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 http://www.archive.org/details/exercisesaddressOOdartrich 
 
DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
OF THE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 >'"" 
 
< 
 
EXERCISES AND ADDRESSES 
 
 ATTENDING THE 
 
 Eaptttg of tj)e Corner^^tone 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ileto Bartmouti) Hall 
 
 AND THE 
 
 VISIT OF THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH TO THE COLLEGE 
 
 OCTOBER 25 AND 26, 1904 
 
 EDITED BY ERNEST MARTIN HOPKINS 
 
 SECRETARY TO THE PRESIDENT 
 
 ^ OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Of 
 
 HANOVER, N. H. 
 
 iPrintelr for tfje College 
 1905 
 
w^^" 
 
 \'^^'^ 
 
 UJ 
 
 Tui University Pkbss, Cambridge, U.S.A. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Dartmouth Hall Frontispiece 
 
 John Wentworth Facing page 8 
 
 Laying of the Corner-stone of the New 
 
 Dartmouth Hall " 14 
 
 Eleazar Wheelock " 
 
 Samson Occom " 
 
 John Thornton " 42 
 
 William Legge " 50 
 
 Grave of Eleazar Wheelock " 75 
 
 WiLLUM Heneage Legge " 78 
 
 Arms of the Second Earl of Dartmouth . " 90 
 
 Washington's Book-plate and Arms ... ** 92 
 
 24 
 32 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
or 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ^T the time of its burning — Thursday morning, Feb- 
 /~\ ruary i8, 1904 — Dartmouth Hall was probably the 
 -** -^ most interesting and characteristic college building 
 in the United States. Others were older or costlier, but 
 none so intimately connected with all the history and life 
 of an institution of learning. From 1786 to 1828 it housed 
 nearly all the work of the College, and in the succeeding 
 years, rising above the broad campus, in the middle of the 
 " old row," its graceful proportions and unsurpassed belfry 
 stood constantly, in the mind of every Dartmouth man, as 
 the innermost shrine of his academic love. 
 
 Externally, the hall, in its earliest and latest years, was 
 recognized as one of the best examples of college archi- 
 tecture of the colonial period ; somewhat similar (and the 
 only two remaining) buildings being Nassau Hall at Prince- 
 ton, which has been twice burned, and University Hall at 
 Brown. Though Eleazar Wheelock's original plan for a 
 stone or brick building was relinquished, his attendant plan 
 of using Nassau Hall as a general model was carried out in 
 detail. The proportions of Old Dartmouth, however, not- 
 withstanding its less expensive material, have been de- 
 clared by architectural experts to be more artistic and 
 impressive than those of its model. The building as 
 originally constructed, says Mr. Chase, ** was reputed the 
 largest of its kind in New England." Its interior was 
 several times modified and improved, but its exterior 
 remained practically the same from the beginning. 
 
4 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 For forty years Dartmouth Hall met nearly all the 
 College requirements for recitation rooms, dormitories, 
 libraries, and apparatus. From 1791 to 1840 the College 
 and society libraries were kept in it. From 1799 to 181 1 
 the Medical School occupied portions of the building. 
 Until 1828 there was a museum on the third floor. Of 
 late years the first and second floors of the building were 
 used principally for recitation purposes by the departments 
 of Latin, Greek, French, and German, leaving only the 
 third floor for students* rooms. 
 
 The portion of Dartmouth Hall about which centered 
 the most varied emotions was the Old Chapel. This was 
 evolved by a remodelling of two stories in the central 
 portion of the building in 1828, when the wooden chapel 
 standing in front of Thornton was removed. From this 
 date until the erection of Rollins Chapel in 1885 this Old 
 Chapel was the center of the religious life of the College. 
 Here met, for morning prayers, all the classes from that of 
 1829 to that of 1888. Here for many years, also, the 
 classes gathered for oratorical work, and on Wednesday 
 afternoons successive generations of seniors addressed the 
 College in Rhetoricals. Here too, from early days were 
 held mass meetings to arouse enthusiasm for various 
 branches of undergraduate activity, and seldom did the 
 attempt fail; and here, until the construction of College 
 Hall, occurred the exercises of " Dartmouth Night," the 
 annual event which has done so much to promote the 
 Dartmouth spirit. It was used for an athletic meeting 
 the very evening before the fire. 
 
 Old Dartmouth was thus hallowed by sentiment and 
 revered by association. Even its faults of inner construc- 
 tion and the innumerable pranks played within its ancient 
 walls gave it a personal character and endeared it to 
 thousands of alumni. It was *' the only link which Dart- 
 
INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 mouth had, physically, with its early days." The names 
 of nearly all of the famous graduates are inseparably 
 connected with it. The picture of Dartmouth Hall 
 is a permanent part of the brain of every Dartmouth 
 man. 
 
 " When the deep current of Webster's emotions rose to 
 the surface and flowed forth in inspired speech that moved 
 his hearers to tears as he pleaded for the life and the 
 independence of the College, and spoke of * those who love 
 it,' the tangible symbol in his mind was doubtless Dart- 
 mouth Hall." 
 
 While Dartmouth Hall was burning, a meeting of the 
 Trustees was called to consider the best means of repairing, 
 so far as possible, the loss. At an earlier hour even, as soon 
 as the news of the fire had reached Boston, a call was 
 issued by Melvin O. Adams, Esq., the alumni trustee for 
 Boston, to the alumni of the vicinity for a rally in Tremont 
 Temple on the following Saturday at 3 p. m. In the 
 expressive language of the call, it was " not an invitation, 
 but a summons." In the spirit of these words, and under 
 the urgency of the situation, the following resolutions 
 were adopted by the Trustees: 
 
 The Trustees of Dartmouth College, in session February 20, 
 1904, recognizing the great calamity which has fallen upon the 
 College by the burning, on the morning of February 18, of Dart- 
 mouth Hall, which embodied almost from the first the traditions of 
 the College, and which stood to the last as the embodiment in so 
 large degree of the present and active life of the College, have 
 placed upon their records the following resolutions, which they 
 submit to the alumni and friends of Dartmouth College, whose un- 
 wavering loyalty they are confident may be depended upon to 
 carry them into effect. 
 
 Resolved^ that immediate steps be taken to raise funds sufficient 
 to reproduce in more permanent form Dartmouth Hall upon the 
 
6 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 present site, and to provide for those uses which it represented in 
 the working life of the College. 
 
 Resolved^ that in the judgment of the Trustees the sum of two hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand dollars will be required to carry out these 
 plans, of which a formal statement with suitable details will soon be 
 put before the alumni. 
 
 Resolvedy that a central committee be appointed by the President 
 of the College to cooperate with subcommittees, to be appointed 
 by local associations of the alumni, in raising the money required. 
 
 Resolved, that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the 
 secretary of each alumni association with the request that a meeting 
 of such association be called as early as practicable to take action 
 upon the matter and report at once to the President of the College. 
 
 To carry out the resolution of the Trustees calling for the sum 
 of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, the President was author- 
 ized to appoint a central committee from the alumni whose duty it 
 should be to cooperate with committees from the local associations. 
 The President appointed as this committee : Melvin O. Adams, 
 Esq., class of '71, Boston, chairman, Charles F. Mathewson, Esq., 
 class of '82, New York, and Mr. Henry H. Hilton, class of '90, 
 Chicago, together with Ex- Governor Rollins, to act with the com- 
 mittee as representing New Hampshire. 
 
 Within three months it became evident that the sub- 
 scriptions had been such as to warrant the Trustees in mak- 
 ing definite plans for the laying of the corner-stone of the 
 new Dartmouth Hall. Arrangements, therefore, were 
 undertaken at once, looking toward a suitable celebration 
 of the occasion. 
 
 It had long been the wish of the Sixth Earl of Dart- 
 mouth, the great-great-grandson of the nobleman whose 
 name the College perpetuates, to add another link to the 
 chain of connection between " Dartmouth and Dartmouth," 
 the first link of which had been so strongly forged by the 
 Second Earl of Dartmouth and President Wheelock. 
 
 The present Earl is a thoroughly equipped historical 
 student. The continuous service of the family in govern- 
 
INTRODUCTION 7 
 
 ment positions has led to the accumulation of a vast num- 
 ber of valuable manuscripts at Patshull House. Among 
 these, and of especial interest to Americans, are the papers 
 and correspondence of the Second Earl while Secretary for 
 the Colonies, 1 772-1 775. Lord Dartmouth is at present 
 giving much time to the supervision of the collection 
 of manuscripts in the family archives. Among other 
 reasons for his desiring to come to Hanover, Lord Dart- 
 mouth had particularly wished to present in person valu- 
 able manuscripts to the College, — letters sent to the 
 Second Earl by Eleazar Wheelock, by John Wheelock, by 
 John Thornton, with others. 
 
 The Honorable Charles T. Gallagher, of Boston, who had 
 been in correspondence with the Earl on other matters, 
 learned that he would consider the laying of the corner- 
 stone an especially happy occasion for the fulfilment of his 
 desire to come to the College and to present the manu- 
 scripts. The College on its side felt that nothing could be 
 so appropriate as that Lord Dartmouth should be present 
 at this time to participate in such an event as was to occur. 
 Plans were accordingly made for the laying of the corner- 
 stone, October 26, 1904, and for other exercises celebrating 
 the visit of his Lordship. The arrangements were com- 
 pleted during the summer in a visit to the Earl by Melvin 
 O. Adams, Esq., representing the College, and by Mr. 
 Lucius Tuttle, representing the Boston and Maine Rail- 
 road, which extended unceasing courtesy to his Lordship 
 and party and to the College. Under the leadership of the 
 President of the College, the plans for the celebration were 
 perfected. Committees were appointed as follows : 
 
 General: Professors Charles F. Richardson, D. Collin 
 
 Wells, and Louis H. Dow. 
 Entertainment: Professors Harry E. Burton and Richard 
 
 W. Husband, and Mr. Henry N. Teague. 
 
8 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Transportation : Professor Frank H. Dixon and Mr. Ernest 
 
 M. Hopkins. 
 Decoration: Professor Gordon F. Hull and Mr. Edgar H. 
 
 Hunter. 
 Processions : Professor William Patten and Colonel Charles 
 
 K. Darling. 
 Music: Musical Director Charles H. Morse. 
 Historical Tableaux ^ Views, and Museum : Professors 
 
 Craven Laycock, Herbert D. Foster, Frank G. Moore, 
 
 Charles A. Holden, and George D. Lord ; Mr. Charles 
 
 H. Morse, Mr. Henry N. Sanborn, and Mr. Fletcher 
 
 Hale. 
 
 The week marked by the laying of the corner-stone and 
 including the visit of the Earl of Dartmouth to the College 
 bearing the name of his ancestor, was significant to the 
 academic world in general, but to the College itself his 
 coming was of singular interest. Not only is Dartmouth 
 College the sole American institution identified with a 
 family still prominent in English life ; it also stands, in a 
 peculiar way, for the history of early attempts to edu- 
 cate the Indian. From Eleazar Wheelock to the Indian 
 preacher Occom, from Occom to George Whitefield, from 
 Whitefield to the Second Earl of Dartmouth and the rep- 
 resentative of King George III., who gave the charter, and 
 from the earnest band of English religionists who helped 
 the " small college," to those dauntless men who laid its 
 foundations in the wilderness, the chain is complete. 
 
 The Earl, upon his way to the College, made a brief 
 visit to Boston. He was met there by men of the Boston 
 alumni, and throughout his stay Dartmouth men acted as 
 hosts to him and his party. The President of Harvard 
 University and other distinguished men of Massachusetts 
 assisted informally in his entertainment and added pleasure 
 to those days. 
 
John Wentworth 
 
 Governor of the Royal Province of New Hampshire, 1 766-1 775 
 
 Signer of the Charter of Dartmouth College 
 
Of THE '^ >V 
 
 UNIVERSITY ^ 
 
 ^ OF 
 
INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 The afternoon of Tuesday, October 25, was fair and 
 warm, and Hanover was at her best for the time of year. 
 College Hall and the Hanover Inn were tastefully deco- 
 rated with bunting and flags, — the Stars and Stripes and 
 the Union Jack intertwined. Over the Dartmouth Hall 
 site was an electric arch bearing the words: " 1791-Dart- 
 mouth-1904." 
 
 Lord Dartmouth, the Countess of Dartmouth, and Lady 
 Dorothy Legge arrived by carriage early in the afternoon 
 from West Lebanon, where they had been met and wel- 
 comed in behalf of the general committee by Professor 
 Charles F. Richardson and Mrs. Richardson, with others. 
 The arrival at the Inn was greeted by enthusiastic cheer- 
 ing on the part of the undergraduates, who were massed 
 on the portico of College Hall, and by the ringing of the 
 Chalmers W. Stevens Peal of Bells at Rollins Chapel. The 
 distinguished guests were met at the Inn and welcomed to 
 the College by President Tucker and Mrs. Tucker. 
 
 Soon after their arrival, the members of the Dartmouth 
 party were escorted to the Oval, witnessing there a game 
 of foot-ball between the first and second teams of the 
 College. It was the first touch of that democratic spirit 
 which marked the entire visit of the Earl. At six o'clock 
 Lord Dartmouth dined with the student body at College 
 Hall. In the midst of the dinner, the electric lights sud- 
 denly went out, leaving the room for a few moments in 
 total darkness. The hearty singing of college songs occu- 
 pied the time until the lights reappeared. 
 
 At eight o'clock the Dramatic Club gave a series of 
 tableaux, illustrating the history of the College, at the 
 Alumni Oval. A covered stage, decorated with red, white, 
 and blue bunting, the College green, and electric lights, 
 had been erected opposite the grandstand. The grand- 
 stand itself, although reserved chiefly for the guests of the 
 
10 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 College, Trustees, Alumni, and Faculty, was extended by 
 covered seats to accommodate the entire student body. 
 Heavy strips of canvas were fastened about the open tops 
 and side spaces for protection. The tableaux were as 
 follows : 
 
 Eleazar Wheelock receiving Samson Occom at Lebanon, 
 Conn., December 6, 1743. 
 
 Samson Occom preaching in Whitefield's Tabernacle 
 London, February 16, 1766. 
 
 The first Trustees' Meeting, Old Wyman Tavern, Keene, 
 N. H., October 12, 1770. 
 
 Wheelock and his College Family at Hanover, 1770. 
 
 The first Commencement of Dartmouth College, Wednes- 
 day, August 28, 1771. 
 
 The Return of Captain John Wheelock and his Company 
 after Burgoyne's surrender, October, 1777. 
 
 The Fight for the Library against the '* University " 
 professors, 18 17. 
 
 The Refounding of Dartmouth College : The Argument 
 of Daniel Webster before the Supreme Court at Washing- 
 ton, March 10, 1818. 
 
 In the tableau representing Occom preaching in White- 
 field's London Tabernacle, the part of Occom was fitly 
 taken by Dr. Charles A. Eastman, of the class of 1887, the 
 last Indian graduate. Between the tableaux there were 
 singing and cheering by the undergraduate body, under 
 the leadership of the Glee Club; and a series of stereop- 
 ticon pictures, illustrating the origins of the College, was 
 presented. These consisted of the following: 
 
 Eleazar Wheelock. 
 
 Document from the town records of Windham, Conn., 
 showing record of Wheelock's birth and marriage. 
 
 The Village Green in Columbia (formerly a part of Leb- 
 anon), Conn., with site of Wheelock's mansion-house. 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 1 
 
 Village Green, Columbia, from site of Wheelock's house. 
 
 Village Green, Columbia, with site of Wheelock's church. 
 
 Burying Ground, Columbia, on land granted by Wheelock. 
 
 Elevation of Wheelock's church (begun 1747; taken 
 down 1832). 
 
 Ground-plan of church. 
 
 Attic of present church in Columbia, showing rough- 
 hewn oak timbers from Wheelock's church. 
 
 School-house in Columbia in 1904 (the building used by 
 Wheelock till 1770 for his Indian school). 
 
 War office of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Lebanon, 
 Conn. 
 
 Governor Jonathan Trumbull and Madam Trumbull. 
 
 Samson Occom. 
 
 Occom's house, Mohegan, Conn. 
 
 George Whitefield preaching. 
 
 Whitefield's Tabernacle, London, opened 1753. 
 
 Pulpit in the Tabernacle, representing a scene during the 
 religious riots of 1756 (from this pulpit Occom preached 
 during his stay in England). 
 
 Whitefield's chapel, Tottenham Court Road, London, 
 opened 1756. 
 
 Old South Church, Newburyport, Mass., where White- 
 field is buried. 
 
 Interior of Church. 
 
 Rev. Nathaniel Whitaker, who went to England with 
 Occom to raise funds for the College. 
 
 The Second Earl of Dartmouth, patron of the College. 
 
 The Dartmouth Arms. 
 
 The Dartmouth Arms with all the quarterings. 
 
 The Washington Arms. 
 
 The Sixth Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 The Countess of Dartmouth. 
 
 Lady Dorothy Legge. 
 
12 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Patshull House, Wolverhampton, England, seat of the 
 Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 The old Wyman Tavern in Keene, N. H. 
 
 Porch of the tavern to-day. 
 
 Interior of the tavern, showing room in which first 
 Trustees' meeting was held. 
 
 Peter Oneida's Primer. 
 
 Governor John Wentworth. 
 
 Bezaleel Woodward. 
 
 John Phillips. 
 
 John Thornton. 
 
 Samuel Gray, of the first graduating class, 1771. 
 
 Stephen Burroughs. 
 
 Colonial lottery-wheel. 
 
 Dartmouth College lottery ticket, 1784. 
 
 Dartmouth College lottery ticket, 1795. 
 
 The Old Pine. 
 
 Presidents of Dartmouth College : Eleazar Wheelock, 
 John Wheelock, Francis Brown, Daniel Dana, Bennett 
 Tyler, Nathan Lord, Asa Dodge Smith, Samuel Colcord 
 Bartlett, William Jewett Tucker. 
 
 Map of the Village of Hanover in 1775. 
 
 First framed college building. 
 
 College Hall at the time of the Revolution. 
 
 Perspective drawing of above buildings. 
 
 Dartmouth College in 1803, drawn by George Ticknor 
 when a student. 
 
 Dartmouth Hall. 
 
 John B. Wheeler (whose gift permitted the Trustees to 
 begin the Dartmouth College Case). 
 
 Jeremiah Mason. 
 
 Room in which the United States Supreme Court met 
 in 1819. 
 
 John Marshall. 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 3 
 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Motto : " Founded by Eleazar Wheelock ; refounded by 
 Daniel Webster." 
 
 The morning of Wednesday, October 26th, was rainy, 
 but promptly at ten o'clock the Trustees and Faculty formed 
 at the Hanover Inn, and in procession, under the leader- 
 ship of Colonel Charles K. Darling, escorted the Dart- 
 mouth party to the College Church. The guests of the 
 College, prominent alumni, trustees, and members of the 
 faculty had seats on the platform, which was extended for 
 the occasion. Undergraduates and alumni filled the body 
 of the house, and the galleries were reserved for ladies 
 The church was decorated with American and British flags. 
 Portraits of the Second Earl of Dartmouth and of Eleazar 
 Wheelock were on either side of the platform. President 
 Tucker presided over the exercises, which were as follows : 
 
 Venite in D, college chorus, Professor Charles H. Morse, 
 conductor. 
 
 Prayer, the Reverend Samuel Penniman Leeds, D.D. 1870. 
 
 Luther's Hymn, " A Mighty Fortress is our God." 
 
 Introductory Address, President Tucker. 
 
 Historical Address, "The Origins of Dartmouth College," 
 Professor Francis Brown, D.D. Dart., D. Litt. Oxon., of the class 
 of 1870. 
 
 Conferring of the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws upon 
 Lord Dartmouth. 
 
 Presentation by Lord Dartmouth of the correspondence be- 
 tween Eleazar Wheelock and the Second Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 Psalm cxxxvi, sung by alumni and students. 
 
 Benediction, the Reverend Frederick D. Avery, Pastor Emeritus 
 of the Congregational Church at Columbia, formerly Lebanon, 
 Conn. 
 
 Continued rain somewhat altered the original plans for 
 the afternoon, and the first of the corner-stone exercises 
 were accordingly held in the Church, instead of at the 
 
14 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Dartmouth Hall site, as was at first intended. The Hon- 
 orable Samuel L. Powers, '74> presided in the absence of 
 Mr. Henry D. Pierce,'72, President'of the Dartmouth Alumni 
 Association. After music by the College chorus Charles 
 F. Mathewson, Esq., '82, gave an address, followed by the 
 reading of an ode by Mr. Wilder D. Quint, of the class of '8y. 
 " Men of Dartmouth," words by Richard Hovey, '85, music 
 by Louis P. Benezet, '99, was sung by the chorus ; and 
 Lord Dartmouth made a brief address. At the close of 
 these exercises the procession marched to Eleazar Whee- 
 lock's grave, where President Tucker paid a tribute to the 
 founder and first president of the College, and touched 
 upon the underlying significance of the week, when he 
 said : " The gift of the eighteenth century to the colleges 
 of America was the gift of the religious spirit." From the 
 cemetery the procession marched to the corner-stone of 
 Dartmouth Hall, where the dedicatory prayer was offered 
 by Bishop Ethelbert Talbot, 'yo. Lord Dartmouth, taking 
 the trowel from the presiding officer and placing the mortar 
 about the stone, said : " And now in the name of the 
 Father, Son, and Holy Ghost I declare this corner-stone 
 well and duly laid. Floreat et haec nostra donius esto per- 
 petual The peal of bells concluded the ceremony. 
 
 The contents of the corner-stone are as follows : Dart- 
 mouth College Catalogue, 1903-1904; General Catalogue 
 of Dartmouth College and the Associated Schools, 1900; 
 Dartmouth College Directory, 1904- 1905 ; The Proceedings 
 of the Webster Centennial of Dartmouth College, 1901 ; 
 The Dartmouth, October 21, 1904: The Aegis of the class 
 of 1905 ; The Dartmouth Magazine, May, 1904; estimate 
 of the college plant, October, 1904. 
 
 The formal exercises of the week were brought to a close 
 Wednesday evening, when the President and Trustees 
 tendered a banquet to Lord Dartmouth in College Hall. 
 
o « 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 5 
 
 The dining-room was elaborately decorated with American 
 and British flags and with pictures of prominent alumni 
 and of Old Dartmouth Hall ; while the tables were strewn 
 with autumn leaves tied on streamers of red ribbon. At 
 the head of the table sat President Tucker, Lord Dart- 
 mouth, Governor Nahum J. Bachelder, President Charles 
 William Eliot, of Harvard University, President Lyon 
 Gardiner Tyler, of William and Mary College, Dr. Charles 
 Alexander Eastman, 'd)^^ the Honorable Charles T. Gal- 
 lagher, A.M. '94, and the Honorable Elihu Root, represent- 
 ing Hamilton College. A letter of congratulation was read 
 from President Arthur T. Hadley, of Yale University. 
 
 Those colleges which, from age, or like English origin, 
 or association in the first movements for the education of 
 the Indians, had a natural interest in the early history of 
 the College, were represented at the banquet. 
 
 Thursday evening, October 27, the students built a great 
 bonfire on the campus, in honor of Lord Dartmouth, who, 
 with Mr. Gallagher, appeared and mingled with them in a 
 very informal manner. After a parade about the fire the 
 marchers grouped around the Senior fence, from which 
 Lord Dartmouth made a short speech to the effect that 
 while he appreciated beyond measure the degree which he 
 had received from the College, still his greatest enjoyment 
 would lie in his membership in the College through having 
 been received so kindly into the fellowship of the student 
 body and thus having become in the truest way a Dartmouth 
 man. 
 
 When, next morning. Lord Dartmouth took his departure 
 from Hanover, the Faculty and throngs of cheering stu- 
 dents felt that they had come to know a man and a friend, 
 who was, in his own happy words, but going back from 
 Dartmouth to Dartmouth, between which there had never 
 been a break for a hundred and thirty-five years. 
 
WEDNESDAY MORNING 
 
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS 
 
 By the president OF THE COLLEGE 
 Gentlemen of the College: 
 
 y4 S we came together three years ago to take note of 
 yLA the centennial of Mr. Webster's graduation I re- 
 ^ -^ marked, in introducing the exercises of the occa- 
 sion, that we did not wish ''to prejudice an observance 
 by the College some years hence of a strictly academic 
 event or combination of events. The year 1919" — I 
 added — " will be the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary 
 of the signing of the charter of the College, and the one 
 hundredth anniversary of the decision in the Dartmouth 
 College case. We leave, therefore, to our successors the 
 honor of observing that year as a great academic occa- 
 sion — the year which by a striking coincidence holds 
 the dates which measure in appreciable terms the found- 
 ing and the refounding of the College." 
 
