E UC-NRLF 5245 ^^H ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA ORGANIC ACTS AND Administrative Reports OF THE- School of American Archaeology SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO, U. S. A. 1907 TO 1917 EXCHANGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA ORGANIC ACTS -AND Administrative Reports OF THE School of American Archaeology SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO, U. S. A. 1907 TO 1917 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY E5 The re-organization of the School of American Archaeology into the School of American Research in 1917 marked the completion of the initial decade. For convenience in studying the developments of this period, the Organic Acts and Administrative Reports are assembled and published. (Signed) EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY CONTENTS :. a ;.V:,.2:" Initial Acts 1. Chairman s Statement, January 2, 1907 . 4 2. Chairman s Statement, October 1, 1907.. 7 3. President s Statement, October 1, 1907.. 8 4. Report of the Director, 1907. 10 Organic Acts and Administrative Reports 5. Chairman s Statement, 1908.. 24 6. Report of the Director, 1908 . . 30 7. Chairman s Statement, 1909.. 40 8. Report of the Director, 1909. . 50 9. Chairman s Statement, 1910 .... 76 10. Report of the Director, 1910.. 78 11. Chairman s Statement, 1911.. 97 12. Report of the Director, 1911 . . .101 13. Chairman s Statement, 1912.. . 115 14. Report of the Director, 1912.. . 117 15. Chairman s Statement, 1913.. 132 16. Report of the Director, 1913.. . 134 17. Report of the Director, 1914.. . 148 18. Report of the Director, 1915.. . 159 19. Report of the Director, 1916 .... 166 20. Report of the Director, 1917 . . 191 MllO 798 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 4H/rV"?; ; /, ; ; ".,:/A I. Chairman s Statement January 2, 1907 The Work of the Institute in American Archaeology (From the Journal of American Archaeology Vol. XI, No. 1, 1907) At the meeting in celebration of the incorpora tion of the Institute, held at Washington D. C., on January 2, 1907, Mr. Charles P. Bowditch, chair man of the Committee on American Archaeology, delivered an address of special interest on the undertakings of the Institute in this field. The part which presents the plan of the committee for future work is here published. The American work to which the Institute can look forward in the future has been admirably ex pressed by Miss Alice C. Fletcher in her report to the Committee on American Archaeclogy, which I will now read: It is proposed that the basal plan for work under the American Committee of the Archae ological Institute of America shall be the prep aration of a map of the culture areas of the American continent, as a contribution to the world study of the human race. "Already much has been done toward the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 5 making of such a map, and all available work hitherto done by institutions, associations or in dividuals, will be duly credited and its bibliog raphy given. It is believed that such a graphic tabulation will not only facilitate the task of correlating work already accomplished and now in progress, but will make it possible so to di rect the efforts of the various Societies of the Institute which desire to support active field work in our own country, that all the archaeo logical research undertaken will fit into the broad plan proposed, and thus help tow r ard the solution of some of the problems that con front the students of human culture. A preparatory step toward the carrying out of this basal plan would be the appointment of an officer to be known as Director of American Archaeology, whose immediate duty would be to direct and coordinate all work undertaken by the affiliated societies of the Institute. This step should be followed by the establishment of a School of American Archaeology, in which graduate students should be received for in struction and employment in field research, and so fitted to be workers in the wide field opened by this basal plan. Since culture areas do not correspond with political boundaries, international relationships and work will naturally follow." This plan has been accepted by the committee, and Mr. Edgar L. Hewett has been recommended to the Council as Director of American Archaeology. It is hoped that the societies of the Institute, in spired by the comprehensive plan which has been adopted, will join heartily in the plan to make such 1* 6 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY a plan successful by turning their local energy and local funds into work which will contribute toward the desired end. The interest in the work of American Archaeol ogy is increasing in all parts of the country, and the committee has been informed that if a School of American Archaeology should be established in San ta Fe, the old Governor s Palace would probably be placed at their disposal. While the committee is not ready to take decisive action at the present time, it is hoped that in the near future such a school may be established, which shall be the cen ter of influence in the cause of American Archae ology throughout the West and Southwest. In accordance with the recommendation of the Committee on American Archaeology, Mr. Edgar L. Hewett was elected Director of American Arch aeology at the meeting of the Council of the Insti tute, held at George Washington University, Janu ary 4, 1907. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY II. Chairman s Statement October 1, 1907 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: GENTLEMEN: As chairman of the Committee on American Archaeology, I have the honor to report as follows: No application having been made for the Fellow ship of American Archaeology no one was ap pointed to fill that position. In January, 1907, Professor Edgar L. Hewett was appointed Director of American Archaeology. This position is an entirely new one, and the ap pointment has been amply justified. The following statement of the Director sets forth in some detail the work that he has accomplished. A full report by the Director will be ready for publication in a few months. At the next general meeting the Committee will report plans for what it believes will be a more ef fective organization of its work, in the form of a School of American Archaeology. Respectfully submitted, CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, Chairman Boston, October 1, 1907 8 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY III. President s Statement October 1, 1907 From 28th Annual Report of the Council Professor Edgar L. Hewett has been elected Di rector of American Archaeology and he is expected to hold to the Committee on American Archaeology a relation similar to that of the Directors of the Schools in Athens, Rome and Palestine to the Man aging Committees of their Schools, though his du ties at present are diverse. He has already ren dered important service (1) in giving information to government officials with regard to the rules which are needed for the regulation of archaeolog ical excavations in this country, (2) in addressing the western societies on the local work which it is practicable and fitting for them to undertake, and (3) in leading expeditions with archaeological stu dents, and conducting explorations in Utah, Colo rado and New Mexico. Professor Hewett s report will be found particularly interesting, as indicating the special activity of the western societies in con nection with the training of eastern students. The Committee on American Archaeology, at the instance of Miss Fletcher, has adopted a broad and SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 9 comprehensive plan for the work of the Institute in this field, which is expected to unify the efforts of the affiliated societies. Overtures have been made to the Council for the establishment of a School of American Archaeol ogy in Santa Fe, New Mexico, with the possibility that the old Governor s Palace, one of the oldest and most interesting public buildings in the coun try, might be put under the care of the Institute, for the use of such a school. This matter is under consideration by the Committee on American Arch aeology, which has also received informal overtures from four other cities, showing that the importance of such a school is generally recognized. On behalf of the Council, THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, President Yale University, October 1, 1907 10 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY IV. Report of the Director 1907 To the Committee on American Archaeology, Arch aeological Institute of America: I have the honor to submit my First Annual Re port as Director of American Archaeology. In the prosecution of the work the Director has been guided by the plan adopted by the Institute at its meeting in Washington, in December, 1906. During the months of January and February the time of the Director was occupied in the prepara tion of general plans for the American work and in lecturing before the societies of the Institute at the following places: St. Louis, Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, Boul der, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Davenport, Du- buque and Cincinnati. In the course of this tour preliminary plans were made for the season s field work, including arrangements for the necessary fi nancial support. A conference was held, as direc ted by your Committee, with the Legislature of New Mexico and people of Santa Fe, relative to the proposed tender of the old Government Palace to the Institute. The months of March, April and May, were de voted to plans for field work and to the considera tion of the rules and regulations issued by various SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 11 departments of government for the purpose of car rying out the provisions of the Act for the Preser vation of American Antiquities, passed by Congress June 8, 1906. Exceptions were taken to these rules on the ground that they placed upon scien tific research harmful and unnecessary restrictions which were not contemplated by the Act of Con gress. Practically all institutions in the United States that are interested in archaeological research concurred in the objections to the rules and joined in requesting their revision. The request was granted and a joint committee of the Departments of War, Interior, and Agriculture reconsidered the rules in conference with the committee represent ing the scientific organizations, accepted the re commendations of this committee and adopted new rules, which were acceptable to all the institutions. The new rules were approved and signed by the Secretaries of War and the Interior. The Secre tary of Agriculture declined to concur until further investigation of conditions could be made by him self and the officers of his department. It is hoped and believed that this investigation will result in un animity of action with reference to the prosecution of archaeological research on the lands owned or controlled by the Government. During the pre sent year there has been no archaeological work whatever done on the lands controlled by the De partment of Agriculture, namely, the national forests. 12 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Owing to the long delay occasioned by the con ferences relating to the revision of rules and re gulations, as above stated, announcememts of ex peditions could not be sent out until late in May. Pursuant to the order of your committee, the pri vilege of joining the expeditions and participating in the work was extended to properly qualified stu dents. A number availed themselves of the oppor tunity offered. Field operations began in April and continued until October. The work of the season was con fined to two culture areas. First, in the Mound Region" of the Mississippi Valley, in which the work consisted of excavations in Boone County, Missouri, and a reconnaissance of remains in the southeastern part of that State. Second, in the "Pueblo Region," lying mainly in the southwestern part of the United States. In this region expedi tions were directed in southeastern Utah, the Mc- Elmo drainage on the Colorado-Utah line, the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, and the ruins of Puye in the northern part of Pajarito Park, New Mexico. The Research work of the Utah Society was made possible through the generosity of its Presi dent, Colonel E. A. Wall, who placed the sum of $1000 at the disposal of the Executive Committee, to be used in investigating the ancient ruins in the southeastern part of the state. Dean Byron Cummings of the State University, secretary of SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 13 the Utah Society, took personal charge of the ex pedition and his untiring energy and resourceful management made possible the large amount of work accomplished. The Director joined the ex pedition at Monticello, Utah. The following stu dents of the University of Utah were enrolled for participation in the work: J. C. Brown, Fred Scran- ton, Joseph Driggs and Neil Judd. Attached to the party were also Messrs. Frank Fay Eddy and Burl Armstrong of Salt Lake City. The work consisted of an examination of the ev idences of prehistoric culture north of the San Juan River from Montezuma Canon and its tribu taries west of the Colorado River. The area thus embraced forms the southern half of the Abajo pla teau, and is rich in prehistoric remains. As this is for the most part an unsurveyed region that has never been accurately mapped, a large amount of original topographical work and some surveying were necessary in order that archaeological maps might be prepared. The field notes of the expedi tion also comprise such an account of the physiog raphy of the region as seems necessary to an under standing of the general character and distribution of the anc ent culture. The following canons with their tributaries and mesas were explored and mapped, and the archae ological remains found therein investigated and de scribed: the Montezuma, Recapture, Cottonwocd, Butler, Comb Wash, Grand Gulch and White Canon. 14 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY As the expedition proceeded it became evident that the amount of descriptive work necessary to make known the archaeological conditions of this large region would preclude the possibility of systematic excavations during the present season. According ly descriptive work was prosecuted as thoroughly as possible, and only test excavations undertaken. Although the making of collections was only inci dental, some collections of considerable value were acquired for the State University of Utah. Among the results that are new will be the description of the cliff ruins centering about the natural bridges of White Canon. As literature relating to the ar chaeology of this little known region is almost en tirely wanting, the results of this expedition in the form of a report on the archaeology of Southeast ern Utah, including topographical and archaeologi cal maps and plans, with photographs and descrip tions of ruins and of collections representing the arts and industries of the ancient inhabitants, will be prepared for publication, The sum of $500 was raised by the Colorado So ciety to defray the expense of its two expeditions. These operations were confined to two districts in the southwestern part of the state; namely, the McElmo drainage and the Mesa Verde. Each of these districts embraces ruins of striking char acter. The task of giving an account of the archaeology of a district about six miles square, the center of which SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 15 is the junction of the Yellowjacket and McElmo Canons, was assigned to Messrs. Sylvanus G. Mor- ley, A. V. Kidder and J. G. Fletcher, students en rolled from Harvard University. The Director was present only at the beginning and close of the work. This small area is in the heart of what may be called an "ethnic district" of the extensive sub culture area embraced in the San Juan drainage. Throughout that area certain similarities in culture prevail, sufficiently marked to permit of a grouping of all of its subdivisions into what may be desig nated "the San Juan culture." These subdivisions are primarily physiographic, but in each, cultural variations occur, sufficiently definite to indicate eth nic differences. Well defined districts are the Cha- co Canon, Mesa Verde, the McElmo and its tribu taries, and farther west a group including the Cot- tonwood, Grand Gulch and White Canon. The close study of a limited portion of the Mc Elmo district proved instructive. The principal groups of ruins studied were found in the Cannon- ball, Bridge, Holly and Ruin Canons. An impor tant outlying group some miles to the west on what has been named Putnam Mesa was included and numerous minor ruins received attention. The present research is the beginning of a systematic study of this district and should be followed by the excavation of one or more important sites. Pre vious studies here have been in the nature of re- 16 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY connaisance work only. The results of the season s investigations, embodied in a report by Messrs. Morley and Kidder, will be submitted for publica tion. The second expedition of the Colorado Society undertook the study of another ethnic district, the Mesa Verde, in Montezuma County, Colorado. Here are found the most remarkable cliff dwellings known, and the principal object of the work was to secure accurate and complete illustration and de scription of architectural features. The Director was assisted by Dr. A. J. Fynn, of Denver, repre senting the Colorado Society, Messrs. Morley, Kid der and Fletcher, of Harvard University, and Mr. Jesse Nusbaum, now of the New Mexico Normal University, an expert photographer. The ruins studied are found in Navajo and Ruin Canons and their tributaries. The ruins of first importance that were investigated were Cliff Palace, Spruce Tree House, Balcony House and Peabody House. Previously published ground plans of the first two by Nordenskiold were found somewhat faulty and were rectified. Other buildings studied were Nor denskiold House, the Swallows Nest, Red House and Hemenway House. The errors of the earlier topographical maps were corrected and the arch aeological map of the district perfected as far as practicable. Similar work remains to be done on the western half of the park and the early work of Holmes in the Mancos Canon should be extended. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 17 In the spring cf 1906, the Secretary of the Inte rior requested that the Chief cf the Bureau of Amer ican Ethnology designate an archaeologist to pro ceed to the Mesa Verde and make an archaeologi cal survey and report thereon, the object being to determine the merits of the measure then pending in Congress for the preservation and protection of these ruins by establishing there a national park. The writer, then Fellow of the Archaeological In stitute cf America, was designated for the task. The survey disclosed the fact that the most im portant ruins lay outside of the proposed bound aries of the park on the reservation of the Southern Ute Indians. In the preliminary re port a plan was suggested by which all the ruins could be included within the jurisdiction of the park without injustice to the Indians. The re commendation was approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and Congress took favorable action upon the bill establishing the park. In a final re port to the Secretary of the Interior on the above work it was recommended that out of the appro priations made by Congress, for the improvement of the park, $3000 should be set aside for the exca vation, repair, and protection of the ruins, to be done under the direction of the Smithsonian Insti tution, and, further, that collections made on the park representing the material culture of the an cient inhabitants be retained there for the develop ment of a local museun. It is learned that the first 2 18 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY recommendation is in accord with the policy of the Interior Department and that the work of excava tion and repair will begin in the spring of 1908 un der the direction of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes. The work done by the Institute up to date will consti tute a proper introduction to the extensive opera tions planned by the government. Should the re commendation with reference to the development of a local museum also be acceptable, there is little doubt that the Institute, through its Colorado Soci ety, v/ill cooperate in building up a museum that will augment the educational value of the park. The Southwest Society has undertaken a study of the archaeology of the Rio Grande Valley, a subcul ture area of the Pueblo Region of equal rank with the San Juan Valley. The sum of $600 was raised by the Society for the maintenance of its expedition. The preliminary descriptive work on this region has been previously done, principally by Mr. Ban- del ier under the auspicies of the Institute, by Mr. Lummis, and by the writer under the New Mexico Normal University and later for the Bureau of American Ethnology. The most definite ethnic district is the Pajarito Park, a plateau bounded by the Rio Grande on the east, the Rio Chama on the north, the Jemez Mountains on the west, and the Canada de Ccchiti on the south. The district is forty miles long and from five to fifteen miles wide. Its alternating canons and mesas have been the home of a large prehistoric population. It embraces SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 19 many thousands of "excavated cliff dwellings/ not less than forty ruins of ancient pueblos containing originally from one hundred to twelve hundred rooms each, and hundreds of small house" ruins of from two to two hundred rooms each. The work undertaken here was the excavation of a type ruin of the district, known as Puye, ten miles west of the Tewa Indian village of Santa Clara. The Director was assisted by Messrs. Mor- ley, Kidder and Fletcher, of Harvard University, Mr. D. D. Streeter, Jr., of Columbia University, Mrs. J. E. Wood, of Santa Fe, and Miss Constance Goddard DuBois, of \Vaterbury, Connecticut. Fif teen Tewa Indians, mostly from the village of San lldefonso, were on the pay roll as excavators, the daily working force ranging from six to twelve. This ruin forms a great quadrangle covering roughly an area of two and one-half acres. The buildings composing it were stone strctures resem bling the terraced pueblos of Taos, Zuniand Walpi. The highest portions may have contained four sto ries. The number of rooms on the ground floor was a little short of seven hundred, the total num ber of rooms originally being from one thousand to twelve hundred. The ruin is situated on the rim of a mesa of volcanic tufa in the southern face of which are about seven hundred "excavated cliff dwellings." One hundred and twenty rooms in the "South House" were cleared, all debris re moved and walls, floors, fireplaces, etc., laid bare, 20 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY so that the entire ground floor may be seen in about the same condition as when occupied. The exca vations yielded 3127 museum specimens, somewhat over half being the bones of birds and mammals, the identification of which will throw light upon the food supply of the people. Of articles repre senting the material culture of the inhabitants be tween 1200 and 1300 were found, comprising tools, implements and utensils of stone, bone and wood, ceremonial objects, pottery, etc. Probably the most important result of the ex cavations at Puye was the discovery of objects pointing to relationship between the ancient pue blos of the Rio Grande Valley and those of north ern Mexico. The numerous specimens of pottery bearing glazed ornament add a wealth of evidence, corroborating that heretofore presented by the writer, that the knowledge of glazing must be re garded as a pre-Spanish attainment of certain American peoples. In all the investigations that have been conducted in this region not a vestige of Caucasian influence has been discovered. A re port on the work at Puye will be presented for publication during the coming winter. The field operations of the St. Louis Society were conducted by Mr. Gerard Fowke. The sum of $1500 was raised by the Society for the maintenance of the work. Mr. Fowke began work in April in the vicinity of Hartsburg, Missouri. He had during the pre- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 21 vious year made extensive excavations in the mounds near that place. The opening of six more mounds yielded results so similar to those of the pre vious year s excavations as to make it seem impro bable that further investigations there would result in additions to knowledge of that culture. He then moved to Rocheport, in the extreme western corner of Boone County, and examined one mound, find ing a general similarity to the culture further down the river, but noting certain minor variations. He next examined the so-called "underground houses" near Kansas City and established to his satisfac tion the identity of these with the stone vaults pre viously described by him in Central Missouri. He then visited the "Indian Stone House," near Lou isiana, in Pike County, but found it to be so far demolished as to be useless for study. His next work was the making of a survey of the "Old Fort" at "The Pinnacles," in Saline County. This is an embankment with exterior and interior ditches surrounding the top of a ridge. In the neighbor hood is a somewhat extensive village site, and Mr. Fowke noted here pottery of a different character from any other found along the Missouri River. He then went to southeastern Missouri and spent six weeks in reconnaisance work in three or four counties finding conditions generally unfavorable for archaeological work both on account of the con dition of the mounds and the scarcity of laborers. Mr. Fowke s report on the studies made by him in 2* 22 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY the last two years in central Missouri is almost ready for publication. In addition to the work of the five expeditions above described a systematic attempt has been in augurated in Colorado and Utah, through the stu dents of the higher and secondary educational in stitutions, to record all archaeological sites in those States, with a view to preparing State archaeologi cal maps at some time in the future. The value of this work cannot yet be determined. Should it prove successful in the two States named, the plan will be extended to other States. From the foregoing it will be obvious that the amount of research work possible to the Institute, through its numerous Societies, is large and will grow to greater proportions. It would seem that the most efficacious way of handling this work and keeping it on a high plan of efficiency is that already inaugurated, namely, through cooperation with universities, thus bringing into the work a large number of students already trained in the methods of scientific work and affording them in return for their assistance opportunities which they might not otherwise have for original research in the field. The fields occupied by the Institute make a rare training school for archaeologists, and students of human culture, classical as well as American, can be much benefited by the experience which it affords. Pressing needs of the American work are, first, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 23 a publication fund, and second, an Archaeological Station in the Southwest where a central depository for materials secured by the various expeditions may be maintained which will serve as a distribut ing point for museum material. This would enable the Institute to render much service in the develop ment of local museums for educational purposes. It would seem that the fieldwork of the Institute within the limits of the United States is now fairly well organized, and that some attention should be given in the future to the related and higher cul tures of Mexico and Central America. This could be done by the maintenance of excavations at some important site in Central America, and by the es tablishment of additional research fellowships. The Director would be pleased to take steps looking toward the inauguration of such excavations and the endowment of such fellowships whenever au thorized by your Committee to do so. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the cordial support afforded the Director by the members of the Committee during this year of formative activ ity. It has been an especial pleasure to direct the work of the branch societies. Their officers have been appreciative. They have been active and de voted to the interests of the Institute and are do ing a work of far-reaching good in stimulating sci entific investigation. Respectfully submitted, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director Washington, D.C., November, 1907 24 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY V. Chairman s Statement 1908 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: GENTLEMEN: The Committee on American Ar chaeology has the honor to report as follows: On December 30, 1907, the Council of the Insti tute at Chicago, Illinois, adopted the following re solution relative to the establishment of the School of American Archaeology: 1. The School of American Archaeology is es tablished to conduct the researches of the Institute in the American field and afford opportunities for field work and training to students of archaeology. 2. The School will direct the exhibitions of the local Societies in their respective fields, maintain archaeological researches in the various culture areas of the American Continent, direct the work of Fellows and collaborate with universities and other scientific organizations, both home and for eign, in the advancement of archaeological re search. 3. The School will afford to students opportuni ties for field experience and training. No courses will be given which duplicate class instruction of fered by the universities. Students will be at- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 25 tached to field parties of the local Societies or to the other expeditions under the direction of the School. Classes may be formed to proceed to any point where important archaeological work is in progress for field sessions. 4. The Committee on American Archaeology, con sisting of the President and Secretary of the Insti tute and seven other members elected by the Coun cil, one each year for a term of seven years, shall be the Managing Committee of the School ; and the Director of American Archaeology appointed by the Committee shall be its executive officer. The Committee is authorized to maintain Fellowships, archaeological stations, publications, and the vari ous lines of work herein provided for, and to raise funds for the support of the same. Its funds shall be held by the Treasurer of the Institute and dis bursed by him on the order of the Chairman of the Managing Committee, approved by the President of the Institute. Pursuant to the resolution adopted, the Council elected the following persons as members of the Managing Committee of the School: Miss Alice C. Fletcher, 214 First Street, S. E., Washington, D. C., Chairman. Professor Franz Boaz, Columbia University, New York City. Mr. Charles P. Bowditch, 28 State Street, Boston, Mass. Professor Mitchell Carroll, George Washington University, Washington, D. C., ex officio. 26 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Bureau of American Eth nology, Washington, D. C. Mrs. John Hays Hammond, Lakewood, N. J. Professor Francis W. Kelsey, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., ex officio. Dr. Charles F. Lummis, Public Library, Los An geles, Cal. Professor Frederick W. Putnam, Harvard Uni versity, Cambridge, Mass. On December 31, 1907, the Committee on Amer ican Archaeology met and adopted certain rules relative to the management of its meetings, and appointed Edgar L. Hewett Director of the School of American Archaeology. A tentative plan contemplating a system of field research in the various culture areas of the Ameri can Continent, to be carried forward through the Affiliated Societies of the Institute and cooperat ing institutions, was presented and accepted. The Director was authorized to take steps toward financing the field work of the coming season. The services of the Director were granted to the Lecture Committee of the Institute for the West ern Circuit. The Director was given leave of absence to visit foreign Schools, and to present himself for the final examinations for his doctor s degree at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. On March 1 the Director reported to the chair man that $3500 was available for field operations in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. Also, that the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 27 sum of $3000 a year had been pledged fo a term of five years for field work in Central America, which might begin in December, 1908. In April a bulletin was issued stating: "The following expeditions are announced: "1. In Colorado. Excavations will be made in the Pueblo and Cliff House ruins of the McElmo Canon in the southwestern part of the State. Work will begin June 15. All who are admitted to this expedition will be expected to meet at Holly s ranch on the McElmo, near the Colorado-Utah line, (reached by stage from Cortez, Colorado,) on the 15th day of June. "II. In Utah. Excavations will be made in the Pueblo and Cliff House ruins in the Utah tributa ries of McElmo Canon in the southeastern part of the State. Work will begin June 1. All persons who are admitted to this expedition will be expec ted to meet at Holly s ranch (see above) on the 1st day of June. "III. In New Mexico. Excavations will be made in the Pueblo and Cliff House ruins of Pajar- ito Plateau in the northern part of the Territory. Work will begin August 15. All who are admitted to this expedition will be expected to meet at the Palace Hotel in Santa Fe at 10 o clock A. M. on the 15th day of August. I V. In Central America. An expedition for the study of the Maya culture will take the field about December 1. Final announcements concerning the 28 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY admission of students to this expedition and the time and place of meeting will be made later." The American Committee met in Washington, July 13, when the Dirctor reported that the first half of the year had been employed as follows: eight weeks in organizing and financing the work for the year, mainly in the West; ten weeks in visiting the Schools of the Institute at Rome, Athens and Jerusalem, studying excavations in Egypt, Syria, and Greece, and observing the meth ods and organization of foreign schools of Archaeology; eight weeks in finishing required work for his doctor s degree in the University of Geneva, Switzerland. On October 1 the Director reported to the Chair man that the three expeditions announced in the Bulletin had been carried out, and also reported progress on the project for work in Central Ameri ca. For details of the season s work, see the re port of the Director. Within the past month the Chairman and the Director of American Archaeology have visited New Mexico and Colorado for the purpose of look ing into the respective merits of these regions, having in view the choice of a permanent location for the School of American Archaeology. The American Fellowship has remained vacant during the year. The School of American Archaeology was founded to be a School of field research, with two purposes SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 29 in view:(l)To afford opportunities for the field training of students who had already received instruction in archaeology, through books and lectures at the various colleges of the country, and (2) by pursuing a systematic plan of original re search to be able eventually to offer a substantial contribution to the past history of man upon this continent, and thus to do its share in the broad study of humanity pursued by the Institute. The School has only just begun, yet this, its first year of work, has shown that its foundation was timely, and while much remains to be adjusted and provided for in the near future, the outlook is full of encouragement to its well-wishers Respectfully submitted, ALICE C. FLETCHER, Chairman Washington, D. C. November 12, 1908 SO SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY VI Report of the Director 1908 To the Committee on American Archaeology: I have the honor to submit herewith my second annual report as Director of American Archaeo logy of the Archaeological Institute of America. The work of the year has been prosecuted in accordance with the plan approved by your com mittee at the meeting in Chicago, December 31, 1907. This was an extension of the fundamental plan for the American work adopted by the Insti tute at the meeting in Washington in 1906. It in volved, in addition to the direction of the field ex peditions of the branch Societies, the initial oper ations of the School of American Archaeology, of which the act of the Council of December 30, 1907, makes the Director of American Archaeology ex officio Director. In the inauguration of the institution of research established by this act, many new and interesting problems have arisen. These have been consid ered at length with the Chairman and more or less with the individual members of the Committee. The organization and work of the other three Schools of the Institute have been studied, and light has been sought in the experience and methods of SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 31 all the Schools of Archaeology maintained by the European nations. This has been an inestimable aid in shaping the policy of the School of American Archaeology. In the question of broad scientific policy, the Di rector has had no choice but to execute the will of the Council. The aim and scope of the School are defined in the fundamental articles which represent the collective judgment of the organization. In questions relating to the organization and conduct of expeditions, equipment, the management of camps, the direction of men, the technical work of excavating, there are no formidable problems that are peculiar to American archaeology. It has been the privilege of the Director during the past five years to observe, on the ground, the principal ex cavations in the United States, Mexico, Italy, Greece, Egypt, and Syria, and the similarity every where presented in these practical problems has been most striking. The questions that are new to our organization are: the selection of the centers of investigation that are of primary importance, the continent as a whole being considered; the di rection of the work of branch Societies so as to produce satisfactory scientific results; the organi zation of a system of cooperation between existing institutions which seems to be of vital importance here because of the vast extent of the field to be investigated; the establishment of relations with the educational and scientific forces of the States 32 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY that will make for the general advancement of ar chaeological research. In matters relating to the development of the work of students, the financing of operations, the development of capable assistants so as to insure continuity of work during a considerable period of time, the preparation and publication of results, we have no greater difficulties to meet than those which confront all organizations that deal with sim ilar questions. It can only be said at present that some progress has been made toward the solution of some of the problems of the organization. The field operations announced in Bulletin No. 1, April, 1908, were carried out as planned. The work for the year in Colorado consisted in the ex cavation of the Southern Pueblo in the Cannonball group of ruins in the McElmo drainage. The plans for the excavation of this ruin were prepared dur ing the field season of 1907, and much of the success of the expedition is due to field assistant Sylvanus G. Morley, aided in the business management by Dr. A. J. Fynn, representing the Colorado Society. This ruin was completely excavated and studied and all the material remains of the ancient inhab itants recovered. It is a good specimen of the ruins of the McElmo district, the first of its type to be thorougly and scientifically excavated, and the se cond ruin in the State of Colorado to be so treated. The State University and State Historical Society SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 33 of Colorado cooperated with the School in this ex pedition. Beside this excavation, the general work on the archaeology of southwestern Colorado, commenced in 1906, was considerably advanced. The photo graphic record of the Mesa Verde National Park was pushed well toward completion. The archaeo logical map of the Park is almost finished. The archaeological map of the McElmo district was ex tended and the photographic work on this district carried forward. In Utah the work consisted of the excavation of burial places and a portion of the main pueblo at Cave Spring in the Montezuma drainage on the southeastern slope of the Abajo plateau. As in 1907, the management of the Utah expedition was in the hands of Dean Byron Cummings of the State University, and field assistant A. V. Kidder ren dered efficient service in the scientific study of the site. To them is due the credit for the profitable season s work. This was the first ruin in that dis trict to be scientifically excavated, and the results are very satisfactory. It appears to have been a large and important town. In addition to this excavation, substantial addi tions were made to the archaeological map of south eastern Utah, especially in the Montezuma drain age, and in the region between the San Juan River and the Utah-Arizona line. 3 34 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Of the New Mexico expedition the Director was in personal charge during the entire season. The site chosen for study was the canon of the Rito de los Frijoles, a tributary of the Rio Grande in the Pajarito plateau, twenty miles northwest of Santa Fe. This site was selected and the work planned in 1907. It proves to be of unexpected interest and magnitude. The work of the present season is only a beginning. Several years will be required to lay bare the archaeological remains at this site. The work at this season consisted of the determi nation of the character and extent of the ruins in the canon; the preparation of topographical and archaeological maps, plans, etc. ; the photographic record of the remains now visible; the excavation of 43 rooms in the great community house of Tyu- onyi and about 60 in outlying ruins; the excavation of two great kivas or sanctuaries, one of these be ing the largest ever discovered; the study of the language and myths of the Tewa Indians, and the restoration of one excavated cliff dwelling to its original condition. For this purpose a typical well preserved dwelling was selected, made accessible by means of a ladder, and the appurtenances of its former domestic life restored to their proper places. It is now possible for the first time for travelers to see in the great cliff dwelling region of the United States a house with its ancient furnishings in place and the manner of life that existed there made clear. It is the belief of the Director that the edu- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 36 cational value of our American ruins can be vastly increased by an extensive use of this idea. It is the beginning of the field museum in our country. In the New Mexico expedition the School had the cooperation of Peabody Museum of Harvard University, the Santa Fe Archaeological Society, and the Southwest Society. Besides the work done iu the Rito de los Frijoles, the study commenced by the Southwest Society in 1907 of the Puye and adjacent region was carried forward and some ad ditions to our knowledge of that group are still be ing made through the reports of local investigators. The excellent photographs that will accompany the reports on the expeditions in Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico are the work of the photographer for the School, Mr. Jesse Nusbaum, teacher of man ual training in the New Mexico Normal University, who spent some time at every site studied and ren dered valuable services in other lines of work as well. In the New Mexico expedition, Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman, to whose skill with pencil and brush the Southwest, and the writer in a very special way, has long been indebted, was engaged during the entire campaign. His exceptional ability as an il lustrator was at our disposal at all times. The value of his services to the School will be obvious on examination of the maps, plans, sketches, and water colors illustrating the work at the Rito de los Frijoles. 