diomed 
 uK 
 
 495 
 C24 
 671n 
 1889
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 


 
 NOTES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC N. WILLIAMS, F.L.S. 
 
 Plants as wholes assume unlike attitudes towards their environments ; they 
 have many ways of articulating their parts with one another ; tliey have many 
 ways of adjusting their parts towards surrounding agencies. These are causes of 
 special differentiations additional to tlwse general differentiations that result from 
 
 increase of mass and increase of composition There is a parallel cause for 
 
 tlie parallel differentiations exhibited by all aggregates, HEEBEET SPENCEK. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN, E.G. 
 1889.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE grouping of the species in these 'Notes' is in accordance 
 with that followed out in the author's ' Enumeratio Specierum 
 Varietatumque Generis Dianthus.' Original references are given 
 for species and varieties not mentioned in Nyman's ' Conspectus,' 
 or .where his nomenclature is not followed. The matter relating to 
 each species is arranged under the following heads : (1) A Latin 
 diagnosis of the species, drawn up after examining and comparing 
 original specimens with the best known descriptions, in which the 
 chief essential and differential rather than the absolute specific 
 characters are given ; (2) the countries of Western Europe (as 
 included in the area under consideration) in which the species is 
 igeiwus, with the vernacular names of the plant (if it has any) 
 in these countries, and in which the following initials indicate the 
 v countries named : 
 
 jT 
 
 S" E. = Great Britain. G. = Germany (small part of), 
 
 i F. = France (most of). S. = Spain (Castilian, Catalan, 
 
 ^ H. = Holland (and Luxemburg). and the Basque dialect). 
 
 i B. = Belgium (Flemish). P. = Portugal. 
 
 X 
 
 s (3) the general geographical limits of the species; (4) pre-Linnean 
 j references ; (5) derivation of the specific name ; (6) notes and 
 jj remarks on the plant and its varieties. The measurements, in 
 ^ centimetres and millimetres, refer to average specimens and to the 
 5 average length of their parts. Some justification may perhaps be. 
 ^ needed of the ex cathedra manner in which these pages are written, 
 ^ in the prevailing absence of synonymy, and references to authori- 
 ^ ties, &c. ; were it not that they are rather a digest of results 
 obtained by research, and not merely a compilation. It has not 
 been^ thought desirable to burden the text with innumerable 
 
 4O1415
 
 IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 synonyms, which are often no more than the record of the 
 unnecessary labours, as well as the mistakes, of previous observers ; 
 and which, in some systematic works, tend to reduce much of the 
 text to a dry and unreadable index. 
 
 BRENTFORD, 
 
 September, 1889.
 
 NOTES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 THE genus Dianthus was founded by Linnaeus, and many of his 
 species are described in the first edition of the ' Species Plantarum,' 
 published in 1753. The name is a most appropriate one, and is 
 one of Linnaeus' happiest selections in his generic titles. It is 
 derived from dios, anthos, the divine flower, in allusion to the 
 singular beauty and fragrance of some of the species. A second 
 derivation is di, anthos (double flower) ; but this is only a concession 
 to the prejudice of horticulturists, who have degraded so many of 
 the "divine flowers" of Nature to the rank of emasculated garden 
 monstrosities. 
 
 Caryophyllus was the pseudogeneric term used for many of the 
 species described by the pre-Linnean botanists, Ruellius (' De 
 natura stirpium,' 1536), Dodoens (1554), Tabernsemontanus (1588), 
 J. Bauhin (1591), Grisley (1661), Cupani (1696), Tournefort (1694), 
 and Seguier (' Plantse Veronenses,' 1745-1754). 
 
 The limits of the geographical range of the genus are : 
 
 N. On the coast of the Kara Sea, in Arctic Russia, lat. 70 N. 
 
 E. Alaska, in N.W. America, long. 160 W. 
 
 S. Cape of Good Hope, lat. 34 S. 
 
 W. Corunna, at N.W. extremity of Spain, long. 8 W. 
 
 In Europe the genus is distributed throughout its whole extent, 
 but is absent, however, from Iceland and Ireland ; its extreme 
 limits being : 
 
 N. On the coast of the Kara Sea, in Arctic Russia, lat. 70 N. 
 
 D. alpinus. 
 
 E. Baku, in Russian Armenia, lat. 50 E. D. prolifer. 
 S. The island of Crete, lat. 35 S. D. sphadoticus. 
 W. Corunna, at N.W. extremity of Spain, long. 8 W. D. mons- 
 
 pessulanus. 
 
 The area of "Western Europe" to which these notes refer 
 includes The United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, France, ex- 
 cluding that part E. of the Rhone (.Dauphine, Provence, and Savoy), 
 the part of the German Empire W. of the Rhine, Portugal, and 
 Spain. The only special work bearing upon the subject is ' Observa- 
 tions sur les Di<rn thus des Pyrenees,' by M. Timbal-Lagrave, of 
 Toulouse, which consists of an excellent description of the Pyrenean 
 species.
 
 6 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 The vernacular names for the genus Dianthus are in English, 
 Pink; in French, (Eillet; in German, Xelke ; in Flemish, Angelier ; 
 in Spanish, Clavel; in Portuguese, Cravina; and Armenee in Luxem- 
 burg-Dutch. The English name of Pink has been long in use. 
 Gerarde, in 1597, speaks of "a wild creeping Pinke which groweth 
 in our pastures neere about London." It has nothing to do with 
 the colour of the flowers, but is a mediaeval English word meaning 
 "an eye, or small eye," and as such is used by Shakespere; in 
 Dutch, pinken, pinkoogcn, to twinkle with the eye ; and in provincial 
 German, pinkern, to wink. The French name, (Eillet (diminutive 
 of ceil, eye), also illustrates its etymology. (Eillet = ocellus (diminu- 
 tive of oculus) ; by anglicizing the French pronunciation we get 
 willie, hence sweet-william. We will now pass on to the species. 
 
 DIANTHUS. 
 
 Subgenus I. CARTHUSIANASTKUM. 
 Sectio AEMERIUM. 
 
 1. D. Armeria L. Tomentosus. Caules 40 centim., sub- 
 simplices aut superne parce et dichotome ramosi. Folia 
 plana stricta, infima 48 mm. obtusa, superiora 72 mm. 
 acuta, subfloralia acuminata, vagina folia diam. sequante. 
 Inflorescentia fasciculis obliquis dichotomis 3 8 tiorum 
 inodororum. Bractese Iineari-lanceolata3 acuminatse ad calycis 
 apices. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis acutis. Petala non con- 
 tigua ; lamina oblongo-elliptica, = unguis. Capsula sub- 
 cylindrica. 
 
 rar. cfespitosus Clav. (Flore de la Gironde, 1882, p. 156). 
 
 E. (Deptford P.). F. (CE. velu). G. (rauhe N.). H. B. (dui- 
 zendschooue A.). S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 1026. 
 N. Gothland, 56. S. Sicily, 38. 
 
 E. Talysch, 49. W. Asturias, 8. 
 
 Armeria sylvestris alter (Lobel, 1570). 
 
 Caryophyllus barbatus sylvestris (C. Bauhm, 1596). 
 
 Caryophyllus pratensis ((iernnle, 1597). 
 
 Caryophyllus pratensis noster major (Parkinson, 1640). 
 
 Caryophyllus latifolius barbatus minor animus (^ 7 ewton, 1680). 
 
 The earliest notice of the plant is by Lobel, a French botanist, 
 whose name survives in the genus Lobelia, and whose name for the 
 plant is preserved in the Linuean species. It is remarkable that 
 ten of Bauhin's plants should no'w be recognised as species. They 
 are D. Armeria, arboreus, Carthusianorum, barbatus, plumarius, 
 arenarius, deltoides, alpinus, Caryophyllus, prolifer. Caspar Bauhin 
 was born in 1550, and was the most celebrated member of his 
 family; he published his ' Pinax Thcatri Botanici' in 1596, and 
 died in 1624.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 7 
 
 In England the plant is annual or biennial, and is found on dry 
 banks, the borders of fields, stony places, sandy slopes of hills, by 
 gravel-pits, gravelly copses for the first year or two after they have 
 been cut, and hilly pastures. Its favourite habitat is on siliceous, 
 granitic, or volcanic soils, and in some parts of France on calcareous 
 cliffs. In the central plateau of Spain, according to Willkomm, it 
 reaches 1000 metres. The absence of this and other species from 
 paludinous districts is to be noted. Owing to its very local occur- 
 rence in this country, H. C. Watson was disposed to consider it as 
 somewhat doubtfully a native. On account of the continuity of 
 suburban London, the English name is no longer applicable to the 
 plant. From the petals of the fresh plant Dr. Gulliver obtained 
 the peculiar crystals known as " sphseroraphides." The early red 
 pinks of the florists, which are larger than the pheasant's-eye pinks, 
 seem to have sprung either from this species or from D. deltoides ; 
 but (in the opinion of many horticulturists) probably from the 
 latter. 
 
 In Gothland, its northern limit, it is known as "sarons blom- 
 ster." According to Asa Gray, it was carried by European colonists 
 to America, where, in some parts of the United States (New York, 
 Delaware, &c.), it has become so far naturalized as to appear almost 
 indigenous. 
 
 Sectio CABTHUSIANUM. 
 
 Subsectio 1. MICROLEPIDES. Herbae perennes. Inflore- 
 scentia densa, capitata. Petala nonnunquam imberbia. 
 
 2. D. liburnicus Bartl. Glaber. Caules 48 cent, simplices 
 stricti, superne fere quadranguli. Folia plana stricta acumi- 
 nata, radicalia 75 min. recurva, caulinia 58 mm. adpressa, 
 vagina folii diam. duplo longiore, subfloralia 2 adpressa 
 coriacea. Inflorescentia capitulis simplicibus 3 6 florum 
 roseorum. Bracteae 4 acuminatae ad calycis apices. Calyx 
 dentibus 7-nerviis acuminatis. Petala imberbia contigua ; 
 lamina obovato-cuneata, = unguis. 
 
 'F. (CE. de Croatie). 
 
 Geographical limits, 208. 
 
 .V. Galicia, in Austria, 48. E. Podolia, in Russia, 80. 
 S. Albania, 40. W. Languedoc, 4. 
 
 Earliest record by Bartling in 1825. If anything would entitle 
 it to specific distinction, in its affinities with similar plants, it 
 would be its maritime station. The original specimens were 
 gathered by Bartling on the shores of the Gulf of Quarnero, in 
 Istria, on a calcareous soil, and it was from these specimens that 
 he and Wendland drew up the classical description. The exact 
 locality was again verified by Herr Pichler in 1884, from whom the 
 British Museum and Kew herbaria have specimens. It is also 
 found, at Lerici, on the Gulf of Spezia, where the poet Shelley was
 
 8 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 drowned. J. T. Moggridge records it from the Riviera ; and its 
 western limit is the maritime department of Herault. In Austria 
 it extends into the Herzegovina. 
 
 From the next species it differs in its non-csespitose habit, its 
 small beardless petals, and in form and size of bracts and subfloral 
 leaves. This plant has been confused with D. Balbisii of the 
 ' Prodromus,' which in nowise differs from the next species, also 
 with Kitaibel's D. trifasciculatus, which latter also occurs in Galicia, 
 but differs from D. liburnicus 'in leaves linear-oblong, patent, 
 scarcely strict, much longer, 5-7-nerved ; inflorescence in tricho- 
 tomous fascicles of dark flowers ; and bearded petals. 
 
 The Roman province Liburnia included the littoral districts of 
 Carniola and Croatia. 
 
 Subsectio 2. CARTHUSIANOIDES. Folia stricta. Bracteae 
 siccae. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis. Petala obovato-cuneata, 
 barbulata. 
 
 3. D. Carthusianorum L. Caespitosus, glaber. Caules 
 24 40 centim., e rhizomate multicipite, 4-angulares erecti. 
 Folia acuminata plana 5-nervia, vagina folii diam. saepius 
 4-plo longiore, subfioralia oblongo-elliptica ad apices bracte- 
 arum acutata. Inflorescentia fasciculis paucifloris capitatis. 
 Bracteae 4 mucronatae ad dimidmm calycem adpressse, rubellae 
 fuscae aut flavescentes. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus 9- 
 nerviis acuminatis. Petala msequali-dentata, lamina ==unguem. 
 Capsula cylindrica. 
 
 var. eu-Carthusianorum L. (Reichenbach, Ic. f. 5011). 
 
 var. anisopodus Ser. 
 
 var. atrorubens All. 
 
 var. congestus G. et G. 
 
 var. vaginatus Vill. 
 
 var. atrorubens Jacq. 
 
 F. (CE. des Chartreux). H. B. (Kartlmizer A.). G. (Kart- 
 hauser N.). S. (C. de los Cartujos). P. 
 
 Geographical limits, 1539. 
 N. Denmark, 55. S. Egypt, 28. 
 
 E. Ural, 49. W. Portugal, 8. 
 
 Pre-Linnean references. The earliest notice is that of Arnoldus, 
 who includes it in his " tunica herba." The plant is next referred 
 to by Otto Brunfels in his ' Herbarum viva? Icones,' 1530 ; and is 
 also described by Leonhard Fuchs (1545), whose name survives in 
 the genus Fuchsia; also by Matthioli (1585), under the name of 
 " Garofoli salvatichi" (in modern Italian, " Garofano salvatico"), 
 who is commemorated in the cruciferous genus Altttthiola. Was 
 first cultivated by the Carthusians in France about 1573. Among 
 old names for it are :
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris (Fucks, 1545). 
 
 Caryopbyllus sylvestris vulgaris latifolius (C. BauMn, 159G). 
 Caryophyllus arvensis calyculo florum numeroso (Loesel, 1650). 
 Caryophyllus pratensis (Erndtel, 1730). 
 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris flore rubro plurimo de summo caule 
 prodeunte (Seguier, 'Plantse Veronenses,' 1745-1754). 
 
 Matthioli's figure is very good, and sufficiently identifies the 
 plant. The Linnean species was named after the Benedictine order 
 founded by St. Bruno, of Grenoble, in the eleventh century, and 
 who, as stated above, were the first cultivators of the plant. It is 
 commonly met with in association with Cytisus sagittalis, Betonica 
 ojficinalis, Jasione perennis, Scleranthus perennis, and Sedurn spp., on 
 dry pastures in Central Europe, and is entirely absent from palu- 
 dinous districts. As to its habitat, Lecoq writes in his ' Botanical 
 Geography': " On the central plateau it attains its finest develop- 
 ment on the scoria3 and pozzulana, which have a soil naturally 
 drained, and where it flourishes vigorously ; but another favourite 
 habitat is that of dry pastures exposed to the sun." As it is not 
 found on either coast of the English Channel, it may be taken that 
 the humidity of these parts is as much a cause of its absence as of 
 the absence of hot and dry summers. It ascends to 1000 or 1500 
 metres on elevated plateaux, or until it finds a dry soil : below this 
 elevation the mists are unfavourable to its growth. In North 
 Switzerland, Wahlenberg found specimens at 1900 metres. In 
 Brittany it is found only in extreme localities in the south-east of 
 the province. Although it is not found in the same localities in 
 France as D. monspessulanus, it is found in the departments of 
 Gard and Var. In Belgium it grows near Ghent. The species 
 does not occur in Miquel's ' Catalogue of Dutch Plants ' of 1857, 
 but has since been recorded near Deventer, in Over-Yssel. First 
 recorded in Portugal by D. Vandelli, who vernacularized Grisley's 
 names, in 1789. Of all dry localities it prefers those with a sili- 
 ceous, granitic, or calcareous soil; the drier the station the more 
 hardy and dwarfed it is in habit. 
 