 No one could have foreseen at that time the costly 
 experience through which we were to pass, which brings 
 us together again, in the circumstance of to-day. But 
 what was said of that former occasion may be said with 
 equal fitness of the present occasion. Neither one has 
 been accounted by us as a great academic observance, 
 to be so recognized by convening our wide academic 
 fellowship, and to be celebrated with academic splendor. 
 The Webster Centennial and the Laying of the Corner- 
 stone of the new Dartmouth Hall mean very much to 
 us — they are great domestic events — but we have not 
 
20 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 wished to exaggerate the meaning of these events to 
 others. And therefore, as at the Webster Centennial 
 we invited only the representatives of the State and 
 National Governments, so now we have asked only for 
 a representation from that group of colleges with which 
 Dartmouth was identified in its early history, — Harvard, 
 whose primacy in the educational life of the country 
 makes its presence always and everywhere necessary ; 
 William and Mary, the first of American colleges to 
 transfer great English names to our institutions ; Yale, 
 alma mater of Eleazar Wheelock, mother of Dartmouth ; 
 and Hamilton, founded by Samuel Kirkland, pupil of 
 Eleazar Wheelock and co-worker with him in the educa- 
 tion of the Indians. Harvard, William and Mary, and 
 Yale will be represented during these exercises by their 
 honored presidents; Hamilton by Mr. Root. 
 
 The present occasion finds its unusual distinction in 
 the timely visit of one who in his own person reminds us 
 of our academic kinship and of the honor of our name, — 
 the Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 The chief significance to us of the exercises attending 
 the laying of the corner-stone of the New Dartmouth 
 Hall is that they bring us face to face with the origins 
 of the College, — origins various, diverse, even contra- 
 dictory, but whether studied at the different sources or in 
 the process through which they slowly converged and com- 
 bined toward the final end, profoundly interesting. The sub- 
 ject of the morning is, The Origins of Dartmouth College. 
 
 Of all the graduates of Dartmouth, I know of no one 
 who by academic descent, or by familiarity with English 
 associations, or by right of his own broad and unerring 
 scholarship, is so well fitted to treat this subject as the 
 historian and orator of the hour, whom I now present 
 to you, — Francis Brown, of the class of 1870. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH 
 COLLEGE 
 
 By professor FRANCIS BROWN, D.D., D. Litt. 
 
 Mr. President, Your Excellency, Honored Guests, Brothers, and 
 Friends of Dartmouth College : 
 
 FOR seven hundred years our western world has 
 accustomed itself to endowments for teaching as 
 the expression of intellectual life. The revival 
 of learning was not mere increase of knowledge, it was 
 also a quickening, an expansion of mind, a sense of the 
 glory of knowledge — its serious splendor — and a passion 
 for the spread of it. Monkishness broke down, — monkish 
 learning, like monkish hfe. Facts multiplied ; raen*s 
 thought was unchained and worked freely over them, and 
 those who knew felt the impulse to tell. Learners crowded 
 to the great teachers, and universities sprang up like trees 
 whose life takes on its own form. 
 
 Later foundations have been less spontaneous. Creative 
 ages are few, and, after the first, most educational struc- 
 tures have, of necessity, been planned and framed, — built 
 as houses for the mind to grow up in, and workshops for 
 its product. 
 
 Those that began, either way, in generations before ours, 
 have the priceless advantage of a history. History means 
 inheritance, old lessons and habits handed down, expe- 
 rience, reverence, mellowness. The freight of a hundred 
 and fifty years is only less precious than that of five 
 
22 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 hundred. We are reminded once more, to-day, of the rich 
 past we carry with us into the eager years. 
 
 Dartmouth College began simply and modestly enough, 
 but it had one distinction, linking it in an uncommon way 
 with the ancient foundations of Europe. It was born un- 
 conscious of its future. It developed stage by stage as 
 the living expression of a strong and ardent and growing 
 man. 
 
 Its charter was eighth, in order, of the colleges planted 
 among the English colonists in America — the last but 
 one before the War of Independence — but its charter and 
 name and change of place only marked a definite stage 
 in the process of its life, the setting of the bud that was 
 to open; the stalk was already above ground, — straight 
 and full of sap. 
 
 Harvard^ the mother, or grandmother, of us all, was 
 founded, by a vote of the General Court of Massachusetts, 
 in 1636; even those of us know this who have forgotten 
 the name of Harvard's first president. 
 
 William and Mary received its charter from its patron 
 sovereigns in 1693 at the urgent petition of the people of 
 the Colony of Virginia, when the purpose to have a college 
 was already almost seventy-five years old, and repeated 
 attempts had been made. 
 
 Yale^ the first intellectual child of Harvard by direct 
 descent, was planned by Connecticut ministers and char- 
 tered in 1 701, as a colonial movement. 
 
 Yale and Harvard together produced " New Jersey Col- 
 lege " at Princeton, organized with definite purpose from 
 the first. It received its charter in 1746. 
 
 King's, also, was founded after long endeavor, and, like 
 Princeton, drew on Connecticut for its first President. 
 This very week, under the name " Columbia," already a 
 hundred and twenty years old, it begins the celebration of 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 23 
 
 its sesquicentennial. Its royal charter was dated October 
 3h 1754. 
 
 Then the colleges pressed more thickly. Rhode Island 
 College was incorporated by the General Assembly of that 
 colony in 1754, in accordance with the request of the Phil- 
 adelphia Association of Baptists ; this year it observes the 
 centenary of the change to the present name of Brown 
 University. 
 
 The University of Pennsylvania was chartered in 1755, 
 on the foundation of Franklin's Academy, which was two 
 years older. 
 
 Then followed Dartmouth' s incorporation in December, 
 1769, and on the heels of it that of Rutgers in March, 1770, 
 to meet the needs of the Dutch Reformed Church, especially 
 in New Jersey. Technically, Rutgers should perhaps pre- 
 cede Dartmouth, as a prior charter seems to have been 
 granted in 1766, but this, for some reason, was ineffective. 
 
 Most of these origins attest the value set on education 
 by groups of men who had the conscious and worthy pur- 
 pose of putting Christian education within the reach of their 
 own sons. We do not find the heart of any other one of 
 these enterprises, at its beginning, to have been a personality 
 which for twenty-five years was the essence of the whole, 
 as Wheelock was the heart and brains of Dartmouth. 
 Hamilton College was in some degree a later parallel. 
 
 Eleazar Wheelock was born at Windham, in Con- 
 necticut, in April, 171 1 ; lived his life within the limits of 
 New England and New York, and died here in Hanover 
 in 1779. But he was far from being a mere provincial. 
 His characteristics were those of an Englishman — a 
 rather unusual one — modified by the life of a pioneer. 
 Perhaps his mental gifts showed his ancestry ; his great- 
 grandfather, a Shropshire minister, who came over to 
 Dedham in 1637, when Harvard was a year old, had been 
 
24 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 a Cambridge man. Certainly he was gifted in mind. He 
 graduated from Yale in 1733, and divided with Pomeroy — 
 later his brother-in-law — Berkeley's scholarship for gradu- 
 ate study at its first award; it was conditioned on the 
 highest rank in the classics. But he was not a book- 
 worm ; his mind was spacious, full of large ideas, imagina- 
 tive, vivid, and yet exact and practical in common details ; 
 logical, argumentative, and adroit. His correspondence was 
 wide and his thought still wider. As a quiet scholar — 
 though he might have grown distinguished — only half of 
 him would have come to expression ; he had the capacity 
 for affairs. 
 
 Intellectual vigor was backed in him by tenacity of pur- 
 pose and an indomitable will. He dealt with the highest 
 relations of man, and was heart and soul in this work. If 
 he had ambitions they were such as fell in with eager plans 
 of service. He was autocratic as a field-marshal, with a 
 field-marshal's power of organizing, eye for the strategic, 
 skill in manceuvering, directness of purpose. He assumed 
 burdens and faced hardships without hesitating; he held 
 his own against critics and opponents and did not flinch, 
 never waiting for other people's courage, but giving his to 
 them. He was a lion-hearted man, and a lion has the 
 impulse to dominate. Has it ever seemed to any one that 
 he sometimes overstepped fair limits in identifying his 
 enterprise with the Kingdom of God ? The world would 
 surely not be poorer if more of us magnified our doings 
 by viewing them thus sub specie aeternitatis. With it all 
 he had much skill in handling men, much instinctive tact, 
 much self-control and patience. He took small account of 
 bodily fatigue and ill, but worked hard to the end; and 
 into his labors we have entered, — let us hope not too 
 ungratefully. 
 
 His life has been written for us more than once ; last 
 
Eleazar Wheelock 
 Founder and first President of Dartmouth College 
 
r 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 25 
 
 and best by the hand of a born historian, who had studied 
 all the materials for it with loving perseverance and 
 trained judgment. If that historian were alive it would be 
 his natural office to address you to-day. His work makes 
 a sketch like this essentially superfluous, but, since the 
 occasion seems to demand some speaker, the least the 
 speaker can do is to acknowledge his indebtedness to 
 Frederick Chase. 
 
 We know well the main facts in point : Mr. Wheelock 
 became pastor of a church in what was then Lebanon, 
 Connecticut, in 1735. Need led him to follow a common 
 usage, in gathering about himself boys in preparation for 
 college, and teaching them for pay, — a distant and no 
 doubt almost comical parallel to the flocking of thirsty 
 minds to Paris or Oxford, when Abelard and Vacarius 
 were lecturing there. They flocked eagerly of their own 
 accord. The boys Wheelock set his heart on had to be 
 constrained to come. But, one way or the other, the 
 drawing power was Wheelock. And perhaps Occom and 
 Kirkland, and even Brant, will be as well worth pointing to 
 in the day of judgment as any incipient philosopher of the 
 twelfth or thirteenth century. And Wheelock must have 
 been a successful teacher, for his class grew into a school. 
 Occom, a Mohegan Indian, was received into this school in 
 December, 1743; he left in March, 1748; for the time he 
 had no successor. Wheelock's distinct work for Indians, 
 as such, did not begin till 1754. 
 
 In 1754 white settlements still rested on the western 
 border of this continent like the palms of hands reaching 
 over from Europe, with a few lines of penetration into the 
 wilderness behind, as of slender and none too powerful 
 fingers. One long French finger traced out the St. 
 Lawrence, and crooked down the Mississippi valley to 
 meet another French finger beginning to creep up north- 
 
26 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 ward from New Orleans. The purpose was to lock fingers 
 with a wrestler's grip about the territory of the English 
 colonists, and secure the new world for France. Quebec 
 had not fallen ; Napoleon was not born, and the Louisiana 
 Purchase was undreamed of. Most of the space between 
 the settlements was the range of savage Indians, whose 
 villages held them only till greed or revenge sent them to 
 the warpath. There were a few quiet groups of Indians in 
 New England, semi-civilized, — the Mohegan stock near 
 New London, the Stockbridge group, the Narragansetts, 
 and the Montauks, with other remnants of the Algonquin 
 race. In the north, toward Canada, wild Indians still 
 roamed the woods, English colonists along the Mohawk 
 were in close touch with the fierce Iroquois, and in other 
 parts other tribes claimed prior rights of possession, — 
 more or less massive and formidable, none very numerous, 
 but mobile to the last degree. 
 
 The French had always stood better with the Indians 
 than the English had, being readier at conciliation ; the 
 Jesuits had done their work, and Frontenac, La Salle, and 
 Marquette theirs. In New York and in Pennsylvania 
 fear of the French and fear of the Indians were not far 
 apart. The premonitory frictions were felt which started 
 the flame of open hostilities in 1755, and the Indians bore a 
 savage part in the fightings of the next six years. 
 
 Political wisdom, therefore, dictated attempts to civilize 
 the Indians and attach them to the English side, and here 
 of course Sir William Johnson showed the way. Wheelock 
 saw its importance, and when he emphasizes it in writing 
 to those to whom it would appeal he is not an opportunist, 
 using any and every available argument to gain his point, 
 but a serious man, all English in his convictions, express- 
 ing himself on vital problems of his day. He began not 
 only to see, but to feel, to be possessed by, the need of 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 2^ 
 
 trying to create among these perilous folk a civilization 
 that should be maintained by educated men, and have the 
 sanction and the loyalties of religion at its base. 
 
 But this was not all, nor even the main thing. The 
 Christian imagination was stirred at the thought of pagans 
 at one's very doors, at the possibility of converting whole 
 nations without crossing a single ocean. It was the oppor- 
 tunity of St. Boniface over again. 
 
 Of course, Wheelock was not original, nor alone in this. 
 John Eliot had preached to the Indians more than a cen- 
 tury before, and there were missionaries among them in 
 Wheelock's time. Yet he came to feel deeply that his 
 service consisted in getting them to come to him and be 
 taught, so as to gain at least enough learning and reli- 
 gion to become teachers themselves. Here, too, he had 
 had notable anticipations. In 1619 — the year before 
 Plymouth Rock felt a white man's foot — a grant of 1,000 
 acres had been made by the Virginia Company for an 
 Indian College, and in the same year the bishops of Eng- 
 land, at the King's suggestion, raised ;£"i,500 for Indian 
 education. One motive of the Colonial Assembly of Vir- 
 ginia, when in 1691 it asked for royal endowment of Wil- 
 liam and Mary College, was '* that the Christian faith may 
 be propagated among the Western Indians." We are told 
 that " at one time, during Governor Spottiswoode's regime " 
 (I am quoting from Professor Herbert Adams's " Circulars 
 of Information of the Bureau of Education," No. i, March 
 4, 1887), "there were nearly twenty Indian students at 
 William and Mary College. The governor remitted the 
 tribute of peltry formerly exacted from certain tribes, on 
 condition that they should send the children of the * chief 
 men' to Williamsburg to be educated," — the very ones 
 Wheelock wanted in his time. '* Juvenile hostages were 
 also taken from hostile tribes for the same purpose, which 
 
28 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 served also to promote the salus publica'' (p. i6). Whee- 
 lock's letters show — even more explicitly — the same 
 point of view. To Sir William Johnson he wrote : ^ " We 
 have been persuaded that the education of some of their 
 sons in the liberal arts and sciences, as well as in the 
 knowledge and practice of the protestant religion, and 
 the fitting of some for missionaries among their respec- 
 tive tribes, might have a happy effect to guard them 
 against the influence of Jesuits; be an antidote to their 
 idolatrous and savage practices ; attach them to English 
 interest, and induce them to a cordial subjection to the 
 crown of Britain, and it is to be hoped to a subjection to 
 the King of Zion." (The close is not professional, or con- 
 ventional, but perfectly natural and sincere.) He wrote 
 to Lord Dartmouth : ^ " The Nations [i. e. the Iroquois] 
 will not make war with us while their children, and espe- 
 cially the children of their chiefs, are with us — They can't 
 resist the evidence we hereby give them of the sincerity 
 of our Intentions towards them." 
 
 Probably Wheelock knew of the Virginian example.^ 
 The Librarian of this College pointed out a few years 
 ago * that Wheelock really undertook to do on the main- 
 land what Berkeley had designed for Bermuda, and that 
 Wheelock had been Berkeley's beneficiary at Yale; and 
 he raised the question whether this might not be some- 
 thing more than a coincidence. If so, it would mean a 
 good Irish strain in the pedigree of the College. In any 
 case, such things were in the air. Wheelock's plan was 
 to bring Indians to his school — not, like Sargeant, to 
 
 1 June 1761 ; see McClure, Life of Wheelock, p. 227. 
 
 2 September 4, 1766; Dart. MSS. ii, 49. 
 
 * And of the like purpose of Harvard, to which President Eliot has 
 called attention. 
 
 * See the General Catalogue, 1900, p. 25. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 29 
 
 plant a school among them — in order to get a better and 
 longer chance at them, associate them closely with youth 
 of the colonies, and send out his scholars, both white and 
 red, to multiply schools and churches on Indian ground. 
 It was not easy to get the Indians to come, but it was pos- 
 sible (in 1762 there were more than twenty). 
 
 There were other difficulties which gave him more anx- 
 iety. Chief of these were the difficulty of supporting them 
 and their teachers when they came, and that of such or- 
 ganization as would divide the burden of responsibility, 
 gain public confidence and secure a permanent life to the 
 school, — the two questions of money and incorporation. 
 These were closely related, but the question of money was 
 the more pressing. Private subscriptions were obtained. 
 Joshua More, of Mansfield, bought a house with land next 
 to Wheelock's at Lebanon in 1755, and conveyed it to a 
 group of five men, including Wheelock, for the use of the 
 school. For a time the school was known by More's name, 
 but this fell into disuse. More died the next year, and the 
 group of five, lacking incorporation, proved incapable of tak- 
 ing legal title. Accordingly More's widow, Dorothy, faithful 
 woman that she was, executed in 1763 ^ a new deed, con- 
 veying the property to Wheelock personally, for the school. 
 Some public collections were made. The Provincial 
 Assembly of Massachusetts was induced to make a few 
 annual appropriations (1761-68) out of the fund left to the 
 province by Sir Peter Warren (Sir William Johnson's 
 uncle) for Indian education. The New Hampshire As- 
 sembly gave £^0 in 1763. But the income was still un- 
 certain and meagre. Public moneys were sparingly given 
 and private friends had little to give. Harvard had begun 
 
 1 Chase, Hist, of Dart. ColL 16, says 1758, but see the deed, 
 now in possession of the College (Havemeyer Coll., received through 
 Dr. Charles E. Quimby). 
 
30 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 as a public foundation, with the credit of the colony be- 
 hind it, never, indeed, extravagantly drawn upon. Yale 
 had the Assembly's recognition. King's and Pennsyl- 
 vania had rich friends, and King's was favored by public 
 lotteries (our lotteries came up under another regime). 
 William and Mary had a royal grant of ;£"2,ooo and 20,000 
 acres of land, with an export tax on tobacco of id. the 
 pound, and the fees and profits of land-surveying. From 
 the House of Burgesses it had an export duty on skins and 
 furs, and from time to time a tax on imported liquors, a 
 tax on peddlers, and various special appropriations. These 
 gifts were highly creditable to the authorities that gave 
 them, and were far from excessive. But Wheelock had 
 no such recourse. It was natural to look eastward over 
 the sea for aid, as the younger community to the older 
 and the parent stock. Indeed, the older had already come 
 westward, as if anticipating the need. Two British mis- 
 sion societies had their Boards of Correspondents in 
 Boston : " The Society for the Propagation of the Gos- 
 pel in Foreign Parts," Anglican, founded in 1701, with 
 headquarters in London, and " The Society in Scotland 
 for Propagating Christian Knowledge," founded in 1709, 
 with offices in Edinburgh. Small allowances for Whee- 
 lock's school were secured from the London society 
 through its Boston board from 1756 to 1767, and some 
 aid came, more irregularly, from the Scotch society, in 
 1 76 1, and later, through its Boston board — where per- 
 sonal prejudice, arising mainly from theological and reli- 
 gious differences, caused interruption afterward — and 
 also through a like board of the Scotch society in New 
 York. But the agency of Whitefield was by far the most 
 helpful of all. George Whitefield was at this time the 
 most active missionary force on the Atlantic coast. He 
 came to New England first in 1740, and then Wheelock 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 3 1 
 
 probably met him. Both were active in the religious 
 movement which stirred New England in those years, 
 side by side with the evangelical revival in England, — 
 the movement known in New England history as " The 
 Great Awakening." Whitefield was a powerful agent in 
 it. He was an Oxford man, of Pembroke, yet his strength 
 lay not in scholarship but in the extraordinary gifts of a 
 natural orator, and the fire of enthusiasm which blazed 
 out through these. He had a strong will and great power 
 of persuasion. His advocacy of any cause was prevailing, 
 because he never apologized for it. The plan of an Indian 
 school, with missionary purpose, appealed to such a man, 
 of course. Whitefield advanced Wheelock's plan with 
 ardor. He gathered money for it in New York, Phila- 
 delphia, and elsewhere. He secured the interest of gen- 
 erous persons in Great Britain, — ;^$o came from the 
 Marquis of Lothian in 1760, ;^20 from Mr. Charles Hardy 
 in 1761, ;^20 from Mr. Samuel Savage in 1762, and there 
 were other sums, many of them repeated over and over 
 again. In 1764 the Earl of Stirling headed a subscription. 
 Whitefield's influence had opened the door for Wheelock 
 in New Hampshire, and underlay the favorable action of 
 the Scotch Society in 1764, on a proposal from Wheelock 
 that a Board of Correspondents be named in Connecticut ; 
 this action was very useful to the school. These things 
 illustrate Mr. Chase's meaning when he says that "White- 
 field — though far from intending it — was actually the 
 most important agent in establishing the College " (p. 4). 
 
 But Whitefield's greatest service to the school is yet to 
 be named. In 1760 he had proposed sending to England 
 a converted Indian scholar, as a proof of the work and a 
 visible appeal for its support. In 1765 this was actually 
 done. Samson Occom was sent, and the Reverend Nathan- 
 iel Whitaker with him. Whitefield prepared the ground 
 
32 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 for them, introduced them when they arrived, and started 
 them on their campaign of more than two years. 
 
 A British collection for an American college was not a 
 new idea. Princeton, King's, Rhode Island College, and 
 the' University of Pennsylvania had tried it with success. 
 The Provost of the University of Pennsylvania had gone 
 over for this purpose in 1762, and received a *' brief" from 
 the Archbishop of Canterbury, authorizing collections in 
 the churches. King's College had successful agents in 
 England in 1763. Whitaker and Occom found Morgan 
 Edwards soliciting money in Ireland for Rhode Island 
 College, and refrained therefore from going to Ireland 
 themselves. If it seems to us that Great Britain was ex- 
 cessively worked in the philanthropic interest, we must 
 remember that its wealth was out of all proportion greater 
 than that of the colonies, that regular channels of benevo- 
 lence were comparatively few, and that the different enter- 
 prises appealed in part to different sets of people. But 
 this does not lessen the impression of generous response 
 to these many embassies of good works. 
 
 Our most vivacious sources for the expedition in behalf 
 of Wheelock's School are the letters of Whitaker and the 
 diary of Occom. Occom was the unique feature of this 
 mission. No Indian preacher had gone before. He was 
 now just over forty, a picturesque figure, a sincere man, and 
 an earnest preacher, possessed of some imagination. Be- 
 sides, as Dr. Love, his biographer, well says, " the secret of 
 his power was in the fact that he was himself the embodi- 
 ment of his cause." ^ Whitaker was only thirty-three, a 
 man of ability, shrewd and blunt at the same time, matter- 
 of-fact, and a good correspondent. 
 
 They sailed from Boston, December 23, 1765, in the 
 ship " Boston Packet," under Captain John Marshall, whose 
 1 Love, Samson Occom, p. 137. 
 
Samson Occom 
 
 Native of the Mohegan tribe ; first Indian pupil of Eleazar Wheelock ; successful 
 
 solicitor of funds in England previous to the chartering of the College 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 33 
 
 receipt, in the possession of the College, shows that the 
 passage-money for the two was ;f 20, of which ^^5, the share 
 of one owner, was remitted by that owner's express wish ; 
 his name was John Hancock, They reached London 
 February 6, 1766. It was a great experience for them 
 both. Occom's simplicity and piety are evident. I make 
 a few quotations from his diary. He begins with some 
 formality : 
 
 "MoHEGAN, November 21, 1765. 
 
 " The Honorable Commissioners In Connecticut New 
 England for propagating Christian Knowledge and Litera- 
 ture among the Indians having Maturely Consulted the 
 Expediency of Sending some fit Person to Europe to Cali- 
 cet assistance from God's People at Home in this Heavy 
 and good Work and appointed the Rev'd Nathaniel Whit- 
 aker to go — and thought it good to Send me to accom- 
 pany him, and Accordingly, not Doubting the Call of God, 
 and my Duty to go, on Thursday the 21 of Novr. as above; 
 in obedience to the Strange Call of Providence, having 
 Committed myself. Family and Friends to the Care of 
 Almighty God, took Lieve of them about 11 A. M. and went 
 on my Journey towards Boston in order to take a voyage 
 from thence to Europe. . . . The Adversaries Stand at a 
 Distance Like Shemei. But they don't speak a Loud as 
 they did, they now Contrive their Projects in Secret, and it 
 is suppose'd they are preparing Whips for us (Letters) to 
 send to Europe by the Same Ship we are to go in." 
 
