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SWAHILI EXERCISES 
 
 COMPILED FOR 
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES' MISSION TO 
 CENTRAL AFRICA, 
 
 BT 
 
 EDWARD STEERE, LL.D,, 
 
 MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR CENTRAL AFRICA* 
 
 "Soli Deo gloria." 
 
 TWELFTH THOUSAND 
 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, 
 LONDON : 68, HAYMARKET, S.W. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THIS little book is intended as a practical guide for tbose 
 who wish to speak Swahili correctly. It does not pretend 
 to teach them to speak the language, but to guide them to 
 the use of correct forms, and to draw their attention to 
 niceties of expression, which the untutored ear would pro- 
 bably miss. The only way to learn to speak a language is 
 by listening to, and talking with, natives. Without this no 
 book in the world can be of much use. But a listener will 
 soon meet with forms and phrases which want explanation. 
 It is then that he can make good use of a book. Thus, 
 a listener would soon find that the first syllables of Swahili 
 words were often changing, but it would be very difficult for 
 him without any guide to discover what rules the changes 
 followed. 
 
 The first syllables of Swahili words depend almost always 
 upon some Substantive expressed or understood. But if a 
 learner is plunged at once into a chaos of ten or twelve or 
 fifteen or sixteen different forms with various effects upon the 
 other parts of speech, he is apt to give up the attempt to 
 master what seems so much more difficult than it really is. 
 
IV ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 In the following pages three of the most useful forms of 
 Substantives are first taken, and by working through all the 
 ordinary grammar of the language with these three forms 
 only, the learner will find that his mind is getting used to 
 the peculiarities of this class of languages, and the real 
 simplicity of their construction will become more and more 
 evident 
 
 It is not intended to give instances here of every form of 
 word or sentence. All the more important are given ; what 
 remain are rarely used, or belong to some specialty of 
 thought or expression, and can be very soon mastered 
 when they are really wanted. The compiler has been 
 himself surprised to find how copious and expressive the 
 Swahili language is, and he will be glad if these exercises 
 help to vindicate its honour. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES. 
 M- AND Ki- CLASSES, i 40. 
 
 List of regular Substantives, i 3. 
 
 Substantives with vowel roots, id. 
 
 Adjectives with vowel roots, 3. 
 Plurals, I, 1 6. 
 Possessive case, 19. 
 Locative case, 59. 
 Agreement of Adjectives, 3. 
 
 Vowel Adjectives, 1 6, 17, 
 
 Numerals, 4. 
 Pronouns 7, 8. 
 
 Demonstratives, 5 7. 
 
 Personal Pronouns, J. 
 Verbal Prefixes, 8. 
 
 Interrogatives, 9. 
 
 Objective prefixes, 14. 
 
 Possessive Pronouns, aa 
 
 Him and His, 20. 
 
 Quasi Pronouns, all, having itself, fy #//, 
 
 Relatives, 22 2$. 
 
 Which? 9. 
 
 THE N- CLASS, 48 55. 
 
 List of N- Substantives, 49. 
 Euphonic changes, 48, 53. 
 Adjectives, 51. 
 
 Numerals, 52. 
 Pronouns, 52 54 
 
 Demonstratives, 53. 
 
 Pronominal prefixes, 5 2 i $Jr 
 
 Which ? 53. 
 
 Possessives, 53. 
 
 Quasi Pronouns, 53, 
 
 Relatives, 54. 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 THE MA- CLASS, 42 48, see 65. 
 
 List of Ma- Substantives, 42 43 
 . Adjectives, 43 44. 
 Pronouns, 45 46. 
 
 Demonstratives, 44. 
 
 Pronominal prefixes, 45, 48. 
 
 Which ? 44. 
 
 Possessives, 46. 
 
 Quasi Pronouns, 46. 
 
 Relatives, 47. 
 
 THE U- CLASS, 55 59. 
 
 List of U- Substantives, 56. 
 Plurals, 5557. 
 Adjectives, 57. 
 
 Numerals, 57. 
 Pronouns, 57. 
 
 Demonstratives, 58. 
 
 Pronominal prefixes, 58, 
 
 Which ? 58. 
 
 Relatives, 58. 
 
 MAHALI, place, 40. 
 
 INFINITIVES of Verbs as Substantive^ 41. 
 
 NAMES OF ANIMALS, 64, 65. 
 
 THE -Ni CASE, 59. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 List of regular Adjectives, 3. 
 
 List of vowel Adjectives, 16, 17. 
 
 Indeclinable Adjectives, 60. 
 
 Compound Adjectives, 61. 
 
 Adjectival Verbs, 62, 63. 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives, 66, 67. 
 
 Agreement of Adjectives, 3, 16, 17, 40, 43, 51, 57, Gl, 64. 
 
 NUMERALS, 4, 
 
 Ordinal numbers, 6 1. 
 
 Agreement of numerals, 4, 5, 43, 52, 57, 6$, 
 
CONTENTS. Vii 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 Demonstratives, 5, 41, 44, 53, 57, 64. 
 
 Personal Pronouns, 7, 45, 52, 57. 
 
 Subjective and Objective prefixes, 8, 14, 30, 40, 45, 48, 52, 55, 
 
 58, 64. 
 
 Interrogatives, 9, 41, 44, 53, 58. 
 
 Quasi Pronouns, all, having, itself, by itself, 21, 41, 46, 53, 58, 
 Possessive Pronouns, 20, 41, 46, 53, 58. 
 Relatives, 2225, 54. 6 9 7 2 - 
 
 Relative with negative, 33. 
 
 Forming quasi Adjectives, 62. 
 
 In the comparison of Adjectives, 67. 
 
 Agreement of Relatives, 23, 41, 47, 54, 58. 
 
 Relatives of time and place, 24, 25, 41, 69, 
 
 Relative without note of time, 64. 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 List of Verbs, 8, n. 
 
 List of irregular Verbs, 70, 71. 
 
 List of Adjectival Verbs, 62, 63. 
 
 Infinitive, 10, 41. 
 
 Indicative Tenses, affirmative, 10. 
 
 Present indefinite, 18. 
 
 Present imperfect, 10. 
 
 Future, 10. 
 
 Future of continuing action, 73 
 
 Present Perfect, 8, 10, 62. 
 
 Past, 10, 18, 73. 
 
 Past Imperfect, 73. 
 
 Pluperfect, 73. 
 
 Narrative tense, 27. 
 
 Participial tense, 27. 
 Indicative, negative, 30. 
 
 Present, 30. 
 
 Past, 31. 
 
 Not yet tense, 31. 
 
 Future, 32. 
 
 Negative with rektives, 33, 
 
 Negative participial, 34. 
 Imperative affirmative, 25, 26, 
 
eill CONTENTS. 
 
 THE VERB (continue^) 
 Imperative negative, 33. 
 Subjunctive affirmative, 25, 26. 
 
 negative, 33. 
 
 Conditional affirmative, 29. 
 
 negative, 32. 
 Compound tenses, 73. 
 
 Kwisha, as an auxiliary, 73. 
 Participles, 73. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE, 35, 74, 76. 
 To BE, 7, 6769, 73. 
 
 See also 7, 9, 30, 34, 45, 52, 57, 6769. 
 To HAVE, 72, 73. 
 DERIVATIVE VERBS, 74 80. 
 
 Applied or Prepositional form, 74, 
 With mbali, 77. 
 To denote use or purpose, 77. 
 Reciprocal form, 78. 
 Reflective, 15. 
 i Neuter form, 78. 
 
 Causative form, 79. 
 
 Verbs in-*, -i, and -, 26, 30, 35, 76, 78, 70 
 Verbs in -oa and ua, 35, 75. 
 
 ADVERBS, 36. 
 
 List of Adverbs, 36. 
 Sana, 36, 67. 
 Awb, 32. 
 Mbali, 77. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS, 37. 
 
 Prepositional form of Verb, 37, 74, 
 Compound Prepositions, 38. 
 Of, 19, 37, 4i, 46, 53, 58. 
 By after Passive Verb, 35. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS, 26, 27, 38, 39. 
 QUESTIONS, 9, 13, 24, 25. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 Ki- and M- Classes. Substantives beginning with ki- 
 are made plural by changing ki- into vi-. 
 
 Kitu,* a thing. Vitu, things. 
 
 Substantives beginning with m- are made plural in different 
 ways, according to whether they are the names of persons, 
 or living beings of any kind, or are the names of trees, or 
 things in general. 
 
 If they denote living beings, substantives in m- are made 
 plural by changing m- into wa-. 
 
 Mtu, a person. Watu, people. 
 
 If they do not denote living beings, substantives in in- 
 are made plural by changing m- into mi-. 
 
 Mti, a tree, wood. Miti, trees. 
 
 Mkono, an arm. Mikono, arms. 
 
 What are the plurals of 
 
 Kitendo, an action. Kibofu, a bladder. 
 
 M shale, an arrow. Kipofu, a blind person, 
 
 Kikapo, a matting bag, Mfupa, a bone. 
 
 Mbuyu, a baobab tree. Kitabu, a book. 
 
 Kitanda, a bedstead. Mpaka, a boundary. 
 
 * In pronouncing Swahili, the vowels are pronounced as the vowels 
 in Italian ; the consonants are pronounced much like those in English, 
 except gh t which represents the Arabic ghain, and is pronounced as a 
 strong guttural. 
 
 The accent is always on the penultimate syllable. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Mzigo, a burden. 
 Kifungo, a button. 
 Mzinga, a cannon. 
 Mtumbwi, a canoe. 
 Msafara, a caravan* 
 Mkufu, a chain. 
 Kiti, a chair. 
 Mfalme, a thief, a king, 
 Mtoto, a child. 
 Kidevu, the chin. 
 Mnazi, a cocoa-nut tree, 
 Mbuni, a coffee plant. 
 Kitana, a comb. 
 Mpishi, a cook. 
 Kizibo, a cork. 
 Kikombe, a cup. 
 Mtende, a date tree. 
 Kiziwi, a deaf person. 
 Mlango, a door. 
 Mlevi, a drunkard. 
 Mzungu, a Eitropean. 
 Kidole, a finger. 
 Mvuvi, ajishcrrnan, 
 Kiroboto, a flea. 
 Mguu, the foot. 
 Kivuko, a ford. 
 Mgeni, a foreigner, 
 Mchezo, a game. 
 Mlinzi, a guard. 
 Mkono, the hand. 
 Kipini, a handle. 
 Kitwa, the head. 
 Mchunga, a herdsman, 
 Kiliuia, a hill. 
 Kiboko, a hippopotamus. 
 Kibanda, a hut. ' 
 Mkaliniani, an interpreter. 
 Kisiwa, an island, 
 Kisu, a knifr. 
 Kifuniko, a lid. 
 Mstari, a line. 
 Mdomo, a lip. 
 Mjusi, a lizard. 
 Mkate, a loaf. 
 Kioo, a lookin-glast % 
 Kitanzi, a loop. 
 Mchiro, a maiigousle. 
 
 MHngote, a mast. 
 Mganga, a medicine-man, 
 Msiba, a misfortune. 
 Kinu, a wooden mortar for 
 
 cleaning corn. 
 Mlima, a mountain. 
 Kinwa, the mouth. 
 Mlezi, a nurse. 
 Kiapo, an oath. 
 Mzee, an old person. 
 Kitunguu, an onion. 
 Msimamizi, an overlooker. 
 Mchikichi, a palm-oil tree. 
 Kipande, apiece. 
 Mto, a pillow. 
 Kipele, a pimple. 
 Mti, a pole, a tree. 
 Mpagazi, a caravan porttr. 
 Kiazi, a sweet potato. 
 Kigai, a potsherd. 
 Xifuko, a pune. 
 Kitambaa, a rag. 
 Kidaka, a recess. 
 Kifaru, a rhinoceros. 
 Mto, a river. 
 Mtoro, a runaway. 
 Mtai, a scratch. 
 Mtumishi, a servant. 
 Kivuli, a shadoiv. 
 Xiatu, a shoe (sandal). 
 Mgonjwa, a sick person, 
 Mjinga, a simpleton. 
 Mtumwa, a slave. 
 Mtwana, a slave boy. 
 Kijakazi, a slave girl. 
 Mjakazi, a slave woman. 
 Mjoli, a follow slave. 
 Mkeka, a sleeping mat. 
 Kidonda, a sore. 
 M kuke, a spear. 
 Mtambo, a metal spring. 
 Mkia, a tail. 
 Kijiko, a teaspoon. 
 Kiko, a tobacco pipt. 
 Mji, a town. 
 Mtego, a trap. 
 Kilcmba, a turban. 
 
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 3 
 
 Mzabibu, a vine. Mjeledi, a whip. 
 
 Ktsibau, a waistcoat.. Mke, a -wife. 
 
 Mtungi, a -water-jar. Mchawi, a wizard. 
 
 Kisima, a well. Kijana, a youth, 
 
 The English words are in alphabetical order. 
 MUUNGU, GOD, and Miume, an Apostle, make their plurals 
 irregularly miungu, gods, Mitume t Apostles. 
 
 AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives are made to agree with their substantives by 
 adopting the same prefix. 
 
 Mtu mrefu, a tall titan. Kisu kirefu, a long knife, 
 
 Watu warefu, tall people. Visu virefu, long knives. 
 Miti mirefu, (all trees. 
 
 The adjective is always placed after its substantive. 
 
 LIST OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The root only is here given, to which the proper prefix 
 must be in each case attached. 
 
 Bad, baya. Little, dogo. 
 
 Bare, only, tupu. Long, refu. 
 
 Beautiful, zuri. New, pya. 
 
 Bitter, chungu. Old (worn out), kukuu. 
 
 Broad, pana. Open, wazi. 
 
 Chief, great, kuu. Raw, bichi. 
 
 Dry, kavu. Ripe, bivu. 
 
 Empty, tupu. Rotten, bovu. 
 
 Female, ke. Savage, kali. 
 
 fierce, kali. Sharp, kali. 
 
 Fine, zuri. Short, fupL 
 
 Foreign, geni. Sound, zirna. 
 
 Great, large, kub'-va. Sweet, tarnu. 
 
 Hard, gumu. Thick, nene. 
 
 Heavy, zito. Unripe, bichi. 
 
 Idle, vivu. Whole, zima, 
 
 Jealous, wivu. Wide, pana. 
 
 The interrogative, How many ? -ngapi ? is treated as an 
 adjective. 
 
j SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Watu wangapi ? How many people t 
 Viti vingapi ? How many chairs ? 
 Miti mingapi ? How many trees t 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 A bad action. A long arrow. Empty matting bags. Thick baobaV 
 trees. A broad bedstead. A hard bone. An old book. Heavy bur- 
 dens. A beautiful button. Large cannons. A short canoe. Foreign 
 caravans. A thick chain. A new chair. Great chiefs. A beautiful 
 child. Long chins. A fine coffee plant. Little combs. An idle cook. 
 Hard corks. An empty cup. Short date trees. Wide doors. A fierce 
 drunkard. Female Europeans. A thick finger. Jealous fishermen. 
 Bare feet. A wide ford. Idle foreigners. A fine game. Fierce 
 guards. A sound hand. Long handles. A dry head. Bad herdsmen. 
 A great hill. A dry hut. A bad interpreter. Large islands. A sharp 
 knife. Heavy lids. A long line. Dry lips. Large lizards. A sweet 
 loaf. New looking-glasses. A long loop. Female mangoustes. A 
 short mast. A foreign medicine man. Heavy misfortunes. A new 
 mortar. Great mountains. Wide mouths. Jealous nurses. A bitter 
 oath. Fine old people. A rotten onion. Sharp overlookers. Little 
 palm-oil trees. Short pieces. A hard pillow. Long poles. An idle 
 porter. Raw sweet potatoes. A sharp potsherd. Empty purses. An 
 old rag. Wide recesses. Foreign simpletons. A new slave. Idle slave 
 women. Bad slave boys. A jealous fellow-slave. Open sores. A 
 heavy spear. Wide rivers. A new shoe. Bad servants. A long 
 shadow. Old sleeping mats. A small tea-spoon. Long tails. A short 
 tobacco-pipe. Large towns. An empty trap. Beautiful turbans. A 
 fine vine. Long waistcoats. An'empty water-jar. Heavy whips. A 
 jealous wife. Large unripe sweet potatoes. How many burdens? 
 How many huts ? How many loaves ? How many cooks ? How 
 many mountains ? How many simpletons ? How many towns ? How 
 many pieces? How many water-jars ? How many knives? 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 The Swahili numbers are treated as adjectives, and mad* 
 to agree with their substantives in the same way. 
 
 The words for six, seven, nine, and ten, are irregular, 
 being used without any prefix. 
 
 The root forms of the numbers are 
 
 1 moja 6 Sita. 
 
 2 will. 7 Saba. 
 
 3 tatu. 8 nane. 
 
 4 nne. 9 Kenda, or Tissa, er Tissi* 
 
 5 tano. 10 Kumi. 
 
, DEMONSTRATIVES, 5 
 
 Mtu mmoja, one man. Watu wanane, eight people. 
 
 Kitu kimoja, one thing* Miti sita, six trees. 
 
 Miti mitatu, three trees. Vitu kenda, nine things. 
 
 Vitu vinne, four things. Watu kumi, ten men. 
 
 Where an adjective is joined with the substantive as well 
 as a numeral, they are usually placed in exactly the reverse 
 of the English order. 
 
 Watu wabaya wawili, two bad men 
 Miti mizuri mitatu, three fine trees. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 One man. One turban. One knife. One tree. One purse. One 
 slave. One river. One water-jar. Two burdens. Three buttons. 
 Four cannons. Five canoes. Six caravans. Seven chains. Eight 
 chairs. Nine chiefs. Ten children. One small cocoa-nut tree. Two 
 large coffee plants. Three long combs. Four idle cooks. Five bad 
 corks. Six small cups. Seven large date trees. Nine wide doors. 
 Ten short Europeans. One thick ringer. Three broad feet. Four 
 long handles. Five great hills. Seven new huts. Eight bad inter- 
 preters. Nine sharp knives. Ten long lines. One savage mangouste. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVES. 
 
 This and That. The two demonstratives in Swahili 
 answering to this and that denote strictly what is near 
 and what is at a distance. Where this and that are used 
 in English to distinguish two things which are both near, 
 the same word must be used for both in Swahili. The 
 second demonstrative answers to yonder, or very closely to 
 the north of England word, yon. 
 
 All the demonstratives pointing to things near begin 
 with h-, and all those pointing to things at a distance end 
 with -le. 
 
 Mtu huyu, this man. Miti hii, these trees* 
 
 Mtu yule, that man. Miti ile, those trees. 
 
 Watu hawa, these men* Kitu hiki, this thing. 
 
 Watu wale, tJiose men. Kitu kile, that thing, 
 
 Mti huu, this tree. Vitu hivi, these things. 
 
 Mti ute, that tree. Vitu vile, those things. 
 
 The second syllable of the demonstrative this is the 
 first of the demonstrative that. Particular care must be 
 
6 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 taken to remember this syllable, as it is the foundation of 
 all the forms of pronouns. 
 
 In nouns of the Mtu class, it is -yu- in the singular and 
 
 -wa- in the plural. 
 sjn nouns of the Mti class, it is -//- in the singular and -/- 
 
 in the plural 
 In nouns of the Ki- class, it is -ki- in the singular and 
 
 -vi- in the plural. 
 
 The demonstrative this is made by prefixing h and the 
 root vowel, h-u-yu, h a-wa, ti-u-u, h-i-i, h-i-ki, h-i-vi. 
 
 The demonstrative that, or yonder, is made by adding 
 -/<?, yu-le, wa-le, u-le, i-le t ki-Ie, vi-le. 
 
 If an adjective is joined with the substantive the demon- 
 strative follows both. 
 
 Mtu mbaya huyu, this bad man. 
 Miti mibovu hii, these rotten trees. 
 Vitu vidogo hivi, these little things. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 This fine action. Yonder long arrows. This thick baobab tret. 
 Those bedsteads. This bladder. These hard bones. This large book. 
 Tliis boundary. Yonder heavy burdens. These buttons. Those large 
 cannons. This caravan. These chains. Yonder chair. Those chiefs. 
 These children. This cocoa-nut tree. That coffee plant. These combs. 
 This cook. This cork. Yonder cup. Yonder date tree. These doors. 
 This drunkard. These Europeans. This ringer. Those fishermen. 
 Those feet This foot. This ford. This foreigner. These games. 
 These guards. These hands. These handles. That herdsman. This 
 Lltle hill. Those small huts. Those interpreters. Those large islands. 
 That long knife. This lid. These thick lines. These thick lips. 
 Those beautiful lizards. Those sweet loaves. That tall mast. That 
 great mountain. These old people. Those raw onions. This pimple. 
 That pole. Those idle porters. These small sweet potatoes. That 
 sharp potsherd. Those old rags. That simpleton. These idle slaves. 
 That short heavy spear. That old shoe. Those servants. Those new 
 sleeping mats. This tobacco pipe. These traps. Those fine turbans. 
 These fine waistcoats. These new water-jars. This well. These 
 wizards. 
 
 When the demonstrative precedes the adjective, it must 
 be very often translated by the introduction, in the English, 
 of the verb to be. 
 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 7 
 
 Miti hii mirefu, these poles art long. 
 Kisu hiki kikali, this knife is sharp* 
 Mtu huyu mbaya, this man is baa. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 These people are fierce. These mountains are large. These slaves 
 are idle. Yonder trees are small. That man is short. This speir is 
 heavy. These Europeans are jealous. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. \ 
 
 The full forms of the personal pronouns in Swahili are 
 
 Mimi,"/. Sisi, we, 
 
 Wewe, thou or you. Wmyi,ycu. 
 
 Yeye, he or she. Wao, they. 
 
 These forms can refer only to persons or living beings. 
 For things the demonstrative pronouns are used. 
 
 The second person is always used in the singular when 
 one person only is addressed. 
 
 When a pronoun is followed by an adjective it implies 
 the appropriate form of the verb to be. 
 
 Mimi mkubwa, I am great. Hii mitamu, they (these) are sweet, 
 
 Wewe mdogo, you are small. He mirefu, they (those) are tall. 
 
 In order to agree with the plural personal pronouns, sisi, 
 nt'nyi, and wao, adjectives prefix wa- as if to agree with 
 watu. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I am fierce. You are short. He is large. They are small. We 
 are heavy. You [pi.] are dry. They [shoes] are new. It [rag] is old. 
 They [huts] are old. It [chain] is thick. They [slaves] are idle. They 
 [sweet potatoes] are ripe. He is little. He is savage. She is foreign. 
 I am jealous. You [pi.] are jealous. They [people] are beautiful. It 
 [water-jar] is empty. He is short. You are large. You [pi.] are large. 
 
 %* The words in brackets are not to be translated. 
 
 The personal pronouns are. generally represented by a 
 prefix attached to the verb. These prefixes may be used 
 alone to express the present tense of the verb to be. 
 
 They are the same as the second syllable of the demon- 
 strative this (see p. 5). 
 
8 SWAIIILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Ni, I am. Tu, -we are. 
 
 U, you are. 'M, you ars. 
 
 Yu, he or she is. VVa, they are. 
 
 U or Ki, iV rV. I 0r Vi, they are. 
 
 The full forms of the personal pronouns may be used to 
 
 give particular emphasis. 
 
 Mimi ni mzuri, as for me 1 am beautiful. 
 Wewe u mvivu, you at all events are idle. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 This tree is little. That date tree is short. This old man is great. 
 We are dry. Those poles are long. That little man is fierce. That 
 knife is sharp. You are idle. He is idle. He is little. She is beau- 
 tiful. She is short. It [the knife] is heavy. It [the knife] U long 
 It [the sweet potato] is raw. They [the sweet potatoes] are ripe. 
 They [the old people] are beautiful. You are short. It [the hut] is old. 
 They [the rags] are old. They [the rags] are new. They [the huts] 
 are new. They [the poles] are rotten. It [the book] is new. 
 
 The persons of the verb are denoted by prefixes differing 
 from those given above only in the third person singular, 
 which when referring to living beings is denoted by a-, what- 
 ever the form of the substantive may be. 
 
 Yu- is employed in other dialects, but scarcely ever in 
 that of Zanzibar. 
 
 Thus the present perfect of the verb to love, is expressed 
 by -mtpenda, with the proper personal prefix. 
 
 Nimependa, I have loved. Tumependa, we have loved. 
 
 Umependa, you have loved. Mmependa, you have loved. 
 
 Amependa, he or she has loved. Wamependa, they have loved. 
 
 Kimependa, or Umependa, it Vimependa,0rlmependa,^y 
 has loved. have loved. 
 
 %* -mependa, has loved; -meanguka, has fallen ; -mevun- 
 jika, is broken ; -mekufa, has died, or is dead; -meonekana, 
 has become visible, or is in sight; -mepasuka, is split. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 That arrow is broken. The matting bag has fallen. The baobab 
 tree has fallen. That old bedstead is broken. The oldperson is dead. 
 The large bone is broken. The new book is split. "The boundary i 
 tisible. The heavy burrier. has fallen. The buttons are broken. The 
 
INTERROGATIVES. 9 
 
 canoes are visible. The large caravan is in sight. The thick chains 
 are broken. The chain has fallen. The great chiefs are dead. The 
 little child is dead. That tall cocoa-nut tree has fallen. The old water- 
 jar is broken. The little comb is broken. The cook is in sight. The 
 cup is broken. These new cups are broken. Two date trees are fallen. 
 Four doors are broken. That drunkard has fallen. Seven Europeans 
 are dead. Two fingers are broken. 
 
 INTERROGATIVES. 
 There are five interrogatives which do not vary. 
 
 Nani? Who? Gani? Of what sort? 
 
 Lini? When? Wapi? Where ? 
 
 Nini ? What ? 
 
 The interrogative Which ? is formed by adding -pi to the 
 pronominal syllable. 
 
 Mtu yupi ? Which man ? Miti ipi ? Which trees ? 
 
 Watuwapi? Which people? Kitukipi? Which thing? 
 
 Mti upi ? Which tree ? Vitu vipi ? Which things ? 
 
 Where the substantive is not expressed, the interrogative 
 must be in form proper to the substantive which is under- 
 stood. 
 
 Upi ? Which ? (tree) Vipi ? Which ? (things) 
 
 Yupi? Which? (man) 
 
 The interrogatives lini y gam, and wapi, always follow the 
 words they are connected with. 
 
 Amekuja lini ? When did he come t 
 Mti gani ? What sort of tree ? 
 
 If followed by a demonstrative the verb to be is implied. 
 
 Vitu gani hivi ? What sort of things are these ? 
 Nani huyu ? Who is this ? 
 Nani mzee huyu ? Who is this old man ? 
 Nini hii ? What are these ? 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 What sort- of people are these? Which arrows? What sort of 
 matting bags ? Which baobab tree ? What sort of a beclstead is this ? 
 Who is this old person ? What sort of bone is this ? Which books ? 
 
10 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 What sort of buttons ? Which canoe ? What sort of a chain ? Which 
 chair ? What sort of chiefs are these ? Which child ? Which cocoa- 
 nut trees ? Which date tree ? Who is this drunkard ? What sort of 
 a chief is this drunkard ? What sort of trees are those ? Which hand ? 
 What sort of game is this ? Which hill ? Which islands are those ? 
 What sort of thing is this knife ? What sort of man [i.e. of what tribe] 
 is this interpreter ? Which mast ? What sort of misfortune ? What 
 sort of mountains are those ? What sort of tree is a palm oil tree ? 
 What is an oath ? What sort of an overlooker is a blind person ? 
 Which old person is the deaf man? Which [man] u the medicine 
 man ? What sort of pole ? Which poles? 
 
 THE VERB. 
 
 The verb is conjugated by the use of tense prefixes and 
 personal prefixes. The personal prefixes are those given 
 above. The following are some of the tense prefixes : 
 present imperfect, -na-; present perfect, -me-; past perfect, 
 -//- ,- future, -fa- ; 
 
 Ninapenda, I am loving. Tunapenda, we are loving. 
 
 Nimependa, / have loved. Tumependa, we have loved. 
 
 Nilipenda, / Iwed. Tulipenda, we loved. 
 
 Nitapenda, / shall love. Tutapenda, we shall love. 
 
 Unapenda, you are loving. Mnapenda, you are loving. 
 
 Umependa, you have loved. Mmependa, you have lovtd. 
 
 Ulipenda, you loved. Mlipenda, you loved. 
 
 Utapenda, you will love. Mtapenda, you will love, 
 
 Anapenda, he (mtu) or she is loving. Wanapenda, they (watu) are loving. 
 Amependa, he has loved. Wamependa, they have loved. 
 
 Alipenda, he loved. Walipenda, they loved. 
 
 Atapenda, he will love. Watapenda, they will love. 
 
 Unaanguka, it (mti) is falling. Inaanguka, they (miti) are falling. 
 
 Umeanguka, it has fallen. Imeanguka, they have fallen. 
 
 Ulianguka, it fell. Ilianguka, they fdl. 
 
 Utaanguka, it will fall. Itaanguka, they wiUfall. 
 
 Kinaanguka, it (kitu) is falling. Vmaanguka, they (vitu) are falling. 
 
 Kimeanguka, it has fallen. Vimeanguka, they have fallen. 
 
 Kilianguka, it fell. Vilianguka, they fell. 
 
 Kitaanguka, it will fall. Vitaanguka, they will fall. 
 
 The infinitive is made by prefixing ku-. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 It 
 
 LIST OF VERBS. 
 
 Kukubali, to accept. 
 ,, shtaki, to accuse. 
 ,, pa tana, to agree. 
 badili, to alter. 
 sumbua, to annoy. 
 jibu, to answer. 
 fika, to arrive, to reach, 
 ,, uliza, to ask. 
 ,, amka, to awake. 
 ,, oga, to bathe. 
 
 , zaa, to bear fruit. 
 
 , piga, to beat. 
 
 , omba, to beg. 
 
 , sadiki, to believe. 
 
 , urna, /o &'//, 
 
 , vuiua, to blow. , 
 
 , jisifu, A> fo3j/. 
 
 ,, chemka, to boil. 
 ,, raliwa, fc> fo &>w. 
 ,, piga kofi, to box tin eart. 
 ,, vunja, to break. 
 ,, leta, to bring. 
 jenga, to build. 
 
 , waka, to burn (neut.). 
 
 , teketeza, to burn (act.). 
 
 , aika, to bury. 
 
 , nunua, to buy. ._ 
 
 , ita, to call. 
 
 , angalia, to tnKe cart. 
 
 , tunza, to take care of. 
 
 , chukua, to carry. 
 - pakia, to carry as cargo. 
 kamata, to catch hold of. 
 
 ,, claka, to catch in the hand. 
 ,, geuka, to be changed. 
 
 ,, danganya, to cheat. 
 
 tafuna, to chew. ' 
 * chagua, to expose. 
 
 piga makofi, to clap the hands. 
 ,, safisha, to dean. 
 panda, to climb up. 
 "- kusanya, to collect. 
 ,, rudi, to come back. 
 ,, karibia, to came near to. 
 
 Kutoka, to eotne, or go ctf. 
 
 , , shinda, to conquer. 
 
 fikiri, to consider. 
 
 pika, to cook. 
 
 kohoa, to cough. 
 
 ,, funika, to cover. 
 
 ,, vuka, to cross over. 
 
 seta, to crush. 
 
 Ha, to cry. 
 
 t , lima, to cultivate. 
 
 ponya, to cure. 
 
 kata, to cut, to cut dew*. 
 
 cheza, to dance. 
 
 pungua, to decrease. 
 
 linda, to defend. 
 , kawia, to delay. 
 
 ,, kana, to deny. 
 
 ,, haribu, to destroy. 
 
 ,, cliimba, to dig. 
 
 agiza, to direct. 
 
 gawanya, to divide. 
 
 ,, Tanya, to do. 
 
 , , kokota, to draff. 
 
 vuta, to draw. 
 
 piga mstari, /Vr draw a lint. 
 
 teka maji, to draw water. 
 
 ota, to dream. 
 
 n fukuza, to drive away. 
 
 ,, kauka, to get dry. 
 
 ,, anika, to put out to dry. 
 
 ,, mwaga, to empty out. 
 
 ,, isha, to end. 
 
 ,, ingia, to enter. 
 
 okoka, to escape. 
 
 ,, eleza, to explain. 
 " punguka, to fail. 
 
 anguka, to fall. 
 
 ,, funga, to fasten, lind t sKut 
 ogopa, to fear. 
 
 lisha, to feed. 
 
 pigana, to/^/. 
 
 ona, to find. 
 
 maliza, to finish. 
 
 isha, ^ be finished. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 ukaza, to fix, 
 ruka, to fly. 
 , kunja, to fold. 
 , fuata, to follow. 
 , gombeza, to forbid 
 , sahau, to forget. 
 , samehe, to forgive. 
 , pata, to get. 
 , lewa, to get drunk. 
 , toka, to get out. 
 , oncloka, to get up. 1 
 , rudi, to go back. 
 , oza, to go bad. 
 , tangulia, to go before. 
 , pita, to go by. 
 , shuka, to go, or come daw*, 
 , saga, to grind. 
 , linda, to guard. 
 , thuru, to harm. 
 , chukia, to hate. 
 , sikia, to hear. 
 , sayidia, to help. 
 t ficha, to hide. 
 , zuia, to hinder. 
 
 tweka, to hoist. 
 , shika, to hold. 
 , uma, to hurt. 
 , unga, to join. 
 
 amua, to judge. 
 
 ruka, to jump. 
 
 piga teke, to kick. 
 
 ua, to kill. 
 
 chinja, to kill for food. 
 
 jua, to know. 
 
 cheka, to laugh. 
 
 jifunza, to learn. 
 
 acha, to leave. 
 
 aga, to take leave of. 
 
 inua, to lift up. 
 
 penda, to like. 
 
 sikiliza, to listen. 
 
 tazama, to look. 
 
 tafuta, to look for. 
 
 legeza, to loosen. 
 
 potea, to be lost. 
 
 penda, to love. 
 ,, shusha, to lawtr. 
 
 Kufanya, to make. 
 ,, oa, to marry a wife, 
 pima, to measure. 
 onana, to meet. 
 ,, kuta, to meet with. 
 v t> yeyuka, to melt. 
 ,, kosa, to miss. 
 , , changanya, to mix. 
 ,, amuru, to order. 
 pindua, to overturn. 
 
 ,, wiwa, to owe. 
 ,, uma, to pain* 
 ,, pita, to pass. 
 lipa, to pay. 
 
 ,, okota, to pick up. 
 
 ,, weka, to place. 
 
 pendeza, to please. 
 ^ mimina, to pour. 
 
 sifu, to praise. 
 
 ,, omba, to pray. 
 f , fanikiwa, to prosper. 
 
