BBHB 
 
 tTutoriaf Scried* 
 
 OVID; 
 
 TRISTIA, III, 
 
 TEXT AND NOTES, 
 
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 APR 12 18P4 
 
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)ll 
 
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 OVID: 
 TKISTIA III. 
 
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 OVID: 
 
 TEISTIA, Book III. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 A. H. ALLCROFT, M.A. Oxox., 
 
 FIRST CLASS HONOURMAN AT MODERATIONS AND FINAL CLASSICAL EXAM., 
 
 AUTHOR OF "latin COMPOSITION AND SYNTAX," 
 
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 AND 
 
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 EDITOR OF OVID'S FASTI, III., IV. 
 
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 ^ Of THE r 
 
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 London : W. B. CLIVE, 
 
 UNIVERSITY CORRESPONDEXCE COLLEGE PRESS. 
 
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INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 1. Life of Ovid.— Publins Ovidius Naso was born 
 at'Sulmo (Sulmona), about seventy miles from Kome, in 
 the country of the Paeligni, on March 20th, 43 B.C. Son 
 of an ancient equestrian family, he was destined for the 
 bar, and sent to Rome to learn^the art of rhetoric. He 
 appears to have acquitted himself with great success in 
 the schools, and afterwards, like most of the wealthy 
 young students of the day, went to Athens, the Uni- 
 versity of the Roman world. On returning to Rome 
 he held successively the offices of Triumvir capitalis} 
 Centumvir,^ and Decemvir litibus iudiccmdis.-' 
 
 But he soon threw over the honourable and lucrative 
 career his father had mapped out for him, and resigned 
 himself to the charms of poetic instinct, in him so strong 
 that he probably tells no more than the truth when he 
 says, " Unbidden ever came song to fitting numbers, 
 and all that I essayed to speak was verse." ^ The success 
 of his poems was immediate and complete, and it was 
 due in some degree to the attractive nature of his 
 subjects, but mainly to the brilliant elegance with which 
 he adorned every theme he touched. 
 
 1 
 
 Member of a bench of three judges, who decided petty disputes 
 between slaves and persons of inferior rank, looked after prisons, 
 and superintended the execution of criminals. 
 
 2 The court of the "Hundred Men" was a judicial body which 
 dealt with cases relating to property and inheritance. 
 
 2 These Decemviri decided actions involving freedom, and pre- 
 sided over the court of the centumviri. 
 
 ■^ ' ' Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 
 
 Et rpiod temptabam dicere, versus erat." — Tristia, IV, x. 26. 
 
vi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 His married life does not appear to have been a 
 happy one : he was thrice married and twice divorced j yet 
 he appears to have discovered a real affection for his 
 third wife when trouble came upon him. In his fifty- 
 first year, 8 a.d., his books were ordered to be removed 
 from the public libraries, and he was banished to Tomi, 
 or Tomis, a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea, near the 
 Danube. From this wild spot he sent unceasing laments 
 and appeals to Kome ; but Augustus was inexorable, and 
 the hopes which he had rested on the accession of Tiberius 
 proved vain. Broken in health and spirit by nine 
 long years of loneliness and sorrow, he died in exile, 
 18 A.D. 
 
 § 2. The reason of Ovid's banishment. — The precise 
 cause of Ovid's banishment is not clear. He tells us 
 that it was due to two things — " a poem and an error " 
 {duo crimina, carmen et error, Tiist. II. 207). The poem 
 was the Art of Love {Ars Amatoria), a work in which the 
 most immoral themes are treated in a dangerously 
 seductive style. It was widely reid, and as its influence 
 was directly opposed to Augustus' attempts by laws and 
 other means to promote a higher tone in the family and 
 home life of the Romans, it fell under his displeasure. ^ 
 But as ten years had passed since the first publication of 
 the book, the immediate cause of banishment must be 
 looked for in the error. This he emphatically states to 
 have been an error and not a crime ^ (scelus, faciniLs), 
 but preserves a mysterious silence about its real nature. 
 At any rate this error gave great personal offence to 
 
 ^ Trist. II. 7 : Carmina fcccrunt, ut me morcsquc notarct lam 
 clcmum visa Caesar ah arte meos. ' ' My poems were the reason 
 that Caesar branded me and my character with disgrace owing to 
 that Art {i.e. of Love) which appeared long years ago." Trist. II. 
 212: Arguor obsccni doctor adultcrii. "lam charged with being 
 tlie teacher of base adultery." 
 
 - Trist. I. iii. 37 : Caclcstiquc viro, quis me dcccpcrit error, 
 Dicite ; jyro culpa ne scelus esse putct. *' Tell ye that licaven-boin 
 man what error led me astray ; that he may not think it a crime 
 instead of a fault." Trist. III. i. 52 : Kon /acinus causam, scd 
 situs error habet. " 'Tis not a crime but his own error holds the 
 cause." Trist. III. v. 52: Et partem nostri criminis error habet. 
 " Part at least of my sin is due to an error." 
 
INTRODUCTION. Vll 
 
 Augustus/ and as Ovid tells us that liis eyes^ were tLe 
 offenders, we may infer that he was unintentionally the 
 eye-witness of some act or acts committed by one of 
 Augustus' family, and had neglected to give information 
 to him. This offence was probably the intrigue carried 
 on by the Emperor's granddaughter Julia and Decimus 
 Silanus. Julia was banished, Silanus went into voluntary 
 exile : but the heaviest blow fell upon Ovid's head, 
 perhaps because the Emperor thought that, by making 
 an example of one so widely known, he could best publish 
 to the Roman world his stern resolve to check the 
 depravity of the times. 
 
 Quite a different theory is put forAvard by Huber on 
 very scanty evidence. He thinks that Ovid was con- 
 nected with a cabal of which the object was to hinder the 
 banishment of Julia, and that a second edition of the 
 amatory poem was published about 8 a.d. The former 
 he believes to be the nominal, the latter the real cause 
 of Ovid's banishment. Several other theories have been 
 w^orked out, but the former of the two given above is 
 the one generally accepted. 
 
 § 3. The character of Ovid's banishment. — Ovid tells 
 us that he was rtlegatus non exid^ which latter term he 
 considers a reproach, for an exiil lost all rights of 
 Roman citizenship {iura siiffragii, honoriLm, commercii, 
 conuhii), whereas a relegatus retained all those rights, 
 nor was his property necessarily forfeited. He was only 
 compelled to keep away from a stated place, and, in 
 some cases, to reside at a fixed spot. Ovid's case may 
 be described in his own words. "The Emperor," he 
 says, "deprived me neither of life, nor wealth, nor the 
 rights of a citizen " {Nee vitam nee opes nee ius mihi 
 ■ civis ademit) ; and elsewhere the poet tells us, " All he did 
 
 1 Trist. II. 133, 209. 
 
 ^ Trist. III. V. 49 : Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina lilector, 
 Pcccatumque oeulos csniahuissc meum. "I am scourged for that, 
 all unwittingly, mine eyes have looked upon a crime, and my sin is 
 that I had eyes." Trist. III. vi. 27 : Nee breve nee tutum est, quo sint 
 mea, dicere, casu Lumina funcsti conscia facta mali. " 'Tis neither 
 a brief tale nor safe to say by what mischance mine eyes became 
 aware of that fatal trouble." (Cp. Tristia II. 103.) 
 
 2 Trist. II. 137. 
 
Viii INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 was to bid me quit the liome of my fathers " {Nil nisi 
 me 2)atriis iussit ahirefocis). Thus Ovid was nominally 
 condemned to the mildest form of banishment, and more 
 than this, the Emperor allowed him to publish his 
 poems freely, as if now beneath his notice. But the 
 contempt of the Emperor and the separation from his 
 friends must have eaten like iron into the soul of so 
 sensitive a poet as Ovid, while the rigours of the 
 Sarmatian climate gradually wore out his constitution. 
 § 4. Ovid's writings.— The chief works of Ovid were 
 as follows : — 
 
 1. Amorum, Lihri III., principally addressed to Cor- 
 inna, a mistress of the poet. These were first published 
 14 B.C., and in their final and collected form before 2 B.C. 
 
 2. The HeroicU's, imaginary love-letters, for the most 
 part from the heroines of mythology to their husbands. 
 
 3. Ars Amdtoria, or De Arte Amandi, Lihri III., 
 published about 2 B.C. The first two books are supposed 
 to instruct men, and the last book women, in the art 
 and methods of winning love. When Ovid was banished, 
 this poem was removed from the public libraries by the 
 command of Augustus. 
 
 4. Rhiwdia Amoris, suggesting remedies for the vio- 
 lence of love, a kind of recantation of the immoralities 
 of the Ars Amatoria, probably intended to deprecate the 
 possible displeasure of Augustus. It appeared about 2 a.d. 
 
 5. Meidmorphoseon, Lihri XV., mythological accounts 
 of transformations caused by the love, jealousy, and 
 vengeance of gods, heroes, and heroines, starting from 
 the Creation and reaching down to the time of Julius 
 Caesar, who is described as having been transformed 
 into a star. The first two or three books, in spite of 
 their faults, abound with beautiful passages, and pass- 
 ages of equal excellence are met with, though less 
 frequently, in the other books. Ovid was engaged in 
 revising and polishing this work when he was driven 
 into banishment ; in the hurry and vexation of his 
 flight he burnt the manuscript, but, luckily, some copies 
 had already been distrilnited among his friends, and 
 the poem was thus preserved, and was subsequently 
 published by the agency of one of his friends. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 6. Fastorum Lihri VI., a metrical calendar of the 
 Eoman year. Each book deals with one month, and as 
 M'e have it, it embraces the six months from January to 
 June inclusive. The remaining six books were never 
 written. This work was also incomplete at the time of 
 the poet's banishment, 8 a.d., and he must have done 
 the greater part of it at Tomi. It is probable that he 
 began writing this patriotic work in order to recommend 
 himself to the Emperor, who might make him the court- 
 poet now that Horace and Yergil were dead. His 
 banishment, however, put an end to any hopes he might 
 have entertained in that direction. 
 
 7. Tristium Lihri V., five books of elegies written 
 during the first four years of his banishment, describing 
 his misery, and entreating Augustus for mercy. 
 
 8. Ejjistolarum ex Ponto Lihri IV., letters written 
 from Pontus {i.e. Tomi) to various friends. They deal 
 with the same subjects as the Tristia. 
 
 In addition to these, Ovid wrote a tragedy called 
 Medea, which by his contemporaries was reckoned his 
 greatest work ; an elegiac *' Complaint of a Xut-tree " 
 styled Nux Elegeia ; and a satire upon a faithless friend 
 entitled Ihis. 
 
 With the exception of the Mttamoiyhoses (which are 
 written in hexameters) and the Medea, all of these 
 works are in elegiac metre (see § 5). 
 
 § 5. Metre. — A verse is composed of a certain number 
 of feet ; a foot consists of a ceitain number of syllables, 
 from two to four ; and the name of the foot depends 
 upon the number and quantity (i.e. length) and arrange- 
 ment of these syllables. 
 
 The metre of the Tri-itia is elegiac, so called as being 
 especially the metre for elegies or mournful poetry. It 
 consists of successive distichs or couplets, each comprising 
 two members. 
 
 The first member is a Hexanvtter, or verse of six feet ; 
 the second is a Pentameter, or verse of five feet. 
 
 In elegiac verse there are allowed only three varieties 
 of foot, and in no case more than three syllables in a 
 foot. These three feet are : — 
 
 (i) The Sjmndee, of two long syllables (-1 _). 
 
X INTRODUCTION". 
 
 (ii) The Dactijl, of one long syllable followed by two 
 short (-1 ^ J). 
 
 (iii) The Trochee, of one long syllable followed by one 
 short (-1 S). 
 
 One long syllable is regarded as equal to two short, so 
 
 that the spondee ( ) and dactyl (_ ^ w) are metrically 
 
 of equal value. 
 
 (A.) The scheme of the Hexameter is : — 
 
 12 3 4 5 6 
 
 Observe that the fifth foot must be a dactyl ; the sixth 
 foot cannot have more than two syllables, i.e. is either a 
 trochee or a spondee. E.g., 
 
 / f r / ^ / 
 
 Missus in | banc veni- 1 o |] timi- 1 de, liber | exulis, | urbem. 
 / / / ' ' ' 
 
 Me mise-|rum ! vere-|orque||lo-|cum vere-jorque po-|tentem. 
 
 Caesura. — In the hexameter there almost invariably 
 occurs a caesura, i.e. a pause in the rhythm. This is 
 shown in the examples above by the mark (||). It is 
 effected by an arrangement of the syllables in such a 
 way that the same foot (usually the third) shall contain 
 the latter part of one word and at least the commence me] it 
 of a second word. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 / f r r 
 
 (i) Quod neque | sum ce- ] dro |I fla- j vus. 
 
 (ii) Littera | suffu- | sas |I quod ha- | bet. 
 / / / ' 
 
 (iii) Me mise- | rum vere- ( orque || lo- | cum. 
 
 Observe that the normal position for the caesura is 
 in the middle of the third foot. int_oecurJun]i£iiia^ly 
 af ter the first syllabl a,-aa in examples i i^ and (ii). it is 
 known as a strong or male caesura. If it occur, as in 
 example (iii), bet:we6 ^ the second and third syllables of 
 a dactyl-foot, it is known as weak or' temale. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XI 
 
 Occasionally the caesura comes as late as the fourth 
 foot. 
 
 (B.) The scheme of the Pentameter is : — 
 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
 
 Observe that the syllables here numbered 3 and 
 6 are half-feet : the two together make up a single 
 normal foot, so that the whole verse is considered to con- 
 tain only five feet in all. The first half of the verse 
 must end with the end of a word. Further, the fourth 
 and fifth feet must be dactyls ; and in Ovid's verse the 
 last word in a Pentameter line must be of two syllables 
 only (w _ , rarely w w). E.g., 
 
 Da placi- j dam fes- j so, || lector a- | mice, ma- \ num. 
 
 In qua | scribe- | bat, || barbara j terra fu- | it. 
 
 § 6. Prosody. — With regard to rules for the quantity 
 of syllables, the following are the most important, but 
 they are nearly all subject to exceptions : — • 
 
 (1) A diphthong or contracted syllable is long ; e.g., 
 mensce, nil { = nihil). 
 
 (2) The former of two vowels not forming a dijDhthong 
 is short ; e.g., puer. 
 
 (3) A syllable is long when its vowel is followed in 
 the same word by two consonants (other than /(), by x 
 or z, or by semi- con sonant { (sometimes printed j). 
 
 (4) A final syllable ending in a consonant counts as 
 Ion Of before a word beainnins: with semi-consonant i or 
 a consonant (other than h). 
 
 (5) A syllable containing a vowel naturally short is 
 either long or short when the vowel is followed by two 
 different consonants of which the second is I or r : e.g., 
 pdtris or patris, gen. sing, of ^x7^er. This does not apply 
 to nl or 7ir, which always make the syllable long. (A 
 vowel by nature long remains long ; e.g., matris, gen. 
 sing, of mater.) 
 
ill INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (6) Final syllables of words ending in a, i, o, u, as, 
 es, OS, and c, are long. Final a, however, in nom., voc, 
 and ace. is short, and Ovid occasionally has final o 
 short. Final es is short in such nominatives singular as 
 miles, and in the nom. plural of Greek substantives, e.g. 
 lampades ; and final as is short in the corresponding 
 Greek ace. plural, hmipadas. Final os is short when it 
 represents Greek oq. 
 