 (London) " Monday, Febru' loth. Mr. Whitefield took 
 Mr. Whitaker and I in his Coach and Introduced us to my 
 Lord Dartmouth, and apear'd like a Worthy Lord indeed 
 Mr. Whitefield says he is a Christian Lord and an un- 
 common one. . . . 
 
 "Last Sabbath Evening I walk'd with Mr. Wright to 
 Cary a letter to my Lord Dartmouth and Saw Such Con- 
 
 3 
 
34 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 fution as I never dreamt of, there was some at Churches 
 Singing p'g ^ and Preaching, in the Streets Some Cursing, 
 Swearing and Damming one another, others was holloaing, 
 Whestling, talking, gigling, and Laughing, and Coaches 
 and footmen passing and repassing, Crossing and Cress- 
 Crossing, and the poor Begers Praying Crying and Beging 
 up on their Knees." 
 
 Whitaker's letters are more to the point. They bristle 
 with the affairs in hand, the importance of patronage, the 
 conflicts of religious prejudice : 
 
 « Mar. 19,1766. 
 
 "... Mr. Whitefield is entirely friendly, and by his 
 friendship I have my Lord Dartmouth's, so our way to the 
 throne is very short. . . . The kg. hath not seen Mr. Occom 
 as yet because of this plagy stamp act. But now thats 
 all over I expect he will see him as soon as Mr. Occom 
 is well of ye smallpox, which tis likely will be in 8 or 10 
 Days. . . . The K. has promised ;f 400 i^% when this is done 
 and comes to be known; then the carnal Presbyterians 
 or Ariano (oi vis), will be obliged to follow, as well as the 
 Church folks." It does not appear that the meeting with 
 the king actually took place. The king finally gave ;^200. 
 
 Of malicious reports sent from America Whitaker writes : 
 "July 22, 1766. Dear Brother, I remember you once said 
 that Lies^have no Legs ; but I can assure you that they 
 have Legs, or Wings, or some other Way of swift convey- 
 ance, as you will see in the sequel of this letter." His 
 writing is chiefly of the pressing business of his mission. 
 
 The two traversed England and Scotland, preaching, 
 appealing, collecting money for the school. Among English 
 subscribers, besides the king and Lord Dartmouth, appear 
 the names of the Duke of Bolton and the Earl of Shaftes- 
 bury, the Bishop of Deny, and various Anglican clergy- 
 
 * ? praying. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 35 
 
 men, though coldness soon developed on the part of the 
 church authorities which limited the field as far as Angli- 
 cans were concerned ; we find also Merton College at 
 Oxford and the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University, 
 Governor Wentworth and Governor Dinwiddle, the Corpo- 
 ration of Hull, the Mayor and Corporation of Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, and " the Quakers." Some twenty-five hundred 
 items appear in the list, many of them representing collec- 
 tions of various sums. The poor took their share. " A 
 Widow " (in Bristol) gave 5 j. ; *' Two Widows," at Cogges- 
 hall in Essex, gave los, 6d. The reception in Scotland 
 also was warm, with much jealousy of Anglican influ- 
 ence. University honors came to Wheelock at Edinburgh 
 and to Whitaker at St. Andrews. 
 
 Even in this brief sketch of the British mission, it is 
 right to specify more particularly three friends of the move- 
 ment who stood long in close relation to it. One was 
 Robert Keen, a woollen-draper, who afterward became 
 Secretary to the Trust, who wrote often to Wheelock and 
 other friends of the school, and made subscriptions from 
 time to time, whose large extent was never publicly 
 known. 
 
 Another was John Thornton, a rich merchant of Clap- 
 ham, of hearty, generous nature, full of good works. His 
 benevolence was overflowing and even romantic, and his 
 religious sympathies were deep and wide. He gave much 
 money to Wheelock's enterprise and used his rare business 
 capacity in administering the trust funds gained by the 
 collections in England, as Treasurer of the English Trus- 
 tees. The "chariot," or English coach, which Wheelock 
 used for a year in Connecticut, and in which Mrs. 
 Wheelock made her first journey to Hanover, was a present 
 from him. 
 
 The third, whose position and influence were decisive, 
 
36 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 and whose name the College will commemorate while the 
 College stands, was a young nobleman of thirty-five. 
 
 Feb. lo, 1766, Whittaker and Occom were presented 
 by Whitefield to the Earl of Dartmouth, whose in- 
 terest was already secured. Lord Dartmouth had suc- 
 ceeded to the earldom on the death of his grandfather, 
 the first Earl, in 1750, when he was a boy of nineteen at 
 Oxford. There he was entered at Trinity College and took 
 his degree in 1751. He was observant, impressionable, 
 attractive, of simple tastes, frank enthusiasm, and loyal 
 temper. He wrote to Dr. Huddesford, of Trinity, from the 
 Continent in 1751:^ "At Hesse Cassel saw our Princess 
 Mary, and were honoured with a seat at the Landgrave's 
 table, — a mighty agreeable court, where they used very 
 little ceremony"; and in 1752,2 that he was " Glad to hear 
 the Old Town Hall was at last destroyed and that a new 
 one would soon be in its place, nothing else was wanting 
 to make Oxford perfect, which was already the handsomest 
 town in England." These homely touches help us to 
 understand the man. His father, Viscount Lewisham, died 
 Aug. 29, 1732, without coming to the title, and in 1736 his 
 mother became the second v/ife of Francis, Baron Guilford 
 and North (created Earl of Guilford in 1752). In two 
 ways this connection was of importance for him and for 
 our history. Lord Guilford also had a son, Frederick, a 
 year younger than the son of Lady Lewisham, and the 
 two boys grew up together. Frederick was afterward 
 known as Lord North, and made his mark on our history. 
 This fellowship no doubt helped to turn Lord Dart- 
 mouth's thoughts to public life. He entered Lord Rock- 
 ingham's ministry in 1765 at the head of the Board of 
 Trade, but joined the Tories in 1771, and in 1772 became 
 
 1 July 28, Dart. MSS. i, 330. 
 
 2 August 26, from Vienna, Id. ib. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 37 
 
 Secretary of State for the American Department under 
 Lord North, holding this office till 1775, when, at his own 
 desire, he gave it up for the Privy Seal, finally leaving the 
 government in 1782. In 1786 he was appointed High 
 Steward of the University of Oxford by Lord North, then 
 Chancellor of the University. Me had a keen sense of jus- 
 tice and was active in promoting the repeal of the Stamp 
 Act in 1766. Americans looked to him in confidence and 
 hope. If he did not read all the signs of the times, or, 
 reading them, was unable to obey them and do anything 
 effective for peace, no great fault can now be found. There 
 were few about him who could read the signs, and none 
 who could follow them. The forces were too strong for 
 any man to deal with. When the issue was finally joined 
 his deeply loyal disposition, strengthened perhaps by strong 
 personal ties of attachment between himself and the king, 
 held him firmly to the measures of the crown, but without 
 bitterness. In 1766 he was recognized as a nobleman 
 whose sympathy for things American could be counted on. 
 The other result of his mother's marriage with Lord 
 Guilford was even more noteworthy for us. She died in 
 1745, and in 1751 (June 13) Lord Guilford married once 
 more. His third wife was the widowed Countess of 
 Rockingham, who was a cousin of the Countess of Hun- 
 tingdon, and introduced the young Earl of Dartmouth to 
 her. He became interested in the religious movement 
 which was afterward known by Lady Huntingdon's name, 
 and of course prominent in it. It was at that time a circle 
 within the Anglican church. Through it Lord Dartmouth 
 was brought into close touch with Whitefield, Wesley, 
 Toplady, " and other eminent supporters of Calvinistic 
 Methodism," as Mr. Stevens puts it,^ and his own convic- 
 tions were permanently engaged. 
 
 1 Dart. MSS. ii, pp. xv, xvi. 
 
38 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 This notable movement toward personal religion which 
 appeared during the eighteenth century under different 
 names and forms and in various lands no doubt had in it 
 much that was imperfect. It may have made too sharp 
 a distinction between the souls of men and the rest of 
 them, and sometimes (not in the case before us) it may 
 have been more religious than human, but it exalted the 
 spiritual and the immortal over against the material, — 
 which is the work of the true prophets and leaders of 
 mankind in every age. It was perhaps intellectually nar- 
 row, but it actually enlarged the human outlook. Instead 
 of being concerned for their own interest, and, for their 
 own ease and advancement, ignoring others or treading 
 them down, men began to think intensely about other 
 people; the horizon grew very wide; human impulses 
 were quickened, and the desire possessed men and women 
 to share their best privileges, their highest hopes and 
 possibilities, with all the people in the world. The move- 
 ment was no more free from extravagances and unlovely 
 growths than the Puritan revival in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury was, or the Reformation in the sixteenth, but, like 
 these, it brought men back to the great and simple 
 verities of life, and set them forward a good stage on the 
 path of human progress. 
 
 Lord Dartmouth was of great use in this movement. 
 He had married in 1755, and Lady Dartmouth was like- 
 minded. " His house at Sandwell, near Birmingham [I 
 quote again from Mr. Stevens, ib.], was the resort of many 
 of the preachers, and Lady Dartmouth's drawing room at 
 Cheltenham was opened for religious meetings. ... As 
 early as 1767, during a serious illness of Lady Huntingdon, 
 he was spoken to concerning the taking over of her 
 chapels in the event of any such exigency. ... It was 
 Lord Dartmouth who prevailed on the Bishop of Lincoln 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 39 
 
 to ordain John Newton." It is perhaps not fanciful to 
 think that such protection as his helped to make it pos- 
 sible for Whitefield, for all his canonical offences, to remain 
 within the Church of England. 
 
 It is easy to see what such a friend meant to Wheelock's 
 work, — a nobleman of exceptional standing and connec- 
 tions, a favorite of the king, a member of the government, 
 an evangelical Christian, familiar with the type of piety that 
 marked the " Great Awakening," and wholly sympathetic 
 toward it, responsive, like all the circle, to missionary 
 zeal, and having the personal bond of a common friend- 
 ship with Whitefield. We can hardly measure the effect 
 of such support at so critical a time. The opportunity 
 has too seldom been given us of expressing this obligation 
 to any of his descendants by word of mouth, and all the 
 more we welcome the courtly presence of one of them 
 to-day. 
 
 The success in England and Scotland was the success 
 of Wheelock's school as an agency for making Indians in- 
 telligent Christians. How did Dartmouth College emerge 
 from this? 
 
 One of Wheelock's first thoughts about his enlarging 
 school was of such legal organization as should enable it 
 to hold property, encourage gifts, and secure permanence. 
 Hence the attempted self-incorporation to receive More's 
 gift ; ^ hence an appeal to the English Government for a 
 charter in 1757;^ hence, by the advice of Lord Halifax, 
 an application to the Connecticut Legislature, instead, in 
 1758,^ and a see-saw between the province and England 
 in this matter, till 1 764,* when it was dropped. There was 
 in fact a deadlock. It was thought that Connecticut, 
 being a charter colony with prescribed rights, had in- 
 
 1 Chase, 10. * Chase, 14. 
 
 « Chase, ib. * Chase, 38. 
 
40 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 sufficient power to grant a valid school charter unless 
 this were ratified in England ; but the colony feared that a 
 reference of its action to England might impair its rights 
 for the future. Besides, there were more private jealousies 
 and questionings. On the other hand the Home Govern- 
 ment felt no sufficient motive to grant a school charter 
 direct, except on formal action by the Legislature of 
 Connecticut. So there they were. Phineas Lyman and 
 Eliphalet Dyer, Americans in London with schemes of 
 their own, were equally unable to secure a charter for 
 Wheelock.1 
 
 Meantime, some of the advantages of a charter were 
 sought by a "brief," or public authority from the Legisla- 
 ture to make collections, in 1763, which was renewed in 
 1766.2 Twenty-five ministers of Connecticut indorsed the 
 school in 1762 in a printed document.^ At Wheelock's 
 request and nomination, the Scotch Society appointed 
 thirteen "correspondents" in Connecticut, in 1763-64; 
 they chose five of their number as a responsible standing 
 committee on the school in 1765. These were more or 
 less useful makeshifts. None of the persons concerned had 
 either Wheelock's intense interest in the school or his 
 grasp of the possibilities and needs. Mr. Chase quotes him 
 as writing in 1765 : I am " quite sick of the thought of con- 
 ducting a charity school by a body. They won't attend so 
 as to understand it. They are diffident; too sudden and 
 peremptory in their conclusions before they have well 
 weighed matters."* 
 
 Whitaker went to England with the thought of a charter 
 in his mind, evidently connected with the hope of large 
 collections, but his advisers there discouraged it. He 
 writes in February, 1766: "If the present ministry stands 
 
 1 Chase, 34. ^ chase, 37, 71. 
 
 « Chase, 27. * Chase, 45. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 4 1 
 
 [Lord Dartmouth being President of the Board of Trade 
 and Plantations], I could easily obtain a charter ; but it is 
 tho't best to give it all to you to be handed down." Again 
 in March : " I am discouraged attempting to get a charter 
 because it is tho't it wd. cramp you (inter nos)." The 
 charter is here thought of as involving protection for 
 English funds. 
 
 When the large collections actually began, the question 
 of English trustees for this particular fund was raised 
 also. At first all leaders in the movement were opposed to 
 it. Wheelock saw no use in a controlling body so far from 
 the actual scene. Englishmen took the same view. In 
 June, 1766, Whitaker writes: "There has been an obstruc- 
 tion to the work for want of trustees to receive y^ money; 
 and after much consultation, my Lord [i. e. Dartmouth] 
 said He tho't there was no necessity for trustees, but that 
 the money should be lodged with you, and you immediately 
 appoint your successor and fix the trust in his hands so as 
 to secure it to the use of the school — for that on the most 
 thorough search he could make, no intestment with a num- 
 ber has ever secured the benefactions for the end for which 
 they were made ; and that if less should be gathered, the 
 whole would be more dependent on God and his glory 
 would be the more clearly seen ; and that trustees would 
 tend to embarrass you and your successor " — a mixture of 
 religion and good sense that is characteristic. A few days 
 later : " You must immediately make your will and fix 
 your Successor, and give him the monies in trust for the 
 School." Once more, in the same month : " A charter is 
 not necessary — the most of the Societies here are self- 
 formed and yet some have very large funds, yet I will try to 
 obtain a charter, if friends will agree — but I know yy 
 will object that it will tie your hands. The Serious here 
 are sick of trusts." The vested ecclesiastical interests 
 
42 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 were, as we know, mainly opposed to the evangelical 
 movement. 
 
 There is no further question of a charter. But evidently 
 the need of trustees for the fund was felt by many, and at 
 length the point was yielded. Whitaker writes to Whee- 
 lock, Nov. 24, 1766: "A trust here is now determined 
 upon, though not yet constituted. . . . When this is 
 done (which I hope will be in a short time) I shall take a 
 commission from them to collect, and then the objection 
 about the trust will I hope be at an end." 
 
 The trustees were nine: Lord Dartmouth was Presi- 
 dent, Mr. Thornton, Treasurer, Mr. Keen, Secretary ; all 
 were real friends to the work. Wheelock by no means 
 welcomed them in their new capacity. " The Serious here 
 are sick of Trusts," Whitaker had said. Wheelock had 
 been quite with them in this, — he was a ** Serious " him- 
 self. And now he was asked to find himself cured of this 
 sickness without experiencing the treatment — the physic, 
 or the course of waters — which had brought the English 
 donors to another mind. If Lord Dartmouth had thought 
 there was no need of a Trust, much more Wheelock, far 
 from the hesitations and intrigues which had at length 
 made the Trust seem necessary to his English friends, and 
 Whitaker with them. And if he had found the manage- 
 ment of a charity school by " a body " a troublesome mat- 
 ter, when the body was composed of his neighbors, who 
 breathed his air and thought his thoughts and spoke his 
 language, how much more troublesome must he think it 
 was likely to be when made up of gentlemen whom he had 
 never seen, who themselves had not his eyes, and could 
 never lend him their ears. No doubt he was staggered by 
 it. It perhaps saved the school, but he did not know that 
 at the time. He always felt hampered by the existence of 
 the Trust, yet he acquiesced, and at least his second 
 
John Thornton 
 English benefactor and friend of the College 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 43 
 
 thoughts were not ungracious. He wrote to Whitaker, Nov. 
 28, 1767: "The gentlemen of y*" Trust shewed a laud- 
 able and truly Christian Integrity toward y'' Redeemers 
 cause as y*" matter appeared to them — I never blamed 
 them so much as in a tho't." 
 
 In fact, though the distance made payments slow, and 
 there were some misunderstandings, the trustees acted 
 throughout with fidelity and consideration both, and never 
 lost confidence in Wheelock, — a striking evidence both of 
 the quality of the man, who was unknown to them except 
 by correspondence and report, and of their sympathetic 
 regard for his work. One of them, Samuel Savage, wrote 
 to Wheelock in March, 1768: ** I hope ways and means 
 will be found for you to so proceed as to have occasion for 
 all the money that is collected in England while we con- 
 tinue to live ; for methink I should be sorry to leave any 
 of it to another generation." There is certainly no trace 
 here of a wish to embarrass Wheelock. In fact, the money, 
 some ;^ 10,000, was all expended by 1766, and the Trust 
 then passed out of existence. 
 
 The Scotch Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge 
 became trustee of the collections made in Scotland. It 
 decided, mainly, it seems, through fear of Anglican con- 
 trol of the school, to send only the interest to America, 
 and that only on specially scrutinized requisition and 
 through its own Board of Correspondents, — not to Whee- 
 lock direct. It showed suspicion in various ways, and 
 administered its trust legally, no doubt, but in a technical 
 and narrow spirit. At length its payments altogether 
 ceased. The result was that in its time of great need the 
 College had scanty benefit from this source — whence so 
 much might have come — and that now there is a large 
 fund remaining in the hands of the Society, which it has 
 since that time, with a pathetic scrupulousness and im- 
 
44 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 perfect success, been trying to dispose of in ways approved 
 by its own exacting conscience, but quite unconnected 
 with the enterprise in which alone the agents of its 
 collection, Dr. Whitaker and Mr. Occom, were directly 
 interested, and for which the ardent soul of Wheelock 
 behind them throbbed in passionate anxiety. 
 
 Neither the English Trust nor the Scotch Society could 
 at all take the place of an incorporation for the school. 
 In fact, the divided interests in Great Britain made a 
 unifying and corporate responsibility in America all the 
 more needful. '* I don't see," Wheelock wrote in No- 
 vember, 1767, " how y^ affair can be accommodated without 
 an Incorporation, or at least a Trust, here." In the same 
 month he again turned to the Connecticut Legislature, 
 with a request that it receive and administer the English 
 funds, but this was declined.^ With the thought of a 
 charter was also connected the thought of an endowment. 
 The difficulty of both in Connecticut seemed insuperable. 
 Besides, the school was too far from the Indians. As 
 early as 1762 there was a distinct idea of moving it. The 
 Mohawk valley, the Susquehanna, even the Ohio, were 
 thought of. A site near Albany, with [a. possible charter 
 and endowment in the State of New York, was considered, 
 and another in Western Massachusetts. Governor Benning 
 Wentworth had offered land in Western New Hampshire 
 in 1763. When Governor John Wentworth, even before he 
 left England to assume his duties as his uncle's successor, 
 took up the business,^ it advanced rapidly. The English 
 trust favored location in Western New Hampshire ; ^ the 
 charter was issued by Wentworth as Royal Governor, in 
 the king's name, under date of December 13, 1769, 
 according to the terms familiar to us, with a considerable 
 
 1 Chase. 64. ^ chase, 55. 
 
 ^ April, 1769; Chase, 113. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 45 
 
 grant of land for endowment. The location was fixed at 
 Hanover, July 5, 1770, after much conflicting opinion, 
 and with many sharp criticisms from without. Indeed, in 
 1768, the objection had been lodged against the entire 
 New Hampshire plan, by those interested in securing the 
 school to Western Massachusetts, that " the Governor ot 
 New Hampshire had no power to make a college corpora- 
 tion unless specially so expressed in his commission," 
 accompanied by the opinion that Governor Bernard of 
 Massachusetts would " doubtless give a charter by order 
 of the King." ^ It does not appear that the objection had 
 real validity. Governor Belcher of New Jersey had estab- 
 lished the precedent in 1748 — and indeed acting Gover- 
 nor Hamilton in 1746 — in the case of Princeton, and 
 official criticism was never heard. 
 
 Governor John Wentworth lights up the story with 
 a bright touch which is very charming. He is a gallant 
 figure, a graceful, brilliant cavalier, bold and sagacious by 
 instinct, far from frivolous, but carrying off his champion- 
 ship of a good cause with a buoyancy which succeeds 
 without taking account of its own pains, is cheerful 
 and confident, and never seems to be demanding recogni- 
 tion or praise. With him we have always an agreeable 
 sense of the amenities of life, and if his polished diplomacy 
 makes it sometimes hard to estimate his motives, it is 
 always well when principle and policy move the same 
 way. He was the giver of the famous punch bowl. There 
 may be those who think no better of him for that, and who 
 would consign the punch bowls and lotteries and New 
 England rum of those earlier days to the same limbo, — 
 but other times, other manners, and, when all is said, the 
 elegance of this noble punch bowl fits the man not ill ! He 
 had a fund of earnestness at bottom. He believed in 
 
 1 Chase,''98. 
 
46 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Wheelock and Wheelock's plan. When he criticised, as 
 he sometimes did, it was always with sympathy, and in the 
 interest of the scheme. He was circumspect with all his 
 light touch, dignified at every approach, maturely concerned 
 for the interests of his province, of which he was himself a 
 son, and faithful to the appointing power; withdrawing 
 therefore from his post when the colony joined in the 
 struggle for independence. His father was a rich mer- 
 chant of Portsmouth, our seaport town; Harvard put us 
 under direct debt by educating him well. He was gradu- 
 ated there in 1755, and had spent some years in England 
 when he was appointed Governor of New Hampshire. 
 This was in 1766, and he was then twenty-nine years old. 
 It was the day of young men. Before leaving England he 
 met Whitaker — introduced to him by a letter from his 
 own father — and gave him twenty guineas for Wheelock's 
 school, promising at the same time the grant of a township 
 if the school should be moved to New Hamphire. He took 
 up the matter with energy when the time came, encouraged 
 Wheelock in every way, showed lively interest in the 
 location of the school, yet without dictation, shouldered 
 the responsibility of the charter and gave personal attention 
 to the form of it, assumed the active duties of a trustee, 
 gained public support for the new institution, and con- 
 tributed of his private means. He travelled across the 
 province to the wilds of the Connecticut shore to attend its 
 first three Commencements, and fostered it at every turn. 
 It was this active and continued interest which secured to 
 the College its foothold in New Hampshire. It is not too 
 much to say that, whatever others might have done, the 
 actual founding of Dartmouth College is due in chief 
 degree to four men : Eleazar Wheelock, George Whitefield, 
 who introduced his school to British supporters, Lord 
 Dartmouth, the responsible head of the English col- 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 47 
 
 lection which kept the school alive, and Governor John 
 Wentworth. 
 
 The English trustees, in their turn, were displeased with 
 the charter, mainly it would seem through the fear that 
 the enlarged plan would diminish the emphasis laid on 
 Indian training. They insisted that the moneys in their 
 hands should be used in the Indian work, " and that you 
 do not blend them," they say, ** with your college." ^ In 
 a later letter they remark: **As to what concerns the 
 charter of incorporation, we avoid saying anything on 
 that subject, which is a matter of more general concern, 
 and does not relate to the business of this trust." ^ Their 
 authority over the funds in their hands was, however, ex- 
 pressly recognized by the charter. Wentworth wrote a 
 most reassuring letter ^ to them, and they seem not to have 
 been practically influenced in their administration of the 
 trust by any adverse opinion they may have held. But 
 the Governor's great desire of proving the catholicity of 
 the new institution by adding the then Bishop of London, 
 by name, to the English board, was made vain by the 
 bishop's absolute refusal, expressed in writing to Lord 
 Dartmouth.* 
 
 The English trustees were not unnaturally startled by 
 the fact that an Indian charity school was put into the 
 New Hampshire mill and a full-fledged college turned out. 
 And yet this was neither surprising nor unreasonable to 
 those on the ground. It did not involve any lessening 
 of Wheelock's zeal, or any scattering of his energies. His 
 purpose remained a missionary purpose. But it grew more 
 and more plain to him that missionaries needed an ample 
 training. From the first he had wished to put Indians at 
 school with English boys ; he must therefore satisfy Eng- 
 
 1 Chase, 244. ^ chase, 245. « Chase, 126. 
 
 * Letters brought by Earl of Dartmouth in September, 1904. 
 
