;'■ ^^. y'--. ':^^^Wl;: !^^l ■-- ^'' '"- ,.• '.^^" ■^?', ' ^ .' ""kl- • f ,-., ■'♦^', .'.<... -■< ^:-^;^v^ 'W' . -. The L a k e - D w e l l I ]^f g s Europe. THE Lake- Dafe l l i n a s OP ElTEOPE: BEING THE liHIND LECTUREH IN ABCH^OLOGY for 1888. BY ROBERT MUNRO, M.A., M.D., SECRETAKV OK THE SOCIETY OK ANTIQUAItlES OK SCOTLAXD ; AITHOK OK "ANCIENT SCOTTISH LAKE-DWELLINGS OR CRANNOGS." (J AS SELL & COMPANY, Limited LONDON, FAniS d- MELBOVUNE. 1890. [all eights EESEEVEr.] G ~~7 Q- S PREFACE. The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in offering me tlie Rhind lectureship in Arcliseology for the year 1888, left me no choice of a subject, as they had already suggested that the course should be on the ''Lake- dwellings of Europe." Their conmiunication embody- ing this proposal came upon me with complete surprise, and, indeed, it was with considerable misgiving that I pondered over the undertaking, because at that time I had no special knowledge of lake-dwellings beyond Scotland. But the kind encouragement of friends and the fact that I had two }ears to collect the necessary materials, ultimately overcame my scruples ; and so with the acceptance of this appointment the work now offered to the public may be said to have been begun. My first and almost immediate step was a hasty run to the principal centres of lake-dwelling researches in Euroj^e, so as to get a preliminary idea of the l)est and most })ractical way of carrying out this work. It was onlv then that the magnitude of the labours I had under- taken dawned upon me. The relics from the more important settlements, with few exceptions, were so widely scattered that, to form an intelligible notion of the civilisation and culture of their inhabitants from a study of their industrial remains, scores of museums and private collections had to be visited. Nor was the condition of the literature and records of the various discoveries more favourable to my purpose. The suc- cessive investigations by different parties in the more prolific stations were constantly altering the previous 1360896 A'l LAKE-DWELLlX(;s OF KruOl'E. records and, in some instances, evxn falsified the earlier deductions founded on them. Again, descriptive notices were directed more to illustrate the particular and rarer finds of the investigator than to convey to general readers a fair estimate of the tout-enscmhle of any special station. Keller's earlier reports were really exhaustive monographs, but by-and-by the subject became so extensive that to carry out the work on the same scale would entail the publication of many volumes. In 1866, when Mr. Lee translated and arranged Keller's first six reports, his work was fairly representative of the progress then made in lake-dwelling researches ; but to ke'ep pace with this progress a second edition at the end of the following decade assumed the magnitude of two large volumes. Since then, however (1878), the results of lacustrine researches have been greater and nu)re important than during any previous corresponding period. The " Cor- rection des Eaux du Jura," together with various harbour alterations in the lakes of Ziirich, Geneva, etc., have been the means of enormously increasing the lacustrine collections of Switzerland. In North Italy not only have new and remarkably interesting lacustrine stations been discovered and exhaustively investigated, as Lagozza and Polada, but the researches in the terremare have been such as to entirely alter the previous opinions held in regard to them. Nor has the progress in this field of research in many other countries in Europe been scared}^ less important, in proof of which I have only to mention the additions made to the Scottish and Irish crannogs ; the curious fascine structures brought to light in Holder- ness, Yorkshire ; the novel revelations extracted from the terp mounds in Holland and other low-lying districts on the coast of the German Ocean ; the greatly extended and more accurate details of lacustrine structures in Nortli Germany; the discovery in Hungary of pre- historic mounds analogous to tlie terramara deposits of Italy, (!tc. In short there is luirdly any corner of the lake-dwelling area in Europe which has not yielded new IMIEFACE. Vll materials, tlirowIniT: more or less liglit on this strange phase of prehistoric life. In these circumstances I resolved to proceed de novo, and to construct my story of the lake-dwellings from whatever trustworthy sources I could lay my hands on. In order to carry out this intention my wife and I per- ambulated the whole of Central Europe with note and sketch books in hand, visiting, as far as practicable, the sites of lake-dwellino^s, and searching- museums and libraries wherever we thought their relics or records were to be found. The eastern limit of the region thus visited may be represented by a line draAvn from Konigsberg to Trieste, passing through the intermediate towns of Krakow, Buda - Pesth, and Agram. The materials broug^it tog-ether from within this area are, io a very considerable extent, absolutely new to Britisli archaeologists. Of course, in a work which aims at put- ting into the hands of general readers an epitome of the essential facts and results of lacustrine researches since these singular remains were discovered in Europe, I had to take cognisance of some investigations that have already been fully recorded and illustrated. As it was impossible to illustrate typical groups of objects from all the lacustrine stations, I have, as a rule, in selecting the illustrations for this work, avoided those that have already come within the reach of English readers through the translation of Keller's works, except when they be- longed to stations that are the best or only representa- tives of their kind in their respective localities — ^as, for example, the Rosen Insel in the Lake of Starnberg. Acting on this principle, I have given very few illustra- tions of objects from Nidau, Moosseedorf, St. Aubin, Wauwyl ; nor, for the same reason, is a prominent place given to the earlier discoveries at Robenhausen, Estavayer, Concise, Cortaillod, etc. In this way I have endeavoured to combine in the work now issued as much noveltv as possible, without detracting from its general and com- prehensive scope. viii LAKE-DWELLINGS OF ELUIOI'E. As our peripatetic labours drew to a close, the next point to be considered was the method of grouping the materials under six divisions, corresponding- with the pre- scribed number of lectures. This was by no means an easy task, as neither the geographical distribution, nor the historical order of the discoveries, could be exclusively selected as a cementing element in dealing with remains so diversified in character and of so wide a range in space and time. The plan which I have here adopted seems to me to combine the greatest advantages with the fewest drawbacks. Its rationale is as follows : — xVfter introducing my subject by a short account of the circumstances that led to the discovery of the Pfahlhauten in the Lake of Ziirich, and glancing at the archaeological importance and surprising results of this discovery in other Swiss lakes, the historical element is dropped, and I conduct my readers over Western Switzerland and Savoy, summarising the discoveries in the successive lakes as we move along. In the second lecture we again start near the same place and continue our explorations in an easterly direction, and having examined the Upper Rhine district we cross over to the great Danubian basin, which we follow downwards as far as the lacustrine trail carries us, and ultimately finish with Laibach near the source of the Drave. The third lecture is entirely oc- cupied with the palafittes and terremare in the Po valley. In these wanderings we have virtually made a circuit of the great Alpine chain of mountains, and have seen that the habit of constructing lake-dwellings was pre- valent in tlie u})per reaches of the four principal water- ways which diverge from its flaidvs, viz. the Rhine, Rlione, Danube, and Po. The lake-d\v(;lling area thus surveyed com})rises all the remains that can unequivocally be said to belong to the primary development of these structures In Kur()[)e, their })eriod of existence being almost exclusively con- fined to the prehistoric ages of Stone and l^ronze. Such being the case, this might be a suitable opportunity for PREFACE. IX offering some general remarks on tlie culture and civili- sation of their inhabitants ; but this I defer to the final lecture, thinking it preferable before doing so to acquaint my readers with various details of analogous remains brought to light in other districts in Europe. Accord- ingly in the fourth lecture we continue our geographical wanderings. Again starting in Switzerland we discuss the peculiar remains found in La Tene, almost the only exception to the ordinary Ffahlbautcn of the Stone and Bronze ages encountered in our previous tour; and thence, moving northwards by the lower Rhine district, we pass to North Germany, where we meet with settle- ments apparently belonging to all ages. The fifth lecture is exclusively devoted to an exposition of the crannogs and lake-dwellings within the British Isles. In these five lectures we have thus surveyed the entire area in Europe in which the remains of ancient lake-dwellings have been discovered in modern times. Excepting tlie well-known reports of Keller and a few monographs on particular stations or districts, the entire literature of the subject may be said to lie buried in the Transactions of learned societies. Havino- to hunt up and peruse most of these obscure and almost inac- cessible articles — the number and extent of which may be estimated by a glance at the accompanying biblio- graphy — it occurred to me that, by tabulating all the works and notices of these researches in chronoloo^ical sequence, under the names of their respective authors and with correct references to their published sources, I might be conferring some benefit on future investigators, while supplying myself with a simple and ready means of referring to authorities, without the necessity of hav- ing to repeat over and over again the voluminous titles of publications. Hence tlie origin of the bibliography appended to this work, which, however imperfect, will, I trust, considerably enhance its value. Its compilation has given me a great deal of trouble, and the only valuable assistance I derived from other publications of 6 X LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. the kind was from Pigorini's " BibliogTapliy of Italian Archaeology," which, unfortunately, comes down only to 187^. There remains now only the pleasant duty of thanking those who have assisted me in bringing the work, so far, to a satisfactory conclusion. On this score my obligations are very great. (1) In collecting the materials on the Continent my work was greatly facilitated by introductory notes from and to eminent archaeologists, and among those who so honoured me I have especially to mention Evans, .Franks, Voss, Tischler, tlie late Karl Deschmann, Major Troltsch, Pigorini, and Castelfranco. (2) To the custodians of museums and the owners of private collections I am indebted for permission to have notes and sketches taken of objects in their pos- session. The collections which have supplied me with original illustrations are the following : — MUSEUMS. Aix-les-Bains : Miisee de la Ville. Annecy : Musee de la Ville. Avenches : Museum of Roman An- tiquities. Bale : The Museum. Belfa.st : Antiquarian Museum. Bei'lin: Mdrkisches Museum. Kihiiyl. Museum far Volkerkunde. Berne : Cantonal Museum. Gross Coll. Federal Hall. Bienne : Schwab Museum. Boudiy : Museum. Cliainbery : Musee de la Ville. Como : Museo di Como. Constance : Jiosijarten Museum. Dublin : Museum S"iiiiii/uih/ dcr Hist. (Icscllsrlifft iiii, 'riiiirt/aii.. I^'ribour'' : Musee Cardtnial. Friedrichsliafen : Ahiseum des Vereins fur die Gesehichte des Bodensees. Geneva : Musee Archeoloyique. Isola Virginia : Museo Fonti. Klagenf uit : Das Ilistoriche Museum des Rudolfinums. Konigsbei'g : Das Frussia Mu- seuta. Laibach : Landesmuseum. Lausanne : Musee Cantonal. Leeuwarden : Museum van het Friescli GenootscliajK London : British Museum. Lucerne : Historical and Art-Indus- trial Mtisetim in the Rathhaus. Mayence : Sammlum/ des Stadt und A Iterthums vereins. Milan : Museo Civico. Modena : Museo Civico. Morat : A small Collection hi the Gymiiasium. PREFACE. XI Munich : K. Etlmogra'phisches Mu- seum. Neuchatel : Musee Archeoloyiqne. Parma : R. Museo (VAntichita di Farma. Posen : Archceoloyical Museum. Reggio : Museo Civico di Reyyio d'Emilia. Rome : 3fuseo Freistorico. Schwerin: Grossherzoyl. Alterthilnier Sammluny. Sigmaringen : Fiirstl. lloheuzollerml - sclies Museum. 8t. Germain (Paris) : Musee National. Stuttgart : K. Kunst- 7tnd Alter- thicms-Sammluny, and K. Natu- ral ien-Samrahmy . Turin : Museo Civico. Ueberlingen : Steiuhaus Museum. Varese : Museo di Varese. Verona : Aluseo Civico. Viadana : Museo Civico. Vienna : K. K. Naturhist - Hof- Mtiseum (formerly K. K. Munz- und A ntikenkahinet). Yverdon : Musee de la Ville. Zurich : Sammluny der antiquar- ischen Gesellschaft. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. Boynton, Thoma.s, F.S. A.Scot., Brid- lington. Castelfranco, Professor, Milan. Evans, John, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S. A., Ilemel Hemp.stead. Frank, Oberforster, Schussenried, Wiirttemberg. Grainger, Canon, Broughshane, Ire- land. Restaurant Lacustre (Port), Aix- les-Bains. Le Mire, M. Jules. Collection of Relics from the Palatitte in the Lake of Clairvaux, exhibited at the International Exposition, Paris, 1889. Ley, Herr, Bodmann, Baden. Leiner, Herr, Constance, Baden. Lord Talbot de Malahide, Malaliide Castle. Me.ssikommer, Herr Jacob, Wetzi- kon, Switzerland. Much, Dr., Vienna. Quaglia, Sig. Giuseppe, Varese. Rabut, M., Chambory. (This col- lection is now in the British Museum.) Rambotti, Dr., Desenzano, Italy. Regazzoni, Professor. (Collection in the Museo di Como.) Vouga, M. A. (Collection in the Boudry Museum.) Vouga, M. E., Marin. (3) Messrs. Chantrc, Gross, A. and E. Vouga, R. Forrcr (editor of Antiqiia^, and others, as well as a large number of the secretaries of Arclia.H)logical Societies, have most cordially granted me permission to take extracts or copy such illustrati(ms from their pid^lished works as I might think necessary. The instances ill which I have availed myself of this jn'ivilege are acknowledged in the text and in the tabulated list of illustrations. /O xii LAKE-DWELLIXGS OF EUROPE. (4) The following Societies have kindly allowed me to use electrotypes of a number of their woodcuts, all of which are duly specified in the list of illustrations : — Ayr and Galloway Archseological Association. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Anthropological Society, London. Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Irish Academy. Royal Historical and Archjeological Association of Ireland. (5) The bibliography was to a large extent compiled at the British Museum Library, where I found greater facilities for such work than in any similar institution on the Continent. In addition to ready access to public libraries, I have to acknowledge the receipt of a number of valuable annotations and references in special libraries attached to museums or belonging to Societies. Among the arch geologists who have thus aided me I have specially to mention MM. Pigorini, Voss, and Reinach (St. Germain). The Hon. H. A. Dillon, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, supplied me wath the refer- ence to the ca^iture of an Irish crannog by the English, quoted at page 482. My learned friend Joseph Anderson, LL.D., greatly assisted me in revising the proof sheets. For all these varied and valuable contributions to this work, as well as for the many acts of kindness and good wishes received during our peregrinations, I now express my warmest thanks and gratitude. J'Jdinhiinjh. J')f/i Miiij. ISfX). CONTENTS. SETTLEMENTS IX LAKE ZURICH, WESTERN SWITZERLAND, AND FRANCE. PACiES Introductory — First Discovery of Lake-Dwellings at Ober-Meilen — Early Investigators — General Scope of Lectures — Descriptive Notices of Settlements in the Lake of Zurich — Investigations in the Jura Lakes, and Archaeological Result of the "Correction des Eaux du Jura " — Detailed Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Bienne, Neuchatel, Morat, Inkwyl, Burgaschi, Moosseedorf , Sempach, Wauwyl, Zug, Baldegg, Geneva, Luissel, Bourget, Annecy, Aiguebellette, and Clairvaux ... ... 1 — 109 SETTLEMENTS IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND, THE DANUBIAN VALLEY, AND CARNIOLA. Character of P/ahlbauten in Peat Bogs — Descriptive Notices of Stations in Lake Pfaffikon, Egelsee, Greifensee, the Peat Moors at Heimenlachen, and in the Lakes of Nussbaumen, Constance, Mindli, Bussen, Feder, Olzreuthe, Starnberg, Atter, Mond, and Fuschl — Suggestive Remains in Neusiedlersee — Pile Structures in Hungary — Early Researches in the Lakes of Carinthia and Carniola — Remarkable Discoveries in Laibach Moor — Notices of supposed Beaver-traps and similar Machines found in North Germany, Italy, and Ireland ... ... HO — 185 xiv LAKE-DWELLINGS (JF EUROPE. Cl)irti iLrrturr, LAKE DWELLINGS AND PILE STRUCTURES IN ITALY. PAGES Fir.5t discovered at Mercurago. («) Western Lake-Settlements in the Po Valley : Notices of Stations in Lake Varese and the adjoining Turbaries of Biandrono, Cassago-Brabbia, and Pustenga— Researches in the Lakes of Monate and Varano ; in the Turbaries of Moml^ello, Valcuvia, and Brenno ; in the Lakes of Annone and Pusiano, and in the Turbaries of Bosisio, Capriano, Maggiolino, Mercurago, Borgo-Ticino, and San Martino — Remarkable Station in'Lagozza. (h) Eastern Lake- Settlements in the Po Valley: Descriptive Notices of the Stations in the Lakes of Garda, Fimon, and Arqua-Petrarca, and in the Turbaries of Polada and Cascina. (c) Terremare : Discovery and Significance of the Terramara Deposits — Special Investigations at Oastione — Notices of further Typical Stations at Montale, Casale Zaffanella, and Gorzano — General Remarks on Terramara Settlements — Their Distr-ibutioii, Relics, and Organic Remains ... ... ... ... 186 — 276 J'ourt!) S.rcturf» SPECIAL CIJAR.\CTER OF THE REMAINS FOUND AT LA TENE, AND IN THE LAKE OF PALADRU : LACUSTRINE AND MARINE DWELLINGS IN THE LOWER RHINE DISTRICT AND NORTH GERMANY. Descriptive Notice of Anti(iuitios found at La T6ne and in tlie Lake of Paladru — Notices of Stations in the Palatinate, at Deule a Houpliii, and of one of a remarkable character near Maestricht — Detailed Notices of Stations in (a) Mecklenlmtg, (l>) Ponierania. and Central Prussia., (c) Pose7i and Poland, and (''/) East Prussia, and, Livland — General Remai-ks on the Settlements of Nor'th Germany and their relation to the linrf/a-dlle Ancient Marine Dwellings on the Coasts of Hol- land and Western (kirmany — Terpen, Warfen,fmA Wurthen 277 — 348 CONTENTS. XV jTiftl) 2.frtiirc» THE LAKE DWELLINGS OF GREAT I'.UITAIN AND IRELAND. PAGES I. — Irish Ckanxogs : First Discovery of a Craniiog at Lagore — Subsequent Discoveries, especially during the workings of the Commissioners for the arterial drainage of Ireland — General Features of Crannogs then observed, with Notes of the Relics collected on them — Notices of typical Crannogs at Randals- town and Tonymore — Researches of Messrs. G. H. Kinahan and W. F. Wakeman — Crannogs in the County of Fermanagh — Recent Discoveries at Lisnacroghera and in Lough Mourne - — List of Irish Crannogs, alphabetically arranged, with Notes and References. II. — Scottish Craxxogs: Historical Notice of their Discovery — Details of Characteristic Stations at Dowalton, Lochlee, Lochspouts, Buston, Airrieoulland, Barhapplc, Wliite Loch of Ravenstone, and Friar's Carse — Stone Lake-Dwellings and other Artificial Islands — List of Scottish Crannogs, alpha) )eti- cally arranged, with Notes and References. III. — English Lake-Dwellixgs : The meres of Norfolk and Suffolk, etc. — Pile Structures in London — Crannog in Llangorse Lake, Wales — Suggestive Remains in Berks — Recent Lacus- trine Discoveries in Holderness. IV. — General Remarks on Lake-Dwellings within the British Isles : Their Structure and Modes of Access, Gang- ways, and Canoes — Their Local Distribution and Ethno- graphical Significance — Their Range in Time — Their Relation to Analogous Remains in Europe ... ... ... ... 349 — 494 ^Utl) ?(.ftturr. THE LAKE-DWELLERS OF EUROPE: THEIR CULTURE AND CIVILISATION. Founders of the earliest Lake-Dwellings lived in the Stone Age, and were acquainted with agriculture, the reai-ing of XVI LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. PAGES cattle, and various industries — Art of Boring and Sawing Stones — Jade Implements and their significance among the Lake-Dwellers — Introduction of Metals — Transition Period and Copper Age (1) — Bronze Age and its characteristic Arts and Industries — Osteological Remains of the Lake-Dwellers — ■ Iron Age — The sudden appearance of Implements and Wea- pons of Iron among the Swiss Lake-Dwellers indicates a new Race of People — Who were these new comers ? — Distribution of La T6ne Civilisation in Europe — -General Conclusions ... 495 — 554 Bibliography of Lake-Dwelling Researches in Europe ... ... 555 — 583 Index 585—600 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. LAKE ZURICH. FIG. PAGE 1. — Ober-Meilen : No. 1, Flint knife — 2, Flint saw in its wooden handle — 3 and 4, Stone axes — 5, Bronze axe — 6, Bear's tooth, perforated — 7, Hammer of staghorn — 8, 13, and 17, Perforated stone axes — 9, Amber bead — 10, Bronze armlet — 11 and 15, Stone axes or chisels in horn handles — 12, Polisher of stone, with small perforation for string — 14, Spindle-whorl of earthenware — 16, Flint arrow-point ... ... 6 Xo. o in Museum Schwab, and the rest in Antiq. Museum at Zurich. 2. — Bauschanze, Kleiner Hafner, and Grosser Hafner : Nos. 1 to 7, Specimens of pottery — 8, Spindle-whorl of earthen- ware — 9, Bone needle — 10, Horn implement — 11, Flax-heckler of bones — 12, Bone dagger — 13 and 14, Moi-tised beams — 15 and 16, Flint implements — 17, Bear's tooth, perforated — 18 and 28, Ornamental bracelets — 19 and 27, Pendants — 20, In- volved rings — 21 and 22, Agricultural implements of horn — 23, Fish-hook of bone — 24 to 26, Bronze pins — 29, Part of a chain — 30, Ornamented knife — 31, Earthenware vase, placed on a clay support ring — 32, Bronze implement, with handle — 33 to 37, Various tools and a spiral. (These objects are of bronze when not otherwise specified) ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 Nos. 1 to 17 after Keller (B. 336, PI. i. and ii.). the rest, with the exception of 21 to 23 and 31, trom. An fujua. 1883. Nearly all in Zurich Museum. 3. — WoLLlSHOFEN : Nos. 1 and 2, Grip-ends of two .swords — 3, 4, 5, and 14, Various forms of arrow-heads — 6, 8 to 11, 19, and 23 to 26, Specimens of pins — 7, Ornamented socketed spear-head — 12 and IS, Wheel ornaments — 13 and 15, Bracelets — 16, Comb — 17, Copper flat celt — 20, Fibula, Avith small ring on its twisted pin — 21 and 27, Button and stud — 22, Handsome vase — 28, Finger-ring — 29 to 31, Pendants — 32, An ornamented wheel of tin — 33, A twisted ring with eight small rings — 34, Fish-hook — 35, Axe from Letten. (All bronze, with the exception of No. 17) 14 All in Ziirich Museum. One or two of the pins are after Heierli (B. 448). 4. — WoLLisHOFEX : Nos. 1 to 7, Chisels, etc. — 8 and 18, Hammers — 9 and 10, Sword-handled implements — 11 to 15, Various forms of knives — 16, 20, and 25, Hatchets — 17 and 22, Fragments of XVlll LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PACE dishes — 19, Ring-handle — 21, Anvil. (All the above objects are of bronze.) — 23, Leaden cake with bronze loop — 24, Another similar object, with two loops (from Onens) — 26, Bronze needle 15 All the objects are in the Ziirich Museum. No. 24 after Heierli (B. 448). 5. — WoLLiSHOFEX : Nos. 1 to 4, 7, 9, 11, and 12, Specimens of pottery — 5 and 10, Clay bobbins — 6, Two views of a fragmentary wheel of earthenware — 8, Crescent (restored) of burnt clay — 13 to 20, Various forms of Spindle-whorls of earthenware ... ... 17 All in Zurich Museum. Nos. D, 11, and 12 after Heierli (B. 4G2, PL ix.). LAKE OF BIENNE. 6. — MoERiNGEN : Nos. 1 and 3, Pendants — 2, 1 4, and 1 5, Vessels — 4, 9, and 10, Fibulje — 5, Handle of rapier, 21 inches long — 6, Knife with solid handle (bronze) — 7, Saw — 8, Ornamented brace- let — 11 and 16, Razors, — 12 and 17, Socketed chisel and gouge — 13, Hammer, with socket and loop ... ... ... ... 29 All bronze, and after Desor (B. 252). 7. — ViNELZ : Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points — 9, Flint scraper — 10 to 12, Flint daggers, one (No. 11) in wooden handle, surrounded by a withe — 13, Stone axe in V-shaped horn-iixer — 14, Stone bead — 15, 16, and 18, Bone pins — 17, Copper awl in bone handle — 19, Object of superficial plate of a boar's tusk, perforated with four holes— 20 and 21, Horn buttons— 22 to 28, 30, and 31, Various tools and articles of copper — 29, 32, and 33, Specimens of pottery ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35 All the objects in Cantonal Museum at Berne (No. 29 after B. 4(52, PL xviii. 10). LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 8. — St. Blaise : Nos. 1 to 18, Various implements and tools of copper (with exception of No. 4 — bronze) — 19, Stone wrist-bracer — 20, Horn implement, polished and perforated — 21, Horn spear- head — 22 to 24, Bone pins — 25 and 26, Stone axes, one par- tially pei'forated — 27, Fossil ammonite, perforated for su.spension as an ornament — 28, Flint dagger in wooden handle ... ... 41 Nos. 8, 10 to lit, 21. 2."), and 27 after Anfiqii/i-; No. 2 in Neuchatel Museum ; No. 28 in E. Vou{?a"s collection ; the remaining Nos. after Anzeifirr (B. 376a). 9. — AuvKiiNlER : Nos. J to 8, Hatchets of various forms — 9 to 11, Knives — 12 and 18, Chisel and gouge — 13, 19, and 20, Ham- m(;rs — 14, Star-like ornament — 15 and 16, Sickles — 17 and 24, Pendants — 21, A small anvil -22, One valve of mould for winged celt. (All the above are of bronz(^)- 23, A triiocular LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX FIG. PAGE cup of earthenware — 25, Bone disc, ornamented with concentric cirgles — 26, Bone implement perforated in middle — 27, Bronze spiral — 28, Stone anvil in wooden casing ... ... ... 43 Nos. 1 to ('> and 13 in Dr. Evans's collectiou ; Nos. 8, 12, and 24 after Desor (B. 9'>, Figs. 'M>, 4(5, and fifi) ; and the rest in the Gross Collection at Berne. 10. — CoKTAiLLOD AND Bevaix (16, 18 and 23 to 26) : No. 1, Involved pendant of bronze rings — 2, Large fish-hook — 3, Torque — 4, Ornamented socketed spear — 5, Tip of a sword sheath — 6, Fibula — 7, Earring— 10, 12, and 21, Pendants— 13 to 15 and 26, Bracelets —16 and 18, Axes— 17, Wheel— 19, Sword— 20, Cup— 22, Stud — 23 and 24, Pins, one with an ornamented flat disc as a head — 25, Razor. (All the above are of bronze.) No. 8, Horn harpoon — 9, A small earthenware vase, with four small holes for suspension — 11, Pendant, the composition of which is unknown 46 Nos. 1, 2,8, 9, and 11 in Museum at Boiidry ; 3 to 6 and 13, after Vouga (B. 414a) ; 10, 12, 18, and 21 in Schwab's Museum ; 19, in Museum at Bale; 15, 17, and 22 after Keller (B. 61 and 286) ; 14, 16, and 23 to 26 after Desor (B. 95 and 252) ; 20, after Gross (B. 392, PI. xxii. 8). 11. — Concise and Corcelettes : No 1, Bronze necklace — -2, Bronze pin, with tin head — 3, 8, 10, and 11, Bronze pins — 4 and 5, Tin wheels — -6, A hollow Ijronze ring — 7, Wooden comb — 9, 12, and 13, Bronze pendants — -14, Bracelet of lignite — -15, Spectacle ornament of bronze — ^16, Bronze rod, with terminal rings — 17, horn pendant — 18, Amber bead, attached to a portion of bronze wire — -19, Bronze knife in horn handle — 20, Bronze tube — 21 and 22, Vessels of pottery — 23, Centre portion of a bronze horse-bit — 24, Handle and tip of bronze sword ... ... ... ... 56 Nos. 1, (J. and 12 after Vouga (B. 414d) ; 16 and 21 to 23 in Museum at Lausanne ; 20 in Museum at Boudry ; 24, Dr. Evans' Col- lection ; the rest from Ant i qua (1886, PL x., xi., and xii., and 1888, PI. viii.) 12. — Estavayer : No. 1, Sickle — 2 and 3, W^heel ornaments — 4, 12, 14, and 26, Various forms of fibulse — 5, Comb — 6 and 10, Pendants — 7, Razor-knife — 8, Saw — 9, Button — 11, Double- legged pin — ^13, Portion of chain ornament — -15, Amber bead — 16, Gold earring— 17, 19, and 23, Bronze axes— 18, 22, 24, 30, and 31, Various forms of bronze knives — 20, Perforated hammer — 21, Vessel of pottery — -25, Flint arrow-point — 27, Disc-shaped head of a pin — 28, Portion of a spiral-headed pin — 29, Horn object (see page 511). (All of })ronze, except when otherwise specified)... ... ... ... ... ... ... 62 Nos. 1 to 11, 17, 19. 21, 24, and 25 in Mu.seum of Fribourg ; 12 ,13, IS, 20, 23. 30, and 31 in Cantonal Museum, Berne; 15, 16. 22, and 29 after Keller (B. 336) : 14 and 27 after Antiqna (B.449); 26 after Vouga (B. 414c) ; 28 in Collection Gross. XX LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAGE 13. — Chevroux, Forel, and Portalban : No. 1, Flint dagger in wooden handle — 2, Copper chisel — 3, Bronze pendant — 4 and 6, Bone pins — 5, Flint arrow-point — 7, Amber bead — 8 and 14, Vases of coarse potteiy — 9, Bronze comb — 10, Bronze fibula — 11, Bronze razor with handle — 12, Globular head of bronze pin with perforations — 13, 17, and 18, Pendants of Horn — 15, Iron Implement — 16, Copper dagger — 19, Implement of jawbone of a deer — 20, Horn bracelet — 21, Bronze bracelet — 22, Bronze rings [portemonnaie) ... ... ... ... ... ... 6o Nos. 1, 3 to 6, 8, and 14 in Museum at Lausanne ; 2 and 16 in Can- tonal Museum, Berne ; 10, 11, 12, and 17 to 20 after Vouga (B. 414b and 414d) ; 15 after Troyon (B, 31) ; 21 in Museum, Fribourg ; 22 after Antiqua (B. 449). LAKE OF MO RAT. 14. — Vallamand and Greng-Insel : No. 1, Iron knife, with the tang and portion of back of bronze — 2, 4, and 10, Bronze pen- dants — 3, Fish-hook with portion of wire attached (bronze) — 5, Bronze rod, with oblong perforations and curved ends — 6, Orna- mented bronze chisel — 7, Bronze button — 8, Bronze razor in wooden case — 9, Portion of flint dagger, beautifully chipped — 11 and 12, Bronze combs — 13 to 16 and 18, Specimens of pottery — 17 and 20, Objects of horn — 19, Bronze dagger (Roman?) — 21, Pin, with portion of chain attached — longer in the actual speci- men (bronze) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 Nos. 1 and 3 after Heierli (B. 462) ; 2, 4 to 7, and 10 to 13 in Museum at Lausanne ; 8, 14, 15 and 18 in Cantonal Museum, Berne ; 9 and 17 in Museum at Morat ; 16 after Keller (B. 61) ; 19 and 20 in Museum at Avenches ; 21, Collection Gross. LAKE OF SEMPACH. 15. — Nos. 1 to 7 and 11, Various bronze implements and weapons — 8, 9, and 10, Stone axes, pei-f orated and beautifully polished ... 77 All in Museum at Lucerne. LAKES OF WAUWYL, ZUG, AND BALDEGG. 16.— No. 1, Perforated stone implement — 2 and 3, Portions of stone axes, one showing commencement of secondary perforation — 4 and 5, Stone chisels, one in bone handle — 6, Bone dagger — 7, Horn liarpoon — 8, Polished stone, curiously shaped and perfo- rated for suspension — 9 to 11, Pottery- -12, Cup made of stag- horn ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 All in Museum at Lucerne, except No 8 — Museum, Ziirich. LAKE OF GENEVA. 17. — MoRGES, Thonon, and St. Prex. — No. 1, Bit of pottery, with herring-bone pattern — 2 and 3, Armillce sacrcr. (see page 531)— 4, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI FIG. PA(iE Bracelet — 5, Curious object — 6, Fish-hook — 7, Sword — 8, Mould — 9, Pendant — 10, Anklet — 11, and 16 to 18, Various forms of knives — 12 to 15, Celts or axes. (All of bronze) ... ... 84 Nos. 1, 1-t, and 18 in Museum at Annecy ; 2 to 6 after Keller (B. 286) ; 7 and 8 after Ti-oyon (B. 31) ; 9 and 10 after Rabut (B. 138) ; Hi, after Perrin (B. 282) ; 11 to 13, and 17 in Museum at Lausanne. 18. — Geneva and Tououes (9, 10, 12, and 13): Nos. 1 to 4, and 10, Various fornas of bronze celts — 5, Bronze knife — 6, Stone mould — 7, Portion of bronze fibula — 8, 11, and 14 to 17, Bronze pendants — 9, Bronze sickle with raised knob — 12 and 13, Earthenware dishes ornamented on the inner side — 18 and 19, Bronze razors ... ... ... . . ... ... ... 91 All in the Museum of Geneva, except It and 19 in Museum at Annecy. LAKE OF LUISSEL. 19. — Nos 1 to 3, Handles of tliree bronze swords, with tlie tips of the first two — 4, The bronze tip of a scabbard — 5, Small bronze ring ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 94 No. 1 in Museum at Lausanne ; 2 and 3 in Cantonal Museum, Berne ; 4 and 5 after Troyon (B. 31). LAKE OF BOURGET. 20. — Nos. 1 to 4, Socketed spear-heads — 5, 12, antl 15, Daggers — 6, 7, 8, 13, and 14, Knives — 9 to 11, and 17, Hatchets — 16, Sword handle — 18, Socketed hammer with side loop — 19, Chi.sel —20 and 21, Sickles— 22 and 23, Razors— 24, Tweezers— 25, Girdle clasp — 26, Stone mould. (All bronze except No. 26) ... 100 Xos. 1. 3, 4, 6, 9, and 20, in Museum of St. Germain : 2. 11. and 21, in the Collection at Rsstaurant Lacustre (Port) ; 5, 8. 12, 14 to 16, 2o and 26, in Museum at Chambery ; 7, Collection Rabut ; 10 in Museum at Aix-les-Bains ; 13, 17 to 19, 22 and 23, Collection Costa de Beauregard (after Perrin, B. 179). 21. — Nos. 1 and 2, Bronze tubes with loose rings — 3 to 6, and 12, Objects of unknown use — 7, Spiral finger ring — 8, 11, and 14, Vessels— 9, Needle— 10, 18, 19, 21, 30 and 31, Pins— 13, 22 to 26, and 32, Various forms of arrow-points — 15, Portion of clay ceiling ornamented with concentric circles — 16, 17, and 29, Ornamented bracelets — 20, Bronze tip of a sword sheath — 27, Amber bead — 28, Glass bead — 33, Bronze button — 34 to 37, Pottery, portions of dishes and a percolator. (All bronze, except when otherwise specified) ... ... ... ... ... 101 Xos. 1, 2, l."> and 36, in Museum at Aix-les-Bains ; 3, 7, 9 and 10, in Museum, St. Germain ; 4, 6, and 12, in Restaurant Lacustre (Port) ; 5. 8, 11, 23, 24, 26 to 28, 30, 32, and 33, in Museum at Chambery : 13. 14. Hi, 18 to 22, 25 and 31, Collection Costa (after Perrin. B. 179) : 17. 29. 34, 3.") and 37, after Rabut (B. 138). XXU LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUllOPE. FIG. PAfiE LAKE OF ANNECY. 22. — No. 1, Bronze flat celt — 2 Bronze pin — 3, Copper bead — 4, Bronze anklet (after Rabut) — 5, 6, and 7, Flint weapons — 8, and 9, Stone axes — 10, Arrow-point of clay schist ... ... 103 All in Museum at Annecy. LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX. 23. — Nos. 1 to 4, Flint weapons — 5, Horn chisel, with handle as part of the horn — 6 and 8, Stone axes in horn settings or handles — 7, Horn hammer-axe, with portion of the wooden handle still remaining — 9, 13, and 14, Bone implements — 10, A flat object of polished stone with a small perforation at one end - — 11 and 12, Bronze dagger and chisel — 15, Wooden dish ... 106 No. 1.5, After Le Mire (B. 219), the rest from a collection exhibited at the Paris International Exposition of 1893. LAKE OF PFaFFIKON. 24. — RoBENiiAUSEN : No. 1, Flint arrow-point — 2, Bone arrow-point — 3, Pendant of red stone — 4, Copper celt — 5 and 6, Small red stones, with a series of round perforations — 7, Horn cup — 8, Stone celt in horn casing (Museum of Mayence) — 9, Nephrite chisel in horn handle (Museum, Munich) — 10, Hammer stone — 11, Bronze celt — ^12, Horn hammer partially perforated — 13, Perforated stone disc — 14, Fragments of pottery (one from Antiqua, 1885)^15, Wooden knife — 16, 17, and 18, Earthen- ware dishes, one resting on a clay ring — 19 and 23, Stone axes with wooden handles — 20 and 21, Clay weights — 22, Earthen- ware crucible — 24, Implement of wood, supposed to be hook for picking up fishing lines (Museum, Berne) — 25, Roll of yarn (after Keller, B. 126)— 26, Wooden club 115 All, except as above speciled, in the Ziirich Museum. 25. — RoBKNHAUSKN : Specimens of cloth, fringes, ropes, matting of bast, nets, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117 All from Antiqun (1882-3, PI. vii. and viii. ; and lScSr>, PI. ii.). NIEDERWYL. 26.— No. 1, Mint .saw in wooden handle — 2, Inverted disli of earthen- ware, showing rudimentary feet and an ornamentation of hollow dots in lines — 3, Clay weight — 4, 5, and 6, Ejirthenware vessels — 7, Stone hatchet in wooden handle — 8 and 9, Stone axes — 10, I '.and of l)ir(;li l)ark, neatly punctured (B. 336, PI. vi. 10) ... 122 NoH. 1, ."5, ."), 7, and 8 after 13. 02; 2 after Anth/ii,f, ISSJ, PI. :t(; ; the rest in the Ziirich Museum. LIST OF ILLTJSTRATIONS. XXIU PIG. PAGE LAKE OF CONSTANCE. 27. — Wangen : Nos. 1 to 3, Flint arrow-points — 4, Flax comb of bones — 5 and 6, Stone axes in horn handles — 7, 8, and 9, Per- forated stone axes — 10, Stone chisel — 11 and 16, Various forms of fish-hooks of bone — 12 and 13, Ornamented spindle-whorls of earthenware — 14, Stone pendant — 15, Flint saw in wooden handle — 17 to 19, Specimens of earthenware dishes — 20, Per- forated stone disc ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 26 Nos. 5, 7 to '.}. and 20 fi'om Miiseum at Sigmaring-en ; 14 and IS, Rosgarten Museum, Constance ; the rest in Zurich Museum. 28. — Untersee, Mindlisee, and Bussensee (the two latter lakes are in the vicinity of Lake Constance) : No. 1 , Stone chisel in horn handle (Markelfingen) — 2 and 3, Copper pins — 4, 5, and 7, Bronze pins (Insel Weerd) — 6, Bronze knife (Insel Weerd) — 8, Amber disc (Antigua, 1884, Fig. 60)— 9, Amber bead (Ibid, 1883, Fig. 20) — 10, Perforated stone implement — 1 1, Copper dagger — 1 2, Curious stone axe — 13, Stone celt with small hole for suspension (Steckborn) — 14 and 15, Bronze implements (imperfect) — 16, Metal bracelet — 17, TortoLse-shell, perforated with two holes — 18, Bone whistle — 19, Horn harpoon (both the latter from Steck- born) 131 Nos. 1 and 16 from Museum at Friedrichshafen ; 2 to 7, 10 to 12, 14, and 15 Rcsgarten Museum, Constance ; 18, 18 and 19 after Autiqun, 1885, and 17 Hid., 1883, Fig. H). 29. — -Bay op Constance : No. 1, Bronze object — 2 and 3, Bronze pins — 4 to 6, Fragments of ornamented pottery — 7, 9, and 10, earthenware dishes — 8, Neck of dish with graduated holes (see Fig. 11, No. 21, and Fig. 14, No. 16)— 11 and 12, Flint imple- ments — 13, Fragment of stone axe partially perforated — 14 and 15, Broken stone axes ... ... ... ... ... ... 134 All from Rosgarten Museum, except Nos. 14 and 15 from Friedrichs- hafen Museum. 30. — BoDMANN : Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 14, Bone implements — 3 and 5, Horn spears — 9, Bronze fibula (Roman) — 11 to 13, Group of 3 bronze celts — 15, Stone celt in horn handle — 16, Bone pointer in horn handle — 17, Flint saw in handle of horn (reindeer?) — 18, Clay spindle- whorl (ornamented) — 19, Fish-hook of bone — -20 and 21, Earthenware vessels ... ... ... 137 Nos. 5, 6, 10 and 21 from Friedrichshafen Museum ; 11 to 1.3 from Mr. Ley's Collection at Bodmann ; the rest from Rosgarten Museum, Constance. 31. — NussDORP, Mauracii, LiJTZELSTETTEN, etc. : Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons — 6 and 7, Bone combs — 8, Bone chisel 9 to 13, Pendant, needle, and daggers of Bone — 14 and 15, Clay spindle-whorls — 16 to 19, Copper celts (Maurach) — 20, Forepart XXIV LAKE-DWELLIXGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAGE of stone axe — 21, Flat, circular pendant of stone — 22, Fisli-hook of boar's tusk — 23, Staghorn hammer, with portion of wooden handle — 24, Nephrite knife in horn handle (Dingelsdorf) — 25, Flint saw in its handle — 26 and 27, Pottery ... ... ... 140 Nos. 25 to 27 (Liitzelstetten) from Rosgrarten Museum, Constance, and all the rest from the Antiq. Museum at Stuttgart. 32. — Unter-TJhldingen : Nos. 1 to 3, 29 and 30, Bronze axes — 4 to 8, 14, 24 and 25, Ornamental pins of bronze — 9 and 12, Bronze knives — 10 and 13, Bronze chisel and awl — 11, Iron knife — 15, Iron fibula — 16, Clay bobbin — 17, Socketed spear of bronze — 18 and 19, Bronze fish-hooks — 20, Spiral bronze arm- ring — 21 and 22, Couple of bronze bracelets — 23, Bronze sickle — 26, Iron spear — 27, Fragment of pottery — 28, Circular die or stamp of earthenware ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 43 All from the Museum at Stuttgart, except No. 20— Rosgarten Museum, Constance. 33. — Haltnau (3, 5 and 13) and Hagnau : Nos. 1 to 5, Various forms of flat bronze celts — 6, Bronze bracelet — 7, 8, and 10, bronze pins — 11, Curious implement of bronze — 9, Bronze knife — 12 and 13 Bronze ring ornaments — 14, Iron knife ... ... 145 Xos. 3. 4 and 9 from Museum at Friedrichshafen : the rest in Ros- garten Museum at Constance. FEDERSEE. 34. — ScHUSSENRiED : Nos. 1 to 8, Flint arrow-points and scrapers — 9 to 12, Stone celts — 13, Broken stone polisher — 14, Perforated stone liammer-axe — 15 and 16, Implements of horn and bone — 17, 24 and 25, Fragments of ornamented pottery — 18, Earthen- ware spoon — 19, Stone chisel in horn handle — 20, Semilunar flint saw of Scandinavian type (Museum of Nat. Hist., Stutt- gart) — 21 to 23, Vessels of earthenware ... ... ... ... 149 From Mr. Frank's Collection at Schussenried. 35. — Schussenried : Nos. 1 to 5, Specimens of earthenware dishes — 6, Peculiar scoop of liorn (similar oVyects have been found on the stations of Robenhausen, Wollishofen, and Baldegg) — 7, Horn pick, perforated ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 150 From Mr. Frank's (!ollection. LAKE OF STARNBERG. 36. Nos. 1, 2, and 7, Knives- 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 28 and 29, Various forms of pins — 5 and 19, Awl and cliisel — 8, Dagger, with three rivets — 9, 12, and 20, Three varieties of axes — 13, Needle — 14, Socketed ari'ow-poiiit of a soutliern type. (The above are of bronze.) 15, Bone ornament or counter — 16, Earthenware counter — 17, Chiy Ijead — 18, Bronze sickle — 21 and 22, Fibuhi' of bronze — 23, Bead of variegated gla.ss 24 and 30, LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXV FIG. Bone discs (see page 527) — 25, Fragment of an ornament of bronze plate — 26, Neatly-wrought object of horn, supposed to be for weaving purposes — 27, Double fish-hook of bronze ... 154 37. — No. 1, Peculiar iron knife — 2 and 3, Cheek-pieces of horse-bits of bone — 4 to 10, Bronze pins — 11 and 13, Staghorn hammers (perforated) — 12 and 17, Stone celts, one in horn holder — 14 and 15, Flint saw and arrow-point — 16, Portion of a dish of dark earthenware... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 155 All the objects represented in Figs. .S() and 87 are in the Ethno- g-raphical Museum, Munich. MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE. 38. — MoNDSEE : Nos. 1 and 6 to 12, Flint arrow-points, one (No. 10) witli portion of stem attached by asphalt — 2 to 4, Flint saws (Krummesser) — 5 and 9, Flint scrapers — 13 to 15, Stone axes — 16, 27 and 28, Bone chisels, showing marks of usage — 17 and 18, Perforated teeth — 19, Bone ornament — 20, and 24 to 26, Bone and horn implements — 21 and 22, Ornaments of white marble — 23, Bone arrow-point ... ... ... ... ... ... 158 All from the Collection of Dr. Much. Vienna. 39. — MoxDSEE and Attersee : Nos. 1, 2 and 5, Copper celts — 3, 4, 6, and 17 to 19, Copper or bronze daggers — 7 to 12, Bone implements — 13, Marble button — 14, Copper fish-hook — 15, Clay figure — 16, Necklace of mai-ble beads, after Dr. Much (B. 287) ■ — 20 and 21, Flint knives — 22, Fine specimen of perforated stone axe-hammer head ... ... ... ... ... ... 159 Xos. 17, 18 and 22 from Xat. Hist. Museum. Vienna ; 20 and 21 after Count Wurmbrand (B. 27(}) ; the rest from Dr. Much's Collection. 40. — MoNDSEE : Nos. 1 to 8, Specimens of pottery — 9, Circular stone, highly polislied and perforated ... ... ... ... ...161 All from Dr. Much's Collection. NEUSIEDLERSEE AND KEUTSCHACHERSEE. 41. — Nos. 1 and 3, Stone hammer-axes — 2, Hammer-stone, with finger mark — 4 and 5, Flint flakes — 6, Fragment of polislied celt — 7, Small urn — 8 to 10, Specimens of pottery ... ... ... 165 Nos. 1 to 9 after Count Bela (B. 283); 10 from the Rudolfinuni Museum at Klagenfurt. LAIBACH MOOR. 42. — Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons — 6 and 16, Well- finished hooks of horn — 7, Peculiar object of bone, supposed to be a bait for catching fish — 8, Ornament of horn — 9, Chisel of greenstone — 10, Ornamented dish of earthenware — 11, Clay figurine like a hedgehog — 12, Celt of nephrite — 13, Horn object, perforated at the one end lengthways — 14, Piece of horn orna- mented with a check pattern of incised lines — 15, Bone needle C XXVI LAKE-DWELLINGS OF ET^OPE. FIG. I'AOK — 17, Fragment of ornamented pottery with transverse per- foration — 18, Stone anvil with traces of copper — 19, Object of pottery open at both ends — 20, Base of a disli marked with a depressed cross — 21, Object of pottery, conical at both ends — 22, Mould of earthenware — 23 and 24, Portion of a figure of earthenware resembling the human form (see Fig. 195) ... ... 173 43. — Nos. 1 to 4, and 6 to 9, Specimens of pottery — 5, Perforated cone of earthenware — 10, Stone hammer-axe ... ... ... 175 44. — Various forms of staghorn clubs or hammer-axes ... ... 176 45. — Nos. 1, 2 and 7, Bronze daggers — 3 and 4, Handles of bronze swords — 5, Winged celt of bronze — 6 and 8, Copper implements — 9, Copper axe — 10 and 11, Copper daggers — 12 and 13, Bronze pins — 14, Crucible of eai'thenware — 15, Scoop or mould of earthenware ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 178 46. — Beaver-trap of oak, thirty -two inches long ... ... ... 179 All the objects represented in Figs. 42 to 46 are in the Landes- mnseum at Laibach. with the exception of Fig. 42, No. 20, which is in the Natviral History Museum, Vienna. 47. — Wooden machine found in the Moor of Samow, Noi'th Germany, and preserved in the Museum at Rostock. (After 'Professor Merkelin the Zeit. fiir Uthn. Verhand., 1874.) ... 180 47«- — Similar machine from the Valle di Fontega, North Italy, showing the two central valves detached, and some sticks found along with it. (After Meschinelli, B. 467.) ... 181 47/>. — Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing upper and under surfaces. {Yrom Ulster Joiirn. Arch., vol. y\\.) ... ... 183 LAKE YARESE. 48. — IsoLA Virginia : ISTos. 1 and 2, Flint knife and saw — 3, Flint scraper in a horn handle — 4, Flake-knife of obsidian — 5, Bronze knife — 6, Bronze dagger — 7 to 9, Bone needles, etc. — 10, Conical object of burnt clay, perforated like the neck of a bottle-^11, Polisher of serpentine, in the form of a stone celt (see p. 193)— 12, Bronze fish-hook— 13 to 17, 22 to 24, and 26 to 29, Specimens of pottery — 18, Flat and circular stone, highly polished and perforated in centre — 19, Mould of sand- stone — 20, Square piece of wood, supposed to have been used as a float for fishing net — 21, The half of a spindle-whorl of earthenware — 25, Bone chisel ... ... ... ... ... 191 Nos. 2") to 29, after Ranchet and Rcgazzoni (15. 32(;), and the rest from Sig. Ponti's Museum on the Isola Virginia. 49. — BoDio, Cazzaoo, and Bardello : Nos. 1 to 7, Flint implements and weapons — 8 to 11, 21 and 40, Bronze daggers — 12, 22, 23, and 25 to 29, l>ronze pins — 13, Bronze chi.sel or awl — 14 and 39, Fragments of pottery— 15, Stone celts -16, 32, 33, 35, 36 and LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOyS. XXVll FIG. p^fjE 38, Various objects of stone perforated with one or more lioles, probably used as buttons or beads — 17 to 19, Bronze fish-hooks — 20 and 44, Bronze celts — 24 and 43, Socketed spear-heads of bronze — 30, Stone polisher (see p. 193) — 31, Stone mould — 34, Spindle-whorl of earthenware — 37, Fragment of a perforated stone axe — -41, Ornament of thin bronze — 42, Chisel of serpentine ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19G Nos. 1, 4 to 7, 10, 11, 30, 32 and 39, from Museo Civico. Milan; 2 and 3, from Collection Castelfranco ; 8, 9, 12, 18, 18, 20 to 22. 2.T to 29, and 43, from Sig. Ponti's Museum, Isola Virginia; 14. 15, 17, 19, 23, 31, 33 to 38, 41 and 42, after Regazzoni (B. 327) ; IC. from Collection Quaglia, Yarese : 24 and 44. from the Museum at Varese. 