ANADA'S AR EFFORT 914 - 1918 ISSUED BY THE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INFORMATION OTTAWA I. de LABROQUKRIE TAGHE, PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY ms CANADA'S WAR EFFORT 1914-1918 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Foreword. 1. Military Effort * . . r 5 2. The Naval Service 8 3. Finance 9 4. Munitions 13 5. Shipbuilding 16 6. War Trade 17 7. Food Control 18 8. Fuel Control 21 9. Transportation 22 10. Voluntary War Organizations 23 11. Women's Work 24 v 12. National Registration 25 13. War Liquor Regulations 25 14. Rehabilitation of Returned Soldiers 26 15. War Records 29 16. The Khaki University 30 Chart showing the Organization of the Canadian Government and its Development during the War 32 FOREWORD. This pamphlet contains a brief account of the National effort which Canada has put forth since the commencement of the War. The review is of necessity incomplete, partly because of its brevity, but chiefly because it is impossible to chronicle the acts of patriotic devotion which have been performed by count- less private citizens throughout the country. This record is intended to mark the beginning of the fifth year of the War. It should be remembered that the first four years may well be the prelude of a greater effort still to come. Our accomplishments must be regarded, in the main, as a stimulus to further action while the need lasts. 44634 1* 1. MILITARY EFFORT. The total number of enlistments in the Canadian Expeditionary Enlistments. Force from the beginning of the War to 30th June, 1918, including those under the Military Service Act, was 552,601. This number was diminished by wastage in Canada before sailing, for example by the elimination of many enlisted men who were found to be unfit on a second and more searching medical examination. The number who had actually gone overseas on 30th June, 1918, was 383,523. There were in Canada on that date C.E.F. troops to the number of 61,143; in addition to these, there were 5,900 embarked but not yet sailed from Canada. The movement overseas by years has been as follows : Before 31st December, 1914 30,999 Calendar year 1915 84,334 1916 165,553 1917 63,536 1st January to 30th June, 1918 39,101 Of the troops who had gone overseas, 26,537 were recruited by the Military Service Act. The total casualties sustained by the Canadian Expeditionary casualties. Force up to 30th June, 1918, were 159,084. The details are: Killed in action 27 , 040 Died of wounds 9 , 280 Wounded 113,007 Died of disease 2 , 257 Prisoners of war 2 , 774 Presumed dead 4,342 Missing 384 159,084 Of the wounded and sick between 30,000 and 40,000 returned to France for further service. About 50,000 have been returned to Canada, wounded, medically unfit, or unavailable for various reasons. By periods the casualties were (in approximate figures) : From the beginning to 31st December, 1915 14,500 Calendar year 1916 56,500 " " 1917 74,500 1st January to 30th June, 1918 14,000 The following are the honours won in the field by members of the Honours. Canadian Expeditionary Force: Victoria Cross 30 Distinguished Service Order 432 Bar to Distinguished Service Order 18 Military Cross , . . 1,467 Bar to Military Cross 61 Distinguished Conduct Medal 939 Military Medal 6 , 549 1st Bar to Military Medal 227 2nd Bar to Military Medal 6 Meritorious Service Medal 1 19 Mentioned in Despatches 2 , 573 Royal Red Cross 130 6 Growth of In the early months of 1914 Canada for practical purposes had no army. There was a Permanent Force of about 3,000 men, with no reserve; its purpose was partly to provide garrisons for our few fortresses and partly to train the Militia. The latter was a lightly trained force rather well organized for a defensive war on its own soil. The number trained in 1913 was about 60,000. In the late summer and early Autumn of 1914 an infantry Division' was raised and sent across the Atlantic. It was followed at once by a second Division, which appeared in France in September 1915; the third Division was formed in January and February 1916; the fourth joined the Army in August 1916, and numerous Corps Troops and Line of Communication units were added, so that by the late summer of 1916 the Canadian Army Corps had reached its full development with four Divisions. A Cavalry Brigade appeared in France in 1915. Since then Canadian effort has been directed towards keeping the existing formations up to establishment. The policy of the Dominion in general has been to maintain a compara- tively small number of Divisions, but always to keep these at their full strength, in order that the troops might have the encouragement of full ranks. The present military organization of Canada falls into three main divisions: The First, or Fighting Echelon, in France. The Second, or Training and Organizing Echelon, in England. The Third, or Recruiting and Preliminary Training Echelon, in Canada. The troops in Canada are under the control of the Minister of Militia and Defence; those in England and France are under the Minister of Overseas Military Forces whose headquarters are in London. The First Echelon, in France, comprises, First Echebn. ( a ) Fighting formations proper, namely : One Army Corps of 4 Divisions and Corps Troops. One Cavalry Brigade. / (6) Numerous Line of Communication and Auxiliary Units, including Railway Construction and Forestry Units. (c} An Advanced Base for the purpose of keeping (a) and (b) up to strength. Each Division has about 19,000 troops of various sorts; the 4 Divisions have an establishment of between 75,000 and 76,000 men; the Corps Troops (largely artillery) number 11,000 more; the total establishment of the Army Corps is about 87,000. The Cavalry Brigade, which is at present employed on the Western front in another Army than that to which the Army Corps belongs, numbers about 3,000; it recently was reinforced after the heavy fighting of the Spring of 1918 by a draft of 725 of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. Thus, the fighting troops, proper, number 90,000. The Line of Communication and Auxiliary Troops are exceedingly numerous, and singularly varied. They include woodsmen for lumbering operations, railway men building and operating railways, often under fire, salvage units, and a host of organizations promot- ing in varied ways the health and efficiency of the troops actually at the front. Their establishment exceeds 35,000. Early in 1918 the total actual number of Canadians in France was not far short of 150,000. The Force whose composition has thus been outlined has borne Operations a distinguished part in the operations on the Western Front. The First Division was heavily engaged, and won great honour, in the Second Battle of Ypres in April and May, 1915, when it and the French troops stationed near it were the first to be assailed with poison gas. Langemarck and St. Julien are the names of the villages most closely associated with this engagement. During the remainder of 1915 the Division saw much service at various points in the Ypres Salient. In the Spring of 1916 the Army Corps, at that time com- prising the First, Second and Third Divisions, was heavily engaged for upwards of three months in the operations to the east and south east of Ypres, at St. Eloi (3rd to 19th April), at Sanctuary Wood and Hill 62 (2nd and 3rd June), and Hooge (5th, 6th, 13th and 14th June). In September, October and November 1916 the Army Corps, now of four Divisions, fought in the Battle of the Somme, especially dis- tinguishing itself by the capture of Courcelette. In 1917 the Canadian Corps bore a considerable part in the storming of Vimy Ridge (9th to 13th April) ; it was engaged at Arleux and Fresnoy (28th and 29th April, and 3rd May), it was active and effective in the operations around Lens, in June; and again on 15th August at Hill 70; and it fought with notable success from 25th October to 10th November at Passchendaele in the Flanders offensive, sometimes termed the Third Battle of Ypres. In 1918 the Canadian Cavalry Brigade won distinction in the German offensive of March and April. The principal effort of Canada has been directed towards the Western Front; but certain Canadian units, such as railway troops and hospitals, have served in Palestine and Macedonia. The Second Echelon in England is organized for the purpose of second training and equipping troops for the Front, maintaining the necessary Echelon - hospital services and evacuating men who are returned to Canada by reason of wounds or for other causes. Canada at present maintains a large number of troops, specially special employed in Great Britain and France, of whom between 12,000 and 86 068 - 15,000 are engaged in building and repairing railways and in operating trains and between 12,000 and 15,000 in cutting down forests and milling the timber. A special corps of an interesting character is a battalion which Tanks, recently left Canada to be trained for service with the Tanks. The Third Echelon in Canada is organized for the purpose of Third Echelon, procuring recruits, and giving them their initial equipment and preliminary training. The troops on enlistment are organized under a