48 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 lish parents. Moreover a permanent school with the back- 
 ing of a community must pay its debt to the community, 
 or lose its vital interest there. If the English civilization 
 with which the Indians were to come in contact was to be 
 living and genuine, the school must be attracting English 
 youth by its own worth in education, without artificial 
 effort. 
 
 Besides this, Wheelock's experience was changing his 
 view of the best way to effect his purpose. He found his 
 Indian pupils unsatisfactory as missionary teachers. It 
 grew clear to him that the leaders in the work must be 
 of English blood. Innate tendencies and ties of race 
 made it hard to train the Indian, and pulled the trained 
 Indian down at least as often as he had strength to lift 
 others up. This meant more white scholars and fewer 
 Indians proportionately in his school. That meant again 
 the English standard and close approach to the grade of 
 a college. 
 
 As early as July, 1763, Wheelock, when looking for a 
 site " in the Heart of the Indian country " had proposed 
 to his English friends a careful plan providing " that the 
 school be an academy for all parts of useful learning : part 
 of it a College for the education of Missionaries, School- 
 masters, Interpreters, etc. and part of it a school for read- 
 ing and writing, etc." ^ John Smith, of Boston, describes 
 the actual school at Lebanon in a letter of May 18, 1764, 
 and says : " I learnt that my surprise [at the quality of 
 the scholarship] was common to ministers and other per- 
 sons of literature who before me had been to visit this 
 school, or rather College, for I doubt whether in colleges 
 in general a better education is to be expected." ^ In 1768 
 Wheelock organized a collegiate branch in the school, with 
 a separate instructor, — at first to save the expense of send- 
 1 Chase, 32 f. ^ chase, 26. 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 49 
 
 ing his boys to college, when they were ready, though they 
 still enrolled at the colleges and maintained connection 
 enough there to get their degrees.^ At the end of the 
 same year, the Reverend Ebenezer Cleaveland, who had 
 been visiting possible sites, says the school may ** be formed 
 into a Public Seminary or College to serve that Province 
 [New Hampshire], and many towns in other Provinces 
 adjacent, and more than possible the Canadian country, 
 with Protestant Divines." ^ The idea is growing, but still 
 terms are interchangeable. Phelps writes to Wheelock 
 from Portsmouth, October 18, 1769, speaking only of " y* 
 School," and William Parker writes to Phelps, October 18, 
 *' of the College proposed to be erected here." ^ Wheelock 
 had sent to Governor Wentworth, August 22, a draft for 
 the charter which spoke of an " Academy," and added 
 to his letter the well-known postscript : " Sir, — If proper 
 to use the word * College ' instead of * Academy ' in the 
 Charter, I shall be well pleased with it." * Yet on Sep- 
 tember 30, when he feared troublesome conditions from 
 Wentworth, he asked Hugh Wallace, of New York, " in 
 the most agreeable manner to propose the affair to Gov- 
 ernor Colden [of that Province] and know if he will grant 
 a generous charter for this school in that part of your 
 province." He says also : " As you have only a party 
 college in your Province [King's] such an academy as I 
 propose will not interfere with that." And further: **I 
 propose to have one [a charter] as free from clogs and 
 embarrassments with any names as the charter of New 
 Jersey College is,"^ 
 
 From all these indications it would appear — I speak 
 with submission — that Wheelock's eagerness for the name 
 and style of a college was less insistent than some have 
 
 1 Chase, 88 f. « Chase, 107. » Chase, 118, 120. 
 
 * Chase, 114. ^ Chase, 115. 
 
 4 
 
so DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 thought, while it is evident, from his comparisons and 
 actual provisions, that he contemplated the higher educa- 
 tion as a part, and an important part, of the general design, 
 the main intention of which remained, at last as at first, 
 to reach the Indians. The charter as finally issued ex- 
 pressed his views happily, when it provided ** that there be a 
 College erected in our said Province of New Hampshire . . . 
 for the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian 
 Tribes in this Land in reading, writing and all parts of 
 Learning which shall appear necessary and expedient for 
 civilizing and christianizing Children of Pagans as well as 
 in all liberal Arts and Sciences : and also of English Youth 
 and any others : " and so it stands to-day. 
 
 Lord Dartmouth's name was attached to the College by 
 the charter. It may be that one motive was the hope of 
 disarming criticism, but Lord Dartmouth's services to the 
 school for years past were reason enough. It is not to be 
 supposed that Wheelock expected criticism to be implac- 
 able, still less that he was in any way playing a double 
 game. We have seen that he retained the confidence of 
 the English trustees ; Thornton, Keen, and Savage made 
 repeated and liberal gifts to him, and while the war no 
 doubt in some cases modified their interest in things 
 American, in 1776 we find Lord Dartmouth expressly 
 begging " that the safety of the College might be recom- 
 mended to both General Sir William Howe, and his brother 
 the Admiral." ^ As things turned out, the location of the 
 College was its protection, but this solicitude was not the 
 less kindly. 
 
 That Wheelock and all here concerned understood the 
 College simply as the school enlarged and made perma- 
 nent admits of no doubt. There are many proofs that he 
 thought as little of erecting a new and separate institution 
 1 Dart. MSS. ii, xvii. 
 
William Legge, Second Earl of Dartmouth 
 For whom the College was named 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 5 1 
 
 by the side of the school as he did of abandoning the 
 original purpose of the school.^ Accordingly, the *' Nar- 
 rative" of his work, which was issued first in 1763 for use 
 in England, and in many continuations later, bears j^in 
 1771) this title: " A Continuation of the Narrative of the 
 Indian Charity School in Lebanon, in Connecticut, from 
 the year 1768, to the Incorporation of it with Dartmouth 
 College, and the removal and settlement of it in Hanover 
 in the Province of New Hampshire." And so in subse- 
 quent years. The establishment here of a distinction 
 between the two — such as the English trust had assumed 
 at the first — and the revival of the name "Moor's In- 
 dian Charity School " belong to a later period of the 
 history. 
 
 It remains true that the hopes which Wheelock and his 
 associates shared with the British donors, in all good faith, 
 were meagrely fulfilled. The College kept on its way 
 without suspension during the War of Independence, but 
 the Indians withdrew (at that time they were chiefly from 
 Canada) and never came back in great numbers. Political 
 severance played its part here, yet the experience of Kirk- 
 land's Oneida Academy, and indeed of William and Mary 
 College, and of Harvard, shows that the cause of the 
 failure was not of a temporary or local kind. Samuel 
 Kirkland was a pupil of Wheelock's (1760-62), one of the 
 best of men, an efficient missionary among the Indians, 
 and their most influential friend. He lived half his life in 
 the midst of the Six Nations, and held them friendly to the 
 colonial cause. In 1793 he founded the Hamilton Oneida 
 Academy, out of which Hamilton College grew. It was a 
 worthy grandchild of Wheelock's, as Dartmouth was his 
 child, and the purpose was the same. But no Indian pupil 
 was trained at Kirkland's Academy. The restlessness of 
 ^ Chase, 239 f. al. 
 
52 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 the red man forbade it. It is not strange that what Kirk- 
 land could not do amid Indians who knew and trusted him, 
 living like him, on New York soil, Wheelock also failed in, 
 with Indians whom he could reach only at arm's length 
 and across a foreign border. So, too, the work for Indians 
 at William and Mary came to a natural end. The fact 
 was that the Indians retreated before civilization, and the 
 substantial institutions which were planted to transform 
 them could not follow. They had struck their roots down, 
 as they must if they were to live and do their assimilating 
 work ; it was impossible to pull them up and put them on 
 wheels, to overtake the vanishing red men. They would 
 have died on the way. Colleges of lasting influence can 
 be planted in Turkey and Hindostan and China, where the 
 people are fixed to the soil. But the Indians were of a 
 flitting race. They peopled the land but thinly, and 
 when pressed upon sought wider ranges, or shrunk into 
 settlements of no great size. In any case they were 
 beyond reach of those who could not pursue them without 
 abandoning the implements and the resources which alone 
 would make their pursuit effective. This I think had 
 much more to do with the failure than the difficult charac- 
 ter of the Indians themselves, to which President Dwight 
 mainly ascribed it. There is convincing proof that Indians 
 can be civilized in numbers by the right influences kept 
 long enough in contact with them, but the College could 
 not maintain the contact. And there was the steady 
 pressure of the new obligation. The College had become 
 the chief literary institution of its State. It would have 
 been treacherous to drop its work there. Large interests, 
 in which the civilizing of Indians, however important, was 
 only one item, demanded its continuance. 
 
 What the sagacious observer just named remarks further 
 on the subject is worth quoting : ** You are not to suppose," 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 53 
 
 he says,^ " that any blame is to be attached either to Dr. 
 Wheelock, or any others entrusted with this concern. An 
 Indian student cannot be obtained, ordinarily, without 
 great difficulty. What is at least as important, his habits 
 are in a great measure fixed, before he can be brought to a 
 place of education." After referring to the war, he says : 
 " Since this date the business of Missions has been ex- 
 tensively taken up by other bodies of men, able in many 
 respects to pursue it with more facility and with more 
 advantage, also, than the Trustees of a literary Institution. 
 . . . Those who liberally contributed to the establishment 
 of this Seminary [he is describing a visit to Hanover one 
 hundred years ago] would, were they alive, have the satis- 
 faction of seeing that, although it has not answered the 
 very ends, at which they, perhaps, especially aimed, it has 
 yet been a source of extensive benefit to mankind." 
 
 As for us, whose debt to the College and to those who 
 have nourished her is so deep, it is surely not for us to 
 question the wise and sagacious orderings of Providence in 
 her behalf and ours. No man can tie the hands of God, or 
 prescribe lines for his working. Each decade since has 
 been a new demonstration that Wheelock's service was 
 greater than he knew. 
 
 These things were history before Dartmouth Hall was 
 built. The vital was before the material. We loved 
 Dartmouth Hall because it embodied for us these prior 
 and vital things. They are as immortal as the soul of 
 man, and the fire had no power over them. We raise the 
 New Dartmouth Hall in the assured faith that it reaches 
 back over the ruins of the old one, and makes connection 
 with the same past. It is a good past, full of the lives of 
 good and earnest men, who lived beyond themselves. It 
 puts us under bonds. We must inhabit our new genera- 
 1 D wight, Travels^ ii, 116, 117. 
 
54 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 tions with the old power. In mind and spirit the College 
 was of England, — Old and New England both. Cam- 
 bridge and Oxford were in its ancestry through Harvard 
 and Yale, and the missionary zeal of Whitefield through 
 the broad intellect of Wheelock. In its early management 
 and support it was partly Scotch, but again, and still more, 
 English. It has shown the adaptive and assimilating 
 power which has made England the colonizer of the 
 world. It has welcomed the learning of all the nations, 
 taken educational methods and appliances where it could 
 find the best of them, attracted gifts from men whose 
 fathers never saw Britain, welcomed to its fellowship all 
 races and all religions. We are bound to maintain its 
 tradition of scholarship. We are bound to preserve its 
 breadth and academic freedom. We are bound to make 
 it tell for the fraternity of all who speak the English 
 tongue, — not exclusively, but generously, in the spirit of 
 brotherhood among men. We are bound, most of all, to 
 cherish and hand on the purpose to serve. It has been 
 passed down to us, from the beginning. To convert the 
 Indians was a plan that sounds limited to us. But the 
 very kernel of its lesson is that a man shall not hoard 
 himself, nor squander himself, but give himself to his age, 
 with things of the spirit in control of him. If we are 
 selfish, or mercenary, or live meanly, we are, so far, per- 
 verting the endowments. 
 
 This afternoon we shall turn from our history and take 
 up the onward march. The gateway of a new day is 
 building for us. Have no fear of what we shall find 
 beyond it. 
 
 A tree grows great according to its seed and the depth 
 and richness of its soil. The seed of Dartmouth College 
 was a brave purpose. Its soil was a strong community of 
 men who feared God. This ground has been tilled in 
 
THE ORIGINS OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 55 
 
 patience and fertilized with prayers and tears, and re- 
 freshed by the sunlight from heaven. Men in each gen- 
 eration have put their best at the disposal of the College. 
 The power of the Almighty has been over it, the Eternal 
 One has led it on. What hopes are too daring, what 
 service is beyond our dreams, when behind us lie years 
 like these? 
 
CONFERRING OF THE HONORARY DEGREE 
 OF DOCTOR OF LAWS UPON THE EARL 
 OF DARTMOUTH 
 
 By the president OF THE COLLEGE 
 
 Gentlemen of the Board of Trustees of Dartmouth College, My Colleagues in 
 the Faculty, and Brethren of the Alumni : 
 
 IT was a singular but happy fortune which identified 
 our academic family at the beginning with the an- 
 cient and honorable family of Legge, — a family which 
 a century before the founding of the College had earned 
 the recognition of the King. The relationship, though in- 
 volving no corporate responsibilities on either side, has 
 with us developed a natural and honorable sentiment, 
 which has always met with an honorable response. 
 
 It is a peculiar pleasure, however, that this relationship 
 can be individualized, and that, on fit occasions, members 
 of this family take their place in our academic fellowship. 
 In 1805, Edward Legge, then Dean of Windsor, afterward 
 Bishop of Oxford, received from the College the degree 
 of Doctor of Divinity. In i860, William Walter Legge, 
 fourth Earl of Dartmouth, received from the College the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws. Both of these degrees were 
 conferred in absentia. For the first time a member of this 
 family receives a degree from the College in person. 
 
 I bid you, gentlemen of the College, rise and greet our 
 guest as he enters into our academic kinship. 
 
 William Heneage Legge, Sixth Earl of Dartmouth, I 
 have the honor to confer upon you, by direction of 
 
THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH 57 
 
 the Trustees of Dartmouth College, the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws, the degree through which the colleges and uni- 
 versities of this country express their estimation of men 
 in public life, most fitly conferred upon you in recogni- 
 tion of your active political service, your loyal devotion 
 to public affairs, and your most effective interest in 
 historical researches relating to Great Britain and the 
 American colonies, and no less fitly conferred upon your 
 Lordship in recognition of those high personal qualities 
 of integrity, vigor, and honor through which you have 
 maintained the name of Dartmouth. 
 
 PRESENTATION OF MANUSCRIPTS BY 
 LORD DARTMOUTH 
 
 Immediately upon the reception of the degree, the Earl 
 of Dartmouth presented to the President a package of 
 letters and documents bearing upon the origin of the Col- 
 lege, briefly remarking that he could not resist the oppor- 
 tunity to surrender so much of the original correspondence 
 between the founder of the College and his ancestor as 
 he had in his possession, believing that there could be 
 no better place for these historic documents than in the 
 institution which was the product of these letters. 
 
 The following were in the package : 
 
 Five letters from Eleazar Wheelock to Lord Dartmouth. 
 
 Letters to Lord Dartmouth from John Thornton, John 
 Went worth, the Bishop of London, Samuel Lloyd, and 
 members of the School and College. 
 
 Seven letters to various persons from Lord Dartmouth, 
 Eleazar Wheelock, Sir William Johnson, Nathaniel Whit- 
 aker, Matthew Graves, missionaries to the Indians, and 
 Indian pupils. 
 
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON 
 
INTRODUCTORY WORDS OF THE HON. 
 SAMUEL LELAND POWERS 
 
 Mr. President^ Your Lordship, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 THIS occasion furnishes ample reason for extend- 
 ing hearty congratulations to every friend of old 
 Dartmouth ; it emphasizes the new era upon which 
 the College has entered, and reveals the loyal spirit of the 
 alumni to its present administration. While we all appre- 
 ciate that the burning of the old hall was a serious loss to 
 the College, nevertheless we are consoled in no small de- 
 gree by the reflection that the absence of Dartmouth Hall 
 may be the reason of the presence of his Lordship, — so 
 our loss is not without its compensation. That is espe- 
 cially true, inasmuch as this occasion affords us an oppor- 
 tunity to express to our distinguished guest the great 
 obligation we are under to his illustrious ancestor, the 
 second Earl of Dartmouth, for the invaluable service which 
 he and his countrymen rendered to the cause of liberal edu- 
 cation in America in the founding of our College. Nearly 
 a century and a half has elapsed since President Wheelock 
 was put into possession of the funds which were contributed 
 so generously by the friends of the College in England, 
 prince and peasant alike joining in the contribution, and 
 the little College was planted in the wilderness to forever 
 bear the name of an illustrious English family. To-day we 
 are prepared to render to our distinguished guest an ac- 
 count of our stewardship. This I believe we can do with 
 full confidence that when his Lordship returns to his home 
 
62 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 across the seas he will be justified in reporting to his coun- 
 trymen that the contributions made by their ancestors 
 nearly six generations ago for the founding of the College 
 have not been wasted or mismanaged. We also feel con- 
 fident that his Lordship will find nothing in the history of 
 our College which in any way renders it unworthy to con- 
 tinue to bear the name which was intrusted to its founders 
 by his distinguished ancestor. 
 
 My first duty and pleasure, however, is to present to you 
 one who at all times has exhibited the true Dartmouth 
 spirit, and who among the duties of a most exacting pro- 
 fession has found time and opportunity to prove his devo- 
 tion and loyalty to his alma mater. I now take great 
 pleasure in presenting to you Mr. Charles Frederick 
 Mathewson of the class of 1882. 
 
ADDRESS OF MR. MATHEWSON IN 
 THE COLLEGE CHURCH 
 
 THE passing of a college landmark, endeared by 
 long and familiar association, is — to the alumni 
 of that college — a matter of no small concern ; 
 and in this direction Dartmouth has within the last few 
 years been doubly bereft. 
 
 The " Old Pine " is gone. For unknown centuries it 
 stood, grand and solitary, upon the summit of yonder hill, 
 — its lofty figure appearing in silhouette against the sky 
 from whatever point of view. 
 
 It saw the advent of the first paleface upon this plain ; 
 it witnessed the foundation, the struggle and the triumph, 
 of this College. 
 
 At its foot in commencement week the members of 
 every graduating class, from the very first of 1771, had sat 
 and smoked the final pipe and said their last farewells be- 
 fore scattering to their life work, never again to meet as 
 an unbroken band in this life; and few were the returning 
 alumni who did not seize early opportunity to revisit the 
 spot, to recall the circle of faces that once met there in 
 buoyant youth, and to repeat in sadness the names of 
 those who had meanwhile passed away. 
 
 But decay at last laid its inexorable hand upon the Old 
 Pine. Its end was clearly approaching. A tower of stone 
 was erected by its side by the alumni to commemorate its 
 place in College sentiment ; and in the very year of its 
 completion, scarce ten years since, the Old Pine — its long 
 
64 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 vigil ended — was found prostrate upon the earth from 
 which it sprang and to which it must return. 
 
 Bitter was our regret ; for, fashioned by the hand of the 
 Creator, no human power could reproduce its like. The 
 Old Pine was gone forever. 
 
 But Dartmouth Hall still remained, — the pride and 
 idol of us all. Planned, and its site selected and donated 
 by Eleazar Wheelock, himself virtually contemporaneously 
 with the establishment of the College, and completed dur- 
 ing the administration of his son, John Wheelock, after 
 years of struggle and sacrifice, it spanned three centuries 
 and constituted the only existing link between the 
 present and colonial days. 
 
 One of the finest examples, and, with the exception of Uni 
 versity Hall at Brown and Nassau Hall at Princeton, the only 
 remaining example, of collegiate architecture of the colonial 
 period, it is not too much to say that at the time of its de- 
 struction it was the most interesting and characteristic 
 college building in the United States. Others may have 
 been older, but none so intimately connected with the 
 whole history and life of an institution of learning; for 
 not only had it always been the nucleus of the College, 
 but for nearly fifty years it was the entire plant of the 
 College in all its departments. 
 
 Here was the home of that backbone of our early col- 
 leges, the classics ; here, the lecture-rooms of Proctor and 
 Wright, and Parker and Lord, and of their accomplished 
 predecessors in those chairs. 
 
 Here, too, was the old bell which summoned us to 
 chapel and to the class-room; here, the College clock, 
 which seldom agreed with the bell. 
 
 And here, above all, was the old chapel, in which every 
 alumnus now living had sat; in which from time imme- 
 morial each senior, at ** rhetoricals," had addressed the as- 
 
CHARLES FREDERICK MATHEWSON 65 
 
 sembled undergraduates to their supposed edification and 
 enlightenment ; and in which at the opening of each aca- 
 demic year, on " Dartmouth Night," the entering class had 
 been gathered to be instructed by prominent alumni, while 
 surrounded by the portraits of their distinguished colle- 
 giate ancestors, in the history and traditions of the College, 
 that they might be impressed with the standards of merit 
 and of manhood which a Dartmouth man was expected to 
 support and maintain. 
 
 What an air of inspiration breathed in every nook of that 
 old structure ! Had that distinguished nobleman, who 
 conferred upon this College and that Hall the honor of his 
 name, been granted miraculous power sufficiently to pene- 
 trate the future; had he foreseen from such an humble 
 beginning the growth of this institution in strength and 
 influence during the century and a third that has passed ; 
 had he beheld in vision those hosts in numbers and ac- 
 complishment which from year to year have come trooping 
 forth from those grand old portals, to fill such places in 
 the community and the State, — representatives of the 
 people in Congress, senators of the nation, governors of 
 our greatest commonwealths, wearers of the ermine in our 
 most authoritative courts ; and had he identified among 
 the throng the most renowned and brilliant advocate that 
 this country has ever produced, the wonderful Choate, — 
 a chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Union, and 
 perhaps, considering the character of the questions with 
 which it has to deal, the most important in the world, the 
 profound and learned Chase, — and, towering above them 
 all, a giant form, the greatest orator and statesman of his 
 time, who should become known as the "expounder of the 
 constitution " of his country, and whose logic and eloquence 
 should wring from a reluctant court at Washington, in 
 probably the most celebrated cause in its history, that de- 
 
 5 
 
66 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 cision which not only rescued from destruction the char- 
 tered rights of this College, but for all time insured every 
 other college and eleemosynary institution in the land 
 against legislative diversion of its property in either man- 
 agement or application, from out the channels defined by 
 the philanthropic men who established and endowed them, 
 the colossal Webster: — might not that noble Earl, great and 
 many and deserved as were his titles and his honors, have 
 reckoned, as not the least precious among the distinctions 
 of his house, that this then infant College and that modest 
 Hall had been baptized with his name? 
 
 Within recent years Old Dartmouth had been divested 
 of its stoves, and furnaces, and lamps, and candles, and, 
 with modern devices installed, we looked forward with a 
 sense of security to its future. 
 
 How great, then, was the shock when the message was 
 flashed to us one February morn : ** Dartmouth Hall is in 
 flames ; " with what determination rose the alumni to 
 declare that by their contributions it should be restored, — 
 the call for a meeting of the Boston alumni, issued while 
 the Hall was still burning, concluding with the ringing 
 words : '*This is not an invitation, but a summons ;" and 
 with what joy do they hail this day of the initiation of the 
 work, counting it a happy and splendid augury that the 
 present honored possessor of the title of Dartmouth has 
 consented, in laying this corner-stone, to add a fresh link to 
 the chain already connecting his house and name with the 
 history and the fortunes of this College. 
 
 It is designed that the new Hall shall provide for all 
 the languages and for philosophy, — that is to say, for 
 what was distinctive about the old College. Therein over 
 twenty instructors will do their entire work, the plant 
 including, in addition to recitation and seminar rooms, a 
 large lecture-room to accommodate from four hundred to 
 
CHARLES FREDERICK MATHEWSON 6^ 
 
 five hundred students on the ground floor of the old 
 chapel ; and every student, through the requirements of 
 English, will be compelled, in order to earn his diploma, 
 to spend a goodly portion of his time within its walls. 
 