50. — ToRBiERA Di Cazzago-Brabbia : Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knives — 3 to 6, Flint arrow-points — 7 and 8, Flint spear-heads — 9 to 15, bronze fibulje (except No. 12 — iron) — 16, Portion of bronze fibula — 17, Bronze ornament — 18, Curious object made of bronze rods — 19, Bronze ring — 20, Copper celt — 21, Bronze celt — 22 to 28, Bronze pins — 29, Spindle-whorl of earthenware — 30, 31, and 36, Wooden floats — 32, Harpoon of horn — 33, Stone celt (chlorome- lanite)— 34 and 35, Pottery 199 Nos. 1 (Torbiera di Mombello) and 11 (labelled ''Bodio Centrale" .') are from the Museum at Varese ; 2 and 4 to 8 after Quaglia (B. 423) ; 3, Collection Castelfranco ; 9, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23 to 27, 32 and 33, Col- lection Quaglia; 10, Museo Civico, Milan ; 12, 13, 16, 20 to 22, 28 and 29, Collection Regazzoni, Como ; 30, 31, and 34 to 3(i after Regazzoni (B. 827) ; 18, after Marinoni (B. 159). THE TURBARIES OF BOSISIO. CAPRIANO, ETC. 51. — Nos. 1 to 7, Flint arrow-points — 8, Flint lance-head — 9 and 10, Bronze celts — 11, Bronze spoon — 12, Bronze knife — 13, Bronze pin — ^14 and 18, Bronze fibulie — 15 and 16, Bronze bracelets — 17, Bronze pendant — 19, Spiral i-ing of bronze ... ... ... 205 Nos. 1 to 7 Collection Castelfranco ; 8, 9 and 12, Prehistoric Museum in Rome; 10 and 11, Museo Civico. Como; 13 and 15 to 19, after Marinoni {.Ucw. Sor. If. di Sc. Xat., vol. vi.) ; 14, Museo Civico, Milan. THE TURBARIES OF MERCURAGO, SAN GIOVANNI. ETC. 52. — Section of a portion of the peat, showing ai-i-angement of the piles ... ... . . , ... ... ... ... ... ... 206 53. — Eai'thenware dish cover ... ... ... ... ... ... 206 54. — Flint arrow-heads ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 207 55 and 56- — Earthenware dishes, showing portions of string attached to small handles 207,208 57. — Portion of a canoe ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 208 58 and 59.— Two wooden wheels 208, 209 XXviii I.AKE-J)WELLIN(;s OF EUROPE. 60. — Nos. 1 and '?>, Bronze daggers— 2, 4 to 6, 10 and 11, Bronze pins— 7 and 8, Flint knives — 9, Conical beads of vitreous paste — 12, 13 and 14, Pottery — 15, Bronze pendant (Phallic) — 16, Spindle- whorl of soapstone — 17, A canoe and two paddles — 18, Clay weight — 19 and 20, Stone celts — 21, Wooden float of fishing-net — 22, Spindle-whorl of terra-cotta — 23, Upper and under sides of an earthenware cover of a vessel ... ... ... ... ...211 All after Gastaldi (B. 40, lOi, and 29i). LAGOZZA. 61. — Nos. 1 to 4, Flint knives — 5 and 6, Flint arrow-heads — 7, Pendant of steatite — 8, Stone adze — 9, Fragment of linen fabric 10, Stone celt — 11, Wooden comb — 12 to 17, Various specimens of flat spindle-whorls made of dark earthenware ... • • • 214 Xos. 1 to 4, 11) and 12 to 17 from Museum Civico, Milan; 9, Col- lection Castelf ranco ; the re>t from the Prehistoric Museum at Como. 62.— Nos. 1, 2, 4 to 6, 8, 9 and 1.5, Specimens of pottery — 3, 10 and 13, Fragments of ornamented plates — 7, A fragment of pottery, showing handle of a dish with two ti-ansverse holes — 11 and 12, Two polished sandstone pebbles with scratchings on surface — 14, Clay weight, kidney-shaped, and perforated at both ends ... 2L5 Xos. 1, 8 and 14 from Museo Civico, Milan ; 11 and 12 after Castel- f ranco (B. 354) ; 15, Collection Castelfranco ; the rest from Museum at Como. LAKE GARDA. 63. — Peschiera. (Except when otherwise mentioned, all the objects represented in this figure are of bi-onze) : Nos. 1 to .5, Razors — 6, A double-stemmed pin — 7, A needle — 8 to 18, and 20 to 27, Specimens of ornamental pins — 19, Neck-ring — 28, Comb — 29, Comb of bone — 30, A small-winged celt — 31 and 32, Bracelets — 33, Sickle — 34, A small pendant of lead — 3.5, An awl — 36, A chisel 222 64. — Peschiera : Nos. 1 to 7, Daggers — 8, and 22 to 2-5, Fibuh^? — 9, Chisel — 10, Socketed lance-head — 11, Knife — 12 to 16, Pins — 17, Object of unknown use — 18 and 19, Fish-hooks — 20, 21, 30 and 31, Fish-spears — 26, Small cross made of tin — 27 to 29, Pendants — 32, Winged celt. (All bi-onze witli the exception of No. 26.) 223 65. PKsciiiKiiA, MiNcio, and 1lP>ok: Nos. 1 to 9, Various imple- ments and weapons of flint — 10, and 12 to 14, Bronze dagger- knives -11, Bronze celt 1.5, Bronze chisel — 16, Arrow-head of l)r(iiiz<' 17, Oriiaiiu'iitcd knife of hi-onze 18, Jironze dagger — 1 '.J, Portion of a polished implement of stone — 20, Portion of s[)iral wire of bronze — 21 and 22, Bronze pins — 23, Bronze stud — 24, Wheel-like objects of Ixonze, suj)posed to l)e the heads LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXIX FIG. PACE of pins — 25, Bronze cap for the butt-end of a wooden handle — 26 to 30, Pottery — 31, Wrist bracer of stone 225 The objects from Lake Garda, illustrated above, are thus located : — Rome (Pre-historic Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29 and 31 ; Fi«-. 64, Xos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13 to 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30 and 32 ; Fig-. 6.-). Nos. 1 to It, 16, 17, 19, 2.">, 27, 28, 30 and 31. Vienna (Natural History Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 1, 2, 9, 12, 1."), 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 33, 3,") and 36 ; Fig. 64, Nos. IS and 29 ; Fig. 6.5, Nos. 10 to 14, and 21. Zurich (Antiq. Museum), Fig. 63, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, II, 13, 14, 16. 19 and 20 ; Fig. 64, Nos. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, II, 12, 22 and 31. Verona (Museum Civico), Fig. (!3, Nos. 22, 23, 28 and 34 ; Fig. 64, Nos. 2.") and 26 ; Fig. 6.5. Nos. 26 and 29. Collection Rambotti, Fig. 6.5, Nos. 18, 22 and 23. After Cavazzocca (B. 3-5.5), Fig. 65, Nos. 15, 20 and 21. LAKES OF FIMON AND OF ARQU.V-PETRARCA. 66. — No. 1, Bronze celt — 2, Clay ring — 3 to 12, Specimens of pottery ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 3 1 Nos. 1 to 8, after Lioy (B. 295) ; 9 to 12, after Cordenons (B. 464). POLADA. 67. — No. 1, Bronze dagger with bone handle — 2 and 3, Bronze celts — 4 to 11, Specimens of pottery — 12, A remarkable saw, formed of four flints set in a groove in a wooden handle, and retained in position by a.sphalt — 13 and 14, Handles of earthen- ware vessels — 15 and 16, Stone celts — 17, Horn club or axe — 18, Implement of staghorn — 19 and 20, Clay weights ... ... 235 68. — Nos. 1 to 20, Flint weapons and implements — 21 and 32, Bone buttons — 22 to 24, Ornamented cakes of terra-cotta — 25 to 27, Objects of bone — 28, 2!) and 36, Spindle- whorls of earthenware — 30, Marble button — 31, Tooth of bear, perforated — 33, Orna- mented bone ring — 34 and 35, Wrist bracers of polished stone — 37, Large dish, perforated with round holes — 38, Large vase of elegant form ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 237 All the illustrations in Figs. 67 and (i8 are from Di-. Rambotti's Collection at Desenzano. TERREMARB. 68«. — Pottery from Terremare in the vicinity of Parma QSh. — Anse lunate or cornute, in the vicinity of Parma 69. — Bone comb (Vico-Fertile) 70. — Bone wheel-ornament, supposed to be head of a pin (Cam peggine) 71 and 72. — Horn and bone implements (/i'>(>/.) 73. — Portion of a bone handle (Castione) 74. — Fragments of bone implements (Campeggiue) ... 75. — Discoidal .stone (Ibid. ) 76. — Bronze .sickle (//>(W.) 241 242 242 242 243 243 243 243 244 244 244 245 246 XXX LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAGK 77. — Bronze spear-head (Bargone cU Salso) ... ... ... ... 244 78. — Bronze celt (Castellazzo) ... 79. — Bronze awl with bone handle (Campeggine) 80. — Various forms of clay spindle-whorls or beads (Ibid.) 81. — Stone mould (Castelnuovo) The illustrations in Figs. 52 to 59, and 68a to 81 are those prepared by the Anthropological Society of London for Mr. Chambers' transla- tion of Gastaldi's work (B. 91). 82. — Photographs showing arrangement of piles and contrafforte delV oTf/iwe, at Castione, after Pigorini (B. 407) ... ... ... 253 83. — N"os. 1 to 3, Bronze razors — 4 Bronze comb — 5, Horn hatchet or chisel — 6, Bronze awl, with ornamented bone handle — 7 to 11, Bronze pins — 12, 13, 24 and 25, Bronze hatchets — 14 to 17, stone moulds — 18 and 19, Bronze daggers — 20, Bronze arrow- point — 21 and 22, Objects of clay— 23, Ornament of limestone 255 All in the Museums of Parma and Reg-o-io, and found on the fol- lowing stations : Monte Venere (1 and 2), Campeggine (3 and 7), Quin- gento (4), Castione (8 to 15, 17, and 21 to 23), Cassinalbo (16), Scandiano (18, 19, 20, and 25), Castellazzo (24). 84. — Nos. 1 to 3, Flint implements — 4, Horn implements — 5, 7 and 15, Objects of bone supposed to be arrow-points — 6 and 17, Horn objects, supposed to be tlie cheek-pieces of bridle-bits — 8 and 18, Horn dishes — 9 and 10, Ornamented buttons of terra-cotta — 11, Upper and under sides of one of these buttons — 12 to 14, Bone combs, ornamented — 16, Wheel-like object of bone, supposed to be the head of a pin — 19, Long comb of horn — 20, Bone pin — ■ 21 and 22, Handles of earthenware vessels {anse lunate) — 23 and 24, Clay figurines — 25, Object of horn — 26, Bone, perforated with round holes, supposed to be a flute — 27, Bronze comb — 28 to 34, Bronze pins ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 258 All these objects ai-e from Montale, and deposited in the Museum at Modena, except the bone comb No. 13, which is in the Museum at Reggio-Emilia ; but there is one very simUar to it, figured by Boni, from Montalo (B. 421). 85. — Nos. 1 to 3, and 12, Bronze weapons — 4, 13 and 14, Bronze celts — 5, Bronze sickle — 6, Stone mould for rings — 7 to 9, Bronze pins — 10, 11 and 15, Bronze razors — 16, Ornamented bone comb — 17, Spindle-whorl of earthenware — 18, Bone pin — 19 and 23, Bronze objects —20 and 21, Bronze pendants — 22, head of bronze pin ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 259 These objects are in the Museum at Modena, with the exception of Nos. 12 to 14, 17 and 19, after Coppi (B. 293rt), and were found in the following stations : — Montale (1 to 6), Reiu (7, 8, 10, and 1.5), Gorzano (9, 11 to 14, 17, and 19 to 23), and St. Ambrogio (IC and 18). 86. — Nos. 1 ;iiid 2, Rone corrdjs — 3, l^n'tion of horn, worked — 4, Allow joint of bone -5, Handle of earthenware ves.sel — 6, 8 and LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXI FIG. PAGE 9, Bronze pins — 7, Bone pin — 10, 13, and 19 to 21, Bronze spears and daggers — 11, Flint spear-head — 12, Bronze knife, sliowing liandle and portion of the blade — 14 to 16, Flint implements — 17 and 29, Spindle-whorls of earthenware — 18, Stone button — 22, Bronze razor-knife — 23, Bronze arrow-point — 24, Iron spear- head, much corroded — 25, A fiat ring of wood — 26, 27, 30 and 31, Fragments of pottery — ^28, Portion of clay weight ... ... 268 The objects represented by Nos. I to 13 and IS are in the Museum at Viadana, and the rest are after Marinoni (B. 2(i.")). OPPIDUM LA TtNE. 87. — Nos. 1 to 5, Ornamented sword-sheaths of iron — 6, Piece of iron, roughly forged, supposed to be intended for a sword — 7 and 8, Sword handles — 9 to 12, Portions of sheaths, showing A^arious kinds of ornamentation — 13 and 14, Suspension clasps on the under side of the sheaths — 15, Various incised designs, found on swords, supposed to be makers' marks ... ... ... ... 283 Nos. 1, 8 and 12 after Vouga (B. 428) ; 3, 4 and .5 after Keller (B. 22 and 126) ; the rest in tlie Museums of Bienne and Neuchatel. 88. — Nos. 1 to 6, 11, 12, and 17 to 21, Various forms of lance-heads — 7, 10, 13 and 14, Conical tips for the butt-end of wooden lance handles — -S, 9, 15 and 16, Points for darts or arrows. (All these objects are of iron) ... ... ... ... ... ... 285 Xos. 7, 10, 1.) and Iti, are from Collection Vouga. the rest are from the Collections of Schwab, Desor, and Gross. 89. — No. 1, Umbo of a shield (iron) — 2, Handle of shield (iron) — 3 and 4, Bronze ornaments of a shield — 5, 7 to 11, and 21, Bronze ornaments for horse harness — 6, Iron spur — 12, Waggon wheel of wood with iron tire — 13, Iron implement of unknown use — 14 to 18, Bridle-bits of iron (No. 17 is veneered with bronze) — 19, Linch pin of waggon wheel (iron) — 20, Ornament of thin bronze, supposed to be for a helmet ... ... ... 287 Nos. 1, 13, lo, l(j, and 18 to 20, from Collection Vouga ; 3 to .">, and 8 to II (Museum of Geneva), after Vouga (B. 428) ; 2, Museum of Bienne; 7 and 17 (Collection D.irdel), after Antlqua ; (5, 14 and 21, after Gross (B. 44(5) ; 12, after drawing in Anzeigcr, 1882, PI. xxv. 90.— Nos. 1 to 7, Hatchets— 8 to 12, and 23, Knives~13 and 14, Prongs— 15 to 17, Shears— 18, 27 and 28, Razors— 19, 20, 21, 35, 36 and 38, Various objects of conjectural use — 22, Hammer — ■ 24, 25 and 29, Hand-saws — 26, Pointed implement with wide socket — 30 to 32, Sickles or scythes — 33 and 34, Chi.sels — 37, File — 39 and 40, Fish-hooks (bronze). All the objects are of iron except No. 40 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... 289 Nos. 3 to 6, 14, 24, 31, 37, 3t) and 40, Collection Vouga ; 7, 8, !t. 13. 15. 16, 22 and 21), after illustrations in Antlqua, 1884 ; I, 18 and 2."). in Museum at Neuchatel, and the rest in the Collections of Gross and Schwab. XXXU LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAGE 91. — ISTos. 1 to 6, Iron tibul* — 7, 21, 22, 24 and 25, Glass beads — 8 to 10, and 36, Bronze pins — 11 to 14, Pincers of bronze and iron — 15, Blunt needle — 16 (gold) and 17 (iron). Halves of neck-rings — 18 and 26, Bronze fibulje — 19, Bronze etui, witli iron needle (20) found in it — 23, Bronze button — 27, 28, 30 and 32, Iron buckles and clasps — 29 and 33, Iron rings — 31, A small bronze axe — 34, Iron bracelet — 35, Iron hoop ... ... 291 Nos. 7, 17, 31 and 32, in Museum Schwab; 16, Museum at Neu- chatel ; all the rest after Vouga (B. 428), or in his Collection. 92. — No. 1, Iron chain (pot-hanger) — 2 and 10, Gold coins — 3 to 9, and 11, Coins of silver, bi"onze, and potin — 12 (bronze), 13 and 14 (bone). Dice — 15, Iron ring attached — 16, Bronze figure — 17, Small bronze wheel, supposed to have been used as money — 18, Bronze cup — 19, Large bronze cauldron, with iron lim and handles — 20, Iron ladle — 21, Bronze object, like a tobacco pipe 295 Xos. 1, 10, 15, 17, 19 and 21, after Gross (B. 4-Ki) ; 8, after Desor (B. 95) ; 12 to U, and 18, from Antiqua, 1886 ; the rest after Vouga (B. 428). LAKE OF PALADRU. 93. — No 1, Half of a bracelet made of lead — 2, One side of an iron shears — 3, Iron knife — 4, Iron spear-head — 5 and 6, Horse shoes — 7 and 8, Iron chains and staple — 9, Iron key — 10, Iron curry-comb — 11, Iron axe — 12, Iron spur — 13 and 16, Wooden floats — 14 and 15, Bone counters — 17, Wooden mallet — 18, and 22 to 24, Pottery — 19, Wooden spoon — 20, Piece of wood like a bobbin — 21, Wooden comb ... ... ... ... ... 301 All after Chantre (B. 193). MAESTRICHT. 94. — Bone and horn weapons after Ubaghs (B. 413) ... ... ... 305 For sizes, see page 304. WISMAR AND GAGELOW. 95. — Nos. 1 and 10, Flint daggers — 2, Flint chisel or hatchet — - 3 and 6, Polished axes of flint — 4, 7, 16 and 17, Perforated axes of stone — 5, A stone pestle — 8, Stone mortar — 9, Fragment of dark coloured pottery — 11 and 12, Semilunar flint saws or knives — 13 to 15, OVjjects of bone and horn — 18, Sharpening .stone — 19, Spindle-whorl (clay) — 20, Flint arrow-point .. . ... 309 Nos. 5, 7, 8 and 19, after Lisch (B. 100), and the rest in the Museum at Schwerin. PERSANZIG AND FRIESACK. 96. No. 1, h-on ring 2, lion hatchet 3 and 4, Fragments of pot- tery — 5, Clay ring — 6 to 9, Fragments of Slavish pottery of the type found in the Burgwjille ... ... ... ... ... 318 Nos. 1 to 5 in the Markisches Museum, and 6 to 9 in the Volker- kiinde Museum in Berlin. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXUl FIG. PAGE SPANDAU, NEAR BERLIN. 97. — Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze celts — 4 and 17, Bronze lance-heads — 5, 6, 7, 12 and 13, Bronze daggers — 8 to 11, Bronze swoixls — 14, A kind of saw of horn — 15 and 16, 8tone balls — 18, An ornamented bronze " commandostab " (?) ... ... ... ... ... 320 After Friedel (B. 39(3). All the objects are in the Volkerkiinde Museum in Berlin. CZESZEWO, OBJEZIERZE, ETC. (POSEX). 98. — Nos. 1 and 2, Perforated stone axes — 3 and 8, Clay rings — 4, Bone pointer — 5, Fragment of percolator of earthenware — 6 and 7, Flint celts — 9, Bronze neck-ring — 10, Silver neck-ring — 11, Bronze pin, part of a fibula ... ... ... ... ... 322 Nos. 10 and 11 after Kohler (B. 4.30), the rest from objects in the ArchEeological Museum, Posen. LAKES OF ARYS AND KOWNATKEN. 99. — Nos. 1 to 7, Bone implements — 8, 9 and 13, Flint scrapers — 12, Stone celt — 10 and 11, Earthenware vessels — 14, Polisher or skate of the metacarpal of a horse ... ... ... ... 327 All in the Prussia Museum, Konigsberg. TERP-MOUNDS (WEST FRIESLAND). 100.— Nos. 1, 16 to 19, and 30, Bone combs— 2, 3, 6 and 22, Clay spindle-whorls and weights (?) — 4, 20 and 23, Specimens of earthenware — 5 and 15, Bronze dishes — 7, Bone object — 8, Bronze shears — 9, Iron hammer — 10 and 11, Bone handles — 12, Bone ring, ornamented with incised circles — 13 and 24, Horn implements — 14, Bronze comb — 21, Bone counter — 25, Bone button, ornamented with incised lines — -26 and 28, Bone pins — 27, Bone ornament — 29, Bone needle ... ... ... 341 Nos. 2.J and 29 are in the National Museum, Eiinburgh. and all the rest in the Museum, Lseu warden. 101. — Iron bridle-bit, found in the terp-mound at AchUun (now in the National Museum, Edinburgh) ..." ... ... ... 342 IRISH CRANNOGS. 102. — Lagore : Bone with carved designs (Ca<., p. 346) ... ... 352 103. Various iron objects (B. 10, pp. 104, 105) 353 104. An axe and ladle of iron, and a pot and two pins of bronze (Ibid., except the ring-headed pin, which is from Cat., p. 560) 354 105. Bone comb, three glass beads, a bronze dagger (Cat., pp. 163 and 165, 271 and 467), and a fragment of bronze inter- laced work (B. 10, p. 105) 355 106. — " Various implements of iron... ... ... ... 350 All in Museum of Royal Irish Academy. XXXIV LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PACE 107. — Lough Gur : Stone mould for bronze spear-heads [Arclueuloyical Journal, vol. xx. p. 170) ... ... ... ... ... ... 358 108. — Ballinderry : Three bone pins, bone comb, and a bronze tweezers {Cat., pp. 271, 333, 334, 549) 360 109. Ornamented stone amulets (B. 391, p. 197) ... 360 110. ) Bone or horn pins, ornamented with incised circles, 111. / and characters supposed to be Oghams (Ibid.) ... 361, 362 112. AND Strokestown : Ornamented bone objects {Cat., p. 342) 362 113. — Lough Faughan : Earthenware jug (C«/!., p. 158) ... ... 363 114. — Ardakillen : Section of crannog at {Cat., p. 226) ... ... 364 115. — Drumaleague : Plan of crannog at {Cat., p. 228) ... ... 364 116. — Cloonfinlough : Bronze dish, decorated inside {Cat., p. 533)... 367 117. Nos. 1 to 14, Bronze pins — 15, Bone pin — 16, Bronze object — 17, Bronze dagger — 18, Iron shears — 19, Iron knife — 20, Bone counter — 21, Ring made of the burr end of a staghorn 22, Leather shoe ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 368 All the objects represented in Fig. 117 are in the British Museum. 118. — Strokestown : Bone carved with designs, three of which are shown full size (Crt^., p. 345) 369 119. Bone comb (e'a^., p. 271) 369 120. — Ardakillen: Bronze brooch (C^/., p. 476) ... ... ... 369 121. — Lough Scur : Stone mould for bronze axes {Cat., p. 91) ... 370 122. — 'Randalstown : No. 1, Bronze knife ; 2, Bronze dish — 3, Iron axe — 4, Silver brooch — 5 and 6, Bronze brooches — 7, Glass bead — 8 to 13, Bronze pins — 14, Horn ves.sel... ... ... ... 371 Nos. 8 and 14, in the Museum of Royal Irish Academy ; 1, 2, and 9 to 13, in the Belfast Museum ; i, after Patterson (B. 215) ; 5, H and 8, from Ulster Journal of ArcJifSolof/y, vols. iv. p. 261), and vi, p. 103. 123. — Lisnacroghera : No. 1, End portions of a bronze sword- sheath — 2, Rubbing of portion of an ornamented bronze sword- sheath — 3, End portions of a bronze sword-sheath — 4, Bronze sword-sheath in two portions ... ... ... ... ...381 No. 3, in the Briti.sh Museum, and the rest in Canon Grainger's Collection ; No. 4 is after Wakeman (B. 411). 124. Nos. 1 and 2, Iron swords — 3, Iron spear-liead — 4 and 5, Axe and adze of iron — 6 to 9, and 17, Bi'onze ring.s — 10, Bronze dish — 11, 12 and 14, Glass beads — 13, Amber bead —15 and 16, Bronze objects— 18, 19, 20 and 22, Bronze orna- ments — 21, Top of bronze rivet — 23 to 25, Bronze ferrules — — 26, Bronze rivet serrated — 27, Bronze terminal ornament for a handle— 28 to 30, Jironze knobs for the butt-end of spear handles ... ... ... ... ... .■■ ••• ••• 383 Nos. 1, 3, 5, 10, and 28 to 30, are in the British Museum, the rest in Canon Grainger's Collection. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXV FIG. PAGE 125. — Lough Mourne : No. 1, Iron axe — 2, Clay crucible, with projecting portion like a handle — 3, Canoe — 4, Stern half of canoe — 5, Seat in No. 4 — 6, Section of No. 4 showing pro- jections, left in solid for supporting the seat ... ... ... 387 No. 1 is in private keeping, the rest in the Belfast Museum. SCOTTISH CRANNOGS. N.B. — The illustrations marked thus * are from woodcuts in the Collec- tions of the Ayr and Galloway Archa3ological Association. 126. — Loch Dowaltox : Bronze dish, probably Roman (B. 94) ... 399 127. Bronze dish of thin sheets, riveted {Ibid.) ... ... 400 128. Bronze dish of beaten bronze (/6if/.) ... ... ... 400 129. Ring handle and portion of dish of bronze ... ... 400 130. Bronze penannular brooch, and a bronze ornament with trumpet-shaped spaces, probably for enamel (Proc. S'oc. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii., N.S., p. 155) ... ... ... ... 401 131. Three iron hammers or axes ... ... ... ... 401 132. Portion of whitish glass armlet* ; ditto of streaked glass ; blue glass bead with bronze core (B. 94) ; 4, Beads (two ribbed with greenish glaze, one with red spots and the other streaked) 402 133. Portion of a leather shoe with stamped pattern (B. 94) 403 134. — Small portion of Samian ware,* and about the half of a clay crucible ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 403 135. — LoCHLEE : General view of .site of crannog ... ... ... 404 136.* Mortised beam, with portion of an upright and a wooden peg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 405 137. Sketch showing mortised beams in position ... ... 405 138. • Grooved and mortised beams lying over the log- pavement ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 406 139. Perpendicular section through the three lowest hearths, showing structure of third hearth and stratified deposits below it 407 140. Hone of sandstone (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii., N.S., p. 248) 411 141.* ■ Upper quern-stone of granite ; portion of a cup- marked stone with concentric circles ; two spindle-whorls ; a flint scraper and flake ; and a polished stone hatchet ... ... 412 142.* Bone needle, bodkin, hook, socketed dagger, and club of staghorn ... ... ■■• •. •■• ••• ...413 143.* Wooden tray 413 144*) ^ . _ „ Piece of ash wood, with carved design on both sides 414, 415 145.*) XXXVl LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAr.K 146.* LocHLEA : Wooden mallet, double paddle, and iron axe ... 416 147.* Iron 3-pronged implement, iron shears {Proc. Sue. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii., N. S., p. 248), and a bronze spatula ... 41G 148.* Two bronze fibula? and a bronze pin .. . ... ... 417 149.* Bridle-bit, partly of iron and partly of bronze ... 417 150.* Fringe made of the stems of moss, and a piece of thick leather with copper nails ... ... ... ... ... ...418 151.* — LoCHSPOUTS : Segment of stone disc and a flint scraper ... 423 152.* Bone chisel, showing marks of usage .. . ... ... 423 153. Three bronze ornaments and small key* ... ... 424 154.* Portion of a bowl of Samian ware ... ... ... 424 155.* Fragments of pottery ... ... ... ... ... 424 156. A conical ornament of rock-crystal, a glass bead, and a ring and pendant of jet ... ... ... ... ... 425 157.* — Boston : General view of crannog, looking nortliwards. The water in foreground marks the position of the midden. (From a photograph by Mr. Lawrie) ... ... ... ... ... 427 158.* Portion of north side of crannog, with space between inner and second circles of piles dug out, thus bringing into view the arrangement of the mortised beams forming the stockade, and the structure of the upper part of the island. (From a pho- tograph by Mr. Lawrie) ... ... ... ... ... ... 428 159.* View of canoe in situ immediately after exposure. (From a drawing by Mrs. Anstruther) ... ... ... ... 429 160.* Flint knife and clay crucible ... ... ... ... ... 430 161.* Four bone pins, one ornamented with a check pattern, (B. 373, p. 216), and another in an unfinished state; a bone needle ; and a bronze pin, with a blue bead of glass as a top setting ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 430 162.* Bone comb, ornamented with concentric incised circles, lx)th sides being alike ... ... ... ... ... ...431 163. *■ Iron axe-head ... ... ... ... ... ... 432 164.* Part of an iron padlock (see foot-note, page 431), a bronze brooch, a small iron object, bifurcated at one end, and a socketed spear-head ... ... ... ... ... ... 433 165.* — Two gold finger-rings, a gold coin, and a variegated glass bead 433 166.* Fragment of pottery, showing a .short spout .. . ... 434 167.* — AiRKiEOULLAND : vScarlet beads of vitreous pa.ste ... ... 435 168.* Portion of a clay crucible and a bronze button ... 43G 169.* — Bariiapple : Piece of jet or cannel coal ... ... ... 437 170. — Friar's Carse : Perforated stone axe ... ... ... ... 440 171. Fragments of pottery, with bands of small impressed spaces ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 441 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXVll FIfi. I'ACE 172. — Carlixgwark Loch : Large bronze cauldron (Proc. S'oe. Anfi(/. Scot., vol. vii. p. 7, and x. p. 286) ... ... ... ... 444 173. — Ledaig : Wooden comb {Ibid., vol. x. p. S2) ... ... ... 446 174. — Loch-ixcii-Cryndil. Bone comb ... ... ... ... 447 175. — Barlockhart axd Machermgre : 8tone ring (Ibid., vol xv. p. 268) and stone implement with lioUowed .surface on each side (Ibid., vol. xiv. l^. 127) 448 176. — Bone combs for comparison with those from the lake-dwellings 453 ENGLISH LAKE-DWELLINGS. 176^'. — Holderxess : Nos. 1 and 2, Broken poi-tions of long bones, perforated for handle, and used as implements — 3, Flint saw — 4, Bronze spear-head ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 473 From objects in the possession of T. Boynton. Esq. MEDIEVAL OBJECTS FOUND IN BRITISH LAKE -DWELLINGS. 177. — Forward half of canoe found in Loch Arthur or Lotus, Kirkcud- brightshire (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xi. p. 21) ... ... 480 178. — Canoe found in Loch Canmor, Aberdeenshire (B. 94) ... ... 481 179. — Bronze (brass) ves.sel found in Loch Canmor (/6tVZ.) ... ... 483 180. — Bone tableman found in the Loch of Forfar {Ibid.) ... ... 484 181. — Bronze (brass) pots found in Loch of Banchory {Ibid.) ... 484 182. — Bronze (brass) pot and jug, found in Loch of Banchory ... 48.5 183. — View of surface of the Isle of the Loch of Banchory, showing foundation of a .stone building (/fit'o?.) ... ... ... ... 48.') MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS ILLUSTRATING CULTURE AND CIVILISATION OF LAKE-DWELLERS. 184. — No. 1, Wooden yoke (Vinelz) — 2, Clay moulding of cottage walls (Robenhausen) — 3, Clay crucible (Mondsee) — 4, Wooden pile driver (Cortaillod) — 5, Fragment of pottery, adorned with bits of birch-bark (Moosseedorf) — 6, Stone hammer-a.xe, broken before the perforation had been completetl (Bauschanze) — 7, Stone axe with oval perforation {Ibid.) — 8, Poi'tion of c-lay funnel blackened with soot (Lake Bourget) ... ... ... 4!)!> Nos. I and 2, in Cantonal Museum, Berne ; 3. in Dr. Much's Collection ; 4, after A/izfif/n; 1881, PI. x. ; ."), after Keller (B. 33(i) ; (5 and 7, in the Antiq. Museum, Ziirich : 8. in the Museum at Aix-les-Bains. 185. — Nos. 1, 8, 10, 13 and 14, Handles of wood, showing different forms of mounting stone, and the flat types of bronze axes — 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 26 and 27, Objects of horn and bone — 3, 16 and 17, Flint saws in handles — 4, Pick of staghorn — 7, Tine of staghorn, mounted in wooden handle — 12 and 18, Small orna- mented boxes of .staghorn — 15, Perforated axe of staghorn — 19, XXXVlll LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PAGE Comb, of strips of yew wood — 20, Perforated roundlet of human skull {Zeit. fur Etltn. Verhand., vol. xviii. p. 368) — 21 and 22, Small bones perforated — 23, Fossil ammonite from the Jura Mountains, perforated for suspension — 24, Beads of staghorn — 25, Wooden board pierced by a bolt, and measuring thirteen by sixteen inches (B. 336, p. 48) — 28, Knife of nephrite — 29, Chisel of nephrite ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 503 These objects are from the following stations: — Locras (1, 7, 11 and 28), St. Aubin (2, 3, 5, 6 and 9), Concise (12 and 20), Castione (13), Mondsee (14, Dr. Much's Collection), WoUishofen (1.5 and 18), Sipplingen (16, Museum Friedrichshafen), Vinelz (10, 17 and 19), Oefelipliitze (21 to 24, S3e B. 4(52), Schaffis (4, 25 and 29), Gerlafingen (26), Sutz (27). Nos. 1, 7, 19, 28 and 29. after Grass (B. 392) ; 2, 5, 6, 9 and 15, Museum Ziirich ; 3, 11 and 12, after Keller (B. 2S6) ; 4, 10, 17, 26 and 27. Cantonal Museum, Berne ; 8, Museum at Avenches. 186. — Nos. 1 to 5, 7 and 9, Various forms of bronze swords — 6, Part of sword, with blade of iron and handle (imperfect) of bronze, ornamented with inlaid strips of iron — 8 and 11, Daggers of bronze — 10, A remarkable double celt of copper, fourteen inches in length, and perforated with a .small hole ... ... 517 The objects were found in the following stations :^Locras (1 and 10), Corcelettes (2), Auvernier (3), Moeringen (4, 5 and 6), Lattringen (7 and 11), Xidau-Steinberg (8), and Sutz (9). Nos. 1, 3 to 6, and 10, in Collection Gross ; 2, in Museum at Lausanne ; 7 to 9, and 11, in Schwab Museum at Bienne. 187. — Wooden liandle and bronze sickle from Moeringen, after Gross (B. 392) 519 188. — No. 1, Perforated bronze bracelet (from Auvernier and after Gross, B. 392) — 2, Bronze circular ring (WoUishofen) — 3, Tin bracelet (Montilier) — 4, Bronze bracelet (Bieler Insel) — 5, Open bracelet with spiral ends (Moeringen) — 6, Bronze bracelet orna- mented with inlaid bands of iron (Moeringen) — 7, Ornamented bronze bracelet (Auvernier) ... ... ... ... ... 520 Nos. 1, 5, 6 and 7, Collection Gross ; 2, Museum Ziirich ; 3, Museum Schwab ; 4, Cantonal Museum, Berne. 189. — -Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze pendants (Onens) — 4 and 5, Bronze pins (Lake Bourget), after Perrin (B. 282, p. 187)— 6, Double-wheel ornament of tin (Auvernier), from Anzeiger, 1881 — 7, Pendant of tin (Auvernier) — 8, Gold pendant (Moeringen), after (5i-oss (B. 286) — -9, Bronze tube containing two pins, Nos. 10 and 11 (Like Bourget), after Rabut (B. 138) — 12, Bar of tin perforated (Corcelettes) — 13, Bronze ornament (Hauterive) — 14, Bronze pendant (Auvernier) — 15, Needle-holder of pottery (Moeringen) — 16, Bronze razor-pendant (Hauterive) — 17, Bronze pendant, like a small bell (Moeringen), in Zurich Museum — 18, Bronze object (Auvernier)— 19, Part of bronze fibula — 20, Bi'onze disli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XX XIX PIG. PAOK of Scandinavian type. These two objects are in the Museum of Lausanne, and are here represented after Montelius (B. 348) ... 521 Nos. 1 to 3, 13 and li, in Museum of Xeuchatel ; 7, 8, 12, 1.), 16 and 18, in Collection Gross. 190. — Bronze knife (Dr. Evans' Collection) from Lake Bourget ... 524 191. — No. 1, Complete bridle bit of horn (Corcelettes) — 2, Side pieces of horn for bridle-bit (Montale) — 3 and 4, Ditto (Moeringen) — 5 and 6, Ditto of bronze (Moeringen) — 7, Complete horse-bit of bronze (Moeringen) — 8, Ditto ditto (Corcelettes) — 9, Two cheek- pieces of bronze for a bridle-bit (Estavayer) — 10, Portion of the bronze railing of a chariot (Estavayer) — 11 and 12, Bronze discs, supposed to be ornaments for horse harness (Au vernier) — 13, Portion of disc, sliglitly curved, and perforated in centre . . . 525 No. 1, after Dr. Bricre (B. 4(i3a) : 2, after Dr. Boni (B.421) ; 3 and 4, in Cantonal Museum, Berne ; 5, 6, 7, 9, and 11 to 13, in Collection Gross ; 8, in Museum of Lausanne ; 10, in the Museum of Fribourg. 192. — Bronze mirror from Portalban (B. 420, PI. xxxix.) ... ... 528 193. — No. 1, Quarter of a plate of earthenware symmetrically per- forated (Lake Bourget) — 2, Ditto, with ornamentations of tin strips (Cortaillod) — 3, Fragment of pottery that had been mended with a rush (Lake Bourget) — 4 and 5, Specimens of pottery ornamented witli tin strips — 6, Vase similarly ornamented (Hau- terive) — 7, 8 and 10, Toy dishes (Auvernier) — 9, Child's rattle of earthenware (Moeringen) ... ... ... ... ... 530 No. 1. in British Museum ; 2. in Museum Schwab ; 3 and 4. in Museum at Aix-les-Bains ; 5, in Museum at Chambery ; G, in Museum at Xeuchatel : 7, 8, and 10, in Collection Gross ; !l. in Cantonal Museum. Berne. 194. — Discoidal stone, common in Bronze Age ... ... ... 531 195. — Nos. 1 and 2, Wooden bdfons de commandetneiit (Castione) — 3, Ditto (Moeringen) — 4, Bronze tube, with attached rings (Bourget) — 5 to 8, Earthenware images (Laibach) — 9 and 10, Clay figures (Lake Bourget) — 11, Stamp of earthenware with croix. gammee or sicastika — 12, Pieces of clay-plaster so marked (Lake Bourget) — 13, Figure like that of a duck, orna- mented with tin strips (Hauterive) — 14, Clay figures like that of a pig (Corcelettes) — 15 and 16, Bronze figures (Bodmann) — 17, Crescent (Lake Bourget) — 18, Ditto (Moeringen) — 19, Ditto (Hauterive)... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 532 Nos. 1 and 2. after .Strob.-l (B. 328e) ; 3, after Gross (B. 2S(;) ; 4, in Restaurant Lacustre. Port (Aix-les-Bains) ; 5 to 8, in Museum at Lai- bach ; 9 and 10, after Costa (B. 17(;) ; 11 and 12. after Perrin (B. 282) ; 13, from Anzcif/f-r, 1881 ; 14, in Collection Gross; l.> and 1(>. in Stein- haus Museum, Ueberlinger ; 17, in British Museum; 18. in Cantonal Museum. Berne ; 19, in Museum at Geneva. 196. — No. 1, Bronze pin — 2, Bronze (copper?) bead — 3, Bone disc — 4 and 5, Bronze bracelets — G, Bronze ring — 7, Bronze ornament — xl LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. FIG. PA(!E 8 to 11, Bronze bracelets — 12 and 13, Bronze pins — 14, Earthen- ware vase ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 510 Nos. 1 to 7 were found at Au vernier, and 8 to 14 at Montreux. Nos. 1 to 7, after Gross (B. 28(;) ; 8 and 9, from Autiqua, 1884 ; 10 to 14, after Keller (B. 33(5). 197. — Iron axe, with portion of wooden handle (Bieler Insel), in Can- tonal Museum, Berne ... ... ... ... ... ... 544 198. — Iron spear-head, ornamented with bronze or copper (Lake Bourget), in Museum, Chambery... ... ... ... ... 544 199. — No. 1, Bronze helmet, with " late Celtic " ornamentation (Berru) — 2, Bronze helmet with fret ornamentation — 3 and 4, fragments of glass bracelets (Hradischt) — 5, Bronze fibula (La Tene) — 6, Bronze fibula (Hradischt) — 7, Iron spear-head (Lower Thielle), ornamented with a design of frets, spirals, and running scrolls on each side (the designs are shown half the original size) — 8, Iron spear-head — 9, Bronze ornament, with portions of red enamel — 10 and 11, Bronze fibulae — 12, Bridle-bit — 13, Gold bracelet — 14 and 15, Bronze studs for horse harness — 16, Iron sword — 17 and 18, Bone counters (Hradischt) ... ... ... 547 Xo. 1, after Bertrand {Ai'ch. CM. ct Gauloise') ; 2, and S to 16, after Fourdrignier (Srjji/lt7ire GauloiKc dc la Govqe-Me'dlet^ ; 3, 4, (J, 17 and 18. after W. Osborne (see page 549) : U and 7, after Vouga (B. 428). SKETCH-MAPS, PLANS, SECTIONS, ETC. Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Ziirich, Pfaffikon, Greifen, and Zug 9 Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Bienne, Morat, and Neuchatel ; also showing Correction des Eaux du Jura ... ... ... 23 Distribution of lake-dwellings at Cortaillod ... ... ... ... 45 Sketch-map of the shore of lake Neuchatel, near Bevaix, showing the r-elative positions of the stations of the Stone and Bronze periods 50 Sketch-map, showing stations in Lake of Geneva ... ... ... 8G Sketch-map, showing stations in the Lake of Bourget... ... ... 95 Plan of lake-dwellings in the Lake of Constance ... ... ... 129 Sketch of Laibach Moor, .showing position of lake-dwellings ... ... 171 Sketch-map, showing lake-dwellings in the Lake of Varese and neiglibouj'hood ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 189 Plan and sections of tei'ramara at Gorzano ... ... ... ... 203 Sketch-map, showing distribution of lake-dwellings and tei-remare in the eastern pait of the Po valley ... ... ... ... ... 2GG Plan of lake-dwelling in Persanzigsee ... ... ... ... ... 314 Plan and sections of Crannog at Lochlee ... ... ... 416 417 THE Lake-Dwellings of Europe. SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE ZURICH, WESTERN SWITZER- LAND AND FRANCE. The investigations of geologists in the early part of this century, cuhninating in the publication of Sir Charles Lyell's " Principles of Geology," not only upset current theories regarding the past history of our globe, but also revolutionised the very formula; on which these theories were founded. The influence of this drastic clearance of antiquated machinery in geology soon extended to the collateral sciences, and one of the first to benefit from the improved methods was archaeology. The first great application of scientific methods to prehistoric researches was made in the north of Europe. The Scandinavian savants, i:i attempting to pry into the early history of their people, found so little reliable information in their sagas and other mythological fables, that they cast them altogether aside as useless or misleading. Struck with the elegance and beauty of the stone weapons and implements so profusely scattered over the land, they seized the idea, occasionally previously mooted by writers in other countries, but hitherto never seriously considered, that there was a time when people were entirely ignorant of the use of metals, and, in the prosecu- tion of their social industries, had to depend exclusively on such tools as could be manufiictured out of stone, horn, wood, etc. To this idea they soon afterwards linked another, which experience has also shown to be founded on accurate observation, viz. that their earliest metal objects were made from a nearly uniform compound of copper and tin, known as B I LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUllorE. bronze. Iron, it was maintained, was not known in tlie country for several centuries afterwards ; but, on the other hand, when it became known, it gradually superseded bronze in the manu- facture of all cutting implements and weapons, on account of its superior qualities for such purposes. These simple observations in the hands of the Scandinavian scientists supplied the essential elements of a new system of classification, which has since become so familiar all over the world as the three ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron. Its adoption l)y Dr. Thomsen, in 1830, as 'the basis of arranging the pre- historic materials in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen, and, a few years later, in the Museums of Lund and Stockholm, marks the commencement of a new era in the history of prehistoric archi^ology. Other nations were not slow in following in the footsteps of the northern savants, and to such an extent was this new departure carried that for a time at least, all antiquarian objects were classified as belonging to one or other of the so-called ao-es, on the mere knowledsfe of their composition. So fascinating was the spell of this new doctrine, that it was some time before even experienced archaeo- logists could see the fallacy of adhering rigidly to such a method of arranging objects ; as if, the instant a bronze or an iron implement became known, the manufacture of its analogues in the inferior materials there and then ceased for ever. While, therefore, conceding that the chronological sequence of the three ages, as determined in Scandinavia, is generally correct, and holds good also for European countries, I consider it radically wrong to suppose that the respective epochs indicated by these successive stages of civilisation, especially in districts widely separated, are identical in point of time. Many local circum- stances in a country, such as the poverty of the people, their isolation and distance from commercial highways, etc., have often so contributed to the persistency of customs and usages, else- where become obsolete and entirely superseded, that a chrono- logical comparison of its progress in civilisation, as defined by the three ages, becomes perplexing, if not misleading, when applied to other countries. The question resolves itself, there- fore, into this : that each well-defined archaeological or geo- graphical area must aseortain the chronologica] ,se(|uenco and duration of these ages for itself ORIGINAL DISCOVERY. 6 But whatever may be the vakie of this system when apphed to the ekicidation of early European civiHsation, one thing is certain — that it was the means of evoking throughout the entire world an enormous amount of interest in archaeological pursuits. Henceforth pruneval antiquities of every description, the merest " waifs and strays " of humanity, things which previously were utterly ignored, were now eagerly collected, described, and catalogued ; and in every centre of intelligence societies and journals were founded with the express object of following up the new found trail of prehistoric man. Since then the problem of man's place in nature has come largely to the front, and now appeals for its solution to all depart- ments of science, and to all legitimate processes of reasoning. Among those who devoted their energies to the study and eluci- dation of tke archaeological phase of this problem was the learned Ferdinand Keller, President of the Antiquarian Association at Zurich, to whom the world is indebted for one of the most remarkable archaeological discoveries of this century — a discovery which in its consequential results is unique for tke variety and wealtk of materials witk wkick it kas illustrated tliat singular but long unknown and forgotten pkase of prekistoric civilisation in Europe, Avkick found its outcouie in tke liabit of constructing dwellings in lakes, marskes, etc. Tkis discovery of Dr. Keller was not of tke nature of a lucky tind, but was tke result of a purely mental process — a spark of superior intelligence — fostered, I have no doubt, by his knowledge of tkese very Scandinavian doctrines to wkick I kave just referred. In countries wkose lakes and rivers are fed from snow-clad mountains and glaciers, it is observed tkat tkeir waters tind tkeir greatest diminution in winter, wken a portion of tkeir supply is temporarily suspended in the form of ice. This phenomenon became unusually intensified in Switzerland during the winter of 1853-4, so much so, that the level of its lakes kad sunk lower tkan kad ever before been known. Some of the inhabitants of the village of Ober-Meilen, on the east shore of Lake Zurich, took advantage of tkis circumstance to extend their vineyards, by recovering portions of the exposed shore, which they enclosed Avith stone walls, and tilled in the space with nuul, so as to bring its surface above the ordinary level of the lake. In the course of these operations the workmen c.ime upon the heads of Avooden piles around Avhich were portions of stags' horns, stone hatchets 4 LAKE-I)\V1]1.LIN(;,S OF Et'ROPE. and other implements (Fig. 1), which excited some curiosity amonof them. The event, however, was not sino'ular in the dis- trict, as objects of a similar character were on several occasions encountered along the shore of the lake ; and even in this same spot, in 1829, when the little harbour of the village was being deepened, bits of rotten piles, as well as implements of stone and horn, were turned up among the dredged stuft". They were not, however, deemed of sufficient value to be rescued from the mud, so that, along with it, they were cari-ied away and re- deposited in deep water. Also at Mannedorf, a village a few leagues farther up the lake, during the winter of 1843-4, while its harbour was being enlarged, similar discoveries were made. A few of the relics were on this occasion collected and sent to the Museum at Zurich, where they are still to be seen. Indeed, these, and other recorded instances of antiquarian remains being fished up or dredged from the Swiss lakes, are by no means exceptional events ; but, however suggestive they may now appear, they all failed to excite in the minds of their beholders that great deduction which will for ever associate the name of Keller with the lake-dwellings of Europe. On this occasion the school- master of the village of Ober-Meilen, Mr. JEppli, whose house was close by, considered the find of sufficient importance to be brought under the notice of the Antiquarian Association at Zilrich, which ho accordingly did in the month of January, 1854. Thus it was that Dr. Keller appeared on the scene. From the in- vestigations which subsequently ensued the following general facts were ascertained. (a) Composition of Lake-hed. — First, or uppermost, there was a stratum of yellowish mud, from 1 to 2 feet thick, mixed with rounded pebbles, and in all respects similar to what was being deposited in the shallow indentations of the lake in the vicinity. Beneath this was a deposit of blackish mud, mixed with decayed organic matter, and varying in thickness from 2 to 2i feet, in which the tops of the piles appeared and all the relics were found. The tliird sti'atum was in composition somewhat similar to the first, and, like it, with the exception of the deeply penetrating piles, was devoid of antiquarian remains. (b) Difijwsitioii of tlie Piles, etc. — The exact dimensions of the area occupied by the piles were not determined, but it appeared to bo considerable, and to stretch along the shore within a few INVESTIGATIONS AT OBER-MEILEN. 5 fathoms of the ordinary Avater-mark. The piles were made of different kinds of wood — oak, beech, birch, and fir being the most prevalent — and they varied in thickness from 4 to 6 inches. Sometimes entire stems were used, but more frequently they were split into halves or quarters. They were about 1| foot apart, and had a kind of systematic arrangement in rows parallel to the beach. Some piles were pulled up, and their tips were found to have been pointed by blunt tools, the cuts of which were, in the estimation of experienced carpenters who had examined them, precisely similar to those which would be made by those very stone implements collected around them. (c) Relics. — The relics were of a mixed character, and included the following : — Stone celts and chisels, some of them being still lixed in their horn handles and fastenings (Fig". 1, Nos. 3, 4, 11, and 15); perforated hammer-axes (Nos. 8, 13, and 17); mealing- stones and polishers (No. 12) ; various implements made of flint, as scrapers, flakes (No. 1), saws (No. 2), and some rude arrow- points (only one being neatly finished. No. 16) ; various objects of liorn and bone (Nos. 6 and 7) ; also some wooden clubs, fragments of pottery, ^pindlo-whorls (No. 14), shells of hazel- nuts, etc. Among the relics then collected were a bead of amber (No. 9) and a bronze armilla (No. 10). After careful consideration of the facts thus brought to light. Dr. Keller came to the conclusion that the piles had formerly supported a wooden platform, that on this platform huts had been erected, and that, after these had been inhabited for a long period, the whole structure had been destroyed by fire. A knowledofc of these discoveries at Ober-Meilon, and of Dr. Keller's opinion in regard to them, soon spread among the sur- rounding inhabitants, the immediate result of which Avas a sudden crop of lacustrine explorers, who carried on a vigorous search for similar remains in this and the adjacent lakes. For their guidance were requisitioned all sorts of traditions, stories of sub- merged cities, of which many abounded, recollections of the occasional finding of implements and weapons of unusual types, etc. ; but of greatest service was the local knowledge of fishermen, who, from practical experiences of disasters to their nets and fishing gear, could at once point out numberless localities where large fields of submerged piling were to be found. In the spring of the same year the celebrated station known as the Steinberg, LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Fig, 1— Obeu-Mrii.en. All i real siz EARLY INVESTIGATORS. 