system of territorial regiments which is maintained throughout the army organization in England and France. About 12,000 troops are required in Canada for home defence Garrison Duty, as garrisons for fortresses, and guards for internment camps, canals, etc. Reference should be made to the fact that Canada furnishes a garrison for St. Lucia, an important military post in the West Indies. Until the winter of 1917-1918 the Canadian Expeditionary Force Military was recruited by voluntary enlistment. During the winter the Mill- Service Act - tary Service Act gradually came into operation, and at the present moment it is furnishing recruits in considerable numbers. Up to 30th June, 1918, it had to its credit 56,000 men actually serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Force; of these over 26,500 had sailed for England. In addition to the C.E.F. a number of men have been furnished services in by Canada for the Allied cause in various ways: imperial Army A notable example is the Air Service. Many Canadians -the and the Miies. exact number for military reasons cannot be stated have joined 8 alike the Royal Air Force, and its predecessors, the Royal Naval Air Service, and the Royal Flying Corps. In addition, a number of Americans have been trained on Canadian soil by the instructional staff of the Royal Air Force. This is an Imperial service, paid for by the Government of the United Kingdom, which Canada is aiding in every possible way. Several thousands of Poles, Serbians and Montenegrins have been raised in Canada by the Militia Department and sent overseas to fight with their compatriots. A considerable number of men have been furnished for the Imperial Service known as Inland Waterways and Docks. Several hundred young Canadians, for the most part from the Universities, have been given commissions in the Imperial Army. Canada has furnished several hundred doctors and veterinarians, about 200 nurses and hundreds of motor drivers for the Imperial Army. Some 200 Canadian officers have been lent to the United States for instructional purposes. Royal Military The Royal Military College since the War began has furnished 152 officers to the Imperial Army, 93 to the Canadian Permanent Force, and 94 to the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Since its foundation the College has had on its rolls between 1,300 and 1,400 cadets, of whom 900 have been at the front, 120 having been killed. One in every four of those who have been at the front has been decorated. 2. THE NAVAL SERVICE. Cruisers. At the outbreak of war in 1914 the Canadian Government possessed only two naval vessels, the " Niobe," a cruiser of 11,000 tons displacement, with a main armament of 16 six-inch guns, stationed at Halifax, and the " Rainbow," a 'small cruiser of 3,600 tons displacement, armed with two six-inch, six 4-7", and four 12-pdr. guns, stationed at Esquimalt on the Pacific. Both of these cruisers did extremely useful work in the early days of the War the " Niobe " off New York and the " Rainbow " off the Pacific Coast, as far south as Panama. Smaller At the commencement of hostilities various small craft were taken over by the Naval Department from the Department of Marine and from the Customs Department, and were suitably armed and manned from the R.N.C.V.R. These small vessels perform the valuable service of patrolling the Atlantic Coast. Two submarines operating off the West Coast were able earlier in the War to help in the effort to keep Admiral von Spec's squadron away from Pacific ports. Trawlers and When the Germans commenced their submarine activities efforts were concentrated on a fleet of small coastal patrol vessels of the trawler and drifter type, which have been found so successful by the British Admiralty in combatting this menace. Roya^Navai The personnel for manning these vessels has been obtained from Volunteer all over Canada, and is composed principally of the Royal Naval Reserve. Canadian Volunteer Reserve. Canada is fortunate in the possession of a small but excellent Naval Naval College. At the present time there are 51 officers serving Colle8e ' in either the Imperial or Canadian navy who have passed out of the College as cadets. Many of these young officers have already gained distinction. A number of war signal stations manned by naval ratings have signal recently been established along the Eastern Coast, which will enable St all vessels to be kept informed of enemy activities. In addition to those serving on the vessels used for patrolling Canadians i the Canadian coasts, 1,715 men have been enrolled for service over- NlvaFporc seas, and are at present with the Imperial naval forces in European waters. A large number of British naval reservists returned to England from Canada at the outbreak of war to rejoin the Royal Navy. 73 Surgeon Probationers have been recruited in Canada for service with the Royal Navy. About 500 Canadians are em- ployed in the British Auxiliary Patrol Service with Commissions in the R.N.V.R. Canada maintains a very complete naval wireless service, with wireless 43. coast stations on the Great Lakes, and on both coasts. All of Service - these stations are available for naval working, and a certain number are reserved exclusively for this purpose. All naval ships and stations are manned by naval wireless opera- tors holding rank of " Warrant Officer, R.N.C.V.R." These operators receive their training in Canadian schools. 254 men are now employed in this Service. 580 Probationary Flight Officers have been recruited and sent Naval Air overseas to join the Royal Naval Air Service, now merged in the Service - Royal Air Force. At the present time an Aircraft Branch of the Canadian Naval Service is being organized, and before long Canada will be operating - , an Air Patrol off the East Coast which will assist in ensuring the safety from submarine attack of convoys sailing from Canadian ports. The growth of the Naval Service since the outbreak of war is stores. shown by the increase in the quantities of stores purchased in the last three fiscal years: 1915-16 ..$ 2,500,000 1916-17 7,500,000 1917-18 10,000,000 3. FINANCE. GOVERNMENT LOANS. The Canadian Government, since the commencement of the War, has issued domestic loans as follows: Amount No. of Subscribed. Subscribers. 1. 1915/1925,5% $97,000,000 24,862 2. 1916/1931,5% $97,000,000 34,526 3. 1917/1937,5% $142,000,000 41,000 4. 1917/1937, (Victory Loan), 5%. . . .$398,000,000 820,035 In addition, War Savings Certificates to the amount of approxi- mately $12,500,000, as well as a considerable amount of debenture 446342 10 stock, have been sold, bringing the Government's borrowings from the people of Canada since the beginning of the War to the total sum of $756,000,000, or in other words, $100 per capita of the population of the Dominion. In addition to the domestic loans, Canada has issued between the years 1915-17 in Great Britain and in the United States, securities totalling more than $307,000,000. ADVANCES BETWEEN THE DOMINION GOVERNMENT AND GREAT BRITAIN. Since the outbreak of war to March 31, 1918, Canada has estab- lished credits on behalf of the Imperial Government to the amount of $532,816,397. Through these advances Great Britain was able to finance the purchase of foodstuffs, hay and other commodities and to carry oh the operations of the Imperial Munitions Board in Canada. In addition to the above, Canadian chartered banks have advanced to the Imperial Government through the medium of the Minister of Finance the sum of $200,000,000 for the purchase of munitions and wheat. This was made possible by the large savings deposits in Canadian Banks, which since August 1914, despite the withdrawals for subscription to war loans, have increased by $276,000,000. On the other hand, Great Britain has made advances to the Dominion totalling $534,450,826. These credits were chiefly for the maintenance of the Canadian troops overseas. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE MARCH 31, 1914 MARCH 31, 1918. Expenditure, Fund. 1914-15... $133,073,481 $135,523,206 1915-16 172,147,838 130,350,726 1916-17 232,701-294 148,599,343 1917-18 261,125 459 179,853,534 The Consolidated Fund expenditure for 1917-18 includes payment of interest, estimated at $45,000,000 and pensions of some $7,000,000, or $52,000,000 altogether, whereas prior to the War the outlay on interest was but $12,000,000 and on pensions practically nil. Expenditure, Capital Account. Expenditure, War Account. 1914-15... $41,447,320 38,566,950 26,880,031 43,536,563 $ 60,750,476 166,197,755 306,488,814 342,762,687 1915-16 1916-17.... 