 (7) Final e is short, except in the 1st (Greek) and 5th 
 declensions, in 2nd sing, imper. act. of verbs of the 
 2nd conjugation, and in adverbs. 
 
 (8) Final is is short, except in the ace, dat., and abl. 
 plural, and in the 2nd sing. pres. ind. act. of verbs of the 
 4th conjugation. 
 
 (9) Final us is short, except in the nom., voc, and 
 ace. plural and in the gen. sing, of the 4th declension, 
 and in iem. substantives like j^'dus. 
 
 (10) Final syllables of words ending in the liquids 
 I, n, r, and in the dentals d, t, are short. 
 
 (11) Monosyllables are generally long, except those 
 ending in b, d, t. 
 
 Elision. — Before a w^ord beginning with a vowel or 
 h a final vowel or diphthong is elided, as also is a final 
 m, together with the vowel preceding it ; e.g., Haec 
 domini fortuna mei est scans as H^c domi- j ni for- | 
 tUnil me- \ est ; \ and Quantum erat as Qudnt^ erat. \ 
 
 Accent. — The metrical or rhythmic accent is not to 
 be confounded with the grammatical accent, with which, 
 however, it often coincides. The law of grammatical 
 accentuation in Latin is simply that " the main accent 
 falls on the antepenultimate syllable {i.e. last syllable 
 but two), except when the penultimate {i.e. last syllable 
 but one) is long ; in which case it falls on that." There 
 is no accent on the last syllable. Thus inter ea, intlmus, 
 intrdre. 
 
P. OVIDII NASONIS 
 
 TEISTIUM 
 
 LIBER TERTIUS. 
 
 I. 
 
 " Missus in hanc venio timide, liber exnlis, urbem : 
 
 Da placidam f esso, lector amice, mauum ; 
 Neve reformida, ne sim tibi forte pudori : 
 
 ISTullus in hac charta versus amare docet. 
 Haec domini fortuna mei est, ut debeat illam 5 
 
 Infelix nuUis dissimulare iocis. 
 Id quoque, quod viridi quondam male lusit in aevo, 
 
 Heu nimium sero ! damnat et odit opus. 
 Inspice, quid portem ! nihil hie nisi triste videbis, 
 
 Carmine temporibus conveniente suis. 10 
 
 Clauda quod alterno subsidunt carmina versu, 
 
 Vel pedis hoc ratio, vel via longa facit ; 
 Quod neque sum cedro flavus nee pumice levis, 
 
 Erubui domino cultior esse meo ; 
 Littera suffusas quod habet maculosa lituras, 15 
 
 Laesit opus lacrimis ipse poeta suum. 
 Siqua videbuntur casu non dicta Latin e, 
 
 In qua scribebat, barbara terra fuit. 
 Dicite, lectores, si non grave, qua sit eundum, 
 
 Quasque petam sedes hospes in urbe liber." 20 
 
 Haec ubi sum furtim lingua titubante locutus, 
 
 Qui mihi monstraret, vix fuit unus, iter. 
 
 TR. III. n 
 
OVID. 
 
 " Di tibi dent, nostro quod non tribiiere poetae, 
 
 Molliter in patria vivere posse tna ! 
 Due age ! namque sequar, quamvis terraque marique 25 
 
 Longinquo referam lassus ab orbe pedem." 
 / Paruit, et ducens " Haec sunt fora Caesaris," inquit, 
 
 " Haec est a sacris quae via nomen habet, 
 Hie locus est Yestae, qui Pallada servat et ignem, 
 
 Haec fuit antiqui regia parva Nuraae." 30 
 
 Inde petens dextram " Porta est " ait " ista Palati, 
 
 Hie Stator, hoc primum condita Ptoma loco est." 
 Singula dum miror, video fulgentibus armis 
 
 Conspicuos postes tectaque digna deo. 
 Et " lovis haec " dixi " domus est ? " quod ut esse 35 
 putarem, 
 
 Augurium menti querna corona dabat. 
 Cuius ut accepi dominum, " Non fallimur," inquam, 
 
 " Et magni verum est hanc lovis esse domum. 
 Cur tamen opposita velatur ianua lauro, 
 
 Cingit et augustas arbor opaca comas ? 40 
 
 Num quia perpetuos meruit domus ista triumphos, 
 
 An quia Leucadio semper amata deo est, 
 , Ipsane quod festa est, an quod facit omnia festa ? 
 
 Quam tribuit terris, pacis an ista nota est ? 
 Utque viret semper laurus nee fronde caduca 45 
 
 Carpitur, aeternum sic habet ilia decus 1 
 Causa superpositae scripto testante coronae 
 
 Servatos cives indicat huius ope. 
 Ad ice servatis unum, pater optime, civem, 
 
 Qui procul extremo pulsus in orbe latet, 50 
 
 In quo poenarum, quas se meruisse fatetur, 
 
 Non facinus causam, sed suus error habet. 
 Me miserum ! vereorque locum vereorque potentem, 
 
 Et quatitur trepido littera nostra metu. 
 Aspicis exangui chartam pallere colore? 55 
 
 Aspicis alternos intremuisse pedes? 
 
TRISTIA III., II. O 
 
 Qaandocumque, precor, nostro placere parent! 
 
 Isdem et sub dominis aspiciare domus ! " 
 Inde tenore pari gradibus sublimia celsis 
 
 .Ducor ad intonsi Candida templa dei, 60 
 
 Signa peregrinis ubi sunt alterna columnis, 
 
 Belides et stricto barbarus ense pater, 
 Quaeque viri docto veteres cepere novique 
 
 Pectore, lecturis inspicienda patent. 
 Quaerebam fratres, exceptis scilicet illis, 65 
 
 Quos suus optaret non genuisse pater. 
 Quaerentem frustra custos e sedibus illis 
 
 Praepositus sancto iussit abire loco. 
 Altera templa peto, vicino iuncta theatro : 
 
 Haec quoque erant pedibus non adeunda meis. 70 
 
 ISTec me, quae doctis patuerunt prima libellis, 
 
 Atria Libertas tangere passa sua est. 
 In genus auctoris miseri fort una redundat, 
 Et patimur nati, quam tulit ipse, fugam. 
 Forsitan et nobis olim minus asper et illi 75 
 
 Evictus longo tempore, Caesar erit. 
 Di, precor, atque adeo — neque enim mi hi turba 
 roganda est- — 
 Caesar, ades voto, maxime dive, meo ! 
 Interea, quoniam static mihi publica clansa est, 
 
 Privato liceat delituisse loco ! 80 
 
 Yos quoque, si fas est, confusa pudore repulsae 
 Sumite plebeiae carmina nostra manus ! 
 
 II. 
 
 Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam quoque visere nostris, 
 
 Quaeque Lycaonia terra sub axe iacet ? 
 Nee vos, Pierides, nee stirps Letoia, vestro 
 
 Docta sacerdoti turba tulistis opem. 
 Nee mihi, quod lasi vero sine crimine, prodest, 5 
 
OVID. 
 
 Quodque magis vita Musa iocata mea est, 
 Plurima sed pelago terraque pericula passum 
 
 Ustus ab assiduo frigore Pontus habet. 
 Quique fiigax rerum secnraqne in otia natus, 
 
 Mollis et impatiens ante laboris eram, lo 
 
 Ultima nunc patior, nee me mare portubus orbum 
 
 Perdere, diversae nee potuere viae, 
 Suffecitque malis animus. Nam corpus ab illo 
 
 Accepit vires vixque ferenda tulit. 
 Dum tamen et terris dubius iactabar et undis, 15 
 
 Faliebat curas aegraque corda labor : 
 XJt via finita est et opus requievit eundi, 
 
 Et poenae tellus est mihi tacta meae, 
 Nil nisi flere libet, nee nostro parcior imber 
 
 Lumine, de verna quam nive manat aqua. 20 
 
 Roma domusque subit desideriumque locorum, 
 
 Quicquid et amissa restat in urbe mei. 
 Ei mihij quod totiens nostri pulsata sepulcri 
 
 lanua, sed nullo tempore aperta fuit ! ; 
 
 Cur ego tot gladios fugi totiensque minata 25 
 
 Obruit inf elix nulla procella caput 1 
 T>i, quos experior nimium constanter iniquos, 
 
 Participes irae quos deus unus habet, 
 Exstimulate, precor, cessantia fata meique 
 
 Interitus clausas esse vetate fores ! 30 
 
 III. 
 
 Haec mea, si casu miraris, epistula quare 
 Alterius digitis scripta sit : aeger eram. 
 
 Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis, 
 Incertusque meae paene salutis eram. 
 
 Quern mihi nunc animum dira regione iacenti 
 Inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes ? 
 
 Nee coelum patior, nee aquis adsuevimus istis, 
 
TRISTIA III., III. O 
 
 Terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
 Non domus apta satis, non hie cibus u til is aegro, 
 
 Nullus, ApoUinea qui levet arte malum, lo 
 
 Non qui soletur, non qui labentia tai'de 
 
 Tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest. 
 Lassus in extremis iaceo populisque locisque, 
 Et subit adfecto nunc mihi quicquid abest. 
 Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, coniunx 1 5 
 
 Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. 
 Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam ; 
 
 Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies. 
 Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, 
 
 Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20 
 
 Si iam deficiam, subpressaque lingua palato 
 
 Yix instillato restituenda mero, 
 Nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam, 
 
 Spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. 
 Ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istie 25 
 
 lucundum nostri nescia tempus agis 1 
 Non agis ; adfirmo. Liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, 
 
 Tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi. 
 Si tamen inplevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos, 
 
 Et mihi vivendi tam cito finis adest, 30 
 
 Quantum erat, o magni, morituro parcere, divi, 
 
 Ut saltem patria eontumularer humo ? 
 Vel poena in tempus mortis dilata f uisset, 
 Yel praecepisset mors properata fugam. 
 Integer banc potui nuper bene reddere lucem ; 35 
 
 Exul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est. 
 Tam proeul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris, 
 
 Et fient ipso tristia fata loco ; 
 Nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto, 
 
 Depositum nee me qui fleat, uUus erit ; 40 
 
 Nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora 
 Accedent animae tempora parva meae ; 
 
6 OVID. 
 
 Nee mandata clabo, nee cum clamore supremo 
 
 Labentes oculos condet amica manus, 
 Sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45 
 
 Indeploratum barbara terra teget ! 
 Ecquid, ubi audieris, tota turbabere mente, 
 
 Et feries pavida peetora fida manu 1 
 Ecquid, in has frustra tendens tua braehia partes, 
 
 Clamabis miser i nomen inane viri ? 56 
 
 Paree tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos : 
 
 Non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero. 
 Cum pafcriam amisi, tune me periisse putato. 
 
 Et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi. 
 Nunc, si forte potes, — sed non potes, optima 55 
 
 coniunx — 
 
 Finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis. 
 Quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo, 
 
 Ad quae iam pridem non rude pectus habes. 
 Atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae, 
 
 Effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos. 60 
 
 Nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura 
 
 Spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis, 
 Inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras, 
 
 Perque feros manes hospita semper erit ; 
 Ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna : 65 
 
 Sic ego non etiam mortuus exul ero. 
 Non vetat hoc quisquam : fratrem Thebana peremptum 
 
 Supposuit tumulo rege vetante soror. 
 Atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce, 
 
 Inque suburbano condita pone solo ; 7° 
 
 Quosque legat versus oeulo properante viator, 
 
 Grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis : 
 
 HIC . EGO . QUI . lACEO . TENERORUM . LUSOK . AMORUM 
 
 INGENIO . PERU . NASO . POETA . MEG 
 AT . TIBI . QUI . TRANSIS . NE . SIT . GRAVE . QUISQUIS 75 
 AMASTI 
 
TRISTIA III., IV. « 
 
 DICERE . NASONIS . MOLLITER . OSSA . CUBENT . 
 
 Hoc satis in titulo est. Etenim maiora libelli 
 
 Et diuturna magis sunt monimenta mihi, 
 Quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos 
 
 Nomen et anctori tempora longa suo. 80 
 
 Tu tamen extincto feralia munera semper 
 
 Deque tuis lacrimis umida serta dato. 
 Quamvis in cineres corpus miitaverit ignis, 
 
 Sentiet officium maesta fa villa pium. 
 Scribere plura libet. Sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85 
 
 Dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat. 
 Accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore, 
 
 Quod, tibi qui mitt it, non habet ipse, vale ! 
 
 IV. 
 
 mihi care quidem semper, sed tempore duro 
 
 Cognite, res postquam procubuere meae, 
 XJsibus edocto si quicquam credis amico, 
 
 Yive tibi et longe nomina magna fuge. 
 Yive tibi, quantumque potes praelustria vita : 5 
 
 Saevum praelustri fulmen ab igne venit. 
 Nam quamquam soli possunt prodesse potentes, 
 
 Non prosit potius, pluiimum obesse potest. 
 Eifugit hibernas demissa antemna procellas, 
 Lataque plus parvis vela timoris habent. 
 Aspicis, ut summa cortex levis innatet unda, 
 Cum grave nexa simul retia mergat onus 1 
 Haec ego si monitor monitus prius ipse fuissem, 
 
 In qua debebam, forsitan Urbe forem. 
 Dum tecum vixi, dum me levis aura f erebat, 1 5 
 
 Haec mea per placidas cumba cucurrit aquas. 
 Qui cadit in piano,— vix hoc tamen evenit ipsum— 
 
 Sic cadit, ut tacta surgere possit humo : 
 At miser Elpenor tecto delapsus ab alto 
 
 10 
 
8 OVID. 
 
 Occurrit regi debilis umbra suo. 20 
 
 Quid fuit, ut tutas agitaret Daedalus alas, 
 
 Icarus inmensas nomine signet aquas ? 
 Nempe quod hie alte, demissius ille volabat ; 
 
 Nam pennas ambo non habuere suas. 
 Crede mibi, bene qui latuit, bene vixit, et intra 25 
 
 Fortunam debet quisque manere suam. 
 Non foret Eumedes orbus, si filius eius 
 
 Stultus Achilleos non adamasset equos ; 
 Nee natum in flamma vidisset, in arbore natas, 
 
 Cepisset genitor si Phaethonta Merops. 30 
 
 Tu quoque formida nimium sublimia semper, 
 
 Propositique, precor, contralie vela tui. 
 Nam pede inofEenso spatium decurrere vitae 
 
 Dignus es et fato candidiore frui. 
 Quae pro te ut voveam, miti pietate mereris 35 
 
 Haesuraque fide tempus in omne mihi. 
 Vidi ego te tali vultu mea fata gementem, 
 
 Qualem credibile est ore fuisse meo. - 
 
 Nostra tuas vidi lacrimas super ora cadentes, 
 
 Tempore quas uno fidaque verba bibi. 40 
 
 Nunc quoque summotum studio defendis amicum, 
 
 Et mala vix ulla parte levanda levas. 
 Vive sine invidia, mollesque inglorius annos 
 
 Exige, amicitias et tibi iunge pares, 
 Nasonisque tui, quod adhuc non exulat unum, 45 
 
 Nomen ama : Scythicus cetera Pontus habet. 
 Proxima sideribus tellus Erymanthidos ursae 
 
 Me tenet, adstricto terra perusta gelu. 
 Bosplioros et Tanais superant Scythiaeque paludes 
 
 Vix satis et noti nomina pauca loci. 50 
 
 XJlterius nihil est nisi non habitabile frigus. 
 
