THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIFT OF James T, Moynihan GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO PLANT EMPLOYES UTAH POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY POWER DEPARTMENT First Edition. Salt Lake City, Utah. June 1, 1922 Copy No LOAN STACK GIFT INSTRUCTIONS IN ADDI- TION TO THOSE IN THIS BOOK AND SPECIAL TO EACH PLANT WILL BE FOUND IN SEPARATE BOOKS ENTITLED TO THAT EFFECT. 443 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I Introduction '. 9 II General Instructions 10 III System Operation 12 IV Plant Organization and Operation 13 Plant Superintendent 14 Station Operator 15 V Safety First 17 Visitors 19 Working Near Live Circuits 19 Working on Station Apparatus 20 Grounding 21 Miscellaneous Precautions 21 VI Resuscitation and First Aid 23 Resuscitation From Electric Shock 23 First Aid 24 VII Fire Rules 24 General 24 Hydrants and Fire Lines 24 Hose 25 Wrenches 25 Fire Extinguishers and Water Buckets 25 Alarm Bells 26 Oil Risks 26 Danger From Live Wires 26 Oil Fires 27 Pyrene Extinguishers 29 Insulation Fires 29 Concealed Fires 29 Location of Fire Mains and Hydrants 30 VIII Records, Reports and Standard Forms 30 General 30 Verbal Reports 31 Trouble Reports 31 Accident or Sickness Reports 31 Morning Report 31 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued Page Written Reports 32 Letter Writing 32 Quarterly Inspection Report 32 Personnel Reports 39 Standard Forms 40 Daily Station Log Sheets 40 Daily Time Reports 41 Discharge Tickets 45 Material Requisitions 46 Shipping Directions 47 Preparation of Requisitions 47 Description of Articles 47 Classification 48 Local Purchase Orders 50 Copies of Orders and Receiving Slips 52 Expense Account 53 Automobile Reports 55 Toll Call Records 56 Expenditure Requisitions 56 Work Reports 58 Stores Accounting 58 Form 97-A Stores Record Card 58 Form 106 Monthly Record of Supplies from Stores 59 Form 107-B "Requisition on Storekeeper".... 60 Form 63-A Memorandum of Transfer 60 Inventories 61 Employment Agreement 62 Leave of Absence Permits 63 Employes' Communication Form 63 Report of Injury 64 Operating Expense Accounts 65 Hydroelectric Power Production 65 Operating 65 Maintenance 66 Steam Plant Power Production 69 Operation 69 Maintenance . 70 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued Page Transmission and Telephone Line Accounts Operation 73 Maintenance Substation Accounts 75 Operation Maintenance 75 Appendix 76 IX Operation, Inspection and Maintenance of Equipment. . .. 1. Hydraulic Apparatus 2. Governors 78 3. Generators 79 (a) Alternating Current . . 79 (b) Direct Current 80 4. Transformers 82 5. Lightning Arresters 84 6. Oil Switches 86 7. Switchboard Equipment 87 8. Telephone and Telegraph Equipment 88 9. Regulating Equipment 91 (a) Tirrill Regulators 91 (b) Induction Regulators 92 10. Storage Batteries 92 Lead Plate Storage Batteries 93 Pilot Cell 93 Floating 93 Discharge Limits 94 Charging 94 Equalizing Charge 94 Charge After Discharge 94 Ventilation 95 Replacing Evaporation 95 Cell Readings 95 Pilot Cell 95 Individual Cells 95 Inspection 96 Indications of Trouble 96 Exposed Flame 96 TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued Page Impurities 96 Sediment 97 Leaking Cell 97 Cleanliness 97 Edison Storage Batteries 97 Caution 97 Height of Solution 98 Watering 98 Charging 98 Ventilation .. . 98 Temperature 99 Regular Charge 99 Tapering Charge 99 Cleaning 100 Protective Coating 100 Solution Renewal 100 Caution 101 11. Bearings and Lubrication 101 12. Auxiliaries 103 13. General 103 (a) Wiring 103 (b) Piping 103 (c) Operating 104 (d) Maintenance 1 04 (c) Station on Standby Basis 105 (f) Local Circuits 107 (g) Fuses 107 14. Shop and Repair Equipment 107 15. Company Houses 108 IINTRODUCTION This instruction book has been written for the purpose of placing in a convenient form certain information rela- tive to the general method of operation of the department, its definite regulations and policies, and other more or less detailed instructions and information, all of which will be of benefit to employes in the proper performance of their duties. All important enterprises are governed by certain general and specific directions, whether in the form of laws, regulations or rules, in order to obtain correct uniformity of action and cohesion. It is realized that rules to cover all conditions would be too voluminous to be effective, and would, undoubtedly, cause confusion. The following general outline is therefore given, with the expectation that the best results will follow. These instructions are applicable at all of the stations. There are, in addition, individual instruction books, one for each station. In each of these will be found certain instructions applicable only to that station. Alterations and additions to these instructions will be made from time to time, and suggestions from employes in regard to such changes are particularly desired, and will always be welcomed and given consideration. Such suggestions are not only a privilege, but a duty. All employes should be thoroughly familiar with these instructions, and new operators shall carefully read and sign the station copy before assuming shift duties. How- ever, this should not be the only time they are read. They should be continually studied. II GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS We are engaged, primarily, in rendering "Efficient Public Service." Specifically, this department is engaged in the generation and transmission of electrical energy in such a manner that "Efficient Public Service" may result. There are certain essentials that every employe must know and appreciate in order that the above results may be obtained. One of the most important of these is the interest of each employe in the success of the Company. You must realize that the success of the organization will depend upon you and your own success. You should al- ways work for Results. There are many opportunities in and around a plant to obtain experience in and increase your knowledge of the various operations essentially necessary for the proper discharge of your duties and to qualify for promotion. It is an axiom in all industries that the trained man is the one who succeeds; is the last one to be laid off in time of stress and the first to be considered when promotions are possible. It is expected that employes will Look for and Find these opportunities, regardless of their regular hours of work. There are available various blue-prints of station wiring, piping, machine details, etc., as well as instruction books, written by the manufacturers and others, on the various equipment. You will find it to your interest to become familiar with these, as you are 10 expected to understand the construction and operation of all apparatus. Your rate of advancement depends upon your knowledge of the apparatus in the station. The Plant Superintendent is responsible for the operat- ing results obtained at his station. To get results he must have his men trained properly. He should encourage them to put forth their best efforts in study and should con- tinually check up on their progress, and be free with helpful and constructive criticism. Doubtless, there come times when you are discouraged at the supposed lack of interest shown in your individual progress. You should guard against these moments and keep on with your study and application, because there is always someone who is aware of the kind of results you produce, and when they are of the right quality, has you in mind for better things. Another very important essential in the rendering. of "Efficient Public Service" is the realization that interrup- tions to customer's service must be reduced to the absolute minimum. This result can only be obtained by constantly giving the closest scrutiny to all apparatus and lines and having all tools and repair material in good condition and in their proper places. And in case of an interrup- tion to a customer, because of failure of line or apparatus, it is very necessary that the best possible judgment and effort be used to restore normal service in the least pos- sible time. This calls for both high speed in work and particularly strong effort, regardless of the time of day or night or weather conditions. It is not to be supposed that, because the interruption might possibly occur at a time when it would be least felt by the customer, that 11 the restoration of normal service should be delayed by handling the matter in a routine way. Normal service should be restored in all cases at the first possible moment, and extraordinary effort made to accomplish this result. In order to give "Efficient Public Service" it should be apparent to each and every employe that efficiency must be practiced in every way possible. There are many operations and every day occurrences in which it is always possible to improve upon the method followed or the practice used, in order that better efficiency will result. Watch for these opportunities. In the spending of Com- pany money, in the use of material and in the spending of time, for which you are paid by the Company, the same economy should be practiced as should be if the expense was to be borne by you personally. Avoid waste and inefficiency. Ill SYSTEM OPERATION That part of the Company property coming under the jurisdiction of this Department consists of a number of generating stations, substations, storage water control stations, transmission lines of various voltages, and tele- phone lines, all interlinked into one network or system. The routine operation of these various parts, as a whole, is accomplished through the System Dispatchers. Obvi- ously, the best spirit of co-operation possible should be extended to the Dispatchers, in the execution of orders and the giving of all reports as hereinafter outlined, in order that the system, as a whole, can be operated most efficiently. 12 To avoid misunderstanding, and to prevent accident, each person receiving an unwritten message, concerning the handling of lines and equipment, shall immediately repeat it back to the sender, and secure his acknowledg- ment. Each person sending an unwritten message, shall require it to be repeated back to him by the receiver. Each person transmitting or receiving an unwritten message, must be absolutely certain of the identity of the man to whom he is giving the order, or from whom he is receiving it, and he will be held responsible for this knowledge. All switching, affecting the operation of the system, is to be done on orders from the System Dispatchers. Exceptions to the foregoing rule are permitted only in emergency cases, to avert danger to life, property, or apparatus, or to relieve a shorted line, or as indicated under "Standing Orders," when communication with the Dispatcher is impossible, but under these exceptions, never charge or enliven a transmission line, previously "killed'* by order of the Dispatcher, or a transmission line which has previously tripped or been opened on trouble, and on which the dispatcher has given any switching orders. Such a line must never be charged except upon direct order from the dispatcher. IV PLANT ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION The number of men employed at any plant will de- pend upon its relative size and importance, and upon the conditions under which that plant is operating. The 13 outline of each plant organization will be found in the individual instruction book for that plant. Some of the duties of the Superintendent, operators and other em- ployes will be outlined in the above mentioned book, and some in the following pages of this book, under the equip- ment with which those duties are especially concerned. However, there are a number of general duties of the Plant Superintendent and Station Operator which it would be well to point out here. Plant Superintendent The Plant Superintendent must realize that he is in charge of the Company property, and that he has the entire responsibility for its operation and maintenance. He is responsible for the proper performance of duty by all employes under his direction, and should make daily inspections to see that nothing is being neglected. He is also responsible for the maintenance of the morale of all employes under his direction. He should see that a spirit of cheerful co-operation exists at all times. Occasional inspections and repairs will be made by travelling representatives, but these are only to assist the Plant Superintendent in maintaining apparatus and equipment in the best possible condition, and will not, in any way, relieve the Plant Superintendent from responsi- bility. In the absence from the plant grounds of the Super- intendent, a representative, appointed by him, will exercise the functions of the Superintendent. In each such instance, an endorsement to this effect must be written in the Log Book before leaving. On his return and reassumption 14 of duty, notation must be made in the "Log Book" to this effect. In an extreme emergency such as might arise in case of accident to the Superintendent, so that he is unable to appoint a representative, the first operator on duty will assume the duties of Superintendent, temporarily, or until he is in receipt of more specific instructions. The Plant Superintendent will report immediately, by telephone, to the Dispatcher, all unusual conditions or matters needing immediate attention, confirming this by telephone or in writing, or both, as the necessity exists therefor, to the Superintendent of Power. Any special items, such as breaks in pipe lines, fail- ure of station apparatus, etc., should be telephoned in to the Dispatcher before 8:30 each morning, in covering the previous 24 hours for the morning report. This does not relieve the Plant Superintendent from reporting on all unusual matters at the time of the occurrence. Station Operator The Station Operator is responsible to the Plant Superintendent for the condition of the station during the hours of his shift, and is expected to know at all times the condition of all apparatus, such as the amount of load on all generators and transformers, the condition of switches, governors and oil, important relay settings, temperatures of the various pieces of equipment and the exact hook-up in connection with electrical circuits, oil and water piping, etc., and will be held responsible for the proper performance of all duties arising during the hours of his shift. He is supposedly competent to take 15 any steps necessary to relieve an immediately dangerous condition, and should do so, notifying the Plant Superin- tendent at the earliest possible moment of conditions existing. When there is more than one operator on shift, the first operator is to direct the other operators in the performance of their duties. He should make at least one complete round of the station each shift, unless the second operator is new or not competent to be left at the switchboard for a few minutes. A complete record of conditions and occurrences should be kept in the station log book. It should show all fluctua- tions of speed and voltage, erratic action of apparatus, switching and unusual occurrences. Whenever records of switching are made, include the reason for switching and show what apparatus is taken out of service. Show also, from whom the switching orders were received. Note all changes in valves or pumps or other apparatus concerned with the station operation. It should be possible in referring to the record, at any time, to determine what machines were running, what apparatus, if any, was out of commission, what switches were open or closed, and everything else of importance, without reading back for days or weeks. The statement that conditions are normal is not sufficient. Normal conditions today may be quite different from normal conditions at some future date. Each operator on assuming duty should read the log book notations made since his last shift and check the conditions as stated therein, and then record in the log book all conditions as he finds them. 16 Mark with an arrow, in red ink, in the log book, all items involving any change from the usual operating conditions at the time, and all other important items. Record, with red ink, in the log book, any failure of apparatus, and a memorandum of repair work on any apparatus, and note the length of time the apparatus was out of service. Record on the station log sheet hourly, the exact readings of instruments listed. Reading on shift should be confined to the studying of books, technical papers and such other literature as will be of educational value, and in no case should it be such that the operator's attention would be directed away from his regular duties. Report, without delay, to the Plant Superintendent, all unusual and abnormal conditions requiring immediate attention, and if such conditions might affect the opera- tion of the system, to the Dispatcher. Report, at the close of shift, to the relieving operator, the condition of all apparatus in the station and any unusual disturbances or changes that may have affected the operation of the station. Make a note of any such conditions in the log book and sign your name. Sign the station log sheet. The operator coming on shift will then read the notations and sign his name, indicating that he is aware of the conditions existing at the beginning of his shift. V SAFETY FIRST The most valuable asset any company can have is a safe employe. Don't take a chance. "Better be safe than 17 sorry/' When an accident happens involving human life and limb, everybody loses. When an unsafe condition exists report it promptly. It is the earnest wish of the Company to provide for the safety of its employes in every way reasonably possible. It realizes, and expects its employes to realize, that the business necessarily has its dangers, and that they are tremendously increased by the slightest carelessness of any employe. However, they can very largely be eliminated by the constant co-operation of employes in the use of care. It is the Company's wish to make "Safety First" a fixed practice, not a mere catch-word, and it is its policy, now, as in the past, to do everything reasonably within its power which will bring about this result. The character of the dangers, however, is such that safety to the employes necessarily rests largely in their own hands. Each employe is a constant guardian of both his own safety and that of his fellows. The Company, by adopting "Safety First" as an unlimited regulation, makes it the duty of each employe to guide his acts by this policy. This includes, among other things, a duty to report to the Plant Superintendent every defect, even the slightest, in any equipment, every dangerous arrange- ment of equipment or method of work, and every means of increasing the safety of the employes and of such members of the public as may come near the Company properties. It is for the employes to make the rule a practice and a habit. In order to provide not only for the routine work, but for the personal safety of the men on shift, and against unnecessary damage to equipment, for fighting fires and 18 for various other emergencies that might arise, it is very necessary that an adequate force be within hearing of the station signals, or calling distance at all times. The means of accomplishing this result, as well as the determination as to the size of the force necessary to in- sure protection, must be decided upon by the Plant Superin- tendent. He must realize his responsibility in this matter, as he will be held strictly accountable for results. Visitors As there are many inherent dangers in a station, the public should not be allowed to enter, except with the approval of the Plant Superintendent. Whenever he gives permission to anyone to enter the station, he shall provide such persons with a suitable guide, who will see that the visitors do not enter particularly dangerous parts of the station, or go dangerously near any apparatus or wiring. Working Near Live Circuits To prevent accidents, while doing work such as repairing, cleaning, wiping or dusting, no part of the body, or any metal object carried in the hands or pockets, should be permitted within one foot of any exposed wiring, whose potential is between the limits of 250 and 7,000 volts. No bushing, insulator, collector ring, switch or instru- ment transformer carrying current at a potential above 250 volts should be touched, under any circumstances, while in service, except with treated sticks provided for the purpose. 