7 at Nidau, in Lake Bienne, was discovered, as well as numerous other stations in the lakes of Bienne, Neuchatel, and Geneva ; so that before an ilhistrated account of the Ober-Meilen discovery could appear in the Transactions of the Antiquarian Society of Zlirich Dr. Keller had important materials of a similar character from other localities to record. This report, entitled " Die Keltischen Pfahlbauten in den Schweizerseen," appeared towards the close of the year 1854, and at once attracted the attention of archaeologists in all countries. Since then lacustrine investigations in search of lake dwellings have been incessantly earned on, not only in Switzerland, but in many other countries in Europe, with the result that each year has seen an increase in their number, as well as a corresponding enhancement of the archaeological value of the materials so discovered. Prominent among the early investigators whose names have a claim to be associated w^ith this great discovery which has so popularised the name of the Ziirich antiquary were Colonel Schwab, of Bienne, whose splendid collection of lake-dwelling antiquities now adorns his native town ; Professor Desor, author of the admirable little treatise " Les Palatittes, ou Constructions lacustrcs du lac de Neuchatel," and other works ; and Professor Troyon of Lausanne, whose work, " Habitations Li('ustres des temps anciens et modernes," is so well known. But foremost among them all stood Keller himself, who from time to time, according to the demands of fresh discoveries, issued systematic reports of the Pfahlbauten, of which no fewer than six had appeared previous to the year 18G6. In that year was published the English edition of Keller's reports, arranged and translated by Mr. Lee. It is needless to pursue here any further in historical order the various means, whether as publications or investigations, by which Keller's discovery was being pursued, as they come to be dealt with elsewhere. Suffice it to say that within a few years of its publicity, the existence of lacustrine villages all over Central Europe in prehistoric times was fully established. From these remarks you will have some idea of the work before us in these lectures. It contemplates a critical and summary review of the principal results of the investigations of the lake-dwellings of Europe during the last half-century. This embraces a large geographical area, extending, roughl}', from Ireland to B iloaria, and from A'enice on the Adriatic to the 8 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. shores of the Baltic. Of the very numerous researches to which I shall have to refer, some were conducted by private indi- viduals, others by public or scientific bodies, but all presumably more or less qualified to give a correct report of the facts. The records of successive discoveries have been generally published in the proceedings of local societies, but sometimes in separate monographs of extremely limited circulation. As to the antiquities, some have found their way to dealers, and liave disappeared to foreign lands. A large proportion, however, have been carefully preserved in the respective districts or countries in which they were found, and are now located in public museums or private collections, where, as a rule, they are intelligently arranged and duly labelled. In conducting you, as it were, over this wide area, amidst such diversified materials, I shall be guided, to a certain extent, by geographical con- venience, even at the expense of historical sequence ; and in discussing typical finds I shall, as far as this may be practicable, make use of diagrammatic and pictorial illustrations, believing that even a poor illustration often conveys more information than the most accurate description. LAKE ZURICH. Further discoveries in Lake Zurich were not so speedily effected as in some of the other Swiss lakes, and for a few years the interest in this subject was transferred to more distant localities. In the following year, 1855, Colonel Schwab visited Zurich and made further researches at Mannedorf and Ober-Meilen. From the latter he succeeded in securing a considerable number of objects, especially stone hatchets, some of which were made of nephrite, and a bronze celt of the flat type (Fig. 1, No. 5). In 1858, in the course of some dredging operations for the pur- pose of deepening the mouth of the Limmat, fragments of pottery, bits of piles, and some peculiar beams having one or two square- cut holes (Fig. 2, Nos. 13 and 14) were dredged up. Dr. Keller recognised here the site of a Pfahlbau which extended both under the little island called Bauschanze and outwards towards the lake. (B. 22 and 380.) Two other localities near the outlet known as the " Kleiner Hafner " and " Grosser Hafner " were also proved to have been stations. The former was opposite tlic north end of the Tonhalle, LAKE OF ZURICH. 9 and about 150 yards distant from the original shore. It occupied a circular area of about 1| acre in extent and, when the water was Ioav, its surface was only some 3 feet submerged. The Grosser Hafner was farther off" in the lake, and its area was considerably larger than that of the Kleiner Hafner. On a clear day in both these localities stones and the tops of piles could be seen. Another locality known to Dr. Keller at this early period was about two miles from Zurich, on the west shore of the lake and just opposite the steamboat pier at WoUishofen. Here the lake-bed consisted of a deposit of fine mud, and owing to the constant commotion made by the steamers in passing to and fro the debris of the lake-dwelling had been greatly covered up. (B. 336.) As the Kleiner Hafner lay directly along the course followed by the steamers, and greatly obstructed their passage, the authori- ties, in 1867, resolved to have the obstruction removed altogether. For this purpose a dredging machine Avas used, by means of 10 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. which a seoiiiont several feet thick was removed from its surface. During this operation the same kind of perforated beams which had ah'eadj^ attracted attention at the Bauschanze were turned up among the stuff, together with numerous objects of flint, stone, bone, etc., similar to those at Ober-Meilen (Fig. 2, Nos. 9 to 17). In a Idition to these, however, there were bronze axes of the winged type, some spoon-shaped crucibles, large clay rings and fragments of pottery of an unusually fine kind (Fig. 2, Nos. 1 to 8). But, what was considered still more strange, there were among these relics some iron weapons and Koman tiles. Hitherto there was little or nothing done to the Grosser Hafner, and the " Haumessergrund " at Wollishofen, and so the siu'mises of Dr. Keller regarding them might have died with him, had it not been for the extraordinary exertions of the people of Zurich to have their beautiful environments made still more attractive by art. These extensive alterations, begun some six years ago, and scarcely yet completed, have so entirely changed the aspect of the shore in the immediate neighbourhood of the outlet, that visitors whoso recollection of the town dates farther back than these transformations, will hardly recognise the locality. A splendid bridge now spans the oj)ening of the Limmat, and on both sides of it are elegant promenades, gardens, and ornamental quays, which occupy what was formerly part of the lake. The filling up of such a great area of lake-bottom involved the use of dredgers, which, with revolving buckets, raised stuff from the most convenient shallows along the shore, and having dropped it into boats, it was then transported to its final destination. Among the localities selected for these operations were the Grosser Hafner and the outskirts of the Bauschanze. The rich loamy deposits of the Haumessergrund at Wollishofen were also found suitable for mixing with the gravel and for forming a ii'ood soil for the floral and horticultural ''•ardens which now form such a conspi(;uous ornament to the fashionable walks along the northern shore of the lake. The Grosser Hafner* supplied a wonderful medley of anti- ([uarian objects, a|,p u'ontly of all ages — stone hatchets (one of whicli was 10 inches long), horn handles, bone implements, etc Among ])ronze objects were: hatchets of the winged type, chisels, * dorr.- HI aft, p. 14, 18SL Anf/qua, ISSiJ, i. jip. :il, .")."> ; a-id ii. pp. -17, 54. ?,. :VM\ and 1(12. LAKE OF ZURICH. 11 Fig, 2.— Bauschanze (1:5. U. and 21 to 23) ; Kleiner Hafner (1 to 12. and lo to 17), and Grosser Hafxer. All ^ real size except 13 and 14. 12 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. sickles, knives (some ornamented with half-circles, points, and lines (Fig. 2, Nos. 30 and 35) ; pins with large heads, oval or ^ round, and sometimes perforated and variously ornamented (Nos. 24, 25, and 26) ; arm-rings, both closed and open, and orna- mented with engraved lines, dots, etc. (Nos. 18 and 28) ; a few spirals (No. 34), small rings and pendants (Nos. 19 and 27); two solid rings attached by a band (No. 29) ; a group of four rings — one being larger, on which the other three were hung (No. 20); a pin-like object, 15i inches long, with a handle like that of a sword (No. 32) ; lance-heads, some of which were ornamented ; a few small beads of amber. Among the fragments of pottery were two vessels complete with round bases (No. 31), and part of a moon-shaped crescent, rudely ornamented with depressions like iinger-marks. Here, again, as in the Kleiner Hafner, objects apparently of a later date were found, among which were Roman tiles, pottery of the kind known as terra sigillata, and an iron spear-head ; also up- wards of 16 coins of the time of Augustus, Tiberias and Vespasian. On the other hand, at the Bauschanze, while objects of the stone ago were very numerous, there were scarcely any of bronze. Most of the objects collected on this station were dispersed ; but among the few that have come to the knowledge of antiquaries are some remarkable implements of horn, like picks, said to be iield-hoes (Nos. 21 and 22). One of these is 14i inches long, pointed at one end and chisel-shaped at the other. Another (lOi inches long) is also pointed at one end, but forked at the other. Both are perforated with an oval hole for the insertion of a wooden handle."^ WoLLiSHOFEN. — The greatest of all the finds in Lake Ziirich was that at Wollishofen. (B. 448, 449a, and 462.) Here, again, the dredging machines brought up a largo quantity of wood, among which were some of those })eculiar oak beams with square- cut holes, already noticed {Fig. 2, Nos. 13 and 14). The wood was of vari(jus kinds, and so abundant that the poorer people were in the habit of collecting it for firewood. Although the antiquities of the stone age were numerous, the great feature of this station is that it belonged to, or at least existed during,, J the most flourishing period of the bronze age. Notwithstanding pilfering, and the difficulty of detecting the smaller objects, the * A/itiqi/a, iss:!. p. (;i. l.AKE OF Zi'HUlI. l.S collection, as noAV deposited in the Museum at Zurich, must be considered one of" the most important in the whole series of lake-dwelling researches. Among the more remarkable objects were the following : — Weaj^ons. — Four bronze swords, one only of which is com[)lete l (Fig. 3, No. 1); its entire length is 2S| inches, including the handle, which is also of bronze (barely 4 inches long), and to which the blade is attached by two rivets ; another (No. 2), which is defective both in the blade and handle, is of a different type, especially in the formation of the handle, wdiich was intended to have bone or wooden plates fastened with rivets to the remaining bronze portion ; it is ornamented with a combi- nation of circles or semicircles, in incised lines or dots. Three daggers, two of which have rivet-holes, and the third has what appears to b3 the remains of a tang. Eleven arrow-heads of bronze, and several of flint and bone. Of the former, two only have sockets (Nos. 4 and 14), the others being imitations of the ordinary flint forms (Nos. 3 and 5). ' Lance-heads were in much larger numbers than either the swords or daggers ; they are mostly socketed, with side rivet-holes for fixing the handle ; they vary in length from 3^> to 8 inches, and are some tunes ornamented, as shown in No. 7, and only two had tangs. Portions of wood are supposed to be fragments of bows. Industrial Implertients and Ornaments. — The stone hatchets are exceedingly well-made, and appear to have been partly sawn from water-worn boulders of serpentine and hornstone. None were of neph rite or jadeite ; a few of horn have been noted (Fig. 185, X S ^ -^ No. 15). The bronze hatchets (Fig. 4, Nos. 16, 20, and 25) were ' numerous, the greatest number having four wings and sometimes a loop at the side ; the direction of the cutting edge is generally at right anijfles to that of the wings, but in a few instances parallel to it (as in No. 16); at the top of the hatchet there is a hole or small recess. Of the flat kind there were a few, one of which is here figured (No. 25). Two small ones are of copper (Fig. 3, No. 17). The knives are mostly ornamented witli run- ning patterns or circles or semicircles in dots or lines, and the blades are all more or less curved (Fig. 4, Nos. 11 to 15); the handles were sometimes solid and of a piece with the blade, but more frequently they Avere of horn or wood, and attached by tansfs or rivets. It is rather remarkable that amono-st the larye 14 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Fig. 3.— WOLLISIIOFEN. All \ real size, LAKE OF ZURICH. 15 Fig. 4. — WoLLisHOFEX. All A real size. 1() LAKE-DWELL] N(3.S UF EUKOl'E. number of knives collected at Wollishofen there is not one of the socketed kind, which, as we shall afterwards see, are so frequently met with in Lake Bourget and some stations in western Switzerland. Some sickles of the usual type, fish-hooks, and a few of the socketed razor knives. Of bronze hammers there are six, all of which are socketed and either round or rectangular in shape (Fig. 4, No3. 8 and 18). The round one. No. 8, is ornamented with a series of circular grooves, and has a socket If inches deep ; it weighs 490 grs. There is a considerable number of chisels and gouges (Fig. 4, Nos. 1 to 7), small tubes, broad-headed nails and studs. One bronze punch is bifurcated (Antiqim, 1886, PI. v. Fig. 8). An elegant vase of solid bronze (Fig. 3, No. 22), and frag- ments of large situlse, made of thin bronze plates riveted (Fig. 4, Nos. 17 and 22). One of the most remarkable objects is that represented on Fig. 4, No. 21, which is supposed to be an anvil. Several long pins with sword-like handles, similar to one found on the Grosser Hafner (Fig. 4, Nos. 9 and 10). Bronze hair-pins were so numerous that they are to be counted by hundreds in the Museum (Fig. 3, Nos. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19 and 28 to 26). One bronze comb and one bronze fibula (Fig. 3, Nos. 16 and 20). Bracelets are Avell represented, both closed and open; they are either flat or in solid mass (Fig. 3, No. 13), and generally ornamented ; one (No. 15), open at the ends, is made of two stout wires, one of which is spirally grooved, and the other plain ; these wires are united at the ends by a tin pin, which passes through a loop formed by the recoil of the ends of the wires. A large hollow ring (three inches internal, and rather more than four inches external diameter) is highly ornamented. (See Fig. 188,_No^2J^ Finger-rings (Fig. 3, No. 28), pendants (Nos. 29, 30, and 31), buttons (No. 21), studs (No. 27), a so-called 2><^'''f^''>nonnaie, for ring money (No. 33), portions of girdles (Fig. 4, No. 19). There are also one ringlet of gold and three beads, one of amber and two of glass. Amongst the nonde- script objects are several small wheels — three of pottery (Fig. 5, No. 6), five of bronze (Fig. 3, Nos. 12 and 18), and two of tin (No. 32) — a leaden weight, which has a high loop of bronze (Fig. 4, No. 23). An object of the same kind (No. 24), with two loops, was found at Oiuicus. l)esi(les the two copper celts (Fig. 3, No. 17) there were two small roppcr awls and several bits of this metal. LAKE OF ZrillCH. 17 Pottery. — The pottery at Wollishofen shows vessels made of two kuids of paste, one tine, and the other coarse containuig a Fig. 5. — Wollishofen. All \ real size. mixture of roiisfh sand. The vessels varied much in size, the smallest being only about one inch in diameter, and the larger ones, judging from the curve of the fragments, ranged from sixteen to twenty-seven inches in diameter. They had no glaze, c 18 ].AKE-r)WELl.lX(;s OK EUROPE. nor can it be said that the wheel was used in their manufac- ture, although some are very symni(;trically shaped. No (juartz or sand was mixed with the tine paste, of which the more orna- mental vessels were made (Fig. 5 Nos. 1, 2, 'S, 7, 9, 11, and 12). Some had a conical-shaped base, and could only be made to sit in soft material, such as sand, or by means of a ring, like those figured from the Kleiner and (Irosser Hafner. One small vessel was trilocular, having its three chambers or bowls attached to one connuon base. Some very flat vessels were found, which are supposed to have been lids (Fig". 5, No. 7). Spindle whorls oH burnt clay variously ornamented (Fig. 5, Nos. 18 to 20), and some other objects like modern thread pirns (Nos. 5 and 10) are in abundance. Portions of six crescents are all differently ornamented. Some now in the Museum have been restored, so as to show their original form and ornamentation, and it is from one of these that the illustration here given was taken (Fig. 5, No. 8). Some dishes took the forms of animals, as in No. 4, and were probably used as lamps. Among other objects may be mentioned some bits of red stoue, supposed to have been used as paint ; foundry materials, as moulds and bron/e dross ; portion of a dug-out canoe ; various bits of sawn and cut horn ; etc. Human Remains. — The only portion of a human skeleton was a skull, wdiich, according to Dr. Kollmann, is of the meso- cephalic type. (B. 420, p. 90.) Organic Reniains. — Wheat, millet, hazel-nuts, and crab-apples, were identified. Mannedorf. — I have already incidentally referred to the dis- covery of the site of a lake-dwelling at Mannedorf before 1854, when such anticpiities were not imderstood (page 4). In 1866, however, a portion of lake-bottom close to where these early discoveries Avere made, measuring about eighty feet by thirty, was deepened to facilitate the passage of steamers, when further evidence as to the nature of this settlement was disclosed. The piles were so closely set that there was hardly the breadth of a pil(! bctwc 'U tb(Mu. Till! objects collected were very similar to those alivady described from Ober-Meileu, among which was a spoon-like crucible like those from Ilobonhausen. (B. 126, p. 263.) The discovery of a second station near the mouth of the Sni'eiibuch, between Mami(Ml<»i-f aud lU'tikon, was noticed by Di'. Kelle)' ill his second report. (1). 22, )). J21.) LETTENFl'NDE. 1!) Uetikon. — Remains of another station arc to be found close by the landing stage at Uetikon, from which on several occasions antiquities of the Stone Age were picked up. More decided indications of the character of this settlement were, liowever, revealed in 1886, in consequence of some dredging operations that were carried on. On this occasion were found not only piles, bones of various animals, as stag, ox, and pig, fragments of pottery, st )ne hatchets, and flint implements — the usual relics of the Stone Age — but also a few bronze rings and hair-pins. (B. 462, p. 17.) In the Zlirich Museum may be seen a cjusiderable number of the relics from this station, among which are twenty-three stone celts (one being still in its horn fastening), five flint saws or scrapers, four pointers of horn, and a semi-globular spindle- Avhorl. Erlenbach. — Near Erlenbach were two settlements, one at Winkel, a few minutes' walk above the village ; and the other at Wyden, about an equal distance below it. In 1886 the usual indications of the Pfahlbau settlements, such as piles and various industrial relics, were found in the course of some dredging operations, but tbe objects were mostly dispersed. (B. 462, and 420a, p. 73.) Letten. — In 1877, while digging a canal in connection with the Zlirich Avaterworks, some remarkable antiquities of bronze and iron were dug up, which Dr. Keller describes in the eighth report of the lake-dwellings. They were found in a portion of the cutting extending some eight hundred yards in length at a place called Letten, on the right bank of the Limmat, nearly opposite to where the Zihl joins it. The objects lay in a fine mud deposited by the river, and underneath a bed of gravel of the same origin. Dr. Keller came to the conclusion that tbe " Lettenfunde " belonged to a settlement analogous to, and probably contemporary with, the later Pfahlbauten, with the relics from which they in many respects agree. A careful inspection of tbe Letten relics — which include two swords, one or two spcar-h(\ads, a variety of winged celts, a coupk> of sickk's witb raised buttons, knives, a great number of hair-})ins of diversified forms, an in- volved ring-ornament, etc.. all o\' bronze — shows that they are of a more recent period than the lake-dwellings. Among the bronze • celts are forms (as for exam[)le that in Fig. 3, X<>. 3.")) wliich have 20 I.AKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. never been found in the true relic bed of a lake-dwelling ; and besides there are other objects, such as a fibula, and a piece of iron partly fashioned, probably intended for a sword, which are characteristic of the La Tene period. (See Fig. 87, No. 6.) While deepening the bed of the Linunat similar objects, as well as those of preceding and succeeding ages (Roman), have been fre- quently found. The Letten objects correspond more with the pre-Roman antiquities found in the Nidau-Biiren Canal and in some of the later tumuli, and may therefore be said to link together the products of two very different civilisations, viz. the bronze age of the lake-dwellings, and the subsequent iron age, so characteristic in La Tene. For the relative positions of these stations see Sketch Map, page 9. LAKE OF BIENNE. Investigations in the Jura Lakes, and Archaeological Result of the " Correction des Eaux du Jura."' — At a short distance from the eastern shore of Lake })ienne, near where the Zilil by several mouths found its former exit, there exists, or rather formerly existed, a stony elevation, covering an area of some three acres, which rose gradually from a depth of about 20 feet to within 7 or 8 of the surface. This curious cairn-like structure, being in marked contrast with the surrounding lake sediments which here consist chiefly of tine mud, was well-known to the fishermen as the " Steinbert''," i.e. stone hillock. Among these stones were many projecting heads of piles which, to prevent injury to their nets, the fishermen were in the habit from time to time of pulling out. Moreover, at various times, on or near this Steinberg, Roman tiles and some fantastically shaped objects covered with chalky concretions were picked up, which fostered a vague opinion that it was the foundation of a Rouian fortress or liofhthouse. In l TV CdruktiesU ^^iea Perrin \ \ ■< \ ^ ^^'> V*l Estavayer |j ;; . ;| Cheseaux Ld'Eiattia Grandsoff [Font I _ 24 I.AKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Swiss lake-dwellings, and contributed enormously to tlie elucida- tion of the culture and civilisation of tlieir inhabitants. In the following descriptive notes of the stations in Lake Bienne I follow simply the order of their distribution along its shore, making, as it were, a circular tour of the lake, beginning at Nidau, and passing along its southern shore, then round to the other side, until we come back to our starting-point. Nidau-Steinberg. — -This station was so thoroughly investi- gated by Colonel Schwab and his assistants that little remained to be done after the lowering of the water. The objects collected are both numerous and varied, and being among the earlier of the kind brought to light from the lake-dwellings, they have been fully illustrated by Dr. Keller. (B. 15 and 22.) Among them were some heavy stone weights, some perforated, and some with an iron hoop ; discoidal stones, with a marginal groove ; a variety of corn crushers, polishers, and hammer-stones, etc. Bronze. — Sickles and axes, both socketed and winged, generally with a side loop, but without a notch at the top. Knives were numerous, and some were ornamented with flowing lines and semicircles ; they were hafted by tangs or sockets, but in a few instances the blade and handle were cast in one piece. Several spear-heads, one of which is richly ornamented with a series of rings and a serpentine pattern ; a few arrow-points with barbs ; several socketed chisels of various sizes ; numerous needles, hair- pins, fish-hooks, curiously-shaped pendants, rings, and bifurcated pincer-like objects ; one hexagonal-shaped hammer with a socket, and another having a small loop attached to the side like that of a celt. Some remarkably fine bracelets, open at the ends, and hollow, and having the outside ornamented with concentric circles, lines, etc. ; otliers are soHd, or made of spirally-grooved wire. A number of so-called razors, buttons, studs, broad-headed nails, spirals, the central portion of a horse- bit, etc. Gold — A small spiral of gold wire, and a square piece of thin plate neatly corrugated. Iron. — A few conical javelins with sockets. Pottery. — Th(! potter's art seems to have been carried to great perfection. The vessels were of all sizes, from two to three feet in diametei- down to the most tiny objects. They were generally round at the base, and r('(|uir(;d ring supports, of LAKE OF BIENNE. 25 which many were found. Some shallow plates were ornamented with squares, oblongs, and circles. Various forms of spindle- whorls, some of which are made of hne paste, and blackened with charcoal, like the finest pottery. Over twenty clay crescents, represented by fragments, and one of stone. Some clay cylinders, Aveights, and a few rude figures of a four-footed animal. Bone, Wood, etc. — A few bone implements, pointers, etc. ; the side piece of a bridle-bit of staghorn, perforated with three holes ; portion of a yoke, clubs, etc. ; bits of clay with marks of wattle-work. Graseren. — A small station concealed in rushes, and contain- ing large piles. The antiquities consist of a fcAV iron objects, one beinof a dasrsrer with the handle ornamented with silver wire, and a few mealing-stones and rubbers, etc. (B. 22.) SuTZ. — This was a very large settlement, the piles extending over an area of about 6 acres. It was connected with the shore b}^ a bridge or gangway, about 100 yards long and 13 wide. Within its area several Steinbergs were interspersed ; and the relic-bed, from 4 to 16 inches thick, was near the surface. The piles were mostly of oak, and irregularly placed. The antiquities are classified as belonging to both the Stone Age and the Bronze Age, among which the following are the more interesting (B. 15 and 286): — Stone. — Hatchets of the usual form (a few of nephrite) and others perforated ; beads or spindle-whorls, one of quartz ; flint arrow-heads, flakes, and knives. Horn. — Among the horn objects were fixers for axe-heads, many with a V-shaped split at the end, probably for being- better fixed in the wooden handle ; perforated portions of stag- horns, in the form of hammers and clubs, three of which, in the Museum at Bern, are remarkable for their irregular forms. Amber. — Two or three well-made beads. Bronze. — A sword (Fig. 186, No. 9), a fibula, a winged celt with burnt portion of the wooden handle still remaining between the flanges, a few hair-pins, and a hook shaped like a Roman key. Iron.— Two lance-heads like those from Nidau, and a curious trident-like object. (B. 31, PI. xv. 10.) Wood. — A bow of yew, quite perfect (length, 5 feet 3 inches), portion of basket-work, and some wooden dishes with handles. Pottery. — The ceramic art is poorly represented here; only fragments of a coarse quality, and ornamented with finger or string marks, are recorded. (B. 462, PI. ix. 4.) Two clay cylinders 26 LAKE-DWELL1N(;S OF EUROPE. are in tlie Museum at Bern, like tlioso from Wollishofen (Fig. 5, Nos. 5 and 10), together with some perforated clay weights. In the neighbourhood of this station there are some ruins of Roman buildings, a fact which is suggestive as an explanation of a quern or millstone made after the Roman fashion, which is reckoned as a relic from this lake-dwelling. From systematic investio-ations carried on here in 1884, ])r. v. Fellenberof con- eluded that the station belonged to the transition period, like Vinelz. (B. 462, p. -34.) Lattringen. — Dr. Gross describes two stations here, both, of which, from the prevailing character of the antiquities, appear to have belonged to the Stone Age, although previous t(i his investigations some bronze objects were said to have been fished up from one of them by Colonel Schwab. The first, or lower station, covered a space of some 5 acres, and its remains are situated opposite the little port of the village of Lattringen. It was connected with the shore by four bridges, the largest of which was 65 yards long and 14 feet wide. The relics collected by Dr. (Iross are of the Stone Age, and among them are staghorn haftings and a fine harpoon with 11 barbs and a perforation at its obtuse extremity. According to Fellenberg, this station belonged to the middle Stone Age period, as it has yielded no copper implements, nor perforated hammer-axes, but on the other hand most excellent nephrite implements. (B. 462, p. 85.) The collection of objects from this station in the Cantonal Museum at Bern contains amonu' other thino-s : — Dacf^-ers, chisels, harpoons, and pointers of bone and horn ; some perforated horn hammers and horn holders for stone axes (only two of which have the end split) ; a number of flint arrow-points, all flat based. A few stone beads and bits of rock crystal. One small dagger- blade with four rivet-holes is of bronze or copper. Previous to Dr. Gross's report, the following objects have been recorded as coming from this station : — Mealing-stones, fragments of coarse pottery, a bronze dagger, a shovel-shaped bronze axe, and a spiral ring, also of bronze. (B. 15, p. !)5.) The upper station is 500 or 600 feet from the former, just opposite the erratic block known as the Sn/ni/pfsf/'lii. It contain(Kl a small Steinberg, and yi<'ldc(l line lance-heads of flint, a stone ax(! of S('r])entine sharpened at both ends and perforated witli an oval hole, and one or two horn obj(>cts. (See Fig. 186, Nos. 7 i\m\ II.) LAKE OF BIENNE. 27 MoERiNGEN. — Judging from the number .ind variety of an- tiquities collected from Moeringen, it -nuist be ranked as the most important station in Lake Bienne. The settlement occupied a sheltered bay called the " Moeringen Ecken," and covered a rectanmilar area about 550 feet long and 850 wide. The relic- bed was covered with eight or ten inches of sand and mud. When discovered, and during the earlier years of its investiga- tion, piles were seen protruding more or less out of the mud, and among them could be readily distinguished the ends of several canoes. Investigations have been made here almost every favourable season since its discovery by Mr. Miiller in 1854, but in the winter of 1872-8 Government took the matter into their own hands, and conducted systematic explorations under the care of Messrs. Fellenberg and Jenner. It then became apparent that there were two stations in this bay — one belonging to the Stone Age, and another to the Bronze Age — between which a well-defined distinction could be made, especially in respect of the piles. The former occupied a position nearer the shore, and the stumps of its piles were hardly visible ; while the latter was in deeper w^ater, and its piles, less decayed than the former, projected H to 2 feet above the lake sediment. Both had bridges extend- ing to the shore, as was indicated in each case by the remains of a double row of piles. But while the bridge of tlie Stt)ne Age settlement was 5 to 8 feet wide, that of the Bronze Age was 10 to 12 feet wide, and moreover it was much longer, being over 200 yards in length. Dr. v. Fellenberg calculates, from counting the piles in one or twx) selected places, that for the entire bronze settlement somewhere about 10,000 piles nmst have been used. The exploration of the settlement at Moeringen undertaken by Government w^as continued in 1874, by which time the level of the lake had fallen to such a degree that most of the bronze station was laid dry, and many additional relics were added to the already large collections from this station. Among the more interesting may be mentioned some burnt boards and posts with square holes, supposed to indicate the position and remains of huts or w^orkshops. (B. 271.) The earher investigators, (Jol. Schwab and Mi'. Miiller, col- lected from this station a nuud)cr of objects, now deposited in the Schwab Museum, among which are the following :— An iron sword of the La Tene type, and a curious iron fork. Of bronze, 28 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. there are knives, hair-pins, and a variety of pendants. Some beads of glass and amber. Novel specimens of earthenware ; charred apples, grains of wheat, and beans ; ropes and cords made of flax and bast ; etc. The smaller station, accordino- to Fellenbercc, belonsfed to the middle Stone Age period. A number of stone beads, some of white quartz, were found in a contracted space, which are sup- posed to have formed a necklace. (B. 462, p. 36.) The two best collections from Moeringen are in the Cantonal Museum and in the Federal Government rooms (Gross collection), both at Bern. Of the very remarkable antiquities found here. Dr. Gross (B. 286) gives a full account, classifying the objects under the following heads : — 1. Arms. — Swords (Fig". 186, Nos. 4, 5, and 6), daggers, lances, arrows. 2. Instruments. — Hatchets, sickles, polishing stones, discoidal stones, anvils, spindle-whorls, and weaving weights. o. Ohjecfs of Dres.^. — Girdles and belt-buckles, hair-pins, tibulte, bracelets, rings, earrings, beads of amber and glass, etc. 4. Objects belonging to Horses' Harness. — Bridle-bits of bronze, iron, and horn ; phalercc. (See Fig. 191, Nos. 3 to 7, and 13.) 5. Pottery, crescents, etc. (). Sundry objects. As specimens of the bronze relics from this station, I give the illustrations on Fig. 6, selected from the beautiful coloured plates of Desor and Favro. (B. 252.) The purpose of these objects is sufficiently manifest without entering on a detailed description. I will only remark that the unique dagger, the handle of which is here only represented (No. 5), consists ot a stout bronze rod twenty-one inches long, pointed at one end, and becoming tpiad- rangular at the other, where it enters a socket in the handle. The free end of the handle terminates in a fixed rim?, on which are three movable rings ; and on its l)ody f,hcre is a secondary handle, with a curious curved appendage in IVont of it. Gerlakin(JEN (Gerofin). — There were two settlements here also — one of the Stone Age, covering little more than half an acre ; and the other of the Bronze Aj^e, of much larg-er dimensions and farflici- (Vom tin; sliore than the former. The stations had scpai'ate ln'idgcs, thi; r(^ma,ius of which again LAKE OF lilEXXE. 29 Fig. 6. — MOERiXGEN. All brouze an.l i real size. 30 LAKE-DWELI.INGS (JF EUIKJPE. suggested that those approaches were larger during the Bronze Aofe. The Stone Asfe station was covered with mud, and the reUcs from it consisted of stone celts (one perforated), Hint flakes, and some fragments of coarse pottery. The second station (Unter Station oder Oefeliplatze) contains a Steinberg Avhich communicated with an adjacent tongue of land by a bridge. There was no well-defined relic-bed, but the relics picked up are of great value, among which are the following'': — A number of nephrite and jadeite hatchets, a nephrite knife in its horn handle, flint knives, a wooden spoon, a miniature canoe, four copper chisels (B. 286, PI. ix. 84 and 35), two flat hatchets of bronze, showing rudimentary wings, a double-stemmed hair-pin (B. 286, PI. x. 2), two daggers of bronze, one triangularly shaped (B. 286, PI. iii. 17), a massive bracelet of bronze, some staghorn hammers, a scoop, some large clay weights, etc. In the Bern Museum are thirteen beads of copper, graduated so as to form a necklet ; some arrow-heads of rock crystal ; an ammonite and another shell (pectunculus), both perforated ; also some perforated small bones, teeth, and beads of horn. (B. 462, p. 64, and PI. xiv.) Dr. Gross estimates the number of jade implements from Oefeli at thirty or forty, the largest being four inches long, and the smallest one inch (both of nephrite). Piles were found in various spots in this locality ; and asso- ciated with one group were Roman remains, such as fragments of tiles, j)ottery, coins, and bits of glass. Hagneck. — In this locality, near where the Aar now debouches into the lake, and about one hundred yards from the shore, were formerly to be seen some piles, but the relic-bed seemed to have been washed away. Desor found some stone hatchets and a few other relics. The station was connected with the shore by a bridge sixty-five yards long and thirteen feet wide. Ile de St. Pierre. — On the south side of this island there are remains of an extensive settlement, the piles of which run parallel to the bank. A large canoe was observed here, lying in the mud, apparently having been swamped with a load of stones, with which it still was filled. It was 50 feet long, and 3i to 4 feet wide. Near the piles a bronze pin with an oval head, and ornamented with wavy lines, was picked up. * M(itrri), a pair of pincei's, ])ortion of a chain consisting of rings and l)ands, and several fi'agmcnts of swords, celts, and sickles : also an iron sword witli the liandle (»1 bronze. On the south side of the lie dcs Lapins there arc sonic piles, which point to this being the site of a station, but on the island itself antiquities of various ages have been collected, such as Roman roofing tiles and coins, a pretty gold ornament, and many objects of Gallo-Roman manufacture. LocRAS (LuscHEHz). — Owing to the depth of water over the ruins of the settlement opposite this village, the station, although known to Colonel Schwab, did not assume any importance till the winter of 1871-2, Avhen the waters commenced to fall, and the Bernese Government undertook a series of investigations. The extent of the settlement was estimated by Dr. Gross at about four acres, and it had been connected with the shore by a short bridge. The relic-bed, four to twenty inches thick, lay under a considerable accunudation of sand and gravel, and consisted of a blackish stratum of organic df'hris, which appears to have been peculiarly favourable for the preservation of the usually perishable objects of human industry. It is ihcrcfore singularly rich in such remains, and has furnished bulls of linen thread, frasrments of cloth made of Hax, heaps of Lorain, and various remains of cultivated plants. In prosecuting the exploration of the station it was found that the relic-bed became more deeply buried the farther it was pursued outwards ; so that from 2i feet, its depth on the shore side, it gradually increased to 7^ on the opposite side. The piles were of oak, beech, silver fir, pine, poplar, and birch, mostly in the form of round stems. All these different kinds of wood appear to have been used in nearly the same proportion all over the settlement except at the north-west corner, at a place called the Steinberg, Avliere the piles were entirely of split oak stems. Another peculiarity was that the jjiles were more superficial, and hence it was suggested that tliis coi-ner was ot 32 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. later date. Like most of the other lake-dwelKntc settlements, the wood-work showed marks of burning. The theory of some sudden catastrophe, such as a general conflagration, was strengthened by the number of human remains — no less than three skulls and some bones of the trunk and extremities — that, were found at a depth of 3 feet. Among the antiquities recorded by Dr. Gross (B. 286) the following niciy be mentioned : — Stone. — Several hundreds of polished celts, about 30 of which were jadeite or nephrite ; flint implements of black and yellow flint, and beautifully formed, such as lance-heads, arrow-points, saws, and flakes ; some round pebbles, about the size of a pigeon's egg, encircled with birch-bark, and arranged in a row, like peas in a pod; spindle- whorls, corn-crushers, etc. Horn and Bone. — A large number of haftings, probably from 000 to 800, many still retaining a stone celt or chisel ; about 40 axe-hammer heads, perforated with a square or round hole ; two little combs with three teeth ; chisels, needles, awls, bodkins, arrow-points ; a carding implement made of a number of small ribs pointed at one end and tied together, etc. FoU'ery. — A large number of entire vessels and fragments show that two qualities of paste were used, a coarse and a flne kind. Among them are bowls, plates, jugs — some having the ordinary handle and others perforated knobs ; clay weights, round, cylindrical, or conical. Sundry Objects. — Portion of a spindle with the thread wound round it (carbonised), various wooden handles, dishes, and im- plements ; fragments of cloth, matting, burnt straw, etc. One small flat dagger of copper is in the Bern Museum. The following extract from the Government Report by ]\Ir. Jenner, Dr. v. Fellenberg's deputy (B. 119, 2nd ed., p. 203), gives a good idea of the comparative mnnbers of these relics : — " The results of my excavations, which occupied 27 days, and extended over an area of 20,000 square feet, at a medium depth of 3^ feet, the relic-bed being from 2 inches to 1^ foot thick, were as follows: — 1. 8ton(! iinplenicnts ... 2. Stuf^lioni do. 3. Bone do. 4. Pieces of clotli 5. Objects for oniameiit GOO 480 235 50 45 LAKE OF I'.IEXXE. 33 6. Entire vessels of pottery ... ... ... ... 11 7. Stone celts and axes in their haftings ... ... 23 8. Flint implements ... ... ... ... ... 121 9. Unworked pieces of staghorn . . ... ... 430 10. Wooden implements ... ... ... ... 24 11. Ornamented potsherds ... ... ... ... 26 12. Clay weights 8 13. Celts of nephrite and jadeite ... ... ... 8 14. A number of net-weights in bireh-l)ai'k. Contiguous to the station just described, on its north-east side, and separated from it by a dozen paces or so, there came sub- sequently to light another station, described by Dr. Gross as " Une nouvelle palatitte de lepoque de la picrre a Locras." (B. 33(3 and 347.) Its area Avas only about a fourth of the former, and the rehc-bed, being quite near the surface, was easily worked. Two human skulls were found here, one of which appears to have been used as a drinking-cup. From the character of the relics generally, the settlement seems to have flourished during the transition period. There were perforated axe-hammer heads, with grooves and raised ridges, like Scandinavian forms, and a few metal objects. The latter consist of three articles of -copper — a remarkable double celt of large size (Fig. 186, No. 10), a dagger, and an awl — and three articles of bronze, viz. a sword, a dagger- blade, and a hair-pin. The other objects are of the usual Stone Age type^ among Avhich may be noted as of rather uncommon occurrence an arrow-point of nephrite (B. 347, PI. ii. 9), and a knife of the same material with one cutting edge (Fig. 185, No. 28). ViNELZ (Fenil). — This station, which is now entirely on dry land, was accidentally discovered in 1881 by labourers while digging a ditch to carry off water accunudating on the fields."*^ At a depth of two or three feet of sand and gravel they came upon a blackish bed of mud-earth, in which were detected a number of piles, the heads of which projected upwards into the sand and gravel for about a foot. Dr. Gross, who was informed of the circumstance, soon visited tlie spot, and at once recog- nised the site of a lake-dwelHng. It appears that the locality is much exposed to the north winds, and that the settlement had thus become completely covered over with sand and gravel * Dr. Gross in Conrxp.-lHatt, 1K82. p. '.>'.>. 34 LAKE-DWELLINOS OF EUROPE. thrown up on the shore, as was the case with the station of Wangen in the Untersee. During the spring and sinnnier of 1882 the new Pfahlbaii was investigated by several experts, inckiding Drs. Gross and v, Fellenberg. The station is remarkable for the number of copper objects which it has yielded to the systematic explorations ordered by Fellenberg, and carefully conducted by Ed. Mattliys, of Ligerz, From the results thus obtained, the station at Vinelz is the most typical yet discovered of the final Stone Age period {Uebergangszeit). (B. 462, p. 33.) The follow- ing are some of the antiquities collected, most of which are in the Cantonal Museum of Bern and the Gross collection. Among nearly 100 copper objects (including 46 beads. Fig. 7, No. 31) are several daggers (Nos. 26 and 28), flat axes (No. 27), chisels (No, 24), rude knives, awls (Nos. 17 and 25), pendants (No. 23), tubes and spirals (Nos. 22 and 30). No bronze or iron object has yet been found on this station. Bone and horn handles, polished daggers, large button-like objects (Nos. 20 and 21), perforated clubs, ornamental pins (Nos. 15, 16, and 18), etc., are numerous. Perforated stone axes and the ordinary polished celts are common (about 40 of the former and 100 of the latter being in the Bern Museum). Flint daggers, sometimes worked at both ends (No. 12), are also very fine; two were found in their Avooden handles (No. 11). For more firmly fixing them a fine band of reed or withe was neatly rolled round the handle. A variety of flint arrow- heads, scrapers, etc. (Nos. 1 to 9), clay weights of different forms, implements of pointed ribs, basket-work, etc. For bits of well-woven cloth, thread, and fishing-nets, this station vies with Robenhausen. A portion of a spindle has some thread still round it. There was an entire fishing-net (carbonised) associated with a number of stone sinkers. The pottery (Nos. 29, 32, and 33) was ornamented with dots and string-marks. One vessel had a jjorn-shaped handle pro- jecting from the body of the vessel. Wooden objects arc also well represented in the form of dishes, clubs, liandlos, and net-floats. One portion of Avood had some pointed flints stuck in it with resin, which had evidently been used like a saw (Fig". 185, No. 17), finger-marks having been cut out in the Avood, by means of which the instrument could 1)0 more readily grasped. LAKE OF 15IEXXE. 35 'w ^^ . LAKE OF XEUCIIATEL. 43 Fig. 9.— AuvER.NiER. All ^ real size. 44 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. fish-hook, etc. Also fragments of variously-ornamented pottery, one of which showed something like the Greek pattern or meander line. Not less than twenty of the illustrations of Desor (B. 95) are of objects from this station. The station was systematically investigated during the year 1873 and the three following years, and a report of the results was published by Dr. Gross in 187(1 (B. 28G.) He describes the antiquities imder the following heads, from which it will be seen that the station ranks almost on a par with that at Moeringen : — (1) Arms, (2) instruments, (8) objects of dress, (4) objects belonging to horses' harness, (5) moulds, (6) pottery. Dr. Gross, at the eighth meeting of the German C^longress of Archaeologists at Constance, in September, 1877, gave some further account of the relics from Auvernier, particularly the swords, of which six were found. (B. 806.) The illustrations on Fig. 9 include a variety of axes (Nos. 1 to 8), knives (Nos. 9 to 11), a socketed chisel (No. 12), a gouge (No. 18); three hammers, one with a square socket and a side loop (No. 18), another with a square perforation in the middle (No. 19), and the third shaped like the upper portion of a winged axe (No. 20); two sickles (Nos. 15 and 16), a star- like ornament (No. 14), pendants (Nos. 17 and 24), half of a mould for an axe (No. 22), and an ornamental object (No. 27). All the above are of bronze, and of the remaining objects, one (No. 28) is a trilocular dish of pottery, two are of bone (Nos. 25 and 26), and the last (No. 28) is a stone anvil set in a wooden casing. The handle of ono of the swords is illustrated on Fig-. 