 Heu quam vicina est ultima terra mihi ! 
 At longe patria est, longe carissima coniunx, 
 Quicquid et haec nobis post duo dulce fuit. 
 
TRISTIA III., V. 9 
 
 Sic tamen haec adsiint, ut quae confcingere non est 55 
 
 Corpore : sunt animo cuncta videnda nieo. 
 Ante oculos errant domus, urbsque et forma locorum, 
 
 Acceduntque suis singula facta locis. 
 Coniugis ante oculos, sicut praesentis, imago est. 
 
 Ilia meos casus ingravat, ilia levat : 60 
 
 Ingravat hoc, quod abest ; levat hoc, quod praestat 
 amorem 
 
 Inpositumque sibi firma tuetur onus. 
 Vos quoque pectoribus nostris haeretis, amici, 
 
 Dicere quos cupio nomine quemque suo. 
 Sed timor officium cautus compescit, et ipsos 65 
 
 In nostro poni carmine nolle puto. 
 Ante volebatis, gratique erat instar honoris, 
 
 Yersibus in nostris nomina vestra legi. 
 Quod quoniam est anceps, intra mea pectora quemque 
 
 Adloquar, et nulli causa timoris ero. 70 
 
 Nee mens indicio latitantis versus amicos 
 
 Protrahit. Occulte siquis amabat, amet. 
 Scite tamen, quamvis longa regione remotus 
 
 Absim, vos animo semper adesse meo ; 
 Et qua quisque potest, aliqua mala nostra levate, 75 
 
 Fidam proiecto neve negate manum, 
 Prospera sic maneat vobis fortuna, nee umquam 
 
 Contacti simili sorte rogetis idem. 
 
 V. 
 
 Usus amicitiae tecum mihi parvus, ut illam 
 
 J^on aegre posses dissimulare, fuit, 
 Nee me complexus vinclis propioribus esses 
 
 Nave mea vento, forsan, eunte suo. 
 Ut cecidi, cunctique metu fugere ruinam, 5 
 
 Yersaque amicitiae terga dedere meae, 
 Ausus es igne lovis percussum tangere corpus 
 
 Et deploratae limen adire domus : 
 
10 OVID. 
 
 Idque recens praestas nee longo cognitus usu, 
 
 Quod veterum misero vix duo tresve mihi. lo 
 
 Yidi ego confusos vviltus, visosque notavi, 
 
 Osque madens fletu pallidiusque meo, 
 Et lacrimas cernens in singula verba cadentes 
 
 Ore meo lacrimas, auribus ilia bibi ; 
 Brachiaque accepi presso pendentia collo, 15 
 
 Et singultatis oscula mixta sonis. 
 Sum quoque, care, tuis defensus viribus absens : — 
 
 Scis carum veri nominis esse loco — 
 Multaque praeterea manifesti signa favoris 
 
 Pectoribus teneo non abitura meis. 20 
 
 Di tibi posse tuos tribuant defendere semper, 
 
 Quos in materia prosperiore iuves. 
 Si tamen interea, quid in his ego perditus oris — 
 
 Quod te credibile est quaerere — quaeris, agam : 
 Spe trahor exigua, quam tu mihi demere noli, 25 
 
 Tristia leniri numina posse dei. 
 Seu temere expecto, sive id contingere fas est, 
 
 Tu mihi, quod cupio, fas, precor, esse proba, 
 Quaeque tibi linguae facundia, confer in illud, 
 
 Ut doceas votum posse valere meum. 30 
 
 Quo quisque est maior, magis est placabilis irae, 
 
 Et faciles motus mens generosa capit. 
 Corpora magnanimo satis est prostrasse leoni, 
 
 Pugna suum finem, cum iacet hostis, habet : 
 At lupus et turpes instant morientibus ursi 35 
 
 Et quaecumque minor nobilitate fera. 
 Maius apud Troiam f orti quid habemus Achille 'i 
 
 Dardanii lacrimas non tulit ille senis. 
 Quae ducis Emathii f uerit dementia, Porus 
 
 Dareique decent funeris exequiae. 40 
 
 Neve hominum referam flexas ad mitius iras, 
 
 lunonis gener est, qui prius hostis erat. 
 Denique non possum nullam sperare salutem. 
 
TRISTIA in., VI. 11 
 
 Cum poenae non sit causa cruenta meae. 
 Non mihi, quaerenti pessumdare cuncta, petitum 45 
 
 Caesareum caput est, quod caput orbis erat ; 
 Non aliquid dixi violataque lingua loquendo est 
 
 Lapsaque sunt nimio verba profana mero : 
 Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina, plector, 
 
 Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 50 
 
 Non equidem totam possum defendere culpam : 
 - Sed partem nostri criminis error habet. 
 Spes igitur superest, facturum, ut molliat ipse 
 
 Mutati poenam condicione loci. 
 Hos utinam nitidi Solis praenuntius ortus 55 
 
 Afferat admisso Lucifer albus equo ! 
 
 VI. 
 
 Foedus amicitiae nee vis, carissime, nostrae, 
 
 Nee si forte velis, dissimulare potes. 
 Donee enim licuit, nee te mihi carior alter. 
 
 Nee tibi me tota iunctior Urbe fuit. 
 Tsque erat usque adeo populo testatus, ut esset 5 
 
 Paene magis quam tu quamque ego notus amor, 
 Quique est in caris animi tibi candor amicis. 
 
 Cognita sunt ipsi, quem colis, ista viro. 
 Nil ita celabas, ut non ego conscius essem, 
 
 Pectoribusque dabas multa tegenda meis : 10 
 
 Cuique ego narrabam secreti quicquid habebam, 
 
 Excepto quod me perdidit, unus eras. 
 Id quoque si scisses, salvo fruerere sodali, 
 
 Consilioque forem sospes, amice, tuo. 
 Sed mea me in poenam nimirum fata trahebant : 1 5 
 
 Omne bonae claudent utilitatis iter. 
 Sive malum potui tamen hoc vitare cavendo, 
 
 Seu ratio fatum vincere nulla valet : 
 Tu tamen, o nobis usu iunctissime longo, 
 
12 
 
 OVID. 
 
 Pars clesiderii maxima paene mei, 20 
 
 Sis memor, et siquas fecit tibi gratia vires, 
 
 Illas pro nobis experiare, rogo, 
 Numinis ut laesi fiat mansuetior ira, 
 
 Mutatoque minor sit mea poena loco. 
 Idque ita, si nullum scelus est in pectore nostro, 25 
 
 Principiumque mei criminis error habet. 
 Nee breve nee tutum, quo sint mea, dicere, casu 
 
 Lumina funesti conscia facta mali : 
 Mensque reformidat, veluti sua vulnera, tempus 
 
 Illud, et admonitu fit novus ipse pudor, 30 
 
 Et quaecumque adeo possunt afferre pudorem. 
 
 Ilia tegi caeca condita nocte decet. 
 Nil igitur referam, nisi me peccasse, sed illo 
 
 Praemia peccato nulla petita mihi, 
 Stultitiamque meum crimen debere vocari, 35 
 
 Nomina si facto reddere vera velis. 
 Quae si non ita sunt, alium, quo longius absim, 
 
 Quaere ! — suburbana est liic milii terra locus. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Vade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam, 
 
 Littera, sermonis fida ministra mei ! 
 Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem, 
 
 Aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. 
 Quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet, 5 
 
 Nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. 
 Vivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim, 
 
 Nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora ; 
 Et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, 
 
 Aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10 
 
 Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres, 
 
 Doctaque non patrio carmina more canis 1 
 Nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos 
 
TBISTIA III., VII. 13 
 
 Et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. 
 Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15 
 
 Ne male fecundae veua periret aquae ; 
 Primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis, 
 
 Utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. 
 Ergo" si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, 
 
 Sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20 
 
 Sed vereor, ne te mea nunc fortuna retardet, 
 
 Postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. 
 Dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam ; 
 
 Saepe tui index, saepe magister eram : 
 Ant ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, 25 
 
 Aut, ubi cessares, causa ruboris eram. 
 Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, 
 
 Tu quoque sis poenae facta soluta meae. 
 Pone, Perilla, metum ; tantummodo femina nulla 
 
 Neve vir a scriptis discat amare tuis ! 30 
 
 Ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas, 
 
 Inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi ! 
 Ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annis, 
 - Rugaque in antiqua f route senilis erit ; 
 Inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35 
 
 Quae strepitum passu non faciente venit ; 
 Cumque aliquis dicet "Fuit haec formosa," dolebis, 
 
 Et speculum mendax esse querere tuum. 
 Sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis : 
 
 Finge sed inmensis censibus esse pares ; 40 
 
 Nempe dat id, quodcumque libet, fortuna rapitque ; 
 
 Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat. 
 Singula quid referam 1 nil non mortale tenemus 
 
 Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis. 
 En ego, cum caream patria vobisque domoque, 45 
 
 Raptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi, 
 Ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque fruorque : 
 Caesar in hoc potuit iuris habere nihil. /^S/' 
 
 (%^ 
 
 %-_ CA. 
 
14 OVID. 
 
 Quilibet hanc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense ; 
 
 Me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50 
 
 Dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem 
 
 Prospiciet domitum Martia Koma, legar. 
 Tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior iisus, 
 
 Effuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos ! 
 
 YIII. 
 
 Nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem consistere curru, 
 
 Misit in ignotam qui rude semen humum ', 
 Nunc ego Medeae vellem frenare dracones, 
 
 Quos habuit fugiens arce, Corinthe, tua ; 
 Nunc ego iactandas optarem sumere pennas, 5 
 
 Sive tuas, Perseu, Daedale, sive tuas : 
 TJt tenera nostris cedente volatibus aura 
 
 Aspicerem patriae dulce repente solum, 
 Desertaeque domus vultus, memoresque sodales, 
 
 Caraque praecipue coniugis ora meae. 10 
 
 Stulte, quid liaec frustra votis puerilibus opt as, 
 
 Quae non ulla tibi fertque feretque dies ? 
 Si semel optandum est, Augusti numen adora, 
 
 Et, quern sensisti, rite precare deum. 
 Ille tibi pennasque potest currusque volucres 15 
 
 Trad ere : det reditum, protinus ales eris. 
 Si precer hoc — neque enim possum maiora rogare — 
 
 Ne mea sint, timeo, vota modesta parum. 
 Forsitan hoc olim, cum iam satiaverit iram, 
 
 Tunc quoque sollicita mente, rogandus erit. 20 
 
 Quod minus, interea est iustar mihi muneris ampli : 
 
 Ex his me iubeat quolibet ire locis. 
 Nee caelum, nee aquae faciunt, nee terra, nee aurae ; 
 
 Ei mihi, perpetuus corpora languor habet ! 
 Seu vitiant artus aegrae contagia mentis, 25 
 
 Sive mei causa est in regione mali, 
 
TRISTIA III., TX. 15 
 
 XJt tetigi Pontum, vexant insomnia, vixque 
 
 Ossa tegit macies, nee iuvat ora cibus ; 
 Quiqiie per autiimnum percussis frigore primo 
 
 Est color in foliis, quae nova laesit hiems, 30 
 
 Is mea membra tenet ; nee viribus adlevor ullis, 
 
 Et numquam queruli causa doloris abest. 
 Nee melius valeo, quam corpore, mente, sed aegra est 
 
 TJtraque pars aequo binaque damna fero. 
 Haeret et ante oculos veluti spectabile corpus 35 
 
 Astat fortunae forma legenda meae : 
 Cum que locum moresque hominum cultusque sonumque 
 
 Cernimus, et quid sim quid fuerimque, subit, 
 Tantus amor neeis est, querar ut cum Caesaris ira. 
 
 Quod non offensas vindicet ense suas. 40 
 
 At quoniam semel est odio civiliter usus, 
 
 Mutato levior sit fuga nostra loco ! 
 
 IX. 
 
 Hie quoque sunt igitur Graiae — quis crederet 1 — urbes 
 
 Inter inhumanae nomina barbariae ; 
 Hue quoque Mileto missi venere eoloni, 
 
 Inque Getis Graias constituere domos. 
 Sed vetus huie nomen positaque antiquius urbe 5 
 
 Constat ab Absyrti caede fuisse loco. 
 Nam rate, quae cura pugnacis facta Minervae 
 
 Per non temptatas prima cucurrit aquas, 
 Impia desertum fugiens Medea parentem 
 
 Dieitur his remos applicuisse vadis. 10 
 
 Quem procul ut vidit tumulo speculator ab alto, 
 
 "Hospes," ait " nosco, Colcliide, vela, venit ! " 
 Dum trepidant Minyae, dum solvitur aggere funis, 
 
 Dum sequitur celeres aneora traeta manus, 
 Conscia pereussit meritorum pectora Colchis 15 
 
 Ausa atque ausura multa nefanda manu ; 
 
16 OVID. 
 
 Et, quainquam superest ingens andacia menti, 
 
 Pallor in attoiiitae virginis ore fuit. 
 Ergo ubi prospexit vehientia vela, " Tenemur, 
 
 Et pater est aliqua fraucle morandus " ait. 20 
 
 Dum quid agat, quaerit, dum versat in omnia vultus, 
 
 Ad fratrem casu lumina flexa tulit. 
 Cuius ut oblata est praesentia, " Vicimus " inquit : 
 
 " Hie mihi morte sua causa salutis erit." 
 Protinus ignari nee quicquam tale timentis 25 
 
 Innocuum rigido perforat ense latus, 
 Atque ita divellit, divulsaquo membra per agros 
 
 Dissipat in multis invenienda locis. 
 Neu pater ignoret, scopulo proponit in alto 
 
 Pallentesque manus sanguineumque caput, 30 
 
 Ut genitor luctuque novo tardetur et, artus 
 
 Dum legit extinctos, triste retardet iter. 
 Inde Tomis dictus locus hie, quia fertur in illo 
 
 Membra sorer fratris consecuisse sui. 
 
 >^ X. 
 
 Siquis adhuc istic meminit Nasonis adempti, 
 
 Et superest sine me nomen in Urbe meum, 
 Suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor 
 
 Me sciat in media vivere barbaria. 
 Sauromatae cingunt, fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, 5 
 
 Quam non ingenio nomina digna meo ! 
 Dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro : 
 
 Ille suis liquidus bella repellit aquis. • 
 At cum tristis hiems squalentia protulit ora, 
 
 Terraque marmoreo est Candida facta gelu, 10 
 
 Dum patet et boreas et nix iniecta sub arcto, 
 
 Turn patet, has gentes axe tremente premi. 
 Nix iacet, et iactam ne sol pluviaeque resolvant, 
 
 Indurat boreas perpetuamque facit. 
 
TRISTIA III., X. 
 