19 Lightning arrester tanks must never be touched ex- cept with the horn gaps open, and then only upon orders of the Plant Superintendent. The following clearances are recommended in working near enlivened apparatus and exposed wiring which is charged : 250 to 7,000 volts 1 foot 7,000 to 50,000 volts 2% feet Above 50,000 volts 5 feet Working on Station Apparatus When about to clean or repair any apparatus, do not depend for protection only upon an open oil switch if dis- connecting switches are also provided, but open the latter also. If disconnecting switches in addition to oil switches are not provided, and it should ever be necessary to depend only upon an open oil switch, the oil switch should be blocked open or the fuses removed from the control circuit as a precaution against the switch being accidentally closed, and if possible, the separated section should be tested with the voltage and fequency plugs. The man who is going to do the work must personally examine all oil switches and disconnecting switches in connection with the apparatus and be absolutely certain that the apparatus is "dead." If it is not possible to examine all switches which might enliven the apparatus, then the incoming line or lines must be securely grounded. Before working on any station apparatus, be certain that it is given to you "dead" in each instance by the Superintendent, and be absolutely certain that the operator on duty knows that you are working on that apparatus. The Superintendent must hang the sign "Men at Work" on the control for the switch or switches concerned before 20 the apparatus is given to anyone "dead." These signs will not be removed until the man has reported "clear" to the Superintendent. When working on any apparatus operated or partially operated by springs, such as the General Electric Co. Type H-3 oil switch, be sure that the fuses are removed and the catches released to avoid possibility of injury from these sources. When ceasing work on any apparatus report clear of same to the Superintendent and do no further work until the apparatus is again given to you "dead" by the Superin- tendent. Grounding When it is necessary to apply a ground chain to any line or piece of equipment, the proper method is to always first securely fasten one end of the chain to earth. A dry rope or cord should be attached to the other end of the chain. The rope or cord can then be thrown over the circuit and the ground chain pulled onto the circuit by means of the rope or cord from a safe distance, so that should the circuit prove to be charged, the person apply- ing the ground will not be injured. It should be remember- ed that a chain when used as a ground connection is more safe when stretched tightly as there is considerable re- sistance between the individual contact surfaces of the links when the chain is hanging loosely or supporting its own weight only. Miscellaneous Precautions As stated before, "Safety First" should be a fixed practice and not a mere catchword. Of all the organs of 21 the human body, probably the most easily injured due to carelessness or accident is the eye. An injury impairing the eyesight is also one of the most regrettable that could happen to a person. Reliable goggles or other safety de- vices must be provided and should be used in such opera- tions as chipping or grinding, or any work where flying particles may be present. The best means of protection against flying particles from an emery wheel is to pro- vide a suitable guard or cover over that part of the wheel from which flying particles would be most dangerous. Every precaution possible should be followed before entering draft tubes, turbine scroll cases, or turbine hous- ings, to make sure that all valves closed will remain closed. This may sometimes be accomplished by removing the fuses to control circuits, locking the control valves in one position, and by hanging a sign "Men at Work" on all devices, the operation of which might result in the loss of life or the flooding of stations. In view of the danger to life from low voltages, it is very necessary that extension cords and lamp cords be made up according to specifications. After they are once properly constructed they should be used with care, and special effort should be exerted toward maintaining them in a safe condition. The cord itself should have a heavier and more durable outer covering than the plain lamp cord. Many types of lamp cords are a source of danger in that there is a metallic connection between the guard and the lamp socket and hence a possible electrical connection. The handle should be of wood and the guard itself heavy enough to be able to stand up under hard service. The guard should be fastened to the wooden handle and not to the lamp socket and the hole in the end of the handle should be 22 well rounded out and beveled inside where the cord enters, to prevent undue wearing on the insulation of the cord. The practice of using an extension lamp without the guard should not be tolerated. Burned out lamps on the various lighting circuits within the station and around the grounds should be re- placed promptly, as light is to be preferred to darkness at all points where men are required to work. The best means of accomplishing this is to permanently assign this duty to some one shift or to some one man. In handling high voltage fuses, always use the proper safety devices provided, and never use the bare hands. Never enter the room where storage batteries are installed while smoking or carrying an open flame of any kind. VI RESUSCITATION AND FIRST AID Resuscitation from Electric Shock Notices have been placed, giving specific directions for the resuscitation from electric shock. All men em- ployed about any station are expected to be perfectly famil- iar with the exact procedure in case of accident. The Superintendent will instruct men coming to the station, and all employes should have actual drill once each month and notation should be made in the log book showing the date of each such drill. In case of accident, it may be nec- essary for one man to perform artificial respiration on another for a period of two hours or more. In order to do this with the greatest effectiveness and without undue fatigue, it is necessary that the cycle of operations be correct. 23 First Aid Instructions in regard to first aid to the injured should be placed in conspicuous places around the station and the men are expected to become familiar with the methods outlined. Some precautions which should be observed in the application of first aid are as follows: Avoid using too much iodine and do not make applica- tion to the same wound more than once, as it is very strong and is injurious if used too freely. Always wait until the iodine is dry, before covering the wound. Never use iodine near the eyes, ears, mouth or nose. For small cuts and burns, etc., use the small packages of gauze and don't waste and contaminate the larger packages by opening them, but save them for use on larger burns and injuries. Keep the first aid boxes filled. VII FIRE RULES General All apparatus must be kept in first class condition and each piece of equipment in its proper place. The Plant Superintendent will be responsible for the enforce- ment of this rule. The station should also be kept free of rubbish and combustible material which is likely to be the cause of fire. Keep all spare oil and other in- flammable material out of any rooms where there is any exposed wiring or cables. Hydrants and Fire Lines These must always be kept in working condition and 24 valves should be operated occasionally to make sure that they are not stuck. All hydrants shall be flushed twice a year. Outdoor hydrants should be protected with a suit- able covering in cold weather yet without impairing the accessibility so that they cannot freeze. Hose Ordinarily, hose should not be left attached to the hydrants, because the leakage past the valve will rot it. Indoors, however, where under good observation and pro- tection, hose should be left attached to hydrants and a small hole should be drilled in the valve or nipple so that any leakage past the gate will escape through the hole instead of wetting the hose. Rubber lined hose should be tested by running water through it at least twice a year and by testing it to full pressure once a year. Unlined cotton hose should be tested to full pressure once a year, and should not be wet at any other time, except in case of emergency. Fire hose should be tested in hot weather, so that it can be thorough- ly dried immediately after testing. The regular fire hose should not be used for any other purpose; lawn sprinkling and similar operations should be performed with regular garden hose, or worn out fire hose. Rubber lined hose must never be folded, and instead of being in a rack, should be rolled in coils and placed on a shelf. Wrenches Particular care must be used to keep the wrenches and spanners in their proper places. Fire Extinguishers and Water Buckets Water buckets must always be kept full and when 25 exposed to frost, sufficient salt should be added to the water to avoid freezing. Chemical extinguishers must be discharged, cleaned and recharged once every year. The Pyrene guns and dry powder tubes must be kept filled and in proper working order. Alarm Bells The emergency alarm must be tested every day, pre- ferably at a specified time. If a regular code is followed, the emergency system may be used to call operators and the Plant Superintendent during ordinary operation, but such use is not recommended. Oil Risks The smallest possible quantity of oil and gasoline should be kept in the station. At the larger stations, all oil except that which is absolutely necessary, should be kept in a separate oil house. At the smaller stations, where no oil house is provided, oil should be ordered only in small quantities and any excess kept outside of station. A convenient way to store lubricating and similar oils, is to bury the barrels. Danger from Live Wires In using fire hose or extinguishers around live wires, the slogan "Safety First" should be followed. For this reason all the circuits in the vicinity of a fire should be killed, but the danger from extinguishers and fire hose is not great enough that it is worth while losing time in call- ing up other stations and asking them to kill the line out- side the station. If a fire is started near the entrance 26 bushings and it is thought advisable to kill the line, the grounding device can be closed. Tests have shown that it is safe to use a fire hose at ordinary pressures within the following distance of live conductors. 130,000 volts 35 feet 45,000 volts 20 feet 12,000 volts 12 feet 2,300 volts 8 feet At a high pressure, such as 100 pounds or more, the fire stream will break up into a spray so that it can be used closer to a high voltage conductor than is possible at a low pressure. Tests have shown that the ordinary 2V 2 gallon chemi- cal extinguisher can be safely used on live conductors at the following distances: 130,000 volts 20 feet 44,000 volts 15 feet 2,300 volts 10 feet The above data is given for the information of the operators in order that they may have confidence in the use of the fire fighting equipment, but it is not recom- mended that a stream of any kind be directed on live wires. Do not attempt to kill an arc by the use of any fire extinguisher, but kill the circuit which is in trouble. Oil Fires Operators should take no chances with oil fires which have started in the vicinity of transformers, electrolytic arresters or large oil switches. In such cases no time 27 should be wasted with Pyrene or dry powder fire extin- guishers, but water buckets or chemical extinguishers should be used. If promptly applied, these should be effec- tive, however, the fire hose should be made ready, so that should the other methods fail to extinguish the fire prompt- ly, it will be available for quick use. The popular opinion that water will spread oil fires does not apply to small quantities of oil such as ordinarily cause fires in our stations. The principal danger is with the old types of transformers which do not have tight covers. If a fire is started inside such a transformer, sufficient air will be admitted to keep it ablaze. One or two buckets of water thrown into the transformer should form sufficient steam to extinguish the fire. If it is necessary to use a fire hose the water should not be turned directly into the transformer so as to fill it up and cause the burning oil to flow out the top, but instead, the water should be direct- ed against the transformer in such a way as to throw a spray into the flame and cause the formation of steam. The chemical extinguisher should not be turned into a transformer, if water is available, as the acid will destroy the insulation. Caution If an oil fire gains much headway before water is applied, the steam may cause an explosion which will throw burning oil. The operator should, therefore, direct the stream from a safe distance. When using extinguishers or fire streams, make every reasonable effort to avoid wetting other apparatus, but do not be afraid of wetting the apparatus which is on fire, because damage from water can be readily repaired. 28 Pyrene Extinguishers When using Pyrene or any other carbon-tetra-chloride extinguisher, do not inhale the fumes after the liquid has come into contact with the fire, as these fumes are poison- ous. They are especially dangerous when confined in a room so that they are dense. Insulation Fires Pyrene should only be used on insulation fires which have been started by arcs around switchboards, telephones, etc. It is unusual to find such fires which cannot be handled with Pyrene, but if it appears that the Pyrene will be ineffective, or if it is making sufficient smoke so that other apparatus will be injured by the smoke, the use of Pyrene should be abandoned and the chemical extinguishers or fire buckets brought into use. Fires in generator wind- ings should be drowned with the fire hose as quickly as current can be shut off. Pyrene is no good for this kind of fire on account of wind, and the acid in the chemical extinguisher will damage the insulation. Concealed Fires Concealed fires, such as are likely to occur between the walls and partitions of dwellings, are hard for amateurs to handle. In such emergencies, do not be afraid to use a fire axe and chop holes as needed in the weather board- ing and roof, so that water can be gotten inside the par- tition. No more holes should be cut than necessary as they cause drafts to be formed, giving air to the fire. All doors and windows should be kept closed so as to smother the fire as much as possible. 29 Location of Fire Mains and Hydrants A sketch of the buildings and grounds, showing the location of all the hydrants and fire mains should be posted conspicuously in the station. This piping is usually con- cealed and unless instructions are posted in a conspicuous place, operators will not know what action to take in an emergency. VIII RECORDS, REPORTS AND STANDARD FORMS General The various station records should be properly cared for in suitable files and preserved for future reference. These records include sheets of recording meters, daily station logs, company correspondence, blue prints of the development, old log books, and all other reports. A large amount of the business of this department is handled by means of reports and standard forms. Reports may be classified into verbal or telephone, and written. A report of any subject should be brief and concise, and at the same time contain all the information and detail necessary so that immediate and correct action can be taken without any questions being asked. Although everything may be perfectly clear to the man making the report, it may not seem clear to a person reading it, due to the fact that the writer has probably omitted some detail which seems insignificant to him, but which is essential for a clear understanding to one who does not actually see the existing conditions. In making a report, try and imagine yourself in the position of the one to whom the report is being given, and a clearer report will probably result. 