 In none of the other species is the polymorphic tendency so 
 evident ; though the variations from the type ring the changes on 
 but few of the minor characters, still this has given an unhealthy 
 stimulus to the hair-splitting faculties of many German and Austrian 
 botanists in creating many more species than Evolution could 
 possibly be accountable for, even if it jumped from transitions to 
 conclusions, and ignored hybridity ! 
 
 The rootstock is much branched, and the barren shoots vigorous, 
 numerous, and foliose, thus giving the plant a caespitose habit. 
 Following up the salient points, we find the stems are smooth, but 
 not shining, angular, and invariably unbranched, unless it may be 
 at the very base, where two branches may spring almost together 
 from the crown. In D. Schlosseri and cruentus the stems are terete. 
 The leaf-sheath is very long, not short, as in D. barbatus. The 
 flowers are in paucifloral fascicles, thus distinguishing it from D. 
 ambigints, pelviforniis, and cruentus. The bracts, unlike those of
 
 10 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTEEN EUBOPE. 
 
 D. barbatus, are broad and mucronate. The organs here called 
 bracts have received various names in descriptions of the species, 
 calyculus, epicalyx, involucre, involucel (in Carthusianastrum), 
 scales, and bracteoles: and the "bracts" of other authors are, for 
 orgauogenetic reasons, here called " subfloral leaves." The calyx 
 is constricted at the base of the teeth, and this character dis- 
 tinguishes it from D. ambiyuus and D. Borbasii in the same group, 
 which have a strictly cylindrical calyx. The petals, as might be 
 expected, vary much in tint, from dark purple to rose-coloured and 
 white, and the dentation is irregular. They do not differ so much 
 in length as in the proportion of lamina to unguis. 
 
 Among the species reduced within the specific limits of this 
 plant are D. alrorubens All., Jacq., Bess., Loisel. ; carmelitarnm 
 Keut. (in Fl. Orientalis) ; fasciculatus Gilib. ; ferruyineus L., Pourr. ; 
 congestus Bor. ; Pontederce Kern. ; croaticus Borb. ; vayinatm Chaix., 
 Vill., Rchb. ; sanyuineus'Vis. ; vulturius Gr. et T. ; lancifolius Schloss. 
 et Vukotin ; alpestris Balb., &c. The species which is nearest to it 
 is D. Knappii, which differs from it chiefly in its broader leaves and 
 denser flowers, and is scarcely csespitose. D. Carthusian or um does 
 not vary much in Eussia, or we might have expected that a 
 judiciously synthetical systematist, such as E. Kegel of St. Peters- 
 burg, would have delimitated the species in a way that he and 
 Kohrbacli have done with some of the eastern forms. 
 
 var. atrorubens All. So named from the colour of the flowers ; 
 but as this is a very variable character in plants of the same 
 species, the name is a bad one. It was, however, anterior to 
 Jacquin's homonym, so that the latter is the greater sinner. From 
 its locality, this is probably the plant referred to by Paul Benealmus 
 in 1611. Allioni thus diagnoses the plant in his 'Flora Pede- 
 montana' of 1785: "Flowers aggregate, bracts ovate, acute, 
 shorter than the calyx"; and further, in the fuller description, 
 " bracteiform (subfloral) leaves elliptical, with long glumes ; bracts 
 4, pale, with reddish edges, and short glumes ; lamina of petal 
 purple-red, rhomboidal, teeth few and unequal, slightly pilose." 
 It is often found in the same localities as D. sinensis (Seyaieri) ; 
 and is indigenous on the French side of the Pyrenees. Introduced 
 into England in 1802, and many varieties cultivated from it. 
 Differs more from the type than Jacquin's plant. 
 
 var. congestus G. et G. So named from the disposition of the 
 flowers. First described as a species by Boreau ; occurs near 
 Vichy, in the department of Allier, and near Molina, in the province 
 of New Castile, among groves of oak. 
 
 var. vaginatus Vill. First described in Villars' ' Flore du 
 Dauphine' (1789): so named from the length of the leaf-sheath, 
 which is four or five times the width of the leaf. It occurs between 
 St. Flour and Mende, in the department of Lozere. 
 
 var. atrorubens Jacq. This is also a Pyrenean variety, and 
 differs in the following points from Allioni's plant : Sterns 
 30 centim. ; leaves more broadly linear ; sheath purplish, three 
 times as long as broad ; inflorescence less congested, in capitula of 
 8-6 flowers ; bracts broader, obovate, and ventricose.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 11 
 
 Of the other thirty-one varieties given in my ' Enumeratio,' 
 twenty-eight occur in Austria, many of them being reduced from 
 species : the only province in which the species has not been 
 recorded being Salzburg. 
 
 4. D. barbatus L. Glaber. Caules 50 centim., simplices 
 v. superne ramosi tetragoni. Folia lanceolata acuta plana 
 5-nervia ; radicalia 44 mm., vagina folii diam. duplo longiore, 
 caulinia 30 mm., vagina folii diam. eequante ; subfloralia 
 lanceolato-linearia. Inflorescentia fastigiis fasciculorum re- 
 gulariter trichotomorum, floribus densis brevissime pedicel- 
 latis inodoris. Bracteae 4 lanceolatae acuminatse ad calycis 
 apices. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus acuminatis. Petala 
 contigua, lamina = $ unguis. Capsula oblonga. 
 
 rar. aggregatus Poir. 
 
 F. (CE. barbu). S. (C. de pom.). P. ? (mauritanias). 
 
 Geographical limits, 2360. 
 ,Y. Moscow (prov.), 55. 8. N. China, 85. 
 
 E. E. China, 120. W. Republic of Andorra, 2. 
 
 Pre-Linnean references. Earliest notice in 1461. In the 'Kruy- 
 deboeck' of Dodoens, published in 1554, the specimens, which he 
 describes in the old Flemish, in which the work was written, are 
 probably garden forms: the two varieties are called "Keykens" 
 and "tweede soorte van Keykens." The pseudogeneric name which 
 is used by him in the ' Pemptades ' (1616), viz., "Armerius," 
 apparently includes the Liunean species Silene Armeria and Lychnis 
 Jios-cuculi, and which in the original Flemish are termed a fourth 
 and fifth variety of "Keykens." The concordance of Linnean 
 species with the plants of Dodoens can, however, only be conjectural. 
 The Dodonaaan plant which seems to tally best with Linnaeus' 
 description is the " tweede sorte van Keykens ": the character of 
 the "Keykens" itself is too flimsy to be at all reliable. The 
 ' Kruydeboeck' was translated into English by Lyte in 1578, and in 
 this translation the plant is called tol-me-neer, which is the tobnenier 
 or colmenier of the early herbalists. Was also described by Euellius, 
 and by Tabernoemontanus in his ' Kreuterbuch.' Among old scientific 
 names may be mentioned : 
 
 Lychnis monachorum hortensis (Conrad Gesner, circ. 1580). 
 Caryophyllus Carthusianorum (Tabernamontanus, 1588). 
 Caryophyllus hortensis barbatus latifolius (Caspar Bauhin, 1596). 
 
 These old names indicate the early cultivation of pinks by the 
 Carthusian monks. Dodoens' Latin name in his posthumous work 
 of the 'Pemptades' (1616) is "Armerius flos alter." Forskahl 
 (1736-1763), the Swedish traveller and pupil of Linnaeus, found it 
 in cultivation in Arabia, Egypt, and Greece ; in the last country 
 known by the vernacular name of "oussouvia," and in the patoia' 
 of Lower Egypt, "gurumfil."
 
 12 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 The plant was named from the very distinctly-bearded petals : 
 and Poiret's variety from the disposition of the flowers, which are 
 denser than in the Linnean species. The common English name 
 of sweet-william is from the French ceillet ; and the French verna- 
 cular name is simply a translation of the scientific one. 
 
 Although mentioned in many local Floras, it is often only an 
 introduction, or in a semi-naturalized condition, or an escape from 
 cultivation ; and, wide as is its distribution, it occurs only very 
 locally, e.g., in one district of, Kussia, and in the Pyrenees in 
 Western Europe. It seems to be most truly indigenous in the 
 provinces around the Adriatic littoral, from the heel of Italy to 
 Corfu. Eohrbach unites with this plant Thunberg's D. japonicus, 
 but D. barbatus differs from it in the following points : Stems 
 4-angular, and sometimes branched above ; leaves lanceolate, plane, 
 and not contorted at the base, 5-nerved ; sheath of the radical 
 leaves twice as long as broad ; fascicles fastigiate ; flowers of a 
 darker red, denser, and consequently on shorter pedicels; bracts 
 very scarious, lanceolate to the apices of the calyx ; calyx contracted 
 at the base of the purple teeth; petals broader, obovate-cuneate; 
 and capsule oblong. So that they seem as different as any two 
 pinks can well be. An experiment of Darwin's further illustrates 
 the distinction. In his investigations into the power of mutual 
 cross-fertilization of the commoner pinks, he found that if the 
 flower of D. barbatus was fertilized by the pollen of D. superbus, it 
 yielded a proportional 81 seeds, when fertilized by the pollen of 
 D. japonicus a proportional 66 seeds, relatively to the 100 seeds 
 produced by its own pollen. Mr. Hemsley is inclined to believe that 
 it is not indigenous in China ; and Fischer's Japanese D. cruentus 
 is only a cultivated form of the wild species, or an hybrid. While 
 speaking of hybrids, we may record the dictum of Fries-Morel, who 
 assures us that the hybrids of Dianthus resemble their mother in 
 form, and their father in colour. They usually vary less in the 
 species and varieties of the first generation, the less the degree of 
 affinity between their parent-forms, species-hybrids therefore less 
 than variety-hybrids ; the former are often characterized by a greater 
 uniformity, the latter by a greater variability. When hybrids are 
 self-fertilized, the variability increases in the second and succeeding 
 generations the more completely it was absent from the first ; and these 
 different varieties arise more certainly the less the affinity between 
 the parent-forms. There was a fair specimen of the hybrid barbato- 
 alpinus in the rockery at Kew, in June 1889, with dark red, rose- 
 coloured, and white flowers. In the grounds of Earl Kilmorey, at 
 Isleworth, there was, in June 1884, a curious monstrosity with the 
 leaves more or less united either on one or both sides. 
 
 Introduced to English gardens from the Low Countries, and 
 carried by the early colonists to North America. In the Peninsula 
 it grows on hilly pastures and the green slopes of mountains. 
 
 Subsectio 3. MACROLEPIDES. Bractese 4 ovate patentes. 
 
 5. D. crassipes Roem. Pubescens. Caules 58 centim., 
 simplices teretes strict!. Folia stricta adpressa; basilaria
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 18 
 
 62 mm., 7-nervia acuta, reliqua 50 mm., 5-nervia acuminata, 
 vagina folii diam. duplo longiore, subfloralia elliptica late 
 membranacea. Inflorescentia corymbosa ; fasciculis plerum- 
 que 2, florum 2 30 inodororum. Bracteaa 2 exteriores ad 
 dimidium calycem acutse, 2 interferes ad calycis apices acumi- 
 nate. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. 
 Petala non contigua barbulata; lamina obovato-cuneata, 
 J unguis. 
 
 S. 
 
 Geographical area. Andalusia. 
 
 Willkomm identified Roemer's original plant, amplified its 
 description, and clearly defined it, and at the same time retained 
 the specific name, which it owes to the stout and woody rootstock. 
 
 Roemer does not mention whether the petals are bearded, and 
 in the dried specimens it is impossible to ascertain. There are 
 generally two capitular fascicles on short peduncles ; when a third 
 is present, it is borne on a longer peduncle springing from the 
 penultimate node. The teeth of the calyx, as well as the apices of 
 the bracts and subfloral leaves, are purplish. It is found on sandy 
 ledges and rocks of the graywacke formation of the Sierra Morena, 
 at an elevation of 600-900 metres. 
 
 6. D. Girardini Lam. Glaber. Caules 50 centim., sim- 
 plices v. superne ramosi teretes. Folia lanceolata acuminata 
 plana 5-nervia, 35 mm., subfloralia lanceolato-linearia, vagina 
 folii diam. sequante. Inflorescentia cymis regulariter tricho- 
 tomis ; floribus laxis inodoris. Bracteae mucronulatse ad 
 calycis apices. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis-acuminatis. Petala 
 contigua barbulata, lamina unguis. 
 
 F. ((E. de Girardin). 
 
 Geographical area. Central France. 
 
 Essentially distinct from D. barbatus by its mode of inflorescence : 
 the secondary and tertiary axes are lengthened and branched in a 
 regular trichotomy, in which the last branchings are terminated, 
 the central by a single flower, the lateral by two flowers. It also 
 differs hi the form and structure of the bracts. Lamotte cultivated 
 it for some years from seed, without any modification occurring in 
 its specific characters. Extrinsically it is similar to the Austrian 
 D. compactus. 
 
 7. D. toletanus B. et R. Suffrutescens, glaucus, scaber. 
 Caules stricti 25 centim. furcati tetragoni. Folia acuta stricta 
 plana adpressa, radicalia 24 mm. 5-nervia, caulinia 20 mm. 
 3-nervia, summis abbreviatis, vagina folii diam. aequante. 
 Flores subfasciculati fere sessiles cymis laxis. Bracteaa mu- 
 cronatse ad dimidium calycem, subherbacese. Calyx apice atten- 
 uato, dentibus mucronatis 11-nerviis. Petala non contigua 
 barjbulata, lamina obovato-cuneata, = unguis.
 
 14 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 S. (C. de Toledo). P. (C. de Toledo). 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 
 N. Mountains of Castile. S. Sierra Morena. 
 
 E. Eastern boundary of Castile. W. Sierra d'Estrella. 
 
 The plant is named from Toledo, in the province of Castile. 
 But for the characteristically distinct bracts, it might be considered 
 a Spanish form of D. capitatus. First record by Keuter in 1841, on 
 rocky soil at an elevation of 800 metres above the sea. 
 
 8. D. anticarius B. et R. Suffrutescens, glaucus, pube- 
 Bcens. Caules stricti 50 centim. simplices v. furcati tetragoni. 
 Folia acuta stricta plaria adpressa omnino 5-nervia, radicalia 
 40 mm., caulinia .33 mm., summis abbreviatis, vagina folii 
 diam. duplo longiore. Flores cymis laxis. Bracteje acumi- 
 natae ad dimidium calycem, subherbacese. Calyx dentibus 
 acutatis 11-nerviis. Petala non contigua imberbia, lamina 
 obovato-cuneata, = $ unguis. 
 
 S. (Clavellina de Antequera). 
 
 Habitat. Sierra de Antequera, prov. Cordova. 
 
 First recorded by Reuter in 1849, on rocky pastures and hilly 
 places at the southern base of Sierra de Antequera, on calcareous 
 soil, at an elevation of 1000 metres above the sea. The specific 
 name is latinized from its habitat. 
 
 Subgenus II. CARYOPHYLLASTRUM. 
 
 Sectio FIMBRIATUM. 
 Subsectio 1. SCHISTOSTOLON. Caules ramosi, glabri. 
 
 9. D. monspessulanus L. 44 centim. Caules teretes. 
 Folia plana acuminata patentia stricta 5-nervia, radicalia 
 62 mm., caulinia 53 mm., vagina caulis diam. asquante. 
 Flores splitarii aut 2 3 aggregati, speciosi inodori. Bracteao 
 4 ovata3 acuminatse ad dimidium calycem adpressae. Calyx 
 apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis 7-nerviis. 
 Petala contigua barbulata, rosea rarius alba. 
 
 F. ((E. de Montpellier). S. (Clavel de Montpellier, scientific; 
 Clavellina deshilada, Castilian; Clavell del pastor, Catalan; Chulu- 
 frina, Basque language). 
 
 Geographical limits, 892. 
 N. Hungary, 47. E. Caucasus, 48. 
 