 17 
 
 Ergo nbi delicuit nondiim prior, altera venit, 15 
 
 Et solet in multis bima manere locis. 
 Tantaque commoti vis est aquilonis, ut altas 
 
 Aeqiiet humo turres tectaque rapta ferat. 
 Pellibus et suti^ arcent mala f rigora bracis, 
 
 Oraque de toto corpore sola patent. • 20 
 
 Saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, 
 
 Et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu ; 
 Nudaqne consistunt, formam servantia testae, 
 
 Yina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. ; 
 Quid loquar, ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25 
 
 Deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae ? 
 Ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne 
 
 Miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, 
 Caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister 
 
 Congelat et tectis in mare serpit aquis. 30 
 
 Quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas — 
 
 Frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi ; 
 Perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis 
 
 Ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. 
 Yix equidem credar, sed cum sint praemia falsi 35 
 
 Nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem. 
 Vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, 
 
 Lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas. 
 Nee vidisse sat est ; durum calcavimus aequor, 
 
 Undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 40 
 
 Si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, f uisset, 
 
 Non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae. 
 Tum neque se pandi possunt delphines in auras 
 
 Tollere ; conantes dura coercet hiems. 
 Et quamvis boreas iactatis insonet alis, 45 
 
 Fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit ; 
 Inclusaeque gelu stabunt in marmore puppes, 
 ' Nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas. 
 Vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos, 
 
 TR. III. C 
 
18 OVID. 
 
 Sed pars ex illis tunc quoque viva fuit. 50 
 
 Sive igitur nimii boreae vis saeva mariDas, 
 
 Sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas, 
 Protinus, aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro, 
 
 Inveliitur celeri barbarus hostis equo, 
 Hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta 55 
 
 Yicinam late depopulatur humum. 
 Diffugiunt alii, nullisque tuentibus agros 
 
 Incustoditae diripiuntur opas, 
 Ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra 
 
 Et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60 
 
 Pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, 
 
 Respiciens frustra rura laremque suum, 
 Pars cadit liamatis misere confixa sagittis : 
 
 Nam volucri ferro tinctile virus iuest. 
 Quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, perdunt, 65 
 
 Et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. 
 Tunc quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, 
 
 Nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. 
 Aut videt aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, hostem ; 
 
 Cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 70 
 
 Non hie pampinea dulcis latet uva sub umbra, 
 
 Nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus. 
 Poma negat regio. Nee haberet Acontius, in quo 
 
 Scriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae. 
 Aspiceres nudos sine fronde; sine arbore campos : 75 
 
 Heu loca felici non acleunda viro ! 
 Ergo tarn late pateat cum maxim us orbis, 
 Haec est in poenam terra reperta meam. 
 
 XL 
 
 Siquis es, insultes qui casibus, improbe, nostris, 
 
 Meque reum dempto fine cruentus agas, 
 Natus es e scopulis, nutritus lacte ferino, 
 
TRTSTIA III., XL 19 
 
 Efc dicam silices pectus habere tuum. 
 Quis gradus ulterior, quo se tua porrigat ira, 5 
 
 Restat ? quidve meis cernis abesse malis 1 
 Barbara me tellus et inliospita litora Ponti 
 
 Cuinque suo borea Maenalis ursa videt. 
 Nulla mihi cum gente fera commercia linguae : 
 
 Omnia solliciti sunt loca plena metus. 10 
 
 TJtque fiigax avidis cervus deprensus ab ursis, 
 
 Cinctaque montanis ut pavet agna lupis, 
 Sic ego belligeris a gentibus undique saeptus 
 
 Terreor, hoste meum paene premente latus. 
 Utque sit exiguum poenae, quod coniuge cara, 1 5 
 
 Quod patria careo pignoribusque meis, 
 Ut mala nulla feram nisi nudam Caesaris iram, 
 
 Nuda parum nobis Caesaris ira mali est ? 
 Et tamen est aliquis, qui vulnera cruda retractet, 
 
 Sol vat et in mores ora diserta meos 1 20 
 
 In causa facili cuivis licet esse disertum, 
 
 Et minimae vires frangere qnassa valent. 
 Subruere est arces et stantia moenia virtus ; 
 
 Quamlibet ignavi praecipitata premunt. 
 Non sum ego quod fueram. Quid inanem proteris 
 umbram ? 2 5 
 
 Quid cinerem saxis bustaque nostra petis 1 
 Hector erat tunc, cum bello certabat ; at idem 
 
 Yinctus ad Haemonios non erat Hector equos. 
 Me qnoque, quern noras olim. non esse memento : 
 
 Ex illo superant baec simulacra viro. 30 
 
 Quid simulacra, ferox, dictis incessis amaris? 
 
 Parce, precor, manes sollicitare meos ! 
 Omnia vera puta mea crimina, nil sit in illis, 
 
 Quod magis errorem quam scelus esse putes : 
 Pendimus en profugi — satia tua pectora ! — poenas 35 
 
 Exilioque graves exiliique loco. ^. 
 
 Carnifici fortuua potest mea flenda videri : /^^ 
 
20 OVID. 
 
 Et tamen est uiio iudice mersa paruni ! 
 Saevior es tristi Busiride, saevior illo, 
 
 Qui falsum lento torruit igne bovem, 40 
 
 Qaique bovem Siculo fertur donasse tyranno, 
 
 Et dictis artes conciliasse suas : 
 *' Munere in hoc, rex, est usus, sed imagine maior, 
 
 Nee sola est operis forma probanda mei. 
 Aspicis a dextra latus hoc adapertile tauri? 45 
 
 Hac tibi, quern perdes, coniciendus erit. 
 Protinus inclusum lentis carbonibus ure : 
 
 Mugiet, et veri vox erit ilia bovis. 
 Pro quibus inventis, ut munus munere penses, 
 
 Da, precor, ingenio praemia digna meo ! " 5 c 
 
 Dixerat. At Phalaris " Poenae mirande repertor, 
 
 Ipse tuum praesens imbue " dixit '' opus ! " 
 Nee mora, monstratis crudeliter ignibus ustus 
 
 Exhibuit geminos ore gemente sonos. 
 Quid mihi cum Siculis inter Scythiamque Getasque? 55 
 
 Ad te, quisquis is es, nostra querella redit. 
 Utque sitim nostro possis explere cruore, 
 
 Quantaque vis, avido gaudia corde feras : 
 Tot mala sum fugiens tellure, tot aequore passus, 
 
 Te quoque ut auditis posse dolere putem. 60 
 
 Crede mihi, si sit nobis coUatus Ulixes, 
 
 Neptuni minor est quam lovis ira fuit. 
 Ergo quicumque es, rescindere crimina noli, 
 
 Deque gravi duras vulnere telle manus. 
 Utque meae famam tenuent oblivia culpae, 65 
 
 Facta cicatricem ducere nostra sine ; 
 Humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem 
 
 Et premit, incertas ipse verere vices ! 
 Et quoniam, fieri quod num |uam posse putavi. 
 
 Est tibi de rebus maxima cura meis, 70 
 
 Non est, quod timeas. Fortuna miserrima nostra est, 
 
 Omne trahit secum Caesaris ira malum. 
 
TRISTIA III., XIT. 21 
 
 Quod mngis ut liqueat, neve hoc ego fingere creclar, 
 Ipse, velim, poenas experiare meas. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Frigora iam zephyri rainuunt, annoque peracto 
 
 Longior antiquis visa Tomitis hiems, 
 Inpositamqne sibi qui non bene pertulit Hellen, 
 
 Tempora nocturnis aeqna diurna facit. 
 Iam violam puerique legunt hilaresque puellae. 5 
 
 Rustica quae nullo nata serente venit ; 
 Prataque pubescunt variorum flore colorum, 
 
 Indocilique loquax gutture vernat avis ; 
 TJtque malae matris crimen deponat, hirundo 
 
 Sub trabibus cunas tectaque parva facit ; 10 
 
 Herbaque, quae latuit Cerealibus obruta sulcis, 
 
 Exit et expandit molle cacumen humo ; 
 Quoque loco est vitis, de palmite gemma movetur : 
 
 I^am procul a Getico lit ore vitis abest ; 
 Quoque loco est arbor, turgescit in arbore ramus : 1 5 
 
 Nam procul a Geticis finibus arbor abest. 
 Otia nunc istic, iunctisque ex ordine ludis 
 
 Cedunt verbosi garrula bella fori. 
 TJsus equi nunc est, levibus nunc luditur armis, 
 
 Nunc pila, nunc celeri volvitur orbe trochus, 20 
 
 Nunc, ubi perfusa est oleo labente, iuventus 
 
 Defessos artus A-^irgine tinguit aqua. 
 Scaena viget, studiisque favor distantibus ardet, 
 
 Proque tribus resonant terna theatra foris. 
 quater, o quotiens non est numerare, beatum, 25 
 
 Non interdicta cui licet Urbe f rui ! 
 At mihi sentitur nix verno sole soluta, 
 
 Quaeque lacu duro non fodiuntur aquae ; 
 Nee mare concrescit glacie, nee ut ante, per Histrum 
 
 Stridula Sauromates plaustra bubulcus agit. 30 
 
22 OVID. 
 
 Incipient aliquae tamen hue adnare carinae, 
 
 Hospitaque in Ponti litore puppis erit. 
 Sedulus occurram. nautae, dictaque salute, 
 
 Quid veniat, quaeram, quisve quibusve locis. 
 Ille quidem mirum ni de regione propinqua 35 
 
 Non nisi vicinas tutus ararit aquas. 
 Earns ab Italia tantum mare navita transit, 
 
 Litora rarus in liaec porta bus orba venit. 
 Sive tamen Graeca scierit, sive ille Latina 
 
 Voce loqui, — certe gratior huius erit ; 40 
 
 Fas quoque ab ore freti longaeque Propontidos undis 
 
 Hue aliquem certo vela dedisse noto — 
 Qaisquis is est, memori rumorem voce referre 
 
 Et fieri famae parsque gradusque potest. 
 Is, precor, auditos possit narrare triumphos 45 
 
 Caesaris et Latio reddita vota lovi, 
 Teque, rebellatrix, tandem, Germania, magni 
 
 Triste caput pedibus supposuisse ducis. 
 Haec mihi qui referet, quae non vidisse dolebo, 
 
 Ille meae domui protinus hospes erit. 50 
 
 Ei mihi ! iamne domus Scythico Nasonis in orbe est, 
 
 lamque suum mihi dat pro lare poena locum ? 
 Di facite, ut Caesar non hie penetrale domumque, 
 
 Hospitium poenae sed velit esse meae ! 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Ecce supervacuus — quid enim f uit utile gigni 1 
 
 Ad sua natalis tempera noster adest. 
 Dure, quid ad miseros veniebas exulis annos 1 
 
 Debueras illis inposuisse modum. 
 Si tibi cura mei, vel si pudor ullus inesset, 5 
 
 Non ultra patriam me sequerere meam, 
 Quoque loco primum tibi sum male cognitus infans, 
 
 Illo temptasses ultimus esse mihi, 
 
TRISTIA III., XIV 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 Inque relinquenclo, quo:l idem fecere sodales, 
 
 Tu qnoqne dixisses tristis in Urbe vale. 
 Quid tibi cum Ponto? num te quoque Caesaris ira 
 
 Extremam gelidi misit in orbis humum 1 
 Scilicet expectas solitum tibi moris honorem, 
 
 Pendeat ex umeris vestis ut alba meis, 
 Fumida cingatur florentibus ara coronis, i5 
 
 Micaque sollemni tui-is in igne sonet, 
 Libaque dem proprie genitale notantia tempus, 
 
 Concipiamque bonas ore favente preces 1 
 Non ita sum positus, nee sunt ea tempera nobis, 
 
 Adventu possim laetus ut esse tuo. 20 
 
 Funeris ara mihi, ferali cincta cupressu, 
 
 Convenit et structis flamma parata regis. 
 Nee dare tura libet nil exorantia divos, 
 
 In tantis subeunt nee bona verba malis. 
 Si tamen est aliquid nobis hac luce petendum, 25 
 
 In loca ne redeas amplius ista, iDrecor, 
 Dum me terrarum pars paene novissima, Pontus, 
 
 Euxinus false nomine dictus, habet. 
 
 XIY. 
 
 Cultor et antistes doctorum sancte virorum, 
 
 Quid f acis, ingenio semper amice meo 1 
 Ecquid, ut incolumem quondam celebrare solebas, 
 
 Nunc quoque, ne videar totus abesse, caves 1 
 Suspicis exceptis ecquid mea carmina solis 
 
 Artibus, artifici quae nocuere suo ? 
 Immo ita fac, quaeso, vatum studiose novorum, 
 
 Quaque potes, retine corpus in Urbe meum. 
 Est fuga dicta mihi, non est fuga dicta libellis, 
 
 Qui domini poenam non meruere sui. 
 Saepe per extremas profugus pater exulat eras. 
 
 10 
 
 m^- 
 
24 OVID. 
 
 Urbe tamen natis exulis esse licet. 
 Palladis exemplo de me sine matre creata 
 
 Carmina sunt : stirps haec progeniesque mea est. 
 Hanc tibi commendo, quae quo magis orba parents est, 15 
 
 Hoc tibi tutori sarcina maior erit. 
 Tres mihi sunt nati contagia nostra secuti : 
 
 Cetera fac curae sit tibi turba palam. 
 Sunt quoque mutatae, ter quinque volumina, formae, 
 
 Carmina de domini funere rapta sui. 20 
 
 Illud opus potuit, si non prius ipse perissem, 
 
 Certius a summa nomen habere manu. 
 Nunc incorrectum populi pervenit in ora, 
 
 In populi quicquam si tamen ore mei est. 
 Hoc quoque nescio quid nostris appone libellis, 25 
 
 Diverso missum quod tibi ab orbe venit. 
 Quod quicumque leget, — si quis leget — aestimet ante, 
 
 Compositum quo sit tempore quoque loco. 
 Aequus erit scriptis, quorum cognoverit esse 
 
 Exilium tempus barbariamque locum : 30 
 
 Inque tot adversis carmen mirabitur ullum 
 
 Ducere me tristi sustinuisse manu. 
 Ingenium fregere meum mala, cuius et ante 
 
 Fons infecundus parvaque vena fuit. 
 Sed quaecumque fuit, nullo exercente refugit, 35 
 
 Et longo periit arida facta situ. 
 Non hie librorum, per quos inviter alarque, 
 
 Copia : pro libris arcus et arma sonant. 
 Nullus in hac terra, recitem si carmina, cuius 
 
 Intellecturis auribus utar, adest. 40 
 
 Nee quo secedam, locus est : custodia muri 
 
 Summovet infestos clausaque porta Getas. 
 Saepe aliquod quaere verbum nomenque locumque. 
 
 Nee quisquam est, a quo certior esse queam. 
 Dicere saepe aliquid conanti — turpe fateri ! — 45 
 
 Yerba mihi desunt, dedidicique loqui. 
 
TRISTIA III., XIV. 25 
 
 Thre'icio Scythicoqiie fere circumsonor ore, 
 
 Et videor Geticis scribere posse modis : 
 Crede mihi, timeo, ne sint inmixta Latinis 
 
 Inque meis scriptis Pontica verba legas. 50 
 
 Qualemcumque igitur venia dignare libellum, 
 
 Sortis et exciisa condicione meae. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 xr^-r«. Prnnpr Kames of importance, wWch are not mentionefl in the notes, 
 ''''wVbrfoind In the Index. An' obelus (t) incUcates that the readn.g .s 
 doubtful. 
 
 Elegy I. 
 
 INTRODUCING THE POET's BOOK. 
 