186, No. 8. CoRTAiLLOD. — AVc uoxt como to the neighbourhood of Cortaillod, where there were several settlements. From Mr. A. Vouga's admirable and concise notices (B. 898 and 414a) of the more recent discoveries, it appears that the principal station (Station I'rincipale, marked a on the accompanying Sketch Map) was nearly opposite the village of Petit Cortaillod, and consisted of two portions — one, nearest the shore, furnishing relics of the Stone Age ; and the other, those characteristic of the Bronze Age. A few hundred yards to the north there was another large Stone Age settlement (Station de la Fabrique, h), also with a Bronze Age portion on its outer or lake side. On the south side of the ininr-ipal station there were observed two small groups of piles LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 45 probably remains of embryonic stations which were never com- pleted (c and d). On one of these a remarkable wooden implement, supposed to be a pile-driver, was found, measuring 5 feet 4 inches in length (Fig. 184, No. 4). The first explo- ration of the settle- ment commenced in the spring of 1858, when Mr. Troyon, after examining the stations near Yver- don, visited the lo- cality and fished up five bracelets of bronze, together with some hair-pins and a few small rings, which are now in the Mu- seiun of Lausanne. Mr. Burki, of Petit Cortaillod, also found several bronze objects, some of which he sold to Agassiz. These respective successes induced Col. Schwab and Prof Desor to direct their attention to Cortaillod, who, in the course of a few years, made a collection of very remarkable objects. Among these the following are worthy of note : — a bronze wheel, 19f inches in diameter, with four spokes (Fig. 10, No. 17): the surplus jet of a bronze casting, broken oft' apparently after the operation was completed ; several half-moon and other variously shaped pendants (Nos. 10, 12, and 21) ; bracelets (No. 14) ; a massive ring ornamented with concentric circles (No. 15); some large headed pins, earrings (No. 7), studs (No. 22), hatchets, sickles, fish-hooks, beads of amber and glass, a spoon of terra-cotta, etc. ; but the most novel were dishes, particularly a large plate ornamented Avith tin strips arranged in various patterns of lines, circles, and the Greek meander (Fig. 193, No. 2). Of the foiu' brothers Kopp, who worked for these antiquaries, one afterwards commenced on his own account and sold the finds, and in this way many of the relics went to other localities. In 1874 a necklace of bronze was found (Fig. 10, No. -S), which Mr. Vouga states is still in the possession of a gentleman at Auvernier. 46 LAKE-DWEI.LINOS OF EUllOPE. Fig. lO.-^Vnri'AiLi.oT) akd P.kvaix (IC, is. .iiul 2:! to 2(0. Nos. 8, id, and 18 to 20 = ^, 15=1. ^1] the rest, with the excoptiou of I7=^h real size. J.AKE OF XETT:HATEL. 47 In 1876 a fisherman found a sword, which he sold to the keeper of the Museum at Bale (No. 19). Meantime the Stone Age portion of the principal station was little examined, as the relics were deeply buried. Here, however, were formerly found some iron objects of the La Tene type, viz. a sickle (B. 31, PI. xiv. 20), and a stone anchor with iron hoops, now in the Museum Schwab. In 1878, when the Government drain- age works began to tell on the lake, many articles were picked up. Thereupon Messrs. Vouga and F. Borel commenced systematic diggings, and this set an example to the authorities of the Museum of Colombier and the Societe du Musee do Boudry, who likewise started operations with a gang of workmen. Among the objects collected up to 1883 Mr. A'ouga particularises the following : — Stone. — A number of sharpening-stones of sandstone: a large hollow stone for bruising' corn, measuring 1 foot G inches by 1 foot 9 inches, and 5h inches in thickness, having a hollow 2^ inches in depth ; some hundreds of hammer-stones, corn- crushers, etc. ; portions of stone showing marks of having been sawn, and perforated net- weights ; also spindle-whorls, an oval hammer of serpentine ornamented with chevrons ; some perforated stone axes, etc. ; about 1,200 plain axes, nearly a third of which were still in their horn fixtures. Most of these horn fixtures were inserted in wooden handles, but of course all traces of the latter were generally gone; only 12 nephrite implements Avere among them. About 1,500 chisels or small celts, only a few of which were of jadeite. One celt was of Hint, a very rare thing in this district ; and an arrow-point was of polished serpentine. Many thousands of implements of various coloured flints — saws, knives, scrapers, daggers, and arrow and lance-heads. The arrow-points were generally triangular without wings, and a few Avere lozenge- shaped. The largest flint dagger measures 9 inches in length (Museum Colombier); and some of the saws were still fixed in their handles with asphalt when found. Horn. — Some 3,000 fixtures for stone hatchets, of which about one-third were perfect. These implements are not bifurcated, at their end, as is often the case with those found at Auvernier and elsewhere ; and many are only partially made, so that one would su^^pose there had been here a factory for their special manufacture. There were also perforated hammers, and 48 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. a great number of chisels, pointers, etc. ; also some large plaques whose use is unknown. Out of twenty barbed harpoons one, 8| inches long, has twelve barbs (No. 8), and one (now in the Museum Boudry) is unfinished. About a similar number of pendeloques or beads, and a few small objects like arrow-points. Bone. — A great number of pointers and chisels, some of which were inserted into handles ; quantities of awls, lance- points, and javelins ; thirty daggers ; some twenty perforated teeth of the wolf or dog ; fifty tusks of the wild boar worked, and some set in handles ; bundles of pointed ribs (flax-heckles). Wood. — An oval cup of yew, 4 by 2f inches ; others were found, but not preserved. A small hannner, and bits of basket- work. Metal. — A small round copper armlet, and a flat bronze axe with a round cutting edge. Pottery. — Fragments of a coarse ware, found everywhere and generally indicating roughly-made vessels ; and a few perforated weights, cylindrical and round. As the waters became lower, the bronze station became more accessible, and accordingly its investigation was begun by Messrs. Borel, of Boudry, and Kaiser, of Estavayer. Among the antiquities collected here are the following : — Bronze. — Several hatchets and knives ; four razors, of different types (one hammered from the fragment of a bracelet) ; five sickles ; a bracelet ornamented with lines and concentric circles, and another closed (No. 13), also ornamented ; three small bracelets ; some buttons, studs, etc. ; the tip of a scabbard (No. 5) ; several lance-heads, one ornamented (No. 4); two fibuke (No. 6); many hair-pins, several hundreds of fish-hooks ; a necklet made of twenty bronze rings, connected by a chain of copper; and a cup, now in the collection of Dr. Gross (No. 20). Among other relics were fragments of cups, vases, and other dishes of ornamented pottery, some twenty clay supports, and hundreds of spindle-whorls, etc. No. 11 represents a pendant, the substance of which no one can determine, as it is neither stone, bone, horn, nor pottery. [n the autunm of 1884 the water was unusually low, and the piles, being left high and dry, presented such a singular ap- pearance that iniuiy visitors were attracted to see the novel sight. Many objoc^ts were then picked up. One bracelet, ornamented LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 49 with concentric circles, was sold for eighty francs. Among the other objects described by Vouga are the following : A large lish-hook (No. 2), 4f inches long ; a piece of wood surrounded by two bands of copper; a bronze pin with perforated head, and another with flat head ; a small vase with four holes (No. 9), a small lamp with a handle like a spoon, and a bronze pendant formed of eleven massive rings (No. 1). Bevaix. — Several stations were known here at an early period, and some of the objects from them have been described l)y Troy on, Keller, and Desor. The}^ consist of bronze celts (Nos. 16 and 18), sickles, hair-pins (Nos. 23 and 24), bracelets (No. 26), a razor (No. 25), clay rings, etc., which are now in the collections of Schwab, Desor, and others. Since the lowerinsf of the water in Lake Neuchatel, the Messrs. Borel have systematically investigated and reported on the stations in the Bevaix district. (B. 445.) From La Tuiliere to Treytel, a shore-line of about two miles, they describe seven separate locali- ties containing stations, chiefly of the Stone Age. An excellent map accompanies their description ; and had they added a few illustrations its value would have been greatly enhanced. One of the greatest drawbacks to outsiders who wish to master the archaeological results of the Swiss lacustrine investigations is the want of a correct map showing the area and distribution of the respective stations ; and if this desideratum is ever to be supplied for those lakes that have come under the influence of the Correction des Eaux du Jura, there is no time to lose, as most of the stations are now on dry land and nearly obliterated by vegetation ; and it is a work that can only be done by local archaeologists, like the Messrs. Borel, who for years have had practical knowledge of the stations in their neighbourhood. The accompanying Sketch Map (after that of Messrs. Borel) shows that, Avhile the foundations of the two Bronze Age stations are still in the lake, all those of the Stone Age are entirely on dry land. This distinction was long ago pointed out by Desor and others, but it was only since the lowering of the lake that such a practical demonstration became possible. The Messrs. Borel premise their acquiescence in the pro- posed subdivision of the lacustrine Stone Age into three periods, viz. a first or early period (" periode d etablissement et do for- mation "), characterised by rudeness and simplicity of industrial E 50 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. remains ; a second ('■ le bel age de la pierre "), showing commercial and agricultiu-al progress, and especially great skill in the mann- facture of all manner of stone celts ; and a third (" nne periode de transition "), which witnessed the introduction of metals among the lake-dwellers. Typical examples of all these periods were found on the Bevaix district, as will be seen from the following notes, taken chiefly from the data supplied by the Messrs. Borel : — (1) St((fion de la Taillere. — This settlement belonged to the Sketch Map of the shore of Lake Neuchiitel, near Bevaix, showinj,'' the relative positions of the stations of the Stone and Bronze periods. earliest lacustrine period, and, being much exposed to the winds, appears to have been quickly abandoned. The piles are much decayed and difficult to find, and the relics are few in number, and of a primitive type. Only rude stone axes, a few weights, and flints of a dark colour, arc recorded. (2) t^tatloii des Vaux. — Between La Tuiliere to the Station des Vaux the promontory " Du Grain " intervenes, where, scattered on the shore on both sides of it, Roman tiles are met with. The remains of this pile-dwelling are situated near to a small spring of water, and directly below the rising ground, which is here covered with vines. The piles are disposed in two groups, and with scarcely an interval between them ; but they represent two different pei'iods of the Stone Age, The first or more eastern grou[) stretches for 100 yards, witli a breadth of 40 yards, ])arallel LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 51 to tlie lake ; and tliouo-h farther within the old lake basin, it is con- sidered by Messrs. Borel the older of the two, being contemporary with La Tuiliere and the earliest lacustrine settlements in the lake. A Steinberg of broken stones marks its centre, but its exammation has yielded only a few small stone celts, arrow and spear-heads of dark flint, and some coarse potter}-. Among the osseous remains are some jaws of the beaver. The second group occupied a smaller area than the jirevious one, and contained no Steinberg, but, on the other hand, a well- developed relic-bed, some 12 to 16 inches thick, which was pro- ductive of relics of a decidedly more advanced character, such as well-made implements of staghorn, including a variety of handles for stone celts. The most important discovery here was a human skull of the dolicho-cephalic type. (Antiqua, 1884, p. 106.) The most inland piles of this group were only about 30 yards from the vineyards, whereas the corresponding ones of the first group were 70 yards distant. The anomalous statement that the second or more advanced Stone Age settlement was situated in an outer zone from the earliest (a fact which applies to all those explored on the Bevaix coast), Messrs. Borel explain by supposing that the lake area was gradually increasing since the earlier settlements were founded. We shall afterwards see that this supposition is well founded, on evidence that by careful observation could be greatly multiplied. (3) Station de VAhhaye. — A little farther on there is the site of another Stone Age station, presenting the same indications of an older and younger period, and also having the same relative position to each other as we have seen in the Stations des Vaux, viz. the older occupying a situation more advanced into the old lake basin. In front of these two stations, Des Yaux and De I'Abbaye, lie the remains of a large settlement of the Bronze Age, the piles of which, even Avhen the lake is at its lowest, are still in several feet of water ; it extends parallel to the shore, about 200 yards in length, and 160 in breadth. In addition to the relics found by the earlier explorers (Troyon, Desor, Vouga, Dr. Clement, etc.), and already noticed, the following bronze objects are recorded from the station, all of which are either in the private collection of the Messrs. Borel or in the scholastic museum at Bevaix : — Six celts (one of which is socketed), portion of a sword 52 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. scabbard, four chisels (some prettily ornamented), five sickles, twenty tish-hooks, three bracelets, two razors, 105 hair-pins (all sizes and forms), five pendeloc[ues, two earrings, two buttons, two fing-er-rings, twelve large and 195 small rings, etc. Among the other finds are fragments of ornamented pottery, a clay support-ring, three glass beads, weights, sharpening stones, etc. (4) Station du Chatelard. — This station contained a Steinberg covering an area of 3,000 or 4,000 square yards, and was joined to the shore by a tongue of land, on which a series of stepping- stones were placed. The relics discovered on its site include some 200 stone celts (ten of which are jade), forty staghorn handles and fixers for celts, chisels, stone hammers, Hint implements, etc. The special characteristic of the station is the appearance of the following bronze objects among these relics of the Stone Age, viz. a small perforated plaque, two hair-pins, four small daggers, three flat celts. Mr. Borel states that other celts of this type were found, one being to his knowledge in the possession of Mr. Rousselet, and one in each of the Mu- seums at Neuchatel, Bern, and Ziirich. One here figured (Fig. 10, No. 18) is from the Schwab Museum at Bienne. Hence this station belongs to the period of transition, and is in many respects comparable to the Station dcs Roseaux at Morges. (5) Stid'wn du Moulin. — Proceeding about GOO yards farther west we come to an isolated station of the Bronze Ao-e, the piles of which are still over 50 j^ards from the present shore ; and before the lowering of the water its site would be covered by about IG feet of water. Owing to the scarcity of relics on this station, the duration of the settlement is supposed to have been short. Desor found here some ornamented specimens of the large hollow bracelet. Mr. Borel has only one small specimen and a portion of a large one of this type. The other objects of bronze are a couple of fish-hooks and a few pins and earrings. Fragments of pottery are, however, proportionally more abundant, amonof them beins? a vase, of eleiicant form, and polished exteriorly by graphite. To the east of this station a fine canoe was found in LST!), measuring 26 feet in length, now deposited in the Museum at Chaux dc Fonds.^ (6) Station du Port. — The remains of this small station, which are exclusively of the Stone Age, are disti-ibuted on both sides * Jilt/. (//• Id Sac. (FJ/ixf. i\'' their axes and chisels ; a portion of wood pointed, fixed in a hatchet handle instead of the stone. 2 pointers of wood with horn handles. (5 hammers of staghorn, with remnants of their wooden handles. 8 bone arrow-points, with remains of maxtlr. LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 55 Amoncr the animal remains were three fragments of human skulls and two jaws. Also one tooth of the horse. During the last few days of these operations the dredging machine was shifted in a north-eastern direction, and here objects of bronze were turned up, such as hatchets, hair-pins, knives, buttons, spirals, beads, rings, etc. It Avould thus appear that there were two stations— one of the Stone Age, and the other of the Bronze Age ; or that a portion of the former survived during the Bronze Age. It was in the vicinity of this station that Captain Pillichordy in 1.S32 dredged up a canoe and two beautiful bronze swords, only one of which is now known to exist in the Museum ot Neuchatel. In September, 1889, Dr. Evans showed me, among many other objects from the Swiss lacustrine dwellings, a sword from Concise, purchased by him in Paris in 1887, which at once struck me as being the other weapon which so mysteri- ously disappeared in 1832. The handle and the tip of the blade of this sword are here represented (Fig. 11, No. 24), and when compared with the drawings of its supposed fellow at Neuchatel (B. 34, PI. iii. 35; B. 119, 2nd ed., PI. cii. 17; B. 31, PI. xi. 11 ; and B. 252, PI. v. 10), their remarkable similarity will be at once seen. That in Dr. Evans's collection has a total length of 2Qh inches. The blade is of yellow bronze 21 inches lyng, and terminates in a somewhat rounded ]ioint. In the months of January and February, 1885, a portion of the station hitherto unexamined became dry, and a great many objects were found, including bronze pins (Fig. 11, Nos. 2, 3, 8, 10, and 11), hatchets, bracelets, sickles, knives, pendants (Nos. 9 and 13), tin wheels (No. 4), wooden combs (No. 7), and vases, etc. Among the more remarkable objects described and figured by Mr. Youga (B. 414d) are :— A necklace made of rolled 40 handles of horn for chisels, minus the tools. 200 axe-holders. 20 horn tynes used as chisels. 121 pointers of bone, from one to four inches in length. 4(i chisels of bone. 4 boars' tusks, sharpened in form of a knife-blade. Some bone pins and various ornaments. 14.T hatchets and chisels of stone. 20 flint arrow-points and scrapers. 12 cii-cular stones perforated ; some rubbers and polishers. Many bones of animals ; but no trace of metal. (B. 39a.) 56 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Fig. 11.- Concise and Coroklettes (5, and 14 to 23) Nos. 21 and 22 — :|, the rest^.i real size. LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 57 bands of bronze, forming tubes, and ornamented with hollow lines (No. 1). Some of these tubes are of gold, and interspersed with them are three buttons of bronze and a number of small blue beads. Two bracelets or closed rings, ornamented (No. 6) ; a ring with a prominence inside ; and a curiously- wrought pendeloque (No. 12). These objects are mostly in the possession of private collectors. Onens. — Two stations are situated near the village of Onens — one (Stone Age) to the east of the village, and the other (Bronze Age) to the south. The former, now entirely on dry land, has been little explored, being for some time covered with vegetation. " Je crois," says M. de Meuron, " cependant qu'clle a du etre importante d'apres son etendue et la quantite de cailloux eclates que recouvrent le sol. Cette station appartient a moi ; mais la vegetation y est de venue si belle que je la laisse pour les generations futures." (B. 4G2, p. 47.) On the bronze station several remarkable pendeloques in the form of thin discs of bronze were found some years ago, which are now deposited in the Museum at Neuchatel ; and since this discovery it has been partially explored by M. Morel-Fatio, Dr. Briere, and others. M. de Meuron states that he is in possession of a few objects from this station, viz. hatchets, chisels, bracelets, and a magnificent lance-head 10 inches in length. From Onens comes the leaden cake Avith suspension loops similar to those from WoUishofen (Fig. 4, No. 24). Illustrations of some of the bronze discs are given on Fig. 189, Nos. 1 to 3. CoRCELETTES.^Two groups of pilcs were observed by the early explorers, one to the east and the other to the west of the village of Corcelettes, and a number of antiquities both of the Bronze and Iron Ages were collected. The station, however, was never systematically examined till the lowering of the waters in 1876, when it was found to be one of the most prolific and in- teresting in Lake Neuchatel. The portion since then investigated is described by Dr. Gross as lying immediately before the village, and 2 kilometres from Grandson. It extended about 2C0 metres in length and 100 in l)readth. The relic-bed was thinly covered with sand, and varied much in thickness, from a maxinnun of 3 feet in the centre, to the margin where it thinned out. The bronze relics collected here are thus estimated by Dr. Gross at the twelfth meeting of the German Anthropological Society : — * * r'orr.-L'laft, ISSl. 58 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. 60 hatchets, 4 hammers, 30 sickles, 60 to 70 knives, 10 swords (three of which are complete), 150 entire armilla? and many frag- ments, 20 lance-heads, 12 discs (phaleres), 800 to 400 hair-pins, 3 vessels, 11 moulds (one of bronze and 10 of sandstone), besides a quantity of smaller objects, as buttons, pendants, rings, etc. Together with beads of glass and amber, small tin wheel-shaped objects, there were some 300 entire vessels of pottery, some orna- mented with tin strips, crescents, etc. The bronze hatchets were mostly of the usual type, i.e. with four wings and a side loop ; four were socketed, but not one of the flat type. Daggers were apparently rare at Corcelettes, as only one example was found, with rivet-marks and slightly ornamented on one side. The knives were generally small, but one measured 10| inches in length, and a few had solid handles beautifully ornamented. Razors were numerous ; one was made of a broken bracelet, another was double-bladed and showed a break which had been neatly mended with bronze wire. Horse-bits were of bronze and horn. The bronze hollow armlets are beautifully ornamented, and in the interior of some of them were observed bits of wax, sup- posed to be the remains of a central core of this material Avhich had been used in the operation of casting. It is singular that among the many ornaments from this station there is not a fibula, except a portion of one which is claimed as an importation from Scandinavia (Fig. 189, No. 19). Of wood there were : — A round oak table ; a small box, 8 by 2 1 inches ; and a portion of an oar. Of the three bronze dishes, one has a handle attached by rivets ; and of the other two (which are in the Museum at Lausanne), one is of northern origin (Fig. 189, No. 20). Corcelettes, like most of the other Swiss lake-dwellings, was destroyed by fire, in proof of which Dr. Gross points to a mass of bronze objects, in a half-molten condition, consisting of three hatchets, four bracelets, a lance-head, and a sickle. (Figured in B. 392, PI. xxii. 12.) One of the largest collections from Corcelettes is in the Museum at Lausanne, of whicli I have made the following jottings : — Pottery. — The bottom of a vase marked with the tips of the LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 59 potter's fingers ; some dishes ornamented witli lierring-bone patterns (Fig. 11, No. 22), and others with circular grooves, each having a small perforation like one at Constance (No. 21) ; small toy cups, three of which are bilocular ; clay rings, with dishes to fit them ; two figures of animals ; bits of clay- walling with marks of round timbers. Wood. — Fragments of basket-work, two shaped handles of wood for sickles, fragments of wooden dishes (one with handle). Bronze. — Of about 100 large hollow bracelets more or less perfect, some 50 are ornamented with transverse lines ; the rest have various designs of lines and circles. A few bracelets are solid, and more or less penannular, with pointed or expanded tips. Four bracelets are of double wires, one of which is spirally grooved and ends in a hook and eye. Of six small socketed hammers, three have side loops, and all are more or less rectangularly shaped. Among 60 hatchets, only six have sockets, and nearly all have side loops, but no terminal catch. Two have the side loop transverse to the cutting edge. Of 78 knives, nine are socketed, three have solid handles, apparently as part of the blade, and the rest have tangs (three being bent into a loop at the top). Among some hundreds of pins, only seven or eight have perforated heads. Of three horse-bits, one is entire (Fig. 191, No. 8) ; and of the others, only the twisted central portion remains (Fig. 11, No. 23). Moreover, there are 14 perforated portions of honi, supposed to have been parts of bridles. Among the special objects from this station is a slender bronze rod terminating at each end with a movable ring, somewhat like the beam of a balance (No. 16). In the Museum at Boudry there is a curious ornamental tube of bronze (No. 20). In 1888 Dr. Briere communicated a short note to Avtiqua (B. 463a), in which he enumerates the following objects as the most interesting among recent finds : — A bracelet of lignite (No. 14), a tin wheel (No. 5), an amulet of bronze like the casing of a pair of spectacles (No. 15), a large bronze knife with a horn handle (No. 19), an amulet of staghorn (No. 17), a bead of amber suspended by a twisted bronze wire (No. 18), and a complete bridle-bit of horn (Fig. 191, No. 1). Les Uttins (Yverdon). — At the foot of Mount Chamblon, 60 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. rather more than a mile from the lake, there are some peat deposits, which the peasants have been in the habit of utilising as fuel. Here in two spots, according to Mr. Rochat,^ the peat- cutters are reported to have met with piles and transverse beams with mortices. The tops of the piles were 6 to 10 feet below the surface. A flint arrow-head, two stone celts of serpentine, and a bronze bracelet, were found in one of these bogs ; and hence Messrs. Troy on and Rochat (B. 81, p. 70) consider that there was a palafitte here — a supposition which involves the theory that the lake formerly extended to the locality. Nor is this theory without some evidence in support of it, as the amount of debris brought down by the Thielle is very great. On the supposition that the Roman city of Eburodunum, the ruins of which are now 2,500 feet from the present shore, was built on the lake in the fourth century, Mr. Troyon calculates that the water of the lake would have been as far back as the site of the palafitte about fifteen centuries before the Christian era. Clendy, Cheseaux, and Chable 1 Perron. — Along this part of the shore there were three or four settlements with Steinbergs, but the piles are now destroyed,. and the few antiquities collected belong apparently to the Stone Age. Chable a Perron covers an area of some 3,500 square yards, but the only antiquities found were serpentine hatchets and their horn fixings, some flints, pointed bones, and fragments of coarse pottery. (B. 336.) Some interesting notes of the early researches and discoveries made on the various stations in the vicinity of Yverdon are given by Mr. Rochat in Keller's third report on the Pfahlbauten. (B. 34.) Font. — On this station a cup-marked stone was found, and Troyon records several objects — a curious bronze needle, Roman tiles, and Imperial Roman money — as coming from the same place. Professor Grangier, of Fribourg,-|- found here some Roman medals, together with an iron arrow-head, iron keys, and subse- quently an oar. J He states that the whole coast, from Font to Estavayer, was occupied with piles, and that he attempted to make a plan of the stations, but gave it up, because the con- figuration was constantly changing. The original conditions were * "Recherchcs 8ur les Antiquitcs d'Yvcrdon," J\f/ft. drr Ant/r/. Gcwl., Zi'irich, voL xiv. t Anzrhjrr, 1871, p. 280. + Ihiil., 1S7S, p. So:.{. LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 61 also entirely altered by the number of piles extracted by the lishernien. He knew one family who for two generations had never used an}^ other firewood but piles extracted from the lake-dwelling stations. One place, about half-way between Font and Estavayer, was well known for its antiquities, and went among the tishermen under the name of "La Pianta." (B. 178, p. 169.) In the Fribouro' Museum there is a considerable number of bronze objects from Pianta, some of which are here figured (Fig. 12, Nos. 1 to 10, and 24). I have also noted three stone moulds (two of wheel pendants), and an ingot of bronze. Some pins and a knife are in the Bern Museum. Mr. Forrer gives some notes of the station at Font,"^ and figures some nephrite implements from " several hundreds " col- lected here by Mr. Beck. Along with the usual chisels and hatchets, there are in Mr. Beck's collection arrow-heads, knives, etc. — ^objects rather rare of this material in the Lake of Neuchfitel. Some of the hatchets are remarkable for their size, one measuring 8| inches long, and others show great variety of colours. E.STAVAYEK. — Mr. A. Morlot describes the early investigations of the settlements at Estavayer and its neighbouring shore in Keller's third report. (B. 34.) Systematic explorations were con- ducted by MM. Beat de Vevey and Henri Rey, who collected a large and varied assortment of relics, especially of bronze, many of which are illustrated on PI. v. Close to Estavayer there Avere two stations — one of the Stone Age ; and another, farther out in the lake, of the Bronze Age. The former was parallel to the shore, about 120 yards long and 60 broad. The relics here found were of the usual Stone Age tj-pes — stone and horn hatchets, flint saws, and arrow-points, etc. One finely-finished hammer-axe has an oval perforation, an expanded cutting edge, and a raised bead running along the centre of its anterior surface. The Bronze Age settlement was some 400 feet distant from the shore, in water six or seven feet deep. Consequently the station is now, during low water, mostly on dry land. The area of the station was estimated at 7,700 square feet. The following is a list of the bronze objects collected by MM. de Vevey and Rey, chiefly by means of pincers: — 12S hair-pins (36 with spherical and ornamental heads), 26 knives, 15 bracelets, 5 * Antiqua, 188."), p. 162. 62 LAKE-DWELLINGS OB^ EUROPE. sickles, 1 socketed hatchet, 1 chisel, 1 fish-hook, 27 rings of different kinds, 2 bnttons, 1 dagger-blade, 1 arrow-head (socketed), and 6 flattened wires coiled in the form of a spiral. Fig. 12.— EsTAVAYKR. All ^ real s;izc. In LSOD ])r. Keller (B. 108) gives an acconnt of further dis- coveries at Estavayer, in which he mentions a small vessel of fine clay, having a funnel-like opening and a spout below LAKE OF NEUCHATEL. 63 (Fig. 12, No. 21); a hair-pin 5i inches long, with the stem of bronze, and head of staghorn, intercepted in the middle with a disc of silver ; a bronze spear-head, with a spur on the stem, supposed to have been used as a spear for fishing; a bronze bracelet ; and two tynes of staghorn — one perforated as for a bridle- bit, and the other ornamented Avith concentric circles. Professor Grangier, writing in 1878 (B. 313), describes the teneviere, of Estavayer as a peninsula, and gives an amusing description of the searchers for antiquities. About a couple of kilometres to the north-east of Estavayer, and near the village of La Corbiere, there was a large settle- ment which also belonged partly to the Stone Age and partly to the Bronze Age. The first is a Steinberg, and bears the name La Creuse or La Crasaz. (B. 414c.) On it, in addition to the ordinary Stone Age objects, were found a Roman water- jug and a fibula of the La Tene type (Fig. 12, No. 26). The part that has yielded bronze implements is farther out in the lake, and from it Colonel Schwab and others collected a con- siderable number of objects, among which w^ere :— A bar of tin 6 inches long, a small bronze saw, a socketed arrow-head, a thin armlet of bronze wire, a bronze nail, a discoidal stone, fragments of pottery ornamented with strips of tin, etc. Near this in 1875 Professor Grangier discovered a curious object now supposed to be the handle portion of an Etruscan chariot. (B. 270 and 330.) There are thus three well-defined Bronze stations in the vicinity of Estavayer, besides an equal if not larger number of the Stone Age. The chief collection of relics from this part of the lake of Neuchatel is in the Museum of Fribourg, where I have noted : — A double-legged pin (No. 11), portion of chariot handle (Fig. 191, No. 10), a small bronze cup, a perforated bronze hammer (Fig. 12, No. 20), a couple of socketed bronze axes (Nos. 17 and 19), and a well-made arrow-point of flint (No. 25). There are also many objects from Estavayer in the Cantonal Museum at Bern, among which may be mentioned : — A bronze fibula (No. 12), part of an ornamental chain of various sorts of bronze links (No. 13), a socketed axe (No. 23), and three large knives (Nos. 18, 30, and 31). The other illustrations are a bronze pin with a spiral head (No. 28), a gold earring (No. 16), an amber bead (No. 15), a bronze knife (No. 22), a bronze fibula (No. 14), a pin with a flat head (No. 27), and a curious horn object (No. 29). 64 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Implements like the latter are frequently met with in Swiss lacus- trine stations. They vary from a few inches up to twelve or more in length, and are always curved and polished. In the Bern Museum there are four from Gerlafinsfen, five from Schaffis, and others from Sutz, Locras, etc. FoREL. — Little was done to this station till 1888, when the Fribourg Government granted free permission to the searchers for lacustrine antiquities to collect on their portion of the shore of Lake Neuchatel. Since then many curious objects are reported as coming from this station, but they are mostly held by private collectors. Mr. A. Vouga gives some notes of these discoveries in the Anzeiger. (B. 414.) He states that the relics are found on this station in three different strata, the most superficial of which is 1 foot 6 inches deep, and the lowest 4 feet 8 inches. Among the objects described and figured by Vouga are : — A stone hatchet in its horn fixture, several hatchets of coloured nephrite and one of green jade, perforated hammers and a cup of horn ; knives, pins, etc., of bone ; a curved implement made of the jawbone of a stag (Fig. 13, No. 19). Some remarkable objects made of horn or bone and ornamented with dots, circles, etc., consisting of bracelets (No. 20), and pendeloques (Nos. 13, 17, and 18), have attracted the attention of critics, and the general opinion is that they are forgeries.* Chevroux. — Troyon describes three large settlements of the Bronze Age (B. 31, p. 150), near Chevroux, farther from the shore than a Stone Age settlement, on which were found bracelets, hair-pins, sickles, knives, two swords of bronze, and a great iron fork (Fig. 13, No. 15). In 1866, an object (Fig. 191, No. 10), described by Keller as part of an Etruscan chariot, was found near this. (B. 337.) In the Museum at Lausanne there is a large collection of objects, both of the Stone and Bronze Age settlements, from Chevroux. Among the former are : — Two beautiful flint daggers with thin handles of wood (Fig. 13, No. 1), six saws of flint in their handles, part of a wooden comb, three wooden dishes, the club handle of a stone hatchet with the implement still in position, bone pins with neatly -fashioned heads (Nos. 4 and 6), etc. There are over 300 plain stone celts, and 30 perforated tools. About 100 horn fixings, of which one-third have bifurcated tops. Some celts have been identified as belonifu/i/(/, ]8Sr., p. !»7 ; and 1HS7, pp. ^5, rA. LAKE OK NEIX'HATEL. T).') substances: — (thloroiiielaiiite tive, three of which are in their horn tixings (two bifurcated); saussurite, 14 to 20, one of which is in its Fig. 13. — C'HEVROUX, FoBEL (1:5. and 17 to 20). and Portai.bax (21 and 22). All ^ real size (except No. 1.") ^). handle (square) ; jadeite 22 to 2.5, tive in handles (two bifurcated) ; nephrite 23 to 26, two in their tixings. There are also a few of felsite, amphibolite, etc. About 100 flint arrow-points, and the F (')() LAKE-DWELLINOS OF EUROPE. same number of beautifully chipped flint arrow-heads (No. 5). Also of horn there is a large number of chisels, pointers, hammers, flax-hecklers, and some curiously-shaped perforated clubs of horn. Among the pottery are some curious dishes, two of which are here figured (Nos. 8 and 14), the latter being adorned with string ornamentation. Among the objects from the Bronze Age stations are : — Many hair-pins, two phaleres, five sickles, a few bracelets, one winged and one flat hatchet, portion of a flat copper celt, a few knives with tangs, six small daggers, and two remarkable pendeloques, one of which is here figured (No. 3). Mr. Vouga (B. 41 4d) describes some fine discoveries that were latterly made on the Bronze stations. Among the objects which have come under his notice are : — A razor Avith a curved handle, 4i inches long (No. 11); a thick crescent, ornamented with half-moons ; a fibula (No. 10) ; a pin with spiral stem (9| inches long) and perforated head {l^ inch in diameter). Another has a very large head (2 inches diameter), with 24 holes in it (No. 12). Other objects from this station are a comb (No. 9), an amber bead (No. 7), a copper dagger (No. 16), and a copper chisel (No. 2). Gletterens to La Sauge. — Some eight or nine stations have been noted by the earlier explorers along this part of the coast, many of which have yielded Roman tiles and pottery. At Port Alban there are the remains of a station on which bronze (No. 21) and iron objects have been found. Recently there has been brought into notice a kind of ornamental metal mirror, said to have been found here (Fig. 192).* Another site is farther east, giving indications of an early Stone Age station, but on which Desor found iron object?. Amcmg recent finds are some large horn buttons and a so-called " portemonnaie lacustre " (No. 22). j- At (Jhamp Martin there is a Steinberg, on which spindle- whorls and a few other things have been found. At (/udrcfin the lake-dwellings are unimportant, but the station is well known as the sit(5 of a canoe, carefully described by Professor Grangier. It measures l]()\ feet long, 2 feet 9 inches broad, and 1 foot G inches deep. This dug-out, like so many in * Zritxrltriff fiir AV/zw.. vol. xvi., Vi'rIiitiuL, p. 8f; Antiquu, 1S84, p. 1()7. + Antiqtifi, 188(1, pp. 12 and 21. LAKE OF MORAT. 67 Ireland and Scotland, had for strengthening purposes four trans- verse beams left in the solid. The prow had a perforated beak, which might have been used as a means for fastening a rope. (B. 194.) At La Sauge fragments of Roman amphone and tiles were found associated with some piles. LAKE OF MORAT (MURTEN). Lying directly between the lakes of Neuchatel and Morat there stretches a considerable elevation called Mount Vully, which ends abruptly at its north-west end on the margin of the Gross Moos. At the base of this declivity lies the Broye, and as the widening and deepening of its channel was part of the great scheme for the Correction des Eaux du Jura, a similar effect was produced on Lake Morat as on the lakes of Bienne and Neuchatel. Previous to the lowering of its waters, however, the lake-dwelling stations along its shores were carefidly examined by Colonel Schwab Baron von Bonstetten, and the Count de Pourtales, the proprietor of an estate on its western shore. In Keller's 5th report (B. 61) the number of stations in this lake was given as 16, and since then one or two more have been added to the list. Many of these were, however, mere indications which, on the lowering of the level of the water, have turned out to b3 only stone cairns supposed to have been landing- places. According to the most recent researches of Mr. Siiss- trunk (B. 386 and 462), the number may be reduced to 11, the positions of which are sufficiently defined on the accompanying Sketch Map. They belonged mostly to the Stone Age period, and only three, viz. Montilier, Greng-Insel, and Vallamand survived during the most flourishing period of the Bronze Age. Montilier. — -The first station of importance, beginning on the east side of the lake, was situated a little to the north of the present village of Montilier. It contained a Steinberg, and the piles were stout and tirndy fixed. Here Colonel Schwab found not only objects of the Stone Period, such as flint knives, stone hatchets, etc., but also an unusually large number of hand- some earthenware vessels presenting a style of ornamentation which at once led him to assign the settlement to the Bronze Age — a deduction which his subsequent discoveries completely justified. These vessels were neatly finished, and had their r)^.P4v.,^P^^^^ Fig. 14.— Vai,I-A.MANI) and Greng-Inski, (l.'.l, i:?. 1"), and 17). Pottery = i, the rest = ^ roal size. the ends and p(M-foi-ated (No. 5). A tisli-hook with attachments (No. 8), a ])in with attached chain (only a portion of which is here represented. No. 21), and a curious ornamented dagger, are from other collections. LAKE OF IXKWYL. 73 A few specimens of pottery (Nos. 14 and 18) and an orna- namented horn (No. 20) complete the ilhistrations from this station. GuEVAUX, ETC. — The four stations on this part of the coast — viz. Guevaux, Mtir, Motier, and Sugiez-Zollhaus — have furnished only a few traces of their existence, from which it would appear that they belonged to the pure Stone Age. The group of well-preserved piles at the mouth of the Chandon was probably a Roman landing-stage, as Roman tiles have been found along with them. At Nant were found two kettles, one of bronze and the other of copper with an iron ring, two daggers, some iron arrow-heads, and a piece of sculptured marble, evidently of a later period than the lake-dwellings. Of the remaining eight or nine cairns whose tops were occa- sionally above water, none have yielded industrial relics, and there is consequently no evidence as to their age and use. They are too small to admit of even a single hut. (B. 462.) INKWYLERSEE. The little lake of Inkwyl is surrounded by low pasture-land, and in the middle of it there is a small circular island thickly wooded, which in appearance suggests the idea of a Scottish Orannog. Professor von Morlot first, in 1854, drew attention to the probability of the island being artificially constructed, and a short notice to this effect, which appeared in 1857 (B. 19), induced Mr. Amiet, of Soleure, to make some excavations. In the following year (1858) these explorations were continued by Mr. Roth, the proprietor of the island. The result of their operations^ showed that there was originally on the site of this island a pile-dwelling, which became subsequently a solid island, now rising about ten feet above the surface of the water. The island measured 90 feet by 80 feet, and in the interior of it, some 6 or 7 feet deep, there was a rough platform of logs supported on piles. The antiquities, collected immediately on and underneath the platform, consisted of stone axes of nephrite and serpentine, along with their staghorn haftings ; corn- crushers ; flint arrow-heads ; bone implements ; perforated tusks ; fragments of pottery, both rough and fine ; clay rings and weights : * Anzei^er, 18.58, p. ."57; "Supplement au Recueil d'Antiquites Suisses, 1860." 74 LAKE-IJWELLINGS OF EUROPE. spindle-whorls ; broken bones of various animals, such as stag, roe, marsh pig, wild boar, ox, beaver, and some birds. (B. 22.) In the superficial layers were found a bronze spoon, fragments of Roman pottery and flanged roofing tiles, an iron lance-head, and a spur, apparently relics of the Middle Ages. BURGASCHISEE. About half an hour's walk from Inkwyl there is a somewhat extensive valley, in which lies the small Burgaschisee, whose boggy margins were for some time surmised to contain the remains of lake-dwellings, as several objects of stone and a couple of bronze pins were found by peat-cutters. A few years ago the matter was put beyond doubt by investigations conducted under the superintendence of Dr. Uhlmann and Mr. Jennor. A series of pits were dug in the peat along the shore of the lake, and at a depth of 2 to 4| feet they came upon very rotten piles, and a large assortment of the usual industrial remains of the lake- dwellers of the Stone Age. The relics and osseous remains were similar to those from Moosseedorfsee ; and amono- the former were stone axes, flint saws, scrapers and daggers, arrow-points, of flint and of rock crystal, with traces of asphalt, and mealing-stones. Also fragments of various vessels, one with a handle ; imple- ments of bone and horn, as chisels, pointers, etc. ; a rubbing instrument, made of the underjaw of a beaver ; forked implements of ribs, etc. Noteworthy is the fact that some stone relics show evidence of having been sawn. A short notice of these discoveries is inserted in the eighth report on the Pfahlbauten by Mr. Reiser, of Burgdorf. (B. :3:3G.) MOOSSEEDORFSEE. This settlement, known as Moosseedorf, was situated in the marsh of Miinchenbuchsee, about seven miles from Bern. The small lake of this name is now nothing more than a moorland tarn, surrounded by meadow-land and peat bogs. It is of an oblong form, having its greatest axis (east to west) corresponding with that of the valley. During the winter of 1855-6, in con- sequence of a canal made for agricultural ])urposcs, its usual level was lowered some eight feet, and thus a considerable portion of its peaty bed became exposed, and for the first time divulged LAKE OF MOOSSEEDORF. /5 the existence of two pre-historic pile dwellings, one at each end of the lake. The western, Avhich was more satisfactorily investi- gated, owing to its site becoming dry land, proved to be a small parallelogram 70 by 55 feet. This area was occupied with piles of entire or split stems of oak and other woods, and leading from it and rnnninsr to the shore, there was a kind of faggot roadway of branches. The relics were found among the piles and underneath a stratum of mud, containing the roots of reeds and water-plants. This relic-bed varied in thickness from 5 inches to 2 feet, and contained stones, gi'avel, bones, char- coal, etc., lying immediately over the shell-marl. The piles penetrated into this shell-marl, but no relics Avere found in it. During the succeeding ten years after its discover}^ these settle- ments and their industrial remains were carefidly examined liy Messrs. Jahn, Morlot, and Dr. Uhlmann. (B. 19, 22, 34, 40, 126.) The relics, most of which are deposited in the Bern Museum, include a laro-e assortment of industrial remains : — 40 stone celts (four of which are of nephrite), a number of stones perforated, and one stone spindle-whorl ; flint saws in handles ; arrow-points of bone, flint (one with barbs), and rock crystal ; harpoons ; horn fastenings for celts, some with a bifurcated end ; three horn cups, all with a round hole at the edge ; needles, gouges, chisels, and pointers of bone ; a comb made of yew, a fish-hook made of boar's tusk, a skate from the leg-bone of the horse, pieces of cloth and string, bits of wood perforated as for net-floats, rolls of birch- bark, etc. Fragments of pottery had perforated knobs for suspension, and some of them indicated large vessels — about 16 or 17 inches in diameter. In 1868 Dr. Uhlmann found a fragment of pottery having a perforated knob, and alongside of it, evidently for ornamentation, there were triangular bits of birch-bark plastered over the surface with asphalt. (B. 336, p. 37.) (Fig. 184, No. 5.) Two portions of stone sawn oft" show that the art of sawing this material was then known. According to Dr. Uhlmann's analysis of its flora and fauna the following species were identifled : — Flora. — Barley, wheat (Trit. vulg. and compdctuin), pea, poppy, and ^Six (L. avgust.); also the water-chestnut (Tnipa natan.s). Fauna. — Among domestic animals were the dog, sheep, and various kinds of ox. A few bones of the horse were also found 76 LAKE-J)WELLlX(iS f)F EUROPE. among the osseous remains, but as it is not yet certain that the horse was domesticated in the Stone Age, these might belong to the wild species. The remains of wild animals showed : — Bear, badger, polecat, marten, wild cat, otter, fox, hedgehog, beaver, hare, squirrel, field- mouse, marsh pig, wild boar, elk, stag, roe, ox (Bos jprim.), bison, several kinds of falcons, owl, wild pigeon, crow, partridge, heron, stork, sea-gull, wild duck, and teal ; also those of the tortoise, frog, toad, j^erch, carp, pike, and salmon. (B. 284.) SEMPACHERSEE. In 1806 this lake was lowered to the extent of 6 or 8 feet, and on the shore thus exposed a number of piles became visible, among which it was reported that there were Celtic weapons, hair-pins, and other implements found. " Keltische Waffen, die in vii Bande des Geschichtsfreundes beschreiben sind, Nadeln und andere Gegenstande." (B. 15, p. 99.) But these notices and relics of a past civilisation attracted little attention at the time, and it was onl}^ in the light of Keller's discovery of lake-dwellings that the recollection of the find at Sempach was revived and properly interpreted. Colonel Schwab in his lacustrine pere- grinations extended his researches also to Lake Sempach, and identified seven or eight stations along its shores, most of Avhich were then on dry land. These settlements were situated near the following places: — Eich, Schenken, Inselchen, Mariazell, Margar- ethen, and Nottwyl ; and in all of them some antiquities either of stone or bronze were collected. (B. 61.) At the north end, near the site of the lake-dwelling at Mariazell, but about 20 feet from the water and a foot underground, there was a remarkable bronze hoard found. (B. 126.) At a short distance fi-om this there was a human skull disinterred, and along with it a hair-pin and a bronze gouge ; but whether or not these objects belonged to the lake-dwellers it is impossible to say. Most of tlic lake-dwelHng remains from the Sempachersee are deposited in the Museum of Lucerne, among which T hav(> noted the follow- ing : — One oi- two discoidal stones ; a few clay cylinders with everted edges; whorls of various forms and sizes, some ornamented with lines and pitted impressions; pottery ornamented with lines and triangles, finger-marks, etc. ; and four beautifully - worked stone axes (Fig". 