1917-18 Up to March 31, 1918, the total outlay for the War was approx- imately $875,000,000. This amount includes all expenditures in Canada, Great Britain and France and is also inclusive of the upkeep 11 of the troops overseas. During the past two fiscal years there has been applied to war expenditures, by way of surplus of revenue over ordinary and capital outlays, the sum of $113,000,000. The interest and pension payments attributable to the War amount for the entire war period to approximately $76,000,000. These also have been provided from the Consolidated Revenue Fund. NET DEBT. The net debt of Canada, which before the War stood at about $336,000,000, has now passed the billion-dollar mark, and it is esti- mated that when the accounts for the year 1917-1918 are closed, it will reach, approximately, $1,200,000,000. The increase is almost entirely attributable to war expenditures. WAR TAXATION. Taxation on luxuries has been gradually introduced since the Tax on beginning of the war as it was justified by the financial condition of Luxuries - the country. Increased customs duties and higher rates of excise on certain commodities, including liquors and tobacco, imposed spon after the commencement of the War were followed in 1915 by a war tax on transportation tickets, telegrams, money orders, cheques, letters, patent medicines, etc. In 1915 an- increase of 7|% ad valorem to the general tariff and 5% ad valorem to the British preferential tariff was made on all commodities with the exception of certain foodstuffs, coal, harvesting machinery, fisheries equipment, etc. In 1918 a special customs duty was imposed on tea and coffee increase and the excise on tobacco was increased. < In addition, various other Duties 8 taxes were imposed or increased, and a special war excise tax was imposed on various articles, including automobiles, jewellery, etc. Under the Business Profits War Tax Act, as at present amended, Business the Government, in the case of all businesses having a capital of ProfitsTax $50,000 and over, takes 25% of the net profits over 7% .and not ex- ceeding 15%, 50% of the profits over 15% and not exceeding 20%, and 75% of the profits beyond 20%. In the case of businesses having a capital of $25,000 and under $50,000, the Government takes 25% of all profits in excess of 10% on the capital employed. Companies employing capital of less than $25,000 are exempted, with the exception of those dealing in munitions or war supplies. The Canadian income tax, which comes into effect in the year income Tax 1918-19, is in many respects higher than that in force in the United States. The scale provides for the exemption of incomes, in the case of unmarried persons with an income of $1,000 and under, and in the case of married persons with an income of $2,000 and under. There is also provision for the exemption of $.200 for each child. The present scale of income tax is shown by the following table: Income. (Married Persons.) Tax. Income. (Married Persons.) Tax. $ 3,000.. $ 20 $ 200,000 . . . $ 50 957 6,000 140 400,000 .... 142 757 10,000 392 500,000 ... 195 407 20,000 1,382 600,000 248 057 30,000 2,702 800,000 366 857 50,000 5,782 1,000,000 499,157 75,000 11,007 2,000,000 ... . ... 1,228,157 100,000 17,607 44634 2 12 Proceeds of Taxation, 1917-1918. During the last fiscal year the Dominion Government collected by way of War Taxation the following (in approximate figures) : Tax on Trust and Loan Companies $ Tax on Insurance Companies Tax on Banks Inland Revenue from Railways, Steamships, Tele- graph and Cable Companies, etc * Extra Postage on letters, etc Business Profits War Tax Increased Customs duties 267,500 385,000 1,115,500 2,230,000 5,800,000 21,275,000 45,000,000 Tota l $76,073,000 GOLD SHIPMENTS. Reference should be made to the fact that since the outbreak of the War quantities of gold coin and gold bullion to the value of $1,300,000,000 have been received at Ottawa by the Department -of Finance as trustee for the Imperial Government and the Bank of England. ROYAL MINT, OTTAWA. Gold Refining. The work of the Royal Mint, Ottawa, which is a branch of the Royal Mint, London, has been greatly increased by war conditions. When the large deposits of gold, referred to above, were received by the Department of Finance, it was necessary that their value should be ascertained ancl that a certain quantity of gold bullion should be refined. The heavy demand on the gold refinery at the Mint led to the construction (in eight weeks) of a second plant with a monthly output of a million ounces of fine gold. Through this extension this refinery has developed the largest capacity of any gold refinery in the world. The special work of the refinery due to the War is shown by the following figures: Gold bullion received for refining. .... 15 , 992 , 770 . 25 oz. gross. Total gold bars produced 14 , 048 , 803 . 958 oz. fine; value, $290,414,547. Fine silver recovered 1 , 175 , 500 . 03 oz. fine. Newfoundland The War having made it impossible for the Newfoundland coinage. Government to get its supplies of coin from England, coinage for the Colony was carried out by the Ottawa Mint in 1917 and 1918 as follows : 1,670,000 silver pieces. 700,000 bronze " Gun-Sight Parts. In addition to the above operations, certain parts for gun-sights were produced at the Royal Mint, Ottawa, for the Imperial Govern- ment. These consisted chiefly of eye-piece cells, and the total pro- duction up to 31st March, 1918, of this equipment amounted to 25,536 parts. 13 4. MUNITIONS. The following figures give a summary of Canada's accomplish- ments, during the last four years, in the production of munitions of war. Total number of shells produced - 60,000,000 General . Approximate number of components represented by Statistics. above, for which Imperial Munitions Board has let separate contracts 670 , 000 , 000 In addition to the 60,000,000 of shell pro- duced, there have been a great number of components exported, such as forgings, car- tridge cases, primers, copper bands, time and graze fuses, exploder containers, friction tubes, etc. In the production of this war material steel has been used to the amount of 1 ,800,000 tons. (About 75% of this steel is Canadian product.) Quantity of high-grade explosives and propellants produced 100,000,000 Ibs. Value of t>rders placed by the British Government through the Imperial Munitions Board $1 ,200,000,000 Amount of orders already executed $1 ,000,000,000 (This figure represents the actual amount of cash disbursements.) Amount furnished by Imperial Government for above purpose from sources outside of Canada. $400,000,000 Amount loaned to the Imperial Government by the Government of Canada and by the Banks in Canada for purposes of the Imperial Muni- tions Board $600,000,000 Approximate number of contractors in Canada amongst whom contracts for munitions have been distributed 1 , 000 Number of workers engaged in war contracts 200,000 to 300,000 Approximate number of persons employed in hand- ling stores in transportation and other collateral . organizations 50 , 000 Approximate total number of workers 350,000 The following is a brief sketch of the growth of the munitions industry in Canada: Shortly after the outbreak of war, inquiries were made of thesheii Department of Militia and Defence by the War Office as to the Committee - possibility of obtaining a supply of shell from Canada. Ensuing negotiations led to the appointment by the Minister of Militia, in September, 1914, of an honorary committee, known as the Shell Committee, to undertake the task of supplying shrapnel shell to the Imperial Government. Its status was nominally that of contractor to the British 'Government, but really that of agent for the purpose of placing contracts on behalf of the War Office. Basic steel, the only kind of steel made in Canada, was found by experiment to be suitable for the manufacture of shells. The first shipments of shell from Canada, in fulfilment of the orders placed by the Shell Committee, were made in the month of December 1914 a little over three months from the inception of the under- taking. By the end of May, 1915, approximately four hundred manufacturing establishments in Canada were engaged in the manu- facture of shells or the component parts thereof. By November, 1915, the Imperial Government had placed orders Formation of in Canada for munitions to the amount ' of, approximately, Munitions ), 000, 000. This represented such a great volume of business Board - 14 that it was considered desirable to form a Board directly responsible to the Imperial Ministry of Munitions. The operations of the Shell Committee, therefore, were passed over to the Imperial Munitions Board. The general policy of the Committee, maintained by the Board, was that of eliminating the middleman and dealing as far as possible with those who would actually perform the work. In pursuance of this policy raw materials of every description were purchased and passed on from one contractor to another, each being paid successively for his labour. This plan had the advantage of saving the contractor large investments of capital otherwise necessary to produce complete shell, and at the same time of enabling a proper distribution of the materials available so that the maximum pro- duction might be secured. Contractors were given the opportunity to pay for their necessary investment of capital from the profits derived from their contracts. Generally speaking, this has been accomplished. Subsequently the business was placed upon a com- petitive basis. organization of The work of the Board is carried on by the Chairman, who has full administrative and executive authority. He is assisted by a Board, of whom four members give constant service. Business men have been asked to take charge of the various departments, numbering about twenty. These Directors carry on their duties in Ottawa, in Toronto, in Vancouver and in Victoria. The following are details regarding the most important of these departments: 1. The Purchasing and Steel Department buys all the materials entering into munitions, arranges for the forging of steel, and dis- tributes the forgings and components to the machining plants situated in the various Provinces. 