30 Verbal Reports TROUBLE REPORTS In case of system trouble, it is very necessary that the Dispatcher get reports from the points affected as soon as possible, but due to the large number of stations and substations affected, it is evident that there will be a great many reports given in within a very few minutes, and it will be necessary to get the most important ones first in order to clear the trouble quickly and make the interruptions as short as possible. In case you have a disturbance at the station and cannot get in touch with the Dispatcher at once and all trouble has cleared, do not be impatient, for he is probably very busy switching and receiving reports from other sources and you can report a little later. Of course, if your report is very important, try to get in touch with the Dis- patcher at once. The Dispatcher should always be kept informed of any unusual conditions. ACCIDENT OR SICKNESS REPORTS In addition to the written reports necessary on these subjects, a verbal report, covering any accident, should be made immediately following any such accident to the Claim Agent, Dispatcher, and Power Department office. A verbal report should be given each morning, along with other items of the morning report, covering the condition of any persons who are sick or injured. MORNING REPORT In addition to the reports made at the time, concern- ing trouble or failure of apparatus, report of such items 31 should be telephoned in to the dispatcher before 8:30 each morning, covering the previous 24 hours of operation. Water and load data for the morning report should also be given at this time. Written Reports LETTER WRITING Use yellow Company letterheads for all inter-Company correspondence, sending an extra carbon copy of letters written to the Power Department office. Letters to other departments should be written as being from the Superin- tendent of Power by the subordinate writing. The original of such a letter should, of course, be forwarded to the Power Department office as well as a carbon copy for the file, and a carbon copy for the General Superintendent's office. It will then be looked over and if approved, passed along to the person addressed. In replying to letters written direct by a subordinate in another department, as for instance, "A. D. Smith by D. 0. Kirk," still another carbon copy is necessary, as the usual practice in such a case is to send the original to Mr. Kirk and the carbon copy to Mr. Smith. It is always preferable to treat one subject only in a letter as this not only facilitates proper filing, but tends to avoid possibility of some portion of the letter being overlooked and avoids the necessity of making extracts from the letter if it is referred by the Power Department office to some other person or department. QUARTERLY INSPECTION REPORT A report should be made by the Plant Superintendent to the Superintendent of Power on January 1st, April 1st, 32 July 1st, and October 1st, covering a complete inspection of the Plant. The report should be made following the outline given below as a guide: 1. Dam or Intake. (a) Condition of flashboards. (b) Condition of screens. (c) Condition of headgates. (d) General conditions leaks, undermining, etc. (e) Is water being wasted? Can waste be stopped? (f) Repairs recommended. 2. Pipe Line or Flume. (a) Condition of grade and embankments. (b) Condition of trestles, bridges, tunnels, footings, saddles, stand pipes, surge tanks, canal crossings, etc. (c) Condition of conduit and coverings. (d) Condition of gate house, spill houses, air valves, drain valves, protection against freezing. (e) How many feet of pipe or flume will repair material on hand build? (f) General conditions. (g) Recommendations. 3. Pressure Boxes or Forebays. (a) Condition of foundations. (b) Condition of gates and screens. (c) Condition of timbers, etc. (d) Repairs recommended. 4. Penstocks. (a) Condition of painting. (b) Condition of steel or staves. (c) Condition of anchorages and saddles. (d) Condition of valves, manholes and other connections as to mechanical injury and freezing. (e) Joint with wood stave pipe (if any). (f) Tailrace. (g) Repairs recommended. 33 5. Turbines. (a) General condition. (b) Temperature, etc., of bearings. (c) Vibration. (d) Thrust. (e) Oil wells and oil filters last cleaned. (f) Relief valves. (g) Leakage of gates or needles. (h) Condition of buckets and baffle plates. Date last inspected, (i) Repairs recommended. 6. Governors. (a) General condition. (b) Emergency trip. (c) Condition of oil. (d) Sound of oil pump. (e) Belts. (f) Adjustment. (g) Repairs recommended. 7. Generators. (a) Condition of windings and air ducts. (b) Temperature of windings. (c) Temperature of iron. (d) Temperature of bearings. (e) When oil wells last cleaned. (f) Number of extra coils on hand for repairs. Amount of insulating material for coils. (g) Condition and temperature of cables, (h) Collector rings and brushes. (j) Repairs needed. 8. Exciters. (a) Condition of windings. (b) Condition of commutator. (c) Condition of brushes. (d) Temperature of bearings. (e) When oil wells last cleaned. (f) Condition of belt, if any. (g) Repairs needed. 34 9. Oil Switches. (a) Name plate data. (b) Circuit on which used. (c) Height of oil. (d) Last date on which oil tanks were cleaned, and con- tacts filed and adjusted. (e) Date when oil last filtered. (f) Number of times switch has tripped under heavy current since date under (e). (g) Condition of mechanism, (h) Condition of bushings. General conditions. Repairs recommended. 10. Relays. (a) When settings were last checked. (b) Condition of contacts. (c) General condition. (d) Repairs recommended. 11. Transformers Power and Instrument. (a) Temperature. (b) Working voltage and rated voltage. (c) Condition of bushings. (d) Load carried. (e) Height of oil. (f) Condition of oil. (g) Cooling water piping, pumps, tower, etc. (h) Repairs needed. 12. Lightning Arresters. (a) Character of arc and charging current of each stack. (b) When last overhauled. (c) General condition. (d) Horn gap settings, caps and supports in multigap arresters. (e) When ground resistance last measured. (f) Repairs needed. 35 13. Wiring. (a) Condition of high tension wiring and low tension wiring. (b) Condition of control wiring. (c) Fuses low and high side potential transformers. (d) Condition of conduit. (e) Protection from moisture. (f) Repairs needed. 14. Outlet Bushings and Hoods. (a) Condition. (b) Repairs needed. 15. Switchboards. (a) Condition of instruments and instrument wiring. (b) Condition of regulators. (c) Repairs needed. 16. Storage Batteries. (a) Voltage of cells. (b) Specific gravity of electrolyte. (c) Deposit in jars. (d) Condition of plates. (e) Exposure to dust, etc. (f) Charging rate actual; rated. (g) Discharge rate. (h) Changes recommended. 17. Telephones. (a) Entrance bushings and wiring. (b) Switches, lightning arresters and grounds. (c) Instruments. (d) Drainage and insulating transformers. (e) General conditions. (f) Repairs recommended. 18. Station and Surrounding Buildings. (a) Condition of station painting; appearance; upkeep, etc. (b) Condition of warehouses, freedom from rats and mice^ moisture, temperature. (c) Machine shops. (d) Oil houses as to fire possibility and damage to other buildings. (e) Recommendations. 36 19. Living Quarters. (a) Condition of Quarters building. (b) Condition of Guest rooms. (c) Condition of company furniture and equipment. (d) Condition of cottages; internal and external. (e) Condition of piping and plumbing. (f) Condition of wiring for heaters and lights. (g) Condition of painting, (h) Condition of grounds, (i) Sanitary conditions, (j) Recommendations. 20. Vehicles and Hauling Equipment. (a) Condition of horses. (b) Condition of stables. (c) Condition of vehicles and harness. (d) Feed; kind and how secured. (e) Recommendations. 21. Tools and Repair Material. (a) Condition of tools and tool racks. (b) Condition of repair material. (c) Condition of machines, tools and line shafting. (d) Is there on hand sufficient material and repair parts to reasonably provide for quick repairs? Consider care- fully the relative importance of the station and its output. (e) Recommendations. 22. Fire Protection. (a) Condition and adequacy of fire fighting equipment (b) Fire risks about the camp. (c) Adequacy and tests of alarms. (d) Recommendations. 23. Safety. (a) Belt guards, danger signs, fences about high voltage. (b) High voltage wiring. (c) Date of last drill in prone method of resuscitation. (d) Recommendations. 37 24. Use of Electric Current. (a) To what extent is current being wasted for lighting and heating? (b) In the interests of economy what changes, if any, should be made? 25. Motors, Pumps, Compressors, Etc. (a) Condition of windings. (b) Temperature of windings. (c) Temperature of bearings. (d) When oil wells last cleaned. (e) Height of oil in bearings. 26. Station Records. (a) Adequacy of notes. (b) Method of keeping correspondence and drawings. (c) Preservation of old log books and records. 27. For Steam Plants. I Fuel. (a) Storage facilities. (b) Condition of conveyors, etc. (c) Condition of bunkers. (d) Condition of ash-handling equipment. (e) Recommendations. II Boilers. (a) Method of firing. (b) Condition of settings. (c) Condition of steam piping and water lines. (d) When last examined by Insurance Inspector. (e) Recommendations. III Auxiliaries. (a) Boiler feed pumps. (b) Miscellaneous pumps. (c) Condensers, etc. /(d) Recommendations. 38 28. Personal. As opportunities for promotion occur each man's record will be carefully considered. (a) Your opinion of each individual man. 1. Intelligence. 2. Mechanical ability. 3. Electrical knowledge. 4. Keenness of observation. 5. Decision and quickness. 6. Energy. 7. Reliability. 8. Memory. 9. Adaptability. 10. Personal habits. 11. Ability to get along with other men. 12. General temperament and ability. 13. Ability to direct the work of other men. (b) Disturbing elements, if any, and general atmosphere. (c) What changes would you recommend? 29. Instruction Books. (a) Is instruction book neatly and properly kept in station immediately available for reference? (b) Has it been properly signed by all employes? (c) Is it being properly studied by all employes? PERSONNEL REPORTS Report should be made by the Plant Superintendent to the Superintendent of Power of all items which in any way affect the personnel. This includes such items as the arrival of a new man, the resignation or discharge of an employe, with full details in each case, transfer of an em- ploye from one plant to another, recommendations as to changes in the occupation or salary of an employe, and all changes in housing conditions necessitating changes in salary. 39 Standard Forms DAILY STATION LOG SHEETS The station log sheets should be carefully checked and signed by the Plant Superintendent and mailed to the Superintendent of Power at least every three days, and daily for the last three days of the month. They should not be allowed to accumulate. A great deal of this data is used in calculations concerning future operation and regu- lation and in the compilation of the monthly reports. If any of the data is not sent in promptly or any of it is omitted or is incorrect, an unnecessary hardship is forced on all the men who are in any way connected with the work of compiling these figures. The average 24 hour available load as shown on the station log sheet, should be computed by the Plant Superin- tendent. Unless instructed otherwise in the individual in- struction book, the figure covering this available power should be computed each day as follows: It shall be computed the morning following the 24- hour period to which it applies so that the entire record of actual operation may be used as a basis. In case the station has carried all load possible without drawing on or adding to storage during the entire 24-hour period, the available power will be the total generated K. W. H. divided by 24. In case storage is drawn on or added to, the available power will be the amount which could have been carried had storage not been affected, and will equal the total generated K.W.H. minus or plus the K.W.H. generated from this change in storage, divided by 24. The storage 40 referred to is local pondage and does not refer to Bear Lake storage water. In case the station is not carrying all load possible and water is being wasted, the average available power will be the generated K.W.H. plus the K.W.H. which could have been developed from the water wasted, (provided the maximum possible output of the station is not exceeded) divided by 24. In case the output is reduced due to apparatus being taken out of service, which could have been avoided, the average 24-hour available power will be the amount which could have been generated if the apparatus had not been taken out. In case the output is reduced due to apparatus being taken out of service and which could not have been avoid- ed, the average 24-hour available power will be the amount actually generated, divided by 24, providing there has been no unnecessary waste. For example; if there is water and station capacity for 2000-kw and the station has operated for 14 hours at 2000-kw generating 28,000-kwh and then due to a burned out generator or some other trouble the load is reduced to 1,500-kw for the remaining ten hours, generating 15,000-kwh, the average 24-hour available power will be 15,000 plus 28,000 divided by 24, or 1,790-kw. DAILY TIME REPORTS All strictly labor items should be handled on Daily Time Reports, Form-50, Revised. Promptness in mailing time reports is very important, especially near the middle and the end of the month. Unless all of the reports for 41 the first half of the month are in the Power Department office by the morning of the 18th and for the last half by the morning of the 3rd day of the following month, the men will be paid short. Forward time reports at fre- quent intervals. Do not let them accumulate for a week or ten days and then send them in. List the name of the superintendent, or person in charge, first and follow with other employees in alpha- betical order. All occupations shown on time tickets should conform strictly with title shown on the salary authorization. Where a man and team or man and car are hired the two should be listed separately and the rate divided so as to show correct portion for each, as this is required in making Pay Roll Reports to the State Industrial Com- mission. All time should be reported in straight time equiva- lent, whether hourly or monthly men. That is, if over- time is allowed, it should be converted to straight time, whether it be overtime on regular working days or time put in on Sundays, Holidays, Swing shift days, etc., and reason must be assigned for overtime. The columns headed "Regular Time" should be care- fully filled in for each employee, in accordance with "Working Rules," showing the number of hours per day and number of days per month employee regularly works before overtime is allowed. In the case of monthly men, if the employee is not regularly required to work on Sun- days, Holidays, swing shift days, etc., as provided in the "Working Rules," such days should be deducted from the number of calendar days in the month in determining the number of "Regular Working Days" for the month. 42 Of course, should the employee be absent on account of vacation with pay, sickness or injury with pay, or laid off by Company due to stormy weather or other causes with pay, or is absent without pay, in accordance with rule 23 of Working Rules, the pay roll department will also further reduce the number of regular working days for the month by such days or parts of days so absent. On the other hand should the employee be permitted to lay off for his personal convenience, with pay, the regular number of working days will not be reduced by such time. If employee lays off without adequate notice, his pay will be discontinued during his absence. It will therefore be necessary to make memorandum on daily time report opposite the name of such employees as may be absent, the conditions governing his absence. That is, whether 1 Absent on vacation (with or without pay) 2 Sickness or injury (with or without pay) 3 Laid off account weather (or other causes) by Company (with or without pay) 4 Absent for his convenience (with or without pay.) The usual practice in reporting time off is to show the reason opposite the man's name under heading "Dis- tribution of Time." No time should be reported unless actually worked, otherwise where an employee lays off and the time is reported, such time would in many cases be paid for as overtime, owing to the reduction of the required regular working hours as above referred to. 43 Note: There will be instances, of course, where an operator may, in addition to his own shift, and merely as ah accommodation and without overtime expense to the Company, work the shift of another operator who wishes to lay off. If this practice is permitted by the Superin- tendent, then the operator laying off and the operator substituting would each report time only for their regular shifts respectively. The "Nature of Work" should be given in detail. For instance, if an operator is scraping bearing of No. 1 Generator it should be so reported rather than merely stating "Working on Generator." There is no objection; in fact, it is preferable, where the space "Nature of Work" is limited, to show under "Distribution of Time" additional information concerning work performed. When an employee takes his vacation over a period which includes one of his regular assigned swing shift days such swing shift day will be automatically cancelled as being included in his regular vacation provided for in the Working Rules. The usual practice is to grant one swing shift day off during period first to fifteenth and one during period sixteenth to last day of each month. But it is necessary that the full number of working days in any particular month be worked in order that both swing shift days be given. For instance, if an operator entered our employ on the 5th day of the month he would receive only one swing shift day off and likewise if he started on the 17th of the month he would be granted no swing shift in that particular month. During the month in which an em- ployee takes his vacation or sick leave absence of two weeks only, one swing shift day will be allowed. If the 44 vacation or sick leave should cover the latter part of one month and the first part of the following month, only three swing shift days will be allowed for the two months. If a man is absent on a swing shift day from any cause, that swing shift vacation is cancelled. However, an operator absent on account of sickness during the period in which a regularly assigned swing shift day occurs should have such day charged to swing shift vacation rather than counted as part of sick leave allowance. In case a cash advance is made to a man the