36 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY A noteworthy advance over the work of 1907 in New Mexico was made by the assignment of Mr. John Harrington of California, to the study of the language of the Tewa Indians. As the villages of this stock occupy the country immediately adjacent to that of the ancient cultures that we are studying and these Indians are the successors to and in some measure blood descendants of the ancient people of this plateau, the value of their myths, traditions, folklore, and ceremonies is inestimable. A sub stantial beginning was made in the study of their language and considerable additions made to our knowledge of their myths. The following persons were attached to the vari ous expeditions of the School during the year 1908: K. M. Chapman, Byron Cummings, Hugo De- Fritsch, R. B. Dixon, A. J. Fynn, John Harring ton, Neill Judd, A. V. Kidder, Clifton Lockhart, Warner McLaughlin, Sylvanus G. Morley, J. H. Morley, Jesse Nusbaum, L. C. Parsons, Paul Stan- wood, Alfred W. Tozzer, B. A. Tozzer. It is a pleasure to report the healthy activity of the Western Societies of the Institute in field work. No less important is the museum development which must of necessity accompany this activity. A glance at the report of the Southwest Society shows it to have already a museum containing col lections valued at $84,000 and a building site val ued at $50,000 on which $38,000 has been paid. If the activity manifested in this enterprise by the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 37 people of Los Angeles during the past five years continues unabated, we may expect to see there within a few years one of the greatest American museums. The archaeological collections of the State Universities of Colorado and Utah and of the Historical and Archaeological Societies of Colorado and New Mexico are not yet extensive, but each of these Institutions has made an excellent beginning. The entrance of the Western States through these local institutions into active field work in archaeology is a noteworthy step. Nearly all the ancient ruins of the Southwest have been more or less dug over and only a very small per cent of the material therefrom has found its way into reputable public museums accompanied by the nec essary data to give it scientific value. These States now join actively in the work of excavating and preserving their ancient ruins and saving the collections therefrom for installation in their own museums. There can be no question of the wisdom of this policy. Cultural material is nowhere else so instructive as in conjunction with the buildings and in the environment where it was produced. Therefore the field museum should be developed wherever it can have proper custodianship. A cliff house in such a place as the Rito de los Frijo- les or the Mesa Verde National Park at once furn ishes a fire-proof dwelling which can be made inac cessible at will and affords an opportunity to display material in exactly the condition in which it was 3* 38, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY used. Such museums should, of course, be devel oped only in places which, like those mentioned, are visited by many travellers and can be placed in proper custodianship. The question of the wise use of museum materi al, so as to make it serve the greatest good of the greatest number, is one that demands consideration. It would seem that a system of cooperation might be established between the School of American Archaeology with its affiliated institutions on the one hand and the great museums of the country on the other, whereby type collections from districts studied could be furnished to the larger museums, in exchange for which contributions of material, such as every large museum has stored out of sight, could be made to the smaller, local museums and there displayed for the benefit of the public. It might be possible to devise a system of this kind that would result in great mutual advantage to all concerned. The publication of results of the American work will begin at once. A number of preliminary pa pers by the Director will appear during the present winter, also short papers on the work intrusted to them by Messrs. Morley, Kidder, and Harrington. A report on the Antiquities of Central Missouri by Gerard Fowke, embodying the results of his two years work under the auspices of the St. Louis So ciety is nearly ready for the press. A monographic report on the Antiquities of Southwestern Colorado, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 39 material for which is largely in hand, should be published at an early date. The activities of the Institute in American Ar chaeology for 1909 will open with what promises to be the most important work that it has yet under taken in this field; namely, an expedition for the excavation of ruins in Central America. Provision has been made for the prosecution of this work for a period of five years. Two members of the Insti tute each contribute annually the sum of $1500 for the support of the expedition, while the Institute furnishes the services of the Director and the Cen tral American Fellow as Assistant. A bulletin will appear in February announcing the various undertakings for 1909. For the field operations of the School in 1908, the following sums were contributed and expended under the super vision of the Director: For the Utah Expedition: Col. E. A. Wall $1,000 For the Colorado Expedition: The Colorado State University 500 The Colorado State Historical Society. . 500 Individual Subscriptions 250 For the New Mexico Expedition: Peabody Museum, Harvard University . . 500 The New Mexico Archaeological Society 500 Individual Subscriptions . 250 $3,500 Respectfully submitted, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director Washington, D. C., November 1, 1908 40 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY VII. Chairman s Statement 1909 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: GENTLEMEN: Since the last meeting of the Coun cil the School of American Archaeology has been permanently located at Santa Fe, New Mexico; it seems fitting therefore to present a brief account of the inception and development of the School up to the present time. In 1905 attention was directed toward the Amer- iccan field through efforts to secure legislation to protect from spoilation the ruins of the Southwest. In these efforts the Archaeological Institute of America took an active part. Such a law had been urged upon Congress for more than ten years, but previously no concerted action by institutions had been brought about. The result of these efforts was the passage of the "Lacey Bill," an Act for the Preservation of American Antiquities (pub lished in the American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. X, 1906, pp. 175, 176). An increasing interest in American Archaeology among affiliated Societies of the Institute led Pres ident Seymour, at the Ithaca meeting in 1905, to cooperate actively with the Committee on American SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 41 Archaeology in organizing the work in the Ameri can field. At the meeting of the Institute held in Washington in 1906, it was proposed that all the work in the American field be placed under an offi cial, to be known as the Director of American Ar chaeology, and that a School should be founded as soon as possible. The plan was adopted by the Committee and ratified by the Council of the Insti tute, and Edgar L. Hewett was elected Director of American Archaeology. The details of the field operations during the summer of 1907 are given in the report of the Director published in the Supple ment to Volume XI, American Journal of Archae ology (1907), p. 51. The next step was taken at the Chicago meeting of the Institute, when, on December 30, 1907, the Council passed a resolution establishing The School of American Archaeology." By the same act the Committee on American Archaeology was made the Managing Committee of the School (Supplement to Volume XII, 1908, p. 44). The field operations during the season of 1908 w r ere reported by the Di rector (Supplement to Volume XII, 1908, p. 48). At a meeting of the Managing Committee held at Cambridge, Mass., November 14, 1908, it was voted to accept the tentative proposition from the Archaeological Society of New Mexico to locate the School in Santa Fe, provided that certain stipula tions should be complied with. At the meeting of the Council of the Institute 42 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY in Toronto, December 31,1908, the following revision of the Act of 1907, by which the School of Ameri can Archaeology was established, was adopted: 1. "The School of American Archaeology is es tablished to conduct the researches of the Institute in the American field, and to afford opportunities for field work and training to students of archae ology. 2. "The School will direct the expeditions of the local Societies in their respective fields, maintain archaeological researches in the various culture- areas of the American continent, direct the work of Fellows, and collaborate with universities and other scientific organizations, both home and foreign, in the advancement of archaeological research. 3. "The Committee heretofore known as the Committee on American Archaeology, with addi tional members as hereinafter provided for, shall become the Managing Committee of the School. The Committee shall consist of twenty-eight elec tive members and the following ex officio members: The President, Secretary, and Treasurer of the In stitute, the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the American Schools in Athens, Rome, and Pal estine, and the Chairman of the Committee on Me diaeval and Renaissance Studies. The Committee shall have power, with the ratification of the Coun cil, to elect its own members and to fill all vacancies in its membership. The term of office shall be four years, and the terms of not more than seven members shall expire in any one year. There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of the Chair man, Secretary, and Treasurer of the Managing Committee, the President of the Institute, and five elective members. The Committee shall appoint SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 43 the Director of American Archaeology, who shall be its Executive Officer and Director of the School. The Committee is authorized to maintain Fellow ships, archaeological stations, publications and the various lines of work herein provided for, and to raise funds for the support of the same. Its funds shall be held by the Treasurer of the Institute, and disbursed by him on the order of the Chairman of the Managing Committee, approved by the Presi- ident of the Institute." On February 19 the Legislature of New Mexico passed the following Act, which practically com plied with the stipulations contained in the com munications sent by the Managing Committee to the Archaeological Society of New Mexico. AMENDED HOUSE BILL No. 100 An Act, Entitled An Act to Establish a Museum for the Territory of New Mexico, and for Other Purposes" WHEREAS, The Archaeological Institute of Ameri ca, located in the City of Washington, D. C. , a cor poration organized and existing under and by virtue of an act of the Congress of the United States, has by a resolution adopted by the Council of the said Institute on the 31st day of December, 1908, made a proposition to the Territory of New Mexico, for the location of its School of American Archaeology in Santa Fe, which proposition is filed with the Secretary of New Mexico, and upon the performance of the conditions thereof by the Archaeological Institute of America all of the provisions of this Act are based: And WHEREAS, the said Territory of New Mexico is desirous of accepting the proposition made by .44 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY said Institute and availing itself of the benefits to said Territory arising therefrom: Therefore Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico: Section 1. There is hereby established the Museum of New Mexico; which shall be located at the City of Santa Fe, and which shall be under the management and control of a board of regents of six members to be appointed as hereinafter provided. Sec. 2. The building known as the Old Palace in Santa Fe, and the grounds appertaining thereto- bounded as follows: On the south by Palace Ave nue: on the east by Washington Avenue: on the north by lands of the territory on which is now being constructed the Armory Building and the lands of the Santa Fe Lodge No. 460, B. P. 0. E. of Santa Fe, and on the west by Lincoln Avenue, together with all buildings and improvements thereupon situate and all lands or other property that may be acquired for museum purposes at any time in the future, are hereby placed under the control of the Board of Regents herein created for the use of the Museum herein established, and for other purposes as herein specified. Sec. 3. The Board of Regents shall grant, free of rent, to the Archaeological Institute of America, the use of the property herein described, for the seat of its School and Museum of American Arch aeology, which museum shall be the museum of New Mexico: Provided, That the rooms in the ast end of the building which are now occupied by the Historical Society of New Mexico, shall be reserved for the use of said society, free of rent, so long as the same is conducted in harmony with the management of the Museum of New Mexico SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 45 herein established, and for free public use; "The facts of which shall be judged of by the Territori al Legislature." Sec. 4. The Board of Regents shall be constitu ted as follows: The Governor of New Mexico is hereby authorized to nominate, and by and with the advice and the consent of the council, appoint one reputable citizen of New Mexico, and three members of the managing committee of the School of American Archaeology, who shall be designated to him by its chairman. The Governor of New Mexico and the President of the New Mexico Archaeological Society shall be ex-officio members of said Board of Regents, with full powers of membership. No member of said Board of Regents shall receive any salary or compensation, either directly or indirectly, from the Territory of New Mexico, for any services performed as members of said Board of Regents, and each member of said board shall after his appointment as afore said, take and subscribe an oath before a quali fied notary public having a seal, for the faith ful performance of his duties as such, which oath of office shall be filed with the Secretary of New Mexico. Said Board of Regents shall assemble at Santa Fe, New Mexico within ninety days after the passage of this act, and organize by the election of one of its members as President, and one of its members as Secretary and Treasurer. The Secretary and Treasurer shall be a resident of New Mexico, and shall execute good and sufficient bond in the sum of not less than five thousand dollars to the Territory of New Mexico, to be ap proved by the Secretary of New Mexico, and by him deposited for safe keeping, for the faithful performance of his duties as Secretary and Treas- 46 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY urer as aforesaid, and for the proper accounting for all funds received by him from any source whatsoever in his official capacity. At the annu al meeting of said Board of Regents, the accounts of the Secretary and Treasurer shall be audited, and all valid accounts approved. Four members of the Board of Regents shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a less number may adjourn from time to time. Said board shall provide proper rules and regulations for its own gov ernment. The appointed members of said board shall hold office for a term of four years, and un til their successors are appointed and qualified. In case of any vacancy in said board, the Governor is hereby authorized to fill such vacancy in the same manner as provided for in this act, as to resident or non-resident appointive members. Sec. 5. The Board of Regents shall accept the services of the Director of the School of American Archaeology as director of the museum of New Mexico, but said director shall receive no salary from funds appropriated by New Mexico. Sec. 6. The Board of Regents is authorized to equip the Old Palace with heating plant, elec tric light and plumbing, out of funds to be appro priated for that purpose by the Territory of New Mexico, in a sum not to exceed three thousand dollars. Sec. 7. The Board of Regents is directed that all alterations, extensions and additions to the main Palace building shall be made so as to keep it in external appearance as nearly as possible in harmony with the Spanish architecture of the pe riod of its construction, and preserve it as a monument to the Spanish founders of the civili zation of the Southwest. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 47 Sec. 8. There is hereby provided an annual ap propriation of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be required to be used for the care and improvement of the building, grounds and mu seum, the obtaining of collections, books and equip ment for the museum, the excavation and study of ancient ruins for the benefit of the museum, the preservation of archeological sites in New Mexico, the publication of investigations in New Mexico, and for incidental expenses necessary to the adminis tration of the museum: Said appropriation to be available each year as follows: Twenty-five hundred dollars on the 30th day of June, and twenty-five hundred dollars on the 31st day of December, and the auditor of public accounts of New Mexico is hereby directed to make a sufficient levy on all pro perty subject to taxation in New Mexico each year, to realize the sum provided herein, and to direct the several collectors of taxes to collect the same at the same time and in the same manner as other taxes are collected, and when the same shall be paid over to the territorial treasurer, he shall de posit the same in a separate account to be kept by him to be known as "The Museum of New Mexico Fund," and the said auditor of public accounts shall draw his warrants on such funds when avail able on vouchers properly signed by the secretary and treasurer of the said Board of Regents and the treasurer shall pay the same on presentation there of to him. Sec. 9. The Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico provided for by this Act shall make annually on or before the fifteenth day of January to the Governor of New Mexico a detailed report of all of its acts, transactions, receipts and disburse ments for the calendar year immediately preceding 48 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY such report, which said report shall be transmitted to the first session of the Legislative Assembly held after he shall have received the same for the consideration and the action of the Legislature thereon. "The Museum of New Mexico hereby established and all of its property of every kind and description shall be and remain the exclusive pro perty of the Territory of New Mexico, and any fu ture legislature shall have the right to amend, al ter or repeal this act in whole or in part." Sec. 10. This act shall be in force and effect from and after its passage and all acts and parts of acts in conflict with any of the provisions of this act are hereby repealed and nothing in this act shall be construed in any way to interfere with the museums of the territorial institutions. (Signed) E. A. MIERA, Speaker of the House of Representatives E. H. SALAZAR, Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives CHAS. A. SPIESS, President of the Council WM. F. BROGAN, Chief Clerk of the Council Approved February 19th, 1909 NATHAN JAFFA, Acting Governor for the Territory of New Mexico Filed in Office of Secretary of New Mexico, Feb ruary 19, 1909, 4 P. M. NATHAN JAFFA, Secretary At a meeting held in February, the Executive Committee nominated for appointment by the Gov ernor of New Mexico, Dr. R. W. Corwin, Hon. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 49 Frank Springer, and Dr. Charles F. Lummis, to act as Regents of the Museum of New Mexico. These nominations were confirmed and the Board of Regents met for organization in April. The Regents of the Museum held their first annual meeting in August at Puye Ruins, where excava tions by the School were in progress. The Chair man spent a part of August and September in Santa Fe, and also visited the excavations. The staff of the Museum and School is at present composed as follows: Dr. Edgar L. Hewett, Director; Adolph F. Bandelier, Documentary History; Byron Cummings, (Honorary), Excavations in Utah and Arizona; Kenneth M. Chapman, Secretary and Illustrating Department; Sylvanus G. Morley, Archaeology of Central America; John P. Harrington, Ethnology; Jesse L. Nusbaum, Architectural Reconstruction and Photography; Carl Lotave, Artist. The field work of the School during the present season and the various archaeological activities of the Affiliated Societies are given in the report of the Director of American Archaeology and of the School, herewith presented. Respectfully submitted, ALICE C. FLETCHER, Chairman 50 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY VIII. Report of the Director 1909 To the Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology: Attention has been given during the past year to a clearer analysis of the nature of the work to be done by the School of American Archaeology and to the development of a permanent plan for the prosecution of this work. NATURE OF THE WORK It has seemed necessary to the successful study of the ancient peoples of America that provision be made for the investigation not only of the archae ology of the important culture centers, but of historical and ethnological sources that might con tribute light to the subject. No reconstruction and no interpretation of the order of civilization existing in America before the Caucasian conquest can be successful which ignores either of the sources above mentioned. The cultural remains derived by the excavation of ancient sites must be interpreted through knowledge of the mode of life, social organization, ceremonies, rituals, and tradi tions of living tribes. The key to this informa tion is to be found in part in living languages, as SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 51 well as in those just at the point of becoming obsolete, so that linguistics becomes a vital subject of investigation. The anatomical remains of peo ples that have disappeared from formerly oc cupied areas must be studied for evidence of affi nities with living tribes. It is also necessary to investigate all the recorded data of eye-witnesses of the events that took place when the native American races first came in contact with the Caucasian. Accordingly the research work of the School divides itself into Archaeology, Ethnology, and Documentary History, and it is not believed; pos sible to derive from either of these subjects its full value unless it be studied in the light of facts furnished by the others. GENERAL PLAN The general plan of work is next to be de termined. The first conclusion forced upon the student of conditions surrounding the study of American Archaeology is that its undertakings have not been prosecuted with the persistent, continued effort along unbroken lines necessary to produce conclusive results. There must be permanent cooperation between institutions and field workers; concerted, well-organized move ments; systematic correlation of activities, and concentration on definite lines of investigation for many years. The waste of scientific and financial resources has been great. The working 52 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY plan of an institution founded for research in a single subject, as is the School of American Archaeology, would be fundamentally deficient if it did not provide for the permanence of its work at the points of vital importance. Its results will than depend upon the efficiency of its staff. Therefore, it was first necessary to establish a fixed base of operation. The paramount condi tions in determining the location of such a base were: first, contiguity to an important field of re search; and, second, opportunity for the develop ment of an adequate museum. The latter is necessary to afford a place for the study of field results, for the assemblage of material derived from the sources investigated for comparison and relation, and for the installation and exhibition of such types of this material as will contribute to the education of the people. This, together with adequate publication of investigations, is the service which the institution owes to the public to which it looks for support. Equally important is the establishment of bases in the field at points which afford abundant material for study. Such a base is necessary in each culture center that is to be investigated. These points established and occupied, capable scholars found to take up the scientific work, and the necessary equipment provided, work can be prosecuted with economy of expenditure and effectiveness of effort not possible in sporadic ex- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 53 peditions. Not the least of the advantages afford ed by such a plan is that of securing and training a force of workmen who live near the excava tions, who are always available for service when needed, who become familiar with all the problems of excavations, gain a pride in the work that is being done, and become permanently enlisted in the prosecution of the researches and the preser vation of the antiquities that are being studied. Such is a brief, general outline of the plan adop ted for attacking the problems that the School is organized to investigate, with an effective working organization, which it is hoped may, by affording opportunities for individual field work ers, by correlating their work into one definite scheme, and by freely offering its facilities for research and cooperation to other institutions, per form the service to archaeological science that was the purpose of the Institute when it establish ed the School. THE ESTABLISHMENT AT SANTA FE As the most important area for archaeological study within the boundaries of the United States is found on the western plateau, it was obvious that the School should be located somewhere in that part of the country. Through the generosity of the people of New Mexico and the interest of the citizens of Santa Fe, it was made possible to locate the institution in the heart of the richest 54 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY archaeological district of the Southwest. The old Governor s Palace was placed at the disposal of the School, accompanied by a subsidy for its maintenance, for museum development, and for research and publication, which, while not large as such foundations would be viewed in old, established commonwealths, for the sparsely settled and undeveloped Territory of New Mexico must be regarded as exceedingly liberal. The Palace is the oldest governmental structure in the United States. It was constructed in the early part of the seventeenth century fcr the res idence of the Spanish governor, and has for three hundred years been the seat of authority under Spanish, Mexican, and American rule successively. It is therefore one of the most venerable relics of the early history of our country. With proper historic restoration it will stand for centuries to come, a noble monument to the memory of the Spanish founders of the civilization of the South west. With some alterations it is found to be admirably adapted to the purposes of our institution. Certain rooms are necessarily set aside for administration purposes, and these require little or no alteration. That part of the building which is to be devoted to the Museum of Archaeology is being altered and refitted. The plan adopted by the Board of Regents and approved by your Executive Com mittee contemplates, first of all, an educational SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 55 museum in which the results of the study of each ancient culture will be exhibited. To this end the resources of science and art will be joined. Ex tensive use will be made of paintings and mural decorations, illustrating the environment under which each special culture evolved, and the pre sent and past conditions of these centers as they appear to the eye at the present time and in his toric perspective as the picture is restored after scientific investigation. Photographs, sketches, maps, plans, models, and restorations will supply scientific and historic details, and type collections of material derived by excavation, properly dis played in museum cases, will further illustrate the arts, industries, social order, and religious life of the peoples studied. The plan contemplates the reproduction of a picture of ancient life conditions that may be appreciated by persons of every grade of intelligence. The development of this design is now well under way. The carrying out of the plans for the art work in the museum is made possible by the interest taken in it by Mr. Frank Springer of Las Vegas, New Mexico. The buildings across the back part of the patio, which had fallen into disuse, have been restored and converted into laboratories, after reserving such as were needed for storage purposes and for the heating plant which is now installed. These buildings afford facilities for various activities of the School. The department of illustration is de- 56 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY voted to map-making, designing, modelling, re storing, color work, the illustration of publica tions, and to the more graphic exhibition of mu seum collections. There is a well equipped lab oratory for photographic work, enlarging and mak ing of lantern slides. A department is equipped for architectural reconstruction in the field and in the museum, and for various activities that are effective in connection with museum installa tion. A studio is furnished for the use of the artist of the School.* As the reparation of the building goes on, it will be rendered fireproof by the introduction of cement floors, the protection of wood-work, and proper insulation of all electric light wires. As soon as funds can be secured for the purpose, the modern porch which finishes the entire front, facing the central plaza of the city, and which is the dominant architectural feature of the Palace, will be removed and replaced by an historic portal designed to conform to the architectural style of the period when the building was constructed. FIELD WORK The archaeology of the San Juan Valley has *Since this report was prepared a generous gift of Miss Anna L. Wolcott, of Denver, has made it possible to install at once a linguistic laboratory equipped with instruments of precision for the re cording of languages. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 57 been under investigation by the Director in con nection with the Utah, Colorado, and Southwest Societies for four seasons. This area embraces the highest development of one type of the an cient cliff dwelling culture. It lies in southwest ern Colorado, southern Utah, northern New Mexico, and northern Arizona. The work of the three previous seasons consisted of the ex ploration work of all the ancient ethnic centers. These investigations established the following dis tricts north of the San Juan: The Mesa Verde, the McElmo, the Montezuma, the White Canon, Grand Gulch; south of the San Juan, the Chaco Canon, Canon de Chelly, and Navajo Mountain districts. Excavations were made in the Canon de Chelly district in 1906 under the auspices of the Southwest Society. North of the San Juan, ex cavations were conducted in 1908 in the Cannon- ball group in the McElmo district and in the Alkali Ridge group in the Montezuma Canon district. The exploration of the Navajo Mountain district was commenced in 1908 and continued this year, this being the last of all the archaeological dis tricts in the lower San Juan to be explored. It was found to contain some of the most important ruins in the Southwest. A few of these are in an excellent state of preservation. This is the most remote district still remaining unworked in the United States. As it has been little molested by vandals and affords a field for many years of in- 58 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY vestigation, and has the further advantage of being the home of the least corrupted groups of the Navajo, who have made it their home for centuries and who are capable of throwing much light upon the archaeology of the region, this dis trict has become the field base for the sub-area of culture that has been named from the principal geographical feature, the San Juan. Plans have been made for work with the trad ing post of Oljato as the outfitting point. An ex pedition to this region took the field in June in charge of Dean Byron Cummings, of the State University of Utah. The financial support for the expedition consisted of the sum of $1000 appro priated by the State Legislature of Utah, supple mented by additional funds furnished by Colonel E. A. Wall of Salt Lake City, who has for the past three years been a liberal supporter of the Utah archaeological expeditions. The workers in the field consisted of Dean Cummings and his son Malcolm, Neil Judd, William Blum, Donald Beauregard, and Stuart Young. The party was accompanied by the Director of American Archae ology, who, with Professor Cummings, selected the territory to be studied and laid out the plans and methods of work. The Directors remained with the expedition long enough to see the work properly inaugurated. The first work of the season consisted of ex ploration and excavations in the Tsego-ot-sosi SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 59 Canon and its tributaries about twenty miles southwest of Oljato. The ruins here consist of small cliff houses, ceremonial caves and burial- places. The excavations yielded collections of con siderable value, consisting of bags of woven yucca and cedar bark containing quantities of grass seed; medicine bags of cotton, human hair, yucca and buckskin; baskets and mats of various styles; feather and fur robes; belts of cotton and yucca woven in colors; sandals of yucca and cotton in great variety, many woven in patterns of beauti ful design and color; implements of stone, wood, horn and bone, and some pottery of rather crude texture. The explorations resulted in the dis covery of several ruins that are now for the first time made known to the scientific world. Most important of all is the great cliff house known to the Navajo as Kit-sil (Keet-seel) in a branch of the Tsegi Canon. This house consists of not less than 150 rooms, situated in an imposing position in a natural cavern overhung by massive cliffs of sandstone. It is in an excellent state of preserva tion, though in some parts badly dug over. Be cause of its excellent condition and its situation in a region new to archaeological science, this ruin takes rank with the famous Cliff Palace in the Mesa Verde National Park. Next in importance among the discoveries of the season was that of the ruin known to the Navajo as Betatakin, about ten miles from the one above 60 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY described. This ruin is considerably smaller than Kit-sil, contains about 120 rooms in an excellent state of preservation and entirely undisturbed. It is now in process of excavation by Professor Cummings. Another important discovery was a group of four ruins in the forks of Nit-si (Neet-see) Cafton, varying in size from 60 to 100 rooms each. These are in rather exposed situations and hence badly destroyed. Other large Pueblo ruins were found on the mesa near Piute Canon and smaller ones near the head forks of Copper Gulch. A consider able amount of cave and mound excavations was done on the Kayenta and in the Tsegi Canons. The country was explored to the junction of the San Juan with the Colorado, and one import ant result was the discovery by Professor Cum mings of the remarkable natural bridge, known to the fewNavajo who had seen it as "Nonnezhozhi, " and now for the first time made known. It lies in a region exceedingly difficult of access between Navajo Mountain and the Colorado River. It is an enormous arch of sandstone, resembling a huge flying buttress. The span measures 271 feet in width, inside measurement, and the top of this stupendous arch is 301 feet above the bed of the dry arroyo below. This exceeds the dimensions of the famous Augusta Bridge, spanning the White Canon north of the San Juan, surveyed and de- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 61 scribed by us in 1907 and heretofore ranking as the largest natural bridge in the world. The Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico consti tutes another subarea of Pueblo and Cliff Dwelling culture of equal importance with the San Juan. The principal focus of ancient population in this area is the Jemez Plateau in northern New Mexico, lying west of the Rio Grande. This region has been under investigation by the writer for ten years past. Excavations have been conducted in two places during the past two years and the work of the present year consisted in establishing bases for work at the Puye and El Rito de los Frijoles. The financial maintenance of the excavations was provided from funds accruing under the appropriations made by the Legislature of New Mexico for scientific work in connection with the establishment of the Museum. The corps consisted of the Director, Sylvanus G. Mor- ley, John P. Harrington, Kenneth M. Chapman, Carl Lotave, and Jesse L. Nusbaum. The excavat ing force consisted of twenty Tewa Indians from the adjacent valley, many of whom have become skilled in this line of work through several years experience under the same direction. At Puye, the excavation of the South House commenced in 1907 was finished. The necropolis of the town was discovered and the northern sec tion excavated. The southern section still re mains to be done. This proved to be the most 62 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY fruitful discovery of its kind that has been made during our work in the Southwest. It furnishes an exceptionally large series of skeletal remains (171 individuals) which, together with the burials found in the excavated caves below, affords a basis for the determination of the relationship between the ancient people of this region and the modern tribes. The most important work at this site was the beginning of the excavation of the ruins of ancient villages situated at the base of Puye cliff and completely covered by the talus slopes. This was the first work on a large scale that has been done on ruins of this class, and the result has been to make known a new and important class of archi tectural remains in the Southwest. These ruins, to which we have given the name * Talus Pueblos, constitute a large proportion of the ruined towns of the Rio Grande Valley, and their study changes materially the previous notions of the class of cliff dwellings to be found in this region. The so-called "cavate lodges" must be considered simply as back rooms of terraced houses built on the ledges against and upon cliff walls. These talus pueblos are "true cliff dwellings" as definitely as are those built in the caverns of the San Juan drainage. Two of these talus villages were excavated on the slope at the base of the vertical cliff, just un der the great community house of Puye mentioned above. Above this, upon the second ledge of the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 63 cliff wall, two other villages of similar character, were excavated, one completely and another in part. The talus villages excavatad at Puye have been named for reasons that will appear in the de tailed reports, The House of the Wi-i, The House of the Moon Symbol, The House of Turkey People, and the fourth is still unnamed. The work at the second camp in the Pajarito district, El Rito de los Frijoles, consisted in the ex cavation of two talus villages which have been des ignated The House of the Sun People and The House of the Snake People. In connection with the excavation of these houses, some burials have been found in the small caves back of the ground- floor rooms and a considerable amount of museum material, some of which is new to the archaeology of the region, has been recovered. The work commenced last year on the great ceremonial cave at the upper end of the series of ledges in the Rito was continued. This cave, 150 feet above the creek bed, is one of the most striking and pictur esque objects of archaeological interest in the South west, and has now been made accessible to visitors by the building of about 90 feet of ladders and the cutting of over 200 feet of trail and stairway in the stone. To add to the effectiveness of the field work carried on from the Rio Grande base, the archae ological and ethnological work has now been ex tended to the Jemez valley. 64 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Through the interest taken by Mrs. John Hays Hammond, the school has been enabled to take up the further study of the documentary history of the region under investigation, and it has been a particular pleasure to announce that this will be carried on by the historian Bandelier, who has done the Institute and the entire country such eminent service in former years. An important event in the development of the School was the presence in the field for nearly two weeks of the Chairman of your Committee, Miss Fletcher, and the holding of the first annual meeting of the Board of Regents at the Puye ex cavations. There were present, Justice McFie, Secretary Jaffa, Mr. Springer, Mr. Lummis, and Dr. Corwin, and several days were spent in obser vation of the work. It would be difficult to over estimate the importance of such a meeting. The presence in the field of these representatives of the governing Boards, several of them veterans in scientific research, where they can see for them selves the nature of the problems, the methods of work, its difficulties, its progress and its results, is to establish between the staff and the government of the organization a sympathy and understanding that means much to the advancement of the scien tific work of the Institution. PRESERVATION In all the work done by the School the idea of preservation of the archaeological remains has O SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 65 been foremost. This involves, first, the preserva tion of the buildings by excavation and by such additional means as will prevent deterioration, and, second, the recovery of objects buried in the debris and their preservation either in the build ings excavated, in proper relation to the surround ings in which they were originally used, or in the museum where they may be studied and compared, such as have a definite educational value to be placed on exhibition for the benefit of the public. This is believed to be a correct interpretation of the law for the Preservation of American Antiqui ties. The theory underlying all the work of preserva tion is not restoration and repair, but rather pre servation by the arrest of deterioration. It is doubtful if restoration on a large scale is ever justi fiable, because of the liability to error from mis interpretation of the archaeological remains. Re building on a large scale is never practised, but the restoration of small details for the purpose of illustrating special features, such as a door, a meal box, an altar, or even an entire sanctuary, is allow able and sometimes advisable, but this should not be done until the restorer is certain through the study of numerous examples that it can be done with accuracy. Necessary repairs should be scrupulously attended to from beginning to end, but solely with reference to the preservation of the structure. The sky line of walls should never be 5 66 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY altered if avoidable and all existing outlines of the ruin should be preserved. Repairs and restora tions have a tendency to detract from the pictur- esqueness of the ruin, from its interest to the pub lic, and its value to science. The dominant idea should be its preservation as a ruin and not its restoration according to the ideas of any one. Its preservation as an object of future interest should be kept foremost. Its rebuilding might be made very misleading. The theory is that it is easier to carry on additional work in the future than it is to undo erroneous work. Special attention has been given to making ac cessible all these points of interest. After a ruin has been excavated and put in proper condition for inspection, necessary trails have been constructed, stairways put in passable condition, and ladders put in place, always if possible following the archaic plan of construction and placement. In some cases the more important furnishings of rooms have been restored to their original places and the idea of the field museum, developed last year, somewhat extended. WORK OF THE STAFF The first work of the Director for 1909 was to spend in Santa Fe the amount of time necessary to complete the arrangement between the Institution and the Territory of New Mexico for the establish ment of the School in Santa Fe. In the early spring a visit was made to Spain and devoted to SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 67 the problem of investigating the Spanish archives relating to America, this being necessary to the working out of the fundamental plan of bringing to the support of the archaeological investigations Ethnology and Documentary History. In July the work at the Puye was started, and this expedition, as well as that in the Rito de los Frijoles, was under the Director s personal care. In November a visit was paid to Yucatan for the purpose of investigating the possibilities of acquir ing an archaeological station in the Maya field. At the request of the officers of the Institute the Director has given lectures on American Archae ology at the following places during the year: Los Angeles, Stanford University, San Francisco, the State University of California at Berkeley, Port land, Seattle, Spokane, Walla Walla, Salt Lake City, Santa Fe, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, the State University of Colorado at Boulder, St. Louis, the State University of Iowa at Iow r a City, Des Moines, Sioux City, the State University of Wisconsin at Madison, Milwaukee, and Washing ton, D. C. Mr. A. F. Bandelier has been engaged in the preparation of his studies on the Documentary History of the Rio Grande Pueblos, and the prelim inary results will be presented in a report enti tled, "A Bibliographic Introduction to the Study of the Documentary History of the Rio Grande Val ley." It embraces a bibliography in which every 68 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY printed source known is critically examined and reported upon, and is of especial value in that it warns against the tendency so common to writers to extol unduly the importance of a book because it is excessively rare. The treatment of manuscripts, while necessarily brief because of their great number, is sufficiently thorough to be of service to the investigator. Something will be presented on what was written on New Mexico previous to the American occupation, and this will be followed by a glance at the distribution of Pueblo stocks in the sixteenth century, as determined by documentary evidence. Dean Byron Cummings took the field with the Utah expedition in June and has been personally in charge of the work described under that head ing above. His work in the field will continue to near the end of December, and the results will be embodied in his report. Mr. Sylvanus G. Morley, Fellow in American Archaeology, went to Yucatan at the beginning of the year and commenced his studies on the orienta tion of Maya temples. He first visited Chichen Itza. the largest archaeological site in the State, securing the orientation of seventeen of its princi pal structures. Later he visited Uxmal, the second site in point of size and importance, and made ob servations on twenty of the principal structures there. He is now working up the data obtained, and after some further studies will prepare a re- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 69 port on the results of his work. In addition to the study of orientation, while he was at Uxmal he surveyed an important group of buildings which show a remarkable system of assemblage. The results have been embodied in a paper which will appear in a forthcoming number of the American Journal of Archaeology. In addition to his work in Central America, Mr. Morley has been given duties in connection with the School, museum, and field work in the South west. In July he had charge of excavations at Puye, and is now at the museum at Santa Fe en gaged in the preparation of his Central America work, and assisting in the installation of the museum. Mr. John P. Harrington spent a large part of his time during the winter months in working over the Tewa material gathered by him from the In dians of San Ildefonso pueblo in the summer of 1908. Tewa words, sentences, and myth-texts were copied and analyzed by a card system. The linguistic material relating to the Tanoan stock which is in possession of the Bureau of American Ethnology was also copied and analyzed by the same method. In August Mr. Harrington made a brief visit to Yuma, Arizona, where he collected information on the social organization of the Yuma Indians. He also visited the survivors of the Piro tribe, who 70 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY are settled in the vicinity of El Paso, Texas. Re sults of this work have been prepared for publi cation. Since then he has continued the study of the Tewa at San Ildefonso, learning the language and studing the ethnology of the people. The employment of Indians in the excavations and the long-continued friendly relations between them and our field parties have created conditions favor able to the gaining of information which could not be had at the pueblo. Mr. Harrington has made a brief examination of the Keresan language of Cochiti, and has also se cured at Santo Domingo a few words of the Tano language, formerly spoken in the drainage of the Galisteo and Santa Fe rivers. As far as can be learned no vocabulary of this language has previ ously been obtained. The language is now prac tically extinct. Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman was in the field in New Mexico from July into September and has given especial attention to the study of recon struction of ancient ruins, based upon the results of the excavations. He has prepared plans for a model of the ruin of the "South House" at Puye, and also has charge of all work connected with the illustration of publications. Mr. Chapman s skill with pencil and brush has been of great ser vice in rendering graphic the results of the scien tific work. He is for the present performing also the duties of Secretary of the School. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 71 Mr. Jesse Nusbaum has been in charge of arch itectural reconstruction. The alterations in the Palace, the designing and construction of cases, and everything pertaining to this side of the de velopment of the museum is under his care. He has directed in the field all work connected with the repair and preservation of the ruins, the re construction of details, the building of ladders, stairways, and everything necessary for making the ruins accessible after excavation. Mr. Nus baum is also in charge of photography. Mr. Carl Lotave spent the months of July, August, and a part of September in the field mak ing the preliminary studies and sketches in oil for the mural decorations to be placed in the museum at Santa Fe. He has since been engaged with the preparation for the final painting of his studies secured in the field. He will have finished by the end of the year and in position upon the walls the entire frieze for the Puye room, and a number of studies relating to the environment, archaeological remains, and life history of the Pajaritan people. MUSEUM DEVELOPMENTS The museum activities at Santa Fe have been sufficiently made known under the preceding heads. The Southwest Society has made considerable progress with the development of its Southwest Museum; has raised additional sums toward the payment of the amount due on the museum site, has made some accessions to its collections, and 72 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY has recently undergone a change in its manage ment. The activities of the Utah Society in Southern Utah have resulted in considerable accessions to the Museum cf the University of Utah at Salt Lake City, with which the work of the School in that State is affiliated. As a result of excavations in 1908 installations of cliff dwelling material have been made in the Museum of the Colorado State Historical Society in the Capitol Building in Denver and in the State University of Colorado at Boulder, both of which institutions cooperate in the work of the School in southwestern Colorado. PUBLICATIONS The preliminary reports of the researches of the School will be published in the form of short papers in journals devoted to archaeological and ethnolo gical work and afterward issued as Tapers of the School of American Archaeology." The following titles will have been published or handed in ready for publication by the end of the present year. By the Director: The Ground Work of American Archaeology. The Pajaritan Culture. The Excavations at Puye in 1907. The Excavations at Tyuonyi in 1908. The Excavations at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1909. A General View of the Archeaology of the San Juan Valley. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY T3 The Excavations at Puye in 1909. The Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley. By Mr. Bandelier: A Bibliographic Introduction to the Documentary History of the Rio Grande Valley. By Mr. Morley: The Excavation of the Cannonball Ruins in Southwestern Colorado. The Correlation of Maya and Christian Chron ology. The Inscriptions of Naranjo in Northern Guate mala. The South House at Puye. A Group of Related Structures at Uxmal, Mexico. By Mr. Harrington: The Tano Language of New Mexico. An Introductory Paper on the Tewa Language. Some Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of the Cen tral Yuman Tribes. Notes on the Piro Language. A Tewa Version of the Pueblo Myth of the Twin War-Gods. Animal Stories of the Mohave and Yuma Indians. By Messrs. Morley and Kidder: The Archaeology of the McElmo District in Colo rado. By Girard Fowke: Report on the Antiquities of Central Missouri. FINANCIAL The report of the Treasurer of the Institute 74 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY shows the disposition of funds allotted by the In stitute for American work (p. 201). All other transactions of the School are embraced in its re lations with the Territory of New Mexico and the States whose work is being directed by the School. Funds involved in these transactions do not pass through the Treasury of the Institute, but are controlled by the local governing Boards. The financial reports of these Treasurers were not is sued in time for insertion in the reports of the In stitute for the fiscal year ending August 31, 1909, but will be presented in a financial statement which will be prepared as soon as the data are all in hand. The fiscal year of the Institute does not conform to that of the other organizations with which the School has relations. It also has the disadvantage of ending when the field expeditions are in pro gress and the greater part of their expenditures not yet reported. The preparation of financial re ports in the field is difficult, and owing to the remote situation of some of our camps, I would recommend that, if not in conflict with the regula tions of the Institute, the fiscal year of the School be made to begin with either the 1st of January or the 1st of July. This would permit of the as semblage of all financial statements into one gener al report covering concurrent periods. In conclusion, permit me to express my grati tude to this Committee for the wise counsel that SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 75 has been indispensable to the success of this move ment. The opportunity to serve in organizing the forces that are now engaged through the Institute in a concerted study of human history on the American continent is one that I deeply appreciate. The responsibility of it I should shrink from were it not so cordially shared by the Committee. In reporting the results already achieved, I have en deavored to bring to your attention especially the work of our men who are carrying on the actual work in the field. I cannot too highly commend their devotion to the School and its purposes. While this will never be measured by the facilities furnished them, it should be observed that the main function of the organization is to afford them opportunity for effective service. If their efforts thus far commend themselves to you, the know ledge of that fact will greatly augment their pleasure in going forward with the work entrust ed to them. Respectfully submitted, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director 76 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Chairman s Statement 1910 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: GENTLEMEN: During the past year the School of American Archaeology has continued its research work in connection with the Affiliated Societies of the Institute in the related fields of Archaeology, Ethnology, and Documentary History, under the care of Director Edgar L. Hewett. On December 29, 1909, the following gentlemen were confirmed by the Council as members of the Managing Committee: Herman C. Bumpus, American Museum of Natural History, New York. Manuel Calero, Mexico City. B. Talbot B. Hyde, New York. Frank H. Lord, Seattle. John F. Lacey, Iowa. George Bryce, Winnipeg. Work on the repairing of the "Palace" building at Santa Fe has progressed, and a portion of the Museum has been thrown open to the public; in the month of August the Board of Regents held its Second Annual Meeting at the site where excava tions were being conducted by the School, in El Rito de los Frijoles, near Santa Fe. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 77 A detailed account of the activities of the School and the Museum will be found in the Report of the Director. Respectfully submitted, ALICE C. FLETCHER, Chairman IS SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY IX. Report of the Director 1910 To the Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology: The work of the School of American Archae ology for 1910 may most conveniently be viewed in relation to the main geographical divisions: Central America, Mexico, and the United States. I. CENTRAL AMERICA The St. Louis Society of the Institute has pro vided a fund to prosecute investigations in Central America for a term of years. The first expedition occupied the first four months of 1910. The re gion chosen for investigation was the southern Maya field in Guatemala. After a preliminary re connaissance the site of Quirigua, in the Motagua Valley about fifty miles from the Bay of Hon duras, was selected. First a survey of the temple area of the ancient city was made, and a broad roadway was built around it to prevent the spread of fires from the clearings subsequently to be made in the neighborhood of the ruins. Through the courtesy of the United Fruit Company, which ow r ns the lands on which the ruins are situated, we were permitted to segregate a tract of approxi mately 80 acres comprising the main temples, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 79 courts, and monuments. The dense growth of underbrush was removed from the courts, and the monuments were cleared of the moss by which they were covered. Photographs of the ruins, sculp tures, and inscriptions were made by Mr. Nus- baum, and a report of the measurements was pre pared by him. Mr. Morley devoted his time to the survey and to the study of the hieroglyphic in scriptions. The time of the Director was given to a more general study of the archaeology of the region, and of the art of the monuments. A complete investigation of the ruins of Quirigua will require several years. Owing to its favorable location in relation to a large and important area, this will be the principal base for our work on the southern Maya culture. The courtesy, generosity, and good-will of the officials of the Government of Guatemala were manifested in all possible ways. This fortunate condition was due in part, at least, to the cordial relations existing between the officers of the Guatemalan Government and our diplomatic and consular service. The United States Envoy Ex traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Mr. Sands, visited the work at Quirigua, and manifest ed a personal as well as official interest. The assistance rendered by the United Fruit Company and its officers was inestimable. We en joyed the conveniences of the Company s commis sary, and their hospital at Dartmouth was placed 80 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY at our disposal in case of sickness. The work men furnished by the Company for clearing out the underbrush and for road-building enabled us to carry our operations much farther than would otherwise have been possible. The Company has also furnished a custodian to protect the ruins while the work is suspended. At the close of the season in Guatemala, a visit was paid to the ruins of Copan in Honduras, and a short time spent in the study of the art and in scriptions of its monuments. The deplorable con dition into which the ruins of tnis, the greatest of all the ancient art cities of America, have been al lowed to fall, through the neglect and abuse of the monuments and the encroachment of the river up on the area of the principal temples, is a matter of profound regret. II. MEXICO The only progress made with our investigations in Mexico during the year 1910 consisted of some additional work of surveying and photographing at the ruins near Tonala in Chiapas. These ruins were first visited by me in 1906, and I then pre pared a preliminary map and description of the site. The courtesy that has been extended to us by the officials of the Mexican Government who have jur isdiction over the antiquities of the Republic is most encouraging. All necessary privileges for research have been freely granted by the Depart- W c/j a SCHOOL OP AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 81 merit of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, and the obstacles so often encountered in scientific research in foreign countries have been largely eliminated. III. UNITED STATES 1. NEW MEXICO An arrangement has been entered into with the Bureau of American Ethnology, by which the work of former years in the Rio Grande drainage can be incorporated in a systematic ethnographic survey of the region. This is to be carried on under the joint direction of the Ethnologist in Charge of the Bureau and the Director of the School of Amer ican Archaeology, the institutions sharing the expense equally. All specimens acquired are to be divided between the National Museum in Wash ington and the Museum of Archaeology in Santa Fe. It is further provided that the reports of the work shall be published by the Bureau. The plan adopted contemplates a study of the ancient cul tures of the region; the ethnology of the tribes at present inhabiting the Rio Grande drainage; the ethno-historical facts preserved in Spanish records; and a series of studies of the climate, vegetation, fauna, and all other physiographic conditions, with their effects upon the life and culture of both an cient and recent inhabitants. The work was inaugurated in June and, includ ing time spent in preparation of reports, continued to December. The first month was devoted to an 6 82 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY archaeological survey of the Ojo Caliente Valley. This was followed by excavations in the Rito de los Frijoles. At the close of the season a short re connaissance was made in the Jemez Valley and some preliminary excavating was done there. The work on the Pueblos of the Rio Grande Val ley was inaugurated by the Institute in its early years and fortunately intrusted to Mr. Bandelier. The papers which were brought out by him nearly a quarter of a century ago are now the guide books for investigation in the Southwestern field. The help of Mr. John Hays Hammond has enabled the Institute to avail itself a second time of Mr. Bandelier s services. Much valuable unpublished material secured by him in his early campaigns is now being prepared for publication. The first paper has already appeared, as No. 13 of the Papers of the School. The School has undertaken a linguistic survey of the Pueblo area. This is the first systematic study of the linguistic conditions of the region that has been made. The results throw new light upon the archaeology and ethnology of the Southwest. In the survey the most improved methods are em ployed. It will include studies of languages re presenting all of the linguistic stocks of the South western United States. The methods of what we may term the impressionistic school of recorders of Indian languages are abandoned. The graphic method is employed, the record of the languages SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 83 being made mechanically and so of indisputable correctness. This result is accomplished by the equipment of the Phonetic Laboratory which has been presented to the School by Miss Anna L. Wolcott of Denver. The most essential piece of apparatus is a Rousselot kymograph, which is used in making tracings of the sound waves and breath impulses of speech. This machine is driven by the finest clockwork which can be made, thus in suring a uniform speed of its cylinder. The base of the kymograph is of aluminum, so that the ap paratus can be carried with ease into the field. The laboratory equipment also contains a Morey chariot; a support for blackening the drum of the kymograph; an assortment of Morey tambours and diaphragms; bulbs used for registering nasal sounds; embouchures; capsules for examining the action of the larynx; alaryngograph; a capsule for studying the movement of the lips; bulbs for recording the action of the tongue; an oreille in- scriptrice; a phonograph; and other appliances. This is substantially the equipment for linguistic study recommended by Professor Rousselot of Paris, Director of the Laboratory for Experiment al Phonetics in the College of France. With this apparatus the sounds of the languages are being correctly determined and written, and in the case of every syllable, the following four qualities are recorded: (1) duration; (2) loudness (including swells;) (3) musical pitch (including leap;) (4) 84 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY vocalictimbre (including laryngeal and nasalaction) . In addition to the linguistic work the usual eth nological phenomena are investigated, including a study of the material culture, sociology, myth ology, and religion of the various Pueblo villages. The field work embraces also an examination of the natural history of the region, with reference to the influence of definite physiographic condi tions upon culture history. A Summer session of the School was held in the camp at El Rito de los Frijoles. It continued dur ing the months of July and August. The follow ing is an outline of the programme which was car ried out: I. Field work. 1. Study of environment with reference to its influence on culture history: Vegatation, Animal Life, Geology, Climate. 2. Archaeological study: Archaeological and to pographical survey of the canyon and adjacent mesas; Excavation of community house and talus pueblos. 3. Ethnological Study: Material Culture, Social Organization, Myths and Religions, Linguistics. II. Lecture Courses. 1. The prehistoric cultures of North America; their distribution and character as shown by arch aeological remains: The Director. 2. The ancient civilizations of Mexico and Cen tral America: Mr. Morley. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 85 3. The Indian cultures of the Southwest: Mr. Harrington. 4. The natural history of the Pajarito: Mr. Henderson and Mr. Robbins. 5. Special lectures were given by Dr. George Grant McCurdy, Yale University; Mr. Frederick W. Hodge, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of Amer ican Ethnology; Miss Barbara Freire-Marreco, Fel low of Somerville College, Oxford, England; and Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman of the Staff of the School Besides the regular programme of excavation and lecture work, there were walks with the in structors and with Indian informants for field study. A library was fitted up with the most im portant works on American Archaeology and Ethnology. The Summer School attracted many visitors, including scholars of note. In the Museum which was established under the agreement between the Institute and the Territory of New Mexico, rooms devoted to the antiquities of the Pajarito Plateau near Santa Fe have been installed and are open to the public. For the pre sent, special attention is being paid to the building up of collections representing the ancient cultures of the Southwest. The other regions within the scope of the activities of the School will be repre sented as field work shall yield material suitable for installation. The intention is to develop a Museum of types, rather than a storehouse for 6* 86 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY large quantities of material. One reason for this is that the surrounding region affords almost un limited advantages for the study of material in place. A system of exchanges with the National Museum in Washington has been arranged, and al ready some assistance has been rendered to the Affiliated Societies of the Institute in building up local museums; among these may be mentioned the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles, the collec tions of the St. Louis Society in the Museum of Fine Arts in that city, the Museum of the Colorado State Historical Society, and the collections of the Universities of Colorado and Utah at Boulder and Salt Lake City. The Board of Regents has officially approved of the encouragement of local museums and has directed that a system of museum extension work be inaugurated. A con tribution from Dr. R. W. Corwin of Pueblo pro vides for starting this work. The plan of providing the rooms in the Museum with mural decorations to illustrate the different cultures has been carried out with satisfactory re sults. This has been done with funds provided by Mr. Frank Springer. The collections installed, together with the paintings, represent practically every phase of the life, culture, and surroundings of the Pajaritan people. The necessary alterations in the interior of the building have gone forward as rapidly as funds would permit. A heating plant has been installed SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 87 at a cost of $3000 and has been entirely satisfact ory. It is gratifying to record the enthusiastic in terest that has been taken in the development of the Museum by the residents of Santa Fe. From the inception of the plan to locate the School of Ar chaeology in Santa Fe, the Archaeological Society of New Mexico has been active in advancing its interests. This organization carried out an effect ive programme of education, placing before the Legislature and people of New Mexico the essen tial facts bearing upon the founding of such an Institution, and in time of need stood ready with financial contributions. The Women s Museum Committee, consisting of sixteen ladies of Santa Fe, both independently and in connection with the Woman s Board of Trade of Santa Fe, has render ed important service and contributed pecuniary aid in making the building ready for the paintings and collections that have been installed. 