2. The Shipbuilding Department purchases and supervises the construction of engines and boilers for the wooden ships referred to below, purchases the timber and supplies for the hulls, and has an operating section which installs the engines, boilers, and equipment in these vessels. 3. The Explosives Department operates the National plants producing nitro9ellulose, cordite and T.N.T., with the necessary acid plants, and operates the plant producing acetone and methyl-ethyl- ketone. 4. The Forging Department operates the National plant in which the steel turnings are melted in electric furnaces, and .the steel thus produced subsequently converted into forgings. 5. The Aviation Department operates the plant producing aeroplanes, and in its constructional section builds all aerodromes, machine shops, barracks and officers' quarters at the various camps, and purchases all supplies and equipment for the Royal Air Force. 6. The Timber Section producing aeroplane spruce and fir, conducts logging operations in British Columbia, and operates tugs for the delivery of logs to mills which cut them for account of the Board, under supervision of the Board's officer. These logging opera- tions call for the production of 248,000,000 feet of logs in 45 camps placed in a territory extending over 600 miles, north and south. 7. The Fuze Department operates the National plant where time fuzes are loaded. 8. The Engineering Department checks and rectifies all gauges, keeping for this purpose a staff of engineers and an operating force of expert tool-makers working in machine shops under their direction.' 9. The Inspection is all carried out under the Director of Inspection, a British officer, responsible to the Director-General of 15 Inspection in Great Britain. Several thousands of inspectors,. are required to do the work. 10. The administrative staff comprises from 1,000 to 1,500 men and women, the number varying with the degree of urgency. The operations of the Board have gradually been extended into Raw lines of war material other than steel, and the Imperial Munitions Materia1 ?- Board is now endeavouring to explore and make available for war purposes those natural resources of the country hitherto undeveloped. The forests of Northern British Columbia have been called upon to provide spruce for aeroplane purposes and for wooden shipbuilding. To a lesser extent the timber resources of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, have been drawn upon for the same purposes. The mines of British Columbia are producing copper, zinc and lead. Those of Ontario and Newfoundland are producing steel. The Province of Quebec is supplying asbestos, aluminium, carbide, and other mineral products in large quantities. Ontario is providing nickel, silica, and carbides, and in collaboration with the Canadian Department of Mines there has been an extensive production of alloys to be used in the manufacture of high-speed tool-cutting steel. The development of the explosive and propellant industry in Explosives and Canada has been an important achievement. It has been the policy Pr p ellants *v of the Board to establish National plants for the purpose of stimulating any important line of production which private enterprise was unwil- ling or unable to carry on, and at the present time seven of these plants, representing a capital investment of $15,000,000, are being operated under the immediate direction of the Board. The two largest manufacture explosives, and these, with privately owned plants, have produced up to June 30th upwards of 100,000,000 pounds of high- grade explosives and propellants. The Shipbuilding contracts placed by the Board have a value of Shipbuilding, some $70,000,000. These represent 43 steel ships and 58 wooden ships aggregating 360,000 tons. These contracts are distributed by value as follows: To British Columbia $35,000,000; Ontario $20,000,000; Quebec $12,000,000, and to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick the balance. One National plant is devoted to the manufacture of aeroplanes Aeroplanes for training purposes (over 2,500 of which have already been pro- duced), and latterly to the construction of bombing planes for the United States Navy. Aeroplane engines of high-grade are now being manufactured, and will shortly be produced in large quantities for use in fighting machines at the front. The Board acts as general and exclusive purchasing agent on Additional behalf of the War Office and Admiralty, and the British Timber ^tbns Controller, Department of Aeronautics, and Ministry of Munitions. In addition, it acts as agent for the United States Ordnance Depart- ment in arranging contracts for munitions and supplies, placed by the United States Government in Canada. At the present time American contracts amount to upwards of $70,000,000, and orders are coming forward in rapidly increasing quantities. In the report issued by the Imperial War Cabinet for the year Report of 1917, Canada's services to the Empire in the production of munitions wa^' are referred to as follows: " Canada's contribution during the last year had been very striking. 15 per cent of the total expenditure of the Ministry of Munitions in the last six months of the year was incurred in that country. She has manufactured nearly every type of shell from the 18-pr. to the 9.2". In the case of the 18-pr., no less than 55 per cent of the output of shrapnel shells in the last six months came from 16 Canada, and most of these were complete rounds of ammunition which went direct to France. Canada also contributed 42 per cent of the total 4.5 shells, 27 per cent of the 6" shells, 20 per cent of the 60-pr. H.E. shells, 15 per cent of the 8" and 16 per cent of the 9.2". In addition, Canada has supplied shell forgings, ammunition com- ponents, propellants, acetone, T.N.T., aluminium, nickel, nickel matte, aeroplane parts, agricultural machinery and timber, besides quantities of railway materials, including no less than 450 miles of rails torn up from Canadian railways which were shipped direct to France." . 5. SHIPBUILDING. SHIPS WHICH HAVE BEEN LAUNCHED SINCE JANUARY 1, 1918, OR WILL BE LAUNCHED BEFORE DECEMBER 31, 1918. STEEL VESSELS. WOODEN VESSELS. At- lantic Coast ship- yards. Great Lakes ship- yards. Pa- cific Coast ship- yards. Total. Dead- weight carrying capacity, (approx.) At- lantic Coast ship- yards. Great Lakes ship- yards. Pa- cific Coast ship- yards. Total. Dead- weight carrying capacity, (approx.) Built to Order of Im- perial Munitions 5 18 11 34 179,800 14 4 27 45 138,600 Built to Order of Dept. of Marine. 4 4 3 11 48,000 ..- Built under private 8 5 1 14 62,400 8 8 17,800 Total 59 290,200 53 156,400 Grand total: Ships Tonnage (approx. deadweight carrying capacity) . 112 446,600 Gorernment N.B. The above figures do not include a large number of small craft of less than 1,000 tons, at present building, such as trawlers, drifters, small schooners, etc. In connection with a Government shipbuilding programme, 20 Shipbuilding, ships with a gross tonnage of 55,000, are at present under con- struction. These are being built under contracts entered into by the Department of Marine. Seven will be delivered during 1918, the remainder in the following year. The Department of the Naval Service, since the outbreak of the War, has placed contracts in Canada, on behalf of various govern- ments, for the following vessels: A number of submarines for the Imperial Government, as well as several submarines for the Italian and Russian Governments. About 550 motor submarine chasers for the Imperial Government. " 36 " " " " French " A number of steel lighters, shipped in "knock-down" form, for the use of the Imperial Government in Mesopotamia, and A large number of trawlers and drifters for the Imperial Govern- ment. 17 6. WAR TRADE. The following table shows the exports in certain Canadian com- modities, having a direct bearing on the War, for the last three fiscal years before the War (1912-13-14), and for the last fiscal year (1918); and illustrates the increase, during this period, in the. quantity of these articles exported. Commodities. Unit of Quan- tity. QUANTITIES. VALUES. Av. for 1912-1913 and 1914. 1918. Av. for 1912-1913 and 1914. 