 ,, vuta, to pull. 
 ng'oa, to pull up. 
 
 sukuma, to push. 
 
 ,, tia, to />/. 
 
 weka, to put away. 
 
 ,, vaa, to put on (clothes). 
 
 ,, toa, to put out. 
 
 ,, zima, ^<7 ^/ ow/ a /(f///. 
 _^ gombana, /o quarrel. 
 
 ,, soma, /<? r^a^/. 
 
 ,, pokea, to receive. 
 
 ,, kumbuka, to recollect. 
 
 , , kataa, to refuse. 
 ~ juta, to njfnrf. 
 
 furahi, to rejoice. 
 
 ,, salia, to remain over. 
 ,, kaa, to remain (in a place). 
 kumbuka, to remember. 
 ,, kumbusha, to remind. 
 ,, pumzika, to r/. 
 , , rudi, to return, to go back. 
 rudisha, to return^ to give bask, 
 ,, oka, to natf. 
 ,, oza, to r0/. 
 -^,, viringa, to fe rottnd. 
 sugua, 
 
VERBS. 
 
 Kupiga mbij, to run. 
 
 ,, kimbia, to run away, toy?. 
 
 ,, sema, to jaf. 
 .. ,, tawanya, to scalier. 
 ^ tharau, to .swrtt,. 
 - kuna, to scratch. 
 
 ,, tafuta, to search for. 
 
 ona, to jff. 
 
 peleka, to </. 
 
 , , shona, to j*w. 
 - tik ; sa, to J^a&r. 
 
 nyoa, to shave. 
 
 onyesha, to j/;cra/. 
 . imba, to '. 
 
 ,, zama, to '. 
 
 ,, kaa kitako, to V abwit. 
 
 ,, lala, to j//. 
 
 ,, nuka, to smell (n). 
 ,, sikitika, to & JWT/. 
 nena, to J/<M. 
 
 ,, tumia, to spend. 
 
 tnwaga, to spill. 
 
 pasua, to J//JA 
 - enea, to spread (n). 
 
 si mam a, to stand. 
 
 ,, kaa, to jfoj. 
 
 ,, piga, to rfn'/fc. 
 
 ,, tosha, to suffice. 
 _, toshea, to surprise. 
 ~ ,, zunguka, to surround. 
 
 fagia, to sweep. 
 _ vimba, to jw^//. 
 
 *^* In Swahili a question 
 an assertion. 
 
 Umesikia. 
 
 Kutwaa, to /a^if. 
 
 angalia, 
 
 ,, vua, to to;>5<r off (clothes}. 
 
 ,, sema, to talk. 
 m ,, onja, to /<wto. 
 
 fundisha, to feaiv. 
 
 ,, tatua, to toar (cloth, etc. ). 
 
 ^,, rarua, to toar in pieces. 
 
 i) ambia, to to//. 
 
 ,, fikiri, to think, to consider. 
 
 ,, thani, to think, to suppose. 
 
 tupa, to throw. 
 
 funga, to //V. 
 
 choka, to become tired. 
 - ,, gusa, to to$. 
 
 safari, to travel. 
 
 jaribu, to fry. 
 
 geuza, to fr. (act.). 
 
 ,, geuka, to fr (neut.). 
 funua, to uncover. 
 
 ,, fungua, to unfasten, open. 
 
 ,, tumia, to t/;^. 
 
 ngoja, to waV. 
 
 ,, tembea, to >a/. 
 
 ,, taka, to want. 
 
 ,, osha, to wash. 
 
 ,, futa, to TW^. 
 """ nyima, to withhold. 
 ,, taajabu, to wonder. 
 
 abudui to worship. 
 
 andika, 
 
 is written in the same form as 
 
 Umesikia ? 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I have accepted. Thou wilt accuse. We have agreed. They 
 [things] will alter. They [people] will annoy. I answered. They 
 [trees] are bearing fruit The blind man is begging. I believe. The 
 chiefs have arrived. The simpletons are asking. The hippopotamus 
 is awaking. We shall bathe. The fleas will bite. The children are 
 boasting. Fpui children have been bom. The Europeans have 
 bought. The cook built. You [pi.] bought. The old people called. 
 
14 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 She is taking care. The caravan porters are carrying. The overseer 
 caught in his hand. The date tree is changed. The medicine men 
 have cheated. The chief will choose. The herdsmen are clapping 
 their hands. The child will climb up. The European will conquer. 
 I am considering. The cook has cooked. They are coughing. The 
 lid covered. That caravan has crossed over. These children will cry. 
 The slaves will cultivate. Those sharp knives will cut. The slave 
 women are dancing. Misfortunes are decreasing. Those bad slaves 
 are delaying. The slave boys dag. We shall divide. He has done. 
 Those slaves have drawn water. I have drawn a line. That old man 
 dreamed. The onion has got dry. The drunkards are fighting. The 
 arrow entered. The tall trees fell. The six Europeans have got 
 drunk. The loaf has gone bad. The women slaves are grinding. 
 The chief went before. You listened. You will cook. I am looking 
 for. The old man has married a wife. That piece has melted. They 
 will pay. We picked up. The savage chief prospered. You [sing.] 
 are pushing. I am reading. The chief refused. The slave regretted. 
 The caravan porters are resting. That hand is swelling. 
 
 THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX. 
 
 When the object of the verb is some definite thing, it is 
 denoted by a prefix inserted after the tense prefix. The 
 objective prefix is generally the same as the subjective ox 
 personal prefix. It differs only in the second, and in the 
 third persons when referring to persons or animated beings. 
 
 Me, ni-. Us, tu-. 
 
 TJice, ku-. You, wa-. 
 
 Him or her, m-. TJiem, wa-. 
 
 // (rnti), u-. Them (mti), i-. 
 
 // (kitu), ki-. Them (vitu), vi-. 
 
 Ananipenda, Jit likes me. 
 Anakupcnda, he likts you. 
 Anampenda, he likes him or her. 
 Anaupenda, he likes it (the tree). 
 Anakipenda, he likes it (tkt thing). 
 Anatupenda, fit likes tu. 
 Anawapenda, he likes you (pi.). 
 Anawapenda, he likes them (people). 
 Anaipenda, he likes them (the trees). 
 Anavipenda, he likes them (the things). 
 
THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX. 15 
 
 Substantives and pronouns have no distinct form for the 
 accusative or objective case. 
 
 Mtu anapiga mtu, a man is beating a man. 
 
 When the object of the verb is expressed, and the 
 objective prefix is also employed, the definite article must 
 ordinarily be used in the English. 
 
 Anapiga mtu, he is beating a man. 
 Anampiga mtu, he is beating the man. 
 Anakata inti, he is cutting down a tree. 
 Anaukata mti, he is cutting down the tree. 
 
 When the object of the verb is expressed by a pronoun 
 the objective prefix must always be used. 
 
 Anampiga, he is beating him. 
 Anampiga yule, he is beating that (man). 
 Anaukata, he is cutting it down (the tree). 
 Anaukata ule, he is cutting down that (tree), 
 
 -sf/fis denoted by -jU 
 
 Najipenda, I love myself. 
 Utajiuma, you -will hurt yourself. 
 Amejificha, he has hidden himself. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 This action annoys me. The arrow hit him. Those arrows missed 
 them. He is carrying six matting bags. Three baobab trees have 
 fallen. They have brought two bedsteads. They have brought the 
 two bedsteads. You will leave the bones. I have seen the book. 
 They have passed the boundaries. Six caravan porters are carrying 
 the nine burdens. You are unfastening the button. Ten men are 
 dragging the two large cannons. Six men pushed the canoe. I see 
 a caravan. You 'saw the two caravans. lie will fasten the chain. 
 The chief has brought a cfiair. I shall get that chair. The chiefs will 
 pay me. I met with four children. You have passed the children. 
 The Europeans have cut down the cocoa-nut trees. The cook has 
 broken this water-jar. The slave girl has got a beautiful comb. The 
 herdsman is beating the cook. I want a cook. I have cut the cork. 
 He has picked up a cup. Those two date trees are bearing fruit. The 
 door has rotted. The Europeans have killed that idle cook. This 
 finger is paining me. The ten fishermen are coming back. I have 
 killed seven Seas. The handle struck the foot. They saw the foreigners. 
 The guards ran away. They lifted up two hands. We saw the hands. 
 We passed two hills. The Europeans killed six hippopotamus. The 
 Uangers built two huts. The chief burnt down the two huts. The 
 
1 6 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 little interpreter boasted. The interpreter showed me the two large 
 islands. You have received the knife. The cook is rubbing the lid. 
 He showed me the line. The foreigner has cut the loaf. I have 
 broken the looking-glasses. The two masts are broken. I have found 
 the little mountain. The nurse is feeding the children. The old people 
 are listening. I have tasted the onions. The overseer is beating tne 
 slaves. I am looking for a palm-oil tree. The mangouste has bitten 
 that piece. The slave will bring a pillow. The poles have arrived. 
 I will pay the caravan porters. The sweet potatoes have gone bad. 
 They will crush the potsherds. He brought the empty purse. We 
 tore the rag. I saw six recesses. The slaves loved themselves. The 
 chief is praising himself. You have tied yourself. The children fed 
 themselves. They will harm themselves. The simpletons are over- 
 turning themselves. _ The idle slaves are scratching themselves. 
 
 VOWEL ROOTS. 
 
 I. The m- prefix, however employed, appears generally 
 before a vowel root as mw- ; the w is very faint before o and 
 u, and often seems entirely to disappear. 
 
 The u>a- prefix coalesces with an initial e or < into the 
 sound of we-. 
 
 Substantives in M- followed by a vowel, with their 
 plurals : 
 
 Mwaka, a year, (miaka) Mwenyewe, the owner, (wenyewe) 
 
 Mwalimu, a teacher, (waalimu) Mwenzi, a companion, (wenzi) 
 
 Mwamba, a rock, (miamba) Mwezi, the moon, or a month. 
 Mwamuzi, a judge, (waamuzi) (miezi) 
 
 Mwana, a son. (waana) Mwiba, a thorn, (miiba) 
 
 Mwandishi, a ^vritrr. (waandishi) Mwiko, a spoon, (miiko) 
 
 Mwanzo, a beginning, (mianzo) Mwili, the body, (miili) 
 
 Mwashi, a mason, (waashi) Mwisho, the end. (miisho) 
 
 Mwana mume, a man. ^waana Mwivi, a thief, (wevi) 
 
 waume) Mwoga, a coward, (waoga) 
 
 Mwanat mke, a -woman, (waana Mwokozi, a saviour, (waokozi) 
 
 wake)' Moshi, smoke, (mioshi) 
 
 Mwavuli, an umbrella, (miavuli) Moto,yfor. (mioto) 
 
 Mwembe, a mango tree, (miembe) Mo} o, the heart, (mioyo) 
 
 Adjectives beginning with a vowel : 
 
 Black, eusi. Gentle, anana. 
 
 Cunning, erevu. Good, ema. 
 
 Different, ingine. Having, enyi. 
 
 asy t epesi. Light (not dark), eupe. 
 
VOWEL ROOTS. 17 
 
 Light (not heavy), epesi. Red, ekundu. 
 
 Male, ume. Slender, embamba. 
 
 Many, much, ingi. Soft, ororo. 
 
 Narrow, embamba. White, eupe. 
 Other, ingine. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I saw four red people. Two black people found a white person. 
 This line is narrow. I drew a black line. The fire is burning. These 
 burdens are light. Those black burdens are heavy. A light heart. 
 Thick [zito] smoke. We shall see the black smoke. We shall leave 
 two large fires. You have forgotten those hearts. Those years are 
 short. Two teachers taught me. The white rock has sunk. I have 
 told the judge. The four judges heard us. You will call the writer. 
 I heard the bad beginning. Two good beginnings. The two masons 
 built two huts. This mason used many poles. The Europeans bought 
 many large umbrellas. They are cutting down those good mango trees. 
 We have passed the owners. The beautiful moon has sunk. These 
 months are good, those are bad. Two thorns entered the hand. These 
 spoons are large [and] beautiful. The thieves ran away. Two cunning 
 thieves took the canoe. The cowards feared the old man. 
 
 II. The ki- and vi- prefixes before a vowel become ch- 
 and vy-. 
 
 Kitu chekundu, a red thing. 
 Vitu vyekundu, red things. 
 Chombo kikubwa, a large vessel. 
 Kitu cheusi kimoja, one black thing. 
 Vitu vyeusi viwili, two black things. 
 \ Chombo kidogo kizuri, a beautiful little vessel. 
 
 Substantives of the ki- class in which the prefix becomes 
 th- because followed by a vowel : 
 
 Chakula, food, (vyakula) Chura, a frog, (vyura) 
 
 Chambo, a bait, (vyambo^ Chuma, iron, or a piece of iron, 
 Change, a peg. (vyango) (vyuma) 
 
 Chanu, a wooden platter used for Chumba, a chamber, a room. 
 
 carrying mortar, (vyanu) (vyumba) 
 
 Cheo, measurement, (vyeo) Chungu, an earthen cooking pot. 
 Cheti, a passport, (vyeti) (vyungu) 
 
 Chombo, a vessel, (vyombo) Chuo, a book, (vyuo) 
 
 Choo, a wetter-closet, (vyoo) Chusa, a harpoon, (vyusa) 
 
 Slaves and others from the interior often incorrectly change 
 the ki- prefix into chi-, after the analogy of the Yao and 
 Other inland languages Thus they say chikapo, a basket, 
 
 c 
 
1 8 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 for kikapu j chidogo, /////;, for kidogo ; chilezo, a buoy, for 
 kilezo, and so forth. In correct Swahili ki- never becomes 
 <:/'-, but only ch- before a vowel 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Good food. The fisherman has taken the bait. These five black 
 pegs. I have bought ten large mortar platters. This measurement 
 is short. I have got two passports. He saw one red vessel. I have 
 seen six black vessels. Ten cunning frogs. Iron is heavy. These 
 irons are light. You have brought one red cooking-pot. I shall want 
 three small black cooking-pots. You will carry that large book. He 
 is carrying two thick red books. I took the large harpooa. 
 
 VOWEL TENSES. 
 
 The Indefinite Present is denoted by the prefix -a-> The 
 Past Perfect is often formed by the prefix -alt-. 
 
 Before the vowel the personal prefixes become, -[!], 
 zr-Fyou], /z#-[we], mzv-[you], z0-[they], w- or <^-[it], y- or 
 
 The a- which is the sign of the third person singular is 
 absorbed into the -a- of the tense prefix and disappears. 
 The -a- of the plural prefix wa- disappears in the same 
 manner. 
 
 Nataka, / want. Twataka, -we want. 
 
 Wataka, you want. Mwataka, you want. 
 
 Ataka, he or she wants. Wataka, they want. 
 
 Wataka, it (mti) wants. Yataka, they (miti) want. 
 
 Chataka, it (kitu) wants. Vyataka, they (vitu) want. 
 
 The prefixes are the same with the past tense in -a//-, 
 which is used indifferently for the tense in -//-. 
 
 Nalitaka or Nilitaka, I wanted. 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The chief wants a large vessel. The large mango tree felL This 
 knife wants a large handle. The chief loves old men. The masons 
 want red umbrellas. The trees surround the hut. The bait pleases 
 him. The slaves hated me. The foreigners feared us. The lid covers 
 two cooking-pots. They saw the passports. This food pleases. The 
 books arrived. You ivere born. He boasted. You awoke, The tall 
 
THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 19 
 
 trees fell. He shut the door. I love the old man. We hate them. 
 They saw the four black slaves. The four black slaves saw them. The 
 hut pleases me. 
 
 THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 
 
 There is no true Possessive Case in Swahili, it is always 
 represented by the particle -a, with appropriate initial letters, 
 answering very closely to the English word of. 
 
 The order of the words is the same as when in English 
 the word of is used. 
 
 Mji wa mfalme, the town oftJte chief. 
 
 The initial letter is determined by the form of the pre- 
 ceding word, that is, of the thing possessed, not of the 
 possessor. 
 
 Kiti cha mzee, the chair of the old man. 
 
 Mfuko wa mzee, the old man's bag. 
 
 Miti ya mzee, the old man's trees. 
 
 Visu vya mzee, the old man's knives. 
 
 The proper initial letters are, i. After singular nouns in 
 /-, w-'y 2. After plural nouns in iva-, w-' } 3. After plural 
 nouns in mi-, y-\ 4. After singular nouns in ki- [or cA-], ch~\ 
 5. After plural nouns in vi- [or vy-], vy-. 
 
 Mtumwa wa mkalimani, the interpreter's slave. 
 Watumwa wa kipofu, the blind man's slaves. 
 Mti wa Mzungu, the European's tree. 
 Miti ya Wazungu, the Europeans' trees. 
 .Kisu cha kijakazi, the slave girfs knife. 
 Visu vya walevi, the drunken men's knout. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I took the European's knife. I shall see the chiefs town. You will 
 hurt the old man's head. I have found the drunkard's waistcoat. We 
 have passed the European's well. I see the black smoke of a great fire. 
 They are burning the deaf man's books. The chiefs slaves took the 
 fisherman's canoe. The slave's knife struck the stranger's arm. They 
 have hidden the canoe's mast. The old man's oath. The stranger's 
 misfortunes. The idle slave's chains. The porters' burdens. "The 
 cook's door. The nurse's lips. The children's arrows. The blind 
 man's hut. The mangouste s tail. The mangouste has bitten the 
 child's hand. The European's shoes. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 The Possessive Pronouns consist of an invariable part 
 preceded by the appropriate consonants, which are the same 
 as those used with the particle -0 (of). The invariable parts 
 are 
 
 -angu, my. -etu, our. 
 
 -ako, thy or your, -enu, your. 
 
 -ake, or akwe, his, hers, or its . -ao, their. 
 
 The Possessive Pronoun always follows the name of the 
 thing possessed, and changes its initials according to the 
 form of the word it follows, 
 
 Mtu wake, his man. Mtu wangu, my man. 
 
 Watu wake, his people. \Vatu wako, your people. 
 
 Mti wake, his tree. Miti yetu, our trees. 
 
 Miti yake, his trees. Kisu chenu, your knife. 
 
 Kisu chake, his knife. Visu vyao, their knives. 
 Visu vyake, his knives. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Our chief has killed your slave. The Europeans have cut down their 
 date trees. My cocoa-nut tree is bearing fruit. His knife is sharp. 
 His arrow struck me. Their large vessel has sunk. They liked their 
 food. Our hut has fallen. Your trees please me. The old man wants 
 my waistcoat. My head is paining me. My hand is touching the tree. 
 I see the handle of it. I carried his chain. Your chains are heavy. 
 You will take our slaves. I shall leave your arrows. Their actions 
 have pleased us. You [pi.] will hate our chief. Our people hate 
 foreigners. He has hidden my knife. My man is taking your waist- 
 coat. Their spears are long. The fisherman's heart is light. The 
 smoke of their fire is much. 
 
 Him and His. Where something is done to one person 
 by another which affects one part only or specially, such as 
 striking, binding, etc., the possessive pronoun is used in 
 English; but in Swahili the objective prefix denoting the 
 person is commonly used, followed by the name of the part 
 affected. 
 
 Alinipiga jicho, he struck my eye. 
 
 Aliixifunga mikonp, /if (ted mv hands. 
 
THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 91 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I struck his leg. He hit my head. I tied his legs. They hurt my 
 hands. The mangouste bit his finger. The slaves cut my head. The 
 knife touched my arm. The slave woman rubbed his feet. She 
 scratched my hand. The chief unfastened the slave's hands. He has 
 hurt his own eye. He will tie his own hands. 
 
 All, Having, Itself, By Itself. The words -ote, all, 
 -enyi or -inyi, having, -enyewe, -self or -selves, take the same 
 initial letters as those taken by the Possessive Pronouns. 
 By itself, by myself, by themselves, etc., is expressed by the 
 word/&&, followed by the appropriate Possessive Pronoun* 
 
 Watu wote, all people, or all the people. 
 Mti wote, all the tree, or the whole tree, 
 Miti yote, all the trees, or all trees. 
 Kisu chote, all the knife, or the whole knife 
 Visu vyote, all the knives, or all knives. 
 
 Mtu mwenyi mali, a man having propeitf. 
 Watu wenyi mali, people with property. 
 Mti mwenyi majani, a tree having leaver 
 Miti yenyi majani, trees having leaves. 
 Kisu chenyi kipini, a knife with a handle* 
 Visu vyenyi vipini, knives with handles. 
 
 Mimi mwenyewe, / myself. 
 Sisi wenyewe, we ourselves. 
 Mtu mwenyewe, the man himself. 
 Watu wenyewe, people thernseivei. 
 Mti mwenyewe, the tree itself. 
 Miti yenyewe, the trees themse&?s. 
 Kisu chenyewe, the knife itself. 
 Visu vyenyewe, knives themselvet, 
 
 Mtu peke yake, the ma* by himself. 
 Watu peke yao, people by themselvet. 
 Mimi peke yangu, I by myself. 
 Wewe peke yako, you by yourself. 
 Sisi peke yetu, we by ourselves. 
 Ninyi peke yenu, you by yourselves. 
 Kisu peke yake, the knife by itself. 
 Visu peke yao, the knives by themselves 
 
 The word -ote, all, has special forms for the first and 
 
23 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 second persons plural, which are also used in the sense of 
 together. 
 
 Sisi sote, we all, or we together. 
 Ninyi nyote, you all, or you together. 
 Twende sote, let us go together. 
 Wote wawili, both, or the two together, 
 
 The word -enyi is used to express the having in any way, 
 and must sometimes be translated by the use of the relative, 
 or of the preposition with, 
 
 Mtu mwenyi kupenda, a person having loving, i.e. one who loves, 
 Miti yenyi kuzaa, trees having fruitbearing, i.e. trees which bear fruit, 
 Kitanda chenyi godoro, a bedstead having a mattress, i.e. a bedstead 
 with a mattress, 
 
 Peke, with its possessive pronoun, may be translated alone, 
 or only. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 All slaves. All things. All trees. All slaves having huts. All 
 things with an end. AH trees by themselves. I saw him by himself. 
 I saw both these people. I am able by myself to lift this water-jar. 
 You [pi.] saw us together. They will all run away. They will throw 
 all the spears. The thieves took all our.turbans. We have found them 
 [the turbans] all. I saw three shadows, you saw one only. I saw two 
 baobab trees, you saw them alL I saw the hippopotamus myself. I 
 saw the mountains themselves. The chiefs with turbans told me. A 
 mangouste with a tail. A tree with many thorns. I told the six old 
 men with umbrellas. The chief himself took all the spears with beauti- 
 ful handles. I stood by myself. We looked together. The spoons 
 ran away by themselves. The wizard saw them [the spoons] all. The 
 wizard cheated both the thieves. They all searched. The whole moon 
 it visible. All the vessels will sink. The books are all large. 
 
 THE RELATIVE. 
 
 The Relative Pronoun is expressed by a syllable formed 
 of the letter -o, preceded by the initial consonants proper to 
 its antecedent. The syllable seldom stands alone except in 
 connection with the word -ote, all, in the sense of whichsoever. 
 
 Mti wo wote, any tree whatever, 
 
 Miti yo yote, any trees whatever, 
 
 Kitu cho chote, any thing whatever. 
 
 Vitu vyo vyote, any things whatever, 
 
 Watu wo wote, any people whoever they may bt. 
 
THE RELATIVE. 3$ 
 
 When referring to a singular substantive denoting a person, 
 it is most correct to employ^ as the relative syllable, though 
 in Zanzibar it is very common to use o alone. 
 
 Mtu ye yote, any man, 
 
 The Relative is commonly joined with a verb. It then 
 follows the tense prefix. The tenses with which it is ordin- 
 arily used are the present, with the prefix -na-, the past, with 
 the prefix -/*"- or -alt-, and the future. The prefix of the 
 future, when followed by a relative, becomes -taka- instead 
 of -fa-. 
 
 When connected with a verb, -o- is always used instead erf 
 -wo-. 
 
 Mtu anayesimama, the man who is standing* 
 Watu wanaosimama, the people who are standing. 
 Mti unaoanguka, the tree which is falling. 
 Miti inayoanguka, the trees which are falling. 
 Kitu kinachoanguka, the thing which is falling. 
 Vitu vinavyoanguka, the things which are falling. 
 
 Mtu aliyesimama, the man who stood. 
 Watu waliosimama, the people who stood. 
 Mti ulioanguka, the tree which fell. 
 Miti iliyoanguka, the trees which fell. 
 Kitu kilichoanguka, the thing which fell. 
 Vitu vilivyoanguka, the things which fell, 
 
 Mtu atakayesimama, the man who will stand. 
 Watu watakaosimama, the people who will stand, 
 Mti utakaoanguka, the tree which will fall. 
 Miti itakayoanguka, the trees which will fall. 
 Kitu kitakachoanguka, the thing which will fall. 
 Vitu vitakavyoanguka, the things which will fall. 
 
 The Relative forms for the third person are used also for 
 the first and second, and if an objective prefix is employed 
 it follows the relative. 
 
 Niliyemwona, I who saw him. Tuliomwona, we who saw him. 
 
 Uliyemwona, you who saw him. Mliomwona, you who taw him. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 God who sees me. You who worship God. People who worshipped 
 many gods. A shadow which is passing. Slave women who we cny 
 
24 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 ing water-jars. A man who will throw a spear. A spear which will 
 strike me. You who will see the spear. His spear which will kill me. 
 They who know him. They will know the trees which will fall. The 
 trees which will fall will crush your hut. The slave who brought a 
 chair. A chair which was broken. He who broke the chair. His 
 fellow slaves who will beat him. The slave women who will laugh. 
 The simpletons who will run away. The European who will cross the 
 river. The European who will sink. The servants who liked sweet 
 potatoes. The sweet potatoes which are going bad. The vine which 
 is bearing fruit. I saw the date tree which bore fruit. You will see 
 the sore which is paining him. The sick people who will wonder. 
 The xiedicine man who will cure them. The simpletons who will pay 
 the wizard who has cheated them. The chief who loves his wife. The 
 chief who loved his children. The cook who cooked my food. The 
 servant who brought my food. The good food which killed them all. 
 
 When the Relative is the object of the verb, the same 
 forms are used, and the proper objective prefix is added. 
 
 Mtu niliyemwona, the man whom I saw, 
 Mti nilioukata, the tree which I cut dcnvn. 
 Mikuke niliyoinunua, the spears which I bought, 
 Kisu nilichokinunua, the knife which I bought, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The action which you have done. The bedstead which you broke. 
 The bone which he picked up. The book which they took. The 
 boundary which you will pass. The burdens which the porters carried. 
 The chief whom they are killing. The children whom she bore. The 
 door which I am fastening. The Europeans whom you will see. The 
 finger which he bit. The foreigner whom they are beating. The hill 
 which you saw. The hippopotamus which they killed. The hut which 
 he built. The old person whom they pushed. The onions which you 
 [pi.] liked. The piece which you [pi.] will receive. The pole which 
 you will place. 
 
 The Relative is much used with interrogatives. 
 
 Aliyenipiga nani ? Who struck me ? 
 Nani aliyekuita ? Who called you ? 
 
 The particles -po, -mo, and -ko, are treated as Relatives. 
 -Po represents when, at which, and where, of a place near at 
 hand ; -mo denotes within which ; and -ko, whither ; whence \ 
 and where, of a place far off. 
 
THE IMPERATIVE AND StJBjUNCTIVE. $5 
 
 Aukapolazama, when he shall look. Tulimokaa, within which wt sat 
 Ninakotoka, whence I come out. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 When I shall see him. When the foreigner fell. Whither the 
 European is returning. When the date tree will bear. Where we are 
 standing. Whence the black men ran away. The chamber in which 
 he sat down. Where the fishermen overturned our canoe. Where the 
 chief went by. When the old man sKall get up. Who saw me ? Who 
 is coming out ? 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 The Imperative has only two forms, which are those of 
 the second person, singular and plural. They consist of the 
 simple form of the verb in the singular, to which /"- is added 
 to form the plural 
 
 Penda, lovt, Pendani, love ye, 
 
 In Zanzibar the final -a of the verb is almost always changed 
 into -e. 
 
 Pende, love. Pendeni, love ye. 
 
 The Subjunctive is formed by changing the final & into *, 
 and prefixing the proper sign of person. 
 
 Nipende, that I may love. Tupende, that we may love-. 
 
 Upende, that you (thou) may love. Mpende, that you may love. 
 
 Apende, that he (or she) may love. Wapende, that they may love. 
 
 Upende, that it (mti) may love. Ipende, that they (miti) may love. 
 
 Kipende, that it (kitu) may love. Vipende, that they (vitu) may love. 
 
 The Subjunctive is* used for the Imperative, and seems to 
 be a somewhat more polite form. 
 
 Vuta, pull. Nitazame, let me look. 
 
 Uvute, please to putt. Atazame, let him look. 
 
 It is also used with the sense of Am I {Is he, etc.'} to do 
 
 this or that ? 
 
 Nipite, Am I to pass f Achimbe, Is he to dig? 
 
 Niukate, Am I to cut it (mti) down f Tuvuke, Shall we cross over f 
 
 In English the purpose with which a thing is done is often 
 
l6 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 expressed by the words to or and. In Swahili the purpose 
 is always expressed by the Subjunctive. 
 
 Call the starts to help you. Waita watumwa wakusayidie. 
 Go and look for him. Enenda umtafute. 
 
 Verbs ending in -e, -;", or -u, do not change their final 
 letter in the Subjunctive. 
 
 Unisamehe, pardon me. Unisadiki, believe mt. 
 
 Unijibu, answer me. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Call the man who beat you, that I may see him. Beat him that he 
 may fear. I have seen the man whom you killed, am I to bury him ? I 
 shall accuse him, that I may annoy you. Tell him to answer me. I 
 beg you to believe me. We have agreed to bathe together. Break 
 those cooking-pots. Are we to break these knives ? Break [pi.] them 
 [the knives] all. Take care of these children. Carry [pi.] these loads. 
 Choose one man to climb up. Cook these sweet potatoes. Collect 
 those sweet potatoes that I may cook them. Tell him to cover the 
 cooking-pot. Destroy [pi.] all the huts. We have divided the things 
 which you ordered us to destroy. What are we to do ? Let the slave 
 drag the long poles. Let the slave women draw the water. Drive the 
 blind man away. Let the deaf man stay. He wants you to help him. 
 He will return to judge the bad men. Pick up the spear which the 
 drunken chief threw to kill me. I tried to kick him. They came 
 near to the tree to climb up it. I followed in order to hinder them. 
 He took off his clothes to bathe. The people ran away that they 
 might escape. The chief sent two slaves to search for me. I turned 
 to uncover the cooking-pot. The thief arrived to get the umbrella ; 
 my two interpreters went back to binder him. We three went down 
 to guard the hut. 
 
 THE KA- TENSES. 
 
 The force of the Conjunction and is very often given in 
 Swahili by the use of a tense formed with -ka-. 
 With the Imperative, ka- is simply prefixed. 
 
 Katupa, and throw away. Karudi, and come back. 
 
 With the Subjunctive, -ka- follows the sign of the person. 
 
 Wakarudi, and let them come back, 
 Akaangalie, and let him take care. 
 
THE KA- TENSE. 2f 
 
 To express the past tense preceded by ana\ a tense is 
 formed by the personal prefix followed by -ka-, 
 
 Nikaanguka, and I fell down. 
 Ukaanguka, and you (thou) fell down. 
 Akaanguka, and he (or she) fell down. 
 Ukaanguka, and it (v&\) fell down. 
 Kikaanguka, and it (kitu)/// down. 
 
 Tukaanguka, and we fell down. 
 Mkaanguka, and you fell down, 
 Wakaanguka, and they fell down. 
 Ikaanguka, and they (mid) fell down. 
 Vikaanguka, and they (vitu) fell down. 
 
 In telling a story, the -ka- tense is used almost universally 
 after the first verb, which is generally in the -li- tense. The 
 chief exceptions are where a verb is joined with a relative 
 particle, or used participially. 
 
 Alijibu akamwambia, he answered and said to him. 
 
 Alirudi akafika hapa, he returned and got as far as this (arrived here). 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 And go out [pi.]. And call her. And buy it [pole]. And buy 
 them [poles]. And drive them away [people]. And let him take it 
 n<nife]. Go and help him. Answer me and take care. He went 
 before and arrived. He passed and he returned. He asked me and 
 I told him. She asked you and you told her. Hear [ye] and answer 
 me. You [pi.] looked and saw the trees. I looked for the knife and 
 found it. The slaves found your umbrella which you left and brought 
 it, and I told them. The owner will come back ; and they said to me, 
 This man knows him. The foreigners arrived and burnt our town. 
 The European caught my spear and broke it, and I struck him, and 
 he said to the men who followed him, Kill that man ; and I ran away 
 and escaped. He put on his new shoes and they hurt him. I became 
 tired and my feet swelled. The chief called his men and said to them, 
 This old man is a wizard, hold him, and bind him. And they bound 
 him. And the men who guarded him got drunk and slept, and I 
 unfastened him and he ran away. And the men awoke and said, The 
 wizard has escaped. And they searched for him. And they met with 
 me, and they said to me, You remember the man we bound ? And I 
 said to them, Which man ? And they said to me, That wizard ; he has 
 run away, our chief will beat us. And I said to them, I will show 
 you his town, follow me and you will find him ; and I went before and 
 they all followed. And we met with you and you said to us, Go back, 
 the old man has cheated you. The child fell down and cried, Ha 
 
28 SWAH1LI EXERCISES. 
 
 showed me his sore and I cured it. I turned and looked. I took the 
 sweet potato and tasted it. They got drunk and quarrelled. He got 
 up and sang. You [pi.] were sorry and I rejoiced. He waited and 
 I passed. 
 
 THE -KI- TENSE. 
 
 The case that something is, or is being done, whether 
 actual or supposed, is expressed by a tense formed by the 
 personal prefix and the syllable -ki-. In English this tense 
 is represented by a great number of forms. Frequently by 
 the present participle. 
 
 Nalimwona akioga, I saw him bathing. 
 Frequently by if. 
 
 Abdallah akija mwambia, If Abdallah comes, tell him, 
 Frequently by when. 
 
 Akirudi nitamwona, when he comes back I shall see him. 
 Sometimes by since, ox because. 
 
 Alciwa mtu mkuu, siwezi neno, since he is a great man, I cam do 
 nothing. 
 