15, Nos. 8, 0, and 10). The bronze find from LAKE OF SEMPACH. 77 Maria Zelleniioos includes seven winged and two flat celts, a chisel, two knives, one dagger with six rivets, four sickles (one Fig. 15.— Sempachersee. All i real size. with back spur), and l;3 flat bracelets. Some Roman keys, buckles, a few yellow beads of glass (one of amber), etc., are mixed with this find. Specimens of these bronze implements are given on Fig. 15, Nos. 1 to 7, and 11. 78 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROl'E. WAUWYLERSEE. (B. 34 and 126.) To the west of tlie little Lake of Wauwjl there is an exten- sive peaty plain, in which, upon the lowering of the lake for further utilisation of the peat, the remains of some curiously- constructed lake-dwellings were discovered. Wooden platforms were met with, resting, not on piles, but upon a series of suc- cessive beds of roughly-cut stems lying transversely to each other, the lowest of which reposed on the lake-bottom. Between these layers were branches and brushwood, mixed with clay, and the whole mass was pierced with vertical piles, the tops of which were at least a foot above the upper platform. These layers were as many as live, and the total thickness of the mass when exposed was about 3 feet, but there can be no doubt that, originally, it would have been greater, as there had been con- siderable condensation of the mass due to decay, especially of the interposing branches. The uprights were not observed to have been in any way connected with the platform, and the only peculiarity in the method of their arrangement was that they were more thickly placed at the corners, as if to keep the wooden mass in position. These artificial structures measured only 10 or 12 feet square, but they were very muuerous, and so close that beams from one sometimes reached to the one next it. They were found in various parts of the moor, but in one place they were crowded into a rectangle measuring 90 feet by 50, which was surrounded by several rows of upright piles, as if for conunon protection. The upright piles were made of oak, alder, or fir, and they penetrated deeply into the shell marl — the stoutest being of oak, measuring 5 inches or more in diameter. It is noteworthy that the lowest horizontal woodwork lay on the sliell marl, showing that these dwellings were constructed before the peat commenced to grow. The peat is now at least 6 feet thick., i.e. 3 feet of peat lying above the uppermost platforms. No antiquarian remains were found underneath the wooden structures, but mostly in the intervals l)etween them, where the objects lay almost directly over the shell marl. The settlement appears to have come to an end before the Bronze Age, as no metal object has been met with. A small glass bead is there- fore of interest, as showing that the colonists nuist have had connnci'cial rehitions with distant countries. Amoniif the other LAKE OF ZlTl. 79 antiquities arc the following- : — Stone celts (some of nephrite) halted in staghorn fixings, and Hint implements ; chisels, pointers, flax- hecklers, etc., of bone ; a lump of asphalt, harpoons of staghorn, knives made of yew, and various fragments of pottery with perforated knobs. In the ^Museum of Lucerne there are a few Fig. 16. — Lakes of Wauwyl (1 and 2), Zug (8), and Baldegg. No. "') = ], all the rest = ^ real size. things, among which are one or two objects showing that the art of boring stone was known (Fig. 16, Nos. 1 and 2). LAKE OF ZUG. (B. 61 and 126.) The site of the first discovered settlement in this lake lay a little to the north of the town of Zug. A section of sonu> excavations made for building purposes about 50 feet from the lake showed first a bed of common mould 2i feet thick, then a layer of sand and rolled stones 1^ foot thick, after which came the relic-bed — a blackish band of decayed organic matter, varying in thickness from 8 inches to 1 foot, and containing the tops of piles and various industrial remains. The heads of the piles 80 I,AKE-D\VELLIX(iS OF EUROPE. were on a level, and in some places cross-beams were observed. The relics include some stone hatchets, one fragment being of nephrite ; a few flint objects — lance and arrow-heads, and one knife. There were also portions of sawn stones, apparently for making implements. From a small collection of bones Professor Riiti- meyer identified the horse, cow, dog, marsh pig, red deer, roe, and hare.* The surface of the soil where these discoveries were made was about 15 feet above that of the water in the lake, which of course would leave the relic-bed still on dry land — a peculiarity which is accounted for by the reported deepening of the outlet in former times. This explanation is very probable, as the channel of the Lorze, which carries off the surplus waters of Lake Zug, in passing through the town of Cham, bears evidence of having been artificially deepened. The large amount of detritus conveyed annually into this end of the lake also satis- factorily accounts for the depth at which the relic-bed lies below the surface. Farther round the head of the lake, at Roller, near Cham, another site was discovered, on which some excavations were made, which revealed a relic-bed 3 feet below the surface. The finds here were broken celts of serpentine, fragments of pottery indicating large vessels. The present level of the lake is 8 feet below this relic-bed. A third station was at St. Andreas, the evidence of which was the finding of a great munber of stone celts, flint knives and arrow-points, over a certain part of a cultivated field bordering on the lake. Peculiar among the finds here are some curious oval objects made of limestone, with a short neck perforated (Fig. 16, No. 8). Traces of three other stations — viz. at Derschbach, Zweieren, and Badcplatz — have been noted beyond Cham, but they have not been carefully investigated. Pottery ornamented with tri- angular lines and the " meander " pattern would seem to point to a later period. (B. 12(1, PI. iii.) A few of the objects collected on these stations are in a small museum in Zug : others are at Ziirich ; and in Bern there * The catastrophe which befell Zu<>- in the summer of 1887, by which a portion of the town slipped int'J the lake, has completely carried away the site of this lake-ilwellinfr station. LAKE OF BALDEGG. 81 are 12 stone celts and one of copper, marked as cominc^ from the station at Lorze. BALDEGaERSEE. (B. 253 and 330.) In the year 1871 the proprietors of the land around this lake reduced its level by drainage some 2i to 3 feet, in conse- quence of which indications of lake-dwellings became visible in the vicinity of the outlet. The piles were irregularly placed along the shore, and spread over a wide range. In one place the area attained a breadth of 400 or 500 feet, and again it contracted and the piles only appeared in groups. In making- excavations, the tops of piles became more numerous, and at a depth of 7 feet, beds of charcoal, containing nutshells and bits of pottery, were encountered. Professor Amrein, who conducted the investigations, could distinguish two kinds of piles, some older than others. Hori- zontal beams were seldom met with. There was no regular relic -bed, as worked implements were found at all depths, from 1 to 8 feet. Some beautiful specimens of bone pointers and serpentine chisels (Fig. 16, Nos. 4 and 5) were turned up from a depth of 8 to 10 feet. Beds of clay were occasionally met with, and the piles appeared to have been arranged so as to enclose square huts. In one of the trenches some stone celts were lying on a bed of clay at a depth of 6 or 7 feet. One of these was of a grass-green colour with a transparent edge, and so hard that it could scratch glass. In an adjacent digging, at a depth of 4 feet, a large flat stone, 2 by li feet, was found resting on the tops of six or seven piles, which penetrated through the bed of clay to the shell marl. The space between these supporting piles was filled with clay, and around the stone itself there were scattered bits of charcoal, fragments of pottery, hazel-nuts, etc. Professor Amrein concludes his report by stating his opinion that tliis settlement was at its commencement a palafitte, and that subsequently fascine structures were constructed over its ruins. The relics collected are partly in the Archaeological Museum and partly in a small curiosity booth in the Gletscher Garten at Lucerne. Among those in the museum are beautifully- formed daggers and chisels of bone and horn (No. 6) : four large harpoons (No. 7) and a scoop of horn ; two horn hannriers G 82 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. (perforated), and three small cups of the same material (No. 12); horn handles, ete. ; rubbers, polishers, and celts of stone in large numbers ; two flat pebbles (perforated) ; and some fragments of stone hammer-axes, one showing an effort to re-bore it (No. 3) ; several bits of rock crj-stal and flints worked into saws, scrapers, and arrow-points ; fragments of pottery with knobs, and others orna- mented with groups of triangular lines, dots, etc., the forms of which are extremely elegant (Nos. 9, 10, 11). LAKE OF GENEVA. Leaving the great Jura chain of lakes we come, after a short journey through an upland glacial valley, to the Rhone basin and the Lake of Geneva. On the supposition that this was the route followed by the lake-dwelling founders, the first and most natural position for a settlement would be the bay of Morges ; and it is somewhat singular that in this very place one of the largest and most instructive settlements on this lake flourished for successive ages. Here, within a few hundred yards of each other, three sites have been discovered, whose respective remains mark the progressive stages of civilisation evinced in the Stone Age, the transition period, and the most flourishing period of the Bronze Age. It will be therefore of importance to examine care- fully the facts disclosed by the repeated examination of these typical stations before referring to the others in this lake. Nor in selecting it am I deviating from the order of discovery, as it was the earliest known and first examined in this part of Switzerland, after Keller's observations and researches at Ober- Meilen had roused the curiosit}^ of antiquaries in the matter. The existence of piles in the bay of Morges was known to fishermen for a long time, but of course their significance was not understood. However, on the 22nd of May, LS54, Messrs. Morlot and Troyon examined the locality, and speedily demonstrated, by the finding of actual industrial remains, that this had been the site of a Jidbitdlion lacustre. The part of the bay in which these piles were observed was about 500 feet from the shore, and in a depth of water whi(;h varied from 8 to 10 feet, even when the lake was at its lowest. Under these circumstances it will be readily seen that it was no easy matter to make inves- tigations ; but, notwithstanding the difficulties involved, there was no lack of energy among the Iftcal arclueologists, who for many LAKE OF (iENEVA. 88 years systematically prosecuted the work of lishing up, by means of hand-dredgers, nippers, etc., the submerged remains of these lacustrine villages. Foremost among these explorers were the MM. Forel, of Morges, father and son, whose reports and rich collection of antiquities have chiefly supplied the facts now communicated. When Troy on (1860) published his well-known book on the lake-dwellings (B. 31), considerable progress had been made in the exploration of the station, and from the richness of the finds it got the name of " La grande Cite de Morges ;" but it had not yet been ascertained that there were three separate stations, much less that these stations represented different periods. Ac- cording to Troyon, most of the piles were of oak, and some had planchettes to prevent them sinking too far in the mud. A portion of one of these supports measured ISh inches k)ng, 4 inches broad, and 1 inch thick ; and contained two square- cut holes li inch in diameter and 4 inches apart. The relics found up to this period were of much interest. Among them were bronze hatchets 4 to 7 inches long, mostly of the winged type, only one having a socket. Of 13 knives, nine had tangs and four had sockets. Two swords, one of which, with flat handle, was whole ; two socketed lance-heads ; several bracelets of different kinds ; and a bronze mould for casting celts* (Fig"- 17, No. 8). Pottery, clay rings for supports, discoidal stones with marginal grooves, spindle-whorls, a couple of canoes, etc. Subsequently the MM. Forel began to distinguish the respective stations, to which they gave the following names : — (1) " La grande Cite de Morges," (2) " La Station des Roseaux," and (3) " La Station do r£glise." (1) The Grand City was some 500 feet from the shore, and occupied an area 1,200 feet long by 100 to 150 feet broad. The stumps of its thickly-studded piles were visible in the water never less than 8 to 10 feet deep, and among them were detected some crossbeams, and a canoe, 2 feet wide, with its prow sticking out of the mud. A large and miscellaneous assortment of relies was also collected. Over 450 bronze objects, says Dr. Forel, Avriting in 1876 (B. 286), were found on this station, and they all belong * This mould is in two parts, and it is remarkable as having- been found at different times. The first half was found by Mr. F. A. Forel on the 2.ith of Februar\ . 1855, and the second by his son. Dr. Forel. on the 18th of October, 1859. (B. 31, p. 11 1.) 84 LAKE-1)WELLIN(>IS OF EHROPE. to the purest type of what J)esoi' calls " le bel Age dii Bronze," incliidmg swords, knives, sickles, hair-pins, bracelets, etc. One re- markable observation then made was that among 60 bronze winged Fig. 17.— MoKOKS, Thonon (1, 2, 0, ](), and 1C> to 18), and St. Pkex (12). Nos. 7 and 8 = j, the rest = 5 real size. celts (Nos. 13 and 14) there was not one single specimen of the flat kind. In 1(S()(5 two large reniforin rings, one ornamented (Fig. 17, No. :}) and the other ])lain, were added to the list of LAKE OF GENEVA. 85 objects from Morges. Only one object of iron, x\z. a poignard, analogous to one from Lake Bourget, was found. Among the osseous remains the stag, goat, sheep, horse, and pig, were identified. The bronze objects from this station up to the present date are thus enumerated by Dr. Forel (B. 462, p. 55) : — Winged celts, 66 ; socketed celts, 6 ; chisels and gouges, 6 ; swords, 4 ; lance-heads, 19; knives, 6\ ; sickles, 23; bracelets, 95; rings, 79 ; hair-pins, 25(3 ; divers, 23. In this total of 638 objects are included, probably under the head " epingles," five curious objects of bronze with handles similar to those from Wollishofen and Grosser Hafner at Zurich. (B. 280, p. 699.) (2) About 450 yards from the northern extremity of the Grand City there was another settlement (Roseaux), of smaller dimensions, which has yielded objects essentially different from those of the former. Here, in marked contradistinction to the Grand City celts, there were 18, all of which were of the Hat type (No. 15), and not one with wings or sockets. But, on the other hand, there were a few polished stone celts and flint objects, three small lances, and one hair-pin of bronze, and a few iron sickles of modern type. The pottery w^as also of a mixed character, showing fragments of dishes of a coarse and tine kind. The piles showed marks as if produced by metal tools. (3) The third station (I'Eglise) lies between the .shore and the Grand City, and is separated from the latter by a sterile band 220 yards wide. Here there is a decided Steinberg, presenting the unusual feature of having 20 or 30 rectangular or oval spaces measuring 13 to 20 feet in diameter without any stones. The antiquities from this static^n were stone celts (of which 86 are recorded by Dr. Forel up to the present date), stone spindle-whorls, sharpening stones, and some fragments of coarse pottery ; but no objects of metal of any kind. (4) A fourth station is named by Dr. Forel as lying opposite the ancient poudriere of Morges, and containing a small Steinberg, on which six stone celts and a few other objects cf the Stone Age have been found. The search for lacustrine remains in other parts of the lake was so actively prosecuted that Troyon could enumerate no less than 26 stations discovered during the six years prior to 1860. (B. 31, p. 31.) Since then their number, as recently corrected 86 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. by Dr. Forel (E. 4(i2), has increased to 44, notwithstandin.e;' that eight locahties (viz. Villeneuve, Creiix de Plan, Lntry, Pnlly, St. Siilpice, Yvoire, Amphion, and Evian) where supposed lake- dwelKng remains have been found are exchided as doubtful or not verified by subsequent investigations. Though no such fortuitous circumstance as the " Correction des Eaux du Jura " has come to the assistance of the lacustreuri^ of Geneva, they have amassed a very considerable quantity of relies. ()nly at a few stations, as Thonon and the Port of (ileneva, have they benefited from dredging operations carried out for public works. From the results obtained during these favourable conditions, it is (|uite clear that an enormous quantity of antiquities, especially of the Bronze Age, still lies buried in the waters of this lake. We shall now make a tour of the lake, jotting the various characteristics of the lake-dwelling stations as we move along. (See accompanying Sketch Map.) Above Morges are four stations, as follows : — Station de Cully. — Some piles to the east of the town, but in water from 10 to 18 feet deep. Only a few isolated objects of stone and bronze have been recorded. LAKE OF GENEVA. 87 Station de la Pierre de Cour. — Near Lausanne, at a large erratic block known to bathers as Pierre de Cour, there are a few rows of piles in a depth of 13 feet, and at a distance of nearly 300 yards from the shore. A hair-pin and two small bits of bronze are the only relics recorded. Station du Flon (Yidy). — A number of discoidal stones with marginal grooves, and some stone rubbers and polishers, are recorded from this station. (B. 22.) Station de la Venoge. — To the east of the embouchure of the river, near St. Sulpice, and greatly covered by detritus. Morges. — Four stations, already noticed. Frai d'Aigue. — In the gulf of Frai d'Aigue, a little to the north of St. Prex, are three stations — viz. De Terreneuve, De Monnivert, and De Frai d'Aioue — extendino- over a lenofth of one kilometre. They all belonged to the Stone Age, and represent probably parts of one and the same village. Mr. Colomb has collected more than 200 stone celts in various grades of manu- facture in a space of 150 square metres. From the same station there are in the Museum of Lausanne some 40 stone celts, a few flint flakes and knives, and a spindle-whorl. St. Prex. — In the gulf to the south of St. Prex there is a station of the Bronze Age, the piles of wdiich are to be seen in a depth of 10 or 11 feet of water. The station has yielded a considerable number of relics, some of which are deposited in the Lausanne Museum, viz. a flat bronze celt (Fig". 17, No. 12), clay support-ring, portions of clay crescents, seven stone celts, three or four fragments of pottery ornamented with curved lines and cable pattern (one fragment of black pottery is ornamented with tin strips), a bronze pin with spherical head, a large block for sharpening tools. The other bronzes known from the station are four knives, one bracelet, five rings, and 11 pins. RoLLE. — Situated opposite this town there appears to have been a lacustrine village of considerable size, which has yielded objects characteristic of both the Stone and Bronze Ages. Part of the area occupied with piles has been covered over by an artificial island, now bearing a monumental ohelisque. Fragments of pottery of the same character as those from Morges, discoidal stones, hannner and sharpening stones, were among the relics. Dr. Forel enumerates the bronze relics from this station as follows :— Two winged hatchets, one chisel, one lance, two knives. 88 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. one sickle (now in the Lausanne Mnsenni), one bracelet, 15 rings, and nine hair-pins. (B. 462.) To the south of this is the Station de Beaidieu, of considerable extent, but poor in relics, only some 10 bronze objects having been found on it. (Ibid.) Station du Chataignier. — ^A small Stone Age station before the village of Dully. (Ibid.) Station du Creux de la Dullive. — A great circular station of the Bronze Age, on which two winofed celts, two bracelets, and a few rings and hair-pins have been collected. {Ibid.) Nyon. — ^According to Dr. Forel (B. 286), there are two stations in the bay of Nyon — one at Promenthoux (Stone Age), to the right of the embouchure of the river ; and the other (Bronze Age) to the north of the town of Nyon. Mr. A. Kevilliod found on the latter station a remarkable object, consisting of 390 rings of bronze, from 7 to 8 inches in diameter, which became adherent to each other by a concretionary deposit from the lake. The total number of bronze relies from Nyon is 62, thus relegated : — Seven winged celts, one chisel, one lance-head, 10 knives, two sickles, 15 bracelets, 23 hair-pins, and three undefined objects. We now enter the lower portion of the lake, where its breadth becomes suddenly contracted from 8 to 3 miles ; and here it would appear that the lake-dw(3llers had thickly planted their peculiar villages on both sides of the -lake. Along the shore, from Nyon downwards to where the Rhone makes its exit, and then up on the other side to the opposite point of 1 voire. Dr. Forel (B. 462) enumerates no less than 22 stations, in the following order : — Station de C^ligny. — Just before the landing-pier. Bronze Age. Station de Coppet. — Discovered in 1874 by M. Magnin. Jironze Age. Station de Mies. — Discovered in 1877, opposite the (-bateau dcs Crenees. Bronze Age. Station de Versoix.— A great station near the landing-pier, lironze Acfc. Hatchets and knives of iron are said to have been found on this station. Station de Bellevue. — Discovered in 1(S8(), to the north of landing-pier. Bronze and Stone Ages. Station des Paquis. — Extends southwards from the jetty of the new port. Stone Age. LAKE OF GENEVA. SO Station' des EAUX-^'IVES. — Outside the port, along the suburb of this name. Stone Age. Cite de Gexeve. — A vast station occupying the present port. Bronze Age. Station de Plongeon. — At the northern end of the Station des Eaux-Vives, in a contracted spot, Dr. Gosse has found some 80 objects of iron, some of which resemble those of La Tene. The last four are generally known as the Stations of Geneva, so that the lower extremity of the lake must have been actually studded with settlements. At the foot of the largest of the two well-known and superstitiously-revered boulders called Pierres a Niton were found, about the middle of last centur}-, a knife (Fig. 18, No. 5) and a celt of bronze of the flat type, which are still preserved in the Museum of the town. Near this was the Bronze Age station called by Dr. Forel "Cite de Geneve," but sometimes described as the Station des Eaux-Vives. It would appear that there are two stations described under the latter name — one of the Stone Age, about 100 yards nearer the shore ; and the other of the Bronze Age (" Cite de Geneve "). The Cite de Geneve is now the richest bronze station hitherto investigated in the Lake of Geneva. It occupied a horseshoe- shaped area, tilling the entire space presently forming the port, and even sent a prolongation down to Rousseau's island. Dr. Forel estimates the number of bronze objects collected here at 1,500, beinsT rather more than the total number from all the other stations in the Lake of Geneva. At its northern extremity, next the Station des Eaux-Vives, Dr. Gosse came upon what must have been the site of a foundry. Here, in a confined space not exceeding 100 square yards, he tished up no less than 50 stone moulds, crucibles, ingots of bronze and tin, scorite, and other materials of the founder's art. (B. 4(32.) Most of the oVtjccts of general interest from tin's station have been deposited in the Arclueological Museum. Dr. Forel classities those of bronze as follows : — ^25 winged hatchets, 19 socketed hatchets, four flat hatchets, seven chisels and gouges, four swords, seven lance-heads, 72 knives, 22 sickles, 75 bracelets, 230 rings, 1,000 hair-pins, and 60 diverse objects. In looking over this collection I made the following notes : — The socketed celts have the loop generally at right angles to the cutting edge. The no LAKE-DWELJJNGS OB" EUROPE. knives are both socketed and tanged. Bracelets show a great variety of forms, but the soHd ones predominate. Sickles have more frequently a raised button. The ceramic art shows the usual Bronze Age decoration of triangles, and the paste is of two qualities. Clay ring-supports, spindle-whorls, discoidal stones, etc., are very abundant. Among the odds and ends are to be noted pins with large perforated heads, fish-hooks, buttons, a large plaque with repousse work of slightly-raised bosses, a rude image like a stag of bronze, a variety of pendants, small tin wheel-like objects in concentric circles, etc. A few of these objects are represented on Fig. 18, all of which, except Nos. 9, 10, 12, and 13, are from this station and deposited in the Museum at Geneva. Station de la Belotte. — A large station, rich in Stone Age relics. A couple of bracelets and a few rings and hair-pins of bronze, in all 21 objects, are among the treasures from this settle- ment, which comprise no less than 1,400 stone celts. Station de la Pointe de la Bise. — Immediately to the north of La Belotte there is another station, said to be one of the transition period, owing to its having supplied a couple of flat axes. The only other metal objects are a few rings and hair-pins. Station de Bellerive. — A large station yielding objects both of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Gabiule. — Before the steamboat landing-stage are two stations — one of the Stone Age ; and another, in deeper water, of the Bronze Age. Station d'Ani^re (Bassy). — A small Bronze Age station in deep water. We next come to a group of four stations, all within a compass of two miles, which are sometimes confounded with one another, and described as " Les Stations de Tongues." One is near Her- mance, and is known as the Station de la Vie a I'Ane or du Moulin ; a second is vis-a-vis de la Fabrique Canton ; a third is opposite the Chateau Beauregard ; and a fourth, Creux de Tongues, lies before the village of Chens. These settlements were all parallel to the shore, and their remains are in deep water. Their relics arc of a mixed character, and would indicate that, while founded in the Stone Age, they subsisted during that of Bronze. The station at Creux de Tongues is the most important of LAKE OF GENEVA. 91 Fig. 18.— Ueneva and Tougues (9, 10, 12, and IH). Nos. ti, 12. and V^ = \, the rest = ^ real size. 92 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUR()['E. the group, and it has furnished a large ninnber of antiquities. It is about 130 yards from the shore, in a depth of water varying from 5 to 10 feet. Ordinary stone celts, 27 of which have been collected (B. 4G2), were found on the part next the shore. The collection of bronze objects consists of: — Four winged celts (Fig. 18, No. 10), one flat celt, two socketed chisels, one sword, one lance-head, 21 knives, Ave sickles (No. 9), 14 bracelets, 120 rings, 170 hair-pins, and six diverse objects. Pottery from this station (Nos. 12 and 18) comes largely to the front, and in the Museum of Geneva there are fine specimens of plates, cups, vases, and other vessels of a fine black ware which, both in form and ornamentation, resemble those from the palafittes of Lake Bourget and others of the Bronze Age in Switzerland. Spindle- whorls, discoidal stones with a marginal groove, rubbing stones, etc., are also abundant. A peculiarly-shaped stone object known as " gorge de poulies " comes here to be noted. (B. 31, 281 and 4(32.) Messery. — Piles arc here seen projecting above the mud 2 to 5 feet, in a depth of about 12 feet of water. One of the piles pulled up by Troyon showed markings of a metal tool. Numerous fragments of pottery characteristic of the Bronze Age have been found, but only two objects of this metal, viz. a winged celt and a sickle. Nernier. — Two stations are described in the vicinity of the village of this name. ( )ne, near the shore, and partly covered up with gravel, belonged to the Stone Age. Here Troyon observed riome large piles in a depth of G feet of water, and others he found on the shore buried in the gravel. Among the objects (iollected arc flint flakes, spindle-whorls, hatchets of serpentine (a perforated one is in the Museum of Annecy), some worked bones, etc. The Bronze Age station is (iOO yards to the west of the village, and 150 from the shore. The relics consist of pottery, spindle- whorls, rhig-supports, etc. Among the bronze objects are: — Eisrht winged celts, two chisels, one sword, two lance-heads, three knives, three sickles, five bracelets, three rings, and five hair-pins. Among the rings is included a pendeloque, in the form of a lar^re hollow rinsf, attached to which is a small ring for sus- pension. Stations lyExcENEVUEZ et de Coudre. — In rounding the LAKE OF GENEVA. 93 point of Ivoire Ave come to a sheltered ba}', into which a couple of streams discharge their waters, canying down a con- siderable amount of debris, so that the lake-dwelling remains are here deeply buried. Traces of two stations have, however, been observed, one, station De Moulin-Paquis, near Excenevrex, and the other, De Coudre, opposite Chateau Bartholoni, not far from the village of Sciex. Both appear to belong to the Stone Age, and in the latter, in 1874, 12 stone hatchets Avere found. Thonon. — There Avere tAvo separate settlements at Thonon. One (Stone Age), about 20 yards from the shore, Avas discovered in 1862, when the ncAv port AA'as being formed. The objects there collected Avere piles, flint implements, stone hatchets, spindle-Avhorls, and some coarse pottery. The Bronze Age station Avas considerably in advance of the former, and in a depth of 8 to 4 yards. The settlement was. exten- sive, and ran parallel to the shore, and from its remains a large assortment of relics has been collected. Being among the earliest discovered in the Lake of Geneva, it has been industriouslv searched by a number of Avell-known archaeologists, as Troy on, Forel, Revon, Monod, Revilliod, Carrard, etc., and consequently its treasures are Avidely distributed. The bronze objects, according to Dr. Forel (B. 462), amount to 48, viz. 11 Avinged celts, tAvo lance-heads, six kni\'es, two sickles, 14 bracelets, tAvo rings, fiA^e hair-pins, and six diverse objects. One of the kniA^es, Avhich is finely ornamented and one foot in length, has the peculiarity that the handle contains less tin than the blade (Fig. 17, No. 16). Another knife Avas adapted for side-plates to be riveted on its handle (No. 11); Avhile others Avere socketed and tanged (Nos. 17 and 18). Some of the hatchets have a side loop, and others are devoid of it. Among other things are a large ring, armilla sacra (Carrard), (No. 2) ; a pendant of three involved rings, together Avith various other pendants (No. 9). Among the pottery are fragments Avith perforated knobs, herring-bone pattern (No. 1), etc. ; and some charming vases, clay ring- supports, etc. There are thus, according to Dr. Forel, 11 stations of the Stone Age; three of the period of transition (i.e. Avith hatchets of bronze of the flat type), six Avith mixed objects, 19 of the Bronze Age, and one (Station de Plongeon) Avhieh furnished objects characteristic of the early Iron Age. 94 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. These notes have been collected from a fragmentary and widely-scattered literature, including the following original sources : — B. 22, 31, 34, 40, 121, 126, 138, 152, 280, 282, 286, 315, 377, and 462. LAKE LUISSEL, CANTON DE VAUD. In a small valley among the heights above Bex, adjoining the Rhone valley, there were found, in 1791, while a canal was beino- o dug for facilitating the cutting of peat, some industrial remains Fig. 19.— LuissEL. All ^ real size. which point to the existence of a lake-dwelling of the Bronze Age. At the north of the basin, and at a dejjtli of 6 feet, a quantity of bones (some human), grains of corn, bronze rings, the tip of a scabbard, and three remarkable swords (from 23 to 2() inches in length) were encountered (Fig". 19). The swords are still preserved, and indubitably belong to the most flourishing period of the Bronze Ago. Tn the sunmier of 185!) Mr. Troyon made excavations in the turf of the former bed of this lake, but found only a portion of woi'kcd wood, which might have been used as a handle for a stone hatchet. According to an old tradition in the neighboui-liood, a chateau once existed here vvliich had been engulfed in the lake. ( P). 31.) SETTLEMENTS IN LAKE B<)URGET. 95 LAKE BOURGET. As early as 185G, while the Mont Cenis and Ciiloz railway was being constructed, some antiquities were dredged up in the bay of Gresine, in Lake Bourget, which the engineers surmised to be remains of a lake-dwelling. Though this information was formally communicated to the Societe Savoissienne, it was not till 1862, in consequence of renewed attention to these discoveries by Baron Despine and M. Desor, that this society took steps to investigate the matter. A preliminary investigation conducted by a committee of seven gentlemen was considered so satisfactory that the committee was renewed, with funds at its disposal for systematic researches among the palatittes. Since then several Gresme " ■ q Aix-les-Bains eittmt't- fiolUis Conjux Lake-dwellings in LAKE OF BOURGET English miles archaeologists have conducted independent researches, among whom may be noted particularly Le Comte Costa de Beauregard, MM. Rabut, Perrin, Revon, Cazalis de Fondouce, and C'hantre. (B. 73, 13.S, 176, 179, 282.) The combined results of these explorers have now established the fact that there were eight settlements in this lake, all of them belonging to the Bronze Age. The antiquities fished up have been very numerous, but unfortunately they are widely distributed, many indeed being in private collections. The largest proportion is, however, to be found in the Museums of Chambery, Aix-les- Bains, Annecy, and St. Germain, and the private collection of Count de Beauregard in his chateau on the Lake of Geneva. (For relative position of these stations see Sketch Map of Lake Bourget.) Conjux. — This station is 200 yards from the shore, opposite the village of the same name. A group of piles only 50 yards 96 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. from the shore is supposed to have been the ruins of a Roman pottery business, on account of the abundance of char- acteristic ware found among them. A pecuharity of this station is the number of moulds found on it in proportion to the other objects, no less than 13 being recorded up to 1875, representing all manner of industrial implements, as knives, Avinged and socketed celts, sickles, hammers, pins, rings, and buttons. Chatillon. — This settlement occupied a sheltered position about 500 feet from the shore. In one part the piles project out of the mud, and are all inclined towards the east at an angle of 45°, but in the rest of the station they are straight. A vessel of earthenware, like the later productions of the lake- dwellers, was found among these piles with the name Severinus stamped on it in Roman characters. (B. 176, p. 24.) Here were found some 49 or 50 of these very remarkable vessels of black earthenware, ornamented with tin strips forming a combination of pleasing designs (Fig. 193, Nos. 4 and 5); also some fragments of Gallo-Roman pottery, and others of a very early type. Among the relics are eight moulds (one of which is for a lance-head) and about 320 objects of bronze. Gresine. — The bay of Gresine contains the sites of two settlements — one close to the railwa}^, and the other farther out and of larger extent. The latter appears to have been connected with the Pointe de Gresine, as a gravel bank runs from this part of the shore to the site of the palafitte ; and the two stations were connected with a gangway, the remains of which have been traced. The railway just touches the site of the inner station, to which accident the discovery of palafittes in Lake Bourget is due. Although the stations at Gresine have been more fre- (juently searched than any others, owing to their proximity to Aix-les-Bains, they have continued for a long time to be the richest in all kinds of antiquities, carbonised fruits, etc. Among the moulds is one for the handle of a sword on one side, and a buckle on the other. (B. 282, PI. liv. 2.) No less than five bronze hairuriers have been found on this station, all of which are socketed and cylindrical in shape. Last sununer some remarkable objects were fished up, which I saw in the collection of the finder at the Restaurant Lacustre (Poi-t Puer), some of which are here figured (Fig. 21, Nos. 4, (i, and 12). LAKE OF BOUROET. 97 Meimart. — The debris of this settlement lies about 100 yards from the shore, under 16 to 20 feet of water, and hence it has been less searched, although it is of considerable extent, and has yielded a few antiquities, notably a bronze sword, moulds, fragments of pottery, and a Roman vase. Le Saut. — This settlement, like the others, Avas on a slight elevation some 110 yards from the shore, and at low water its relics have to be fished from a depth of about 10 feet. The station has been well explored, and it has been observed that the ceramic remains indicate greater technical skill the farther out in the lake they are picked up, and where the piles are seen to project higher above the mud. A piece of timber 22 feet long, with numerous mortises at each end, and a bone harpoon with one barb, like those of bronze from Peschiera, are the only objects which distinguish the antiqui- ties of this station, which in general are very similar to those from Gresine. Les Fiollets. — A small settlement in 15 to 20 feet ot water. The few bronze objects found here are covered with cal- careous matter. Some of the pins collected on it are of novel foniis, but the most interesting object is a small file, which may be seen in the Museum at Chambery. Mortised beams were also fished up from this station. Charpignat. — Some piles have been observed near the village of Bourget, but the associated industrial remains, if any, have not yet been revealed. In 1875 Mr. Perrin made a series of elaborate statistics, by which he estimated the entire number of bronze objects from the palatittes in Lake Bourget at a little over 4,000, and tabu- lated them in various categories according to their uses, indi- cating the stations on which they were found, and the museums or collections in which they were then located. (B. 282.) Since then so many additional relics have been recovered from the palafittes that Mr. Perrin's tables can offer no approximation to accuracy ; but, nevertheless, they have a certain value in showing the relative frequency of the different objects. I have, therefore, taken the liberty of reconstructing from Mr. Perrin's data the following list of the objects found in Lake Bourget, which gives a better general idea of the culture and civilisation of its lake-dwellers than pages of descriptive details : — H "98 LAKE-DWELLlNfJS OF EUROPE. Lake Bourget. Gresine. All Stations. Founders' Moulds 22 49 Materials Ingots and Castings f Hammers... 46 5 171 7 Hatchets ... 19 38 Chisels 2 4 Gouges 1 1 Sickles 7 23 Knives 35 126 Utensils and ' Paring Knives (Tranchets) Razors 4 18 13 32 Instruments Stamp Borers, etc. 32 1 164 Saws 1 2 File — 1 Rivets and Nails 115 248 Needles ... 46 190 Fish-hooks 38 144 I Pincers ... 5 7 'Swords 2 3 Daggers ... 9 12 Anns ...^ Lances 5 16 Arrow-heads 23 49 ^Shields 1 2 /Hair-pins... Fibulae 163 2 798 2 Bracelets ... 82 252 Torques ... Finger-rings 1 32 2 121 Objects of , Earrings ... Girdles 4 1 22 1 Ornament Buckles, Rings, etc. Pendants ... 140 7 598 16 Clasps Buttons ... 7 35 50 63 Brackets, etc. 43 185 Beads 115 488 \Tubes and Spii'als 8 73 Diverse Objects 34 108 Total 1,110 4,002 lake of bourget. 99 General Remarks on the Palafittes of Lake Bouhget. — Count Costa de Beauregard, in his excellent article on the "Habitations Lacustres du Lac du Bourget" (B. 17G), states that the stakes on which these villages were reared were generally of oak, measuring- from six to eiofht inches in diameter, and that they were placed at a distance of 100 to 200 yards from the shore, in a depth of 4 or 5 yards of water. Their lower extremities almost always bore cutting marks, which could only be made by metal tools. The great differences as regards their state of preservation show that the settlements had been occupied for a long time, necessitating the renewal of the piles at different epochs. The Count also believes that all the palafittes of Lake Bourget were constructed durinof the Bronze Ao^e, in regard to which he thus writes : — " Malgre les quelques instruments de silex et les hachettes de pierre rencontres dans nos fouilles, il est peu probable, comme je I'ai deja dit, que ces bourgades aient ete fondees a TEpoque de la Pierre. Tout nous porte a croiro, au contraire, qu'elles florissaient a I'Epoquc du Bronze, periode qui a du etre de fort longue duree en Savoie, car il a fallu bien des siecles pour accumuler sur les differents points que nous avons explores une pareille quantite d'objets et de debris de toute sorte." (i6wZ., p. 23.) Relics. — Weapons. — The swords recovered are few, and of one type (Fig. 20, No. IG). That they are of home manufacture is more than probable from the finding of portion of a mould of the same class of weapon, now deposited in the Museum of Chambery. Only a few tips of scabbards hitherto found (Fig". 21, No. 20). The daggers were both tanged and riveted to their handles. Lance-heads (Nos. 1 to 4) are all socketed, with only one or two exceptions (Nos. 5 and 12), which might be daggers. They are generally unornamented. Arrow-points are formed for the most part of triangular plates of bronze, with two or four holes for fastening them to the stem ; but other forms are met with (Fig. 21, Nos. 13, 22 to 26, and 32). Implements. — Hatchets (Fig. 20, Nos. 9, 10, 11, and 17) are both winged and socketed, and the latter have their sockets round, oval, or rectangular. The chisels and gouges are all socketed (No. 19). Sickles (Nos. 20 and 21) have nearly all a raised button for fixing the handle (in which respect they differ from those of Switzerland), and may be classified under a variety of gToups 100 LAKE-DWELLlNfiS OF EUROPE. Fig. 20.-LAKK BOUUGET. All \ real size. LAKE OF BOURGET. 101 Fig. 21.— Lake Bourget. Xos. 34 to 37 = }. the rest = | real size. 102 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. dependent on the degree of curvature and the disposition of their raised ribs. The knives are socketed, tanged, and with a sohd handle (Nos. 6, 7, 8, 13, and 14) ; the former being most, and the latter less, frequent. Razors are of two kinds, with or without a handle (Nos. 22 and 23). Needles have the eye either at the end or middle. Awls and a variety of fish-hooks are abundant ; but spears or harpoons are very rare. Rivets, nails, and bits of thin bronze plates, are in some places abundantly met with. Examples of saws and files have been found, but in small numbers. Ornainents. — Pins with large round heads are very rare, as are also those with wheel heads (the various forms are shown in Fig. 21, Nos. 10, IS, 19, 21, 30, and 31). Bracelets (Nos. 16, 17, and 29), which are numerous, and mostly open, are either solid or hollow (one is of tin) ; fibidas and torques rare ; finger-rings are of two kinds, plain and spiral (No. 7); portions of girdles, buckles, pendants (No. 5), buttons (No. 33), bronze beads, and small spirals, are abundant ; a clasp is like one from Morigen (Fig. 20, No. 25). Tin appears in ingots, in a bracelet, discs, and thin strips for ornamentation to dishes ; also gold in the form of a few portions of twisted wire or leaf Several bronze vessels. One charming little vase (Fig. 21, No. 14) of cast bronze, figured by Count Costa de Beauregard, and now in his possession, was found at Gresine along with a sword (Fig. 20, No. 16), a knife (No. 8), and about 250 nails supposed to have been used in the manufacture of a shield. Nos. 1 and 2 of Fig. 21 represent two remarkable objects from Gresine, now exhibited in the Museum at Aix-les-Bains. A similar object, but more worn and minus some of its rings, is in the Museum at Chambery ; and a fourth is in the Museum Lacustre at the Port (Fig. 195, No. 4). Crescents, spindle-whorls, fragments of cloth, bits of plaited rushes and basket-work, glass in small coloured beads, and amber (Fig. 21, Nos, 27 and 28), also in small beads, are all fully represented. The articles represented by Nos. 4, 6, and 12, may be the brass ornaments on a set of harness ; but as to the two curious vessels of bronze (Nos. 8 and 11), I am unable to assign any use. The pottery shows great skill in the ceramic art. It is of a grey, black, or red colour (Nos. 34, 35, 36, and 37). Vessels combining the three colours, in various geometrical forms, with linear ornamentation, have been found among them, and others LAKE ANNECY. 103 with ornamentation reminding one of the impressions of fern- leaves {Polypodiumi vidgare). A few iron spear-heads (Fig". 