elegant ami highly artistic engravings taken from original draw- ings by the author. The publishers have determined to leave nothing undone on their part to render the .vork one of the most desirable of the kind ever pub- lished. 31 PROGRESS OP THE UNITED STATES, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, BY RICHARD S. FISHER, M.D., Author of the ' Book of the World." the ' Statistical Gazetteer of the United States of America." Literary Editor of Co! ton's "Atlas of the World," and Editor of the "Amer- ican Railway Guide," etc., etc. A few years posterior to the'foundafion of the constitutional govern- ment of the United Strifes, a census of the population thereof was taken under the authority of Congress in accordance with a provision of the fundamental law ; and subsequently jit the end of each period of ten years, similar and successively more and more minute censuses have been instituted. These enumerations have also embraced inquiries into the social and industrial status of the country, and its resources and wealth for the time being, with such eollaterate inquiries as were deemed important to the determination of the economic and political relations of the States constituting the Union. The first national census was taken in 1790, and the seventh and latest census in the year 1850. Intermediate to these decennial enu- merations, the States individually have likewise made numerous sta- tistical inquiries, which are still being continued at periods varying from two to ten years. These show the progress of the United States from the first years of their aggregate existence, and, in connection with the annual returns published by the State and General governments, are the ground-work of the statistical portion of the present work. The u Progress of the United States," however, is not confined alone to a statistical analysis of the development of the country. In its pages will be found a complete description of its geography, both in relation to the States severally, and also to the Union. "The general history of the rise of the colonies, their struggles in the cause of liberty, their transformation into independent governments, aifd their onward pro- gress, are also summed up. and their present relative condition and po- sition in the Union fully illustrated. The subjects more particularly noticed are the. mining, agriculture, commerce, and general industry of the States, their institutions of learning and education, their religious and moral institutions, and, in fact, all the great interests which make and distinguish their social, industrial, and political existence. Such are the various subjects treated upon; and certainly none can be morw interesting none more useful to the inquiring citizen. Without enter- ing into minute and controverted details, which would extend his work to many volumes, the author has endeavored to exhibit clearly and truthfully the history of events, their results, and the high destiny that awaits the future of a country already distinguished among nations for its enlightened civilization, and the successful achievement of a posi- tion second to that of no other nation of ancient or modern times. In One Vol., Royal Svo, pp. 432, with Illustrations. Price $2 50. 32 INDEX TO CATALOGUE. Alabama Page 19 Nebraska and Kansas Page 18 Africa (2 sizes) ". . 4 New Jinn swiek 19. 20 America, Central 6, 10 New England 7, 13 America. North 2 j New England Guide-Book 22 America, North and South . 2 New England and New York. 7 American Atlas 27 Newfoundland 19, 20 American School Geography.. 29 >'e\v Hampshire 7, 13, 17,19 America, South (2 sixes) 3 : New Jersey 19 American Statistical Annual . . . 25 '. Neu- Mexico and Utah 19 American States (Slat. Ace. of) 21 ' New Testament Map 12 Arkansas 6. 19 : New York (State) 6, 13. 17, 19 Asia (2 sizes) 3. 4 : New York (statistical) 23 Atlas. American 27 New York (city) 7, 8, 10, 15 Atlas of the World 27 New York (33 milee around). . 7 Book of the World 14 New York (12 miles around). . 20 British Provinces 4,6 North America. 2 Brooklyn 7,8 North Carolina 19 California 13, 19 Nova Scotia 19, 20 Canada East 19 Ohio 17, 19 Canada West 19 Oregon and Washington 19 Central America 6, 10, 19 Overland Guide (Horn) 28 Chronology (HaskellY) 14 Palestine (2 sizes) 11 Connecticut 7, 13, 17. 19 Pennsylvania 19 Delaware 19 Presidents. Portraits of 10 Egypt, etc 11 Pr< >gress of the United States . . 31 Eur. >pe (2 sizes) 3 Rhode Island 7, 13, 17, 19 European Battle Fields 18 South America (2 sizes) 3 Florida 19 South Carolina 15, 19 Geography&liiston (C,oodrich) 26 Southern States 22 Georgia " IS, 19 Stream of Time (Strauss) 10 Human Life 11 Tennessee .- . . 9, 19 Illinois S. 19 Texas 19. 23 Indiana (8 sizss) S, 9 United States, etc. (2 sizes). . . 4, 6 Indiana (book) 21 United States and Canada 5 Indiana 19 United States (case) 22 ]o\va 17, 19 United States (..mime) 16 Kentucky. . 9. IS, 19 United States (Gazetteer) 24 Lake Superior 19 United States 1 Gnid-.-ttook. . . . 12 Long Island (2 sizes) 7 j United States (Progress of) 31 Louisiana. 19 I United States' Route-Book .... 12 Maine 19, 22 i Utah 19 Maryland 19 I Vermont 7, 13. 17. 19 Massachusetts 7, 18. 17, 19 j Virginia '. 19 Mexico 4, 6, 19 ! West Indies 3. 4. 19 Mi'-hiff'in 9 Western Portraiture 20 Michigan, North 19 Western States 9.19 MichigsMi. South 19 Western Tourist 14 Minnesota 14, 19 Wisconsin 17. 19 Mississippi 19 World (3 sizes) 1,2 Missouri 17, 19 World (missionary) 2 Mountains and Rivers 10 World (outline) 16 Na Motu ; or, Reef Kovings. . . 30 Worid, Book of the 14 IS ational Flags 10 World, Chronology of 14 TO * ttt. J. H. COLTON & Co. would suggest to Authors and Pub- lishers that they are prepared to furnish MAPS, CHARTS, and DIAGRAMS, appropriate for Books of Travel, Railroad Reports, Special Descriptions, etc. Their material and other facilities for the proper execution of such Illustrations are abundant, and their arrangements so thorough, that works of this kind can be completed by them at a very short notice. NEW YOBK, No. 172 Wittiwn Street. c A