receipt for same should be immediately sent in attached to the daily time report and proper notation made on the report. Such advances must not be included on expense account, as they are strictly a payroll item. DISCHARGE TICKETS Discharge tickets, Form-A-51-B, are provided to take care of payment for labor of employees who wish their pay before the regular payroll checks are sent out. In the State of Idaho it is especially important after temporary labor has been completed to inquire whether or not pay- ment is desired immediately, as under the Idaho Statutes a man may collect wages for all time spent in waiting for his wages. Where an employee wants his money im- mediately, issue a discharge ticket, which, of course, is payable only at one of our Company offices. Before a discharge ticket is made out the time should be checked with the time-keeper in the Power Department office to make sure that time sent in agrees with your record. The check proper, or the larger portion of form, should be signed on its face by employee to whom issued and by him presented at the District Office on which drawn. The 45 next, or central portion of the check, should be detached and pinned to the daily time report on which his last day's time is shown and forwarded to Power Department office immediately. A notation should also be made on the employee's last daily time report that discharge ticket, giving the number, has been issued to a certain party. No discharge ticket should be issued after all the time for the first half or last half of the month has been mailed in without first calling Power Department office to ascertain whether payroll check has been drawn, and no discharge ticket should be issued covering time in dif- ferent months. For instance, if a man has worked from May 30 to June 1st inclusive and then quit, it will be necessary to make two discharge tickets; one for two days in May and another for one day in June. Care should be exercised to make proper deductions for board, etc., showing same in space provided and amounts must agree with total amount as shown on daily time report. When discharge tickets are drawn for employees and paid, consideration should also be given to any possible account that may be owing by the employee at some Dis- trict Office to the end that the same may be settled before payment is made. It is important, of course, that the discharge stubs be mailed promptly to the Power Department office. MATERIAL REQUISITIONS Material Requisitions should be made out in triplicate using Form No. 26 which is a specia.1 form made up for Power Department use. The original and duplicate copies (white and yellow sheets) should be forwarded to the 46 Power Department office and the triplicate or salmon colored sheet should be retained for your file. SHIPPING DIRECTIONS Requisitions should request shipment to Utah Power & Light Company, care of some certain individual or plant so as to avoid possibility of material being picked up at destination by some other Department whose address is the same as yours. Frequently, requisitions are received mere- ly showing the party to whom shipment is to be made without showing the railroad or post office destination. The Purchasing Department does not always know the location of the various employees and full information along this line should be given. Requests should also be made as to whether shipment is desired by freight, express or parcel post. PREPARATION OF REQUISITIONS The items should be typed or written double space so as to leave room to make notation as to prices, terms and firms from whom items are purchased. This will also make it plainer to the stenographer in the Purchasing Department in writing up the orders from the requisition. DESCRIPTION OF ARTICLES It is very important that complete and correct des- criptions be given and where possible that correct catalog numbers be referred to. In many instances old catalogs are referred to and obsolete numbers used. This causes confusion and greatly delays placing of the orders. It also means more work for the party issuing the requisition in many cases, as it necessitates our referring the matter 47 back to them, either by telephone or letter. In practically all cases new catalogs for the various employes can be secured upon request. CLASSIFICATION As stated on the requisition, separate requisitions should be issued covering the various classes of materials. The principal classifications are, Electrical, Hardware, Stationery, Lumber, Machinery and Coal. The reason for this classification is that the separate classes are handled by different clerks in the Purchasing Department, and if several classes are shown on one requisition, only one class can be handled at a time, which results in considerable delay. For instance, if a requisition covers ten electrical items and two hardware items, the purchasing and ship- ment of the hardware items is of necessity delayed until the clerk handling the purchasing of electrical supplies has finished his buying and the stenographer has written up the orders. Had these two classes been covered by separate requisitions, both classes would have been handled with equal speed as the two requisitions would have gone to different clerks. The column, "Purpose for which Required" should be filled out in detail so that full information will be available to judge the need of each particular item. This also assists in distributing invoice charge to the correct account. The "Charge Account" column for each item should always be filled out. In this connection, it should be borne in mind that the purpose of having a stores account is to provide a place where charges for material may be held in suspense until such material is needed for operation, maintenance or construction, and thus permit charges to 48 be distributed to the operating account more uniformly than would occur where an invoice is charged direct to some operating account and the material covered not used until some later date. In showing a charge to an Expendi- ture Requisition, use the Local number until notified Ex- penditure Requisition has been approved, after which the General Office number should be used. Items made necessary due to an injury should be charged to "Reserve for Injuries and Damages Operation" if the injury occurs during operation or maintenance. If the injury occurs during construction work charge to "Reserve for Injuries and Damages Construction." It frequently happens that it is advisable to place an order on some local dealer for material. You will note by referring to requisition form that a column is provided at the extreme right hand side for prices if local purchase is advisable. In addition to giving the price of an article which probably could better be obtained locally than to be shipped from Salt Lake City or some other outside point, the name and Post Office address of the dealer quoting prices should also be inserted so that the Purchasing De- partment will be able to place the order should they so desire, without the necessity of calling up the man in the field to obtain the dealer's name. In case material is needed urgently for some emergency, requiring placing of order prior to receipt of material requisition by the usual routine method, the items wanted, requisition number, etc., should be telephoned to the Power Department office for transmittal to the Purchasing De- partment. Material requisition should then be forwarded to the Power Department office in the usual manner, care being used to make notation that it is in confirmation of 49 telephone request. Likewise, if permission has been receiv- ed to obtain the material locally, requisition mitst bear notation to the effect that it is a confirmation of verbal or telephone order given to some certain party at some certain address, as otherwise the order will be marked as an original order and duplication may result. Items such as livery hire and board and lodging do not require a Material Requisition or order. Invoice covering such items should be approved by the Superintendent and correct account number to charge noted, and then forward- ed promptly to the Power Department office. Invoices for board and lodging must show the employes' names, number of meals had by each individual each particular day, as well as dates on which lodging was furnished. Unless this information is shown on the invoice, one of the regular Board and Lodging forms (No. 244) should be made out and attached to the invoice as rendered. LOCAL PURCHASE ORDERS Revised Form No. 83, has been made up to cover emergency purchases from local dealers. In the use of these forms it is intended to avoid the necessity of making up confirming requisitions on local purchases as these forms will be used and sent through in place of the Pur- chasing Department Order and are to be handled in the following manner: Form to be made out in quadruplicate. All copies are to be signed on the line provided at the bottom of the page, inserting proper title. Original or blue colored sheet is for local dealer, duplicate and triplicate or white and salmon colored copies are to be forwarded to the Superintendent 50 of Power, and the fourth copy is to be retained by the party making out the order. The new supply of Local Purchase Orders is number- ed. Each copy, of course, must bear the same number as the original order. This system of order numbers will be similar to the one now used in the Purchasing Department and should do away with the difficulty with duplicate orders. In the event that an order is cancelled, destroyed, or for some reason not used, it will be necessary to assign the number of the cancelled order to one of the blank orders supplied with the other stock and thereby eliminate the possibility of having any missing numbers in the files of the Salt Lake Office. These Local Purchase Forms are to cover local emerg- ency purchases not exceeding $5.00 each in value. However, it is frequently necessary to purchase the following items locally, and, as their cost is usually in excess of $5.00, this limit does not apply: Coal Hay Lumber Grain In case of emergency purchases covering material costing in excess of $5.00 it will be necessary to obtain authority from the Power Department office by telephone before making such purchases. The invoice covering materials purchased locally should be obtained at the same time material is received. After being checked for correctness by party issuing order, invoice should be approved and mailed at once to the Superintendent of Power along with the copies of order on which it applies. Invoices must be rendered in tripli- cate. If for any reason invoices are not obtained at the 51 time the purchase is made on local purchase order, the matter of obtaining such invoices should be followed up by the person issuing the order, so that an excessive in- terval of time does not elapse before the invoice is render- ed. It sometimes happens that a dealer gains the impression that receipt of local purchase order is all that is necessary and that in due course of time he will receive his money. Impress upon Local dealers that such orders will not be paid until invoices have been received, bearing the order number. COPIES OF ORDERS AND RECEIVING SLIPS When yellow copy of order "P Form 504" is received, file it on a clip file, a special file being used for this purpose. Do not mix with requisitions. In all cases when material is received, fill out form 60 "Record of Material Received." If all material covered by yellow order sheet (No. 504) is received at one time fill out all of the approval stamp information on this sheet (504) and forward at once to the Superintendent of Power. Also fill out form 60 as follows: Tear out white sheet and discard it entirely. Make original entry with either pen or pencil directly on the yellow copy sheet (Form 60), leaving it in the book. The fact that the entry is in pencil or ink directly on the yellow sheet will indicate that the white sheet is not made out, but that the order copy (Form 504) was sent in when the material was received, and that the shipment completely filled the order. In case yellow order copy (504) is not received before material covered by it arrives, form 60 should be maa* out (both white and yellow copy) using carbon for copy, and requisition number should be shown instead of order 52 number. However, when yellow copy of form 504 is re- ceived, the order should be noted on receiving slip, which was previously made out. This notation is to be made on the yellow copy (form 60) as the white sheet should have been sent to the office at once. If only part of supplies covered by yellow order copy are received at one time, make out form 60 on white sheet, taking carbon copy on yellow sheet. Forward white sheet at once to the Superintendent of Power. These slips should be marked "Partially fills Order No , or above order" at the same time making entry on the yellow order sheet (No. 504) showing what material was received, giv- ing date, etc. No matter how many shipments covered by the one order are received, a form 60 should be sent in as above each time and form 504 should carry notation of such receipts. When the final shipment covered by the order is received, form 60 should be made out as usual, sending in white sheets and retaining yellow copy sheet, and these should carry the notation "Completes above order, or Order No ". At the same time the yellow order copy (504) should be filled in and sent to Superin- tendent of Power, preferably with form 60 attached. When a pad of form 60 is used up, mark plainly on cover the date of the first and the last entry in that pad, giving year as well as month, and file the same for future reference. EXPENSE ACCOUNT Whenever it becomes necessary for an employe to incur any extra expense in the performance of his work, he is entitled to place such items on an expense account. 53 Representative items would be board or lodging when away from home, car fare, and telephone calls. Items for labor must not be included on expense accounts. Inclusion on expense account of items for material should be avoided as much as possible, the Local Purchase order and Material Requisition forms being provided for this purpose. To include such items on an expense account might lead to duplicate payment. An Expense Account Voucher (Form A-80) should be filled out for each expenditure, obtaining the signature of the party who received the money. At the end of each month fill out an Expense Bill (Form A-91), by listing the various expenditures, and attach the vouchers to it, arranged in the order in which they appear on the Expense Bill. Approval across the face of the Expense Bill by the Plant Superintendent should be obtained before the Expense Bill is forwarded to the Superintendent of Power. In filling out an Expense Bill write the name and post office address at the top and sign the form again at the bottom on the line marked "Claimant." Show the account to which each item should be charged. A list of the accounts is included in this book. In the column marked "Item", give the nature of the expenditure; for example : "Railroad Fare from to " ; "Supper at "; or, "Freight (or express) on " In the column headed "Explanation of Expenditure" give fully the reason for the expenditure; for example: "Patrolling the Pioneer-Farmington-West 44-KV Line"; or "Transfer from Terminal to Grace." If the item covers freight or express, state in this column what the material is to be used for and on the voucher 54 must be stamped information relative to Order No. and the f.o.b. shipping point. The information contained on the vouchers which accompany the expense bill, should, of course, be complete and more in detail than that which appears on the expense bill, so that there will be no difficulty encountered in the office in checking the bill to see that the accounts are correct. AUTOMOBILE REPORTS Whenever any employe uses an automobile owned by himself for company business, he should, after each such trip, fill out and mail to the Superintendent of Power the original copy of the Drivers' Daily Report, 0-Form 9, retaining the duplicate copy. At the end of each month he should fill out an Auto- mobile Trip Report, Form 187, listing on this sheet the various trips made throughout the month, as shown by his copies of the Drivers' Daily Report. He should sign the Automobile Trip Report on the line at the bottom marked "Claimant," and after obtaining the approval of the Plant Superintendent across the face of the report, forward it to the Superintendent of Power. The allowance for employes' cars used on company business is as follows: For cars costing $1000.00 or less, lOc per mile. For cars costing $1000.00 to $1500.00, 12c per mile. For cars costing more than $1500.00, 15c per mile. For company owned cars, the Drivers' Daily Report should be made out after each trip and held by the Plant Superintendent, who will at the end of each month then carefully make out in duplicate the Monthly Automobile 55 Report, Form 206, mailing the original promptly to the Superintendent of Power, and retaining the duplicate for his file. This report should show a complete record of each trip made by the automobile or truck, giving all the information as called for by the headings. TOLL CALL RECORDS Immediately following the 20th day of each month a record of all toll calls made since the 20th day of the preceding month should be forwarded to the Superintendent of Power. As each toll call is made it should be noted on the record, P Form 521, being especially careful to mark whether the call was for company business or personal and to what account or person the charge for same should be made. The Plant Superintendent will be held responsible for the collection of all toll calls made by non-employes and those made by employes when it will be impossible to collect for the same through the regular channels. EXPENDITURE REQUISITIONS At the present time, there are four classes of Expendi- ture Requisitions in use by the Power Department, as follows: "Blanket Expenditure Requisition" providing for small addition to property charges, costing not to exceed $50.00 each; "Specific Expenditure Requisition" providing for additions to, betterments to, removals or changes in location of property which will cost more than $50.00 each ; "Maintenance Expenditure Requisition" providing for re- pairs to equipment or property, which will cost $100.00 or more; "Contract Expenditure Requisition" providing for 56 work performed for, and at the expense of a customer, prospective customer, or other party. No work coming under the headings listed above, ex- cept in case of emergency, should be started, or material ordered for same, until authority has been obtained to go ahead with the work. Therefore, in order to expedite obtaining such approval, it will be necessary that you accompany any recommendation that certain work be done, with a detailed estimate of what the job will cost, so as to enable the Power Department office to prepare an Ex- penditure Requisition. It is important that an accurate record be kept by the Superintendent of the cost of any job done at the plant or plants under his direction, whether it is maintenance, reconstruction or new construction work, so he will be able to explain any decided variation between actual cost and the estimated cost of such work. At the end of each month the Power Department office sends a report to the General Superintendent giving in tabular form, the following information on each Ex- penditure Requisition authorized, until it has been reported completed; Estimated Cost, Estimate of Amount Required to Complete, Amount of Salvage Estimated, Amount of Salvage Reported, and Estimated Date of Completion. A portion of this information can be supplied only by the man on the job and he should be prepared to give such information, which will usually be asked for over the telephone, without delay. Each charge in connection with the work authorized by an Expenditure Requisition shall be made to its "Generat Number" and to the group and item proper for the parti- cular charge. 