2. COLORADO The excavation and repair of Balcony House in the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado was in trusted to the School and has just been completed. This work was projected and carried out with funds provided by the Colorado Cliff Dwellers As sociation, an organization which has for many years been active in all measures looking toward the preservation of the ruins of the cliff dwellings of that State. Owing to the fact that this is a Na- 88 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY tioniil Park, and by law placed under the jurisdic tion of the Department of the Interior, which looks to the Smithsonian Institution for advice in all matters pertaining to science, the work was conducted under the authority of the Secretaries of the Interior and of the Smithsonian Institution. It is a pleasure to report that the enterprise pro ceeded harmoniously and was finished to the satis faction of all concerned. Balcony House has been cleared of all accumulated debris; its crumbling walls have been repaired and placed in condition to prevent further deterioration. The funds for the work were augmented by an allotment from the Department of the Interior. During the past year, the State University of Colorado offered courses of lectures, which were open to members of the Colorado Society, and for which students received regular University credit. These courses consisted of a two hours course in General Anthropology by Professor Gilbertson of the University Faculty; another two hours course by Mr. Harrington on "The Indian Cultures of the Southwest;" and an "Introductory Course in Amer ican Archaeology" by the Director of the School. In addition to these University courses lectures were given before the Societies of the Institute by both Mr. Harrington and the Director at Boulder, Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo. 3. WASHINGTON An arrangement was made with the State Uni- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 89 versity of Washington similar to that entered into with the University of Colorado. The work for 1910 consisted of one course on "The Indians of the Northwest, " and another on "The Science of Language, or Linguistics," both by Mr. Harring ton, who delivered also a series of lectures before the Northwest Society of the Institute. The lect ure courses were given during the session of the University Summer School. While stationed in the Northwest Mr. Harring ton investigated the Duwamish, Suquamish, and Hatchokamish tribes, of Salishan speech, living in the immediate vicinity of Seattle. These people are as yet practically unknown to science. The material obtained is ready for publication. 4. UTAH Owing to the absence of Professor Byron Cum- mings, who is spending the year in Germany, the work in the Navajo Mountain District of Utah and Arizona was suspended during the year 1910, ex cepting the preparation of reports. The archae ological researches in Utah are supported by a biennial appropriation from the State, which has been augmented by an annual donation from Col onel E. A. Wall. As a result of these expeditions, an excellent collection from the cliff dwellings of southern Utah is now on exhibition in the Museum of the State University at Salt Lake City. 5. CALIFORNIA The work of the Southwest Societv has centered 90 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY about the Southwest Museum, the first museum to be established by any affiliated Society of the In stitute. This museum, since the organization of the School, has worked in closest cooperation with it in ideals and standards. Important ad vances have been made during the present year toward the consummation of its aims. A bequest of $50,000, to be used on the building, has been an nounced. Dr. J. A. Munk has donated to the Museum his incomparable library of Arizoniana, and Dr. Charles F. Lummis, founder of the Museum, has presented to it his invaluable books, manuscripts, and rare collections. Dr. Lummis has also arranged to transfer to the Museum the house built by himself, and contiguous to the Museum site; in this the Lummis auxiliary collec tions will remain intact. By this gift the accumu lations of a lifetime are made available to the public for all time. The Southwest Society is fortunate in having se cured as curator Mr. Hector Alliot, whose work is making the Museum a vital educational force. SUMMARY OF THE WORK The following is a summary of the work of all individuals who were identified with the work of the School in 1910 as members of the staff, stu dents, or collaborators. Mr. Adolph F. Bandelier has spent the year in preparing for publication his unpublished notes on the history of the Rio Grande Pueblos. The Pea- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 91 body Museum of Harvard University has placed at his service the note-books and manuscripts therein deposited by him at the close of the Hemmenway expeditions in the Southwest. Professor Byron Cummings, who has a leave of absence from the State University of Utah, is continuing his work by the preparation of reports on his expeditions. Mr. Sylvanus G. Morley, Fellow of the Institute in Central American Archaeology, was attached to the St. Louis expedition in Guatemala and Hon duras during the winter months, and spent his time in the study of the inscriptions at Quirigua and Copan. During the spring and summer he was with the Rio Grande expeditions in New Mexico. The fall months he has spent in the preparation of his papers for publication. Mr. Morley will soon have finished his work on the orientation of Maya temples, after which he will devote his time to the preparation of a corpus of Maya glyphs. Besides his work in the State of Washington al ready referred to, Mr. John P. Harrington has de voted his energies chiefly to the linguistic and other ethnological investigations of the Rio Grande Pueblos. A season was spent among the Utes of Southern Colorado. His study of the Shoshonean language has been extended to the Hopi and Paiute. Mr. A. V. Kidder, Austin Teaching Fellow in Harvard University, who, for some season past, 92 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY has been connected with the summer field work of the School, made ready a paper on his excavations at Cave Springs, Utah, in 1908, and this has been published as No. 15 of the Papers of the School. He is now in Santa Fe, studying the ceramic art of the Pueblos. Miss Barbara Freire-Marreco, Fellow of Somer- ville College, Oxford, spent the summer at the ex cavations in El Rito de los Frijoles, and the early fall at the Pueblo of Santa Clara; from this point other villages of the Pueblos were visited. Her time during the late fall and winter months is be ing devoted to field work among the tribes in the Colorado Basin. Miss Freire-Marreco s line of study is social anthropology, with especial refer ence, in her Study of the American Indians, to the evolution of authority. Professor Junius Henderson, Curator of the Museum of the State University of Colorado, came to the camp in New Mexico in August, and took up a study of the geological history of the Pajarito region, together with an investigation of its ani mal life. He conducted lectures and excursions at the Summer School in these subjects. Mr. W . W. Robbins, of the Department of Biology in the State University of Colorado, spent the month of August in studying the vegetation of the Pa jarito Plateau, giving lectures at the School, and conducting excursions. He and Professor Hender son have prepared the reports on the natural his- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 93 tory of the region, and have undertaken the task of identifying upwards of four thousand specimens of animal bones that have been found in the exca vations at Puye and Tyuonyi. In collaboration with Mr. Harrington, Mr. Robbins has prepared a report on the ethno-botany of the Pajarito Plateau. Mr. Jesse L. Nusbaum, Museum Assistant, ac companied the St. Louis Expedition to Guatemala and Honduras, doing the photographic work, and preparing the plans for setting up the monuments at Quirigua. He had charge of the photographic and reconstruction work at the Rito de los Frijoles during the summer, and in the fall was assigned the supervision of the repairs on Balcony House, Mesa Verde National Park; in this difficult task he had the efficient assistance of his father, Mr. E. M. Nusbaum. His most responsible work during the year has been the supervision of alterations and reconstruction in the Governor s Palace, in adapt ing it to the use of the School and Museum. Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman has served the School as Secretary and has had charge of the map mak ing, drafting, and other illustrative work in con nection with the publication of the papers. He is also studying the decorative art of the ancient Pa- jaritan peoples. Mr. Carl Lotave has done the decorative work in the Museum rooms that have been finished, com prising in all nine large canvases and eight small ones, illustrating the culture and environment of 94 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY the ancient people of Puye and El Rito de los Fri- joles. He has finished three large canvases for the historic corridor of the Palace, representing the successive epochs of the civilization of the Southwest. The first is a scene depicting the set tlement on the site of Santa Fe in the period pre ceding the Spanish Conquest. The second, intend ed to illustrate the occupation of the Southwest by the Spaniards, represents the entrance of the Con queror De Vargas into Santa Fe on the 16th of December, 1693. The third, the coming of the Americans, portrays the progress of a caravan over the Santa Fe Trail. The mural decorations by Mr. Lotave have attracted much favorable com ment. Mr. Neil M. Judd, student of the University of Utah, joined the School at the beginning of the Rio Grande Expedition and remained in the field until September. Mr. Judd has been associated with each of the expeditions in Southern Utah in the past three years. In addition to his work as a student of ethnology and archaeology, he this year served as disbursing officer for the Rio Grande Ex pedition. Mr. Donald Beauregard, who was formerly a student of the University of Utah, and is now Supervisor of Art in the City Schools of Ogden, was last year attached to the expedition in South ern Utah. This year he joined the Rio Grande SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 95 Expedition and rendered valuable assistance in connection with the excavations. Miss Maud Woy, teacher of history in the Wol- cott School, Denver, joined the Summer School as a student in July and continued to the close of the season, afterwards visiting the Pueblos of San lldefonso and Taos. Mr. J. P. Adams of Greeley, Colorado, had charge of the topographical survey of the Ojo Caliente Valley and of the eafion of El Rito de los Frijoles during the summer, and afterward assisted with the surveyingand reconstruction work at Balcony House. Mr. Nathan Goldsmith of St. Louis, a student at Cornell University, Ithaca, assisted Mr. Adams with the surveying during the entire summer. By an arrangement with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution all the skeletons obtained in the excavations in the Southwest, now number ing several hundred specimens, are sent to the United States National Museum and placed in charge of Dr. A. Hrdlicka, who will prepare the somatological report. ANNOUNCEMENTS The Second campaign in Central America, under the auspices of the St. Louis Society, will take the field January 1, 1911, and begin excavations at Quirigua in Guatemala. For this work liberal as sistance has been offered also by the United Fruit Company. The field work will continue four months. 96 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY On the first of January, Mr. Harrington with a number of assistants will go to the Colorado Basin for the purpose of finishing the work on the Yu- man tribes previously commenced by him. This work is in collaboration with the Bureau of Ameri can Ethnology. In May, the Utah Society will resume work in the Navajo Mountain District of Southern Utah and Northern Arizona, with Oljato, Utah the field base. The ethnological and archaeological survey of the Rio Grande Valley, inaugurated this year in collaboration with the Bureau of American Eth nology, will be continued throughout the coming year. The principal excavations will be in the Jemez District. The citizens of Seattle have raised funds for in vestigations among the Indians of the Northwest. This work will be conducted by Mr. Harrington, The lecture courses at the University of Colorado will be continued during the present academic year under the same conditions as last year. A Summer School in the field will be held during the month of August at the canon of El Rito de los Frijoles. Arrangements are being made for a considerable extension of this work. In addition to the regular courses in American archaeology and ethnology, lectures will be given by a number of visiting scholars. Special annonncements of the Summer School will be sent on request. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. Santa Fe, November 15, 1910. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 97 X. Chairman s Statement 1911 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: Gentlemen, Although it is only i ? our years since the Council authorized the establishment of the School of American Archaeology, yet within this brief period the influence it has exerted and the stimulus it has given to the study of Ancient America have indicated that the formation of the School was timely; it has not only filled a need, but has helped to round out the work of the Institute in the broad field of Archaeology. The School was founded to give to qualified stud ents facilities to supplement their college studies by field experience and research, and the response to the opportunities that the School has been able to offer has been most gratifying. By cooperation with the United States Bureau of American Eth nology, with certain of the state universities and with Affiliated Societies of the Institute, it has been possible to inaugurate and pursue systematic investigations within a considerable portion of the southwestern part of the United States, thus avoiding duplication of effort with consequent 98 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY saving of time and money and the securing of bet ter results. The generous contribution of the St. Louis Socie ty of the Institute toward explorations in Central America and the substantial aid given by the Unit ed Fruit Company, the owners of the land on which stand the ruins of Quirigua, are making pos sible a thorough investigation of that ancient city, under the Institute s Director of American Archae ology, which promises to add an instructive chap ter to the history of that section of our continent. The work at Quirigua has been carried on in such a manner that the ruins will be made to tell all that is possible to learn from them concerning the former inhabitants, and the temples, sculptures, and monuments will be left under such conditions as will insure, so far as possible, their protection from the elements and from vandalism. The School from its beginning adopted a three fold method in the pursuit of its investigations: namely, a study of the monuments of antiquity; the use of documentary history relating to the re gion where they are located; and ethnological re search among the native people living in the vicin ity. This method has already given evidence of its value. To these three aspects of work under taken, a fourth has been added, the importance of which has appealed to the Director and the Manag ing Committee, that is, the making of adequate provision for preservation of all ruins that are ex- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 99 amined. The generations that are to follow us have a right to look upon and to study those silent memorials of a common past, a right which we are bound to respect and to guard. The annual meeting of the Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology was held in August at Santa Fe and at the camp by the Rito de los Frijoles. It was well attended, and several days were given to conferences upon the welfare of the School. The office of Vice-Chairman was created and filled by the election of Professor Wm. H. Holmes, Head Curator of Anthropology in the United States National Museum. Standing Com mittees were appointed on the scientific and the educational work of the School, on the Museum and on Finance. Plans were formed which will have as their purpose the strengthening of the School along all the lines of its activities and tend to bring about an intelligent awakening to the value of ar chaeological study. During the month of August a Summer Session of the School was held in Santa Fe and at the Excavation Camp by the Rito de los Frijoles. Lectures were given on classical and oriental Arch aeology, as well as various branches of Ameri can Archaeology. The excavation of the elliptical communal dwelling by the Rito was continued; it will be completed in another season. The at tendance on the courses and the interest manifest ed were such that the Managing Committee auth- 100 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY orized the Director to make arrangements for a similar session to be held in August, 1912. The restoration of the Governor s Palace" has gone forward in a highly satisfactory manner. The architectural peculiarities of the old "Palace" have been conserved and that portion of the structure now occupied by the School has been made sanitary and fireproof. All this work upon the Palace has been greatly facilitated by the cordial and efficient assistance rendered by the citizens of Santa Fe and of the State. Through the liberality of the Hon. Frank Springer the linguistic library of the late Professor Franz Nikalaus Finck has been acquired and is at present installed in the Palace; by the generous gift of Miss Anna L. Wolcott the labora tory is equipped with the Rousselot apparatus. The Museum, the laboratories, and the library within this historic building all bid fair to become worthy of the fostering care of the School and to redound to the credit of the Institute. The accompanying report of the Director pre sents the work carried on during the year. Respectfully submitted, ALICE C. FLETCHER, Chairman SCHOOL OP AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 101 XI. ..- . Beport of the Director 1911 To the Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology: I beg leave to submit the following report of the activities of the School for the year 1911: I. EXPEDITIONS 1. The Excavations at Quirigua. At the beginning of January, 1911, the second expedition to Quirigua took the field. The Director was accompanied by Sylvanus G. Morley and Jesse L. Nusbaum of the regular staff of the School and J. P. Adams, Surveyor. Later the expedition was joined by Charles F. Lummis and his son, Quimu. The work of the season consisted of (1) the building of a permanent, comfortable house, (2) the complete clearing of the jungle from the area to be excavated (approximately twenty acres) , (3) the beginning of the excavation of the Temple Court, and (4) an examination of the historic ar chives in Guatemala City by Mr. Lummis. The expedition remained in the field four months. A preliminary report was published in the June number of the Bulletin of the Institute. The de tailed financial report was transmitted September 102 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 27 to the Chaivinan of the Committee on Central \* American jfex-ayations of the St. Louis Society, . and. the.. .Gener.al Manager of the United Fruit A ; :bjn#any, thsse lwo organizations having defrayed the cost of the expedition by contributions of equal amount. The work at Quirigua is attracting an increasing number of visitors. Many officers and travellers from the steamships touching at Puerto Barrios avail themselves of the opportunity to run out to see the excavations. It was of especial satisfac tion to the staff that the ruins were visited, at the beginning of the season, by Mr. D. I. Bushnell, Chairman of the Committee on Central American Excavations of the St. Louis Society, and later after the work was well under way, by Dr. Charles F. Lnmmis of the Managing Committee of the School and by several of the officers of the United Fruit Company. 2. The Excavations in the Rio Grande Drainage. The field work in New Mexico consisted of (1) a short season of excavation in the cafton of El Rito de Los Frijoles in connection with the Sum mer School, during which the uncovering of the elliptical community house of Tyuonyi was consid erably advanced, and (2) the work in the Jemez district in cooperation with the Bureau of Ameri can Ethnology. The scene of this season s excava tion is upon the high mesa overlooking the Jemez valley at the Hot Springs. The site is known as SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 103 Amoxiumqua. From the rim of the cafton near by one looks down upon the ruins of the old San Diego mission, one of the two oldest mission churches in the United States; it dates from about 1617. The tradition that Amoxiumqua was an inhabit ed town and under the influence of a priest in the early part of the seventeenth century was verified by the finding of Venetian beads in the graves. The principal ruins now visible appear to overlie a town of much greater antiquity. The expedition was under the joint direction of Mr. F. W. Hodge, Ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Director of the School of American Archaeology. 3. The Excavation in the San Juan Drainage. In July Dean Byron Cummings of the State Uni versity of Utah returned to the Navajo Mountain district on the Arizona-Utah line to continue the work in which he has been engaged for the past four years. He finished the excavation of the great cliff house, Be-ta-ta-kin, commenced in 1909 and suspended in December of that year on the coming of winter. The museum of the University of Utah has been greatly enriched by the results of Dean Cummings s work. 4. The Expedition to the Colorado Basin. The expedition for the study of the Mohave In dians was under the direction of Mr. John P. Har rington of the regular staff of the School, assisted 104 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY by Professor Junius Henderson, naturalist, of the University of Colorado, and Professor W. W. Rob- bins, botanist of the State Agricultural College of Colorado. This is a part of the joint work with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Mr. Harrington remained in the field about six months, studying the language, material culture, sociology, mythology, and religion of the Mohave and making collections. The environment of the tribe was studied and reported on by his associates. II. THE SUMMER SCHOOL A summer session was held during the month of August. It commenced with two weeks of lectures in Santa Fe, with short field excursions for the study of the antiquities of the city and vicinity. This was followed by two weeks of lecture and field work in the canon of El Rito de los Frijoles. Excursions were made by small parties to the ruins of Pecos, Puye, the shrine of the Stone Pumas, and the Painted Cave. A special train was run to Santo Domingo on August 4 to witness the Green Corn Dance, the most important of the sur viving summer ceremonies of the Pueblos. The lectures at the encampment at the Rito were illustrated by daily walks to witness the ex cavations in progress and to study the ruins un covered in previous years, the talus towns, the great ceremonial cave, sanctuaries, cliff houses, burial crypts, etc. The central idea of the summer course was a SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 105 comparative study of culture. The following courses were presented: "The Ancient Semites, " by Dr. Lewis B. Paton, Hartford Theological Seminary. "Greek Civilization, " by Dr. Mitchell Carroll, Archaeological Institute of America. "Culture History and Education/ by Professor Frank E. Thompson, State University of Colo. "The Ancient Pueblos and Cliff Dwellers," by Director Hewett. "The Mohave," by Mr. John P. Harrington, School of American Archaeology. "The Evolution of Design in Ancient Pueblo Art," by Kenneth M. Chapman, School of American Archaeology. The following Sunday night lectures were given at the Hall of Representatives, Capitol Building, in Santa Fe: Jerusalem in the Time of Christ, Dr. Lewis B. Paton. "The First Three Centuries of Christianity," Dr. E. D. McQueen Gray, University of New Mexico. "Paul at Athens," Dr. Mitchell Can-oil. "Holy Cities of Ancient America," Director Hewett. The total enrollment was 78. The daily attend ance, both in Santa Fe and in the encampment, varied from 40 to 60. A particularly gratifying feature of the Summer 106 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY School was the coming together of so many members of the Managing Committee and Board of Regents for official meetings to witness the scientific and educational work of the School, in spect the Museum and excavations, and consider future lines of activity. The officers present were Miss Fletcher, Chairman of the Managing Commit tee, Justice McFie, President of the Board of Re gents, Governor Mills, Secretary Jaffa, Mr. Springer, Dr. Corwin, Dr. Lummis, Secretary Car roll, Ex-Ccngressman Lacey, Mr. Hodge, and Dr. Paton. III. MUSEUM WORK The restoration and repair of the old Palace of the Governors has been greatly advanced through the generosity of a number of citizens of New Mexico; the funds necessary for this purpose were subscribed as Life Memberships. The work has consisted of the removal of all modern woodwork, plaster, and papering and the restoration of walls, doors, and windows in cement and concrete, fol lowing the style of three hundred years ago. New foundations of stone and concrete were inserted where needed, insecure walls reenforced, the an cient vigas (ceiling beams) brought to light, ancient fireplaces uncovered and restored. When the Palace was turned over to the School and Museum by the Territory of New Mexico it was with the in- juction that it should become a monument to the Spanish founders of the civilization of the south- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 107 west/ The Director and two members of the staff, Messrs. Chapman and Nusbaum, then pre pared plans for the restoration and repair of the building in accord with this ideal. The effort has been to make every architectural feature historic ally true and render the structure as nearly im perishable as possible. The plan has been carried out with fidelity and skill by Mr. Nusbaum. Fifteen rooms have thus been put in order, in cluding offices, reception room, library and lecture room, museum halls, laboratories and studios. This includes practically the entire Palace, with the ex ception of the rooms occupied by the New Mexico Historical Society. Nothing has been done as yet toward the restoration and repair of the exterior. Archaeological collections are being acquired faster than they can be displayed. Three museum halls are now installed, all devoted to the archae ology of the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. Office furniture and new plate glass cases have been pro vided. The museum is kept open every day in the year, and is frequented by a large number of visi tors. Probably no other museum of its size in the country has made itself felt more effectively as an educational force in the local community than the Southwest Museum in Los Angeles. Not only are the museum rooms in the Hamburger building fre quented by many visitors, but large numbers of 108 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY public school children in classes come for instruc tion. Furthermore, the curator, Dr. Hector Al- liott, carries the benefits of the museum to the public by frequent lectures on art, technology, and archaeology in the public schools, to teachers and women s clubs. Arrangements are now being made to systematize this work and make it a vital part of the educational system of the city. The quarters now occupied by the museum are altogether inadequate. This defect is in a fair way to be remedied. The money has now been raised to pay for the splendid museum site, and there has thus become available a bequest of $50, - 000 for the erection of the first museum hall. The museum is well equipped with library facili ties; it has become the recipient of the Dr. Munk library of Arizoniana, to which Dr. Munk is con tinually adding new purchases. The collections of the museum are as effectively displayed as the limited floor space will permit, and a large amount of valuable material lies in storage awaiting the erection of the new building. The institution is adhering to the best museum standards, scientifically and artistically. It has always worked in closest harmony with the School. IV. EDUCATIONAL WORK In conjunction with the School, the University of Colorado offers courses for which students re ceive regular University credit. These consist of a course in "General Anthropology," by Professor SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 109 Thompson, of the University Faculty; a two hour course by Mr. Harrington on "The Indians of the Southwest," and an Introductory Course in Amer ican Archaeology" by the Director. These courses are all well attended. At the annual meeting of the Managing Com mittee in August, it was voted to try a system of extension work. The first course was opened in Los Angeles under the auspices of the Southwest Society, in October. It consisted of one lecture each by Dr. Benjamin W. Bacon, of Yale Univer sity, Dr. George Lansing Raymond, formerly of Princeton University, and Dr. Hector Alliott; eight lectures were given by the Director of the School, two of the latter being delivered in San Diego. The lectures were in the Arrow Theatre in Los Angeles, and were attended by audiences of from 300 to 700 people. Another form of extension work now in opera tion is that of prepared illustrated lectures sent to schools and societies arranged in regular circuits. The lectures in circulation are on the following- subjects: The Origin of the American Indians. "The Ancient Pueblos and Cliff Dwellers. " "The Mayas." "The Indians of the Southwest." V. SUMMARY OF THE WORK of INDIVIDUALS Mr. Ad. F. Bandelier has handed in ready for publication Parts I, II. and III of his work on "The 110 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Documentary History of the Rio Grande Pueblos. Professor Byron Cummings has finished his ex cavation of Be-ta-ta-kin and brought out two papers, "The Pre-Historic Inhabitants of the San Juan Valley," and "The Great Natural Bridges of Southern Utah. " Mr. Sylvanus G. Morley, Fellow in Centra) American Archaelogy, spent the first half of the year on work in connection with the Quirigua ex pedition and the last half in the preparation of "An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Glyphs," now ready for publication. He has also made substantial progress on the corpus of Maya glyphs. Mr. John P. Harrington spent half the year in the field studying the Mohave Indians; the re mainder has been devoted to work on two mono graphs, "The Mohave," and "Tewa Ethno-geo- graphy," both of which will be ready for publica tion soon. Professor Junius Henderson has prepared the work on climate, geology, and zoology to accom pany the publication on "Tewa Environment" and the same for Mr. Harrington s paper on "The Mohave." Professor W. W. Robbins has prepared the bota nical work to accompany the two papers above mentioned. Mr. Kenneth M. Chapman has performed the duties of Secretary during part of the year and SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 111 has prepared a study of the evolution of design on the ancient Pajaritan pottery. He is now on leave of absence for a year to pursue his art studies. Mr. Jesse L. Nusbaum gave half the year to the Quirigua expedition. He then spent some months on the restoration and repair of the Palace. He is now on leave of absence for a year in Washington, D. C., studying in the national Museum and George Washington University. Mr. Neil Judd, who worked under the direction of the School for several seasons, now has a posi tion in the National Museum at Washington. Miss Barbara Freire-Marreco returned to Eng land in March after spending the greater part of a year in the study of the Tewa and Yavapai. She has in course of preparation a Bulletin on the lat ter tribe. She has during the past season present ed courses of lectures at Oxford University and the University of London. Miss Freire-Marreco has been granted a renewal of the travelling fel lowship by the authorities of Somerville College, Oxford, with an increased stipend for the purpose of returning to New Mexico to continue her studies next year. Mr. J. P. Adams accompanied the expedition to Quirigua as Surveyor and at the close of the ex pedition accepted a position with the United States Government on the International Boundary Survey. Miss Maud Woy again spent the summer with the School on Pueblo work in the Southwest. 112 SCHOOL OFAMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Mr. Nathaniel Goldsmith again assisted with the excavations in the Jemez district during the sum mer, returning to his studies at Cornell University in September. Mr. F. W. Henry acted as Assistant Secretary at the Museum and in the field during the session of the Summer School. Mrs. D. A. Wood occupied the position of Muse um Assistant up to September and at the annual meeting of the Board of Regents was elected Librarian. VI. LIBRARY Aside from the usual accessions in the nature of reports, exchanges, etc., the library owes its de velopment almost entirely to the interest of Mr. Frank Springer. Early in the year he purchased for the use of the School the library of the late Dr. Franz Nikalaus Finck, professor of general linguis tics at the University of Berlin. The collection has been received and is installed in the new library room of the Palace. Professor Finck collected during his lifetime a well balanced assortment of books dealing with gen eral linguistics and kindred subjects. The library includes about twenty-five hundred volumes. The collections on Caucasic and Oceanic languages are practically exhaustive. The Indo-Germanic, Indo- Iranian, Armenian, Keltic, Germanic, and Slavic are well represented. There is a good representa tion of the Greek, Latin, and Romanic languages. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 113 The Semitic collection includes about fifty volumes. On Hamitic and other African languages there are about two hundred volumes. The Ural-Altaic, Jap anese, Elarnitic, Lycian, Etruscan, Ligurian, Rhae- tian and Basque are represented. There is also a good assortment on general ethnology and anthro pology. Mr. Springer has also provided for the purchase of material relating to the history, ethnology, and languages of Mexico and Central America and the result has been a rare and valuable collection. Maya, Quiche, Cakchiqudel, Nahuatl, Zapotec, Hu- astec, and Otomi languages are represented. Es pecially noteworthy is a number of original manu scripts, of the seventeenth and eighteenth centu ries, embracing grammars, vocabularies, and dis courses in the native Central American languages. VII. MUSEUM DECORATIONS The art interests of the Museum have also claim ed the generous interest of Mr. Springer. At his expense the rooms representing the ancient cul tures of Puye and El Rito de los Frijoles were pro vided with mural decorations and the paintings, representing the three epochs of southwestern his tory were made for the vestibule of the Palace. Another contribution was made for the painting of the most important of the old Mission ruins of New Mexico, viz; Pecos,Jemez, Abo, Quarai, andTabira (Gran Quivira), for the library and lecture room. 8 114 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY These noble ruins antedate the oldest of the Cali fornia missions by more than a century and a half. The work has just been finished by Mr. Karl Flei scher, a young Austrian artist. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. Santa Fe, November 1, 1911. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 115 XII. Chairman s Statement 1912 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: Gentleman, The School of American Archa eology has continued during the past year ts co operative field work, and carried on the various activities authorized by the Managing Committee with encouraging results. According to the by-laws of the Committee, seven members must retire each year. The fol lowing persons were elected for the ensuing four years, and confirmed by the Council of the Insti tute at its thirty-second annual meeting: George Bryce, Alice C. Fletcher, William H. Holmes, Lewis B. Paton, Joseph Scott, Frank Springer, H. L. Wilson, Anna L. Wolcott. The Chairmanship of the Managing Committee has passed to the able hands of Professor William H. Holmes, with every assurance of the increased influence and prosperity of the School. In offering this my last annual report, permit me to acknowledge the unfailing help I have re ceived from the members of the managing Com mittee in the tasks that have fallen to my official 116 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY position, and also my appreciation of the generous treatment accorded to the Committee and to the School by the officers and Council of the Institute. The accompanying report of the Director gives an account of the activities of the School during the past year. Respectfully submitted, ALICE C. FLETCHER, Chairman. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 117 XIII. Report of the Director 1912 To the Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology: Gentlemen, I beg to submit the following re port of the activities of the School for the year 1912. I. FIELD WORK 1. The Excavations at Quirigua. The third expedition to Quirigua took the field early in January, 1912. Sylvanus G. Morley serv ed, as heretofore, as first assistant. Earl Morris, a student of the School, assisted with the excava tions during the entire season, and Gerard Fowke, detailed by the Missouri Historical Society, spent several weeks with the expedition. Mrs. Wilmatte P. Cockerell, of Boulder, Colorado, joined the party in February. The excavations continued until the first part of May. The work consisted of (1) the excavation of Temples 1 and 2, on the south side of the Temple Court, (2) the excavation by Mr. Fowke of a number of mounds on the bench lands west of the main ruins, and (3) a study of the natural history of the Motagua Valley by Mrs. Cockerell, A preliminary report of the season s 8* 118 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY work, carried on with funds contributed by mem bers of the Saint Louis Society and by the United Fruit Company, was published in the June number of the Bulletin of the Institute. Following is a summary of results up to the present time. A. During previous expeditions: 1. The segregation of the Quirigua ruins in a park devoted to their protection, with a setting of the native jungle around them, in which the origi nal tropical environment will be preserved. 2. The preservation of the monuments from future demolition by the removal of the heavy forest trees from about them. 3. The classification of the monuments in chron ological sequence by the corroborative evidence of art and inscriptions. 4. The recognition of numerous points of re semblance in the ceremonial arrangement, insignia and vesture of figures sculptured on the monu ments at Quirigua, to what may still be seen in the ceremonials of North American Indians, parti cularly of the Pueblos. B. During the campaign of 1912: 1. A considerable advance in the preservation of the ruins and monuments with provision for their future protection. 2. The uncovering of two important buildings heretofore unknown in the Ceremonial Precinct. 3. The finding of the sloping upper zone of the facade in southern Maya architecture. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY HO 4. The establishment cf the chronological se quence of the temples in relation to the other monuments. 5. The discovery of a new initial series and its restoration and reading. 6. The determination of the place and mcde of life of the ancient population by the excavation of the house mounds. 7. The relation of the ancient to the modern in habitants of the Motagua Valley 8. The location of the ancient quarries from which the material for monuments and buildings was derived. 9. The discovery of the method of stone trans portation. 