1918. Butter Ib. M 3,633,825 154,381,808 4,926,154 169,530,753 $ 870,180 20,151,582 337,047 43,131 7,422,480 89,639,503 18,861,944 2,162,662 5)544,801 449,872 48,664 103,217 15,323,513 *11,374,981 6,790,299 101,119 1,205,709 2,871,163 5,656,224 2,000,467 36,602,504 9,702,207 2,271,299 37,644,293 366,341,565 95,896,492 10,986,221 57,995,116 13,016,378 3,695,384 2,052,192 46,271,848 45,810,367 33,978,347 1,682,357 19,034,528 22,776,590 25,620,892 Cheese Clothing Eggs. . doz. bush. brl. 158,217 18,118,631 92,686,291 434,969 4,896,793 54,877,882 150,392,037 9,931,148 Oats Wheat Wheat Flour Leather Meats, Bacon Ibs. u u cwt. U u 39,683,969 5,217,652 377,308 922,406 1,366,384 199,957,475 86,565,104 13,422,624 7,909,803 2,753,976 Beef Canned Meats Pork Metals , Copper, Nickel, Brass and Aluminium Iron and Steel Printing Paper 4,393,706 12,101,865 Tobacco Vegetables Vehicles Wood Pulp cwt. 6,6i7,595 9,696,704 Total 188,958,091 833,389,047 *(1914 only) The War Trade Board was organized in February, 1918, for the war Trade purpose of (1) controlling the export from Canada of articles essential Boaid " to war industry, the supply of which is limited, (2) controlling the import into Canada of less essential articles, (3) supervising the raw materials of the country in order that a proper use may be made of these in the prosecution of the War. Under the authority given it the Board has made many important arrangements with regard to Canadian trade. In June, 1918, in order to relieve an unfavourable condition in Prohibition exchange affecting Canadian finance and trade, it was necessary to of ImRorts - restrict expenditures upon non-essential articles. An order-in-council was, therefore, passed, prohibiting the importation into Canada of certain articles, including automobiles (valued at $1,200 and upwards), perfumes, marble, gold and silver manufactures, pleasure boats, billiard tables, etc. The general principle has been established between the War co-operation Trade Boards of Canada and the United States by which the require- between e i -it r i i Canada and ments ot the War are considered regardless of the international U.S.A. 18 boundary. Raw materials, machinery and equipment are placed, by close co-operation between these bodies, where they can best be used in the prosecution of the War. 7. FOOD CONTROL. Canada Food Board. Increased Acreage. Emergency Agricultural Lahteur. Tractors. The increased efforts of Canada to supply food to the fighting forces of the Allies and to the civil population in Europe, is shown by the following comparison with pre-war figures in three of the most important food-stuffs. Our net exports of beef have increased by nearly 75,000,000 Ibs. per annum. Our net exports of pork, including bacon and lard, have increased by 125,000,000 Ibs. per annum. Our net exports in wheat and wheat flour have increased by over 80,000,000 bushels per annum. The double task of increasing production and promoting food conservation rests with the Canada Food Board, which was created in February, 1918, and was entrusted with all the powers and duties of the Food Controller, whose office it absorbed. The problem of food control in Canada is briefly to maintain supplies adequate to the home demands; to regulate profits so that the price of any article of food shall not exceed the natural rise in price resulting from war conditions; to reduce the home consumption of certain articles of food required for overseas by providing substi- tutes, and thus, with increased production, to add to the amount for export; and lastly, to gather in the surplus thus obtained and send it overseas to supply Great Britain and the Allies. In grains and in certain important vegetable crops this year's acreage shows a substantial increase over that of 1917, in spite of a very general shortage of farm labour. The following figures illus- trate the extension of areas under crop : Commodity. Acreage in 1917. Acreage in 1918. Wheat 14 755 850 15 838 000 Oats 13 313 400 13 784 000 Barley 2 392 200 2 403 750 Rye 211 880 228 900 Buckwheat 395 977 407 000 Potatoes 656 958 686 300 Beans 92 457 105 560 Total 31 818 722 33 453 510 During this year about 12,000 school boys have been placed on Canadian farms as temporary employees during the long vacation. Agricultural help from the cities has also been mobilized on a volun- tary basis. In order to encourage increased production the Food Board, early in the spring, purchased and sold at cost 1,123 tractors to the 19 farmers -of Canada through the Department of Agriculture of each province. 'The Food Board operates under extensive powers and through Licensing its licensing system now controls the manufacture and sale of a ll System- foodstuffs. The following is a summary of the dealers in Canada who are operating under the licences and regulations of the Board: Trade. No. of Licensed Dealers. Trade. No. of Licensed Dealers. Fish Dealers 1,555 Retail Grocers 29,700 Cereal Manufacturers 101 Retail General Stores 9,425 Fruit and Vegetables Dealers. 1,283 Public Kating Places 10,100 Millers 568 Confectioners 673 Bakers 2,487 Wholesale Flour and Feed Wholesale Grocers 843 Dealers 217 Wholesale Produce Dealers. . 935 Packers 261 Canners 328 Total number of dealers under licence 58,476 This system makes it possible to procure authentic information as to the available supplies, and both expedites their movement and facilitates their distribution. The following is an outline of the principal food regulations at present in force: The returns received from licensed dealers in meats, cheese, Meats, Lard, butter, oleomargarine, eggs and poultry, showed that in many places Butter,' etc. large stocks of these articles were held in storage and at a time approaching the end of the season of scant production. An order was therefore passed limiting the holdings of these articles, with the result that the waste from storage which has occurred in recent years will be reduced to a minimum. An order was also passed restricting the profits of the wholesale and retail dealers in these articles and limiting the number of trans- actions that may take place. The objects of this were to decrease the cost of distribution, to prevent unnecessary transportation in many cases, and to curtail the practice of holding such food for specu- lation. Limitations have been placed upon the profits of all packers of meats, and, under the order requiring packers to take out licences, further regulations have been made regarding the distribution of their products. With a view to further conservation of butter and fats the importation and manufacture of oleomargarine are now permitted. ^ In order to reduce further the cost of distribution of eggs, it has been made illegal for any dealer to pay for bad eggs over and above a margin of 1%, with the result that eggs will no longer be held in storage beyond a limited time. At the beginning of 1918 all flour mills were placed under licence. Flour. The quantity of wheat flour that may be held by any wholesale or retail dealer or individual, is limited and this, along with other measures, has enabled the mills, in almost every instance, to supply .the British and Allied Purchasing Agents with a quantity of flour 20 greatly in excess of the allotment fixed for export, and the amount anticipated. Excess profits have been greatly diminished; for instance, the price of flour was at $16.50 per barrel in the spring of 1917, although the farmer had received only $6.93 for the wheat used therein. In the spring of 1918 the price of flour had been brought down to $11.00 for the same quantity, the farmer having received $8.32 for the wheat used in each barrel. By lengthening the extraction of flour from wheat from seventy- one per cent, the normal pre-war extraction, to seventy-six per cent, and by throwing all grades together, a saving has been effected of 20,000 barrels of flour per month, or, of 240,000 barrels per year. The various conservation measures adopted have resulted in the reduction of the normal consumption of 800,000 barrels of flour per month, before the War, to a present consumption of 600,000 barrels per month, or a saving of 2,400,000 barrels per year. Thus the saving from lengthening of extraction and reduction of con- sumption, totals about 2,640,000 barrels per year. Public Eating All public eating places throughout Canada serving more than fifteen meals per day have been placed under licence, and all eating places where meals are served or sold to any persons other than to members of the family, are placed under restrictions, more especially as to the quantity of meats, wheat products, butter and sugar which may be served at any one meal. Consumption For the purpose of further conservation of meats, arrangements have been made throughout the Dominion for supplying the markets with fresh fish at moderate prices by insuring to the fishermen a reasonable price for the fish, and by limiting the profits of the dealers. Much has been done to increase the consumption of fish by appealing to the consumer, and to supply the consumer with a more variable and more inviting quality of fish. Canners, etc. The order requiring all canners of, and dealers in, fruits, vege- tables, meats, poultry, soups, jellies, jams, sauces, etc., to take out licences, provides a standard for the making and canning of those products, and prescribes methods of determining the cost of produc- tion and distribution, which no doubt will result in a better product being placed on the market. Bakers. The order placing bakers under licence prescribes that bread may be sold only in. specified weights; and for the purpose of con- serving, as far as possible, all