 Any other form in English in which a state of things is 
 expressed must be translated into Swahili by the use of the 
 ki- tense. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 If the tree falls. When the tree falls. Suppose the tree should fall. 
 Though the tree fall. While the tree is falling. Though I look. If 
 you look, you will see the black men running away. When the chief 
 arrives, we will tell him. When the knife cuts his ringer, the child 
 will cry. When he brings the book, I shall be able to read. If he 
 brings a book which I know. When I hear you speaking, I will 
 answer you. I hear them calling you. On arriving, ask [pi.] him. 
 In going back, take care. If you strike me, take care. Supposing he 
 should kill you, I will kill all his children. If his wife kills me he will 
 forgive her. If you love your children, beat them. If you love me, 
 forgive them. If the deaf man hears you, tell him. When you bring 
 the blind man we will beat him. Look [pi.] for the thieves ; when you 
 find them, bring them. When he asks me, you answer him. If I hear 
 him when he calls, I shall go back. If I see her looking, I shall bide 
 
CONDITIONAL TENSE. 39 
 
 the water-jar. When you see the baobab tree, you have arrived there* 
 I see the caravan porters running away ; they are leaving their burdens ; 
 the strangers as they find them take them. If we delay we shall 
 prosper. When I go back, go back all of you. If we go back, let 
 us go back together. The hut is falling ; if we go out we shall escape. 
 Though he run, I shall pass him. If the hut is destroyed, build another. 
 If he makes a canoe, break [pi.] it. If he recollects, we will pay him. 
 If he brings a spear, we will break it. If the cook cooks good food, 
 we will praise him. If he destroys good food, I shall beat him. 
 When she breaks the water-jar, she will fear. While bathing he sank. 
 The European saw him sinking, and ran away. As he lifted his hand, 
 the knife fell ; in falling it cut him. 
 
 %* The words in italics are not expressed in Swahili. 
 
 CONDITIONAL TENSE. 
 
 Where something would have happened if something else 
 had happened, both branches of the contingency are repre- 
 sented by a tense formed by the prefix -ngali-, preceded by 
 the proper sign of the person. The condition on which the 
 contingency would have occurred is often marked by the use 
 of the word kama, if or as. 
 
 Mti ungalianguka, the tree would have fallen. 
 
 Kama ningalikuona nfngalikupiga, If I had seen you, I should have 
 beaten you. 
 
 The accent is always placed on the personal prefix, and 
 never on either syllable of the tense prefix, -ngali-. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 If I had heard him, I should have feared. If the knife had fallen, 
 it would have cut me. If you had told the chief, he would have killed 
 them. You would have burnt his hut. You [pi.] would have burnt 
 their huts. If their canoes had gone back, we should have escaped. 
 The spear would have passed him. The drunkard would have killed 
 his child. If she had looked, his wife would have seen him. If he 
 had taken care, his wife would have come back. I saw him as he 
 passed, and you said to me, He has made a canoe. And I said to him, 
 This man says, you have made a canoe, I want to look at it. And 
 he said to me, If you had asked my slaves, they would have shown yon 
 my canoe. And I said to him, Show me yourself. And I saw it, and 
 I wondered. }f you [pi.} had seen it you would have wondere^, 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES, 
 
 THE NEGATIVE TENSES. 
 
 In Swahili the negative of the verb is made by the use of 
 a special set of prefixes, and in one tense by a change in the 
 termination of the verb. 
 
 The negative personal prefixes are 
 
 /_/_, Si-. We not t Hatu-. 
 
 You (than) not , Hu-. You not , Ham-. 
 
 He (or she) not , Ha-. They not , Hawa-. 
 
 // (mti) not , Hau-. They (miti) not , Hai-. 
 
 // (kitu) not, llaki-. They (vitu) not, Havi-. 
 
 These prefixes are used in forming the Negative Present, 
 Past, Future, and Conditional Tenses, and the Not yd 
 Tense. 
 
 In the Imperative and Subjunctive, and with particles of 
 Relation, -si- is used in both numbers and with all persons. 
 
 Negative Present. The Negative Present is formed by 
 changing the final -a of the verb into -/, and prefixing the 
 negative prefixes. 
 
 Sipendi, / do not like. Hatupendi, We do not like. 
 
 Hupendi, You (them) do not like. Hampendi, You do not like. 
 
 Hapendi, He (or she) does not like. Hawapendi, They do not like. 
 
 Haupendi, // (mti) docs not like. Haipendi, 77iey (miti) do not like. 
 
 Hakipendi, It (kitu) does not like. Havipendi, They (vitu) do not like. 
 
 Verbs which do not end in -a do not change their final 
 vowel. Is or are not, is expressed by si, for both number? 
 and all classes of nouns. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Our chief does not like Europeans. Europeans do not like our medi- 
 cine men. Idle slaves do not like an overlooker. The river does not 
 pass those baobab trees. I do not see our men. You [pi.] do not like 
 me. I do not hate you [pi.]. She is not reading. The canoes are not 
 sinking. You are not taking care. These are writing, those are not. 
 I said to him, Which man is it whom you saw ? And he said to me, I 
 do not see him. He is not teaching my children. The old man docs 
 not awake. Their children are not crying. Their cocoa-nut trees arc 
 not bearing. My date tree is bearing, yours are not [your date tree:; 
 are not bearing] He does not like that harpoon. Those masts arc 
 
THE NEGATIVE TENSES. 3! 
 
 falling. His canoe is not sinking. He is not destroying your hut I 
 do not forget your actions. He does not forgive me. They do not 
 answer us. You do not believe him. He does not consider. They do 
 not order you. I do not praise them. I am not going back. He does 
 not scorn us. You do not suppose. We are not travelling. I do not 
 wonder. They do not worship God. These slaves are not idle. 
 
 Negative Past. The Negative past is made by the use 
 of the tense prefix -#-, preceded by the proper negative 
 personal signs, see p. 30. 
 
 Mimi sikuanguka, I did not fall down. 
 Mti haukuanguka, the tree did not fall down. 
 Sisi hatukuanguka, we did not fall down. 
 Vibanda havikuanguka, the huts did not fall down, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I did not accept. We did not agree. I did not answer. The chiefs 
 did not arrive. The Europeans did not buy. The cook did not build. 
 You [pi.] did not buy. Those women did not draw water. The six 
 Europeans did not get drunk. The chief did not go before. The old 
 man did not refuse. The arrow did not hit him. They did not bring 
 the two bedsteads. The Europeans did not cut down the cocoa-nut 
 trees. The Europeans did not kill six hippopotamus. The interpreter 
 did not show me the islands. The strangers did not build huts. I did 
 not taste the onions. We did not tear the rag. I did not tell the old 
 man. This mason did not use many poles. The cowards did not fear 
 the slave woman. The masons did not want red umbrellas. The slave 
 did not hate her. The books did not arrive. He did not boast. They 
 did not see the four black slaves. 
 
 The -ku- tense is used only of an action that is strictly 
 and entirely past. Where the meaning is that something 
 has not been and is not, the present is used. 
 
 He has not delayed, hakawii. He has not prospered, hafanikiwi. 
 
 He has not got drunk, halewi. 
 
 Where the meaning is that something has not happened 
 as yet, it is expressed by the tense prefix -/-, preceded by 
 the proper negative personal prefix. 
 
 Hajafika, he has not yet come. 
 Sijamwona, / have not yet seen him. 
 Hajaisha (or hajesha), he has net yet finished. 
 
J3 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Tlie word bado is often added. It seems to imply that 
 the event is one likely to happen, only it has not yet come 
 to pass. 
 
 Sijamwona bado, I have not seen him \but I think I shall}. 
 
 Hajasikia bado, he has not heard [but he will}. 
 
 Hajafika bado, he has not arrived [though fie is on the way}. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The foreigner has not yet cut the loaf. The nurse has not yet fed 
 the children. They have not yet brought the two bedsteads. I have 
 not yet seen the book. He has not fastened the chain [as yet]. The 
 chiefs have not paid me [as yet]. They have not yet passed the children. 
 The date tree has not yet borne. The Europeans have not yet cut down 
 the cocoa-nut trees. The idle cook has not yet rubbed the lid. The 
 fishermen have not brought the canoe [as yet]. 
 
 Negative Future and Conditional. The Negative 
 Future is made by merely prefixing the negative personal 
 signs in place of the ordinary affirmative prefixes. 
 
 Nitapenda, I shall love. Atapenda, he will love. 
 
 Sitapenda, I shall not love. Hatapenda, he will not love. 
 
 Utapenda, you will love. Tutapenda. we shall love. 
 
 Hutapenda, you will not love. Hatutapenda, we shall not love. 
 
 The Negative Conditional is formed in the same manner 
 
 Ningalipenda, I should have loved. 
 Singalipenda, 1 should not have loved. 
 Tungalipenda, we should have loved. 
 Hatungalipenda, we should not have loved. 
 Ingalianguka, they (trees) would have fallen. 
 Haingalianguka, they would not have fallen. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 He will not go back. We shall not see him. We should not have 
 seen him. If you had not arrived he would not have seen us. Our 
 chief will not like those Europeans. The Europeans would not have 
 liked our medicine men. Idle slaves would not have liked a sharp over- 
 looker. You [pi.] will not see our men. Europeans would not have 
 slept. Black men would not have fled. The canoes would not have 
 been broken. These cocoa-nut trees would not have borne. They would 
 not have ordered you. He will not forgive me. We shall not travel. 
 The old man will not go back. Those simpletons will not answer as. 
 { should not have loved him. I should not have told you, 
 
THE NEGATIVE TENSES. 33 
 
 Negative Subjunctive. The Negative Subjunctive is 
 formed by inserting -si- between the personal sign and the 
 verb ; in other respects it resembles the subjunctive affirma- 
 tive. It expresses an intention or desire, the object of which 
 is that somebody, or something, may not do or be whatever 
 the verb expresses. It is also used of a purpose which fails, 
 and is the usual Negative Imperative. The true Negative 
 Imperative is formed when necessary by prefixing -si to the 
 affirmative form, but it is only rarely employed. 
 
 Asipende, let him not love that he may not love without his faring, 
 
 though we desired it, 
 Isianguke, that they [the trees] may not fall. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Let us not see. Let him not go back. That the chief may not tell 
 us. Do not look. Do not look [pi.]. Do not tell him. Beat him 
 that he may not do [it]. Do not speak, that they may not hear [lest 
 they hear]. Tell them not to look for it [book]. Let us not pass it 
 [tree]. Hold the child that she may not fall. Hide the books that 
 they may not read. Tell them not to listen. I will go back that I may 
 not meet with them. Do not pull [pi.]. Tell the porters not to carry 
 these two burdens. Do not take my spear. Do not bum my hut. 
 Do not [pi.] make him a chief. Do not get drunk. Take care the 
 knife does not cut your finger. Take care not to strike that European. 
 Do not praise the slave girls. Do not bring the book, I do not know 
 [how] to read. Do not speak, lest I answer you. If you kill him, do 
 not kill his children. 
 
 Negative with. Relatives. There is one negative form 
 which is used with the particles of relation for all tenses. 
 It is made by inserting -si- between the personal sign and 
 the sign of relation. 
 
 Asiyependa, [/if] who does not, did not, or will not love. 
 Tusiokupenda, [we] who do not, did not, or will not love you 
 Tusiyekupenda, [you] whom we do not, etc., love. 
 Nisiouona, [the tree] which I do not, did not, or shall not see. 
 Usiyetuambia, [thou\ who didst not, dost not, or wilt not tell us, 
 
 For the signs of relation see pp. 22, 23 
 
34 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 The prefixes standing alone express who is, am t or are 
 not, who was, were, will, or shall not be. 
 
 Nisiye, [ /] who am not, etc. 
 Usiye, [you, thou\ -who are not, etc. 
 Wasio, \they\ who are not, etc. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 A shadow which is not passing. Slave women who are not carrying 
 water-jars. A man who will not throw a spear. I saw three men, 
 whom you did not see. [You] who will not see the spear, will pass the 
 hut. [They] who do not know him. [I] who did not know him. The 
 trees which did not fall did not crush your hut. The chair which was 
 not broken. Simpletons who will not run away. The European who has 
 not crossed the river. The Europeans who do not cross the river. The 
 servants who do not like sweet potatoes. The tree which does not bear 
 fruit. The sick people who do not wonder. The medicine man who 
 will not cure them all. The simpletons who will not pay the wizard 
 who has not cheated them. The chief who does not love his wife. 
 The chief who did not love his children. The cook who did not 
 cook my food. The good food which did not kill us. 
 
 NEGATIVE PARTICIPIAL TENSE. 
 
 The Negative of the -ki- tense is expressed by the use 
 of the negative -si- with the relative particle -po-, when. 
 
 Asipopenda, he not loving, or not having loved. 
 
 All the English forms expressed in the affirmative by the 
 -ki- tense may be expressed negatively in Swahili by using 
 -po as a negative relative, and that for past and future time 
 as well as the present 
 
 If he does not love. 
 If he has not loved. 
 
 Asipopenda { Wfun ^ ^ ^ Of ^ ^ ^^ 
 
 Since, because, though, etc., he does, did, or will not 
 love. 
 
 The syllable -po- being used strictly as a relative particle, 
 all the rules given above for the use of relatives with a 
 negative apply to this case. 
 
THE PASSIVE VOICE, 35 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 If he does not love you, I shall not love him. If they do not go out, the 
 chief will not come in [enter]. If he will not come near himself, bring 
 him [pi.]. If I do not wait, I shall not get his knife. If the bone is 
 not broken, the arm will get well. Though the European did not kill 
 the cook, he will not please the black people. If you do not beat you* 
 child, he will scorn you. 
 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The Passive is formed by inserting -zv- before the final 
 -a, -f, or -/, of the regular verb. In all other respects it is 
 the same as the Active. 
 
 Napenda, / love, Ninapendwa, / am being loved. 
 
 Ninapenda, I am loving. Nimependwa, I have been loved. 
 
 Nimependa, I have loved, Nalipendwa, I was loved, 
 
 Nalipenda, / loved. Nitapendwa, / shall be loved. 
 
 Nitapenda, / shall love. Nipendwe, let me be loved. 
 
 Nipende, let me love, Ningalipendwa, I should have been 
 Ningalipenda, I should have loved. loved. 
 
 Nikipenda, if I love. Nikipendwa, if I am loved. 
 
 Nikapenda, and I loved. Nikapendwa, and I was loved. 
 
 Sipendi I do not love. Sipendwi, I am not loved. 
 
 Sikupenda, I did not love. Sikupendwa, / was not loved. 
 
 Sitapenda, I shall not love. Sitapendwa, I shall not be loved. 
 Singalipenda, / should not have Singalipendwa, / should not Aait 
 
 loved. been loved. 
 
 Nisipende, that I may not love. Nisipendwe, that 1 may not be 
 Nisiyependa, / who do not love. loved. 
 
 Sijapenda, / have not yet loved. Nisiyependwa, / who am not loved, 
 
 Napendwa, 1 am loved. Sijapendwa, I am not yet loved. 
 
 Verbs ending in -c, -/, and -u, and those ending in -oa. 
 and -ua, have special passive forms which will be mentioned 
 hereafter. In the last two cases the cause lies, no doubt, in 
 the difficulty of distinguishing between -ua and -ttwa, -oa 
 and -owa. The verbs which do not end in -a are all Arabic 
 words, and therefore more or less irregular. 
 
 By, after a passive verb, is expressed by na. 
 
 Nalipigwa na mfalme, I was beaten by the chief, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I was beaten ; you were not beaten. He will be beaten by * sla T*. 
 Let them be beaten. That I may not be beaten. The old man will be 
 
30 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 bitten. The spear was brought. The two huts are being built. The 
 chief is not yet buried. The slave girls are being called. Let the 
 canoe be taken care of. The Europeans will not be conquered. 
 The food has been cooked. The town has been entered by the four 
 foreigners. The door would have been fastened. I am not feared. 
 The children have not yet been fed. I did not hide the spears ; they 
 have been hidden by the owners. If I had told him, I should not be 
 liked by the Europeans. Where has the piece been placed ? The 
 wizard is not pleased. You will not be remembered. Your chief will 
 not be remembered by our children. The looking glass has not yet 
 been given back. Let the hut be swept by a slave woman. Let not 
 the children be taught by a European. I was told by his slave. The 
 spear was thrown by the chief. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Adverbs in Swahili follow the words they qualify. 
 Sema sana, speak loud. Mzuri sana, -very beautiful. 
 
 LIST OF ADVERBS. 
 
 Above, up, on the top, etc., juu. 
 
 After, afterwards, behind, etc., 
 baada, baadaye [time} nyuma 
 {place]. 
 
 Again, tena. 
 
 Altogether, utterly, entirely, quite, 
 kabisa. 
 
 Always, sikuzote. 
 
 flefore, in front, etc., mbele. 
 
 Below, at the bottom, chini. 
 
 Certainly, without a doubt, yakini. 
 
 Even, hatta. 
 
 Exactly, halisi. 
 
 Ear, far off, mbali. 
 
 Fast, quickly, upesi. 
 
 Formerly, long ago, zamani. 
 
 Gently, moderately, slowly, pole- 
 pole. 
 
 Gratis, for nothing, idly, burre. 
 
 Immediately, marra. 
 
 Inside, within, V.,ndanL 
 
 Lastly, :n\visho. 
 
 Merely, only, etc., tu. 
 
 More, zayidi. 
 
 More than, zayidi ya. 
 
 Near, karibu. 
 
 Now, sasa. 
 
 Now directly, sasa hivi. 
 
 Often, marra nyingi. 
 
 Otitside, without, etc., 'nje. 
 
 Possibly, yamkini. 
 
 Presently, afterwards, then, ulii' 
 mately, halafu. 
 
 Quickly, hastily, hima. 
 
 Safely, salama. 
 
 Suddenly, unexpectedly, ghafala. 
 
 Truly, in truth, sincerely, kweli. 
 
 Very, sana. Sana is used to in- 
 tensify any verb or adjective, 
 and may be very variously trans- 
 lated into English : 
 Vuta sana, pull hard. 
 Sema sana, speak out. 
 Penda sana, love much. 
 
 Well, properly, thoroughly, vema. 
 
 Wonderfully, ajabu. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 37 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I have bought a very handsome spear. He does not see well. I do 
 not much like idle slaves. I saw him coming back fast. I should not 
 have built a very large hut. I looked behind and saw two foreigners. 
 I heard a man near singing loudly [sana], and I thought, this is a 
 European, I will run away [flee] fast. The chief is above, [and] the 
 slaves below. I saw a man looking, and I told you, He sees us now, 
 and you said to me, He is looking outside ; we are inside. Let us pass 
 gently that he may not hear us ; possibly we shall escape ; and we passed. 
 And presently another man came out, and I said, Truly we cannot [kuweza, 
 to be able] escape ; and you said, He is only a slave, he cannot hinder us ; 
 and we passed him. I have often remembered those two people ; they 
 would at once have killed us both, if they had known us. The children 
 went before in front, the men followed the children, and last followed 
 the old men. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 There are in Swahili only four true Prepositions na, -a, 
 kwa, and katika. 
 
 Na is with, along with, and by of the agent after a passive 
 verb. See p. 72, na with a pronoun. 
 
 -a, of, see p. 19. 
 
 Kwa denotes instrumentality and object with, of an 
 instrument ; for, by, of means ; to, of a person, or of the 
 place of his residence ; after the manner of, etc. 
 
 Katika is used of place in all its relations, at, in, to, from, 
 into, and out of; also of an action, during, in, or while. 
 
 Other Prepositions are freely made from adverbs, etc., by 
 the use of na and -a. 
 
 Pamoja na, together with. Nyuma ya, after [at the back of}, 
 
 Karibu na, near [near with], Mbele ya, before [in front of\. 
 
 A noun or a verb may be made into an adverb by pre- 
 fixing kwa-, and then by the addition of -a the whole becomes 
 a Preposition. 
 
 Sababu, cause. Kwa sababu yc, because of. 
 
 Kwa sababu, because [by cause}. 
 
 The force of the Preposition in English is very generally 
 contained in Swahili in the verb. 
 
 Knniletea, to bring to me, Kumnunulia, to buy for him. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Above, on the top of, upon, juu ya. For, instead of, in place of, mahalJ 
 
 After [of time], baada ya. pa. 
 
 After, behind, at the back of, Inside of, -within, ndani ya. 
 
 nyuma ya. Near to, karibu na, karibu ya. 
 
 Amidst, inthe middle of, kztikztiyo.. Outside of, nje ya. 
 
 because, kwa sababu ya. Over, juu ya. 
 
 before, in front of, mbele ya. Since, tangu. 
 
 Below, beneath, at the bottom of, So far as, up to, till, hatta. 
 
 wider, chini ya. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 It [hut] was made of poles. I see a man standing on the canoe. And 
 he received it [kitu] with [his] two hands. I bought the spear foi an 
 old rag. He will return from the town. I met with him in the town. 
 Return [pi.] to your chief. He remained upon the tree. And he came 
 down from the tree, and he passed till he met with his two fellow slaves 
 upon another tree. And they arrived at the bottom of the hill. All 
 the slaves followed behind the chief. And he went before with his 
 slaves into the island. I went back to my companions, and we saw the 
 owner in his canoe, and we said to him, come down [shuka] out of your 
 canoe ; and he answered, Well, and let us follow our chief quickly, we 
 shall find him in the town. And I said to him, he has not yet arrived 
 in his town ; and he said to us, he is now arriving. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 The verbs in Swahili very frequently express what in 
 English is denoted by a Conjunction. The -ka- tenses 
 (p. 26) give the force of and, but, or any other word used 
 merely as a connective. If, and any other words used to 
 introduce a statement or a supposition, are expressed by the 
 ki- tense (p. 28). In order that, and all other words de- 
 noting purpose or object, are expressed by the use of the 
 Subjunctive. Thus a Conjunction is very seldom used in 
 Swahili immediately before a verb. 
 
 LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Also, na [and], tena [again]. 
 
 Although, kwamba. 
 
 And, na. Before a negative, wala is used 'instead of "na, 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 39 
 
 H 
 
 And 2, nami. And we, naswi. 
 
 And thou, nawe. And you, nanyi. 
 
 And lie or she, naye. 
 
 ^4</ #, [mti] nao, [kitu] nacho. 
 
 And they, [watu] nao, [mitij nayo, [vitu] navyo. 
 Both and , na na . 
 But, lakini {however}, ilia [but ON!}'], illakini [except however], 
 
 wallakini [nor however]. 
 Either or , ao ao , ama ama . 
 Except, ilia. 
 For, kwani. 
 
 However, lakini, beginning the clause. 
 If, kwamba, 
 In order that, illi. 
 Neither nor , wala wala . 
 That [how that], kama, kwamba. 
 Then, baadaye [afterwards], kiisha [this finished]. 
 Till, hatta. 
 
 Too, na. / too, etc., see And I, etc. 
 Whether, kwamba, kama. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 A youth and an old man followed me into the town. But the old 
 man stood at the door with a spear, and I said to him, When did you 
 arrive ? where have you got that spear? and he did not answer me, and I 
 asked him again. Immediately I saw also the youth, and I, I asked 
 him, Where has this old man got that spear ? And he said to me, Ask 
 him himself. And I said to him, I have asked him, but he does not 
 answer me. And he said to me, Perhaps he did not hear you ; speak 
 loud. And I spoke loud, and the old man said, I [am] a deaf person ; 
 I hear you speaking only ; forgive me. And I said to him, And you, 
 forgive me, I did not know. And I asked him again, speaking loud. 
 And he said to me, I bought it. And I said to him, When ? And the 
 youth said to me, Either he stole [iba] it, or he picked it op in the 
 mountains. And the old man said to him, What do you say ? And 
 the youth said, He heard you, and he, if he had truly bought it, he would 
 have answered you at once. And I said to him, This [is] an old man, 
 and possibly he has forgotten. And he said to me, He has not forgotten ; 
 but we, the people of this town, we know him well ; [he is] a thief this, 
 since [he was] a child. And I said to him, What has he stolen ? And 
 he said to me, Many things ; this [man is] a stranger ; he was driven away 
 out of his town by his chief, till now he is staying in our town ; and we 
 do not like him, but we have not driven him away, because [he is] a 
 wizard, and they the people fear him. And I wondered, hearing him, 
 and I said, I do not believe that this [man is] a wizard ; you [are] all 
 cowards, and you fear a shadow. And he said to me, I do not fear him, 
 for I think our medicine men are able to conquer him. And I said to 
 
40 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 the old man, Have you heard us ? And he said to me, I [am] a deaf 
 man, I only hear you talking ; but do not believe him if he tells you 
 that I was driven away from my town by our chief. I was not driven 
 away, and I, I shall go back. If I had been driven away, the people 
 of this town would not have accepted me that I should stay in their 
 town. And I said to him, Either you are not a deaf man, or certainly he 
 has said truly you [are] a wizard. And the old man said to me, I do 
 not hear. And I turned and went put from the town, and I have not 
 told [any] man except you ; but I believe that the old man [was] neither 
 a deaf man, nor a wizard, but a cunning man, who had stolen the 
 spear, and wished to cheat me; but I too, I know [how] to cheat 
 people. 
 
 OTHER CLASSES OF NOUNS. 
 
 The other Classes of Nouns of most importance are those 
 which do not change, to form the plural, and those which 
 form their plural by prefixing ma-. The remaining three 
 are of less importance ; they are those which begin in the 
 singular with u- or w-, the infinitives of verbs used as sub- 
 stantives, and the one word mahali, place. As the rules in 
 regard to these two last are very simple, they may each be 
 despatched in a single article. 
 
 Place, The formative syllable appropriate to the word 
 mahali is -/a-, and as it belongs exclusively to this word its 
 mere presence is enough to show that place is the substantive 
 referred to, so that the word mahali may often be omitted. 
 
 1. Adjectives are made to agree with mahali by prefixing 
 fa-. 
 
 Mahali papana, a broad place. 
 
 When followed by - or -/'-, the -a- coalesces with it into 
 the sound of -. 
 
 Mahali peusi, a black place. 
 
 For lists of Adjectives see pp. 3, 16, 17. 
 
 2. This place and yonder place are formed on the syllable 
 -pa-: hapa, this place or here ; pale, that place or there. 
 
 3. The signs of person and object in connection with 
 place are both -pa-. 
 
 Panipendeza, it pleases int. Napaoia, T see it. 
 
INFINITIVES OF VERBS. 41 
 
 4. The initial syllable of the Interrogative and Personal 
 Pronouns \spa-, varying as mentioned above (i). 
 
 Mahali papi ? Which place ? Mahali pangu, my place. 
 
 Mahali pangapi? How many Mahali petu, our place or placet, 
 places? 
 
 5. The sign of the possessive case is pa. 
 
 Mahali pa Abdallah, Abdallali's place. 
 
 6. All is pote- ; having, penyi ; itself, penyewe. 
 
 Mahali pote penyi miti, all places with trees. 
 
 7. The Relative particle answering to maJiali is -po-. It 
 often has the sense of where. 
 
 Nilipopaona, which I saw. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I saw the place where the fisherman stood when \-ki- tense] their new 
 canoe sank. I passed the place itself. I saw a place where there were 
 [having] many huts. Suleman arrived in your place, and I asked him, 
 Where did you leave Abdallah ; tell me the place. And he told me the 
 place in the town, where his elders [old persons] lived before. And I 
 said to him, I do not know it. And he told me, Where you saw him, in 
 crossing the river. And I remembered the place, fit was a] beautiful 
 [one] near the river. And I said to him, now I remember it ; we saw 
 it together, [it is] a beautiful place. And he said to me, [it is] 
 beautiful. 
 
 INFINITIVES OF VERBS. 
 
 Infinitives may always be used in Swahili as verbal sub- 
 stantives expressing the act of doing or becoming, or the 
 state of being, what the verb describes. 
 
 Kufa, dying or becoming dead. Kupigana, fighting. 
 
 Kustirika, being covered. 
 
 Adjectives and pronouns are brought into agreement by 
 the use of the syllable -ku-. 
 
 Kufa kuzuri, a noble death. 
 
 Kupigana si kwema, fighting is not good. 
 
 Kuogopa huku, this fearing. 
 
 Kuja kwake kumenipendeza, his coming has pleased me. 
 
 Hakukunipendeza kukimbia \sKdao t your running away didnotpleast 
 
 me. 
 Nimekujua kulewa kwako, I know of your getting drunk. 
 
42 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Accepting. Accusing. Agreeing. Altering. I do not like beating 
 you. Answering often. Bearing fruit much. Seeing and believing. 
 Boasting is not good. Boiling quickly. Bringing is not taking. Her 
 cooking [is] beautiful. Crying will harm you. By [means of] cultivat- 
 ing. While dancing. By digging deep [sana]. By beautiful dreaming 
 and bad doing. The idle slave annoys me much by his delaying. They 
 brought the trees by dragging. He escaped because of fearing. I saw 
 them while [in] fighting. Forgiving and forgetting. 
 
 THE MA- CLASS. 
 
 Nouns which make their plural by prefixing ma- have no 
 prefix in the singular unless the roots are monosyllabic, 
 when they prefix //-, or begin with a vowel, when they ordi- 
 narily prefix /-. There are many nouns beginning with ma~ 
 which are seldom or never used in the singular. 
 
 LIST OF SUBSTANTIVES OF THE MA- CLASS. 
 
 Machukio, abhorrence, disgust 
 
 Shauri, mashauri, advice. 
 
 Jambo, mambo, affair, thing, cir- 
 cumstance. 
 
 Mapenzi, affection, love. 
 
 Maagano, agreement. 
 
 Mapatano, agreement. 
 
 Koonde, makoonde, a slave's allot- 
 ment. - 
 
 Lozi, malozi, an almond. 
 
 Talasknu, matalasimu, an amulet. 
 
 Mazumgumzo, amusement, con- 
 versation. 
 
 Tibu, majibu, an answer. 
 
 Tao, matao, an arch. 
 
 Kwapa, makwapa, the armpit. 
 
 lifu, majifu, ashes. 
 
 Makusanyiko, assembly, place of 
 assembly. 
 
 Shoka, mashoka, an axe. 
 
 Kanda, makanda, a long narrow 
 matting bag. 
 
 Peto, mapeto, a small square 
 matting bag. 
 
 Fungu, mafungu, a bank, a shoal. 
 Ganda, maganda, bark, rind. 
 Pipa, mapipa, a barrel. 
 Bakuli, mabakuli, a basin. 
 Fakacha, mapakacha, a basket 
 
 plaited out of fresh cocoanut leaves. 
 Ungo, maungo, a flat basket for 
 
 sifting. 
 Tuta, matuta, a raised bed for 
 
 planting sweet potatoes. 
 Tumbo, matumbo, belly, entrails, 
 
 womb. 
 Lengelenge, malengelenge, a 
 
 blister. 
 
 Jipu, majipu, a boil. 
 Chupa, machupa, a bottle [in the 
 
 Mombas dialect, tupa, rnatupa]. 
 Kasha, makasha, a large box, a chest. 
 Tawi, matawi, a branch, a butuk 
 
 of fruit. 
 
 Gari, magari, a carnage, a cart. 
 Korosho, makorosho, a cashew nut. 
 Bibo, mabibo, a cashew apple. 
 Zizi, mazizi, a cattle pen. 
 
THE MA- CLASS. 
 
 Kapi, makapi, chaff. 
 
 Kanisa, makanisa, a church. 
 
 \Vingu, mawingu, a cloud. 
 
 Kuti, makuti, a leaf of the cocoanut 
 tret. 
 
 Dafu, madafu, a cocoanut in the 
 proper stage for drinking 
 
 Makumbi, cocoanut fibre. 
 
 Agizo, maagizo, commission^ direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Matumaini, confidence. 
 
 Shaka, mashaka, doubt. 
 
 Tone, matone, a drop. 
 
 Vumbi, mavumbi, dust. 
 
 Sikio, masikio, an ear. 
 
 Yayi, mayayi, an egg. 
 
 J icho, macho, an eye. 
 
 Kosa, makosa, a fault. 
 
 Konde, makonde, a fat. 
 
 Ua, maua, a flower. 
 
 Inzi, mainzi, a fly, 
 
 Tunda, tnatunda, fruit. 
 
 Tawa, matawa, a frying fan. 
 
 Tango, matango, a gourd eaten 
 like cucumber. 
 
 Kaburi, makaburi, a grave, a tomb. 
 
 Jembe, majembe, a hoe. 
 
 Tundu, matundu, a hole. 
 
 Gote, magote, the knee. 
 
 Fundo, mafundo, a knot. 
 
 Maneno, language. 
 
 Jani, majani, a leaf. 
 
 Soko, masoko, market, bazaar. 
 
 Jaravi, majaravi, coarse matting. 
 
 Maziwa, milk. 
 
 Jina, majina, name. 
 
 Shingo, mashingo, the neck. 
 
 Kasia, makasia, an oar. 
 
 Mafuta, oil. 
 
 Chungwa, machungwa, an orange. 
 
 Kafi, makafi, a paddle. 
 
 Papayi, mapapayi, apapaiu, 
 
 Kokoto, makokoto, a small piece of 
 
 stone, a pebble. 
 Manukato, perfumes. 
 Nanasi, mananasi, a pine apple. 
 Shimo, mashimo, a pit. 
 Shamba, mashamba, a plantation, 
 
 apiece of ground in the country. 
 Sufuria, masufuria, a large metal 
 
 pot. 
 
 Boga, maboga, a pumpkin. 
 Majuto, regret, repentance. 
 Tanga, matanga, a sail. 
 Jiwe, mawe, a stons. 
 Jifya, mafya, stones to set a pot on 
 
 over afire. 
 Jua, the sun. 
 Jino, meno, a tooth. 
 Mumunye, mamumunye, vegetal^ 
 
 marrow. 
 Dau, madau, a small vessel sharp 
 
 at both ends. 
 Mashairi, verses. 
 Maji, -water. 
 Tikiti, matikiti, a wild water 
 
 melon. 
 Neno, maneno, a word. 
 
 Adjectives [Ma- class]. Adjectives, including the 
 variable numerals, beginning with a consonant (p. 3) are 
 made to agree with nouns of the ma- class by omitting all 
 prefix in the singular, and prefixing ma* in the plural 
 
 Sufuria tupu, an empty pot. 
 Mawe makubwa, large status. 
 
 Yayi bovu, a rotten egg. 
 Maji matamu, sweet water. 
 
 Adjectives beginning with a vowel (p. 16) prefix/- to form 
 the singular, and ma- to form the plural. The -a- of the 
 prefix ma- coalesces with i or e to form a long e. 
 
44 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Shaori jerevu, cunning advice. Dafu jingine, another cocoanut. 
 Maganda meusi, black bark. Madafu mengi, many cocoanuts. 
 
 Mavazi meupe, white dresses. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 A bad affair. Great affection. Ripe almonds. A sharp answer. 
 A wide arch. Dry ashes. A heavy axe. Thick barks. A small 
 barrel. A sound basin. Long raised beds for sweet potatoes. Large 
 blisters. New boils. Empty bottles. A heavy chest. A sweet cocoa- 
 nut for drinking. A large drop. Long ears. Rotten eggs. New 
 faults. Savage flies. Sweet fruits. An empty grave. A small hole. 
 Fine language. A long leaf. Short leaves. A broad mat. Raw 
 milk. A beautiful name. A long neck. Heavy oars. Sweet oranges. 
 Fine perfumes. A large plantation. Beautiful verses. 
 