198) and knives, as well as Roman tiles and pottery, have also been collected from these palafittes. The domestic and wild animals, so far as they have been identified, are similar to those from the Swiss lake-dwellings. LAKE ANNECY. Since 1856 piles have been discovered in several places in Lake Annecy, but owing to the depth of water and the accumulation Fig. 22. — Lake Annecy. All ^ real size. of mud, their associated relic-beds could not be easily examined. Up to the present time ojily four stations have been sufficiently investigated to enable us to form some idea of their chronological position with respect to the other remains of lake-dwellings. These are Stations du Port, De Vieugy, Du Chatillon, and ] Ju Roselet. The first-named (Station du Port) came to light only in the beCTinninoj of 1884, when the little harbour at the town of Annecy was being deepened to facilitate the movements of the pleasure-steamers which ply on the lake during the season. In the course of these operations the dredging-machines came into contact Avith piles, and brought up various kinds of stone implements, etc., in the mud, which, unfortiuiately, were mostly re-deposited in deep water. The spot where these remains were found lies just at the 104 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. extremity of the Swan Island ; and after the pubHc works were completed, the dredger was put at the disposal of the Societe Florimontane, who conducted systematic investigations, both there and at the stations of Roselet and Vieiigy. Previous to this time all the stations examined had yielded more or fewer bronze ob- jects, and they were therefore considered to be analogous to those of Lake Bourget, all of which were founded during the Bronze Age. The explorations conducted at the Station du Port upset this view, as from the character of the relics found on it there could be no doubt that its inhabitants lived chiefly during the Stone Age, but the station survived to the Bronze Age. The objects collected from it consist of perforated hammer-axes of serpentine (Fig. 22, Nos. 8 and 9), polished hatchets of serpentine, stone spindle-whorls, beautifully-worked daggers and lance-heads of flint (Nos. 5, 6, and 7), as well as arrow-heads, (one of shale stone No. 10), saws, scrapers, etc., of the same material. Only two metal objects, viz. a bronze hair-pin (No. 2), and a bead (No. 3), probably of copper, like those from Vinelz are recorded ; but these are said to have been on the surface of the relic-bed. Station du Roselet was the first discovered in this lake, but it has yielded only a few relics, among which are fragments of pottery, some fine spindle-whorls, a hatchet of serpentine, and a bronze bracelet. Chatillon was in a depth of 8 to 13 feet, and among its relics are a socketed knife and a couple of bracelets (No. 4). The settlement at Vieugy was discovered in 18G8, and the most important objects from it are a bronze hatchet of the flat type (No. 1), some stone moulds, and a few rubbers. (B. 315.) LAKES OF AIGUEBELLETTE AND THUILLE. M. Troyon reported the existence of piles at two places in the Lake Aiguebellette, and one in Lake Thuille ; but of these I find no further records. (B. 31.) LAKE CLAIRVAUX (FRANCE). The Lake of Clairvaux is situated on the first rising plateau of the Jura mountains, not far from the town of Lons-le-Saulnier, and covers an area of about 200 acres. At its north-Avest ex- tremity there is a tongue of land projecting into the lake called LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX. 105 La Motte-aux-Magnins, which is beheved to have been an island in former times, bnt is now continnous with a tract of marshy ground which extends between the Motte and the town of Clairvaux. It has been recorded tliat at various times prior to 1870 diverse antiquities were found in the course of drainage opera- tions in this marsh}' ground, such as horn implements, stone axes of flint and jade, boars' tusks, bits of pottery, bronze celts, a fibula, and an armilla ; also Gallo-Roman remains, including a Gaulish gold coin and Eoman coins. In the lake itself there were no discoveries made, with the exception of a group of five piles known to fishermen. But none of these discoveries had ever suggested to any one the idea of a lake-dwelling, the common and accepted opinion being that they were remains of Druidical times and customs. On the 27th of June, 1870, Avhen the water was about its lowest, Mr. Le Mire happened to be walking on the shore and accidentally stumbled on the top of a black pile of oak. His attention being thus directed to such a curious object, he looked about and detected many others just pro- truding from the lake-bottom. He then determined to in- vestigate the matter, and at once employed some labourers to make excavations. The place sc;lected was 100 yards to the west of the Motte-aux-Magnins, and 25 yards to the east of the canal which forms the outlet of the lake. Trenches were dug about 1 yard in width and the same in depth (a greater depth being prevented by the oozing up of water). During these operations piles were abundantly met with, but no relics were found, and it was remarked that there Avas no change in the stuff thrown np from the trenches, it being the ordi- nary whitish deposits similar to what is seen on the present surface of the strand. The piles were of oak, lir, yew, pop- lar, willow, and hazel, and measured from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Mr. Le Mire then shifted his operations to the sonth side of the Motte-aux-Mao-nins, and after passing through 6 to 8 inches O ' loo of the whitish surface deposits he came upon a blackish peaty layer containing roots of water-plants and other organic debris, which turned out to bo the veritable relic-bed of the lake- dwellers. 106 LAKE-DWELLIXGS OF EUROPE. Here he continued the excavations for about three weeks with a couple of workmen, and in this way an area of al)out 120 square yards was examined, which he thinks was not more than a twentieth part of the total site of the lake-dwelling. The piles did not reach the surface, but they were met with abundantly, no Fig. 23.— Clairvaux. Nos. r», 7, and 15 = i the rest==| real size. less than 150 being counted in the space examined. The breaking- out of the war put a stop to these excavations, and the subsequent return of the water to its ordinary level prevented their renewal. Mr. Le Mire has published an illustrated report of his investigations (B. 219), from which these notes are taken, but the accompanying illustrations (Fig. 23) arc from a selection of objects exhibited in the anthropological section of the Paris International Exposition of 1889. In this collection I note that there arc a few relics, such as the two bronze objects, to which Mr. Le Mire does not refer in his repoi't ; probably those may have been found since its publication. LAKE OF CLAIRVAUX. 107 Among the relics staghorn implements take a prominent place. Handles and fixers for stone weapons amonnted to 49, and the two here illustrated (of five exhibited in Paris) still retain their celts (Nos. 6 and 8). There are several perforated horn hammers, one of which (No. 7) retained portion of its Avooden handle when found ; another is a foot long, and the perforation is nearer the burr of the horn which forms the hammer-end. A tyne 11 inches long forms the handle to a small stone chisel. Another object (No. 5) is a unicum of its kind. It is a chisel of horn formed from the tyne, with the body of the horn forming a neatly- polished handle. The polished daggers or pointers are also finely made, and almost remind one of those at Laibach. Twenty-six were ex- hibited in Paris, three of Avhich are here represented, including the largest and smallest (Nos. 9, 13, and 14). About a dozen triangular or leaf-shaped arrow-points, and one or two spear-heads of flint. Of the latter, one (No. 2) is remarkable for its size and elegant workmanship. Wooden dishes formed out of the solid, all having a round base, were collected to the number of 15, and some large globular pieces of wood were supposed to be the primary stage of their manufacture. One dish figured by Le Mire is here reproduced, and shows a neat handle (No. 1.5). There were also wooden mallets perforated for a handle. Three bits of a bow, one showing the tip with a notch for the string. An axle-tree for a waggon Le Mire considers interesting, as showing a knowledge and use of traction by wheels. Besides a few stone celts and chisels, most of which were still in their horn handles, there were a few flint knives (No. 1), three sharpening stones, two curious and novel objects of polished stone, one of which is illustrated (No. 10). The pottery includes 140 fragments of dishes, showing various forms of handles and linear ornamentation. Of bronze there are just two objects, a small awl or chisel and a much-worn dagger (Nos. 11 and 12). Animal bones collected to the amount of 150 kilogrammes were not reported on by a skilled person ; but, according to Le Mire, they belonged chiefly to the ox, stag, boar and pig ; among them was a fine specimen of a bear's skull. Among other organic remains were a few grains of wheat and acorns. 10.">. IIOBEXHAUSEX 117 Fig. 25.— ROBENHAUSEX. All f real size. 118 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. now generally held in regard to it is that it was a pre-Ronian Refugium, which subsequently fell into the hands of the Romans."^ Remains of a Roman station are also close to Irgenhausen, which mit>ht have somethino- to do with the Himmereich mound. (B. 462.) The records of the nnmerous discoveries made at Roben- hausen from time to time, according to the favourableness of the weather, are, like the relics themselves, widely scattered. In addition to the reports of Keller and J. Messikommer (B. 22, 34, 40, 61, 126, 336, and 462) in the proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Ziirich, we have a number of further notices in various journals, such as Anzeiger, Antiqua, Das Audand, etc. (B. 143a and 143b, 154, 256, 383, 385a and 385b, 402, 403, 406c and 406d 434c, 449b, 454b, etc.), from which more or less imoortant information is to be wleaned. J. o EGELSEE, NEAR FRAUENFIELD. NiEDERWYL. — The settlement of Niederwyl was situated in a small basin covering only about 60 acres, which, though now entirely overgrown with peat, must have been formerly a lake, as its ancient name Egelsee implies. Immediately to the south there is an open valley, from which it is separated by a narrow ridge of land, through which its proprietors made a deep exca- vation for its better drainage, thereby facilitating the removal of the peat. While the peasants were thus occupied, they came upon a portion of the basin near its centre, where the peat began to thin out ; and as they advanced, it turned out that there was something like a mound entirely submerged in the peat, and composed of clay, wooden beams, stones, charcoal, and all sorts of rubbish. On the centre of this mound the depth of peat was only 2 or 3 feet, while all around it amounted to 8 or 10 feet. This curious elevation was simply passed over by the workmen after removing its covering of peat ; and so it remained exposed, till one day the Reverend Mr. Pupikofer happened to pass along the moor, when he recognised its archaeological importance. This was in 1862, and immediately the Historical Society of Thurgau arranged to have the matter investigated ; and Mr. Jacob Messikommer, whose experience of the lake-dwelling at Robenhausen hnd made him an authority * Antiqua, LSSl. p. Mo. NIEDERWYL. 119 on such matters, was asked to conduct the necessary researches. Upon makmg sections through the exposed part of this mound, he found an artificial sub-structure of ftiggot-sticks, laid trans- versely, and mixed with upright piles which penetrated to the original lake-bottom. It was fortunate, however, that the whole of the mound had not been bared of peat, and Messikommer wisely selected an undisturbed portion for his subsequent ex- cavations. The following quotation from his report will convey a better idea of these structures than any abstract 1 could make : — " When I besfan the excavation with a few workmen on the 18th of June, I was surprised to find, under a pavement of clay and gravel, from 2 to 4 inches thick, and from the top of which S feet of peat had been removed, a structure of faggot-sticks, regularly laid and perfectly solid ; and as the wood was exceed- ingly soft, we had to use every care in uncovering as large a portion of it as we could. We first bared a space, Avhich was in perfect condition, 20 feet long, 6 feet wide at the ends, and 10 feet wide in the middle. The upper platform was of split timber or boards of oak, laid down with great care, and it rested on round timber, or faggot-sticks, from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, which were surrounded with piles. The back part of the space was covered with charcoal, and was somewhat charred ; there were also found tolerably large stones (hearthstones) in their original position. A most striking fact was that the lowest part of the side wall was still standing ; it consisted of a kind of shutter pushed in between the upright piles surrounding the space. On this I had other portions uncovered, and everywhere met with the same construction, only differing in having the platform or floor made of faggot-sticks instead of boards. Here and there the Hoor had sunk considerably, often one or one inch and a half in six inches. " This place was then left to be examined by the members of the associations of Thurgau and Zlirich, and excavations were made in another place to examine the sub-structure. The result proved no less interesting ; for 1 foot deep, under the first platform, we came upon a second ; a foot deeper we found a third ; then a fourth, and so on ; so that the arrangement is similar to that of Wauwyl. The huts were placed on masses of wood, consisting of five or six platforms, one above the other, the spaces between which were filled in with brushwood and 120 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. branches of trees, chietly alder, rushes, «ravel, and rday. We were surprised to meet with bones, cones of earthenware, and a great wooden mallet between the platforms ; we also found woven cloth under the fifth platform, and charcoal close to the bed of the lake. From this I conclude that the platforms were not made at the same time, but at intervals, one after the other ; or that they had been repaired, a portion at a time, as we found single charred stems under fresh wood." (B. 119, 2nd ed., p. 77.) In another section Messikommer observed a slight variation in the fascine structures above described, which he thus explains : " What I have called the lattice or trellis work consisted of thin stems of trees, which were not laid close together, but at inter- vals of from one to two Inches apart ; the uppermost stems rested on others lying under them at right angles, and these again on others parallel with those on the upper layer. The spaces between the timbers were filled in with charcoal and burnt clay." Each structure seemed to have been adapted for one cottage, as between them there were narrow spaces which had got filled up with debris, and contained relics such as broken stone hatchets, carbonised cloth and fruits, etc. " We cannot imagine," continues Messikommer, " that this settlement was destroyed by fire, for although we occasionally met with burnt beams, not a single trace of conflagration was to be seen in the upright piles, which projected as much as 24 feet above the floor — nay, even in most of them the bark was still in good preservation. " The products of the potter's art were in general very coarse, and yet we found a few fragments which had been ornamented, and also parts of the rims of vessels made with washed or purified clay, and without quartz grains. Fragments of vessels also wore found neatly polished, blackened, and with handles of a convenient form. No smaller implements were met with, such as ])ins, little chisels, etc. It is very singular that so few bones were found ; the cow, stag, and the pig were the only animals the remains of which were discovered here. " At the bottom of some broken cartheuAvare vessels there still remained grains of wheat and barley and hazel-nuts. Doubt- less all the food, whether animal or vegetable, was ke})t in large or small vessels of earthenware." NIEDERWYL. 121 Subsequently, on two occasions, Messikonimer was asked by archaeological societies to give a practical exposition of this interestinsf Packiverkbaii for the edification of their members — once in 1872, when the meeting of the Swiss Natural History Society was held at Frauentield ; and again in 1877, when the German Anthropological Association met at Constance. (B. 406c.) On all these occasions Messikommer paid particular attention to the size and kind of cottages the lake-dwellers possessed. In 1862, from the stumps of piles protruding through a portion of undisturbed flooring, he estimated the size of the habitable area for each cottage at 24 feet long by 18 feet broad. On these floorings were seen the remains of food and industry, just as fresh as if the people had recently left the place. (" Die Miihle mit Gerste und Weizen daneben, als ware sie erst gestern noch bewohnt gewesen.") He believes that each cottage possessed not onl}^ its own domestic utensils but also its weaving and corn-grinding machines, etc. 'The area occupied by the entire settlement was 20,000 square feet, and the nearest shore, when the basin was a lake, would be 30 or 40 yards distant. The industrial remains collected from time to time at Niederwyl consist of : — Wheat, barley, flax, cakes of bread, wooden implements, clay weights (Fig. 26, No. 3), stone hatchets (Nos. 7 and 8), flint saws (No. 1) and scrapers; some well-made dishes (Nos. 4, 5 and 6), one a remarkable jug (No. 6) with handle ; another, of black earthenware, had been mended with asphalt. A strip of birch-bark (now in the Museum at Zurich) had been neatly sewn (No. 10). In the same Museum there is a stone (perforated) axe-hammer head which vies in elegance of workmanship with any from Scandmavia (No. 9). Recently Messikommer has come to the conclusion that the Packwerhhau at Niederwyl existed during the early Bronze Age, as he found a piece of oak wood having cuts which could not have been made by a stone implement. From various considerations of the more recent facts brought to light in the course of his frequent excavations here and at Robenhausen he enunciates the opinion that wherever split oak beams or piles are found we may with certainty conclude that the settlement belongs to the early metal age. (" Man darf mit Bestimmtheit annehmen, dass alle jene Niederlassungen, in welchen gespaltenes 122 LAKE-DWELLINUS OF EUROPE. Eichenliolz in grosserer Menge ziim Vorschein kommt, audi das Metall in einfacher [Kiipfer] odor zusainmengesetzter Form [Bronze] gekannt haben.") (B. 454c, p. 2.) Second Station. — Adjacent to the Egelsee basin, and separated Fig. 26.— NiEDEUWYL. Nos. 3 to 7 = ^, 10 = f, and the rest = ^ real siz from it only by about a dozen paces, is another small peat-basin known as the Riedsee, in which were recently found the remains of a true pile-dwelling. Here for some time fragments of pottery, stone hatchets, horns and bones of various animals, were met with in the peat; but in August, 1884, Messikommer discovered the actual jjiles associated with the usual objects of a Stone Age HEIMENLACHEN. ] 23 dwelling. The area of this Pfahlbaii was small, measuring only 13 yards by 10. Its site lay near the margin of the peat, and the antiquities were met with 1 foot under the surface. Among these Avere a small earthenware dish or cover ornamented with four prominences and a few rows of punctured dots (No. 2), several wooden dishes in all stages of manufacture, entire handles of stone hatchets, worked horn, etc. A crucible similar to those from Robenhausen was also found near the same place. Among the osseous remains are portions of a skidl of the urus with both horn-cores attached. The other animals represented are the bison, stag, ox, pig, goat, etc. (B. 420d.) GREIFENSEE. During the winter of 1865-6, when the water was low, Messikommer recognised the site of a pile-dwelling in the Greifensee, near Riedikon, but it has proved of little importance, as only a few objects — some flints and stone celts, fragments of pottery, shells of hazel-nuts, and some grains of barley — were found. Its site was covered with broken stones, and being about 100 feet from the shore, in a depth of 3 or 4 feet even when the water was low, it was ditiicult to make a satisfactory examination. (B. 126, p. 308.) Traces of a second station are said to have been observed between Riedikon and the village of Greifensee, near where the Aabach enters the lake. (B. 462.) HEIMENLACHEN. Near the village of Heimenlachen, in the Canton of Thurgau, there is a peat-moor covering about 15 acres, in which the peasants while cutting peat were occasionally turning up objects of human industry deeply buried, but they have been either dispersed among the curious or thrown away. A large skull of an ox, supposed to be that of a urus, lay for years exposed among a heap of rubbish, but when subsequently searched for, it could not be found. Among these relics were celts of nephrite, stone hammers, various articles of bone and horn, and some fragments of pottery and basket-work. Mr. Burkhard Raeber, of Weinfelden, drew attention to these current reports, and made some excavations in the moor, in the course of which he discovered numerous piles and some transverse beams which he considered to have belonged to a platform. 124 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Another site in the same moor was discovered in 1875, which yielded similar evidence of a pile-dwelling. The woodwork was not encountered till 4 feet of peat had been removed. Mr. Raeber calculates that the settlement was from 80 to 100 yards in length. (B. 182a, 199, and 386.) KRAHENRIED, NEAR KALTENBRUNNEN IN THURGAU. Mr. Raeber found evidence of the existence of a pile settle- ment in a peat bog at Krahenried. Here the relic-bed was 5 or 6 feet deep, and contained remains of piles, charcoal, hazel-nuts, fragments of pottery, and a well-made celt of serpentine. The ornamentation on the pottery consisted in many cases of regular rows of dots impressed on a fine quality of paste with a smooth surface. The peat-cutters assured Mr. Raeber that similar objects had been frequently found by them, but, considering them of no value, they were thrown away. (B. 288.) LAKE OF NUSSBAUMEN. In an open valley between Stein and Frauentield there is a chain of three small lakes, the upper of which goes by the name of Nussbaumen. Here there is an artificial island, on which Mr. Morlot had observed piles and other indications of a lake- dwelling, but the matter has never been thoroughly investigated. According to Morlot, this island measures 110 feet by 60 feet, is surrounded by piles, and has a similar appearance to that in the httle lake at Inkwyl. (B. 81, p. 84.) LAKE OF CONSTANCE. The district around the Lake of Constance appears to have had great attractions for the early lake-settlers. This predilection was no doubt due to the exceptionably favourable conditions which the lake afforded for the construction of their pile-villages, viz. a gently-sloping lake-bottom, with a wide tract of grazing or agricultural land beyond. In every sheltered bay around the Untersee, Ucberlingersee, and lower parts of the Bodensee, traces of these settlements have been found ; but owing to the difficulties and expense of investigation they have not yet yielded their due (piota of relics. Wanoen. — The first discovered was that at Wangen. It is recorded that Mr. Caspar Lcihle, after reading Keller's tirst report IvAKE OF CONSTANCE. 125 of the l^fahlbaiiten, recollected having seen on the shore near his own house similar antiquities to those figured from Ober- Meilen. He then commenced, in the autumn of 1856, to collect them ; and when the water was low he made excavations, Avhich by degrees rewarded him with some remarkable remains of human industry. The station was in a small bay to the east of the villaofe, in front of a considerable extent of flat land which intervened between it and the sunny slopes beyond. This bay, owing to its sheltered position, was subject to an unusual de- position of lake sediment, so that in the course of time the dehvh of the settlement became covered over with 8 or 4 feet of mud and gravel. As this deposition went on, from year to year, the bed of the lake became gradually raised, and the water was displaced, so that at certain seasons, when the water in the lake was very low, the relic-bed of the settlement could 1 k^ investigated by digging on dry land. Mr. Lohle, in the course of his extensive excavations, ascer- tained that the settlement extended in the form of a parallelogram some 700 paces in length and 120 in breadth. The piles were made of round or split stems of various kinds of wood, as oak, beech, elm, birch, ash, fir, elder, maple, and two species of wilh)\v. They were thickly placed, sometimes three or four together, and Mr. Lohle calculates that in the entire settlement 40,000 or 50,000 must have been used. The relics collected were very numerous, but they are widely dispersed. The best public collec- tions that I have seen are in the Museums at Zurich, Constance, and Sigmaringen. The following notes and accompanying illus- trations (Fig. 27) will give a fair idea of their character. Stone. — Celts, hammer -stones, grain -rubbers, etc., were in hundreds, and in all stages of manufacture, but the great majority were badly made. Perforated tools were comparatively rare (Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 20). Flint saws hafted in wood (No. 15), and flint arrow-heads and lance-heads, were in tolerable abundance (Nos. 1, 2, and 8). The celts and chisels were made from the ordinary water-worn materials found in the neighbourhood (Nos. 6 and 10), and only a few small specimens were of nephrite and jadeite. Very few had horn fasteners, and the prevalent method of using these implements was to insert the celt into a cleft in a branch with a long handle and a crook at the other end. Slabs for grinding and polishing these celts, as well as 126 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF El^UOFE. Others with marks of fire, and supposed to have been used as hearths, were also frequently met with. Fig. 27. \\'ASC.K>i. Nos. T), and 17 to It) = |, and the rest = i real size. Bone and Horn. — Pointers, da<>'(jfcrs, awls, small chisels, and arrow-points were found in laro-e numbers. Some of the bone arrow-lieads had still the asphalt adhering to them by which they LAKE OF COX.STAXCE. 127 were fastened to the steins. xVlso tiax-liecklers (Xo. 4-), and a variety of fish-hooks (Nos. 11 and 16). Clay. — The fragments of pottery indicated dishes of a phiin shape, generally cylindrical, and rarely ornamented, bnt smeared over with a black sooty substance (Nos. 17, 18, and 19). Spindle- whorls of burnt clay (Nos. 12 and 13), and lai-ge clay balls, per- forated, probably loom-weights. Wood. — A plank of oak 7 or 8 feet long and 1| foot wide is supposed to have been a working bench. Another board, also of oak, was like a round table, and measured 2i feet in diameter and 2i inches thick. Organic Reitia ins. — The most remarkable feature, however, of the settlement at Wangen was the quantity of charred corn dug uj3 from its debris. Mr. Lolile believes that altogether, and at various times, he has collected as much as 100 bushels. Sometimes he found the entire ears, at other times the grain only ; but always in a charred condition. The two-rowed barley and two kinds of wheat could be readily identified. Cakes of bread showing rouglil3--crushed grain, wild apples and pears — all, of course, in a charred condition, other- wise they Avould not have been preserved from decomposition. In some places there were large quantities of the husks of pine-cones, apple-cores, beech and hazel-nuts, as well as the seeds of raspberries and brambles. From the quantity of apple-cores found in one place it has been suggested that the lake-dwellers made some kind of liquor of fruits. Flax in all stages of manufacture, from the crude bundles of stems Avith the seed-vessels still attached, to the yarn, and a variety of beautifully- woven cloth. Quantities of moss, rushes, bark of trees, straw, etc., Avere also collected. These antiquities were not promiscuously all over the area of the settle- ment, but each group had a Avell-detined area for itself, from which Mr. Lijhle inferred that the different trades were kept apart. Bones were not numerous, but amono- them the followinof animals are represented : — Urus, aurochs, stag, roe, wild boar, wolf, fox, and dog. In one part of the settlement Mr. Lcihle observed some piles that had become bent and twisted like the letter S, evidently from superincumbent pressure ; and in these places some additional piles had been inserted by way of suppoit. No metal objects were found, nor any support-rings of clay, nor discoidal stones. (B. 22, 34, 35, and 40.) 128 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EITROPE. Oberstaad. — Starting from Wangen, we shall now make a circuit of the Untersee, briefly noting its various stations as we move along. The number now amounts to upwards of 20, and their respective positions can be ascertained from the accompany- ing Sketch Map (page 129). Below Wangen, the first we come to is in the bay between Oberstaad and Kattenhorn. From its widely scattered remains this station appears to have extended over a large area ; but its piles are sparingly seen, and its site has been little investigated. The relics found are a few stone celts and pottery. Hop bei Stein. — -A little below the bridge which crosses the outlet of the Rhine at Stein there is a shallow part of the river known as " Auf dem Hot," which on rare occasions, when the water is low, becomes exposed. This was the case on two occasions within the memory of persons now living, viz. in 1858 and 1883. On the last of these dates Mr. B. Schenk, naturalist, of Stein, dis- covered that it contained the remains of a pile-dwelling buried in the nnid. The piles in this structure were strong and firmly fixed, and among them were some transverse beams, and others slantingly placed, as if to protect the structure against the stream. Notwith- standing the difficulty of working here, Mr. Schenk collected a large number of the industrial remains of its inhabitants, such as flint implements, about 150 stone axes (three of which were of nephrite), and a perforated stone disc like a large spindle-whorl, measuring 2| inches in diameter, and 1| inches thick. Perforated stone axes were rare, but some of them are of interest, especially a portion of one made of basalt. There were also worked objects of horn and bone, remains of linen cloth, thread, and a woven fabric made of bast. Note-worthy among bone objects is the scapula of a deer perforated with a round hole, and having its central ridge rubbed off, so as to make it into a polishing implement. An urn-shaped vessel 1 2 inches high is preserved in the Zurich Museum. A few metal objects are also recorded, viz. a small copper celt 2f inches long, also a bronze ring and a bronze hatchet. Bones representing the ox, pig, stag, roe, bear, and beaver. (B. 462 ; Antiqwt, 1883, p. 68.) Das Weerd. — The existence of the remains of a lake-dwelling at the east end of the Insel Weerd has been known for a long time. The site is close to where a Roman bridge extended from Eschenz to Arach ; but the piles are somewhat scattered, and embrace both sides of the river. In 1882 Mr. Schenk suc- ceeded in finding its relic-bed, which he describes as composed l.AKi: OF roXSTAXCE. 129 Friedrichshafen Plan of Lake-dwellings in BODENSEE zr ,• , •, Radol/zcll O b-nglisk miles 180 LAKE-DWELLINOS OF EURorE. of two distinct layers — the upper one being of a dark colour probably the result of the conflagration which destroyed the settlement ; and a lower of a yellowish colour, containing much organic debris. About 4 cubic metres of this Kulturgeschicht was examined, and among the relics collected were three human skulls, one of which is perfect, but the others were in bits ; a knife, a hair-pin, and some rings of bronze ; a copper celt (B. 420b, p. 174); polished stone celts, one of which was made of jadeite. In addition to these, there were various objects of Roman times collected on or in the vicinity of this station, including a tile with an inscription, a bronze statue, Roman coins, etc. In the Rosgarten Museum there is a bronze sword, said to be from this station ; also a quern stone 21 inches in diameter, with a central hole 3 inches in diameter. But it is not probable that either of these objects really belonged to the lake-dwellers. The bronze knife, three pins, and some per- forated stone implements (Fig. 28, Nos. 4 to 7, and 10), are also in this museum, and labelled " Insel Weerd." The human skull has been reported on by Professor Kollmann, who shows it to be dolicho-cephalic. (Antiqua, 1883, p. 69; and 1884, p. 174; Das Ausland, 1885, p. 219; B. 462.) Mammern. — In the bay above Mammern, at a place called Neuenburgerhorn, there is an extensive area containing very decayed piles. It was investigated by Messikommer in 1861 on behalf of the Historical Society of Thurgau. (B. 41.) The piles commenced about 160 feet from the shore, and extended some 400 feet along, covering an area of 40,000 square feet. The antiqui- ties were all found on the surface, and consisted of hundreds of stone celts, flint implements, pottery, and bones. No small bone tools, nor any trace of the lighter industrial remains or food material, were met with, nor was there a relic-bed under- neath. Hence Messikommer concluded that the finer contents of the relic-bed had been washed away by the current of water, which, it seems, is pretty strong at this place. (B. 40, p. 26.) Feldhach and Steckborn. — A station called " Pfahlbau Turgi," near Feldbach, has been long known, and several pre- historic objects have been found on it from time to time. The water being low in 1882, the Histoi-ic-al Society of Thurgau undertook some systematic explorations. From various indi- cations it was inferred that this station was not among those LAKE OF CONSTANCE. 1:31 destroyed by fire. The unti(|uitie.s collected belonged to the pure Stone Age, among Aviiich are : — Stone celts, bone and horn objects, specimens of barley and wheat, cloth made of bast, and fragments of basket-work. From the observations of Mr. Schenk, it would appear that this pile-dwelling had been protected from the waves by a kind of wooden bulwark. (B. 383a.) Fig. 28.— Unteksee (1. 4 to 7, 13, 10, 18. and 19)- Mixdlisee (2, 3. 11. 12, 11, aad 1.5), and Bussensee. Nos. 10 and 12 = ^. and the rest = ^ real size. Near Steckborn there was another small station, known as " Der Pfahlbau Schanz," on which some interesting objects — as dishes, harpoons, etc. — were found. In 1885 it was again searched by Messikommer (B. 484b, p. 33), and among the objects then collected were stone celts (Fig. 28, No. 13), harpoons of horn (No. 19), a flax-heckler, and an implement called a whistle (No. 18) made of the short foot-bone of a cow. According to Messikommer, this settlement had been twice d(^stroved bv Hie 132 LAKE-DWELLIN(;.S OF EUKOI'K. and the usual carbonised materials — as cluth, grain, cliarcual, etc. — were abundantly found. (B. 4(J2.) Berlingen. — In the bay above this town are piles, but not readily discernible, and stone celts have been found all along- the shore. Ermatingen. — This settlement occupied the bay below the village, and its site is particularly rich in flint implements and the refuse of their manufacture. Stone celts are also abundant, and among them are a few of nephrite. Some fragments of pottery showing- a net-like ornamentation on their inside are noted from this locality. The station appears to have been voluntarily abandoned, as there are no carbonised materials among its debris. (B. 40 and 462,) LANGENRAiN.^Below Gottliebcn, at the north end of a small island formed by a divergent branch of the Rhine, Dr. Nageli, of Ermatingen, discovered in 1882 the remains of a pile-dwelling of the Bronze Age. Some of the piles were seen in the water projecting from the nuid, but they are mostly concealed by the deposits- imported by a stream (Wollmatinger-Bach) Avhich here falls into the Rhine. They are partly round and partly split stems, sharpened by metal tools, and occupy an area about 100 yards in leno-th and 15 in breadth. The relic-bed was covered with a layer of mud from 1 to 2| feet in thickness. Among the objects recorded from this station are a winged celt, two lance-heads, and two hair-pins of bronze, fragments of pottery (some of which are ornamented with the meander pattern), and tAvo bits of clay crescents. Also various bones of animals and portions of a hiunan skull, the latter being found in the presence of Mr. Leiner at a depth of 2| feet from the surface. (B. 402.) Oberzell. — The first station on the island of Reichenau, and only lately discovered, lies to the north of Oberzell. (B. 462.) Hegne, Allensrach, and Markelfingen. — Of the settlements along this part of the shore Mr. J Jehott' has given a long account in Keller's fifth report of the l^fahlbauten. (B. 61.) Since then a new station lias been discovered at Hegne, but otherwise no important discoveries have been recorded from these stations. They all belong to the Stone Age. At Markelfingen the piles were observed round a small Steinberg some 30 paces from the shore, which, when the water was low, became a low island. No piles were seen on this island, but it yielded a large nundier of I'.AV ol' CONSTANCE. 133 coarsely-made stone celts. From this place I noticed in the Museum at Friedrichshafen a beautiful polished chisel of stone in a staghorn handle (Fig. 28, No. 1) and a metal (copper or bronze) bracelet (No. 16). Near Allensbach piles extended as a broad band for about 1,000 paces parallel to the shore. In one place roAvs of piles took the direction of the shore in such a manner as to suggest a bridge or stage entrance. The piles were generally round stems, but some of the oak ones were split, and measured in some instances 14 to 16 inches in diameter. They projected only a few inches above the mud. In some places horizontal beams of split oak were found lying buried in the mud, but in deep Avater, and measuring 15 feet in lenoth and 4 to 6 inches in diameter. The antiquities collected were chiefly the heavier implements, as stone celts, which varied very much both in size and form — being from less than an inch to 21 inches in length. Only a few fragments showed perforated axes. Corn-crushers were in great abundance, as well as flint saws and other objects of this material. Another station just opposite Allensbach has largely supplied collectors with stone celts, and a considerable number of per- forated hammer-axes. At Hegne the stone celts show better workmanship, and among the relics are some beautifully-made saws, daggers, and lance-heads of yellow and dark flint. Two earthen vessels slightly bulging in the middle, and having per- forations for cords instead of handles, are noted by Dehoff as containing a black sooty substance, and a third was tilled with hazel-nuts. The remaining stations in the Untersee are at Iznanc;, Gux- DOLZEN, (B. 462, p. 12), HoRNSTAAD, Gaienhofen, and Hemmen- HOFEN, but they present the same features as those already noticed of the Stone Age. (B. 22.) Constance. — In the Bay of Constance there Avere several ot these lake-dwellings, the remains of Avhich have only more recently come to light. In Keller's eighth report of the Swiss lake-dwellings (B. 336), Mr. Leiner, keeper of the Ro.sgarten Museum, gives a short account of the antiquities found in the harbour (Rauenegg) when it was being enlarged. Among several rows of ancient piles of oak and cross-beams running in a southerly direction towards the Kreuzlingen shcn-e there were found buried in the mud, chiefly lying over the shell marl l:U LAKE-DWELLINC;s OK ErUOPE. {ilberl-tilkfcr ('(nic/ii/licn), fragments of ornamented pottery (Fig. 29, Nos. 4 to 10), loom-weights, spindle-whorls, poitions of clay plaster for huts, stone celts, and perforated axe- hammers, together with a variety of flint implements (Nos. 11 and 12). Mr. Leiner remarks that while the pottery found in many Fig. 29. — Bay of Coxstaxce. Nos. C to ]0 = -|. and the rest:=| real size. of the neiglibouring stations was rude and entirely hand-made, that from the Raueneg-gf station would almost indicate a know- ledge of the potter's wheel. This pottery was burnt into a grey, black, or yellowish colour, and belonged to the Bronze Age ; in proof of which he instances among the antitpiities a few bronze objects (Nos. 1 to .3), a small bit of amber, and some fragments of a fine green iuid bine glass. One of the bronze objects (No. 1) is quite unique, l)ut of its purpose nothing seems to be known. In 1882 the site of a station was discovered just opposite the T'EBERLIXOERSEE. 135 public gardens, which goes under the name Fkauexpfahl. Its area was determined to be about 180 yards long and 100 yards wide. The antiquities from it are hatchets of serpentine and chloromelanite, fragments of vases, a large bead of blue glass, a bronze hatchet, and a canoe. During the same season (the water being then very low) another large station Avas discovered, running along the north shore of the bay near Hixterhausen. It extended in length for about 400 yards, with an average breadth of 50 : and among its piles were found some hundreds of stone hatchets, worked objects of bone and horn, pottery, and a large assortment of the bones of various animals. (B. 381, 382, and 462.) In passing to the Uehedingersee the first station we come to is Staad, which lies immediately below Allmannsdorf ; and a little farther on there is another, opposite the village of Egg, both of which are recent additions to the long list of lake-settlements known in this branch of the Lake of Constance. Beyond the bridge which joins Insel Mainau to the mainland lies the debris of a very large settlement which formed at least two villages. That next to LuTZELSTETTEN is characterised by its high-class pottery of the Stone Age. Along the shore stone celts are met with all the way to the village of Dingelsdorf, immediately opposite to which is a settlement of the Stone Age. The next station was near WallhausEn, which, owing to the number of jflint implements collected on it, goes among collectors under the name of " Flint Island." Amono- the celts found here are a few of nephrite and one of polished flint. (B. 462, p. 4.) Large collections have been made from this station, one of Avhich, according to Mr. Boll, was lately sold for £60. (B. 378.) From Wallhausen north Avards neither piles nor any industrial remains are met with till we come to Bodmann. This is, no doubt, owing to the abrupt nature of the coast which renders the lake-margin unsuitable for such structures. Bodmann. — At this town the hills again recede, and leave an open valley stretching away Avestwards, through AA'hich the stream Btockach floAvs and empties itself into the head of the lake. Here there Avere two settlements Avdiich ha\'e yielded an enormous amount of industrial remains. The most recent haul was in 1888, the largest portion of which Avent to the Rosgarten Museum. When I last visited Constance (August, 1888), the stuff' l:}() LAKE-DWEIJJNOS OF KrKOI'E. was still at Mr. Lciner's privatj residence, and it was perfectly appalling to see the number of boxes, barrels, etc., in which the materials were stowed away. Besides the Rosgarten Museum, there are good collections from these stations at Friedrichshafen, the Steinhaus Museum at UeberKngen, and at Bodmann itself (formerly in the Schloss, but now at the private residence of Mr. Ley). The results of the earlier explorations have been described by MM Ley and Dehoff (B. 61 and 126), and some notes of the more recent finds are given by Leiner and Boll. (B. 378, 'SSI, and 382.) The first station was close to the present landing-stage, and the piles have been observed to hug the shore in a narrow band for several hundred yards. In one spot measuring some 30 yards by 10, flint implements and refuse, including all manner of chips, Avere found in such astonishing quantity as to give rise to the opinion that it was the site of a flint factory. Mr. Dehoff states that so numerous were the flints here that, before the introduction of lucifer matches, and as far as the memory of man goes back, it supplied the whole neighbourhood with the flints required, and was actually worked as a business for this purpose. Mr. Ley describes the relic-bed as consisting of two strata, separated by a thin layer of mud, and buried beneath a bed of gravel 1| to 2 fe3t thick. The lower stratum was from half a foot to a foot thick, and lay immediately over the original lake- sediment. In some parts this layer appeared to be covered by a thin deposit of carbonised materials. The second relic-bed was but half the thickness of the former, and, according to Mr. Ley, it was only in it that perforated axe-heads were found ; and in its other remains, such as pottery, he sees evidence of progress and improved handicraft. Among the more noteworthy objects from Bodmann (Fig. 30) are fish-spears of horn, with two and four prongs (Nos. 3 and 5) ; fish-hooks and other implements of bone (Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14 and 19) ; a bow of yew wood ; a celt and a sickle of flint ; a vessel containing no less than 600 perforated beads of Jura limestone ; goblet-like dishes of blackish earthenware with conical bases (No. 21) ; and curiously-ornamented vases (No. 20) ; a saw in its casing, supposed to be made of reindeer horn (No. 17); clay spindle-whorls (No. 18). Nos. 7, 8, 14, 15, 17, and 18, are from the recent find. n:iu:i{i.i\(ii;i{sKK. 1 :J7 Fig. 30.— BODMANN. Nos. 1>(I and 21 ml the rest ^ i rcnl size. 18S LAKE-DWELLINOS OK ErUOPE. About 5()U or (iOO yards farther north, and close to tlie farthest off point of the UeberHngersee, Mr. Ley discovered the remains of a second settlement, which he thinks was constructed in the Bronze Age. Not only were bronze and iron objects found on it, but the piles are much less decayed than those of the previously- described station ; moreover, there were marks on some he had drawn up from a depth of six feet which could only have been produced by sharp cutting implements. It goes under the name of ScHACHEN ; but it is difficult to say from which station the numerous objects exposed in the museums have come, as they are indiscriminately marked " Bodmann." According to Mr. Ley, this settlement was of large extent, but the greater part of it is deeply buried in mud, and not easily explored. The bronze objects described by Mr. Ley are three celts, two of the flat type (Nos. 12 and 13) and one winged (No. 11), and a pin. Those of iron are a knife, two arrow-heads, and portion of a fish-hook. A fibula in Rosgarten Museum marked "Bodmann" is of the Roman period (No. 9), but this is not surprising, as there are many Roman remains in the neighbourhood. Split beams of oak, and others with square mortised holes (like those from Ziirich, Fig. 2, Nos. 13 and 14) were fished up here, thus bearing out Keller's idea that such beams were only used where the mud is soft. Some elegant vases, one ornamented like those from Schussenried (No. 20), and horn objects, are reported from it. (B. 462.) In the Museum at Ueberlingen there are a few bronze and iron objects from Pfahlbau Bodmann, as a bracelet of bronze wire, pins, needles, a ring, a lance- head, and two small figurines (Fig". 195, Nos. 15 and 16). LuDwiGSHAFEN. — Tumiug the head of the Ueberlingersee we come to the village of Ludwigshafen, where recently piles have been detected in two places, one of which has turned out to be exceed- ingly rich in staghorn implements — so much so as to suggest the idea that it was a special factory for this material. This station was about 30 yards from the shore, and in the vicinity of its remains it was long known that Roman tiles lay scattered about. These tiles are of two kinds, hollow and flat, the latter measuring 12 by 7 inches. SiPPLiNGEN. — There arc two stations at Sipplingen — one, at the east end of the village, covering nearly 30 acres. The second is only about 4 acres in extent, but it has not been carefully explored. Its chief interest lies in the statement made by UEBERLIXOEHSEK. 