sugar and fats, the amount of these products used in the making of bread, was limited. All bakers have been required to discontinue the manufacture of fancy bread, to use only standard flour and to use a fixed proportion of substitutes. It was difficult to impose the use of substitutes at an earlier date owing to the fact that these were not available for several reasons: The United States could not supply corn; the mills in Canada had not been equipped for milling it; and in Canada only a few of the grains that could be used as substitutes were grown. Restriction Candy manufacturers are permitted to use only 50% of the Su^. eoi sugar used in the corresponding period last year. Limitations on the use of sugar have been placed on all manufacturers of soft drinks, and on soda fountain proprietors. Confectioners are limited in the use of fats and sugar and are prohibited from making French pastries and like products. All other persons using sugar in the manufacture of any article are under licence. o/waste n ^ e Board has been entrusted with the prevention of waste. Reports are obtained from dealers, storage and warehousemen and municipal health departments as to the quanttiies and conditions of 21 stocks, and where waste is apt to occur, either immediate sale is ordered, or the food is seized and sold so that no loss or no further loss may result. If there has been waste, investigation is made, and if it resulted from carelessness or from the manner of storage, the offender is prosecuted. All railway agents are similarly required to report when cars contain- ing foodstuffs are, held under load longer than four days after arrival at their destination. Unless delivery is taken with reasonable promptness, such food is seized and sold. Disputes have been settled with regard to 750 car loads of perishable foodstuffs which were in great danger of spoiling in the ordinary course of commercial dealing. Reports from the incinerators in the large cities indicate a very striking decrease in the wastage of food. All dealers, both wholesale and retail, in fruits and vegetables, have been placed under licence. Provision has been made for an economical distribution of these products, and inspections have been made to prevent waste. Orders have been passed limiting the holdings of sugar and flour by all dealers and consumers; in the case of sugar, for the purpose of insuring an equitable distribution and an adequate supply for the preserving season; and in the case of flour, to make available for export the quantities held in excess of what may be required in this country. No person may use wheat in the distillation or manufacture of alcohol except for industrial purposes. No grains above certain grades may be fed to stock in a stock yard, and no wheat fit for milling purposes, or any product thereof, may be fed to livestock or poultry. Foodstuffs can leave Canada only under licence. Under this Export system 11,797 permits have been issued. . licences. 8. FUEL CONTROL. The chief functions of the Fuel Controller are first to stimulate coal production in Canada, and secondly to procure from the United States the normal supply of coal on which central Canada to a great extent depends. Scarcity of labour tended for some time to reduce the output of mines in Eastern Canada. It is probable that this downward trend has now been arrested. In the West the production has been more satisfactory. The output of coal in the United States has also been reduced by labour difficulties, and both the congestion of the railways, and the increased requirements for coal in the United States, made it difficult to obtain the adequate supplies for Canada. Comparatively little shortage has, however, been felt in the Dominion owing to the close co-operation between the two countries in the matter of coal distribution. The coal trade in Canada is now operating under a licence system. Prices from the mines to the retail dealer are controlled, and the authorities are empowered to direct the distribution of coal in certain cases, and to requisition coal in the hands of consumers in the event of an emergency justifying such action. The Fuel Con- 22 troller is also empowered to deprive individual consumers of coal supplies where electrical energy could be made a practical substitute. Each municipality is required to appoint a Local Fuel Commis- sioner who reports to Provincial Fuel Administrators. These latter officers act within their Provinces as assistants to the Federal Fuel Controller. 9. TRANSPORTATION. f ^ e trans P orta ti n burdens due to the War rendered it necessary to depart from the usual practice by which railways in Canada were operated as single and independent units. The first step taken in that direction was an amendment to the Railway Act during the session of 1915-16, when, on the request of the Board of Railway Commissioners, the Board was empowered to take traffic in a congested grain area from the line to which it was tributary, and hand it over to other lines at any intermediate points at which a transfer could or should be made. The power thus conferred on the Board has been used to a large extent. It has enabled the large grain production of the West to be marketed practically without loss, through the diversion of traffic to the route, irrespective of its ownership, which at the time was least congested ; and it has enabled the transportation of grain and flour to Great Britain and the Continent to be maintained at the greatest possible speed. Thousands of cars of grain grown in Canadian Northern prairie territory have been thus diverted from congested Canadian Northern areas over the lines of the C. P. R. and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. This practice, commencing with wheat, was extended to coal and then to the movement of other bulk com- modities. In general, wherever it would afford quicker transporta- tion, "re-routing" has been carried out. The result is that the Canadian lines, in so far as actual transportation is concerned, have been treated as a single unit and worked for the purpose of obtaining the best results. a n During the past winter a specially heavy burden was laid on war W B?ard. Canadian transportation. The entry of the United States into the War created great industrial and agricultural activity, which, together with the movement of troops, caused the American railway lines and terminals to become blocked. In the meantime, the shipment of foodstuffs could not be interrupted. A special programme w r as, therefore, put into effect to co-ordinate, to the fullest extent possible, the whole wheat movement from the North-West, and as a result wheat and flour were carried for overseas transportation by the Canadian lines in such a way that the whole of the transportation desired was effected without delay to the ocean carriers. In order to provide a freer and more perfect co-ordination of the systems, the Canadian Railway Association for National Defence, now termed the Canadian Railway War Board, was formed. The activities of the War Board have materially assisted the Railways to cope with the problems created by the War. 23 The Government has helped to bring about these results, Purchase of particularly, by the purchase of 260 locomotive engines of various by thT ent types and about 17,000 freight cars, a number of which are leased by Government. the Government to the systems that have not been in position to obtain satisfactory deliveries for their requirements. 10. VOLUNTARY WAR ORGANIZATIONS. The following is a summary of .gifts for various war purposes General from the Federal and Provincial Governments, from municipalities, Statis societies, universities, business houses and other corporations, and from private individuals: Canadian Patriotic Fund (to June 30, 1918) $40,149,097 Manitoba Patriotic Fund (to March 31, 1918) 3,957,042 Canadian Red Cross Society (to June 30, 1918) Contributions in cash 5 , 700,000 Gifts in supplies (estimated) 13 ,000,000 British Red Cross Society (to Dec. 31, 1917) 6, 100,000 Belgian Relief Fund (to June, 1918) Contributions in cash 1,571,728 Gifts in supplies (estimated) 1 , 507 , 855 Contributions from Canada to Y.M.C.A. for Military Work 4,574,821 Gifts from Dominion and Provincial Governments to Government of United Kingdom 5 ,469 ,319 To the above should be added miscellaneous gifts from various sources for many objects. These include contributions for the equipment and maintenance of hospitals overseas and in Canada, to the French, Serbian and Polish Relief Funds, to numerous asso- ciations for the supply of field comforts to troops overseas and for the care of returned soldiers. These contributions, together with other gifts for various patriotic purposes, on a conservative estimate amount to 8,000,000 Total $90,029,862 The approximate total of voluntary contributions from Canada for war purposes is, therefore, over $90 , 000 , 000 Of the various war organizations working in Canada, or amongst Canadian troops overseas, the most extensive in their operations are the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Canadian Red Cross Society, and the Military Branch of the Y.M.C.A. The