 S. Calabria, 40. W. Corunna, in Spain, 8. 
 
 Pre-Linnean name. Caryophyllus floribus solitariis, petalis 
 multifidis basi canaliculatis (J. (jr. (jfnielin, 1751). 
 
 Described by Liunseus from specimens found in the vicinity of 
 Montpellier (hence the name). It was in this city that Autoiiie
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OP WESTERN EUROPE. 15 
 
 Laurent de Jussieu resided while elaborating his system of the 
 natural classification of plants, which, however, was not published 
 till 1789. Called " monspeliacus " in Gouan's ' Hortus Monspeli- 
 ensis' (1762), and "Tunica arenaria" of Scopoli. 
 
 It grows with the utmost vigor on volcanic soils in France, but 
 it also flourishes on primitive and calcareous soils. Its stations are 
 often at an elevation of 1000-1200 metres ; at Royat, in the 
 Auvergne, at 600 metres ; on the Mt. Dore at 1500 metres. In 
 fact, it is found from the plain to the snow-line on the argillaceous 
 schist and the calcareous rocks of mountains. In the north and 
 east of Spain it is found on the dry outskirts of woods and hilly 
 pastures. 
 
 Linnasus ascribes to his plant, " Squamas . . . patulas longi- 
 tudine calycis apice fuscescentes." In the usual descriptions of the 
 species in the Floras of Western Europe, the bracts are described 
 as reaching to half the length of the calyx, and herbaceous : as this 
 is the case in the living plant also, we can only presume that his 
 specimen was a bad one, or that the dried condition of his plant led 
 him to make a slight error as to the usual length of the bracts. In 
 his ' Catalogue of Pyrenean Plants,' published in 1826, Bentham has 
 the following note (in French) under D. superbus, which, however, 
 probably refers to nwnspessulanus : " In the Pyrenees I have seen 
 only one species of Dianthus with fimbriate petals. It varies in the 
 length of the bracts, sometimes not reaching as far as the middle of 
 the calyx-tube, and sometimes longer, until it may possibly exceed 
 it slightly in length. The petals are also very variable in size, 
 always more or less pilose. I have especially noticed these varia- 
 tions in pastures in the environs of Benasque, where this species is 
 very abundant." Many botanists who have studied the Pyrenean 
 flora believe that those forms usually ascribed to D. superbus should 
 be referred to this species, and that the former does not really 
 occur in Spain at all (Philippe, 'Flore des Pyrenees'; Willkomm 
 and Lange, ' Prodromus Flora Hispanica3'; Colmeiro, 'Plantas de la 
 Peninsula Hispano-lusitana e I. Baleares'; Graells). Philippe says 
 that between Bayonne and Perpignan, from one end of the Pyrenees 
 to the other, this plant varies considerably; and that when the 
 station of the plant has a south aspect, it possesses an agreeable 
 odour, but when exposed to the north this fragrance is not apparent. 
 
 The city of Montpellier honours the memory of the Jussieus, 
 and a worthy inheritor of the genius loci in the person of the 
 illustrious Planchon there carries on his researches into the affinities 
 of plants. 
 
 As to the degree of incision of the petals which shoiild place a 
 plant among the fimbriate species, I think no sharp line can be 
 drawn. They should certainly include those whose petals are 
 incised half-way or more from the margin to the throat, probably 
 also all those with the lamina incised to one-third of its depth. In 
 those that are not so deeply incised we have to consider the relative 
 length and breadth of the teeth or fimbriae themselves, apart from 
 the undissected intermediate area, and the degree of their acumi- 
 nation. In cases of doubt we might take into consideration
 
 16 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 characters which link the two more important subgenera, viz., in 
 this one in which D. monspessulanus is placed, the more frequent 
 absence of a beard at the junction of the lamina with the unguis 
 and the more conspicuous showiness of the flowers, in the preceding 
 the closer apposition of the flowers, their less specious character, 
 and the frequent presence of a beard. As to the delimitation of 
 absolute specific forms, I am unable to indicate any clearly-definite 
 lines. The most that one can attempt to do in such a genus as 
 Dianthus is, with the accumulated materials at hand, to group the 
 numerous and apparently fluctuating forms into more or less 
 imperfectly defined species. In discussing the affinities of certain 
 closely allied genera, Boissier tersely expressed the obvious diffi- 
 culties of satisfactory discrimination in speaking of " characteres 
 valde liquid!"; and this charitable phrase should cover a multitude 
 of failings in the tangled web of affinities. 
 
 10. D. marsicus Ten. 31 centim. Caules teretes. Folia 
 canaliculata acuminata adpressa stricta 3-nervia, radicalta 
 58 mm., caulinia 48 mm., vagina caulis diam. asquante. 
 Bractese 4 ovatse acuminatae ad dirnidium calycem adpresste. 
 Calyx dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis 7-nerviis. Petala non 
 eontigua barbulata, rosea rarius alba. 
 
 F. 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 W. S. France. E. Central Italy. 
 
 Of slenderer habit than the preceding, growing on hilly pastures. 
 
 11. D. Waldsteinii Strnb. 50 centim. Caules teretes. 
 Folia plana acuminata patentia flaccida 5-nervia, radicalia 
 53 mm., caulinia 48 mm., vagina caulis diam. sequante. 
 Bracteae 4 ovatse acuminataa ad calycis apices patentes. 
 Calyx apice attenuate dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala 
 non eontigua imberbia. 
 
 F. (GE. de Waldstein). 
 
 Geographical limits, 80. 
 
 N. Noric Alps, in Styria, 47. E. West Servia, 20. 
 S. Principality of Montenegro, W. Department of Hautes Py- 
 48. renees, 0. 
 
 Named after Waldstein, an Austrian botanist. Is essentially a 
 mountain plant, occurring at high altitudes, and requiring a drier 
 soil than the two preceding. There are specimens in the Kew 
 Herbarium from Eaux Bonnes, in the Pyrenees, which marks its 
 western limit. It is, moreover, distinguished by its hardier habit, 
 shorter radical leaves, beardless petals, and the bracts reaching to 
 the apices of the calyx-teeth or beyond.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 17 
 
 12. D. saxatilis P. 20 centim. Caules teretes. Folia 
 canaliculata acuminata adpressa 3 5-nervia, vagina folii 
 dia'm. sequante. Bractea3 4 obovato-lanceolatee mucronulatas 
 ad ^ calycis, adpressao. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. 
 Petala contigua imberbia, lamina obovato-cuneata. 
 
 F. 
 
 Geographical area. Languedoc and Lower Austria. 
 
 Derives its name from its occurrence on rocks. Some of the 
 French botanists consider it an hybrid ; it is certainly found in the 
 same districts as D. monspessulamts. Eecorded by Halacsy in Lower 
 Austria. Very similar to the Armenian D. Jioribundus, but the 
 petals are more deeply incised. 
 
 13. D. Sternbergii Sieb. Csespitosus, glaucus. Caules 
 26 centim. biflorales 4-angulares. Folia acuminata patentia 
 plana, radicalia 55 mm. 5-nervia, caulinia 38 mm. 3-nervia, 
 vagina folii diam. gequante. Bractese 4 obovatce mucronatae 
 ad $ calycis. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala 
 non contigua barbulata, lamina obovato-cuneata. 
 
 F. (CE. de Sternberg). 
 
 Geographical limits, 1G1. 
 N. Mt. Jura, in Switzerland, S. Sierra d'Estrella, in Portugal, 
 
 47. 40. 
 
 E, The Noric Alps, in Carinthia, W. Sierra d'Estrella, in Portugal, 
 
 15. 8. 
 
 Named after the botanist Sternberg. Is essentially a mountain 
 plant, occurring at high altitudes, and requiring a very dry soil. 
 Grows in rocky and gravelly places on a calcareous soil. 
 
 14. D. serrulatus Desf. ('Flora Atlantica,' i., p. 346, 
 1798). 40 centim. Caules tenues 4-angulares. Folia plana ; 
 radicalia 64 mm. 7-nervia, acuta, caulinia 30 mm. 5-nervia, 
 acuminata ; vagina folii diam. aiquante. Bracteae 8 lanceolatse 
 acuminatae ad ^ calycis patentes. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala non contigua bar- 
 bulata, lamina obovato-cuneata. 
 
 S. (C. del campo). 
 
 Geographical limits, 160. 
 N. Andalusia, 38. S. Algeria, 80. 
 
 E. Tunis, 10. W. Morocco, 10. 
 
 So named by Desfontaines, from the incised margin of the petals. 
 The plant is not to be confounded with Schlosser's homonym, which 
 is a Croatian species, and which differs from this North African plant 
 in the following points : Crespitose in habit ; stems much shorter, 
 .simple, an'd angularly compressed, with the angles more acute than
 
 18 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 in the other ; leaves plane, with the sheath twice as long as broad; 
 bracts 4, more broadly ovate aud reaching to the apices of the 
 calyx, thinner and more membranous in texture ; and teeth of the 
 calyx reddish. The only station in Europe is that of the calcareous 
 cliffs on Sierra Nevada. By priority of nomenclature this name 
 should stand, and some other be found for Schlosser's species. 
 
 15. D. valentinus Wittk. Csespitosus. Caules 50 centim. 
 dichotome ramosi fastigiati siricti teretes inferne angulati. 
 Folia plana adpressa acuta 3-nervia, radicalia 52 mm., 
 caulinia 48 mm., vagina folii diam. sequante. Bracteas 
 saepissime 6 obovato-lanceolatas mucronatae ad dimidium 
 calycem. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis subu- 
 latis. Petala non contigua barbulata, lamina speciosu = 
 unguem. 
 
 S. (C. famosa). P. (C. soberba). 
 
 Geographical area. Spain and N. Portugal. 
 N. E. Ebro. E. Tortosa, in Catalonia. 
 
 8. Malaga. W. N. Portugal. 
 
 First recorded in prov. Valencia (hence the name), when it was 
 referred to D. superbus, but, on comparison, found to be distinct. 
 Perhaps a western form of D.fiiribriatus, to which it is very similar. 
 Grows generally at the base of hills, and in glades. It must be 
 admitted that constant specific characters are not very well marked. 
 
 Subsectio 2. CYCAXOSTOLON. Caules simplices teretes. 
 
 16. D. fallens Tiinb. (Obs. Dianthus Pyrenees). Glaber 
 20 centim. Folia rigida falcata; radicalia obtusa 5-nervia, 
 caulinia acuminata 3-nervia 25 mm., vagina folii diam. 
 SBquante. Bractese 4 interiores obovato-lanceolatie, exteriores 
 lanceolatse, mucronatse ad dimidium calycem. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala contigua 
 barbulata. 
 
 S. F. 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 
 N. Pyrenees, 42 50'. W. E. Aragon, 50'. 
 S. E. Ebro, 41 20'. E. Eepublic of Andorra, 1 40'. 
 
 The specific name is derived from Lat./a/for, adj. pxrt.fattent 
 deceiving, hence ambiguous : for similarly expressive name cf. 
 Pancic's I), ambiyuus. First record in ' Bull. Soc. Botanique de 
 France,' v., p. 829 (1858). Occurs in rocky places among the 
 Pyrenees, on the Spanish side ; probably also on the French side : 
 if so, is included by Grenier and Godron under Z). tencr. 
 
 17. D. fimbriatus M. B. (mihi, sensu latiore ; ' Flora 
 Taurico-Caucasica,' i., p. 332, 1808). Suffrutescens, glaber.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 19 
 
 Folia linearia acuta adpressa. 3-nervia, plana v. canaliculata. 
 Bracteae variabiles 4 12, ovali- v. oblongo-lanceolatae, 
 calycis longit. coriaceae v. stramineae. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis 7-nerviis. Petala barbulata 
 non contigua, forma variabilia. 
 
 var. mucronulata mild. Caespitosa, glauca. Folia rigida. 
 Bractese 8 suborbiculares mucronulatae. Calyx apice non 
 attenuate. Herb. Kew. ex Hispania, et Herb. Mus. Brit, ex 
 bb. Graells. (=??/). Broteri). 
 
 var. sclerophyllus Willk. Caespitosus glauous. Folia 
 eoriacea. Bracteae 8 lanceolatae. Calyx apice attenuate. 
 
 var. brachyphyllus Willk. Caespitosus glaucus. Folia 
 radicalia linearia brevia. Bracteaa 8 lanceolatas. Calyx 
 apice attenuate. 
 
 var. leptophyllus Willk. Caspitosus glaucus. Folia 
 radicalia anguste linearia. Bractese 8 lanceolatae. Calyx 
 apice attenuate. 
 
 var. macrophyllus Willk. Bracteae 6. Lamina = unguem. 
 
 F. S. (Clavelitos, Ccutilian ; Clavell del campo, Catalan}. P. 
 
 Area of distribution, 1428. 
 
 N. Caucasus, 42. E. West Tibet, 76. 
 
 S. Scinde, in Hindostan, 25. W. Portugal, 8. 
 
 Caryophyllus montanus major (Grisley, 1661). 
 
 Derives its name from the segmentation of the petals. I can 
 see no reason whatever for separating this plant of the Caucasian 
 Iberia from Boissier's plant of the other (western) Iberia. They 
 are both extremely variable and typically polymorphous species. 
 The specific t} 7 pe, in the broader sense, is very widely distributed ; 
 in Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, and the Caucasus, and in the 
 east from the Levant to West Tibet and Scinde : growing on dry 
 hills, rocky places, and sandy slopes. 
 
 Let us review in their order the more constant characters. All 
 the forms are suffruticose at the base, where the rootstock is 
 vertical or oblique, dividing into many branches producing stems 
 and leafy shoots. The growth of the leafy shoots is generally 
 vigorous, giving the plant a csespitose habit : this is more marked 
 in the Spanish and North African forms, probably from the habitat. 
 The stems are terete, simple, and frequently unitioral, though they 
 may be forked near the base, strict, slender, and erect or ascending 
 from the crown of the rootstock, and usually fastigiate and equal in 
 height. The leaves are generally glaucous, though in very high 
 stations this glaucescence is absent; they are linear, adpressed, 
 and 3-nerved (with the nerves very prominent on the under surface), 
 and vary considerably in length ; the margins are scabrous and 
 bordered with the lateral nerves, and the length of the leaf-sheath 
 is equal to or twice its breadth. The bracts vary considerably in 
 . form,- number, and texture, even in the same localities. In the
 
 20 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTEBN EUROPE. 
 
 typical forms there are four pairs (or five, with the lowest pair 
 foliaceous) closely applied along pie-third the length of the calyx, 
 oval, or oblong-lanceolate and niucronulate, with the nerves dis- 
 tinctly prominent. The calyx is generally contracted above, with 
 the teeth 7-9-nerved and ciliolate, and is sometimes as long as 
 30 mm. The lamina of the petal is large and bearded, though in 
 some of the western forms this capillary outgrowth is slight, and 
 almost evanescent. The capsule is oblong, substipitate, and slightly 
 exserted. ,, 
 
 Willkomm's varieties are based upon the differences in the 
 character of the leaves ; the last-named grows in thickets, the 
 others in gravelly places exposed to the sun. Among the non- 
 firnbriate species the forms of this polymorphic plant seem to 
 approach D. sabuletorum of the beardless species, and D. lusitanlcus 
 of the bearded ones. 
 
 18. D. gallicus P. Pubescens, glaucus, gracilis, 25 centim. 
 Folia 18 mm. 3-nervia, obtusa plana incurva, vagina folii 
 diam. aequante. Bractese 4 obovatse mucronatse ad | calycis 
 partem adpressae. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis 
 acuminatis 9-nerviis. Flores rosei aut albi, odorati. Petala 
 contigua imberbia, lamina subrotunda, = ^ unguis. 
 
 var. lusitanus Sjogr. Folia rigida stricta ; vagina rubella. 
 