10. The acquisition of new material illustrating stone and ceramic arts. 11. Considerable advance in knowledge of the natural history of the Motagua Valley. During the season the work was visited by Mr. Minor C. Keith, Vice-President and General Manager of the United Fruit Company, and by Mr. J. M. Wulfing, Treasurer of the St. Lonis So ciety. The protection of the ruins has been assur ed by the United Fruit Company. The site will be fenced and a custodian placed in charge. 2. Activities in the Rio Grande Drainage. The field work in New Mexico began with the usual season in the canon of El Rito de los Frijoles during the session of the Summer School. The 120 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY uncovering of the great Community House of Tyuonyi was almost finished. This work served as a basis for field lectures and for observation and practice by students. An expedition to the Jemez district in cooperation with the Toronto So ciety of the Institute and the Southwest Museum occupied the months of September and October. For the greater part of the season Dr. Charles F. Lummis of the Southwest Museum assumed the direction of the operations in the field, being as sisted throughout by T. Harmon Parkhurst and Wesley Bradfield. This marks the beginning of active participation in work of research by one of the Canadian Socie ties of the Institute. It has resulted in a substan tial acquisition of material for the Royal Ontario Museum with considerable additions to the valu able collections from the Southwest already in the Museum at Los Angeles. As a part of the scientific work undertaken for the Panama-California Exposition, at San Diego, Wesley Bradfield was engaged for several months in collecting in the Keresan towns in New Mexico. Thomas S. Dozier performed similar service in the Tewa villages. Valuable collections have been made and information gathered for use in the de velopment of the Pueblo exhibits. In this connec tion Carlos Vierra has visited all the Rio Grande pueblos, making sketches, photographs, and arch itectural studies. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 121 3. The Excavations in the San Juan Drainage, Professor Byron Cummings continued his work in southern Utah and northern Arizona. This undertaking, financed mainly by members of the Utah Society, has now continued for five seasons and has yielded very satisfactory results, particu larly in Cliff Dwelling collections, which are now to be seen in the Museum of the University of Utah. 4. Researches in Soutnern California. John P. Harrington spent the greater part of the year in the field in western Arizona and Southern California. His work was done as a part of the scientific work for the Panama-California Exposi tion. The result is epoch-making in our knowledge of Yuman and the Chumashan tribes. Much de tailed information was obtained about the Matha- kapai, Kaveikapai, Maricopa, Kwichana, Kosuena, Jalchadoma, Jenequicha, Cocopa, Akwala, Ajuata, Yakwiliwa, Quigyuma, Yakwavira, etc. Several of these tribes have been hitherto unknown as re gards both dialect and culture. In connection with this work, all published ac counts of the history and ethnology of southern California have been studied and each item of in formation catalogued and taken into the field as a basis for questions. Important collections have been made and plans prepared for an exhibit of the culture of both existing and extinct tribes at the Exposition. Mr. Harrington has been assisted in the field by 122 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY T. Harmon Parkhurst and in working over the voluminous notes by Miss Laura W. Wood. II. THE SUMMER SCHOOL The usual summer session was held during the month of August. Lectures were given during the first two weeks at the Museum with field ex cursions for the study of the history and archae ology of Santa Fe and vicinity. The work of na tive Indian potters in the placita demonstrating the aboriginal methods in ceramic art was an in teresting feature. The special train to Santo Do mingo on August 4 carried about three hundred to witness the Green Corn Dance. During the two weeks encampment at the Rito the excavation of the Ancient Community House was witnessed and this was supplemented by lectures and excursions to interesting points. At the Summer Session this year the following courses of lectures were presented: 1. "Heredity and Evolution" by Professor T. D. A. Cockerel!. 2. "Roman Archaeology and Art" by Dr. Har ry L. Wilson. 3. "Historic Epochs in Art" by Dr. Hector Al- liot. 4. "Greek Archaeology and Art" by Dr. Mitchell Carroll. 5. "Shamanism, Folk Lore and Humanization" by Dr. Charles F. Lummis. 6. "The Mayas" by Mr. Sylvanus G. Morley. 7. "The Indians of the Southwest" by Mr. T. Harmon Parkhurst. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 123 8. The Monuments of the Aztecs" and "The Ancient Pueblos and Cliff Dwellers" by Director Edgar L. Hewett. The following Sunday night lectures were given at the Hall of Representatives, Capitol building, Santa Fe: "Art and Religion of the Ancient Etruscans" by Dr. Harry L. Wilson. "The Homeric Bible" by Dr. Mitchell Carroll. "The Mecca of the Maya World" by Mr. Syl- vanus G. Morley. "The Uncovering of an Ancient Temple in the Tropics" by Director Hewett. The annual meetings of the Managing Commit tee of the School and Board of Regents of the Mu seum were held during the Session, the greater part of one week being devoted to official meet ings, the discussion of the scientific and educa tional work of the School, the inspection of the Museum and excavations, and the consideration of future work. III. MUSEUM WORK In addition to the sum provided by law for the maintenance of the Museum, the legislature of New Mexico appropriated $5COO to be expended on further restoration and repair of the Palace. With this sum, the entire east end of the building has been put in order. This part had in some places reached an advanced state of dilapidation. Walls that were hoplessly deteriorated were taken down and relaid with stone and concrete founda- 124 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY tions, preserving the original dimensions. Where the ancient vigas, or ceiling beams, had been re moved and replaced by modern timbers they were restored in conformity to the original. All modern woodwork was removed from doors, windows, and fireplaces and these features restored in ancient style. The rooms thus repaired must present much of the appearance which they had before the modernizing of the past half century. The repair and restoration of this venerable building has been a task of great responsibility, and one that has claimed the interest of students of Spanish-American history and art throughout the country. There is no other example of early Spanish architecture equal to it in the United States. From the time of Onate (1605) to the present it has dominated the historic Plaza, sur viving the siege of 1680, during which time it sheltered and saved from extinction the entire pop ulation of Santa Fe and the surrounding country. It is the last of the buildings that originally faced the Plaza and is the most important monu ment of seventeenth century Santa Fe. The dismantling of the massive wall which forms the central axis of the building discloses the fact that large portions antedate the Spanish con struction by probably hundreds of years. Huge masses of the ancient Indian pueblo, upon the ruins of which the Palace was constructed, were discovered. Some of these have been covered SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 125 with glass and are now preserved in view and in original place. These walls, made of puddled adobe, were constructed in almost the identical manner of the concrete walls of the present day. The part laid bare formed the interior of a room used for ceremonial purposes. It contains the niche for the sacred meal bowl, invariably found in ancient pueblo houses, and also the recess in which some household fetish stood. During the excavations for foundations numer ous relics have been uncovered. The ceramic re mains conform closely to those found in the Cliff Dwellings of Pajarito Plateau. Numerous skele tons have been found under the floors which, together with those that are being preserved from other sites within the city limits, will doubtless throw light upon the ancient people that inhabited the Santa Fe Valley. It will soon be possible to prepare a monograph on the history and archaeology of the Palace of the Governors. New records have been found during the past year throwing light upon its early history, and the dismantling made necessary by the repairs of the past three years has laid bare many features of interest which had been com pletely lost sight of. The work of reconstruction has been carried out with fidelity to both history and architecture by Jesse L. Nusbaum. The Museum, together with the old Palace in which it is installed, will display the history of the 126 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Southwest for many centuries past. Material is rapidly being accumulated from the ancient Pueblo and Cliff Dwelling ruins, and this is augmented as time goes on with ethnological and historical data showing the culture of the Indians of the South west and also the early Spanish civilization. The collections made by the School are supplemented by those of the New Mexico Historical Society which are installed in the eastern part of the Palace. The archaeology, ethnology, and history of the Southwest are treated as one subject, and a succession of exhibits are arranged to display the entire culture history of the region. The Museum is the laboratory of the School of Archaeology, which turns over to it all the collec tions resulting from its excavations and ex changes. These already exceed the capacity of the rooms that can be devoted to Museum pur poses. In fact, another building of equal size would be needed to accommodate the material which could be obtained within the next few years. Everything is gathered at first hand. The provenance of every specimen displayed can be authentically shown, and no mere curios are exhibited. It is intended that each culture displayed in the Museum shall be illustrated by (1) paintings, especially mural decorations, which serve to bring before one the clearest possible conception of the environment in which that culture arose and SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 127 flourished; (2) photographs, sketches, and models, showing the present condition of the ancient ruins and methods of excavating them; and (3) collec tions of specimens in cases, designed to show phases of the industrial, social, and religious life of the people. At the annual meeting of the Board of Regents plans were presented and discussed looking to ward the extension of the Museum. This could be accomplished by means of a series of exhibition halls to gridiron the long Placita at the back of the main building; these to be supplemented by a structure occupying the entire north side of the Palace grounds devoted to laboratories and the offices of employees. IV. EDUCATIONAL WORK During the past summer the extension work of the School was expanded by participation in sum mer courses devoted to Archaeology in Colorado Springs, San Diego, and Los Angeles. Illustrated lectures prepared by the School are now in circulation in a number of States. These are handled by the local Secretaries of the Insti tute. A small and not entirely satisfactory begin ning was made with this last year. The School is now making its own slides. It has an adequate office force, so that the work can be carried on ef fectively and extended to meet the demands of local Societies of the Institute in any part of the country. The School was enabled to inaugurate 128 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY this lecture system through the generosity of a member of its Managing Committee, Dr. R. W. Corwin of Pueblo. The lectures now in circulation are on the following subjects: "The Siberian Origin of the Indians." "The Ancient Ruins of the Southwest." "The Mayas, the Greeks of the New World." "The Indians of the Southwest." "Uncovering a Buried City in the Tropics." These lectures will be provided for the use of Societies of the Institute at the actual cost of pre paring the slides. Arrangements are being made for the circulation of portfolios of artistic photographs with descrip tive manuals, devoted to American archaeology, ethnology, history, and art, for exhibition in schools and museums. It is hoped that by another year arrangements can be made to supply element ary schools with material, drawings, specimens, etc., that will enable teachers to introduce the work and methods of primitive man into the pub lic schools as an adjunct of vocational education. Work in primitive arts and industries such as pot tery making, tool making, blanket and basket weaving and metal work, carried on by the Indians themselves, will hereafter be a prominent feature of the Summer School work. V. LIBRARY Accessions to the library have been small during the past year. It is greatly in need of additions SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 129 in history, ethnology, and archaeology. It has un usual facilities for work in linguistics, and the Mex ican and Central America languages are well repre sented by early manuscripts and rare printed works. VI. ART The work of the School in art has claimed the interest of the public to an exceptional degree, and it has been the recipient of favorable atten tion from a number of artists of note. Several loan collections have been contributed and exhibit ed. The Museum gratefully acknowledges valu able loans and gifts from Messrs. Sharp, Phillips, Cassidy, and Vierra, painters who are devoting much time to the art of the Southwest. VII. PRESERVATION OF ANTIQUITIES An important function of the School has come to be the preservation of antiquities in the South west. Most noteworthy has been the preservation of the Old Palace of the Governors in which the School is located. The ruins in the Rito de los Frijoles and at Puye have been to a great extent excavated and partially repaired. Through an ar rangement between Mr. Harry Kelly of Las Ve gas, New Mexico, and Colonel D. C. Collier of San Diego, the ruins of the old Pecos Pueblo and Mis sion have been transferred to the School for custody and preservation, the latter having pro vided a sum for the repair of the church, which is one of the two oldest in the United States. The Missions of New Mexico are more than a century 9 130 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY and a half older than these of California. Their history is the history of the Heroic Age of the Southwest, and every surviving building of that period should be held sacred. It is hoped that the School with the assistance of the Museum of New Mexico may be enabled to assume the custodian ship of all of the ruined Missions as well as of such ancient Pueblos and Cliff Dwellings in the State as are not cared for by the Government. VIII. Civic WORK A considerable amount of civic work, particular ly in connection with the preservation of the archaic features of Santa Fe, has fallen to the School. In collaboration with the Santa Fe Cham ber of Commerce much interest has been aroused and considerable progress made in directing the future development of the State Capitol along the ancient lines in which it stands unique. An Exhi bition prepared largely by Mr. Morley will be opened to the public on November 18. It embraces models of early public buildings which have wholly or in part disappeared; maps, charts, and paintings designed to aid in the development of City parks and drives; the improvement of the river front, and the preservation of ancient streets and buildings. The School has been able in some measure to in fluence the architecture of public buildings. Among those which illustrate styles that it is hoped will dominate the city in the future are the Palace of the Governors, the Scottish Rite Cathe- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 131 dral, the De Vargas Hotel, the power plant and office buildings of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company, and the proposed Ice and Storage Plant of Messrs. Collier and Owen. The School has been requested to undertake a revision of the street names of Santa Fe, and this has been done in conformity with the historic growth of the city. A contribution is offered by Colonel D. C. Collier of the Managing Committee to provide for the marking of the streets accord ing to the revised system and the plan now awaits the approval of the City Council. IX. EXPOSITION WORK By agreement between the Managing Commit tee and the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, the Director of the School has been desig nated to direct the exhibits in ethnology and ar chaeology at the Exposition. The arrangement seems to be mutually advantageous. This Exposi tion, commemorating the opening of the Panama Canal in 1915, is intended to be largely scientific and educational. The expeditions planned and collections made will be in line with the regular work of the School and greatly widen its influence. A large amount of scientific work is in progress in the Southwest, Southern California, and Central America. The Smithsonian Institution has assum ed a large part in the programme of research and exhibition, and has its operations well advanced. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. Santa Fe, October 30, 1912. 132 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY XIV. Chairman s Statement 1913 To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: Gentlemen I have the honor to make the fol lowing brief report on the affairs of the School of American Archaeology for the year ending August 31, 1913. The varied activities of the School are presented in adequate detail in the report of the Director which follows. From January 1, 1913, Mr. Kenneth M. Chap man served acceptably as Secretary and Assistant Director of the School, retiring September 1 to de vote his entire time to art work. On the 1st of October, Mr. Paul A. F. Walter became Secretary of the School and Museum with authority to serve as Acting Director in the absence of the Director from the city. Mr. Walter comes to the Institution from the editorial staff of the Los Angeles Times but he is no stranger to Santa Fe. Well known throughout the Southwest for several years as editor of the Daily New Mexican, he has been a recognized force in the building up of the institutions of the State. He was intimately identified with the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 133 founding of the School and Museum in Santa Fe, both as a citizen and as an officer of the New Mex ico Archaeological Society. Mr. Walter s value to the School in this important administrative posi tion is already well known, On the 1st of September, Mrs. Harry Langford Wilson, wife of the late President of the Institute, entered the service of the School as Librarian and Museum Assistant. Mrs. Wilson s long association with the work of her distinguished husband at Johns Hopkins University, at the American School in Rome, and in connection with the Archaeologi cal Institute renders her presence in the School and Museum at Santa Fe particularly acceptable. At the annual meeting held at Santa Fe in August the Committee considered the question of per manent provision for students who have shown exceptional ability. The conclusion was that an effort should be made at once to establish two per manent fellowships with stipend of not less than $1,800 a year. The Committee had in mind stud ents whose ability has already been demonstrated by work in the School, such as Harrington, Miss Freire-Marreco, Morley, Kidder, Chapman, Nus- baum, Judd, Beauregard, and Morris. Respectfully, W. H. HOLMES, Chairman, Managing Committee. Washington, D. C., November 10, 1913. 9* 134 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY XV. Report of the Director 1913 To the Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology: I beg to submit the following report of the activ ities of the School for the year 1913. An adequate statement of the work can no longer be made within the space that can conveniently be allotted in the Bulletin of the Institute; accordingly this report is made as brief as possible with the expec tation of presenting later a more comprehensive account. The biennial financial statements of the Treasurers of the School, the Museum, and of funds for other enterprises under our direction, will be transmitted in a separate printed report to be made up November 30, 1913, this being the of ficial date for closing the accounts of the Auditor of New Mexico. WORK ON THE PALACE No more responsible task has fallen to the School than that of the restoration and repair of the venerable Palace of the Governors, at Santa Fe. The state has made generous appropriations for this purpose and to these has been added a considerable sum raised by the School through private subscriptions and life memberships. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 135 The final work of restoration and repair of the Palace proper is now finished with the construc tion of the new portal. The original character of the building was obscured by the weak modern front given it some forty years ago which, accord ing to the recollections of old citizens, replaced one of typical Spanish style. The new portal was built at a cost of $3,500, ap propriated by the Board of Regents from current revenues. Its style of architecture is derived from the study of the best historic facades that remain in New Mexico, from specimens of columns and capitals found imbedded in the walls of the Palace itself, and from the testimony of those whose re collections of Santa Fe and the Palace extend back half a century. The restored facade is simple and massive, characterized by the plain column, bolster, lintel and vigas of the Spanish colonial style as develop ed in New Mexico. One is impressed by the per fect harmony of exterior with interior, the restora tion of the latter having been accomplished largely by the elimination of accretions of recent times, such as paneled casings, modern fireplaces, paper ed walls and ceilings, and various other "improve ments" impossible to the builders of three hun dred years ago. The restoration is in the strong and simple lines of the ancient builders and the result is a structure almost monolithic in character, 136 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY presenting an appearance of great solidity and dignity, The execution, in such masterly style, of the plans of the Managing Committee and Regents with reference to the restoration of the Palace is the achievement of Jesse L. Nusbaum, now Super intendent of Works for the School and Museum. The Director earnestly desires to recommend to the governing bodies and to the people of the State the most generous recognition of the fidelity and skill of Mr. Nusbaum in carrying out this work, which is of importance not only to New Mexico but to the nation. Spain gave to civiliza tion the New World, and Spain s finest monument On the soil of the United States is the "Royal House" at Santa Fe. Its preservation is a work which will receive grateful consideration. Of no less importance than its physical rescue has been the restoration of the Palace to the patriotic regard of the people of New Mexico. In its state of dilapidation of five years ago, used for no single appropriate purpose, occupied in part by corrals and stables, it was rapidly losing its signifi cance in history. Efforts had even been made to give the Palace away. As it now stands, a splendid monument to the memory of its heroic builders and defenders, the home of an institution devoted to history, archaeology, and art in general and in a very special way to the conservation of New Mexico s historic past and the preservation SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 137 of its antiquities, it is safe to say that no other object in the State is so reverently regarded by the people or will be so jealously guarded in the future. FIELD WORK 1. CENTRAL AMERICA The Central American work for this year con sisted of an expedition to Yucatan by Messrs. Morley and Nusbaum. The object of the trip was to secure further data and material for the exhibit of the ancient Maya world which the School is preparing for the San Diego Exposition. The most noteworthy sites investigated were Holoctun in Campeche, Chichen Itza and Uxmal in Yucatan, Cozumel Island off the eastern coast, and the little known site of Tuluum in the territory of Quintana Roo. 2 CALIFORNIA Mr. John P. Harrington, in carrying forward the plans made for the ethnological exhibit from southern California at the San Diego Exposition, after some further investigations among the Rio Grande Pueblos early in the year, went to south ern California for a preliminary study of the rem nant of the Diegeftos near San Diego, then re sumed work inaugurated last year on the Chumas- han culture with Ventura as the principal base. This investigation is now nearing completion. The results will be exhaustive as to the material cult ure, social organization, mythology, religion, cere- 138 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY monies, songs and dialects of this well-nigh ex tinct people. Some weeks were spent on linguistic work in cooperation with the Department of An thropology of the University of California. 3. COLORADO AND UTAH Collaboration with the University of Colorado was continued by the excavation of certain ancient cites heretofore little known in the San Juan drainage near the Colorado-New Mexico state line. The excavation was in charge of Earl Morris, a former student of the School, now an instructor in the Colorado State University. He had the assist ance during part of the season of Ralph Linton, a student from Swarthmore College. The result was a considerable advance in knowledge of the archaeology of this important district and subs tantial additions to the archaeological collections of the University Museum. Dean Byron Cummings of the State University of Utah, who has for some seasons past conducted excavations in southern Utah and northern Ari zona under the auspices of the University and the Utah Society of the Institute, and in cooperation with the School, conducted this year independent ly a university party of twelve through the region of the great natural bridges, explored in previous expeditions, and into the Navaho Mountain district in Arizona. Several new cliff ruins were excavat ed and additional collections obtained for the Uni versity Museum. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 139 4. NEW MEXICO In connection with the Summer School there was an excursion to El Rito de los Frijoles where some excavating was done in the talus towns under the direction of Mr. Chapman. The main work of excavation here is finished but the site is still a good field for demonstration purposes. Be cause of the charming location and the extent of the ruins laid bare in past years, the Rito is a favorite spot for class work. Practically every phase of the cliff-dwelling culture of the Rio Grande drainage is to be seen and the main points of interest have been made easily accessible. The principal excavation in connection with the Summer School was that at Quarai, east of Albu querque, at the base of Manzano Mountains. This ruin of one of the largest towns of the ancient Tigua people presents problems unknown to the work on the Pajarito plateau. The place is known to have been occupied untill about 1675. It was the seat of one of the early Franciscan missions of New Mexico, founded, probably, in 1629. The mission ruin is one of the important historic land marks of New Mexico. The Pueblo ruins are of large extent and excavation here affords an oppor tunity for the observation of the first influence of European contact. The preliminary work on the topography of Quarai was accomplished. It was a walled town including numerous terraced buildings of stone in 140 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY the usual quadrangular arrangement, subterran ean sanctuaries, the historic mission church, springs, and fields. After some exploratory work in refuse heaps, systematic excavation was commenced upon the large mound south of the mission ruin. Without preliminary trenching the south side of the mound was removed, laying bare a building with curving walls, indicating a circular structure built of the red sandstone of the region. Twenty skeletons were found adjacent to the south wall and in the outer tier of rooms. These were accompanied by the usual artifacts of stone, bone and clay. The agreeable environment of Quarai, the his toric cotton wood grove, ample supply of the spring water, its location within an hour s drive from the small but enterprising town of Mountainair on the Santa Fe Railway, with good stores for outfitting and supplies, together with its historic and archa eological importance, makes Quarai a promising place for future excavations. THE SUMMER SCHOOL The summer session was held as usual during the month of August. The beginning of the term was marked by the annual excursion by special train to witness the Green Corn Dance of the Keres Indians at Santo Domingo. The foreign archaeological fields were repre sented by the following lecturers who have been SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 141 identified with the schools of the Institute in the Old World: Professor Lewis B. Paton, Hartford Theological Seminary, "The Archaeological History of Pales tine. " Professor Henry R. Fairclough, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Roman Archaeology and Art." Professor Mitchell Carroll General Secretary of the Institute, "Greek Archaeology and Art." Lectures on American History, Archaeology, and Art were given by Colonel Ralph E. Twit- chell, Kenneth M. Chapman, Sylvanus G. Morley, and the Director. The art of pottery making was demonstrated by Pueblo potters in the Palace placita. The excavations in connection with the Summer School have been referred to under the head of "Field Work." Forty-eight persons participated in the encamp ment at the Rito de los Frijoles, the majority of these attending the field lectures on the ruins. A small detachment spent two weeks at the Rito camp. At Quarai the encampment numbered twenty- one besides almost daily visitors from the town of Mountainair. At the commencement of the en campment a meeting was held under the historic cottonwood trees, at which time the ruins of Quarai, together with the forty acres of land on which they are situated, were formally deeded to the Museum by the owners, Messrs. McCoy, Dun- 142 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY lavy, and Corbett of Mountainair. These gentle men have set a patriotic example in thus provid ing for the perpetual care and preservation, by art institution responsible to the State, of valuable historic ruins and landmarks. The lecture courses held at the Museum hi Santa Fe are open to all who eare to attend, the attend ance varying from perhaps a dozen to audiences of several hundred on some occasions. The attendance at the field encampment is made tip of: 1. Members of the Staff and special students of archaeology. 2. Students interested in archaeology and art but not specializing therein. 3. The lecturers of the Summer School, mem bers of the Managing Committee and Board of Regents, having an especial interest in viewing the methods and work of the School at first hand. 4. Auditors, consisting of persons who join the parties as a matter of general education. A particularly valuable feature of the Summer School is the annual meeting of the Managing Committee and Board of Regents at the Museum and in the field. In Santa Fe the full Board of Regents was present: Judge McFie, Chairman, Governor McDonald, Judge Laughlin, Mr. Spring er, Colonel Twitchell, and Mr. Seligman. Spend ing more or less time at the excavating camps, were, of the Managing Committee, Mr. Springer, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN AKCHAEOLOGY 143 Doctor Corwin, Professors Paton, Fairclough, and Carroll, Mr. Hodge, Doctor Lummis, and Judge McFie. The question of the future method of the Sum mer School was one to receive especial considera tion and the plan there proposed will, in all pro bability, be carried out. The Committee recog nizes that, under the conditions of its foundation, this is not primarily a school of instruction; that it was created by the Council of the Institute as a school of research and for the training of students of archaeology in practical field work. However, a further important function of the School in general education is also recognized. Students in American archaeology and ethnology are few. The entire number registered in all the univer sities of the United States who are taking gradu ate work in these subjects, added to the number of undergradutates whose major work is in this field would be very small. Few universities offer regular courses in American archaeology. Since the demand for recruits in either instruction or research work is small, it is obviously unwise to encourage many students to specialize in these subjects until opportunities for employment are more numerous. It is, however, becoming more and more appar ent that the sciences of man are of exceptional value in general culture. The rapidly increasing interest among students and laymen in archa- 144 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY eology and ethnology, the growing affiliation be tween archaeology and art, the broadening of the scope of history, promise large demands on this group of sciences in the future. It was the sense of the Managing Committee that to meet the conditions here presented the field classes of the School for the summer session should be organized long in advance and the at tendance limited, and that the session at the Mu seum might be broadened in scope and the term lengthened to six weeks to enable students who so desire to have the benefit of full university credit courses. Auditors of non-academic grades would still find open to them courses desired for general culture. This plan has received en couragement from leading citizens of Santa Fe and a summer school corporation is to be formed to take the matter under consideration. THE MUSEUM By act of the Legislature of the State the Muse um of New Mexico is under the management of the School and identical with its Museum of Ar chaeology. From the outset there has been per fect harmony in the development of the dual insti tution. The Legislature of New Mexico has been most liberal, in proportion to its means, in carry ing out its part of the contract with the Archa eological Institute of America. Its appropriation for the present biennial term is $20,000. The Board of Regents of the Museum and the Manag- EAST ENTRANCE TO ART .MUSEUM 10 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 145 Ing Committee of the School have from the begin ning been of one mind concerning the scope and method of the Museum, its function in represent ing the history, archaeology, ethnology, and art of the southwest, its service to the State and to the Institute as the home and laboratory of the School of American Archaeology. During the past year, the collections have been augmented by accessions from the United States National Museum, the American Museum of Natural History (material from its excavations at SanCristobal, New Mexico) , from the San DiegoEx- position, as well as from numerous private sources. The Board of Regents already faces the problem of providing additional exhibition halls as well as work rooms, studios and storage facilities, every available room on the Palace premises being in use, with collections rapidly augmenting, and the activities of the School and Museum making con stantly increasing demands for space. The Man aging Commitee and the Officers and Council of the Institute may be assured that the Board of Re gents is keenly alive to the necessities of the case and will probably meet the situation, as it has the restoration and repair of the Palace, in shorter time than was to be expected. PUBLICATIONS Numerous preliminary reports and papers of minor character will not be enumerated here. A 10 146 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY list of these is printed for distribution at the offices in Santa Fe. Larger works by members of the staff and research students have been published or are now in process of publication by the Bureau of American Ethnology, as follows: Bulletin No. 54: Hewett, Henderson, Robbins. 4 The Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley in Relation to Pueblo Culture." Bulletin No. 55: Harrington, Robbins, Miss Freire-Marreco. The Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. " Bulletin No. 56: Harrington, Henderson. "The Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians. 29th Annual Report: Harrington. "The Ethno- geography of the Tewa Indians." The following are in preparation for publication: "An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphics, by Sylvanus G. Morley. "The Archaeology of the Pa jarito Plateau," by Edgar L. Hewett. "The Ethnology of the Tewa Indians of the Rio Grande Valley," by John P. Harrington. "The Ethnology of the Cochiti Indians," by John P. Harrington. "Maya Chronology," by Sylvanus G. Morley. EXPOSITION WORK Reference has previously been made to the work in Central America and California on behalf of the Panama-California Exposition, to which the Direc tor of the School has been detailed to serve as Director of Exhibits. Other work not yet ready to be reported on is in progress. The part as sumed by the Smithsonian Institution which is be- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 147 ing conducted by Professor Holmes and Doctor Hrdlicka is far advanced. Expeditions already finished are those to Siberia and Mongolia, Bohemia and Russia, the Philippine Islands, St. Lawrence Island, and Peru. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 1, 1913. 148 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY XVI. Report of the Director 1914 MR. WILLIAM H. HOLMES, Chairman, Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir The following is a synopsis of the ac tivities of the School and Museum for the year 1914. The work may be summarized under the follow ing heads: I. Research Work. II. The Museum. III. Archaeology, Anthropology, and Art at the Panama-California Exposition. IV. Financial Statement. I. RESEARCH WORK A. CENTRAL AMERICA The work at Quirigua was continued during the first five months of the year. Those participating, in addition to the Director, were Earl Morris, State University, Boulder, Colorado; Neill M. Judd, Na tional Museum, Washington, D. C. ; Wesley Brad- field, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe; Ralph Linton, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania; Carlos Vierra and Ruth Laughlin, Santa Fe. The work consisted of: SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 149 1. Excavation of the buildings on the east and north sides of the Temple Court. This yielded no new inscriptions, but considerable new informa tion on the architecture of the city was recovered. 