 ARGUMENT — "An exile's book, in sorroiv's garb I come to Rome. 
 1 have nought to say of such sort as lately icrought my master looe : 
 in subject is in gaibi am such as befits his evil case, ami I bear 
 upon my pcujes the impress of his tears. Good reader, ^J^^f^^lfJ^^ 
 lam a stranger here." I found one to guide me, and I follotud 
 him through the forums and streets to the plctce whe^re Caesar s palace 
 ^am Jh thetropMes of victory, as Ulcere the home of Jove him- 
 self 1 ^inarked the bays that shadoived its portal, mul asced the 
 Imaniigtf them : they were the token of citizen-lives rereued by my 
 ZZT^ "Save yet one more," I cried, "who lies banishccl far ccicay 
 fo'^chcd was but an error, not a crvmr Ah me hoio fearful was 
 I as I vrayed for my authors well-being. Thence I passed on 
 through mcciy a temple-library, but in them cell was never place for 
 me for I am banished even as my author is. May Caesar pardon 
 ancl forgive us both! And do you, IMly reader, give me shelter, 
 
 for this much at least is lawful. 
 
 [Referto the Index for Augustus.] , ,, , , 
 1. venio : tlie entire elegy is supposed to be spoken by the book 
 itse f exulis : sc. Ovidii. Ovid was not really coml hut reUgatus. 
 See introd § 3. urbem: Rome, as often, when urbs (or Urbs) is 
 
 ^t ^S :t ^::^?r?^^.e book, such an ellipse of the ^rsonjd 
 pronoun is of frequent occurrence in Ovid, manum: i. e to leip 
 L, as one would give a helping hand to an outwearred tigvellei 
 The phrase dare manus (plur.) means "to surrendei. tp. the 
 Americanism, "Show your hands." , , 
 
 3. reformida: in Ciceronian prose the imperative is not used 
 with ne, &c. in prohibitions. Its place is taken by eithei ( 1 ) a 
 periphrasis such L noli r./orm^.^«r.; (2 the Pe^ec subjui^^^^^^^^^^ 
 if the prohibition be addressed to a definite person ; (3) the p esent 
 subjunctive (rare), if no definite person is addressed, ne sim . note 
 
28 OVID. [1. 4 
 
 that, after a verb of fearing, nc represents English "that," while 
 %it represents English "that . . . not." pudori: predicative 
 dative (dative of the complement). It is seldom found save with 
 sum, habeo or habcor, and do. 
 
 4. amare docet: alluding to the Ars Amatoria, to which osten- 
 sibly Ovid owed his banishment. See Introd., § 2. 
 
 5. haec . . . ut: Mc or is, less often illc, when standing as a 
 correlative to ut or qui with the subjunctive, may commonly be 
 rendered by "such . . . that," "such . . . as," &c. The sub- 
 junctive is consecutive. 
 
 6. dissimulare : simulo means, " I pretend to be what I am not," 
 "feign"; dissimulo means, "I i)retend not to be what I am," 
 "dissemble." 
 
 7. id: join with 02ms, which is constantly used of a literary 
 "work." lusit: normally ludo is an intransitive verb, and may 
 be constructed only with a cognate accusative, if any. In poetry 
 it is frequent as a transitive verb meaning to "write" verses of a 
 light, and especially of an amatory, sort; e.g., as here, the Ars 
 Amatoria. Cp. on v. 4, above. 
 
 9. portem: subjunctive in an indirect question, triste: allud- 
 ing to the name of the book, the Tristia. 
 
 10. temporibus: "season," "circumstances." Carmine . . . 
 conveniente ... is an ablative absolute, here doing duty for a 
 dependent clause (causal) expressing the reason for the assertion 
 nihil hie nisi triste videMs. 
 
 11. quod: "for tliat," i.e. "as for the fact that." So in vv. 
 13, 15, below. In this usage q^tod is really the accusative neuter 
 of the relative pronoun used as an accusative of limitation or 
 respect, alterno: "sink lamely in alternating verses." Ovid 
 means "are Avritten in elegiac metre," in which each second verse 
 is a foot shorter than the alternate line : see Introd., § 5. The 
 two members of the elegiac couplet are not of the same length, 
 and so the whole couplet may be said to "go lame," or "halt" 
 (subsidere). 
 
 12. pedis: "foot" in a metrical sense — "It is the law of the 
 (elegiac) metre" ; see Introd., § 5, The next words are a play upon 
 the literal meaning of ^jcs — " a foot " : it is suggested as an altern- 
 ative that the poem goes lame because it has travelled so far, and is 
 footsore. 
 
 13. cedro: "cedar oil " used to dress the paper, and serving to 
 keep off insects, pumice : a well-bound book was in the form of a 
 roll {volumen) about a rod, and its ends, when rolled up, were 
 trimmed and smoothed with pumice-stone. But Ovid let his 
 "Book of Sorrows" go abroad without the customary embellish- 
 ments, so that its unkempt appearance should be in keeping with 
 his own misfortunes. 
 
 14. erubui . . . esse: "I was ashamed of being." Esse is the 
 direct object of eruhui, which is used as a transitive verb. It should 
 be borne in mind that the inlinitive is originally a case — usually 
 the dative — of a verbal noun, and came to be used as an indeclin- 
 
1.27] 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 29 
 
 able noun in all case relations, cultior: '"'more cared for," i.e. 
 more neat and pros^ierous-looking. Domino is ablative of the 
 standard of comparison. 
 
 15. littera: "lettering," i.e. "writing." The books of the 
 Eomans were merely written with pen and ink. In the singular 
 littera commonly means a "letter of the alphabet" : in the jdural 
 it may mean either (1) "letters of the alphabet" ; or (2) more 
 usually ''an ejiistle," "a letter"; or (-3) "literature." quod: see 
 ouv. 11, above. 
 
 17. videbuntur: "if there (shall) seem to you (when you open 
 the book)." Casu is an ablative of manner — "'by chance," which 
 usually requires either a preposition {cum) or an epithet, but is 
 allowed to stand singly in a limited number of words ; e. g. vi, 
 fraudc, clolo, natura, &c. With dicta, sc. esse, a constant omission. 
 So est is omitted in v. 19, si non {est) grave. Latine : adverb of 
 Latlnus — "'in Latin fashion," Ovid means that he has been so 
 long away from Eome that he has almost forgotten how to speak 
 and write correct Latin, which is of course an exaggeration. Ee- 
 member that the idiomatic English for e. g. videntur verba esse 
 Latina is "it seems that the words are Latin." 
 
 19. qua sit eundum: "by which road I must go." Qua is an 
 interrogative adverb, and sit is subjunctive of indirect question. 
 EiLiulum is the gerund (not gerundive) of eo, ire : literally eundum 
 est mihi means "there is a going for me," i. e. "I have to go," or 
 "' I must go " ; the dative, called that of the agent, being in reality 
 that of the indirect object, i. e. the person concerned. 
 
 20. petam: "I am to seek." In the direct question the sub- 
 junctive would have been used: Quasciuc petam scenes ?= "what 
 home am I to seek " — deliberative subjunctive. "When the question 
 is made indii'ect the subjunctive is of course retained, urbe : cp. 
 note on r. 1. 
 
 21. sum . . . locutus: "'when I had. said." With ut ( = 
 "when"), 2^ostquam, uhi, a Latin perfect is commonly to be 
 rendered in English by a pluperfect. 
 
 22. monstraret : consecutive subjunctive, rendered in English 
 by a simple infinitive — "scarce one to show the way." 
 
 23. dent : predicative or jussive subjunctive, equivalent to a 
 direct imperative of the third person. The object of dent is the 
 following infinitive clause, molliter vivere, &c. 
 
 26. referam: present subjunctive. The mood is regular after 
 quamvis, whereas quamquam regularly takes the indicative. The 
 ablatives terraque mariqicc-dre local ablatives without a preposition. 
 Such ablatives are found in j^rose only in the case of (a) names of 
 towns or small islands of the 1st or 2nd declension plural, or of the 
 3rd declension ; (b) substantives accompanied by rncdius or totus; 
 (c) terra, mari, dcxtra, lacxa, loco, and a few more nouns. 
 
 27. fora Caesaris : the Forum Romanum was the open space in 
 the hollow between the Capitol Hill, the Palatine, and the foot of 
 the Esquiline. It served the Romans as a place of public business, 
 especially of a legal and political sort, and here were collected most 
 
30 OVID. [1. 28 
 
 of the great buildings and temples of tlie city. As Rome grew 
 larger, the Forum became too small : Julius Caesar built a Forum 
 Jtclii at the foot of the Capitol, off the north corner of the older 
 Forum ; Augustus erected a still larger one immediately behind 
 this, and contiguous to it. We might have expected /or« Cacsarum, 
 but the name Caesar was already in Ovid's day becoming merely 
 a title like the German Kaiser, Russian Czar ; so that it is here 
 merely equivalent to an adjective — "Imperial." 
 
 28. a sacris : the Via Sacra, or Sacred Way, ran E.S.E. through 
 the Forum Romanum from the Capitol Hill. It was the route by 
 which triumphing generals approached the Capitol, and it was 
 specially the road for religious processions. Hence its name. 
 
 29. locus . . . Vestae ; Vesta, goddess of the hearth fire, was 
 the oldest and most sacred of Roman deities. Her temple stood 
 beneath the Palatine Hill, between that and the Via Sacra. It 
 was under the charge of the Vestal Virgins, \\\\o tended the 
 never-dying fire upon its altar, and were custodians of its treasures. 
 Chief of these was the Palladium, a rude image of Pallas ( = Minerva), 
 said to have been brought to Rome by Aeneas from the ruins of 
 Troy (Index, s.v. Tkoia), On its preservation was supposed to 
 depend the safety of Rome. The Vestal Virgins had a house 
 called the Atrium Vestae close beside the temple. Pallada : Greek 
 accusative singular of Pallas, which is here used — Palladium. 
 
 30. haec fuit, &c. : Numa, the second king of Rome, organized 
 the Roman religion ; hence his palace was sacred, and became the 
 residence of tlie Pontifex Maximus, chief religious officer in Rome, 
 and guardian of the A^'estal Virgins. Augustus was made Pontifex 
 Maximus, 12 B.C.; but as he already had a palace {Palatium, v. 31) 
 on the Palatine Hill, he handed over the Picgia Numae to the 
 Vestals, who pulled it down and built again upon the site. Hence 
 the past tense fuit. 
 
 31. dextram: sc. manum — "making for the right," that is, 
 taking the first turn to the right after passing along the Via Sacra 
 and past the Aedcs Vestae. The traveller would then see, up in 
 front of him, the Porta Palati (or Porta Mugionis), which formed 
 the chief entrance to the Palatine Hill and the precincts of the 
 Caesar's palace, ista: "yon." Iste is properly used only (1) to 
 point out something belonging to, or near, the person addressed, 
 or (2) to refer to something already mentioned by the person 
 addressed. Compare the note on iii. 7. 
 
 32. Stator: i.e. the temple of Jupiter Stator, "The Stayer." 
 It stood outside the Palatine jirecincts and immediately to the 
 right of the travellei- as he entered from the Forum to the Palatine 
 through the Porta Mugionis. It Avas said to have been dedicated 
 by Romulus in memory of an occasion when a panic amongst the 
 Romans was averted by his prayer to Jupiter, they being at the 
 time engaged in battle with the Sabines {Stator, from sisto, ' ' I stay, " 
 "rally"), hoc: i.e. on the Palatine Hill, Avhich was originally 
 the citadel of Rome, and from which the city extended afterwards 
 to the other hills. 
 
1-531 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 31 
 
 33, dum miror: "wliile I was admiring." When meaning 
 " wliile," duDi rarely takes any other tense than the present indica- 
 tive, even though referring to past time, video : historic present. 
 Cp. inquU, V. 27. armis : "shields," a sufficiently common meaning. 
 
 35. lovis : it was the palace of Augustus, on the Palatine Hill, 
 probably towards the northern corner, overlooking the Forum 
 Komanum (N.E.) and the Capitol (N.W.). It was customary for 
 writers to flatter the reigning emperor by addressing him as Jupiter, 
 
 36. augurium ; an augur was one who interpreted the future by 
 means of the flight and voice of birds, these being his auguria, or 
 means of interpretation, querna corona : a chaplet of oak leaves 
 Avas the badge of Jupiter, and also constituted the corona civica, 
 " civic wreath," which was presented to the Roman who had saved 
 the life of a fellow-citizen. 
 
 37. accept: "learnt" or "heard of," and so commonly. For 
 the tense, cp. on sum locukts, v. 21. 
 
 39. lauro : the bay was the emblem of victory, and was therefore 
 planted before the palace gates. 02)posita may mean either "set 
 before it (the door)" or "before me," 
 
 40. arbor opaca: collective singular for plural, "shady trees." 
 comas : of the oak, the querna corona of v, 36. 
 
 41. num ; the particle num implies that the expected answer is 
 'no,' but it is also used, as here, to express a surprised ciuery — 
 "surely it cannot be that . . .?" — expecting the answer 'yes.' 
 The enclitic -ne simply marks that the clause is a question, 
 irrespective of the answer, while an usually introduces the second 
 or further alternative of a series. 
 
 42. Leucadio . . . deo : Apollo, called Lcucadius from the 
 promontory of Leucas (-adis) in Acarnania, now Santa Maura, 
 north of Cephallenia {Ccphalonia), very near to Actium, where 
 was fought the battle of Actium which made Augustus master of 
 the Roman world, 31 B.C. 
 
 44. quaui ; referring to picicis. In Latin the relative clause very 
 often precedes its grammatical "antecedent," 
 
 45. fronde caduca : ablative of attendant circumstance (ablative 
 absolute). 
 
 46. ilia : sc. domus Augusti. 
 
 47. scripto: here a noun-— "the inscription," forming with tes- 
 tantc an abl. abs. superpositae : it was fixed upon the lintel over 
 the door. 
 
 48. huius : sc. Augusti. 
 
 49. adice : note the long quantity of the first syllable. Com- 
 pounds of iacio, in present-stem tenses, drop the initial i (j), but 
 keep the preceding syllable still long, servatis : "to them thou 
 hast saved," dative. The civcm is of course Ovid. 
 
 51. poenarum: the genitive depends on cawsawi. 
 
 52. suus ; i. c. Ovidii. 
 
 53. me miserum : the accusative is the proper case for a noun 
 standing as an exclamation without a transitive verb. The case 
 really depends upon some verb more or less distinctly understood. 
 potentem: sc. loci — "its master," i. e. Augustus, 
 
32 OVID. [1. 54 
 
 54. littera: see note on v. 15. 
 
 56. alternos : see note on v. 11. The sliorter length of the 
 alternate lines (pentameters) is to be considered as the result of 
 their cowering in fear. The tense of intrcmuissc (perfect) expresses 
 the accomplished result. 
 
 57. quandocumque : rarely (as here) used indefinitely = "at some 
 time or other." placere : subjunctive, expressing a wish. So 
 aspiciarc, v. 58. 
 
 58. isdem : = nsfZewi. Ovid means, he hopes to be restored to 
 Rome while it is still ruled by Augustus and his household. 
 
 59. tenore pari: ablative of manner — "with no change of 
 course," i.e. "pursuing the even tenour of my way." Graclihus 
 celsis belongs as an ablative of instrument with suhlimia. Cp. 
 armis consjncuos, v. 33, above. 
 
 60. intonsi : Apollo was represented as having long hair. 
 Augustus built a magnificent temple to him on the Palatine Hill, 
 within the precincts of which was included a great national library. 
 
 61. peregrinis; "foreign," because made of marble brought 
 from foreign countries. 
 