 F. (<E. francs). S. P. (C. de Francia). 
 Geographical limits, 63. 
 
 N. Dept. of Finisterre, 48. E. Dept. of Gironde, 0. 
 S. K. Douro, 41. W. Oporto, 9. 
 
 First recorded on the west coast of France : hence the name. 
 Like D. libitrnicus, it is one of the few maritime species. First 
 found in Portugal by P. T. Webb, in 1838, in pine-woods on the 
 west coast. This botanist did not give it a distinct varietal name, 
 but it is the var. lusitana of Nyman's 'Conspectus.' From its 
 habitat described by Thore under the name of "D. arenarius." 
 
 Subsectio 3. MONERESTOLON. Caulis unicus ramosus in 
 multos cauliculos glabros. Folia patentia recurva. Petala 
 barbulata, non contigua. 
 
 19. D. superbus L. Caulis dichotome ramosus 35 38 
 centim. teres. Folia lanceolato-linearia basi obtusa superne 
 acuta mollia plana 3 5-nervia, vagina folii diam. aequante. 
 Inflorescentia paniculis laxis dichotomis florum roseorum 
 odoratorum. Bracteae 4 mucronatse ad J calycis partem 
 obovatse strammese, adpresssB. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus 
 lanceolatis acuminatis. 
 
 H. G. (prachtige N.). F. ((E. superbe). S.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 21 
 
 Geographical limits, 5700. 
 
 N. Altenfiord, in Norway, 70. S. Barcelona, 42. 
 W. Galicia, in Spain, 8. E. Japan, 142. 
 
 Caryophyllus minor, II. (Dodonaus, 1583). 
 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris, VI. (Clusius, 1598). 
 
 Superba major flore albo (G. Pelletier, 1610). 
 
 Tunica montana altissima (Rupp, 1718). 
 
 Tunica plumaria (Scopoli, 1760). 
 
 Caryophyllus superbus (Moench, 1744-1805). 
 
 Caryophyllus flore tenuissimo dissecto (Seguier, Plantae Veron- 
 
 enses, 1745-1754). 
 Caryophyllus floribus solitariis, petalis multifidis basi canalicu- 
 
 latis (J. G. Gmelin, 1751). 
 Caryophyllus plumarius (Kraschenninikow, 1750). 
 
 This species is indigenous in Holland, and naturalized in 
 Belgium, having been introduced into the latter country in 1596. 
 The earliest notice is in the original edition of Dodoens' ' Kruyde- 
 boeck,' published in 1554, where it is described by the old Flemish 
 name of "Ander gedaente van Pluymkens" = "a second kind of 
 Pluymkens" ; the first kind referring to D. plumarius, which was in 
 early cultivation in the Low Countries. In the later edition of the 
 'Pemptades' of 1616, it is called " Caryophyllus minor alter." 
 
 The species was so named by Linnaeus on account of its 
 intrinsic beauty. As D, casius is the characteristic English pink, 
 so is this essentially the French pink (more so than the preceding, 
 'whose geographical area is very limited). If Nature has many 
 species which herald the return of spring, she keeps a few in 
 reserve for the shadows of autumn. For it is at the fall of the 
 year that this superb Dianthus decks the glades of the forest, and 
 exhales the fragrant perfume from its delicate petals. In the 
 various stations at which it occurs, seems to prefer the calcareous 
 to primitive rocks, growing in thickets and on grassy banks. In 
 the course of the development of the dichotomous panicle, the 
 central division constantly aborts, absorbed by the growth of the 
 lateral prongs ; and this phenomenon, like that which is shown in 
 the constant abortion of lateral shoots, is seen throughout the 
 genus, in the species with this mode of branching ; whilst in Silene, 
 where the branching of the stems resembles that of the pinks, the 
 central shoot grows and is developed like the three prongs in 
 Fraxinus. Willkomm is not disposed to credit its indigeneity in 
 Spain, but thinks that the specimens so referred by Spanish 
 botanists are rather to be referred to D. monspessulanus : but the 
 Italian vernacular name of garofanini di Spagna would appear to 
 centra-indicate this. Colmeiro's specimens were found on the 
 grassy slopes of meadow-land in Galicia, which station (it should 
 be noted) is the western limit of the plant in Europe. It seems so 
 very distinct from the other European forms, that it has been 
 thought well to place it apart in a subsection with the Swiss D. 
 Wimmcri (which some would consider a variety) and an Eastern
 
 22 NOTES ON THE PINKS OP WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 form from Mt. Lebanon. Timbal-Lagrave, in his essay on the 
 Pyrenean Pinks, also emphasizes its distinctiveness. 
 
 Sectio BARBULATUM. 
 
 Subsectio 1. LEPIDACEIBIA. Bractese scariosse, atting. ^ 
 calycis longitudinem. 
 
 20. D. lusitanicus Brot. Suffrutescens, csespitosus, glau- 
 cus, glaber. Caules teretes iurcati, 30 centim. 2 4 fiori. 
 Folia acuta canaliculata 3-nervia, radicalia 19 mm. carinata 
 patentia recurva, caulinia 10 mm. stricta aclpressa, apicern 
 versus cucullato-convoluta, vagina folii diam. sequante. Flores 
 longe pedunculati, inodori, supra rosea infra pallida. Bracteaa 
 6 mucronatse. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis 
 acuminatis. Petala non contigua, lamina = unguis. Cap- 
 sula dentibus obtusis. 
 
 S. (C. sylvestres). P. (C. de Lusitana). 
 
 Geographical limits, 35. 
 N. E. Douro, 41. E. Aragon, 1 W. 
 
 8. Cadiz prov., 36. W. Portugal, 8. 
 
 Derives its name from Lusitania = Portugal, cf. Lusinds of 
 Camoens. It occurs in the central and southern parts of the 
 Iberian peninsula, chiefly on granitic, micaceous, and sandy cliffs, 
 often at an elevation of 1000 to 1050 metres. Is the plant referred 
 to by Grisley in his ' Viridariurn' (1661), by the name of "Caryo- 
 phyllus mqntanus minor elegans," which would also include D. 
 attenuatus, with which it has been so often confounded. First 
 described in the ' Flora Lusitanica,' vol. ii., p. 173 (1804), and 
 figured in the same author's 'Phytographia.' But for tbe bearded 
 petals, might be associated with L>. attenuatus, as the authors of the 
 ' Flore de France ' have done. It is somewhat variable in the 
 comparative size of its different parts, in the relative length of the 
 leaves, stems, shoots, and branches of the rootstock. On the dry 
 calcareous soil of the southern part of Saragossa is found a dwarfed 
 form with small flowers. 
 
 21. D. csesius Sin. Caespitosus, glaber, glaucus. Caules 
 22 centim., simplices v. superne furcati strict! 4-angulares. 
 Folia 3-nervia patentia, radicalia 50 mm. obtusa plana, 
 caulinia 36 mm. acuta carinata, vagina folii diam. sequante. 
 Flores speciosi odorati. Bractese 4 obovatae mucronatao. 
 Calyx dentibus ovato-lanceolatis acutis. Petala contigua, 
 lamina obovato-cuneata, = unguis. 
 
 E. (Cheddar or Mountain P.). F. ((E. bleuatre). G. (Graug- 
 riine N.). B. (Blauwachtige A.).
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OP WESTERN EUROPE. 23 
 
 Area of distribution, 96. 
 
 N. Somerset, 51. 8. Dauphiny, 45. 
 
 E. Pilsen, in Bohemia, 13. W. Somerset, 3. 
 
 Armeriae species flore in summo caule singulari (Ray, 1670). 
 Tunica rupestris folio caasio molli flore carneo (Dillenius, 1732). 
 
 Ray seems to base his name on the unbranched unifloral stems ; 
 Dillenius selects its glaucous habit, the textur.e of its leaves 
 divergent from the stem, the colour of the flowers, and its rocky 
 mountain station. Referred to by Hudson as " D. glaucus " (1762). 
 This is par excellence the English Pink. It is not a Linnean species, 
 as stated in Sowerby's ' English Botany ' (3rd edition), but was 
 described by Smith in his < English Botany,' tab. 62 (1792), and 
 also referred to two years later (1794) in his Synopsis of the genus 
 in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society.' The specific name 
 CCBSIUS refers to the grey-green appearance produced by the deposit 
 of bloom on the leaves, and is used in the same sense as "glaucus" 
 and "pruinosus" of many authors, though the last would rather 
 indicate a more frosted, heavier deposit of white bloom. 
 
 Its geographical distribution is extremely limited, and the only 
 British locality for the plant is the Cheddar Cliffs, consisting of 
 abrupt limestone precipices in Somerset. This solitary station 
 should therefore be jealously guarded, being, as it is, the northern 
 as well as the western limit of the plant in Europe. It is not very 
 plentiful, and fortunately not very accessible, even at this one 
 station, where it grows at a height of 50 ft. among jagged rocks ; 
 and unless visitors forbear to take away specimens, it will soon 
 become extinct as a native British plant. If they require 
 mementoes, they might wreak their cacoethes prehendi on Diantkus 
 deltoides, which grows hard by. 
 
 In the east of France and Switzerland it is essentially a mountain 
 pink, and reaches an altitude of 1500-1800 metres : often found in 
 association with Kaxifraya aizoides, S. hypnoides, and Cerastium 
 alpinum. When it is found at a lower elevation, it is from the 
 seeds being washed down by rains, &c. In North Italy it is called 
 "garofano appannato." 
 
 The rootstock has long, slender divisions, producing ascending, 
 short, barren shoots, which give the plant a caespitose habit, and 
 many erect or ascending unbranched flowering stems ; the bracts 
 are membranous, with an herbaceous apex. The flowers are 1 in. 
 in diameter, with the teeth of the petals one-eighth to one-sixth the 
 length of the lamina, and, as Smith says, " delightfully fragrant, of 
 a delicate, pale rose-colour." It may be noticed that the highest 
 pair of leaves are adpresscd to the stem, and much shorter, thus 
 approaching the bracts in character. 
 
 Subsectio 2. HEMISYRHIX. Bractese atting. % calycis longi- 
 tudinem. 
 
 22. D. deltoides L. Caespitosus, pubescens. Caules 25 
 centim. furcati tenues. Folia plana patentia flaccida 3-nervia,
 
 24 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 radicalia oblanceolata obtusa, caulinia lineari-lanceolata acuta, 
 suprema squamiformia fere scariosa, vagina folii diam. gequante. 
 Flores breviter pedunculati odorati. Bracteae 2 (rarius 4) 
 ovatse acuminatse. Calyx gracilis, dentibus lanceolatis acumi- 
 natis. Petala non contigua, lamina obovata rosea v. purpu- 
 rascente, = % unguis. 
 
 var. glaucus L. 
 
 var. microlepis Pet. 
 
 E. (Maiden P.). F. (OB. deltoide). H. B. (Drylioekigc A.). 
 G. (Delta-blumige N.). S. (Clavellina deltoidea). P. 
 
 Area of distribution, 6027. 
 N. Norway, 64. E. Japan, 142. 
 
 S. Bengal, 23. W. Scotland (Inverness), 5. 
 
 Pre-Linnean references. Earliest record in 1581, in which year 
 Lobel published his ' Kruydtboek,' and gave a drawing of it : not 
 mentioned by Dodoens, either in the ' Kruydeboeck ' or 'Pemptades.' 
 It is referred to again, sixteen years later, in Gerarde's ' Herball,' 
 where he says : " There is a wild creeping pink which groweth in 
 our pastures near about London and in other places, but especially 
 in the great field next to Deptford by the path side as you go from 
 Redriffe to Greenwich, which hath many small tender leaves shorter 
 than any other of the wild pinks, set upon little tender stalks, 
 which lie flat upon the ground, taking hold of the same in sundry 
 places, whereby it greatly increaseth, whereupon grow little reddish 
 flowers. The root is small, tough, and long lasting." 
 
 Armeria sylvestris (Lobel, 1581). 
 
 Caryophyllus simplex supinus latifolius (Caspar Bauhin, 159G). 
 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris (Clusius, 1598). 
 
 Caryophyllus minor repens nostras (Hay, 1670). 
 
 Armerise species flore summo caule singular! (Petiver, 1702). 
 
 Tunica ramosior (Dillenius, 1732). 
 
 Other pre-Linnean botanists also refer to the plant by one of 
 these names. The species is so named from the resemblance of the 
 marking of the lamina of the petals to the Greek letter delta. An 
 old English name for it is " Sop-in-Wine." 
 
 It has a very wide area of distribution. The most northern 
 record for the plant is Levanger, on the Trondhjem fiord, in Norway, 
 lat. 63 52', vide A. Blytt's ' Norges Flora,' p. 1073. The southern 
 limit is Bengal. Franchet and Savatier record its eastern limit in 
 Japan, in whose Flora it had also been previously described by 
 Siebold and Miquel. The western limit is in the west of Scotland : 
 in Watson's herbarium at Kew there is a specimen (dated 1833) 
 from Cromwell's Mount, Campbelltown, in Inverness. It grows in 
 all the countries of Europe, with the exception of Turkey and 
 Greece ; though it is not recorded from Sardinia, or from Ireland. 
 
 This pretty pink is found on grassy slopes, road-sides, and dry 
 pastures : it flourishes on soils of primitive or volcanic origin, e. <j.,
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 25 
 
 in France on the syenite of the Vosges, on the basalt of Auvergne, 
 in Spain in the subalpine districts of the mountains of Castile, and in 
 England on dry meadow-laud in East Anglia. It reaches high up 
 mountain-sides ; DeCandolle mentions 1600 metres in the Pyrenees. 
 In the eastern counties of England it flowers in the third week in 
 June. In ordinary specimens the flowers are 16 mm. long, 18 mm. 
 across, and there may be as many as five on a stem : the petals 
 vary in the depth of the rose-colour with a few white spots, and 
 have a crimson band at the base (the latter is present even in the 
 white variety). The plant grows in lax tufts, and is usually only 
 slightly glaucous. The early red pinks of the florists, in the opinion 
 of many horticulturists, have probably sprung from this species. 
 
 A peculiar fact to notice here is the phenomenon of gynodicedsm, 
 which seems rather common in the germs, as in the proterandrous 
 AlsiueaB. It occurs in D. superbus and Carthusianorum ; and D. 
 deltoides shows all gradations between hermaphrodite, gynomonce- 
 cious, and gynodioscious flowers. 
 
 23. D. gaditanus Boiss. Glaber. Caules ramosi teretes. 
 Folia acuta plana stricta, vagina folii diam. sequante. Flores 
 irregulariter corymbosi rosei. Bractese 4 6 ovato-oblongse 
 mucronatse adpressae. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceo- 
 latis mucronulatis 9 11-nerviis. 
 
 S. (C. de Cadiz). 
 
 Geographical area. Cadiz prov. 
 
 So called from the ancient town of Gadcs, founded by the 
 Phoenicians, and situated on an island of the same name, separated 
 from the mainland by a narrow channel. Herodotus says that the 
 island of Erythia was close to Gadeira ; whence many writers 
 supposed the island of Gades to be the same as the mythical island 
 of Erythia, from which Hercules carried off the oxen of Geryon. 
 
 Subsectio 3. LONGISQUAMEA. Bracteas calycem sequantes 
 longitudine. 
 
 24. D. glacialis Hke. Caespitosus, glaber. Caules 10 
 centim. simplices 4-angulares 1 2-flori. Folia radicalia 
 lineari-lanceolata obtusa plana trinervia patentia, caulinia 
 36 mm. linearia acuta patentia stricta aut recurva, vagina 
 folii diam. duplo longiore. Bractese 4, exteriores lanceolatae, 
 interiores ovatse, patentes. Calyx dentibus obtusis triangu- 
 laribus. Petala contigua, lamina = unguem. 
 
 var. neglectus Lois. (= D. glacialis Gaud. inFl. Helvetica). 
 var. alpinus Vill (in PI. Dauphine, iii., p. 600, non L.}. 
 