 Let, then, the new Dartmouth rise, as speedily as trowel 
 and hammer can accomplish it ! Let it rise upon its 
 ancient foundations, and the very facsimile of its sur- 
 passing original ! And let the shades of bygone days, 
 scattered by the flames of winter, regather about its beau- 
 tiful bell tower, and repeople its classic halls, that the 
 returning alumnus may not only behold in it the repro- 
 duction of the outward proportions which he loved, but 
 may come again to look upon it as the symbol, the reposi- 
 tory, and the incarnation of all the traditions and the 
 glories of the past ! 
 
WORDS OF MR. POWERS, INTRODUC- 
 ING MR. QUINT 
 
 DARTMOUTH men have achieved distinction in 
 every field of endeavor with the possible excep- 
 tion of that of poetry, — unfortunately we have 
 not produced many poets. But of late the poetic tempera- 
 ment among Dartmouth men has made its appearance. 
 This is believed by many to be due to the rhythmic har- 
 mony which exists between the alumni and President 
 Tucker. Now we all find it easy to write poetry, and I 
 take great pleasure in presenting to you one of the illus- 
 trious of our modern poets, Mr. Wilder Dwight Quint, of 
 the class of 1887. 
 
 THE CORNER-STONE ODE 
 "VOX CLAMANTIS" 
 
 FORTH from the day of the dawning, 
 Voice that the wilderness thrilled, 
 Cry in the desert proclaiming the way, 
 Prophet of glory fulfilled — 
 Comes with the breeze of the morning, 
 Rings through the forest and plain ; 
 Echo flung on from the hills of the past 
 Brings here its tidings again. 
 
THE CORNER-STONE ODE 69 
 
 Changeless the message she beareth, 
 
 Mother of men and of deeds. 
 Tender her smile as the breath of the Spring, 
 
 Splendid her face as she pleads : 
 " On through the land yet unscouted, 
 
 Blazing the path as of yore, 
 Keeping the camp-fires burning bright, 
 
 Beacons of truth evermore." 
 
 Hand of the race that befriended 
 
 Lends to our strength its own ; 
 Spirit of old, reincarnate anew, 
 
 Broods over every stone. 
 Name of our swift-flashing fealty, 
 
 War-cry and blessing in one, 
 Comes from that ancient baronial hall — 
 
 Dartmouth ! We shout to the sun ! 
 
 Here on the walls of the fathers, 
 
 Here where the great have trod. 
 Here where the rugged sires of our sires 
 
 Prayed in the dawn to God, 
 Riseth the beautiful temple 
 
 Up from the flame and the dust. 
 Fairer to sight, yet still firm in the faith, 
 
 Guard of an ancient trust. 
 
 Into the march of the ages, 
 
 Rearing her torch on high, 
 Lighting the way to the waters of life, 
 
 Passing no thirst-worn by, 
 Goeth our mother Dartmouth, 
 
 Stately, serene, and strong. 
 So may she ever love but the right. 
 
 So may she hate the wrong. 
 
70 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 O thou, our mother royal, 
 
 Shelter thy children to be. 
 High o'er the clouds and the wrack and the storm 
 
 Sunlight gleam ever on thee. 
 Stanch as the rock where thou standest 
 
 Set thou thy banner unfurled : 
 So shall it blazon the sign of thy hope 
 
 Unto the uttermost world. 
 
WORDS OF MR. POWERS INTRODUC- 
 ING THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH 
 
 DURING the past few days we have been express- 
 ing to our distinguished guest our opinions of 
 Dartmouth College. I feel confident that I shall 
 be pardoned by this audience if I now give an opportunity 
 to his Lordship to tell us what he thinks of the College. 
 I now have the honor of presenting to you the Earl of 
 Dartmouth. 
 
 SPEECH OF THE EARL OF DART- 
 MOUTH IN THE COLLEGE CHURCH 
 
 President Tucker , Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 
 THOUGH I am aware that it would be difficult for 
 anyone, and impossible for me, to say all I should 
 like to say to you to-day, I cannot allow this 
 opportunity to pass, without endeavoring to express, on 
 behalf of those members of my family present here to-day 
 and myself, the gratitude we feel for your kindness to us. 
 
 We shall never forget the events of the last two days, 
 and though the weather has not smiled on us to-day, the 
 warmth of your welcome has taken out of it any possible 
 sting. 
 
 On such an occasion, full as it is of memories of the 
 past, it would be impossible entirely to forget how different 
 are the relations between our two countries now and then, 
 but we at any rate can congratulate ourselves that, bitter 
 and protracted as was the strife, and still more bitter and 
 longer-protracted the feelings that of necessity accompanied 
 
^2 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 the Strife, now we hope forever passed away, the storm 
 passed us harmlessly ; and, as far as I know, the relations 
 between " Dartmouth and Dartmouth " have never altered, 
 and to-day stand on a firmer footing than ever before. 
 
 In your College you have a great history, splendid 
 records, and, above all, the lives of your great men, that 
 stand out like signposts by the wayside that represent the 
 history of the College. And though Shakespeare may say 
 of man that the good he does '* is oft interred with his 
 bones," we know better than that, and we kno\y that the 
 life of a great man, as long as it is the life of a good man, 
 is never wasted, but stands for all time, as an example and 
 inducement to all who care to follow. And though it may 
 be given to the very few to reach the highest ideal, I am 
 confident that the very straining after it makes the life 
 of the liver better worth the living, and is a help and 
 encouragement to all with whom he is associated. 
 
 By your action to-day you have given me my share in 
 your history, in your records, and in the lives and works of 
 your great men, and by my inclusion as a member of your 
 body that long chain of connection, the first link of which 
 was forged by Lord Dartmouth on the one side and Dr. 
 Wheelock on the other, that chain which has been added 
 to link by link as generation has succeeded generation, is 
 now complete. 
 
 I have already said, and I repeat, that we shall not forget 
 your kindly reception of us. You have made us feel that 
 we have a home on both sides of the water. I have no 
 degrees to offer, in exchange for the one you have given 
 me to-day, but I can at any rate promise you this, that it 
 will be my earnest endeavor that no action of mine, and as 
 far as I can control and influence those who come after 
 me, no action of theirs, shall ever cause you to regret the 
 high honor you have done me to-day. 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT TUCKER AT 
 THE GRAVE OF ELEAZAR WHEELOCK 
 
 WE are indebted to Professor Richardson, the 
 chairman of the Committee on Arrangements, 
 for the introduction of the fine touch of sen- 
 timent which brings us here, at the grave of Eleazar 
 Wheelock, to begin our march to the site of Dartmouth 
 Hall. It is also in accordance with his suggestion that a 
 brief word is spoken here by myself as the successor of 
 Dr. Wheelock. 
 
 The gift of the eighteenth century to the colleges of 
 America was the gift of the religious spirit. For other 
 endowments our debt is small. The ministry of wealth to 
 education had not then been accepted, and of organized 
 learning there was little to give. The learning of the time 
 was chiefly pedantry or culture, not distinctively power. 
 
 The religious spirit was the great educational endow- 
 ment, and it was very great, because it was creative. It 
 took possession of fit men and taught them to lay founda- 
 tions upon which men and states might afterward build 
 securely and broadly. 
 
 Eleazar Wheelock was a man fitted to the uses of this 
 creative and energizing spirit. My conception of him is 
 that of a man of broad understanding, of quick and stead- 
 fast imagination, and of an imperious will, which gave him 
 in unusual degree the power of initiative ; but I think of 
 him more distinctly as a man able to receive and to make 
 room for those mighty influences which were in his time 
 stirring the hearts of willing and capable men. Eleazar 
 
74 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Wheelock was no opportunist, but he was alive in all his 
 nature to the most serious demands and opportunities of 
 his age. It would perhaps be fanciful to assume that, as 
 a college student, the first fellow on the Bishop Berkley 
 foundation at Yale, he caught the full significance of the 
 great bishop's scheme for education in America. Still it 
 is true that no man ever carried that scheme so near to its 
 realization as did Eleazar Wheelock. In his early ministry 
 there came among the churches of this country the quick- 
 ening power of George Whitefield. Many opposed White- 
 field and his doctrine. Wheelock welcomed him and 
 accepted his message. He became in his own person a 
 recognized part of the ** Great Awakening." The visit of 
 Whitefield was supplemented in the providence of God by 
 another visit of a very different kind, which at once sug- 
 gested, and finally directed, the course of future service. 
 While still a young pastor and teacher there came to 
 Wheelock's study an Indian, twenty years of age, asking 
 for advice and help. Wheelock took him to his home as 
 pupil, almost as son, and after four years sent him out 
 equipped for work among the churches. Samson Occom 
 was to Wheelock the embodiment of an idea, an idea 
 which became a purpose, — I had better say, a passion ; an 
 idea for which he was ready to endure toil and sacrifice, 
 an idea for which he was quick to plead with the churches 
 and legislatures of his country, an idea which he was not 
 ashamed to present at the court of his sovereign. 
 
 It was twenty-six years from the visit of Samson Occom 
 to the signing of the charter of Dartmouth College. At 
 almost threescore, Eleazar Wheelock left his home and 
 church and people, where he had dwelt for thirty-five 
 years, and built his altar and pitched his tent in this 
 wilderness. He had but ten years in which to accomplish 
 his work. It was an old man's task. The founding of 
 

PRESIDENT TUCKER JS 
 
 this College is a witness to the power of a courageous, 
 persistent, indomitable faith. 
 
 It would be unjust to this man, standing beside his 
 grave, to deny his faults, faults which inhered in his tem- 
 perament. Great men do not ask us to forget their faults. 
 This man was great enough to carry them to the end and 
 make his goal. 
 
 The writer of his epitaph has caught the spirit of his 
 life. Beginning as a record it ends as a challenge. I have 
 often read it to invigorate my own soul. But it was written 
 not alone for his successors in the office which he created, 
 nor yet for workers in the cause for which he gave his 
 life, but as the writer says, even for the wayfaring man 
 who may pass his grave. I rehearse it therefore in your 
 presence. 
 
 By the gospel he subdued the ferocity of the savage ; 
 
 And to the civilized he opened new paths of science. 
 
 Traveler, 
 
 Go, if you can, and deserve 
 
 The sublime reward of such merit. 
 
WORDS OF MR. POWERS AT THE 
 LAYING OF THE CORNER-STONE 
 
 Vour Lordship : 
 
 IN behalf of the Trustees, and in behalf of every friend 
 of the College, I now present to you in their name 
 this trowel, with the request that you lay the corner- 
 stone of the new Dartmouth Hall, and that you may feel in 
 so doing that you are continuing the great work of liberal 
 education in America to which your illustrious ancestor 
 and your countrymen gave such generous and timely aid 
 nearly a century and a half ago. 
 
 WORDS OF THE EARL OF DART- 
 MOUTH AT THE LAYING OF 
 THE CORNER-STONE 
 
 j4 ND now in the name of the Father, Son, and 
 /Jk Holy Ghost I declare this Corner-Stone well 
 ^ -^ and duly laid. Floreat et haec nostra domus 
 esto perpetiia. 
 
WEDNESDAY EVENING 
 
 ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET IN COLLEGE HALL 
 IN HONOR OF THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH 
 
TOASTS 
 
 Pagb 
 
 The President of the United States 79 
 
 His Majesty the King of England 79 
 
 Our Guest: The Earl of Dartmouth 79 
 
 Response by the Earl 80 
 
 The Dartmouth and the Washington Arms .... 85 
 
 Response by Hon. Charles Theodore Gallagher .. 85 
 
 Letter from British Ambassador 96 
 
 Telegram from Mr. Edward Tuck 97 
 
 The Commonwealth and the College : The Governor 
 
 of the State, ex officio Trustee of the College 97 
 
 Response by Governor Bachelder 98 
 
 The Native American, for whom Dartmouth College 
 
 WAS Founded loi 
 
 Response by Dr. Charles Alexander Eastman . . 102 
 The Relation of American Education to the English 
 
 Universities 105 
 
 Response by President Charles William Eliot . . 106 
 Yale University: The Alma Mater of Eleazar Whee- 
 
 LOCK 109 
 
 Letter from President Arthur Twining Hadley . . 109 
 The College of William and Mary : The First to 
 Identify Great English Names with American 
 
 Institutions no 
 
 Response by President Lyon Gardiner Tyler . . . in 
 Samuel Kirkland, Founder of Hamilton College : 
 Eleazar Wheelock's Pupil and Fellow- Worker 
 
 IN Indian Education 116 
 
 Response by Hon. Elihu Root 116 
 
William Heneage Le(;ge 
 Sixth Earl of Dartmouth 
 
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 The President. — Gentlemen : I bid you rise to the first 
 toast of the evening — The President of the United States. 
 (The toast was drunk standing, the band playing " The 
 Star-spangled Banner," and was followed by applause and 
 cheers.) 
 
 HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ENGLAND 
 
 The President. — As you are standing, gentlemen, I bid 
 you respond to the second toast of the evening — His 
 Britannic Majesty, King Edward the Seventh. (The 
 toast was drunk standing, the band playing "God Save 
 the King," and was followed by applause and cheers.) 
 
 OUR GUEST : THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH 
 
 The President. — It is a very difficult thing to propose 
 to you. Lord Dartmouth, a formal toast ; you have so sim- 
 ply and so completely won our hearts. You came to us 
 bringing with you the traditions of your great house, but 
 you will always stay with us, in your own person, a perma- 
 nent part of the life of this College. (Applause, followed 
 by cheers for Lord Dartmouth.) I was saying to your 
 Lordship that we could not give you a formal toast ; and 
 yet I can but say, in behalf of this College, that as you 
 go out, our guest — yes, I say, our guest from the other 
 side of the sea — we wish you a return in safety and in 
 gladness ; but we wish you never to forget that you have 
 won a home for you and for yours on this side of the sea. 
 (Applause.) 
 
80 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 RESPONSE BY THE EARL OF DARTMOUTH 
 
 President Tucker, Your Excellency, and Gentle- 
 men: I rise to return you my very sincere thanks for 
 the cordial reception you have given me to-night. I can 
 assure you that it is with the very greatest difficulty that 
 I can find words to respond to the toast that has been 
 submitted. 
 
 We, as I have already said to-day, will never forget the 
 very cordial and hearty reception we have met with here ; 
 and, however long our lives may last, we shall always keep 
 the tenderest spot in our hearts for those of the family — 
 if I may say so — who live on this side of the water. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 I should like, if I might be allowed, to say a few words 
 to you to-night in regard to our visit. We have had 
 many experiences of the pleasantest kind in this coun- 
 try, but I am bound to own that in the press of a por- 
 tion of this country I have learned facts about myself 
 and my family that are entirely new to me. (Laughter.) 
 I cannot but feel that the poetic aspiration that Heaven 
 would grant us the " gift to see ourselves as others see 
 us " would never have been written had the poet Burns 
 lived in the days of the modern newspaper and the kodak. 
 (Laughter.) 
 
 I am bound to own that one of the paragraphs I have 
 seen has caused me a little anxiety. It is suggested that, 
 as the result of my visit, Dartmouth College will begin to 
 drop its " h's." (Laughter.) I can only hope that no 
 such disaster will arise, but if it should, and if anyone 
 should find any of those dropped " h's " lying about, if he 
 will only mail them across to me on the other side of the 
 water I shall always treasure them as souvenirs of a pleas- 
 ant and most interesting visit. (Laughter.) 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 8 1 
 
 Of course, gentlemen, these are all more or less personal 
 matters, and perhaps we ought not to be surprised that 
 others do not form the same opinion of our appearance 
 and our characteristics as we hold ourselves. But what 
 has surprised me more than anything is to find that the 
 history of Dartmouth College has been rewritten from the 
 beginning; and when I see, as I have seen, that Dart- 
 mouth College is situated in England, that it is a rival to 
 the great sister universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 
 that I am the sixth hereditary patron, and that it was 
 originally started to teach the children of the aristocracy 
 in England to read and write (laughter), I am bound to 
 confess that such a statement, coming suddenly on one, 
 would justify not merely the dropping of an occasional and 
 harmless "h," but in scattering broadcast the whole of the 
 alphabet. (Laughter.) 
 
 However, on figuring out things I am able to locate the 
 occasion, and I have come to the conclusion that that mag- 
 nificent flight into the imaginary emanated from the brain 
 of a reporter of the gentler sex. (Laughter.) 
 
 Gentlemen, I have no doubt that such an occasion as 
 this would suggest the desirability of contrasting the dif- 
 ferent systems of education of this country and at home. 
 But I am relieved from that duty, because I find that there 
 is a toast lower down on the list which is intrusted to a 
 gentleman who is perhaps better qualified to make such 
 comparison than anybody else, and no one realizes more 
 fully than I do that it would be quite beyond my powers 
 to endeavor to do so. In fact, I think I may admit — if 
 you will see that it does not go any farther — that I was 
 somewhat relieved to-day to find that in the conferring of 
 the degree there were none of those irritating little prelimi- 
 naries in the shape of examinations that usually precede 
 the taking of a degree. (Laughter.) 
 
 6 
 
82 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 I have often been asked during my journey to compare 
 one thing with another. Personally, I object to these 
 comparisons. We have seen a great many beautiful 
 things, and I don't know that we any of us reap much 
 advantage by comparing them with others, possibly equally 
 beautiful, but quite different in character. I am strength- 
 ened in that opinion by an answer that was once given by 
 the late Professor Jowett, whose name may be familiar to 
 some of you. He was one of our great educationalists. 
 He was for a long time Master of Balliol College, Oxford, 
 and he had a caustic wit that those who came under the 
 lash of it did not readily forget. He was visiting one of 
 our English seaside resorts. In the party was an enthu- 
 siastic young lady who, as enthusiastic young ladies some- 
 times do, had lost that sense of proportion that ought to 
 form a considerable part of our anatomy. She went up to 
 the professor and she said : " Oh, Professor, is not this 
 beautiful ? Does it not remind you of Switzerland ? " The 
 professor thought a moment, and then said : " Yes, Madam, 
 it is very beautiful, and to some extent it does remind me 
 of Switzerland, except that here there are no mountains 
 and there there is no sea." (Laughter.) 
 
 Again, gentlemen, I am often asked what impressions 
 are made upon me by this country. Well, my impressions 
 are varied, and are at present so confused that it would be 
 impossible for me to give them at any length. But the 
 one impression I have formed in this country is that, large 
 as it is, there is no room for anything but admiration and 
 most hearty congratulation on the wonderful progress that 
 has been made. 
 
 I remember not very long ago a speech that was deliv- 
 ered by Mr. Joseph H. Choate, at a time when the rela- 
 tions between the two countries had been considerably 
 improved. A good deal was said on that occasion. Mr. 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 83 
 
 Choate gave a warning note. He said that " no man could 
 be an Englishman and an American at the same time." I 
 take it that he meant by that that where the interests of 
 two countries come into conflict, whatever the sentiment 
 may be, no country will allow its interests to suffer merely 
 on the ground of sentiment. But what I believe and what 
 I hope to be the case is, that by a better knowledge of each 
 other, by mutual respect for each other, by mutual recog- 
 nition of each other's good qualities, which are many, and 
 mutual forbearance with regard to each other's weaknesses 
 which may exist, when the interests do clash the govern- 
 ments of the two countries will be able to find a solu- 
 tion of those questions that will be mutually satisfactory. 
 (Great applause.) 
 
 Gentlemen, may I say one or two words of a purely per- 
 sonal nature ? I once heard a speech delivered by Mark 
 Twain. He gave his views on heredity, and commenced 
 his speech by relating a little incident that had happened 
 to himself. He was present at a luncheon in London, at 
 which was also present one of our eminent divines, who 
 had an early engagement and had to leave before the rest 
 of the company. According to Mark Twain, the reverend 
 divine naturally took the best hat he could find, which was 
 Mark Twain's, and from this very ordinary occurrence Mark 
 Twain came to the sweeping conclusion that he would not 
 trust any ancestor with a hat or anything else. (Laughter.) 
 In England we perhaps take rather a different view of 
 heredity, and I would venture to say that Mark Twain's 
 hat, even if it was as good a one as he claimed it to have 
 been, would have been as safe in the hands — or, perhaps 
 I should say, on the head — of an ancestor as anywhere 
 else. And personally, descended as I am on the one side 
 from the father of the first Lord Dartmouth, who was 
 known among his contemporaries as " Honest Will," who 
 
84 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 was described by his sovereign, Charles the First, as the 
 faithfuUest servant that ever king had, and on the other 
 from Elizabeth Washington, a great-grand-aunt of George 
 Washington, who holds the world's record for truth and 
 honor (laughter and applause), I trust that I shall not be 
 blamed if at any rate I hope that there may be something 
 in heredity. (Laughter.) 
 
 Gentlemen, what is our connection but hereditary? I am 
 the first of our family that has ever had the privilege of 
 meeting the members of Dartmouth College face to face 
 and shaking them by the hand. But these friendly rela- 
 tions have been handed down from father to son now to the 
 fifth generation; and, standing as we do on the platform of 
 the present, with the great past behind us and with the 
 still greater future before us, I think we may congratulate 
 ourselves on that instance of heredity, and trust that it 
 may last for many generations to come. (Applause.) 
 
 Gentlemen, President Tucker is the head of the Dart- 
 mouth family over here, as I am the head of the Dartmouth 
 family in the old country. His family is a larger one than 
 mine (laughter), and I do not say this with any feeling of 
 envy or regret. (Laughter.) At any rate, I believe that 
 in one particular, at least. President Tucker's hopes and 
 desires are identical with mine. I believe the earnest de- 
 sire and hope of us both is that the sons of Dartmouth, 
 whether they be many or whether they be few, whether 
 they live on one side of the Atlantic or whether they 
 live on the other, shall be trained up to be useful, hon- 
 orable, God-fearing men and worthy citizens of the two 
 great nations to which they respectively belong. (Great 
 applause and cheering, followed by a selection by the Glee 
 Club.) 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 85 
 
 THE DARTMOUTH AND THE WASHINGTON ARMS 
 
 The President. — I have in mind, gentlemen, a home of 
 many sons, into which there came a boy of whom, after he 
 had been tried and tested, the mother said, " I cannot tell 
 him from the sons I bore." Such, gentlemen, is the word 
 which the mother of us all bids me speak to-night to 
 Charles Theodore Gallagher. (Applause.) 
 
 RESPONSE BY THE HONORABLE CHARLES 
 THEODORE GALLAGHER 
 
 Mr. President, Your Excellency, Your Lordship: 
 It was a fortunate happening, indeed, in 1889 when Mr. 
 Waters, the eminent genealogist, found folded in the will of 
 one Andrew Knowling, of about 1649, a piece of paper 
 three inches long and from one and one-half to two inches 
 wide, written over with Latin, which formed the link that 
 made the chain complete between the Washingtons of 
 America and the Washingtons of England. Considered 
 in connection with its consequences this was a most im- 
 portant discovery, having for its result not only the definite 
 settlement of the line of our own great Washington's ances- 
 try, but the establishing of direct connection between his 
 family and that of our honored guest, and incidentally the 
 presence for the first time in history of an illustrious mem- 
 ber of the Dartmouth family as a guest of the College. 
 
 It is with some feeling of responsibility that I approach 
 the sentiment of " The Dartmouth and Washington Arms," 
 and had my own wishes been regarded, some other and 
 better representative would stand before you for that pur- 
 pose. I should be false to every sensibility, however, if in 
 responding to the sentiment, I failed to acknowledge the 
 compliment of being placed in this position by command 
 
86 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 of our President, and then by his introduction, being 
 received into a fellowship more fully emphasized in cordial- 
 ity, if possible, than the kindness and generosity of the 
 Dartmouth graduate toward me in the past. The expecta- 
 tions that such a presentation naturally evokes, however, 
 but add to my embarrassment, when I contemplate an 
 attempt " to dim the eye or tremble the lip " on the con- 
 struction of a bare skeleton of genealogical details that 
 shall have for its end an interesting tree for Dartmouth 
 purposes, but falling far short of the demands of an after- 
 dinner speech. 
 
 The most that was known of George Washington's an- 
 cestry was that John Washington came here from England ; 
 and for one hundred years antiquarians had been unable to 
 connect him with the old country. Finding this piece of 
 paper in the Knowling will identified the missing Lawrence 
 Washington, temporary Surrogate of the Archdeacon's 
 court, the Rector of Purleigh, an M.A. of Brasenose Col- 
 lege, at one time Proctor of Oxford University, as the fifth 
 son of Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave, and as the father 
 of John Washington, who emigrated to Virginia. 
 