2. A number of shafts were sunk in various parts of the great plaza. These were extended to a depth of twelve feet, disclosing the historical stratification of the site. At an average depth of one meter, as pointed out in previous reports, were found a pavement and numerous remains pertain ing to the period of the great monuments and lar ger temples. This condition is widely extended over the Motagua Valley, as shown by the explor ation of miles of ditches and railway cuts, showing that there had been a silting up of the valley to the depth of about one meter in the fifteen to eighteen centuries that have elapsed since the abandonment of Quirigua. At a a depth of six to seven feet is found a second culture stratum, cor responding probably to the epoch of the older build ings which lie under and in part form the sub structure of the later buildings. This may be the stratum to which the lesser monuments belong. At a depth of ten to twelve feet was found a stra tum containing potsherds, charcoal, and chipped stone. Between the various culture strata are lay ers of silt, indicating long continued deposition from the slow movement of flood waters. The im portance of these new facts is obvious. 10* 150 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 3. Further exploration of the Motague Valley has brought to light one sculptured stela, hereto fore unknown. It stands at a distance of one mile from the north end of the great plaza at Quirigua, being surrounded by the small mounds of an an cient village. The initial series seems to place the monument among the earliest in the Quirigua dis trict. 4. The making of casts of eight of the monu ments occupied a considerable part of the season. The glue process was used in making the moulds, resulting in a perfection of reproduction hereto fore unattained in the making of casts in the tropics. Sylvanus G. Morley, Fellow in Central American Archaeology, devoted the first half of the year to an exploring trip in the Peten district in Guate mala, with fruitful results in the recovery of hier oglyphic inscriptions. On the first of July Mr. Morley retired from the staff of the School to be come a Research Associate in the Carnegie Insti tution at Washington. Mr. Morley has been con nected with the School from its beginning and un der its auspices has been engaged for about seven years in research in Central America. He is now, fortunately, enabled to continue his work in the same field under exceptionally favorable conditions. The publication of a monograph on Maya chronol ogy will conclude his work with the School. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 151 B. NEW MEXICO There were two field expeditions in New Mexico. The work of the first was in continuation of that of former years at the old mission pueblo of Quarai. A survey of the ruins was completed and a model of the mission is now being made. At tached to this expedition were the Director and Mrs. Hewett; Dr. E. H. Parker, Phoenix, Arizona; Prof. J. C. Troutman, Roswell, New Mexico; Mr. and Mrs. Wesley Bradfield and Mr. J. P. Adams, Santa Fe. While the work at Quarai was in pro gress, arrangements were consummated whereby a portion of the site of Gran Quivira in the same dis trict became the property of the School. The ownership of the entire area covered by these famous ruins is now vested in the School and the Government of the United States. The second expedition in New Mexico had as its objective point the ruins of Kwasteyukwa on the plateau west of the Jemez mountains. The work here was a continuation of that previously done by the School in collaboration with the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Royal Ontario Muse um of Toronto. A feature of this expedition was the archaeological excursion starting from Santa Fe, and touching the points of interest at El Rito de los Frijoles, Tchirege, Tsankawi, Otowi, Valle Grande, Jemez Hot Springs, and ending at the ruins where the excavations were conducted. The party, limited to ten, consisted of Director and 152 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Mrs Hewett; Dr. E. H. Parker, Phoenix, Arizona; Prof. J. C. Troutman, Roswell, New Mexico; Dr. W. P. Wilson, Commercial Museum, Philadelphia; Mrs. L. L. W. Wilson, Girls Training School, Philadelphia; Mrs. Lydia Trowbridge, Lakeview High School, Chicago; Wesley Bradfield, SantaFe; Miss Laura W. Wood, Santa Fe, and Miss Azelia Austry, St. Joseph, Missouri. Additional mem bers at the Rito de los Frijoles and on the Pajarito Plateau were Dr. Alexander Janowsky, University of Warsaw, Poland; Dr. C. S. Brown, State Uni versity, Oxford, Mississippi; Dr. and Mrs. Law rence Larson, State University, Champaign, Illinois; Mr. and Mrs. Lansing Bloom, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Mrs. I. H. Rapp, Santa Fe; and Mrs. E. A. Fyke, Centralia, Illinois. The success of the archaeological excursion makes it possible that this will be one of the regular summer features of the School. C. CALIFORNIA The research work in California was continued by John P. Harrington, bringing to a conclusion his investigation of the remnant of the Chumashan stock near the coast, and the Mohave tribe in the Colorado Basin. Mr. Harrington will bring to publication as promptly as possible a monographic report on each of these fields. II. THE MUSEUM The State of New Mexico has more than complied with the conditions of its contract with the Ar- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 153 chaeological Institute of America. The legislature has provided for the maintenance of the Museum, not only the five thousand dollars annually stipulated, but has appropriated an additional five thousand a year for the restoration and improve ment of the Governor s Palace and for the exten sion of the Museum work. The records of the Secretary show about eight thousand visitors during the year. The research work of the School has added substantially to the Museum collections, and the list of donors of valu able specimens, works of art, books and other con tributions is too long for publication in this report. A valued auxiliary of the School and Museum is the New Mexico Archaeological Society, which has been active from the beginning of the establish ment in Santa Fe. The Society now has a mem bership of two hundred and thirty-nine. Its most noteworthy achievement has been the publication of the scientific newspaper El Palacio, the edition of which is now about two thousand copies. The files of El Palacio constitute a report, in non technical form, of the activities of the School and Museum, and furthermore serve to inform the public of the work of the Institute and its affiliat ed schools, as well as of other institutions having to do with archaeological science. Its editor is Paul A. F. Walter, Secretary of the School and Museum, formerly editor and proprietor of The New Mexican of Santa Fe. 154 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY At the joint meeting of the Managing Commit tee and Board of Regents held in Santa Fe in August, the Woman s Museum Committee, which has for some years rendered invaluable service to the School and Museum, was constituted a per manent auxiliary body to consist of eighteen rep resentative women citizens of New Mexico. This Committee has been alive to every interest of the institution from the beginning, and now contem plates still more important activities. III. ARCHAEOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND ART AT THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA EXPOSITION The work for the San Diego Exposition has oc cupied much of the time of the Director and staff of the School during the past three years. They have received invaluable assistance from Mr. Holmes and Dr. Hrdlicka of the National Museum of the United States. The plan of the exhibit is as follows: A. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1. Physical history of man in the course of the ages. Man s evolution. Illustrated by casts of ancient human remains, and busts presenting early human beings of different epochs. Primate crania, showing various stages in human ancestry. 2. Development and growth of present man. Based on the three principal races of the United States, namely, the oldest Americans, the pure- blood Indian, and the pure-blood American Negro. 3. Human variations. Illustrating various SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 155 groups of humanity, differences between races, groups, and individuals; geographical distribution of human types; variation in different parts of the body. 4. Man s decline. Pre-Columbian American pathology, artificial deformations, and surgery. 5. Methods of investigation. Anthropological laboratory, library, and field outfit. B. CULTURE HISTORY (Based on the native American race) 1. Industries connected with mining, quarry ing, and shaping stone, illustrated by lay figures, working groups, and the art product of the general activities. 2. Art. Ceramics, modeling, vase painting, systems of decoration, symbolism. Illustrated by collections and artists at work. 3. Language. Modern methods of linguistic study. Laboratory and mechanical devices for in vestigating and recording language. Geography and descent of languages of the world. Evolution of various methods of writing. 4. Social order. Tribal and family groups, clan systems. Illustrated by models of houses and villages, and families from various tribes. 5. Ceremonies and music. Illustrated by liv ing performers, photographic and phonographic records. C. ART 1. Ancient American Art. 156 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY a. Architecture of Central American cities, shown by means of models and paintings. b. Relief sculpture. Most noted bas-reliefs from ancient American cities, e. Sculptured monuments; replicas of the great stela and zoomorphic sculptures of Quirigua. d. Arts of ancient Pueblos and Cliff Dwellers. 2. Modern American Art. a. Mural paintings, based on ancient and modern Indian life and art. b. Mural sculpture, based on ancient Indian life and art. c. Exhibition by modern American painters. d. Spanish-American architecture. The greater part of the material for the exhibits here outlined has been acquired for permanent museum use following the Exposition. Important loan collections are acknowledged representing the researches of the Bureau of American Ethnology, the Southwest Museum, the University of Utah, the Museum of New Mexico, and numerous priv ate individuals. The work of the Exposition has involved a con siderable amount of new research. It will occupy four of the main Exposition buildings, namely, the Californian Quadrangle, which comprises the California Buflding and the Fine Arts Gallery; the Science of Man Building and the Indian Arts Building. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 157 Mention should also be made of the very import ant exhibit by the Santa Fe Railway Company, consisting of a complete Indian town of the ancient pueblo style, as seen at Taos and Zuni, New Mexico. The design was prepared with the assistance of the staff of the School, and Jesse L. Nusbaum was released from the staff for two years to become the constructor. IV. FINANCIAL STATEMENT School of American Archaeology and Museum of New Mexico December 1, 1913, to September 30, 1914 Receipts Balance in School Treasury, Dec. 1, 1913 . $81.42 Balance in Museum Treasury, Dec. 1. 1913. 176.14 Archaeological Institute Warrants. 900.00 State Auditor s Warrants 9996.72 Contributions 80.00 Camp Fees.. 20.00 Publications and Photographs. . . 67.70 Sale of old material 60.00 Due on Note . 2000.00 Overdraft . 291.99 $13673.97 Disbursements Reconstruction of Portal . 3484.98 Building.. 619.00 Salaries . . 4002.75 Carried forward.. . $8106.73 158 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Brought forward $8106.73 Collection of Photographs 80. 00 Excavations 591.07 Fuel 413.22 Insurance 259.81 Interest.... 517.94 Notes Paid 3000.00 Library 128.88 Office Expense 202. 11 Photographs 42.40 Printing 191.21 Water and Light . . 140. 60 $13673.97 JOHN R. McFiE, Treasurer of the School. N. B. LAUGHLIN, Treasurer of the Museum. The financial reports of the Auditor of the Panama-California Exposition, the Smithsonian Institution, the United Fruit Company and other organizations with which cooperative work has been done during the year may be referred to for the account of activities directed by the School, the funds for which do not pass through its Treasury. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 159 XVII. Report of the Director 1915 MR. WILLIAM H. HOLMES, Chairman of the Managing Committee, Washington, D. C. The activities of the School of American Arch aeology during the year 1915 included field work in the Southwest, participation in the Panama- California Exposition, art exhibits, lectures and summer school work. 1. RESEARCH WORK The amount of research work in the Southwest ern field under various auspices, was extensive. In two expeditions, the School participated. On the site of Pecos, owned by the Museum of New Mexico, work was inaugurated by Dr. A. V. Kidder, Field Director, for the archaeological de partment of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. Dr. Charles Peabody, head of the archaeological department of Andover, visited the Pecos excava tions and the School and Museum, on his way to the Pacific coast. Jesse L. Nusbaum, of the School staff, was detailed to assist Dr. Kidder, particularly to look after the repair of the ruins of the Pecos Mission. Mrs. L. L. W. Wilson, of the Normal School for 160 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Girls in Philadelphia, was in charge of an expedi tion of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, at Otowi, on the Pajarito Plateau. Wesley Brad- field, Museum Assistant, had direct supervision of the work, and Captain J. C. Troutman, who, like Mrs. Wilson, had been last year on the expedition in the Jemez region, assisted in the Otowi excava tions. The work will be continued next summer. Most interesting were the result of an expedition of the School in charge of Mr. Frank Springer, ac companied by Carlos Vierra and K. M. Chapman, artists of the School, Mrs. Vierra, Miss Kate Mueller, Miss Myrtle Boyle, all of Santa Fe, and Miss Eleanor Johnson of New York. Caves in the Rito de los Frijoles were explored, and mural de corations of an extraordinary nature were found graven upon the walls with bone needles or stone awls. Two hundred caves were explored. In some cases nine coats of plastering covered the designs. Copies of a large number of the decora tions were made. A description of these interest ing finds with illustrations will be prepared by Mr. Chapman for early publication in a Bulletin of the School. Because of an adverse claim to the ruins of Cuarai, no excavations were made upon that site this year, although the Museum appropriated $1500 for that purpose. II. THE MUSEUM The number of visitors to the Museum this year o: SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 161 will be close to 30,000, almost four times as many as last year. The State Legislature has made permanent the appropriation of $10,000 a year for maintenance. The Legislature also appropriated $30,000 toward the erection of an additional building for the School and Museum. It will be a replica of the New Mexico Building at the Panama-Califor nia Exposition. This appropriation is conditional upon the contribution of $30,OCO from private sources, and the donation of a suitable site by the people of Santa Fe. The desired site has been granted, and friends of the School are now engag ed in raising the additional required funds. Mr. Frank Springer, who was mainly instrumental in securing the favorable legislative action, has laid the foundation for the Art Gallery which is to be part of the new Museum, by having finished by Messrs. Chapman and Vierra the mural decora- tions for the auditorium that were left uncomplet ed by the death of Donald Beauregard. III. SUMMER SCHOOL WORK The summer session of the School was held this year at San Diego. One hundred and seventy-six students took the courses offered in Archaeology. Anthropology, and related subjects. IV. EXPOSITION WORK The paper published in the November number of Art and Archaeology, sets forth in part the 11 162 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY work done by the School in Central American Ar chaeology, and may be referred to as part of this report. In the preparation of the exhibits at the Panama-California Exposition relating to the culture history of the native American race and the division devoted to Ancient America, the Director was in personal charge. The foundation for the culture history exhibit was laid by the preparation, under the personal supervision of Mr. William H. Holmes, of a series of groups, illustrat ing by means of lay figures, such important steps in the beginning of native American culture as the manufacture of stone implements, the working of ancient soapstone quarries of Catalina Island, the prehistoric obsidian workers of California, the be ginnings of sculpture among the ancient Mexicans, primitive copper mining on Isle Royal, Lake Superior, and prehistoric iron mining in the state of Missouri. This exhibit was further extended to include collections representing the evolution of the stone art from its simplest forms to the high est achievements in the shaping of stone and the manipulations of metal. A series of village group models, illustrating houses and house life in the most important culture areas from Greenland and Alaska to Patagonia, were prepared under the direction of Dr. Walter Hough of the United States National Museum. Like the series just described, repre- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 163 sen ting the evolution of art in stone, this has proved to be of exceptional educational value. Field work extending over a period of three years, carried on by John P, Harrington, resulted in the preparation and installation in the Indian Arts Building of important exhibits reproducing the houses and house life of the Mohave Indians of the Colorado basin and of the coast and island peoples of California. These reproductions are accurate in every detail, and invaluable in pre serving phases of native material culture which must soon completely disappear. The exhibit illustrating the physical history and relative status of the races of man occupies, with the laboratory pertaining to it, five rooms in the Science and Education Building. It was prepared and installed by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka of the United States National Museum, who, with the sanction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, undertook the ardous task of collecting the material from many sources near and remote* After close observation of the attention paid to this exhibit by the general public and by visitors from many countries, it may be confidently stated that among exhibits within this important field of research, it is without a rival and constitutes a distinct and eminent achievement in anthropology. Through the generosity of the Santa Fe Rail way Company, it became feasible to construct a full-size replica of a typical Indian pueblo and to 164 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY fill it with representatives of living tribes, the Pueblo, Navaho, Apache, and Havasupai, engaged in then* customary occupations. This exhibit prov ed to be one of the most attractive and important features of the Exposition, and is credited to the genius of Jesse L. Nusbaum. The extent of the work, the accuracy of the reproduction of the rocky site, and the completeness of every detail of arrangement and construction, place this exhibit on a plane above anything of the kind ever before undertaken. New Mexico stands foremost among the states of the Union in recognizing the value of its anti quities and in making them an asset in the wel fare and development of the state. Extensive collections brought together in the State Building comprise archaeological and ethnological models prepared by Percy Adams, besides extensive series of specimens, photographs, transparencies, and other exhibits illustrating the history, archa eology and ethnology of New Mexico. The build ing in the archaic mission style of the Rio Grande Valley, antedating the oldest California missions by a century and a half, is one of the most effect ive in the Exposition city. There has been formed by leading citizens of San Diego a Museum Association, which has for its object the development and maintenance of a public museum for the city. After the close of the Exposition it is expected that adequate build- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 165 ings will be placed at the disposal of the Museum by the City Park Board, and that the Exposition stockholders may turn over the valuable perman ent collections to the Museum, as contemplated in the original plans agreed upon by the officers of the Exposition and the Institute. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. Nov. 1, 1915. 11 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY XVIII. Report of the Iftrector 1916 MR. WILLIAM H. HOLMES, Chairman of the Managing Committee, National Museum, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: In view of the extended account of the plans and progress of the School appearing in the December number of Art and Archaeology I shall, with your permission, omit from this report many details which otherwise should be recorded. Those who are sufficiently interested to desire more particular information with reference to the School we may refer to the Magazine. I. FIELD WORK The School has this year finished the excavation of the East House at Puye on the Pajarito Plateau. Ninety rooms constituting the original ground floor of the structure forming the east side of the great community quadrangle were cleared. Two kivas were completely excavated, one, the main sanctuary of the East House, situated to the east within a few feet of its outer wall; the other, on the upper terrace of the Puye cliff at the head of the south trail. This was doubtless a clan kiva. A third, of large size, probably one of the two SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 167 main tribal sanctuaries of Puye, situated on the talus of the lower terrace, was partially excavat ed. The reservoir west of the great quadrangle was examined and surveyed. The work at Puye was under the supervision of the Director assisted by the Summer School class of twenty, and fifteen of the Tewa Indians of the San Ildefonso Puebla The Executive Secretary, Paul A. F. Walter, with the Superintendent of Construction, Jesse L Nusbaum, investigated the condition of the ruins in the Manzano district with special reference to Quarai, Tabira (Gran Quivira) and Abo. The re sults are published in Number 35, Papers of the School of American Archaeology. An arrangement has been made between the Smithsonian Institution, the Royal Ontario Muse um of Toronto, Canada, and the School of Ameri can Archaeology to undertake jointly a study of the ruins of Chaco Caflon, New Mexico, and con tinue the same for a number of years. The work will be under a Commission consisting of William H. Holmes of the National Museum, F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, C. T. Cur- relly of the Royal Ontario Museum and the Direc tor of the School of American Archaeology. The collaboration of these three institutions insures a combination of scientific and financial forces com mensurate with the importance of the undertaking. Mr. Frank Springer and party extended and fin ished their examination, commenced a year ago, 168 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY of the mural decorations in the caves of the Rito de los Frijoles. Material has been secured for an important publication on this subject. The excavations necessary for the foundations of the new art museum of the School have added im portant data for the archaeological history of San ta Fe. A fairly complete exhibit can now be made of the historical stratification of the place from the earliest times to the present. On account of the continuation of the Exposition at San Diego for a second year, requiring the pres ence of the Director and members of the staff in looking after the anthropological and archaeologi cal exhibits, it was impossible to resume the exca vations in Guatemala. It is hoped that this may be done during the coming winter. Other expeditions were conducted in the South west with which the School is intimately related. The studies of John P. Harrington on the Coast and Island Tribes of Southern California, main tained by the School for three years and now by the Bureau of American Ethnology, are being pre pared for publication. It has been a work of much greater magnitude than was originally anticipated. Dr. A. V. Kidder, Field Director for Phillips Acad emy, Andover, has finished his second successful season at Pecos, New Mexico, a site owned by the School. A second expedition at Otowi was con ducted by Mrs. L. L. W. Wilson on behalf of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia, the SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 169 concession for this site having been relinquished by the School to the cooperating institution. The amount of research done during 1916 was the largest in the history of the Southwest. II. MUSEUM The amount of Museum work that has developed has given the School a larger place in scientific ed ucation than was expected of it, though this was anticipated by its founders. Through this agency it serves a large constituency and provides more complete facilities for students than can be afford ed by field work alone. The Museum in Santa Fe will develop into four units, namely: The Museum of Southwestern Archaeology. The Art Museum. The Museum of Ethnology. The Central American Museum. The first is installed in the Palace of the Govern ors though not yet in systematic form. The second becomes possible with the completion of the build ing now under construction. It will require two more quadrangles to provide for the additional de velopment predicted and we may look forward to their construction within a reasonable time. The Museum at San Diego, growing out of the work done by the School for the Panama-Califor nia Exposition, has been permanently organized under a local Board of Directors. It will consist of the following divisions in which substantial 170 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY beginnings are already made and for which ac commodations are available. The Art Gallery in the Fine Arts Building. The Art of Ancient America in the California Building. The Indian Museum in the Indian Arts Building. Anthropology in the Science of Man Building. The first two buildings mentioned, comprising the California Quadrangle are fireproof. The last two are not, but with a small expenditure for con crete foundations, lining of interiors and metal conduits for electric wires, both buildings can be made reasonably safe. The anthropological sta tion has quarters in the fireproof quadrangle. III. ART. The development in art in the Southwest during the past five years has been phenomenal. About forty artists, American and foreign, have sojourn ed in New Mexico in recent months, mainly in Santa Fe and Taos, for the purpose of painting the Southwest. The output of art has been greater from this than from any other section of the Unit ed States. Eighteen art exhibitions have been held in the Palace during the past twelve months. Their character has been such as to attract favorable comment from such magazines as Scribners and many other publications. The School is endeavoring to encourage this movement by extending its facilities to artists and by helping, through its various activities, to bring SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 171 them into intimate touch with the phases of life and nature which artists are finding of such ab sorbing interest. Besides the work in the studios of Chapman and Vierra reaching over a term of years, the School has this year been able to extend the courtesies of its studios to Robert Henri, Paul Burlin, Warren E. Rollins, Gerald Cassidy, William Penhallow Henderson and Sheldon Parsons. This plan of offering studio facilities to artists, but little practised outside of a few European cities, will be extended as rapidly as possible. It is hoped that eventually not less than a dozen studios may be maintained. The four that we now have are in constant service and twelve could be used to good advantage. It is the purpose of the School to in time have as many studios for artists and archi tects as it does rooms for students of archaeology and anthropology. The completion of the new gallery will prove a great stimulus to art in the Southwest. Unsur passed facilities can then be offered for exhibi tions. Well lighted galleries will be had for permanent acquisitions. There will be an excel lent auditorium and rooms for conference and class work. The artists who are working in the Southwest are showing their cordial appreciation of what the School is endeavoring to do for art. Valuable gifts of paintings have been received from Robert Henri, Joseph Henry Sharp, Gerald Cassidy, War- 172 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ren E. Rollins, Sheldon Parsons, Paul Burlin, and others have signified their desire to have a part in the upbuilding of the new gallery. IV. EXPOSITION At the close of the year 1915 the management of the Panama-California Exposition decided upon a continuation for a second year. This made it nec essary for the School to consider the question of maintaining its exhibits in archaeology and anthro pology. The prominence given the sciences of man during the previous year made it seem oblig atory upon the School to keep up its Exposition work. This was done but not as extensively as the year before. The Central American collections in the California building were retired in order to make way for the official exhibits of France. The display in physical anthropology was continued without change as was that in the archaeology of the Southwest. The whole was strengthened by the addition of the ethnological groups and other collections of the Smithsonian Institution which had been previously installed at the Exposition in San Francisco. In the administration at San Diego during the year the Director was assisted by Wes ley Bradfield of the regular Museum staff in Santa Fe and Mrs. Donald Ray Morgan. During the month of August, Mrs. Morgan and Mrs. Wilson of the Museum in Santa Fe exchanged positions. At the end of the year the Exposition will per manently close and be succeeded by the Museum SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 173 of San Diego which takes over the collections in anthropology and archaeology for permanent in stallation in the buildings which will be retained for them. A final report on the work of the School at the Exposition is in course of preparation but will re quire ome years for publication. V. SUMMER SCHOOL The regular session of the Summer School was this year held in the field in connection with the excavations at Puye, which have been referred to in a preceding section. The class was limited to twenty and the maximum number was enrolled. The subject upon which all the work of the Summer School was concentrated was "The Pueblos, Ancient and Modern." The work con sisted of the following series of problems: 1. The construction of a typical pueblo of the pre-Spanish period. Social organization; dual order; clan system; architecture. 2. Reconstruction of a section (300 feet long) of the Puye cliff showing the two levels of vil lages and the great community house above. 3. Study of a typical summer ceremony of the Rio Grande Pueblos. Religious life; archaic dress; symbolism. 4. Study of pottery making. Technical proces ses; decoration; symbolism. 5. Distribution, ancient and modern. Environ ment; contact with European culture. 6. Transition from cliff and mesa dwellings to present sites. Climatic influences and changes ; intermixture of culture. 174 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 7. Food Quest. Preparation of a cliff dweller s feast. Notes. The course included, A. Visits to the Pueblos of Taos, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, and San Ildefonso, with lectures and readings. B. Study of the ancient cliff community of Puye with excavations and lectures on the ground. C. Study of the major summer ceremonies at the Keres Pueblo, Santo Domingo and the Tewa Pueblo, Santa Clara. D. Study of the pottery making of the pueb los as demonstrated by Indian women from San Ildefonso. E. Daily lectures (two hours) on anthrop ology and archaeology with special reference to the Pueblos. For credit, papers of not less than 1000 words each, with acceptable illustrations were required on four of the problems, with notes on the lect ures, field work and readings. VI. PUBLICATION The School issues regularly its magazine, El Pa- lacio, edited by Mr. Walter, and published parti cularly for the members of the New Mexico Arch aeological Society, a local organization, numbering 452 members. The circulation of the magazine has of late however, become almost national in character showing the wide extent of interest in SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 175 the archaeology of the Southwest. Mr. Walter has also distributed regularly through the medium of the daily press and periodicals throughout the country, the most important items of information relating to the work of the Institute in all its fields. The value of this educational propaganda can hardly be over-estimated. The following publications of the work of the School have now been issued by the Bureau of American Ethnology: Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, by Hew r ett, Henderson and Robbins. The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians, by John P. Harrington. The Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians, by Har rington and Henderson. The Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, by Rob- bins, Harrington and Miss Freire-Marreco. With the completion of the fifth volume, The Ar chaeology of the Pajarito Plateau, by the Director, this series will form a complete anthropological survey of the most important section of the South west. It will serve as a model for the treatment of other districts. The papers of the School of American Archaeology have now reached Number 36. VII. ENDOWMENT It is believed that a solid foundation for the en dowment of the School has now been laid in the development of permanent buildings and equip- 176 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ment necessary for its administration and the pro secution of its activities in archaeology and art. A cash contribution of $30,000 to the School of American Archaeology enabled it to take advant age of a like amount offered by the state of New Mexico and a site valued at $25,000 adjacent to the headquarters of the School in the Palace of the Governors, donated by the people of Santa Fe through an arrangement of the City Board of Education and the Beard of County Commis sioners. The cost of the building will be approxi mately $100,000. The friends of the School to whom we are in debted for this contribution are: Frank Springer, Las Vegas, N. M. James Douglass, New York City. A. C. James, New York City. Cleveland H. Dodge, New York City. James McLean, New York City. William Church Osborn, New York City, Alice D. Osborn, New York City. Mary M. H. Dodge, New York City. Spencer Penrose, Colorado Springs, Colo. Charles M. MacNeill, New York City. D. C. Jackling, San Francisco, Cal. J. D. Sully, Silver City, N. M. Herbert J. Hagerman, Roswell, N. M. Mr. and Mrs. Max Nordhaus, Albuquerque, N. M. Mr. and Mrs. Louis Ilfeld, Albuquerque, N. M. Dr. Edward A. Staab, New York City. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 177 Henry M. Porter, Denver, Colo. Joshua Raynolds, Albuquerque, N. M. Mrs. Margaret M. Dobyne, Boston, Mass. (In memory of Henry Koehler, late President of the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Company.) Hugo A. Koehler, St. Louis, Mo. Jan Van Houten, Raton, N. M. Charles Springer, Cimarron, N. M. The agreement between the contributing parties was conditioned upon the use of the new building as well as that of the Palace of the Governors, being granted in perpetuity to the School of Amer ican Archaeology, thus putting the arrangement on the basis of a permanent endowment, To this must be added the appropriation of $10,000 a year (the income on $250,000 at 4 per cent) by the state of New Mexico for the support of the local estab lishment. In order that the records of the Institute may show all conditions of the transactions above re ferred to, the following communication and resolu tions are here set forthwith in full. Santa Fe, April 12, 1916. To the Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico: Gentlemen Referring to the Act of the Legis lature of New Mexico entitled "An Act providing for the reproduction in permanent form of the New Mexico Building of the Panama-California Exposition," approved March 18, 1915, I am 12 178 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY authorized to offer to your Honorable Board, for and on behalf of the School of American Archae ology, the sum of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000) being the amount required by said Act to be furnished from sources other than the state, ap plicable to the construction of the building in said Act provided for, in order to render the state ap propriation of one half the cost thereof available this offer being made subject to certain provisions and conditions which it is hoped will be acceptable to your Board, and which are as follows: 1. That in consideration of the furnishing of the said sum of thirty thousand dollars by and on behalf of the School of American Archaeology to insure the construction of the said building as and for a part of the Museum of New Mexico, the Board of Regents of said Museum grants in per petuity and free of rent or other charge to the School of American Archaeology the use of the said Building so to be constructed according to the provisions of said Act, and situated upon the ground donated for that purpose by the Board of Education of the City of Santa Fe, fronting upon Palace and Lincoln Avenues, as and for a part of the seat of its School and Museum, together with the like use of the building known as the Old Palace in Santa Fe in all respects as provided in the Act of the Legislature of New Mexico entitled "An Act to establish a Museum for the Territory of New Mexico and for other purposes," approved February 19, 1909. 2. That the said building so to be constructed is declared to be an Annex to the Palace of the Governors, built for the accommodation of the Museum of New Mexico and School of American Archaeology as provided in the Act of the Legis- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 179 lature of New Mexico, approved February 19, 1909 as amended; and it shall be devoted to the uses specified in that Act and in the Act of said Legis lature approved March 18, 1915, as well as in the agreement between the Board of Education of the City of Santa Fe, and the Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico, dated September 4, 1915, and no other. 3. That it is further declared and agreed that no part of the premises provided for the use of the Museum of New Mexico and School of Ameri can Archaeology by either of said Acts of the Legislature can ever be leased or tenure thereof given to any organization not under the control of their regularly constituted governing Boards, nor can any private or corporate business enterprises be permitted on said premises. 