 F. (<E. des glaciers). S.
 
 Zb NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 Geographical limits, 150. 
 N. The Carpathians, in Galicia, S. The Pyrenees (Spanish side), 
 
 48. 42. 
 
 E. Transsylvania (county of Her- W. The Pyrenees (central), 0. 
 
 mannstadt), 25. 
 
 A wonderful hash of names and plants has occurred here, and 
 as Sir J. E. Smith said, "the chief source of confusion has been the 
 incorrect labours of authors." I), alpinus, ylacialis, neglectm, gelidim, 
 subalpinus, alpcstris, &c., have bee'n inextricably mixed up together; 
 and the shortest way to disentangle them is to go straight to the 
 plants themselves and re-describe them, without regard to the 
 differences as they exist "on paper": and this is a case in which 
 the law of priority in nomenclature should not be too strictly 
 applied. One man may have meagrely and incorrectly described a 
 dried specimen, and another may have described later on a specimen 
 from the same spot more fully, and may have bestowed upon it 
 another name. Which name ought to stand ? Why, I should say, 
 that given by the man who understood most about the plant. The 
 baptism of a plant does not so far sanctify it as to preclude subsequent 
 condemnation, especially when performed in an unorthodox fashion. 
 
 Sectio CAEYOPHYLLUM. 
 
 Subsectio 1. CARYOPHYLLOIDES. Species typicae. Folia 
 patentia. Calyx dentibus acuminatis. Capsula ovoidea. 
 
 25. D. Caryophyllus L. Caespitosus, glaucus, glaber ; 
 anno secundo, rhizomate turiones atque stolones repentes 
 foliorum fascicule terminatos caulem norifermn producentes 
 edente. Caules 60 70 centim. apicem versus paniculato- 
 ramosi (raro simplices) plus minus angulati valde nodosi. 
 Folia crassa obtusa canaliculata 5-nervia, nervo centrali 
 prominente lateralibus invalidis, marginibus vix scabridis: 
 radicalia 92 98 mm. longissima, caulinia 70 75 mm. 
 linearia recurva, superne decrescentia, summis bractei- 
 formibus, vagina folii diam. duplo longiore. Flores solitarii 
 speciosi odoratissimi dimorphic!, rosei purpurei aut albi, 
 longe pedunculati. Bracteae 4, obovatae vel fere obcordatse, 
 acumine mucronato herbaceo ad |- calycis longitudinem, 
 coriaceae, marginibus laevibus. Calyx 24 mm., apice attenuate, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis 9-nerviis, marginibus sca- 
 bridis. Petala contigua, lamina obovato-cuneata truncata 
 inaequali-dentata, = unguis. Stamina stylis longiora v. 
 breviora. 
 
 var. genuinus L. ' Species Plantarum,' ed. 1, p. 411. 
 
 var. Scheuchzeri Jord. Laxe caespitosus. Petala non 
 contigua. 
 
 var. collivagus Jord. Vix caespitosus. Habitu minor. 
 
 var. carduinus Ser. Vix caespitosus, scabridus.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 27 
 
 F. (CE. girofle). 
 
 Geographical limits, 1386. 
 N. Normandy, 48. S. Punjaub, 30. 
 
 E. Punjaub, 77. W. Normandy, 0. 
 
 Vettonica coronaria (mediaeval Latin of Ruellius). 
 Caryophyllus flore majore (Dodoens, 1583). 
 Caryophyllus bortensis simplex (Caspar Bauhin, 1596). 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris, alpinus minor, dilute purpureis, odorus 
 
 (Francesco Cupani, 1696). 
 Caryophyllus simplex, flore minore pallide rubente (Toumefort, 
 
 1694). 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris, flore rubro inodoro, calyce oblongo cum 
 
 brevibus unguibus (Seguier, 'PlantaeVeroiienses,' 1745-1754). 
 
 Pre-Linnean references. The Carnation seems to have been 
 unknown to the ancients, for we have no mention of it by any of 
 the Roman poets, nor is it anywhere referred to by Pliny. Chaucer 
 the poet calls it "clove girofle," which is Norman French. The 
 next reference to it is by Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, who 
 includes it in the group of " Tunici." Jacobus de Manlis indicated 
 its habitat in Lombardy in a locality which was verified centuries 
 later by Polycarp Sprengel as being one of the stations where the 
 species was truly native, and growing under conditions which 
 rendered its introduction very improbable. First called carnation 
 by Lyte in his translation of Dodoens' work, and published in 1578 ; 
 and coronation in a poem of Edmund Spenser's. Gerarde says of 
 carnations, in his 'Herball' (1597): "These are not used in 
 physic, but esteemed for their use in garlands and nosegays, to 
 deck the bosoms of the beautiful. They are good to be put into 
 vinegar, to give it a pleasant taste and gallant colour." In the 
 first edition of Dodoens' ' Kruydeboeck ' it is called by the old 
 Flemish name of "groote Genoffel Bloemen." Mentioned by 
 Tabernasmontanus in his ' Kreuterbuch ' (1590). Forskahl, the 
 Swedish traveller and pupil of Linnaeus, observed it in cultivation 
 in Arabia and Egypt, and in the gardens of Constantinople. The 
 following are some of the vernacular names of the plant : English, 
 clove-pink, wild carnation, clove-gillyflower (Old English, jerefloure, 
 gillofre, girofer) ; French, ceillet girofle, oe. des fleui'istes ; German, 
 grasrose Blurne ; Flemish, Angelier bloome : Italian, garofano 
 scempio ; Spanish, Claveles ; Catalan, clavell ; Portuguese, Cravina ; 
 Basque (of Spain), chilipraya ; Luxemburg-Dutch, Wei Armenee ; 
 Dutch, Anjelier bloeme ; Greek, karuophullon ; in Lower Egypt, 
 gurumfil ; Arabic, karanfoli ; Japanese, sogaif, or iammasiye ; 
 Chinese, houng nhung hoa. In the gardens of Hindostan it was 
 observed in cultivation in the early part of the century by Roxburgh 
 and Graham ; also by Kaempfer and Thunberg in Japan. 
 
 Although the species is cultivated in all countries, its native 
 habitat is extremely limited in Europe, as it is only really wild in 
 France, the north of Italy, and the littoral provinces of Austria. 
 Elsewhere, though long ago introduced, is scarcely indigenous. 
 From^it are derived all the varieties of the garden Carnations and
 
 28 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 Pieotees. In Germany and Italy it is the principal florists' flower, 
 and from these countries the British florists procure their most 
 esteemed varieties : these are arranged in three classes Flakes, 
 Bizarres, and Pieotees. Flakes have two colours only, and their 
 stripes large, quite through the petals of the flower. Bizarres are 
 regularly spotted or striped with not less than three colours. 
 Pieotees have a white ground edged or pounced with scarlet, red, 
 purple, or other colours. 
 
 As to the usual stations of the species, it is difficult to determine 
 satisfactorily the most favourable soil for a plant which prefers to 
 grow on old walls. 
 
 The specific name is derived from the Greek through the Latin 
 Caryophyllus nut-leaf, which is the name of a genus of small trees 
 growing in the Moluccas, the dried flower-buds of which form the 
 cloves of commerce. 
 
 26. D. caryophylloides Schult. Caespitosus. Caules 30 
 centim. teretes ramosi. Folia obtusa canaliculata 3-nervia, 
 radicalia 124 mm. longissima, caulinia 100 mm. stricta, 
 summis bracteiformibus, vagina folii diam. sequante. Flores 
 geminati inodori. Bracteae 4 obovatae truncates mucronulatae 
 ad ^ calycis partem. Calyx apice attenuate. Petala contigua, 
 lamina = $ unguis. 
 
 F. S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 130. 
 N. Carinthia, 47. E. Transsylvania, 25. 
 S. Catalonia, 42. W. Pyrenees (French), 1 W. 
 
 So named from its superficial resemblance to the preceding, but 
 differs from it in many points. Included in D. syh-estiis Wulf. by 
 the authors of the Spanish ' Flora,' and in the preceding species by 
 many French botanists. 
 
 27. D. longicaulis Ten. Csespitosus. Caules 48 centim. 
 ramosi tetragoni, internodis longis. Folia longissima gracilia 
 carinata acuminata, radicalia 204 mm. flaccida 7-nervia, 
 caulinia ICO mm. stricta 5-nervia. Flores geminati rosei. 
 Bracteae 6 orbiculares mucronatse ad calycis partem. Calyx 
 apice attenuate. Petala non contigua. 
 
 F. S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 90. 
 
 N. North Italy, 46. E. Croatia, 17. 
 
 S. Dalmatia, 41. W. Pyrenees (French), 1 W. 
 
 This plant, first recorded in Central Italy, is remarkable for the 
 length of the nodes, and corresponding length of the leaves. It is 
 of graceful habit, and has specious rose-coloured twin-flowers. 
 First recorded in Spain by A. C. Costa in his ' Introduccion a la 
 flora de Cataluna' (1864), p. 86.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 29 
 
 28. D. Boissieri Willk. Glaucus. Caules 88 centim. 
 strict! simplices vel furcati teretes. Folia stricta carinata 
 acuminata trinervia, radicalia 100 mm., caulinia 60 mm., 
 vagina caulis diam. triplo longiore. Flores solitarii v. gemi- 
 nati. Bractese 6 obovatae mucronatae ad calycis partem. 
 Petala non contigua rosea inaequali-dentata, lamina = % 
 unguis. 
 
 S. P. 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 
 N. Sierra Morena, 88. E. Japan, 142. 
 
 S. Prov. Cadiz, in Spain, 36. W. Prov. Algarve, in Portugal, 9. 
 
 Named after the illustrious author of the ' Flora Orientalis.' 
 First record in Willkomm's classical ' Icones et descriptiones pi. 
 novarum, &c.' (1853), p. 22, on calcareous soil in Andalusia ; grows 
 also in Japan, according to Miquel. 
 
 29. D. sinensis L., Linn. Sp. Plant., ed. 1, p. 411 (sensu 
 latiore) ; Rohrbach, in 'Linnaea' (1870), vol. 36, p. 670. 
 Cffispitosus. Caules ramosi praesertim inferne tetragon!. 
 Folia contorta stricta acuminata canaliculata 3-nervia, vagina 
 folii diam. aequante; radicalia 64 mm., caulinia 40 mm. 
 Bracteae 4 ovali-lanceolatae acuminatae ad calycis apices. Calyx 
 dentibus triangularibus 7-nerviis. Petala contigua. 
 
 var. asper Koch (= D. Seguieri, auct. europ.}. Inflore- 
 scentia paniculis florum solitariorum. Bracteae interiores 
 calycem vix dimidium aequantes, exteriores longiores baud 
 raro subfoliaceae, squarroso-patulae. 
 
 var. sylvaticus Koch (non Hpe.}. Flores paniculati aut 
 caulis uni- vel pauciflorus. Bracteae adpressae vel erectae. 
 
 subvar. a. macrolepis Rohrbach. Bracteae saepius foliaceae 
 elongato-lanceolatae acuminatae. Flores magni. Habitu valde 
 glauca. 
 
 subvar. b. bracbylepis Rohrbach. Bractese breves late 
 ovatae, subito subulato-acuminataB. Flores minores, interdum 
 albi. 
 
 F. (CE. sauvage des Indes). S. (C. del pastor). P. (C. da China). 
 
 Geographical limits, 9000. 
 X. Coast of the Kara Sea, in Arctic Russia, on the European 
 
 side of the B. Kara, 70. 
 
 E. Near Hakodate, in the northern island of Japan, Jesso, 142. 
 IS. Near the mouth of the E. Mecon, in Cochinchiua, 10. 
 W. North Portugal, 8 W. 
 
 Caryophyllus sinensis supinus (Tournefurt, 1694). 
 The actual Linnean specific name is spelled "chinensis," which, 
 as a word, is etyinologically bad. Rohrbach, who knew more about
 
 80 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 the plant and its many forms, called it "sinensis": and as this is 
 a much better word, it ought to stand, in spite of any sentiment 
 about priority of nomenclature. And more than this, it was 
 described under the name of "sinensis" by Tournefort, anterior to 
 Linnaeus ; so that a fortiori the name should stand as it is thus 
 written. As in the case of Z). fimbriatus, there is no need to 
 segregate the eastern and western forms as distinct species : the 
 polymorphic tendency of the plant is sufficiently evident in its 
 variability within a very limited area. And this brings us to the 
 ever-important question, What determines a species, or how are we 
 to circumscribe specifically the variations of individuals ? As A. B. 
 Wallace has shown, in every department of Nature there occur 
 instances of the instability of specific form, which the increase of 
 material aggravates rather than diminishes. A striking example of 
 the kind is that adduced by Darwin himself in the case of the 
 genera Rub us and Rosa ; for though the amplest materials exist for 
 a knowledge of these groups, and the most careful research has 
 been bestowed upon them, yet from the very fact of the "embai-ras 
 des richesses" the various species have not thereby been accurately 
 limited and defined so as to satisfy the majority of botanists. It 
 appears, that the deeper research is carried, the more one is inclined 
 to believe that the delimitation of species is a purely arbitrary 
 matter, and has to be accommodated to the particular needs of the 
 genus which is being investigated. There are natural genera and 
 (if I may apply the term) "critical" genera. The species of one 
 kind may be grouped by distinctive and constant characters and 
 habit, the species of another kind are intricately associated in a 
 tangled web of affinities. Sir J. D. Hooker instances the same 
 difficulty in his study of the Arctic flora. For though he has had 
 much of the accumulated materials of hid predecessors to work 
 upon, he often expresses himself as unablo to do more than group 
 the numerous and apparently fluctuating forms into more or less 
 imperfectly defined species. In his paper on the ' Distribution of 
 Arctic Plants ' he says : " The most able and experienced descriptive 
 botanists vary in their estimate of the value of the ' specific term ' to a 
 much greater extent than is generally supposed. ... I think I may 
 safely affirm that the ' specific term ' has three different standard 
 values, all current in descriptive botany, but each more or less 
 
 confined to one class of observers This is no question of 
 
 what is right or wrong as to the real value of the specific term ; 
 I believe each is right according to the standard he assumes as the 
 specific." 
 
 Paul Bohrbach was of opinion that the western forms included 
 in the Z). Seyuieri of France and Spain, and the D. asper of Central 
 Europe, should be joined with the Chinese D. sinensis, and there are 
 much better reasons for this than for his proposed absorption 
 of D. japonicus by D. barbatus. Moreover, Fenzl was of the same 
 opinion when he labelled his specimens of /). Sctjuieri with the 
 name of D. sinensis, var. brachylepis (here also adopting the spelling 
 of Tournefort). Even the bracts in D. Seyuieri are often of the 
 same form as those of D. sinensis, sometimes quite foliacous,
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 31 
 
 elongated, and equalling the tube of the calyx, which form 
 Rohrbach has often observed to be effected under cultivation. 
 Eohrbach gives four sports of the subvar. macrolepis: (1) flowers 
 20-30 mm. in diameter, petals obovate crenate, varying considerably 
 in colour ; (2) flowers 50-80 mm. in diameter, petals obovate 
 inciso-dentate ; (3) flowers nearly 100 mm. in diameter, petals 
 cuneate with many narrow teeth ; (4) flowers 30-50 mm. in 
 diameter, petals linear-oblong, slightly bifid. He also mentions 
 two sports of the subvar. brachylepis : (1) stem 22-44 centim., 
 leaves linear-lanceolate ; (2) stem dwarfed, 5-15 centim., one or 
 few-flowered, leaves linear. This last sport was described as a new 
 species by N. Turczaninow, in 1832, under the name of D.foliosus. 
 As pointed out by Rohrbach, the best diagnosis circumscriptive of 
 the forms referable to this species as under D. Seguieri is that 
 proposed by E. Regel in 1861, and which, abbreviated, is as 
 follows: "Caules erecti vel adscendentes, apice bifidi vel sub- 
 paniculato-ramosi vel rarius uniflori. Folia plana, lineari-lanceo- 
 lata vel linearia. Flores solitarii, gemini vel fasciculato-aggregati. 
 Bracteas erectse vel patentes, tubum dimidium calycis sequantes aut 
 longiores et calycem subaaquantes. Petala antice dentata." Smith's 
 brief diagnosis in his 'Synopsis' (1794) is: " Floribus solitarii s, 
 squamis calycinis subulatis patulis foliaceis tubum sequantibus, 
 petalis crenatis, foliis lanceolatis " : which is a favourable example 
 of brevity with perspicuity. On the other hand, Villars' diagnosis 
 of his plant is : " Caule superne bifido : floribus subfasciculato- 
 aggregatis vel paniculatis : floribus laxe dispositis, squamis calycinis 
 membranaceis ovatis abrupte in acumen lanceolate- subulatum tubum 
 sequans vel eodem 2-3-plo brevius attenuatis : foliis oblongo- 
 linearibus linearibusve attenuato-acuminatis sub 3-5-nerviis atque 
 caule scabris glabrisve." Willkomm also remarks of this species 
 (D. Seguieri} : " Planta variabilis, prsecipue quoad squamarum 
 calycinarum figurarn florumque magnitudinem et dispositionem." 
 It is no wonder, therefore, that from the time the plant was 
 described by Linnaeus, great difficulty should have been experienced 
 in the circumscription of the forms referable to this species. 
 
 A. G. Schrenk is the authority for the northern limit of the 
 species in a MS. catalogue of plants which he made in a journey 
 through the country of the Samoyedes (1837). J. Loureiro is the 
 authority for the southern limit in his 'Flora Cochinchinensis' 
 (1790). In England the cultivated form is known as the Indian 
 Pink, in German it is Busck-Nelke, and in Japanese Jama Suge. 
 
 Subsectio 2. SYLVESTRES. Caules tenues. Bracteae mu- 
 cronatse. Capsula oblonga. 
 
 30. D. sylvestris Wulf. (sensu latiore mihi). Csespitosus. 
 Caules simplices v. ramosi angulariter compressi. Folia 
 linearia acuminata plana, summis bracteiformibus, vagina 
 folii diam. sequante. Flores solitarii inodori. Bracteae orbi- 
 culares truncatse, calycis longit., coriaceaa. Calyx dentibus 
 mucronulatis. Petala contigua, lamina = % unguis.
 
 32 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 a. forma typica. d. bracteatus G. et G. 
 
 b. pratensis Jord. e. ebracteatus G. et G. 
 
 c. saxicola Jord. f. juratensis Jord. 
 
 F. ((E. sauvage). S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 575. 
 
 N. Austria (Galicia), 50. S. Greece (Thessaly), 37. 
 E. Turkey (Rumelia), 26. W. Spain (Catalonia), 1E. 
 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris vulgatissimus (Caspar Bauhin, 1596). 
 D. Caryophyllus, var. e inodorus (Linnaeus). 
 
 The specific name (sometimes spelled " silvestris ") is from its 
 usual station, in the woods of mountainous districts. 
 
 The disintegration of the species into segregates has been 
 accepted by many French botanists. Jordan's forms, here classed 
 as varieties, are distinguished as follows : 
 
 var. pratensis. Leaves carinate, adpressed; radical 148 mm., 
 cauline 50 mm. Flowers geminal. Bracts 4. Calyx-teeth 7-nerved. 
 
 var. saxicola. 35 centim. Leaves canaliculate. Bracts 4, with 
 purple edges. Calyx purple ; teeth obtuse, 9-nerved. 
 
 var. juratensis (etym. Mt. Jura). Leaves elongate-linear, cari- 
 nate, adpressed. Flowers specious, geminal. Bracts 4. Calyx- 
 teeth 7-nerved. First recorded by Jordan near Pontarlier, in the 
 dept. Doubs. The preceding variety is described as a species in 
 Willkomm's ' Icones et descriptiones pi. novarum, &c.' (1853), and 
 an excellent figure is given from the original specimens, which were 
 found by Jordan near Lyons, on granitic soil, in the neighbouring 
 dept. of Ain, and just within the limit of Western Europe (as here 
 understood). 
 
 var. ebracteatus. Upper and lower leaves similar. 
 
 var. bracteatus. Uppermost leaves linear-ovate, bracteiform. 
 
 In France the species occurs in the central and eastern moun- 
 tainous districts, as well as on both sides of the Pyrenees. 
 
 81. D. laricifolius B. et R. Caespitosus, glaucus. Caules 
 37 centim. subsimplices teretes. Folia carinata fere acicularia, 
 radicalia 15 mm. acuta patentia incurva, caulinia 20 mm. 
 acuminata stricta adpressa, vagina folii diam. triple longiore. 
 Flores parvi longe pedunculati. Bractese 46 exteriores 
 lanceolatae, interiores obovatae, atting. calycis longit. Calyx 
 apice attenuate, dentibus mucronatis. Petala non contigua, 
 lamina = unguis. 
 
 S. 
 
 Geographical area. Central Spain. 
 
 So named from the leaves resembling those of the larch. First 
 record by Reuter, in 1841, who found it in dry thickets near San 
 Rafael, on the granite of Sierra de Guadarrama, at an elevation of 
 1050 metres.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 83 
 
 82. D. attenuatus Sm. Caespitosus, basi suffrutescens. 
 Caules 50 centim. ramosi teretes. Folia plana acuta 3-nervia, 
 radicalia 18 mm. incurva, caulinia 12 mm. adpressa, vagina 
 folii diam. aequante. Flores solitarii aut gemini parvi, saepe 
 racemis cymosis aut paniculis laxis, inodori rosei. Bracteae 6 
 oblanceolatse ad dimidium calycem. Calyx apice attenuate. 
 Petala non contigua. 
 
 F. (CE. aminci). 
 
 Geographical area. French Pyrenees. 
 
 This species, first described by Sir J. Smith in 1794, is limited 
 in its distribution to the dept. of Pyrenees Orientales. The plant 
 referred to this species by Mariano del Amo, in his ' Flora fanero- 
 gamica de la peninsula Iberica ' (1873), vol. vi., p. 291, is the next 
 species. Willkomm's subspecies (e^Pourret ined. in herb. Salvador), 
 described in his ' Prodromus Flone Hispanic ' (1878), vol. iii., 
 p. 684, under the name of b. cataUiunicus, is a Pyrenean form of D. 
 fimbriatus, and has also been recorded on the French side by 
 Timbal-Lagrave in 1880 (near Perpignan). According to Smith, 
 this may be the plant described by Tournefort as " Caryophyllus 
 maritimus, supinus, foliis angustissimis, aculeatus, mulfciflorus," or, 
 as some French botanists think, the still older " Caryophyllus 
 sylvestris repeus multiflorus " of C. Bauhin. 
 
 83. D. sabuletorum Willk. Parce csespitosus. Caules 
 
 24 centim. uniflori teretes. Folia plana acuta 3-nervia, 
 radicalia 9 mm. incurva, caulinia 12 mm. adpressa, vagina 
 folii diam. sequante. Flores solitarii vel gemini parvi. Bracteae 
 6 oblanceolatse ad dimidium calycem. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus acutis. Petala non contigua. 
 
 S. 
 
 Habitat. South Aragon, 
 
 First described by Willkoinm in his ' Icones et descriptiones pi. 
 novarum, &c.' (1853), p. 10, tab. 4. Differs from the preceding in 
 being smaller in all its parts, with graceful unifloral stems (occasion- 
 ally slightly branched at the top), very short leaves, and small 
 oblong petals. So named from its occurrence in sandy places. 
 Among so many similar Pyrenean forms it is difficult to determine 
 what is meant by Pourret's D. pi/renaiis, described in 1780 : the 
 diagnosis agrees more with this species, though the authors of the 
 4 Flore de France ' refer it to the preceding. 
 
 Sectio IMPAEJUGUM. 
 
 34. D. aragonensis Timb., ' Obs. Dianthus Pyrenees.' 
 Cffispitosus glaber. Caules 15 centim. simplices teretes. Folia 
 
 25 centim. 3 5-nervia stricta patentia plana, vagina folii 
 diam. zequante. Flores solitarii, lilacmi. Bractese 6 8, 
 inferiores ovali-lanceolatse, superiores obovatze, mucronatse ad
 
 34 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 dimidium calycem. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. 
 Petala non contigua, lamina obovato-cuneata dentata, = 
 unguis. 
 
 S. 
 
 Habitat. North Aragon. 
 
 First described, in 1867, in ' Mem. Acad. Toulouse,' ser. v., 
 p. 242, from specimens gathered near Panticosa, in the Spanish 
 Pyrenees. Very like D. benearnensis on the French side of the 
 mountains, but differs in the number and form of the bracts. This 
 and the next three species included in the section are all very 
 similar, and appear to be closely allied to the polymorphic D. 
 ciliatus of Italy and Dalmatia. 
 
 35. D. rnulticeps Cst. Caespitosus scaber. Caules 20 
 centim. simplices v. apice ramosi stricti teretes. Folia acuta 
 stricta plana 5-nervia, radicalia 40 mm. recurva, caulinia 
 breviora adpressa, vagina folii diam. aequante. Bracteae 6 
 mucronatae ad ^ calycis partem subpungentes. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 parva spathulato-cuneata dentata. 
 
 S. 
 
 Geographical area. Catalonia. 
 
 Occurs in rocky and dry hilly stations in the mountainous parts 
 of Catalonia. First described by Antonio Cipriano Costa in his 
 4 Introduccion a la flora de Cataluna' (1864), p. 35 ; and so named 
 from its rootstock, which is woody, creeping, and much branched. 
 
 36. D. Costae Willk. Caespitosus asperulus. Caules 35 
 centim. stricti ramosi teretes. Folia stricta acuta plana 
 3-nervia, radicalia recurva, caulinia adpressa breviora, vagina 
 folii diam. aequante. Bracteae 10 inaequales, superiores ovato- 
 lanceolatse, inferiores oblanceolatae, patentes dimidium calycem 
 tegentes, obtusae. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis 
 mucronatis. Petala non contigua, lamina obovato-cuneata 
 dentata. 
 
 S. 
 
 Habitat. South Catalonia. 
 
 Named after the describer of the preceding, and discovered by 
 him on the 6th August, 1858, on rocky declivities of Mt. Montsech, 
 in prov. Lerida. At first referred by him to D. ciliatus, but the 
 latter differs from it in the following points : Bracts and teeth of 
 the calyx densely ciliolate ; lamina of the petal larger, 6-2 mm. 
 long, subrhombic crenato-dentate ; capsule included ; seeds oval, 
 apiculate, ciliolate at the edges ; stem angular at the base, glabrous, 
 with much narrower and canaliculate leaves. 
 
 37. D. legionensis W.etL., 'Prodromus Florae Hispanicae' 
 (1878), vol. iii. Glaber. Caules 30 centim. furcati teretes.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 85 
 
 Folia acuta canaliculata, radicalia 19 mm., infer, caulinia 
 16 mm. patentia, super, caulinia 10 mm. stricta adpressa, 
 vagina folii diam. aequante. Flores rosei longe pedunculati. 
 Bracteas 6 obovatae ad ^ calycis partem. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus acutis. Petala non contigua, lamina integra obovato- 
 cuneata, = $ unguis. 
 
 S. (C. de Leon). 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 
 N. Mountains of Asturias. E. R. Pisuerga. 
 S. Mountains of Castile. W. Portuguese frontier. 
 
 According to Prof. J. Lange, it occurs on the calcareous soil of 
 plains in the (old) province of Leon (hence the name). 
 
 38. D. virgineus G. et G. Csespitosus, glaucus, glaber. 
 Caules 20 centim., graciles angulati. Folia acuminata tri- 
 quetra contorta, radicalia 14 mm. patentia, caulinia 8 mm. 
 adpressa, summis bracteiformibus. Flores rosei odorati. 
 BracteaB 6, inferiores oblanceolatse, superiores obovatse, cori- 
 acese mucrone herbacea, ad calycis partem. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala non con- 
 tigua, lamina dentata oblongo-cuneata, = |- unguis. 
 
 F. ((E. virginal). S. 
 
 Geographical limits. Region of olives. 
 N. Department of Drome, 45. E. Southern Italy, 17. 
 S. Morocco, 34. W. Morocco, 6. 
 
 In a masterly essay, published in 1846, D. A. Godron, one of the 
 authors of the ' More de France,' exhaustively discussed the stability 
 of the Linnean species, and successfully proved that it has no 
 existence in nature in the form described in the ' Species Plantarum.' 
 The following notes on the plant are an abstract from a translation 
 of this essay, and put in an amended form : 
 
 Linnasus has described, under the name of D. virgineus, a plant 
 gathered at Montpellier by Burser : and has added as a variety 
 Dillenius' " Tunica rupestris folio caesio molli, flore carneo," a pink 
 which was only known to him from a drawing in the ' Hortus 
 Elthamensis.' Smith, in his Synopsis of the genus Dianthus, has 
 separated the plant of Dillenius from D. virgineus, and has described 
 it as a distinct species by the name of D. ceesius. We have then only 
 to deal with the first Linnean form. Here great disagreement 
 exists among authors ; this name has been applied by them to very 
 different plants. Sims, Jacquin, and Host have given this name 
 to Z). sylvestris Wulf. DeCandolle, in the 'Flore Francaise,' 
 recognises in a plant from the environs of Narbonne this D. 
 virgineus L. gathered by Pourret, sent by him to Lamarck under 
 the name of D. pungens, and afterwards described by Boissier under 
 the name of D. brachyanthus. In the supplement to this work, 
 DeCandolle distinguishes from this plant D. subacaulis, to which he
 
 36 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 adds as a synonym D. virgineiis Gouan lib. Koch thus expresses 
 himself as to the plant which he considers the true vinjineiis : 
 "D. viryineus Linnei, ad Monspelium crescens, differt (a D. 
 sylvestri) caudiculis elongatis prostratis, foliis a basi sensim 
 attenuatis, calyce dimidio minore, squamls ovatis, margine mem- 
 branaceo latiore et mucrone longiore tenuioreque instructis." 
 These characters tally perfectly with a plant which grows in many 
 localities of the eastern Pyrenees, and which many French authors 
 consider to be the real D. pumjens, of Linnaeus. 
 
 According to Hablitz, D. viryinem is no other than D. hirtns 
 Vill. D. sylvestris, brachyanthits, subacaulis,punr)ens, and hirtus have 
 then each and all been considered as D. vinjinewt. But is it any 
 one of these five species, or, being distinct, would French botanists 
 have mistaken it ? Such is the question which we discuss. In the 
 first place, the station cited by Linnaeus is precise, and can put us 
 on the track : this station is Montpellier, and Gouan affirms that it 
 is in the neighbourhood of this town that Burser gathered it. It 
 therefore resolves it into the matter of identifying the plant with 
 one of the species found in the district. Among these species so 
 occurring we first eliminate D. Carthttsianorum, Anneria, and prolifer, 
 which have fasciculate flowers: then we read from Linnaeus, "Flos 
 nnicus in caule, interdum et alter ex ala folii supremi." It cannot 
 be sought for among the fimbriate species, since he says the petals 
 are simply crenulate ; this, then, excludes monspessuUmus. There 
 are but two others in the environs of Montpellier. One is D. 
 deltoides, a plant positively known, whose leaves are plane, linear, 
 obtuse, and not subulate ; the other is the wild carnation, D. 
 Ctiryophylhis var. eortmaritu L., as cultivated in gardens. But in 
 comparing the Montpellier plant with the cultivated plant, it is 
 impossible to consider them as identical. Besides, the true Caryo- 
 phyllus grows spontaneously neither in Languedoc, nor in Roussillon, 
 nor in Provence. It is only met with on old castles and ruined 
 walls of the western departments, from Bayoune to Quimper : but 
 it is chiefly distinguished from the southern plant by its vigorous 
 rootstock producing long, decumbent, barren shoots ; by its larger 
 leaves, nearly obtuse, rather thick, and not scabrous at the margins; 
 and by its contiguous petals. If this Montpellier specimen is not 
 the garden carnation, which in all probability it is not, what is it? 
 Smith, in his Synopsis, affords a clue, though not very trustworthy. 
 He says : "Linnaeus having originally described this in the first 
 edition of the ' Species Plantarum,' from Burser's herbarium pre- 
 served at Upsal, without at the same time having any specimen in 
 his own, I had no means of determining it with certainty but by 
 applying to Prof. Thunberg, who very obligingly sent me a drawing 
 of the original specimen, by which it clearly appears that this is no 
 other than the plant Jacquin has rightly taken for ' virgineus,' and 
 figured in his ' Fl. Austriaca.' I have it from himself. Towards 
 the latter part of his life, Linnaeus, having had the pink in his 
 garden at Upsal from the Alps, described it anew, forgetting that it 
 was his own 'virgineus,' and forgetting also that he had already 
 named one alpinus, he gave that denomination to this supposed new
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 87 
 
 species. This error his son modified by re-naming it rupestris." 
 However, in spite of Smith's dictum, 1). sylvestris Wulf. and D. 
 viri/ineus Jacq. being positively known, it seems inadmissible to 
 associate either with the Linnean plant ; neither does Wulfen's 
 species grow in the neighbourhood of Montpellier. We cannot 
 here do better than transcribe the description of the Linnean plant, 
 emphasizing the differences between it and the virgin eus of the authors 
 of the ' Flore de France ' : " Caule subunijiuro, corollis crenatis ; squa- 
 mis calycinis brevissimis, foliis subulatis. Radix perennis. Folia 
 radicalia copiosa erecta in csespitem imbricata acuminata, facies 
 Statices fennis. Caules aliquot, spithamcei, quattuor articulis simpli- 
 cissimis constantes, foliis minoribus et summis minimis e vagina 
 perfoliata ortis. Calycis squama latffi ovatae acutae brevissimaa, 
 2)aribus remotis. Corollae limbus dimidio brevior tubo calycis, 
 rotundatus crenatus. Flos unicis in caule, interdum et alter ex ala 
 folii supremi." Here are a few minor characters of Godron's species. 
 It is a plant of 12-36 centim., pale green or rather slightly glaucous, 
 springing from a root which is often as long as the rest of the plant; 
 stems slender, with obtuse angles ; leaf-sheath a little longer than 
 broad ; flowers 1-5 on short peduncles at the top of the stem, rose- 
 coloured, and fragrant ; bracts 6, mucro herbaceous ; calyx con- 
 tracted above ; teeth with membranous edges. Habitat : dry hills 
 in the region of olives. 
 
 Taking these facts into consideration, and the errors in trans- 
 cription, to which even such distinguished authorities as Linnaeus 
 and Smith seem to have been liable, I do not think that the 
 stability of the Linnean plant can be maintained. 
 
 Sectio TETEALEPIDES LEIOPETALA. 
 
 Subsect. 1. HISPANIOIDES. Caules ramosi. Bracteae atting. 
 calycis longitudinem. Folii vagina diam. ejusdem sequante. 
 
 39. D. hispanicus Asso. Glaber aut scaber, glaucus. 
 Caules 25 centim. dichotome ramosi, inferne tetragoni superne 
 teretes. Folia 20 mm. 3-nervia plana, radicalia acuminata 
 patentia, caulinia acuta adpressa, vagina folii diam. aequante. 
 Bractese mucronatse adpressse, inferiores ovales superiores 
 obovato-oblongse. Calyx apice attenuato, dentibus ovatis 
 obtusis. Petala non contigua, lamina obovato-cuneata Integra 
 vel dentata, = | unguis. 
 
 var. australis Wilik., ' Prodromus Florae Hispanicae,' vol. iii. 
 
 var. borealis Willk., ,, ,, 
 
 S. (Clavellina espanola; clavel del carnpo). 
 
 Geographical area. Spain. 
 
 N. Near Tudela, in Navarre. E. Monsaut, in South Catalonia. 
 
 S. Sierra Nevada, 950 metres. W. Mt. Torozo, near Valladolid. 
 
 This species, which is essentially the Spanish pink, was supposed 
 by Tinibal-Lagrave to be the plant named by Lmnasus D. pungens, 
 
 401415
 
 bO NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 but this latter plant cannot really be identified with any known 
 species. It grows on rocky cliff's and on the gravelly soil of 
 dry pastures in Eastern, Southern, and Central Spain. First 
 recorded in Aragon by Asso in 1779. 
 
 40. D. hirtus VilL Csespitosus scaber. Caules 16 centim. 
 teretes. Folia stricta acuminata ; radicalia 37 mm. plana 
 patentia, caulinia 25 mm. carinata adpressa. Bracteae ex- 
 teriores lanceolatae, interferes lanceolato-ovatae. Calyx denti- 
 bus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala dentata non contigua, 
 lamina = unguem, purpurea. 
 
 var. vivariensis Jord. Glaber, gracilis. Bracteae mucro- 
 natae. Calycis dentes purpurascentes (in dept. Ardeche). 
 
 var. parviflorus Benth. Glaber. Lamina = unguis (in 
 Andorra, 1826). 
 
 F. (CE. herisse). G. S. 
 
 Geographical limits. 
 
 N. Colmar, in Germany. TF. Viladran, in the Spanish 
 
 S. Viladran, in the Spanish Pyrenees. 
 
 Pyrenees. E. Colmar, in Germany. 
 
 First record by Villars, in Dauphiny, in 1789. Occurs on cal- 
 careous and basaltic, and especially granitic cliffs, chiefly in the 
 region of olives, but may attain an elevation of 1500 metres from 
 the sea. The authority for the northern limit at Colmar, in Ger- 
 many, is that of the authors of the ' Flore de France,' vol. i., p. 234, 
 which of course at that time was in French territory. I have not 
 noticed the fact of this addition to the German flora in recent books. 
 The species is more frequent in that part of S.E. France outside 
 the limit of these ' Notes,' where its distribution has been worked 
 out in the local florulas. M. Verlot, in his ' Catalogue of the Plants 
 of Dauphiny,' has adopted the dismemberment of the species D. 
 syhestris and D. hirtus proposed by Jordan, and not altogether to the 
 advantage of the study of the segregates. 
 
 The name "hirtus" (contracted from "hirsutus") has reference 
 to its pubescent habit. 
 
 41. D. Keqm'ennii G. et G. Caespitosus, glaber, glaucus. 
 Caules 35 centim. furcati 4-angulares. Folia trinervia plana 
 adpressa. Bracteae patentes acuminatse. Calyx apice attenuato, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 = unguis. 
 
 F. (CE. de Requien). S. (C. de Requien). 
 Habitat. Pyrenees. 
 
 Found by Requien growing near Prats-de-Mollo, on the French 
 side of the Pyrenees, and described by Grenier and Godron in 1848.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 89 
 
 42. D. cognobilis Timb., * Obs. Dianthus Pyrenees.' 
 Caespitosus, glaber, basi suffrutescens. Caules 15 centim. 
 furcati 4-angulares. Folia trinervia carinata adpressa. 
 Bracteae adpressae mucronulatae membranaceae. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala non con- 
 tigua, lamina = unguis. 
 
 S. 
 
 Habitat. Pyrenees. 
 
 Found by Timbal-Lagrave growing in the Spanish Pyrenees 
 between Benasque and Castaneze, in Aragon. The authors of the 
 ' Flore de France ' have confused this plant with the preceding 
 species of the eastern Pyrenees, of which they had only seen 
 Eequien's dried specimens, and had not examined the living plant. 
 
 Subsectio 2. S^ETABENSES. Glabri. Caules ramosi. 
 Bracteae atting. |~| calycis longitudinem. Folii vagina 
 diarn. ejusdem aequante. 
 
 43. D. Planellae Willk. Caespitosus, glaucus. Caules 
 44 centim. tenues divaricati teretes internodiis longis. 
 Folia acuminata plana 3-nervia, radicalia 72 mm., caulinia 
 50 mm. Flores solitarii v. geminati parvi rosei, cymis 
 laxis. Bracteae ovales acuminatae patentes. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala non con- 
 tigua, lamina dentata oblongo-cuneata truncata. 
 
 S. (C. de Planellas). P. 
 
 Geographical area. North and south of E. Minho. 
 N. E. Tombre, in prov. Corunna. E. Boundary of Galicia and Tras- 
 S. E. Douro, in Portugal. os-Montes. 
 
 W. West coast. 
 
 According to Prof. J. Lange, it occurs in the fissures of rocks 
 and on dry sandy wastes ; e.g., in the neighbourhood of Tuy, in 
 Spain, and Montalegre, in Portugal. 
 
 44. D. Saetabensis Rouy, 'Bull. Soc. Bet. France' (1882), 
 p. 44. Caespitosus. Caules 40 centim. teretes. Folia flaccida 
 trinervia plana, radicalia obtusa, caulinia acuta, summis 
 bracteiformibus. Bracteae mucronulatae. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala integra aut dentata, 
 lamina = unguis. 
 
 var. minor Rouy. 
 var. media Rouy. 
 
 S. (C. de Xativa). 
 
 Habitat. Prov. Valencia. 
 
 Saatabis was the Eoman name for a river and a town in Hispania 
 Tarraconensis : (1) a small stream (Sp. Alcoy) S.W. of the Eiver
 
 40 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 Sucro (Sp. Xucar), and which flows into the sea near Alicant; 
 (2) an important town of the Contestani, and a Roman municipiuni 
 (Sp. Xativa or Jativa, otherwise San Felipe), which was situated on 
 a hill S. of the Sucro, and was celebrated for its manufacture of 
 linen. 
 
 There are good specimens of this plant in Herb. Mus. Brit., 
 from which, with the assistance of the original description, this 
 species has been described, and its position in the genus determined. 
 It appears to be sufficiently distinct from the other species of the 
 east of Spain. 
 
 Subsectio 3. CINTRANI. Caules simplices. Bracteaa mu- 
 cronatae. 
 
 45. D. cintranus B. et JR. Glaber. Caudiculi longi pros- 
 trati. Caules 25 centim. teretes. Folia 48 mm. 3-nervia 
 acuta plana flaccida, vagina caulis diarn. aequante. Flores 
 geminati. Bracteae exteriores oblongo-ovatae, interiores ob- 
 longae, adpressae ad dimidium calycem. Calyx apice attenuate, 
 dentibus lanceolatis acutis. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 oblongo-spathulata, unguis. 
 
 S. P. 
 
 Geographical limits. The Peninsula, west of 4. 
 N. E. Vouga, 40 40'. E. Sierra de Gredos, 5 30' W. 
 
 S. Estuary of the Tagus, 38 20'. W. Estuary of the Tagus, 9 40'. 
 
 First discovered by Welwitsch on the Serra de Cintra, between 
 the estuary of the Tagus and the coast. It grows on basaltic cliffs 
 on the heights hi the beautiful environs of the city of Cintra, justly 
 celebrated for its palaces, shady valleys, and delightful climate ; 
 and the city which in Byron's estimation, before he saw Athens, 
 had the finest situation in Europe: 
 
 " Lo ! Cintra's glorious Eden intervenes 
 In variegated maze of mount and glen. 
 Ah me ! what hand can pencil guide, or pen, 
 To follow half on which the eye dilates 
 Through views more dazzling unto mortal ken 
 Than those whereof such things the bard relates, 
 Who to the awe-struck world unlocked Elysium's gates ? 
 
 The horrid crags, by toppling convent crowned, 
 The cork-trees hoar that clothe the shaggy steep, 
 The mountain-moss by scorching skies embrowned, 
 The sunken glen, whose sunless shrubs must weep, 
 The tender azure of the unruffled deep, 
 The orange tints that gild the greenest bough, 
 The torrents that from cliff to valley leap, 
 The vine on high, the willow-branch below, 
 Mixed in one mighty scene, with varied beauty glow." 
 
 1 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. 1
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 41 
 
 46. D. insignitus Timb., ' Obs. Dianthus Pyrenees.' 
 Glaber. Caules 15 centim. angulariter compress!, tenues. 
 Folia 20 centim. acuta plana stricta trinervia, vagina folii 
 diam. sequante. Bracteae ovali-lanceolatse, patentes ad 
 calycis partem. Calyx dentibus lanceolatis mucronatis. Petala 
 contigua, lamina orbiculari integra, = unguis. 
 
 S. 
 
 Habitat. Spanish Pyrenees. 
 
 The authors of the ' Prodromus Florse Hispanic ' join this plant 
 with D. pungens. But, among other points, it differs from it in 
 its non-cfespitose habit, being almost destitute of barren shoots, 
 very smooth dwarfed stems, more alpine in its appearance, with 
 the rootstock more pliant and scarcely woody, leaves longer and 
 less pungent towards the apex, bracts equal and reaching to one- 
 third of the calyx-tube, calyx not contracted above, with teeth 7-9- 
 nerved, and ciliolate, lamina more rounded, entire or scarcely 
 dentate, and = unguis. So that these two forms are more 
 dissimilar than many segregates considered as distinct by sufficiently 
 competent authorities in the analysis of polymorphic types. 
 
 47. D. algetamus Graells, ined. Csespitosus, glaucus, 
 glaber. Caules teretes tenues. Folia 9 mm. acuta stricta 
 trinervia carinata adpressa, summis bracteiformibus, vagina 
 folii diam. aequante. Flores geminati rosei. Bractese ovato- 
 lanceolatse ad calycis partem, patentes. Calyx purpureus, 
 apice attenuato. Lamina dentata, obovata. Hispania 
 endemicus. 
 
 S. 
 
 Geographical area. Spain. 
 
 There is a well-preserved specimen so labelled in Herb. Mus. 
 Brit, ex Herb. Graells., from the original station at Algete, near 
 Madrid. I can find no published description of such a species, nor 
 am I acquainted with any other new pinks described by Graells ; so 
 that this plant has been described from the Museum specimen. 
 Somewhat similar in its characters to the preceding, but differs in 
 general habit. 
 
 48. D. brachyanthus Boiss. Csespitosus glaucus, glaber. 
 Rhizoma crassum perpendiculare multiceps interdum prse- 
 longum. Caules 25 centim. tenues graciles angulariter com- 
 pressi. Folia stricta plana trinervia, radicalia 12 mm. acuta 
 patentia, caulinia 8 mm. obtusa adpressa, vagina folii diam. 
 aequante. Flores solitarii rosei parvi. Bractese orbiculares, 
 ad calycis partem. Calyx apice attenuato, dentibus ovatis. 
 Petala contigua, lamina integra obovata, = | unguis. 
 
 var. montanus Willk. Caules elongati apice ssepe furcati ; 
 turionibus propter stationem ssepius surculis transmutatis.
 
 42 NOTES ON THE PIXKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 Flores in unguibus atque stylis dimorphici. Calyx 11 14 mm. 
 Petala vix contigua. 
 
 var. ruscinonensis Wtllk. Folia canaliculata sed non 
 carinata. Petala non contigua. 
 
 var. humilis Nym. Densius caespitosus caulibus abbre- 
 viatis paucis. 
 
 var. macranthus G. et G. Calyx duplo major. Lamina 
 = unguem, dentata v. integra variants. 
 
 var. alpinus W. et L. Minor, dense caespitosus, laete 
 virens vix glaucus. Caules 6 mm. interdum apice furcati, 
 turionibus estipitatis dense congestis. Calyx 6 7 mm. Petala 
 non contigua, lamina = $ unguis. 
 
 var. nivalis W. et L. Nanus, 11 centim. : turionibus 
 abbreviatis csespitem depressum compactum formantibus, 
 caulibus vere simplicissimis ; valde glaucus. Calyx de basi 
 subinflatus, 6 7 mm. Petala majuscula, non contigua, 
 lamina exserta. 
 
 var. Godronianus Jord. Caules uniflori. Folia glauca. 
 Semina laevia (dept. Lozere). 
 
 F. S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 36. 
 
 X. Department of Aude, 41. E. Eastern point of the Pyrenees, 8E. 
 S. Sierra Nevada, 37. W.Asturias, 6 W. 
 
 This essentially polymorphic species of "Western Europe occurs 
 in rocky and gravelly places on the south coast of France, both 
 sides of the Pyrenees, and in all the mountainous parts of Spain, 
 with the exception of the north-west and west districts. Of its 
 variability Willkomm writes : " Speciei quoad staturam, foliorum 
 petalorumque longitudinem et florum magnitudinem valde varia- 
 bilis." The species is not to be confounded with Schur's homonym, 
 which is an Hungarian plant. In the Sierra Nevada, Boissier 
 found specimens beyond the snow-line, at an elevation of 8150 
 metres above the sea. 
 
 49. D. Langeanus W. et L., ' Prodromus Florae Hispanicae' 
 (1878), vol. in., p. 690. Csespitosus, glaucus, glaber. Caules 
 teretes. Folia 13 mm., 3-nervia, patentia stricta canaliculata 
 mucronata. Bracteae | calycis tubum tegentes. Calyx apice 
 attenuate, dentibus lanceolatis obtusis 7-nerviis. Petala non 
 contigua, lamina integra obovato-cuneata, truncata. 
 
 S. P. 
 
 Habitat. N.W. Spain. 
 
 Named after "Willkomm's distinguished collaborates in the 
 ' Prodromus Florae Hispanicae.' Grows in pastures and gravelly 
 places in the mountainous districts of Leon, Asturias, and Galicia. 
 First described by Willkomm as D. JtixjianicuH var. occidentals.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 43 
 
 Subsectio 4. PUNGENTES. Caules simplices. Bracteaa 
 acuminatae. 
 
 50. D. graniticus Jord. Infra scaber, supra glaber. 
 Caules 15 centim. tenues 4-angulares. Folia 3-nervia acuta 
 patentia, vagina folii diam. aequante. Bracteae inferiores 
 lanceolatae, interiores ovatae, patentes ad dimidium calycem. 
 Calycis dentes ovales acuti. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 obovato-cuneata. 
 
 F. (CE. du granit). 
 
 Area of distribution, 10. 
 N. Gironde, 45. E. Gard, 5 E. 
 
 S. Pyrenees, 43. W. Gironde, 0. 
 
 This species has been joined by some Frencb botanists with 
 D. hirtus, but it affects a very different soil, occurring in fissures of 
 rocks, and sandy ledges of granitic formation, whereas the latter 
 occurs on limestone cliffs in the zone of Olea europcea, chiefly in 
 Dauphiny and Provence. 
 
 61. D. pungens G. et G. Caespitosus, glaber, basi suffru- 
 tescens. Caules 26 centim. angulati strict!. Folia trinervia 
 stricta plana patentia apice pungentia, radicalia 12 mm. 
 densa acuta, caulinia 9 mm. acuminata, vagina folii diam. 
 aequante. Bracteae inferiores lanceolatae, interiores ovales, ad 
 dimidium calycem. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus lanceo- 
 latis mucronatis 9 11-nerviis. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 inaoquali-dentata, = unguis. 
 
 F. ((E. piquant). S. 
 
 Geographical limits, 70. 
 N. Dauphiny, 45. ' E. Piedmont, 9. 
 S. Valentia, 38. W. Pyrenees, 1 W. 
 
 So named from the character of the leaves, which are, as the 
 authors of the ' Flore de France ' describe them, " inseusiblement 
 attenuees des la base en une point subulee fine et r^sistante." 
 The Linnean species described in the second ' Mantissa,' p. 240, 
 cannot now be satisfactorily identified : the pre-Linnean name there 
 given is " Dianthus maritimus foliis pungentibus" of Du Chesne MS. 
 The nearest to the Linnean description is D. furcatus of Balbis, 
 which is a positively known species, well described and verified from 
 its original stations, and therefore has a perfect right to retain its 
 name. Here is the Linnean description: "Caules suffruticosi 
 alternation dense ramosi. Folia caulinia basi connato-vaginantia 
 con/erta vaginis tcgentia ramulos, ramea leviter connexa vaginis 
 distantibus : omnia linearia planiuscula angusta, acuminata sub- 
 pungentia. Pedunculi ex apice ramorum lateralium, pcdicellis 1-3- 
 Jioris. Calycis squamae 4 lanceolate calyce jiaulo breviores. Petala 
 integerrima laminis longitudine uiiyuium." For comparison, the points
 
 44 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 in which it differs from the pungens of the authors of the ' Flore de 
 France' and that of the 'Prodromus Florre Hispanicse' are in 
 italics, and in these italics is included a fair proportion of the 
 description. 
 
 The plant occurs in the fissures of rocks, and on the gravelly 
 soil of hills in mountainous districts : the earliest record being in 
 Valentia, in the east of Spain. 
 
 52. D. serratus Lapeyr., 'Abr. Pyren. Hist.,' p. 241. 
 Caespitosus, glaucus, glaber, basi suffrutescens, 20 centim. 
 Folia stricta trinervia subpungentia, radicalia 24 mm., 
 caulinia 30 mm., vagina folii diam. triple longiore. Flores 
 geminati rosei. Bracteae aequales patentes lanceolatae ad 
 dimidium calyeem. Calyx rubellus, dentibus lanceolatis 
 acuminatis membranaceis. Petala non contigua, lamina 
 dentata. 
 
 F. 
 
 Geographical area. The northern slopes of the Pyrenees and 
 of the Swiss Alps. 
 
 This species is the D. asper var. serratiis of DeCandolle's 
 ' Prodromus,' and D. subulatus of Timbal-Lagrave. There are 
 good specimens in Herb. Mus. Brit. : from these and from the 
 published descriptions it appears to be sufficiently distinct from 
 the other Pyrenean species. Sometimes united with the western 
 form of D. sinensis (Seguieri), or with D. collinus ; but it never grows 
 to half the usual size of the latter. The rootstock is woody, 
 and the stems not erect, but ascending; the edges of the bracts, as 
 well as the calyx-teeth, are membranous. 
 
 53. D. benearnensis Lor., ' Bull. Soc. Bot. France,' v. 
 (1858), p. 327, 1. 1. Caules 20 centim. tenues teretes uniflori. 
 Folia 25 mm. ligulata patentia incurva. Bracteae adpressaB 
 ad dimidium calyeem. Calyx apice attenuate, dentibus 
 lanceolatis acuminatis. Petala contigua. 
 
 F. (CE. de Beam). 
 
 Habitat. S.W. France. 
 
 This Pyrenean species was first recorded near Gabas in the 
 Dept. of Basses Pyrenees, formerly called Beam (hence the name). 
 In 1868 a pink was found by the lake near the baths of Panticosa, 
 on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees, which was referred by Timbal- 
 Lagrave to this species, but the specific characters of the plant do 
 not tally either with the description or the figure given by Loret ; 
 it is probably one' of the two preceding species. So that it appears 
 to be endemic on the French side of the mountains. The manner 
 of naming a plant, as exemplified in this instance, is one to be 
 recommended ; in the case where, in a genus whose general distri- 
 bution is fairly well known and comprehensive in its habitat, an 
 apparently new form, sufficiently distinct from its congeners both
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 45 
 
 from those in the limited area within which it occurs and from those 
 in distant localities, so far then as to seem to be endemic, a sufficiently 
 adaptable and euphonious specific name is suggested by that of the 
 place where it has been recorded. 
 
 Subgenus III. PROLIFERASTRUM. 
 
 54. D. prolifer L. Caules 50 centim. simplices vel ramosi, 
 stricti graciles, supra angulares infra teretes. Folia plana, 
 radicalia 17 mm. dilato-spathulata recurva, caulinia 15 mm. 
 linearia acuta incurva, sursum decrescentia, vagina folii diam. 
 sequante: phylla involucri exteriora mucronata, interiora 
 obtusa punctulata longiora ferruginea scariosa, ad florum 
 apices. Flores parvi pallido-purpurei inodori. BracteaB 
 patentes mucronulatae ad calycis apices. Calyx gracilis, 
 dentibus lanceolato-obovatis obtusis. Petala contigua, lamina 
 barbulata obovata = unguis. Semina laevia. 
 
 var. nanus Godr. ('Flore de Lorraine,' 2e edition, 1861, i., 
 p. 105). 
 
 var. scabrifolius Clav. ('Flore de la Gironde,' 1882, p. 156). 
 
 var. laevis Clav. ,, ,, 
 
 var. typica (in Reichenbach, icon. 5009). Glaber 40 centim. 
 
 E. (Childing P. or Limewort). F. (E. prolifere). G. (Spros- 
 sende Felsnelke). H. (Kopvormende Anjelier ; Wei Armenee, 
 Luxemburg dialect). B. (Kopvormige A.). S. (G. prolifero). P. 
 (cravinha). 
 
 Geographical limits, 1650. 
 N. Schleswig-Holstein, 55. E. Talysch, 49. 
 S. Canary Isles, 80. W. Madeira, 17. 
 
 Armeria prolifera (Label > 1570; Gerarde, 1597; Grisley, 1661). 
 Betonica coronaria squammosa sylvestris (Jean Bauhin, 1591). 
 Caryophyllus sylvestris prolifer (Caspar Bauhin, 1596 ; Zanni- 
 
 chelli, 1712). 
 Caryophyllus floribus capitatis aggregatis, squamis calycinis 
 
 ovatis obtusis muticis tubum superantibus (J. G. Gmelin, 
 
 1751). 
 
 Caryophyllus aridus (Moench, 1794). 
 Tunica prolifera (Scopoli, 1760). 
 
 Pre-Linnean references. First record as a British plant (in 
 Middlesex) by How in 1650, who calls it "Childing Sweet- 
 william." Mentioned in Lobel's ' Kruydtboeck,' Gerarde's ' Herball," 
 Grisley's ' Viridarium,' C. Bauhin's ' Theatrum Botanicum,' J. Bau- 
 hin's ' Hist, universalis Plantarum,' Gmelin's ' Flora Sibirica,' 
 Seguier's ' Plant Veronenses,' and Wulff's ' Flora Borussica.' 
 Called "strigoli" by the early Italian botanists. Introduced by the 
 colonists, and imperfectly naturalized in North America. 
 
 As to its specific name, Asa Gray defines prolifer, as bearing 
 progeny in the way of offshoots.
 
 46 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 
 
 In the ' Flora Berolinensis,' the genus " Kohlrauschia " wag 
 invented for this species, and the following points of generic distri- 
 bution were relied upon by Kunth for its separation from the 
 Linnean genus : Flores capitato-congesti rarissime solitarii sessiles 
 involucre universal! scarioso cincti. Bracteolse 2 scariosae convolutse. 
 Calyx pentagono-tubulosus 15-costatus, inter angulos fere omnino 
 scarioso-membranaceus, apice attenuate. Corolla caryophyllacea ; 
 petala retusa lamina suberecta ungue longa lineolataque. Capsula 
 maturescens lateraliter fissus usque ad basin, oblongo-fusiforinis. 
 Seguier's figure wrongly depicts 'the bracts as acute ; in the living 
 specimens they are most distinctly mucronate, like the bracteiform 
 leaves, which usually inclose the flower-head as an involucre con- 
 sisting of three pairs. There is no perennial rootstock, or barren 
 leafy shoots ; and each stem or fork terminates in a small ovate- 
 fusiform head of flowers. Dr. Boswell-Syme, in the 3rd edition of 
 the 'English Botany,' says that in all the specimens he has had an 
 opportunity of dissecting, he has been able to find only one bract to 
 the calyx, but they may not have been perfect specimens. The 
 heads of flowers are about 18 mm. long, and the average individual 
 flowers about 9 mm. in diam. The calyx is very narrow, and 
 faintly ribbed. 
 
 In England it grows in sandy places and gravelly pastures in 
 four counties only Berks, Hants, Sussex, Norfolk, and in Jersey. 
 In France it occurs on the light sandy soil of road-sides and dry 
 places, and on the limestone along the Doubs and in the Vosges. 
 In Spain, Boissier found specimens at an elevation of 600-1600 
 metres. 
 
 The authority for the northern limit of the species is that of the 
 more recent German Floras ; for the southern limit, the ' Catalogue 
 of the Native Plants of the Canary Isles'; for the western limit, in 
 the 'Botany of the Voyage of the Herald' (1852); and for the 
 eastern limit, E. F. Hohenacker in 'Enum. pi. in it. per prov. 
 Taliisch' (1838). In his ' Florule du Tarn' (1864), Martrin-Donos 
 notes a local form, scarcely of the nature of a variety, in which the 
 stems are very slender, and forked almost from the base with 
 emarginate or nearly entire petals ; growing on sandy banks, and 
 also on old walls. 
 
 55. D. velutinus Guss. Velutinus. Caules simplices 
 strict! graciles, supra angulares, infra teretes. Folia plana, 
 radicalia lanceolato-linearia recurva, caulinia linearia stricta, 
 sursum decrescentes, vagina folii diam. duplo longiore : phylla 
 involucri epunctulata mucronulata ad florum apices. Iii- 
 florescentia capitulis 5 8 florum roseorum pedicellatorum 
 inodororum. Bractese phyllis similes. Calyx dentibus ob- 
 ovatis obtusis. Petala contigua, lamina barbulata, = 
 unguis. Semina tuberculata. 
 
 F. ((E. veloute). S. P.
 
 NOTES ON THE PINKS OF WESTERN EUROPE. 47 
 
 Geographical limits, 660. 
 N. Crimea, 46. E. Armenia, 47. 
 
 8. Algeria, 84. W. N. Portugal, 8. 
 
 First described by Gussone in 1825, and so named from the 
 glandular hairs with which the stem is covered. Often confused 
 with the preceding species, from which, however, it is very distinct. 
 Besides the general differences which are specified above, may be 
 mentioned the greater proportionate breadth of the radical leaves 
 to the upper ones of the stem, the laxer inflorescence, and the 
 almost bifid character of the petals. It grows on the dry pastures 
 of mountains, often at high altitudes, e.g., on Sierra Nevada, near 
 Trevolez, at 1650 metres. In the ' Flore de France' (1848), it is 
 only recorded from Corsica, but in the Essay of Timbal-Lagrave it 
 is mentioned as occurring in the depts. of Pyrenees Orientales and 
 Aude. 
 
 RATIO OF THE SPECIES OF WESTERN EUROPE TO THE WHOLE 
 NUMBER OF SPECIES KNOWN: 
 
 55 species, i. e., 24 per cent. 
 
 Spain. 43 species, i. e., 18'61 per cent. 
 France. 33 species, i. e., 14'29 per cent. 
 Portugal. 13 species, i. e., 5*6 per cent. 
 Germany. 7 species, i.e., 3 per cent. 
 Belgium. 5 species, i. e., 2*2 per cent. 
 Holland. 5 species, i. e., 2'2 per cent. 
 England. 4 species, i. e., T731 per cent.
 
 ERRATUM, 
 
 On p. 22, line 11, for 
 'rosea infra pallida," read "rosei infra pallidl,'
 
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