 Starting with Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave, we 
 have on the English side Sir William Washington, his son, 
 whose daughter Elizabeth married William Legge, referred 
 to by his Lordship, and known in history as " Honest 
 Will " Legge, a description of whose life during manhood 
 might almost be called a history of England ; closely allied 
 with the royal households of Charles L and IL and enjoy- 
 ing a reputation for loyalty to his sovereign almost unsur- 
 passed in history, he maintained during those uncertain 
 times " so general a reputation of integrity and fidelity " as 
 to attract the attention of the historian and the world by 
 the complimentary title given to him here. Taken prisoner 
 no less than eight times, and wounded many more times 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 87 
 
 while fighting the battles of his sovereigns, returning once 
 from a safe escape to Dieppe to share the imprisonment 
 and escape of his king from Hampton Court and his subse- 
 quent recapture and confinement, his modesty declined the 
 proffered knighthood, expressing the hope, however, that 
 his son might live to enjoy it. 
 
 This distinction did come to his son George Legge, who 
 was made a baron in 1681 ; his creation reading: ''That 
 his Majesty remembering the great merits of William 
 Legge, etc." This first Baron, however, well earned the 
 distinction that was accorded him, for his life is replete 
 with deeds of valor, loyalty, and heroism both on land and 
 sea. His destruction of Tangiers occupies a notable place 
 in history as a military achievement, while his naval ser- 
 vice, beginning with the command of a man-of-war at the 
 age of twenty, progressed until he was '* admiral of the 
 whole fleet " and fought De Ruyter and Van Tromp, and 
 was despatched by James to intercept the fleet of the Prince 
 of Orange. The latter on his accession failing to appreciate 
 at first the distinction, so logically put by the admiral in 
 the Dartmouth manuscripts published by the commission, 
 of which our guest is an honored member, between obedience 
 to one's king and loyalty to one's country, caused the 
 admiral to be sent to the Tower, where he died suddenly, 
 as King William was about to release him, being convinced 
 of his innocence and of his loyalty to his country. By royal 
 command the admiral's funeral was celebrated with great 
 respect and pomp, among other ceremonials a salute being 
 fired from the Tower guns in his honor. Immediately fol- 
 lowing, a pension of ;£" 1,000 was continued to his son, who 
 was created an earl in 171 1, and made secretary of state. 
 And in him we have William, the first Earl of Dartmouth. 
 
 The son of the first Earl dying in 1732, before his father, 
 the line was continued to the grandson of the first Earl on 
 
88 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 his death in 1750, and thus we have William, the second 
 Earl of Dartmouth, and founder of Dartmouth College. He 
 has been described to you to-day so eloquently by the 
 historian that he should receive but a passing remark from 
 me ; but he was the great friend of the American colonies 
 during the War of the Revolution ; he was the man to 
 whom Bowdoin, Pemberton, and Joseph Warren appealed 
 that the troops be removed from Boston ; whom Sam 
 Adams characterized as the " good Lord Dartmouth " and 
 speaks of his ** greatness of mind ; " and whose appoint- 
 ment as Secretary of State for the American Department 
 "was received in America with general joy, the greatest 
 hopes being placed on his high character, etc." Dr. 
 Franklin said of him : " Yes, there is Lord Dartmouth, we 
 liked him very well when he was head of the board formerly, 
 and probably should like him again ; " and tells of attending 
 Lord Dartmouth's first lev6e and of the gratification at the 
 reception, which was so different from that of the previous 
 secretary. Thomas Gushing, speaker of the Massachusetts 
 Assembly, to whom Lord Dartmouth wrote for information 
 directly, instead of to the governor of the colonies, wrote 
 to Arthur Lee in 1773 : " I have lately been honored with 
 a letter from his Lordship. His sentiments are truly noble 
 and generous. . . . He seems disposed and desirous of 
 having union and harmony restored between the two 
 countries upon a fair, candid, and equitable footing." 
 
 Not only in America but in England were his position 
 and character felt. The Duke of Grafton spoke of him as 
 the only one who had a " true desire to see lenient means 
 adopted toward the colonies," while Sir George Trevelyan 
 characterized him as one who was " too good for the post 
 which he held," and again says that the " colonists who 
 hated the rest of the cabinet trusted and liked him." In 
 fact the last act of the administration of the second Earl 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 89 
 
 was to present to his Majesty the " Olive Branch petition," 
 of which Franklin says : " He told us it was a decent and 
 proper petition, and cheerfully undertook to deliver it." 
 His every act was for conciliation, until the unfortunate 
 Gaspee affair in Rhode Island, which has been spoken of 
 as " five times the magnitude of the Stamp Act," and after 
 this occurrence no man, however strong, could stem the 
 tide against the whole cabinet. 
 
 He was one of the few men in England who understood 
 the American people. From the Dartmouth country, the 
 counties of Devonshire and Somerset, the men of New 
 England had gone from Old England to find new homes, 
 carrying their loyal remembrances so far as to reproduce 
 all over the new land the names of the towns and cities 
 which they had left at home. 
 
 An additional bond of union between them was their 
 simple religious faith ; while Lord Dartmouth remained a 
 communicant of the Church of England, his drawing-rooms 
 at Cheltenham were open to Whitefield, Wesley, Toplady, 
 and others, earning for himself the title of " the Daniel of 
 the age," and immortalized in the verse of Cowper as ** one 
 who wears a coronet and prays." 
 
 It is not strange that his sympathies and attention were 
 drawn to the establishing of a school for civilizing the 
 Indians near the geographical center of New England in 
 1769, or that he was selected by Lord Sheldon as agent 
 plenipotentiary to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1782, 
 each act bearing testimony to the relations in which he 
 stood toward the colonies and the American people. 
 
 His arms, reproduced in brilliant coloring and attested 
 by the Bluemantle pursuivant of arms of the Herald's 
 College at London, with the heraldic description of the 
 same from the peerage, occupy a prominent position to-day 
 in the exhibition at the Howe Library, while colored 
 
90 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 lithographs have been circulated among the alumni and 
 adorn the walls of library, home, or office of many of you 
 at present; and from this day forward they will be looked 
 at with a new light, a new affection, and a new significance, 
 in the appreciation of and respect for the Dartmouth name 
 and family you already hold. 
 
 Returning now to Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave, the 
 common ancestor of the Dartmouth and Washington line, 
 his fifth son was a brother of Sir William Washington, the 
 father of Elizabeth Legge, and, by the chance discovery of 
 Mr. Waters, was located as the missing Rector of Purleigh, 
 and is thus placed in the direct line connecting the Vir- 
 ginia Washingtons with the Sulgrave branch in England. 
 For it was John, the son of this Lawrence Washington, 
 Rector of Purleigh, that emigrated to Virginia and became 
 the founder and only known head of the family for more 
 than two hundred years. His son, another Lawrence, was 
 father of Augustine, who, by his marriage with Mary Ball, 
 had for issue the immortal patriot and father of our repub- 
 lic, George Washington. 
 
 Providence vouchsafed to the second Earl of Dartmouth, 
 who (if we omit his father, who died without succeeding) 
 stands in the same degree to the propositus (Lawrence of 
 Sulgrave) as does George Washington, that his successors 
 through four generations should add to the dignity and 
 strength of the mother country, and that we should enjoy 
 the fruits of a succession in being enabled to pay respect 
 and homage to one of the line who has come to grace this 
 occasion by his presence. But to Washington, though, as 
 was said of William the Silent, " He lived the faithful 
 ruler of a brave people, and when he died, children cried 
 in the streets," nature so ordered that he left no issue. 
 But as a compensation it may be added that, " Heaven left 
 him childless that all the nation might call him Father." 
 
iTJSTH 
 
 .V<i.''.n™^i.r .- 
 
 ■.»fi«?«TSK1«f 
 
 
 Arms of the Second Earl of Dartmouth 
 
^ OFTHC 
 
 VNtVERSti 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 9 1 
 
 The Washington arms, popularly known as a shield with 
 three stars above and three bars below, and heraldically 
 read as ** Argent, two bars and in chief three mullets- 
 gules," have been reproduced by copy from escutcheons 
 and tombstones in England and placed in public in our own 
 country ; our honored guest detecting one on a tablet near 
 the statue of Washington at our State House in Boston, 
 heretofore unnoticed by myself in the many times I had 
 passed the spot. 
 
 If read by their symbols, the arms of the family would 
 develop the fact that there were navigators among them, 
 and at one time " a prince had built a fortification for his 
 sovereign," indicating the profession of arms. George 
 Washington's life was consistent with the family arms, 
 for, inheriting through a succession of generations a taste 
 for the sea, he yielded reluctantly a commission in the 
 navy at his mother's urgent request, while as a military 
 genius and great commander his fame is historical. 
 
 His taste for agriculture led him to bend his shield to a 
 cornucopia, however, and to foliate it with wheat and the 
 products of the farm ; it was in that form you saw it 
 extended on the canvas last evening with his motto and 
 signature. 
 
 Without disposing of the question as to the origin of the 
 stars and stripes on our national flag, we may take pride 
 in the feeling that Washington placed the six white stripes 
 on the red ground of England's flag at the siege of Boston, 
 and saluted his thirteen stripes with thirteen guns in honor 
 of the thirteen colonies; it is significant too that when 
 Congress created the flag, adding '' the new constellation 
 of thirteen stars on a blue field," the heraldic star of six 
 points was not employed, but the five-pointed mullet of 
 the Washington arms ; and the men who did it had some 
 knowledge of heraldry. But more conclusive to us will be 
 
92 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 the expression of our distinguished guest who, over his 
 own signature, has expressed pride in the fact that he has 
 the right to quarter his Dartmouth arms with the stars 
 and stripes ; an expression as pleasing to us as his corre- 
 spondence on Dartmouth College matters, when, as long 
 ago as 1897, h^ wrote on the occasion of a Boston alumni 
 dinner : " May I, as the head of the family, and a direct 
 lineal descendant of Elizabeth Washington, the great-great- 
 aunt of George, although a stranger, except in name, very 
 heartily reciprocate your good wishes for the ensuing 
 year," closing his letter with that cry so dear and familiar 
 to us all, " Wah ! Who ! Wah ! — Wah ! Who ! Wah ! 
 Da-di-di-Dartmouth — Wah ! Who ! Wah ! " learned by him 
 from a relative who had it from American college men in 
 England at one of the international athletic meets. 
 
 You have given me the sentiment of " arms," — I com- 
 plete the sentence, " and the man." And we look up to 
 him who by the union of " The Dartmouth and Washington 
 arms " finds himself among us, not only to him as the 
 noble earl and distinguished Englishman, but in that 
 higher and nobler character which knows no geographical 
 limitations, the consummation of the poet and the thinker, 
 as a man. For 
 
 " There is neither East nor West, 
 Border nor breed nor birth, 
 When two strong men stand face to face, 
 Though they come from the ends of the earth." 
 
 And as for months the men of Dartmouth have antici- 
 pated the pleasure of a cordial welcome to him, so have 
 the ladies of the faculty vied with each other in their zeal 
 to present to his gracious wife and charming daughter 
 some token of their appreciation and consideration. About 
 us on every hand at these extensive tables are strewn the 
 rich glow and coloring of our New England hill autumn. 
 
Washington's Book-Plate and Arms 
 
^ OF TH., 
 
 VNIVERSI 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 93 
 
 Carefully plucked weeks since, when in their richness, and 
 preserved and pressed, wired and arranged, they have been 
 added to this festal occasion as a speaking tribute for the 
 party who grace the occasion. All honor, then, to the 
 ladies whose fair hands have enriched our decorations, and 
 a royal welcome to those whose presence is thus recog- 
 nized by their act. 
 
 I have said that the Dartmouth and Washington arms 
 are united in our presence. On imperishable marble on 
 the tablet to the memory of William Legge — the " Hon- 
 est Will " of his Lordship and of history — placed on the 
 wall of the Church of the Holy Trinity in the Minories at 
 London, is the escutcheon of Dartmouth with its stag's head, 
 impaled by the stars and bars of the Washington arms ; and 
 as that is preserved in stone and story in old England, so 
 we in New England will ever retain in our hearts, so indeii 
 bly as never to be effaced, the union of the same names in 
 him who has made so deep an impress on all our hearts. 
 
 And this lasting remembrance, thus impressed in the 
 hearts of the alumni and students of an institution of 
 learning that has for its aim '' to give to opinion a loftier 
 seat," will find their work and hope in life enlarged and 
 broadened and strengthened by such an association as 
 this, short in duration but permanent in its effects. And 
 if by his visit his Lordship shall have given a new impetus 
 to the advancement of the cause of learning and good cit- 
 izenship, we may with him be proud indeed of the asso- 
 ciation, and grateful for his encouragement. 
 
 But *• let the strain soar higher." If his visit, like those 
 of other distinguished Englishmen, shall have the ef- 
 fect of cementing more firmly that bond between these 
 two great nations of a common language and a common 
 hope, then indeed may we feel that " great things have 
 been done this day." And as England and America, with 
 
94 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 constitutional liberty and representative government form- 
 ing the fundamental principles of their civilization, join in 
 the forward march of progress and advancement in civil, 
 political, and moral life, the nations of the world will feel 
 the beneficent influence ; and the twentieth century, feeling 
 the effect of these humanizing examples, will look back upon 
 the material progress of its predecessor and feel that the 
 new influence has grandly supplemented the success of 
 the old. 
 
 And if these united influences shall extend beyond the 
 confines of a protected and policed civilization and work for 
 good among the less favored of humanity, then indeed in 
 a grander spirit may the dream of Dr. Wheelock and the 
 hope of the second Earl find fruition in a more humane treat- 
 ment of the barbarous and savage peoples of the earth. 
 
 The great civilization of these two English-speaking 
 people in the past has been achieved by the strong minds 
 and noble hearts of her men ; " large-hearted, manly men," 
 such as the training of the Dartmouth family in England 
 and of Dartmouth College in America have placed before 
 the world. And that the problems of the future may be 
 worked out similarly by the good and true men of like 
 production in the families and colleges of a united civi- 
 lization, is our fervent and earnest prayer. For in this 
 work of developing men 
 
 " Who shall join the chorus, 
 And prolong the psalm of labor and the song of love " 
 
 we shall need " Heroes, who shall struggle in the solid 
 ranks of truth," and 
 
 " Scholars who shall shape 
 The doubtful questions of dubious years, 
 And land the Ark that bears (each) country's good 
 Safe to some peaceful Ararat at last." 
 
 (Applause.) 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 95 
 
 THE DARTMOUTH PEDIGREE 
 
 The following pedigree, used by Mr. Gallagher in his 
 address, shows the relationship of Elizabeth Legge to 
 George Washington : 
 
 Lawrence Washington — Margaret Butler, 
 of Sulgrave 
 died 1 61 6 
 
 Sir William Washington — Anne Villiers Lawrence Washington — Amphilis 
 
 died 1643 I ^- A., Rector of 
 
 Purleigh ; 
 identified in 1889 
 
 (Roades ?) 
 
 William Legge — Elizabeth Washington John Washington — Ann Pope 
 
 emigrated to 
 Virginia 
 
 George Legge, C ol . & Admiral Lawrence Washington — Mildred Warner 
 ^1 Baron 1681 | 
 
 I I 
 William Legge, Second Baron, created Augustine Washington — Mary Ball 
 Viscount Lewisham & 
 First Earl Sept. 5, 17 11 
 
 Son, died 1732, during life of George Washington 
 
 First Earl 
 
 William, — grandson of First Earl 
 succeeded on death of 
 grandfather, 1750, and 
 became Second Earl 
 
 By this it will be seen that George Washington and 
 Elizabeth Legge were first cousins three times removed ; 
 and, therefore, Elizabeth's uncle, Lawrence Washington, 
 was the great-great-grandfather of the Father of the 
 American Republic. 
 
96 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 LETTER FROM THE BRITISH AMBASSADOR 
 
 The President. — It had been our confident expectation 
 that his Excellency, the British Ambassador, would be 
 with us on this occasion, and it was not until last week 
 that we learned that he would be deprived of the oppor- 
 tunity of paying his respects to Lord Dartmouth. At that 
 time I wrote asking that a representative of the British 
 Ambassador might take his place, and I received this letter 
 in reply : — 
 
 British Embassy 
 Washington 
 
 Lenox, Mass., 
 
 19th Oct., 1904, 
 
 My Dear Sir : — I have received your letter of the 17 th and 
 very much wish I could meet your views about the 26th. It was 
 with greatest reluctance that I had to ask you to excuse me. But 
 the fact is that I have found myself obliged to start on a journey 
 to Chicago and St. Louis earlier than I intended, and to break up 
 the Embassy here. 
 
 Our last Foreign Office bag comes in on the 24th, and from that 
 date until the 28th will be precisely the time when we shall be 
 most occupied — while I have just lost two of the secretaries of the 
 Embassy. It would therefore be peculiarly inconvenient to send 
 away any one for the 25 th and 26th. 
 
 I am very sorry, for I should have much liked to meet Lord 
 Dartmouth myself, and failing that to be represented at the cere- 
 monial. But I do not see my way to either. I have also had to 
 give up a projected visit to Boston, which I much wished to see. 
 
 I remain 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 h. m. durand. 
 The President, 
 
 Dartmouth College. (Applause.) 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 9/ 
 
 TELEGRAM FROM MR. EDWARD TUCK 
 
 The President — I will also read the following telegram, 
 just received from Paris : — 
 
 President Tucker, Hanover, N. H. 
 
 Regret cannot be with you for ceremonies of to-day. May the 
 New Dartmouth Hall gather in the coming years associations as 
 rich as those connected with the old, and may to-day's events 
 mark a new epoch of progress and prosperity for the College. 
 
 Edward Tuck. 
 (Applause.) 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE COLLEGE: THE 
 GOVERNOR OF THE STATE, EX OFFICIO TRUS- 
 TEE OF THE COLLEGE 
 
 The President. — During the past three or four years 
 there has been a good deal of discussion in the educational 
 world about shortening the college course. Some of us 
 have had some anxiety about the result, and here in New 
 Hampshire we have been not a little disturbed for fear 
 that we might suffer from contagion from the political cur- 
 riculum, — as it has now become the established habit of 
 New Hampshire to graduate Governors once in two years. 
 (Laughter and applause.) The corresponding advantage, 
 however, of that habit, as we have experience of it, is that 
 we have brought into our company, into our fellowship, a 
 very notable group of New Hampshire citizens ; and the 
 traditions of that office seem to be such that, as they 
 are passed on from one to another, a certain loyalty be- 
 tween the State and the College is more conspicuously 
 developed. 
 
 During my term of office in connection with the College 
 I have known the Governors of the State and their intcn- 
 
 7 
 
98 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 tions toward the College, and, in regard to those of the 
 past, their intentions have been marked by their deeds. 
 That is true of our present Governor. (Applause.) The 
 policy established by the State has been maintained, and 
 no man is more welcome at our board at any time than the 
 Governor of the State of New Hampshire. No man is 
 more welcome to-night than His Excellency, our present 
 Governor. (Applause and cheers.) 
 
 RESPONSE BY GOVERNOR BACHELDER. 
 
 Mr. President, Your Lordship, Men of Dartmouth : 
 I thank you for .your cordial greeting, a greeting invariably 
 extended by the men of Dartmouth to the Governor of 
 New Hampshire, whoever he may be. 
 
 It is with no little embarrassment that I rise upon this 
 occasion to speak even in the briefest manner. My em- 
 barrassment was somewhat increased to-day by the face- 
 tious remark of a friend who reminded me of the fact that 
 I was only an adopted son of Dartmouth, my connection 
 depending upon the slender thread of an honorary degree 
 conferred by the Trustees of this institution. I reminded 
 him of the adopted child who was taunted by his asso- 
 ciates with being only an adopted child. He replied, " It 
 is true that I am an adopted child, but when you appeared 
 in your parents' family they were obliged to take you as 
 you came. I was selected from seventy-five." (Applause 
 and laughter.) I also remarked to him that President 
 Tucker was obliged to accept those who applied for admis- 
 sion to the College if mentally and morally qualified and 
 do the best he could with them, but that I flattered myself 
 that I was selected from 420,000 citizens of the State. 
 (Laughter.) 
 
 I am also impressed by the magnitude of the College 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 99 
 
 and the relative magnitude of the State. Dartmouth Col- 
 lege has grown so fast in recent years that it is not a part 
 of the State of New Hampshire any more, but the State of 
 New Hampshire is a part of Dartmouth College. (Laugh- 
 ter.) A traveller in Germany had occasion to send a 
 cablegram, and addressed it to New Hampshire, forgetting 
 to add the name of the country. The operator called his 
 attention to the omission and asked him for the location of 
 New Hampshire. *'0h," he replied, **New Hampshire is 
 near Dartmouth College." (Laughter.) That located it 
 upon the map of the world. 
 
 We are assembled to-day upon perhaps the most impor- 
 tant occasion in the history of the Commonwealth and the 
 history of the College. Both the Commonwealth and the 
 College are honored by the presence of distinguished 
 guests from abroad and distinguished guests from home. 
 We rejoice that, whatever our relations with the mother 
 country may have been in the past, they are so cordial 
 to-day. 
 
 We tender to you, Lord Dartmouth, and to those whom 
 you represent, the sincere affection of well-meaning chil- 
 dren. If our exuberance upon this occasion is not equal 
 to that manifested by our elder brothers in the famous Tea 
 Party in Boston Harbor, I assure you of our earnestnei-s 
 and our desire to unite the English-speaking people for 
 the betterment of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 The citizens of New Hampshire take a great interest in, 
 and have great solicitude for, the welfare of Dartmouih 
 College. When your entering class gets so large that you 
 have no accommodations for those who apply, we rejoice 
 and sympathize with you. When Dartmouth men, after 
 the hotly contested battle upon the athletic field, return 
 to Hanover with the pennant, we shout with you in every 
 town in New Hampshire. (Applause.) When fire de- 
 
100 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 stroyed your historic building, we wept with you, and 
 when its reconstruction is assured, through the loyalty and 
 the liberality of the men of Dartmouth, we shout with you 
 and will add our mite to their contributions. (Applause.) 
 
 The interests of New Hampshire and the interests of 
 Dartmouth are so identical that it is impossible to speak 
 of one without speaking of the other. If you search the 
 records of the State and the records of the College you will 
 find the same names in both places. The leaders in our 
 State affairs have been Dartmouth men and many of those 
 who have reflected honor upon their alma mater have been 
 or are located in New Hampshire to-day. Whatever con- 
 tributes to the welfare of New Hampshire contributes to 
 the welfare of Dartmouth College, and whatever contrib- 
 utes to the welfare of Dartmouth College contributes to 
 the welfare of New Hampshire. 
 
 The magnitude of a state is not measured by its geo- 
 graphical area, by its natural resources, by the gold in its 
 vaults, or the products in its storehouses, but by the men- 
 tal development and moral stamina of its men and women. 
 There are states in the Union and countries in the world 
 whose area, natural resources, and weath far excel those 
 of New Hampshire. But the loyalty, the integrity, and 
 the ability of Dartmouth men in the State, the Nation, 
 and the World, the right measure by which to measure the 
 magnitude of a state, will place New Hampshire in the 
 front rank and second to none other. (Applause.) 
 
 I suppose that the magnitude of a college is not meas- 
 ured by its number of students, by the cost and elegance 
 of its buildings, or by the wealth of its investments, but by 
 the excellence of its finished product. I am bold enough 
 to say in this distinguished presence that when the men of 
 Dartmouth are compared with the men from the older, 
 the more wealthy, and more populous institutions in this 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 10 1 
 
 land, this College in which we take so much pride will not 
 suffer by the comparison. The citizens of New Hampshire 
 in the galaxy of states, and the men of Dartmouth in the 
 field of learning, need not blush for inferiority. 
 
 The citizens of New Hampshire point with pride to our 
 manufacturing cities upon busy rivers, to our agricultural 
 resources adjacent to good markets, to the soundness of our 
 financial institutions, and to the excellence of our trans- 
 portation facilities, and we also point with pride to our 
 grand natural scenery, to our health-giving, nerve-restoring 
 climate, which afford the opportunity for the most desir- 
 able homes in the world. 
 