 A soft knee. A narrow hole. Another grave. Many graves 
 Much [many] water. A red fruit. Long red fruit. Slender flies 
 Different faults. Black eyes. Light eyes. A red eye. A white egg. 
 Light dust [pi.]. Many doubts. A small narrow dau. Good con 
 fidence. Good red bottles. A light basin. A good axe. Good light 
 axes. Cunning answers. Good almonds. Easy affairs. 
 
 Demonstratives [Ma- class]. The pronominal sylla- 
 bles answering to substantives of the ma- class are // in the 
 singular and ya in the plural. 
 
 The Demonstratives are made as explained on pp. 5, 6, 
 and are hili and tile, hay a and yale. 
 
 Kasha hili, this chest. Makasha haya, these chests. 
 
 Kasha lile, that chest. Makasha yale, those chests. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 This large chest. Those large metal cooking pots. These gourds 
 [matango]. Those long ears. This small fault. That hole. These 
 knees. These light drops. Those bitter doubts. This large eye. 
 These large teeth. This large raw egg. That raw egg. Those bottles. 
 These commissions. These boils. Those four large barrels. These 
 dry ashes. These five arches. That answer. These white almonds 
 This good advice. These new circumstances. That sweet water 
 These sharp axes. That sharp axe. That barrel. This barrel. 
 
 Which ? [Ma- class]. The Interrogative which 1 is 
 formed by prefixing the pronominal syllables to the in- 
 variable -pi. 
 
 Jaabo lipi ? Which matttr ? Mambo yapi ? WTiich matters f 
 
THE MA- CLASS. 45 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Which bottles ? Which chest? Which ear? Which eggs? Which 
 eye? Which fruits? Which hole? Which pit? Which knee? Which 
 barrels? Which axe? Which oars? Which shoal? Which water? 
 Which oil ? Which arch ? Which tooth ? 
 
 Personal Pronouns [Ma- class]. The pronominal 
 syllables may be used alone to represent the present tense 
 of the verb to be. 
 
 Kasha li zito, the chest is heavy. 
 Makasha ya mazito, the chats are heavy. 
 
 The same syllables form the personal prefix to the verb. 
 See pp. 7, 8, 10. 
 
 Dafu limeanguka, the cocoanut has fallen. 
 Madafu yameanguka, the cocoanuts have fallen. 
 
 They are also used as objective prefixes to mark the 
 object of the verb. See p. 14. 
 
 Wapagazi hawakulichukua kasha, the porters did not carry the chest. 
 Wapagazi hawakuyachukua makasha, the porters did not carry the chests. 
 
 Before a vowel the vowels of the prefix disappear. See 
 pp. 1 6 and 18. 
 
 Jicho lataka kuoshwa, the eye wants to be washed. 
 Macho yataka kuoshwa, the eyes want to be ivasfied. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I have accepted the advice. These circumstances do not agree. You 
 will not alter the agreement. The ashes annoy me. The matting bags 
 [kanda] have arrived. The water is boiling. He has broken the basin. 
 Bring [pi.] six barrels. Who has built the tomb? Let us break the 
 axe. Buy ten eggs. Do not break the eggs. Let them take care of 
 the frying pan. The women will carry the water in water-jars. I like 
 to chew this sweet bark. They have not cleaned the matting. We 
 collected the oranges. Our cook will cook the pine-apples. Cover the 
 metal pot. They have crushed the almonds. Are we to cut the blister? 
 The milk is decreasing. The slaves tried to defend the cattle pen. Are 
 we to divide the papaws, or the cashew nuts ? They emptied out the 
 oil. The chief did not enter the pit. You will find the two pumpkins 
 at the door. They forgot to bring the oars, they brought only two 
 paddles. If they had hoisted the sail, they would haTe escaped. If 
 they had not hoisted the large sail, they would not have sunk. We 
 are looking for the wild water melons ; have you sen them ? 
 
46 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Possessive Pronouns and Case [Ma- class]. The 
 preposition of is made to agree with ma- nouns by the use 
 of the initials /- and y-. See p. 19. 
 
 The same initials mark the agreement of the Possessive 
 Pronouns. See p. 1 9. 
 
 Kasha la Ali, Alts cJiest, Jina lake, his name. 
 
 Kasha langu, my chest. Majina yake, his names. 
 
 Makasha ya Ali, AKs chests. Jina lao, their name. 
 
 Makasha yangu, my chests. Majina yenu, your names, 
 
 Similarly, all is lote in the singular, andjvte in the plural. 
 Having, etc., is lenyi and yenyt\ itself is lenyewe, and them- 
 selves, yenyewe. Seep. 21. 
 
 All the boxes, makasha yote. 
 
 The whole box, kasha lote. 
 
 The basin with eggs, bakuli lenyi mayayi. 
 
 The basins with eggs, mabakuli yenyi mayayi, 
 
 The tooth itself, jino lenyewe. 
 
 The teeth themselves, meno yenyewe. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I took the European's axe. I shall see the chiefs plantation. You 
 will hurt the old man's eye. I have found the drunkard's paddle. We 
 have passed the European's grave. I see the white ashes of a great fire. 
 They are burning the deaf man's pine-apples. The chief's slaves took 
 the fisherman's paddles. The slave's knee struck the stranger's eye. 
 They have hidden the canoe's sail. The old man's neck. The stranger's 
 regret. The idle slave's belly. The porters' agreement. The cook's 
 metal pot. The nurse's affection. The children's teeth. The blind 
 man's advice [pi.]. The mangouste's ear. The mangouste has bitten 
 the child's armpit. The European's answer. 
 
 Our chief has destroyed your plantation. The Europeans have cut 
 their cocoanut leaves. My fruit [is] ripe. His axe [is] sharp. His 
 arrow struck my neck. They liked their oranges. Our arch has fallen. 
 Your slave girls took my frying pan. Your vegetable marrows please 
 me. The old man wants my amulet. My tooth is paining me. My 
 ajce is touching the tree. I see its hole. I carried his oranges. Your 
 boil [is] large. You will take our perfumes. I shall leave your carriage. 
 Their conversation has pleased me. You [pi.] will hate our flies. GUI 
 people like papaws. He has hidden my milk. Your verses [are] many. 
 Our milk, your [pi.] water, and their oil. My abhorrence, your affec- 
 tion, and their regret. Our agreement is not yet ended. My blister is 
 not your boil. 
 
 All affairs. All amusement. The answer itself. The barrels them- 
 
THE MA- CLASS. 47 
 
 selves. The barrels with water. The barrel with oiL The raised bed 
 with sweet potatoes. All boils hurt me. Bring all the basins. The 
 ear itself. Break all the leaves and bring all the fruit. Language 
 having faults. 
 
 The Relative [Ma- class]. The Relative particles 
 answering to the ma- class are lo in the singular, and yo in 
 the plural. See pp. 22-25, and 33. 
 
 Pipa lo lote, any barrel whatever. 
 Mapipa yo yote, any barrels whatever. 
 Jino linalouma, the tooth which is aching. 
 Jino lililouma, the tooth which achtd. 
 Jino litakalouma, tlu tooth which will ache. 
 Meno yanayouma, the teeth which are aching. 
 Meno yaliyouma, the teeth which ached. 
 Meno yatakayouma, the teeth which will ache. 
 Sufuria nililolinunua, the pot I bought. 
 Masufuria niliyoyanunua, the pots I bought. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The disgust which I feel [see]. The advice which I received. The 
 circumstances which annoyed me. The agreement which we made, you 
 and I. The almonds which were picked up. The answer which he 
 will give [put out]. The arch which is falling. The ashes which he is 
 scattering. The axe which will cut [down] that tree. The barrels which 
 the chief's people carried. The basin which I broke. The blister 
 which pained me. The boil which was visible. The cart which they 
 are drawing. The church which we are building in the town. The 
 confidence which the slaves will feel (see). The flies which are annoy- 
 ing me. The oil which you are pouring. The pit which you dug. 
 The perfumes which you bought The pine-apples which are being 
 cooked. The wild water melons which the children are looking for. 
 The sail which they hoisted. 
 
 Negative Tenses [Ma- class]. The negative prefixes 
 answering to ma- nouns are kali- in the singular and haya- 
 in' the plural. In the Negative Subjunctive, the prefixes 
 become list- and yasi-. See pp. 29-33. 
 
 Tone halianguki, the drop does not fall. 
 
 Matone hayaanguki, drops do not fall. 
 
 Tanga halikushushwa, the sail was not lowered. 
 
 Matanga hayakushushwa, the sails were not Icnvtrsd. 
 
 Jino halitauma, the tooth will not ache, 
 
 Meno hayatauma, the teeth will not ache. 
 
48 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Yayi lisioze, that the egg may net go bad. 
 
 Mayayi yasioze, that the eggs may not go bad. 
 
 Boga lisilopikwa, the pumpkin -which was not cooked. 
 
 Maboga yasiyopikwa, the pumpkins -which were not cooketL 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Our chief does not like these almonds. These circumstances do not 
 annoy me. This axe does not cut. These amusements do not please 
 me. His answer does not suffice. The barrel is not sinking. The eye 
 does not hear. The ear does not see. Pumpkins do not fly. Vege- 
 table marrows do not cry. 
 
 The basin did not arrive. The axe did not hurt me. The amulet 
 did not harm him. Their amulets did not guard them. The bitter bark 
 did not cure you. 
 
 The affair is not yet finished. The bitter bark has not as yet cured 
 you. The drop has not yet fallen. The eggs are not yet cooked. The 
 water has not boiled as yet. The leaf has not yet got dry. 
 
 A sharp answer will not drive him away. The pine-apples will not go 
 bad. These verses will not please him much. Your verses will not 
 please the chief. Hard language will not kill us. Regret will not pay 
 me. The sails will not touch the mast. 
 
 Let not the eggs go bad. That the oranges may not fall. That the 
 pumpkins may not be cooked. That the fruit [pi.] may not be crushed. 
 That the ashes be not taken care o, [Do] not [let] the eggs fall. 
 
 THE N- CLASS. 
 
 Substantives which have n- or ny- for a prefix do not 
 change to form the plural. 
 
 Nyumba, a house. Ndoo, a bucket. 
 
 Nyumba, houses. Ndoo, buckets. 
 
 The letter n cannot, however, stand before any letters 
 except J, g,j,y, and z. Before b and v it becomes m. 
 
 Mbaya stands for nbaya {bad}. Mvua stands for nvua \rain\, 
 
 When prefixed to w the two letters become mb. 
 Mbili stands for nwili [two], 
 
 When prefixed to / or r they become /& 
 
 Xdimi stands for nlimi [tongues]. Ndefu stands for nrefu [tong] 
 
 When n ought to be prefixed to k, p, or t, it is not written, 
 
THE N- CLASS. 
 
 49 
 
 but the letters get a sort of explosive sound, which may be 
 heard in such words as 
 
 K'uku, /0rnkuku, a fowl. P'epo,/0r npepo, -winds, 
 
 T'aka,_/0rntaka, dirt. 
 
 Before vowels the prefix takes the form ny~. 
 Nyekundu, for nekundu, red. 
 
 These rules make it difficult to know what Substantives 
 ought to be reckoned as belonging to the n- class. The 
 difficulty is increased by the custom of putting foreign words 
 into this class, whatever their form. 
 
 It is a good general rule for a beginner to reckon as 
 belonging to this class all nouns as to which he is uncertain 
 how to class them. He will very often be right, and the 
 only mistake he can make in the noun is to omit a prefix, 
 which is better than putting a wrong one, while the forms of 
 the pronoun are sure to convey his meaning, which other 
 forms might not. 
 
 LIST OF N- SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 Ilesabu, accounts. 
 
 Daftari, account book. 
 
 Hewa, air. 
 
 Sadaka, alms, offering.** 
 
 Amerikano, American sheeting. 
 
 Nanga, an anchor. 
 
 Hasira, anger. 
 
 Pembe, angle, corner. 
 
 Nyama, animal, meat, fash. 
 
 Chungu, ants. , 
 
 Siafu, brown ants often seen ctoss- 
 
 ing the path in great numbers. 
 Mchwa, white ants. ' 
 
 Nyani, ape. 
 
 Nguvu, authority, strength, /flzwr. 
 Tufe, a ball. 
 Farumi, ballast. , . 
 Ndizi, bananas. 
 Ng'ambo, the opposite bank. 
 Boriti, roof beam, pole. 
 Ndevu, beard. 
 Kengele, bell. 
 
 Jeneza, bier.*- 
 Damu, blood. 
 Ndoo, bucket, pail. 
 Ngao, buckler, shield. 
 Shughuli, business, engagement. ** 
 Siagi, butter, cream. 
 Ulayiti, English unbleached calico. 
 Kaniki, blue calico. 
 Shiti, printed calico. 
 Galawa, a canoe. 
 Kofia, a cap. 
 Shehena, cargo?" 
 Zulia, a carpet. 
 Khalfati, caulking. ^ 
 .^Nasibu, chance, luck, good fortune. 
 . Sifa, character, praise. 
 Nathari, choice. 
 Saa, clock, -watch, hottr. 
 Nguo, cotton cloth, a loin cloth, 
 
 clothes. 
 
 Joho, woollen cloth, an Arab coat. 
 Garofuu, cb:^s. 
 
50 SWAHIL4 EXERCISES. 
 
 Rungu, club. Heshima, honour, respect. 
 
 Nazi, a cocoanut [when ripe\ Nyumba, a house. \ 
 
 Kahawa, coffee. Sanamu, image, likeness, idol, 
 
 Rangi, colour, dye, paint. Safari, a journey, voyage. 
 
 I lali, condition, state. Furaha, joy. 
 
 Sandarusi, copal, or gum animi, Haki, justice, right. 
 
 Shaba, copper, brass. ^ Namna, kind, sort, pattern* 
 
 Pembe, corner, horn, angle. Ngazi, a ladder. 
 
 Pamba, cotton. Taa, a lamp. 
 
 Thiraa, a cubit, about half a yard.-~ gheria, law, rule. 
 
 Dasturi, custom. Risasi, lead. 
 
 Tende, dates. Elimu, learning, doctrine. 
 
 Siku, day [in reckoning]. Barua, letter, note, document. 
 
 Deni, debt. Nuru, light. 
 
 Sitaha, deck. - Chokaa, lime. 
 
 Tofauti, difference. -" Hasara, loss, damage, 
 
 Shidda, difficulty, distress, troublef"E.mbQ, a mango. 
 
 Aibu, disgrace, reproach. '"' Alama, a mark. 
 
 Talaka, divorce. '' Maana, meaning. 
 
 Ndoto, dream." Dawa, medicine. 
 
 Ngoma, drum t drumming, music, Fetha, money, silver. 
 
 dance. Imbu, mosquito. 
 
 Inchi [Afombas, nti], earth, land, Sindano, a needle. 
 
 country. Habari [pi.], news. 
 
 Raha, east, rest, comfort. Sauti, noise, voice, sound. 
 
 Bidii, effort, strong attempt. " Pua, the nose. 
 
 Njaa [Mombas, ndaa], famine, Hesabu, number. 
 
 hunger. Asili, origin, nature, substance. 
 
 Hofu,/ear, dread. Karatasi, paper. 
 
 Tupa, a file. Amani, peace. 
 
 Banderaj^/ffTf, red stuff. "Lulu, a pearl. 
 
 Nyama,_/2/!, meat, animal. Kalamu, open. 
 
 Nguvu, force, strength, authority. Nguzo, pillar, column, post. 
 
 Fayida, gain, profit, advantage. Sahani, a plate. 
 
 Bustani, a garden. Ncha, point, thin end. 
 
 Samli, ghee, clarified butter. ^- Sumu, poison. 
 
 Zaw adi, a gift, especially a token Thamani, price, value. 
 
 remembrance. Fayida, profit. 
 
 Tbahabu, gold. Ahadi, promise. 
 
 Njugu, ground nuti. Robo, a quarter. 
 
 Bunduki, a gun. Mvua, rain. 
 
 Baruti, gunpowder. Dini, religion, -worship. 
 
 Nusu, half. Haja,regutst, desire. 
 
 Leso, handkerchief. Mali, riches, property, possessions 
 
 Afya, health, good health. '' Dzn,roof, upper floor. 
 
 Ngama, the hold of a ship. Nafasi, room, space, time, fppor' 
 Auli, honey, syrup. tunity. 
 
ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS]. 
 
 
 Kamba, rope. 
 
 Kutu, rust. 
 
 Parafujo, a scrtw, 
 
 Bahari, the sea. 
 
 Siri, a secret, secnsy, mystery 
 
 Akili, sense, intellect, wits. 
 
 Haya, shame, modesty. 
 
 Merikebu, a ship. 
 
 Dalili, sign, mark, evidence. 
 
 Ishara, sign, signal. 
 
 Ngozi, skin, hide, leather. 
 
 Ndui, small pox. 
 
 Sabuni, soap. 
 
 Roho, soul, life, 
 
 Nyota, a star. 
 
 Hali, state, health, circumstances. 
 
 Fimbo, a stick. 
 
 Meza, a table. 
 
 Lami, /ar. 
 
 Durubini, a telescope. 
 Hema, a tent, 
 Kiu, M/rtf. 
 
 Handaki, a trench, a ditch. 
 Hila, a trick, stratagem, device. 
 Mboga [pi.], vegetables. 
 Siki, vinegar. 
 Njia [Mombas ndia], a/ay, ra*/, 
 
 means. 
 
 Kabari, a wedge. 
 Ngano, wheat, 
 Ajabu, wonder, a wonder. 
 Kazi, work, employment, function, 
 Jeraha, a wound. 
 Dawati, writing desk. 
 Foramali, a ship's yard. 
 
 ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS]. 
 
 Adjectives agreeing with Substantives of the class are 
 formed according to the same rules, and have the plural 
 the same as the singular. 
 
 Adjectives beginning with a vowel [p. 16] prefix ny~. 
 
 Nyumba nyekundu, a red house, or red houses. 
 Alaraa nyekundu, a red mark, or red marks. 
 
 Adjectives beginning with a consonant [p. 3], are formed 
 as follows : 
 
 zuri, beautiful, fins nzuri. 
 
 geni, foreign, strange ngeni. 
 
 -gumu, hard ngumu. 
 
 -zito, heavy nzito. 
 
 -dogo, little ndogo. 
 
 -zima, sound, whole, perfect 
 
 nzima. 
 
 -refu, long ndefu. 
 -baya, bad mbaya. 
 -bichi, raw, fresh mbichi. 
 -bivu, ripe mbivu. 
 bcru, rotten mboTU. 
 
 -tupu, bare empty tupu. 
 -chungu, bitter chungu. 
 -pana, broad pana. 
 -kuu, chief, great kuu, 
 -kavu, dry kavu. 
 -chache, few chache. 
 -kali, fierce, sharp kali 
 kubwa, great kubwa. 
 -fupi, short fupi. 
 -tamu, sweet tamu. 
 -nene, thick nene. 
 -kukuu, worn out - kukuo. 
 
5 a SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Three common adjectives are more or less irregular, 
 -ema, good, makes njema or ngema. 
 -pya, new, makes 'mpya. 
 -wazi, open, makes wazi. 
 
 The variable numbers [N- class] are formed as 
 follows [see p. 4] : 
 
 One, moja. Two, mbili. 
 
 Three, tatu. Four, "nne. 
 
 Five, tanu. Eight, nane. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Many great losses. Two ripe mangoes. A black mark. White 
 wlver. One mosquito. Sharp needles. Good news. A long nose. 
 Eight letters. Beautiful pearls. A good pen, A thick pillar. Sharp 
 points. Large prices. Three quarters. A new request. Good roofs. 
 Much space. Many opportunities. Red rust. Long screws. Little 
 [few] sense. A plain [open] sign. Large hides. Soft soap. Small 
 stars. A bad state. A long stick. Broad tables. White tents. A 
 cunning trick. A short way. Ripe wheat. A fine writing desk. 
 Heavy anchors. Three corners. Raw flesh. Great [many] authority. 
 Sweet bananas. A long beard. Black blood. Small buckets. A 
 large carpet. A good character. Heavy clubs. White paint. Six 
 cubits. Ten days. A narrow deck. Many dreams. New flags. 
 Beautiful gardens. 
 
 Pronouns [N- class]. The pronominal syllables answer- 
 ing to the n class are / in the singular, and zi in the plural 
 
 1. These syllables standing alone represent the present 
 tense of the verb to be. 
 
 Nyumba i kubwa, the house is large. 
 Nyumba zi kubwa, the houses are large, 
 
 2. They form the personal and objective prefixes to the 
 verb. 
 
 Nyumba imeanguka, the house has fallen down. 
 Nyumba zimeanguka, the houses have fallen down* 
 Nimeinunua nyumba, I have bought the house. 
 Nimezinunua nyumba, / have bought the houses. 
 
 3. Before a vowel they become y- and z. 
 
 Fayida yapita kiburi, profit surpasses pride. 
 
 Akili zapita mali, understanding [pi.] surpasses property, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Accounts annoy me. Profit pleases me. They received the offer 
 
POSSESSIVES [N- CLASS]. 53 
 
 ings. The anchor is heavy. He struck the corner. The animals 
 have run away. He is looking for the animals. The ants [siafu] have 
 bitten us. The white ants have destroyed the account books. The 
 roof beams are long. I have heard the bell. Four men are carrying 
 the bier. The blood will remind me. I saw the two empty buckets. 
 I put on the cap, and it hurt me. And the clock struck. The clothes 
 want to be fastened. I bought the cloves. And the dream was 
 finished. Hunger is hurting me. They will hoist the flag. The flag 
 has been hoisted. I did not get the profit. I have got the loss. We 
 hear the noise. 
 
 Demonstratives [N- class]. The Demonstratives are 
 formed from the pronominal syllables as explained at p. 6. 
 They are hii and tie, hizi and zile. 
 
 Nyumba hii, this house. Nyumba hizi, these houses. 
 
 Nyumba ile, that house yonder. Nyumba zile, those houses. 
 
 The interrogative which ? [N- class] is in the sin- 
 gular ipi, and in the plural zipi. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The house [is] large. This garden [is] little. This great wonder. 
 These two heavy wedges. This sharp vinegar. Yonder signal. Which 
 signals? Those dry hides. Those beautiful pearls. These sweet 
 mangoes. This new money. Which needles ? This request. These 
 lamps. Which lamps ? These. This gunpowder. Those tents. This 
 country. Which bucket ? This carpet. Those caps. Those houses. 
 This clock. These clothes. 
 
 Possessives [N- class]. The preposition of is made 
 to agree with nouns of the n class by using y in the singular 
 and z in the plural as initial letters. 
 
 Nyumba ya Abdallah, AbdallaVs house. 
 Nyumba za Abdallah, Abdullah's houses. 
 
 The same letters are used as the initials for the possessive 
 pronouns. 
 
 Nyumba yake, his house. Nyumba zake, his koustt. 
 
 AH, baring, itself, and themselves, are formed in a similar 
 
54 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 manner, becoming yote,yenyi, an&yenyewe t in the singular 
 zote, zenyi, and zenyewe in the plural. 
 
 All the house, Nyumba yote. 
 
 All the houses, Nyumba zote. 
 
 The house with a door, Nyumba yenyi mlango. 
 
 Houses with doors, Nyumba zenyi milango. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I have seen his accounts. Show me your account book. Abdallah's 
 profits pass mine. I have bought all his bananas. The roof beams 
 of my house. He cut the old man's beard. The children are ringing 
 [striking] our two bells. He let down our bucket into your well 
 Abdallah's spear struck All's shield. Our business [pi.] [is] much. 
 Mabruki has put on my red cap. My watch [is] good, his [is] bad. 
 His cloth is torn. Those dates [are] mine. Our good dreams. Your 
 [pi.] files. Your [pi.] lamps are burning. I did not accept his gold. 
 I have not yet seen your ground nuts. We do not worship their images. 
 They saw your [pi.] tents. 1 do not hear their voices. They will not 
 get their request. He will not tell me his secrets. Do your work. 
 The medicine man is not able [does not know] to cure their wounds. 
 
 I hate all presents. All presents please our chief. A garden with 
 [having] trees. Tents with flags. All the bananas are [have] gone 
 bad. All the butter has melted. 
 
 The Relative . [N- class]. The Relative particles 
 answering to the n class are -yo- in the singular and -zo~ 
 in the plural. 
 
 The house which fell, nyumba iliyoanguka. 
 
 The houses which fell, nyumba zilizoanguka. 
 
 The house which I bought, nyumba niliyoinunua. 
 
 77ie house I did not buy, nyumba nisiyoinunua. 
 
 See pp. 22, 23, and 33, 34. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The wound which I cured. The wounds which I did not cure. The 
 star which followed. You saw the work which they did. The wheat 
 which will be ground. The wedge which our man put under the door 
 Avas loosened. The vinegar which did not go bad was spilt. The 
 trench which he dug in his plantation reached as far as the house which 
 you bought I saw the signs which I was told to notice [angalia]. His 
 modesty has left him. Look for the screws we saw yesterday [jana]. 
 The rust which is visible to-day [leo] was visible yesterday. All requests 
 which the chief shall withhold to-day, I will hear afterwards. The 
 room which I wanted would have sufficed you. The rain which passed 
 
THE U- CLASS. 55 
 
 over our roof got [entered] into the new house which they are building. 
 The promise which I gave [put out]. The chief knew the trick which 
 deceived the foreigners. The money which the fisherman received 
 [was] much [many]. I shall give [put out] a quarter of the price which 
 the mason wants. The pillars which were crushed [were] all large. 
 The pearl which the fisherman brought, we have never seen at all 
 [kabisa]. 
 
 Negative Tenses [N- class]. The Negative prefixes 
 referring to Nouns of the n class are hai- in the singular and 
 Jiazi- in the plural. 
 
 Nyumba yangu haikuanguka, my house did not fall down. 
 
 Nyumba zile mbovu hazijaanguka bado, those decayed houses have net 
 
 fallen down as yet. 
 Sindano zetu hazingalivunjika, our needles -would not have been broken. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 All the money would not have been spent. His accounts did not 
 please me. This profit will not suffice you. This air will not cure you. 
 Their alms would not have pleased God. The .chiefs anger does not 
 harm me. The sound of the bell did not annoy me. The roof beams 
 did not rot. The canoe has not yet sunk. The clock is not striking. 
 The clocks have not yet struck. The letter does not arrive. Your [pi.] 
 letters did not arrive. The screw is not entering. The nose does not see. 
 
 THE U- CLASS. 
 
 Nouns which begin in the singular with u make their 
 plural by changing u into n. 
 
 This rule is, however, subject to many exceptions and 
 modifications. 
 
 1. u- before a vowel becomes w-. 
 
 \Vembe, a razor. \Vino, ink* 
 
 2. Where the root of the noun begins with a vowel, the 
 u- of the singular becomes ny- in the plural. 
 
 Uimbo, a song. Nyimbo, songs. 
 
 3. Where the noun in the singular is a dissyllable, the 
 u- is retained and ny- prefixed. 
 
 Uma, a fork. Nyuma, _/&/& 
 
 4. The letter n changes and is changed as mentioned 
 above, p. 48. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 The list of Substantives is not numerous, and many, being 
 abstract nouns, have no plural. In the following list the 
 plurals are added when in use. 
 
 LIST OF SUBSTANTIVES OF THE U- CLASS 
 
 Ukubali, acceptance. 
 
 Uzee, old age. 
 
 Udevu, a hair of the beard ndevu, 
 
 beard. 
 
 Uzuri, beauty. 
 Uchungu, bitterness. 
 Upofu, blindness. 
 Upindi, a bow pindi. 
 Upana, breadth. 
 Ukingo, brink. 
 Ufagio, a broom fagia. 
 Utoto, childhood. 
 Ukucha, a claw, a nail kucha. 
 Ushujaa, courage, heroism. 
 Ua, a court yard nyua. 
 Wokovu, deliverance. 
 Umande, dew. 
 Uovu, evil. 
 Uso, face nyuso. 
 Uwongo, falsehood. 
 Uoga, fear. 
 Ukali, fierceness. 
 Ukuni, a piece of firewood kuni, 
 
 firewood. 
 Unga, flour. 
 
 Uayo, foot print nyayo. 
 Uma, a fork, sting nyuma. 
 Upole, gentleness. 
 Wema, goodness, kindness. 
 Wali, cooked grain. 
 Uji, gruel. 
 
 Ufizi, gum of the teeth fizi. 
 Unyele, a hair nyele, the hair. 
 Ukufi, handful kufi. 
 Uwingu, heaven mbingu. 
 Uvivn, idleness. 
 Urithi, inheritance. 
 Wino, ink. 
 Upele, large pimplet* itch. 
 
 Utl 1_ * 1L 
 Ushi, joke. 
 
 Ufunguo, a key funguo. 
 
 Ufalme, kingdom, kings/tip. 
 
 Utambi, a lamp ivick tambi. 
 
 Ukurasa, leaf of a book kurasa. 
 
 Urefu, length. 
 
 Umeme, lightning. 
 
 Unyonge, meanness. 
 
 \Vavu, a net used in hunting 
 nyavu. 
 
 Usiku, night. 
 
 Upuuzi, nonsense, silly talk. 
 
 Uapo, an oath nyapo. 
 
 Ubau, a plank mbau. 
 
 Wingi, plenty. 
 
 Upondo, a pole for punting 
 pondo. 
 
 Ugali, porridge. 
 
 Umasikini, poverty. 
 
 Uwezo, power, ability. 
 
 Ugomvi, a quarrel. 
 
 Utulivu, quietness. 
 
 Wembe, razor nyembe. 
 
 Ufufuo, resurrection. 
 
 Wali, rice [when cooked}. 
 
 Usubi, sandfly. 
 
 Utumwa, service^ slavery, some- 
 thing which has to be done. 
 
 Usharika, sharing, partnership, 
 
 Usafi, shavings of wood, etc. 
 
 Werevu, shrewdness. 
 
 Ugonjwa, sickness, diseast. 
 
 Upande, a side pande. 
 
 Uimbo, a song nyimbo. 
 
 Wengo, the spleen. 
 
 Uzi, string, thread nyuzi. 
 
 Ushi, a stringcourse nyushi. 
 
 Utepe, a stripe, a lint tepe. 
 
 Usultani, sultanship. 
 
 Upanga, a ,raw< panga. 
 
 Ukwaju, tamarinds. 
 
THE U- CLASS. 57 
 
 Ukoga, tartar on the teeth. Uthaifu, weaknest. 
 
 Wasio, testament^ judgment. Utajiri, wealthiness. 
 
 Uizi, theft, thievishness, Weupe, whiteness. 
 
 Wakati, time, season. Utambi, wick of a lamp tambi. 
 
 Ulimi, the tongue ndimi. Upepo, wind pepo. 
 
 Uthia, trouble, noise, confusion. Uchawi, witchcraft. 
 
 Uwaziri, viziership. Ulimwengu, the world. 
 
 Ukuta, a wall kuta. Ujana, youth. 
 
 Upotevu, wastefulness. 
 
 Adjectives [U- class]. Adjectives, including the vari- 
 able numerals, are made to agree with substantives of the 
 u class, when in the singular number, by prefixing m-, mu- t 
 or mw-, as if agreeing with substantives of the class contain- 
 ing mti, a tree. See pp. 3 and 16. 
 
 Wembe mkali, a sharp razor. Uimbo mwema, a good song. 
 
 Adjectives are made to agree with substantives of the 
 u class, when in the plural number, by prefixing n- or ny- t 
 as if agreeing with substantives of the n class. See p. 51. 
 
 Funguo nzito, heavy keys. Nyimbo njema, good songs. 
 
 Nyembe kali, sharp razors, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 A great [much] age. A long beard. A long hair of the beard. 
 Much beauty. A long bow. Long bows. Small brooms. Short 
 claws. A long nail. A wide courtyard. Much dew. A fine face. 
 Fine faces. A little piece of firewood. Dry firewood. White flour. 
 Soft flour. Many footprints. Red hair. A white hair. A thick hair. 
 Black ink. Small keys. A thick lamp wick. Thick planks. A light 
 plank. Heavy punting poles. Two red planks. I want two long 
 punting poles. I have bought five good planks. I heard three songs. 
 I saw much Sour. I remained one night. 
 
 Pronouns [U- lass]. The pronominal syllables 
 answering to the u class, are u in the singular and gi iu 
 the plural Thus 
 
 Upole u mwema, gentleness is good. 
 Kuni zi fupi, the firewood pieces are short. 
 Urithi umepotea, the inheritance is lost. 
 Panga zimepotea, the swords are lost. 
 Nimeupata ufalme, I have got the kingdom. 
 Nimezitwaa funguo, I have taken the keys. 
 
58 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 It will be observed that in the Pronouns as in Adjectives, 
 the singular forms are the same as those appropriate to 
 Substantives like mti, a tree, and in the plural they are the 
 same as those appropriate to plural Substantives of the 
 class. Thus 
 
 Of is represented by wa and za. 
 
 The Possessive Pronouns are formed by w- and z-. 
 
 The Demonstratives are huu and hizi. 
 
 The Interrogative which? becomes upil and zipil 
 
 Wembe wa Abdallah, AbdallaVs Funguo hizi, these keys. 
 
 razor. Usiku upi, which night ? 
 
 Nyembe za AH, Alfs razors Fagio zipi, which brooms t 
 
 Urefu wake, its length. Unga wote, all flour. 
 
 Mbau zake, its planks. Nyapo zote, all oaths. 
 Wali huu, this {cooked} rice. 
 
 The relatives referring to nouns of the u class are wo, or 
 
 in the singular, and zo in the plural. 
 
 Ufunguo uliopotea, the key which is lost. 
 Funguo zilizopotea, the keys which are lost, 
 Utambi nilioukata, the wick I cut. 
 Tambi nilizozikata, the ivicks I cut. 
 Ubishi wo wote, any joke whatever. 
 
 The negative prefixes used before a verb are hau- in the 
 singular, and hazi- in the plural. 
 
 Ubau hautoshi, the plank is not enough. 
 Mbau hazitoshi, the planks are not enough. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The bow is broken. The sting hurts. The kingdom is prospering. 
 
 1 spilt the ink. The lightning struck a tree, and killed three men. 
 The leaf of the book was brought, and it was torn. A plank was not 
 wanted of great [much] length. The boy cut [some] firewood and hurt 
 his face. They found the wicks and they were very short. The 
 kingdom was conquered. The footprints are not visible. The fierce- 
 ness of the chief annoys his people. The child took the keys and 
 rubbed them. The joke pleased them. A handful of flour will suffice. 
 The world is evil. This inheritance is not large. I held your sword. 
 He picked up my razor, and brought it. The court yard was swept. 
 The broom was lost. The hunting nets were broken, and the animals 
 escaped. The idleness of the boy surprises me. This razor is sharp, 
 This plank is short This great kingdom. These songs. That cooked 
 
THE -NI CASE. 59 
 
 grain. Those brooms. Which bows? Yonder wide court yard. 
 Those keys were lost. They have broken all those punting poles. 
 That beautiful face. This bad flour. This footprint. That sharp 
 sword. 
 