4. That the acceptance of the said sum of money and of the forgoing provisions and condi tions numbered 1, 2, and 3, by resolution of said Board of Regents spread upon its records shall have the force and effect of a grant of the use of the two buildings hereinbefore mentioned, and of any additions or improvements that may be made thereto, to the said School of American Archae ology, and of a declaration and ageeement in rela tion to the uses and purposes to which said build ings and premises shall be devoted, which grant, declaration and agreement shall be binding and ir revocable so long as the said buildings and pre mises shall continue to be used by said School of American Archaeology for the purposes contem plated by said Acts of the Legislature. 5. That the said proposed building be con structed substantially after the architectural plans prepared by I. H. and W. M. Rapp, Architects, as 180 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY shown by the sketches herev/ith submitted, sub ject to such minor changes as may be made from time to time with the approval of the Director or the Building Committee such construction to be under the supervision of Jesse L. Nusbaum, now the superintendent of construction on the Museum staff, and to be at a cost which shall be limited to the sum of sixty thousand dollars ($60,000,) unless further expenditure be afterward authorized by the Board, or provided by private contribution. 6. That a Building Committee be appointed, to consist of the Director and two members of the Board of Regents to be appointed by the President of the Board or in such other manner as the Board may decide, who shall have control of the ex penditures, contracts, purchases of material, and all other matters not specifically provided for by resolution of the Board. This fund of $30,000, for the construction at Santa Fe of a building which shall be substantial ly a replica of the New Mexico State Building at the San Diego Exposition, as and for a part of the Museum of New Mexico, to be applied under the auspices of the School of American Archaeology, being the sum required by the Act of the Legis lature to be provided from private sources before the fund appropriated by the State can become available, is contributed by a small group of men and women, residents of or interested in the State, whose names will be furnished later, who desire in this manner to attest their loyalty to New Mex ico, their solicitude for its progress, and their ap- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 181 preciation of the benefits which its opportunities have afforded them. Very respectfully, FRANK SPRINGER, Trustee for the subscribers, and IVlember of the Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology. Following this communication the Board of Re gents of the Museum of New Mexico unanimously adopted the accompanying resolution. Whereas, the provisions and conditions in said offer above mentioned, in the opinion of this Board, are in conformity with the intent, meaning and purposes of the several acts of the legislature in relation to the Museum of New Mexico, are within the powers conferred upon the Board by said acts, and are also advisable and to the in terest of the Museum of New Mexico; Therefore, be it Resolved by the Board of Re gents of the Museum of New Mexico: That the offer of the sum of Thirty Thousand Dollars ($30,000) so as aforesaid made for and on behalf of the School of American Archaeology, in the terms as hereinbefore set forth, be and the same hereby is accepted together with the provi sions and conditions therein specified. 2. That in consideration of the furnishing of the said sum of thirty thousand dollars by and on behalf of the School of American Archaeology, the provisions and conditions numbered One (1,) Two (2) and Three (3) in said offer contained, and which are accepted as aforesaid, are hereby adopt ed and declared to have the force and effect of a 12* 182 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY grant and agreement of the tenor and effect in said offer recited which shall be binding and irre vocable so long as the said premises in said offer mentioned shall continue to be used by the School of American Archaeology for the purposes con templated in the acts of the legislature of New Mexico heretofore passed in relation to the said Museum; and that a copy of these resolutions, duly certified by the President and Secretary of this Board, be furnished to the chairman of the Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology as lawful and sufficient evidence of such declaration, grant and agreement. Be it further Resolved That the said proposed building shall be constructed substantially accord ing to the architectural plans prepared by I. H. and W. M. Rapp, architects, as shown by the sketches submitted in connection with said offer, subject to such minor changes as may be made from time to time with the approval of the Direc tor or the Building Committee, and that such con struction shall be had and done under the super vision of Jesse L. Nusbaum, the superintendent of construction upon the Museum staff, the same to proceed with all convenient speed, and such con struction to be limited to the sum of sixty thousand dollars ($60,000), unless further expen diture be hereafter authorized by the Board or provided by private contributions. Be it further Resolved, That a Building Com mittee, to consist of the Director and two members of this Board, to be appointed by the President, is hereby created, and such committee shall have control of expenditures, contracts, purchases of material and all other matters pertaining to the construction of said building and the equipment SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 183 thereof which are not specifically provided for by resolution of the Board. It is a pleasure to be able to report that the con struction of the new art museum as above provid ed for is well along, and that it will be finished in 1917. The building adjoining the new Museum on the north, formerly one of the official residences of Fort Marcy, has been secured and remodeled for the Director s residence. The money for this pur pose was advanced by Mr. Frank Springer who holds the title to the property. A plan for its purchase by the School will be submitted to the Managing Committee at its next meeting. The cost will be within $10,000. No account is here given of the provisions being made for the development of the anthropological station in San Diego, since arrangements there are not yet far enough along to warrant publica tion. It is confidently expected that the establish ment there will be as well provided for in propor tion to its importance as is the parent organization in Santa Fe. The collections costing $100,000 as sembled by the School for the Exposition have been made permanently available for our work together with ample laboratories in the fireproof California Quadrangle. There is now at the disposal of the School for the convenience of its future work, buildings, equipment and collections which may be conser- 184 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY vatively valued at $500, 000 all of which has been provided by a few people devoted to the advance ment of science and art, in two western communi ties that are comparatively undeveloped as to pop ulation and wealth, assisted by a number of gener ous friends from the outside. The permanence assured by the possession of excellent buildings and equipment should be an important factor in securing cash endowments for maintenance, re search and publication. VIII. FINANCE Following is the financial statement of the School, including the Museum of New Mexico from September 1, 1915 to August 31, 1916. This does not include transactions in connection with the Exposition and Museum in San Diego. Receipts Balances, September 1, 1916 $50.62 Archaeological Institute Allotment 1,299.99 Museum of San Diego, Services 900.00 Archaeological Society N. M. ElPalacio. 459.50 Santa Fe Society Arch. Inst. , Expenses . . 100. 00 Donation for Repair of Pecos Mission . . . 370. 00 Donations for General Expenses 102.00 Donations of Frank Springer and As- sociates for Museum Building 30, 000. 00 State N. M. on Building Appropriation _. 15,000.00 State N. M. Maintenance Appropriation . 9, 471. 37 Summer School Fees, etc 217.00 Publications . 29.50 $57,999.98 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN AKCHAEOLOGY 185 Expenditures New Museum Construction . $19,630.93 Printing 1,057.45 Office Exp. postage, express, telegraph . 456.81 Transp. Railway fares, auto, hire, etc... 819.49 Improvements on Palace 938. 15 Repairs on Pecos Mission 370.00 Water and Light 212.13 Fuel and Janitor 886.18 Insurance and Interest _ 97. 00 Salaries 6,075.00 Excavations and Collections 1,374.22 Library.. 239.85 Balance in Museum Treasury Building Fund 25,369.97 Current Fund 356.94 Balance in School Treasury 116.75 $57,999.98 IX. GENERAL The experience of the School during the past few years in securing foundations and equipment and testing its initial ideals have justified the belief that there was an important place to be filled in the service of science and art by such an institu tion and that, in the efforts of the School in this direction, the Archaeological Institute of America has received the service that it expected. There has been in the last ten years an increase in arch aeological activity throughout the United States far beyond that anticipated when the School was organized. The credit for this beiongs, to some extent, to the School. The fact that so many of 186 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY the large enterprises in archaeology are being: directed by men who found their opportunities through the School is significant of its part in the general advancement. It will not be out of place to mention some of those who after their initial experience with the School have come into import ant undertakings with which their names will be permanently associated. John P. Harrington: The Ethnology of South western and Southern California Tribes, now being carried on for the Bureau of American Ethnology. Sylvanus G. Mcrley: Archaeology of Central America, now being carried on as Research As sociate of the Carnegie Institution. A. V. Kidder: The Excavation of Ancient Pecos; carried en as Field Director for Phillips Academy at Andover. Jesse L. Nusbaum: Builder of the "Painted Desert" buildings for the Santa Fe Railway Co. and of the new Art Museum in Santa Fe. Kenneth M. Chapman: The Study of Ancient American Art; artist on the St. Francis mural paintings in the Santa Fe Art Museum. Carlos Vierra: artist on the St. Francis mural paintings in the Santa Fe Art Museum. Neil M. Judd: assistant in the division of ar chaeology, United States National Museum. Barbara Freire-Marreco: Fellow and lecturer, Summerville College, Oxford University: Ethn ology of the Pueblos. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 187 Wesley Bradfield: assistant in the Museum in San Diego, and Curator of Archaeology in the Mu seum at Santa Fe. Earl Morris: in charge of excavations in the Southwest for the American Museum of Natural History. Donald Beauregard: artist in charge of mural decoration for the School. (Died April 30, 1914.) Ralph Linton : in charge of mound excavations in the Mississippi Valley. In the field of art the School has had something to do with the stimulation of the great movement of the past five years which has placed the South west in the foremost rank in the production of new art in the United States, The School has performed a service to the state of New Mexico in becoming the official custodian of such of its antiquities as are not cared for by the Government of the United States. These are being entrusted to the School for excavation, re* pair and preservation and this service to the state may be likewise considered important to the nation. The help of the School in stimulating interest in the general work of the Archaeological Institute is illustrated by the development of the two Societies under its immediate influence, namely, that at San Diego, with 90 members and the one at Santa Fe with 120 members. It also fosters the local New Mexico Society with 452 members. This 188 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY circle can be widened as rapidly as the officers of the School can find time to give personal atten tion to the Societies already existing and to the de velopment of new centers of interest. The remarks of Mr. Frank Springer on taking the the chair as President of the Santa Fe Society of the Institute are significant for every western state. I take the library of quoting. I wish to offer a word of felicitation upon the re markable success which has attended the establish ment of this branch of the Archaeological Institute of America. The readiness with which it has been accomplished, and the rapid growth of the society, speak powerfully for the enlightened spirit which animates the people of this state; and it means more for the good name of New Mexico among cultured communities of our nation and of other nations on this continent, than you may perhaps as yet imagine/ On the same occasion in speaking of the connec tion of the School of American Archaeology with the development of this Society, Mr. Springer said: It must be further noted that this society is the direct outgrowth of another distinctively New Mexican institution, the School of American Ar chaeology, located here by invitation of this com monwealth, and supported by the co-operation of New Mexico with an enlightened liberality which has gained for the state the respect and admira tion of serious-minded people throughout the Unit ed States and Canada to a greater degree than any other act as yet done by us. In the usual SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 189 episodes and activities connected with the building of a new state, we have followed substantially in the footsteps of other and older western states. But in thus assuming the promotion and fostering care of an institution for active and purely scienti fic research, upon the most vital of all subjects the birth, growth and decay of peoples whose scope is not only of state and national extent, but also continental in its character, this common wealth tias done a thing far beyond the ordinary, which has already redounded enormously to its credit, and whose benefits, to us, both in an intel lectual and a material way, are only just begin ning to be perceived." Coming from the gentleman who has been the most generous benefactor of the School, who, moreover sees the situation from the viewpoint of the man of business, the patron of art, the scientist and statesman, these observations are most encouraging. Thanks to the devotion of a capable staff, I am able to report to the Managing Committee a satis factory state of progress. Under the systematic management of Mr. Walter, Executive Secretary, and in my absence Acting Director, the business affairs of the School, now large and exacting, have been put in perfect order. The construction of the new Art Museum by Mr. Nusbaum is a master- work and its mural decorations by Mr. Chapman and Mr. Vierra involving patient scholarly study as well as artistic power are attracting most favor able notice. Mrs. Wilson is now devoting practic- 190 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ally her entire time to the library with the result that it is giving increasingly valuable service. Mr. Bradfield has put the San Diego Museum in excellent shape and together with Mrs. Morgan has made it a source of interest and information to a constituency that is virtually nation-wide. It is an especial pleasure to commend to the Committee these workers who, with the generous support of your Committee are building the School of Ameri can Archaeology. Respectfully submitted, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. Santa Fe, October 27, 1916. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 191 XIX. Report of the Director 1917 MR. WILLIAM H. HOLMES, Chairman of the Managing Committee, National Museum, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: The present year has been one of re-organiza tion. This report will be the last in which the name "School of American Archaeology" will ap pear. In the future the Institution will be known as "The School of American Research " and its governing board as "The Board of Managers." The year 1917 has been devoted to activities in cident to this change and to laying foundations for the work under the revised plan. I desire to first place in your hands for perm anent publication, the various documents which constitute the record of the re-organization. These are herewith set out in full. An account of the culminating events of the present year may be read in the January number of Art and Archa eology which has, through the courtesy of the editor and staff, been devoted entirely to the work of the School. This being the tenth year of the existence of the Institution and one of noteworthy 192 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY changes, it seems fitting that this report should embrace a resume of the ten years record. This- is set forth. I. RE-ORGANIZATION The initial movement toward re-organization oc curred at the meeting of the Managing Committee in Washington, December 1916. After discussion of the necessity of incorporation and the desirabil ity of a change of name, Mr. Frank Springer was requested to make an investigation and report to the Committee with reference to the essential le gal proceedings. His findings are set forth in the following communications: DR. W. H. HOLMES, Chairman Managing Committee, Washington. Dear Sir: On the subject of incorporation of the School of American Archaeology under its present name, or any other which may be selected, I have to re port as follows: The existing laws in the State of New Mexico con ain everything that is needed for the purpose, and such incorporation can be effected speedily, conveniently and without expense. The procedure is simple, effectual, and remarkable well adapted to the requirements of the present case. No act egislature is required: Five or more persons, a majority of whom must be citizens of the United States and residents of New Mexico, may organize a corporation for (among other) scientific purposes, by signing and SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 193 acknowledging articles of incorporation, its objects, location and term of existence. This certificate must be filed with the Corporation Commission of the State of New Mexico, which will issue its cer tificate showing that the articles have been filed and that the corporation is lawfully organized and entiled to act as such. This being done, the corporation becomes a body politic and corporate, with power to hold, use and occupy property necessary or proper for its objects, which it may receive by purchase, gift, devise or bequest to an amount not in excess of that limited by law (as to which there is at present no limit) ; to sue or be sued; to have and use a corporate seal. Its membership, perpetuation and government are fixed by by-laws adopted by the incorporates themselves which by-laws are also to be filed with the Corporation Commission. Under this law, the corporation can start with a membership consisting of the present Managing Committee, perpetuated by filling of vacancies by the remaining members with ratification by the Council, as now provided. Its affairs may be administered by a Board of Managers constituted as the present committee is, with terms of office expiring in rotation, substantially in accordance with the plan now in force. All these documents I can readily prepare, and I can also see to their proper execution and filing. Such a corporate status is an absolute prere quisite to the obtaining of funds by way of endow ment, as the School cannot hold property without it. It would not interfere with operation of the School in affiliation with the Institute substantial ly as at present provided. It would start with the present Managing Committee as its governing 13 194 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY body, and its activities would go on without any change in administrative methods, or in the nature of the work undertaken. Very truly yours, (Signed) FRANK SPRINGER. December 4, 1916. DR. vV. H. HOLMES, Chairman Managing Committee, Washington. My Dear Mr. Holmes: Supplementing my letter to you of the fourth instant, I have prepared a draft of articles of in corporation for the School of American Research in accordance with the laws of New Mexico, and hand you a copy herewith. I have designated only fifteen members of the Managing Committee g.s the incorpcrators, in order to comply with the New Mexico law which requires that a majority of them shall be residents of New Mexico. But at the first meeting of the incorpcrators for the purpose of organization they will make and file with the proper State officials by-laws in which the entire Managing Committee will be designated as the Board of Managers of the corporation, and the existing act of the Council organizing the School will be embraced in all essential features. The proposal for incorporation of the School of American Research is in the line of progress. In order to achieve effectual results in the activities which the School has already undertaken, it must have financial support adequate to its needs. Under present conditions this cannot be secured. The entire amount which the Institute is able to allot to the School is not more than half of what SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 195 should be paid to the Director alone for his services. The School cannot hold property by way of endowment without a corporate organization, and is therefore precluded from obtaining income in that way. The objections to the new plan which may be anticipated are: 1. That it broadens the scope of the School be yond that contemplated by the Institute. 2. That it appeai-s like a separation from the Institute. As to the first, t is now generally conceded that there can be no intelligent study of Archaeology without inclusion of the related Sciences; and this is precisely the character of work the School has been doing for nine years with the approval of the Council. As to the second, the answer is that no separa tion is contemplated, and the proposed plan of organization preserves the relation of the School to the parent body in substance as it now exists. In all essentials of government it will remain un altered. The Managing Board and officers at first will be designated in the act of incorporation and by-laws precisely as they now are, tojiold for the same terms of office, and the expiring member ship will be filled in the same manner as now, viz., by election by the Managing Board subject to disapproval by the Council. The affiliation with the Institute is distinctly recognized. The Institute will continue to hold the purse strings, as to all funds derived from it, which will be handled by a Treasurer who must be confirmed by the Council. Thus for all practical purposes of control, and in theory as well, the Institute will 196 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY have the same authority over the School that it has always had. The relation between the two bodies may be compared to that between the Federal government and the States. For your information and convenience I append hereto a draft of the proposed by-laws and also, in case there should be any question as to the authority for such incorporation, I include a copy of the Laws of New Mexico on the subject Very truly yours, (Signed) FRANK SPRINGER. December 6, 1916. Inclosures. Copy of the Corporation Laws of New Mexico. Draft of proposed By-Laws. At a meeting of the Managing Committee held in the office of the Chairman, in the United States National Museum, December 6, 1916, the pro cedure recommended by Mr. Springer with tenta tive draft of by-laws was approved, and recom mendations to be submitted to the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America were unani mously adopted Pursuant to the order of the Managing Commit tee, the Chairman presented to the Council as its meeting in the Buckingham Hotel, St. Louis, Mis souri, December 30, 1917, the following: PROPOSED REORGANIZATION OF THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY The Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology has found the conditions under which the School is now working unsatisfactory in SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 19? some respects and desires to bring about certain changes in its organization, the purpose being to increase its efficiency as an agency of research. The changes desired are as follows: 1. A change in name designed adequately to express the scope of the field which the School must occupy and which in fact it has occupied hitherto, thus increasing the force of its appeal for financial support. 2. A change in organization designed to enable it to acquire and hold property, to amass funds adequate to its needs and to disburse the same. The School, realizing the importance of its field of research, is deeply in earnest in this movement for efficiency but plans nothing beyond the reason- able promotion of research, and the fuller develop ment of the American branch of the work of the Institute, in complete affiliation with the Institute as before. In perfecting the form of the proposed measure the Managing Committee has sought the advice and aid of its attorney member whose able presen tation of the case is herewith appended: The proposed changes in plan of organization are embodied in recommendations adopted by unanim ous vote of the Managing Committee at the meet ing in Washington, December 6, 1916, which are submitted herewith: I therefore offer the following resolution, and move its adoption by the Council: RESOLUTIONS RECOMMENDED BY THE MANAG ING COMMITTEE The Managing Committee of the School of Amer ican Archaeology by unanimous vote of its Exec utive Committee at its meeting in Washington 13* 198 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY December 6, 1916, submits the following recom mendations, and respectfully requests confirma tion of the same by resolution of the Council of the Institute: I. That the official name of the School of Amer ican Archaeology shall hereinafter be the School of American Research, and all acts of the Council of the Institute relative to said School shall apply to it under its amended name. II. That the revised plan of organization of the School of American Archaeology, adopted by the Council of the Institute December 31, 1908, as amended by action of the Council December 30, 1910, is amended so as to read as follows: 1. The School of American Research is estab lished to conduct the researches of the Archaeolo gical Institute of America in the American field, and to afford opportunities for field work and training to students of Archaeology and related Sciences. 2. t The School will direct the expeditions of the affiliated societies of the Institute in their respec tive fields, maintain researches in the various cul ture areas of the American continent, direct the work of Fellows, and collaborate with universities and other scientific organizations both at home and abroad in the advancement of the Science of Man. 3. The Committee heretofore known as the Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology, with additional members as herein after provided for, shall be the Managing Commit tee of the School. The Committee shall consist of twenty-eight elective members, and the following ex-efficio members: The President, past Presi dents, and General Secretary of the Institute, the past Chairman, the Director, Secretary and Trea- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 199 surer of the School. The Committee shall have power, with the ratification of the Council, to elect its own members and fill all vacancies in its mem bership. The term of office shall be four years, and the terms of not more than seven members shall expire in any one year. There shall be an Executive Committee which shall consist of the Chairman, past Chairman, Recorder, Director, Secretary and Treasurer of the Managing Commit tee; the President and General Secretary of the Institute, and three elective members, which shall be vested with all the powers of the Managing Committee during the intervals between its meet ings, subject to its approval. The Managing Com mittee shall appoint the Director of American Re search, who shall be its executive officer and Di rector of the School. The Managing Committee is authorized to maintain fellowships, research stations, publications, and the various lines of work herein provided for, and to raise funds for the support of the same. Its funds shall be held by a Treasurer elected by the Managing Commit tee and confirmed by the Council as an Associate Treasurer, in accordance with the regulations of the Institute; he shall receive funds and disburse them on the order of the Chairman. III. Inasmuch as it appears to the Managing Committee and the Council that in order to secure funds for the endowment of the School of Amer ican Research it is necessary that the School have a legal status, with power to acquire and hold prop erty, and that such status can be readily, con veniently and effectually attained by incorporation as a body corporate for scientific purposes under the laws of the State of New Mexico, in which the headquarters of the School are already establish- 200 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ed; in such a manner, and under such regulations that the operations of the School will be carried on substantially in accordance with the plan now in force; -it is ordered that the Managing Committee is hereby authorized to take the needful steps to effect such incorporation, with the understanding that the governing body of the corporation shall consist of the members of the Managing Commit tee now in office or authorized, and their suc cessors, and that the general plan of organization and operation shall be substantially as has been provided by the Acts of the Council; and that when such corporation shall have been organized, and empowered to act in a corporate capacity, all acts taken by the Council in relation to the School of American Research under its present status shall be deemed to apply with the same force and effect to such corporation under the same name, and all power and authority now vested in said School, and all funds allotted or appropriated to it, shall be deemed vested in and appropriated to such corporation, such change to be effected by proper orders of the President of the Institute to that effect 91 The official action thereon is recorded in the minutes of the Thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Council of the Institute as follows: The report of the Director of the School of American Archaeology (Bull, Vol. VII, p. 36) showed the splendid work which has been done in that School, and the opportunities which are be fore it, due to the liberality of the State of New Mexico and to the contributions of generous donors. The Chairman of the Managing Commit tee of the School, W. H. Holmes, made a statement SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 201 ot the whole matter, speaking of the great services of the Hon. Frank Springer in connection there with, and offering the recommendation of the Managing Committee of the School of American Archaeology by unanimous vote of its Executive Committee at its meeting in Washington, Decem ber 6, 1916. The resolutions as recommended were read to the Council by Acting Recorder Fair- clough, and are as follows: (See above.) Upon the motion of W. H. Holmes, seconded by J. B. Hench, that the "Proposed Reorganization of the American School of Archaeology" be adopt ed, and after discussion by Miss Buckingham, Messrs. Bryce, Fowler, Holmes, Mepham, Robin son, and Wulfing, the motion was put, and was carried unanimously. After the favorable action of the Council, the Managing Committee proceeded to incorporate under the Laws of the State of New Mexico. Following are transcripts of the official records of the action. STATE OF NEW MEXICO CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION United States of America, State of New Mexico. ss. : It is Hereby Certified, that the annexed is a full, true and complete transcript of the CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH (No. 8820) 202 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY with the endorsements thereon, as same appears on file and of record in the office of the State Cor poration Commission. In Testimony Whereof, The State Corporation Commission of the State of New Mexico has caus ed this certificate to be signed by its Chairman and the seal of said Commission to be affixed at the City of Santa Fe, on this th day of February, A. D. 1917. HUGH H. WILLIAMS, Attest: Chairman. EDWIN F. COARD, Clerk. Know All Men by These Presents: That we, the undersigned citizens of the United States, and the majority of us residents of the State of New Mexico, whose names and residences respectively are as follows: William H. Holmes, Alice C. Fletcher, Ales Hrdlicka and Mitchell Carroll, all of the City of Washington District of Columbia; Frederick W. Shipley of St. Louis, Missouri; Francis W. Kelsey, of Ann Arbor, Michigan; Charles F. Lummis, of Los Angeles, California; Frank Springer, of Las Vegas, New Mexico; John R. McFie, Edgar L. Hewett, Ralph E. Twitchell, Antonio Lucero, James Seligman, Paul A. F. Walter, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and David R. Boyd, of Albuquerque, New Mexico, desiring to form a corporation for Scientific purposes under the laws of the State of New Mexico, do make and sign this certificate as follows: ARTICLE I. The name of the said corporation is * School of American Research." SCHOOL OP AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 203 ARTICLE II. The objects for which said corporation are form ed are: To promote and carry on research in Archaeology and related branches of the Science of Man; to foster Art in all its branches through exhibitions and by other means which may from time to time be desirable. ARTICLE III. The principal office and official headquarters of said corporation shall be located at Santa Fe, in the State of New Mexico; but it may have branches or stations at any other places on the American continent; and the name of the agent upon whom process against this corporation may be served is Paul A. F. Walter. ARTICLE IV. The term of existence of said Corporation shall be fifty years. ARTICLE V. The government of said Corporation shall be vested in a Board of Managers consisting of twen ty-eight elective members, and such ex-officio members as may be designated in the by-laws. Those who shall constitute such Board at first are the persons hereinbefore named as the incorpor- ators, a majority of whom may make, sign, and cause to be filed by-laws of said corporation pro viding for its membership, perpetuation and gov ernment, and shall elect and designate therein the remaining members of such Board. In Witness Whereof, We have hereunto sub scribed our names this thirtieth day of January, A. D. 1917. 204 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Frank Springer. James L. Seligman. John R. McFie. Paul A. F. Walter. Ralph E. Twitchell. Antonio Lucero. State of New Mexico, County of Santa Fe, ss. : Before me, a Notary Public within and for the County and State aforesaid, this thirtieth day of January, A. D. 1917, personally appeared Frank Springer, John R. McFie, Ralph E. Twitchell, James L. Seligman, Paul A. F. Walter, Antonio Lucero, who are each personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing Articles of Incorporation, and severally acknowledged that they executed the same as their voluntary act and deed. In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and Notarial Seal the day and year last above written. N. B. LAUGHLIN, Notary Public in and for Santa Fe County, New Mexico. My commission expires January 3, 1920. ENDORSED: No. 8820 Cor. Rec d. Vol. 6, Page 401 CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF "SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH" Filed in Office of State Corporation Commission of New Mexico February 5, 1917, 12 M. EDWIN F. COARD Clerk SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 205 STATE OF NEW MEXICO CERTIFICATE OF FILING United States of America, State of New Mexico, ss. : It is Hereby Certified, That there was filed for record in the office of the State Corporation Com mission of the State of New Mexico, on the fifth day of February, A. D. 1917, at 12 M. o clock CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH Wherefore, The incorpprators named in the said Certificate of Incorporation, and who have signed the same, and their successors and assigns, are hereby declared to be from this date until the fifth day of February, Nineteen Hundred and Sixty- seven, a corporation by the name and for the pur poses set forth in said certificate, No. 8820. In Testimony Whereof, The State Corporation Commission of the State of New Mexico has caused this certificate to be signed by its Chairman and the seal of said Commission to be affixed at the City of Ssnta Fe on this fifth day of February, A. D. 1917. HUGH H. WILLIAMS, Attest: Chairman. EDWIN F. COARD, Clerk. The next step taken was the adoption of the fol lowing BY-LAWS The undersigned, incorporators and members of 206 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY the corporation named School of American Re search" do hereby make and sign the following: BY-LAWS 1. PURPOSES The School of American Research is established in affiliation with the Archaeological Institute of America to conduct the researches of said Institute as well as its own, in the American field, and to afford opportunity for field work and training to students of Archaeology and related branches of the Science of Man, and to promote and carry out the objects set forth in the Articles of Incorpora tion. 2. FIELD AND OTHER ACTIVITIES The School will direct the expeditions of local Societies of the Institute in their respective fields, maintain researchs in the various culture areas of the American continent, direct the work of Fel lows of the Institute, and collaborate with univer sities and other scientific organizations both at home and abroad in the advancement of the Sciences of Man. 3. BOARD OF MANAGERS The affairs of this corporation shall be governed by a Board of Managers, consisting of twenty- eight elective members, and the following ex-officio members: The President, past Presidents, and General Secretary of the Archaeological Institute of America; the Chief Executive Officer, Secre tary, Recorder, and Treasurer of the School of American Research, and the past Chairmen of its Board of Managers, and of the Managing Commit tee of the School of American Archaeology. The SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 207 term of office of the elective members of the Board of Managers shall be four years and until their successors are elected; seven of them to be elected each year, except as to the members now herein designated whose terms shall expire in the order hereinafter stated. Such members shall be elect ed and vacancies occasioned by death or resigna tion, or otherwise, shall be filled from time to time as they cccur, by majority vote of the mem bers present at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that purpose, subject to disapproval by the Council of the Archaeological Institute ef America as to any member elect, in which case a new election shall be had as to such membership. The Board of Managers shall an nually elect a Chairman, Secretary, Recorder, Treasurer, and three members of the Executive Committee, who shall hold office until their suc cessors are elected. The Board shall appoint the Director of American Research, who shall be its chief executive Officer and Director of the School, and shall hold office daring the pleasure of the Board. There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of the Chairman, Director, Secretary, Recorder, Treasurer, and three elective members, which shall be vested with all the powers of the Board of Managers during intervals between the meetings of the Board subject to approval by the Board. The Board is authorized to maintain Fel lowships, research stations, publications, and various lines of work herein provided for, and to raise funds for the support of the same, as well as for the endowment of the School. Its funds shall be held by a Treasurer elected by the Board and confirmed by the Council of the Archaeological In stitute of America as an Associate Treasurer; he 208 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY shall receive the funds allotted to the School by the Archaeological Institute of America, or deriv ed from other sources, and disburse them on the order of the Chairman, or as otherwise provided by the Board. 