57 WORK REPORTS A Work Report form, is to be filled out and forwarded to the Superintendent of Power, immediately after any Maintenance job, the total cost of which amounts to $100.00 or more, has been completed. These forms are intended to show in detail the actual cost of such work. An additional supply of blanks may be obtained from the Power Department office as needed. STORES ACCOUNTING To begin with, any material issued from stores to some other Department or company must be covered by regular Purchasing Department order or letter duly ap- proved by Superintendent of Power. FORM 97-A "STORES RECORD CARD" This form should carry a complete record of all receipts arid issues that in any way affect your stores, and should reflect at all times the actual physical condition of the stores. All invoices covering purchases charged to stores, should be given a local district number for filing reference, and this local number should be entered in the first column headed "Invoice Local Number." You should be careful not to pass any invoice or memorandum of transfer charged to stores, of which you do not retain a duplicate fbr your reference. All invoices or M.T.'s charged to stores should be filed in numerical order for convenient reference. In arriving at the average unit cost, considera- tion should be given to quantities that might remain on hand from previous purchase, and the average cost of the total determined, which average cost should govern future issues. 58 In order to facilitate the work in the Salt Lake Office, it will be necessary to close your monthly record of issues on or about the 20th of the month. Your stores card on the issue of each article should be totalled and the net total of issues carried to form 106, hereafter referred to. FORM 106 "MONTHLY RECORD OF SUPPLIES FROM STORES" When all issues of supplies up to the close of the 20th have been posted to Form 97-A and the footings carried down, the total issues of each article should be carried to Form 106, showing the quantity, catalog number or size, and the name of the article. The total cost value should be entered in the column, "Credit Stores." The distribution of the charge should be made against the proper operating account number, Expenditure Requisition number, Com- pany or individual, whichever the case may be, particular care being used to insert the amount of the charge in the proper column according to the headings provided. If any portion of the article is charged to an Expenditure Requisi- tion, the number, group and item number should be shown, as well as the amount. The "Sundries" column is intended to take care of the distribution against General Ledger accounts, or against stores other than within your jurisdic- tion, where shipped out on a memorandum of transfer. Form 106 should be made out in carbon and you should retain the carbon copy for reference. Each sheet should be balanced and the footings carried forward to in- sure the total credit to stores is in agreement with the total of the distribution. The original copy should be for- warded to the Power Department Office promptly when closed for the month. This form must be signed or approv- ed by the Plant Superintendent. 59 FORM 107-B "REQUISITION ON STOREKEEPER" This form should be used to cover all stores material issued for use at the same location as the Stores and should be filled out in detail showing complete description of article, purpose for which required, account number to charge, by whom obtained, etc. After being priced and entered to stores cards, the requisition should be filed with other requisitions on Storekeeper or memos of transfer awaiting next Stores Summary (Form 106) at which time the Requisitions on Storekeeper should be attached to the copy of Form 106 which is retained by the Plant Superin- tendent for his file. FORM 63-A "MEMORANDUM OF TRANSFER" Where material is transferred from one storehouse to another or shipped to an outside point, it is necessary to make up in triplicate a Memorandum of Transfer, Form 63-A. The original and one duplicate will be forwarded direct to consignee for approval and distribution of charges, and the triplicate retained on a separate file for reference. When the original is returned from the consignee, the dis- tribution of the charge can be inserted on the order or letter requesting the shipment in question and transfer made in the routine manner to stores card, Form 97-A. The original memorandum of transfer will then be attached to the Salt Lake office copy of Form 106 when it is return- ed at the close of the month, and will be supporting evidence of the charge against the outside stores or otherwise. The posting of issues from stores cards is essentially a daily routine and it will be obvious that frequent checking of your cards with your stock will be of value to determine 60 whether the records of issues and purchases are being properly made. If you find that your stores card does not represent the actual material on hand, it is evident that an accurate or complete record of issues from stock, or the posting of purchase invoices to the cards is not being made. It is desired to emphasize one feature particularly, and that is that the responsibility for the accounting is entirely with the Superintendent. The Accounting De- partment does not enter into the calculations or the making of records in any way. You have at the present time, a certain valuation in your stores, and you are to report, as noted above on Form 106, the issues from your stores monthly, and the Accounting Department accepts the ap- proved statement of the disposition of supplies. Any shrinkage in material after proper investigation by the Stores Auditor, will necessarily be disposed of as a charge against Inventory shrinkage. After each inventory is taken, you should transfer it to your stores cards, Form 97-A, and in the column headed "Invoice Local Number," you should note "Inventory (date)". INVENTORIES It is the practice at present to have made up January 1st each year an inventory of all material, tools and sup- plies on hand at that time, including also, of course, items charged to stores account, and on April 20th and October 90th each year to have made up an actual count inventory vering only stores material. By "stores material" is meant only such items as are actually charged to stores and not material of which there might be a stock 61 for future use but which for some reason was charged direct to maintenance. All inventories should give complete descriptions of the various items. A-Form 92 should be used for all inventories, for- warding original and one copy to Superintendent of Power. Blank spaces at bottom of inventory sheets must be filled out and inventories approved by superintendent or person in charge before being forwarded to office. It will be of considerable assistance to the office if January 1st inventory items are classified under suitable headings, such as "material in stores, electrical renewals, paints and oils, insulators and wire, etc.," as this greatly facilitates location of items which could be used at some other point and thus avoid unnecessary purchases of new material or tools. Prices, of course, will not be shown on January 1st inventories, except for items charged to stores account. It will sometimes happen that a Memo of Transfer covering stores material issued prior to inventory date, is not returned in time to be included on Stores Summary covering issues immediately preceding inventory. In cases of this kind, such items must be accounted for on the stores inventory under heading "Out on M. T." EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT It is our policy when employing new men on a month- ly salary, to place such men on probation for a sufficient length of time to determine whether or not they would be suitable as permanent employes, and whether they, 62 themselves, would care to continue with the Company. After such probationary period has proven mutually satis- factory, they are placed on the payroll as permanent employes and sign the usual employment agreement. Whenever there are any men at a plant under this arrangement, the Plant Superintendent will advise the Superintendent of Power in writing at the end of a reasonable probationary period, say 30 days or more as seems necessary, whether or not such probationary em- ploye is entirely satisfactory and whether he would recommend that the company enter into the usual employ- ment agreement with the employe. If his recommendation is approved, the usual employment agreement will be forwarded for signature and returned to the Power De- partment office. LEAVE OF ABSENCE PERMITS The purposes and conditions under which a Leave of Absence Permit may be used are covered by Standard Wage Schedule Working Rules. If such a permit is de- sired for an employe, the Plant Superintendent should fill out 0-Form 3485 in detail, giving full information, especial- ly regarding the reason for absence, sign the same and forward in duplicate to the Superintendent of Power. Unless the forms are returned to the Plant Superintendent it will be assumed that the permit has been granted. EMPLOYES' COMMUNICATION FORM The Employes' Communication Form, Form 261, is pro- vided so that any suggestions for improvements in service, equipment, working conditions, etc., or the registration of complaints as to items affecting the employe, may be made in such a way as to permit the ready reference thereto not only by the employes' immediate superior, but also by the Department Head. These forms are to be signed by the employe and given to the Plant Superintendent who will act on the same whenever possible. He will in any event for- ward the same to the Superintendent of Power, together with a statement of the action taken or recommended. Progressive employes should have numerous suggestions to make, and should therefore make frequent use of these forms. REPORT OF INJURY Every injury to an employe, no matter how slight, should be reported to the Superintendent and by him to the proper authorities as outlined below, as soon after such injury as possible. The Company is required by law to make these reports. Even the slightest cuts and bruises should not be neglected, as "blood poisoning," one of the most serious disorders, is often easily contracted from such sources. In Utah, copies of Form No. 4074, No. 4075, and No. 4077 are obtained from the Legal Department and should be ordered on Material Requisition form. Form No. 4074 is to be filled out immediately after the injury. Form No. 4075 is a supplemental or final report and should be made out and forwarded to the Claim Agent within four days after the injury to an employe, and further supplemental reports should be made from time to time during the continuance of disability. The second of these reports should be made on the eleventh day after the occurrence of the injury. Final report should be made when the employe has returned for full work. Form No. 4077 is a report of full recovery. The original in each case is to be sent to the 64 Claim Agent, Utah Power & Light Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, and one copy to the Superintendent of Power. In Idaho, copies of SIM-Form No. 30 and SIM-Form No. 50 are obtained from the State Insurance Manager at Boise, Idaho. SIM-Form No. 30 is to be filled out im- mediately after the injury, and SIM-Form No. 50 when the employe has returned to work. Two copies of each of these Forms are to be sent to the State Insurance Manager, Boise, Idaho ; one copy to the Claim Agent, Utah Power & Light Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, and one copy to the Superintendent of Power. In all cases, notation should be made on the copy to the Power Department as to whom other copies have been sent. OPERATING EXPENSE ACCOUNTS HYDROELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION OPERATION ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION 2 WAGES DAMS AND WATER CONDUITS. Salaries of gate tenders, ditch tenders, flume patrolmen, dam and rock attendants, and all those who have to do with the operation of plant from point where water is diverted to power house, in- cluding a proportionate part of the salary of superintendent. 4 WAGES POWER PLANT. Salaries of switchboard men, operators, oilers, and all expenditures for labor in the power house, except labor employed in making repairs or re- newals, including a proportionate part of the salary of superintendent. 65 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION 6 LUBRICANTS AND WASTE. All expenditures for lubrication of power plant, including oil, grease, waste, rags, etc., does not in- clude oil for transformers, grease for wagons or cars, or oil for lanterns. 8 CARS, TRACKS, BOATS, ETC. All expenditures for operation of modes of conveyance via rail or water to and from freight station, including time of employe assigned to duty. Includes expenses in connection with horses and vehicles used in conection with operation of power plant. 10 MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES AND EXPENSES. All expenditures for operation of power station not otherwise provided for. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Packing, wipers, miscellaneous tools, bolts, nuts, screws, nails, etc.; janitor's supplies, ice water, meals, etc.; light (lanterns, oil, wicks, candles, in- candescent lamps, arc light globes and carbons) , fuel for heating. MAINTENANCE 12 DAMS AND WATER CONDUITS. Labor and materials and other expenditures for repairs to diverting dams, flumes and non-pressure pipe lines, and other water conduits excepting pen- stock. 66 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Foundations, drains, gates, piping, sluice-ways, flashboards, stop-logs, booms, bridges, apron, canal, embankment, levees, rip-rapping, pipe supports, anchorages, bents, expansion joints, flumes, trestles, railroad track in connection therewith, sand boxes, spillways, air and relief valves, etc. 14 RESERVOIRS, FOREBAYS, AND TAILRACES. All expenditures for repairs in connection there- with. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Repairs to storage dams, forebays, pressure boxes, surge tanks and valves; gates, racks, screens, booms, etc. in connection therewith. 16 PENSTOCK AND VALVES. All expenditures for repairs in connection there- with. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Repairs to valves controlling water entering penstock, calking joints, replacing rivets and other repairs to pipes, anchorages, maintenance of drains, headers, stand-pipes, air chambers, relief valves, brick plates, etc. 18 WHEELS, GATES AND GOVERNORS. Labor and materials expended for repairs thereto. 67 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Wheel parts, links, gates, runners, distributor plates, cranks, bearings, etc.; nozzles, nozzle tips, baffle plates, buckets, babbitting and regrinding valves and gates, valve stems, governor parts, cylinder linings, belts, chains, gear wheels, new pressure oil, etc. 20 ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANT. Labor and material expended for repairs thereto. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Repairs and new parts for generators, exciters, switchboards and switching apparatus, instruments, station cables, lightning arresters, busses, etc., in- cluding step-up transformers, output meters, etc. 22 BUILDINGS AND FIXTURES. Labor and material expended for repairs there- to, including lighting system of power station, barns, barracks, cottages, sheds, transformer houses, etc. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Plumbing, windows, sashes, roofs, doors and walls, heating and lighting system; grounds, yards, roads, vaults, pits and sidewalks; elevators and lockers, fire protection system; painting and white washing. 24 CARS, TRACKS, BOATS, ETC. All expenditures for maintenance of modes of conveyance via rail or water to and from freight 68 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION station, including time of employes actually engag- ed therein. 26 MISCELLANEOUS. Labor and material expended in making repairs to miscellaneous equipment and appurtenances to water power production not chargeable to other accounts. STEAM PLANT POWER PRODUCTION OPERATION 30 BOILER ROOM LABOR. Labor in Boiler Room and elsewhere in and about the premises having to do with making steam. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Fire room engineer and assistants; water ten- ders; firemen, coal handlers; ash handlers; boiler cleaners; feed pumpmen. 32 GENERATOR ROOM LABOR. Labor on prime movers and all labor in con- nection with electrical apparatus and devices. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Chief Engineer and assistants; engineers; oilers; wipers and machinists; system operators or load dispatchers ; foreman regulators, regulators and assistants; switchboard men; brushman, wipers, wiremen. 34 FUEL. Fuel, whether coal, oil or gas, used under the boilers at the cost delivered in the bunkers or ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION tanks and also the cost of removal of ashes. No portion of cost of boiler room labor should be charg- ed to this account. 36 WATER. Cost of feed water and boiler compound. Water used for general station purposes should not be included. 38 LUBRICANTS AND WASTE. Cost of lubricants for moving machinery in the generating plant, but does not include oil for trans- formers, grease for wagons or oil for lanterns. Waste or wiping cloths used in and around steam plant. 40 MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES AND EXPENSES. All supplies, tools, etc., used in the generating plant which are consumed in the operating process, also the general and miscellaneous expenditures in the plant not specifically chargeable to other ac- counts among which are the following: Packing, wipers, gauge glasses, gauge washers, manhole gaskets, handhole gaskets, fire room tools, steam and air hose; bolts, screws, nails, tools, dynamo brushes, janitor's supplies, ice water, meals and car fare. MAINTENANCE 42 STATION BUILDING. Repairs to station and permanent fixtures therein. 70 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Plumbing, windows, sashes, roof, doors and walls, heating and lighting system, grounds and streets, vaults, sheds, pits, sidewalks, elevators, lockers, fire protection system, painting. 44 BOILER EQUIPMENT. Repairs to boilers including foundations and settings. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Brick work, bridge wall arches, jambs, grate bars, stoker bars and webs, furnaces, valves, super- heaters, damper regulators, tubes, stacks and guys, repairs to feed water system and to auxiliary ap- paratus in fire room; feed water pumps, blower engines and fans, filters, boiler compound injectors and pumps, heaters, primary and secondary, econom- izers, water meters, repairs to piping system in connection with the making and delivery of steam to the prime movers, feed water piping, cold main, hot main, salt water suction, thermometer cups, valves, joints. 46 PRIME MOVERS. Repairs to prime movers whether turbines or reciprocating engines. 48 AUXILIARIES. Labor and materials required in making repairs to auxiliaries. 71 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Condensers, packing tubes, renewing tubes, heads and doors, etc., pumps, air and circulating, wet vacuum, dry vacuum, engines, motors and all apparatus pertaining to auxiliaries, lubricating oil systems. 50 ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT. Labor and material required in making repairs to electrical apparatus in generating plant. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Generators and exciters; motor generators and rotary converters (not for Railway Service) ; switch boards, switching apparatus, instruments, station cables, station terminal board (not including wiring for lighting station) arc machines, and arc trans- formers; exciters. 52 FUEL HANDLING EQUIPMENT. Labor and material required in making repairs to coal, oil or gas, and ash handling equipment. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Coal conveyor ; digger, trolley and cable towers ; crushers; bolt links, brackets, wheels, chutes and gates, shovels, tools, etc. ; ash conveyor, cars, winches, track motors, buckets, shafts, chain, motors and wheels, shovels, brooms, bars, tools, etc. 54 MISCELLANEOUS STATION EQUIPMENT. Labor and materials required to make repairs to all equipment which has no part in the generation or transmission of power. 72 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Machine shop, drill presses, lathes, machine tools, belting, clutches, shafting, miscellaneous tools, etc., cranes, hoisting apparatus, etc.; hand trucks, jacks, tools, scales, sewer connections, etc. TRANSMISSION AND TELEPHONE LINE ACCOUNTS OPERATION 60 WAGES, PATROLMEN. Wages of patrolmen on transmission lines, in- cluding expenses and proportionate part of salaries of superintendents and clerks. Includes operation labor at Grace-Salt Lake Terminal. 62 MISCELLANEOUS SUPPLIES AND EXPENSES. Salaries and expenses of making maps and records of transmission lines, car and railroad fares, traveling expenses, stationery, telephones, postage, care of patrolman's horses, etc. MAINTENANCE 64 POLES AND WIRE SUPPORTS. Labor and materials used in making repairs to pole and wooden towers, brackets, pole switches, station fixtures, lightning arresters and lightning arrester grounds, where such are located on poles, cross arms, braces, guys, stubs, operation and re- pairs to switchracks, etc. 73 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION 66 TOWERS. Labor and material used in making repairs to steel towers and station fixtures. 68 INSULATORS AND WIRES. Labor and material in making repairs on same. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Cost of new insulators to replace those broken, insulator pins, insulator hardware, caps, links, clamps, transmission wire and ground wire replaced, splicing sleeves. 70 TELEPHONE SYSTEM. Labor and material used in making repairs to telephone system forming part of the transmission system. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Renewals and repairs for instruments, batteries, telephone transformers, repeating coils, switches, insulators, cross arms, connections, fuses, lightning protection apparatus, etc. 72 PATROL HOUSES AND FIXTURES. Repairs to patrol houses and fixtures. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Windows, sashes, roof, doors and walls, light- ing, lockers, painting. 74 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION GRACE-SALT LAKE TERMINAL SUBSTATION BUILDING 74 REPAIRS TO BUILDING AND FIXTURES. 76 ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT-TERMINAL SUBSTATION. Repairs of all electric equipment installed in the Grace-Salt Lake Terminal Substation building. SUBSTATION ACCOUNTS OPERATION 80 WAGES TRANSFORMER STATION. Wages of operators and switchboard men in step-up and step-down transformer stations, includ- ing proportionate part of salary of superintendent. 82 Misc. SUPPLIES AND EXPENSES. Sundry items of operation of transformer station. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Wipers, misc. tools, bolts, nuts, screws, nails, etc. ; janitor's supplies, ice water, meals, etc. ; light (lanterns, oil wicks, candles, incandescent lamps, arc light globes and carbons). MAINTENANCE 84 TRANSFORMER STATION BUILDINGS. Labor and material used in repairing same. 75 ACCOUNT NO. EXPLANATION PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Plumbing, sashes, windows, roof, doors and walls, heating and lighting systems; grounds and streets; vaults, pits, sidewalks, elevators, lockers, lavatories, fire protection system, painting and white-washing. 86 TRANSFORMERS AND SWITCHING APPARATUS. Labor and materials used in making repairs to same. PRINCIPAL ITEMS. Rewinding coils, renewing oil, repainting, re- moval and replacing transformers, freight and cartage, renewing switch clips, fuses, marble bases, repairs to cells, barriers, etc. APPENDIX Following are a number of items not specifically mentioned in the foregoing list of accounts, with the pro- per account number in each case: ACCOUNT NO. ITEM 22 Repairs to bridges and to roads leading to generating stations, but not a part of Company Property. 62 Supplies for Dispatcher's Office. 64 Operation and repairs of switchracks, switch yards and equipment such as switches, transformers and arresters at switchracks or switch yards. 76 ACCOUNT NO. ITEM Building and repairing gates, fences and bridges, either outside or along power line right of ways. Cutting brush along power lines. 68 Trimming trees along power lines. 70 Trimming trees and cutting brush along tele- phone lines. Building and repairing gates, fences, and bridges, either outside or along the telephone line right of ways. Telephone Wire. IX OPERATION, INSPECTION AND MAIN- TENANCE OF EQUIPMENT It will be impracticable to treat in this book all of the various equipment with which we are concerned under the above heading in as full a manner as might be done. The items, therefore that are given in the following pages will be those which are either most important or those which will need to be referred to most often. Reference to the following books and publications will disclose valuable information regarding the various equipment. REFERENCES : Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. Hydro-Electric Power Stations Rushmore & Lof. Water Power Engineering Meade. Various Manufactures' Bulletins and Instruction Books. Bearings and their Lubrication Vacuum Oil Co. National Electrical Safety Code Bureau of Standards. 77 1. Hydraulic Apparatus Provision is made in the outline for the Quarterly Inspection Report for a regular inspection of the various hydraulic equipment, such as dams and intakes, waterways, pressure boxes, surge tanks, penstocks, water wheels, relief valves and the tailrace. But in addition, a more frequent inspection is necessary on all of these various classes of equipment. Flumes, pipe lines and canals should be con- stantly patroled to discover any leakage or breaks, as such are liable to occur at any time. Relief valves should be tested each day to see that they are working properly. The proper procedure to be followed in the closing of headgates in an emergency, the time necessary to close such gates, either by hand or motor, and the precautions which should be followed to prevent the collapsing of flow-lines or penstocks should be familiar to all employes at the plant who are connected with the operation of such equipment. 2. Governors All bearings on the moving parts of governors should be kept properly lubricated by the operator. He should also see that the oil pressure and level in the accumulator tanks is kept normal and should clean the governors each shift, as the oil accumulates. Frequent inspection should be made of the dashpots to see that they are always full of oil. No permanent adjustments to the governors are to be made except upon the instruction of the Superintendent. Care should be taken in changing from hand control to governor control, or vice versa, that no load changes are made on the unit. 78 3. Generators (a) ALTERATING CURRENT. To place a generator in service, adjust its speed and voltage to approximately that of the running machine or the line. Insert the synchronizing plug or plugs in the proper receptacle. When the needle of the synchroscope is very slowly revolving and the two voltages are approximately equal, close the switch, starting the movement a trifle before the pointer comes to the zero mark. This is so that actual contact will take place when the pointer is straight up. In the case of remote control switches, time must be allowed for the switch to close after the button is pulled. It is not advisable to close the switch while the pointer is stationary as a little friction may cause it to stick or a potential fuse may have blown. Be sure that the lamps are dark just before and while closing the switch. Do not hurry, but do not wait for all conditions to become ideal. In emergency cases, when there is a demand for quick synchronizing, differences in voltage up to 15 per cent should be neglected and an effort made to get the unit on the line at the first opportunity. For this reason it is well to always synchronize as quickly as possible so that the operation will not seem difficult in emergency cases. Remove the plugs as soon as the operation is com- pleted and place in the proper holders. Adjust gate settings or governor and the field current at once so as to bring the load and power factor to the proper values. 79 When taking off a generator see that the current and load of that generator are practically zero, at the instant the oil switch is opened. This can always be done by changing the field current and the turbine gate settings. Whenever a number of generators are paralleled low tension, never have more than one neutral ground switch closed because trouble may arise, due to circulating currents and increased heating. If the low tension bus is separated and generators are operating on each section, one neutral on each section may be grounded. It has been found that the laminations in generators gradually loosen up and are liable to vibrate to such an extent that the teeth break off. The laminations are clamped together by various devices, but it should be evident in each case how to tighten them. This should be done as found necessary. In cleaning large generators and motors, all windings and air ducts should be cleaned with vacuum, if possible, and blown out with compressed air and wiped with cloth. Thorough inspection should be made for all defects. Horizontal shaft machines should have the stator moved to one side and inspected and cleaned each spring. Some of the larger vertical shaft machines have sufficient space between the pole pieces to permit cleaning and inspecting, without taking the machine apart. (b) DIRECT CURRENT. Exciter trouble is usually due to dirty commutator and brushes. The commutator should be wiped and all particles of copper removed from the faces of the brushes each day, or more often if necessary, as each of these particles will cut a groove in the commutator. Oil should never be 80 used on the commutator as it gets down into the mica and carbonizes, causing a high resistance short circuit. Care should also be taken that oil does not get onto the commutator by working its way up from the shaft of the machine. Sufficient lubrication can usually be provided by the application of the proper grade of brush. All commutators dry out and shrink after a number of years, which makes it necessary to tighten the V clamp rings occasionally. The bolts which tighten these rings are usually exposed at the end of the commutator. If the commutators are not tightened from time to time difficulty is liable to occur, due to high bars, and con- siderable damage can be done to a commutator if it is allowed to remain loose for any length of time. All undercut commutators should be inspected and cleaned every three months, cleaning out the grooves between the bars and slightly bevelling the edges of the commutator bars with a special file for that purpose. Whenever it is desired to parallel two compound wound exciters, take the regulator off the machine in service, if this condition exists. Adjust the voltage on incoming machine to a value approximate to that of the machine in service, then close the equalizer switch and then the main exciter switch. Immediately after placing the exciters together, transfer the load and be sure the current is zero on the exciter to be taken out of service, and then open its switch and the equalizer switch. The regulator may then be put back on the exciter which is to be kept in service. A very small movement of the brushes on a commuta- ting pole generator will cause a great change in its operating characteristics. For this reason never shift 81 the brushes of these machines, and always be sure that the lock nuts securing the brushholders are set up tightly. 4. Transformers When dropping a bank of transformers, which is in parallel with other transformers, the method recom- mended to be used whenever possible, is as follows : Open the H. T. oil switch, then open the L. T. oil switch. The disconnecting switches can then be opened. If there are not oil switches on both the high and low tension sides, but an oil switch on one side and air switches or disconnecting switches on the other side, the bank should be taken out of service by opening the air switches or disconnecting switches first and the oil switch last. In case there are no oil switches provided, the air switch or disconnects on the high tension side should be opened first and the bank dropped from the low tension side. If the bank is not in parallel with others, the oil switch, if only one is provided, should be opened first. If possible, and if other difficulties are not en- countered in so doing, the load and current on the bank to be taken out of service should be reduced to the mini- mum, before opening either the high or low tension switches. The temperature of oil filled transformers should be kept at least 10 degrees above that of the surrounding air. Rapid decreases in temperature must be avoided to prevent the formation of moisture inside the case and thus weakening the oil and insulation. It will be nec- essary to watch the oil temperature in water cooled transformers very closely in cold weather, as the water temperature is very apt to be below that of the surround- ing air. If it is impossible to obtain the right tempera- ture using all of the cooling coils, part of them may be cut out of service by closing the proper valves. The oil level on transformers should be checked by the operator on his regular rounds. A drop in the oil level might cause a flashover and a rise might indicate a leak in one of the cooling coils. Wherever temperature indicators on the switchboard and thermometers on the transformers are provided, the two should be checked at the beginning of each shift, recording both readings in the log book. Whenever a transformer is to be taken out of service, turn off the cooling water. However, in hot weather, the water should not be completely turned off immediately, as it is necessary to dissipate the heat in the core and windings. Flush all transformer cooling coils each shift by opening the valves wide for a moment. It is also good practice to blow out the cooling coils with compressed air at regular intervals if the necessary equipment is available. Transformers should be cleaned and inspected as thoroughly as possible every three months, without dis- mantling. Tanks, gauges and bushings should be wiped clean and inspected for cracks or other defects. It is usually not necessary to inspect the cores of transformers unless the oil shows that a deposit is being thrown down. It is very important when working about transformers to take all the precautions possible against dropping any- thing into them. Everyone's pockets should be emptied, and a heavy cord should be tied to all wrenches, pliers, and other tools used. 83 Make frequent inspection of the calcium chloride in the transformer breathers, whenever such are in use, and renew it whenever it shows sign of dampness. The oil in all high tension transformers should be tested at least once every three months to determine its dielectric strength. 