 The nonsense which you are talking. Those swords which I bought. 
 He bought those forks which I refused. The walls which I built fell. 
 All night the people danced and made a great [much] noise. I have 
 picked up the keys which the child rubbed. He begged a handful of 
 dates, and I refused. I did not like his meanness when they wanted 
 him to give [toa] (some) cooked grain, which he had cooked. They 
 would not have brought the flower which I wanted. 
 
 The -Ni Case. All Substantives in Swahili (except the 
 names of persons and animals) may be put into what may 
 be called the locative case by suffixing -at. The accent of 
 the word is shifted by the suffix. 
 
 Nyumba becomes nyumbani. Mkunazi becomes mkunazfni. 
 
 The locative case expresses merely some relation of a 
 local character, and may be translated by in, to, at, from, 
 out of, into, before, by, or any other preposition in English 
 expressing position. It has very nearly the same effect as 
 the preposition katika. 
 
 It is rarely or never used with a noun followed by an 
 adjective. 
 
 When the substantive is followed by a pronoun, the pro- 
 noun may take one of three prefixes, mw-, #a-, kw-, and 
 no other. 
 
 Mw- is used where the idea intended is that of locality 
 within. 
 
 Nyumbani mwangu, into or within my house. 
 
 Pa- is used where the idea of nearness is intended 
 Nyumbani pangu, at, by, near, or before my house. 
 
 Kw- is used where motion is the principal idea, and in 
 cases of distant objects, or where the idea is of an indefinite 
 character. It is the most usual of the three prefixes. 
 
 Nyumbani kwangu, to my house. 
 
 Kwangu, kwako, etc., are used by themselves to express 
 
60 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 at home, with me, you, etc., in my country, to my mind, and 
 so forth. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The man went into the stream [river]. And they followed into his 
 house. They saw many trees in the garden. He pushed me until we 
 arrived at our house. You know the date tree before my door. He 
 slept with his book under his arm [in the arm-pit]. I have not yet 
 returned to my town. I will wait under the tree in the road. He got 
 out of the well and arrived [at] the town. He held his bow and his 
 arrows in his hand. And they ran away, and hid themselves in their 
 house. When they arrived at the river, the people in the road laughed, 
 and the donkey feared, kicked, and fell into the river and sank, and 
 the man and the youth returned to their house. 
 
 INDECLINABLE ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The jxaucity of regular Adjectives is supplied in part by 
 the use of words, borrowed chiefly from the Arabic, which 
 have no prefixes, and therefore cannot vary according to the 
 forms of their substantives. Such are 
 
 Bora, best, superior, preferable, Hafifu, light, insignificant. 
 
 great. Utupu, naked. 
 
 Yakini, certain. Halali, lawful. 
 
 Rahisi, cheap, easy. Farathi, obligatory, unavoidable. 
 
 Safi, clean, pure. Kanuni, indispensable, a necessary 
 Hodari, clever, able, strong. condition. 
 
 Kamili, complete, perfect, even (not Sunne, advisable, recommended. 
 
 odd). Lazimu, binding upon, compulsory 
 
 Rathi, content. Haramu, forbidden, unlawful. 
 
 Sahihi, correct, free from error. Thahiri, manifest, evident, clear. 
 
 Fasihi, correct, free from impro- Kadiri, moderate, middling. 
 
 priety. Tele, plenty, a good deal of. 
 
 Ghali, dear, expensive. Marithawa, plenty, abundant. 
 
 Yabis, dry, tolid. Masikini, poor. 
 
 Killa, every. Tayari, ready. 
 
 Amini, faithful, trustworthy. Salama, safe, not hurt. 
 
 Haba,/rtw, too little. Laini, smooth, soft, gentle. 
 
 Imara, firm. Thaifu, weak, inferior, good for 
 fw, not enslaved. nothing. 
 
 Killa stands alone in always preceding its substantives. 
 Killa siku, every day 
 
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. 6 1 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 You are good for nothing. His house is clean. Those eggs are 
 cheap. His slaves are faithful. Every man carried a sword. The 
 books are dear. The wood which you bought is smooth. These 
 children are content with their good food. Those men are not 
 slaves, they are free. The boxes which they are making are ready. 
 Their punting poles are complete. Your misfortunes are light. My 
 work is inferior. Your work is superior. They sent too little lime. 
 The church which they are building is firm. It is not lawful to kill. 
 That strong man who is fighting will conquer the weak man. The 
 bananas in their garden are abundant. The food which they are 
 refusing is dry. All those people are poor. I found him naked. 
 
 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Substantives and verbs may be converted into adjectives 
 by prefixing the variable particle -a. 
 
 Mtu wa akili, a sensible man, a man of sense. 
 Nyumba ya kupendeza, a pleasing house, 
 Mbau za kutosha, flanks enough. 
 
 Adjectives of this kind may be made as they are wanted. 
 The following are a few of the most useful : 
 
 Ancient, -a kale. Left hand, -a kushoto. 
 
 Civilized, -a kiungwana. The other, -a pili. 
 
 Cold, -a baridi. Other people 's, -a watu. 
 
 Crafty, -a hila. Regular, -a kaida. 
 
 Dark (not light), -a giza. Right hand, -a kulia, -a kuumc. 
 
 Eternal, -a milele. Round, -a mviringo. 
 
 European, -a kizungu. Secret, a siri. 
 
 First, former, -a kwanza. Some one else's, -a mwenyewe. 
 
 fortunate, -a bahati, -a heri. True, -a kweli. 
 
 Hot (of things), -a moto. Uncivilized, -a kishenzi. 
 
 Human, -a mwana Adamu. Valuable, -a thamani. 
 
 Just, -a haki. Wild, -a mwituni. 
 
 The ordinal numbers are formed on the same system. 
 
 First, -a kwanza or -a mosL Ninth, -a tisa, -a tissia, - 
 Second, -a pili. kenda. 
 
 Third, -a tatu. Tenth, -a kumi. 
 
 Fourth, -a "nne. Eleventh, -a edashara. 
 
 Fifth, -a tatu. Twelfth, -a thenashara. 
 
 Sixth, -a sita. Twentieth, -a asharini. 
 
 Seventh, -a saba. Hundredth, -a mia. 
 
 Eighth, -a nane. Last, -a mwisho. 
 
62 SWAHIU EXERCISES. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 These books [are] ancient. He does not know civilized customs. 
 After the time of the rains the cold winds begin [anza]. Crafty people 
 are often deceived. Little work is done [in the] dark days. Very bad 
 circumstances [are] not eternal. European cloth [is] dear. They burnt 
 down the first town which they conquered. The fortunate man has 
 bought a pleasing house. He spilt the hot coffee. A just man is 
 loved by his slave. Our custom [is] to pass on the left side of the road. 
 The sensible man refused to remain in the other house. They cooked 
 his porridge in somebody else's cooking pot. Don't put on other 
 people's clothes. The right hand wall of the house fell. He himself 
 built a round hut. The Sultan [Sultani] is considering the secret affairs 
 of bis kingdom. The uncivilized chief destroyed the valuable book. 
 Call the second man. Cut down every fourth tree. The ninth house 
 fell down. I will pay you every tenth day. 
 
 ADJECTIVAL VERBS. 
 
 A large part of the work of English adjectives is done in 
 Swahili by verbs, which denote the possessing, or rather 
 acquiring, the quality. The -me- tense as a rule denotes the 
 present possessing of the quality, and therefore answers to 
 the English present with is or are. The relative past tense 
 with -It- forms a quasi adjective, and the negative relative a 
 corresponding privative adjective. 
 
 Mtungi unajaa, the water-jar is getting full, 
 Mtungi umejaa, the -water-jar is full. 
 Mtungi uliojaa, the full -water-jar. 
 Mtungi usiojaa, t/te not full water-jar. 
 Kitu kilichopotea, the lost thing. 
 Kitu kisichopotea, the thing not lost. 
 Neno lililopendeza, the pleasing word. 
 Neno lisilopcndeza, the unf leasing -word. 
 
 To btconu audible, kusikiliana. To become carved, kunakishiwa. 
 
 blind, kupofuka. cheap, kurahisika. 
 
 ,, -well boiled, kutokoseka, clean, kutakata, kutaka- 
 broken, kuvunjika. sika. 
 
 bright (by rubbing), ku- clear (of the sky), kuU- 
 
 katuka. kata. 
 
 (shining), kung- ,, (manifest), kuelea. 
 
 'ara. ,, comforted, kufarajika. 
 
 bruised, kuchubuka. comfortabh '.kutengenea. 
 
 ,, catlout, kufaganzi. complete, kutimia. 
 
ADJECTIVAL VERBS. 
 
 To become confident, kutumaini. 
 confused, kufathaika. 
 M crooked, kupotoka. 
 in disorder, kuchafu- 
 
 ka. 
 
 dry, kukauka. 
 ,, enough, kutosha. 
 fat, kunona. 
 ,, fatigued, kuchoka. 
 ,, flexible, kupindana. 
 flourishing, kusitawt. 
 foolish, kupumbazika. 
 ,, full, kujaa. 
 (with eating}* ku- 
 
 shiba. 
 
 M fatt grown, kukomaa, 
 kupevuka. 
 
 heavy to, kulemea. 
 
 humble, kunenyekea. 
 
 intoxicated, kulewa. 
 
 lean, kukonda. 
 
 less, kupunguka. 
 
 loose, kulegea. 
 
 mouldy, kufanya ukun- 
 
 S u - 
 
 more, kuzidi. 
 ,, obligatory upon, kula- 
 
 zimu. 
 
 cpen, kufunuka. 
 M opposite, kuelekea. 
 paralytic, kupooza. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The man's voice is audible. The children became blind. The well- 
 boiled eggs. The broken water-jars. The children's keys are bright. 
 The moon is brilliant The child's leg is bruised. The knee is callous. 
 The door is carved. The food became cheap. The spoons will not be 
 clean. The heavens are clear. Your words are clear. Your soul is 
 comforted. You are extremely [sana] comfortable. The bow is flexible. 
 He is confident. You are confused. The rope is crooked. The child is 
 well. The room is in disorder. The road is dry. The food is enough. 
 The slaves were fatigued. Our work is flourishing. The overseer was 
 sober. The trees are stunted. The thread is tangled. His waistcoat 
 is tight. Abdallah is uncomfortable. The bag is unsewn. He is 
 useful. The agreement is void. The youth is weak. Majaliwa is 
 weary with work. The old man is wrinkled. A wrinkled face. The 
 pearl is useful to me. A stunted tree. I am not at all sorry. A silent 
 
 To become patient, kuyumilia, ku- 
 stahimili. 
 
 perfect, kukamilika. 
 
 pleasing, kupendeza. 
 
 precipitous, kuchongo- 
 ka. 
 
 putrid, kuoza. 
 
 quiet, kutulia. 
 
 rough, kuparuza. 
 
 round, kuviringa. 
 
 scorched, or scalded, ku 
 ungua. 
 
 sick, kuugua. 
 
 silent, kunyamaza. 
 
 sober, kulevuka. 
 
 sorry, kusikitika. 
 
 spherical, kuviringana. 
 
 stunted, kuvia. 
 
 tangled, kutatana. 
 
 tight, kukazana. 
 
 torn, kupasuka. 
 
 uncomfortable (of per- 
 sons), kusumbuka. 
 
 unsewn, kufumuka. 
 
 useful to, kufaa. 
 
 visible, kuonekana. 
 
 void, kutanguka. 
 
 weak, kuthoofika. 
 
 weary, kuchoka. 
 
 ivcll, kupona. 
 
 wrinkled, kukunjana. 
 
64 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 slave girl. A scalded child dreads the fire. The world is spherical. 
 A round box. A rough road. A quiet youth. Putrid meat. A pre- 
 cipitous rock. The pleasing overseer. The number is perfect. A 
 paralytic old man. The dhow is opposite to our home. The flower 
 is open. My hunger has become more. The mouldy loaf. My 
 hunger has become less. The intoxicated slaves. Humble Europeans. 
 The load has become heavy to the porter. The bananas are full 
 grown. The foreigner is becoming foolish. 
 
 RELATIVE WITHOUT NOTE OF TIME. 
 
 The relative may be connected with a verb without any 
 tense prefix, which then has something of the nature of an 
 adjective, or adjectival substantive. 
 
 The sign of the person must precede, and the sign of the 
 relative follow the verb. An objective prefix may be 
 inserted between the personal prefex and the verb. 
 
 Umpendaye, whom you love=your beloved^ or [you] who love him you 
 
 his lover. 
 
 Niwezaye, [/] who can. 
 Warukao, they which fly < flying things. 
 Asikiaye, he who hears = a hearer. 
 Mpitayo, you who pass=ye passers by. 
 Kiviringacho, which is rounded^ round. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The person you love has come back. The chief you fear has got 
 well. The fire which burns in my house will cook the meat you bring. 
 You will get all the food I cook in your cooking pot. The books you 
 read will not be of use to you. You will find the profit you look for. 
 The door I open I shall not shut. 
 
 NAMES OF ANIMALS. 
 
 Names of animals and living things generally are con- 
 structed with adjectives and pronouns proper to the first class. 
 
 Mtu mzuri, a fitte man. Watu wazuri, fine people. 
 
 Ng'ombe mzuri, afitie ox. Ng'ombe wazuri, fine oxen. 
 
 Kiboko mzuri, a fine hippopota- Viboko wazuri, fine hippopotamus. 
 
 mus. Masultani wazuri, fint sultans, 
 SulUni mzuri, a fine sultan. 
 
NAMES OF ANIMALS. 65 
 
 Titles of office, being foreign words, are made plural by 
 prefixing ma-. 
 
 Waziri, a vizier, Mawaziri, viziers. 
 
 . List of names of persons, animals, etc. The plural is 
 added in each case. 
 
 I labeshia, Abyssinian, mahabeshia. 
 Wakili, agent, mawakili. 
 Nyama, animal, nyama. 
 Siafu, biting ants, siafu. 
 Chungu, ants, chungu. 
 Mchwa, white ants, mchwa. 
 Nyani, ape, nyani. 
 Punda, ass, donkey, punda, 
 Shangazi, aunt, mashangazi. 
 Kinyozi, barber, vinyozi. 
 Nyuki, bee, nyuki. 
 Ndege, bird, ndege. 
 Kipofu, a blind person, vipofu. 
 Kijana, boy or girl, vijana. 
 Ndugu, brother or sister, ndugu. 
 Nyati, buffalo, nyati. 
 Fahali, bull, mafahali. 
 Ngamia, camel, ngamia. 
 Sermala, carpenter, masermala. 
 Paka, cat, paka. 
 
 Ng'ombe, cattle, cow, ox, ng'ombe. 
 Taandu, centipede, taandu. 
 Jumbe, chief, majumbe. 
 Jogoo, cock, majogoo. 
 Mende, cockroach, mende. 
 Jemadari, commander ; majema- 
 
 dari. 
 
 Suria, concubine, masuria. 
 Mamba, crocodile, mamba. 
 Kiziwi, a deaf person, vizivri. 
 Mbwa, dog, mbwa. 
 Bata, duck, mabata. 
 Kibeti, dwarf, vibeti. 
 Tembo, elephant, tembo. 
 Adui, enemy, maadui, or adui. 
 Baba, father, baba. 
 Samaki,_/z.r/i, samaki. 
 Kirpboto,_/ftra, viroboto. 
 lw.\,fiy t mainzi. 
 
 _/, hen, kuku. 
 Rafiki, friend, marafiki. 
 Chora., frog; vyura. 
 Paa, gazelle, paa. 
 Kijakazi, slave girl, vijakazi. 
 Mbuzi, goat, mbuzi. 
 Liwali, governor, maliwali. 
 Bibi, grandmother, mistress, bibi. 
 Mwewe, hawk, mwewe. 
 Kiboko, hippopotamus, viboko. 
 Frasi, horse, frasi. 
 Banyani, heathen Indian, Mabau- 
 
 yani. 
 
 Jini, a fin, a spirit, majini. 
 Kathi, judge, makathi. 
 Bibi, lady, mistress, bibi 
 Chui, leopard, chui. 
 Simba, lion, simba. 
 Bwana, master, bwana. 
 Kima, monkey , kima. 
 Mama, mother^ mama. 
 Nguruwe, pig, nguruwe. 
 Njiwa, pigeon, njiwa. 
 Kasisi, Christian priest, maka. i^L 
 Sungura, rabbit, sungura. 
 Panya, rat, panya, 
 Kifaru, rhinoceros, vifara. 
 P.aharia, sailor, baharia. 
 Nge, scorpion, nge. 
 Papa, shark, papa. 
 Kondoo, sheep, kondoo, 
 Nyoka, snake, nyoka. 
 Asikari, soldier, asikar 
 Kobe, tortoise, kobe. 
 Kasa, turtle, kasa. 
 Hua, turtle dove, hua. 
 Dobi, washerman, dobi. 
 Panda milia. zebra* punda milia. 
 
66 SWAHILI EXERCISES, 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I told the soldiers, and they called the commander. The tall 
 Abyssinian told the fierce agent. The great elephant was bitten by 
 ants. The white ants [are] our enemies. The large apes [are] in the 
 trees. The barber's white donkey kicked my aunt. The bees make 
 honey. The boys saw a camel, their sister saw two fine birds. The 
 carpenter was stung by a centipede. I saw the chief; he bought many 
 cattle, and many cocks and hens, and large ducks. I saw a dog ; he 
 was bitten by the flies. My friends do not like the cockroaches. The 
 slave girl has bought a beautiful gazelle. My father bought much fruit 
 [pi.]; a dwarf his enemy took it. The lady was afraid of the large 
 frogs ; the master said, The great lion and the fierce leopard are feared, 
 but people of understanding do not fear a frog. The jin bewitched 
 [made witchcraft against] the governor ; his mother wanted to kill a 
 large pig and three pigeons ; the Christian priest told her this (haya) 
 [was] nonsense. When the sailor was bathing I saw a shark come [it 
 came] and seize [and it seized] him with its teeth. I bought eight fat 
 sheep. The cunning snake suddenly took the rabbit. The washerman 
 bought a donkey, but the soldiers got it ; and [hatta] as they were 
 taking it away [chukua] a scorpion stung it [on] the foot The good 
 judge passed [by] and saw the soldiers ; he ordered them to be beaten 
 by the sailors of our Sultan's vessel. 
 
 Short blind men. A foreign deaf man. A large flea. Female 
 hippopotamus. A whole rhinoceros. A beautiful slave girl. Beauti- 
 ful youths. Eight jealous deaf people. Six heavy hippopotamus. 
 Those fleas. These slave girls. That hippopotamus is fierce. The 
 blind person is dead. Who is this blind person? Your slave girls 
 took my umbrella. The oxen are fat. The donkeys were full. The 
 lean ox. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 There are no degrees of comparison in Swahili. The 
 effect of the Superlative in English is generally given by 
 the simple use of the adjective, as if in an absolute sense. 
 
 Huyu mwema. This (man is the) best. 
 Yupi mwema ? Which (man is the) best ? 
 
 Where the Superlative is joined in English with a definite 
 article, or a possessive pronoun, the Relative is employed in 
 Swahili. 
 
 The broadest road, Njia iliyo pana. 
 
 My sharpest sword, Upanga, u'angu ulif mkall. 
 
TO BE. 67 
 
 If it is necessary to employ both the Positive and the 
 Superlative, the latter may be distinguished by adding sana. 
 
 Huyu mwema, lakini aliye mwema sana ni huyu. Thit man is good, 
 but the best man (the man who is very good) is this. 
 
 The Comparative is expressed by the use of kuliko 
 = where there is. 
 
 Huyu mwema kuliko yule. This man is good where that man it, i.e., 
 
 he is the good one (the better) of the two. 
 Saa hii njema kuliko ile, This watch is better than that. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Melinda [Malindi] is a more ancient town than Mombas [Mvita]. 
 The language of the people of Mombas is more correct than the language 
 of Zanzibar [Unguja]. Bad people are worse than animals. Date 
 trees are more beautiful than cocoa-nut trees. The bitterest medicine. 
 This woollen cloth is blacker than this, but the blackest is that yonder. 
 This river is broader than the Rovuma. Js that place cleaner than 
 this ? My joy is more complete than yours. The overlooker's accounts 
 are more correct than those of the fisherman. The slaves were more 
 cunning than the overlooker, and they deceived him. The European 
 was more fierce than the mason, and beat all the slaves. The gun- 
 powder in the barrel is drier than the soap, which is in this box. 
 This pole is firmer than that which was put into the pit yesterday. 
 This water-jar is fuller than that. Abdallah's house is larger than mine, 
 but mine is more beautiful than all the houses which I have seen. This 
 road is longer than that to your house, but the shortest passes by your 
 plantation. Which wood ts hardest ? The chief is weaker than the 
 thieves. A piece of firewood is lighter than a thick plank. These 
 bananas are redder and more sweet than yours. Our smallest bell is 
 heavier than their largest. Abdallah bin All's beard is long, but Sule- 
 man's is the longest [that of Suleman long very]. 
 
 TO BE. 
 
 In Swahili the present tense of the verb to be may be 
 rendered in eight different ways. 
 
 1. By simple omission. 
 
 Nyumba hii kubwa, this house is large, 
 
 2. By ni for all persons and both numbers. 
 
 Bwana wangu ni Sultani, my master it the S 
 
58 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 3. By the sign of the person. 
 
 Tu tayari, we an ready. 
 
 4, 5, and 6. By the sign of the person followed by the 
 syllables -ko, -mo, and -po. 
 
 Bwana yumo nyumbani, master is inside the house. 
 
 Bithaa nyingi ziko kwangu, much merchandise is at my house, 
 
 Yupo hapa msimamizi, the overlooker is here. 
 
 7. By the sign of the infinitive followed by -na. 
 
 Kuna mtu, there is a man. 
 
 8. By the syllable -//- inserted between the sign of the 
 person and a relative particle. 
 
 Aliye, (he) who is. Zilizo, (those) which are. 
 
 Of these the three most important are : i. By omission, 
 which is customary wherever the verb to be is used as 
 a mere connective. 5. By the personal sign followed by 
 -ko t which must be used when being in a place is intended, 
 and is the usual form where the verb to be stands alone, or 
 without any substantive or adjective immediately following 
 it. 8. By -//- with a relative. The other uses will be found 
 explained in the grammar, but they will be little wanted by 
 a beginner. 
 
 It is unnecessary to give any further exercises on the 
 first rule. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The book is on the table. The cook is near. The planks are in the 
 ship. The fishermen are by the canoe. The canoes are on the water. 
 The carts are on the road. The oranges are in the basket. Are there 
 many slaves in your town? There are [they are]. I saw six ships yes- 
 terday, where are they now ? They are by the island. Are there [are 
 they] canoes near them ? There are seven canoes very near. Where 
 is our overlooker? He is at the plantation. Are there slaves with 
 him? . There are twenty. Who is there? Abdallah is there. 
 Where is Ali ? He is at the house. The chief is outside. 
 
 I who am good. You who are bad. He who is weak. She who is 
 idle. We who are gentle. You [pi.] who are fierce. A stone which 
 is large. A house which is small. Dates which are sweet. A man 
 who is an old man. A chief who is a drunkard. A piece which is 
 little. A chest which is heavy. Arrows which are sharp. Goods 
 [merchandise] which are dear. 
 
TO BE, 69 
 
 Where locality is part of the idea, the particle ~ko is 
 added after the relative. 
 
 Watu walioko chini, the people who are below. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The book which is on the table. The planks which are in the ship. 
 The fishermen who are by the canoe. The canoes which are on the 
 water. The oranges which are on the trees. The slaves which are in 
 our town will all run away, when they see the gun which is in your 
 hand. The ships which are by the island will destroy the town which 
 is [on] this side of the river. The chief who is in our town. The trees 
 which are by the road. 
 
 The past tense 'was, were, had been, is expressed by 
 -likuwa, or -alikuwa, with the proper prefix. It is followed 
 by -ko when being in a place is part of the idea intended. 
 
 Nalikuwa, / was, Twalikuwa, we were. 
 
 Walikuwa, you were, thou wast. Mwalikuwa, you were. 
 
 Alikuwa, he or she was. Walikuwa, Yalikuwa, Zalikuwa, 
 Walikuwa, Yalikuwa, Chalikuwa, Vyalikuwa, they were. 
 
 Lalikuwa, Palikuwa, it was. Aliku wako, he was (there) 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Abdallah was chief; I was a slave. You were a good man. He wa 
 a fisherman. They were idle slaves. The Europeans were fierce 
 people. Those people were all black. The owner was a man of sense, 
 the others were simpletons. 
 
 The black men were in the forest. The European was by the 
 cannon. The gun was in the house. The house was by the river ; 
 the river was near the mountain. The mountain was in the island. 
 The island was in the sea. Many people were in the town, but few 
 people were outside the houses. 
 
 The relative particles are used in the ordinary way with 
 this past tense, and the particle ko is added when required. 
 
 Niliyekuwa(ko), (I) who was. 
 
 Uliyekuwa(ko), (you) who were. 
 
 Aliyekuwa(ko), (He or she) who was. 
 
 Uliokuwa(ko),;Iliyokuwa(ko), Kilichokuwa(ko), Lililokuwa(ko), Pali- 
 
 pokuwa(ko), (it) which was. 
 Tuliokuwa(ko), (we) who were. 
 Mliokuwa(ko), (you) who were. 
 Waliokuwa(ko), (they) who were. 
 Iliyokuwa(ko), Zilizokuwa(ko), Vilivyokuwa(ko), Yaliyokuwafko), 
 
 (they) which were. 
 
70 SWAH1LI EXERCISES. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The chief was in the house ; his people were there far off. The 
 European was on the top of the rock. The canoe was near. I saw 
 two men who were at the door of the house near the date tree. The 
 chief said you were an old man long ago, and I said to him, Were you 
 a child ? And he said to me, I was a youth. The ships were on the 
 sea, the men were in the town. The slaves were the European's 
 servants. I was in the town, and I saw the ancient houses which were 
 there. I saw many people, they were on the road, but those whom 
 our companions saw were in the wood, and they -were few. Many 
 people were with the chief. A few ran away ; those who ran away were 
 afterwards in our town, and I killed them all. Five large chests were 
 in my house many days. 
 
 The men who were in the town were afraid ; we who were outside ran 
 away. The chief called the fishermen, who were by the canoe. Did 
 you see the people who were there ? How many canoes which were 
 there have sunk? The European cut down all the trees which were 
 on the plantation. The chief killed all who were our slaves. The 
 chests which were at my house were broken by the thieves who were 
 afterwards in your town. The houses which were there have all fallen 
 down. I bought all the books which were there. He brought the 
 book which was on my table. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 The only really irregular form in Swahili is the Imperative 
 of the verb kuja to come, which makes njoo and njooni = 
 come, and come ye. Monosyllabic verbs, however, and dis- 
 syllabic verbs beginning with a vowel, keep the ku- of the 
 infinitive in many of their tenses, and thus are apparently 
 irregular. The following table of the tenses of the verb to 
 come will show the cases in which the ku- is retained. 
 
 Naja t I come. Nimekuja, I have come. 
 
 Ntkaja, and I came. Nalikuja, I came. 
 
 Nikija t I coming. Nitakuja, I shall come. 
 
 Sij'i, I come not. Nijapokuja, even if I come. 
 
 Sikuja, I did not come. Ningekuja, I should come. 
 
 Sijaja, I am not yet como Ningalikuja, I should have come. 
 
 Nisije, let me not come. Nisijakuja, before I come. 
 
 Nije, let me come. Nisipokuja, when I come not. 
 
 Nijaye, I who come. Niliyekuja y I who came. 
 Ninakuja, I am coming. 
 
 This irregularity depends upon the question of accent, as 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. 71 
 
 the insertion of an objective prefix makes it unnecessary. 
 Thus 
 
 Arnekula, he has eaten. Amemla, he has eaten htm. 
 
 Kupa-=\Q give to, must always have the objective prefix 
 and therefore is never irregular. 
 
 Nimempa, I have given him. Atanipa, he will give me, 
 
 List of Monosyllabic Verbs : 
 
 Kucha, to rise (of the sun), to fear. Kula, to eat. 
 
 " chwa or twa, to set (of the sun), " nya, to fall like rain, to rain, 
 
 to be feared. " nywa or nwa, to drink. 
 
 " fa, to die. " pa, to give to. 
 
 " ja, to come. " wa, to be, to become. 
 
 The passives, kuliwa, to be eaten, kunyewa, to be drunk 
 up, kupewa, to receive, are regular. 
 
 Dissyllable Vowel Verbs : 
 
 Kuanza, to begin. Kuita, to call. 
 
 " enda, to go. " iva, to get ripe. 
 
 " iba, to steal. " oga, to bathe (pronounced koga) 
 
 " imba, to sing. " oka, to bake. 
 
 " isha, to finish, to come to an end. " uza, to sell (pronounced kuza). 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 The five thieves stole the chests which were at my house. The 
 merchandise which was in the ship was stolen by the fishermen. The 
 slave women began to sing. They sang many beautiful songs. 
 The chief went to bathe in the river. The bananas are not yet ripe; 
 they are full grown, but they are not sweet. You sold four slaves your- 
 self. We will bake the bread [mikate], which you will want on the 
 road. Our money is finished, we cannot buy your pumpkins. The 
 mangoes will come to an end if you eat them now. Who [is it who] 
 called me? Who [is it who] is singing? I have not finished yet. 
 When shall you come to an end ? Do not steal people. Go [pi.] into 
 the town, and call five people to sing songs at my house. Our people 
 have eaten all the bananas, we have not sold even one. You will die. 
 He will come to our home. We shall eat meat. The meat has been 
 eaten which he received from me [was given by me]. Let us eat and 
 drink. The night will come and the slaves will eat. We always drink 
 water only. The sun is setting. 
 
SWA II I LI EXERCISES. 
 
 TO HAVE. 
 
 The verb to haie is expressed in Swahili by kuwa na = 
 to be with. 
 
 Nina, I have. Hawana, Haina, Hazina, Havina 
 
 Una, thou hast, you have. Hayana, they have not. 
 
 Ana, he or she has. Nalikuwa na, I had. 
 Una, Ina, Kina, Lina, Pana, Walikuwa na, you had. 
 
 Kuna, it has. Alikuwa na, he or she had. 
 
 Tuna, we have. Walikuwa na, Yalikuwa na, Chali 
 
 Mna, ye have, you have. kuwa na, Lalikuwa na, Pali 
 
 Wana, Ina, Zina, Vina, Yana, kuwa na, Kulikuwa na, it had. 
 
 they have. Twalikuwa na, we had. 
 
 Sine, I have not. Mwalikuwa na, ye had. 
 
 Huna, you have not. Walikuwa na, Yalikuwa na, Zali- 
 
 Hana, he or she has not. kuwa na, Vyalikuwa na, they 
 Hauna, Haina, Hakina, Halina, had. 
 
 Hapana, Hakuna, it has not. Nitakuwa na, etc., /, etc., shall 
 
 Hatuna, we have not. have. 
 Hamna, ye have not. 
 
 The other tenses are formed in the same manner. Where 
 an objective prefix would be used with an ordinary verb, the 
 relative particle is added to the final na (p. 23). 
 
 Ninalo, I have it (kasha). 
 Ninazo, I have- them (nyumba). 
 Nalikuwa nazo nyumba hizi, / had these houses. 
 
 Sikuwa na kisu, kama ningalikuwa nacho ningal imua, / had no knife ; 
 if I had had one, I should have killed him. 
 
 When joined with a relative, the relative particle attaches 
 itself to the verb kuwa, and so occurs twice. 
 
 Kasha nililo nalo, the chest I have, i.e., which I am with it. 
 Kitu cho chote alicho nacho, anything whatever which he has. 
 Fetha nilizokuwa nazo, the money I had. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I wanted to buy all the cocoa-nuts which the chief had, but I find he 
 had many which I did not get. I have a sword, and [you] you have a 
 spear and a shield ; what are we to fear ? If a man has money he will 
 be great. If a man has not money he will not be great. My house is 
 large, it has not a door. I had not a house formerly, now I have these 
 three. The thieves stole everything which we had. The old man has 
 many valuable books. I shall buy all the books the Europeans have. 
 
COMPOUND TENSES. 73 
 
 I sold all the books I had myself, except those which you gave me. I 
 have them now at [my] house. If Abdallah dies, I shall have much 
 money. I shall have the property which you will give me. If you give 
 me nothing [if you give me not anything], I shall have nothing. He 
 tried to kill me and I struck him with a sword I had. 
 
 The same form of verb which signifies to have, signifies 
 also to be, in the sense of to exist. It occurs most commonly 
 in the words hakuna and hapana there is not 
 
 Kuna mtu, there is somebody. 
 Hakuna mtu, there is nobody. 
 Hapana mtu, nobody is there. 
 Kulikuwa (or Falikuwa) na mtu, there was a man. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 There is nobody in the house. There is nobody who knows how to 
 conquer him. There is nothing outside. I sought for a knife, but 
 there is no knife. I saw a sword in his hand ; I looked again, and he 
 had no sword ; even now there is none. There was somebody, now 
 there is nobody. 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 The verb to be is used in Swahili to form compound tenses 
 in a manner very similar to that in which it is used in 
 English. The verb to have is not used as an auxiliary in 
 Swahili. 
 
 The present and past participles in English are represented 
 in Swahili by the ki and me tenses. 
 
 Nalikuwa nikitoka, / was going out. 
 Nalikuwa nimetoka, / was gone out. 
 
 The most useful compound tenses are the past imperfect, 
 the future of a continuing action, and the pluperfect 
 
 Nalikuwa nikienda, I was going. 
 Nitakuwa nikienda, I shall be on my way. 
 Nalikuwa nimekwenda, I had gone. 
 Sikuwa nikija, / was not coming. 
 
 The verb kuisha or kwisha is veiy commonly used to give 
 emphasis to a past or perfect tense. 
 
 Amekwisha kuja, he has finished to CQTM, he is come already^, he it 
 certainly come. 
 
74 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 I was not going to the town, but shall go back now. He was eating. 
 I did not see him, he had passed already. The thief had stolen some 
 money. Had you read the book ? I had not read it. I was looking 
 at it. The fishermen were on the sea, they had found a few fishes in 
 the night. The boys were cultivating their plantation. He had 
 fastened the door. I had cut their fingers. I shall be cutting down 
 their date trees. He was eating his food. He has done eating. They 
 were stealing cocoanuts at my shamba. The slaves were telling me all 
 the news of the thieves. The overlooker was going, but the slave girls 
 had run away. I shall be going out from the house. He was entering 
 at the door. I saw you, you were boxing my slave boy's ears. 
 