 But that to which we point with the greatest pride, that 
 which gives us the greatest satisfaction, is our educational 
 system and the men and women who are the products of 
 it. Chief among this system is Dartmouth College, and 
 chief among those men and women are those who help to 
 rule the world. I trust that this College, in which we all 
 take so much pride, will go on and on and on, reflecting 
 honor upon the memory of its founders, enriching the 
 reputation of its more recent promoters, and upbuilding 
 the State and the Nation, and that the State of New 
 Hampshire will not lag behind in service to the Nation or 
 in contributing to the Nation's honor. Such occasions as 
 this contribute to promoting both. 
 
 New Hampshire and Dartmouth, " one and inseparable, 
 now and forever ! " (Great applause.) 
 
 THE NATIVE AMERICAN FOR WHOM DARTMOUTH 
 COLLEGE WAS FOUNDED 
 
 The Preside7tt, — Some months ago it was my pleasure 
 to take a long ride with Dr. Eastman. We were both mak- 
 ing the same station in Chicago, and on the way he related 
 
102 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 to me — the narrative being broken as we reached the 
 end of our journey — an old Indian myth which described 
 in stirring words, as he gave it, the spiritual side of Indian 
 life. As he left me under the thrill and spell of his words 
 I was almost compelled to say, " Almost thou persuadest 
 me to be an Indian." (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 Seriously, gentlemen, we might fare worse than to have 
 in our veins more Indian blood, a larger strain of that old 
 aristocracy, the native American, for whom this College 
 was founded. Will you tell us about him, Dr. Eastman? 
 (Applause and cheers.) 
 
 RESPONSE BY DR. CHARLES ALEXANDER EASTMAN 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Banquet: 
 I know the Indian, perhaps, as well as any other class of 
 people. At least, that has been my belief, but in my 
 wanderings I have very often thought that I did not know 
 him, when eminent men and the press have told me all 
 about the Indian and his characteristics. (Laughter.) I 
 am like our distinguished guest, — I am bewildered, lost 
 in the woods. (Laughter.) 
 
 But, after due reflection, I am on the trail again. (Laugh- 
 ter.) When I came to Dartmouth College I did not know 
 whether I was on the wrong trail or on the right trail. 
 However, I have the native perseverance and endurance, 
 and, always carried on by curiosity for the new thing, I 
 did not stop. The walls of civilization, the noises of the 
 city, did not terrify me in coming to find Dartmouth Col- 
 lege. I was, however, bewildered at times in observing 
 the complexity of civilization, very often doubting whether 
 it was better than the old life. But when I came to Dart- 
 mouth College, in the midst of all these warlike noises, 
 my inspiration immediately arose and I took courage. 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET IO3 
 
 (Laughter.) Scarcely able then to talk English, and I am 
 not able to talk much better now, I found the true side of 
 civilization, and when I found that, I found that man is the 
 same man, whether he is in the woods, or upon the plains, 
 or within thick walls. (Laughter and applause.) 
 
 I have had unusual opportunities to know both the 
 primitive man and the highly developed man. I have of- 
 ten thought that at Dartmouth College I had that latter 
 opportunity. Studying here, I scarcely realized what I 
 was doing in the first two years, but toward the end of it 
 I began to appreciate what I was getting. 
 
 It is often said that the Indians fled from civilization, that 
 they could not stand civilization, that they could not live 
 in artificially heated houses, or thrive on food that was 
 artificially digested or prepared. This is not true. Within 
 a few years before I came to Dartmouth College I was 
 absolutely what you consider and call a wild Indian, — 
 and I was a bad Indian, for I was a live one ! (Laughter.) 
 My studies and the life of civilization have not injured me 
 a bit, physically or mentally. I call upon you to witness 
 that. I have developed and used those principles and 
 traits taught and transmitted to me by my ancestors. 
 When Professor Worthen called upon me to solve mathe- 
 matical problems, the quickness of observation highly 
 characteristic of the aborigines of this country I often 
 found very useful. My quickness to feel and hear was 
 utilized, and the more I studied the more often those 
 qualities were called into use. 
 
 The highly sensitive nature of the Indian — perhaps 
 covered with the old, well-known, stoical visage — is there, 
 always thrilling, always feeling, always listening. With 
 that peculiarly sensitive nature the Indian is highly spirit- 
 ual. You may call him superstitious. He feels quickly, 
 and his first thought in everything that he sees is the 
 
104 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Maker that he cannot see. He stands before a tree with 
 admiration and considerable reverence, apparently pray- 
 ing to that tree, when he is really facing the Great Mys- 
 tery beyond. He says, " That is His handiwork, that is 
 His poetry, that is His art." The passer-by may mistake 
 him for merely worshipping that tree, because he is so 
 ignorant, so apparently feelingless. He stands by the 
 rushing river and listens quietly. " It is the voice of the 
 Great Mystery," he says. He stands under the pine and 
 listens. He says, ** The music of the leaves is the rhythm 
 of the Great Mystery beyond." 
 
 That is the Indian of this country. There is one charac- 
 teristic of Dartmouth men which reminds me of the 
 original Dartmouth men for whom this College was 
 founded. That is the fraternal feeling. Friendship is first 
 in the mind of the North American Indian. There is 
 nothing more binding or stronger than that idea of friend- 
 ship. The Indian never goes back on a friend. (Applause.) 
 One might think from what we have heard from the 
 eminent historian to-day that there are no Indians in this 
 part of the country, and hence Dartmouth College has 
 been deprived of her Indian students. I will ask Dr. Eliot 
 whether there were not some Indians in his vicinity re- 
 cently? (Laughter.) I venture to say that there was 
 once more some anxiety among the population of Massa- 
 chusetts, for fear of an outbreak or slaughter at the hands 
 of the aborigines ! (Laughter.) 
 
 The purpose of this College, as originally founded, be- 
 fore it had matured to what it is to-day, was that the 
 Indians should utilize it. The Indians of this day were 
 not prepared for a college like this. But to-day, and dur- 
 ing the last score of years, the Indian has been prepared 
 for entering schools of this kind. The government has 
 excellently provided for the Indians of this country schools, 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET I05 
 
 common schools and training schools, through which 
 nearly all of the Indians of twenty-five years of age can 
 understand and talk English; and they are now mature 
 and ready to utilize the fund that the ancestors of our 
 distinguished guest provided for this College to educate 
 the Indians. 
 
 It appears that all the colleges of this country in the 
 older states were founded in something of this same man- 
 ner. They all originally had a provision for the education 
 of the Indian. This, somehow, has been overlooked and 
 neglected. In the West we have a great many Indians, — 
 270,000 to-day. We have to-day counties controlled by 
 Indian voters, holding the balance of power between the 
 two great parties. We have Indians who are lawyers and 
 can practise before the Supreme Court. We have to-day 
 doctors among us. Many of these have been educated 
 by colleges or schools where there was no provision made 
 by such excellent people from abroad as has been reported 
 to us during these two days. 
 
 I say, while I am personally included among the men 
 who have benefited by this College, and while I shall love 
 her as long as I shall live, that this excellent College should 
 still continue to educate the Indians — those Indians of the 
 western country — if possible ; for I would give them the 
 best, and I will select Dartmouth College every time. 
 (Great applause.) 
 
 (A selection was rendered by the Glee Club.) 
 
 THE RELATION OF AMERICAN EDUCATION TO THE 
 ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES 
 
 The President. — I am aware, gentlemen, that we have 
 among us no more useful and no more consistent foe of 
 mere ecclesiasticism than President Eliot ; and yet, know- 
 
I06 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 ing this full well, I find it impossible to present him to you 
 to-night except by borrowing an ecclesiastical term. I re- 
 ferred this morning to the primacy of Harvard College, 
 which made its presence always and everywhere necessary. 
 I beg to present to you at this time, in affection and in 
 respect, the primate of the colleges of New England and 
 of the colleges of the country, President Eliot. (Applause 
 and cheers.) 
 
 RESPONSE BY PRESIDENT CHARLES WILLIAM 
 ELIOT 
 
 Mr. President, Your Excellency, Your Lord- 
 ship: When I sat down at this table to-night I read for 
 the first time that I was to speak to you on the relation of 
 American education to the English universities. This is a 
 large subject, gentlemen, and you will excuse me if at this 
 hour I touch it but lightly. 
 
 The American colleges inherit from the English college. 
 The distinguished guest of Dartmouth College intimated a 
 certain natural confidence in the principle of heredity. I 
 venture to say to him that no people in the world have 
 a stronger confidence in the principle of heredity than the 
 Americans, whether we refer to the inheritance from genera- 
 tion to generation of strong family traits, or to the trans- 
 mission from generation to generation of established 
 principles of civil and religious liberty. In this country 
 we are firm believers in the doctrine of heredity. 
 
 The American college inherited from the English college 
 organization, methods of teaching, knowledge, and the 
 principle that education is the development of personal 
 power. Harvard College derived straight from an English 
 college in Cambridge. Its first teachers were trained at 
 Emmanuel College; its form of government was copied 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 10/ 
 
 Straight from the English college, when the Colony char- 
 tered, through its Governor, Thomas Dudley, the President 
 and Fellows of Harvard College. Moreover, in the early 
 generations in New England it was not only English 
 scholarship, but English benevolence, which developed 
 the first schools and colleges among us. And it is an 
 interesting fact to recall to-night that the origin of Harvard 
 College was partly similar in motive and purpose to the 
 origin of Dartmouth. You have heard during this festivity 
 that it was for Indians that Dartmouth College was origi- 
 nally founded. That is in part true of Harvard also. In 
 the charter of 1650 given by the Colony it is expressly 
 declared that the President and Fellows of Harvard Col- 
 lege are to take care for the education of English and 
 Indian youth. Moreover, it was English benevolence 
 which built at Harvard the first Indian college. To be 
 sure, they were never able to fill that building with In- 
 dian students, and it soon passed into other uses; but 
 there is the fact — a fact of the seventeenth century, one 
 hundred years before the Dartmouth experiment — that 
 English benevolence set the example of charitable edu- 
 cational aid for the Indian race. 
 
 This transmission of culture across the Atlantic has gone 
 right on across the continent Let me illustrate what one 
 man can do to spread education, to impart through his 
 own personal power to thousands of men in later gener- 
 ations a new influence for good in the world. I take as 
 my example the man who founded at Dartmouth College 
 its Medical School, — Nathan Smith. I wonder how many 
 of you Dartmouth men have heard of him? 
 
 Harvard was derived from Emmanuel, through Dunster 
 and Chauncy. Now, what did Smith do? In the first 
 place, he derived from Harvard, thus. He was taught 
 medicine by Josiah jQoodhue, who graduated in 1755, 
 
I08 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Bachelor of Arts, at Harvard College. There were then 
 no medical schools, and every medical student learnt his 
 art from a medical practitioner; so Josiah Goodhue taught 
 Nathan Smith. Josiah Goodhue stands last but one in a 
 class of twenty-four men who graduated at Harvard with 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in 1755. What does that 
 mean? The classes were then arranged in the order of 
 social rank — not alphabetically, as now, but in the order 
 of the social rank of their parents — and they so stand in 
 the actual Harvard Quinquennial down to the Revolution. 
 Josiah Goodhue was the last but one in his class. He was 
 doubtless a plain farmer's son, — but he taught Nathan 
 Smith medicine. 
 
 Who else was in that class of 1755 at Harvard? Two 
 I will mention, — John Adams, Minister to the Court of 
 St. James and President of the United States, and John 
 Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire when Dartmouth 
 College was here established. 
 
 Well, Goodhue taught Nathan Smith ; and Smith began 
 the practice of medicine not far from this town. But he 
 found on entering practice that he needed more training. 
 He accordingly reverted to Harvard University for that 
 training, and was the fifth man to take the degree of Bach- 
 elor of Medicine at Harvard. In 1798 he founded the 
 Medical School at Dartmouth. He was a prodigious per- 
 sonality. For example, he could teach every subject in a 
 medical school. He taught anatomy, therapeutics, and the 
 theory and practice of both physic and surgery. As Dr. 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes long afterwards said of himself, he 
 occupied not a chair but a settee. (Laughter). But he was 
 an admirable teacher in medicine, and here he founded the 
 school that has done such honor to Dartmouth and has 
 been so serviceable to the country. Not content with that, 
 in 1 8 12 he went to Yale College and there founded the 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 109 
 
 Medical School of Yale, all alone by himself, again teach- 
 ing every subject. And, not content with that, in 1821 he 
 went to Bowdoin, and^ there established the Medical 
 School of Bowdoin College. Finally he gave four annual 
 courses in medicine at the University of Vermont. 
 
 Conceive how that one personal influence, inherited from 
 Harvard, spread over New England, and what an incalcu- 
 lably amount of good Nathan Smith did ! That is the way, 
 gentlemen, that we are all tied together. That is the way 
 great personal power works for the diffusion of knowledge 
 and the elevation of the professions. 
 
 This story of one strenuous life merely illustrates the 
 transmissive power, which is, after all, Mr. President, the 
 great hope, encouragement, and reward of all men who 
 work for education. The transmissive power is incalculable, 
 not to be predicted, hardly to be imagined. 
 
 That is what the American college got from the English 
 college. That is what England gave New England. 
 (Great applause.) 
 
 YALE UNIVERSITY: THE ALMA MATER OF ELEAZAR 
 WHEELOCK 
 
 The President. — It is a very great disappointment to 
 us that Yale cannot be represented at our board to-night 
 in the person of President Hadley. President Hadley is 
 fulfilling a long-standing engagement to-day at the inau- 
 guration at a neighboring college, Trinity, at Hartford. 
 He sends in place this letter or sentiment. One could 
 detect that it came from his terse and yet fertile pen, and yet, 
 as you will see, there are embarrassments in reading it : 
 
 Yale sends congratulations on the rebuilding of what has been 
 in many senses a historical edifice in the American college world. 
 For nearly three half-centuries Dartmouth has occupied an ex- 
 
no DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 ceptional position : in the first generation as the northern outpost 
 of American science and religion — like Durham of old ; 
 " Half house of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot ; " 
 
 in the next generation as the training place of one who, amid his 
 many titles to fame and honor, has this special claim upon the 
 remembrance of American scholars, that his efforts made our col- 
 lege charters eternally secure ; and during later generations as an 
 institution whose work for the cause of higher learning is thrown 
 into salient relief by the fact that where so many institutions claim 
 to do more than they actually accomplish, Dartmouth accomplishes 
 more than she claims. It is a source of pride to me personally 
 that my father's father was a New Hampshire man and an alumnus 
 of Dartmouth. It is a source of pride to all of us that Yale grad- 
 uates were so largely instrumental in laying the foundations which 
 are to-day renewed and consecrated. 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY: THE 
 FIRST TO IDENTIFY GREAT ENGLISH NAMES 
 WITH AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS 
 
 The President. — We often speak, gentlemen, of the 
 romantic history of our College. There is a college, as we 
 measure academic distance, far from us, of yet more 
 romantic history, — almost anticipating Harvard as the 
 first college in this country, passing through periods of 
 great and striking change, and more recently having 
 passed through three burnings; but living now, and never 
 so much alive as to-day. One representing on the politi- 
 cal side the great prestige of his name, and with the high 
 repute of a graduate of the University of Virginia, has 
 taken the task of recovering old William and Mary to its 
 original intent. It is a great pleasure to us that President 
 Tyler has come at our invitation from Virginia to sit at our 
 board to-night, and we greet him as he comes. (Applause 
 and cheers.) 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET III 
 
 RESPONSE BY PRESIDENT LYON GARDINER 
 TYLER 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen : The honored Gov- 
 ernor present here to-night set the example, I believe, of 
 stating his feelings of embarrassment in appearing before 
 you. In like manner I may describe my feelings by an 
 anecdote told of a friend of mine whom I lately left 
 in Richmond, — Captain Gordon McCabe, the President 
 of the Virginia Historical Society. He was a gallant Con- 
 federate soldier, and after the war retired to the shades of 
 private life and opened a school in Petersburg, Virginia. 
 The newspaper in the town tried to give him a send-off, 
 and referred to him as ** Captain W. Gordon McCabe, the 
 battle-scared veteran." (Laughter.) The next morning 
 Captain McCabe appeared at the editor's door with blood 
 in his eye and pistols in both hands. The editor was pro- 
 fuse in his apologies and stated that a proper retraction 
 and explanation would appear in the next issue. In the 
 next issue this appeared : *' It is needless to say that we are 
 horrified at the dreadful mistake that the type-setter made 
 in the issue of our paper yesterday. We were made to 
 refer to Captain W. Gordon McCabe as the * battle-scared 
 veteran.' That was far from our intention. We meant to 
 refer to him as the * bottle-scarred veteran.' " (Laughter.) 
 
 Following in the wake of so many distinguished speakers, 
 I don't know really whether I am more " scared " or 
 " scarred." I have some consolation, gentlemen, in re- 
 membering that I have read the eloquent letter of that dis- 
 tinguished statesman, William Randolph Hearst (laughter), 
 addressed to the American people on the subject of the 
 trusts. He stated in this letter, which I read on the train 
 coming up here, that a great meat-packer had assured a 
 visitor to his establishment that every part of the pig that 
 
112 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 entered it was used up, except his squeal. (Laughter.) 
 I can squeal, if I cannot do anything else. 
 
 But, to be serious, gentlemen, it affords me great pleas- 
 ure to say that I am glad to be here upon this most festive 
 and auspicious occasion. I feel already at home, and it is 
 due to two reasons, — to the cordial reception I have re- 
 ceived at the hands of so many whom I find connected 
 with Dartmouth, and because also of the associations that 
 crowd upon my memory. 
 
 I come from a small college, which is situated within a 
 stone's throw of the place where was planted a great many 
 years ago the first permanent English settlement on this 
 continent. I come from old Virginia, — a country asso- 
 ciated with the names of Queen Elizabeth of England, Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, King William, 
 George Washington, John Marshall, and Robert E. Lee. 
 (Applause.) Every schoolboy knows that the name once 
 given to all this vast continent, from the thirty-fourth to 
 the forty-fifth degree, was " Virginia," and the name, 
 therefore, the common heritage of every man that breathes 
 under the star-spangled banner of our American Union. 
 And so as New Hampshire was carved out of this territory 
 of Virginia, I can hail the men of Dartmouth as fellow- 
 citizens and fellow Virginians. 
 
 I am glad to be here, gentlemen, to bring to you the 
 greetings of William and Mary College, to extend the 
 right hand of fellowship to historic Dartmouth, — founded, 
 like William and Mary, in the days when the country was 
 young, and possessing, like her, an honored English name. 
 The two colleges were inspired in their origin by the same 
 motives, the same purposes, the same objects. 
 
 William and Mary was founded and chartered in 1693, 
 and was a child of that great English revolution which 
 placed upon the English throne those grand monarchs, 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET II3 
 
 King William and Queen Mary, whose names are the 
 synonyms of liberty. Her spirit was and has been the 
 spirit of the Bill of Rights which the immortal parHament 
 of that time proclaimed ; and that Bill of Rights went 
 through a second edition eighty or ninety years later in 
 the immortal Declaration of Independence drafted by the 
 greatest of the alumni of William and Mary, Thomas 
 Jefferson. (Applause.) 
 
 She had the same connection with the Indian race. 
 The Honorable Robert Boyle died at about the time that 
 the charter was obtained, and left a large sum of money 
 for " pious and charitable uses." This sum was invested 
 in the Brafferton Lordship in the North Riding of York- 
 shire, and for one hundred years its proceeds came to 
 the college, and the college fulfilled its missionary pur- 
 pose among the Indians until they faded away from the 
 neighborhood in which the institution was situated. And, 
 in this same spirit of fellowship Dartmouth and William 
 and Mary entered upon their new life under the states of 
 the American Union. When the unfortunate difficulties 
 broke out between the mother country and the colonies, 
 the union between the colonies was loose and precarious. 
 But, as a bond holding the ship of state together, was a 
 society called the Phi Beta Kappa Society, founded at 
 William and Mary on December 5, 1776, and now dis- 
 tinguished as not only the first college fraternity in the 
 United States, but the one having the only patriotic ori- 
 gin. A young Massachusetts minister, Elisha Parmelee, 
 who was a student at the college during the Revolution, 
 sought and obtained the right to establish chapters at 
 Harvard and Yale, and soon after a third chapter was 
 established at Dartmouth. There are now forty or fifty 
 chapters, and the key of the fraternity passes its bearer as 
 a man of education and refinement into any society. 
 
 8 
 
114 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 After this, the bonds between Dartmouth and William 
 and Mary became closer and closer, as the years passed 
 on. Not infrequently the men of William and Mary and 
 the men of Dartmouth stood together in the conduct 
 of state affairs. It was John Marshall, an alumnus of 
 William and Mary, who saved the charter of Dartmouth. 
 (Applause.) I may be pardoned for a personal allusion 
 when I mention my father, President John Tyler, and 
 Daniel Webster, who in 1841 stood at the head of the 
 national government. (Applause.) When the Whig party, 
 contrary to their professions in the previous canvass, 
 forced upon the President the issue of a national bank, 
 and all the rest of the Cabinet, under the dictation of Mr. 
 Clay, resigned their offices, Daniel Webster, holding then 
 the position of Secretary of State, resisted the storm of 
 party rancor and prejudice, and stood by the President. 
 He afterwards aided him in settling a quarrel with Great 
 Britain, which on the leading feature of the boundary 
 line between Canada and the United States (in which, of 
 course. New Hampshire had a great interest), was com- 
 plicated and embittered by the fruitless negotiations of 
 fifty years. 
 
 I may say to his Lordship that England at that time 
 was represented at Washington by a man who would have 
 done honor to any nation and to any age. I refer to Lord 
 Ashburton. (Applause.) We are told by Mr. Webster 
 himself that, after weeks of discussion, the movement in 
 reference to a settlement of the question, if any movement 
 was made, was rather backward than forward. Under 
 these circumstances, and at this critical moment, when it 
 seemed that Lord Ashburton, tied up by his instructions, 
 would have to return to England leaving the relations of 
 the two countries more than ever embarrassed, President 
 Tyler called upon Lord Ashburton and entreated him to dis- 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 1 15 
 
 regard the little niceties of his instructions and plant himself 
 upon the broad platform of peace and conciliation. I think 
 it is to the glory — I know it is to the honor — of Lord 
 Ashburton that he yielded to the President's entreaties, that 
 he dared to run counter to the wishes of his government 
 at home, and that he assented to a treaty that takes its 
 place among the greatest diplomatic triumphs for peace in 
 the history of the world ; and that in doing so, while he 
 proved himself the champion of the rights of England, he 
 also proved himself in a higher sense the vindicator of the 
 interests of mankind. 
 
 I wish to add that in 1846, when serious charges were 
 brought against Mr. Webster regarding his use of the 
 secret service fund. President Tyler came from his retire- 
 ment on his Virginia plantation and vindicated his old 
 friend before the committees of Congress charged with an 
 investigation of the affair. 
 
 As an alumnus of Dartmouth stood by an alumnus of 
 William and Mary in his hour of trial, and as an alumnus 
 of William and Mary stood by an alumnus of Dartmouth 
 in his time of need, so the colleges of the country — Yale, 
 Harvard, Dartmouth, Hamilton, and the unpretentious 
 though ancient college which I represent — should stand 
 by one another in the discharge of the duty which they 
 owe to mankind. They have the same common object, 
 they are enlisted in the same great cause, — the education 
 of the people; and in education is recognized the best 
 guaranty for the preservation of the rights of man. The 
 French have a saying which expresses much in a few 
 words : ^' Pour instruction upon the heads of the people, — 
 you owe them that baptism." The sentiment is a just one. 
 An educated man is like David, the shepherd king of 
 Israel, a consecrated man ; and I venture to say, gentle- 
 men, that outside of the churches of the living God the 
 
Il6 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 most sacred altars of morals, of purity, of nobleness, and 
 of civilization are to be found in the halls of the colleges 
 of our land. (Great applause.) 
 