4. FIRST OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF BOARD The first officers and members of the Board of Managers, to hold office for the first year and until their successors are elected, shall be the following: OFFICERS Chairman, William H. Holmes, Washington, D. C. Chairman Emeritus, Alice C. Fletcher, Washing ton, D. C. Director, Edgar L. Hewett, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Recorder, Charles Peabody, Cambridge, Mass. Secretary, Paul A. F. Walter, Santa Fe, New- Mexico. Treasurer, John R. McFie, Santa Fe, New Mex ico. MEMBERS ex-officio Frederick W. Shipley, St. Louis, Mo. Francis W. Kelsey, Ann Arbor, Michigan. John William White, Cambridge, Mass. Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D. C. Mitchell Carroll, Washington, D. C. Edgar L. Hewett, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Paul A. F. Walter, Santa Fe, New Mexico. John R. McFie, Santa Fe, New Mexico. ELECTIVE MEMBERS Terms expire in 1917 David R. Boyd, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Wil liam A. Clark, New York City; Byron Cummings, SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 209 Tucson, Arizona; Percy Jackson, New York City; William Templeton Johnson, San Diego, Calif.; Elizabeth D. Putnam, Davenport, Iowa; James L. Seligman, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Terms expire in 1918 W. K. Bixby, St. Louis, Mo. ; R. W. Corwin, Pu eblo, Colorado; G. Aubrey Davidson, San Diego, California; Mrs. John Hays Hammond, Washing ton, D. C.; Charles Hill-Tout, Abbotsford, British Columbia; Ales Hrdlicka, Washington, D. C. ; and one member to be elected. Terms expire in 1919 George Bryce, Winnipeg, Manitoba; William H. Holmes, Washington, D. C. ; Lewis B. Paton, Hart ford, Conn. : Frank Springer, E. Las Vegas, New T Mexico; Mrs. Anna Wolcott Vaile, Denver, Colora do; and two members to be elected. Terms expire in 1920 D. C. Collier, San Diego, California; C. T. Cur- relly, Toronto, Canada; H. R. Fairclough, Stanford University, California; Frederick W. Hodge, Wash ington, D. C. ; Charles F. Lummis, San Diego, Cal ifornia; Charles Peabody, Cambridge, Mass. : Ralph E. Twitcheli, Santa Fe, New Mexico. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE William H. Holmes, Chairman; Alice C. Fletcher, Chairman Emeritus; Edgar L. Hewett, Director; Charles Peabody, Recorder; Paul A. F. Walter, Secretary; John R. McFie, Treasurer; F. W. Ship ley, President of the Institute; Mitchell Carroll, General Secretary of the Institute; Frederick W. Hodge, Charles F. Lummis, Frank Springer. 5. MEETINGS AND QUORUM An annual meeting of the Board of Managers 14 210 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY shall be held at such time and place as may be fixed by the Chairman, previous notice being given to all members by mail for sufficient time to enable them to attend. Special meetings may be held at any time and place upon call of the Chairman with like notice, which shall state the objects of the meet ing. Seven members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and if a quorum fails to attend any meeting on the day for which it was called the Secretary or Recorder may adjourn the meeting from day to day or week to week, not exceeding a month in all. Election of officers and members may be had in such manner as the meeting may determine. Meetings of the Executive Committee may be held at any time and place upon call of the Chair man, with notice by mail or otherwise to enable those who desire to attend to do so. Five members the Executive Committee shall constitute a quo rum for the transaction of business. At the dis cretion of the Chairman of the Board, a vote of members of the Board may be taken by mail upon J any question which he desires to submit. 6. SEAL A seal of the following device is adopted and de clared to be the seal of the Corporation; (In prep- eration) . 7. AMENDMENTS These By-Laws may be amended at any time by a majority vote of the incorporators named in the Articles of Incorporation of this corporation or their successors in membership, taken at a meeting of the Board of Managers duly called, and a certificate of such amendment shall be signed by the Chair- SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 211 man and Secretary, or by the majority of said in- corparators, and filed with the State Corporation Commission of New Mexico, or other official pre scribed by law. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names this third day of February, A. D. 1917. W. H. Holmes. Frank Springer. Alice C. Fletcher. R. E. Twitchell. Ales Hrdlicka. James L. Seligman. Mitchell Carroll. Antonio Lucero. Frederick W. Shipley. Paul A. F. Walter. Francis W. Kelsey. John R. McFie. Edgar L. Hewett. The Legisiature of the State of New Mexico thereupon enacted the necessary concurrent law as follows: AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE THE USE OF THE MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO BY THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAN RESEARCH, AND TO PRESCRIBE THE METHOD OF APPOINTING REGENTS OF SAID MUSEUM. H. B. No. 177; Approved March 13, 1917 Be it Enacted by the Legislature of the State of New Mexico: SECTION 1. The Board of Regents of the Muse um of New Mexico, shall grant the use of the buildings, grounds and property now or hereafter belonging to the Museum of New Mexico free of rent to the School of American Research, a cor poration for scientific purposes formed under the laws of New Mexico, for the seat of its operations and for the depositing and using of its collections and equipment. SEC. 2. The Board of Regents of said Museum 212 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY shall accept the services of the Director of the School of American Research as Director of the Museum of New Mexico, without salary from funds appropriated by New Mexico. SEC. 3. The Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico shall consist of the Governor of New Mexico and the President of the Archaeolo gical Society of New Mexico, as ex-officio mem bers, and four appointive members, who shall be nominated by, and with the advice and consent of the senate appointed by, the Governor, three of whom shall be members of the Board of Managers of the School of American Research; their terms of office shall be as now provided by law. SEC. 4. All acts and parts of act in conflict with the provisions of this act are hereby repeal ed. The Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico, August 6, 1917, recorded the following: RESOLUTION Whereas, By the Act of the Legislature of New Mexico establishing the Museum of New Mexico, approved February 19, 1909, and Acts amendatory thereof, it was among other things provided that the Board of Regents of the said Museum should grant to the Archaeological Institute of America the use of the property belonging to said Museum for the seat of its School of American Archa eology; and Whereas, By a resolution of the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America duly passed at its meeting in St. Louis, December 29, 1916, it was determined that the name of the "School of American Archaeology" should be changed to that of "School of American Research," and that all SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 213 acts of the Institute relative to said School should apply to it under its amended name; and also that steps should be taken to effect the incorporation of said School of American Research as a body corporate for scientific purposes under the Laws of the State of New Mexico, and that when such corporation should have been organized and em powered to act in a corporate capacity, all acts taken by the Council of the Archaeological Insti tute of America in relation to the School of Amer ican Research under its former status should be deemed to apply to the corporation under the same name; and Whereas, The School of American Research has since the date of said resolution become duly in corporated under the Laws of New Mexico, as by the certificate of the State Corporation Commis sion dated February 5th, 1917, more fully appear; and has adopted By-Laws and filed a copy of the same with the State Corporation Commission as required by law; and Whereas, By an Act of the Legislature of the State of New Mexico approved March 13, 1917, it was among other things provided as follows: "SECTION 1. The Board of Regents of the Mu- ,eum of New Mexico shall grant the use of the building, and property now or hereafter belonging to the Museum of New Mexico free of rent to the School of American Research, a corporation for scientific purposes formed under the Laws pf New Mexico, for the seat of its operations and for the depositing and using of its collections and equip ment." "SEC. 2 The Board of Regents of said Museum shall accept the services of the Director of the School of American Research as Director of the 14* 214 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Museum of New Mexico, without salary from funds appropriated by New Mexico." Now, therefore, be it, Resolved, By the Board of Regents of the Museum of New Mexico; 1. That this Board does hereby grant to the School of American Research the use of the build ings, grounds and property now or hereafter be longing to the Museum of New Mexico upon the terms and for the uses specified in the Act of the Legislature above cited; and that in conformity with said Act the Director of the School of Ameri can Research is hereby appointed as and declared to be the Director of the Museum of New Mexico. 2. That all acts, resolutions, grants, agree ments, orders and directions hereto fore taken, adop ted, passed made or given by the Board of Re gents of the Museum of New Mexico in .relation to the School of American Archaeology, its operations, or the use of the buildings and other property of said Museum in connection therewith, shall be deemed in all respects to apply to the said School of American .Research, with the same force and effect as if the name School of American Research" were in all such matters substituted for the name "School of American Archaeology," and all such acts, grants, agreements, and ether doings, in so far as may be necessary or advisable to render the same or any part thereof according to the intent and meaning of this resolution, are hereby reaffir med, ratified, and confirmed, in favor of said School of American Research. The- final .action consummating the reorganiza tion was the following: Order by the President of the Archaeological In stitute of America: SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 215 Whereas, By a Resolution of the Council of the Institute adopted at its meeting in St. Louis, De cember 30, 1916, it was among other things provid ed, ordered and directed: I. That the official name of the School of American Archaeology shall hereafter be the "School of American Research;" and all Acts of the Council of the Institute shall apply to it under its amended name; II. That the plan of organization of the School of American Archaeology was thereby amended so as to govern its operations under such amended name, in certain particulars in said resolution par ticularly set forth. III. That the needful steps be taken to effect the incorporation of the School of American Re search as a body corporate for scientific purposes under the laws of the State of New Mexico, with the understanding that the governing body of the corporation shall consist of the members of the Managing Committee of said School now in office and their successors and that the general plan of organization and operation shall be substantially as has been provided by the Acts of the Council: and that when such corporation shall have been organ ized and empowered to act in a corporate capacity, all acts taken by the Council in relation to the School of American Research under its present status shall be deemed to apply with the same force and effect to such corporation under the same name, and all power and authority now vested in said School, and all funds allotted or appropiated to it, shall be deemed vested in and appropriated to such corporation such change to be effected by proper orders of the President of the Institute to that effect; and 216 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Whereas, Pursuant to the terms of said resolu tion, the School of American Research has been duly incorporated as a body corporate for scientific purposes under the laws of the State of New Mex ico, and is now empowered to act in a corporate capacity; and has adopted by-laws for its govern ment which provide, among other things, that the governing body of the corporation shall consist of the members of the Managing Committee in Office or authorized at the date of said resolution, and their successors, and that the general plan of or ganization and operation shall be substantially the same as that set forth in Article II of the said re solution of the Council, all of which has been made to appear by copies of the Articles of Incor poration of said School of American Research, the certificate of the State Corporation Commission of New Mexico in relation thereto, and the By-laws as adopted by said corporation and filed with the said Commission, duly furnished me by the Secre tary of the said School of American Research. Now, Therefore, In conformity with the said re solution of December 30, 1916, and by virtue of the authority thereby conferred, I, Frederick W. Shipley, President of the Archaeological Institute of America, do hereby declare and order: That all Acts of the Council of the Archaeolog ical Institute of America heretofore taken in re lation to the School of American Archaeology, or to the School of American Research in its former status, shall be deemed to apply with the same force and effect to the said corporation under the name School of American Research: that all power and authority now or heretofore vested in said Schools or either of them or in their officers and managers and all funds allotted or appropriated to SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 217 them or either of them, are now vested in and ap propriated to the said corporation and its corres ponding officers and managers. Witness my hand this 1st day of August, A. D. 1917. F. W. SHIPLEY, President of the Archaeological Institute of America. II. RESEARCH WORK There has been almost an entire suspension of field-work during 1917, owing to the demands upon the time of the Director and staff occasioned by the extensive building program and the new installation and re-installation of the Museums at Santa Fe and San Diego. Preparatory to the large work of excavation contemplated in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution and the Royal Ontario Museum, the Director and Mr. Bradfield have made a preliminary survey of the field and a report is in preparation on the history and present condition of those ruins. Through the recommendation of the School, the government has extended the limits of the Chaco Canyon and Gran Quivira National Monuments, the latter site being owned, in part, by the School and the concession for the excavation of the form er having been granted by the Department of the Interior. In due time the excavation of both these important sites will go forward as planned. It is the intention to resume field-work in Central 218 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY America as soon as conditions are more favorable. The Director has tentatively promised to conduct an archaeological tour among the ancient cities of Guatemala and Honduras in the near future. Co-ordinate with the work in Archaeology and Ethnology as it has been conducted from Santa Fe in past years, it is now proposed to inaugurate a department of Historical Research. With this in view, Mr. Lansing Bloom (Williams College), now Secretary of the State Board of Historical Service for New Mexico, has been appointed Associate in History, and Miss Aurora Lucero (New Mexico Normal University) has been appointed Fellow in Spanish-American History. 1. The first work to be organized in the Anthro pological Station of the School in Sai: Diego was that of the laboratory for Psychological Research, with Miss Montana Hastings (Columbia Univer sity), Associate in Psychology, in charge. Miss Hastings work in mental testing has included the pupils of the Francis Parker School, of the faculty of which she is a member, as well as numerous special cases from the city schools and juvenile court. A class of twenty students, mostly teach ers in the San Diego schools, received certificates in June for their first year s work in the laboratory and nearly all are continuing the second year. This class with the new enrolment and the special lecture-work being done by Miss Hastings, to- I . Resigned before entering upon duties of Fellowship. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 219 gether with the assistant work of Mr. Herbert Sallee (State Normal School of San Diego), Fellow in Psychology, is all the Department as at present constituted can manage. Its success is due large ly to the cordial initiative of City Superintendent Duncan MacKinnon, and the generous support of the San Diego Board of Education. III. MUSEUM The Museum of Archaeology in the Palace of the Governors is undergoing a re-installation throughout. The Library has been removed to the new building, and the former library and lecture room converted into a hall of Southwestern Archaeology, in which are installed collections ac quired by the School in the course of its expedi tions during the past ten years. The principal re gions represented are: in New Mexico, The Paja- rito Plateau, Jemez, Quarai, Ojo Caliente, and Santa Fe; in Arizona, Rio Puerco and Old Hopi. Then follow the Rito de los Frijoles and Puye rooms, to which important acquisitions have been added; the Early Pueblo room in which the great Pecos model is installed, and the Historical Vestibule, to which new additions are being rapid ly made relative to the beginnings of Spanish his tory in Santa Fe. For these the School is indebt ed to Colonel Ralph E. Twitchell, whose researches are yielding important data with reference to the early history of Santa Fe, and especially the Palace of the Governors. 220 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY The Museum in San Diego has been completely re-installed by the Director during the year. It consists of the Art Gallery in the Fine Arts build ing; the Central American Museum, in the Cali fornia building; the Indian Arts Museum, in the building of the same name; the Museum of Physi cal Anthropology, in the Science of Man building. The Museum has been enriched by the installation of the remarkable Joseph Jessup Archery collec tion in the Indian Arts building; the loan by Wil liam E. Gates of a valuable exhibition of Aztec Codices; the gift to the School of a rare lot of publications by the government of France through its Exposition Commission, and the installation of a branch of the San Diego Public Library in the Science of Man building, with a trained librarian in charge. Owing to the presence in the park of several thousand soldiers, sailors and marines, the use of the Library and Museum has been very great. In the Art Gallery, a number of important exhibitions have been held. Miss Edna Scofield, Fellow of the School in Sculpture, occupies one of the studios. Mrs. Florence de Z. Morgan, Muse um Assistant, has given special attention to the extension of the educational work of the Museum. The opening of the new Auditorium and Art Museum of the School in Santa Fe was made the occasion of a Congress of Science and Art. It was a memorable assemblage of the founders and friends of the School. The account of it, with a SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 221 number of the addresses and papers presented, published in the January issue of Art and Archa eology may be regarded as a part of this report. The Address of Dedication by Mr. Frank Springer, the chosen spokesman of the Governing Boards, was a contribution which, in the minds of those who carry on the work of the Institution, will con stitute for all time its richest endowment. IV. ART The New Mexico Art movement continues to be one of the outstanding activities of the art world. Everything that was said in last year s report with reference to it could be repeated and emphasized this year. The number of artists coming to the Southwest has increased. Santa Fe and Taos continue to be the particular centers of art activity. It has been possible to hold almost continuous exhibitions in the Old Palace during the past year. The building and opening of the new Art Museum has been a stimulating influence. The account of the Dedicatory Exhibition in the January number of Art and Archaeology may take the place of any extended statement here, al though it can give no adequate idea of the pro found spirit for American art which animates this movement. The School acknowledges valuable gifts of paint ings for the gallery from Joseph Henry Sharp, Robert Henri, Julius Rolshoven, George Bellows, Gerald Cassidy, Grace Ravlin, Warren E. Rollins, 222 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Geo. C. Stanson, and Arthur F. Musgrave. It is also under profound obligations to almost every artist who has painted in the Southwest during the past year for assistance in the development of the new Art gallery. It would require almost the complete roster to enumerate those who have free ly given time and advice and encouragement in ways that can hardly be expressed. The follow ing excerpts from a letter of Mr. Robert Henri to a personal friend, which I am permitted to quote, may serve to reflect something of the spirit of the entire Art Colony working in the Southwest. The new Museum is a wonder Santa Fe can become a rare spot in all the world. Nearly all, one might say all, cities and towns strive to be like each other and not to be like themselves. Under this surprising present influence, Santa Fe is striving to be its own beautiful self. Of course, there are negative influences which combat, but the beautiful thing has taken root and the Museum has grown in its beauty and it is likely that it will spread its healthy kind. Most museums are glum and morose temples looking homesick for the skies and associations of their native land Greece, most likely. The Mu seum here looks as though it were a precious child of the Santa Fe sky and the Santa Fe mountains. It has its parents complexion. It seems warmly at home as if it had always been here. Without any need of the treasures of art which are to go into it, it is a treasure of art in itself. Art of this time and this place, of these people and related to all the past. My hope is that it will shame away the bungalows with which a few mistaken tastes SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 223 have tried to make Los Angeles of Santa Fe, and the false fronts which other mistaken tastes have tried to make New York of Santa Fe. Santa Fe may do the rare thing and become Itself. The painters are all happy. The climate seems to suit well both temperaments to work or not to work. And here painters are treated with that welcome and appreciation that is supposed to exist only in certain places in Europe." . . ROBERT HENRI. Plans have already been considered for an an nual exhibition of Southwestern art in the new Gallery at the close of the Summer season. It is believed that an opportunity to view the assem bled works of the artists painting in the Southwest, before being scattered to the fall and winter ex hibitions throughout the country would be wel comed by the art loving public. V. SUMMER SCHOOL For the same reason that field work was largely- suspended during the season of 1917, no Summer Field School was held as in former years. At the San Diego Museum under the auspices of the School Dr. Maria Montessori, the celebrated Italian anthropologist and educator, conducted one of her training classes. The session was attended by students from almost every section of the Unit ed States, and several foreign countries were re presented. There has been some ground for hope that Dr. Montessori may permanently locate her international training school in San Diego, and to 224 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY this end the School of Research will lend every possible encouragement. Mr. Henri Lovins of the Art department of the San Diego high school conducted a Summer School of Art in the Museum, which was well attended. It is probable that the Summer school work of the future will include numerous special courses of the kind above mentioned, and that in connec tion with the excavations in the field, a number of [specially prepared] students of Art, Archaeology and Ethnology may be accommodated. VI. WAR WORK The attitude of the School toward the war is ex pressed in the following letter addressed to the Governor of the State of New Mexico: MY DEAR GOVERNOR LINDSEY: With the completion of the new building the facilities of the School of Research and its various branches are so extended that we now see our way to much wider usefulness than has been possible heretofore. The plans for the future which in clude, of course, the development of the State Mu seum, are slowly maturing. In advance, however, of any new activities, I desire to say to you that the extraordinary condi tions of the present time seems to us to demand the subordination of every other interest to that of the prosecution of the war. We shall use every endeavor, as has been repeatedly expressed during the meetings of the past week, to avoid any curtailment of the regular work of the institution, for the reasons so powerfully expressed in the dedication address of Mr. Springer. However, I 15 GC tf SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 225 speak, I am confident, for every member of the governing boards and of the staff when I say that every resource of the Institution and the entire energies of all who are connected there-with are at the disposition of the State and of the National Government fo? war service. We look to you as our Commander-in-chief to inform us of every opportunity to serve the State. At present we are, as you know T , giving all the as sistance we can to the Board of Historical Service, and we shall soon be in position to do still more in that direction. We are also affording facilities for the Hospital and Surgical work of the Red Cross and the Naval service, and we are prepared to provide for whatever increase of such facilities may become necessary. Please be assured that we stand ready and eager to respond to the full extent of our powers to every demand you may feel called upon to make upon us. With assurances of highest personal esteem, I beg leave to remain, Faithfully yours, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director. GOVERNOR W. E. LINDSEY, State Capitol, Santa Fe, N. M. The work of the Board of Historical Service under the State Council of Defense, has been centered in the Palace of the Governors. As sociated in this work as members of the Board are the well-known historians, Benjamin F. Read, and Colonel Ralph E. Twitchell, the third member being the Director of the School of American Re search. Mr. Lansing B. Bloom, already known as 226 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY a trained historian, is Secretary of the Board. The scope of the work is indicated in the following outline: INDEX OUTLINE FOR THE RECORDS OF THE BOARD OF HISTORICAL SER VICE, NEW MEXICO 1. FEDERAL RELATIONS. a. Congress. 6. Judicial (Federal). c. Executive (National). (1) President Wilson (papers, proclama tions, etc.). (2) Department matters. (3) Military. (4) Conservation measures. 2. STATE ADMINISTRATION. a. Legislative. 6. Judicial. c. Executive. (1) State Council of Defense. (a) County Councils. (b) Board of Historical Service. 3. COMMUNITY INTERESTS. 4. ECONOMIC. a. Resources. b. Conservation. (1) population, c. Prohibition. (2) material. d. Development. (3) business. e. Tax matters. (4) labor. /. War finance. (a)LW.W. s (1) Liberty Loans. (5) corpora- (2) Red Cross. tions. (3) Relief to Allies. (6) roads. (4) War taxes. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 227 5. MILITARY. a. National Guard. b. Border service. c. Federalized troops. (USNG). (1) Battery A. d. Regular Army (USA). (1) Engineers. (a) Forestry. (b) Railroad. e. Reservists (USNA). /. Draft. (1) Registra tion. (a) County boards. 6. ORGANIZED ACTIVI TIES. a. Women at work. (1) Auxiliary to Council of Defense (2) Naval ser vice. (3) Woman of National Army . 7. PUBLIC SAFETY. a. Sedition. b. Aliens. (2) Examination. (b) district boards. (3) Efficiency re cords. (4) Exempts and discharges. (5) Men called to the colors. g. Navy. h. Aviation. i. Slackers and desert ers. j. Social matters. (1) safeguarding troops. (2) recreation. (4) Conserva tion. 6. Red Cross. c. Civic bodies. d. Churches. e. Y.M.andY. W. C.A. /. Knights of Columbus g. Boy Scouts. c. Crimes. d. Home Guards. 228 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 8. EDUCATION. a. State Institu- e. War propaganda. tions. (1) Patriotic rallies. 6. Agricultural. (2) "Four Minute c. Press. Men." d. Public men. /. Peace propaganda. 9. PUBLIC OPINION. a. Mass meetings, d. Officials. b. Organized bodies e. Soldiers. c. Editorials. /. Citizens. 10. POLITICS AND THE WAR. 11. POETRY AND HUMOR The records of the Board will be permanently kept in the vaults of the School of Research and made available for future historians of the great War. With the patriotic co-operation of the Women s Museum Board the work of the Santa Fe Chapter of the American Red Cross, together with its cor related branch, the Naval Auxiliary, is carried on in the new Museum building in the ample quarters granted the Womans s Board by the Regents of the Museum. The Director has devoted considerable time to public lecturing as one of the authorized represen tatives of the Speaking division of the National Committee of Public Information. He has also given numerous courses in the Anthropological section of the San Diego Museum to the soldiers, sailors and marines quartered in the public Park of the city. SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 229 VII. PUBLICATIONS The regular publications of the School consist of the illustrated magazine, El Palacio, soon to be converted into a weekly, and the Papers of the School of American Archaeology, which include the following numbers: 1. The Groundwork of American Archaeology. By Edgar L. Hewett. 2. The Excavation of the Cannonball Ruins in Southwestern Colorado. By Sylvanus G. Morley. 3. The Pajaritan Culture. By Edgar L. Hewett. 4. The Excavations at Puye in 1907. By Edgar L. Hewett 5. Excavations at Tyuonyi in 1908. By Edgar L. Hewett. 6. A Group of Related Structures at Uxmal, Mexico. By Sylvanus G. Morley. (Out of print. ) 7. The South House at Puye. By Sylvanus G. Morley. 8. Notes on the Piro Language. By John P. Har rington. 9. The Inscriptions of Naranjo, Northern Guate mala. By S. G. Morley. (Out of print.) 10. The Excavations at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1909. By Edgar L. Hewett. 11. The Correlation of Maya and Christian Chronology. By Sylvanus G. Morley. 12. On Phonetic and Lexic Resemblances Be tween Kiowan and Tanoan. By John P. Har rington. 13. Documentary History of the Rio Grande Pue blos of New Mexico. By Adolph F. Bandelier. 15* 230 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 14. An Introductory Paper on the Tewa Language Dialect of Taos. By John P. Harrington. 15. Explorations in Southwestern Utah in 1908 By Alfred V. Kidder. 16. Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Mis souri. By Gerard Fowke. 17. A Brief Description of the Tewa Language. By John P. Harrington. 18. The Tewa Indian Game of Canute. By John P. Harrington. (Out of print.) 19. The Historical Value of the Books of Chilam Balam. By Sylvanus G. Morley. 20. A. Key to the Navajo Orthography employ ed by the Franciscan Fathers and the Numerals Two and Three in Certain Langu ages of the Southwest. By John P. Har rington. 21. Two Seasons Work in Guatemala. By Edgar L. Hewett. (Out of print.) 22. Third Season s Work in Guatemala. By Edgar L. Hewett. (Out of print.) 23. The Ancient Inhabitants of the San Juan Valley. By Byron Cummings. 24. The Phonetic System of the Ute Language. By John P. Harrington. (Out of print.) 25. The Great Natural Bridges of Utnh. By Byron Cummings. 26. Studies on the Extinct Pueblo of Pecos. By Edgar L. Hewett. (Out of print.) 27. Tewa Relationship Terms. By John P. Har rington. (Out of print.) 28. Antiquities of the Jemez Plateau. By Edgar L. Hewett. (Printed by the Department of the Interior.) 29. Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley. By Edgar L. Hewett, Junius Henderson and SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 231 Wilfred W. Bobbins. (Printed by the Bureau of American Ethnology.) 30. Ethnpzoology of the Tewa Indians. By Junius Henderson and John Peabody Har rington. (Printed by the Bureau of Amer ican Ethnology.) 31. The Santa Fe of the Future. By William Templeton Johnson. 32. Architecture of the Panama-California Inter national Exposition. By Edgar L. Hewett and William Templeton Johnson. 33. The Pueblo of Pecos. By A. V. Kidder. 34. The Proposed National Park of the Cliff Cities, By Edgar L. Hewett. 35. The Cities That Died of Fear. By Paul A. F. Walter. 36. The Pueblo Revolt of 1696. By Ralph Emer son Twitchell. 37. Our Native Architecture and Santa Fe in 1926. By Carlos Vierra and Edgar L. Hewett. 38. Old North Pueblo of Pecos and the Condi tion of the Main Ruin of Pecos. By A. V. Kidder. 39. Cave Pictographs and Primitive Design. By K. M. Chapman. 40. The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians. By John Peabody Harrington. (Printed by the Bureau of American Ethnology. ) 41. Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. By Miss Barbara Freire-Marreco, Wilfred W. Rob- bins and John Peabody Harrington. 42. Address at Dedication cf New Museum. By Hon. Frank Springer. VIII. FINANCE Following is the financial statement of the School, 232 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY including the Museum of New Mexico from December 1, 1916 to November 30, 1917: Receipts Museum Maintenance Appropriation $10,000.00 Museum Balance, December 1, 1916 175.56 Building Fund, New Museum . 71,626.73 Archaeological Institute of America 2,849.99 San Diego Museum . 1.200.00 Mr. and Mrs. Percy Jackson 250.00 Sale of Literature . 75.70 School Balance, December 1, 1916. .65 $86,178.63 Expenditures New Museum Building __ $71,626.73 Salaries. . 8,959.67 Insurance 476.32 Printing 1,758.02 Office Expense. 258.50 Transportation and Entertainment . 540.50 Building Improvements . 110.56 Water and Light 229.83 Supplies 119.17 Library 110.44 Postage, Express, Telegraph, Telephone 455.04 Photography 513.27 Field Work 135.98 Fuel 415.00 Museum Balance November 30, 1917 83.63 School Balance. November 30, 1917 385.97 $86,178.63 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 233 IX. RECAPITULATION The following statement of the value of the equip ment and income available for certain uses of the School of American Research will show the pro gress that has been made from 1908 to 1917 towards endowment: SANTA FE Palace of the Governors Ground and original building, w r ith repairs and improvements paid for by the State $100,000 Scientific collections, average expen diture of $2,000 per year during 6 years.. 12,000 Mural paintings, privately contributed 1,000 Finck Library, privately contributed 5,000 New Auditorium and Art Museum Ground donated by the city.. 25,000 Cost of building- Cash privately contribut ed through friends of School $ 30,000 State appropriation, 1915 . 30,000 State appropriation, 1917 . 45,000 105,000 6 Mural Panels, St. Francis series 12,000 Art collections: 75 paintings byDonald Beauregard. Series of paintings of New Mexico Missions by Carlos Vierra, Forward $260,000 234 SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY B rought forward _ _ $260, 000 9 paintings presented by the artists Bellows, Cassidy, Hen ri, Musgrave, Ravlin, Rollins, Rolshoven, Sharp, Stanson, 30,000 Residence of Director 10,000 Tangible property . . $300, COO Income from State, $15,000 per year. While this is technically appropriated for the Museum of New Mexico, nevertheless inasmuch as this Mu seum is identical with that of the School of American Research, and is devoted to certain of the School s definite purposes as administered by the Director; and as by law the Di rector of the School is also Director of the Museum ; and three of the four appointive members of its Board of Regents are to be members of the Board of Managers of the School; this is practically equivalent to a cash endowment of . 300,000 Total at Santa Fe $600,000 Thus the School of American Research has now, by way of equipment suitable to its uses and of in come from sources other than the Institute, virtu ally an endowment of over half a million dollars. The income thus provided is necessarily restricted in its application to the work within the State of SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 235 New Mexico, which alone is a vast Archaeological field. It has the unrestricted use of the equipment and collections of the San Diego Museum for its anthropological work, the money value of which can hardly be stated. In order to accomplish its broader work for the American continent the School should have a further endowment that will yield an unrestricted income of at least twenty thou sand dollars. EDGAR L. HEWETT Santa Fe, N. M., Dec. 1, 1917. RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW IAN 1 4 1998 12,000(11/95) $246 Santa Fi, H*M. Sch*ol_*4_ American research. r-Organic acts end ad* dnistrative reports M110798 ESI S245 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY