iPiPPf8ippiSfi?lfMl?l!i|lali^^ hi- MANUAL OF STYLE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS agents THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON AND EDINBURGH MANUAL OF STYLE A COMPILATION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL RULES GOVERNING THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, WITH SPECIMENS OF TYPES USED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS THIRD EDITION THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Z 2v5"3 C L. /9// Copyright igo6, igio, and iqii By The University of Chicago All Rights Reserved Published November 1906 Second Edition March 1910 Third Edition December 1911 Composed and Printed By The University of Cliicajto Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. INTRODUCTORY NOTE The present work is a codification of the typographical rules employed by the University of Chicago in connection with its official printing and publications issued through the University Press. Having its genesis, nearly two decades ago, in a single sheet of fundamentals, jotted down by the first proofreader at odd moments for his own guidance; added to from year to year, as oppor- tunity offered or new necessities arose; revised and re-revised as the scope of the work, and, it is hoped, the wisdom of the workers, increased — it emerges in its present form as the embodiment of traditions, the crystallization of usages, the blended product of the reflections of many minds. Regulations like these, in the nature of the case, cannot be endowed with the fixity of unchanging law. They are meant for the average case, and must be applied with a certain degree of elasticity. Exceptions will constantly occur, and ample room is left for individual initiative and discretion. They point the way and survey the road, rather than remove the obstacles. Throughout this book it is assumed that no regulation contained therein is absolutely inviolable. Wherever the peculiar nature of the subject-matter, the desirability of throwing into relief a certain part of the argument, the reasonable preference 236604 vi INTRODUCTORY NOTE of a writer, or a typographical contingency suggests a deviation, such deviation may legitimately be made. Each case of this character must be decided largely upon its own merits. Generally it may be stated that, where no question of taste or logic is involved, deference should be shown to the expressed wishes of the author. The nature of the work of the Press itself — and this will apply, to a greater or less extent, to any similar in- stitution affected by local conditions — constantly calls for modification, now of this rule, now of that. It would be found impracticable, even were it desirable, to bring all its publications into rigid uniformity of "style" and appearance. Methods have been devised, systems evolved, in certain lines of work, which cannot be carried bodily over into the field of others. Thus, in the matter of literary references, for instance, general practice has established certain usages in some of the sciences which it would not be advisable to ignore. Similar differences in practice may be observed in other directions. These deviations from the general rules will be found mentioned at the appropriate places in the body of the book. On the whole, however, the rules are designed to govern all publications sent forth with the official publishing imprint, "The University of Chicago Press." Concerning the character and contents of the book little need be added. Its origin, its primary aim, and its limitations, as outlined above, will suggest the bounds of its usefulness. It does not pretend to be exhaustive; a few things must be taken for granted, and the traditional INTRODUCTORY NOTE vii territory of the dictionary has only exceptionally been invaded. It does not presume to be iniiexibiy consistent; applicability, in the printing-office, is a better test than iron-clad consistency, and common-sense a safer guide than abstract logic. It lays no claim to perfection in any of its parts; bearing throughout the inevitable earmarks of compromise, it will not carry conviction at every point to everybody. Neither is it an advocate of any radical scheme of reform; in the present state of the agitation for changes in spelling, progressive conservatism has been thought to be more appropriate for an academic printing-office than radicalism. As it stands, this Manual is believed to contain a fairly comprehensive, reasonably harmonious, and v^holesomely practical set of work-rules for the aid of those who have to do with questions of typographical style. For the benefit of those whose duties bring them into direct contact with the manufacturing department of the Press, specimen pages of the available types have been added. The Manual of Style is now in its third edition. That it is recognized as possessing merit is evidenced by its adoption and use in many editorial offices, libraries, and proofrooms in the United States and Canada. This edition incorporates several new rules which it is believed will prove helpful, and at the same time seeks to elucidate some of the older rules, in the apphcation of which difficulties may arise. Changes in literary practice, the legislation of learned societies, the recent development of the profession of Hbrarian, with the Vlll INTRODUCTORY NOTE attendant uniformity of practice recommended by the national association of librarians, and the added experi- ence resulting from a daily application of these rules to a very varied list of publications, are all factors con- tributing to the need of periodical revision. The work, thus remodeled, is again offered to the public, in the hope that it may continue to be useful to those whose occupations require some familiarity with the niceties of typographical form. Newman Miller, Director The University Press Chicago, III. December 1,1911 CONTENTS PAGE Rules for CoMPOsrnoN i Capitalization 3 The Use of Italics 24 Quotations 31 SpeUing 35 Punctuation 47 Di\-isions 76 Footnotes 8;^ Indexing 87 Tabular Work 89 Techxical Terms 95 Appendix m Hints to Authors and Editors 113 Hints to Proofreaders 117 Hints to Copyholders 120 Proofreader's Marks 123 I>'"^^ 125 LsDEX TO Types 141 Specimens of Types in Use IX RULES FOR COMPOSITION CAPITALIZATION Capitalize — 1. Proper nouns and adjectives derived from proper nouns : George, America, North America, Englishman; Elizabethan, French. (See 53.) But do not capitalize verbs derived from proper names : to boycott, to fletcherize, to christianize, to pasteurize. 2. Epithets used as substitutes for proper names, or affixed to a name: the Pretender, Richard the Lion-hearted, Alexander the Great. 3. The particles in French names, as "le," "la," ''de," "du," when standing without a Christian name or tide preceding; but not when preceded by such name or title: Le Bossu, La Torre, La Rochelle, De Coligny, D'Aubign^, Du Maurier (but: Rene le Bossu, Miguel de la Torre, Gaspard de Coligny, Thomas d'Aubigne, George du Maurier, Monsieur de la Torre, le comte de Nemours, le due d'Orleans). Always capitalize "Van" in Dutch names; never capitalize "von" in German names: Stephen Van Rensselaer; Hugo von Martins, von Dobschiitz. 3 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Generic terms forming a part of geographical names : Atlantic Ocean, Dead Sea, Bafl&n's Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Straits of Gibraltar, Straits Settlements, Mississippi River, Three Rivers, Laughing Brook, Rocky Mountains, Blue Hills, Pike's Peak, Mount of Olives, Great Desert, Death Valley, Prince Edward Island, Sea (Lake) of Galilee. But do not capitalize words of this class when simply added by way of description to the specific name, without forming an organic part of such name: the river Elbe, the desert of Sahara, the island of Madagascar. Subject to the above rule, the following lists will be found useful: V^.f-1^ ^J.£1.±^.».t^X^j ^J.1 tJXl.'V FOLLOWING NAME XJ.X^J.1 XJ,11.II1 tMl^-A.^-^ XX^J^ JL Archipelago Gap Ocean ■{ Borough Glacier Parish (La.) M Branch (stream) Gulch Park ■ Butte Harbor Plateau W Canyon Head Range 1 County Hill(s) Reservation 1 Crater Hollow Ridge 1 Creek Island(s) River I Delta Mesa Run 1 Forest Mountain(s) Spring(s) Fork Narrows CAPITALIZE, IN SINGULAR FORM, EITHER BEFORE OR AFTER THE name; and in plural form BEFORE THE NAME Bay Fort Point Bayou Isle Port Camp (military) Lake . Sea Cape Mount Strait Dalles Oasis Valley Desert Pass Volcano Falls Peak MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 5 Adjectives and nouns used singly or in conjunction, to distinguish definite regions or parts of the world ; and also terms applied to groups of states: Old World, Western Hemisphere, North Pole, Equator, the North (= Scandinavia), the East (the Orient), the Far East, the Orient, the Levant; the North, South, East, West (United States) ; North Atlantic states. Gulf states, Middle Western states, Pacific Coast states. But do not, as a rule, capitalize adjectives derived from such names, or nouns having an adjectival form, or nouns simply designating direction or point of compass: oriental customs, northern Europe, the southern states, a southerner (but: Northman = Scandinavian) ; an invasion of barbarians from the north, extending through the south of Europe. Generic terms for political divisions: (i) when the term is an organic part of the name, following the proper name directly : Holy Roman Empire, German Empire {=Deutsches Reich), French Republic (=Republique jrangaise), United Kingdom, Northwest Territory, Cook County, Evanston Township, Kansas City (New York City — exception). (2) when, with the preposition "of," it is used as an integral part of the name to indicate certain miiior administrative subdivisions in the United States: Department of the Lakes, Town of Lake, Borough of Man- hattan. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO TRESS (3) wlicn used singly as the accepted designation for a specific division : iho Union, the States, the Republic ( = United States), [the Confederacy], the Dominion (= Canada). (4) when it is part of a fanciful or popular appel- lation used as if a real geographical name: Celestial Empire, Holy (Promised) Land, Badger State, Eternal City, Garden City. lUit (/() not (with the exceptions noted) capitalize such terms when standing alone, or when, with "of," preceding the specitic name: _ the empiix% tlie state; empire of Russia, kingdom of Bel- giuni, [kingdom of God, or of heaven], ducliy of Anhalt, state of Illinois, countj' of Cook, city of Chicago. 7. Numbered political divisions (see 100): Eleventli Congressional District, First Ward, Second Precinct. , 8. The names of thoroughfares, parks, squares, blocks, buildings, etc. (see 100): Drexel Avenue, Ringstrasse, \"ia Appia, Cliicago Drainage Canal; Lincoln Park; Trafalgar Square; Monadnock Block; Lakeside Building, Capitol, White House, County Hospital, Theatre Fran(,\vis, Lexington Hotel, Masonic Temple [Solomon's temple, but, when standing alone: the Temple]. But fioi capitalize such general designations of buildings as "courthouse," "post-office,'' ''library," MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 7 etc., except in connection with the name of the place in which they are located. 9. The names of political parties, religious denomina- tions or sects, and philosophical, literary, and artistic schools, and their adherents: Republican, Consen-ative, National Liberal, Social Democ- racy fwhere, as in continental Europe, it is organized as a distinct parliamentan,- faction); Christian, Protestantism, Evangelical Lutheran, Catholic (Papist, Ultramontane), Re- formed, Greek Orthodox, Methodism, Anabaptist, Seventh- Day Adventists, the Establishment, High Church, High Churchman, Separatist, Nonconformist, Dissenter, Christian Science, Theosophist, Jew, Pharisee (but: scribe); Epicurean, Stoic, Gnosticism (but: neo-Platonism, pseudo-Christianit}- — see 203, 208), Literalist; the Romantic movement; the S}'mbolic school of painters. But do not capitalize any of the above or similar words, or their derivatives, when used in their origi- nal or acquired general sense of pervading spirit, point of \'iew, trend of thought, attitude of mind, or mode of action: republican form of government, a true democrat and a con- sen'ative statesman, socialism as an economic panacea, the commimistic theory, single-taxer, anarchism; cathohcit}- of mind, puritanical ideas, evangelical spirit, pharisaic super- ciliousness; deist, pantheism, rationalist; epicurean tastes, stoic endurance, dualism and monism in present-day philoso- phy, an altruistic world-^^ew; the classics, a realistic novel. 10. The names of monastic orders and their members: Black Friars, Dominican, Jesuit. 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1 1 . The proper (official) titles of social, religious, educa- tional, political, commercial, and industrial organiza- tions and institutions: Union League Club, Knights Templar; Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, Associated Charities; Smith- sonian Institution, State University of Iowa, Hyde Park High School; the Commercial Academy (Handelsakademie) of Leipzig, the Paris Lyceum (Lycee de Paris) ; [the Forty Im- mortals]; Cook County Democracy, Tammany Hall; Asso- ciated Press, Typographical Union No. i6; Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, The Macmillan Company. But do not capitalize such generic terms when used to designate a class; nor when standing alone, even if applied to a specific institution, except to avoid ambiguity or, rarely, where the word is consistently and clearly used in place of the true name: young people's societies, the high school at Lemont, local typographical unions; the club, the association, the company; but: "He joined the Hall [Tammany]," "a member of the [French] Academy." (See 49.) 12. The names of legislative, judiciary, and administra- tive bodies and governmental departments, and their branches, when specifically applied: Congress (Senate, House of Representatives [the House], Committee of Ways and Means), Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons), Reichstag, Chamber of Deputies (the Chamber), General Assembly of Illinois, Chicago City Council, South Park Commissioners; Supreme Court of the United States, Circuit Court of Cook County, [Sanhedrin]; Department of the Interior, Census Ofhce, Springfield Board of Education, Department of Public Works. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 9 But do not capitalize such general, paraphrastic, or incomplete designations as — the national assembly, the legislature of the state, the upper house of Congress, the German federal parliament, the Dutch diet; the council, the department, the board. 13. Ordinals used to designate Egyptian dynasties, sessions of Congress, names of regiments, and in similar connections (see 100): the Eighteenth D}Tiasty, the Fift}--third Congress, the Second Illinois Regiment Band. 'O'^ 14. Commonly accepted appellations for historical epochs, periods in the history of a language or literature, and geological ages and strata, the word "age" itself being capitalized only where a failure to do so would result in ambiguous meaning: Stone age (but: Middle Ages), Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, Inquisition, Commonwealth (Cromwell's), Commune (Paris); Old English (OE — see 123), Middle High German (^IHG), the Age of Elizabeth; Pleistocene, Silurian, Lower Carboniferous. 15. Xames for important events: Thirt}- Years' "War, Peasants' War ^German), Revolution (French), Revolurionar}- War or "War of Independence (American), ^^'hiskey Insurrection (xAmerican), Ci\'il ^^'ar (American), War of 1812, Franco-Prussian War, Battle of Gett}-sburg; Peace of Utrecht, Louisiana Purchase. 16. Political alliances, and such terms from secular or ecclesiastical history as have, through their associa- lo THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS tions, acquired special significance as designations for parties, classes, movements, etc. (see 9) : Protestant -League, Holy Alliance, Dreibund; the Roses, the Roundheads, Independents, Independency (English history), Nonconformist, Dissenter, Separatist. 17. Conventions, congresses, expositions, etc.: Council of Nicaea, Parliament of Religions, Fifteenth Inter- national Congress of Criminolog}^, Westminster Assembly, Chicago World's Fair, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 18. Titles of specific treaties, acts, laws (juridical), bills, etc.: Treat)' of Verdun, Art. V of the Peace of Prague, Edict of Nantes, Concordat, the Constitution (of the United States, when standing alone, or when referred to as a literary docu- ment; but not usually that of any other state or countr}', e.g., the constitution of Illinois), Declaration of Independence, Act of Emancipation, Magna C(h)arta, Com Law, Reform Bill (English), Fourteenth Amendment. 19. Creeds and confessions of faith: Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed (but: ante-Nicene— see 203, 208), Augsburg Confession, Thirt}'-nine Articles. 20. Civic and ecclesiastical feast-days: Fourth of July (the Fourth), Labor Day, Thanksgi\'ing Day; Easter, Passover, Feast of Tabernacles, New Year's Day (but: sabbath = day of rest). 21. Titles, civil and military, preceding the name, and academic degrees, in abbreviated form, following the name; all titles of honor or of nobility, when referring to specific persons, either with the name MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION ii attached or used in place of the proper name; famihar names applied to particular persons; orders (decorations) and the titles accompanying them; tides, without the name, used in direct address; titles without the name when used of existing incum- bents of office; and such words as "President," "King," "Czar" ("Tsar"), "Kaiser," "Sultan," and "Pope," standing alone, when referring to the existing rulers or incumbents: Queen Victoria, ex-President Cleveland, Rear-Admiral Dewey, United States Commissioner of Education Harris, Dr. Davis; Timothy Dwight, D.D., LL.D.; the Prince of Wales, the Marquis of Lome, His Majesty, His Grace; the Apostle to the Gentiles, "the Father of his Country"; order of the Red Eagle, Knight Commander of the Bath; "Allow me to suggest. Judge ...."; the Secretary of the Treasury; the Bishop of London; the Senator; "The President [of the United States] was chosen arbitrator," " the King wore his robes," "the Kaiser's Moroccan policy," "the Pope's atti- tude toward the French Republic." But do not capitalize the titles of occupants of actu- ally existing offices, when following the name (see 49) ; when standing alone, without name (with the exceptions noted above, and see 49) ; or when, fol- lowed by the name, they are preceded by the article "the": McKinley, president of the United States; B. L. Gildersleeve, professor of Greek (see 49); Ferdinand W. Peck, commis- sioner-general to the Paris Exposition; the emperor of Germany (meaning other than the existing emperor), :: rzz TxrvzRarrr of Chicago press liie seaasor (Vtei not ^eaisag of tfc (wcJklTHg nmBrafccn^ -^ : _ 7 • - :is FenffiaBBmip Iffine apmidb ffianiL 22. .-._;. ...:-:-. . ? kJ)^ MP^ surnd F JLG^ (snadn tMes M' be sdt witiiGHiit ^pmire. bdtweoi Ae Mitecs). |See 52, 10^ io6l)) BuEtt ^ ws6 capUJoze smdn pincaaes wherr ^je&d orailt ((Irai see 25 : Scciety. EEL esse- pwv UrjveXoTrcLa' Talia praefantes quondam felicia Pelei carmina diuino cecinerunt pectore Parcae praesentes: namque ante domos inuisere castas heroum et sese mortali ostendere coetu caehcolae nondum spreta pietate solebant. 1 6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 35. The first word after a colon only when introducing a complete passage, or sentence which would have independent meaning, as in summarizations and quotations not closely connected with what precedes; or where the colon has the weight of such expres- sion as "as follows," "namely," "for instance," or a similar phrase, and is followed by a logically com- plete sentence: "In conclusion I wish to say: It will be seen from the above that ...."; "As the old proverb has it: 'Haste makes waste'"; "My theory is: The moment the hot current strikes the surface . . . ." But do not capitalize the first word of a quotation if immediately connected with what precedes (unless, as the first word of a sentence, beginning a paragraph in reduced type) ; or the first word after a colon, if an implied "namely," or a similar term, is followed by a brief explanatory phrase, logically dependent upon the preceding clause; or if the colon signal- izes a note of comment: "The old adage is true that 'haste makes waste'"; "Two explanations present themselves: either he came too late for the train, or he was detained at the station"; "We could not prevail upon the natives to recross the stream: so great was their superstition." 36. As a rule, the first word in sections of enumeration, if any one link contains two or more distinct clauses (not inclosed in parentheses), separated by a semi- colon, colon, or period, unless all are dependent MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 17 upon the same term preceding and leading up to them (see 138): "His reasons for refusal were three: (i) He did not have the time. (2) He did not have the means; or, at any rate, had no funds available at the moment. (3) He doubted the feasi- bility of the plan." But: "He objected that (i) he did not have the time; (2) he did not have the means; or, at any rate, had no funds available; (3) he doubted the feasibility of the plan." 37. As a rule, nouns followed by a numeral — particu- larly a capitalized Roman numeral — indicating their order in a sequence: Room 16, Ps. 20, Grade IV, Act I, Vol. I, No. 2, Book II, Div. Ill, Part IV. But do not capitalize such minor subdivisions of publications as — sec. 4, scene i, art. iii, art. "Evidence," chap. 2 (ii), p. 7 (vii), vs. II, I. 5, n. 6. (See no.) 38. The first word of a cited speech (thought) in direct discourse, whether preceded by a colon or a comma (on this see 131): "On leaving he remarked: 'Never shall I forget this day'"; "With the words, 'Never shall I forget this day,' he departed"; "I thought to myself: This day I shall never forget" (without quotation marks). 39. In resolutions, the first words following "Whereas" and ''Resolved": Whereas, It has pleased God . . . . ; therefore be it Resolved, That .... i8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 40. The exclamations "O" and "Oh" (see 117): "OLord!" "I know not, Oh, I know not!" "Oh, that I were home again!" 41. All the principal words (i.e., nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, first and last words) in English titles of publications (books, pamphlets, doc- uments, periodicals, reports, proceedings, etc.), and their divisions (parts, chapters, sections, poems, arti- cles, etc.) ; in subjects of lectures, papers, toasts, etc. ; in cap-and-small-cap and italic center-heads (both of which, however, should be avoided), and bold- face cut-in heads and side-heads; in cap-and-small- cap box-heads in tables (see 279-83) : The Men Who Made the Nation; The American College — Its Past and Present; the Report oj the Committee of Nine; "In the Proceedings of the National Education Association for 1907 there appeared a paper entitled, 'The Financial Value of Education.'" Note. — The Botanical Gazette capitalizes only first words and proper names; and the practice may properly be followed in general bibliographies, such as are to be found under the title "Literature Cited" in the Botanical Gazette (see 60). This style is very generally followed by librarians and others in the com- pilation of lists of books and publications. 42. In foreign titles, in addition to capitalizing the first word, follow these general rules : a) In Latin, capitalize proper nouns, and adjectives derived therefrom: De amicitia. Bellum Gallictim. MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 19 b) In French, Italian, Spanish, and Scandinavian titles, capitalize proper nouns but not adjectives derived therefrom: Histoire de la litterature jrangaise, Novelle e racconti fopolari italiani, Antologia de poetas liricos castellanos, Svenska littera- tiirens historie. c) In German and Danish, capitalize all nouns but not the adjectives, except German adjectives derived from the names of persons: V^ Geschichte des deiitschen Fendalwesens (but: die Homerische Frage), Fremskridt i der nittende Aarhundrede. d) In Dutch, capitalize all nouns, and all adjectives derived from proper nouns: Geschiedenis det Nederlandsche Taal. 43. In mentioning titles of newspapers and magazines do not, as a rule, treat the definite article as part of the title: the Chicago Tribune, the School Review. 44. Titles of ancient manuscripts (singular, MS; plural, MSS) (see 60) : Codex Bemensis, Cod. Canonicianus. 45. In titles with the main words capitalized, all nouns forming parts of hyphenated compounds: "Twentieth-Century Progress," "The Economy of High- Speed Trains." But do not capitalize such components when other than nouns: Fifty-first Street, "Lives of Well-known Authors," "World- Dominion of English-speaking Peoples." 20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 46. In botanical, geological, zoological, and paleonto- logical matter, the scientific (Latin) names of divi- sions, orders, families, and genera, but not their English derivatives: Cotylosauria, but: cotylosaurs; Felidae, but: felids; Carnivora, but: carnivores. Also in botanical and zoological matter, the names of species, if derived from names of persons, or from generic names; but in geological and medical matter the names of species are never capitaHzed: Felis leo, Cocos nucifera, Rosa Carolina, Parkinsonia Torrey- ana, Styrax californica, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Phyteuma Halleri, Carex Halleriana (but [geological] : Pterygomatopus schmidti, Conodectus Javosus). (See 71.) 47. The names and epithets of peoples, races, and tribes: Kafir, Negro, Hottentot, Makassar, Buginese, Celestials. 48. In astronomical work, the names of the bodies of our solar system (except "sun," "earth," "moon," "stars"): the Milky Way, the Great Bear, Saturn. 49. Divisions, departments, officers, and courses of study of the University of Chicago, in all ofl&cial work dealing with its administration or curricula: (the University), the School of Education (the School), the University Extension Division (but: the division), the Depart- ment of Anthropology (but: the department); the Board of Trustees^ the Trustees, the Board), the Senate, the Council, MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 21 the Faculty of the College of Commerce and Administration (but: the faculty); the President, the Registrar, Professor of Physics, Assistant in Chemistry, Fellow, Scholar; the Van Husen Scholarship (but: the scholarship) ; courses in Political Economy, Autumn Quarter (but: a quarter), First Term (but: two terms; major, minor); [Hall (referring to the University dormitories)]. Use Capitals and Small Capitals for — 50. The names of town and state in the date line, and the salutatory phrase at the beginning, of letters, and the signature and residence at the end of letters or articles, etc.: Chicago, III., January' i, 191 1 (Set to the right, with one em's indention, and preferably in smaller type than the body of the letter.) My dear Mr. Smith: (Set flush, followed by a colon, in the same type as the body of the letter, and in a separate line, unless preceded by another line giving the name and address, in which case it should be run in with the text of the letter, indented as a paragraph [see 64].) Charles W. Scott (Set to the right, with one em's indention, and in the same type as the body of the letter or article.) Harvard University Cambridge, Mass. June 7, 1911 (Set to the left, with two ems' indention, in smaller type.) (Each line of the address should be in caps and small caps, and should be centered on the one preceding. The date 22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS should be in caps and lower case, likewise centered on those above.) 51. In resolutions, the word "Whereas" (see 39); in notes (not footnotes), the word "Note," which should be followed by a period and a dash; in con- stitutions, by-laws, etc., the word "Section" intro- ducing paragraphs and followed by a number: Note. — It should be noticed that .... . -^ Section i. This association shall be styled .... The usual practice is to abbreviate the word "section" each time it is used in such a connection, except the first: Section i. The name of the association .... Sec. 2. The object of the association .... Set in Small Capitals — 52. a.m. and p.m. {ante and p.ost meridiem), and B.C. and a.d, ("before Christ" and anno Domini); these should be set without a space between (see 22, 103, 106, 219): 11:30 A.M.; 53 B.C., 1906 A.D. Use Small (i.e., "lower-case") Initial Letter for — 53. Words of common usage, originally proper names, and their derivatives, in whose present, generalized acceptation the origin has become obscured, and generally all verbs derived from proper names (see i) : MANUAL OF STYLE: CAPITALIZATION 23 Utopia, bohemian, philistine, titanic, platonic, quixotic, bonanza, china, morocco, guinea-pig, boycott, roman (t>'pe), italicize, christianize, anglicize, macadamize. 54. In literary references such minor subdivisions and their abbreviations as — chapter, section, page, article, verse, line, note; chap., sec, p., art., vs., 1., n. (See 37, no, and 237.) 55. Units of measurement as — h. = hour, min. = minute, sec.=second; lb.=pound, oz.= ounce; yd. = yard, ft. = foot; etc. 56. In italic side-heads, all but the first word and proper names. (See 172 and 280.) 57. The first word of a quotation which, through a con- junction or otherwise, is immediately connected with what precedes, even if such word in the original begins a sentence. For illustration and exception see 35 and 131. 24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS THE USE OF ITALICS Italicize — 58. Words or phrases to which it is desired to lend emphasis, importance, etc.: "This was, however, not the case"; "It is sufi&ciently plain that the sciences of life, at least, are studies of processes." 59. Words and phrases from foreign languages, inserted into the English text, and not incorporated into the English language; and also (as a rule) single sen- tences or brief passages not of sufficient length to call for reduced type (see 85) : "the Darwinian Weltanschaimng"; "Napoleon's coup d'etat"; "the debater par excellence of the Senate "; "De gustibus non est disputandum, or, as the French have it, Chacun a son gout." But do not italicize foreign titles preceding names, or names of foreign institutions or places the meaning or position of which in English would have required • roman type, and which either are without English equivalents or are by preference used in lieu of these: Pere Lagrange, Freiherr von Schwenau; the German Reichstag, the Champs Elysees, the Museo delle Terme; nor words of everyday occurrence which have become sufficiently anglicized, even though still retaining the accents of the original language: MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 25 a posteriori ennui per cent a priori entree per contra a propos ex cathedra personnel aide de camp ex ofiicio postmortem Alma Mater expose (n. and adj.) attache fafade prima facie bas-relief facsimile pro and con(tra) beau ideal fete protege bona fide habeas corpus pro tem(pore) bric-a-brac habitue questionnaire cafe innuendo queue charge d'affaires , levee regime chiaroscuro litterateur rendezvous clientele litterati resume confrere '^ massage reveille connoisseur ►' matinee role creche melee savant criterion (-a) menu sobriquet cul-de-sac motif soirde data naive tete-a-tete debris nee umlaut debut net verbatim decollete neve versus (v.) denouement niche via depot (= depository) nil vice versa doctrinaire nom de plume vis-a-vis dramatis personae - ' papier mache viva voce eclat per annum elite per capita 60. Titles of publications — books (including plays, essays, cycles of poems, and single poems of considerable length, usually printed separately, and not from the context understood to form parts of a larger volume [see 81]), pamphlets, treatises, tracts, documents, and periodicals (including regularly appearing pro- ceedings and transactions; and also the name of a journal appearing in the journal itself) (see 41) ; and 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS in the case of newspapers, periodicals, etc., the name of the city (where published) when forming an integral part of the name : Spencer, Principles of Sociology; A Midsummer Night's Dream; Carlyle, Essay on Burns; Idylls of the King; Para- dise Lost; the Independent, the Modern Language Review, the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, Transactions of the Illinois Society for Child Study. Note. — The Botanical Gazette uses italics for such titles in the text only; in footnotes, roman. Its own name it prints in caps and small caps — Botanical Gazette. This rule may be departed from in lengthy bibHo- graphical lists, in tables, or in other matter where to follow it would result in an undue preponder- ance of itaHcs. (See note to 41.) Books of the Bible, both canonical and apocryphal, and titles of ancient manuscripts should be set in roman type. (See 31 and 44.) 61. The following words, phrases, and abbreviations used in literary and legal references: ad loc, circa (ca.), ei al., ibid., idem, infra, loc. cit., op. cit., passim, sic, supra, s.v., vide. But do not italicize — cf., e.g., i.e., V. (versus), viz., etc. 62. The words See and See also, when used in an index or similar compilation, for the purpose of a cross- reference, where the differentiation of those words from the context is desirable; and the words for MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 27 and read in lists of errata, to separate them from the incorrect and correct readings: See also Sociology; for levee read levee. 63. The names of plaintiff and defendant in the citation of legal causes; also the titles of proceedings con- taining such prefixes as in re, ex parte, and In the matter of, etc.: Conolly V. Union Sewer Pipe Co.; In re Smith; Ex parte Brown; In the matter of the petition oj Henry Robinson for a writ of habeas corpus. 64. Address lines in speeches, reports, etc., and primary address lines in letters (set flush, in a separate line, with nouns capitalized [see 50]) : Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Mr. John Smith, 321 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III. De.\r Sir: I take pleasure in announcing .... 65. In signatures, the position or title added after the name. If this consists of only one word, it is run into the same line with the name; if of more than one, but no longer than the name, center the first letter under the name line, and indent one em on the right; if longer than the name, center the name over the second line and set this flush. These rules are, . however, subject to the exigencies of special cases : Arthur P. Maguire, Secretary Yours very truly, Carter H. Harrison Mayor of Chicago Charles M. Gayley Professor of English Language and Literature 28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 66. a), b), c), etc., used to indicate subdivisions (single parenthesis if beginning a paragraph, double paren- theses if "run in"); and a, b, c, etc., affixed to the number of verse, page, etc., to denote fractional part: Luke 4:310. 67. Letters used to designate unknown quantities, lines, etc., in algebraic, geometrical, and similar matter: ac+bc=c{a+b); the lines od and ylZ); the «th power. 68. As a rule, letters in legends or in the text referring to corresponding letters in accompanying illustra- tions: "At the point A above (see diagram)." 69. References to particular letters: the letter u, a small v. 70. 5. and J. (= shillings and pence) following numerals : 35. 6d. (See 270.) 71. In zoological, geological, and paleontological mat- ter, scientific (Latin) names of genera and species when used together, the generic name being in the nominative singular: Felis leo, Rosa Carolina, Conodecies favosiis, Phyteuma H alter i. (See 46, 48.) In botanical, geological, and paleontological matter the names of genera and species when used together, and of genera, only, when used alone: Acer saccharum, Basidiobolus, AUernaria, Erythrosuchus. MANUAL OF STYLE: ITALICS 29 In medical matter, however, the general practice is to print such names in roman, avoiding italics altogether. In astronomical and astrophysical matter: a) The Greek, Latin, and Arabic names of planets, satellites, constellations, and individual stars: Jupiter, Tetkys, Lyra, Antares, ip Orionis (but: Orion- type stars). h) Designations of celestial objects in well-known catalogues; also the Flamsteed numbers and Baeyer letters : M I J (for No. 13 of Messier's Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters), Bond 6ig, N.G.C. 6165; 85 Pegasi, f Tauri, Lalande 5761. c) Symbols for the chemical elements : H, Ca, Ti. (See 123.) d) The lower-case letters designating certain Fraunhof er lines : o, b, g, h; but not the capital letters given by Fraunhofer to spectral Hnes : A-H, and K; and the letters designating the spectral types of stars are not italicized : As, B3, Mb. 72. In resolutions, the word "Resolved." (See 39.) 30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 73. After headlines or titles, as a rule, the word "Con- tinued^^; and "To be continued' ' at the end of articles (see 179) : THE SCOPE OF SOCIOLOGY— Continued [To be continued] IVIANUAL OF STYLE: QUOTATIONS 31 QUOTATIONS Put between Quotation Marks (and in roman type — i.e., "roman-quote") — 74- Citations, run into the text, of a passage from an author in his own words. (See 85.) 75. Quotations from different authors, or from different works by the same author, following each other, uninterrupted by any intervening original matter, or by any reference to their respective sources (other than a reference figure for a footnote), even though such quotations are reduced. (See 85-87.) 76. A word or phrase accompanied by its definition: "Drop-folio" means a page-number at the foot of the page. 77. An unusual, technical, ironical, etc., word or phrase in the text, whether or not accompanied by a word, like "so-called," directing attention to it: Her "five o' clocks" were famous in the neighborhood; She was wearing a gown of "lobster-colored" silk; He was elected "master of the rolls"; We then repaired to what he called his "quarter deck"; A "lead" is then inserted between the lines; This so-called "man of affairs." 78. In translations, the English equivalent of a word, phrase, or passage from a foreign language : Weltanschauung, "world-view" or "fundamental aspect of life"; Mommsen Romische Geschichte ("History of Rome"). /^ 32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 79. The particular word or words to which attention is directed : the term "lynch law"; the phrase "liberty of conscience"; the concepts "good" and "bad"; the name "Chicago." 80. Serial titles: "English Men of Letters" series; "International Critical Commentary." 81. Titles of shorter poems (see 60): Shelley's "To a Skylark." 82. Cited titles of subdivisions (e.g., parts, books, chap- ters, etc.) of publications; titles of papers, lectures, sermons, articles, toasts, mottoes, etc.: The Beginnings of the Science of Political Economy, Vol. I, "The British School," chap, ii, "John Stuart Mill"; the articles "Cross," "Crucifixion," and "Crusade" in Hast- ings' Dictionary of the Bible; The subject of the lecture was "Japan — Its Past, Present, and Future"; the next toast on the program was "Our German Visitor"; The king's motto is "For God and My Country." Note. — The Botanical Gazette, in footnotes, does not use quotation marks for such titles. References to the Preface, Introduction, Table of Contents, Index, etc., of a specific work, should be set with capitals, without quotation marks: Preface, p. iii; "The Introduction contains . . . ."; "The Appendix occupies a hundred pages"; but: "The book has a very complete index." 83. Names of ships: the U.S. SS. "Oregon " MANUAL OF STYLE: QUOTATIONS 33 84. Titles of pictures and works of art: Murillo's "The Holy Family." Set in Smaller Type — 85. Ordinarily, all prose extracts which will make five or more lines in the smaller type, and all poetry citations of two lines or more. An isolated prose quotation, even though its length would bring it under this rule, may properly be run into the text, if it bears an organic relation to the argument pre- sented. On the other hand, a quotation of one or two lines which is closely preceded or followed by longer extracts, set in smaller type, may likewise be reduced, as a matter of uniform appearance. 86. As a rule, reduce from ii-pt. and lo-pt. to 9-pt., from 9-pt. to 8-pt., from 8-pt. to 6-pt. (See 252.) 87* Reduced citations should not have quotation marks, except in such cases as noted in 75 ; nor should quotation marks, as a rule, be used in connection with itahcs. General Rules — 88. Quotation marks should always include ellipses, and the phrase "etc." when it otherwise would not be clear that it stands for an omitted part of the matter quoted, perfect clearness in each individual case being the best criterion: "Art. II, sec. 2, of the Constitution provides that 'each state shall appoint ^^ . . . a number of electors equal to the whole 34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS number of senators and representatives . . . .'"; "He also wrote a series of 'Helps to Discovery, etc.'" — "etc." here indicating, not that he wrote other works which are unnamed, but that the title of the one named is not given in full; but, on the other hand: "Preaching from the text, 'For God so loved the world,' etc " — "etc." here being placed outside of the quotation marks in order to show that it does not stand for other, unnamed, objects of God's love. 89. Quoted prose matter (i.e., matter set with quotation marks; see above) which is broken up into para- graphs should have the quotation marks repeated at the beginning of each paragraph. 90. Where alignment is desired, the quotation marks should be "cleared" — i.e., should project beyond the line of alignment: "Keep away from dirtiness — keep away from mess. Don't get into doin' things rather-more-or-less ! " 91. Double quotation marks are used for primary quota- tions; for a quotation within a quotation, single; going back to double for a third, to single for a fourth, and so on: "The orator then proceeded: 'The dictionary tells us that "the words, 'freedom' and 'liberty,' though often inter- changed, are distinct in some of their applications." ' " MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 35 SPELLING Spell out — 92. All civil and military titles, and forms of address, preceding the name, except Mr., Messrs., Mrs. (French: M., MM., M'"^ M"*^), Dr., Rev., Hon. {do not, except in quotations, set the Rev., the Hon.) ; Esq., following the name, should likewise always be abbreviated. 93. Christian names, as George, Charles, John (not: Geo., Chas., Jno.), except where the abbreviated form is used in quoted matter or in original signa- tures; and "von" as part of a person's name. (See 240.) 94. Subject to the exceptions named at the end of this section, in ordinary reading-matter, all numbers of less than three digits, unless of a statistical or technical character, or unless occurring in groups of six or more following each other in close succes- sion: "There are thirty-eight cities in the United States with a population of 100,000 or over"; "a fifty-yard dash"; "two pounds of sugar"; "Four horses, sixteen cows, seventy -six sheep, and a billy goat constituted the live stock of the farm"; "He spent a total of two years, three months, and seventeen days in jaU." But: "He spent 128 days in the hospital"; "a board 20 feet 2 inches long by i^ feet wide and i\ inches 36 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS thick"; "the ratio of i6 to i"; "In some quarters of Paris, inhabited by wealthy families, the death-rate is i to every 65 persons; in others, inhabited by the poor, it is i to 15"; "His purchase consisted of 2 pounds of sugar, 20 pounds of flour, I pound of coffee, h pound of tea, 3 pounds of meat, and 1 2 pounds of fish, besides 2 pecks of potatoes and a pint of vinegar." Treat all numbers in connected groups alike, as far as possible; do not use figures for some and spell out others; if the largest contains three or more digits, use figures for all (see 96) : "The force employed during the three months was 87, 93, and 106, respectively." As a general rule, however, decimals, degrees, dimensions, distances, enumerations, money, per- centage, weights, and Hke matter should be expressed in figures: 10°, 45 miles, 3 cubic feet, 24 pages, 100 bushels, 9 per cent (see 123), 45 pounds, $1,000, etc. 95. Round numbers (i.e., approximate figures in even units, the unit being 100 in numbers of less than 1,000, and 1,000 in numbers of more) : "The attendance was estimated at five hundred" (but: "at 550"); "a thesis of about three thousand words" (but: "of about 2,700"); "The population of Chicago is approximately two millions" (but: "1,900,000"). Cases like 1,500, if for some special reason spelled out, should be written "fifteen hundred," not "one thousand five hundred." 96. All numbers, no matter how high, commencing a sentence in ordinary reading-matter: MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 37 "Five hundred and ninety-three men, 417 women, and 126 children under eighteen, besides 63 of the crew, went down with the ship." When this is impracticable, or for any reason unde- sirable, reconstruct the sentence; e.g.: "The total number of those who went down with the ship was 593 men," etc. 97. Sums of money, when occurring in isolated cases in ordinary reading-matter: "The admission was two dollars." When several such numbers occur close together, and in all matter of a statistical character, use figures: "Admission: men, $2; women. Si; children, 25 cents." 98. Time of day, in ordinary reading-matter: at four; at half-past two in the afternoon; at seven o'clock. Statistically, in enumerations, and always in connec- tion with A.M. and p.m., use figures: at 4: 15 P.M. (omit "o'clock" in such connections). 99. Ages: eighty years and four months old; children between six and fourteen. 100. Numbers of centuries, of Egyptian dynasties, of sessions of Congress, of military bodies, of political divisions, of thoroughfares, and in all similar cases, unless brevity is an important consideration (see 7, 8, and 13) : nineteenth century; Fifth Dynasty; Fift}'-fourth Congress, Second Session; Fifteenth Infantry I.N.G.; Sixth Con- gressional District, Second Ward; Fifth Avenue. 38 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 10 1. References to particular decades: in the nineties. 102. Names of months, except in statistical matter or in long enumerations: from January i to April 15 (omit, after dates, st, d, and th). 103. "United States," except in quotations and such con- nections as: General Schofield, U.S.A.; U.S. SS. " Oregon"; in footnotes and similar references: U.S. Geological Survey. (See 22, 52, 106.) 104. "Railroad (-way)," and "Fort," "Mount," and "Port" in geographical appellations (see 4): Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad (not: R.R. or Ry.); Fort Wayne, Port Huron, Mount Elias. 105. In most cases, all names of publications. This rule, like many another, is open to modification in particu- lar instances, for which no directions can here be given. Expediency, nature of context, authoritative usage, and author's preference are some of the points to be considered. Generally, if in doubt, spell out; good taste will condone offenses in this direction more readily than in the opposite. Abbreviate — 106. Names of states, territories, and possessions of the United States following those of towns, with a few exceptions, as follows, without space between the letters of abbreviations (see 22, 52, 103) : MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 39 Ala. La. Alaska Me. Ariz. Mass. Ark. Md. Cal. Mich. Colo. Minn Conn. Miss. D.C. Mo. Del. Mont Fla. N.C. Ga. N.D. H.I. = Hawaiian Neb. Islands Nev. Idaho N.H. 111. N.J. Ind. N.M. la. N.Y. Kan. Ohio Ky. Okla. Ore. Pa. P.I. = Philippine Islands P.R. = Porto Rico R.L Samoa S.C. S.D. Tenn. Tex. Utah Vt. Va. Wash. Wis. W.Va. Wyo. 107. In technical matter (footnote references, bibliogra- phies, etc.), "Company" and "Brothers," and the word "and" (& =" short and" or " ampersand ") , in names of commercial firms: The Macmillan Co., Macmillan & Co., Harper Bros.; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. In text matter, not of a technical character, " Com- pany" and "Brothers" may, however, be spelled out: "Harper Brothers have recently published ...."; "The Century Company announces ...."; "The extraordinary story of the South Sea Company." ro8. "Saint" before a name: St. Louis, St. Peter's Church, SS. Peter and Paul. "St." should, however, preferably be omitted in 40 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 109. connection with the names of apostles, evangelists, and church fathers: Luke, Paul, Augustine; not: St. Luke, St. Paul, St. Augus- tine. In references to Scripture passages, the books of the Bible and of the Apocrypha, and versions of the Bible commonly referred to, as follows: Gen. Exod. Lev. Num. Deut. Josh. Judg. Ruth I and II Sam. I and II Kings I and II Chron. Ezra Neh. Matt. Mark Luke John Acts Rom. I and II Cor. I and II Esd. Tob.=Tobit Jud.= Judith Rest of Esther OLD TESTAMENT Esther Job Ps. (Pss.) Prov. Eccles. Song of Sol. (or Cant.) Isa. Jer. Lam. Ezek. Dan. NEW TESTAMENT Gal. Eph. Phil. Col. I and II Thess. I and II Tim. Titus APOCRYPHA (aPOC.) Wisd. of Sol. Ecclus. Bar. Song of Three Children Hos. Joel Amos Obad. Jonah Mic. Nah. Hab. Zeph. Hag. Zech. Mai. Philem. Heb. Jas. I and II Pet. I, II, and III John Jude Rev. Sus. Bel and Dragon Pr. of Man. I, II, III, and IV Mace. MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 41 VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE COMMONLY REFERRED TO A.V. = Authorized Version, R.V. = Revised Version. R.V.m. = Revised Version, margin. A. R.V. = American Standard Revised Version. A.R.V.m. = American Standard Revised Version, margin. E.R.V. = English Revised Version. E.R.V.m. = EngUsh Revised Version, margin. E.V. = English Version of the Bible. Vulg. = Vulgate. LXX =Septuagint. In literary references, in footnotes and matter of a bibliographical character, "volume," "number," "psalm," "division," "chapter," "article," "sec- tion," "page," "column," "verse," "Hne," "note," "figure," followed by their number (see 37 and 237); and the v^ord "following" after the number to denote continuance: Vol. I (plural. Vols.), No. i (Nos.), Ps. 20 (Pss.), Div. Ill, chap, ii (chaps.), art. iii (arts.), sec. 4 (sees.), p. 5 (pp.), col. 6 (cols.), vs. 7 (vss.), 1. 8 (11.), n. 9 (nn.), Fig. 7 (Figs.); PP- 5~7 ( = pages 5 to 7 inclusive), pp. 5!. (=page 5 and the following page), pp. 5 ff. ( = page 5 and the following pages). The common designations of weights and measures in the metric system, as well as the symbols of meas- urement in common use, when following a numeral: I m., 2 dm., 3 cm., 4 mm.; cm. (=cubic meter), c.d., c.c, c.mm.; gm. (=gram); gr. (=grain); h. (=hour), min. (=minute), sec. (=second); lb. (=pound), oz. (=ounce); yd., ft., in.; A.U. (= Angstrom units), H. P. ( = horse-power) , C. ( = centigrade) , F. ( = Fahrenheit), and L.C.M. ( = lowest common multiple), etc. (See 123.) 42 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS General Rules — 112. In extracts from modern authors whose spelling and punctuation differ but slightly from ours, and where such variations do not affect the meaning, use office style. In citations from Old English works, and in such cases where it appears to be essential to the writer's plan or the requirements of the context to give a faithful rendering, follow the original copy. Titles should always be accurately quoted. 113. Form the possessive of proper names ending in s or another sibilant, if monosyllabic, by adding an apostrophe and s; if of more than one syllable, by adding an apostrophe alone: King James's Version, Bums's poems, Marx's theories; Moses' law, Jesus' birth, Demosthenes' orations, Berlioz' compositions; for convenience' sake. 114. Before sounded h, long u, and the word "one" use "a" as the form of the indefinite article: a hotel, a harmonic, a historical, a imion, [a euphonious word], such a one. 115. Do not use ligature cb and (e, but separate the letters, in quotations from Latin, and in anglicized deriva- tives from Latin, or from Greek through Latin, where e has not been substituted for the diphthong: Aurea prima sata est aetasque, vindice nullo, sponte sua, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat; poena metusque aberant .... the Aeneid, Oedipus Tyrannus, Caesar, aesthetic, subpoena. MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 43 In quotations from Old English, and from French and other modern languages it is incorrect to separate the letters, and the ligature should be retained when following another vowel: MUred, AS hwcete="-w'hea.t"; CEuvres de Balzac, chej-d'ceuvre; zooecium. i6. Differentiate "farther" and "further" by using the former in the sense of "more remote," "at a greater distance"; the latter in the sense of "moreover," "in addition": the farther end; he went still farther; further, he suggested; a further reason. 17. In forms of address (vocative) use the "O" without a comma following; for an exclamation use "Oh," followed by a comma (see 40) : "O thou most mighty ruler!" "Oh, why did not Cerberus drag me back to hell?" 18. The following participles, although ending with a syl- lable beginning with a vowel, retain the final e in the primary word: agreeing hieing singeing dyeing hoeing tingeing eyeing shoeing vieing The following participles illustrate those that omit the e before the terminal: acknowledging gluing judging awing grudging owing bluing icing trudging encouraging issuing truing 44 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 119. Spell: abridgment center favor kidnaper accouter check fetish Koran acknowledgment chiseled fiber labeled adz chlorid flavor labor aegis chock-full fluorid lacquer Aeolian clamor focused leukocyte aesthetic clinch forward leveled afterward clue fulfil libeled Algonkian coeval fulness liter almanac color gaiety lodgment aluminum controller' Galilean Lukan ambassador cotillion gipsy maneuver amid councilor glamor Markan among counselor glycerin marshaled anemia cozy goodbye marvelous appareled cue graveled meager arbor defense gray mediaeval archaeology demarkation gruesome meter ardor demeanor guarantee (v.) miter armor diarrhea guaranty (n.) modeled ascendency disheveled harbor Mohammedan ascendent disk hematoxylin mold Athenaeum dispatch hemorrhage molt ax distil Hindu moneyed aye downward honor movable bark (vessel) draft imbed mustache barreled drought impaneled neighbor bazaar dueler imperiled odor Beduin dulness incase offense behavior dwelt inclose outward biased embitter incrust oxid blessed emir incumbrance paean bowlder employee indorse paleography burned encyclopedic infold paleontology caesura endeavor ingraft paneled caUber engulf instal parceled canceled enrol instil parole candor ensnare insure parquet cannoneer envelope (n.) intrench partisan canyon enwrapped intrust peddler carcass equaled inward penciled caroled Eskimo jeweled Phoenix castor (roller) exhibitor Judea pigmy ca viler fantasy judgment plow ■ In oflScial publications of the University of Chicago "comptroller." f MANUAL OF STYLE: SPELLING 45 practice rumor subtle trousers (n. and v.) saber succor trunkated pretense salable sumac tumor primeval Savior syrup upward program savor taboo valor quarreled scepter talc vapor raveled sepulcher theater vendor reconnoiter sergeant thraldom vigor reinforce skepticism thrash whiskey rencounter skilful tormentor wilful reverie smolder toward woeful rigor somber trammeled woolen rivaled specter tranquilize worshiper riveted staunch tranquillity Yahweh ruble subpoena traveler x anyone," "someone," "everyone," Note. — Make one word of "today," "tomorrow," "tonight," "cannot" (see 204) Distinguish between "sometimes" and "some time(s)." 120. Differentiate between the terminations -ise and -ize as follows: SPELL WITH -ise advertise comprise enterprise premise advise affranchise comprom ise demise excise exercise reprise revise appraise apprise (to inform) despise devise disfranchise exorcise franchise improvise rise supervise surmise arise disguise incise surprise chastise circumcise emprise enfranchise manuprise merchandise SPELL WITH -ize {-yze) aggrandize agonize analyze autolyze baptize brutalize civilize classicize colonize energize epitomize equahze anatomize canonize criticize eulogize anglicize apologize apostrophize apprize (to appraise) authorize catechize catholicize cauterize centralize characterize christianize crystallize demoralize deputize dogmatize economize emphasize evangelize extemporize familiarize fertilize fossilize fraternize V 46 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS galvanize methodize polarize stigmatize generalize minimize professionalize subsidize gormandize modernize protestantize summarize harmonize monopolize pulverize syllogize hellenize moralize realize symbolize humanize nationalize recognize sympathize immortalize naturalize reorganize tantalize italicize neutralize revolutionize temporize jeopardize organize satirize tranquilize legalize ostracize scandalize tyrannize liberalize oxidize scrutinize utilize localize paralyze signalize vaporize magnetize particularize solemnize visualize manumize pasteurize soliloquize vitalize memorialize patronize specialize vocalize mesmerize philosophize spiritualize vulcanize metamorphize plagiarize standardize vulgarize MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 47 PUNCTUATION 121. All punctuation marks should be printed in the same style or font of type as the word or letter immediately preceding them: "With the cry of Banzai! the regiment stormed the hill"; Luke 4:160/ No. I. Period — 122. A period is used to indicate the end of a complete sentence. (See 125.) 123. Put a period after all abbreviations, except in cases where a mechanical necessity compels the omission of a letter or letters in the middle of a word for which there is no recognized abbreviated form; such omis- sion is indicated by an apostrophe. Treat the metric symbols as abbreviations, but not the chemical symbols, nor the phrase "per cent," nor the format of books : Macmillan & Co.,. Mr. Smith, St. Paul, No. i, Chas. (see 93), ibid., S.V.; 10 mm.; but: m'f'g pl't (= manufacturing plant); O, Fe; 2 per cent (see 94); 4to, 8vo. Note. — With respect to symbols for measures the following exceptions should be noted: Astrophysical Journal, 12 mm (with thin space and no period) (but: 2^ 3m 4s); Botanical Gazette, 12 mm., 125ft., 9 cc. (on line, with period). AstrophysicalJournal uses italics for chemical symbols: Fe, CaSO^ (see 71). But do not use a period, in technical matter, after the recognized abbreviations for linguistic epochs, or 48 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS for titles of well-known publications of which the initials only are given, nor after MS (= manuscript) : IE (= Indo-European), OE (=01d English),MHG (=Middle High Gemian); AJSL {= American Journnl of Semitic Languages and Literatures), ZAW {=Zeitschrijt jilr alttesta- mentliche Wissenschaft), CIL {=Corpus Inscriptionum Lati- noruni). 124. Use no period after Roman numerals, even if having the value of ordinals: Vol. IV; Louis XVI was on the throne. 125. Omit the period after running-heads (for explanation of this and the following terms see 279-83); after centered headlines; after side-heads set in separate lines; after cut-in heads; after box-heads in tables; and after superscriptions and legends which do not form a complete sentence (with subject and predi- cate) ; after date lines at top of communications, and after signatures. (See 50.) 126. The period is placed inside the quotation marks; and inside the parentheses when the matter inclosed is an independent sentence and forms no part of the preceding sentence; otherwise outside: Tennyson's "In Memoriam." Put the period inside the quotation marks. (This is a rule without exception.) When the parentheses form part of the preceding sentence, put the period outside (as, for instance, here). Exclamation Point — 127. The exclamation point is used to mark an outcry, or an emphatic or ironical utterance: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 49 "Long live the king!" "Heaven forbid!" "Good!" he cried; "How^ funny this seems!" "This must not be!" The subject of his lecture was "The Thisness of the That" ! The speaker went on: "Nobody should leave his home tomorrow without a marked ballot in their (! ) pocket." 128. The exclamation point is placed inside the quotation marks when part of the quotation; otherwise outside. See illustrations in 127. Interrogation Point — 129. The interrogation point is used to mark a query, or to express a doubt: "Who is this ?" The prisoner gave his name as Roger Crown- inshield, the son of an English baronet ( ? ). Indirect questions, however, should not be followed by an interrogation point: He asked whether he was ill. 130. The interrogation point should be placed inside the quotation marks only when it is a part of the quota- tion : The question: "Who is who, and what is what?" Were you ever in "Tsintsinnati" ? Colon — 131. The colon is used to "mark a discontinuity of grammatical construction greater than that indicated by the semicolon and less than that indicated by the period. It is commonly used (i) to emphasize a close connection in thought between two clauses each of which forms a complete sentence, and which 50 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS might with grammatical propriety be separated by a period; (2) to separate a clause which is gram- matically complete from a second which contains an illustration or amplification of its meaning; (3) to introduce a formal statement, an extract, a speech in a dialogue, etc." {Century Dictionary) (unless this is preceded by a conjunction, like "that," immediately connecting it with what goes before). Before the quotation of a clause in the middle of a sentence use a comma: (i) "This argument undeniably contains some force: Thus it is well known that . . . ." "The secretion of the gland goes on uninterruptedly: this may account for the condition of the organ." "The fear of death is universal: even the lowest animals instinctively shrink from annihilation." (2) "Most countries have a national flower: France the lily, England the rose, etc." "Lambert pine: the gigantic sugar pine of California." (3) "The rule may be stated thus: . . . ." "We quote from the address: . . . ." "Charles: 'Where are you going?' George: 'To the mill-pond.'" But: "He stoutly maintained that 'the letter is a monstrous forgery'"; and: "Declaring, 'The letter is a monstrous forgery,' he tried to wash his hands of the whole affair." 132. The colon thus often takes the place of an implied "namely," "as follows," "for instance," or a similar phrase. Where such word or phrase is used, it should be followed by a colon if what follows consists of one or more grammatically complete clauses; otherwise, by a comma (see 145) : "This is true of only two nations — the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe: Great Britain and France"; but: MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 51 "This is true of only two nations — the wealthiest, though not the largest, in Europe — viz., Great Britain and France." "He made several absurd statements. For example:. . . ."; but: "There are several states in the Union — for instance, Kansas and Wyoming— which . . . ." 133. Put a colon after the salutatory phrase at the begin- ning of a letter, and after the introductory remark of a speaker addressing the chairman or the audi- ence: My dear Mr. Brown: (See 50.) Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: (See 64.) 134. Put a colon between chapter and verse in Scripture passages, and between hours and minutes in time indications: Matt. 2:5-13; 4:30 P.M. 135. Put a colon between the place of publication and the publisher's name in literary and bibliographical references : Clement of Alexandria (London: Macmillan), II, 97. 136. The colon should be placed outside the quotation marks, unless a part of the quotation: He writes under the head of "Notes and Comments": "Many a man can testify to the truth of the old adage:" etc. Semicolon — 137. A semicolon is used to mark the division of a sentence somewhat more independent than that marked by a comma: "Are we giving our lives to perpetuate the things that the past has created for its needs, forgetting to ask whether these 52 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS things still serve today's needs; or are we thinking of living men ?" "This is as important for science as it is for practice; indeed, it may be said to be the only important consideration." "It is so in war; it is so in the economic life; it cannot be otherwise in religion." "In Russia the final decision rests with the Czar, advised by his ministers; in most constitutional countries, indirectly with the people as represented in parlia- ment; in Switzerland alone, through the referendum, directly with the electorate at large." "This, let it be remembered, was the ground taken by Mill; for to him 'utilitarianism,' in spite of all his critics may say, did not mean the pursuit of bodily pleasure." ("For" in such cases should commonly be preceded by a semicolon.) 138. In enumerations use a semicolon between the differ- ent links, if these consist of more than a few words closely connected, and especially if individual clauses contain any punctuation mark of less value than a period, or an exclamation or interrogation point (unless inclosed in parentheses), yet are intimately joined one with the other, and all with the sentence or clause leading up to them, for instance through dependence upon a conjunction, like "that," pre- ceding them (see 36) : "The membership of the international commission was made up as follows: France, 4; Germany, 5; Great Britain, i (owing to a misunderstanding, the announcement did not reach the English societies in time to secure a full quota from that country. Sir Henry Campbell, who had the matter in charge, being absent at the time, great difficulty was experi- enced in arousing sufficient interest to insure the sending of even a solitary delegate); Italy, 3; the United States, 7." MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 53 "The defendant, in justification of his act, pleaded that (i) he was despondent over the loss of his wife; (2) he was out of work; (3) he had had nothing to eat for two days; (4) he was under the influence of liquor." "Presidents Hadley, of Yale; Eliot, of Harvard; Butler, of Columbia; and Angell, of Michigan." 139. In Scripture references a semicolon is used to separate passages containing chapters: Gen. 2:3-6, 9, 14; 3:17; chap. 5; 6:15. 140. The semicolon should be placed outside the quota- tion marks, unless a part of the quotation. Comma — 141. The comma is "used to indicate the smallest inter- ruptions in continuity of thought or grammatical construction, the marking of which contributes to clearness" {Century Dictionary)'. "Here, as in many other cases, what is sometimes popularly supposed to be orthodox is really a heresy, an exaggeration, a distortion, a caricature of the true doctrine of the church. The doctrine is, indeed, laid down by an authority here and there; but, speaking generally, it has no place in the stand- ards, creeds, or confessions of the great communions; e.g., the Aposdes' Creed, the Nicene Creed, the canons of the early ecumenical councils, the Westminster Confession, the Thirty- nine Articles." "Shakspere and other, lesser, poets." "The books which I have read I herewith return" (i.e., I return those [only] which I have read); but: "The books, which I have read, I herewith return" (i.e., having read them [all], I now return them). "Gossiping, women are happy"; and: 54 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS "Gossiping women are happy." "Of these four, two Ameri- cans and one Englishman started"; and: "Of these, four — two Americans and two Englishmen — started." "The suffer- ing, God will relieve." "Behind, her 'stage mother' stood fluttering with extra wraps." "Some boys and girls pre- maturely announce themselves, usually in uncomfortable, sometimes in bad, ways." 142. Use a comma to separate proper nouns belonging to different individuals or places: "To John, Smith was always kind"; "To America, Europe awards the prize of mechanical skill." 143. Put a comma before "and," "or," and "nor" connecting the last two links in a sequence of three or more; or all the links in a series of greater length, or where each individual link consists of several words; always put a comma before "etc.". Tom, Dick, and Harry; either copper, silver, or gold; "He was equally familiar with Homer, and Shakespere, and Moliere, and Cervantes, and Goethe, and Ibsen"; "Neither France for her art, nor Germany for her army, nor England for her democracy, etc." But do not use a comma where "and," etc., serves to connect all of the links in a brief and close-knit phrase : "a man good and noble and true"; "I do not remember who wrote the stanza — whether it was Shelley or Keats or Moore." 144. Ordinarily, put a comma before and after clauses introduced by such conjunctions as "and," "but," MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 55 "if," "while," "as," "whereas," "since," "because," "when," "after," "although," etc., especially if a change of subject takes place: "When he arrived at the railway station, the train had gone, and his friend, who had come to bid him goodbye, had departed, but left no word. As the next train was not due for two hours, he decided to take a ride about the town, although it offered little of interest to the sightseer. While he regretted his failure to meet his friend, he did not go to his house." But do not use a comma before clauses introduced by such conjunctions if the preceding clause is not logically complete without them-; nor before "if," "but," and "though" in brief and close-welded phrases : "This is especially interesting because they represent the two extremes and because they present differences in their rela- tions"; "This is good because true"; "I shall agree to this only if you accept my conditions"; "I would not if I could, and could not if I would"; "honest though poor"; "a cheap but valuable book." 145. Such conjunctions, adverbs, connective particles, or phrases as "now," "then," "however," "indeed," "therefore," "moreover," "furthermore," "never- theless," "thougli," "in fact," "in short," "for instance," "that is," "of course," "on the contrary," "on the other hand," "after all," "to be sure," "for example," etc., should be followed by a comma when standing at the beginning of a sentence or clause to introduce an inference or an explanation. 56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS and should be placed between commas when wedged into the middle of a sentence or clause to mark off a distinct break in the continuity of thought or struc- ture, indicating a summarizing of what precedes, the point of a new departure, or a modifying, restrict- ive, or antithetical addition, etc.: "Indeed, this was exactly the point of the argument"; "Moreover, he did not think it feasible"; "Now, the question is this: . . . ." "Nevertheless, he consented to the scheme"; "In fact, rather the reverse is true"; "This, then, is my position: ...."; "The statement, therefore, cannot be verified"; "He thought, however, that he would like to try"; "That, after all, seemed a trivial matter"; "The gen- tleman, of course, was wrong." But do not use a comma with such words when the connection is logically close and structurally smooth enough not to call for any pause in reading; with ''therefore," "nevertheless," etc., when directly following the verb; with "indeed" when directly preceding or following an adjective or another adverb which it qualifies; nor ordinarily with such terms as "perhaps," "also," "hkewise," etc.: "Therefore I say unto you ...."; "He was therefore unable to be present"; "It is nevertheless true"; "He is recovering very slowly indeed"; "He was perhaps thinking of the future"; "He was a scholar and a sportsman too." 146. A comma is preferably omitted before "rather" in such an expression as — "The time-value is to be measured in this way rather than by the time-equivalent of the strata." MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 57 [47. If among several adjectives preceding a noun the last bears a more direct relation to the noun than the others, it should not be preceded by a comma: "the admirable political institutions of the country"; "a hand- some, wealthy young man." [48. Participial clauses, especially such as contain an explanation of the main clause, should usually be set off by a comma: "Being asleep, he did not hear him"; "Exhausted by a hard day's work, he slept like a stone." [49. Put a comma before "not" introducing an anti- thetical clause: "Men addict themselves to inferior pleasures, not because they deliberately prefer them, but because they are the only ones to which they have access." [50. For parenthetical, adverbial, or appositional clauses or phrases use commas to indicate structurally disconnected, but logically integral, interpolations; dashes to indicate both structurally and logically disconnected insertions; never use the two together (see 175): "Since, from the naturalistic point of view, mental states are the concomitants of physiological processes . . . ."; "The French, generally speaking, are a nation of artists"; "The English, highly democratic as they are, nevertheless deem the nobility fundamental to their political and social systems." "There was a time — I forget exact date — when these condi- tions were changed." 58 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 151. Use a comma to separate two identical or closely ' similar words, even if the sense or grammatical con- struction does not require such separation (see 142) : "Whatever is, is good"; "What he was, is not known"; ■ "The chief aim of academic striving ought not to be, to be most in evidence"; "This is unique only in this, that . . . ." 152. In adjectival phrases, a complementary, qualifying, delimiting, or antithetical adjective added to the main epithet preceding a noun should be preceded and followed by a comma: "This harsh, though perfectly logical, conclusion"; "The deceased was a stem and unapproachable, yet withal sym- pathetic and kind-hearted, gentleman"; "Here comes in the most responsible, because it is the final, office of the teacher"; l "The most sensitive, if not the most elusive, part of the'! training of children." 153. Two or more co-ordinate clauses ending in a word governing or modifying another word in a following clause should be separated by commas : ". . . . a shallow body of water connected with, but wellj protected from, the open sea"; "He was as tall as, though much younger than, his brother"; "The cultivation in our- selves of a sensitive feeling on the subject of veracity is one of ' the most useful, and the enfeeblement of that feeling one of the most hurtful, things"; "This road leads away from, rather than toward, your destination." 154. Similarly, use a comma to separate two numbers: "In 1905, 347 teachers attended the convention"; November I, 1905. (See 160.) MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 59 155. A comma is employed to indicate the omission, for brevity or convenience, of a word or words the repetition of which is not essential to the meaning : "In Illinois there are seventeen such institutions; in Ohio, twenty-two; in Indiana, thirteen" ; "In Lincoln's first cabinet Seward was secretary of state; Chase, of the treasury; Cameron, of war; and Bates, attorney-general." Often, however, such constructions are smooth enough not to call for commas (and consequent semicolons) : "One puppy may resemble the father, another the mother, and a third some distant ancestor." 156. A direct quotation, maxim, or similar expression, when brief, should be separated from the preceding part of the sentence by a comma (see 131) : " God said, Let there be light." 157. Use a comma before "of" in connection with resi- dence or position: Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre, of Detroit, Mich.; President Hadley, of Yale University. Exceptions are those cases, historical and political, in which the place-name practically has become a part of the person's name, or is so closely connected with this as to render the separation artificial or illogical : Clement of Alexandria, Philip of Anjou, King Edward of England. 158. Do not use a comma between consecutive pages in literary references, but use the en-dash (see 173) ; I 60 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS an exception may, however, be made in the case of scriptural references: pp. 4, 7-8, 10; Ezra 5:7-8 (or Ezra 5:7, 8). 159. Put a comma after digits indicating thousands, except when used as a date or in a page-reference: 1,276, 10,419; January, 1909; p. 2461. Note. — Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma with four figures. 160. Separate month and year, and similar time divisions by a comma : | November, 1905; New Year's Day, 1906. Note. — Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette do not use a comma between month and year. ^^ 161. Omit the comma, in signatures and at the beginning of articles, after author's name followed by address, title, or position in a separate line, or after address | followed by a date line, etc. : James P. Robinson Superintendent of Schools, Bird Center, 111. James P. Robinson Superintendent of Schools Bird Center, III. July I, 191 1 ^ 162. The comma is always placed inside the quotation ^ marks. 1 Apostrophe — I 163. An apostrophe is used to mark the omission of a letter or letters in the contraction of a word, or of figures in a number: i i IVIANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 6i ne'er, don't, 'twas, "takin' me 'at"; m'f'g; the class of '96. (See 123.) 164. The possessive case of nouns, common and proper, is formed by the addition of an apostrophe, or apostrophe and j (see 113): a man's, horses' tails; Scott's Ivanhoe, Jones's farms, Themis- tocles' era; for appearance' sake. 165. The plural of numerals, and of rare or artificial noun- coinages, is formed by the aid of an apostrophe and s; of proper nouns of more than one syllable ending in a sibilant, by adding an apostrophe alone (mono- syllabic proper names ending in a sibilant add es; others, s) : in the 1900's; in two's and three's, the three R's, the Y.M.C.A.'s; "these I-just-do-as-I-please's"; "all the Tommy Atkins' of England" (but: the Rosses and the Macdougals); the Pericles' and Socrates' of literature. Quotation Marks. (See section on "Quotations," 74-91.) Dashes — 166. A dash is used to denote "a sudden break, stop, or transition in a sentence, or an abrupt change in its construction, a long or significant pause, or an unexpected or epigrammatic turn of sentiment" (John Wilson) : "Do we — can we — send out educated boys and girls from the high school at eighteen ?" "The Platonic world of the static, and the Hegelian world of process — how great the contrast!" " 'Process' — that is the magic word of the modem period"; 62 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS "To be or not to be — that is the question"; "Christianity found in the Roman Empire a civic life which was implicated by a thousand roots with pagan faith and cultus — a state which offered little." 167. Use dashes (rarely parentheses — see 177) for par- enthetical clauses which are both logically and structurally independent interpolations (see 150) : "This may be said to be— but, never mind, we will pass over that"; "There came a time— let us say, for convenience, with Herodotus and Thucydides — when this attention to actions was conscious and deliberate"; "If it be asked — and in say- ing this I but epitomize my whole contention — why the Mohammedan religion . . . ." 168. A clause added to lend emphasis to, or to explain or expand, a word or phrase .occurring in the main clause, which word or phrase is then repeated, should be introduced by a dash: "To him they are more important as the sources for history — ■ the history of events and ideas"; "Here we are face to face with a new and difficult problem — new and difficult, that is, in the sense that . . . ." 169. Wherever a "namely" is implied before a paren- thetical or complementary clause, a dash should preferably be used (see 132) : "These discoveries — gunpowder, printing-press, compass, and telescope — were the weapons before which the old science trembled"; "But here we are trenching upon another division of our field — the interpretation of New Testament books." 170. In sentences broken up into clauses, the final — summarizing — clause should be preceded by a dash : MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 63 "Amos, with the idea that Jehovah is an upright judge . . . . ; Hosea, whose Master hated injustice and falsehood . . . . ; Isaiah, whose Lord would have mercy only on those who relieved the widow and the fatherless — these were the spokesmen . . . ." 171. A word or phrase set in a separate line and succeeded by paragraphs, at the beginning of each of which it is impHed, should be followed by a dash : "I recommend — "i. That we kill him. "2. That we flay him." 172. A dash should be used in connection with side-heads, whether "run in" or paragraphed: 2. The language 0} the New Testament. — The lexicons of Grimm-Thayer, Cremer, and others .... Note. — The above has been taken from .... Biblical Criticism in Other Denominations — A most interesting article appeared in the Expository Times .... 173. Use a dash in place of the word "to" connecting two words or numbers: May-July, 1906 (en-dash); May i, 1905 — November i, 1906 (em-dash); pp. 3-7 (en-dash); Luke 3:6 — 5:2 (em-dash). In connecting consecutive numbers, omit hundreds from the second number — i.e., use only two figures — unless the first number ends in two ciphers, in which case repeat; if the next to the last figure in the first number is a cipher, do not repeat this in the second number; but in citing dates B.C., always 64 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS repeat the hundreds (because representing a dimi- nution, not an increase): i88a-9S, pp. 113-16; 1900-1906, pp. 102-7; 387-324 B.C. Note. — The Astrophysical Journal and Botanical Gazette re- peat the hundreds: 1880-1895, pp. 113-116. 174. Let a dash precede the reference (author, title of work, or both) following a direct quotation, consisting of at least one complete sentence, in footnotes or cited independently in the text (see 85) : ' "I felt an emotion of the moral sublime at beholding such an instance of civic heroism." — Thirty Years, I, 379. The green grass is growing The morning wind is in it, 'Tis a time worth the knowing Though it change every minute. — Emerson, "To Ellen, at the South." 175. A dash should not ordinarily be used in connection with any other point, except a period : "Dear Sir: I have the honor . . . ."; not: "Dear Sir: — I have . . . ."; "This — I say it with regret — was not done"; not: "This, — I say it with regret, — was . . . ." Parentheses — 176. Place between parentheses figures or letters used to mark divisions in enumerations run into the text: "The reasons for his resignation were three: (i) advanced age, (2) failing health, (3) a desire to travel." If such divisions are paragraphed, a single paren- thesis is ordinarily used in connection with a lower- MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 65 case (italic) letter; a period, with figures and capital (roman) letters. In syllabi, and matter of a similar character, the following scheme of notation and indention should ordinarily be adhered to: A. Under the head of ... . I. Under .... 1. Under .... a) Under .... (i) Under .... (a) Under .... a) Under .... iS) Under .... (b) Under .... (2) Under .... b) Under .... 2. Under .... II. Under .... B. Under the head of ... . 177. Parentheses should not ordinarily be used for paren- thetical clauses (see 150 and 167) unless confusion might arise from the use of less distinctive marks, or unless the content of the clause is wholly irrelevant to the main argument : "He meant — I take this to be the (somewhat obscure) sense of his speech — that ...."; "The period thus inaugurated (of which I shall speak at greater length in the next chapter) was characterized by . . . ."; "The contention has been made {op. cit.) that . . . ." Brackets — 178. Brackets are used (i) to inclose an explanation or note, (2) to indicate an interpolation in a quotation, 66 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS (3) to rectify a mistake, (4) to supply an omission, and (5) for parentheses within parentheses: (i) ' [This was written before the publication of Spencer's book. — Editor.] (2) "These [the free-silver Democrats] asserted that the present artificial ratio can be maintained indefinitely." (3) "As the Italian [Englishman] Dante Gabriel Ros- [s]etti has said, . . . ," (4) JohnRuskin. By Henry Carpenter. ["English Men of Letters," III.] London: Black, 1900. (5) Grote, the great historian of Greece (see his History, I, 204 [second edition]), .... 179. Such phrases as " To be continued,'''' at the end, and ^^ Continued from . . . ." at the beginning, of articles, chapters, etc., should be placed between brackets, centered, and set in italics (see 73) and in type reduced in size in accordance with the rule governing reductions (see 86) : {Continued from p. 320] [To be concluded] Ellipses — 180. ElHpses are used to indicate the omission, from a quotation, of one or more words not essential to the idea which it is desired to convey, and also to indicate illegible words, mutilations, and other lacunae in a document, IMS, or other material which is quoted. For an elhpsis at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence four periods, separated by a space (en-quad), should ordinarily MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 67 be used, except in very narrow measures. If the preceding line ends in a point, this should not be included in the four. Where a whole paragraph, or paragraphs, or, in poetry, a complete line, or lines, are omitted, insert a full line of periods, separated by em- or 2-em quads, according to the length of the line. But the periods should not extend beyond the length of the longest type-line: The point .... is that the same forces .... are still the undercurrents of every human life We may never unravel the methods of the physical forces; .... but .... I think it worth giving you these details, because it is a vague thing, though a perfectly true thing, to say that it was by his genius that Alexander conquered the eastern world. His army, you know, was a small one. To carry a vast number of men .... .... he sought the lumberer's gang, Where from a hundred lakes young rivers sprang; Through these green tents, by eldest nature drest, He roamed, content alike with man and beast. 181. An ellipsis should be treated as a part of the citation; consequently should be inclosed in the quotation marks (see 178 [3]). Hyphens— 182. A hyphen is placed at the end of a line terminating with a syllable of a word, the remainder of which is carried to the next line (see section on " Divisions") and between many compound words. 68 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 183. Hyphenate two or more words (except proper names forming a unity in themselves) combined into one adjective preceding a noun: so-called Croesus, well-known author, first-class investment, better-trained teachers, high-school course, half-dead horse, never-ceasing strife, much-mooted question, joint-stock com- pany, English-speaking peoples, nineteenth-century progress, white-rat serum, up-to-date machinery, four-year-old boy, house-to-house canvass, go-as-you-please fashion, deceased- wife's-sister bill; but: New Testament times. Old English speUing. Where such words are set in capitals (e.g., in head- lines), or where one of the components contains more than one word, an en-dash should be used in place of a hyphen : FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR; New York-Chicago freight traffic. But do not connect by a hyphen adjectives or par- ticiples with adverbs ending in "-ly"; nor such combinations as the above when following the noun, or qualifying a predicate: highly developed species; a man well known in the neighbor- hood; the fly-leaf, so called; "Her gown and carriage were strictly up to date." 184. Hyphenate, as a rule, nouns formed by the combina- tion of two nouns standing in objective relation to each other — that is, one of whose components is derived from a transitive verb: I MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 69 mind-reader, story-teller, fool-killer, office-holder, well-wisher, property-owner; hero-worship, child-study; wood-turning, clay-modeling. Exceptions are such common and brief compounds as — lawgiver, taxpayer, proofreader, bookkeeper, stockholder. 185. A present participle united (i) with a noun to form a new noun with a meaning different from that which would be conveyed by the two words taken separately, (2) with a preposition used absolutely (i.e., not gov- erning a following noun), to form a noun, should have a hyphen: boarding-house, dining-hall, sleeping-room, dwelling-place, printing-office, walking-stick, starting-point, stepping-stone, stumbling-block, working-man; the putting-in or taking-out of a hyphen. 186. As a general rule, compounds of "book," "house," "mill," "room," "shop," and "work" should be printed as one compact word, without a hyphen, when the prefixed noun contains only one syllable, should be hyphenated when it contains two, and should be printed as two separate words when it contains three or more: handbook, schoolbook, notebook, textbook; pocket-book, story-book; reference book. boathouse, clubhouse, schoolhouse, storehouse; engine-house, power-house; business house. commill, handmill, sawmill, windmill; water-mill, paper-mill; chocolate mill. 70 • THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS I bedroom, classroom, schoolroom, storeroom; lecture-room; ;j .. recitation room. tinshop, workshop; bucket-shop, tailor-shop; policy shop, handwork, woodwork; metal -work; filigree work Exceptions are rare combinations, and such as for appearance' sake would better be separated: source-book, wheat-mill, school work. 187. Compounds of "maker," "dealer," and other words denoting occupation should ordinarily be hyphen- ated; likewise nouns denoting different occupations of the same individual: harness-maker, book-dealer, job-printer (see 184); a soldier- statesman, the poet-artist Rossetti. Exceptions are a few short words of everyday occurrence : ^ bookmaker, dressmaker. 188. Compounds of "store" should be hyphenated when the prefix contains only one syllable; otherwise not: drug-store, feed-store (but: bookstore); grocery store, dry- goods store. 189. Compounds of "fellow" are always hyphenated: fellow-man, fellow-beings, play-fellow. 190. Compounds of "father," "mother," "brother," "sister," "daughter," "parent," and "foster" should be hyphenated: father-love (but: fatherland), mother-tongue, brother-officer, sister-nation, foster-son, daughter-cells parent-word. MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 7 1 191. Compounds of "great," indicating the fourth degree in a direct line of descent, call for a hyphen: great-grandfather, great-grandson. 192. Compounds of "life "and " world " require a hyphen : life-history, life-principle (but: lifetime), world-power, world- problem. 193. Compounds of "skin" with words of one syllable are to be printed as one word; with words of more than one, as two separate words: calfskin, sheepskin; alligator skin. 194. Compounds of "master" should be hyphenated: master-builder, master-stroke (exception: masterpiece). 195. Compounds of "god": sun-god, rain-god. 196. "Half," "quarter," etc., combined with a noun should be followed by a hyphen: half-truth, half-tone, half-year, half-title, quarter-mile. 197. "Semi," "demi," "bi," "tri," etc., do not ordinarily demand a hyphen: semiannual, demigod, demiurge, biweekly, bipartisan, bichro- mate, bimetallist, trimonthly, tricolor, trifoliate. Exceptions are long or unusual formations: semi-centennial, demi-relievo. 198. Compounds of "self" are hyphenated: self-evident, self-respect. 72 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 199. Combinations with "fold" are to be printed as one word if the number contains only one syllable; if it contains more, as two: twofold, tenfold; fifteen fold, a hundred fold. 200. Adjectives formed by the sufhxation of "like" to a noun are usually printed as one word if the noun contains only one syllable (except when ending in l); if it contains more (or is a proper noun), they should be hyphenated: childlike, homelike, warlike, godlike; eel-like, bell-Hke; woman-like, business-like; American-Hke (but: Christlike). 201. "Vice," "ex-," "elect," "general," and "lieutenant," constituting parts of titles, should be connected with the chief noun by a hyphen: Vice-Consul Taylor, ex-President Cleveland, the governor- elect, the postmaster-general, a lieutenant-colonel. 202. Compounds of "by-" should be hyphenated: by-product, by-laws. 203. The prefixes "co-," "pre-," and "re-," when followed by the same vowel as that in which they terminate, take a hyphen; but, as a rule, they do not when fol- lowed by a different vowel or by a consonant: co-operation, pre-empted, re-enter; but: coequal, coeduca- tion, prearranged, reinstal; cohabitation, prehistoric, recast (re-read). Note. — The Botanical Gazette prints: cooperate, reenter, etc. Exceptions are combinations with proper names, long MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 73 or unusual formations, and words in which the omission of the hyphen would convey a meaning different from that intended (cf . 9, 19, 208) : pre-Raphaelite, re-tammanize; re-postpone, re-pulverization; re-formation (as distinguished from reformation), re-cover (= cover again), re-creation. 204. Omit the hyphen from "today," "tomorrow," "tonight," "viewpoint," "standpoint." (See 119.) 205. The negative particles "un-," "in-," and "a-" do not usually require a hyphen: vmmanly, undemocratic, inanimate, indeterminate, illimitable, impersonal, asymmetrical. Exceptions would be rare and artificial combinations. The particle "non-," on the contrary, ordinarily calls for a hyphen, except in the commonest words: non-aesthetic, non-subservient, non-contagious, non-ability, non-interference, non-imionist, non-membership; but: nonage, nondescript, nonessential, nonplus, nonsense, noncombatant. 206. "Quasi" prefixed to a noun or an adjective requires a hyphen: quasi-corporation , quasi-his torical . 207. "Over" and "under" prefixed to a word should not be followed by a hyphen, except in rare cases (lengthy words, etc.) : overbold, overemphasize, overweight, underfed, underestimate, undersecretary; but: over-soul, under-man, over-spiritualistic, over-search. 74 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 208. The Latin prepositions "ante," "anti," "inter," "intra," "post," "sub," and "super" prefixed to a word do not ordinarily require a hyphen: antedate, antechamber, antediluvian, antidote, antiseptic (but: anti-imperialistic— cf. 203), international, interstate, inter- city, intramural (but: intra-atomic), postscript, postgradu- ate, postprandial, subconscious, submarine, subtitle, subway, superfine. Exceptions are such formations as — ante-bellum, ante-Nicene, anti-Semitic, inter-university, post- revolutionary. 209. "Extra," "infra," "supra," and "ultra" as a rule call for a hyphen: extra-hazardous, infra-mundane, supra-temporal, ultra-con- servative (but: Ultramontane). 210. In fractional numbers, spelled out, connect by a hyphen the numerator and the denominator, unless either already contains a hyphen: "The year is hvo-thirds gone";' four and five-sevenths; thirty-hundredths; but: thirty-one hundredths. But do not hyphenate in such cases as — "One half of his fortune he bequeathed to his widow; the other, to charitable institutions." 211. In the case of two or more compound words occurring together, which have one of their component elements in common, this element is frequently omitted from MANUAL OF STYLE: PUNCTUATION 75 all but the last word, and its implication should be indicated by a hyphen : in English- and German-speaking countries; one-, five-, and ten-cent pieces; "If the student thinks to find this character where many a literary critic is searching — in fifth- and tenth- century Europe — he must not look outside of manuscript tra- dition." Note. — Some writers regard this hyphen as an objectionable Teutonism. 212. A hyphen is used to indicate a prefix or a sufifix, as a particle or syllable, not complete in itself: "The prefix a-"/ "The German diminutive suffixes -chen and -lein " 213. A hyphen is employed to indicate the syllables of a word: di-a-gram, pho-tog-ra-phy. 214. Following is a list of words of everyday occurrence which should be hyphenated, and which do not fall under any of the above classifications: after-years cross-section man-of-war son-in-law bas-relief death-rate object-lesson subject-matter birth-rate feast-day page-proof thought-process blood-feud folk-song pay-roll title-page blood-relations food-stuff poor-law wave-length common-sense fountain-head post-office well-being cross-examine guinea-pig sea-level well-nigh cross-reference horse-power sense-perception will-power 76 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS DIVISIONS 215. Avoid all unnecessary divisions of words. Wherever consistent with good spacing, carry the whole word over into the next line. 216. Do not, in wide measures (20 ems or more), divide on a syllable of two letters, if possible to avoid it. Good spacing, however, is always paramount. Words of four letters — like on-ly — should never be divided; words of five or six — like oc-cur, o}-fice, let-ter, rare-ly — rarely. 217. Never let more than two consecutive lines termi- nate in a hyphen, if at all avoidable. The next to the last line in a paragraph ought not to end in a divided word; and the last line (the "breakline") should, in measures of 15 ems and up, contain at least four letters. Similarly, try to avoid a divided word at the bottom of a right hand (recto) page. 218. Do not divide proper nouns, especially names of persons, unless absolutely necessary. 219. Do not separate (i.e., put in different lines) the initials of a name, or such combinations as a.d., P.M., etc. 220. Avoid the separation of a divisional mark, e.g., {a) or (i), in the middle of a sentence, from the section MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 77 which it precedes; i.e., do not allow such mark to fall at the end of a line, but carry it over with the matter to which it pertains. 221. Divide according to pronunciation (the American system), not accordingTo derivation (the English system) : democ-racy, not: demo-cracy; knowl-edge, not: know-ledge; aurif-erous, not: auri-ferous; antip-odes (still better: antipo- des — see 224), not: anti-podes. As far as is compatible with pronunciation and good spacing, however, divide compounds on etymologi- cal lines, or according to derivation and meaning: dis-pleasure is better than displeas-ure; school-master, than schoolmas-ter. Shun such monstrosities as — Passo-ver, diso-bedience, une-ven, disa-bled. 222. When two consonants meet between vowels, and the syllable ends on one consonant, the division may properly be made between the consonants, the pronunciation determining the place of division: advan-tage, exces-sive, finan-cier, foun-da-tion, impor-tant, In-dian, moun-tain, profes-sor, struc-ture. 223. Do not terminate a line in a soft c or ^> or in a ]. Escape the division entirely, if possible; if not pos- sible, divide: pro-cess, not: proc-ess; ne-cessary, not: nec-essary; spa- cing, not: spac-ing (the rule being that in present parti- 78 . THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ciples the -ing should be carried over); pro-geny, not: prog-eny; pre-judice, not: prej-udice. Note. — This rule differs from that followed by Webster and other dictionaries. 224. Divide on a vowel wherever practicable. In case a vowel alone forms a syllable in the middle of a word, run it into the first line: sepa-rate, not: sep-arate; particu-lar, not: partic-ular; criti-cism, not: crit-icism. Exceptions are words in -able and -ible, which should carry the vowel over into the next line: read-able, not: reada-ble; convert-ible, not: converti-ble. 225. In hyphenated nouns and adjectives avoid additional hyphens : object-lesson, not: object-les-son; fellow-being, not: fel- low-being; poverty-stricken, not: pov-erty-stricken, much less: pover-ty-stricken. 226. A coalition of two vowel-sounds into one (i.e., a diphthong) should be treated as one letter. There- fore do not divide, if there is any escape: peo-ple (either syllable makes a bad division), Cae-sar (cf. 218), ail-ing. 227. In derivatives from words ending in /, the /, in divisions, should be carried into the next line with the sufl5x if the accent has been shifted; if the deriva- tive has retained the accent of the parent-word, the / should be left in the first line: objec-tive (from ob'ject); defect-ive (from defect'). MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 79 228. The addition of a plural s, adding a new syllable to words ending in an ^-sound, does not create a new excuse for dividing such words : hor-ses and circumstan-ces are impossible divisions, 229. Adjectives in -ical should be divided on the i: - physi-cal, not phys-ical or physic-al. Do not divide nothing. The following are condensed rules for dividing words in the foreign languages most frequently met with in proofreading. While, perhaps, not entirely comprehensive, they will be found to cover every ordinary contingency. FRENCH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible, avoiding consonantal end- ing of syllables: in-di-vi-si-bi-li-te, a-che-ter; ta-bleau (not: tab-leau); ba-lancer (not: bal-ancer). b) Two consonants of which the second is / or r (but not the combinations rl, Ir), are both carried over to the following syllable: ta-bleau, e-cri-vain, per-dre, qua-tre; par-ler, hur-ler. c) There are as many syllables as there are vowels, even if soundless: par-lent, vic-toi-re, pro-pri-e-tai-re, guer-re, fil-les; 8o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS but a mute e following a vowel does not form a syllable : e-taient, joue-rai; and i, y, o, ou, u, when preceding other vowels, are often sounded as consonants, and then do not form a syllable: bien, e-tions, yeux, loin, fouet-ter, e-cuel-le. GERMAN J a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible : hii-ten, le-ben, Fa-brik. b) If several consonants stand between vowels, usually only the last is carried over: Rit-ter, klir-ren, Klemp-ner, Ver-wand-te, Karp-fen. J c) sz, ch, sch, ph, st, th are never separated (but see /) below): j Bu-sze, Be-cher, Ha-scher (but: Haus-chen), Geo-gra-phie, La-sten, Ma-thilde. d) If ck must be divided, it is separated into k-k: Deckel— Dek-kel. e) In foreign words (Fremdworter) , combinations of b, d, g, k, p, t, with I or r are carried over: Pu-bli-kum, Me-trum, Hy-drant. J /) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: Fiirsten-schlosz, Tiir-an-gel, Inter-esse. MANUAL OF STYLE: DIVISIONS 8l ITALIAN a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ta-vo-ll-no, nar-ra-re. b) s before a consonant, r, following a consonant, ch, gh, gli (gl), gn, qu, sc, d, fl, gl, pi are never separated : ca-sti-ghi, a-vro, mi-glio-re, bi-s6-gno, in-chio-stro, u-scire. c) i=y and u=w go with the following vowel; ac, au, ei, eu, oi are not separated: miei, tu6i. SPANISH a) The fundamental principle is to divide on a vowel as far as possible: ca-ra-co-les, flu-xi-6n, re-ba-no, fle-xi-bi-li-dad. h) ch, II, rr, and n, being regarded as simple con- sonants, follow the foregoing rule; cc and nn are divided, as in Enghsh: mu-cha-cho, ba-ta-Ua, bu-116, ba-rre-no, ci-ga-rro; ac-ce-so, ac-ci-on, en-no-ble-cer, in-ne-ga-ble. c) The Hquid consonants / and r, when preceded by any consonant other than s, must not be separated from that consonant, except in uniting parts of compound words: ha-blar, po-dria, ce-le-bra-ci-on, si-glo; but sub-lu-nar, sub-ra-yar, es-la-bon. d) Two separable consonants should be divided; s is always disjoined from a following consonant: cuer-da, chas-co, pron-to; has-ta, as-pi-rar, cons-pi-rar. 82 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS GREEK a) Single consonants, combinations of consonants which can begin a word, and mutes followed by /* or V are placed at the beginning of a syllable : ('X'^i c-yw, i-cnri-pa, ve-KTap, a-Kfn^, 8e-(Tfi6'i, fxi-Kpov, Tvpa- ypn-To?, yt-yvw-aKU). Other combinations of consonants are divided: Trpao'-o'o), eA.-7r6S, ev-8ov, ap-pxi-Ta. b) Compound words are divided into their original parts ; subject to that the foregoing rule applies : Trpoa-d-yw, Trap-d-yo). LATIN a) A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs (ae, au, oe, ei, eu, ui). b) When a single consonant occurs between two vowels, divide before the consonant: Cae-sar, me-ri-di-es. c) In the case of two or more consonants divide before the last consonant, except in the combina- tions: mute (p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, ch, g)+ liquid (/, r), and qu or gu: om-nis, scrip-tus, cunc-tus (but: pa-tris, e-quus, lin-gua). d) Compound words are separated first into their component elements, and within each element the foregoing rules apply: ad-est, ab-rum-po, red-e-o, trans-i-go. MANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 83 FOOTNOTES For reference indices, as a rule, use superior figures. Only in special cases should asterisks, daggers, etc., be employed (see 234); for instance, in tabular or algebraic matter, where figures would be likely to cause confusion. Index figures in the text should be placed after the punctuation marks : .... the niceties of style which were then invading Attic prose,' and which made .... ' In particular the avoidance of hiatus. * Schenk's equation. When figures are not used, the sequence of indices should be: * ("asterisk" or "star"), t ("dagger"), | ("double dagger"), § ("section mark"), |i ("parallels"), 1[ ("paragraph mark"). Where references to the same work follow each other closely and uninterruptedly, use ibid, instead of repeating the title. This ibid, takes the place of as much of the previous reference as is repeated. Ibid, should, however, not ordinarily be used for the first footnote on a verso (left-hand) page; it is better usage either to repeat the title, if short, or to use loc. cit. or op. cit.: I Spencer, Principles of Sociology, chap. iv. " Ibid. 3 Ibid., chap. v. 4 Spencer, loc. cit. i 84 . THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 234. Footnotes to tables, whether the tables are ruled or open, should be in 6-pt., and should invariably be placed at the foot of the table and not at the foot of the page. For reference indices in such cases use asterisks, etc., and not superior figures. (See 232.) 235. If the author's name is given in the text in connec- tion with a reference to, or a quotation from, his work, it should not be repeated in the footnote: .... This theory is questioned by Herbert, as follows: "I cannot admit . . . ."' » Laws 0/ the Ancients, I, 153. 236. It is better to place the index figure in the text after the quotation than before it (see illustration above). ^ 237. Ordinarily, omit "Vol.," "chap.," and "p." in references to particular passages. Use Roman numer- als (capitals) for Volume, Book, Part, and Division, except in reference to ancient, classical authors or works, when lower-case roman numerals should be used; Roman numerals (lower-case) for chapter and pages of introductory matter (Preface, etc.) ; and Arabic numerals for number (Heft) and text pages. Only when confusion would be liable to arise, or in exceptional cases, use " Vol.," "p.," etc., in connection with the numerals; but where the reference is to a page, unaccompanied by further details, the abbre- ^lANUAL OF STYLE: FOOTNOTES 85 viation ''p." or "pp." must of course be used. In classical references use no comma between author's name and the title of his work ; and no comma fol- lowing the title, unless "Vol.," "p.," or some kin- dred symbol is used. In all references to divisions of classical or ancient works, use periods in place of commas, reserving the comma to indicate a succes- sion (of pages, etc.) : I Miller, French Rev. (2d ed.; London: Abrahams, 1888), II, Part IV, iii. ' S. I. Curtiss, "The Place of Sacrifice among Primitive Semites," Biblical World, XXI (1903), 248 ff. 3?. 63; pp. 27-36. * Cicero De officiis i. 133, 140. sDe div. per somn. i, p. 463a. The same practice prescribed for classical references is frequently desired by authors with respect to English references, and may with equal propriety be followed: I W. W. Greg Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral Drama (London 1906) 114. 238. The date of publication in a reference to a periodical should immediately follow the volume number, and should be put in parentheses (see above illustration) . 239. In work set on the linotype machine footnotes should be numbered consecutively through an article, in a journal, or through a chapter, in a book, to save / 86 . THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS resetting in case of cliange (see "Hints to Authors and Editors," note under "Footnotes," p. 114). Note. — Exceptions to these rules are footnotes in the Botani- cal Gazette, the Astro physical Journal, Classical Philology, and the Classical Journal, which have adopted the following styles: Botanical Gazette — • 1 Livingston, B. E., (i) On the nature of the stimulus which causes the change in form of polymorphic green algae. BoT. Gaz. 30:289-317. 1900. 2 , (2) The heredity of sex. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 40:187-218. 1903. Astrophysical Journal — ' " Revision of Wolf's Sun-Spot Relative Numbers," Monthly Weather Review, 30, 171, 1902. » Astrophysical Journal, lo, 7,2,;^, 1899. 3 Wolf, Astronomische Nachrichlen, 189, 261, 191 1. Classical Philology and Classical Journal — ' Gilbert Greek Constitutional Antiquities 199. » G. L. Hendrickson "Origin and Meaning of the Ancient Characters of Style" Am. Jour. Phil. XXV (1905) 250-75. 1 Cicero De ojfficiis i. 133-36, 140. Biblical World, Botanical Gazette, Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Journal of Theology, and University Magazine number their footnotes consecutively throughout an article; Astrophysical Journal, Classical Journal, Classical Philology, Elementary School Teacher, Journal of Geology, Journal of Politi- cal Economy, Journal of Sociology, Modern Philology, School Review, from i up on each page. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEXING 87 INDEXING 40. In indexes and other alphabetical lists of names the following rules should be observed: a) A French, Belgian, or Spanish name, preceded by "le," "la," "T," "du," or "des," should be listed under the letters of the prefix in advance of the ordi- nary "L" or "D" list; if preceded by "de," or "d'," under the first letter of the word following the prefix, the particle in such a case being placed after the initials or Christian name: Le Conte, John; La Noue, Frangois de; L'Estrange, Sir Roger; Du Maurier, George; Des Essarts, Jean; Estrees, Gabrielle d'; Rambeau, Emile de; La Mancha, Don Quixote de. Note. — If the particle is actually a part of the surname, the name should be indexed according to the initial letter of the particle: De Bey, Robert; De Quincey, Thomas. b) German names preceded by "von" should be indexed according to the initials of the name follow- ing the prefix: Stemthal, Max von; Goethe, J. W. von. c) Names beginning with "M'," "Mac," or "Mc," with the following letter capitalized, should be indexed in the above order, in advance of the ordinary "M" list, each section being arranged alphabetically accord- ing to the letters following the "M'," "Mac,"or"Mc." 88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Names beginning with "Mac," without the following letter being capitalized, should take their natural and ordinary places in the alphabetical "M" list. (f) Names preceded by "O'," "St.," or "Van," with the following letter capitalized, should be placed in advance of the "O," "S," or "V" hst and should ^ be arranged alphabetically according to the letter ^ following the "O'," "St.," or "Van." Names beginning with "Van," without the following letter ; being capitalized, should take their ordinary places in the alphabetical "V" list. e) Names having two parts, or names of firms, con- nected by "and," "&," "y" (Spanish), or "et" (French), "und" (German), "e" (Italian), should be listed according to the first letter of the name preceding the connective : Smith and Evans (under "S"); Smith & Evans (under "S"); Gomez y Pineda, Liberio (under "G"); Loubet et Meunier (under "L"); Duncker und Humblot (under "D"); San- dron e VaUardi (under "S"). /) Hyphenated names should be listed according to the name following the hyphen, if English; accord- ing to the name preceding the hyphen, if French: Taylor, Henry Chandler- (for Henry Chandler-Taylor) ; Saint- Saens, Charles Camille (for Charles Camille Saint-Saens). g) German names spelled with an Umlaut {A , 0, U) should be indexed as if spelled with the ^ , 0, or U. h) On the subject of cross-references see 62. MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 89 TABULAR WORK In ii-pt. and lo-pt. matter open (unruled) tables should ordinarily be set in 9-pt. leaded; ruled, in 8-pt. solid. In 9-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 8-pt. solid. In 8-pt. matter open tables should be set in 6-pt. leaded; ruled, in 6-pt. solid. In 6-pt. matter both open and ruled tables should be set in 6-pt. solid. There is a growing practice of using different type in tables for columns representing totals, averages, percent- ages, and generahzations. For this purpose italic and black-face figures may be resorted to with propriety, to set off the various classes of results. Captions for the columns of open tables and box- heads for ruled tables should ordinarily be set in 6-pt. In ruled tables with box-heads of several stories, the upper story — primary heads — should be set in caps and small caps, except where the second story consists of figures only (see p. 92); the lower — secondary — in caps and lower-case. Wherever small caps are used in box-heads, the ''stub" (i.e., first column) head should, as a rule, also be set in caps and small caps. In ruled tables there should be at least two leads' space between the horizontal rules and the matter inclosed, and, if practicable, at least the equivalent go THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS of an en-quad, of the type in which the body of the table is set, between the perpendicular rules and the matter inclosed. 244. In open tables either periods, one em apart and aligned, or leaders, may be used between the col- umns. (See 248.) In ruled tables, in the ''stub," leaders should usually be employed, if there is room. (A leader is a piece of type, having dots ["period leader"] or short lines ["hyphen leader"] upon its face, used in tables, indexes, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number.) 245. In columns of figures, to express a blank use leaders the width of the largest number in the column; that is, for four digits use a 2-em leader, etc. (each em containing two dots; in no case, however, should less than two dots be used). Center the figures in the column; if they cannot be put in the exact center, and there is an unequal number of digits in the groups, leave more space on the left than on the right. 246. When there is reading-matter in the columns of a ruled table, it should be centered, if possible; if any line runs over, use hanging indention, and align all . on the left. 247. Double rules should be used at the top of all tables, but perpendicularly, as a usual thing, only when a table is doubled up on itself. MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 91 48. Tables of two columns only should be set as open; of three or more, as ruled. 49. "Table I," etc., in headlines of tables should ordi- narily be set in caps of the type in which the body of the table is set; the following (descriptive) line, if any, in caps and small caps of the same type. A single (descriptive) headline, not preceded by the number of the table, should be set in caps of the type in which the table is set. 150. Specimen tables for illustration: TABLE I Series of He.a.ds of Bands in the Spectrum of B.\rium Fluoride Series A B C I 20111.0 20197.8 19842.7 19711.7 19416. 2 19531-9 -0.4302 -0.441 -0.4362 -0.35765 -0-3932 -0.479 9-034 7.06 13-522 16.715 10.618 2 7. 4 c 6 7.19 TABLE 11— Continued Series C Series C m Nohs. N calc. n; iVobs. N calc. I 2 3 4 5 17094.8 100.6 106.4 112. 2 116. 5 120.8 17095.0 100.8 106.3 III. 4 116. 2 120.6 6 7 8 9 10 17124.6 128.3 131-7 134.6 137-3 17124-7 128.4 131-7 134-7 137-4 92 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TABLE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES No. OF Facto- KIES Number of Employees States Men Women Boys Girls Total Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Michigan 527 117 245 203 370 12,306 4,075 6,714 5,923 8,451 809 618 338 414 5" "5 79 35 '26 23 5 6 13,253 4,777 7,087 6,337 8,004 Indiana Total 1,462 37.469 2,690 25s 34 40,448 Settings . . , We dge 5 10 IS cm. 143 -I 142.4 143-0 142.2 cm. 145 -5 144.3 143-8 144.9 144-2 cm. 158.3 160.9 159.6 IS9-3 cm. 187.1 186.9 184.8 186.2 142 . 68 144-54 159-52 186.25 Diaph. I over s,. Diaph. 0.29cm. over' wedge. Reading of pointer, with meter-stick touching s, and screen, 163.66 cm. District Members of Famtt.y Groups Lodgers Total Number Percentage Number Percentage Stockj^ards . . . Jewish Bohemian .... Polish Italian 6,348 813 1,183 12,657 2,249 73 79 95 96 73 2,383 220 56 574 835 27 21 5 4 27 8,731 1,033 1,239 13,231 3,094 MANUAL OF STYLE: TABULAR WORK 93 TABLE V Date Readings Oct. 31, 10.50 A.M 65.5 Oct. 31, 2:15 P.M 65.5 Nov. I, 9:00 A.M 59.5 Nov. I, 3:00 P.M 57.8 Nov. I, 6:00 P.M 57.0 Nov. 2, 9:00 A.M 53.0 Nov. 2, 12:00 noon 53° Nov. 3, 10:00 A.M 47.3 Nov. 3, 12:00 noon 46.5 Nov. 3, 3:15 P.M 45-5 Nov. 3, 6:15 P.M 44-5 Nov. 4, 9:00 A.M 40.5 Nov. 4, 12:00 noon 39.5 Nov. 4, 3:00 P.M 38.5 TECHNICAL TERMS , I EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS The Point System — 251. The point is the underlying unit of all typographical measures. 252. The standard of measurement is the pica. A pica is twelve points (one-sixth of an inch) . This line is set in 12-pt. {pica). This line is set in ii-pt. {small pica). This line is set in lo-pt. {long primer). This line- is set in 9-pt. {bourgeois). This line is set in 8-pt. {brevier). This line is set in 7-pt. {minion). This line is set in 6-pt. {nonpareil). This line is set in 5-pt. (pearl) . The sizes larger or smaller than these are seldom used in book composition. Styles of Type — 253. Ordinary type is called roman. To " roman-quote " is to put in roman type between quotation marks. This line is set in roman. 254. Type with a sloping face is called italic or italics. Italic is indicated in manuscripts by a straight line under the word or words. (See p. 123.) This line is set in italics. 97 qS the university of CHICAGO PRESS 255. Type with a heavy black face is called bold-face. Bold-face is indicated by a wavy line. (See p. 123.) This line is set in bold-face. 256. The body of a type is called the shank; the upper surface, bearing the character, the face; the part of the face projecting beyond the shank, the kern; the part of the shank projecting beyond the face, the shoulder. 257. A font, or complete assortment of a given size, of type includes large capitals (^^caps^'), small capitals {'^ small caps^'), and lower-case letters (so called from being placed in the lower half of the printer's case). Caps are indicated by three straight lines; small caps, by two. (See p. 123.) THESE ARE CAPS OF 9-PT. ROMAN. THESE ARE SMALL CAPS OF 9-PT. ROMAN. These are lower case of g-pt. roman. Spacing — 258. The technical names for spaces and the methods of spacing depend on whether the "foundry" type (i.e., type set by hand) or machine-set type is in question. There are several makes of type-setting machines on the market, but of these the monotype (see 293) and the linotype (see 294) are in commonest use. 259. The monotype and linotype machines have come into such universal use that a few words regarding their respective systems of spacing are proper: IVIANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 99 MONOTYPE In monotype composition the unit system instead of the pica system of measurement is used. There are 18 units in a quad, which, unlike the em-quad of the foundry type for hand composition, is not a perfect square at the end. The standard space (see 261) is a 6-unit space=3-em space; a 5-unit space = 4-em space; a 4-unit space = a Uttle less than a 5-em space, and is the smallest space in use on the monotype machine. These are cast from matrices, and represent "fixed" spaces, i.e., un- varying in width. On the other hand, in the pro- cess of composition on the keyboard, the swelhng, or justifying, space is used to fill out a line. When it is evident that another word or syllable cannot be set in a line, the keys indicating the proper space are struck by the operator, and all spaces in the Une are spread equally to fill out the Hne, resulting in spaces which do not necessarily contain a specific number of units. (See 293.) LINOTYPE On the linotype machine the pica system of meas- urement is used. There are three "fixed" spaces (see 261): the em-quad, the en-quad, and the thin space, which is equal to a 4-em space. To spread the spaces, a space band is used; this band can spread a space to any size between a 3-em space and a space a trifle larger than an en-quad. If a lOO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS space smaller than a thin space is required, it must be put in by hand. (See 294.) FOUNDRY TYPE (aND GENERAL) 261. An em, em-quad, or simply quad (= quadrat) is a block of type the top of which forms a perfect square. A 12-pt. quad is thus a piece of metal one-sixth of an inch square at the ends. The term em is also used of the size of such a square in any given size of type as a unit of measurement. "Indent 8-pt. 2 ems" thus means that the line should be indented 16 points. An em-dash is a dash the width of an em. Two- and three-em quads are multiples of the above, cast in one block of type-metal. Two- and three-em dashes are dashes the width of 2- and 3-em quads respectively. An en-quad is half the size of an em-quad in width. Thus an 8-pt. en-quad is 4 points wide (thick) and 8 points long (deep). An en-dash is a dash the width of an en-quad. A three-em space is one-third of an em in thickness. • This is also called a thick space, and is the standard space used to separate words. A jour-em space is one-fourth of an em; a -five-em space is one-fifth of an em. Four- and 5 -em spaces are also called middle and thin spaces. A hair-space is any space thinner than a 5-em. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS lOl This line is spaced with em-quads. This Une is spaced with en-quads. This line is spaced with 3 -em spaces. This line is spaced with 4-em spaces. This line is spaced with 5 -em spaces. The letters in this word are hair-spaced: America. This is a 3 -em dash: This is a 2 -em dash: This is an em-dash: — This is an en-dash: - 262. Space evenly. A standard line should have a 3-em space between all words not separated by other punctuation points than commas, and after commas; an en-quad after semicolons, and colons followed by a lower-case letter; two 3-em spaces after colons followed by a capital; an em-quad after periods, and exclamation and interrogation points, conclud- ing a sentence. 263. If necessary to reduce spacing in a line, begin with commas, and letters of slanting form — i.e., with a large "shoulder" on the side adjoining the space; if necessary to increase, begin with overlapping let- ters — i.e., with "kerns" protruding on the side adjoining the space — straight-up-and-down letters, and points other than periods and commas (in this order) . 264. In a well-spaced line, with a 3-em space between a majority of the words, there should not be more than an en-quad between the rest; this proportion c r t « I02 ' THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS should be maintained in increasing or reducing. To justify a line is to adjust it, making it even or true, by proper spacing. 265. Do not follow an exceptionally thin-spaced line with an exceptionally wide-spaced one, or vice versa, if at all avoidable. 266. Never hair-space, or em-quad, a line to avoid a run-over. 267. Do not space out the last line of a paragraph allowing of an indention of an em or more at the end. 268. Short words, like "a," "an," etc., should have the same space on each side. 269. Use a thin space after §, ^, and similar signs; before "f.," "ff.," and the metric symbols: "§14. Be it further ordained . . . ."; pp. loflf.; 16 cm. 270. In American and English sums of money no space is used between the symbols, $, and £ (pounds), 5. (shillings) , and (/. (pence), and the numerals: $2.75; ;^io 35. 2d. 271. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the beginning of lines, denoting subsections, there should be an en-quad. After Arabic and Roman numerals at the beginning of center-heads there should be an em-quad. Small-cap headings should have an en- quad between the words; cap-and-small-cap and cap headings, two 3-em spaces. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 103 272. Scripture references should be spaced thus: II Cor. 1 : 16-20; 2:5 — 3:12. 273. Between letters forming products, and before superior figures or letters indicating powers, and inferior figures or letters, ordinarily no space should be used: Hx'^ = Sm^ (v^z^ — 2vwyz+2'w^y^) . [ndentation (Printer's Term: Indention) — 274. In measures of less than 10 picas' width, indent all sizes I em. In measures of from 10 to 20, indent ii-pt., I em; lo-pt, i^; 9-pt., i^; 8-pt., ij; 6-pt., 2. In measures of from 20 to 30, indent ii-pt., i^ ems; lo-pt., i^; 9-pt., i§; 8-pt., 2; 6-pt., 2h. This is for plain paragraphs. In hanging indentions, in measures of less than 10 picas, indent all sizes I em; from 10 to 20, ii-pt., lo-pt., 9-pt., and 8-pt., i^ ems; 6-pt., 2 ems; from 20 to 30, ii-pt., lo-pt., 9-pt., and 8-pt., 2 ems; 6-pt., 3 ems. 275. In poetry, center the longest line and let the inden- tion be governed by that; unless the longest line is of disproportionate length, in which case an average of the long lines should be struck, the idea being to give the whole a centered appearance. Where quotations from different poems, following each other in close succession, vary but slightly in length of verse lines, it is better to indent all alike. Indent according to rhymes and length of lines. In I04 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS blank verse, where the lines are approximately of the same length, they should be aligned. If con- secutive lines rhyme, they should likewise, as a rule, be aligned. If the rhymes alternate, or follow at certain intervals, indent the rhyming lines alike; that is, if, e.g., lines i and 3, and 2 and 4, rhyme, set the former flush in the measure previously determined by the longest line, and indent the latter (usually one em) ; follow this scheme in any similar arrangement. If any line is disproportionately short — that is, con- tains a smaller number of feet — indent it more: And blessed are the homy hands of toil ! The busy world shoves angrily aside The man who stands with arms akimbo set, Until occasion tells him what to do. I laugh at the lore and the pride of man. At the sophist schools and the learned clan; For what are they all, in their high conceit, When man in the bush with God may meet ? So nigh is grandeur to our dust. So near is God to man, When Duty whispers low, "Thou must," The youth replies, "I can." Not lightly fall Beyond recall The written scrolls a breath can float; The crowning fact. The kingliest act Of Freedom is the freeman's vote! MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 105 276. In ordinary reading-matter "plain paragraphs" are always preferable. Where it is desired to bring into relief the opening word or words of a paragraph, . or the number introducing such paragraph, or where a center-head makes more than three lines, " hanging indention" is often employed. (See 284.) Leads — 277. A lead is a strip of metal used to separate lines of type. The ordinary (standard) lead is 2 points thick. Matter with leads between the lines is called leaded; without, solid. This book, for the most part, is set leaded. This paragraph, for illustration, and the Index are set soUd. Nearly all books are leaded. 278. A slug is a strip of metal, thicker than a lead, used in the make-up of printed matter into pages, to be inserted after headlines, etc. The two standard sizes are 6 and 12 points (a nonpareil and a pica) thick, respectively. Heads or Headings — 279. A center-head is a headline placed at equal distances from both margins of the page or column. Center- heads are usually set in caps or in small caps. This is a center-head: SEC. VII. THE PRINCIPLES OF SOCIOLOGY When such center-head makes more than one line, either the (inverted) "pyramid" form (for two or io6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO "PRESS three lines) or "hanging indention" (for more than three lines) is employed: ART EDUCATION FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, AS SHOWN AT THE LOmSIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, IN THE NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND IN ART SCHOOLS ON CERTAIN IMPLICATIONS OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE FORM AND DIMENSIONS OF THE SUN, AND SOME SUGGES- TIONS TOWARD EXPLAINING CERTAIN PHENOMENA OF VARIABLE STARS 280. A side-head is a headline placed at the side of the page or column. It may either be set in a separate line, in which case it is usually set jiush — that is, in alignment with the margin of the type-page; or run in — that is, run together in a continuous line with the paragraph to which it belongs. The latter is the more common form. Side-heads are most frequently set in italics, only the first word and proper names being capitaUzed; sometimes in caps and small caps or in bold-face (see 172): Side-head — A side-head is a headline .... Side-head. — A side-head is ... . Side-head. — A side-head is ... . Side-head — A side-head is ... . 281. A cut-in head is a head placed in a box cut into the side of the type-page, usually set in different type, and as a rule placed under the first two lines : of the paragraph: MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 107 In making inquiry, therefore, into the value of fraternity life among the children, it is necessary to test it entirely in accordance with its power to contribute to the T a welfare of the school as a social whole. The Influence school, being a social organization, has a right to demand that every individual contribute the best that is in him to the good of all. In making this contribution, it 282. A box-head is a head for a column in a ruled table. (See 250.) 283. A running-head is a headline placed at the top of each page of a book, etc., usually giving the main title of the work on the left-hand {verso) page, and the title of the chapter, or other subdivision, on the right-hand {recto) page. A good working rule for running-heads is to set them in roman or italic capitals two sizes (points) smaller than the type of the text. Paragraphs — 284. Two kinds of paragraphs are distinguished — plain and hanging. A plain (or regular) paragraph has the first line indented, and the others set flush. A hanging paragraph {"hanging indention") has the first line set flush, and the others indented : Hitman Nature and the Social Order. By Charles Horton CooLEY. New York: Scribner, 1902. Pp. viii-l-404. In terms of his own thesis Dr. Cooley has transformed the social materials of his times into a personal product; his mind has reorganized and reproduced the suggested, etc. io8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Proofs — 285. A galley-proof is an impression of the type contained in a long, shallow receptacle of metal, known as a galley, into which the compositor, operator, or cast- ing-machine places the material as it is set, line by line. 286. A page- proof is an impression of the type material made up into page-form. 287. A plate- proof or foundry-proof is a proof taken of the type-page immediately before an electrotype cast is made of it. This proof has a black border around the pages, made by ink from the metal frame used to hold the type in place while the cast is being made. Most publications nowadays are printed from such plates, and not directly from the type. 288. A foul proof is a galley-proof containing author's corrections. 289. A revise is a new proof of type corrected from a marked proof. Make-up — 290. The arranging into page-form of type-lines is called the make-up. 291. A folio is a page-number. Even numbers are placed on the verso; odd, on the recto. A drop- folio is a page-number placed at the bottom of a page. MANUAL OF STYLE: TECHNICAL TERMS 109 292. A half-title or bastard title is the abbreviated title of a book placed on a separate page preceding the full title-page, or the title of a part, chapter, etc., preced- ing such part or chapter on a separate page in the body of the book. Typesetting Machines — 293. The monotype — named Lanston after the patentee — is a composing-machine on which, by touching a key- board, perforations are made in strips of paper, which then are transferred to a second machine, where the matrices to which the perforations correspond are brought in contact with molten type-metal, the characters being cast separately and arranged auto- matically on a galley in justified lines. (See 259.) 294. The linotype — named Mergenthalcr after its invent- or — is a composing-machine on which, by touching a keyboard, the matrices from which the characters are cast arrange themselves automatically in lines in a receptacle, which then is brought in contact, on the same machine, with molten type-metal, through a mechanical device which liberates and arranges in order on a galley the stereotyped strips, called "slugs," each consisting of a line of type. (See 260.) APPENDIX I HINTS TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS Preparation of Manuscripts — Manuscripts should be either typewritten or in a. perfectly clear handwriting. The former is preferable. The sheets should be of uniform size; 9"Xii" is a desirable size. Only one side of the paper should be used. Never roll manuscripts; place them flatly in a box or an envelope. The sheets should not be fastened together except by pins or clips, which can easily be removed. When one piece of a page is to be fastened to another, use mucilage, not pins. Pins are liable to become unfastened, and the slips lost or misplaced. Liberal margins should be left at the top and left- hand side of the sheets. This space will be needed by the reader or printer for directions. The pages should be numbered consecutively. Inserted and omitted pages should be clearly indicated. Thus, sheets to be inserted after p. 4 should be marked "4A," "4B," etc.; sheets omitted between p. 4 and p. 8 should be indicated by numbering p. 4, "4-7." Additions to original pages should be placed after the sheets to which they belong, and should be marked "Insert A," "Insert B," etc. The places where they are "3 114 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS to be inserted should be indicated by writing, "Here insert A," etc., on the margin of the original pages. Paragraphs — Paragraphs should be plainly indicated, either by indenting the first line or by a ^ mark. Footnotes — Footnotes should be clearly designated, either by separating them from the text by running a line across the page, or by using ink of different color. Some writers make a perpendicular fold in the paper, using two- thirds of the space for the text and one-third for the notes. The word in the text carrying the note should be followed by a superior figure corresponding to that preceding the note. Footnotes should never be run into the text in manu- scripts, whether in parentheses or otherwise. Note. — It is important to remember that in matter set on the linotype machine the slightest change necessitates the resetting of the whole line. Since it is impossible to foresee how the notes will happen to come out in the make-up, it is impracticable to number them from i up on each page. The best way is to number them consecutively through- out an article or by chapters in a book; bearing in mind, however, the very essential point that the change, by omission or addition, of one single number involves the resetting of the whole first line of each succeeding note to the end of the series, as well as the line in the text bearing the reference to the note. This difficulty is not met with in matter set on the monotype machine or by hand, where the change of a number amounts simply to substituting one figure for another. HINTS TO AUTHORS AND EDITORS 115 Proper Names, etc.— Proper names, foreign words, and figures should, in handwritten manuscript, be written with the utmost care and distinctness. Title-Pages, etc. — Copy for title-pages, prefaces, tables of contents, etc., should be submitted with the manuscript. Copy for indexes should be compiled from the special set of page- proofs furnished for this purpose, and promptly delivered to the printers. Unnecessary delay is often caused by postponing these details till the last minute. Reading of Proofs — Read and return your proofs promptly. In marking proof-sheets, use the standard proofreaders' marks (see p. 123). Do not adopt a system of your own, which, however plain it may seem to you, is liable to appear less so to the compositor. Be careful to answer all queries in the proofs. Delays and errors often result from not attending to them. Remember that changes in the type cost money. The omission or addition of a word in the middle of a para- graph may necessitate resetting the whole of this from that point on; and if such alteration is made in the page- proof, it may further involve repaging the entire article or chapter. Make your manuscript as perfect as possible before delivering it to the printer. Any necessary altera- tions should be made in the galley-proof, as each succeed- Ii6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ing stage will add to the cost. Corrections in plates should be studiously avoided. Not only are they expensive, but they are apt to injure the plates. The original manuscript should in each instance be returned with the galley-proof, in order that the proof- reader may refer to it, should any question arise; and each successive set of proofs returned should be accom- panied by the previous marked set. This will assist in calculating the cost of alterations properly chargeable to you. HINTS TO PROOFREADERS 117 HINTS TO PROOFREADERS Read everything as if you yourself were the author. Be particularly careful about proper names and figures. If the copy is not perfectly clear, or if you have reason to doubt its correctness, look it up, or query it to the author. In asking questions of authors or editors, make your point clear. A simple query is often not enough to draw attention to the particular point you have in mind.^ Queries in the manuscript should be transferred to the proof, or attention should be directed in the proof to the queries made by the copy-reader in the manuscript. Be discreet about your queries. Do not stultify your- self and discredit the office by asking foolish questions on the proof. The author will be thankful for any sensible suggestion you may make, but will resent trivial criticisms. Make a study of the "personal equation" in the case of those individuals (editors and others) with whom you as a proofreader will constantly have to deal. One person may expect of you as a matter of course what another might regard as an unwarranted interference. Never hesitate to correct anything that is palpably wrong, however positively the copy may assert the con- trary. Remember that the blame for the error will eventually be laid at your door, and justly so. Do not follow copy blindly, unreasoningly. Follow copy only when, and as far as, it is correct. Whether or Ii8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS not it is correct, you are the judge. Such an excuse as, "I thought the copy was edited"; or, "I thought the author knew what he wanted," is no excuse at all. I Do not ask authors or editors to decide questions of style. The Manual of Style is primarily meant for you. Learn its rules so that you may correct any violation of them you may come upon, without asking questions. Do not fall into the fallacy that the author's or editor's O.K. relieves you of all or any part of your responsibility. Authors and editors depend on the proofreader to see to it that the typographical requirements have been met, and that the adopted style has been adhered to, and affix their signatures only on that supposition. Do not shield yourself behind your copyholder. The copyholder is there to assist you, not to tell you how to do things. If you think you have cause to doubt her version of a matter, investigate for yourself. Do not suggest to the copyholder the reading of a word or phrase which she has difficulty in making out from the manuscript. If she cannot decipher the manuscript, remember that you are the arbiter, and not the compositor. Do not permit yourself to be stampeded. Cultivate speed, but remember that accuracy is even more impor- tant. If the necessary time is not given you, take it — within reasonable limits — in order to do things right. The credit accruing to you from doing things absolutely right is likely to outlast the displeasure at your lack of dispatch. In unavoidable cases of "rush," where conditions and HINTS TO PROOFREADERS 119 orders are imperative, protect yourself by letting it be understood that you have done your best in the time allot- ted you, but that you must disclaim any further responsi- bility.' Put your initial at the top of every galley you read or revise. This will save time in tracing proofs, and insure the giving of credit where it belongs. I20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS HINTS TO COPYHOLDERS Cultivate a low, soft, clear reading-voice. Only your own proofreader has to hear you. Remember that, from the proofreader's point of view, the small words are as essential as the big ones. Get them all in — and get them in right. Enunciate your plural ^'s distinctly. Do not get offended when your reader asks you to repeat, or to look at the copy for himself. Regulate and equalize your speed. Do not race at a break-neck pace through typewritten copy, while you thread your path fumblingly through the mazes of manu- script. Do not keep guessing at a word. Look at it closely, consider the context, and do not speak it until you have made it out — or at least made the very best guess of which you are capable. Sit at right angles to your reader, if possible. He hears you better, and you can watch his hand better, if you do. Give your reader a chance to make his corrections. Slow up the moment he puts his pencil to the paper. This will save you going over the same ground twice. Evolve your own system of signals. Do not, for instance, waste time by saying "in italics" for every word or letter so treated. Instead, raise your voice, or tap HINTS TO COPYHOLDERS I2I the table with your pencil once for each word, or both. Such a code need not be intelligible to others than your- self and your reader. Do not waste time over matters of style. The proof- reader is supposed to know the rules without your telling him; for instance, what titles are to be set in italics, and what roman-quoted. Be careful in transferring marks. A mark in the wrong place means two errors uncorrected in place of one cor- rected. In sending out proofs, see that everything is there. Arrange the copy and proof-sheets neatly and consecu- tively. Never send out proofs, for the first time, without con- sulting the job ticket for the number wanted, and the name and address of the person to whom they are to be sent. The manuscript should accompany the galley-proof; the foul proof (author's marked galley-proof) should accompany the page-proof. In case no galley-proof has been sent, the manuscript should accompany the page- proof. Indicate in the lower left-hand corner the contents of all the envelopes you address. Fasten your pins in the center at the top, not diago- nally in the left-hand corner, thus covering up the direc- tions, etc., often written there. Return every evening to the file or the bookcase any volume that may have been taken out for reference during the day. 122 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Remember that you are the housekeeper of the proof- room, and take pride in its neat and orderly appearance. Keeping the records, files, etc., naturally devolves upon you. Perfect your system so that everything can be located at a moment's notice. The more of that kind of work you do without being asked, and the better you do it, the more you will be appreciated. ■ PROOFREADER'S MARKS ■e apitalst Put in SMALL CAPITi\LS. cobs S.c. 2^c. Put in LOUVER CASE. /uym,. Put in ♦Wf«««- type. tta£. Put in italio type. 6o€cl Put in bold fac e type. cb Dele, or delete : take X out. 9 Letter reversed — turn. D / *J Indent, ^ake a new paragraph. 4t Put inspace. C Clcfse up — no space. y\ Bad spacing- space more evenly. AT, I- Wrong fo^t: character of wrong size or style. t>i Transp^cjte. I llCarry to the left. I Ci,rry to the right. •""• 'El'evate. LJ D,epress. X 1 516 perfect letter — correct, ^i" Space showsjbetween words — shove down. Straighten crooked line. Restore or retain words crossed out. Print (a^, Ti, etc.) as a logotype. out-set co^ Words are omitted from, or in, copy. Query to author : ^s this right ? 123 ^ « INDEXES J i INDEX TO MANUAL [The numbers, unless otherwise indicated, refer to sections] "A" and "an": use of, before h and u, 114; spacing of, 268. "a" (negative particle), compounds with, 205. Abbreviations: in literary references, no, 237 (cf. 37); no space between elements of, 52, 103; not to be divided, 219; of academic titles, 22; of biblical and apocryphal books, list of, 109; of names of states, 106; of titles of publications, omission of period after initials used for, 123; rules for, 106-11; use of apos- trophe in, 123; of period after, 123. "-able" and "-ible," in divisions, 224. Academic degrees, abbreviation and capi- talization of, 21-22. Accents, retention of, in foreign words incorporated into English, 59. Acquired, limited, or special meaning, words having, capitalization of. 25. Acts, juridical, capitalization of names of, 18. A.D. (anno Domini): spacing of, 52, 219; 1 use of small caps for, 52. Address, capitalization of titles in direct, 21. Address line: at end of letters, etc., how to set, so; at opening of letters, etc., how to set, 64; omission of comma after, 161. Addresses, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Adjectives: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; compound, 183; capitalization of, derived from proper nouns, i; ending in "-ical," how to divide, 229; omission of comma between two, 147; proper, capitalization of, i (cf. 5, S3). Administrative bodies, capitalization of names of, 12. Adverbial clauses, 150. Adverbs: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; ending in "-ly," not to be hyphenated w ith adjectives or par- ticiples, 183; use of comma in connec- tion with, I4S. (J, rules for use of, 115. Ages: historical, linguistic, and geological, capitalization of, 14; to be spelled out, 99. Algebraic formulae: letters used to desig- nate unknown quantities in, 67; spacing of, 273. Alignment, quotation marks to be "cleared" in, 90. Alliances, political, capitalization of names of, 16. Alphabetizing of names, rules for, 240. A.M. (ante meridiem): 52,219; use of small caps for, 52. American system of divisions, 221. "Ampersand": definition of, 107; when used, 107. And: "short," 107; when to use comma before, 143. Anglicized derivatives from Latin and Greek, form of diphthongs a and a in, ^115- "Angstrom units," abbreviation for, in. "Ante," compounds with, 208. "Anti," compounds with, 208. Antithetical clauses, 149. Apocrypha: list of abbreviations for, 109; titles of, to be set in roman, 60. Apostles, omission of "St." in connection with names of, 108. Apostrophe: rules for use of, 163-65; use of, in abbreviations, 123; to form plural of numerals, 165; to form pos- sessive, 164 (cf. 113); to mark omis- sion of figures or letters, 163 (cf. 123). Appositional clauses, 150. Arabic numerals, spacing of, at beginning of lines, 271; in headlines, spacing of, 271. Art, titles of works of, to be roman- quoted, 84. Article: definite, not to be used in connec- tion with "Rev." and "Hon.," 92; not to be treated as part of title of peri- odicals, 41 ; indefinite, form of, before eti, sounded h, "one," etc., and long u, 114. 127 128 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Articles, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Artificial noun-formations, plural of, 165. Artistic schools, capitalization of names of, 9. "As follows," use of colon in connection with, 132. Asterisk, use of, for footnote index, 232. Astronomical terms: capitalization of, 48; use of italics for, 71. Astrophysical Journal: connecting num- bers in, 173, note; metric and chemical symbols in, 123, note; style for footnotes in, 239, note; use of comma with figures in, 159, note. Authors: hints to, pp. 113-16; names of, if in text, not repeated in footnotes, 235. Averages and generalizations, columns of, in tables, sometimes in distinctive type, 241. Bastard title. See Half-title. B.C. ("before Christ"): spacing of, 52, 219; use of small caps for, 32; hundreds to be repeated with, 173. "Bi-," compounds with, 197. Bible: books of, abbreviations for, 109; capitalization of names for, 29; titles of books of, to be capitalized, 31; to be set in roman, 60; versions of, abbrevia- tions for, 109; capitalized, 30. Biblical: books, abbreviations for, 109, and capitalization of names of, 31; parables, capitalization of, 32; terms, miscellaneous, capitalization of, 33. Bills, legislative, capitalization of, 18. Biological terms, use of capitals in, 46. Black-face. See Bold-face type. Blank verse, indention of, 275. Blanks, use of leaders for, in columns of figures, 244. Blocks, capitalization of names of, 8. Bodies: legislative, judiciary, and admin- istrative, capitalization of names of, 12; military, numbers of, to be spelled out, 100. Bold-face type: defined, 253; how indi- cated, 255. "Book," compounds of, 186. Books: biblical, abbreviation of, 109, and capitalization of, 31; capitalization of titles of, 41; italics for titles of, 60. Botanical Gazelle: exception to. rule for capitalization of titles of publications in, 41, note; to hyphenization of com- pounds of "co-," etc., 203, note; to rule for italics, 60, note; to rule for quotation marks, 82, note; metric symbols in, 123, note; footnotes in, 239, note; thou- sands in, 159, note. Botanical terms: use of capitals in, 46; of italics, 46, 71. Bourgeois, explained, 252. Box-heads: defined, 282; how to set, 242, illustrated, 250; omission of period after, 125; use of capit.als in, 41. Brackets, rules for use of, 178-79. Break, or change, in sentence, to be indi- cated by dash, 166. Breakline: defined, 217; spacing of, 267. Brevier, explained, 252. "Brother," compounds of, 190. "Brothers," forming part of name of firm, 107. Buildings, capitalization of names of, 8. But-clauses, use of comma in connection with, 144. "By-," compounds with, 202. C, soft, do not divide on, 223. Capitalization: of abbreviations of aca- demic degrees, etc., 22; of adjectives derived from proper nouns, i; of adjectives and nouns designating defi- nite geographical regions, 5; of books of the Bible, 31; of conventions, con- gresses, expositions, etc., 17; of creeds and confessions of faith, 19; of Egyptian dynasties, 13; of epithets,_used as proper names, 2; of exclamations "O" and "Oh," 40, 117; of feast-days, 20; of geographical names, 4-5; of geological epochs, 14, 46; of governmental depart- ments, 12; of historical epochs, 14; of important events, 15; of legislative, judiciary, and administrative bodies, 12; of linguistic and literary periods, 14, 123; of miscellaneous terms, 33; of miscellaneous historical terms, 9, 16; of monastic orders, 10; of names for the Bible, 29; of names of regiments, 13; of names and epithets of peoples, races, and tribes, 47; of names of bodies of solar system, 48; of "nature," etc., and abstract ideas, personified, 26; of nouns and adjectives used to designate the Supreme Being, or any member of the Trinity, 24; of organizations and insti- tutions, 11-12; of particles (in French, ' MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 129 Dutch, German names), 3; of philo- sophical, literary, and artistic schools, g; of political alliances, 16; of political divisions, 6-7; of political parties, g, 16; of pronouns referring to the Supreme Being, 24; of proper nouns and adjec- tives, I, 5, S3; of regions or parts of world, s; of terms applied to groups of states, s; of religious denominations, g; of sessions of Congress, 13; of thorough- fares, parks, squares, blocks, buildings, etc., 8; of titles, academic degrees, orders (decorations), etc., 21 (cf. 49); of titles of publications, 41; of treaties, acts, laws, bills, etc., 18; of versions of the Bible, 30; of words with an ac- quired, limited, or special meaning, 25; verbs derived from proper names not capitalized, i; rules for, 1-57; word lists, 4. Capitals: how indicated, 257; rules for use of, 1-49. Capitals and small capitals, rules for use of, 50. 51- Caps. See Capitals. Center-heads: defined, 279; illustrated, 279; use of capitals in, 41. "Centigrade," abbreviation for, in. Centuries, numbers of, to be spelled out, 100. Cf., to be set in roman, 61. Chapters, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Chemical symbols, how to treat, 123. Christian names, to be spelled out, 93. "Church," when capitalized, 28. Church fathers: omission of "St." in con- nection with names of, 108; when capi- taUzed, 27. Citations: from different authors follow- ing each other uninterrupted by any intervening original matter, 75; of pas- sages in author's own words, 74 (cf. 85); rules for reduction of, 85-87; for punctuation of, 112. Civil titles, capitalization of. 21. Classical Journal, form of footnotes in, 239, note. Classical Philology, form of footnotes in, 239, note. Classical references, rules for punctuation, 237, 239. note. Clauses: adverbial, 150; antithetical, 149; appositional, 150; complementary, 169;, conjunctive, 144; parenthetical, 150, 167, 169, 177; participial, 148; summarizing, 170. "Cleared," definition of, 90. "Co-," compounds with, 203. Colon: definition and illustration of use of, 131; rules for use of, 131-36; use of, after salutatory phrase at beginning of letters, 133; between place of publi- cation and publisher's name, 13s; in connection with introductory remarks of speaker, 133; to emphasize close connection between two clauses, 131; to introduce statement, extract, etc., 131; to separate chapter and verse in Scripture passages, 134; clause from illustration or amplification, 131; hours and minutes in time-indications, 134. Columns of figures, spacing of, 244. Combination of words into one adjective preceding noun, use of hyphen for, 183. Comma: definition and illustrations of use of, 141; omission of, between two adjectives, 147; in signatures and after author's name at beginning of articles, 161; use of, after digits indicating thousands, 159; before "and," "or," and "nor," 143; before "of" in con- nection with residence or position, 157; omission of, between consecutive pages, etc., 158; between month and year, 160; in connection with adjectival phrases, 152; omitted before "rather," 146; with adverbial clauses, 150; with anti- thetical clauses, 149; with appositional clauses, 150; with brief quotations or maxims, 156; with clauses ending in different prepositions, 153; with con- junctions, 144; with conjunctions, ad- verbs, connective particles, and phrases, i4S; with parenthetical clauses, 150; with participial clauses, 148; to indicate omissions, 155; to separate identical, or similar, words, 151; to separate num- bers, 154; to separate proper nouns, 142; rules for use of, 141-62. Commercial: firms, how to treat titles of, 107; organizations and institutions, capitalization of names of, 11. "Company," 'to be abbreviated when forming part of name of firm, 107. Complementary clauses, use of dashes in connection with, 169. Component elements, omission of, in com- pound words, 211. Compound adjectives, 183. Compound words, etymological division of, when followed, 221; omission of I30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS element common to two or more, to be indicated by hyphen, 211. Compounds: hyphenated, capitahzation of nouns constituting parts of, in titles, 45; of "book," "house," "mill," "room," "shop," "work," 186; of "father," "mother," "brother," "sister," "daughter," "parent," and "foster," 190; of "fellow," 189; of "god," iQS; of "half," "quarter," etc., 196; of "life" and "world." 192; of "maker" and "dealer," 187; of "master," 194; of present participles with nouns or prepositions, 185; of "self," 198; of "skin," 193; of "store," 188; with "ante," "anti," "inter," "intra," "post," "sub," and "super," 208; with "bv-," 202; with "co-," "pre-," and "re-," 203; with "extra," "infra," "supra," and "ultra," 209; with "fold," 199; with "great," in hues of descent, 191; with "like," 200; with negative particles "un-," "in-," and "a-," 205; with "non-," 205; with "over" and "under," 207; with "quasi," 206; with "semi." "demi," "tri-," "bi-," etc., 197; with "vice," "ex-," "elect," "general," and "lieutenant," in titles, 201. Confessions of faith, capitalization of names of. 19. Congress: capitalization of names of houses of, 12; of sessions of, 13; mem- bers of, to be lower-cased, 21; numbers of sessions of, to be spelled out, 100. Congresses, capitalization of names of, 17- Conjunctions, use of comma in connection with, 145. Connective particles, use of comma in connection with, 145. "Continued": after headlines, to be .set in italics, 73; at end of articles, etc., to be placed between brackets, and in reduced type, 179- Contraction of word, use of apostrophe in, 163. Conventions, capitalization of names of, 17. Copyholders, hints to, pp. 120-22. Creeds, capitalization of names of, 19. Cut-in-heads: defined and illustrated, 281; omission of period after, 125; use of capitals in, 41. Cycles of poems, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be itali- cized, 60. "Czar," when capitalized, 21. Dagger, use of, for footnote index, 232. Danish titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42. Dashes: definition and illustrations of use of, 166; different sizes of. explained, 261; illustrated, 261: rules for use oi, 166-75; use of. at end of word or phrase implied at beginning of each of succfeed- ing paragraphs, 171; for emphasis, 168; in connection with literary references, 174; with other points, 175; with parenthetical clauses, 168-69; with complementary clauses, 169; to connect numbers, 173; to denote break, stop, transition, or change in sentence, 166; to precede summarizing clauses, 170. Dates: hundreds repeated, when and when not, 173; of publications, to follow volume numbers in references to periodi- cals, 237; si, d, and th to be omitted from, 102; use of comma between month and year in, 160. "Daughter," compounds of, 190. "De," rule for treatment of, 240. "Dealer," compounds of, 187. Decades, references to, to be spelled out, lOI. Decorations, capitalization of names of, 21. Degrees, academic, abbreviation and capi- talization of, 21-22. "Demi," compounds with, 197. Denominations, religious, capitalization of names of, 9. Departments: governmental, capitaliza- tion of names of, 12; of University of Chicago, 49. Derivation, division according to, to be avoided, 221. Derivatives: from Greek and Latin, 115; from proper names, 53; English, from scientific names not capitalized, 46; from words ending in /, how to divide, 227. Diagrams, letters referring to, 68. Digraphs. See Ligature. Diphthongs, to be treated as one letter in divisions, 226. Divided word to be avoided: at end of next to last line of paragraph, 217; at bottom of recto page, 217. Division of words: rules for, 2i5-3ir systems of, 221; use of hyphen to indi- cate, 182; avoidance of unnecessary, 215; on two letters, to be avoided, 216; of foreign words, 231. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 131 Divisional mark in middle of sentences, not to be put at end of line, 220. Divisions of publications, titles of: capi- talization of principal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Divisions, political: capitalization of names of, 6-7; numbered, to be spelled out, 100. Divisions of the University of Chicago, capitalization of names of, 49. Documents, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60 (cf. 18). Double dagger, use of, for footnote index, 232. Double rules, use of, in tables, 247. Doubt, use of interrogation point to ex- press, 129. Drop-folio, defined, 291. Dutch names, capitalizing of "Van" in, 3; indexing of, 240; titles of publications, use of capitals in, 42. Dynasties, Egyptian: capitalization of names of, 13; to be spelled out, 100. Editors, hints to, pp. 113-16. Educational organizations and institu- tions, capitalization of names of, 11. E.g., to be set in roman, 61. "Elect," suffixed to titles, 201. Ellipses: rules for use of, 180-81; to be treated as part of quotation, 88, 181; use of, to indicate omissions, 180. Em, defined, 261. Em-dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261; use of, for "to" in time-indications, 173- Emphasis: use of dashes for, 168; of exclamation points, 127; of italics, 58. Em-quad, defined, 261; illustrated, 261. En-dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261; use of, instead of comma between con- secutive pages in literary references, 158 (cf. 173); instead of hyphen, in com- pounds, 183; for "to" connecting two words or figures, 173. English: equivalent of foreign word or phrase, to be quoted, 78; system of division, 221; titles of publications, use of capitals in, 41. En-quad: defined, 261; illustrated, 261. Enumerations, use of parentheses in con- nection with letters or figures used to indicate subdivisions in, 176. Epigrammatic turn, use of dash to indi- cate, 166. Epithets, capitalized, when used as proper names, 2. Epochs, historical and geological, capitali- zation of names of, 14. Equivalent, English, of word or phrase from foreign language, to be roman- quoted, 78. Errata, /or and read italicized in, 62. Essays, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Etc.: use of comma before, 143; when to be treated as part of quotation, 88. Etymology, division according to (Eng- lish system), 221. tu, form of indefinite article before, 114. Even spacing, importance of, 265. Events, important historical, capitaliza- tion of names of, 15. "Ex-," prefixed to titles, 201. Exclamation point, rules for use of, 127- 28. Exclamatory "Oh," 117. Explanation: of technical terms, 251-94; use of brackets for, 178. Expositions, capitalization of names of, 17. "Extra," compounds with, 209. Extracts, rules for punctuation of, 112. F., ff. ( = "following"): spacing of, 269; use of, no. Face, defined, 256. "Fahrenheit," abbreviation for, in. "Farther" and "further," differentiation of, 116. "Father": compounds of, 190; when capitalized, 27. Feast-days, capitalization of names of, 20. "FeUow," compounds of, 189. Figures: columns of, in tables, 245; rules for use of, 04-98. Figures (illustrations) in text, letters re- ferring to, 68. Firms, names of commercial: abbrevia- tion of, 107; capitalization of, n. First words: after a colon, when capital- ized, 3s; following "Whereas" and "Resolved" in resolutions, capitali- zation of, 39; in sections of enumera- tion, when capitalized, 36; in titles of publications, capitalization of, 41; of citations, when capitalized, 38 (cf. 131); 132 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS of lines of poetry, sapitalization of, 34; of quotations, when lower-case is used for, 57 (cf. 131); of sentences, capitali- zation of, 34. Five-em space, defined, 261. "Flush," defined, 280. "Fold," combinations with, 199. Folio, defined, 291. Font, defined, 257. Footnotes: exceptions to general style for, 237, 239, note; general style for, 237; indices for references to, 232; number- ing of, 239; placing of index figure, 236; rules for. 232-39; samples of, 237; to tables, 234. Foreign institutions and organizations, capitalization of titles of, 11. Foreign languages: division of words in, 231; English translation accompany- ing word, phrase, or passage cited from, to be quoted, 78; sentences and passages quoted from, how to treat, 59, 85; words and phrases from, use of italics for, 59; words and phrases borrowed from, in- corporated into English, how to treat, so- Foreign titles of publications, capitaliza- tion of, 42. "Format" of books (4to, 8vo, etc.), not to be treated as abbreviations, 123. Formulae, spacing of, 273. "Fort," to be spelled out, 104. "Foster," compounds of, 190. Foul proof, defined, 288. Foundry-proof, defined, 287. Four-em space, defined, 261. Fractions, use of hyphen in, 2 10. French: titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42; use of ligatures cb or os in, lis; words, division of, 231. "Further" and "farther," differentiation of, 116. G, soft, do not divide on, 223. Galley, defined, 285. GaUey-proof, defined, 285. "General," combined with title, 201. Geographical names, capitalization of, 4, 5,6. Geological terms, capitalization of, 14, 46; italicizing of, 71. Geometry, letters used to designate lines, etc., in, 67. German names with Umlaut, indexing of, 240; titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42; words, division of, 231. Given names. See Christian names. "God," compounds of, 195. Governmental departments, capitalization of names of 12. Grain, abbreviation for, in. Gram, abbreviation for, in. "Great," compounds of, 191. Greek words, division of, 231. H, form of indefinite article before sounded 114. Hair-space, defined, 261. Hair-spacing, tabooed, 266. "Half," combinations of, with nouns, 196. Half-title, defined, 292. Hanging indention: defined and illus- trated, 279, 284; indention in, 274. Headings, described, 279-83. Headlines: of tables, how to set, 249; omission of period after, 125; spacing of, 271; word "continued" following, to be set in italics, 73. Heads. See Headings, Headlines. Historical: epochs, capitalization of appel- lations for, 14; events, capitalization of, 15; terms of special significance, capi- talization of, 16. Holidays. See Feast-days. Honorary titles, capitalization of, 21. "Horse-power," abbreviation for, in. "House," compounds of, 186. Hyphen leader, defined, 244. Hyphenated words: division of, to be avoided, 225; list of, 214. Hyphenization, rules for, 182-214. Hyphens: number of consecutive, allow- able at ends of lines, 217; rules for use of, 182-214. Ibid., use of, 233. Ideas, abstract, capitalization of, when personified, 26. I.e., to be set in roman, 61. If-clauses, use of comma in connection with, 144. Illustrations, letters referring to parts of, 58. Implication of word or phrase, to be indi- cated by dash, 171. T^IANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 133 Importance, use of italics for, 58. "In-" (negative particle), compounds with, 205. Indentation. See Indention. ■ Indention: explained, 274; rules for, 274-76. Index figure, placing of, 236. Indexing: italiLizing of "5ee," "See also," in cross-references, 62; rules for, 240; treatment of prefixes and particles in proper nouns, 240. Indices for footnote references: how to number, 240; placing of, 236; sequence of, 232; what to use for, 232. Industrial organizations and institutions, capitalization of names of, 11. "Infra," compounds with, 209. Initials: of titles of publications, use of, 123; separation of, in different lines, to be avoided, 219. Institutions: capitalization of names of, 11; use of roman type for foreign, 59. "Inter," compounds with, 208. Interpolations, use of brackets for, 178. Interrogation point, use of, 129-30. "Intra," compounds with, 208. Ironical word or phrase: use of quotation marks for, 77; use of exclamation point for, 127. -ise and -ize, differentiation between, as terminations, 120. Italian titles of publications, use of capi- tals in, 42; words, division of, 231. Italics: defined, 254; how indicated, 254; need not be used in lengthy biblio- graphical lists, 60; rules for use of, 58-73- Italicizing: of address lines, 64; of astro- nomical names, 71; of letters designating unknown quantities, 67; of letters refer- ring to letters in illustrations, 68; of names of genera and species, 71; of initial word. Resolved. 72; of names of planets, constellations, and stars, and other astronomical symbols, 71; of symbols indicating subdivisions, 66; of svmbols for shillings and pence, 70; of titles or position after signatures, 65; of titles of books and other works, 60; of titles of legal causes and pro- ceedings, 63; of titles of newspapers, to include name of city where published, when, 60; of words "See" and "See also" in cross-references in indexing, 62; of words and phrases to which emphasis is to be given, 58; of words and phrases from foreign languages, 59; of words used in literary references, 61; of words representing continuation of article or chapter, 73. J, do not divide on, 223. Journals. See Periodicals. Judiciary bodies, capitalization of names of, 12. Juridical acts, laws, bills, capitalization of names of, 18. "Justification," defined, 264. "Kaiser, ".when capitalized, 21. Kern, defined, 256. Lanston. See Monotype. Last words, capitaHzation of, in titles of publications, 41. Latin: non-use of ligature (b and a? in, lis; titles of pubUcations, use of capi- tals in, 42; words, division of 231. Laws, juridical, capitalization of names of, 18. "Leaded," defined, 277. Leaders, definition and use of, 244. Leads: defined, 277. Lectures, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Legends, omission of period after, 125. Legislative bodies, capitalization of names of, 12. Letters: in text or legends referring to corresponding letter in accompanying illustrations (diagrams), 68; references to particular, to be set in italics, 69. "Lieutenant," combined with other title, 201. "Life," compounds of, 192. Ligature w and (e, use of, 115. "Like," adjectives ending in, 200. Linguistic periods: abbreviation of names for, 123; capitalization of, 14. Linotype machine (Mergen thaler) : de- scribed, 294; how to number footnotes in matter set on, 239; spacing on, 260; use of leaders in tables set on, 244. List: of hyphenated words, 214; of words of more than one spelling, no. Literary references: abbreviations in, 54, 107, no, 237; words representing divi- sions, when capitalized, 37; list of phrases and abbreviations used in, 61. 134 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Literary schools, capitalization of names of, 9. Loc. cit., use of, 233. Long primer, explained, 252. Lower-case: defined, 257; for English derivatives from scientific names, 46; rules for use of, 53-57. Machines, type-setting, different styles of, 293-94. Magazines. See Periodicals. "Maker," compounds of, 187. Make-up, defined, 290. "Manuscript," abbreviation for, 44, 123. Manuscripts, titles of: to be set in roman, 60; use of capitals in, 44. "Master," compounds of, 194. Mathematical signs, spacing of, 273. Measurement, units of, spelled with lower- case initial letter, 55. Measures, metric, how to designate, in. Medical terms, capitalization of, 46; use of italics in, to be avoided, 71. "Mc," "Mac," "M'," rule for treatment of, 240. Mergenthaler. See Linotype. Metric: symbols, how to treat, 123; spacing of, 269; system, designation of weights and measures in, in. Military titles, capitalization of, 21. "Mill," compounds of, 186. Minion, explained, 252. Miscellaneous terms, capitalization of, 33. Monastic orders, capitalization of names of, 10. Monetary symbols, spacing of, 270. Money, sums of, how to treat, 97. Monotype machine (Lanston), described, 293; spacing on, 259. Months, names of, when to be spelled out, 102. "Mother," compounds of, 190. Mottoes: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. "Mount," to be spelled out, 104. Movements, historical, capitalization of names of, 16. "Namely," use of colon in connection with, 132. Names: alphabetization of, 240; Christian, to be spelled out, 93; familiar, applied to particular persons, to be capitalized, 21; proper, capitalization of, i. Nature, personified, capitalization of, 26. Negative particles "un-," "in-," and "a-," compounds with, 205. Newspapers, titles of: the article not to be treated as part of, 43; capitalization of principal words in, 41 ; to be italicized, 60. New Testament books, list of abbrevia- tions for, 109. Nobility, capitalization of titles of, 21. "Non-," compounds with, 205. Nonpareil, explained, 252. "Nor," when comma is used before, 143 "Not," use of comma before, in anti- thetical clauses, 149. "Note" introducing note not a footnote, use of cap and small caps for, 51. "Nothing," not to be divided, 230. Nouns: capitalization of, in titles of pub- , lications, 41; combination of, standing i in objective relation to each other, 184; ending in a sibilant, formation of plural of, 165; followed by numeral, capitali- zation of, 37 (cf. no); proper, capi- | talization of, i (cf. 5, 53). Numbered political divisions, capitaliza- tion of names of, 7. Numbers: commencing a sentence, to be spelled out, 96; consecutive, treatment of, 159, 173; in connected groups to be treated alike, 94; in groups of six or more closely connected, to be set in figures, 94; of less than three digits, to be spelled out in ordinary reading-matter, 94; round, treatment of, 95; use of comma after digits indicating thousands, 159; use of comma to separate, 154; use of dash for "to" connecting, 173. Numerals: Arabic, at beginning of lines and in headlines, spacing of, 271; Roman, at beginning of lines and in headlines, spacing of, 271; omission of period after, 124. 1 "O'' and "Oh": capitalization of, 40; differentiation in use of, 117. "O'," rule for treatment of, in indexing, 240. Occupations, compounds denoting, 187. (P, rules for use of, 115. Officers: titles of, to be lower-cased, 21; of University of Chicago, to be capi- talized, 49. Offices, capitalization of names of, 12, 21. MANUAL OF ST\XE: INDEX ^35 Old Testament books, list of abbreviations for, 1 09. Omission: of comma after signatures, etc., 161 ; of figures in numbers or letters in middle of word, use of apostrophe for, 163; of period after headlines, etc., 125; after Roman numerals, 124; of 5, d, and th in dates, 102 ; of word or words, indicated by comma, 155; use of brack- ets for, 178; of ellipsis, 180. "One," "once," etc., form of indefinite article before, 114. Op. cil., use of, 233. Open tables: headlines for, 242; how to .set, 241; specimen of, 250. "Or," when comma is used before, 143. Orders (decorations), capitalization of names of, 21. Orders, monastic, capitalization of names of, 10. Ordinals: when capitalized, 13; when not, 45. Organizations, capitalization of names of, II. Outcry, use of exclamation point after, 127. "Over," compounds with, 207. Pages, etc., omission of comma with four digits, when, 159; symbol "p." to be used, when, 237; use of en-dash between consecutive, 158 (cf. 173). Page-proof, defined, 286. Paleontological terms: use of capitals in, 46; of italics, 71. Pamphlets, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Papers (addresses), titles of: capitaliza- tion of principal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Parables, biblical, capitalization of names of, 32. Paragraph mark: spacing of, 269; use of, for footnote index, 232. Paragraphs: explained, 284; first lines of , in quoted prose matter to begin with quotation marks, 89; indention of, 274; styles of, 276 (cf. 284). Parallel mark, use of, for footnote index, 232. "Parent," compounds of, 190. Parentheses: rules for use of, 176-77; use of, for parenthetical clauses, 177 (cf. ISO, 167); in connection with figures or letters indicating subsections, 176; within parentheses, use of brackets for, 178. Parenthesis: placing of period in connec- tion with, 126. Parenthetical clauses: use of commas in connection with, 150; of dashes, 167, 169; of parentheses, 177 (cf. 150, 167). Parks, capitalization of names of, 8. Participial clauses, use of comma in con- nection with, 148. Participle: omission or retention of final e in original word, when, 118; present, united with noun, or with preposition, 185. Particles, in French, Dutch, and German names, capitalization of, 3. Parties, political, capitalization of names of, 9. Parts (of books, etc.), titles of: capitali- zation of principal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. Pause, use of dash to indicate, 166. Pearl, explained, 252. Pence. See Shillings. Peoples, races, and tribes, capitalization of names or epithets of, 47. Per cent: to be expressed in figures, 94; not to be treated as an abbreviation, 123. Percentages: columns of, in tables, some- times in distinctive type, 241. Period: placing of, in connection with quotation marks, 126; rules for use of, 122-26; to be omitted after abbre- viations for linguistic epwchs, 123; after headlines, 125; after initials of titles of publications, 123; after MS ( = manu- script), 123; use of, after abbreviations, 123; at end of sentence, 122 (cf. 125); in classical references, 237, 239, note. Period leader, defined, 244. Periodicals, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; definite article not to be treated as part of, 43; to be italicized, 60. Periods, geological, historical, linguistic, and literary, capitalization of names of, 14- Personifications, capitalization of, 26. Philosophical schools, capitalization of names of, 9. Phrases: adjectival, use of comma in con- nection with, 152; conjunctional, etc., 145- Pica, explained, 252. 136 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Place of publication and publisher's name, use of colon between, 135. Place-names, foreign, how to treat, 59. Plain paragraph: defined and illustrated, 284; indention of, 274. Plate-proof, defined, 287. Plays, titles of: capitalization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Plurals; formation of, i6s; of abbreviations in literary references, how formed, no; of nouns, not divisible if singulars are not, 228; of numerals, formation of, 165. P.M. (post meridiem): spacing of, 52, 219; use of small caps for, 52. Poems: capitalization of first word of each line in English, 34; of first word of each paragraph in Greek and Latin, 34; of principal words in titles of, 41; titles of shorter, to be roman-quoted, 81 (cf. 60); titles of, when set in italics and when in roman, 60. Poetry: indention of, 275; quotations from, when to reduce, 85; when to run into the text, 85. Point system, explanation of, 251-52. Political : alliances, capitalization of names of, 16; divisions, 6-7; organizations, 1 1 ; parties, 9. "Pope," when capitalized, 21. "Port," to be spelled out, 104. Position, use of comma before "of" in connection with, 157. Possessive case, how formed, 113, 164. "Post," compounds with, 208. "Pre-," compounds with, 203. Preface, etc., quotation marks to be omit- ted with, 82. Prefix or sufiix not complete in itself, to be indicated by hyphen, 212. Prefixes "co-," "pre-," and "re-," how to treat, 203. Prepositions: formation of nouns of pres- ent participles in connection with, 185; to be lower-cased in titles, 41; use of comma in connection with clauses end- ing in different, 153. "President," when capitalized, 21, 49. Principal words: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; definition of, 41. Proceedings (of societies), titles of: capi- talization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Pronouns: capitalization of, in titles of publications, 41; referring to Deity, 24. Pronunciation, division according to (American system), 221. Proofreaders: hints to, pp. 11 7-19; marks of, p. 123. Proofs, description of, 285-89. Proper names: capitalization of, 1; how to form possessive of, 113; verbs and adjectives derived from, use of lower- case for, S3. Proper nouns: capitalization of, i, 5, 53; division of, to be avoided, 218. Prose: extracts, when to' reduce, 85; when to run into text, 85; indention of paragraphs in, 274. Publications: period to be omitted after initials used as abbreviations for, 123; titles of, capitalization of principal words in, 41; titles of subdivisions of, when to be roman-quoted, 82; use of italics for, 60; when to be spelled out, 105. Punctuation: of extracts from modem authors, 112; rules for, 121-214. Punctuation marks: omission of, in clas- sical references, 237; placing of, with reference to indices in text, 232; to be printed in same type as word or letter preceding them, 121. "Pyramid," explained and illustrated, 279. Quad, defined, 261. Quadrat. See Quad. "Quarter," compounds of, 196. 4to, 8vo, etc., not to be treated as abbre- viations, 123. "Quasi," compounds with, 206. Query, use of interrogation point for, 129. Question mark. See Interrogation point. Questions: direct, to be followed by inter- rogation point, 129; indirect, not to be followed by interrogation point, 129. Quotation marks: not to be used in con- nection with reduced citations, 87; exception to this rule, 75; placing of colon in connection with, 136; of comma, 162; of ellipsis, 181; of excla- mation point, 128; of interrogation point, 130; of period, 126; rules for use of, 74-91; to be omitted in references to Preface, Index, etc., 82; use of double and single, 91. Quotations, how to treat, 74-91; first word of, lower-cased when connected with previous sentence, 57. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 137 Races, tribes, and peoples, capitalization of names or epithets of, 47. "Railroad" and "Railway," to be spelled out, 104. "Re-," compounds with, 203. Reading-matter in columns of ruled tables, how to set, 245. Recto, defined, 283. Reductions: rules for, 85-87, 179; scale of, 86. Reference indices, what to use for, 232. References, legal, list of words and phrases used in, 61; literary: list of words to be abbreviated in, no (cf. 37, 54, 237); punctuation of, etc., 237, 239, note; use of dash in connection with, 174. "Reformer," when capitalized, 27. Regiments, capitalization of names of, 13. Regions or parts of the world, capitali- zation of names of, 5. Regular paragraph. See Plain paragraph. Religious: denominations, capitalization of names of, 9; organizations, ii. Residence, use of comma before "of" in connection with, 157. Resolutions: how to introduce para- graphs in, 39, SI, 72; word "Resolved" in, how to set, 72; word "Whereas," SI- "Resolved," in resolutions, to be set in italics, 72. Revise, defined, 289. Rhymed lines, in poetry, indention of, 275- Roman numerals: at beginning of lines, spacing of, 271; in headlines, spacing of, 271; omission of period after, 124. "Roman-quote," defined, 74, 253. Roman type, defined, 253. "Room," compounds of, 186. Round numbers, definition and treatment of, 95- Ruled tables: box-heads for, 242; how to set. 241; reading-matter in, 246; specimens of, 250. Rules: double, use of, in tables, 247; rules for use of, in tables, 243. "Run in," defined, 280. Running-heads: defined, 283; omission of period after, 125; hint for setting of, 283. Run-overs, avoidance of, 266. Sacred books, capitalization of names of, 29. "Saint": to be omitted in connection with names of apostles, church fathers, etc., 108; when abbreviated, 108. Salutatory phrase at beginning of letters, rules for setting, 50. Scandinavian titles of publications, use of capitals in, 42. Schools, philosophical, literary, and artis- tic, capitalization of names of, 9. Scientific terms, use of capitals in, 46; of italics in, 71 . Scripture passages: names of books of Bible to be abbreviated in, 109; punc- tuation of, 134, 139; spacing of, 272. "Section," introducing paragraphs and followed by a number, use of cap and small caps for, 51. Section mark: spacing of, 269; use of, for footnote inde.x, 232. Sects, religious, capitalization of names of, 9- See and See also italicized when, 62. "Self," compounds of, 198. "Semi," compounds with, 197. Semicolon: separating two or more dis- tinct clauses in enumerations, 36; illus- tration of use of, compared with that of comma, 137; placing of, in connection with quotation marks, 140; rules for use of, 137-40; use of, in enumerations, 138; to mark division of sentence, 137; to separate passages in Scripture refer- ences containing chapters, 139. Sequences: of footnote indices, 232; of subdivisional numberings, 176; of three or more links, use of comma before "and," "or," and "nor" in, 143. Serial titles: to be roman-quoted, 80. Series, use of comma before final "and," "or," and "nor" in, 143. Sermons, titles of, to be roman-quoted, 82. Shank, defined, 256. Shillings and pence, how to treat abbre- viations for, 70. Ships, names of, to be roman-quoted, 83. "Shop," compounds of, 186. "Short and": definition of, 107; when used, 104, 107. Short words: avoidance of divisions of, 216; spacing of, 268. Shoulder, defined, 256. 138 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Side-heads: defined, 280; omission of period after, 125; use of dash in con- nection with, 172; use of lower-case in, 56 (cf. 172). Signatures at end of letters or articles: omission of comma after, 161; of period, i2s; rules for setting of, 50, 65. "Sister," compounds of, 190. Sizes of type, in ordinary use, samples of, 252. "Skin," compounds of, 193. Slug, defined, 278. Small caps: defined, 257; how indicated, 257; use of, 52; in tabular work, 242, 249; in headings, 279. Small pica, explained, 252. Social organizations, capitalization of names of, 11. Soft c or g, do not divide on, 223. Solar system, capitalization of names of bodies in, in works on astronomy, 48. "Solid," defined, 277. Space, omitted between components of certain abbreviations, 22, 52, 103. Spaces: different sizes of, explained, 259, 261; specimen of lines spaced with different sizes of, 261. Spacing: in foundry type (and general) composition, 261-64; in linotype compo- sition, 260; in monotype composition, 259; its effect on etymological divisions, 221 ; of divisional signs, 269; of figure columns in tables, 245; of formu- lae, 273; of headlines, 271; of metric symbols, 269; of monetary symbols, 270; of numerals at beginning of para- graphs, 271; of reading-matter in ruled tables, 246; of rules in tables, 243; of Scripture passages, 272; of short words, 268; rules for, 258-73; standard, 262; what is considered good, 262; with different sizes of spaces, samples of, 261 . Spanish titles of publications, use of capi- tals in 42; words, division of, 231. Species, scientific names of: use of capi- tals in, 46; of italics, 46. Specimen tables, 250. Spelled out, words, phrases, and titles which are to be, 92-105. Spelling: list of words of more than one, 119; of ages, 99; of books of Bible, 109; of centuries, 100; of Christian names, 93; of "Company" and "Brothers" in names of firms, 107; of decades, loi; of Egyptian dynasties, 100; of extracts from modern authors, 112; from Old English, 112; of indefinite article before h, u, etc., 114; of metric symbols, iii; of names of months, 102 ; of names of pub- lications, 105; of names of regiments, 100; of numbers commencing a sentence, 96; of numbers of less than three digits, 94; of possessives of proper names ending in a sibilant, 113; of "Railroad" and "Railway," 104; of round numbers, 95; of "Saint," 108; of sessions of Congress, 100; of states and territories, 106; of sums of money, 97; of time of day, 98; of titles, 92; of "United States," 103; of words denoting subsections, in literary references, no; rules for, 92- 120. Squares, capitalization of names of, 8. "St.," indexing of names with, 240. Standard: of measurement in typog- raphy, 252; space used to separate words, 261. "State," when capitalized, 28, note. States and territories, names of: list of abbreviations for, 106; to be abbreviated when following those of towns, 106; names of groups of, 5. Statistics, treatment of numbers in, 94. "Store," compounds of, 188. Stub: definition of, 242; head for, 242. Styles of type, 253-57. "Sub," compounds with, 208. Subdivisions: in literary references, use of lower-case for, 54 (cf. no, 237); letters used to indicate, to be set in italics, 66; use of parentheses in con- nection with, 66; of publications, capi- talization of principal words in titles of, 41; titles of, to be roman-quoted, or capitalized without quotation marks, 82. Suffix or prefix, indicated by hyphen, 212. "Sultan," when capitalized, 21. Summarizing clauses, use of dashes in connection with, 170. "Super," compounds with, 208. Superior figures, use of, for reference indices, 232, 234. Superscriptions, omission of period after, 125- "Supra," compounds with, 209. Supreme Being, capitalization of names for, and pronouns referring to, 24. Syllabi, scheme of notation and inden- tion of subdivisions in, 1 76. MANUAL OF STYLE: INDEX 139 Syllables, hyphen used to indicate, 213. Symbols: chemical, treatment of, 123; metric, spacing of, 269; treatment of, III, 123; monetary, spacing of, 270; of measurement, abbre\'iation of, in. Tables: columns representing totals, per- centages, etc., frequently set oflF by dif- ferent type, 241; headlines of, how to set, 24q; of two columns, to be set as open, 248; of more than two, as ruled, 248; open, headlines for columns in, 242; open, how to set, 241; ruled, box-heads for, 242; ruled, how to set, 241; rules for setting of, 241-50; rules for use of rules in, 243, 247; specimen, 250. Tabular work, rules for, 241-50 {see Tables). Technical: terms, explanation of typo- graphical. 251-94; words or phrases, use of quotation marks for, 77. "The" not to be treated as part of title of newspapers or magazines, 43. Thick space, defined, 261. Thin space, defined, 261. Thin-spacing, where to avoid, 265. Thoroughfares: capitalization of names of, 8; numbers forming part of names of, to be spelled out, 100. Thousands, use of comma after digits indicating, 159. Three-em dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261. Three-em quad, defined, 261. Three-em space, defined, 261. Time: indications, how to punctuate, 134; of day, how to treat, 98. Titles: academic, to be abbreviated, 22; civil and military, capitalization of, 21; honorary, 21; in direct address, 21; of nobility, 21; not capitalized when spelled out, 22; preceding names, to be spelled out, 92; list of e.xceptions, 92; "vice," "ex-," "elect," "general," and "lieutenant," constituting parts of, how to treat, 201. Titles of legal causes and proceedings, italiiized, 63. Titles of publications: capitalization of principal words in, 41; use of capitals in: English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Scandinavian, German, Dan- ish, Dutch, 42; use of italics for, 60; of roman-quoted, 80, 81, 82; to be correctly quoted, 112; when to be spelled out, 105; of addresses, 82; of articles. 82: of books, 60; of chapters, 82; of cycles of poems, 60; of di- visions of books, etc., 82; of docu- ments. 60; of essays, 60; of lectures, 82; of newspapers, 60; of pamphlets, 60; of papers, 82; of periodicals, 60; of plays. 60; of poems, printed in sepa- rate volume, 60; of poems, short, 81 (cf. 60); of proceedings of societies, 60; of series, 80; of tracts, 52; of transactions of societies, 60; of treatises, 60. Toasts, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be roman-quoted, 82. "To be continued," at end of articles, how to set, 73, 179. "Today," "tonight," "tomorrow," hy- phen to be omitted with, 119, 204. Totals, columns of, in tables, -sometimes in distinctive type, 241. Town and state, names of, in date line, how to set, so. Tracts, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Transactions (of societies), titles of: capi- talization of principal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. Transition, use of dash to indicate, 166. Translation: of names of foreign institu- tions, II, 59; of foreign words or phrases, 78. Treaties, capitalization of names of, 18. Treatises, titles of: capitalization of prin- cipal words in, 41; to be italicized, 60. "Tri" compounds with, 197. Tribes, races, and peoples, capitalization of names and epithets of, 47. Trinity, Christian, capitalization of names of members of, 24. Two-column tables, to be set as open, 248. Two-em dash: defined, 261; illustrated, 261. Two-em quad, defined, 261. Two-letter syllables, avoidance of, in divisions, 216. Type: different parts of body of, ex- plained, 256; names for difierent sizes of, 252; styles of, 253-57. Typesetting machines, 293-94. Typographical terms, explanation of, 251-94- U, long, form of indefinite article before, 114. "Ultra," compounds with, 209. I40 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Umlaut, indexing of German names begin- ning with, 240. 'Un-" compounds with, 205. "Under," compounds with, 207. Unit, typographical, explained, 25:; on monotype machine, 2Sg. Units of measurement, abbreviations for, 1 1 1 ; spelled with lower-case initial let- ter, SS- ''United States": when to be spelled out, 103; when to be abbreviated, 103. University of Chicago: capitalization of special terms dealing with organization, administration, and curricula of, 4g; of titles of divisions, departments, offi- cers, and courses and units of study, in official work dealing with, 49. Unusual word or phrase, use of quotation marks for, 77. "Van," rule for treatment of, 3, 240. Verbs: capitalization of, in titles of pub- lications, 41; derived from proper names, how to treat, 53. Verse or page, letter affixed to number of, to denote fractional part: to be set in italic, 66; spacing of, 66. Versions of Bible: abbreviations for, 109; capitalization of, 30. Verso, defined, 283. Versus (v.), 59. "Vice," prefixed to titles, how to treat, 201. Vocative, "O," 117. "Vol.," "chap.," "p.," etc., in literary references: use of numerals with, 237; when omitted, 237. "Von," rule for treatment of, 3, 240. Vowel: divide on, whenever possible, 224; single, forming separate syllable in middle of word, to be put in first line in dividing, 224. Weights and measures, metric: how to designate, iii; spacing of, 269. "WTiereas," in resolutions, use of cap and small caps for, 51. Wide spacing, where to avoid, 265. Word or phrase: accompanied by its defi- nition, to be quoted, 76; to which attention is directed, use of quotation marks for, 79. Words: hyphenated, list of, 214; of more than one spelling, how to spell, 119. "Work," compounds of, 186. Works of art, titles of, to be roman-quoted, 84. "World," compounds of, 192. Zoological terms: use of capitals in, 46 of italics, 71. INDEX TO TYPES PAGE Advertising Figures 85 Antique Greek 45 Arabic 46 Black Gothic 81 Body Type: Modem 3-7 Old Style 8-15 Monotype i6-33 Bold-Face Italic 79 Bookman Old Style 40-43 Borders Ii6-i8 Bradley Text 91 Brass Circles 105 Caslon Old Style 34-37. 48-49 Caslon Old Style Italic 49 Century Expanded 72 Chaucer Text 89 Cheltenham Bold 61-63 Cheltenham Bold Condensed 60 Cheltenham Bold Italic 64-65 Cheltenham Condensed 60 Cheltenham Old Style 56 Cheltenham Old Style Italic 56-57 Cheltenham Wide 58-59 Clarendon 65 Condensed Old Style S2-S3 Condensed Title 87 Copperplate 81 Gushing Old Style 68-6g Delia Robbia .■ 66-67 De Vinne 74-77 De Vinne Condensed 78-79 Elzevir Italic 51 Engraver's Bold 71 Engraver's Old English 90 Ethiopic 46 Extended Old Style 53-54 French Old Style S4-SS Gothic Condensed 80 Greek: Antique 45 Inscription 45 Person 44 PAGE Hebrew 45 Initials 95-io4 Inscription Greek 45 Interchangeable Gothic 84 Ionic 65 Jenson Old Style Italic 79 Light-Face Gothic 80 Lining Gothic Condensed 82-83 Litho Roman 86 Miscellaneous Signs 47 Modem 3-7 Monarch 83 Monotype 16-33 Nestorian Syriac 46 Old Style Antique 79 Old Style 8-15 Old Style No. 8 5° Old Style Italic No. 8 Si Ornaments 106-1 5 Pontiac 70-71 Porson Greek 44 Post Old Style 73 Priory Text 92 Remington Typewriter 88 Remington Typewriter, New Model . . 88 Remjngton Typewriter, New Model Elite 88 Scotch Roman 38-39 Sloping Gothic 85 Syriac, Nestorian 46 Tiffany Script 93 Tiffany Shaded 94 Tiffany Upright 93-94 Title 87 Tudor Black 91 Wedding Text 89 Whittier 81 141 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE MODERN FIVE PODJT NO. SIXTY-SEVEN [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, tkey must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of con- trasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alex- ander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, [Leaded] with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to bo his s{)d7>o33&cdhhkns5tuz THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS \ MODERN j SEV-EN POINT NO. FIFTY-SEVEN i ', [Solid] ■ When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in tradi- tions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an > empire not unlike that of Rome ; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus. with his small army, against ■ the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early i [Leaded] death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regen- erate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Medi- terranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpect- edly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever-widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of Philip's Mace- donia? Any political thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a CENTURY MIGHT INDEED FEEL UNEASY AT THE RESULT, IF HE WERE NOT, LIKE MOST OF THE STOICS, AN OPTISUST 1234567890 or a fatalist. There was, no doubt, the manifest gain 1234567890 lEfOt? lEIOtJ fiei6ia aeioii lEtdtJ AEIOU deiou dewii A Q AiilOtr AElOU hhibh aeioii AeIoIT AEIoO M\dii deiou, a^n AEIOC AElOtr aeiOu aei6u AEloC AeIOC aetoU dewii din SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE MODERN EIGHT POINT NO. FIFTY-SEVEN [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Car- :hage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached )ne of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was 10 longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at vari- ince, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in j^overnment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by :he will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by ;he predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been leld forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, •eturning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have inticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for ;he conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome [Leaded] )f the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what vould have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius md armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And f the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his >arly death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard- ought years aspired to bo his sole successor, hoping to complete lis work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influ- snce of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Vlediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain or the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no ^ery wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it ind striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined rHAT IT SHOULD DROP ALMOST SUDDENLY, UNEX- 'ECTEDLY, BY THE FORCE, NOT OF GENIUS, BUT OF 1234567890 'ircumstanees, into the hands of a people loho 12 3 4567890 lEiou Aeiou AeiOu aiO aoU^o AgNco ^aoAq Leu aei(3u aeiou aeou aeiou aiou e S aeiod deioii aeioii aeiou aeiovi ageno delou d4i6u dbldii diioU aeiou dgh THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MODERN I NINE POINT NO. FIFTY-SEVEN [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of con- trasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influ- ence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of [Leaded] Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no diflB- cult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most OF THE EARLY DIADOCHI HAD EACH FOR MANY HARD-FODGHT TEARS ASPIRED TO BE HIS SOLE 1234567890 successor, hoping to complete his work 1234567890 AEIOIJ AMOt AEIot IMOtS AElOtl AEIOt IgN AEIOU AEfOD Xklbt AfeioO IeIOO AEIOU IgHHKNT aeiou a6i6u aei5u. aeiou aeioii aeioii aghhknt AEIOU A^idU AEldil AEIOCf AElOty AEidtf AgN aeiou d4i6ii a^lbii aeiou aeioii aeioii a{-ri CHHIKSSSTZZaaccdgiinoooosssuuuuyyzz H H S T a e e h h i I f s s t u z B b d l> pjj 053 SPFXIMEXS OF TYPES IN USE MODERN ELEVEN POINT NO. SIXTY-Fn^E [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in govern- ment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed [Leaded] by the will of one people, by the influence of one sys- tem of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as ver.y near, an empire NOT UNLIKE THAT OF ROME; FOR THE CON- QUEST OF THE West would have been 12 34567890 no difficult matter to Alexander, with 12345 67 890 AEIOU AEIOU AEIOtJ AEIOt AElOU AEIOtJ AEiou Aeiou Aeiou aeioC AEIOU AEIOU Aqhhknsst aeiou dei6ii &,^i6u aeioti aeioti a^iou aghhknsst AEIOU AEIOU Aeiou AEiou AeiOu AeiOu cie'iou d6i6il adloii aeiou deidil deioii d g n a^b)bcddee^^^iiiltmoof)pp(j qg^^(jr0tj?uuzzz ACEggK^SST ACHHNSt hhisstm D 8 E> p 5 5 3*^ ^P dqddee^itfidgp f^0f it it u 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS OLD STYLE FIVE POINT NO. EIGHTY-THREE {Solid] When thoughtful G-eekslike Polybiussaw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have f-lt that they l.ad reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by re^ison of con- trasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. \\'hen Alexan- der was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlilce that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, [Leaded] show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against thi younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for mmy hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain fortlie long- sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imag nation. But while those that had CONCEIVED IT AND STRIVEN FOR IT CONSCIOUSLY HAD FAILED, WHO COULD HAVE IMAGINED THAT IT SHOULD DROP ALMOST SUDDENLY, 1234567890 unexpectedly, by the force, not 0/ genius, but 0/ circumstances, into i234S6y8go SIX POINT NO. EIGHT \Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome ; for the conquest {Leaded] of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hin- dered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A WORLD-EMPIRE, INCLUDING THE LANDS AND NATIONS ABOUT THE Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and 1234567890 the torrid South as its natu ral limits^ exchanging the virgin I2^4sb78()0 Q £ £ K Aoi) E E aioii aeiou aeioil aeiou g fi O f" aeioil Ae'ioii cieie e aeiou f SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE OLD STYLE EIGHT POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against [Leaded] the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regen- erate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Medi- terranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unex- pectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by SUCH NATIONAL QUALITIES AS HAD GAINED FOR SPARTA PRECEDENCE AND RESPECT, COUPLED WITH AGGRES- I23456789O stve wars under the guise of securing ever-widening 1 2 j 43 by 8 g o AEiiOU AEIOU AfetJ AE AEIOU a g N S AEioiJ AEioO Aeu AE AEIOU AcN aeioii aeiod aeiou A^iod aeloii k<^r\. aaceeo kmsy PP^ AIO AEldu AkU & AElOU ACNS da oil deioil delbu aiii dcwii dftis lo THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS OLD STYLE NINE POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in gov- ernment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome [Leaded] of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard- fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A WORLD-EMPIRE, INCLUDING ALL THE LANDS AND NATIONS ABOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN I23456789O Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the i 2 j 4. ^ 6 y 8 go AEiou AEiotj AEiou Ae:u Acenos aei'ou aeiou deioii aeiou aelou ^agno IjhkniesSty AEIOiJ EIOO Ae6iJ AE6 A^N D'5fiJ> Aioi) AEitj AEiou AAgkNu d'et'6 dcioil den deidi'i aeidii ii(^nd SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE ii OLD STYLE TEN POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's his- tory. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a [Leaded] young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difificult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hin- A WORLD-EMPIRE, INCLUDING ALL THE LANDS AND NATIONS ABOUT THE MeDITERRA- I 23456789O »ean Sea, reaching to the frozen North i 234^67 8go AEiOU AiOU E EU AEIOU gN§ AEioiJ aeiou eioIj eu AEiou A(;n aeioii aeioii aeiou aeioii aelou aagiihmrss); AEIOU AEld& AEWU JE/d& AElOU A^ENS deiou deiou aei'ou deibic deiou a at (cigiinnoensuyyh) p 12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS OLD STYLE ELEVEN POINT NO. EIGHT * [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a com- mon language. [Leaded] It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difificult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, AGAINST THE ADULT ROME OF THE THIRD CENTURY, FRESH FROM HER SaMNITE I23456789O conquests, show what would have been i2j4^6y8go AEiou AeioO Aeij e Aeiou a g n s AEiou Aeiou Aeiou aeioli aeIoO a^n aeI5u aeiou aeiou aeiou aeioii aiio hkipsy aau ag AEIOU A AktJ A^IOiy AEIOU A QN- delou aeiou deu deioil de'idii d a n ^ o SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 13 OLD STYLE TWELVE POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in govern- ment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. [Leaded] It was not the first time that this grand pros- pect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West WOULD HAVE BEEN NO DIFFICULT MATTER TO ALEXANDER, I 23456789O wi'^/i all the resources of i2j4^6'j8po AEioij Aeiou eu e a g n AEioiJ AEiou Eu E ACN aeiou aeiou aeu aeioii ^yn AEIOU A^IOU AEU E g N aeioii aeiou aeu deioil gn 14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS OLD STYLE FOURTEEN POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks Hke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be [Leaded] directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the pre- dominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. WHEN ALEXANDER WAS YET A YOUNG MAN RETURN- I23456789O ing from his conquests i2j456j8go AEiou Aeiou Aeu e a n AEIOU AEIOU AEU E A C N AAAAA \is /^/// Aj»v~ o lou aeiou aeu aeiou aon a g O A it doit aeii dii a q n SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 15 OLD STYLE EIGHTEEN POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Poly- bius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning- points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the [Leaded] civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of con- trasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law. IT WAS NOT THE FIRST TIME THAT THIS I 23456789O grajid prospect i2j^^6y8(po Aeou Aeou feu e a n 1 6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE SIX POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the turning-points in the world's his- tory. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. ThesuccessesofPyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. [Leaded] A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, e.xchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of secur- ing ever-widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of Philip's Mace- donia? Any political thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a century might indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like most of the Stoics, an optimist or a fatalist. There was, no doubt, the mamfest gain of a great peace throughout the world, of the real settlement of disputes by the arbitration of an umpire with power to enforce his will; there was the consequent development of wide commerce with its diffusion, not only of wealth, but of enlightenment. These material gains were indis- putable, even though a dangerous monopoly was being established, not merely through the enormous advantages inseparable from Roman influence, but by the jealous de- struction of all those commercial centers which might have rivaled Rome by reason of favored situation or old traditions of trade. But far more serious was the patent fact, that neither the Roman people nor their HENCE IT RESULTED TH.\T THE COMMON PEOPLE DEGENERATED RAPIDLY INTO A VULGAR MOB, PURSUING SOLELY ITS MATERIAL 1234567800 pleasures, and the dominant classes, when vast Opportunities of wealth 1234567890 AEIOtJ AfctoU AEIOir AEIOtJ AEIOU SeiSO Q N f aeiou aeiou aeioti aeiou aelou aeioii 5 n c n iieidii deioU deioti dHou aeioii iiidU f n SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 17 MONOTYPE SEVEN POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the pre- dominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his con- quests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the reahzation of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many [Leaded] hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediter- ranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had con- ceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever-widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of Philip's Macedonia ? Any political thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a century might indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like most of the Stoics, AN OPTIMIST OR A FATALIST. THERE WAS, NO DOUBT, THE MANIFEST GAIN OF A GREAT PEACE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, 1234567800 of the real settlement of disputes by the arbitration of an umpire 1234567800 aeloii aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou f n 6 aei'du deldH deidii aeiou delou deidii Q n a i8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE EIGHT POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] WTien thoughtful Greeks Hke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the d\dUzed nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of .law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unUke that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard- fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. [Leaded] A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the xirgin ores of Spain for the long- sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the ANY POLITICAL THINKER WHO WITNESSED THIS MIGHTY OUTCOME OF HALF A CENTURY MIGHT I23456789O indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like m 1234^6^890 AEIOtJ A A A A A AEIOU V V V V V AEIOU AEIOU AEiotj AEIOU f N C aeioii aeiou ieiou aei6u aeiou aeiou C n aeidii de'wiX dcidii de'idtl deiou delou Q ii TDK HHH SSST ddhhh HS dhst ksttss dhms SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 19 MONOTYPE NINE POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Cornith, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. [Leaded] The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the DROP al:\iost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the FORCE, NOT OF GENIUS, BUT OF CIRCUMSTANCES, I23456789O into the hatids of a people who attained it, not byi2j4j6y8go AEIOtJ AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU ? N ^ aeiou aeioii aeiou aeiou aelou aeiou g h deioii deioH aeidii deidii aelou d^ioii Q n Q A HST dst HST dhsti 20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE TEN POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks Hke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's his- tory. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the Will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. [Leaded] It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no diffi- cult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most A WORLD-EMPIRE, INCLUDING ALL THE LANDS AND NATIONS ABOUT THE MeDITER- 1234567890 ranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North i2j4j6y8go AEIOtJ AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU f 5 N aeioii aeiou aeioii aeiou aelou aeiou 5: a n 6 deioii deioH aHoii aeiou aeiou aeidiiQ^dnd D HH SST K d hhh k si t SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 21 MONOTYPE ELEVEN POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks Hke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. [Leaded] It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander ASPIRED TO BE HIS SOLE SUCCESSOR, HOPING TO COMPLETE HIS WORK AND REGEN- I23456789O erate the distracted world by the potent i2j4j6y8go AiJioiJ AEioU AEIOU AEIOtJ AEIOU AEIOU fN ^HST A aeiou aeiou aeioii aeiou aelou aeiou g h dhst deidii dcioil deidu aeiou deidil deioii c, n (^ HST A dhst 22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE TWELVE POINT NO. THIRTY-ONE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning- points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in tradi- tions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. [Leaded] It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with YOUNGER AND FEEBLER REPUBLIC. AND IF THE REALIZATION OF THE I23456789O conqueror's dreams was hin- i2j4j6y8QO AEiiOtJ AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU AEIOU f N f aeiou aeiou aeioii aeioii aelou aeiou 5 n f f dewii deioit aeibii aeiou aeiou aeioii dknhhhsst SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 23 MONOTYPE SIX POINT NO. FIVE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning- points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civiUzed nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under liis hand. The successes of PjTrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. [Leaded] A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Medi- terranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever-widening frontiers, such as those wliich mark the rapid strides of Philip's Macedonia? Any poUtical thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a century might indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like most of the Stoics, an optimist or a fatalist. There was, no doubt, the manifest gain of a great peace throughout the world, of the real settlement of disputes by the arbitration of an umpire with power to enforce his will; there was the consequent development of wide commerce, with its diffu.sion, not only of wealth, but of enUghtenment. These material gains were indisputable, even though a dangerous monopoly was being established, NOT MERELY THROUGH ENORMOUS ADVANTAGES INSEPARA- BLE FROM Roman influence, but by the jealous 1234567890 destruction of all those commercial centers which 1234567890 aeioU aeiofl aeiod aeiou aeioQ aeioil c an u a Heidii ditou deidii deldii aeiou AiioH q a h o 24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE SEVEN POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard- fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his [Leaded] work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long- sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever- widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of Philip's Macedonia ? OF THE STOICS, AN OPTIMIST OR A FATALIST. THERE WAS, NO DOUBT, THE MANIFEST GAIN OF A GREAT 1234567890 peace throughout the world, of the real settlement of 123456 7 890 aelou aeiou aeioft ^^lou delou aeioii c a n 5 aeiou deidu deioO, heidii deiou aeidii g a n d SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 25 MONOTYPE EIGHT POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in govern- ment, in language, in tradition, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the pre- dominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, return- ing from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with liis giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the [Leaded] conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it IT, NOT BY THE DIRECTION OF AN ALEXANDER, BUT BY SUCH NATIONAL QUALITIES AS HAD GAINED 1234567890 for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with 1234567890 aeioii aeiou aeiou deiou aelou 5 a n 6 deloii deioil delou aeiou delou g a h a e i o u r a e 6 e I E H K S H S d h k s t s h o a §, QeioudeidUegeeqeclhkstshdody 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE NINE POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks Uke Polybius saw the fall of Car- thage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in tradition, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia [Leaded] imder his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his whole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the OF AN ALEXANDER, BUT BY SUCH NATIONAL QUAL- ITIES AS HAD GAINED FOR SPARTA PRECE- 1234567890 dence and respect, coupled with aggressive 1 234567890 aeioii aeioA S-eiou deiou aelou aeiOti 5 a ii o 8, aeioiJL deiou deidii deiou deioU deiou g an SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE I MONOTYPE ELEVEN POINT NO. EIGHT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks Hke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in govern- ment, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far [Leaded] East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the con- QUEROR'S DREAMS WAS HINDERED BY HIS EARLY DEATH, MOST OF THE EARLY 1234567890 Diadochi had each for many hard- 1 234567890 AAAAA \\V\\ ^ f f f f aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou a o a g n aeioii aeiou aeiou aeiou deWu aeioU ^ z a dno 28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE SIX POINT GUSHING NO. TWENTY-FIVE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no diflScult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Sam- nite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of [Leaded] the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, ex- changing the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever-widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of Philip's Macedonia? Any political thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a century might indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like most of the Stoics, an optimist or a fatalist. There was, no doubt, the manifest gain of a great peace throughout the world, of the real settlement of disputes by the arbitration of an umpire with power to enforce his will; there was the consequent development of wide commerce with its diffusion, not only of wealth, but of enlightenment. These material gains were indisputable, even though a dangerous monopoly was being established, not merely through the enormous advantages inseparable from Roman influence, but by the jealous destruction of all those commercial centers which might have rivaled Rome by reason of favored situation or old traditions of trade. BUT FAR MORE SERIOUS WAS THE PATENT FACT, THAT NEI 1234567890 ae'ioii aeioii aeiou aeioii aeioii f SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 29 MONOTYPE SEVEN POINT GUSHING NO. TWENTY-FIVE [Solid] • When thoughtful Greeks Mke Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civiUzed nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men -must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the reaUzation of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early [Leaded] death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regen- erate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the lands and nations about the Medi- terranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagined that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, but of circumstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the direction of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta precedence and respect, coupled with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever- widening frontiers, such as those which mark the rapid strides of PhiUp's Macedonia? Any political thinker who witnessed this mighty outcome of half a century might indeed feel uneasy at the result, if he were not, like most of the Stoics, an optimist or a fatalist. There was, no doubt, the manifest gain of a great peace throughout the world, of the real settlement of disputes by the arbitration of an umpire with power 1234567890 TO ENFORCE HIS WILL; THERE WAS THE CONSEQUENT DE- aeibii aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou 32 THE TJNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS MONOTYPE TEN POINT GUSHING NO. TWENTY-FIVE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of con- trasts in population, in government, in language, in tradi- tions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no diflficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small [Leaded] army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and arma- ments, against the younger and feebler republic. And if the realization of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by his early death, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fought years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent influence of Hellenistic culture. A world-empire, including all the 1234567890 LANDS AND NATIONS ABOUT THE MEDITER- aeioii aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou 5 SPECIIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 33 MONOTYPE ELEVEN POINT GUSHING NO. TWENTY-FIVE [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at vari- ance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in tradi- tions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predom- inance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. When Alexander was [Leaded] yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alexander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler repubUc. And if the realization of the con- queror's dreams was hindered by 1234567890 ALL THE LAND AND NATIONS ABOUT THE ^ ^^^ > V VV^ V aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou aeiou 34 THE l'XI\"ERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CASLON OLD STYLE EIGHT POrST [SoiiJ] When thoughrfy Greeks like Poljhius saw the fell of Caidnge and of Corinth, they nnust have felt that they had reached one of the great ruming-pomts in the world's history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, distracted by reason of contrasts in popula- tion, in government, ia language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the predominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the worid. When Alexander was yet a young man, returning from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the tturd centun-, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show what would have been the successes of Alex- ander, with his giant genius and armaments, against the younger and feebler repub- [Le*' the realisation of the conqueror's dreams was hindered by hb earij desth, most of the early Diadochi had each for many hard-fboght years aspired to be his sole successor, hoping to complete his work and regenerate the distracted world by the potent iofliience of Hellenisnc c-ulture A -world-empire, btchi&ig all the lands and natjoos about the Mediterranean Sea, reaching to the frozen North and the torrid South as its natural limits, exchanging the virgin ores of Spain for the long-sought spices of Araby the Blest, was therefore no very wild imagination. But while those that had conceived it and striven for it consciously had failed, who could have imagineid that it should drop almost suddenly, unexpectedly, by the force, not of genius, bat of drcomstances, into the hands of a people who attained it, not by the dii cttio n of an Alexander, but by such national qualities as had gained for Sparta |wecedeoce and respect, coupied with aggressive wars under the guise of securing ever-wi// r y We 2f 1234567890 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 43 BOOKMAN OLD STYLE TWELVE POINT [Solid] When thoughtful Greeks like Polybius saw the fall of Carthage and of Corinth, they must have felt that they had reached one of the great turning-points in the world s history. There was no longer any doubt that all the civilized nations hitherto at variance, or at war, dis- tracted by reason of contrasts in population, in government, in language, in traditions, would now be directed by the will of one people, by the influence of one system of law, by the pre- dominance of a common language. It was not the first time that this grand prospect had been held forth to the world. [Leaded] When Alexander was yet a young man, return- ing from his conquests in the Far East, men must have anticipated, as very near, an empire not unlike that of Rome; for the conquest of the West would have been no difficult matter to Alexander, with all the resources of Asia under his hand. The successes of Pyrrhus, with his small army, against the adult Rome of the third century, fresh from her Samnite conquests, show AGAINST THE YOUNGER AND FEEB cA cM Rj) r- y^ We if 1234567890 44 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS PORSON GREEK SIX POINT Ta6e 6e /xoi Trdi'Tws, i(j)ri, Kpoio-e, Xi^ov TTiis aTTO^e^ijice Ta €/c Toii €1/ AeAc^oi? XP"?" (TTT/pt'ou ■ (TOt 7ap 6tj Ae'yfTat Traru -ye T€0eparreO(7^at 6 'AttoAAoji' Kat ere Trai'Ta txeti'tu jreifld/aei'Oi' TrpaTTCLV. 'E^ovKo/jiriv av. Si KOpe, oiircos exf' ' ''"^ ^^ navTa TavavTia evdvi ef apx^s npaTTuiv npoicras, epioTav Tov Sebi' ei Tt eSed- /u.rji', aTrerreipco^arji' aiiToO ei SOvaiTO dATjAtueir. EIGHT POINT TciSe 5^ /xot ttciz'tws, (cprj, Kpo?(re, X^|oj' TriDs d7ro/3^/37j/ce rd ^/c toO ei* Ae\(/>ors xP''l<^''"']P^°'J ' <''<'^ 7^P 5'? Xeyerai irdi'v ye Tedeparrevcrdai 6 A7r6X\wj' Kal (re wavra iKeivtfi ireidofievov irpaTTeLv. ' 'K^ov\6p.-qv Slv, (3 KOpe, oOtws exe'" • wf 5^ iravra ravavrla evdus i^ apXV^ vpaTTWv irpoa-qv^x^V '''V 'A7r6\Xwft. IIcDj 5^; €0i; 6 KCpos- Si'Sao-zce- Trd;/!; yap irapddo^a X^7£is. TEN POINT TaSe 8e' )U,ot Tra^Tcos, €(^17, Kpolcrc, Xe^ov ttws aTTofSefiijKe to. ck ToS ev A€Xti, Kpoio-£, \€|ov irws diropcPiiKe to, Ik tov €v A€X<|)ots xPT'"''T|pio^ ■ ''■O'' "ydp 5ti Xe-yerai irdvu yi TeGepa-rreiJcrGai 6 'AttoWiov Kai o-« irdvTa CKeivo) ireiSoixevov irpdrreiv. EPovXoji-qv dv, u Kvp£, ovTws e'xtiv vvv Se irdvra rdvavTia evGvs «! dpx^ls irpdrruv irpoo-- i1V€'x9t]v tu 'AiroXXwvi. IIus 5e; i^\] 6 Kvpos • 8CSacrK€- irdvv -ydp ele\t:n point Td5€ 5€ |ioi -n-dvTtos, €Ti, Kpoto-e, Xi^ov ttws diropepTiKC xd €K TOV ev A€\(j)OLS xP'n^'^^P^°^ ■ °'°'' V^^P ^^ Xe-yexaL udvu ^e TcGepairevcrOai 6 ' AttoWwv Kai ae Trdvra ckcivco Trei0d|x€vov TrpdTT€LV. 'Epo\)\6p.T|v dv, w Kvp€, outws INSCRIPTION GREEK TEN POINT PH^ANTA^Yip^PA4>YAAEA0TA TTANp,Ai<^'^YPA4>YAAINTA TAMie¥^ANTAAEKATT^TEY5ANTApX QPAMMATEY:§ANTAKAITHC4>IA0^EBA^T0Y HEBREW SIX POINT rhn'3 nc^^^ n"QDn nr-tb tbs^nii)^ !|bi3 iD7"15 ^'?"'=TP ■'^^^. nnb :D^-nr^^ •jETiJTa'i p-!2r b^irn nc^-a nnpb :nrn ^nT25{ :iii:i npb coin ddh y^iiJi : nnrai nr -i nyrb monr D-'.i^nsb NINE POINT 'ycrc^ n^J^M mnb ; bao-j^^ "nV^ -iiTp nb'b'i ^b^p AT -JT : T ~J~T !•■ T : • I V V A* T 1 V -J . I ^ x:Bti:^ pri bsisn ^ctj nnpb :nrn ^t^^^ rhnb 46 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS NESTORIAN SYRIAC NINE POINT •• V ) ^n?iLs .lli_,^_li. l-iJi^ lli^ i^t-^s >i-i.^^-»s Tjr*^^ U=^o • Paw P7 -* • V V \ MIX ^•^J ..I.^ ARABIC NINE POINT ksiir ^y ^j^ ^^^ J^; >^ ^' J*^* ^^S ^"^^^ Juix ^i JotiJi LxU sJU-cio aolij J).i iVo Lif. x-VV*^ ETHIOPIC NINE POINT U7-C : fflnX-rft : a^if-lS : a)-J^<: : '^'i^C : A:»'y"i9'ft : a> 1- : rt'^i't : n^A : ?i7H.;i-nrffcC : -na^^l : XA : ??i^J. : n^V ntnn ; noJ^v^ ! X7aA-{lrfi,C : XflffD : h.RCbh : hCfltA : -iVt^ : in>^1fc : ^Ai^ : HAfltC^i? : 0^;) : A-(lX : XIH : X7a;i«nrh, SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 47 MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS SIX POINT EIGHT POINT = + -\ j-x±:::-H-±.,•.■; ;•-,;•;! YXBBXtXM VOOn ^/2 n mMfMn/Jtt/ fj/r^eA:Ji tiKe ^o/u/oital>tJiu orce^A like, Uaiun 5678 TWENTY-FOtJR POINT NO. TWO CO ben tkauaWJul ^raaK^, -tiKc JC 9012 THIRTY POINT (JUbcfi tkaaalitliti o^eelcA i 3-^56 TIFFANY SHADED FOURTEEN POINT lOAen tHaujRt/uf QxccL fiL £PofygmA Aa^ tL fatC ef 12345 EIGHTEEN POINT iVken tnauijMiul o'igcIsA like U^^UuAu.^ A 67890 TWENTY-FOUR POINT NO. ONE XdLn tLjuMLi Qt^eL iiL ffAA 67890 TWENTY-FOUR POINT NO. TWO t9L»u kiaiiMiJ Q^^is tiL £F 12345 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 95 INITIALS PORTY-EIGHT POINT BURFORD ctr ~>_ '■«■;■ ~c- r"^c*c_"^^ ■■'155? iF nTZ:? ZS TrE I *--- 98 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS INITIALS FORTY-EIGHT POINT DELLA ROBBIA ^ ^ ^AJJ /W''"w^S\ 1 I ^/T ? V^r^ F- // wm 1 i ^lA/ayira J i SEVENTY-TWO POINT DELLA ROBBIA SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 99 INITIALS SEVENTY-TWO POINT DELLA ROBBIA [ 2^ te >^^ '^^ «9 ^* 1 1 lOO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS INITIALS SEVENTY-TWO POINT DELLA ROBBIA SIXTY POINT ROYCROFT SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE lOI INITIALS SIXTY POINT ROYCROFT I02 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ^c: i^ S m M^ B INITIALS THIRTY POINT JENSON ^^C^T"^ m m SHB MISCELLANEOUS SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 103 INITIALS MISCELLANEOUS I04 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS INITIALS MISCELLANEOUS 15 12 m 14 13 17 19 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 105 BRASS CIRCLES io6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ORNAMENTS SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 107 ORNAMENTS 28 io8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ORNAMENTS I SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 109 ORNAMENTS no THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ORNAMENTS !^^ 54 ^ks ^^W^ 56 67 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE III ORNAMENTS * 1? 'g? ■% # K §1^ K* -J 68 69 70 71 POST 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 POST JENSON ^^^ 84 85 Je ff^^^f-""" 89 90 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105 a ® H a D ■ D 3 110 111 112 113 ^H lis adi I 106 107 108 109 no 111 112 113 124 123 122 121 120 BHHBs 129 128 127 126 125 112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ORNAMENTS 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 i^-*i T^^'^Z wtr^^M 137 138 139 140 UW' Wl 141 if: 142 143 144 145 SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 113 ORNAMENTS 152 155 156 157 114 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS ORNAMENTS SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 115 ORNAMENTS H ^H& ^... S»/ If^ ^ ^ i 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 176 173 174 175 177 5: 178 160 179 180 Ii6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS BORDERS SIX POINT NO. ONE NO. TWO NO. THREE NO. FOUR NO. FIVE NO. FIVE A NO. FIVE B EIGHT POINT NO. SIX •*•*******•••••*••••••••••••*•• TEN POINT NO. SEVEN TWELVE POINT NO. EIGHT ^S^Hg^i^gs^J ^'^^gS^^^^gs^Jl^ss^J^E^^g^ssg^ba NO. TEN NO. ELEVEN SPECIMENS OF TYPES IN USE 117 BORDERS TWELVE PODTT NO. TWELVE mmmtsstmimimmmimmfmm NO. THIRTEEN NO. FOXJRTEEN .«♦». .'¥. .♦. .'¥m .'♦'. .'♦'. ."¥, .*>*. ."t*. ."t*. .*>*. .'t*. »'t'. .'i*. .'t'. »♦. ."t*. ."t*. .'t*. .'♦'. ."i*. i^j 1^1 1^1 1^1 i^J 141.J i^J i^' '4,1 >^i »4,« 14.1 i^J «^i 14.1 14.1 «4.i 1^1 14,1 14.1 14,1 NO. FIFTEEN NO. SIXTEEN NO. SEVENTEEN TWENTY-FOUR POINT NO. EIGHTEEN NO. NINETEEN NO. TWENTY ii8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS BORDERS THIRTY POINT NO. TWENTY-ONE ******** K THIRTY-SIX POINT NO. TWENTY-TWO NO. TWENTY-THREE NO. TWENTY-FOUR NO. TWENTY-FOUR A FORTY-EIGHT POINT NO. TWENTY-FIVE n- RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY BIdg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS £ 2-month loans may be renewed by calling ^u f4^ 642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW JAN 15 1992 LQ OOO/^ f^oij-