 SAMUEL KIRKLAND, FOUNDER OF HAMILTON 
 COLLEGE: ELEAZAR WHEELOCK'S PUPIL AND 
 FELLOW-WORKER IN INDIAN EDUCATION 
 
 The President. — The relation of Dartmouth College to 
 Hamilton College has been far deeper than may appear on 
 the surface. The relation has been one of a common 
 motive, and as each college has taken its own way it has 
 ac^ed under the impulse of that common motive. I pre- 
 sent to you to-night a trustee and benefactor of Hamilton 
 College ; and, in presenting him to you, I express the sen- 
 timent of every American citizen, that we honor Hamilton 
 College in its graduate, who illuminates every subject in 
 politics upon which he thinks and concerning which he 
 speaks or acts. We feel that when he puts his hand to 
 any political problem, that problem is solved, not violently, 
 but surely. I present to you the Honorable Elihu Root. 
 (Applause and cheers.) 
 
 RESPONSE BY THE HONORABLE ELIHU ROOT 
 
 Mr. President, Your Excellency, My Lord, Ladies, 
 AND Gentlemen : After all the charming, eloquent, and 
 interesting speeches to which we have listened, I feel like 
 that inmate of an insane asylum who inquired of a visitor 
 passing through his ward if he had a piece of toast about 
 him. The visitor said, "No, I have no toast about me." 
 ** I am sorry," said the patient, " that you have not a piece 
 of toast. The fact is that I am a poached egg, and I want 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 11/ 
 
 to sit down." (Great laughter.) But I cannot sit down 
 on my toast (laughter) without saying something about it. 
 
 Few men, either of Dartmouth or Hamilton, know how 
 conspicuous an illustration the two colleges are of that 
 power of transmission which President Eliot has so clearly 
 set before us to-night. In the year 1761 Samson Occom, 
 the Indian student whose brilliant receptivity of education 
 led Eleazar Wheelock to give his life to the lines of in- 
 struction that ultimately produced Dartmouth College, 
 taking up his life-work, went as a missionary to his own 
 people and established himself among the Oneidas on the 
 banks of the Oriskany as it flows into the Mohawk. 
 
 In that year, 1761, Samuel Kirkland, a Connecticut boy, 
 became a student in Eleazar Wheelock's school at Lebanon. 
 There he learned the Indian tongue; there he devoted 
 himself to a like mission with Samson Occom. In the 
 year 1766, that year in which Samson Occom, with 
 Nathaniel Whitaker, was the vogue in London, preaching 
 before princes and nobles and creating a notable interest 
 in the cause of Indian education, — that year, in which he, 
 with Nathaniel Whitaker, was getting from the King his 
 gift of two hundred pounds and making the Earl of Dart- 
 mouth the patron and promoter of the new enterprise, 
 Samuel Kirkland followed his friend and became in his 
 turn a missionary to the Oneidas. 
 
 Shortly after came to the same place James Deane, a 
 graduate of Dartmouth in the first class, — a member of 
 the College before the buildings were erected, living in the 
 wilderness and gathering from Wheelock's inspiration the 
 same spirit. 
 
 For years these three, the students of Wheelock at 
 Lebanon and at Hanover, labored together with the Oneidas, 
 — Samuel Kirkland the leading spirit of the three. Patient, 
 enduring, persistent, through perils of rivers and perils of 
 
Il8 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 forests, amid cruel and savage foes, enduring the heats of 
 summers and the deep snows of winters, Hving in a log 
 hut, travelling through the vast and trackless wilderness, 
 one by one he gained the friendship and the confidence of 
 those fierce warriors, until he became the friend and the 
 father of them all. War swept to and fro in the valley of 
 the Mohawk; but in due time, when peace had come, 
 when civilization had approached near enough to the wil- 
 derness, he in his turn put into practice the lessons he had 
 learned from Wheelock and imitated Wheelock^s example. 
 
 We find him in the year 1792 attending the commence- 
 ment of Dartmouth, bringing with him the Indian chief- 
 tain Onondaga; and in that same autumn of 1792 he ap- 
 plied to the newly formed Board of Regents of the Uni- 
 versity of the State of New York, at Albany, for a charter 
 for an academy, in which he had enlisted the interests of 
 Alexander Hamilton and the Patroon Stephen Van 
 Rensselaer. 
 
 The charter was granted, and on a plot of land granted 
 him by the faithful Indians he planted his institution. 
 In the deed of conveyance of the land he expressed his 
 purposes and breathed the liberal and generous sentiments 
 of his preceptor, — so far, so widely, different from the sour 
 and narrow characteristics which have too often appeared 
 in New England religious life. He said it was his purpose 
 to establish an academy for the benefit of the young set- 
 tlements and of the confederated tribes of Indians, " ear- 
 nestly wishing that the institution may grow and flourish, 
 that the advantages of it may be extensive and lasting, and 
 that, under the smiles of the God of wisdom and goodness, 
 it may prove an eminent means of diffusing useful knowl- 
 edge, enlarging the bounds of human happiness, aiding 
 the reign of virtue and the kingdom of the blessed 
 Redeemer." 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET I19 
 
 And for more than a century, upon the hillside from 
 which the College spire looks down to the north over the 
 lands granted by the Oneidas to James Deane, and to the 
 south over the lands granted by the Oneidas for the work 
 of Samson Occom, standing on the lands granted by the 
 Oneidas to Samuel Kirkland, across the two ranges of 
 mountains, beyond the Adirondack wilderness, for more 
 than a century the spirit of Eleazar Wheelock, the spirit 
 that founded Dartmouth and has made Dartmouth what it 
 is, has been doing the same work that the spirit of Whee- 
 lock has been doing here. (Applause.) 
 
 The specific purpose of these pious men has apparently 
 failed. The work which they sought to do for the Indian 
 has been of but little apparent effect. The savage tribes 
 they fondly dreamed they could civilize have passed 
 away. But great results, nevertheless, flowed from their 
 work. The five great tribes of the Iroquois were the most 
 formidable warriors and the most highly civilized and ad- 
 vanced Indians of our continent. They occupied a strate- 
 gic point in the continent of North America. From their 
 homes flowed to the south the Alleghany, the Susque- 
 hanna, the Delaware, and the Mohawk. To the north 
 their waters ran into the Great Lakes and into the St. 
 Lawrence. Five thousand warriors gathered for the secur- 
 ity and the extension of their dominion. They controlled 
 the Indian tribes south to the Carolinas, west to the Mis- 
 sissippi, north to the Lakes and the St. Lawrence, and 
 east farther than the place where we are now standing. 
 Vital to the success of the American forces in the Revo- 
 lution was the aid or the neutrality of this formidable band 
 of warriors, — men not merely savages, but with a highly 
 developed political organization, politicians and statesmen ; 
 and in the great struggle which ended in American inde- 
 pendence these three sons of Dartmouth — Kirkland, 
 
I20 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 Deane, and Occom — held the Oneidas firm as a rock to 
 the American cause and prevented the powerful influence 
 of that confederacy from waging war upon Washington and 
 his forces in the rear. (Applause.) 
 
 The greatest strategic movement of the Revolution 
 upon the British side was that in which Burgoyne, pass- 
 ing down Champlain and the valley of the Hudson, St. 
 Leger, passing from Lake Ontario to Oneida Lake, 
 through Wood Creek, across the carry, and down the 
 valley of the Mohawk, and Howe, ascending the Hud- 
 son, were to concentrate at Albany, cut the confederacy 
 in twain, and defeat its armies in detail. It was the work 
 of these sons of Dartmouth in the valley of the Oriskany 
 that held the Oneidas friendly to the American cause 
 and enabled Herkimer to turn back St. Leger from Fort 
 Stanwix and defeat that branch of the strategy, leaving 
 Burgoyne to fall helpless at Saratoga. 
 
 Inscrutable are the dispositions of Providence. Man 
 proposes, but God disposes. King George, giving his 
 two hundred pounds to promote the cause of Indian 
 education, sets on foot an influence which avails greatly 
 to cast down and destroy his dearest hopes of overcoming 
 resistance in America. The Earl of Dartmouth, broad- 
 minded and far-seeing, giving his patronage and assistance 
 to the new enterprise, serves to contribute greatly to the 
 success of that Washington whose blood runs in his veins 
 and to make the name of his own ancestors among the 
 most illustrious upon earth. (Applause.) A controversy 
 about the control of a little college in New Hampshire 
 brings the genius of Webster to bear upon the mighty 
 mind of Marshall and produces a decision in the Dart- 
 mouth College case which stands as a bulwark of property 
 and the rights of contract, as a bulwark to the national 
 power and the true meaning and force of the American 
 
ADDRESSES AT THE BANQUET 121 
 
 Constitution for all time. (Applause.) The pious im- 
 pulse of Wheelock, seeking to redress the Indian wrongs 
 suffered in one hundred and forty years of warfare, and to 
 make some recompense for the slaughters, the harryings, 
 and the burnings to which hard necessity compelled our 
 fathers, fails of its purpose at the time, but sets in motion 
 the springs of action that, through the succeeding century 
 and down to the present day, have animated young Amer- 
 icans in carrying through the length and breadth of a 
 great continent the spirit of his example, the character- 
 istics which he sought to impress upon the Indian tribes, 
 so that eigj^ty millions of people, men with consciences, 
 men with high ideals, men of noble purposes, are carrying 
 forward in our day, as they will in the days to come, the 
 cause of justice, of Hberty, of righteousness upon earth. 
 
 The spirit of Eleazar Wheelock and of Samuel Kirkland, 
 failing of their immediate purpose, is the spirit of the 
 American conscience, the spirit of American progress, 
 the spirit of the American future ! (Great applause and 
 cheers.) 
 
 The President, — Brethren of the College, in your 
 name I return the thanks of the College to our distin- 
 guished guests, who have given us their presence this 
 day, and declare that the work of this high day in the 
 annals of the College is done. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
SERMON PREACHED BY THE REVEREND 
 AMBROSE WHITE VERNON, IN THE COL- 
 LEGE CHURCH, OCTOBER 23, 1904 
 
 Hebrews 11:40 — 12:1 
 
 ONE of the most notable evidences of the depth of 
 the Hfe of the early Christians is their desire to 
 magnify their relation to the past. If it were ever 
 permissible to glory in the newness of theology, it was then. 
 There never was a newer one ; never, I suppose, an occa- 
 sion where men so naturally provided themselves with new 
 bottles for new wine. But the life in their souls was too 
 divine for them to beHeve that it was manufactured in one 
 generation, too full of sympathy for man to lead them to 
 minimize the power and peace of the fathers. And so the 
 early church gladly included in their standard books the 
 epistle to the Hebrews, which exemplifies the grace and 
 largeness of a faith that is conscious of ancestry. 
 
 What the epistle of the Hebrews emphasizes in the New 
 Testament the Webster centennial and the celebration of 
 this week bring to the consciousnes of every one in 
 Hanover. We are living no momentary life ; we are par- 
 taking an eternal one. We give over the claim to exclu- 
 sive rights in ourselves. Our pride and our frivolity are 
 alike shameful to us, as we become aware of the great 
 cloud of witnesses by which we are encircled ; the sense 
 of our vast obligation to the dead bestows upon us an 
 august value that is not readily detected in the every-day 
 egotists that we are. 
 
 *' Honor thy father and mother " is not merely a natural 
 sentiment; it is one of the few essentials of religion; it is 
 
126 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 one of the requirements that the Lord made of the young 
 man who desired to be assured of eternal Hfe. That man 
 is rightfully called impious, who plans his life with no 
 thought of fulfilling the loftiest purposes of the mother 
 who passed from this world into the next, thinking of him. 
 But the past, to which a man belongs by right of his crea- 
 tion, does not only consist of his personal ancestors. It 
 consists of all those influences out of the bygone centuries 
 which mould his life. And this is certainly one of the 
 greatest benefits of the institutions of society, — that they 
 bring into the horizon of the most short-sighted the won- 
 drous achievements of this creative past. The state, the 
 college, the church, well-nigh visualize the unseen. As 
 they rear their tremendous ramparts before us, and we 
 realize that they are not to be scaled ; that within two of 
 them we were born and that the gates of the third are 
 thrown open at our timid approach, then it is, I think, 
 that, for the first time, we apprehend the security and 
 majesty of our lives. For me they assume the place of 
 those horses and chariots of fire that the young man, 
 whose eyes God opened, saw round about Elisha. When, 
 by the height and solidity of those towers, we measure the 
 tremendous forces which have been expended to secure 
 our safety, our knowledge, and our peace, we begin to 
 understand why the very hairs of our head are numbered. 
 And of all possible human life, that must always be the 
 largest and the completest that enters with solemn and 
 surprised delight into the rights of the citizen of the state, 
 the learner in the school, the worshipper in the church. 
 To be reminded of the struggles and the ceaseless toil and 
 the splendid triumphs of the past tends not to shackle but 
 to liberate the profound impulses of our souls. And the 
 increasing reverence of mankind for the past, which is only 
 a peculiarly affectionate expression of reverence for God, 
 
SERMON BY REV. AMBROSE WHITE VERNON \2^ 
 
 is shown in the sumptuous commemorative expositions of 
 the state, the centennials and sesquicentennials of our col- 
 leges, and the wider observance of the church year by all 
 our religious bodies. We of this community are particu- 
 larly fortunate in having brought so prominently to our 
 notice this week that it is the courageous and high-souled 
 Founder of the College that has the best right to be con- 
 sidered as the creator of its present fortune, and that the 
 most honored of the patrons of its infancy is still regarded 
 as the most fitting person, through the hand of his de- 
 scendant, to lay the corner-stone of its great future. 
 
 It is not my desire to tell this morning the fascinating 
 and thrilling tale which will be brilliantly set forth on 
 Wednesday. Simply permit me in passing to congratulate 
 every citizen of Hanover, and particularly every student 
 and graduate of Dartmouth, on being connected with an 
 institution that was a direct offspring of one of the most 
 vital religious awakenings the land has ever known, an 
 institution that had for its avowed purpose the uncovering 
 of the eyes of the blind to the splendor of the Christian 
 life, and that owes its name to a nobleman who, while as 
 loyal as any to high responsibilities of state, was most out- 
 spoken of all in his loyalty to the uncompromising religion 
 of Jesus Christ, and who supported this College solely in 
 order that the profound faith of Christ might through it 
 become the possession of a larger portion of mankind. 
 I congratulate you therefore most of all that to be pos- 
 sessed of Dartmouth spirit in the historic and distinguishing 
 sense is to be possessed of an adamantine trust upon the 
 Sublime Figure of the human race and an intense enthusi- 
 asm for His service. 
 
 My purpose this morning is to call attention to the 
 most exalted method of discharging our obligation to the 
 past, an obligation that is so well symbolized by those 
 
128 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 words of Joshua which were aptly quoted to us on Thurs- 
 day night : " And I gave you a land whereon thou hadst 
 not labored, and cities which ye built not, and ye dwell 
 therein; of vineyards and oliveyards which ye planted 
 not, do ye eat." Receiving this unmerited bounty at the 
 hands of those who have worked for us with more intention 
 than did the Canaanites for the men of Israel, how shall 
 we best discharge our vast debt to them ? 
 
 The traditionalist says : " By keeping out the weeds and 
 planting no modern and therefore inferior seed of our 
 own." The indifferentist says : " By keeping the soil at 
 the same standard of efficiency in which we received it." 
 The man who reveres the past says : " By increasing its 
 efficiency to the limit of our strength." 
 
 I wish to put before you two grounds for adopting the 
 last of the three answers for our own. 
 
 The first is that in order to keep the land in the same 
 fertile condition in which we found it, we must be con- 
 tinually replenishing it ; in other words the only wise con- 
 servatism is a healthy radicalism. The man who makes 
 his father's name respected is he that has done most for 
 his own. The capital we receive by inheritance would be 
 robbed of its value unless new projects were constantly 
 being undertaken, which maintain the rate of interest. 
 The reason why so much of our capital is safely invested 
 in traditional ways is because there are those who find 
 new methods of investment for theirs. The older methods 
 of investment are not sufficient for the accumulating capi- 
 tal of to-day. It is after all the financiers that are both 
 wise and daringthat render the rest of us secure. So in the 
 great matters of state it is the man that faces the future in 
 the most untrammelled spirit that best conserves the past. 
 It is only he who underrates the mighty power of the past 
 that fears that we shall cut loose from it. When the past 
 
SERMON BY REV. AMBROSE WHITE VERNON 1 29 
 
 is put by with scorn, it tramples upon its scorners. Out of 
 the frenzy of a French Revolution a despotism is born. 
 When, in a moment of arrogance, we see the great, power- 
 ful Cromwell, in proroguing the Long Parliament, lifting 
 the sacred mace, and saying, " What shall we do with this 
 bawble ? Take it away ! " we do not wonder that it re- 
 turned to crush his protectorate. The new will last if it 
 reverence and fulfil the old ; if not it will but prepare the 
 way for a great reaction, whether it be theology, education, 
 or a theory of government. But the man that most re- 
 veres the power that has been placed without personal 
 merit into his hands by God's long centuries is he that 
 feels most serene amid untried problems, assured that a 
 noble future is bound to be the product of a sacred past. 
 Lincoln was among the most radical of the men of his 
 time, but he preserved the country, not Clay. There is 
 not much doubt that his reverence for Washington and 
 the fathers gave him the power to take a step in advance 
 of them. Indeed, the great enthusiasm for the Union that 
 in those glorious days was so much more widespread and 
 effective than the enthusiasm for freeing the slaves, was 
 the product of a mighty reverence for a sacred past, and 
 it was this very reverence that remade the country on dif- 
 ferent and nobler lines. It preserved the Union by mak- 
 ing it over again. In education it is the same. The new 
 fields of science have not only commanded new forces to 
 till them, but they have invigorated the laborers on the 
 older fields ; never, for example, have men understood the 
 glories of the Scripture as to-day. The history of Christian 
 doctrine proves that it is only the heretic that keeps theology 
 alive. In any science it is the discoverer of the new that best 
 demonstrates the worth of the old. And in religion this law 
 is as true as in government or education. Amos set off 
 the Hebrew nation on a new and unparalleled service of 
 
 9 
 
I30 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 God when he bade them to drop their ancestral ritual and 
 betake themselves to justice, but it was in the name of the 
 God of their fathers that he adjured them so to do. Jesus 
 Christ came heralding the establishment of the kingdom 
 of God on earth, the least citizen of which was greater 
 than the greatest prophet, yet he announced that he had 
 not come on an errand of destruction but of fulfilment. It 
 was the traditionalist, the conservative, that was doing the 
 destroying; it was necessary to trim the law at a hun- 
 dred points to save its massive trunk. Luther turned the 
 world upside down, but he did so because Paul nerved him 
 to the deed. Adaptation to environment is the necessary 
 law of all life. The only way to save America is by driv- 
 ing it onward ; the only way to maintain Dartmouth is by 
 some method of enlargement, not necessarily numerical ; 
 the only way to be able to say our prayers in faith is to 
 make them larger every day and to induce the Malay and 
 Hottentot to join in them. 
 
 The first reason then for paying our obligation to the 
 past by seeking to transcend it is that only so will we 
 save it. But there is a second and a mightier reason. It 
 is that the spirit of the past, which is more important than 
 its achievements, is nothing else than the spirit of progress. 
 The vineyards that Israel had not planted did not grow 
 wild; their Canaanite possessors had planted them, and 
 when they planted them they were radicals ; they made 
 short work of most ancient thorns. And so have these 
 ancestors of ours been pioneers in things of government, 
 of education, and religion. The spirit of the past is a spirit 
 of progress. Who come most readily to mind when we 
 think of the great cloud of witnesses of the past? How 
 about Euclid and Copernicus and Galileo and Newton and 
 Darwin? How about Caesar and Justinian, Giotto and 
 Michael Angelo, Washington and Cromwell, Paul and 
 
SERMON BY REV. AMBROSE WHITE VERNON I31 
 
 Luther, Shakespeare and Chaucer and Wordsworth and 
 Browning? How about Socrates and Buddha? Moses 
 and Amos? Pestalozzi and Froebel? How about the 
 prophets and the Lord? These creators of the past, 
 were they men that feared to leave their own country? 
 Or were they men that obeyed the mighty impulses of 
 their own hearts and went out not knowing whither they 
 went? How about Wheelock himself, whom in a way we 
 celebrate afresh ? When he gave himself over to the new 
 life that Whitefield brought, despite the scorn of the 
 learned, was he a small traditionalist then? When he 
 went forth into the scantily settled provinces of New 
 Hampshire and became a voice crying in the wilderness, 
 was he trying to keep what he had or trying to take his 
 part in creation ? It is true that he had the defects of his 
 qualities. He was a very faulty and suspicious and domi- 
 neering man. Whitefield was quite right in writing him : 
 ** The best souls are liable sometimes to mistake fancy for 
 faith, and imagination for revelation. My advice is to 
 contract instead of enlarging." And yet Dartmouth owes 
 its existence to the rejection of that excellent advice, to 
 the triumph of huge religious impulses over the spirit of 
 hesitancy and criticism. It is better to be a cantankerous 
 optimist than an amiable cynic; it is truer to the great 
 deeds of the past. Criticism is superb in its place, but its 
 place is the clearing away of debris after some mighty 
 building has been planned. Those men pay best their 
 debt to the race, not who criticise every proposition be- 
 cause it does not conform to accepted standards, but who 
 feel themselves borne along by the mighty life of the past 
 to something as new and as true as the founding of a col- 
 lege in the wilderness or the unshackling of the fetters of a 
 rusty tradition. As Crothers has recently pointed out, 
 that is what Paul meant when he told the timid converts 
 
132 DARTMOUTH HALL CORNER-STONE 
 
 that they were children of Abraham who because of faith 
 in God dared to follow a divine leader, rather than they 
 that kept a ritual, which however old was sometime new. 
 It was not worshipping God in the Jewish temple that 
 made a man true to the past, it was sharing the reckless 
 trust that made Abraham the father of the faithful. 
 
 And so at last we come to the text, which it seems to 
 me is one of the remarkable verses in our Testament. The 
 cloud of witnesses of which its author speaks was not a 
 nebulous cloud. It was made up of very distinct and definite 
 heroes of faith. He had made a catalogue of the men 
 who to him were the greatest souls in the world. So per- 
 tinent, so concise is his description of each that you would 
 almost think he were conferring degrees for excellence in 
 faith. And the whole catalogue exposed him to a most 
 obvious retort. " All these men," his opponents could so 
 easily say, were constantly saying, " all these men achieved 
 their victories and glorified their God without the slightest 
 knowledge of this Lord Jesus of yours." " I know it," says 
 this wonderful man. " These all, having had witness borne 
 to them through their faith, received not the promise, God 
 having provided some better thing for us, that they without 
 us should not be made perfect." Was there ever audacity 
 so great? Was there ever anything more incontrovertible? 
 
 This unknown man, who had looked into the face of 
 Christ, felt himself at one with the greatest men of the uni- 
 verse, because he believed that he possessed their very 
 spirit of creative trust, and because he believed that he and 
 his few friends were called by God to complete the lives 
 of Abraham, of Moses, of all the prophets, by pushing the 
 conquests of their faith to an undreamt success ! He was 
 no egotist ; egotists do not forget to tell us their names ! 
 He was a humble soul who had come into the possession 
 of so supremely satisfying a life that this great cloud of 
 
SERMON BY REV. AMBROSE WHITE VERNON 1 33 
 
 witnesses that had not shared it explained it instead of 
 crushing it. He understood why it was so great, — it was 
 the product of all God's saints ; he understood his exulta- 
 tion, — he was annexing great unclaimed areas to the 
 Kingdom of God. 
 
 With this majestic insight into our life, as well as his, let 
 us come into that reverence for ourselves, which those 
 should feel that are the vessels of God, bearing His life 
 to some great goal beyond us. We can be true to the 
 Founder of Dartmouth,''as we carry on that work to which 
 he consecrated his imperious but courageous life, only as 
 we live and study in the atmosphere of a *' great awaken- 
 ing," which I verily believe is upon us, only as we become 
 possessed by some great purpose, larger and diviner than 
 his, that shall carry this College with a clear, strong voice 
 into the wilderness of our dust-blown, modern life, pro- 
 claiming and bringing peace. Above all, we shall be true 
 to Christ, the real Founder of this College, only as, with un- 
 sandaled feet and bated breath, we realize that He without 
 us shall not be made perfect. My friends, this lesson is 
 that which I pray may be impressed on both you and me ; 
 that he that throws away his life sins against the holy cen- 
 turies that wait to come to fruition in it, that he commits 
 not suicide, not even homicide, but that crime which made 
 old savage Eli start with nameless dread and say, " If one 
 man sin against another, God will interpose for him, but if 
 a man sin against God, who will interpose for him?" 
 
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