1 8!» ^Ir. Biill that a laroo quantity of wood was obsoiTcd lying in tlie mud, and among the beams an iron sword, lielieved to be of Roman origin, was found. Close to this station Avas found the wreck of a badly-constructed boat, which had no nails, but was kept together by copper wire. (B. 378, p. 97.) The former station is the more interesting, as it has furnished objects characteristic of the three Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron, as well as of Roman, Allemanish, and Frankisli times. According to Dr. Lachmann (B. 126), the great majority of the relics belong to the Stone Age, with very few of the Bronze Ag'e. Among the objects of more recent times were the following of iron :— A lance-point, three arrow-heads, two sickles, a one-edged sword, and a Roman key. What is still more puzzling is the tinding of glass in considerable quantities here. It is of two kinds, and one bit was ornamented with gold enamel. Among the more recent tinds are pottery representing large vessels, with a rim and perforated knobs for suspension, and a large flint celt weighing three pounds. (B. 378.) Some goblets with conical bases, supposed to be crucibles, have been found here, as Avell as at Bodmann (Fig. 30, No. 21), but they appear to me to indicate the commencement of the Bronze Age when such forms came into general use. It may be further noted that among these relics are about 100 examples of egg-shaped stones which were found in one place, a few hatchets and chisels of nephrite, and a small copper celt encased, when found, in a clay coating, probably the mould in which it was cast. Another small station, the debris of which is deeply buried, was near St. Catherina, not far from Briinnensbach, which has also yielded objects of more recent times. (B. 462.) NussDORF. — The settlement at Nussdorf covered about three acres in the form of a parallelogram. The piles are mostly roimd, generally about two feet apart, but sometimes in groups. This station Avas the first discovered by Mr. Ullersberger, in 1862, and is important for the number of antiquities it has yielded of the pure Stone Age. Dr. Lachmann describes the early in- vestigations and discoveries Avith great minuteness. (B. 126.) Among the flint objects Avere about 100 specimens of arrow-points and lance-heads (Fig. 31, Xos. 1 to 5), in all gradations of sizes, and 80 saAA's, piercers, and knives. The saAvs Avere in general 3i inches in length and 2 Avide, and eight still retain their handles. Stone 14') I.AKE-I)\VKLIJ\(iS (»|- KCltol'K. celts, chisels, and hammer-axes (Xo. 2;)) uumliei'ed about J, 000, and of these about 50 celts were made of nephrite. Horn fixins^s Fig. 31. XussDOKP, Macrach, Lutzelstetten. etc. No. 24 = |. 2() and 27 = ^. and the re-it = f real size. were used for SOUK" of th(> celts; but there were wooden handles with a cleft, wiiich showed that they were liafted in a variety of ways. The pci-forated axes were couiparatively rare, only UEIiEULINGERSEE. 141 about 50 being in the cullection. The perforations are both circuhxr and oval. Clay spindle-whorls (Nos. 14 and 15) and loom- weights were well represented, but pottery was both scarce and of indifferent quality. Of bone and horn there were several hundred objects, including chisels (No. 8), awls, daggers (Nos. 11 to 13), various kinds of pins (No. 10), three combs (Nos. 6 and 7), 10 perforated hammers of staghorn (No. 28), perforated teeth, a fish-hook of boar's tusk (No. 22), etc. Maurach. — About half-way between Nussdorf and Unter- IThldingen lies the site of the famous station at Maurach. It was discovered during the winter of 1862-3, and was among those investigated by Mr. Ullersberger. It appears that in 1839 a dam or dyke was built here, which covered a portion of the area occupied by the lake-settlement, so that it could only be partially explored. The piles came close up to the shore, but stretched out into the lake for about 1,000 feet, covering some 8 acres. According to Dr. Lachmann, the antiquities, about 600 of which were collected, were precisely similar to those from Nussdorf. Stone axes were met with in all stages of manufacture, but hardly any pottery. A flattened bead of amber and four copper celts (Fig. 31, Nos. 16 to 19) are the only further noteworthy objects included among those from the earlier investigations. (B. 126.) It was not till 1880, when the dyke above refeircd to was being repaired, that the special feature which now chaiacteiises this settlement became known. Among the stone hatchets then found Avere nearly 500 of nephrite, of which two-thirds were tolerably well made. But more interesting is the fact that nephrite was found in the crude state, in the form of unworked bits and chips, from the size of a finger-nail up to 3 inches in length and 2 inches in breadth ; so that there can be no doubt that this material was worked on the spot. These later finds have gene chiefly to the Rosgarten Museum. Mr. Leincr, writing in 1^(S2 (B. 381), states that from the various stations on the Ueberlingeisee he received 800 nephrite, 12 jadeite, 11 chloromelanitc, and one saussuritc, hatchets or chisels. Unter-Uhldingen. — Dr. Lachmann describes tAvo settlements Avhich have left their remains near the village of I^nter-Uhldingen, about 1,000 feet from the shore and nearly a mile apart, and each coverino- about 8 to 10 acres. On the other hand, Mr. Boll 14-2 LAKE-DWELLlN(iS OF EUROIl-:. makes mention of only one station, Avhich he characterises as the laro-est in Lake Constance, covering- some 80 acres. Both stations contained several well-defined Steinbergs — three in one and four in the other — in Avhich were cross-beams binding the piles together, like the Steinberg at Nidau. The relics belong to all ages, and indicate a continued duration from the Stone Age down to the Roman period, if not even for some centuries later. The Stone Age relics are similar to those found on the other stations in the Ueberlino-ersee. T>i: Lachmann describes among the flint saws one 9h inches long. The celts, chisels, and axes numbered about 300, and the spindle-whorls 40. Pottery Avas more abundantly met with here, and better made, than in any of the other stations. About 130 fragments and whole dishes indicate a great variety of vessels^ cups, jars, vases, covers, etc. Some had handles, and others were ornamented in a variety of ways (Fig. 32, No. 27) ; and, besides the Bronze Age pottery, there were bits of red earthenware, the well- known Samian ware {terra sigillata) of the Romans. The special feature, however, of this station lies in the number of bronze objects it has yielded. In the UUersberger collection Dr. Lachmann describes six lance-points (No. 17); 16 hatchets with wino-s (Nos. 2 and 3), two with sockets (No. 1), and a few of the flat type (Nos. 29 and 30) ; 25 knife-blades (Nos. 9 and 12) ; four armlets, two ornamented (Nos. 21 and 22) ; some sickles (No. 23), fish-hooks (Nos. 18 and 19), rings, and more than 100 hair- pins (Nos. 4 to 8, 14, 24, and 25). Also about 40 objects of iron, including a few lance (No. 26) and arrow-heads, one axe, several knives, two pruning-hooks (No. 11), some iron rings, a fibula (No. 15), portion of a two-edged sword, a short sword with a wooden handle, an implement like a fork, a pair of pincers, etc. Besides these, there is another collection of similar implements of In-onze and iron in the Museum of Friedrichshafen. Among the iron objects here are two of the so-called pruning-knives (Hippen), a hammer-axe, two harpoons, some arrow-heads and rings, a fibula (La Tene type), six horseshoes, a df gger, and a girdle-hook. Here, as well as at Sipplingen, a quantity of well-made glass was found on the site of the settlement, consisting chiefly of the bottoms of goblets of a greenish colour, which, according to Mr. Hofrath Klemm, of Dresden, belonged to the sixth or seventh century after Christ. Very few objects of boni^ and lioni were found at Unter-L'^hldingen. UEBEUIJNSince then a considerable number of objects have been found, which are dispersed among the local museums and private col- lections, as may be seen from an inspection of the Museums at Constance, Ueberlingen, Friedrichshafen, Bregenz, and Bodmann. Leavino- the northern branch of the Lake of Constance, and still following the coast, we come, a little beyond Meersburg, to a couple of stations, Haltnau and Hagnau, both of which subsisted during the early Bronze Age. From Haltnau a con- siderable number of mixed relics, including a bronze spear- head and hatchet, two large vases, beautiful stone chisels and perforated axes, implements of nephrite, etc. (B. 378.) In the RosQfarten Museum there are a few thiniJ^s of bronze, as a knife, a small chisel or awl, like Fig. 32; No. 13, a flat hatchet (Fig. 33, No. 3), and a pendant (No. 13). Of late years Hagnau has yielded a large number of bronze objects, including knives (No. 9), sickles, spirals, bracelets (No. 6), flat hatchets (Nos. 1, 2, and 4), two with wings, also pendants, lance-heads, portion of sword-blade, and about 200 hair-pins (Nos. 7, 8, and 10). (B. 381 and 462.) The few illustrations of these objects here given are from the Museums of Constance and Friedrichshafen. The stations at Immenstaad, Flschbach, and Manzell are rich in good speci- mens of jade. From Manzell comes one of the finest chloromelanite hatchets found in this neighbourhood, and also a small one of jadeite, both of which are in the Museum at Friedrichshafen. Near Lindau, between the Villa Amsee and Aeschbach, there appears to have been a settlement, from which a few relics have gone to the Museums at Munich and Bregenz. (B. 462.) The stations along the southern shore of the Bodensee have not as yet been so productivt' in industrial remains as those of the more sheltered Untcrsee and Ueberlingerse(\ but never- theless there is sufHcient evidence to show that thc}^ existed along the coast, as will ])e seen from the following list of their sites, which are successively met with lu^tween Rorschach and the town of Constance, vi/. Aiti'.ox, Iiomansuoun, Kesswil, Moosuriu;, RODENSEE. 145 and RoTHFARB near Giittingen, Altnau, Landschlacht, Munster- LiNGEN, BoTTiGHOFEN, and Kreuzlingen. With the exception of the station at Arbon, the remains of these settlements consist of more or fewer piles, and a sprinkUng of stone and flint im- plements. The shore from Krenzlingen to Constance was found in 1882 to be continuously studded with piles, and among them a large number of relics was picked up, including several implements .^m^,^'' Fig. 33.— Haltnau (8, 5, and 13), AND Hagnau. No. 14 = j, the rest = -^- real size. of nephrite and jadeite, an amber bead, and a large flint hatchet. (B. 462.) The two fragments of stone axes, Nos. 14 and 15, illustrated on Fig. 29, are from this part of the lake. Bleiche-Arbox.— In 1885 Messikommer relates that during the very low state of the lake in 1882 he was requested to visit Arbon, and make an inquiry regarding the discovery of some pre-historic implements along the shore, which were supposed to indicate the existence of a lake-dwelHng in the neighbourhood. In the places referred to he found some flint saws and other implements, but, notwithstanding his well-known experience in lake-dwelling research, he failed to find piles ; and the only 146 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. result of his visit was the discovery of the ruins of a Roman watch-tower near the mouth of the harbour. On the 19th of September, 1885, Messikommer again received a message from the authorities of Arbon to repair to their town, as this time there could be no doubt that the remains of a true Pfahlbau had been found. The site of this new discovery was not the sea-shore, but the flat land stretching between Arbon and Steinach. Here, in the course of excavations for a water supply to the town, the workmen came upon piles with cross- timbers, among which were interspersed various relics of human industry. The place Avhere these discoveries were made was about a kilometre from Arbon, and close by the road to St. Gallen. On a section being exposed, the following layers were observed : — First half a foot of soil, then a foot of loam, and under this a stratitied deposit of sand and gravel, about 3 feet in thickness, containing fresh-water shells. The relic-bed was from 1 foot to 1| foot thick, and in it were found stone hatchets; frao-ments of sawn stones, apparently the refuse of manufactured implements ; corn-crushers ; four perforated horn hammers, " Feld- hacken;" several bone objects — needles, chisels, awls, daggers; a knife-like implement made of a wild boar's tusk, and another made of yew- wood ; an oar ; fragments of ornamented pottery, etc. Also there were barley, numerous seeds and fruits, shells of hazel-nuts, the skull of a dog, and a quantity of osseous remains, representing the urus, bison, stag, cow, pig, bear, etc. (B. 431, 434c, and 402.) MINDLISEE AND BUSSENSEE. In the vicinity of Constance are two small lakes or bogs which have yielded important remains of lake-dwellings. These arc the Bussensee and Mindlisee, both situated in the tract of coiuitry stretching between the Untersee and the IJeberlingersee. The former is near Liitzelstetten, and in its marginal peat there have been found the following antiquities : — A wooden dish cut out of an alder-trunk, measuring 13 inches in diameter; two amber beads— one a perforated disc 1 h inch in diameter (Fig. 28, No. 8), similar to one found at Oter-Meilen, and said to have been in the possession of the late Mr. Aiipli, and the other a small ordinary bead (No. 9). Also several articles of stone, horn, copper, and bronze. A cui-iosity is a portion of the shell of a FEDERSEE. 147 tortoise perforated with two holes for suspension (No. 17). Also a female human skull of the dolicho-cephalic type.^ The Mindlisee is near Mtiggingen, and its Pfahlbau is more difficult of investigation, owing to the bogginess of the peat. Some of the antiquities from this locality, and now in the Museum at Constance, consist of fragments of pottery, two orna- mented pins and a dagger of copper (Nos. 2, 3 and 11), some bronze objects (Xos. 14 and 15), and a curiously shaped stone, like a hatchet and handle in one piece (No. 12). (B. 381 and 402.) FEDERSEE. The settlement in the Federsee was reported on by Oberforster Frank, of Schussenried, in 1876, being the result of systematic investigations conducted by him during the previous year. (B. 285.) It was situated in the south-east corner of an extensive tract of peat which now largely occupies the ancient basin of the Federsee, at a place about three miles distant from the present small lake, and 380 yards from its ancient or glacial margin. Im- mediately over the glacial deb)- is in which this basin is formed there lies a layer of whitish cla}', " Weissergrund," about 15 inches thick, and then follows peat for a thickness of 10 or 12 feet. The lake-dwelling remains are met with at a depth of 6 A feet, but, it is impossible to form a correct idea of the extent of the entire settlement, as it is only a portion that has been exposed. At this depth in the peat wooden platforms are met with, formed of layers of round or split timbers lying transversely one above the other, and forming a kind of fascine structure. Between the wooden layers there is always placed a bed of clay, the number of wdiich varies from three to eight, so that there is no uniformity in the thickness represented by these structures. Inserted through these solid masses of clay and Avood, at intervals of about 2^ feet, were upright beams, only some of which reached the "Weissergrund. These piles were slender, only about 4 inches in diameter, and showed no evidence of having either mortises or tenons by which they could be joined with the horizontal beams. Relics were found not only on the surface of these fascine structures, but also in the clay betw^een the successive layers or platforms, and even underneath the lowest, down as far as the * Antiqi'ii, 188:!, p. 14 : and ihid., 188."). p. 1. 148 LAKE-DWELLINOS OF EUROPE. Weissergruncl, but never actually in the latter. Between the lowest layers of woodwork and the Weissergrund there is some- times a space of 4 or 5 feet in which horns, broken bones, and other relics are found ; but it is " above and between the hori- zontal layers of timbers, and chiefly in the immediate neighbour- hood of the upright piles, that implements of all kinds are met with — of flint, stone, horn, bone, teeth, and wood ; also earthenware vessels and spoons quite perfect." In June, 1879, Mr. Frank was fortunate in tindmg the actual foundation of a hut, showing the flooring and portions of the side walls, the dimensions and other particulars of which I will afterwards discuss.* There was no evidence that this settlement, like so many in Switzerland, came to an end by means of a conflagration ; and, indeed, the freshness of the upper woodwork and the absence of burnt faggots, etc., negatived the idea of such a catastrophe. The antiquities found on these remarkable peat dwellings are supposed to belong exclusively to the Stone Age, as hitherto no objects of metal have been found among them (Figs. 34 and 35). Potterij. — A large quantity of whole and broken dishes are in Mr. Frank's collection. They are sometimes of a greyish coloiu', and at other times black, as if polished with soot or graphite. The paste is either flne and smooth or mixed with coarse sand, and it is of this latter quality that the larger vessels are made. Of some 140 specimens in Mr. Frank's collection the largest is 12 inches high. Both handles and perforated knobs have been in use. A few fragments of a flne yellowish paste are highly ornamented (Fig. 34, Nos. 17, 24, and 25). The flne black pottery consists of pretty jars, bowls, spoons, etc., which arc often ornamented with a combination of linos, points, checks, knobs, etc. It is curious that there are no spindle-whorls, and only one object that can be considered to be a loom- weight. Stone. — Flint implements to the number of 40, such as saws, an'ow-})<)ints, and scrapers, are well made (Nos. 1 to 8). One semi- cii'(;ular saw is interesting as being a northern typo, which, however, is not in Mr. Frank's collection, but in the Museum of Natural Histoiy at Stuttgart (No. 20). Of several stone hatchets some are plain and othei's perforated and beautifully polished, * Matci'laur, vol. xvii. p. ;i2I. FEDERSEE. 149 Fig. 34. — ScHUSSENRiED. All i real size. 150 LAKE-DWELLJNCS OF EUROPE. a few of which are still in their horn or wooden handles (Nos. to 14 and 19). (No horn holders Avith square tops for insertion into wooden handles are in the collection.) The stone implements are generally made of granite or serpentine, one only being of ' W /'inprnfijii.- /}. // /y'1^/./'•>.vf/y Fig. 35. — SciiusSENiiiED. All \ real size. jadeito (sp. gr. .']•;)()()). A small hit of red stone is perforated with three-holes, precisely like similar olijccts from Eobenhausen (Fig. 24, Nos. 5 and 6). Horn and Bone, etc. — Of horn there are two scoops (Fig. 35, No. 0), and some perforated hammers (No. 7), one of which has portion of the wooden handle in it. There are also spoons of hoiii. FEDERSEE. 151 as well as small bone chisels, daggers, pins, knives, haftings, etc. (Fig. 34, Nos. 15 and IG), perforated teeth, and some cutting implements of boars' teeth. Portion of the handle of a stone celt, still in its socket, is interesting, as showing a wedge which had been inserted so as to fix it more thoroughly, just as is done at the present day. A piece of wood, showing clearly the marks of a stone axe, is preserved by Mr. Frank in a liquid, as well as various wooden dishes. Organic and other Remains. — Bits of rope and coarse matting made of bast, but no cloth, were found. As regards the latter, it was with special interest that I was shown a large consolidated mass of a black material, made of grains of wheat, which most distinctly retained the impression of a finely woven tissue, evidently that of the sack in which the grain had been kept. Other curious objects are two lumps of asphalt, one of which weighs three-quarters of a pound, and a dish filled with birch-bark in little rolls. Dr. Dom, of Tubingen,* believes that this so-called asphalt was a product of birch-bark, used by the lake-dwellers when mixed with a black powder for smearing over their dishes. The eminent Professor Fraas, of Stuttgart, identified the followimr animals amongf the osseous remains submitted -to him, viz. stag, roe, pig, bear, wolf, fox, lynx, hare, and bison (wild) ; and the dog, ox, marsh-pig, and sheep (domestic). It is noteworthy that neither the horse nor goat is here represented. (B. 303.) Wheat, found plentifully, was determined by Professor Hegel- maier to be a large- grained variety of the common species (Triticum valgare). Among other fruits and seeds were linseed, acorns, beecli-nuts, hazel-nuts, etc. Pine was not among the wood. In ajar was found a greyish black powder, which on analysis proved to be carbonate of lime in combination with a bituminous substance. Another powder was found to be red oxide of iron. One small bead, of bright red colour, like coral, finds a place in the Schussenried Collection ; but the following objects are wanting, viz. clay ring supports, leather, cloth, bread, apples and pears, usually found in lake-dwellings. From the facts recorded in Mr. Frank's long article, it would appear that the settlers at Schussenried commenced their residence before the girdle of peat, which now covers so largely the ancient bed of the Federsee, extended very far from the shore assigned to * Ycrcin.'< fiir Vatrr. Naivvhuiulc, Stuttgart, 1878, p. 9."). 152 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUIKJPE. it by the retiring glaciers ; and that since they abandoned their dwelhngs not less than 6 or 7 feet of peat have grown over them. OLZREUTHERSEE. About two kilometres north-east of Schussenried lies a small lake — Olzreuthersee — ^ in which Mr. Frank has discovered the remains of a Pfahlbau of similar character to that just described. Being informed that flint and staghorn implements were turned up in a field close to this lake, he at once visited the spot, and recognised the site of a lake-dwelling, situated in a small peninsula some 800 square yards in extent, and rising 1| foot above the water, which enclosed it on three sides. Here woodwork, pottery, and other debris of human occupancy were found embedded in a relic-bed rather less than a foot in thick- ness. The pottery was much broken, but it resembled that from Schussenried, both in quality and style of ornamentation. As at Schussenried also, neither spindle-whorls nor net-weights were found. Of 784 bits of flint collected, 178 were worked. They are thus classified : — 47 arrow-points, 57 scrapers, 88 knives, 16 saws, and 20 of an undetermined character. Some of the arrow- points and saws are particularly well made. Of stone implements there were 11 axes of local materials (a few of which were per- forated), and 3 hatchets and 4 chisels of nephrite. The nephrite hatchets were small, the largest measuring only 1| inch by 1^ inch, and the chisels were 2 inches to 3 inches in length by I inch to 1 inch in breadth. There were besides several corn- crushers, 28 staghorn implements, some perforated, and rolls of birch-bark, etc., but no trace of any metal. Also a few needles, awls, and small chisels. Mr. Frank draws attention to the remarkable fact, that while here there were nephrite objects, and no jadeite, the very opposite was the case at Schussenried. (B. 395.) DANURTAN BASIN. Crossing over to tlie great liavarian plateau which conunands the sources of the; Danube, there are on the northern flanks of the Alpine chain of mountains a series of lakes, many of which have been shown to contain r(Miiains of lak(;-dwellings. Those wliicli have been suilicicutly investigated to claim a notice here LAKE ris of these settlements, which I shall now proceed to describe. LAIBACH MOOR (CARNIOLA). What is known as Laibach Moor is an extensive but irregularly shaped plain now nearly all well cultivated, which extends south- wards from the town of Laibach to Ober-Laibach, some 12 miles distant. Previous to a series of drainage schemes, executed at various times during the last fifty years, the whole of this plain was a morass or peat bog, and there can be no doubt that in pre-historic times it was a navigable sheet of water. It covers an area of about 85 English square miles, and is interspersed here and there with six or seven rocky eminences, which, when the locality was under water, formed so many islands. It is also intersected by the rivers Laibach, Isca, and some smaller streams. 170 LAKE-D\VELLIX(JS OF Hl'HOI'E. which unite before reaching the town of Laibach, and about half way up it is crossed by the railway to Trieste. Some years ago a new road was constructed along the valley of the Isca, from Laibach to Brunndorf, and in 1875, in the course of excavating a ditch alongside of it, various bone implements and fragments of pottery were turned up by the workmen. Mr. Martin Peruzzi, the proprietor, recognising the archaeological value of these objects, at once gave information of the discovery to the authorities of the Landesmuseum at Laibach. This led to an extensive series of investigations, which were continued during the following two years under the care of Dr. Karl Deschmann, cin-ator of this museum. An illustrated report of the first year's operations was published by the eminent archaeologist. Baron von Sacken (B. 290), while those of the two following years have found an able ex- ponent in Dr. Deschmann. (B. 302 and 317.) The first year's working revealed the foundations of a pile- dwelling close to the road on its west side, where, by the removal of some 3,000 square yards of peat, quite a forest of piles was disclosed. These were irregularly placed, but on an average they numbered three or four in a dozen square feet. They were made of aspen, poplar, elm, and fir, the last, however, being sparingly used. The peat was about 6 feet thick, and below it was the ancient sediment of the lake into which the piles were driven, their heads now merely entering into the peaty stratum. Between the peat and lake sediment there was a thin layer of organic dehris, 4 or 5 inches thick, in which alone the relics of the lake- dwellers were found. In the following year some 2,000 square yards were cleared of peat, partly in the same place, and partly on the other side of the road. In this new locality the piles were more closely set and the deposit of peat was a little thicker, but the character of the relics was exactly the same, only a larger proportion of the fragments of pottery were ornamented. During the autunm of 1877 the site of a third pile-dwelling was come upon, about 300 yards from the last mentioned, and on the other side of the Isca (see Sketch, p. 171), under precisely similar conditions as the two former, but owing to want of funds the excavations were discontinued before the entire area was searched. Dr. Deschmann is of opinion that these are by no means the only portions of the moor in which lake-dwellings ex- isted, as indications of them were found in several other places l.-VmACH. 171 along the bed of the Isca. In further snpjwrt of this opinion I may mention that in 1857, before lake-dwellings had attracted attention in this (quarter, some objects were found at Moosthal, in Ober-Laibach ■ £iL quite a different part of the moor, Avhich point to its being the site of a lake-dwelling. Here the peat was 10 feet deep, and at this depth, and lying immediately over the lake-silt, were found three perforated staghorn hammers, two canoes, and some other 172 LAKE-D\VELL[XOS OF ET'KOPE. objects of human industry, which, however, were dispersed l)efore Dr. Deschmann became aware of the discovery. The reUcs of human hidustry collected during these systematic explorations, with the exception of a few in the Museum of Vienna, are deposited in the handsome new Museum at Laibach, where they form a remarkably complete and interesting demon- stration of the culture and civilisation of the lake-dwellers. Some of these are illustrated on Figs. 42, 43, and 44. Pottery. — -Vessels for household use are extremely abundant, and varied in form and ornamentation. They are all hand-made, and the quality of the paste appears to have been good — that for the larger dishes was mixed with rough sand. All the pottery has a darkish appearance, but most of the smaller vessels had been smeared over with some black composition. Not a few of these dishes were cpiite whole, so that their varied forms and uses may be readily distinguished. They may be classified as jars, vases, cups, plates, jugs, bowls, flasks, spoons, etc. ; and ordinary handles, perforated knobs, tubular borings (an^a canallcihlarls) appear to have been indiscrimi- nately used. Some of the smaller dishes have four or live stud-liko processes or rudimentary feet, and others have a pedestal-like base, slightly expanding at the lowest point, on the underside of Avhich there is often impressed the shape of a broad cross (Fig. 42, No. 20). The ornamentation, when reduced into its simple elements, may be thus stated : — (1) Straight or wavy ridges, sometimes notched across, and running upwards or across the Ix^dy of the vessel ; (2) finger or nail marks ; (8) checks made with groups of incised lines crossing each other ; (4) lozenge-shaped spaces alternately plain and lined : (.5) herring-bone pattern ; ((3) triangles, crosses, wheels, rhombs, and other simple geometrical figures, sometimes with inscribed figures or lines ; (7) impressions of strings, points, etc. The style of the more highly ornamented vessels is, though complicated, artistic, and when the incised lines were filled with a white material, as is supposed to have been tlie case with some of them, these patterns on a dark or black ground must have been very effective. Ornamentation is not always confined to the outside of the vessel, as may be seen from Fig. 43, No. 8. Dr. Deschmann sees a strikinir resend)lance between the Laibach LAlJiACH. 173 Fig. 42— Laibach. Xos. I'J to 24 = J. and the rest = i real 174 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUUOPE. pottery, both in iiianiifacture and ornamentation, to that repre- sented in Dr. Schlieniann's works on Troy. Besides the ordinary dishes, there fall to be ennnierated under this heading some two or three hundred spindle- whorls, one or two cylindrical weights, perforated cones (Fig. 43, No. 5), a few crucibles of superior workmanship (Fig. 45, No. 14), a mould for an axe-head (Fig. 42, No. 22), and some other small objects, apparently toys (Fig. 42, No. 21). Among the most remarkable and mysterious objects are some ornamented images, more or less fragmentary, of animals and human beings with fantastically-formed heads (Fig. 42, Nos. 11, 2-3, and 24; and Fig. 195, Nos. 5 to S). fStone. — The stone unplements, with the exception of rubbers, hammers, and sharpening-stones, are comparatively rare. The sharpening-stones are well represented by a variety of implements — from the small portable hone with a string perforation, to a large hollow block weighing 220 pounds. Of simple stone axes and chisels there are only about a dozen good examples, but amongst them are two little gems — one a hatchet of nephrite (Fig. 42, No. 12), and the other a miniature chisel of greenstone (No. 9). Perforated axe-hammers number about two dozen (Fig. 43, No. 10) ; they are mostly of serpentine and well shaped, and the boring is neatly executed. The flint objects, which amount to about four dozen, consist chiefly of neatly-formed lance-heads ; but amongst them are a few scrapers and flakes, but hardly one that could be called an arrow-point (Fig. 42, Nos. 1 to 5). Almost unicpie are two conical anvils, one of which (No. 18) has metallic particles of copper or bronze on its flat surface. There is also a polished stone disc showing the commencement of a perforation near its centre with the core still remaining. Bone (I lid Horn. — A characteristic feature of the Laibach s(;ttlements is the abundance of implements of bone and horn which they have yielded, and which may be thus classified : — 1. IN'rforated hammer-axes of staghorn, numbering between 300 and 400, in all stages of manufacture. The most typical forms of these implements are sketched on Fig. 44. 2. Polished daggers, pointers, cliiscls, etc., varying in length IVdiii 4 to 10 inches, amount to many hundreds. The smaller l):Miit('i-s, awls, and ])iiis, wi'rc made of bone splinters and ground to Hn(! points. The tine)' daggers were invariably made of the 1>A11!ACH. 175 Fig. 43. — Laibach. All I real size. 176 LAKE-DWELLING.S OF EUROPE. leg-bones of a deer or other animal. It appears that they were manufactured by sawing or cutting the bone lengthways and slightly diagonally, so as to have two weapons out of the one bone, leaving each with a joint for its hilt. One or two bones were found showing this operation in an uncompleted stage. Some of these Fig. 44. — Laibach. All about ] real size. daggers had perforations near the extremity of the handle-end for suspension. 8. The tynes of deer-horns were converted into coarse needles (Fig. 42, No. {:]), and used probably in the manufacture of nets. Over a score of these implements have been collected. 4. A few finely-polished objects like hooks are supposed to have been used as dress-fasteners or buckles (Nos. 6 and 16). 5. Another set of curious objects (No. 7), of which about a score have been collected, is supposed by Dr. Deschmann to have been used as artificial bait to catch large hsh, just as we at the present day use an imitation minnow. They are made of the tynes of (Iccr-horiis, and vary in length i'rom 2 to 5 inches. LAIBACH. 177 6. About a dozen or so of very sharp and finely-polished needles made from the superficial lamina of a rib. The eye, which is at one end, is either round or elongated (No. 15.) 7. Several hollow bones (some of the wild swan), open at both ends, and varying in length from 5 to 10 inches, have marks inside, as if made by the friction of running threads. They are supposed to have been used in the preparation of thread, and hence go under the name of " Zwirndreher." 8. Some flat portions of the horns of the elk and the under- jaws of oxen, minus their teeth, were used as polishers. Metal Objects. — (Fig. 45.) The total number of metal objects now in the Museum at Laibach, and tabulated as coming from the lake-dwellings, is 24. They are all either of bronze or copper, as hitherto not a trace of iron has anywhere been met with. The following is a list of them : — 1. Two flat-handled bronze swords 21 and 14i inches long (Nos. 3 and 4). 2. Three bronze daggers, 11|, 8, and 7|, inches long (Nos. 2, 1, and 7). The larger has four rivets for fastening a handle ; the next has six rivets, and the blade is beautifully ornamented ; and the third has two rivet-holes, arranged differently from those in the other two. 3. A winged bronze celt (No. 5) ; and one of the flat type (No. 9), said to be of copper. 4. Portions of three bronze pins (Nos. 12 and 13). 5. Two thin bracelets of bronze, much worn. 6. Five peculiar objects of copper, like awls (Nos. 6 and 8). 7. Seven objects like daggers, lance - heads, or knives, rudcl}^ hammered, are also supposed to be of pure copper (Nos. 10 and 11). The wino'ed celt and the larsfer of the two swords are not noticed in either of the reports of the various investigations, but I am assured they form part of the same find ; and, in corroboration of this, I find they are included in a pho- tograph issued by the authorities of the Museum, purporting to be a representation of all the metal objects from the Pfahlbauten. Objects of Wood. — A canoe 15^ feet long and 2|- feet wide was pointed at both ends. Also a toy canoe. Fragments of a few dishes, such as a large plate, a spoon of yew wood, and some M 178 LAKE-DWEI. LINGS 0¥ EUROPE. bowls — one of which is scooped out of a large round natural protuberance of a tree. A few elongated pebbles rolled in birch Fig. 45. — Laiisacji. Nos. M and 1^)= j, and the rest = | real size. bai'k. Portions of bast ropes, and some coils of very tine car- bonised linen threads. BEAVER-TRAPS. 179 Two remarkable machines (" Biberfalle ") (Fig. 46), each con- structed out of one sohd piece of wood, and having two movable valves in the centre worked by projecting pivots resting loosely in corresponding holes in the machine. These valves are freely movable when pushed upwards, but this motion is arrested just a little short of the perpendicular by the slanting shape of their posterior edges, so that, when left to themselves, they always fall together, and never backwards. The one here represented is in a very perfect state of preservation ; and the other, though now in a fragmentary condition, clearly shows that in its structure it was precisely similar to the former. These peculiar implements, though found at a little distance, are considered of contemporary fStv-v^if Fig. 46. — Laibach. Woodeu machine, supposed to be a Beaver-trap. date w^ith the lake-dwelling remains, as they were in the same archaeological stratum, and about the same depth in the peat, The one here figured is made of oak, and measures 32 inches long, 12 inches broad, and 4 inches deep. The aperture, when the valves are open, measures 9 by 5 inches. The most recent opinion as to the use of these machines is that they were beaver traps — an opinion that derives much probability from the extraordinary number of the skeletons of this animal which have been found amon"' the food-refuse of the inhabitants of this lake-dwelling. Such machines are not absolutely new to archaeology, and the little that is known about them rather strengthens the opinion above given as to their use. The first discovered to which attention was directed in archaeological journals was figured and described in 1873^ by Dr. Hildebrandt, of Tribsees, Neu-Yor- pommern. It measures 29i inches long, and 6 inches broad at the ends, and has two movable valves in the centre. It Avas * ZfiKfilr Etli., vol. v.. VcrliiDul., p. 11<». 180 1.AKE-DWELL1N(;S OK ETTROPE. found in a peat bog at a depth of 5 to 6 feet below the surface, and is now j^reserved in the Museum at Greifswald. Dr. Hildebrandt conjectured that it was some kind of trap for catching fish. In reply to Dr. Hildebrandt's notice of the machine found at Tribsees, Professor F. Merkel, of Rostock, wrote to say^ that two similar ones were found in different parts of North Germany, which he considered to be otter traps rather than fish traps. One of them was found in the moor of Samow, near Gnoien, at a depth of 6 or 7 foot, and is now in the Museum at Rostock. Fig. 47. — Wooden machine, 8 feet long, from North Clermany. It is remarkably like the one from Laibach, and differs only in being 4 inches longer, and having three holes in the valves instead of two (Fig. 47X A third t was found in a moor at Friedrichs- bruch, near Flatow, in the province of West Preussen, which was sent to the Markisches Museum. At no time within historical times were such machines known to be in use, so that their function still remains conjectural, unless the circumstantial evi- dence derived from the Pfahlbau at Laibach decides them to be " Riberfalle." [While the proofs of the above remarks were still in my hands, I received from Dr. Luigi Meschinclli, of the Geological Museiun of the Royal University of Naples, a copy of an article by him, entitled " Studio Sugli Avanzi Preistorici della Valle * Zrit. fur Eth., vol. vi., Vcrhviul., p. ISO, 1871. t Ihitl.. vol. ix., VcrlKind., p. ](i8. WOODEN MACHINES FROM FONTEGA. 181 di Fontega."^ The objects described in this memoir were found, in the course of excavating peat, in a small valley which opens into Lake Fimon in the vicinity of Vicenza. Among numerous industrial remains of man, consisting of fi-agments of pottery, various implements of stone and flint, a bronze celt, and a Roman coin of the time of the Emperor Adrian, were three curious and novel objects of wood shaped like small canoes. One of these machines — the best preserved, though not the largest — is carefully described and figured by Dr. Meschinelli, and from his minute description there can be no doubt it is another example of the same apparatus which I have just de- scribed as having been found in North (Tcrmanyand Laibach Moor. Fig. 47«. — Wooden machiue fi-om Foxtega. 28 inches lonji", with detached valves, and some worked sticks found alonff with it. The body of the Italian machine was constructed out of one piece of oak, and measured 28 inches long, 6f inches broad, and 2f inches thick (Fig. 47«). The opening in the centre, which was closed by two valves revolvmg on projecting pivots, and resting along their axis in a deep groove cut on each side of the machine, measured 6|l inches by 3^- inches on the under side, so that this would be the actual size of the aperture when the valves were open. Associated with the machine, as will be seen from the illustration, were several worked portions of sticks, evidently the debris of some kind of mechanism attached to it. Similar sticks were found along with the Laibach examples. It will be observed that the dimensions of the * Atti (li-lla Soe. Vewto Trent iiut, di Sc. Nat., vol. xi., ISH'.). 182 LAKE-DWELLINGS UF EUROPE. Italian one are a little less than those of the previously de- scribed machines, but that in all other respects they are identical. The other two found at Fontega were, according to Dr. Meschinelli, precisely similar to the one he describes. Among the organic remains fi'om these peat excavations I hnd no mention made of the osseous remains of the beaver, neither is this animal included by Lioy among the fiiuna of the lake-dwellings at Fimon. So far, therefore, there is no presump- tive evidence that the machines described by Dr. Meschinelli were beaver-trdps. That, however, the beaver frequented the Po valley during prehistoric times we have positive evidence in the discovery of its bones in several localities — as, for example, the terremare of Castellaccio (B. 457) and Cogozzo (B. 389a). Puzzled to account for these curious machines which so for- tunately attracted the attention of Dr. Meschinelli, he concludes his notice of them thus : — "A che cosa poteva servire questo oggetto'? Era forse un modello per costruire poi una piroga di dimensioni maggiori per utilita pratica 1 Portata a queste dimensioni, serviva essa al trasporto, o meglio quel congegni erano stati inventati a facilitare la pesca? Voile invece I'artefice sbizzarrire il suo genio iuventivo nel costruire un trastullo cosi grazioso 1 E perche allora costruirne due di eguali ? " It may be interesting to add that in 1859 a wooden machine, which evidently comes under the same category as the above, was found in a bog in the townland of Coolnaman, parish of Aghadowey, county Derry, Ireland. It is figured in The Ulster Journal of Arehwology (vol. vii. p. 165), as an "antique wooden implement," which is thus described by the editor : — " It was discovered embedded in a solid bank of turf, at a depth of 4 feet from the surface, the bog extending to a great depth under- neath. No other article was found near it. It is entirely of wood, and measures as follows : — Extreme length, 3 feet 5 inches ; breadth acro.ss the centre, 7-^ inches; depth, 2| inches; Ud, 14 inches long and 3^- inches broad ; under hole, 12| inches long and 3i inches broad. The upper edges have evidently been higher on all sides, wlien perfect — probably on a level with the lid or small door — or even extending still higher, so as to form a kind of trough. The lid is now somewhat narrower than the opening which it is intended to close, but, no doubt, was made to fit accurately when in use. It moves up and down on a hinge fonnofl by two projections wliiith lie in con-esponding hollows, WOODEN IMPLEMENT FROM IRELAND. 183 and seems to have been opened and shut by means of a handle inserted into a hole in its centre. These hinges have, no doubt, been kept in their place by some part of the wood above them which is now lost. From each end of the lid and on a level with its upper surface there runs a hollow groove, sloping regularly downwards to the end of the implement, and terminating in a hole which perforates the bottom, seemingly for the discharge of a liquid. Towards each end are two lateral holes placed opposite to each other, one in each lip of tlie groove, apparently to receive a rope passed through them to serve as a handle for removing the article from place to place. The under side of the implement is flat, having in its centre an oblong hole (the bottom opening of the cavity covered by the lid), which has all its four edges sloped or bevelled. . . . Coolnaman, which gives name Fig. 476. — Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing;' upper and under surfaces. Length, 3 feat '^ inches. to the townland, is a considerable hill, entirely cultivated, but sur- rounded at its base by a bog of unknown depth, which evidently occupies the site of an ancient lake. On the side of the hill where the implement was discovered the turf has become (juite solidified, and forms a dense black mass up to the surface." In looking' at Fig. 47^>, which shows the upper and under sides of this implement, it will be at once seen that it differs from the Continental examples only by having one valve or lid closing the central aperture instead of two. Neither the editor nor any of the parties who had examined this curious machine at the time had ever seen anything of the kind before, and no rational explanation of its use has ever since been offered. One thought it was a tish-trap intended to be placed in a river ; another, that it was a kind of pump ; a third, that it was a 184 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. machine for making peats ; and a fourth, that it was a cheese- press (Ibid., p. 289). To find so many of these machines, of unknown use and so remarkably similar in structure, in such widely separate districts as Ireland, North Germany, Styria, and Italy, must be a matter of interest to archaeologists, and no one can say that the correct explanation of their use is to be found in any of the suggestions hitherto offered on this point. I may mention one element which may help in the solution of this problem, viz. that all the examples from Italy, Laibach, and Ireland were found in bogs that were formerly lakes. Perhaps this is true in regard to those from North Germany, but the point is not referred to in the short notices which have appeared of them. If these machines are really traps they could only be used in water where the animal coidd insert its head from below, and among amphibious animals the otter and heaver are the only ones to which all the conditions involved in the trap theory could apply.]* Organic Remains. — In the report of the investigations for the year 1877 Dr. Deschmann gives the folloAving analysis of the osseous remains collected, Avhich shows the relative frequency of the respective animals : — Individuals. Sheep, a homed variety ... 147 8tag 131 Beaver ... ... ... 52 Domestic Ox, with 48 piece,s of liorn ... ... ... 35 Goat 31 Badger ... ... ... 31 Marsh Pig 35 Some of these bones contained crystals of vivianite, resembling in this respect the osseous remains found on some of the Scottish crannogs, especially that at Lochlee. (B. 878, p. 88.) The Bos piimigenius is also represented by a portion of horn 21 inches long. The presence of hazel nuts with gnawed holes * Dr. MeBchinelli, in reply to my observations on the Laibach machine, the advanced proofs of which I sent to him, rejects the heavcr-traji theory as a possible explanation of the use of the Fontega machines, but suggests that they might have been used as traps for catching wild-fowl. (B. 4()0.) Individuals. Wild Boar 28 Bear 18 Bison ... 17 Dog 16 Eoe 12 Wolf 2 to 3 Elk 3 to 4 LAIBACH. 185 also points to the existence ol some small rodents, probably the dormouse. One or two bones (metacarpal bone of a deer and an ulna of the bear) are covered all over with groups of peculiarly- striated markings, as if made with a file ; but for what purpose, or whether the Avork of man or of some rodent animal, remains a mystery. There is also a considerable quantity of the bones of birds, the spine bones of fish, jawbones of large pike, carp, etc., and a portion of the shell of a tortoise {Emis lidaria). Of human remains there are two skulls of adults, minus the facial part, another of a child, a lower jaw, and a few bones of the extremities. Notwithstanding a minute search, no traces of any kind of corn have hitherto come to light ; but we nmst not therefore conclude that the lake-dwellers were ignorant of agriculture and the ordinary cereals, as grain is so apt to decompose unless it happens to be in a carbonised state. It is, however, probable that the cultivation of grain was not the chief industry of the colony, and that the mealing-stones which were in such abundance must have been used for grinding some other kind of food as well as grain, such as the kernels of hazel-nuts and water - chestnuts. The water - chestnut {Trapa natans), accordmg to Deschmann, does not gTow at the j^resent time in Carniola ; nor has it ever, since the earliest botanical examina- tion of the country by Scopoli, been considered a native plant in the Flora Carniolica. In the last century the monks of the Cistercian order, at Sittich, cultivated it in their ponds. Pliny, however, distinctly states that in ancient times it was used as a food. " Thraces qui ad Strymona habitant foliis tribuli equos saginant, ipsi nucleo vivunt, panem facientes prsedulcem, et qui contrabit ventrem." (H. Nat, xxii. 10-12.) Among the vast quantity of osseous remains there is not a sins'le fraofment of the skeleton of the horse. On the other hand, it is calculated that the deer is represented by no less than 500 individuals, and the beaver by at least 140. For the latter this is a colossal figfure, seeiuQ- that the richest station in beaver remains amon? the Swiss lake-dwellino-s, viz. Moosseedorfsee, numbers only eight individuals. The animal is now extinct in the country, nor has it ever been mentioned in any of the historical annals of Carniola. CI)irtr iCrrturf, LAKE-DWELLINGS AND PILE-STRUCTURES IN ITALY. On the 20th of July, I860, M. G. do Mortillet wrote a letter to Sig. Cornalia, president of the Italian Society of the Natural Sciences, at Milan,'^ in which, while mentioning- the discoveries made in Switzerland, he suggested that similar antiquities might be found in the lakes of Lombardy. The reading of this letter led to a discussion which at once elicited one or two statements of archaeological importance. The vice-president, Sig. Antonio Villa, recalled the fact that a hionze axe-head and some flint arrow-heads were found in the turf-bog of Bosisio, at a depth of 10 feet, which were described and figured in a Milan journal, II Fotografo, 2nd August, 1856. The president also mentioned that he possessed weapons of a similar character, which were found, along with some human bones, in the peat-beds of Brenna. Shortly afterwards the celebrated naturalist Gastaldi, in an article in II Nuovo Chnento, directed attention to certain antiquities which the turf- cutters were in the habit of finding in the " torbiera di Mercurago." (B. 37.) Subsequently Gastaldi visited this locality, and along with Professor Moro, of Arona (who first recognised the importance of the objects in question), made further researches in the peat at Mercurago, the result of which was to leave no doubt that they had here to deal with the remains of a true palafitte analogous to the pile-dwellings in the Swiss lakes. During the next two years Gastaldi's report was considerably enlarged by further finds at Mercurago. (B. 43 and 52.) About the same time that these discoveries at Mercurago wore being made the existence of a palafitte in Lake Garda was surmised from the finding, at various times, of bronze * Atti drlla See. If. //i Sr. A'at., vol. ii. p. 177. LAKE OF VARESF. 187 implements and weapons in the harbour at Peschiera ; but nothing further of a very definite character occurred till the summer of 1863, when Professors Desor and De Mortillet visited Lombardy in search of lake-dwellings. These eminent archae- ologists were joined by Professor Stoppani, and the immediate result of their investigations was the discovery of several settle- ments in the Lake of Varese and elsewhere. (B. 67.) Since then the lacustrine stations south of the Alps have greatly increased in number, there being now scarcely any of the smaller lakes and turbaries of North Italy that have not yielded more or fewer remains of this character. In addition to these ordinary lake-dwellings, whether in water or in peat, there are, in the valley of the Po, other ancient remains known as " Terremare," which are now shown to be so closely analogous to the former that they fall to be described as land palafittes. They are found only in the eastern part of the valley, and as some of their relics, in common with those of the adjacent palafittes, present some characteristics w^hich are not found in western Lombardy, I fasten on this distinction as a convenient principle of classifying the lake and peat dwellings into a western and an eastern group, reserving the " terremare " for separate treatment. Accordingly we begin with Lake Varese, whose settle- ments appear to have been the most important and the most central in the western group. LAKE OF VARESE. Lake Varese is irregularly shaped, about oh miles in length, and less than half that in breadth. It occupies a somewhat shallow basin, its greatest depth being 85 feet, and, although bounded on the north by high hills, its banks are generally flat or shelving. Its surface is 770 feet above sea-level, and 134 feet above that of Lake Maggiore, to which its surplus water is carried by the Bardello, a stream which has its outlet at the north end of the lake. The district around is rich and well cultivated, except on the south side, where the lake becomes contiguous with an extensive peat-bog called " torbiera della Brabbia." When Stoppani and his illustrious friends, along with Desor's experienced fisher, Benz, commenced their lacustrine explorations in Lombardy, they selected Lake Varese to start with, on account of the suitability of its shores for such structures. On the very first day (21st April, 1863) their 188 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. labours were rewarded by the discovery of the sites of two settle- ments — one at the south-east side of the little island then called Isolino, or Isola Camilla, but now I. Virginia,* and the other opposite the village of Bodio. Professor Stoppani continued his researches after the departure of his friends, and made further discoveries, not only in Lake Varese, but in some of the other lakes of Lombardy. In November of the same year Captain Aiigelo Angelucci, of Turin, was attracted to the scene of these discoveries in Lake Varese, and henceforth took an active part in the investigation of its palafittes. (B. 63.) Nor nmst I omit to mention the Abate Ranchet among the list of the early explorers. Ho discovered in the same year not only a new station on the south side of the outlet, but also, in the following year, two others in the adjoining lake of Monate. (B. 85.) At the end of the first year's explorations we find, from the reports of Stoppani and Angelucci, that no less than six stations were determined in Lake Varese, all situated on its south-western shore. In 1868, when Dr. Camillo Marinoni published a report on "Le abitazioni lacustri e gli avanzi di umana industria in Lombardia" (B. 159), the number had increased to seven. Although no addition has since been made to their number, much attention has been given, especially in these later years, to their investigation. The Sketch Map of Lake Varese (page 189) shows the names and the respective positions of these settlements, which I shall now shortly describe. Isola Virginia. — This is a small egg-shaped island lying along the west shore, from which it is distant about 80 yards. It is 240 yards long, with a maximum breadth of 100 yards, and contains besides some fine trees, a house with two storeys, the upper of which is converted into an archaeological museum, and at a little distance there is a cafe for the convenience of the numerous visitors that frequent the locality. Its area is nearly 3 acres, and its highest point is barely 8 feet above the average level of the lake. Piles were discovered in the lake at the south-east side of the island, in a space extending along its margin for about 100 yards, and about half that distance in l)rcadth. Two years ago, when I visited the locality, the heads of piles were readily seen through the water, just cropping above the sandy bottom. In some cases it was * So callcfl l)y the Oon;>Tess of Italian Naturalists who iiict here in 1878, after Virf^inia Ponti, wife of the proprietor. LAKE OF VARESE. 189 difficult to distinguish them from stones ; but a poke with the oar or a long stick at once determined which they were. Professor Stoppani, in his tirst report (B. 07), describes this as a Steinberg, but the idea of the whole island being artificial — an idea first suggested by Desor, who found analogous instances in the Rosen Insel, Lake Starnberg, in the little island at Inkwyl, and in the "^jiTwvzrT = Lake-dwellings. Scaler 1 2fO 000 VARESE Irish Crannogs — gained strength by the discovery of similar stumps of piles on its north-west side. Although the local antiquaries — Ranchet, Regazzoni, Quaglia, Castelfranco, and others — occasionally visited these lacustrine stations and made considerable investiga- tions, with the result of adding to their private collections, it was not till 1878 that any systematic researches were made with the view of testing Desor's suggestion that the island was a gigantic crannog. This was first attempted by an Englishman, Mr. W. K. 190 LAKE-DWELLINGS (JF EUIKJPE. Foster, of London, who happened to be residing in the neighbour- hood. In carrying out the necessary excavations he had the assistance of Ranchet and Regazzoni, both experienced investigators of lacustrine antiquities. Five trenches, covering on the aggre- gate about 80 square yards, were dug in different parts of the island, and in all these, piles, fragments of pottery (one oi which had the impression of plaited reed- work), and various other relics of human industry, were encountered. In the sections presented by these trenches the following strata were successively passed through : — 1. Surface Soil for about ... ... ... 14 inches. 2. Vegetable Mould, of a dark colour .. 10 ,, 3. Sand and Gravel ... ... ... ... 21: ,, 4. Sand and Earth, with much organic debris 16 ,, 5. Sand and Mud (the original lake-sediment). The most noteworthy objects collected in these operations were as follows : — In the first layer a Roman coin of Marcus Aurelius, and a portion of a mould for a socketed lance-head (Fig. 48, No. 19). In the second, two fragments of bronze. In the third, two polished stone celts, with a portion of a third, and two clay weights. In the fourth, a flint saw with a wooden handle, two bone pins, and some sharpening-stones. The piles were evidently in their natural position, and the conclusion that the entire island had been a pile-dwelling was irresistible ; but the questions when and by what means was the transformation accomplished, were as obscure as before. Mainly for the purpose of clearing this matter, Sig. Ettore Ponti, in September of the following year, gave instructions to have further excavations made in different parts of the island. On this occasion 1 2 trenches were dug, covering an area of about 280 square yards with an average depth of 3 to 4 feet. The stratification and composition of the stuff' were very similar to those experienced in the former excavations. In this space 440 piles were counted, and Regazzoni calculates that at this rate the original nuudjor of piles requisite for the construction of the entire lake-village would be from 85,000 to 40,000. Some horizontal beams were also found among the debris. Among the relics the following arc noteworthy : — A tyne of deer's horn, with a flint implement inserted into the end of it (No. 8) ; a small clay weight LAKE OF VARESE. 11)1 Fig, 48.~IsOLA YiKGixiA. Xo. 2o = ^, and the rest = i real size. 192 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. shaped like a pear ; several objects of worked bone, as needles (Nos. 7 to 9), pointers, chisels (No. 25), handles, etc. A knife (No. 5) and a dagger of bronze (No. 6), and two oblong beads of coloured glass with transverse grooves, were found in the stratum immediately below the surface soil. As a rule, the tops of the piles in these trenches were on a level with the surface of the water, while those in the lake were several feet lower — more or less, according to the depth of water. The cause of this was no doubt the protection given to the former by the accumulation of debris around them. It was observed that the uppermost layer alone had yielded Roman coins, but along with them were objects of both the Stone and Bronze Ages — a juxtaposition which might be accounted for by agricultural and other operations to which the island has been subjected in historical times. The fourth, or that which lay immediately over the ancient lake-sediment, was alone exclusively deposited under water, as it contained some entire dishes, and the associated debris were just the usual contents of lake-dwelling relic-beds, viz. the shells of hazel- nuts, acorns, charred bits of wood, bones of various animals (among others the skull of an enormous wild boar), as well as implements of bone, horn, and flint, pottery, etc. The second and third layers were composed of much the same materials as the fourth, but they appeared to have been the contents of a previously-deposited relic- bed artificially heaped up, as they contained portions of wooden beams which had no definite purpose, but lay in the soil in all directions. The relics of humanity collected on the Isola Virginia in the course of these various excavations are so numerous that one of the two rooms set apart by Sig. Ponti as an archiEological mu£,eum for the lacustrine remains of Lake Varese is entirely devoted to their exhibition and preservation, where they have been carefully and neatly arranged under the skilful care of Professor Regazzoni. Pottery. — As in the other lacustrine stations in this lake, there are two kinds of pottery — one black, and made of line paste, of which most of the smaller vessels w^ere made ; the other is of a greyish colour, but sometimes it has a reddish tinge, and contains a mixture of fine gravel or coarse sand, which gives it a rough appearance. The fragments and entire dishes in the Ponti Museum decidedly testify to considerable skill in the ceramic art. Besides LAKE OF VARESE. 193 perforated knobs and tubular borings for the insertion of cords (No. 17), there are various forms of handles, as in Nos. 14 and 16, the latter of which is interesting, as it suggests the primary stage of the ansa lunata which is such a prominent characteristic of the pottery in the eastern portion of the Po valley. The diversit}^ of ornamentation is also worthy of notice — raised dots, nail-marks, perforated rims, lines, corrugated grooves, and cord-markings, forming a variety of combinations (Nos. 13, 15, 22, 23, 26, and 27). One bit shows the impression of plaited reed- work (No. 29). Another, an entire dish made of fine black paste, is a curiosity in its way ; it consists of three cups united, and having a communication with each other by a small hole in the dividing septa (No. 24). The coarse jDottery indicates vessels of large dimensions. There are also loom-weights, sj^indle- whorls (No. 21), some conical objects pierced vertically (No. 10), and casts of wicker-work, supposed to be the remains of the cottage walls. Bone and Horn. — Objects of this class are numerous, as polished daggers, pointers, chisels (No. 25), needles (Nos. 7 to 9) ; also a few perforated teeth. Stone. — Celts and chisels are fairly abundant, and among them are one or two of jade. Though I noted only one fragment of a j)erforated axe-head, the art of boring stone was known and skilfully practised, as there are several spindle-whorls and other implements with neat perforations (No. 18). There are also hammer - stones (some with finger - marks), corn - grinders, and polishers. Among the latter are large flat polishing slabs, and a few hand-polishers made like a stone celt (No. 11), which are peculiar to North Italy, if not, indeed, to the Yarese lake- dwellers, as I have seen only one other out of the district, viz. at Viadana. Among the flint objects are knives, scrapers, saws, arrow-points, chisels (like those in Fig. 68, Nos. 8, 14, and 15), cores, and a large quantity of flakes (Nos. 1 to 3). For small cutting implements flmt was not the only substance used by these lake-dwellers, as there are 36 fine flakes of obsidian (No. 4), and some arrow-heads of rock crystal. Bronze. — The bronze objects in the museum, including frag- ments, amount only to 15, and represent knives, fish-hooks, etc. (Nos. 5, 6, and 12). N 194 LAKE-DWELLIN(;S OF EUROPE. Aviher. — There is also a bit of amber which appears to have been an ornament. Small square or oblong pieces of wood perforated (No. 20) are supposed to have been floats for nets. The orofanic remains collected in the fourth stratum, which was considered to be the true relic-bed of the palaiitte, were submitted to Professor Sordelli, who recognised, among other seeds and fruits, the following : — Millet (Panicum miliaceum) wheat (Trit. vidgare),hriiinhle {R. fridicosii'^), iind the Yine (Vitis viiiifera). Among the bones of animals identified were those of the bear, wolf, badger, beaver, wild boar, stag, roe, etc. The ordinary domestic animals were also represented, and in addition to them I have to mention portions of two human jaws which were found a few inches below the tops of the piles. (B. 324, 326, 341, 343a, 359, and 437.) Professor Castelfranco (B. 456), who has carefully studied the phenomena presented by these repeated excavations, formulates the following theory as to the succession of events which have brought about the evolution, so to speak, of the Isola Virginia : — (1) The original palafitte had been destroyed by a conflagra- tion towards the close of the Bronze Age or the beginning of the Iron Age. (2) Its inhabitants were hunters, fishers, rearers of domestic animals, and agriculturists. (3) Shortly after the destruction of the pile-village, its sub- sequent occupiers converted the larger portion of its site — which had already, in parts at least, reached the surface by the gradual accumulation of debris — into a veritable island, by heaping over it stuff dug from the margin and especially from the landward side, where there is now a channel separating the island from the mainland. Thus the upper layers contain the debris of the e.uiier people, mixed with sand, gravel, and umd. This view is rendered probable by the fact that in one place, towards the north of the island, the second layer was displaced by an artificially constructed bed of large pebbles. (4) The newcomers, to whom Castelfranco assigns the trans- formation of the palafitte into an island, were the Ligurians, whose " sepultures a cineration " arc so numerously found in the neigh- bourhood. LAKE OF VARESE. 195 BoDio. — The bay oj)posite this village contains the remains of three stations, the most southerly of which is known as " Keller " or " Del Gaggio," the next as " Bodio Ccntrale " or " Delle Monete," and the third as " Dcsor " or " Del Moresco." All these are com- paratively near the shore, being only about 30 yards distant, and the central one is about equidistant — some 800 yards — from the other two. (B. 327, p. 47.) The central station appears to have been a true Steinberg, as its area was covered with stones ; regarding which Stoppani remarks that formerly they were more numerous, because within recent times some were known to have been removed for building purposes. At first more bronze objects were found on Keller, and more pottery on Desor, while the Centralo was characterised by the discovery on it of a hoard of Roman coins. Subsequent investigations have not borne; out these early distinctions based on the character of their relics, and they are now generally acknowledged to belong to the same age. The coins found on the Centrale were mostly small silver pieces, much decomposed, belonging to the last half-centmy of the Republic. Stoppani collected about. 70, and Angelucci, Avho explored shortly after him, no less than 128. One found b\' Regazzoni in 1870 (B. 327, p. 52) has on it, along with the head of Mark Antony, the following legend : — m. a\t. imp. AUG. III. viR. R.p.c. M. barbat. Q.P., etc, whicli would make the date about 40 B.C. The hoard is supposed to have been lost or deposited here long after the lake-dwelling ceased to be inhabited — a supposition that is borne out by the fact that the coins were confined to one limited spot, only a couple of yards square. In 1876-7 Sig. Ponti made researches on Desor which greatly enriched his museum both in stone and bronze objects. (B. 327.) A selection of objects from these stations is given on Fig. 49. Cazzago-Brabbia. — This station is situated opposite the village of the same name, and at first it gave such poor results that Stoppani called it a trial station, or an attempt to found a settlement. From the researches made in 1877 it was found to be rich in remains, and exactl}^ similar to those at Bodio. It was, however, farther from the shore, and extended parallel to it for about 150 yards. Its breadth was somewhat irregular, and, judging from the disposition of its piles, it would appear to have been two quadrangularly-shapod stations nearly in contact lUG LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. Fig. 49. -I'.dDjo, (Jazzago, and Bardello. Nos. 24, ;n. -M). \:\. and 44 = and the rest = \ real size. TORBIEKA DI BIANDRONO. 107 with each other. Among the bronze objects collected on this station are four lance-heads, a chisel, an awl, 10 tish-hooks, four hair-pins, a fibula, etc. (B. 456.) There are also some fine arrow- points of flint. Bardello. — Near the mouth of the river are two stations, one on the left and the other on the right shore. The former, called Ranchet, after its discoverer, is a small settlement some 200 yards from the mouth of the river, and 6 or 7 from the shore. It measures about 60 yards long and 50 broad. A large quantity of the bones of domestic animals was found here, as well as some flint and bone arrow-points, spindle- whorls, and various fragments of pottery. Ranchet records also a small lance-head of bronze, a portion of a vase containing some black stuft' adhering to it (supposed to be remains of food), and portions of another of fine black paste. The station on the north shore, called after Professor Stoppani, by Regazzoni, is about 100 yards from the mouth of the Bardello, in the direction of Gavirate. It is in the form of a parallelogram, 65 by 45 yards, and, like the previous station, has the piles arranged in parallel rows. Among its relics are : — Bones of the ox, goat, stag, and pig ; flint arrow- heads, scrapers, etc., of the usual kind ; some bone implements. Two bronze pins and a winged celt are suflicient to show that the station was similar to the others in Lake Varese (Nos. 23 and 44). Marinoni (B. 159) mentions another station opposite Gavirate, but neither Regazzoni nor Ranchet could find any traces of it. (B. 327, p. 66.) ToRBiERA DI BiANDRONO. — Lake Biandrono, which formerly occupied a larger area than at present, has on its north-west side an extensive peat-bog, in which Dr. B. Quaglia has discovered the remains of a true palafitto lying under a deposit of about 6 feet of moss. The station is some 200 yards distant from the lake, and of a quadrangular shape, with massive piles scattered over its area. It is remarkable as having supplied objects which might be considered characteristic of all periods — from the earliest polished Stone Age down to that in which knives, spears, hooks, and spurs of iron were manufactured. (B. 327, p. 89.) Other objects recorded from this station are polished stone hatchets; arrow and lance-heads of yellow and dark flint; fragments of pottery, some of which wore made of fine paste by 198 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. the aid of the potter's wheel, and had extremely elegant forms (B. 423, p. 86) ; two tish-hooks of bone and two oars now in the Museum at Varese. Four curious objects similar to one from Torbiera di Cazzago-Brabbia (Fig. 50, No. 18) were found here. (B. 327, p. 87.) These relics have been widely dispersed, some having gone to the Museums of Pavia, Milan, Varese, and Como. An iron spur figured by Regazzoni is in the Como Museum. Torbiera della Brabbia. — Some forty years ago the peasants commenced to cut peats in the extensive turbary which lies on both sides of the canal Brabbia, and it is recorded that objects of antiquity were from time to time found, to which, however, little attention was paid. As early as 1856, Angelo Quaglia directed attention to worked beams in the peat, and since 1863, when such objects began to be more inquired after, other piles were detected in one or two places. The most important of these stations is near the mouth of the Brabbia, on its east bank. Here, during the last few years, many interesting relics have been found. While the usual flint and stone objects (Nos. 2 to 8) are abundant, several others of a more novel character have to be added to the list. Especially noteworthy are some peculiarly-shaped fibular (Nos. 9 to 15), one being of iron (No 12); and a curious object made of bronze rings (No. 18), supposed to be an epaulette, is also from this station. Other objects of bronze are some hair-pins (Nos. 22 to 28), an ornamental pendant (No. 17), a winged celt (No. 21), and a ring (No. 19). There is also one flat celt of copper (No. 20). Among the stone celts and chisels some are now recognised to b3 of jade. (B. 423, p. 80.) No. 33 represents a hatchet of chloromelanite. Quaglia figures a curious flat stone like a wheel, with a wide circular perforation, and brought to a sharp edge along its outer margin. There were also spindle-whorls of terra- cotta (No. 29) and a quantity of pottery (Nos. 34 and 35) ; also two small pendants of amber. Of staghorn there are two magnificent harpoons, one of which is here figured (No. 32). S(|uare bits of wood with central perforations (No. 36) are supposed to have btsen used as floats for fishing-nets. Among the osseous remains is the skull of a deer with part of the horns attached. Pustenga. — Between (lalliate and Doverio, and not very far from \]\(', soutb sliorc of Lake Varese, there exists in the plain tall('(l ''■ Pustenga" a, turbary of some 17 acres in extent, which TORBIERA BELLA BRAliBIA. 199 Fig. 50.— TORBIERA Di Cazzago-Brabbia (except Xo. 1). Nos. is iun\ 85 = ^, 32 = 1^, and all the rest = f real size. 200 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. was formerly a small lake, and in which G. Qiiaglia (B. 423, p. 90) has detected the remains of a palafitte. Among the objects recorded from this station are two arrow-points, a knife and a saw of flint, six stone celts, and a large jaw of an ox. Of the stone hatchets four are of serpentine, one of jadeite (?), and one of chloromelanite. The latter is figured by Quaglia. (B. 428, PL iv. 45.) LAKE MONATE. In the month of April, 1863, Stoppani, Desor, and Do Mortillet searched this lake unsuccessfully, and consequently came to the conclusion that it was unsuitable for lake-dwellings ("non potesse offrire piaggia opportuna per le palafitte "). Notwithstanding this opinion, the Abate Ranchet, with the assistance of two local fishermen, succeeded shortly afterwards in discovering the sites of two settlements on the east shore of the lake, near the village of Cadrezzate. (B. 159.) The stations were in water from 6 to 9 feet deep, and about 200 yards apart, and their sites were marked by large mounds of stones (" enormi cunndi di grossi ciottoli "). Fragments of pottery were found in abundance, which in quality of paste and form corresponded with those of the palafittes in Lake Varese. One dish had also a quantity of black stuff, which was supposed to have been the remains of some kind of porridge. A saw, two arrow-points, and a few chips, of flint, and bits of char- coal, were the only objects, in addition to the pottery, collected. Little was done by way of exploring these stations till the year 1875, when the brothers Borghi, the proprietors of the lake, became interested in its submerged antiquities, and proposed to make further researches. To the experienced archrtologist Castel- franco they entrusted the conduct of these researches, and it is to his report I am indebted for the following facts. (B. 321.) Sahione. — The most northerly and largest of the two stations at Cadrezzate is about 60 yards from the shore, and occupies a quadrangular space of about 100 yards in length, and rather more than the half of this in breadth. This area was overspread with stony mounds having intcsrvals of from two to four yards between, and for this reason it was difficult to operate with tlie drag. Piles were found in the intervals between, as well as on, the^e Steinbergs ; but Castelfranco thinks the former were the roadways between tlie huts, wliich were built on the pikss supported by the stones. LAKE OF VARAXO. 201 The relics collected were similar to those Iroiu Yarese, of which the following are the principal objects : — A bronze hatchet (coltello-ascia) 5 inches long, and 1 to 2| inches broad. Pottery, including fragments with handles of various forms. Dishes containing a black crust (" simile al residuo che la polenta lascia in fondo al painolo dopo la cottura ") were frequent. Some of this stuff was submitted to Professor Sordelli for analysis, and he thinks, from detecting in it the halves of acorns, that it was a kind of porridge made from this fruit. One thin spindle-whorl 2 inches in diameter had a few punc- tured dots on its surface, intended as an ornamentation. One flint arrow-point, and a stone hatchet converted into a polisher, like those already described from Varese. There were also shells of hazel-nuts, and the kernels of the cornel cherry. PozzoLO. — This station was similar to the former as regards the stony- mounds, but only about half its size. The principal relics from it were : — Bronze. — A triangularly-shaped spear-head or dagger 3^ inches long and an inch broad at its base, where there were two rivet- holes ; a hair-pin Sh inches long, with a ring head ; also a fish- hook. Stone. — A few chips, arrow-points, and a chisel of dark flint ; a hammer and polisher of the hatchet-shaped kind. Pottery. — P'ragments of a coarse and fine kind. Vases con- taining the " sostanza terrosa " already noticed. One bone was found, and in one spot there was a large quantity of cherry-stones. OccHio. — The " Stazione dell' Occhio " is near Monate, and consists of a mass of stones in water from 10 to 14 feet deep ; but, notwithstanding the difficulty of searching in such a depth, the following industrial remains were collected : — Chips of flint, charcoal, fragments of pottery, shells of hazel-nuts, and a bronze hook — sufficient to show that it belonged to the same period as the others. LAKE VARANO, TERNATE, OR COMABBIO. The previous failure of the early explorers and subsequently of the experienced fisherman known as " Lo Spariss " in their search for palafittcs in Lake Varano did not prevent Castelfranco from trying his luck in this lake also. In July, 1878, Avith the 202 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. assistance of two tishermen experienced in lake-dwelling researches, he made a tour of the lake (some 5 miles in circumference), and discovered traces of no less than eight stations in different localities, chiefly on the east shore. But the objects, though sufficiently distinctive to show their origin, are too few and unimportant to require any detailed notice. Professor Castelfranco comes to the conclusion that in both the lakes of Monate and Varano the palafittes are coeval with those in Lake Yarese. He is, however, struck with the entire absence of bones from both of them — a fact which appears to him unaccount- able. (B. .321.) TORBIERA DI MOMBELLO. Between the villages of Mombello and Cerro, on the east shore of Lake Maggiore, and a few miles south of Laveno, there was a small turbary in which Dr. Carlo Tinelli discovered the remains of a palatitte. The peat was being excavated from 1844, but it was 20 years later before the remains of the palafitte were detected. The further progress of the peat-cutting was carefully watched by Tinelli and a priest, Guiseppe Delia Chiesa, in the interests of archseology. Some of the piles were extracted, and were said to show marks of having been fashioned by stone implements. The relics collected here are : — Flint objects in considerable abundance, among which were two saws, a lance-head, and a beautiful knife-flake (Fig. 50, No. 1), now in the Museum at Varese ; fragments of coarsely-made dishes without handles or ornamentation. Three canoes, roughly made and similar to those from Mercurago, were found at a depth of 8 feet. One of the canoes, 7 feet long, was presented to the Museum at Varese. Along with these objects were bones of the stag, goat, and roc. (B. 171.) TORBIERA DI VALCUVIA. In 1870 Professor Leopoldi Maggi described the remains of a palafitte found in " un bacino torboso " between Santa Maria di Cuveglio and ('avona. (K 187.) This basin lies among glacial debris, and was formerly a small lake, but in modern times it became entirely lillecl up with peat. ( )u tlu; surface there was a layer of vegetable soil 10 iuclies thick, then spongy peat to the depth of ■] feet, and tiicii a layer of more solid peat about 1 foot LAKE OF LECCO. 203 8 inches thick. Underneath these layers was a blackish muddy deposit, extending to an unknown depth, into which the piles were inserted. These piles were from 5 to 10 feet long, and 8 to 10 inches hi diameter. They were closely set, and along with them were several beams lying horizontally. The relics consisted of pottery, knives of bronze and iron, charcoal, etc., all of which were dispersed. TORBIERA Dl BRENNO. Another locality that has yielded interesting remains, of "stazioni palustri," is the " torbiera di Brenno-Useria," situated along the road from Varese to Porto Ceresio, on Lake Lugano. Here, some years ago, a canoe was dug out by the peat-cutters, and associated with it were a large number of weapons of bronze and iron, bracelets, fibula? (Fig. 51, No. 14), bones of domestic animals and of man, but no objects of flint. (B. 327, p. 92.) LAKE OF LECCO. As early as 18G0 Desor thought he had discovered indications of a palafitte in Lake Maggiore,* but this was subsequently disproved, and up to the present time no remains of these ancient dwellings have been found in this lake. The explanation of their absence in the larger lakes of Italy is to be found in the physical conditions of these glacial and rock-cut basins, which, owing to the depth of water and their rapidly-shelving shores, attbrd no holding for piles. Stoppani, in his first exploratory tour, turned his attention to Lago di Lecco as, in his opinion, a suitable locality, and having found a group of piles half-way between the Bridge of Lccco and Malsrrate stretchino- towards the western shore, he concluded this was " una bella palafitta a cui nulla mancherebbe per ritrarre per- fettamente quelle della eta del bronzo." The only resemblance of this supposed palafitte to those of the Bronze Age was the fact that the tops of the piles projected 1 or 2 feet above the lake mud, as no relics of any kind were found. Further researches have not confirmed the genuineness of this palafitte, and Regazzoni throws out the hint that the piles observed by Stoppani might be the work of modern fishermen, who are in the habit of inserting stakes * Atti (IrJId S(ir. It. di Sr. Xilf.. vol. ii. 204 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. for fixing their nets and which, among themselves, go under the name of serrade or gueglie. (B. G7 and 327, p. 70.) LAKE OF ANNONE. In the narrow strait which connects the small lake-basins of Sale and Annone, Stoppani found some piles projecting from a heap of stones in a depth of 6 or 7 feet of water, which he took to be indications of a palatitte. In 1(S77 Castelfranco (B. 307) re-examined the locality, and came to the conclusion that the submerged piles and stones observed by vStoppani were merely the remains of a bridge which, at some former period, connected the peninsula Isella with the southern shore ; and so the matter still rests. LAKE OF PU8IAN0. More satisfactory discoveries were, however, made by Stoppani in his preliminary tour in the Lake Pusiano, where, at the north end of the Isola dei Cipressi, he recognised the existence of a pile- dwelling. The genuineness of this station has been confirmed both by Castelfranco and Regazzoni, who had subsequently made some investigations in the locality. The industrial remains were confined to a few objects of flint — saws, scrapers, flakes, and arrow- points, a portion of a terra-cotta whorl, and some bones and teeth of animals. In 1877 Regazzoni found piles at the other end of the Isola dei Cipressi buried in a heap of stones. (B. 327, p. 72.) TORBIERA DI BOSISIO. To the east of Lake Pusiano lies the torbiera di Bosisio, which came early under the notice of archaeologists by the discovery in it, at a depth of 10 feet, of a beautiful bronze axe-head (Fig. 51, No. 10). Since then a great many relics have been from time to time found in this peat, but they have been widely dispersed, and as the deposit is now nearly exhausted no more finds can be looked for. Sig. G. B. Villa,^ in his descriptive notices of this peat moor, speaks of arrow-points, burnt wood, bits of straw, trunks of trees, etc. Among other things which have been sent to different imiseums arc a bronze spoon (No. 11), (probably of much later date than the other objects), some beautiful arrow-|)oints (Nos. 1 to 7), and a lancc-head of flint. An iron hook of modern shape was found at a dc]>th of 3 feet, (ll 327, p. 97.) * B. '.">, iuid (I'ionidlc ih-ir Iikj. Ari'li. cd -li/ri., an. xii. TORBIERA DI MAGfilOLINO. 20.5 TORBIERA DI CAPRIANO. In 1869 Dr. Marinoiii described a turbary at Capriano, near Renate (B. 1G9), in which some remarkable objects of bronze Avere found at a depth of about 7 feet. Similar objects are jjre- valent among the reHcs from the Swiss lake-dwellings, and, judging from what we know of the early Iron Age in Italy, they appear to belong to this period. The find comprised a hair-pin {Tig. 51, No. 13), a fibula (No. 18), three bracelets (Nos. 15 and 10), a m^'^sf- Fig. 51.— Bosisio (1 to 7, 10 and 11), Capriano (13, and 15 to 19), Brenno (14), and Cascina (9 and 12). Nos. 9 to 12 J. and the rest = h real size. pendant (No. 17), and a spiral ring (No. 19), all of which are here reproduced from Marinoni's work. (Ihhl., Mrm., vol. vi. PI. 1.) TORBIERA DI MAGGIOLINO. Siof. G. B. Villa, in his " Notizie sulle Torbe della Brianza " (B. 90), describes another locahty not far from Bosisio, in the territory of Rogeno, called Maggiolino, in which piles, bones, fragments of pottery, flint knives, and arrow-points, etc., Avere found — evidently the usual debris of a palafitte. (See also B. 327, p. 97.) 206 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. TORBIERA DI MERCURAGO. Since Gastaldi published his first report on the discovery of palafittes in the bog of Mercurago by Professor Moro, many additional objects from this locality have come to light, some of which have been noticed and figured by Gastaldi in his numerous articles on the antiquities of Lombard}'-. The peat is now exhausted, but from these notices, together with an inspection of the relics still preserved in the Turin Museum, we can have a imMMMmMMMMM^\ Fig. 52.— Plan and Section of portion of Torbiera di Mercurago, showing distribution of piles. tolerably correct notion of this the first discovered lake-dwelling in Italy. (B. 43, 52, 91, 168, and 294.) The peat basin of Mercurago is of an oblong shape, and the antiquities and piles were in a circumscribed place at its northern end, about 180 feet from the bank. Here in a space of 30 feet square, cleared for antiquarian purposes, were counted 22 piles bound together Avith cross timbers (Fig-. 52). The superficial deposit of peat was about 6 feet in thickness, and the tops of the piles reached half-way upwards, while their lower ends penetrated from 3 to 4 feet into the lake nuid below. Between this mud and the superincumbent peat there was a bed of fern, and lying immediately over it were three earthen dishes in good pre- servation, OIK! of which appears to be a lid or cover for another dish (Fig. 53), together with a large (piantity of the broken frag- ments of otliers, a broir/c ])iii (Fig. 60, No. (i), a scraper 4^' inches Fig. 53. — Cover of Earth enware Vessel (J). TORBIEllA Dl MERCURAOO. 207 long (No. 7), several arrow-heads (Fig. 54), and quite a litter of flint flakes, some shells of hazel-nuts, and stones of the cornel cherry, etc. The pottery was made of a blackish paste mixed with coarse Fig. 54.— Flint Arrow-heads (g). grains of sand or quartz, and a few dishes were ornamented with patterns of zig-zag scratches separated by parallel lines (Fig. 60, No. 13). Some had handles, and others small ears or perforated knobs, two of which had jDortions of string still attached to them (Figs. 55 and 56). Amonof other relics from this station were : — Two dao-o-ers of Fig. 55. — An Earthenware Vessel, with portions of string- attached to handles (i). bronze, one still retaining a couple of rivets for fixing the handle (Fig. 60, No. 1): two bronze pins (Nos. 2 and 4); a wooden anchor 8| feet long, terminating at one end with two hooks and at the other with a hole as if for attaching a rope ; a canoe 6 feet long, 3^ feet wide, and about a foot in depth (Fig. 57): near the 208 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. canoe lay a bronze drill (Fig. 60, No. 5) ; and a neat spindle-whorl of baked clay li inch in diameter (No. 22). Among the more Fig. 56. — Earthenware Vessal (.5). recent finds are numerous flint arrow-heads and scrapers (No. 8); a spindle- whorl of soapstone, ijietra ollare (No. 16); a wooden Fil. 57.— Portion of Caaoe. dish and perforated floats for nets ; earthenware dishes of great variety (No. 12); and IG conical beads of vitreous paste, which, Fig. 58. -Wooden Wheel. when strung together, formed a handsome necklace (No. 9) ; and a large cake of burnt clay perforated in the middle (No. 18). But the most remarkal)le objects were two wooden wheels. One (Fig. 58) was nuuh^ of thnv' boivds k(^pt together with two TORBIERA DI W)RO()-TlCINO. 209 cross-bars dovetailed into the boards, and in the centre was a round hole having on each side of it a semilunar space. This wheel, which was not quite circular, had an average diameter of 2 feet. The other wheel (Fig. 59) was differently constructed. It had six spokes: two of them were made of the same piece of wood as the nave, and their extremities formed part of the rim; the other four, two on each side, connected the fellies with the central piece. The fellies were neatly mortised together and the woi-kmiuisliip was very good. These Avheels were so far Fig. 59. — Wooden Wheel. decayed that they could not be preserved, but casts of them were taken, which may now be seen in the Museum at Turin. TORBIERA DI BORGO-TICINO, ETC. Analogous remains to those in Mercurago have been found in several other localities, especially in the districts called Pennino near Borgo-Ticino, and the moor of Gagnano ; but the objects Avere dispersed or thrown away. A stone celt from this place is figured by Gastaldi (Fig. 60, No. 19). In the neighbouring moor of Conturabia a group of piles was observed in the centre of the bog which appears to have belonged to a palafitte of a later date, as some of the piles were said to have been tipped with iron. Gastaldi procured one of these piles, and although this particular one had no iron on it he was convinced that it had been sharpened by instruments similar to those in use at the present day. (B. 52.) o 210 LAKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. TORBTERA DI SAN MARTINO (SAN GIOVANNI DEL BOSCO). This morainic basin is situated in the vicinity of Ivroa, inunediateiy to the south of the village of Giovanni, and it also has yielded, from time to time, antiquities which leave no doubt that it was a home of the lake-dwellers. The bog is of an oval shape, about 1| mile in length, and half this in breadth, and is beautifully situated amidst groves of chestnut and walnut trees interspersed through rich meadows and fields. On its margin are found the trunks of trees, from 1 to 2 feet in diameter, still attached to their roots and lying just as they had fallen with their points directed to the centre of the bog. These trees are generally pine, oak, hazel, alder, etc. Below the ordinary peat there is a layer of blackish mud which, on being dried, is combustible, and underneath it lie the stratified layers of ancient lake silt, consisting of a whitish clayey substance. In the blackish intermediate layer there was found, in September, 1864, a canoe 8 feet 4 inches long, 1 foot 9| inches broad, and 8 inches deep. (A model of this canoe is now in the Museum at Turin.) A few years later (1868) another canoe was found in this turbary, of slightly larger dimensions, having two paddles in it (Fig. 60, No. 17). The following objects are, among others, described and figured by Gastaldi as coming from the same place, viz. :— Specimens of pottery (Nos. 14 and 23), one of which (No. 23) is a lid of a vessel precisely similar to the one from Mercurago (Fig. 53) ; flint and stone implements (Fig. 60, No. 20) ; wooden net-floats (No. 21); two bronze pins (Nos. 10 and 11); and a remarkable bronze j)endant (No. 15), supposed, however, to bo of Etruscan or Roman origin, and of later date than the other remains. (B. 108 and 294.) Other turbaries in the western districts of the Po that have yielded prehistoric remains, but Avith which there were no piles or other indications of lake-dwellings, are : — ToiiH. DI Torre Bairo. — Fragments of vessels made on the wheel. In another small bog a (piern-stone was found vvhicdi is supposed to be of Horn an times. Tore, di Mongenet. — A bronze paalstab. (B. 294, tav. xiii. 4.) Torr. di Bolengo. — A bronze arrow-point. {Ih'ul., tav. xiii. 9.) RELICS FROM VARIOUS TrRBARIES. 211 Fig. 60.— Meecurago (l to 9, 12, 13, 18, and 22), Boe-xO-Ticixo (Hi), and Sax Martino. Nos. 12, 14, 18, 21, and 23 = i 13 = ^, 17 = ^\ (the paddles J^), and the rest = | real size. Tore, di Trana. — A sword of bronze 27 inches long (B. 294, PL xi.), and a celt of the flat type. (B. 168, PI. viii.) Lago di PiVERONE. — A bronze sword. (B. IGS, PL viii.) Tore, di Oleggio-Castello. — A bronze sword and a socketed spear-head. (7/>?V?.) 212 J.AKE-DWELLINGS OF EUROPE. LAGOZZA. Lagozza is the name given to a small natural " bacino torbosa" situated in an undulating plateau of niorainic debris, about 4 miles from Gallarate in the province of Milan. It is roughly oval in shape and covers a superficial area of 10 or 12 acres. Till recently this basin was a peaty bog, passable in summer, with certain precautions, to " Cacciatori ; " but in former times, as its name implies, it was a stagnant lake. In 1875 the proprietor. Count Cornaggio, an ardent and skilful agriculturist, determined to remove the peat altogether, and, for this purpose, commenced operations by cutting a central canal to carry off the water. While the workmen were thus engaged they began to find near the middle of the bog bits of pottery, charcoal, and rotten piles, which, on skilled attention being directed to them, turned out to be undoubted indications of a prehistoric lake- dwelling. The process of clearing out the peat was therefore watched with great interest by local antiquaries, as the operation would involve a more thorough investigation of the antiquities imbedded in the peat than any researches that were likely to be undertaken solely from the scientific point of view. It was not till the spring of 1880 that the main portion of the palafitte was reached by the peat-cutters, and then various antiquarian objects were met with. The turf is now entirely removed, and the relics collected are deposited partly in the Museo Civico in Milan, and partly in the Museo Archeologico at Como. The pile-dwelling occupied a rectangular space, near the centre of the hacino, about 80 yards long from north to south and 30 to 40 yards broad. The turf here varied in thickness from 1 to 2 yards, according to the state of moisture ; below which there was a nuiddy stratum containing the roots of water plants {fango con radice), among which the tops of the piles appeared. This layer was IG inches thick, and innnediately below it was the sindo archeolo