 DERIVATIVE VERBS. 
 
 A verb in Swahili may be made causative, neuter, or 
 reciprocal, by a change in its termination. Another change 
 supplies the place of an English preposition. Thus, kuleta 
 is to bring, but bring to me is not expressed by leta kwa mimi; 
 the proper expression is niletea ; the -e- inserted before the 
 final -a takes the place of the preposition to, as it would 
 equally well that of any other. In the simple form the 
 thing brought is the object of the verb, in the prepositional 
 or applied form the person to, for, etc., whom it is brought, 
 is the object of the verb. Consequently, in the passive, ku- 
 letwa means to be brought, kuletewa^ to be brought to t Le., to 
 have brought to one. 
 
 Waraka umeletwa, a letter has been brought. 
 Nimeletewa waraka, / have had a letter brought me. 
 
 The vowel inserted before the final -a is -e- y if the vowel 
 of the verb immediately preceding is -o- or -e- 
 What are the applied forms of 
 
 Kuomba. Kuoga. Kuleta. Kujenga. Kuseta. Kuponya. Ku- 
 kokota. Kuota. Kueleza. Kuona. Kutoka. Kuondoka. Kutweka. 
 Kucheka. Kulegeza. Kukosa. Kuweka. Kusema. Kupeleka. 
 Kunena. Kungoja. Kuosha. Kuenda. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 He prayed for me. I brought him the book. They built us a wall 
 I will cure your slave for you. I dreamed about the chief. The old 
 
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 75 
 
 man explained to us the sound we had heard. I see evil for you. A 
 place we shall go out at I rose to him. We hoisted a flag for the 
 chief. The cook put away much food for the children. I waited 
 upon him many days. Wash these plates for me. He went by this 
 road. 
 
 The vowel inserted before the final -a is -/- when the 
 preceding vowel is -a-, -i~, or -u-. 
 
 Kufanya, to make, Kufanyia, Co make for , out of, etc. 
 
 What are the applied forms of 
 
 Kupiga. Kufika. Kuuliza. Kuamka. Kuuma. Kuvunja Kuita. 
 Kukamata. Kugeuka. Kupanda. Kukusanya. Kuvuka. Kulima. 
 Kukata. Kulinda. Kukana. Kuchimba. Kuvuta. Kufukuza. Ku- 
 mwaga. Kupunguka. Kuisha. Kukunja. Kupata. Kushuka. Ku- 
 fisha. Kuacha. Kutazama. Kutafuta. Kupima. Kulipa. Kuimba. 
 Kusikitika. Kusimama. Kutupa. Kufunga. Kufuta. 
 
 Translate into Swahili. 
 
 I want you to beat this man for me. I shall ask about the cook. 
 You have broken my knife for me. I do not know what I was called 
 for. The net which you catch animals with. The caravan porters 
 turned from me. They climbed up to me. The chief gathered all his 
 people to them. I do not see the canoe they crossed in. We are cul- 
 tivating for the chief. Cut me a stick. He denied to the chief the 
 words he hid from me. I shall not dig for you. Drive the slaves from 
 us. The fishermen were looking for a ship. He refused to measure 
 the road for me. The slave women were singing to the overlooker at 
 your plantation, and [he] he was paying money to them. I am sorry 
 for you. Throw the spear at him. Fasten the door against them. 
 The chief was sung to by our people. I was pelted [thrown stones 
 at] by the youths. I had a plantation left to me. I was pitied 
 [sikitikiwa.] 
 
 Verbs which end in two vowels insert an -/- in making 
 their applied form. 
 
 Kufungua, to ttnfasten. 
 
 Kufungulia, to unfasten to t otfor, etc. 
 
 Kung'oa, to root up. 
 
 Kung'olea, to root up for, with, etc. 
 
 What are the applied forms of 
 
 Kusumbua. Kuzaa, Kuchukua. Kuchagua. Kupangua. Knsikia. 
 Kuzuia. Kuamua. Kulia. Kununua. Kupindua. Kutia. Kuvaa, 
 
76 SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 Kutoa. Kupokea. Kukataa. Kukaa. Kusugua. Kukimbia. 
 Kunyoa. Kupasua. Kutwaa. Kuvua. Kurarua. Kufunua. 
 Kutembea. 
 
 The passives of these applied forms are often used as the 
 passives of the simple verb. 
 
 Kutwaliwa, to be taken away, to have taken from one. 
 Kisu changu kimetwaliwa, my knife has been taken. 
 Nimetwaliwa kisu changu, / have had my knife taken from me. 
 
 The reason for this use seems to lie in the difficulty of 
 pronouncing the regular passive form. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Let us walk about the town. Unfasten the door for us. Uncover 
 the pot for the cook. I took off my sandals in his honour [for him]. 
 They have taken from me my children. Give me an axe that I may 
 split the planks with it. Where is the razor I was shaved with? 
 They want a city for them to flee to it. Rub the table for us. The 
 kings did not refuse to him his request. The first man received the 
 money for the second. I have put out the money for you. The trees 
 have all been pulled up. I have had all my trees pulled up. He was 
 lifted up. The slave killed the animal for his chief. Unfasten the 
 door for me. 
 
 Verbs in -e make their prepositional form in- ea. 
 
 Kusamehe, to forgive. Kusamehea, to forgive to. 
 
 Verbs in -/ and -u make their prepositional form in ~ta. 
 
 Kukubali, to accept. Kusifu, to praise. 
 
 Kukubalia, to accept for, Kusifia, to f raise for. 
 
 Verbs ending in au- make their prepositional forms in 
 -aulia. 
 
 Kusahau, to forget. 
 
 Kusahaulia, to forget in regard to. 
 
 The passive of -these prepositional forms is used as the 
 passive of the simple verbs. 
 
 Kuharibiwa, to be destroyed. 
 
 What are the prepositional forms and passives of the 
 following verbs 
 
 Kubatili. Kushtaki. Kukubali. Kubadili. Kuhubiri. Kujibu. 
 Kuwasili. Kuhimili. Kusihi. Kusadiki. Kuamini. Kujelidi. Ku- 
 
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 77 
 
 hariki. Kukirithi. Kuzabuni. Kutakabathi. Kudiriki. Kuathibu. 
 Kuhitari. Kutahiri. Kushawishi. Kukaribu. Kufariji. Kuamuru. 
 Kuhitimu. Kusetiri. Kukiri. Kutumaini. Kulikiri. Kusahihi. 
 Kuwakifu. Kutamani. Kuhuluku. Kusulibi. Kuvinjari. Kulaani. 
 Kuthubutu. Kufariki. Kuthalimu. Kufawiti. Kuhini. Kuuzulu. 
 Kustahili. Kufathili. Kutharau. Kuasi. Kustarehe. Kuhusudu. 
 Kutanafusi. Kuketi. Kustahimili. Kuhakiki. Kusayili. Kutahidi. 
 Kufasiri. Kubaini. Kufurahi. Kusitawi. Kutabiri. Kubashiri. 
 Kusabau. Kukabithi. Kunathiri. Kumiliki. Kuthani. Kuhami. 
 Kuthuru. Kuauni. Kuarifu. Kuhifathi. Kurudi. Kutuhumu. 
 Kugharimu. Kufuturu. Kusakifu. Kurissimu. Kuhalifu. Ku- 
 kabili. Kusamehe. Kusubiri. Kudumu. Kulaabu. Kuabudu. 
 Kuhutubu. Kuafu. Kukirihi. Kusujudu. Kufidi. Kutubu. 
 Kusbutumu. Kuhui. Kutilifu. Kukinai. Kufilisi. Kufitini. Ku- 
 saki. Kudai. Kuruzuku. Kuthamini. Kuhadithi. Kushuhudu, 
 Kusafiri. Katadariki. Kujeruhi. Kustaajabu. 
 
 There are two uses of the applied form which should be 
 remembered : 
 
 1. Where something is described as serving a certain pur- 
 pose, in Swahili the applied form of the verb is used preceded 
 by the particle -a. 
 
 A knife to cut meat with, kisu cha kukatia nyama. 
 A place to go out at, mahali pa kutokea. 
 
 2. The applied form followed by mbali denotes that the 
 thing is done fully and finally. 
 
 Afie mbali, that he may die out of the way, 
 Katupia mbali, and throw it clean away. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 An axe to split firewood with. A word to answer him with. A stick 
 to beat a dog with. A wind blew the papers clean away. The men 
 want poles to build with. I see no man [I do not see a man] to call to. 
 I have porters to carry for me. I see a place to climb up to. A pot to 
 cook sweet potatoes in. They cut a mast away. The slaves have hoes 
 to cultivate with. A rope to draw a cart with. The chief drove his 
 enemies away altogether. I do not find words to explain my meaning 
 with. Where is a chain to fasten him with ? The birds flew away. 
 Give me [some] long nails [msomari] to fasten the planks with. Let us 
 kill them all out of the way. Push the stone away altogether. A bed- 
 stead to rest upon. Bring water to wash the plates with. I have a cloth 
 to wipe them with afterwards. 
 
; " SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 RECIPROCAL VERBS. 
 
 Verbi are made reciprocal by changing the final -a into 
 ana, 
 
 Kupenda, to lave. Kupendana, to love one another. 
 
 Verbs ending in e- t *-, or -u make their reciprocal upon 
 their applied forms. 
 
 Kuharibu, to destroy. Kuharibiana, to destroy one another. 
 
 What are the reciprocal forms denoting 
 
 To accuse one another. To answer one another. To annoy one 
 another. To call one another. To cheat one another. To cure one 
 another. To defend one another. To fear one another. To feed 
 one another. To find one another. To forgive one another. To hate 
 one another. To help one another. To take leave of one another. 
 To meet with one another. To please one another. To praise one 
 another. To scorn one another. To teach one another. To tell one 
 another. 
 
 \ 
 NEUTER VERBS. 
 
 A Neuter Verb, with a signification approaching that of 
 the passive, is formed by changing the final -a into -ka. 
 
 Kufungua, to unfasten. Kufunguka, to be unfastened. 
 
 Where the final -a is preceded by a consonant, or the 
 verb ends in -e, -i, or -u, the neuter is made from the applied 
 form. 
 
 Kuvunja, to break. Kukatika, to part, come in two. 
 
 Kuvunjika, to be broken. Kuharibu, to destroy. 
 
 Kukata, to cut. Kuharibika, to be destroyed. 
 
 Verbs ending in -sha change -sha into -ka to form the 
 neuter. 
 
 Kustusha, to startle. Kustuka, t it startled, to start. 
 
 What are the neuter forms answering to 
 To be wiped. To be washed. To be used. To be uncovered. To 
 be torn. To be split To be spilt To be shaken. To be sewn. To 
 be searched for. To be scorned. To be scattered. To be pulled. 
 
DERIVATIVE VERBS. 79 
 
 To be lifted up. To be lowered. To be passed. To be ground. To 
 be forgotten. To be folded. To be bought. To be accepted. To be 
 annoyed. 
 
 CAUSATIVE VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are made causative by changing their final syllable 
 to -za or -ska. 
 
 Kupunguza, to make lest. Kupasha, to make, to give. 
 
 Verbs ending in -ka change -ka into -sha. 
 
 Kushuka, to go down, Kushusha, to make to go down. 
 
 Verbs ending in -fa change -fa into -sa. ] 
 
 Kufuata, to follow. Kufuasa, to make to follow. 
 
 Verbs ending in -a preceded by a consonant, and verbs 
 ending in -e, -i, or -u, make their causatives on their applied 
 forms. 
 
 Kupenda, to love. Kupendeza, to please. 
 
 Kuharibu, to destroy. Kuharibisha, to make to destroy. 
 
 Kuzidi, to become greater. Kuzidisha, to make greater. 
 
 It is not easy to know when to use -za and when -sha. 
 The first refers rather to causing an action, the other to 
 causing a state. In the following lists the verbs in the first 
 paragraph use -za, those in the second -sha. The third 
 paragraph contains those which follow the previous rules. 
 
 What are the causative forms of 
 
 1. Kuchukia. Kujaa. Kuzoea. Kufanya. Kuingia. Kugomba. 
 Kukwea. Kushangaa. Kutulia. Kuchukua. Kugeua. Kuelea. 
 Kuokoa. Kukataa. Kukimbia. Kulekea. Kutimia. Kupenya. 
 Kuregea. Kukua. Kupoa. Kusikilia. Kupotea. Kujongea. Ku- 
 sogea. Kulipa. Kutegemea. Kuenea. Kukwaa. Kulia. 
 
 2. Kuweza. Kujumla. Kubadili. Kukaribu. Kupanda. Kupofua 
 Kuvuma. Kukosa. Kusumbua. Kupatana. Kukoma. Kukutana, 
 Kulingana. Kusulibi. Kufurahi. Kupigana. Kushiba. Kukopo, 
 Kurudi. Kuinama. Kukwama. Kuziba. Kuthubutu. Kutatana. 
 Kuwasili. Kustarehe. Kuthani. Kusafiri. Kutaajabu. 
 
 3. Kuepuka. Kuteta. Kutaabika. Kuondoka. Kuamka. Kupo- 
 
8o SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 
 fuka. Kuchemka. Kutakata. Kuvuka. Kuokota. Kucheka. Kj 
 kauka. Kuanguka. Kukumbuka. Kuwaka. Kuruka. Kunyoka. 
 Kutikita. Kufingirika. Kutota. Kukasirika. Kuzunguka. 
 
 Translate into Swahili 
 
 Our work is done. We can now write Swahili like a man who was 
 horn in Zanzibar. The people will wonder at us. If a man asks us a 
 we know words which are correct to answer him with. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES. 
 KEY. 
 
 PLURAL OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 (page i) 
 
 Vitendo. Mishale. Vikapo. Mibuyu. Vitanda. Vi- 
 bofu. Vipofu. Mifupa. Vitabu. Mipaka. Mizigo. 
 Vifungo. Mizinga. Mitumbwi. Misafara. Mikufu. Viti 
 Wafalme. Watoto. Videvu. Minazi. Mibuni. Vitana. 
 Wapishi. Vizibo. Vikombe. Mitende. ViziwL Mila- 
 ngo. Walevi. Wazungu. Vidole. Wavuvi. Viroboto. 
 Miguu. Vivuko. Wageni. Michezo. Walinzi. Mikono. 
 Vipini. Vitwa. Wachunga. Vilima. Viboko. Vibanda. 
 Wakalimani Visiwa. Visu. Vifuniko. Mistari. Midorao. 
 Wajusi. Mikate. Vioo. Vitanzi. Wachiro. Milingote. 
 Waganga. Misiba. Vinu. Milima. Vinwa. Walezi. 
 Viapo. Wazee. Vitunguu. Wasimamizi. Michikichi. 
 Vipande. Mito. Vipele. MitL WapagazL Viazi 
 Vigai. Vifuko. Vitambaa. Vidaka. Vifaru. Mito. 
 Watoro. Mitai. Watumishi. VivulL Viatu. Wago- 
 njwa. Wajinga. Watumwa. Watwana. VijakazL Waja- 
 kazi. WajolL Mikeka. Vidonda. Mikuke. Mitambo. 
 Mikia, Vijiko. Viko. Miji. Mitego. Vilemba, Miza- 
 bibu. Visibau. Mitungi Visima. Mijeledi. Wake, 
 i Vijan^ 
 
 a 
 
S3 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 
 (page 4) 
 
 Kitendo kibaya. Mshale mrefu. Vikapo vitupu. Mibu- 
 yu minene. Kitanda kipana. Mfupa mgumu. Kitabu 
 kikukuu. Mizigo mizito. Kifungo kizurl Mizinga 
 mikubwa. Mtumbwi mfupi. Misafara migeni. Mkufu 
 mnene. Kiti kipya. Wafalme wakuu. Mtoto mzuri. Vide- 
 vu virefu. Mbuni mzuri. Vitana vidogo. Mpishi mvivu. 
 Vizibo vigumu. Kikombe kitupu. Mitende mifupl Mi- 
 lango mipana, Mlevi mkali. Wazungu wake. Kidole 
 kinene. Wavuvi wawivu. Miguu mitupu. Kivuko kipana. 
 Wageni wavivu. Mchezo mzuri. Walinzi wakali. Mkono 
 mzima. Vipini virefu. Kitwa kikavu. Wachunga wabaya 
 Kilima kikubwa. Kibanda kikavu. Mkalimani mbaya. 
 Visiwa vikubwa. Kisu kikalL Vifuniko vizito. Mstari 
 mrefu. Midomo mikavu. Wajusi wakubwa. Mkate 
 mtamu. Vioo vipya. Kitanzi kirefu. Wachiro wake. 
 Mlingote mfupi. Mganga mgeni. Misiba mizito. Kinu 
 kipya. Milima mikubwa. Vinwa vipana. Walezi wawivu. 
 Kiapo kichungu. Wazee wazuri. Kitunguu kibovu. Wasi- 
 mamizi wakali. Michikichi midogo. Vipande vifupi. 
 Mto mgumu. Miti mirefu. Mpagazi mvivu. Viazi vibichi. 
 Kigai kikalL Vifuko vitupu. Kitambaa kikukuu. Vidaka 
 vipana. Wajinga wagenl Mtumwa mpya. Wajakazi wa- 
 vivu. Watwana wabaya. Mjoli mwivu. Vidonda viwazi. 
 Mkuke mzito. Mito mipana. Kiatu kipya. Watumishi 
 wabaya. Kivuli kirefu. Mikeka mikukuu. Kijiko kidogo. 
 Mikia mirefu. Kiko kifupi. Miji mikubwa. Mtego mtupu. 
 Vilemba vizuri. Mzabibu mzuri. Visibau virefu. Mtungi 
 mtupu. Mijeledi mizito. Mke mwivu. Viazi vikubwa 
 vibichi. Mizigo mingapi? Vibanda vingapi? Mikate 
 mingapi? Wapishi wangapi ? Milima mingapi ? Wajinga 
 wangapi? Miji mingapi? Vipande vingapi? Mitungi 
 mingapi ? Visu vingapi ? 
 
SWAH1LI EXERCISES : KEY 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 Mtu mmoja. Kilemba kimoja. Kisu kimoja. Mti 
 mmoja. Kifuko kimoja. Mtumwa mmoja. Mto mmoja. 
 Mtungi mmoja. Mizigo mi will. Vifungo vitatu. Mizinga 
 minne. Mitumbwi mitano. Misafara sita. Mikufu saba. 
 Vita vinane. Wafalme kenda. Watoto kumi. Mnazi 
 mdogo mmoja. Mibuni mikubwa miwill Vitana virefu 
 vitatu. Wapishi wavivu wanne. Vizibo vibaya vitano. 
 Vikombe vidogo sita. Mitende mikubwa saba. Milango 
 mipana tissa. Wazungu wafupi kuml Kidole kinene ki- 
 moja, Miguu mipana mitatu. Vipini virefu vinne. Vilima 
 vikubwa vitano. Vibanda vipya saba. Wakalimani wabaya 
 wanane. Visu vikali kenda. Mistari mirefu kumL Mchiro 
 mkali mmoja. 
 
 THIS AND THAT. 
 (page 6) 
 
 Kitendo kizuri hiki. Mishale mirefu ile. Mbuyu mnene 
 huu. Vitanda vile. Kibofu hiki. Mifupa migumu hiL Ki- 
 tabu kikubwa hiki. Mpaka huu. Mizigo mizito ile. Vifu- 
 ngo hizi. Mizinga mikubwa ile. Msafara huu. Mikufu hiL 
 Kiti kile. Wafalme wale. Watoto hawa. Mnazi huu. 
 Mbuni ule. Vitana hivL Mpishi huyu. Kizibo hiki. Ki- 
 kombe kile. Mtende ule. Milango hii. Mlevi huyu. 
 Wazungu hawa. Kidole hiki. Wavuviwale. Miguu ile. M- 
 guu huu. Kivuko hiki. Mgeni huyu. Michezo hit Walinzi 
 hawa. Mikono hii. Vipini hivi. Mchunga yule. Kilima ki- 
 dogo hiki. Vibanda vidogo vile. Wakalimani wale. Visiwa 
 tikubwa vile. Kisu kirefu kile. Kifuniko hiki. Mistarl 
 minene hii. Midomo minene hiL Wajusi wazuri wale. 
 Mikate mitamu ile. Mlingote mrefu ule, Mlima mkubwa 
 ule. Wazee hawa. Vitunguu vibichi vile. Kipele hiki. 
 Mti ule. Wapagazi wavivu wale. Viazi vidogo hivi. Ki- 
 gai kikali kile. Vitambaa vikukuu vile. Mjinga yule 
 
84 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 Watumwa wavivu hawa. Mkuke mzito mfupi ule. Kiatu 
 kikukuu kile. Watumishi wale. Mikeka mipya ile. Kiko 
 hiki. Mitego hii. Vilemba vizuri vile. Visibau vizuri 
 hivi. Mitungi mipya hii. Kisima hiki. Wachawi hawa. 
 
 (page 7) 
 
 VVatu hawa wakali. Milima hii mikubwa. Watumwa 
 hawa wavivu. Miti ile midogo. Mtu yule mfupl Mkukc 
 huu mzito. Wazungu hawa wawivu. 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 (page 7) 
 
 Mimi mkali. Wewe mfupi. Yeye mkubwa. Wao wa- 
 dogo. Sisi wazito. Ninyi wakavu. Hivi (or vile) vipya. 
 Hiki (or kile) kikukuu. Hivi (or vile) vikukuu. Huu (or 
 uie) mnene. Wao wavivu. Kivi (or vile) vibivu. Yeye 
 mdogo. Yeye mkali. Yeye mgeni. Mimi mwivu. Ninyi 
 wawivu. Wao wazuri. Huu (or ule) mtupu. Yeye mfupi 
 Wewe mkubwa. Ninyi wakubwa, 
 
 (page 8) 
 
 Mti huu u mdogo. Mtende ule u mfupi. Mzee huyu yu 
 mkuu. Tu wakavu. Miti ile i mirefu. Mtu mdogo yule 
 yu mkali Kisu kile ki kikali. U mvivu. Yu mvivu. Yu 
 mdogo. Yu mzuri. Yu mfupi. Ki kizito. Ki kirefu. Ki 
 kibichi. Vi vibivu. Wa wazuri. U mfupi. Ki kikukuu. 
 Vi vikukuu. Vi vipya. Vi vipya, I mibovu. Ki kipya. 
 
 (page 8) 
 
 Mshale ule umevunjika. Kikapo kimeanguka. Mbuyu 
 umeanguka. Kitanda kikukuu kile kimevunjika. Mzee 
 amekufa. Mfupa mkubwa umevunjika. Kitabu kipya kime- 
 pasuka. Mpaka umeonekana. Mzigo mzito umeanguka. 
 Vifungo vimevunjika. Mitumbwi imeonekana. Msafara 
 mkubwa umeonekana. Mikufu minene imevunjika. Mkufu 
 umeanguka. Wafalme wakuu wamekufa. Mtoto mdogp 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES I KEY. 85 
 
 alilekufa. Mnazi mrefu ule umeanguka. Mtungi mkukuu 
 umevunjika. Kitana kidogo kimevunjika. Mpishi ameo- 
 nekana. Kikombe kimevunjika. Vikombe vipya hivi vi- 
 mevunjika. Mitende miwili imeanguka. Milango minne 
 imevunjika. Mlevi yule ameanguka. Wazungu saba wa- 
 mekufa. Vidole viwili vimevunjika. 
 
 INTERROGATIVES. 
 
 Watu gani hawa ? Mishale ipi ? Vikapo gani ? Mbuyu 
 upi ? Kitanda gani hiki ? Nani mzee huyu ? Mfupa gani 
 huu ? Vitabu vipi ? Vifungo gani ? Mtumbwi upi ? Mku- 
 fu gani? Kiti kipi? Wafalme gani hawa? Mtoto-yupi? 
 Minazi ipi ? Mtende upi ? Nani mlevi huyu ? Mfalme 
 gani mlevi huyu? Miti gani ile? Mkono upi? Mchezo 
 gani huu ? Kilima kipi ? Visiwa vipi vile ? Kitu gani kisu 
 hiki ? Mtu gani mkalimani huyu ? Mlingote upi ? Msiba 
 gani ? Milima gani ile ? Mti gani mchikichi ? Nini kiapo ? 
 Msimamizi gani kipofu ? Mzee yupi kiziwi ? Yupi mga- 
 nga ? Mti gani ? Miti ipi ? 
 
 THE VERBS. 
 (page 13) 
 
 Nimekubali. Utashtakl Tumepatana. Vitabadili Wa- 
 tasumbua. Nilijibu. Inazaa. Kipofu anaomba. Ninasa- 
 diki. Wafalme wamefika. Wajinga wanauliza. Kiboko 
 anaamka. Tutaoga. Viroboto watauma. AVatoto wanaji- 
 sifu. Watoto wanne wamezaliwa. Wazungu wamenunua, 
 Mpishi alijenga, Mlinunua. Wazee waliita. Anaangalia, 
 \\'apagazi wanachukua. Msimamizi alidaka. Mtende ume- 
 geuka. Waganga wamedanganya. Mfalme atachagua. 
 Wachunga wanapiga makofi. Mtoto atapanda. Mzungu 
 atashinda. Ninafikiri. Mpishi amepika, Wanakohoa, 
 Kifuniko kilifunika. Msafara ule umevuka. Watoto hawa 
 watalia. Watumwa watalima. Visu vikali vile vitakata. 
 
86 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 Wajakazi wanacheza. Misiba inapungua. Watumwa wabaya 
 wale wanakawia. Watwana walichimba. Tutagawanya. 
 Amefanya. Watumwa wale wameteka maji. Nimepiga 
 mstari. Mzee yule aliota. Kitunguu kimekauka. Walevi 
 wanapigana. Mshale uliingia, Miti mirefu ilianguka. Wa- 
 zungu sita wamelewa. Mkate umeoza, "Wajakazi wanasaga. 
 Mfalme alitangulia. Ulisikiliza. Utapika. Ninatafuta. 
 Mzee ameoa. Kipande kile kimeyeyuka. Watalipa. Tuli- 
 okota. Mfalme mkali alifanikiwa. Unasukuma. Ninaso- 
 ma, Mfalme alikataa. Mtumwa alijuta. Wapagazi wana- 
 pumzika, Mkono ule unavimba. 
 
 THE OBJECTIVE PREFIX. 
 (page 14) 
 
 Kitendo hiki kinanisumbua, Mshale ulimpiga. Mishale 
 ile iliwakosa. Anachukua vikapo sita. Mibuyu mitatu 
 imeanguka. Wameleta vitanda viwilL Wamevileta vitanda 
 viwili. Utaiacha mifupa. Nimekiona kitabu. Wameipita 
 mipaka, Wapagazi sita wanaichukua mizigo kenda. Una- 
 kifungua kifungo. Watu kumi wanaikokota mizinga mikubwa 
 miwili. Watu sita waliusukuma mtumbwi. Ninaona msafara. 
 Uliiona misafara miwili. Ataufunga mkufu. Mfalme ameleta 
 kiti. Nitakipata kiti kile. Wafalme watanilipa. Nilikuta 
 watoto wanne. Umewapita watoto. Wazungu wameikata 
 minazi. Mpishi ameuvunja mtungi huu. Kijakazi amepata 
 kitana kizuri. Mchunga anampiga mpishl Ninataka mpi- 
 shl Nimekikata kizibo. Ameokota kikombe. Mitende 
 miwili ile inazaa. Mlango umeoza. Wazungu wamemua 
 mpishi mvivu yule. Kidole hiki kinaniuma. Wavuvi kumi 
 wanarudl Nimeua viroboto saba. Kipini kiliupiga mguu. 
 Waliwaona wageni. Walinzi walikimbia. Waliinua mikono 
 miwili. Tuliiona mikono. Tulipita vilima viwili Wazungu 
 waliua viboko sita. Wageni walijenga vibanda viwili. Mfalme 
 aliviteketeza vibanda viwili. Mkalimani mdogo alijisifu. 
 Mkalimani alinionyesha visiwa vikubwa viwili. Umekipokea 
 tisu< Mpishi anakisugua kifuniko. Alinionyesha mstari. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY 87 
 
 Mgeni ameukata mkate. Nimevivunja vioo. Milingote mi- 
 wili imevunjika. Nimeuona mlima mdogo. Mlezi anawa- 
 lisha watoto. Wazee wanasikiliza. Nimevionja vitunguu. 
 Msimamizi anawapiga watumwa. Ninatafuta mchikichi. 
 Mchiro amekiuma kipande kile. Mtumwa ataleta mto. Miti 
 imefika. Nitawalipa wapagazi. Viazi vimeoza. Wataviseta 
 vigai. Alikileta kifuko kitupu. Tulikitatua kitambaa. Ni- 
 liona vidaka sita. Watumwa walijipenda. Mfalme anajisifu. 
 Umejifunga. Watoto walijilisha. Watajithuru. Wajinga 
 wanajipindua. Watumwa wavivu wajikuna. 
 
 VOWEL ROOTS. 
 (page 17) 
 
 Niliona watu wekundu wanne. Watu weusi wawili wall- 
 ona mtu mweupe. Mstari huu mwembamba. Nilipiga 
 mstari mweusi. Moto unawaka. Mizigo hii mepesi. Mizigo 
 meusi ile mizito. Moyo mwepesi. Moshi mzito. Tutauona 
 moshi mweusi. Tutaacha mioto mikubwa miwili. Umeisa- 
 hau mioyo ile. Miaka ile mifupi. Waalimu wawili walinifu- 
 ndisha. Mwamba mweupe umezama. Nimemwambia 
 mwamuzi. Waamuzi wanne walitusikia. Utamwita mwa- 
 ndishi. Niliusikia mwanzo mbaya. Mianzo mema miwili. 
 Waashi wawili walijenga vibanda viwili. Mwashi huyu alitu- 
 mia miti mingi. Wazungu walinunua miavuli mikubwa 
 mingi. Wanaikata miembe mema ile. Tumewapita wenyewe. 
 Mwezi mzuri umezama. Miezi hii mema, ile mibaya. Miiba 
 miwili iliuingia mkono. Miiko hii mikubwa mizuri. Wevi 
 walikimbia. Wevi werevu wawili waliutwaa mtumbwi. 
 Waoga walimwogopa mzee. 
 
 (page 1 8) 
 
 Chakula chema. Mvuvi amekitwaa chambo. Vyango 
 vyeusi vitano hivi. Nimenunua vyanu vikubwa kumt Cheo 
 hiki kifupi. Nimepata vyeti viwili. Aliona chombo che- 
 kundu kimoja. Nimeona vyombo vyeusi sita. Vyura vye- 
 revu kuml Chuma kizito. Vyuma hivi vyepesi. Umeleta 
 
88 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 chungu chekundu kimoja. Nitataka vyungu vyeusi vidogo 
 vitatu. Utakichukua chuo kikubwa kile. Anachukua vyuo 
 vyekundu vinene viwili. Nilikitwaa chusa kikubwa. 
 
 VOWEL TENSES. 
 (page 18) 
 
 Mfalme ataka chombo kikubwa. Mwembe mkubwa 
 walianguka. Kisu hiki chataka kipini kikubwa. Mfalme 
 apenda wazee. Waashi wataka miavuli mekundu. Miti 
 yakizunguka kibanda. Chambo champendeza. Watumwa 
 walinichukia, Wageni walituogopa. Kifuniko chafunika 
 vyungu viwili. Waliviona vyeti. Chakula hiki chapendeza. 
 Vitabu vyalifika. Walizaliwa. Alijisifu. Waliamka. Miti 
 mirefu yalianguka. Aliufunga mlango. Nampenda mzee. 
 Twawachukia. Waliwaona watumwa weusi wanne. Wa- 
 tumwa weusi wanne waliwaona. Kibanda chanipendeza. 
 
 THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 
 (page 19) 
 
 Nalikitwaa kisu cha Mzungu. Nitauona mji wa mfalme. 
 Utakiuma kitwa cha mzee. Nimekiona kisibau cha mlevi. 
 Tumekipita kisima cha Mzungu. Nauona moshi mweusi 
 wa moto mkubwa. Wanaviteketeza vyuo vya kiziwL Wa- 
 tumwa wa mfalme waliutwaa mtumbwi wa mvuvi. Kisu cha 
 mtumwa chaliupiga mkono wa mgeni. Wameuficha mlingote 
 wa mtumbwi. Kiapo cha mzee. Misiba ya mgeni. Mi- 
 kufu ya mtumwa mvivu. Mizigo ya wapagazl Mlango wa 
 mpishi. Midomo ya mlezi. Mishale ya watoto. Kibanda 
 cha kipofu. Mkia wa mchiro. Mchiro ameuuma mkono 
 wa mtoto. Viatu vya Mzungu. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 (page 20) 
 
 Mfalme wetu ameua mtumwa wako. Wazungu wamekata 
 mitende yao. Mnazi wangu unazaa. Kisu chake kikali. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 89 
 
 Mshale wake ulinipiga. Chombo kikubwa chao kimezama. 
 VValipenda chakula chao. Kibanda chetu kimeanguka. 
 Miti yako yanipendeza. Mzee ataka kisibau changu. Kitwa 
 changu kinaniuma. Mkono wangu unaugusa mti. Naona 
 kipini chake. Nalichukua mkufu wake. Mikufu yako 
 raizito. Utawatwaa watumwa wetu. Nitaiacha mishale 
 yako. Vitendo vyao vimetupendeza. Mtamchukia mfalme 
 wetu. Watu wetu wachukia wagesi. Amekificha kisu 
 changu. Mtu wangu anatwaa kisibau chako. Mikuke yao 
 mirefu. Moyo wa mvuvi mwepesi. Moshi wa moto wao 
 mwingi. 
 
 HIM AND HIS. 
 (page 21) 
 
 Nalimpiga mguu. Alinipiga kitwa. Nalimfunga miguu. 
 Waliniuma mikono. Mchiro alimuma kidole. Watumwa 
 walinikata kitwa. Kisu chalinigusa mkono. Wajakazi wa- 
 limsugua miguu. Alinikuna mkono. Mfalme alimfungua 
 mtumwa mikono. Amejiuma jicho. Atajifunga mikono. 
 