Canadian Patriotic Fund is a national organization (covering Canadian all the Provinces except Manitoba, which for this purpose is organized Fund uc separately), the object of which is to give assistance where necessary to the dependent relatives of Canadians on active service in the present war. The Fund is administered locally through Committees serving gratuitously. The Committees act on general instructions from Headquarters, and are given discretionary powers as regards the approval of applications and the amount of grants. The funds Canadian Red Cross Society. Military Branch of the Y.M.C.A. 24 are raised by voluntary contribution. Since June 1916, the expendi- ture in relief work of the Canadian Patriotic Fund has averaged about $900,000 a month. This sum has covered the assistance of from 50,000 to 60,000 families. The Canadian Red Cross Society is organized in 8 Provincial and 1,120 local branches. Its object is to furnish aid to sick and wounded soldiers as an auxiliary to the Army Medical Corps. The more important activities of the Society include the supply of equip- ment for Canadian military hospitals, grants to British and other hospitals, care of Canadian prisoners of war, and the collection and shipment of supplies of various kinds. The approximate value of goods shipped by the Society in 1917 was $4,613,795. The Military Branch of the Y.M.C.A. carries on its work with the troops overseas, in 96 centres in France, and in 76 centres in England. These include regular camps and units, base camps, convalescent camps and hospitals. In Canada there are 38 centres of operation, including camps, barracks, Red Triangle Clubs, hospitals, naval stations and troop trains. There were in 1917, 133 secretaries on the overseas staff with honorary commissions in the C.E.F. Of these 50 received their pay and allowances from the Y.M.C.A., while the remainder were paid by the Government. In Canada 100 civilian secretaries are employed for military purposes by the Association. Nursing. Miscellaneous Services. 11. WOMEN'S WORK. Statistics, however complete, can give only a very imperfect impression of the services which Canadian women have rendered since the beginning of the War. The following are a few facts which bear on this subject. About 2,000 women have enlisted for service as nurses in the C.E.F., and have proceeded overseas. Many hundreds of Canadian women are serving in Canada in a voluntary capacity as Volunteer Hospital Probationers in Military Hospitals and in England under the Joint War Committee's Women's V.A.D., Department. Most of these are members of the St. John Ambulance Brigade Overseas within the Dominion of Canada. Figures are not available to show the extent to which women in general commercial and industrial life have replaced men who have been called to the Colours. There are, however, many thousands of women in banks, offices and factories which before the War had an almost entirely male staff. The number of women employed in munitions factories at one time amounted to 30,000. Women commenced to take a share in agricultural work early in the War. Now they are working on the farms in all parts of the country. Nearly 1,000 women are now employed by the Royal Air Force in Canada on a wide range of duties, including motor transport work. Between 5,000 and 6,000 women are at present employed in the Civil Service for the most part on work created by the War. About 75,000 women gave their services to assist in the com- pilation of the National Register in June, 1918. 25 Women's clubs and societies all through the country since the Women's beginning of the War have very generally diverted their energies to Or z a zat *- special war work, and have been of the greatest service. A conference of about 75 representative women from all Provinces of the Dominion was called at Ottawa in February, 1918, on the Women ' s War invitation of the War Committee of the Cabinet. The meeting was c arranged in order that these representatives might consider with the War Committee plans for their wider participation in war work. Those invited were asked to give special consideration to the relation of women to such matters as increased agricultural production, commercial and industrial occupations, the compilation of the National Register, and the conservation of food. ^The Conference served a very useful purpose, particularly in the increased measure of co-operation which it made possible between the Government and women's organizations throughout the country. Reference should be made to the fact that by an Act of Parliament women's 1918, Canadian women have received the Federal electoral franchise. fccSk. 12. NATIONAL REGISTRATION. In June, 1918, a compulsory registration was taken in which every person in Canada, man or woman, of 16 years of age or over, was obliged to answer a series of questions relative to his or her usefulness for national purposes at the present time. The registration was taken at about 25,000 places of registration, with the assistance of about 150,000 registrars. The returns show that about 5,000,000 persons presented themselves for registration and answered the necessary questions. The object of the plan was to effect a national stocktaking of the human resources of the country. The labour difficulties on the farms and in industry will be made easier of solution with the infor- mation now obtainable in the National Register. Provision is made by which the Register will be kept up to date. This duty rests with the Canada Registration Board, under whose authority the original compilation was carried out. 13. WAR LIQUOR REGULATIONS. During 1917 and 1918 the Federal Government issued a series of regulations controlling the liquor traffic in order to encourage a more efficient prosecution of the War, more particularly in the con- servation of foodstuffs. In November, 1917, it was forbidden by the Dominion Govern- ment, as a war measure, to use foodstuffs in the distillation of liquors. In the same month the quantity of malt manufactured, and the 26 quantity of barley used in the manufacture of malt were both limited in the interest of food conservation. Successive orders-in-council under the War Measures Act, 1914, were passed in December, 1917, and January, 1918, which prohibited the importation of intoxicating liquor into, the Dominion. At the end of 1916 the sale of intoxicating liquor was prohibited by Provincial statutes in all the Provinces save Quebec. In this Province a prohibition measure has been passed which will come into effect on the 1st of May, 1919. In order to bring about National prohibition it was necessary for the Federal Government to supplement Provincial law r s and prevent both the manufacture of intoxicating liquor in any Province of the Dominion and the traffic in this commodity between the Provinces. This was done by an order-in-council passed in March, 1918, under the special powers conferred by the War Measures Act. On the 1st of May, 1919, when the Quebec regulations come into force, prohibition will be in effect throughout the Dominion. Returned Soldiers. 14. REHABILITATION OF RETURNED SOLDIERS. The following is a table of the total number of soldiers returned to Canada, with the monthly rate of return from March 31st, 1917, to March 31st, 1918. This list is exclusive of officers and of men on furlough. Other classes, under-age, TVvfil etc. 1915.. 2,010 599 2,609 1916 3,814 2,815 6,629 To March 31, 1917 3,300 1,288 4,588 April 1,073 67 1,140 May 1,384 146 1,530 June ., 1,736 194 1,930 July 783 444 1,227 August 1,431 705 2,136 September 2,576 1,004 3,580 October 1,402 823 2,225 November , 2 , 739 1,961 4,700 December 496 818 1,314 January, 1918 723 777 1,500 February. . . . 1,044 1,746 2,790 March 727 2,693 3,420 Approximate number of men for whom no reports were received by Military Hospital Commission 25,238 16,080 41,318 3,600 Total . . 44,918 27 MEDICAL CARE. In February, 1918, anew Department of State was created, to be Department of known as the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. At t'e'SbUsh- 1 the same time, the jurisdiction of the Military Hospitals Commission, ment - which previously had direction of the medical care of all returned soldiers, was restricted to the treatment of those soldiers who had been discharged and its name was changed to the Invalided Soldiers' Commission. This Commissipn operates as part of the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-Establishment. The Department is under the direction of a Minister of the Crown and is charged with the provision of hospitals, convalescent homes and sanatoria, whether permanent or temporary, for the care of invalided officers, non-commissioned officers and men, or other members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force who have been honourably discharged. Vocational training and the provision of employment for ex-soldiers- and all matters relating to pensions for members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force are also within the scope of the Department. The following is a summary of the institutions which, until the institutions. re-organization, were in use by the Military Hospitals Commission. Most of these are now operated by the Canadian Army Medical Corps. No. of Present Additional Accommoda- Total tu- tions. tion. tion under construction. Accommoda- tion. Convalescent Hospitals and Homes operated by or for the Commission 66 10 574 3 407 14 171 Discharge and Clearing Depots. . 