 62. Belides : the quantity of the final syllable (es) shows the 
 Avord to be a Greek nominative plural. According to the legend, 
 Belus' son Danaus, being constrained to allow his fifty daughters to 
 wed their fifty cousins, the sons of Aegyptus, forced them to murder 
 their husbands, because he had been warned that tlie latter were 
 destined to be his own destroyers. His daughters are called 
 Belides as being granddaughters of Belus. Their fifty statues, con- 
 fronted by the fifty statues of their husbands, stood between the 
 columns of the temjDle ; and there was also a statue of their father, 
 Danaus, standing with drawn sword. 
 
 63. cepere: "conceived,"/' imagined." docto: "skilled," "poet- 
 ical." Doctus is a constant epithet of poets and their belongings, 
 and in this connection should not be translated "learned." Cp. 
 below, V. 71, and vii. vv. 12, 31. 
 
 64. lecturis : dative of the agent, regular with the gerund and 
 gerundive and adjectives in -hilis. It is sometimes (in both prose 
 and poetry) used with the perfect participle passive or a tense formed 
 by the verb sum with that participle ; and occasionally in poetry 
 (and very rarely in prose) with other tenses of the passive. 
 
 65. fratres : as the Tristia are as it were the children of Ovid, 
 so all his other poems are their brothers, illis, quos : i. c. the Ars 
 Amatoria, &c., the ostensible cause of his banishment. See 
 Introd., § 2. 
 
 &Q. suus : the reflexive here refers to the direct object quos {i. e. 
 fratres). optaret: potential subjunctive — " would wish (if it were 
 of any use)." Such a subjunctive is really the apodosis (result- 
 clause) in a conditional sentence, of which the protasis (if- clause) is 
 sujipressed. 
 
 67. custos : the custodian of the library. 
 
 69. altera : the temples here meant are those of Jupiter and of 
 Juno Regina, both included within a grand portico called the 
 
2.1] 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 33 
 
 ForHcus Lixiae ct Odaxiac and used as a library. They stood 
 immediately W. of the Capitol and N. of the Theatre of Marcellus 
 {xicino thcafro), for ^vhich see note on xii. 24. 
 
 70. pedibus: see on Icduris, x. 64, and cp. m.ihi, x. 77, below. 
 
 72. atria : the atrium of a Roman house was strictly the rec- 
 tangular hall, furnished with columns and an ojien roof, which 
 formed the chief public room of the house. It is often used generally 
 for the house itself, and is here C(^uivalent to "temple." The 
 Temple of Liberty stood upon the Aventine, the most southerly of 
 the seven hills of Eome, and was the first {jyrima paiuit) public 
 library in the city. 
 
 73. genus : the poet's " family " are his poems, called naU,^ "his 
 sons," in r. 74. Certain of Ovid's writings were " banished " from 
 the public libraries by order of Augustus, 
 
 75. forsitan: in Ciceronian prose .rbmtoi (/ors + siY + a??, "there 
 may be a chance that") takes the subjunctive as would be expected 
 from its derivation ; but from long use it came to be regarded as a 
 single word = "perhaps," and so, like fortassc, in poetry and late 
 pro^eitis used with the indicative (as here), olim: "one day." The 
 word is a locative adverb from oUc, the archaic form of illc ; and it 
 means "at that time," whether past or future, but usually past. 
 
 77. adeo: this word is not seldom used in Yergil and later 
 writers as a particle of emphasis, especially when joined with the 
 peisonal pronouns and with numerals — "above all.' 
 
 78. ades : "be present to help," "support." _ The word is techni- 
 cally used of an advocate supporting his client in a law case. 
 
 80. liceat : jussive subjunctive. Cp. on x. 2-3. private . . . loco : 
 for the omission of the preposition see x. 26, note. The meaning is 
 "in the library of some private citizen." delituisse: the poets 
 frecjuently use the perfect infinitive where the present would be 
 equally natural. In many of such cases the tense is aoristic, i. e. 
 refers to a single act, irrespective of the time of action. 
 
 Elegy II. 
 
 THE POET COMPLAINS OF HIS DESTINY. 
 
 AKorMENT :— What profits it to he a poet 1 for the gods vho 
 might haxe helped me, lave seen me banished to Scythia, and neither 
 they nor my innocence haxe axailed to saxe m.e, any more than my 
 loxe of ease. On my journey hither I covid solace my troubles tcith, 
 writing, hut noic I can only mourn and ueep unceasingly, in home- 
 sickness for all I loxe and all that I haxe lost. Why did J not die? 
 Ye gods, u-ho lend your aid to mighty Caesar, come to my help and 
 slay me outright. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Musa, Pieridcs, Pontus; and see Introd., 
 
 §§ 2, 3.] 
 
 1.' visere : sc. nos. The (ace. and) infinitive clause stands as the 
 subject of the sentence, nominative to erat. 
 
 TR. III. ^ 
 
34 oviih [2. 2 
 
 2. quaeque . . . terra: "and the land which." Latin is fond 
 of transferring the antecedent nonn to the relative clause, and 
 attracting thai; noun into the case of the relative : so here the 
 natural order -would be Scythiam visere et tcrram quae, &c. 
 Quacquc is = et quae, and must be distinguished carefully from 
 the feminine of quisquc "each." Lycaonio : Lycaon, King of 
 Arcadia, had a daughter, Callisto, whom Jupiter (Zeus) loved. 
 Juno (Hera) in jealousy persecuted her : she was changed into a 
 I'car, and was then unwittingly slain by Areas, the son whom she 
 had borne to Jupiter. Thereupon both mother and son were 
 placed amongst the stars : Callisto became the constellation known 
 as Arctos, or the Great Bear ; Areas became the star Arcturus, 
 the Bear- ward, in Bootes. As the Great Bear is the most con- 
 spicuous constellation near tlie pole-star, round which it revolves 
 as on an axis, the names of Arctos, Arcturus, and of the pole-star 
 {axis) itself, are all used indiscriminately for the North, and the 
 same epithets are applied to all. 
 
 3. Pierides : see Judex, s.v. Musae, stirps Letoia: Leto'ius 
 is tiic adjective formed from Letd{= Ldiona), the mother of Apollo, 
 who is hence called stiiys Ldoia, " Latona's child." _ He was the 
 patron of poets, who were, so to speak, "priests" of his. 
 
 5. quod: see note on i. 11. So inv. 6. lusi: " I have written 
 verses," i. 7, note, and cp. the use ofiocari in tlie next line, crimine : 
 tlie original meaning of crimen is a "charge," "accusation" ; that 
 of "ofleuce" or "crime" (as here) being later. 
 
 6. Musa: the proper name is here used for "poetry" simply. 
 See Index, s.v. MusA. Ovid constantly asserts that if his verse 
 was loose, his life was not. 
 
 7. passum: sc. mc, oh]ect of Jiahet. 
 
 8. ab . . . frigore : ab is redundant {i. e. superfluous), because 
 frigorc will stand alone in the simple ablative to express the instru- 
 ment ; while the preposition is normally used only v/ith aiiimate 
 substantives to denote the agent. 
 
 9. rerum: adjectives in -ccx commonly take a genitive (objective) 
 — "I that shunned the world." The meaning of res must usually 
 be gathered from the context, in otia: in and^the accusative 
 frequently denotes the aim or purpose ; cp. x. 78, Hacc est in 
 2)oenani terra rciwrta mcam — "for my punishment." 
 
 10. ante: here an adverb, and most dissyllabic prepositions may 
 be so used, laboris : objective genitive. 
 
 11. portubus: orhus, like most verbs and adjectives expressing 
 need or lack of a thing, governs an ablative of the thing wanting. 
 The form -uhus (for -ibus) is found in the nouns arcus, acus, artus, 
 iribus, veru, lacus, and a few others. 
 
 13. suffecit: "was enough for," i.e. "was strong enough to 
 bear." il/aZis is dative after the compound verb sw/caY. abillo: 
 sc. animo. 
 
 15. dubius: "in perilous wise," or as we say in English, "m 
 doubtful ( = dangerous) case." 01)serve tliat Latin is fond of using 
 an attributive adjective where we used an adverb or adverbial 
 clause. 
 
TRISTIA III. NOTKS. 
 
 35 
 
 3] 
 
 16. labor: the labour of writing poetry. Veree-writing made 
 him fovget his troubles. 
 
 17 opus . . . eandi: "the toil of travel." The genitive is one 
 of detinition, i. e. really means the .same as the noun upon winch it 
 depen.is. So in iii. 45, honore sejmkri—" that honour which is the 
 
 tomb." , . , , ^ ^1 
 
 19 nostro . . . lumine : the ablative belongs to the preposition 
 de supplied from the next line. Lumeyi frequently means "eye," 
 
 and t//i&cr "tears." .,_.,. .. ^.^e 
 
 21 subit- "comes into my mind." Desidcrium= regret tor 
 something which one once had or ought to have. The genitive 
 locarwn is objective, signitying that which is regretted. 
 
 22 mei: partitive genitive of crjo, depending upon quicquid. 
 What was lelt of him was, of course, all tliat he level, wife, 
 
 23 ' pulsata: it is a common phrase to speak of death knocking 
 at one's door : it is ranch the same thing to say that a man ha.s 
 knocked at death's door, i. e. been very near to death, especially as 
 Koman tombs were fitted with doors, just as were houses. Lp. v. 
 30, below, where "the gates of death" means "the door of the 
 
 ^^27.' nimium constanter: nhnmm qualifies constanter, and con- 
 stant'-r qualifies iniquos. Aequus means (1) "level, and so (2) 
 "fair," "equable," and lastly (3) "kind. Imquiis has the 
 three contrary meanings, the last of which is required here. 
 
 28. deus unus : Augustus. Cp. i. 3o, and note. ^^ 
 
 29. cessantia: cesso is to "go slowly, "be doing nothing. 
 Cp. ubi cessares, vii. 26. 
 
 Elegy III. 
 
 A LETTER FROM OVID, WHO IS SICK, TO HIS AVIFE. 
 
 Ai'GUMENT — I am lying sick in this distant land, and am like to 
 die yet hare I neither fricmls nor comforts. My every thought is of 
 m dear ones that I have lost, and most of all of thee, my wife; ay, 
 I fornet thee not even when I am delirious, and could 1 but see thee 
 no>r, I should arise and be tcell again. Art thou happy [ ^ay it 
 cannot be, when I am afar from thee. Would to heaven I had died 
 ere I icas torn from thee : 'tis little to ask, yet how much it would 
 have been to me ! As it is, I shall die ammigst strangers, icith mne 
 to care for me, to cheer me, to 2Kiy me the last sad offices. 
 
 Dost thou shudder as thou hearest this? But already I am as 
 dead to thee, for I am an exile ; and ivhen thou hearest of my death, 
 thou shouldst rather he glad that all my sorrows are ended I only 
 Vray that death may mean anniliilation, and that^ my soul may not 
 live on to feel the pangs of exile amongst Sarmatia s dead . bee that 
 my asheibe brought home and buried near my city, and carve upooi 
 
36 uviD. [3. 2 
 
 my tomb the c/piiaiili I hare vritfcn for it. I shall hare immortality 
 by reason of yiy books, and do thou 'pay me duly the ojj'erings of the 
 dead, I ivould fain ivrite more, but I have not strength. Adieu, 
 perhaps for ever. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for the following uanies : Getae, Pythagoras, 
 Sauromatae.] 
 
 2. sit: subjunctive of indirect question, introduced by quare. 
 eram: Jn English we sliould rather say "Ifwn ill," but Ovid is 
 looking forward to tlie time at which the letter will be read and 
 delivered, and so, speaking from the reader's point of view, says 
 "I vas ill" {eram). This is called the epistolary use of the 
 in It erfect. 
 
 4. salutis : genitive of reference or relation, defining that in 
 respect of which the adjective applies. 
 
 6. putes : potential subjunctive. Cp. i. 66, note. 
 
 7. ccelum: "climate." istis ; "such water as this." Istc is 
 occasionally used in poets and late writers with the same meaning 
 as hie. It is often used, as here, with a tone of contempt. 
 
 8. nescio quo . . . modo : "I know not how," "in some way 
 or other." The phrase nescio quo modo, like nescio quis, &c., has by 
 long use come to be regarded as equivalent to a single indefinite 
 pronoun ; and so, if followed by a verb, does not affect the mood of 
 that verb; e.g., nescio quis dixit, "some cne said"; but nescio 
 quis dixcrit, "I know not who said" (indirect question). Observe 
 that tlie final o of nescio is made short. 
 
 10. Apollinea: adjective from Apollo, the god of medicine, qui 
 levet : "to relieve." The subjunctive is due to the idea of purpose 
 implied in the relative. So soletur a•[^d failed. 
 
 12. tempora . . . fallat : "beguile . . . the hours." 
 
 15. subeant : the subjunctive is due to the concessive force of 
 cum ("thongh"). 
 
 16. parte : ablative of the standard of comparison — "more than 
 half." I'ars is often used to denote "a fiaction," a "half," a 
 "third," &c., as the context indicates. "More than half" is 
 merely an elegant term for "the greater part." 
 
 18. sine te : "without (my speaking or thinking of) thee." 
 
 19. quin etiam ; "nay, even." The two words are often written 
 as one, and serve to introduce a new fact, aliena locutum : fc. 
 e.sse — "had spoken wild Avords." Alienus is properly "what 
 belongs to some one else," and so "strange," like the words of a 
 man beside himself. 
 
 20. ut; consecutive corresponding to sic — -"in such wise that." 
 With amenfi, sc. ^rrihi, dative of the pt-rson possessing. 
 
 21. tdeficiam: "if I were to swoon." From deficiam must be 
 understood dcficicd with livgua ; but the syntax is so unusual that 
 the amended reading si iam deficiat sub crasso lingua pjalato is 
 better. The following line vix . . . mero is merely attributive 
 with lingua. 
 
 23. nuntiet: the form of the hypothesis is unusual : (1) after a 
 present sulyunctivc in the protasis (if-clausc), we should expect the 
 
TRISTIA III. NOTES. 
 
 37 
 
 3. 40] 
 
 same tense and mood in tlie apodosis (result-clause) ; but as crit is 
 future, so also is probably resunjam, this tense and mood being 
 employed to show how certain would be the result. (2) Of the 
 three protases, the two first are fully expressed with si m the 
 normal way ; the third is pu: merely in the jussive subjunctive — 
 "Let him tell me, and I will arise," i.e. "if he tells me, I will 
 arise." Cp. viii. 16, where occur the same edipse of si and the 
 same unusual sequence of tenses. • n -u >» 
 
 2i. tui: objective genitive oUio—" my hopes of (seeing) thee. ^^ 
 
 25. vitae: cp. salu'yis, v. 4, note, istic : "where you are, 
 i. e. in Rome. 
 
 26. nostri : this is the only form of the g.niitive oi nos wlien 
 used objectively. Nostrum is only used partitively. 
 
 28. tibi : dative of the agent with agi. See i. 64, note. 
 
 31. quantum erat : "how great a thing had it been," 1 c, "how 
 small a boon would it have been for you to grant me," quanum 
 being ironical. The indicative is hliomatically used in such 
 hypothetical sentences, where the subjunctive would seem more 
 natural, that is in quid {quantum) fuiti erat J kc. Note that 
 English allows the same idiom, as also does Greek, parcere : tlie 
 nominative to the sentence. Cp. ii. 1, visere. 
 