 ALL, HAVING, ITSELF, BY ITSELF. 
 (page 22) 
 
 Watumwa wote. Vitu vyote. Miti yote. Watumwa 
 wote wenyi vibanda. Vitu vyote vyenyi mwisho. Miti yote 
 peke yao. Nalimwona peke yake. Naliwaona watu hawa 
 wote wawili. Naweza peke yangu kuuinua mtungi huu. 
 Mlituona sote. Watakimbia wote. Wataitupa mikuke yote. 
 Wevi walivitwaa vilemba vyetu vyote. Tumeviona vyote. 
 Naliona vivuli vitatu, waliona kimoja peke yake. Naliona 
 mibuyu miwili, uliiona yote. Nalimwona kiboko mwenyewe. 
 Naliiona milima yenyewe. Wafalme wenyi vilemba walinia- 
 mbia. Mchiro mwenyi mkia. Mti mwenyi miiba miingl 
 Naliwaambia wazee sita wenyi miavull Mfalme mwenyewe 
 aliitwaa mikuke yote yenyi vipini vizuri. Nalisimama peke 
 yangu. Twalitazama sote. Miiko yalikimbia peke yao. 
 Mchawi aliiona yote. Mchawi aliwadanganya wevi wote wa- 
 
90 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 will Walitafuta wote. Mwezi mwote umeonekana. Vyombo 
 vyote vitazama. Vitabu vikubwa vyote. 
 
 THE RELATIVE. 
 
 (page 23) 
 
 Muungu anayeniona. Ninyi mnaomwabudu Muungu. 
 Watu walioabudu miungu mingL Kivuli kinachopita. Wa- 
 jakazi wanaochukua mitungi. Mtu atakayetupa mkuke. 
 Mkuke utakaonipiga. Utakayeuona mkuke. Mkuke wake 
 utakaoniua. Wanaomjua. Wataijua miti itakayoanguka. 
 Miti itakayoanguka itakiseta kibanda chako. Mtumwa ali- 
 yeleta kiti. Kiti kilichovunjika. Aliyekivunja kiti. Wajoli 
 wake watakaompiga. Wajakazi watakaocheka. Wajinga 
 watakaokimbia. Mzungu atakayeuvuka mto. Mzungu ata- 
 kayezama. Watumishi waliopenda viazi. Viazi vinavyooza. 
 Mzabibu unaozaa. Naliuona mtende uliozaa. Utakiona 
 kidonda kinachomuma. Wagonjwa watakaotaajabu. Mga- 
 nga atakayewaponya. Wajinga watakaomlipa mchawi aliye- 
 wadanganya. Mfalme anayempenda mke wake. Mfalme 
 aliyewapenda watoto wake. Mpishi aliyepika chakula changu. 
 Mturaishi aliyeleta chakula changu. Chakula chema kili- 
 chowaua wote. 
 
 (page 24) 
 
 Kitendo ulichokifanya. Kitanda ulichokivunja, Mfupa 
 aliouokota. Kitabu walichokitwaa. Mpaka utakaoupita". 
 Mizigo waliyoichukua wapagazi. Mfalme wanayemua. 
 Watoto aliowazaa. Mlango ninaoufunga. Wazungu uta- 
 kaowaona. Kidole alichokiuma. Mgeni wanayempiga. 
 Kilima ulichokiona. Kiboko waliyemua. Kibanda alicho- 
 kijenga. Mzee waliyemsukuma. Vitunguu mlivyovipenda. 
 Kipande mtakachokipokea. Mti utakaouweka. 
 
 (page 25) 
 
 Nitakapomwona. Mgeni alipoanguka. Mzungu ana- 
 korudi. Mtende utakapozaa. Tunaposimama. Watu 
 weusi walikokimbia. Chumba alimokaa kitako. Wavuvi 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 9! 
 
 walipoupindua mtumbwi wetu. Mfalme alipopita. Mzee 
 atakapoondoka. Aliyeniona nani ? Nani anayetoka ? 
 
 IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 (page 26) 
 
 Mwite mtu aliyekupiga, nimwone. Mpige aogope. 
 Nimemwona mtu uliyemua, nimzike? Nitamshtaki niku- 
 sumbue. Mwambie anijibu. Nakuomba, unisadiki. Tume- 
 patana tuoge sote. Vivunje vyungu vile. Tuvivunje visu 
 hivi ? Vivunjeni vyote. Watunze watoto hawa. Ichu- 
 kueni mizigo hii. Chague mtu mmoja apande. Vipike 
 viazi hivi. Vikusanye viazi vile nivipike. Mwambie aki- 
 funike chungu. Viharibuni vibanda vyote. Tumeviga- 
 wanya vitu ulivyotuamuru tuviharibu. Tufanye nini ? 
 Mtumwa aikokote miti mirefu. Wajakazi wateke maji. 
 Mfukuza kipofu. Kiziwi akae. Akutaka umsayidie. Ata- 
 rudi awaamue watu wabaya. Uokote mkuke alioutupa 
 mfalme aliyelewa aniue. Nalijaribu kumpiga teke. Wa- 
 liukaribia mti waupande. Nalifuata niwazuie. Alivua 
 aoge. Watu walikimbia waokoke. Mfalme alipeleka 
 watumwa wawili wanitafute. Naligeuka nikifunue chungu. 
 Mwivi alifika aupate mwavuli, wakalimani wawili wangu 
 wakarudi wamzuie. Sisi watatu tulishuka tukilinde kibanda, 
 
 THE KA- TENSEa 
 (page 27) 
 
 Katokeni. Kamwite. Kaununue. Kainunue. Kawa- 
 fukuze. Akakitwae. Enenda kamsayidie. Nijibu kaa- 
 ngalie. Alitangulia akafika. Alipita akarudi. Aliniuliza 
 nikamwambia. Alikuuliza ukamwambia. Sikieni kaniji- 
 buni. Mlitazama, mkaiona miti. Nalikitafuta kisu nika- 
 kiona. Watumwa waliuona mwavuli wako uliouacha waka- 
 xileta, nikawaambia, mwenyewe atarudi, wakaniambia huyu 
 amjua, Wageni walifika wakauteketeza mji wetu. Mzungu 
 aliudaka mkuke wangu, akauvunja, nikampiga, akawaambia 
 
92 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 \vatu waliomfuata, mueni yule, nikakimbia, nikaokoka, 
 Alivaa viatu vipya vyake, vikamuma. Nalichoka, miguu 
 yangu ikavimba. Mfalme aliwaita watu wake akawaambia, 
 mzee huyu mchawi, mshikeni, kamfungeni, wakamfunga. 
 Watu waliomlinda, wakalewa wakalala, nikamfungua aki- 
 kimbia. Watu wakaamka, wakasema, mchawi ameokoka. 
 Wakamtafuta. Wakanikuta, wakaniambia, wamkumbuka 
 mtu tuliyemmnga. Nikawaambia, mtu yupi? Wakania- 
 mbia, mchawi yule, amekimbia, mfalme wetu atatupiga. 
 Nikawaambia, nitawaonyesha mji wake, nifuateni mtamwona, 
 nikatangulia, wakafuata wote. Tukakukuta, ukatuambia, 
 rudini, mzee amewadanganya. Mtoto alianguka akalia. 
 Alinionyesha kidonda chake nikakiponya. Naligeuka, 
 nikatazama. Nalikitwaa kiazi, nikakionja. Walilewa waka- 
 gombana. Aliondoka, akaimba. Mlisikitika, nikafurahi. 
 Alingoja nikapita. 
 
 THE -KI- TENSE. 
 (page 28) 
 
 Mti ukianguka. Mti ukianguka. Mti ukianguka, Mti 
 ukianguka. Mti ukianguka, Nikitazama. Ukitazama 
 utawaona watu weusi wakikimbia. Mfalme akifika tuta- 
 mwambia. Kisu kikimkata kidole, mtoto atalia. Akikileta 
 kitabu nitaweza kusoma. Akileta kitabu ninachokijua. 
 Nikikusikia ukinena nitakujibu. Nawasikia wakikuita. 
 Mkifika mwulizeni. Mkirudi, angalieni. Ukinipiga anga- 
 lia. Akikuua nitawaua watoto wake wote. Mke wake 
 akiniua atamsamehe. Ukiwapenda watoto wako, uwapige. 
 Ukinipenda uwasamehe. Kiziwi akikusikia mwambie. U- 
 kimleta kipofu tutampiga. Watafuteni wevi, mkiwaona 
 \valeteni. Akiniuliza umjibu wewe. Nikimsikia akiita nita- 
 rudi. Nikimwona akitazama, nitauficha mtungi. Ukiuona 
 mbuyu, umefika. Nawaona wapagazi wakikimbia, wana- 
 acha mizigo yao, wageni wakiiona wanaitwaa. Tukikawia 
 tutafanikiwa, Nikirudi rudini ninyi nyote. Tukirudi, tu- 
 rudi sote. Kibanda kinaanguka, tukitoka tutaokoka. Aki- 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 93 
 
 piga mbio nitampita. Kibanda kikiharibika, jenga chi- 
 ngine. Akifanya mtumbwi, uvunjeni. Akikumbuka tuta- 
 mlipa. Akileta mkuke tutauvunja. Mpishi akipika chakula 
 chema tutamsifu. Akiharibu chakula chema nitampiga. 
 Akiuvunja mtungi ataogopa. Akioga alizama. Mzungu 
 alimwona akizama, akakimbia. Akiinua mkono, kisu cha- 
 lianguka, kikianguka kikamkata. 
 
 CONDITIONAL TENSE. 
 (page 29) 
 
 Kama ningalimsikia, ningaliogopa. Kama kisu kinga- 
 lianguka, kingalinikata. Kama ungalimwambia mfalme 
 angaliwaua. Ungalikiteketeza kibanda chake. Mngalivite- 
 keteza vibanda vyao. Kama mitumbwi yao ingalirudi, tu- 
 ngaliokoka. Mkuke ungalimpita. Mlevi angaliua mtoto 
 wake. Kama angalitazama, mke wake angalimwona. Kama 
 angaliangalia, mke wake angalirudi. Nalimwona akipita, 
 ukaniambia, amefanya mtumbwi. Nikamwambia, huyu 
 asema umefanya mtumbwi nataka kuutazama. Akaniambia, 
 kama ungaliwauliza watumwa wangu, wangalikuonyesha 
 mtumbwi wangu. Nikamwambia nionyeshe mwenyewe. 
 Nikauona nikataajabu. Kama mngaliuona mngalitaajabu. 
 
 NEGATIVE PRESENT. 
 (page 30) 
 
 Mfalme wetu hapendi Wazungu. Wazungu hawapendi 
 waganga wetu. Watumwa wavivu hawapendi msimamizi. 
 Mto hauipiti mibuyu ile. Siwaoni watu wetu. Hamni- 
 pendi. Siwachukii. Hasomi. Mitumbwi haizami. Huanga- 
 lii. Hawa wanaandika, wale hawaandiki. Nalimwambia, 
 uliyemwona yupi? Akaniambia simwoni. Hawafundishi 
 watoto wangu. Mzee haamki. Watoto wao hawalii. Mi- 
 nazi yao haizai. Mtende wangu unazaa, mitende yako haizai. 
 Hakipendi chusa kile. Milingote ile inaanguka. Mtumbwi 
 wake hauzami. Haharibu kibanda chako. Sisahau vitendo 
 
94 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 vyako. Hanisamehe. Hawatujibu. HumsadikL Hafikiri- 
 Hawakuamuru. Siwasifu. Sirudi. Hatutharau. HuthanL 
 Hatusafiri. Sitaajabu. Hawamwabudu Muungu. Watu. 
 mwa hawa si wavivu. 
 
 NEGATIVE PAST. 
 
 Sikukubali. Hatukupatana. Sikujibu. Wafalme hawa- 
 kufika. Wazungu hawakununua. Mpishi hakujenga. 
 Hamkununua. Waanawake wale hawakuteka maji. Wa- 
 zungu sita hawakulewa. Mfalme hakutangulia. Mzee 
 hakukataa. Mshale haukumpiga. Hawakuvileta vitanda 
 viwili. Wazungu hawakuikata minazi. Wazungu hawa- 
 kuua viboko sita. Mkalimani hakunionyesha visiwa. 
 Wageni hawakujenga vibanda. Sikuvionja vitunguu. Hatu- 
 kukitatua kitambaa. Sikumwambia mzee. Mwashi huyu 
 hakutumia miti miingi. Waoga hawakumwogopa mjakazL 
 Waashi hawakutaka miavuli miekundu. Mtumwa haku- 
 mchukia. Vitabu havikufika. Hakujisifu. Hawakuwaona 
 watumwa weusi wanne. 
 
 (page 32) 
 
 Mgeni hajaukata mkate. Mlezi hajawalisha watoto. 
 Hawajavileta vitanda viwili. Sijakiona chuo. Hajaufunga 
 mkufu bado. Wafalme hawajanilipa bado. Hawajawapita 
 watoto. Mtende haujazaa. Wazungu hawajaikata minazi. 
 Mpishi mvivu hajakisugua kifuniko. Wavuvi hawajauleta 
 mtumbwi bado. 
 
 NEGATIVE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL. 
 
 (P*& 3 2 ) 
 
 HatarudL Hatutamwona. Hatungalimwona. Kama 
 hungalifika, hangalituona. Mfalme wetu hatawapenda 
 Wazungu wale. Wazungu hawangalipenda waganga wetu. 
 Watumwa wavivu hawangalipenda msimamizi mkaii. Ha- 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 95 
 
 intawaona watu wetu. Wazungu hawangalilala. Watu weusi 
 hawangalikimbia. Mitumbwi haingalivunjika. Minazi hii 
 haingalizaa. Hawangalikuamuru. Hatanisamehe. Ha- 
 tutasafiri. Mzee hatarudL Wajinga wale hawatatujibu. 
 Singalimpenda. Singalikwambia, 
 
 NEGATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 (*<*& 33) 
 
 Tusione. Asirudl Mfalme asitwambie. Usitazame. 
 Msitazame. Usimwambie. Mpige asifanye. Usinene, 
 wasisikie. Waambie wasikitafute. Tusiupite. Mshike 
 mtoto asianguke. Vifiche vitabu wasisome. Waambie wa- 
 sisikilize. Nitarudi nisiwakute. Msivute. Waambie wapa- 
 gazi wasiichukue mizigo miwili hii. Usitwae mkuke wangu. 
 Usiteketeze kibanda changu. Msimfanye mfalme. Usilewe. 
 Angalie kisu kisikukate kidole. Angalie usimpige Mzungu 
 yule. Usiwasifu vijakazi. Usikilete kitabu, sijui kusoma. 
 Usinene nisikujibu. Ukimua, usiwaue watoto wake. 
 
 NEGATIVE WITH RELATIVES. 
 34) 
 
 Kivuli kisichopita. Wajakazi wasiochukua mitungi. Mtu 
 asiyetupa mkuke. Naliona watu watatu usiowaona. Usiye- 
 uona mkuke utakipita kibanda. Wasiomjua. Nisiyemjua. 
 Miti isiyoanguka haikuseta kibanda chako. Kiti kisicho- 
 vunjika. Wajinga wasiokimbia. Mzungu asiyeuvuka mto. 
 Wazungu wasiouvuka mto. Watumishi wasiopenda viazi. 
 Mti usiozaa. Wagonjwa wasiotaajabu. Mganga asiyewa- 
 ponya wote. Wajinga wasiomlipa mchawi asiyewadanganya. 
 Mfalme asiyempenda mke wake. Mfalme asiyewapenda 
 watoto wake. Mpishi asiyepika chakula changu. Chakula 
 chema kisichotuua. 
 
96 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 NEGATIVE PARTICIPIAL TENSE, 
 35) 
 
 Asipokupenda sitampenda. Wasipotoka wafalme hawa- 
 taingia. Asipokaribu mwenyewe mleteni. Nisipongoja 
 sitapata kisu chake. Mfupa usipovunjika, mkono utapona. 
 Mzungu asipomua mpishi, hatawapendeza watu weusi. Usi- 
 pompiga mtoto wako, atakutharau. ' 
 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 35) 
 
 Nalipigwa, hukupigwa. Atapigwa na mtumwa. Wapigwe. 
 Nisipigwe. Mzee ataumwa. Mkuke uliletwa. Vibanda 
 viwili vinajengwa. Mfalme hajazikwa. Vijakazi wanaitwa. 
 Mtumbwi utunzwe. Wazungu hawatashindwa. Chakula 
 kimepikwa. Mji umeingiwa na wageni wanne. Mlango 
 ungalifungwa. Siogopwi. Watoto hawajalishwa bado. Sikui- 
 ficha mikuke, imefichwa na wenyewe. Kama ningalimw- 
 ambia singalipendwa na Wazungu. Kipande kimewekwa 
 wapi? Mchawi hapendezwi. Hutakumbukwa. Mfalme 
 wako hatakumbukwa na watoto wetu. Kioo hakija- 
 rudishwa. Kibanda kifagiwe na mjakazi. Watoto wasi- 
 fundishwe na Mzungu. Naliambiwa na mtumwa wake. 
 Mkuke ulitupwa na mwivi. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 (page 37) 
 
 Nimenunua mkuke mzuri sana. Haoni vema. Siwa- 
 pendi sana watumwa wavivu. Nalimwona akirudi upesi. 
 Singalijenga kibanda kikubwa sana, Nalitazama nyuma 
 nikaona wageni wawili. Nalisikia mtu karibu, akiimba sana, 
 nikathani huyu Mzungu nitakimbia upesi. Mfalme juu, wa- 
 tumwa chini. Niliona mtu akitazama, nikakwambia, ana- 
 sasa, ukaniambia, anatazama nje, sisi ndani, tijpite 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 97 
 
 poleple oasitusikie, yamkini tutaokoka, tukapita, halafu aka- 
 toka mtu mwingine, nikasema, kweli hatuwezi kuokoka, 
 ukasema, mtumwa tu, hawezi kutuzuia, tukampita. Nime- 
 wakumbuka marra nyingi watu wawili wale, wangalituua 
 marra wote kama wangalitujua. Wato'.o walitangulia mbele, 
 waana waume wakawafuata watoto, mwisho wakafuata wazee. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Kilifanywa cha miti. Naona mtu akisimama juu ya 
 mtumbwi. Akakipokea kwa mikono miwili. Naliununua 
 mkuke kwa kitambaa kikukuu. Atarudi katika mji. Nali- 
 mkuta katika mji. Rudini kwa mfalme wenu. Alikaa katika 
 mti. Akashuka katika mti, akapita hatta akawakuta wajoli 
 wawili wake juu ya mti mwingine. Wakafika chini ya 
 kilima, Watumwa wote walifuata nyuma ya mfalme. Aka- 
 tangulia na watumwa wake katika kisiwa. Nalirudi kwa 
 wenzi wangu tukamwona mwenyewe katika mtumbwi wake, 
 tukamwambia, shuka katika mtumbwi wako, akajibu, vema, 
 tukamfuate upesi mfalme wetu, tutamwona katika mji. 
 Nikamwambia, hajafika katika mji wake, akatuambia, ana- 
 fika sasa. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Kijana na mzee walinifuata katika mji. Mzee akasimama 
 katika mlango na mkuke, nikamwambia, Umefika lini ? 
 Umeupata wapi mkuke ule? Wala hakunijibu, nikamwu- 
 liza tena. Marra nikamwona kijana tena, nami, nikamwu- 
 liza, mzee huyu ameupata wapi mkuke ule ? Akaniambia, 
 Mwulize mwenyewe. Nikamwambia, Nimemwuliza, lakini 
 hanijibu. Akaniambia, Labuda hakukusikia, sema sana. 
 Nikasema sana, mzee akasema, Mimi kiziwi, nakusikia ukise- 
 ma tu, nisamehe. Nikamwambia, Nawe nisamehe sikujua. 
 Nikamwuliza tena nikisema sana, akaniambia, Naliununua. 
 Nikamwambia, Lini? Kijana akaniambia, Ao aliuiba ao 
 
98 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 aliuokota katika milima. Mzee akamwambia, Waseraa nini ? 
 Kijana akasema, Alikusikia, naye kama kweli angaliununua 
 angalikujibu marra. Nikamwambia, Huyu mzee yamkini 
 amesahau. Akaniambia, Hasahau, lakini watu wa mji huu 
 twamjua sana mwivi huyu tangu mtoto. Nikamwambia, 
 Ameiba nini ? Akaniambia, Vitu vingi, huyu mgeni alifu- 
 kuzwa na mfalme wake katika mji wake hatta sasa anakaa 
 katika mji wetu, wala hatumpendi lakini hatumfukuzi kwa 
 sababu mchawi, nao watu wamwogopa. Nikataajabu niki- 
 msikia, nikasema, Sisadiki kama huyu mchawi ninyi nyote 
 waoga, nanyi mnaogopa kivuli. Akaniambia, Simwogopi 
 kwani nathani waganga wetu waweza kumshinda. Nikam- 
 wambia mzee, Umetusikia? Akaniambia, Mimi kiziwi na- 
 wasikia mkisema tu, lakini usimsadiki akikwambia nimefii- 
 kuzwa na mfalme wetu katika mji wangu. Sikufukuzwa, 
 nami nitarudl Kama ningalifukuzwa watu wa mji huu 
 hawangalinikubali nikae katika mji wao. Nikamwambia, Ao 
 wewe si kiziwi, ao yakini amesema kweli wewe mchawi. 
 Akaniambia mzee, Sisikii. Nikageuka nikatoka katika mji 
 wala sikumwambia mtu ilia wewe, lakini namsadiki mzee 
 wala kiziwi, wala mchawi, ilia mtu mwerevu aliyeuiba mkuke, 
 akataka kunidanganya, lakini nami najua kuwadanganya 
 watu, 
 
 PLACE. 
 (page 41) 
 
 Nalipaona mahali waliposimama wavuvi, mtumbwi mpya 
 wao ukizama, Nalipapita mahali penyewe. Naliona mahali 
 penyi vibanda vyingi. Sulemani alifika mahali pako, nika- 
 mwuliza, umemwacha Abdallah wapi ? niambie mahali, akani- 
 ambia mahali katika mji walipokaa wazee wake zamani. 
 Nikamwambia sipajui. Akaniambia, ulipomwona ukiuvuka 
 mto. Nikapakumbuka mahali, pazuri, karibu ya mto. 
 Nikamwambia, Napakumbuka sasa, tulipaona sole, mahah' 
 pazuri. Akaniambia, Pazuri. 
 
swAHiu EXERCISES: KEY, 99 
 
 INFINITIVES OF VERBS. 
 (page 42) 
 
 Kukubali. Kushtaki. Kupatana. Kubadili. Sipendi 
 kukupiga. Kujibu marra nyingi. Kuzaa kwingi. Kuona 
 na kusadiki. Kujisifu si kwema. Kuchemka upesi. Ku- 
 leta si kutwaa. Kupika kwake kuzuri. Kulia kutakuthuru. 
 Kwa kuliraa. Katika kucheza. Kwa kuchimba sana. Kwa 
 kuota kuzuri na kufanya kubaya. Mtumwa mvivu anisu- 
 mbua sana kwa kukawia kwake. Waliileta miti kwa kuko- 
 kota. Aliokoka kwa .sababu ya kuogopa. Naliwaona katika 
 kupigana, Kusamehe na kusahau. 
 
 ADJECTIVES [MA- CLASS]. 
 (page 44) 
 
 Jambo baya. Mapenzi makubwa. Malozi mabivu. 
 Jibu kali. Tao pana. Majifu makavu. Shoka zito. Ma- 
 ganda manene. Pipa dogo. Bakuli zima. Matuta marefu. 
 Malengelenge makubwa. Majipu mapya. Machupa ma- 
 tupu. Kasha zito. Dafu tamu. Tone kubwa. Masikio 
 marefu. Mayayi mabovu. Makosa mapya. Mainzi ma 
 kali. Matunda matamu. Kaburi tupu. Tunda dogo. 
 Maneno mazuri. Jani refu. Majani mafupi. Jamvi pana. 
 Maziwa mabichi. Jina zuri. Shingo refu. Makasia mazito. 
 Machungwa matamu. Manukato mazurl Shamba kubwa. 
 Mashairi mazuri 
 
 Gote jororo. Tundu jembamba. Kaburi jingine. Ma- 
 kaburi mengi. Maji mengi. Tunda jekundu. Matunda 
 mekundu marefu. Mainzi membamba. Makosa mengine. 
 Macho meusl Macho meupe. Jicho jekundu. Yayi 
 jeupe. Mavumbi mepesi. Mashaka mengi. Dau dogo 
 jembamba. Matumaini mema. Machupa mekundu mema, 
 Bakuli jepesi. Shoka jema. Mashoka mepesi mema, M- 
 jibu merevu. Malozi mema. Mambo mepesi. 
 
100 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVES [MA- CLASS], 
 (page 44) 
 
 Kasha kubwa hili. Masufuria makubwa yale. Matango 
 haya. Masikio marefu yale. Kosa dogo hili. Tundu lile. 
 Magote haya. Matone mepesi haya. Mashaka machungu 
 yale. Jicho kupwa hili. Meno makubwa haya. Yayi bichi 
 kubwa hili. Yayi bichi lile. Machupa yale. Maagizo 
 haya. Majipu haya. Mapipa makubwa manne yale. Ma- 
 jifu makavu haya. Matao matano haya. Jibu lile. Malozi 
 raeupe haya. Shauri jerna hili. Mambo mapya haya. 
 Maji matamu yale. Mashoka makali haya. Shoka kali 
 lile. Pipa lile. Pipa hill 
 
 WHICH? [MA- CLASS]. 
 (page 45) 
 
 Machupa yapi ? Kasha lipi ? Sikio lipi ? Mayayi yapi ? 
 Jicho lipi? Matunda yapi? Tundu lipi? Shimo lipo? 
 Gote lipi ? Mapipa yapi ? Shoka lipi ? Makasia yapi ? 
 Fungu lipi? Maji yapi? Mafuta yapi? Tao lipi? Jino 
 lipi? 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS [MA- CLASS} 
 45) 
 
 Nimelikubali shauri. Mambo haya hayapatani. Huta- 
 yabadili maagano. Majifu yanisumbua. Makanda yame- 
 fika. Maji yanachemka. Amelivunja bakuli. Leteni ma- 
 pipa sita. Aliyelijenga kaburi nani? Tulivunje shoka. 
 Nunua mayayi kumi. Usiyavunje mayayl Walitunze tawa. 
 Waanawake watachukua maji katika mitungi. Napenda 
 kulitafuna ganda tamu hili. Hawakulisafisha jamvi. Twa- 
 liyakusanya machungwa. Mpishi wetu atayapika mananasi. 
 Lifunike sufuria. Wameyaseta malozi. Tulikate lengelenge? 
 Maziwa yanapungua. Watumwa walijaribu kulilinda zizL 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. IOI 
 
 Tuyagawanye mapapayi ao makorosho ? Waliyamwaga ma- 
 futa. Mfalme hakuliingia shimo. Utayaona maboga mawili 
 katika mlango. Walisahau kuyaleta makasia, wakaleta ma- 
 kafi mawili tu. Kama wangalilitweka tanga, wangaliokoka. 
 Kama hawangalilitweka tanga kubwa hawangalizama. Tu- 
 nayatafuta matikiti, umeyaona ? 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND CASE [MA- CLASS] 
 (page 46) 
 
 Nalitwaa shoka la Mzungu. Nitaliona shamba la mfalme. 
 Utamuma mzee jicho. Nimeliona kafi la mlevi. Tumeli- 
 pita kaburi la Mzungu. Naona majifu meupe ya moto 
 mkubwa. Wanayateketeza mananasi ya kiziwi. Watumwa 
 wa mfalme walitwaa makafi ya mvuvi. Gote la mtumwa 
 lilimpiga mgeni jicho. Wamelificha tanga la mtumbwi 
 Shingo la mzee. Majuto ya mgeni. Tumbo la mtumwa 
 mvivu. Maagano ya wapagazi. Sufuria la mpishi. Ma 
 penzi ya mlezi. Meno ya watoto. Mashauri ya kipofu. 
 Sikio la mchiro. Mchiro amemuma mtoto kwapa. Jibu la 
 Mzungu. 
 
 Mfalme wetu ameharibu shamba lako. Wazungu wame- 
 kata makuti yao. Tunda langu bivu. Shoka lake kali. 
 Mshale wake ulinipiga shingo. Walipenda machungwa yao. 
 Tao letu limeanguka. Vijakazi vyako vyalitwaa tawa langu. 
 Mamumunye yako yanipendeza. Mzee ataka talasimu langu. 
 Jino langu linaniuma. Shoka langu linaugusa mti. Naona 
 tundu lake. Nalichukua machungwa yake. Jipu lako ku- 
 bwa. Utatwaa manukato yetu. Nitaacha gari lako. Ma- 
 zungumzo yao yamenipendeza. Mtachukia mainzi yetu. 
 Watu wetu wapenda mapapayi. Ameficha maziwa yangu. 
 Mashairi yako mengi. Maziwa yetu, maji yenu na mafuta 
 yao. Machukio yangu, mapenzi yako na majuto yao. Maa- 
 gano yetu hayajaisha. Lengelenge langu si jipu lako. 
 
 Mambo yote. Mazungumzo yote. Jibu lenyewe. Ma- 
 pipa yenyewe. Mapipa yenyi maji. Pipa lenyi mafuta. 
 Tula lenyi viazl Majipu yote yaniuma, Lete mabakuli 
 
102 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 yote. Sikio lenyewe. Vunje majani yote kalete matunda 
 yote, Maneno yenyi makosa. 
 
 THE RELATIVE [MA- CLASS]. 
 (page 47) 
 
 Machitkio ninayoyaona. Mashauri niliyoyapokea. Mambo 
 yaliyonisumbua. Maagano tuliyoyafanya, wewe na mimi. 
 Malozi yaliyookotwa. Jibu atakalolitia. Tao linaloanguka. 
 Majifu anayoyatawanya. Shoka litakaloukata mti ule. 
 Mapipa waliyoyachukua watu wa mfalme. Bakuli 
 nililolivunja. Lengelenge lililoniuma. Jipu lililoonekana. 
 Gari wanalolivuta. Kanisa tunalolijenga katika mji. Ma- 
 tumaini watakayoyaona watumwa. Mainzi yanayonisumbua. 
 Mafuta unayoyamimina. Shimo ulilolichimba. Manukato 
 uliyoyanunua. Mananasi yanayopikwa. Matikiti wanayo- 
 yatafuta watoto. Tanga walilolitweka, 
 
 NEGATIVE TENSES [MA CLASS]. 
 (page 48) 
 
 Mfalme wetu hayapendi malozi haya. Mambo haya ha- 
 yanisumbuL Shoka hili halikati. Mazungumzo haya ha- 
 yanipendezi. Jibu lake halitoshi. Pipa halizami. Jicho 
 halisikii. Sikio halioni. Maboga hayaruki. Mamumunye 
 liayalii. 
 
 Bakuli halikufika. Shoka halikuniuma. Talasimu hali- 
 kumthuru. Matalasimu yao hayakuwalinda. Ganda chu- 
 ngu halikukuponya. 
 
 Jambo halijaisha. Ganda chungu halijakuponya bado. 
 Tone halijaanguka. Mayayi hayajapikwa. Maji hayaja- 
 chemka bado. Jani halijakauka. 
 
 Jibu kali halitamfukuza. Mananasi hayataoza. Mashairi 
 haya hayatampendeza sana. Mashairi yako hayatampendeza 
 mfalme. Maneno magumu hayatatuua. Majuto hayatani- 
 lipa, Matanga tiayataugusa mlingote. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 Mayayi yasioze. Machungwa yasianguke. Maboga yasi- 
 pikwe. Matunda yisisetwe. Majifu yasitunzwe. Mayayi 
 yasianguke. 
 
 ADJECTIVES [N- CLASS]. 
 (page 52) 
 
 Hasara kubwa nyingi. Embe tnbivu mbili. Alama nye- 
 usi. Fetha nyeupe. Imbu moja. Sindano kali. Habari 
 njema. Pua ndefu. .Barua nane. Lulu nzuri. Kalamu 
 njema. Nguzo nene. Ncha kali. Thamani kubwa. Robo 
 tatu. Haja mpya. Dari njema. Nafasi nyingi. Nafasi 
 nyingi. Kutu nyekundu. Parafujo ndefu. Akili cbache. 
 Dalili wazi. Ngozi kubwa. Sabuni nyororo. Nyota ndogo. 
 Hali mbaya. Fimbo ndefu. Meza pana. Hema nyeupe. 
 Hila nyerevu. Njia fupi. Ngano mbivu. Dawati nzuri. 
 Nanga nzito. Pembe tatu. Nyama mbichi. Nguvu nyingi. 
 Ndizi tamu. Ndevu ndefu. Damu nyeusi. Ndoo ndogo. 
 Zulia kubwa. Sifa njema. Rungu nzito. Rangi nyeupe. 
 Thiraa sita. Siku kumi. Sitaha nyembamba, Ndoto 
 nyingi. Bandera mpya. Bustani nzuri. 
 
 PRONOUNS [NA- CLASS], 
 (page 52) 
 
 Hesabu zanisumbua. Fayida yanipendeza. Walizipokea 
 sadaka. Nanga i nzito. Aliipiga pembe. Nyama zime- 
 kimbia. Anazitafuta nyama. Siafu ziraetuuma. Mchwa 
 zimeziharibu daftari. Boriti zi ndefu. Nimeisikia kengele. 
 Watu wanne wanaichukua jeneza. Damu itanikumbusha. 
 Naliziona ndoo tupu mbili. Naliivaa kofia, ikaniuma. Saa 
 ikapiga. Nguo zataka kufungwa. Nalizinunua garofuu. 
 Ndoto ikaisha. Njaa inaniuma. Wataitweka bandera, 
 Bandera imetwekwa, Sikuipata fayida. Nimeipata hasara. 
 Twaisikia sauti. 
 
104 SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVES [N- CLASS]. 
 
 Nyumba hii kubwa. Bustani hii ndogo. Ajabu kubwa 
 hii. Kabari nzito mbili hizi. Siki kali hii. Ishara ile. 
 Ishara zipi? Ngozi kavu zile. Lulu nzuri zile. Embe 
 tamu hizi. Fetha mpya hii. Stndano zipi? Haja hii. 
 Taa hizi. Taa zipi ? Hizi. Baruti hii. Hema zile. 
 Inchi hii. Ndoo ipi? Zulia hii. Kofia zile. Nyumba 
 zile. Saa hii. Nguo hizL 
 
 POSSESSIVES [N- CLASS] 
 (page 54) 
 
 Nimeona hesabu zake. Nionyeshe daftari yako. Fayida 
 za Abdallah zapita zangu. Nimenunua ndizi zake zote. 
 Boriti za nyumba yangu. Alimkata mzee ndevu. Watoto 
 wanazipiga kengele mbili zetu. Alishusha ndoo yetu katika 
 kisima chako. Mkuke wa Abdallah uliipiga ngao ya Ali. 
 Shughuli zetu nyingi. Mabruki amevaa kofia nyekundu 
 yangu. Saa yangu njema, yake mbaya. Nguo yake imeta- 
 tuka. Tende zile zangu. Ndoto njema zetu. Tupa zenu. 
 Taa zenu zinawaka. Sikukubali thahabu yake. Sijaona 
 njugu zako. Hatuabudu sanamu zao. Waliona hema 
 zenu. Sisikii sauti zao. Hawatapata haja yao. Hatania- 
 mbia siri zake. Fanya kazi yako. Mganga hajui kuwa- 
 ponya jeraha. 
 
 Nachukia zawadi zote. Zawadi zote zampendeza mfalme 
 wetu. Bustani yenyi miti. Hema zenyi bandera. Ndizi 
 zote zimeoza, Siagi yote imeyeyuka. 
 
 THE RELATIVE [N- CLASS]. 
 (page 54) 
 
 Jeraha niliyoiponya. Jeraha nisizoziponya. Nyota 
 iliyofuata, Uliiona kazi waliyoifanya. Ngano itakayosagwa, 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 105 
 
 Kabari mtu wetu aliyoitia chini ya mlango ililegezwa. Siki 
 isiyooza ilimwagwa. Handaki aliyoichimba katika sham- 
 ba lake ilifika hatta nyumba uliyoinunua Naliziona 
 dalili nilizoambiwa niziangalie. Haya yake imemwacha. 
 Zitafute parafujo tulizoziona jana. Kutu inayoonekana leo, 
 ilionekana jana. Haja zote atakazonyima mfalme leo nita- 
 zisikia halafu. Nafasi niliyoitaka ingalikutosha. Mvua 
 iliyopita juu ya dari yetu iliingia katika nyumba mpya wana- 
 yoijenga. Ahadi niliyoitoa. Mfalme aliijua hila iliyowa- 
 danganya wageni. Fetha aliyoipokea mvuvi nyingi. Nitatoa 
 robo pa' thamani anayoitaica mwashi. Nguzo zilizosetwa 
 zote kubwa. Lulu aliyoileta mvuvi hatukuiona kabisa, 
 
 NEGATIVE TENSES [N- CLASS]. 
 
 (P*8* 55) 
 
 Fetha yote haingalitumiwa. Hesabu zake hazikunipe- 
 ndeza. Fayida hii haitakutosha. Hewa hii haitakuponya. 
 Sadaka zao hazingalimpendeza Muungu. Hasira ya mfalme 
 hainithuru. Sauti ya kengele haikunisumbua. Boriti hazi- 
 kuoza. Galawa haijazama. Saa haipigi. Saa hazijapiga. 
 Barua haifiki. Barua zenu hazikufika. Parafujo haiingii. 
 Pua haoni. 
 
 ADJECTIVES [U- CLASS]. 
 (page 57) 
 
 Uzee mwingi. Ndevu ndefu. Udevu mrefu. Uznri 
 mwingi. Upindi mrefu. Pindi ndefu. Fagio ndogo. Kucha 
 fupL Ukucha mrefu. Ua mpana. Umande mwingi. Uso 
 mzuri. Nyuso nzuri. Ukuni mdogo. Kuni kavu. Unga 
 mweupe. Unga mwororo. Nyayo nyingi. Nyele nyekundu. 
 Unyele mweupe. Unyele mnene. Wino mweusi. Funguo 
 ndogo. Utambi mnene. Mbau nene. Ubau mwepesi. 
 Pondo nzito. Mbau nyekundu mbili. Nataka pondo nde- 
 fu mbili. Nimenunua mbau njema tano. Nalisikia nyimbo 
 tatu, Naliona unga mwingi. Nalikaa usiku mmoja. 
 
io6 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 PRONOUNS [U- CLASS], 
 
 (page 58) 
 
 Upindi umevunjika. Uma wauma. Ufalme umefanlki- 
 wa. Naliumwaga wino. Umeme ulipiga mti ukaua watii 
 watatu. Ukarasa uliletvva, ukatatuka. Ubau haukutakwa 
 wenyi urefu mwingi. Mtoto alikata kuni akajiuma uso. 
 Waliziona tambi nazo fupi sana. Ufalme ulishindwa. Nya- 
 yo hazionekani. Ukali wa mfalme wawasumbua watu wake. 
 Mtoto alizitwaa funguo akazisugua. Ubishi uliwapendeza. 
 Ukufi wa unga utatosha. Ulimwengu u mbaya. Urithi 
 huu si mkubwa. Nalishika upanga wako. Aliokotawembe 
 wangu akauleta. Ua ulifagiwa. Ufagio ulipotea, Nyavu 
 zilivunjika zikaokoka nyama. Uvivu wa mtoto wanitoshea. 
 Wembe huu mkali. Ubau huu mfupi. Ufalme mkubwa 
 huu. Nyimbo hizi. Wall ule. Fagio zile. Pindi zipi? 
 Ua mpana ule. Funguo zile zilipotea. Wamezivunja 
 pondo zile zote. Uso mzuri ule. Unga mbaya huu. Uayo 
 huu. Upanga mkali ule. 
 
 Upuuzi unaousema. Panga zile nilizozinunua. Alizinu- 
 nua nyuma zile nilizozikataa. Zilianguka kuta nilizozijenga. 
 Usiku wote watu walicheza wakafanya sauti nyingi. Nime- 
 ziokota funguo alizozisugua mtoto. Aliomba ukufi wa 
 tende nikakataa. Sikupenda unyonge wake walipomtaka 
 kutoa wali alioupika. Hawangaliuleta unga nilioutaka. 
 
 THE -NI CASE. 
 (page 60) 
 
 Mtu aliingia mtoni. Wakafuata nyumbani mwakc. Wa- 
 liona miti mingi bustanini. Alinisukuma hatta tukafika 
 nyumbani kwetu. Waujua mt?nde mlangoni pangu ? Alilala 
 na chuo chake kwapani. Sijarudi mjini kwangu. Nitangoja 
 chini ya mti njiani. Alitoka kisimani akafika mjini. Alishi- 
 ka upindi wake na mishale yake mkononi. Wakakimbia 
 wakajificha nyurabani mvvao. Walipofika mtoni watu njiani 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : K.EX. 107 
 
 wakacheka, punda akaogopa, akapiga teke, akaanguka mtoni, 
 akazama, ratu na kijana wakarudi nyumbani kwao. 
 
 (page 61) 
 
 Wewe thaifu. Nyumba yake safi. Mayayi yale rahisi. 
 Watumwa wake amini. Killa mtu alichukua upanga. Vi- 
 tabu ghali. Mti ulioununua laini. Watoto hawa rathi na 
 chakula chema chao. Watu wale si watumwa, wale hum. 
 Makasha wanayoyafanya tayari. Pondo zao kamili. Misiba 
 yako hafifu. Kazi yangu thaifu. Kazi yako bora. Walipe- 
 leka chokaa haba. Kanisa wanalolijenga imara. Kuua si 
 halali. Mtu hodari yule anayepigana atamshinda thaifu. 
 Ndizi bustanini mwao marithawa. Chakula wanachokikataa 
 yabis. Watu wale wote raasikini. Nalimwona utupu. 
 
 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. 
 (page 62) 
 
 Vitabu hivi vya kale. Hajui dasturi za kiungwana. 
 Baada ya wakati wa mvua pepo za baridi zaanza. Watu wa 
 hila wadanganywa marra nyingi. Kazi haba yafanywa siku 
 za giza. Mambo mabaya sana si ya milele. Nguo ya kizu- 
 ngu i ghali. Waliteketeza mji wa kwanza walioushinda. 
 Mtu wa heri amenunua nyumba ya kupendeza. Alimwaga 
 kahawa ya moto. Mtu wa haki apendwa na mtumwa wake. 
 Dasturi yetu kupita upande wa kushoto wa njia. Mtu wa 
 akili alikataa kukaa katika nyumba ya pili. Walipika ugali 
 wake katika chungu cha mwenyewe. Usivae nguo za watu. 
 Ukuta wa mkono wa kuume wa nyumba ulianguka. Alije- 
 nga mwenyewe kibanda cha mviringo. Sultani anayafikiri 
 mambo ya siri ya ufalme wake. Mfalme wa kishenzi aliki- 
 haribu kitabu cha thamani. Mwite mtu wa pili. Kata killa 
 mti wa nne. Nyumba ya kenda ilianguka. Nitakulipa killa 
 siku ya kumi. 
 
tO& SV/AHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 
 
 ADJECTIVAL VERBS. 
 (page 63) 
 
 Sauti ya mtu imesikiliana. Watoto walipofuka. Mayayi 
 yaliyotokoseka. Mitungi iliyovunjika. Funguo za watoto 
 zimekatuka. Mwezi umeng'ara. Mguu wa mtoto umechu- 
 buka. Goie iimefaganzi. Mlango umenakishiwa. Chakula 
 kilirahisika. Mliko haitatakasika. Mbingu zimetakata. 
 Maneno yako yameelea. Roho yako imefarajika. Umete- 
 ngenea sana. Upindi umepindana. Ametumaini, Ume- 
 fathaika. Kamba imepotoka. Mtoto amepona. Chumba 
 kimechafuka. Njia imekauka. Chakula kimetosha. Wa- 
 tumwa walichoka. Kazi yetu imesitawi. Msimamizi ame- 
 levuka. Miti imevia. Uzi umetatana. Kisibau chake 
 kimekazana. Abdallah amesumbuka. Kanda limefumuka. 
 Amefaa. Maagano 5 r ametanguka. Kijana amethoofika. 
 Majaliwa amechoka na kazi. Mzee amekunjana. Uso uli- 
 okunjana. Lulu imenifaa. Mti uliovia. Sisikitiki kabisa. 
 Kijakazi aliyenyamaza. Mtoto aliyeungua aogopa moto. 
 Ulimwengu umeviringana. Kasha lililoviringa. Njia iliyo- 
 paruza. Kijana aliyetulia. Nyama iliyooza. Mwamba uli- 
 ochongoka. Msimamizi aliyependeza. Hesabu imekamilika. 
 Mzee aliyepooza. Dau limeelekea kwetu. Ua limefunuka. 
 Njaa yangu imezidi. Mkate uliofanya ukungu. Njaa yangu 
 imepunguka. Watumwa waliolewa. Wazungu walionenye- 
 kea. Mzigo umemlemea mpagazi. Ndizi zimekomaa. 
 Mgeni anapumbazika. 
 
 RELATIVE WITHOUT NOTE OF TIME, 
 (page 64) 
 
 Mtu umpendaye amerudi. Mfalme umogopaye amepona. 
 Jam bo likuzuialo lanisayidia mimi. Moto uwakao nyumbani 
 mwangu utapika nyama uiletayo. Utapata chakula chote 
 nikipikacho katika sufuria lako. Vitabu uvisomavyo havita- 
 kufaa. Utaona fayida uitafutayo. Mlango niufunguao sita- 
 ufunga. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 1 09 
 
 NAMES OF ANIMALS. 
 (page 66) 
 
 Naliwaambia asikari wakamwita jemadari. Habeshia 
 mrefu alimwambia wakili mkali. Tembo mkubwa aliumwa 
 na siafu. Mchwa adui wetu. Nyani wakubwa wakaa mitini. 
 Punda mweupe wa kinyozi alimpiga teke shangazi wangu. 
 Nyuki wafanya asali. Vijana waliona ngamia, ndugu wao 
 aliona ndege wazuri wawili. Sermala aliumwa na taandu. 
 Nalimwona jumbe alinunua ng'ombe wengi, na jogoo, na 
 kuku wengi, na mabata wakubwa. Naliona mbwa, aliumwa 
 na mainzi. Marafiki wangu hawapendi mende. Kijakazi 
 amenunua paa mzuri. Baba wangu alinunua matunda mengi, 
 kibeti adui wake akayatwaa. Bibi aliogopa vyura wakubwa ; 
 bwana akasema, simba mkubwa na chui mkali waogopwa, 
 lakini watu wa akili hawaogopi chura. Jini alifanya uchawi 
 juu ya ] ; v;ali, mama wake alitaka kuua nguruwe mkubwa na 
 njiwa watatu; kasisi akamwambia, haya upuuzi. Baharia 
 akioga, naliona papa, alikuja akamshika kwa meno yake. 
 Nalinunua kondoo walionona wanane. Nyoka mwerevu 
 alimtwaa ghafula sungura. Dobi alinunua punda, asikari 
 wakampata, hatta wakimchukua, nge alimuma mguu. Kathi 
 mwema alipita akawaona asikari; akaamuru wapigwe na 
 baharia wa merikebu ya Sultani wetu. 
 
 Vipofu wafupi. Kiziwi mgeni. Kiroboto mkubwa. Vi- 
 boko wake. Kifaru mzima. Kijakazi mzuri. Vijana wazuri. 
 Viziwi wawivu wanane. Viboko wazito sita. Viroboto wale. 
 Vijakazi hawa. Kiboko yule mkali. Kipofu amekufa. 
 Nani kipofu huyu ? Vijakazi wako walitwaa mwavuli wangu. 
 Ng'ombe wamenona. Punda walishiba. Ng'ombe aliye- 
 konda. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 (page 67) 
 
 Malindi mji wa kale kuliko Mvita. Maneno ya waty 
 wa Mvita sahihi kuliko maneno ya Unguja. Watu wabaau 
 
110 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 wabaya kuliko nyama. Mitende mizuri kuliko minazi. 
 Dawa iliyo chungu. Joho hii nyeusi kuliko hii, lakini iliyo 
 nyeusi sana ni ile. Mto huu mpana kuliko Rovuma. 
 Mahali pale safi kuliko hapa ? Furaha yangu kamili kuliko 
 yako. Hesabu za msimamizi sahihi kuliko zile za mvuvi. 
 Watumwa werevu kuliko msimamizi, wakamdanganya. 
 Mzungu mkali kuliko mwashi akawapiga watumwa wote. 
 Baruti iliyo pipani kavu kuiiko sabuni iliyo kashani. Mti 
 huu imara kuliko ule uliotiwa shimoni jana. Mtungi huu 
 umejaa kuliko ule. Nyumba ya Abdallah kubwa kuliko 
 yangu, lakini yangu nzuri kuliko nyurnba zote nilizoziona. 
 Njia hii ndefu kuliko ile nyumbani kwako, lakini iliyo fupi 
 yapita shamba lako. Mti upi ulio mgumu ? Jumbe thaifu 
 kuliko wevi. Ukuni mwepesi kuliko ubau mnene. Ndizi 
 hizi nyekundu na tamu kuliko zako. Kengele yetu iliyo 
 ndogo nzito kuliko yao iliyo kubwa, Ndevu ya Abdallah 
 bin Ali ndefu, lakini ile ya Suleman ndefu sana. 
 
 TO BE. 
 
 (page 68) 
 
 Chuo kiko mezanl Mpishi yuko karibu, Mbau ziko 
 merikebuni. Wavuvi wako mtumbwini. Mitumbwi iko 
 majini. Magari yako njiani. Machungwa yako pakachani. 
 Watumwa wengi wako mjini mwako ? Wako. Naliona 
 merikebu sita jana, ziko wapi sasa ? Ziko kisiwani. Iko 
 mitumbwi karibu yao ? Iko mitumbwi saba karibu sana. 
 Msimamizi wetu yuko wapi ? Yuko shambani. Watumwa 
 wako pamojanawe? Wako asharini. Nani yuko? Abd- 
 allah yuko. Yuko wapi Ali? Yuko nyumbani. Mfalme 
 yuko nje. 
 
 Mimi niliye mwema. Wewe uliye mbaya. Yeye aliye 
 thaifu. Yeye aliye mvivu. Sisi tulio wanana. Ninyi mlio 
 wakali. Jiwe lililo kubwa. Nyumba iliyo ndogo. Tende 
 zilizo tamu. Mtu aliye mzee. Mfalme aliye mlevi. Ki- 
 pande kilicho kidogo. Kasha lililo zito. Mishale iliyo 
 mikali. Bithaa zilizo ghali. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. in 
 
 69) 
 
 Kitabu kilichoko raezani. Mbau zilizoko merikebuni. 
 Wavuvi walioko mtumbwini. Mitumbwi iliyoko majini. 
 Machungwa yaliyoko mitini. Watumwa walioko mjini 
 mwetu watakimbia wote, wakiiona bunduki iliyoko mkononi 
 mwako. Merikebu zilizoko kisiwani zitauharibu mji ulioko 
 upande huu wa mto. Jumbe alioko mjini mwetu. Miti 
 iliyoko njiani. 
 
 (page 69) 
 
 Abdallah alikuwa mfalme, mimi nalikuwa mtumwa. Wa- 
 likuwa mtu mwema. Alikuwa mvuvi. Walikuwa watumwa 
 wavivu. Wazungu walikuwa watu wakalL Watu wale 
 walikuwa weusi wote. Mwenyewe alikuwa mtu wa akili, 
 wangine walikuwa wajinga. 
 
 Watu weusi walikuwako mwituni. Mzungu alikuwako 
 mzinganL Bunduki yalikuwako nyumbani. Nyumba yali- 
 kuwako mtoni, mto walikuwako karibu na mlima. Mlima 
 walikuwako kisiwana. Kisiwa chalikuwako baharini. Watu 
 wengi walikuwako mjini, lakini watu wachache walikuwa nje 
 ya nyumba. 
 
 (page 70) 
 
 Mfalme alikuwako nyumbani, watu wake walikuwako 
 mbali. Mzungu alikuwako juu ya mwamba. Mtumbwi 
 walikuwako karibu. Naliona watu wawili waliokuwako 
 mlangoni pa nyumba, karibu na mtende. Mfalme alisema, 
 ulikuwa mzee zamani, nikamwambia, wewe ulikuwa mtoto ? 
 Akaniambia nalikuwa kijana. Merikebu zalikuwako baha- 
 rini, watu walikuv/ako mjini. Watumwa walikuwa watu- 
 mishi wa Mzungu. Nilikuwako mjini nikaziona nyumba 
 za kale zilizokuwako. Naliona watu wengi, walikuwako 
 njiani, lakini wale wenzi wetu waliowaona walikuwako mwi- 
 tuni, nao haba. Watu wengi walikuwako na mfalme. Wa- 
 chache walikimbia, wale waliokimbia walikuwako baadaye 
 mjini kwetu, nikawaua wote. Makasha makubwa matano 
 yalikuwako nyumbani mwangu siku nyingi. 
 
 Watu waliokuwako mjini waliogopa, sisi tuliokuwako 
 nje tukakimbia. Mfalme aliwaita wavuvi waliokuwako 
 
ii2 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 mtumbwini. Uliwaona watu waliokuwako ? Mitumbwi 
 mingapi iliyokuwako imezama? Mzungu alikata miti yote 
 iliyokuwako shambani. Mfalme aliwaua wote waliokuwa 
 watumwa wetu. Makasha yalikuwako kwangu yalivunjwa 
 na wevi waliokuwako baadaye mjini kwenu. Nyumba zili- 
 zokuwako zimeanguka zote. Nilivinunua vitabu vyote vili 
 vyokuwako. Alikileta chuo kilichokuwako mezani mwangu, 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 (page 71) 
 
 Wevi watano waliyakwiba makasha yaliyo kuwako nyu- 
 rabani kwangu. Bithaa zilizokuwako merikebuni zalikwibwa 
 na wavuvi. Wajakazi walikwanza kwimba. Walikwimba 
 nyimbo nzuri nyingi. Jumbe alikwenda koga mtoni. Ndizi 
 hazijaiva bado, zimekomaa lakini si tamu. Ulikuza wa- 
 tumwa wanne mwenyewe. Tutaioka mikate utakayoitaka 
 njiani. Fetha zetu zimekwisha, hatuwezi kununua maboga 
 yako. Embe zitakwisha ukizila sasa. Aliyeniita nani? 
 Anayekwimba nani ? Sijaisha bado. Utakwisha lini ? 
 Usiibe watu. Endeni mjini, mkaite watu watano waimbe 
 nyimbo nyumbani kwangu. Watu wetu wamekula ndi/d 
 zote, hatukuza hatta moja. Utakufa. Atakuja kwetu. 
 Tutakula nyama. Nyama imeliwa, aliyopewa nami. Tule, 
 tukanywe. Usiku utakuja na watumwa watakula. Sikuzote 
 twanywa maji tu. Jua linakuchwa. 
 
 TO HAVE. 
 (page 72) 
 
 Nalitaka kununua nazi zote mfalme alizokuwa nazo, 
 lakini naona alikuwa nazo nyingi nisizozipata. Nina upa- 
 nga, nawe una mkuke na ngao, tuogope nini ? Mtu akiwa 
 na fetha atakuwa mkuu. Kama mtu hana fetha hata- 
 kuwa mkuu. Nyumba yangu kubwa haina mlango. 
 Sikuwa na nyumba zamani, sasa ninazo hizi tatu. Wevi 
 walikwiba killa kitu tulichokuwa nacho. Mzee ana vyuo 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 113 
 
 vya thamani vingi. Nitanunua vyuo vyote walivyo navyo 
 Wazungu. Nalikuza vitabu vyote nilivyokuwa navyo mwe- 
 nyewe, ilia vile ulivyonipa. Ninavyo sasa nyumbani. 
 Abdallah akifa, nitakuwa na fetha nyingi. Nitakuwa nayo 
 mail utakayonipa. Usiponipa kitu, sitakuwa na kitu. Ali- 
 jaribu kuniua nikampiga kwa upanga niliokuwa nao. 
 
 (page 73) 
 
 Hapana mtu nyumbani. Hakuna mtu anayejua kumshi- 
 nda. Hapana kitu, nje. Nalitafuta kisu lakini kisu hapana, 
 Naliona upanga mkononi mwake, nikatazama tena, hakuwa 
 na upanga, hatta sasa hapana. Palikuwa na mtu, sasa 
 hapana mtu. 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 (page 74) 
 
 Sikuwa nikienda rnjini, lakini nitarudi sasa. Alikuwa 
 akila. Sikumwona, alikuwa amekwisha kupita. Mwivi 
 alikuwa amekwiba fetha. Ulikuwa umekisoma kitabu? 
 Sikuwa nimekisoma. Nalikuwa nikikitazama. Wavuvi_wa- 
 likuwako baharini, walikuwa wameona samaki haba nsiku. 
 Vijana walikuwa wakilima shamba lao. Alikuwa ameu- 
 funga mlango. Nalikuwa nimewakata vidole. Nitakuwa 
 nikikata mitende yao. Alikuwa akila chakula chake. Ame- 
 kwisha kula. Walikuwa wakiiba nazi shambani kwangu. 
 Watumwa walikuwa wakiniambia habari zote za wevi. 
 Msimamizi alikuwa akienda, lakini vijakazi walikuwa wame- 
 kimbia. Nitakuwa nikitoka nyumbani. Alikuwa akiingia 
 mlangoni. Nalikuona, ulikuwa ukimpiga kofi mtwana 
 wangu. 
 
 DERIVATIVE VERBS. 
 
 (page 74) 
 
 Kuombea. Kuogea. Kuletea. Kujengea. Kusetea. 
 Kuponyea, Kukokotea. Kuotea. Kuelezea. Kuonea 
 
114 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 Kutokea. Kuondokea. Kutwekea. Kuchekea. Kule- 
 gezea. Kukosea. Kuwekea. Kusemea. Kupelekea 
 Kunenea. Kungojea. Kuoshea. Kuendea. 
 
 Aliniombea. Nalimletea kitabu. Walitujengea ukuta. 
 Nitakuponyea mtumwa wako. Nalimwotea mfalme. Mzee 
 alituelezea sauti tuliyoisikia. Nakuonea uovu. Mahali 
 tutakapotokea. Nalimwondokea. Twalimtwekea mfalme 
 bandera. Mpishi aliwawekea watoto chakula kingi. Nali- 
 mngojea siku nyingi. Nioshee sahani hizl Aliiendea 
 njia hii. 
 
 (P*& 75) 
 
 Kupigia. Kufikia. Kuulizia. Kuamkia. Kuumia. 
 Kuvunjia. Kuitia. Kukamatia. Kugeukia. Kupandia. 
 Kukusanyia. Kuvukia. Kulimia. Kukatia. Kulindia. 
 Kukania. Kuchimbia. Kuvutia. Kufukuzia. Kumwa- 
 gia. Kupungukia. Kuishia. Kukunjia. Kupatia. Ku- 
 shukia. Kufishia. Kuachia, Kutazamia. Kutafutia. 
 Kupimia. Kulipia. Kuimbia. Kusikitikia. Kusimamia. 
 Kutupia, Kufungia. Kufutia. 
 
 Nataka unipigie mtu huyu. Nitamwulizia mpishi. Ume- 
 nivunjia kisu changu. Sijui nililoitiwa. Wavu unaokamatia 
 nyama. Wapagazi walinigeukia. Walinipandia. Mfalme 
 aliwakusanyia watu wake wote. Siuoni mtumbwi waliouvu- 
 kia. Tunamlimia mfalme. Nikatie fimbo. Alimkania 
 jumbe maneno, aliyonifichia. Sitakuchimbia. Tufukuzie 
 watumwa. Wavuvi walikuwa wakitazamia merikebu. Ali- 
 kataa kunipimia njia. Wajakazi walikuwa wakimwimbia 
 msimamizi shambani kwako, naye alikuwa akiwalipia fetha. 
 Nakusikitikia. Mtupia mkuke. Wafungia mlango. Jumbe 
 aliimbiwa na watu wetu. Nalitupiwa mawe na vijana. 
 Naliachiwa shamba. Nalisikitikiwa. 
 
 75) 
 
 Kusumbulia. Kuzalia, Kuchukulia. Kuchagulia. 
 Kupungulia. Kusikilia. Kuzuilia. Kuamulia. Kulilia. 
 Kununulia. Kupindulia, Kutilia. Kuvalia. Kutolea, 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 115 
 
 Kupokelea. Kukatalia. Kukalia. Kusugulia. Kukimbilia. 
 Kunyolea. Kupasulia. Kutwalia. Kuvulia. Kurarulia. 
 Kufunulia. Kutembelea. 
 
 (page 76) 
 
 Tuutembelee mjini. Tufungulie mlango. Mfunulie 
 mpishi chungu. Nalimvulia viatu vyangu. Wamenitwalia 
 watoto wangu. Nipe shoka nipasulie mbau. Uko wapi 
 wembe nilionyolewa. Wataka mji waukimbilie. Tusugulie 
 meza. Wafalme hawakumkatalia haja yake. Mtu wa 
 kwanza alimpokelea wa pili fetha. Nimekutolea fetha. 
 Miti iraeng'olewa yote. Nimeng'olewa miti yangu yote. 
 Aliinuliwa. Mtumwa alimchinjia nyama jumbe wake. 
 Nifungulie mlango. 
 
 (page 76) 
 
 Kubatilia, kubatiliwa. Kushtakia, kushtakiwa, Kukubalia, 
 kukubaliwa. Kubadilia, kubadiliwa. Kuhubiria, kuhubiri- 
 wa. Kujibia, kujibiwa, Kuwasilia, kuwasiliwa. Kuhimi- 
 lia, kuhimiliwa. Kusihia, kusihiwa. Kusadikia, kusadikiwa. 
 Kuaminia, kuaminiwa, Kujelidia, kujelidiwa. Kubarikia, 
 kubarikiwa. Kukirithia, kukirithiwa. Kuzabunia, kuza- 
 buniwa. Kutakabathia, kutakabathiwa. Kudirikia, kudiri- 
 kiwa. Kuathibia, kuathibiwa. Kuhitaria, kuhitariwa. Ku- 
 tahiria, kutahiriwa. Kushawishia, kushawishiwa, Kukaribia, 
 kukaribiwa. Kufarijia, kufarijiwa. Kuamuria, kuamuriwa. 
 Kuhitimia, kuhitimiwa. Kusetiria, kusetiriwa. Kukiria, 
 kukiriwa. Kutumainia, kutumainiwa. Kufikiria, kufikiriwa. 
 Kusahihia, kusahihiwa. Kuwakifia, kuwakifiwa. Kuta- 
 mania, kutamaniwa. Kuhulukia, kuhulukiwa. Kusulibia, 
 kusulibiwa. Kuvinjaria, kuvinjariwa. Kulaania, kulaaniwa. 
 Kuthubutia, kuthubutiwa. Kufarikia, kuferikiwa. Kutha- 
 limia, kuthalimiwa. Kufawitia, kufawitiwa. Kuhinia, ku- 
 hiniwa, Kuuzulia, kuuzuliwa. Kustahilia, kustahUiwa. 
 Kufathilia, kufathiliwa. Kutharaulia, kutharauliwa. Kuasia, 
 kuasiwa. Kustarehea, kustarehewa. Kuhusudia, kuhusu- 
 diwa. Kutanafusia, kutanafusiwa. Kuketia, kuketiwa. 
 
n6 SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 Kustahimilia, kustahimiliwa. Kuhakikia, kuhakikiwa. Ku- 
 sayilia, kusayiliwa. Kutahidia, kutahidiwa. Kufasiria, ku- 
 fasiriwa. Kubainia, kubainiwa. Kufurahia, kufurahiwa. 
 Kusitawia, kusitawiwa. Kutabiria, kutabiriwa. Kubashiria, 
 kubashiriwa. Kusahaulia, kusahauliwa. Kukabithia, kuka- 
 bithiwa. Kunathiria, kunathiriwa. Kumilikia, kumilikiwa. 
 Kuthania, kuthaniwa. Kuhamia, kuhamiwa. Kuthuria, 
 kuthuriwa. Kuaunia, kuauniwa. Kuarifia, kuarifiwa. Ku- 
 hifathia, kuhifathiwa. Kurudia, kurudiwa. Kutuhumia, 
 kutuhumiwa. Kugharimia, kugharimiwa. Kufuturia, ku- 
 futuriwa. Kusakifia, kusakifiwa. Kurissimia, kurissimiwa. 
 Kuhalifia, kuhalifiwa. Kukabilia, kukabiliwa. Kusamehea, 
 kusamehewa. Kusubiria, kusubiriwa. Kudumia, kudumi- 
 wa, Kulaabia, kulaabiwa. Kuabudia, kuabudiwa. Kuhu- 
 tubia, kuhutubiwa. Kuafia, kuafiwa. Kukirihia, kukirihiwa. 
 Kusujudia, kusujudiwa. Kufidia, kufidiwa. Kutubia, ku- 
 tubiwa. Kushutumia, kushutumnva, Kuhuia, kuhuiwa. 
 Kutilifia, kutilifiwa. Kukinaia, kukinaiwa. Kufilisia, ku- 
 filisiwa. Kufitinia, kufitiniwa. Kusakia, kusakiwa. Ku- 
 daia, kudaiwa, Kuruzukia, kuruzukiwa. Kuthaminia, 
 kuthamaniwa. Kuhadithia, kuhadithiwa. Kushuhudia, 
 kushuhudiwa. Kusafiria, kusafiriwa. Kutadarikia, kuta- 
 darikiwa. Kujeruhia, kujeruhiwa. Kustaajabia, kustaa- 
 jabiwa. 
 
 77) 
 
 Shoka la kupasulia kuni. Neno la kumjibia. Fimbo ya 
 kupigia mbwa. Upepo ulizivumia mbali karatasi. Watu 
 wataka miti ya kujengea. Sioni mtu wa kuitia. Nina 
 wapagazi wa kunichukulia. Naona mahali pa kupandia. 
 Chungu cha kupikia viazi. Walikatia mbali mlingote. 
 Watumwa wanayo majembe ya kulimia. Kamba ya kuvutia 
 garl Jumbe alivvafukuzia mbali adui wake. Sioni maneno 
 ya kuelezea maana yangu. Uko wapi mkufu wa kumfungia? 
 Ndege walirukia mbali. Nipe misomari mirefu ya kuzi- 
 fungia mbau. Tuwaulie mbali wote. Sukumia mbali jiwe. 
 Kitanda cha kupumzikia, Lete maji ye kuzioshea sahani. 
 Nina nguo ya kuzifutia baadaye. 
 
SWAHILI EXERCISES : KEY. 1 1 7 
 
 (page 78) 
 
 Kushtakiana. Kujibiana. Kusumbuana. Kuitana. 
 Kudanganyana. Kuponyana. Kulindana. Kuogopana. 
 Kulishana. Kuonana. Kusameheana. Kuchuk'.ana. 
 Kusayidiana. Kuagana. Kukutana. Kupendezana. 
 Kusifiana. Kutharauliana. Kufundishana. Kuambiana. 
 
 (page 78) 
 
 Kufutika. Kuosheka. Kutumika. Kufunuka. Kuta- 
 tuka. Kupasuka. Kurawagika. Kutikisika. Kushoneka. 
 Kutafutika. Kutharaulika. Kutawanyika. Kuvutika. 
 Kuinuka. Kushuka. Kupitika. Kusagika. Kusahaulika. 
 Kukunjika. Kununulika. Kukubalika. Kusumbuka. 
 
 (page 79) 
 
 1. Kuchukiza. Kujaza. Kuzoeza. Kufanyiza. Kuin- 
 giza. Kugombeza. Kukweza. Kushangaza. Kutuliza. 
 Kuchukuza. Kugeuza, Kueleza. Kuokoza. Kukataza. 
 Kukimbiza. Kulekeza. Kutimiza. Kupenyeza. Kure- 
 geza. Kukuza. Kupoza. Kusikiliza. Kupoteza. Ku- 
 jongeza. Kusogeza. Kulipiza, Kutegemeza. Kueneza. 
 Kukwaza. Kuliza, 
 
 2. Kuwezesha. Kujumlisha. Kubadilisha. Kukaribi- 
 sha. Kupandisha. Kuinamisha. Kupofusha. Kuvumi- 
 sha. Kukosesha. Kusumbusha. Kupatanisha. Kuko- 
 mesha. Kukutanisha. Kulingahisha. Kusulibisha. Ku- 
 furahisha. Kupiganisha. Kushibisha. Kukopesha. Ku- 
 rudisha. Kuinamisha. Kukwamisha, Kuzibisha. Kuthu- 
 butisha. Kutatanisha. Kuwasilisha. Kustarehesha, Ku- 
 thanisha. Kusafirisha. Kutaajabisha. 
 
 3. Kuepusha. Kutesa. Kutaabisha. Kuondosha. 
 Kuamsha. Kupofusha. Kuchemsha. Kutakasa. Kuvu- 
 sha. Kuokosa. Kuchesha. Kukausha. Kuangusha. 
 Kukumbusha. Kuwasha. Kurusha. Kunyosha. Kutiki- 
 sa. Kufingirisha. Kutosa. Kukasirisha. Kuzungusha. 
 
nS SWAHILI EXERCISES: KEY. 
 
 Kazi yetu imekwisha. Sasa twajua kuandika Kiswahili 
 karaa mtu aliyezaliwa katika Unguja. Watu watatutaajabia. 
 Mtu akituuliza maulizo twajua maneno yaliyo sahihi ya 
 kumjibia. 
 
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