5 1 945- Total 71 16 116 Between 31st March, 1917, and 31st March, 1918, 30,889 patients were given treatment by the Military Hospitals Commission. Returned soldiers, until discharged, now receive all necessary care of medical treatment from the Canadian Army Medical Corps. sSte*t The C.A.M.C. at present provides hospital accommodation m c - A - M - c - Canada for over 12,000. In July, 1918, there were under treatment in these hospitals over 8,000 officers and men, the great majority of whom had returned from overseas. RE-EDUCATION. Men are being trained for 196 different occupations. Facilities vocatjona for such re-education have been provided at various universities, Trami colleges and technical and agricultural schools, and special equipment for this purpose has been provided at six centres. Practical training is also given under actual working conditions in the shops of manu- facturers. 28 The following is a summary of the Industrial Re-education, and Vocational Training accomplished, or in progress, at the end of June, 1918: (1) 5,162 men have been interviewed by the Vocational Officers. (2) 4,612 of these were granted Industrial Re-education courses. (3) 767 of these have completed their training. (4) 442 discontinued training before date set for completion. (5) 506 have not yet commenced work on their courses. (6) 302 have not accepted the courses granted them. (7) 2,595 men are at present at work on their courses. Functional Especial attention is paid to the treatment of men whose normal Re-education, voluntary functions have been deranged or destroyed by wounds or shock. Of the first 200 cases of this kind which have been handled 150 cases have already improved satisfactorily and a training centre has been established for the supply of experts in this branch of work. This work is now being carried on by the C.A.M.C. PENSIONS. The Government, in October, 1917, brought into effect a scale of pensions which, for the most part, is higher than that of any of the Allies. The yearly scale is as follows: Total disability. . $600 00 Widows , 480 00 Parents 480 00 Children 96 00 Orphan Children : 192 00 Special allowance for helplessness, not to exceed $300. Number of classes of disability, 20; and gratuity. Summary of Pensions awarded up to May 31, 19 IS. Soldiers' Disabilities. Number... 23,415 Annual Liability $3,687,145 61 Soldiers' Dependents. Number... 24,213 Annual Liability $5,600,326 00 Total Annual Liability $9,287,471 61 Estimated Liability for year ending March 31, 1919, $15,000,000. Pensions are at present being awarded at the rate of 125 a day. LAND SETTLEMENT". . Under the Soldier Settlement Act, returned Canadian soldiers may apply for Government loans up to the amount of $2,500 (at 5% interest) to enable them to acquire land, stock, agricultural equip- ment, to erect farm buildings, etc. The amount of the loan is based on the security value of the land. The loan must be a first mortgage, or first charge against the land. These privileges are extended to men who have served in the present War in the forces of the United Kingdom, or any of the British Dominions or Colonies, and to Canadians who have served in the forces of any of the Allies. 29 By July 15th, 1918, approval had been given to the applications of 606 returned soldiers who had complied with the requirements of the above act. The total amount involved in these transactions is $690,800. 15. WAR RECORDS. OFFICIAL AND ACCREDITED REPORTS. An official Eye Witness with the Canadian troops at the Front was appointed early in 1915. In the autumn of that year this post was abolished and an Accredited Press Correspondent substituted. The reports of the Eye Witness and the Press Correspondent con- stitute a contemporary narrative of the doings of the Canadians in the field. THE CANADIAN WAR RECORDS OFFICE. This office was established in London in March, 1916. It prepares, collects, and preserves records of value for the narrative history of the Canadian forces serving in the War. These records include : (1) Newspaper clippings and published books; (2) The official gazettes of the United Kingdom, Canada and France ; (3) Regimental publications (trench papers, etc.) ; (4) Official communiques and press reports; (5) Canadian military badges; (6) Replicas of regimental colours ; (7) Reports of the history of the organization of each unit of the C.E.F.; (8) Other historical papers of such units; (9) General and routine orders; (10) Lists of honours and awards to Canadians, with statements of the services for which each was granted, and photo- graphs of the recipients; (11) Maps of all areas and actions in which Canadians have served ; (12) Narratives of events at the front, by actual participants; (13) Copies of official documents, maps and photographs, having special historical value, many of which are secret; (14) A complete photographic record of the Canadians in the field, prepared by the photographers of the Office; (15) Sketches and paintings of historical scenes; and much miscellaneous material. The publicity work of the Office consists of (1) exhibitions of official photographs; (2) publication of " The Canadian Daily Record," which furnishes Canadian news to the troops, and of " Canada in Khaki" and the "Canadian War Pictorial;" (3) miscellaneous publicity work, including answers to enquiries. 30 WAR ARCHIVES SURVEY. In April, 1917, the Public Archivist was empowered to make a survey of all the war. activities in Canada, and prepare a complete key to all classes of public war records, and to all the departments, agencies, etc., in which they originate. This key will insure that all Canada's records will be preserved and organized, ultimately, in such a way as to be available and intelligible for historical and other uses. In pursuance of this plan a Canadian Special Mission visited Europe and obtained reports on all Canadian war work overseas. These reports, in fifteen large volumes, are deposited in the Publi .- Archives at Ottawa. A similar survey of war activities in Canada is in progress. THE WAR MUSEUM. An Imperial War Museum, with a Canadian section and a Canadian representative, is to be established in London. It will contain war trophies -all of which, when captured, pass under the control of the War Office, and are registered and preserved for future disposition and all types of war souvenirs, such as posters, pictures, war stamps, photographs, pamphlets, all the apparatus of war and the machinery used in its manufacture. In 1916 measures were taken to secure a similar collection for Canada itself. A large number of trophies and souvenirs were obtained, partly by purchase but mainly by gift from the British and French Governments and various organ- izations and individuals. From time to time, additional consign- ments have been brought to Canada. They are supplemented by the accumulation here of Canadian souvenirs. The main collection is at present being used for exhibition purposes in the United States. A subsidiary collection is being sent to Canada. 16. THE KHAKI UNIVERSITY. An educational plan in connection with the Canadian Forces Overseas has recently been inaugurated under the name of "The Khaki University of Canada". The object of the scheme is to provide educational advantages in the form of lectures, study groups, etc., for soldiers who wish to use their spare hours during the war period in preparing themselves by study or practical instruction for their future vocations. The work is organized in the training centres in England, and as far as possible among the troops in France. During the period of demobilization it is hoped that the plan can be developed into a systematic scheme of education covering the whole Army. The Khaki University is recognized by the Canadian Universities; the Army authorities are extending their co-operation; and the Y.M.C.A. in Canada has agreed to assist as far as possible in the financing of the movement. The teaching is done almost entirely by voluntary instructors Chaplains and Y.M.C.A. Secretaries, as well as Officers, N.C.O's and men who had previously been in the teaching profession. 31 The following facts show what has already been accomplished under the auspices of the Khaki University : 93 libraries have been established in the Army areas in England and France. 8006 men have registered in Khaki University classes in England. These are divided by subjects as follows: commercial subjects, 2,351; agricultural subjects, 1,363; engineering subjects, 1,503; general educa- tional subjects, 2,789. Figures are not available with regard to classes in France. 341 lectures on general and practical subjects have been given in Y.M.C.A. huts in 13 Army centres in England, .with an average attendance of 400. The approximate total attendance was 170,000, between 40,000 and 50,000 individual men having attended one or more lectures.