 32. ut : consecutive, as in v. 20. 
 
 33. faisset . . . praecepisset : the subjunctives are jussive— 
 "my punishment ought to have been postponed." We say " yoii 
 might have done it" inexactly the same way, with strong emphasis 
 on the word might : and both in Latin and English the idioin comes 
 to convey the idea of duty— "you ought to have done it," "it 
 ought to have been postponed." So in Vergil, Eaclem mc ad fata 
 vocasses, "you ought to have summoned me to a like doom.' 
 This usage is rare in any tense but the pluperfect, but we find in 
 Verg. At tie dictis, Albane, manercs, "you ought to hive been 
 abiding bv your words." 
 
 35. potui . . . reddere: "I might have yielded up. Note 
 that in English the tense sign goes with the dependent infinitive, 
 whereas in^Latin it is given to the auxiliary. To "give up the 
 light" is to die. Integer (lit. " untouched") means the o-.posite of 
 exul, i. e. possessing all one's rights and liberties as a citizen. For 
 potui we might expect potuissem, but the verbs 2^'jssiim, debeo, 
 oportet, dccet] when in the apodoses of conditional sentences, are 
 commonly put into a past tense of the indicative, where other verbs 
 would be in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive. 
 
 36. data est: "was granted," past indefinite, or aorist, and 
 therefore followed by the secondary tense, occiderem. nunc : "as 
 it is," "as things now are." 
 
 38. fient : the i of Jio is long, exc:'pt in Jit and where it comes 
 befor ; -er. ipso . . . loco : his end will be all the more pitiable 
 because it will occur in such a wild and far-off place as Tonii. 
 
 40. fleat: the subjunctive may be final (cp. v. 10). Depositum 
 means "laid out to die," or "at the last gasp," because at the 
 expected moment of death the sick were laid upon the giound. 
 
38 OVID. [3. 43 
 
 43. roandata : "(last) behests." clamore supremo : the concla- 
 matio, the siiiiultani'ous call of all who were present upon the name 
 of one who had just died. 
 
 45. funeribus: poetical plural for singular — "funeral rite.s." 
 Cajntt in legal language often means a jjerson, and so frequently 
 in poetry, sepulcri: for the genitive of detinition, cp. li. 17, 
 note. 
 
 47. ecquid : "at all." The interrogative is used as an accusative 
 of reference; see on qitod, i. 11, note, tota . . . mente: local 
 abl. withoiit a preposition, as regularly in the case of the substan- 
 tives accompanied by ioius or mcdius as an attribute. See i. 26, 
 note. 
 
 48. feries : to beat the breast was a sign of mourning. 
 
 50. viri : vir is commonly used for "liusband. " 
 
 51. lacerare : in poetry the infinitive may follow ^^arco, although 
 it is not found in Cicero's prose, nee scinde : see on i. 3. In 
 prohibitions neve {ncu) is far more cojnmon than ncque {nee). 
 
 52. lux: used as a term of affection — "my life," "my darling." 
 raptus : Ovid has already been "carried off" by exile, and he 
 would again be "carried off" by death. 
 
 56. finitis: the ablative absolute takes the place of the usual 
 causal ablative with verbs of emotion, while nwric is instrumental 
 with finitis, and milii is dative of the person interested (dative of 
 advantage). 
 
 57. quod: "(in so far) as thou canst." For the case of quod, 
 see on i. 11, and cp. ii. 5, 
 
 58. habes : ''tliou hiist for a long time had." The words za?n- 
 pridern, iamdiu, and iamdiidam, joined with the present tense, 
 must be translated by an English present-perfect ; with the imperfect 
 tense, by English pluperfect. 
 
 59. utinam: the word expresses a wish, and when used with a 
 present sul)junctive, implies that the wish may still be fulfilled ; 
 when used with imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive it implies a 
 wish wbicli cannot be fulfilled respectively in present time and 
 past time, animae : poetical plural. 
 
 60. mihi : the dative Jiere, really a dative of the person interested, 
 takes the place of a ])ossessive adjective or a genitive. It is very 
 common in Vergil. Cp. on xi. 55, note. 
 
 62. Samii . . . senis : index, s.v. Pythacjoras. rata: "rati- 
 fied," "true," here in a passive sense, although from the deponent 
 rcuv. dicta: not merely things said but "witty or wise sayings," 
 "maxims." 
 
 63. Romana: sc. umhra. In the following line we have this 
 Hoitiana umbra represented as lios'jyita. 
 
 64. per: "amongst," an unusual meaning, manes: a man's 
 manes are his shade, the shadowy phantom of him which represents 
 his .soul and body in the nether world. The ghosts of savage 
 Sarmatians would, to Ovid's view, themselves be savage, hospita : 
 observe the use of the substantive as an adjective. So hospcs, 
 frequently. 
 
3.83] 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 39 
 
 65. referantur : jussive subjunctive in quasi-tlependence on facito. 
 This was the original form of tlie idiom : c. g. f(Ac sciam originally- 
 stood for two complete sentences — (i) "cause thou," (ii) "let me 
 know." These were placed side 1»y side in paratuctic (co-ordinate) 
 construction. As tlie close connection between fac and sciam came 
 to be felt, and the subordination of sciam to fac more precisely con- 
 ceived, the need arose of some conjunction to express this subordi- 
 nation (hypotaxis), and this need was supplied by conjunctions 
 such as lit, ne, &c. And these conjunctions are regularly used in 
 ckssical Latin except in a few old idioms. Englisli has the same 
 two usages ; e. g. " 1 pray you go," and "I pray that you will go," 
 or " I ]uay you to go." The use of the jussive in quasi-dependence 
 is especially common with facto, euro, oro, xolo, and other verbs of 
 desiring, ordering, &c. urna : wealthy Eomans had their bodies 
 cremated ; the few remaining ashes were enclosed in an urn and 
 placed in the scjAilcrum. 
 
 67. quisquam: seldom used save after a negative, or in a 
 sentence implying a negative. Thebana : the two biothers Eteocles 
 and Polyneices fell by each other's hands at Thebes, one fighting 
 for the city, the other against it. The reigning king Creon buried 
 Eteocles with all ceremony : Polyneices' body he ordered to be left 
 unburied because of his treason to Thebes. The dead man's sister 
 Antigone disregarded Credn's orders and buried her brother, for 
 which she herself sullere 1 death. 
 
 68. rege vetante : "though the king (Creon) forbade it." The 
 ablative absolute here does duty for a concessive clause, 
 
 69. ea; i.q. ossa, v. 65. Leaves of scented shrubs and perfumes 
 were mingled with the ashes in the urn. 
 
 71. legat: "/or the passer-by to read," final subjunctive. Cp. 
 above,^ v. 10. The letters are to be cut so large that he shall see 
 them in the most rapid glance. 
 
 72. tituli : the epitaph upon the tomb, which is to be of marble. 
 
 73. lusor: cp. hidere, i. 7, note, and ii. 5. Translate — "poet," 
 or " he that wrote lightly of tender passions." 
 
 74. Naso : the final o is made short as in ncscio, v. 8. 
 
 75. at tibi : the order is : at ne sit grave iibi {qui traiisis, quis- 
 quis amasti) clicerc, &c. 
 
 76. cubent: jussive subjunctiA-e, the words being simply quoted. 
 
 78. diutuma : observe that the first two syllables are treated as 
 one for purposes of scansion, the i disajipearing by synaeresis or 
 synizesis, i. e. being pronounced as consonantal y in English. 
 
 79. nocuere : after Cicero's time quamvis was often joined with 
 the indicative. See above, i. 26, note. 
 
 81. feralia : there were regular seasons at which offerings of 
 food, flowers, and perfumes were made to the dead, and any 
 neglect of such duty was considered to cause the greatest annoyance 
 to their manes. AVith extincto, sc. mihi. 
 
 82. de : " wet with your tears." 
 
 83. mutaverit: this maybe either future perfect (see on v. 23, 
 above) or perfect subjunctive. 
 
40 OVID. [3. 84 
 
 84. officium . . . pium : " kind offices." The word cannot be 
 rendered by "office" in any other sense: its literal meaning is 
 "helping." Pius means loyally atfeetionate towards one's family, 
 kindred, conntry, or country's gods. Cp. pins Aeneas. 
 
 86. dictandi vires : "streugtli i!o dictate." The genitive is one 
 of material. 
 
 88. vale : the imperative is here treated in syntax as an indeclin- 
 able neuter noun in tlie accusative. Ovid means that, though he 
 bids his wife good-bye, there are none at Tomi to be as atfeetionate 
 to himself. 
 
 Elegy IV. 
 
 OVID WARNS A FRIEND AGAINST THE PERILS OF AMBITION. 
 
 Argument : — Friend, tal-e a fallen inans advice, and live for ■ 
 thyself : sMui high 2)''aces and their perils. Had I hut knoion the 
 wisdom of such a course, I might yet he in Home. IVho falls in 
 lowly places, easily recovers : who falls from on high, falls utterly 
 as did Elpenor awl Icarus. Lead a quint and lowly life, and shun 
 ambition : he warned by the fate of Euniedes' son and of Phaethon, 
 for thou dost deserve to run thy course without mishap because of thy 
 sympathy with m.y sorrows. And do not forget tne here at the 
 icorlcVs end beneath the frozen pole and, far from all I hold dear. 
 They are all lost to tne, yet I think of them day and night, and the 
 wife that I so love is at once the halm and increment of iny griefs. 
 And I forget not my friends, though for cautions sake I will not 
 name your navies. Alas! for 7nc to do so is not now the compli- 
 ment xohich once it was ! Fear not, one and all. I ivill keep your 
 secrets, and suffer you to he silent in your love of mc. But help me 
 all ye can ; so may th': world go well with you, awl so may ye escape 
 the fall that was mine! 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Daedalus, Phaethon.] 
 
 2. res: "fortunes." Pv,cs has well been compared to a blank 
 cheque to be filled in with the requisite amount of meaning in 
 accordance with the requirements of the context, procubuere : 
 "had fillen in ruins." See i. 21, note. 
 
 3. usibus : "by experience." quicquam : quisqunm may occa- 
 sionally stand in a conditional clause, although this be not negative, 
 according to rule. See iii. 67, note. The accusative neuter is 
 like ecquid, iii. 47 ; quod, i. 11, where see note. So quantum, v. 5, 
 below. 
 
 4. tibi: " for thysidf," i. c. for your own interests only: do not 
 be a slave of the great. 
 
 8. t non prosit: as tlic text stands, prosit may be taken as either 
 (1) conditional {si being suppressed as in iii. 23, wliere see note) 
 or (2) potential — "he would be more likely not to do you any 
 good, (and) he can do you most harm." Some editors read si quis 
 
TKISTIA III. NOTES. ^'^ 
 
 4.24] 
 
 „j„« -"if a man can do you harm, he is far move likely not to 
 do vou any Uod," i. e."it lie have the power, he xyiU prohal.) ha e 
 *, * n t„ Wm vou •■ In this case wosU is again potential lire 
 dSi:, '1;^':^1X »*«« i» the second\alf of the pentameter is very 
 
 T=:^:;^:^i;-?e:x;r"t^'a'i:f^| 
 
 ad^U».a,mo.ayne.er.^^ 
 
 :KS£=^^:;^n:f--orc:^-^- 
 
 ■""ll "£aer- Ifectbrco'of the passive ,nonUu, /'»«». ^--^'"8 
 to'the^niTe-tllat if ti'ie active verb admits two accn^Uive, 0=. 
 ,»«,«<- te A««), one of tliese is f^}^'"ll^Jl^SThrm I con- 
 ,.„,»uii« crit, viii. 19. This am he Ml- .-g,,J- ,,,„_.. h,i I 
 
 realized in «>« l«-«;f »'■ „ „ „„sperity, the metaphor being from 
 a Ifiip'^rn^ing^eforf theti^' Fo/'the tense of .i.i, see on 
 
 "\f in piano : " on the level," i. - - ^J^f JJTeasy ti 'getp 
 
 1 u io r>f T-qvp nopurrence, oi couise — it lo ccvaj i.^ » r- 
 case — and it ib ot laie ocbuiieu^ , fvpelv used as sub- 
 
 Sive^t;is:n;^XSS^- -»^-- «- -- 
 
 positions. Cp. ad mitius, v 41, note ,,. g^^^,^ 
 
 18. possit: consecutive subjunctive aftei 6ic . . . n, 
 
 a way . . • that." rnmrades of Ulixes. Having 
 
 roof, and on awaking fell and broke His necK. 
 
 '"ioZsi- i.e. Ulixes (Ulysses or Odysseus) -1- visited the 
 .^do??he dead and ther^^K^enor^^^^^^ _ ^ ,^ 
 
 plS^n S^^A'c^ns^^'su^unctive.^^^^^ 
 
 . ??What was'the cause of which the ^^^^^^^^^,. 
 
 22. aquas: the Mare Icanum. See 1 ^^1?'' ^•^ij'.f -everybody 
 23 nempe: a particle of emphasis ol couise, y 
 
 knows." It is not seldom ^i^e^ "'^^Xiw to^^ether-" that suited 
 
 24. non . . . suas : to betaken ^j^'^^ ^^^f'^^^^^^ 
 them not " i. e. contrary to their nature, i^iusib i ™ Pn v 4 
 llrthe sense of "suitable," "favourable," "natural. Cp. ^. 4. 
 
42 OVID. [4. 25 
 
 25. intra fortunam : so we speak of a man's keeping to his own 
 station in life, living " witliin liis means." 
 
 27. Eumedes : father of Dolon. Dolon, a Trojan, was per- 
 suaded l)y Hector to go to the camp of the Greeks as a spy. His 
 reward was to have been the chariot and divinely bred horses of 
 Acliilles ; Imt he was detected by Ulixes and slain by Diomedes. 
 
 28. Achilleos : adjective of AcMUes. 
 
 29. natas: they were turned into poplars. See Index, s.v. 
 
 rHAETHON. 
 
 30. cepisset genitor : "be sire enough for" (lit. "been enough 
 as a sire "). It was because Phuethon was ashamed of being thought 
 Merops' son that he came to grief. 
 
 32. propositi: "draw in the sails of thy resolve," i.e. be less 
 ambitious in your aims. 
 
 33. decurrere: notice the force of the prefix — "run out," "run 
 to the end." The metaphor is from the race-track. In Ciceronian 
 prose dignus may not be constructed with the infinitive, but 
 requires a dependent subjunctive clause (final) introduced by ut 
 or qui. 
 
 34. fato : regular u]>l. after //-iti. candidiore : "brighter " than 
 mine. AVhite was the colour used on festive occasions. Cp. 
 xiii. 14. 
 
 35. te ut : a rare elision in elegiacs, ut : consecutive, ex])laining 
 mereris. pietate: "love," "affection." See note on iii. 84. 
 The ablative is iustiumental, HVq. fide. 
 
 38. ore : ablative of i>laee where. Poets fi-eely employ the local 
 ablative without a preposition. Os \^ the })hysical " {ace," -vultus 
 its "look" or "expression," expressing some ment.il emotion. 
 
 42. levanda : "that can be relieved." Ovid is rather fond of 
 using the gerundive in this sense. 
 
 44. pares : i. e. of your own rank. 
 