5. Lightning Arresters Electrolytic lightning arresters should be charged twice a day during the summer months, from May to October inclusive, and once a day from November to April, inclusive. The oil level should be checked by the operator on his rounds. To charge a three tank bank of electrolytic lightning arresters under normal conditions, close the horns to a direct contact, holding together ten seconds and quickly draw apart. For a four tank bank of arresters, reverse the transfer device and repeat. Note the charging resistances to observe any arcs or unusal heating of the porcelain, the condition of the arc when opening the horn gaps, and listen for noise inside the tanks while charging. When completing the charging of lightning arresters, do not depend upon the position of the operating handle to determine the position of the horn gaps, but look at the horns to see that they are open the proper distance. The horn gaps are provided because the cells will not stand continuous charging for any considerable ierigxn of time, such as takes place when the horn gaps are closed and the cells connected directly to the line. Serious damage will result should the horn gaps be left closed or partially closed. 84 The manufacturers guarantee these arresters to endure an ordinary continuous discharge for 30 minutes. Hence, in case of a prolonged discharge the horn gaps should not be opened within the first few minutes except on Dis- patcher's orders, or to relieve a distressed condition or failure of arresters as evidenced by explosion, oil throw- ing, etc. Following any prolonged discharge of arresters suf- ficient to warm the oil a noticeable amount, the strength of film should be ascertained by bringing the horns to an arcing contact and immediately opening. This should be repeated six or eight times in the next 24 hours, holding the horns together for a few seconds only. If the cells are in poor condition, the first arc at the gaps may be white, flaring and rise halfway or even to the top of the horns before it is extinguished, thus showing considerable current. The normal charging cur- rent will produce in daylight, a reddish yellow colored arc which does not rise much on the horns. The tanks should never be touched to ascertain temperature or for any other purpose except when the horns are open. Lightning arresters should be cleaned and inspected as thoroughly as possible every three months without dismantling. Tanks, gauges and bushings should be wiped clean and inspected for cracks or other defects. Every three years the electrolytic lightning arresters should be dismantled and completely rebuilt. During each of the other two years, the cone stacks should be lifted up out of the oil and given a preliminary charge and inspection so as to determine any burned supporting rods or punctured cones. 85 The charging current of electrolytic arresters should be measured every month where ammeter jacks are pro- vided, and in case there is a serious increase of current, all cones should be given a preliminary charge, and if necessary should be dismantled and rebuilt. 6. Oil Switches The oil level on switches provided with gauge glasses should be checked by the operator on his rounds. If oil switches are operated slowly, an arc is drawn out which may cause a flashover. Slow operation also blisters the contacts and carbonizes the oil. Hand opera- tion should imitate automatic operation. All oil switches should be operated to the extreme position as quickly as possible. After any oil switch has automatically tripped under heavy short circuit, inspection should be made before placing it in service again. Should the indicating lamps ever burn in series on a remote controlled switch, immediate inspection should be made and the contacts cleaned or adjusted. Never take for granted the position of a switch when the indicating lamps are burning in series. It will be necessary to filter the oil in the oil switches after breaking a number of short circuit currents. How often this will be necessary must be decided upon by the Superintendent, according to past experience. Some switches will require filtering more often than others, depending on the severity of the short circuits. In ad- dition, oil switches should be periodically inspected and oil tested and filtered if necessary, contacts examined and 86 repaired, operating mechanisms oiled and adjusted, bush- ings and tanks examined, etc. Before attempting to close any type H-3 oil switch that has been standing open for any length of time, the dust should be wiped off the main contacts with a special stick provided for that purpose. The mechanism housing on all outdoor oil switches, should be provided with drains at all points where it is possible for water to collect. This is to prevent freezing and possible failure of the oil switch to open. These drains should be fitted with a short length of pipe so as to prevent any possibility of snow and rain being blown up into the switch through the drain hole. 7. Switchboard Equipment The operator should check up the time clocks on all recording meters in the station each hour and see that the pens have ink and are making a plain, clear-cut record. In case it is necessary to correct the clock, always make notation on the paper of the amount and direction of the change. All recording meter charts should be signed by the man on duty. Be careful to mark all lines on the chart showing abnormal conditions. If lines are due to faulty action of the meter they should be so marked. Likewise, if due to line disturbances, the nature of the disturbances should be noted. Individual ammeter readings for each of the three phases on all lines, transformers, etc., should be taken if possible at the beginning of each shift and recorded in their respective order. This will enable one to detect any unbalancing or variation from normal conditions. 87 In taking the temperature of different points on a machine, with the ordinary General Electric Company type of temperature indicator equipment, be sure that the switch is open while the plug is being changed. This may be done by first taking a reading, then opening the switch and changing the plug, and then closing and reading, etc. The indication of the instruments should be frequently checked by means of the test switch, the pulling of which will lower the indication about twelve degrees when the apparatus is in order. Bell alarms, signal bells and horns should be tested at the beginning of each shift. Any emergency signal or signals should be tested at a specified time each day. Do not depend entirely upon the alarms to warn you of an unusual condition. They are installed to help avoid a bad result, but must not be considered to be entirely reliable or to relieve the operator of his responsibility. 8. Telephones and Telegraph Equipment The manner in which a person uses a telephone in- dicates his character to a great extent and makes either a good or bad impression. This impression is reflected directly upon the Company from which this message comes. It is a pleasure to do business with a man who per- forms every detail in a clean-cut, satisfactory manner, but it leaves a sting to be answered abruptly or discourteously over the telephone. Speak clearly and distinctly directly into the transmitter. Practice the Golden Rule in answering all calls promptly. 88 When leaving the private telephone, if only for an instant hang up the receiver. If this is not done, it is very difficult to ring the various stations and often the line is too noisy for use due to noise inside the station. These lines must be in condition for use in system opera- tion at all times. Telephones should be answered by giving the name of the station instead of the obsolete "Hello." When you receive a request for a telephone connection or a party, you should let the person making the request know that you understand. If this is not done, considerable con- fusion and delay results. The telephone lines are primarily for use in Dispatch- ing. Hence, if a line is busy, and there is urgent need of getting it for "operation," the parties may be asked to give up the line for a few moments, telling them that it is needed "for operation." This can be done courteous- ly and without offense to parties using the line. All telephones and extension bells should be tested at the beginning of each shift and any trouble reported immediately to the Plant Superintendent. Telephone switchboard plugs should be cleaned and polished occasion- ally as this often improves the service. In case of telephone trouble immediately test for location. Always test out all telephone apparatus at your station to ascertain if the trouble is on the line or in your telephone apparatus. As soon as the trouble is located, notify the Dispatcher. If it is impossible to get in touch with the Dispatcher, notify the nearest patrolman. If unable to talk with any patrolman, start men out on the line with a section of twisted pair, etc., so that at least temporary repairs can be made in the shortest possible 89 time. Whenever trouble is being- experienced with a line, listen closely at all times for any rings as a patrolman may be trying to ring you and may have difficulty on account of the weak ringer used. The Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Com- pany objects to our telephone lines being- connected to their system. No connection should be made to them in the future. Be careful to get all long distance calls recorded so that there will be no difficulty in checking the bills at the end of the month. When any of the main telephone lines are connected through the plant to any local 'phone, watch the connection and disconnect the lines as soon as possible. A great deal of inconvenience is sometimes caused by leaving the lines connected. When anyone calls regarding trouble of any nature, connect them with the Plant Superintendent, if he can be found readily, otherwise get the name and where the party can be reached, together with all the particulars of the trouble. The trouble should be remedied immediately if it can properly be done, otherwise get the information to the Superintendent at once so he can correct the trouble in the shortest time possible. Always report fully each case to the Superintendent. The Dispatcher will give Western Union time by tele- graph each day if possible. The method of procedure is that followed by the Western Union Telegraph Company. Two or three minutes before the hour, usually at 12:00 o'clock noon, the telegraph will start ticking on the second. The 30th second of each minute is omitted. The 55th to 59th seconds inclusive are omitted. There is no variation from this until the last minute before the hour, 90 then instead of stopping at 55 seconds, it stops at 50 seconds and remains quiet until 60, which tick indicates the hour to be checked. After the hour, four or five clicks are usually sounded as a matter of convenience. 9. Regulating Equipment (a) TIRRILL REGULATORS. Any erratic action or unusual arcing of relay contacts or main floating contacts should be reported to the Plant Superintendent immediately. The regulator contact switches should be reversed at the beginning of each shift when the regulator is in service. If contacts are burned or pitted and are not operating satisfactorily, they should be cleaned at the first opportunity. If still operat- ing satisfactorily, they should be cleaned when the regu- lator is given the regular inspection, cleaning and adjust- ment. Once every four months the regulator should be taken out of service, the contacts filed smooth, all pivots removed, cleaned and oiled, and the springs adjusted. Slight voltage adjustments are made by turning the thumb nut controlling the spring on the floating contacts in the upper right hand corner of the case, or where such is provided, by adjustment of the rheostat in the alternating current circuit of the regulator. To place a regulator in service, first see that the knife switches in the relay circuit or the gang switch, if such is provided, are open, and that the switches in the D. C. and A. C. control circuits are closed. Adjust either by means of the thumb nut on the spring controlling the main contacts or the rheostat in the A.C. circuit, where such is provided, until the main contacts are just floating. Then close the small knife switches or the gang switch, if 91 such is provided, and then turn in resistance on the exciter field rheostat until the handle is in the position marked or that position as determined by previous tests to be the best position for operation. To take a regulator out of service, turn out resistance in the exciter field rheostat until the contacts stop operat- ing, then open the knife switches or the gang switch, and the control switches. (b) INDUCTION REGULATORS. The principal precautions which should be taken in the operation of induction regulators are to see that the temperature never becomes excessive, and to fre- quently inspect the time delay fuses to see that the motor is not operating single phase. The contacts on the relays should also be frequently inspected and cleaned. 10. Storage Batteries Ground detector lamps are usually provided on storage battery circuits with the common arrangement of two lamps in series across the two wire^ and the middle point connected to ground thru a knife switch or plug switch. This switch should normally be left closed so that a ground occuring on the system at any point will be indicated by an unequal brilliancy of the lamps. Storage batteries should be filled once a week with distilled water, using a glass or earthen-ware pitcher never a metal pitcher preferably just after the weekly specific gravity readings are taken. This interval will possibly be shortened in the summer months on account of increased evaporation. The temperature should also be recorded when taking specific gravity readings, 92 Whenever a relay is provided for tripping a few emergency lights onto the D. C. system during trouble cases, it should be inspected after each case of trouble as soon as voltage conditions are stable and the lights put back on the A. C. system. If this is not done, the batteries are apt to run down too fast. Also see that the charging set is not motoring on the battery. Several different types and sizes of storage batteries are in use at the various stations. Following are some of the instructions to be observed in the care and operation of lead plate storage batteries: LEAD PLATE STORAGE BATTERIES PILOT CELL. Select a cell (not in the end cell group) as a pilot cell. Mark a paint line on the jar three-fourths of an inch above the top of plates. Keep the height of the electro- lyte at this point by adding a small quantitiy of water each day ; this is very important. If pilot cell is equipped with an Automatic Water Filler, it should be kept in proper working order (see Instructions furnished with Filler). FLOATING. Float the battery continuously on the motor generator set, if such equipment is installed, adjusting the voltage so that the average voltage per cell will be between 2.10 and 2.14 volts. With proper voltage adjustment the specific gravity of the pilot cell will remain practically constant within one or two points of the maximum reached on the pre- ceding equalizing charge. 93 DISCHARGE LIMITS. When necessary to discharge, do not, except in an emergency, allow the battery voltage to fall below 1.75 volts per cell, nor the gravity of the pilot cell to fall more than 31 points below the gravity reached on the preceding equalizing charge. When either of the above limits is reached, there is practically no reserve capacity remaining, therefore a discharge should ordinarily be stopped before the limits are reached. CHARGING. Equalizing Charge. At a regular, definite period charge the battery at as near the normal rate as possible, continuing until five consecutive 15-minute readings of the gravity of the pilot cell, taken from the time gassing starts, show no rise, thus indicating that the gravity has been at a maximum for a period of one hour. The battery voltage should likewise show a one-hour maximum and all the cells be gassing freely and uniformly. In case 60 cells are being charged and 50 cells dis- charged, the cells in the end cell group will become charged ahead of the main group, as they take the current for the pilot lamps in addition to the charging current; this arrangement allows the generator voltage to be raised without a corresponding increase in the voltage of the lamp circuit. These cells should there- fore be cut out of charge ahead of the main group and after they have been gassing freely for one hour. Charge After Discharge. Recharge the battery as soon as possible after a discharge, completing the charge in the same manner as 94 for an equalizing charge. When quick recharging is necessary, rates up to the maximum may be used for the first part of the charge or until gassing starts, when the rate should be lowered to normal. VENTILATION. The battery room must never be kept entirely closed up and sufficient openings must be arranged to afford good ventilation. This is of the utmost importance when charging, on account of the collection of explosive gasses. REPLACING EVAPORATION. The electrolyte must cover the plates at all times. Keep it at its proper level (one-half to three-fourths inches above the top of the plates.) Use only approved water to replace evaporation. Add the water just before charging. Do not add acid or electrolyte. CELL READINGS. Pilot Cell. Record the gravity of the pilot cell once every eight hours; also the temperature of this cell. During the equalizing charge, when gassing starts, record the gravity of the pilot cell every 15 minutes until charge is completed. Individual Cells. Shortly before the equalizing charge is started, record the gravity of each cell in the battery. Toward the end of the equalizing charge if any cells show indications of trouble, record the voltage reading of these cells and of several normal cells for comparison. 95 INSPECTION. Before the equalizing charge, inspect all cells in the battery for color of plates and short circuits between the plates or hanging lugs, using a lamp on an extension cord for the purpose. Near the end of the equalizing charge inspect all cells for gassing, noting which are gassing less than surrounding cells. Where any trouble is indicated, first look for short circuits which should be removed with a strip of wood or hard rubber, never use metal. Never allow the specific gravity on a fully charged lead battery to fall below 1.185 before inspecting the same. Try to maintain a specific gravity of 1.210 at 70 degrees Fahrenheit, when the battery is fully charged. If a low cell does not come up on the equalizing charge, it should be given an additional charge. INDICATIONS OF TROUBLE. The chief indications of trouble in a cell are : 1 Falling off in gravity or voltage relative to the rest of the cells. 2 Lack of gassing on equalizing charge. 3 Color of plates markedly lighter or darker than in surrounding cells. EXPOSED FLAME. Never smoke or bring an exposed flame into the battery room. IMPURITIES. Never allow metals or impurities to get into the cells. If such should happen, remove at once. 96 SEDIMENT. Never allow the sediment to touch the bottom of the plates; level by stirring or remove when clearance is reduced to one-half inch. LEAKING CELL. In the case of a broken jar or leaky tank, immediately place the negative plates and separators in a tank of water (the positive plates may be allowed to dry) until repairs can be made, then make sure to fully charge cells. CLEANLINESS. Keep all metal work free from corrosion. Keep the floor, woodwork and insulators dry. The outsides of the glass jars should be washed and the lead oxide on the supporting grids wiped off with a dry rag as often as necessary to prevent the siphoning of the electrolyte. EDISON STORAGE BATTERIES Whenever Edison storage batteries are provided, the following instructions should be followed in regard to their care and operation : CAUTION. Gas may be present in cells. Do not use a match, candle or other open flame to inspect connections. All electrical connections must be tight and the contacting metal surfaces cleaned. A loose or dirty contact at the cell pole will cause excessive heating and may be detected by feeling of connector after current has been passing for sometime. If such a condition is found, the connector should be removed and cleaned. 97 HEIGHT OF SOLUTION. During charge, water of the solution is driven off as vapor and must be replaced. Do not allow the level of the solution to drop so low that the positive tubes are visible above its surface, and do not fill higher than the proper level. To test the height of solution, a glass tube may be used. Insert the tube until tops of plates are touched, then close the upper end with finger and withdraw. WATERING. When the solution becomes low, fill to the proper level using for this purpose only pure distilled water which has been kept in a closed vessel. Never use anything but pure distilled water for replenishing, except when the solution has been spilled, when standard renewal solution should be used. Take care when filling not to slop water over and around the cells or to exceed the specified height. If filled too high, solution will be forced out during the charge. CHARGING. To maintain the normal rate throughout the charge, the line voltage must average at least 1.85 times the number of cells in series. For example, to charge 60 cells in series, it would be necessary to have a line voltage of 60 times 1.85 volts or 111 volts. VENTILATION. While charging always open the compartment in which the battery is installed so that gasses may be allowed to escape. When the air temperature is high, provide the greatest possible ventilation. 98 TEMPERATURE. The temperature of the electrolyte in the cells should never exceed 115 degrees Fahr. Continued excessive heating on charge will shorten the life of the battery. REGULAR CHARGE. The proper length of charge is determined by the extent of discharge. If totally discharged, recharge at the normal rate for seven hours. If half discharged, recharge at the normal rate for one half of seven hours. If only one quarter discharged, recharge at the normal rate for one quarter of seven hours, etc. If extent of previous discharge is unknown, charge at the normal rate until the volt meter reading has remained constant for thirty minutes at about 1.85-volts per cell with normal current flowing. It will usually be found necessary to adjust the rheostat every one half hour or so to keep the current constant. Set the current each time a few amperes high so that it will not drop to below normal before the next adjustment. If necessary, and full capacity is not required, battery may be taken off charge at any time and used. TAPERING CHARGE. If current cannot be adjusted during charge, set the rate high enough above normal (about 50 per cent above will be found right in most cases) so that as it decreases due to rise of battery voltage, it will average normal, and do not touch the rheostat until charge is finished. Charge the same number of hours as though rate were considered at normal value. By this method, the rate will automatically taper until at the end of charge it is considerably below normal. 99 CLEANING. The cells, trays and battery compartments must be kept dry and care must be taken that dirt and other foreign substances do not collect at the bottom of or between cells. Thorough cleaning cannot be done without removing the battery from compartment. Under average conditions such cleaning may be necessary about once in six months. Make sure that the cells, trays and compartments are dry before replacing the battery. Dirt and dampness are likely to cause current leakage which may result in serious injury to the metal containers. PROTECTIVE COATING. Occasionally, cells and trays after being cleaned should be re-coated with P. and B. paint, or Esbalite. To make the paint adhere properly, all surfaces to be coated must be cleaned perfectly free of moisture, grease, dirt and loose parts of previous coating, after which the paint may be applied either with a brush or pre- ferably by dipping. SOLUTION RENEWAL. The normal strength of solution is about 1.200 as measured by hydrometer, but may at times be as high as 1.230. Never use a hydrometer previously used with lead batteries. In time, the solution becomes weak and if when tested after a full charge and with solution at the proper height, the hydrometer gives a reading of 1.160 or less, cells should be entirely emptied and re-filled with fresh solution, filling to proper height. 100 The specific gravity of standard renewal solution is about 1.250, but when put into a battery it will quickly fall to normal due to mixture of old weaker solution re- maining in the plates. Do not pour out the old solution until you have received the new, and never allow the cells to stand empty. When ready to re-fill, first discharge the batteries completely, then remove the old solution. It is best to pour out about half the solution, shake the balance vigorously and empty. Then immediately pour in the new solution, using a glass or enameled-ware funnel; or siphon directly from the drum by means of a clean rubber tube. At time of renewing solution, it is well to observe the instructions under cleaning. When new solution is in and the battery is again connected up for service, give it a twelve hour charge at normal rate. CAUTION. Never put acid into an Edison battery or use utensils that have been used with acids. You may ruin the battery. Never bring a lighted match, or other open flame near the battery. Never lay a tool or any other piece of metal on the battery. Always keep filler caps closed, except when necessary to have them open for filling as provided in these instructions. 11. Bearings and Lubrication Close attention should be paid to all bearings in service at all times. If a bearing is not operating as it should, it will always give an indication to this effect. A bad condition should be remedied as soon as suspected and not be allowed to continue until it becomes serious. 101 The operator on his regular rounds should inspect all bearings in service to see that temperatures are normal and that all oil rings are running freely. Where a central gravity lubrication system is installed for several large bearings, the oil level in the supply tank should be checked frequently, and float gages inspected and tested to see that pumps are working correctly and that the floats are not sticking. Where different kinds of oil are in use in a station such as in two different systems, for instance the lubrica- tion system and the governor system, the oil from all drips should be carefully watched and kept separated. The lubrication of gate operating mechanisms, or deflecting needle nozzle mechanisms, etc., is an item that is generally done less thoroughly than needed, because of difficulties encountered in some cases. This is par- ticularly true when the grease must be forced against the water pressure, which not only opposes the entrance of more grease but is always effective in forcing back through any leak the total grease in the passage, so that a considerable amount of grease must be added before the bearing is reached. Furthermore, the action of the water often hardens the grease so that the forcing in of new grease is all the more difficult, and it often results that certain bearings never receive the lubricant. Rather than a moderate attempt at greasing, even though frequent- ly applied, there should be applied to such bearings sub- jected to water action or other opposition to lubrication, an occasional treatment of positively forcing in grease in a manner and in quantity adequate to reach the bearing. Where the ordinary grease cups are not ample, a special high pressure grease gun should be provided that may 102 be applied to any place where needed. This duty should be scheduled for certain days of each week or month so that it will be performed regularly. Obviously, units con- stantly governing need more frequent attention. Shortly after the grease cups are turned down, old and excess grease will have worked its way out on different parts of the mechanism and should be wiped away. 12. Auxiliaries A proper understanding of the operation and main- tenance of all auxiliaries is absolutely necessary. The importance of many small pumps, motors, control equip- ment, etc., with respect to continuity of operation of the station is seldom appreciated. Very close attention should be paid to this class of equipment by the operator on his regular rounds to see that each piece of apparatus is operating properly and is sufficiently oiled. 13. General (a) WIRING. Operators should become familiar with all high and low tension power circuits, control circuits for the various equipment and switchboard wiring. You should know the location of all fuses on the various circuits so that time will not be lost in locating cases of trouble. All wiring should be maintained in good condition and any new circuits should be installed in a neat, workmanlike manner, and should comply in all respects to National Electrical Safety Code Standards. (b) PIPING. The scheme and location of all piping should also be learned by all operators. You should become familiar 103 with the location of all valves and know the functions of each. Care must be exercised in manipulating valves. Never take for granted that a valve is open or closed in making changes. Always try the valve to see that it is in the proper position. All switchyard oil piping should be tested periodically with compressed air, to detect and locate possible leaks or corrosion. (c) OPERATING. Extreme care and deliberation must be exercised in operating disconnecting switches so that mistakes will not be made. Before going to operate disconnecting switches, it is best to see that an operator is at the switchboard and is notified as to the switches that are to be operated, so that he will be ready to clear any trouble quickly should a mistake be made. When a switch is to be operated, make certain you are right but in case a mistake is made and an arc occurs, do not face the arc as the eyes will be flashed. If the arc holds on, do not remain near or personal injury may result. Before opening any disconnecting switch, note that the corresponding oil switch is open. (d) MAINTENANCE. It is recognized that specific rules can hardly be made for the maintenance of apparatus, as the needs depend upon the varying conditions to which the apparatus is being subjected, and the judgment of the Plant Superin- tendent must be depended upon to keep equipment in first 104 class condition. He should keep a card index or other suitable system for all apparatus, listing all name plate data, and should keep a record on the same as to all opera- tions, inspections, and repairs. Then by means of a loose leaf calender, notations can be made on the dates on which the various pieces of equipment will need a periodic inspection. Of course, when any piece of equipment is taken out of service for some other reason, it would possibly be advantageous to make an inspection at the same time, thus avoiding unnecessary switching on another date. The Plant Superintendent will make arrangements with the Dispatcher for taking apparatus out of service for such periodic inspection, and should not keep apparatus out of service any longer than is absolutely necessary. Whenever any repair work is being carried on or changes being made which will in any way affect the operation of the station, the men doing the work must keep the station operator informed as to the progress, as he will be held responsible for this knowledge. Notation must be made in the Log Book of apparatus tested and a full report sent to the Superintendent of Power, (e) STATION ON STANDBY BASIS. Whenever a station is on a standby basis with a limited force of men, extra precautions should be taken to care for all Company property. The following are a few suggestions : 1. Alarm bells should be provided in the cottage occupied by Plant Superintendent or Foreman, or other person left in charge of plant, so that attention can be called to the tripping of automatic switches or reduction in pressure on pipe line. 105 2. All flume and pipe lines should be patrolled at least once a week and more often when conditions make such patrol advisable. 3. Whenever any equipment in the station is alive, a man should be in the immediate vicinity of the station during the day, and a man should sleep in the station at night, so that he can easily hear any arcs or arrester discharges, etc. 4. When it is necessary to leave the Plant without attendants, everything should be made as safe as possible before leaving. Incoming switches to transformers and other equipment and lightning arrester horn gaps should be opened so that all station equipment is left dead. The Dispatcher should be advised that the attendant is going away, where he can be located in an emergency, and the approximate time of his return. 5. If the Plant Superintendent or Foreman is not engaged on plant repairs, line work, inspection, etc., plant should be synchronized with the system and operated one hour each day, but in any event the station should be synchronized with the system and operated, at least one hour each week. 6. The plant should be inspected every day to make sure that everything is safe and in good working condition. 7. The plant output sheet should be made out and sent in each day. Also state, thereon, how plant employes were employed during the day. 8. When there is no regular employe in the station or substation, these buildings should be locked to prevent any person or animal from being injured or causing damage. 106 9. During the time station is on standby basis, an hourly record of the work done each day by each man is to be recorded on the station output sheet and copy of this data on regular letter head sent to the Superintendent of Power. (f) LOCAL CIRCUITS. Local circuits to heaters and ranges and lights around camps and to cottages are provided for the benefit of employes. The capacity of these circuits as well as the capacity of the local service transformers in many cases is limited to certain values and care should be exercised that they are not overloaded. (g) FUSES. Fuses are used as a means of protection for lighting circuits, motors, transformers, etc., and should blow in case of an overload or short circuit, if of the proper capacity. Under no circumstances should a circuit, motor or transformer be fused for more than two and one-half times the rated full load current. Should a fuse blow out do not replace it with a larger fuse without approval from the Superintendent. Whenever possible trace out and examine the circuit carefully for trouble before re- placing a blown fuse. Use only approved one-time or renewable fuses. The practice of "doctoring" fuses or using jumpers should not be tolerated. 14. Shop and Repair Equipment Definite drawers, hooks, or shelves are provided for all tools. When leaving shift, or upon completion of any repair work, always clean and return all tools to their proper places and see that no shortage is apparent. 107 The operators and other employes should notify the Superintendent whenever there are any tools unaccounted for or in improper condition. 15. Company Houses The houses in which we live are a part of ourselves and by their general appearance and the care bestowed upon them reflect the general character and disposition of the occupants. So to a great extent we find ourselves judged by the appearance of our houses. In the case where the Company is the owner of the house it should be considered in all respects the same as any landlord. There is no lease, but the house is for your occupancy so long as you remain in the employ of the Company in your present capacity. However, as there is a definite charge each month on the books of the Company due to the investment made to provide a house, it is hoped that you will appreciate this and en- deavor to keep your house in first class condition. Leaky plumbing and faucets, broken window panes, small pieces of plastering knocked off, paint scraped and scratched and various other small items are included in repairs necessary and should be taken care of at the expense of the tenant. Regular periodic inspection of the houses will be made by the Superintendent, the same as is made on all Company property for which he is responsible, to see that they are being properly maintained and not abused. COOPER ANDERSON, APPROVED: Superintendent of Power. MARKHAM CHEEVER General Superintendent and Chief Engineer. 108 SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned: Name Occupation Date SIGN WITH INK The foregoing instructions have been carefully read and are fully understood by the undersigned : Name Occupation Date INSTRUCTIONS IN ADDI- TION TO THOSE IN THIS BOOK AND SPECIAL TO EACH PLANT WILL BE FOUND IN SEPARATE BOOKS ENTITLED TO THAT EFFECT. 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