 47. Erymanthidos : genitive singular of Erymantlds, a Greek 
 feminine adjective formed from Erymanllius, one of the chief 
 mountains in Arcadia. Hence Urymanfh is =^Avca(\iau." For the 
 story of the b ar, see ii. 2, note. Note the quantity of the final 
 syllable (-o^')- 
 
 49. superant : stretch beyond " {su2)C7'). 
 
 50. et : the jn'oper jjosition of et is as first word in the sentence, 
 but in poetry it is not seldom misplaced even to the third place, as 
 here. Join the adverbs witli 7wii. 
 
 54. haec . . . duo : i. e. wife and country. 
 
 55. non est: "it is not possible," est being here a verl) of com- 
 plete predication, in imitation of a Greek usage. Corjwre is instru- 
 mental ablative with coidingcre ; lit., "things which it is not 
 possible to touch with one's body." 
 
 58. acceduntque : literally — "and one by one my <leeds corns 
 unto their own scenes." Suis locis is dative after the compound 
 verl) accedunt. 
 
 59. oculos : sc. mcos. 
 
 01. hoc . . . hoc: ablatives of the cause, explained l»y the 
 
TRISTIA III. NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 5] 
 
 following causal clauses. The object of the two verbs is meos casus, 
 
 uinlevstood from v. 60. , ^ , -. i -, ^i t . • 
 
 64. quos . . . quemque: we say "each of whom, but tlie Laliu 
 idiom does not say quorum quisque, but makes quisqw appositive 
 to the word to which it refers. ^i ^ r. 
 
 65. ipsos: '-'you yourselves." There was a dauger that Caesars 
 anger would extend from the poet to his friends, if he made them 
 too prominent in his writings. ^^ 
 
 67. voleh&tis: sc. in nostro carmine 2iom. instar: the seem- 
 ing of a j.leasiu'^' compliment." Inslar is strictly an indeclinable 
 noun ; hence it is used like a preposition ( = " like ") governing the 
 
 genitive. , -,. ^ -i 
 
 69 quod- referrinrr to the whole of the ].receding clause xcrsibus 
 ^ legi. 'Anccps (literally "two-headed," and .so "uncertam") 
 means "dangerous." 
 
 70. nulli: dative— " to no one." 
 
 71. latitantis ; accusative plural. 
 
 72. amet: jussive subjunctive, expressing a wish. 
 
 74. absim: the usual mood with </im?/n-i5-. Cp. on i. 26. 
 
 75. qua . . . aliqua: "as each one can, lighten ye m some wise 
 my sorrows" (literally— " in some way, in which way each can"). 
 
 76. negate manum: the opjiosite of date manum. See i. 2, 
 note. ,. , 
 
 77. sic: "on this condition," i. e. if you do as I ask. J^uglisii 
 uses " so " in the same way, e. g. in such phrases as "so help me 
 heaven." Mancat is jussive subjunctive, expressing a wish, as 
 also rogefis. „ 
 
 78. idem: ace. sing. neut. {ulcm)—" t\ie same prayer as i do : 
 may you never hud cause for prayers like mine. 
 
 Elegy V. 
 
 A LETTER TO CAEUS. 
 
 Argument -.—Friend, I l-nrw little of yo^ir love u-Jtile the u-orld 
 u-ent u-cll with me, but in the time of my trouble you ^rrwrd yourself 
 a friend indeed, mch as scarce were one or tuo of my old acquaint- 
 ances. Ah, Cams! hoiv you soiroiced with me for my exile! 
 Pray heaven you he more able to help others than me ! You uondcr 
 hmv I fare Jiere? I live on in hopes that Augustus may one day 
 relent. Say something to show me that I am right in so huping. 
 Noble hearts yield to noble inqmlses, where mcmur spirits are 
 ohstiiude : conl/rast the high-souled Hon with the coicard %colf ; think 
 of Achilles and Alexaiuler, and Juno s forgiveness of Hercules, lis 
 forUiis reason I hope fw Caesar s mercy, for my sin was but lack 
 of discretion— it teas my eyes that uiulid me. And may his pardon 
 reach vie soon ! 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Achilles, Alexander, Darius, Porus, and 
 
 Troia.] 
 
44 OVID. [5. I 
 
 1. ut: consecutive. For the meamng of dissinuilare, fiee on i. 6; 
 and for the teiise-si;j;ii of the iuti.iitive, see ab^ve, iii. 35. 
 
 4. nave . . . eunte: the ablative absolute does duty for a con- 
 ditional clause, protasis to v. 3, — "if my vessel had been speed- 
 ing." suo: "favourable." Cp. iv. 24, note. 
 
 5. metu: "for fear, " ablative of cause. 
 
 6. amicitiae . . . meae : "turned their backs upon friendship 
 with ni3." Tiie possessive frequently does duty, as here, for an 
 objective genitive. Cp. hie tiinor=" £e'a,v of this": tribitnicius 
 terror— " dread of a tribune." 
 
 7. igne lovis: Jove's hre is the thunderbolt, but Ovid is think- 
 ing of Augustus and of how he had "blasted" Ovid with exile. 
 Cp. i. 35, note. 
 
 8. deploratae: " mourned as lost," "given up for lost." 
 
 9. recens: sc. amieits — "a new-found frientl," a comparatively 
 recent acquaintance. 
 
 10. duo tresve: ac. praistit'irv/nt. Most of Ovid's friends found 
 it well to abandon him now that he had lost the emperor's favour. 
 
 13. in singula verba: ^^ivith thine every word." 
 
 14. bibi: an example of the figure called zeujma, in which one 
 and the same verb is used in different senses with different subjects 
 or objects. Bibcre, "to drink," may be naturally used with 
 lacrimas, but only metaphorically with ilia (sc. verba). So in the 
 next line, ace^'pi: Ovid/c/^ his friend's embrace, received his kisses, 
 and heard his sobs. 
 
 16. singultatis . . . sonis : lit. "words . . . broken with sobs." 
 
 17. care: "dear one," referring to the friend's real name of 
 Carus (see v. 18), but used here as if an adjective, in order to 
 disguise his name, which it would have been dangerous for Ovid to 
 mention too openly. See iv, 65, note. 
 
 18. loco : for the omission of the preposition, see the note on i. 26. 
 
 21. tribuant : jussive subjunctive, expressing a wish. So iuves, 
 V. 22. 
 
 22. prosperiore: sc. mea {materia) — "more fortunate than is 
 mine." 
 
 23. si tamen: the order is si quaeris quid agam (indirect 
 question), qiu)d = {et id) te quacrerc est crcdibilc. Quod refers to 
 the wliole fact. Quid agis? is the Latin equivalent for "How 
 do you do ? " Cp. vii. 6. 
 
 25. trahor: "I drag myself along," "I linger on." The verb 
 is really middle {%. e. retlexive) in force, mihi : verbs of depriving 
 take a dative of the person robbed. 
 
 26. posse: the accusative and infinitive clause depends upon 
 spe, which it explains— " the hope that," &c. With dei (i.e. 
 AujHsii), cp. lovis, v. 7, above. 
 
 27. contingere: id is the subject. Contingcre is often used of 
 good fortune, accidere of ill fortune. 
 
 28. tu mihi : the order is ta mild j^rohd fas esse {me contingere 
 id) quod cupio ; p)rccov being merely pai'enthetical, 1 c. independent 
 of the syntax and to be translated as if bracketed. 
 
5. 49] 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 45 
 
 29. facundia : sc. est. The real object of the princi[)al verb 
 {fa^xindiaDi) is as usual transferred to the position of subject of tlie 
 relative clause which qualifies it. illud . . . ut doceas : ut is here 
 final, and explains tlie purjiose indicated by ilhtcl. AVith doceas, 
 sc. me as the second object usual with verbs of teaching. 
 
 31. quo: the correlative {co) is omitted — "the nobler one is, the 
 more is he jdacable" (lit. "by what a man is nobler, by that much 
 is he more placable "). irae : genitive of reference, ex])laining that 
 in respect of which the adjective is applicable to its substantive. 
 So acger animi, "sick at heart" ; tactus cerebri, "touched in the 
 brain," the former of which is generally explained as a locative. 
 Some take 'placahilis irae together as a genitive of quality " (a man) 
 of wrath that may be appeased." 
 
 32. generosa: "noble," "magnanimous." 
 
 33. prostrasse : the force of the perfect is that the lion is content 
 as soon as he lias throtcn his enemy. 
 
 34. suum: "its ?ia?'^6r«Z ending." Qom])?a:e vento suo, v. 4. 
 
 35. morientibus : dative with instant. 
 
 36. nobilitate : "in point of nobleness," ablative of respect with 
 viinor. 
 
 38. Dardanii . . . senis : Dardanius is the adjective formed 
 from Dardanus, the mythical founder of the Trojan line and ancestor 
 of King Priam, who is here meant. See Index, s.v. Pkiamus. 
 
 39. duels Emathii : Alexander of Macedon, g-.u Index. Emathia 
 was one of the divisions of Macedonia, wlience Emathiiis ( -a, 
 •um) is used for "Macedonian." fuerit : subjunctive of indirect 
 question depending on docent. 
 
 40. Darei : DCireus ( -a, -um) is the adjective formed from the 
 name Darius, q.v. Index. 
 
 41. neve: the subjunctive is final. This is a common idiom. 
 Ne indicates the purpose not of the statement made (i. e. lunonis 
 geiier est), but of the making of it. The English idiom is, "and not 
 to speak of, &c." ad mitius: "to gentler mood." So in raaiits, 
 "more and more," in melius, "for the better." Neuter adjectives 
 both in the singular and in the plural are frequently used for sub- 
 stantives. 
 
 42. lunonis gener: see Index, s.v. Hercules. 
 
 44. sit : the mood is due to the causal force of cum. 
 
 45. pessum dare : lit. "to put towards the ground, "^;<?s5?«h being 
 accusative of the goal of motion, from an old word connected with 
 pes, "a foot" ; hence "to destroy." 
 
 46. caput: there is a play upon two meanings of caimt : (1) 
 "life," (2) "chief thing," "head." Cacsareus ( -a, -um) is the 
 adjective of Caesar. 
 
 47. non : the negative qualifies all three following verbs, which 
 are accordingly coupled by -que. In English we use a disjunctive 
 — " or." Loqucndo is an ablative of respect. 
 
 48. mero : causal ablative. 
 
 49. crimen: here in its secondary sense of "sin," "matter for 
 accusation." So below, v. 52. lumina: "eyes." 
 
46 OVID. [5. 50 
 
 50. habuisse; "that I had eyes (at that time)." This infinitive 
 stands as the subject of est. Feccrdam is a noun. 
 
 51. equidera: a particle of emphasis, rarely used in good prose 
 with any other parts of the verb than first persons singular. It is 
 a strengthened form ofqaidem. The word has nothing to do with ego. 
 
 53. facturum: so. esse. The subject is Augustmn, understood 
 from ipse in tlie next clause — " tliat Caesar will bring it to pass 
 that he himself may ligliten my punishment so far as to change its 
 scene"; literally, "upon the terms of changing its scene." The 
 common idiom in mufati loci should be carefully noted. Constructed 
 attributively with a noun, the past participle passive denotes the 
 action that brought about the state described by the participle ; 
 op. mortuKS Caesar, "the death of Caesar." 
 
 55. utinam: see on iii. 59, note. 
 
 56. afferat: the present subjunctive after utinam shows that the 
 fulfihnent of tlie wish is regarded as possible. Where the fulfilment 
 is impossible, the imperfect is used of present time, the pluperfect 
 of past time. See on iii. 59. aimisso: equuvi admiUere is "to 
 give rein to one's horse," "to put it to full s])eed." Lucifer, the 
 Light- Brin:,'er, is tlie morning star which heralds the sunrise. The 
 sun, and Lucifer also, was conceived by the ancients as riding 
 across the heavens in a car drawn by four horses. 
 
 Elegy VI. 
 
 A LRTTER TO CELSUS. 
 
 Argument: — Dear friend, how close com2Kinions have vx been! 
 The world knew of our friendship well-nigh better than of ourselves, 
 and toe had no secret one from another, save only that I could not 
 tell you tvhy I am become an exile. I xoould I had been free to do 
 so ! But noiv, my friend, forget not your old comrade : do all you 
 can to ease my trouble, if you really believe in my gtiiltlessness. I 
 sinned, I own it, but my sin was one of folly ^^ather than of purpose ; 
 and if I speak not truth, find me some yet tvorse ptlace of exile than is 
 this ! 
 
 [The Celsus here addressed was one of the poet's most loyal 
 friends, and chiefly instrumental in dissuading him from com- 
 mitting suicide when disgraced. He had thoughts of visiting Ovid 
 at Tomi.] 
 
 2, dissimulare : for the meaning see i. 6, note, potes : for the 
 indicative mood (of j^ossum) in the apodosis of an Imaginary con- 
 dition, see iii. 35, note. 
 
 4. tota . . . TJrbe : local ablative without a preposition. See 
 i. 26, note. 
 
 5. usque adeo : "even so far." Usque, "right up to," is a 
 pai'ticle of emphasis, populo testatus : populo is dative of the 
 agent, testatus being passive, tliougli tcsior is dei)onent. 
 
Q ^8] TliI«TIA 111. NUTE8. -1' 
 
 7 8 t These two lines are liracketed as spuiioiis in many 
 edit'iuns If they are retained the syntax of ihe lirst line is et {ut 
 cssrtnoitcs paene viagis, &c.) candor a»imi qui est tibi in amicis. 
 in amicis : ' ' in the case of your friends. ipsi : refers to Augustus, 
 as in V. 53 and other passages. 
 
 10 teeenda: the epithet must not he translated as it it weie 
 euui^alent to a final clause. It is parallel to such constructions as 
 rmves curavit faciendas, "he saw to th^ buikhng oj ships, he 
 took care that ships should he huilt. 
 
 11. secreti: partitiv. genitive with (?wicvyiaf^. 
 
 12 excepto: the participle stands as au ablative ahsolute, the 
 noun heing represented by the clause quod mc perdMld = what 
 
 '" 1 r\cisse8 : = scixisses. Note the different tenses of the pi;otasis 
 and anodosis— "if you had then known it {quod mc perdiCUt), you 
 :^l?[lr.... he Ijoyingr So >.j. which is co-ordinate with 
 fnccrere. See note on iv. 13. With the ablative comdw, cp. 
 
 7nero, v. 48. , . • o' 4-^ 
 
 15. me in : a rare elision m elegiacs ; see iv. 3o, note. _ 
 1(5 bonae . . . utilitatis iter : the genitive is one of description 
 — '•everv way that leads to happy advantage." 
 
 17 siVe . . . potui: this expresses a condition that is not 
 fulHUed in the past, and we might have expected pfuis^ni bu he 
 indicative of possum is generally preterred in such clauses because 
 the verb itself contahis a potential force. „ 
 
 90 pars • "well-nigh the cl.iefest part of all that I regiet. 
 n sis- the subjunctive is best taken as jussive i.i quasi-depen- 
 dence on r on o, parallel to experia re Gratia is " mfiuence, as 
 usSy in the^singnilar. The meaning "thanks " is more commonly 
 confined to the plural, gratiae. 
 
 '23 numinis : Augustus. Cp. Ions, v. /. . , , . ^ ., 
 
 25 Ua r- maf this be so only if," &c. With this use of Ua, 
 cp the note' on sil, iv. 77. Fiat must be understood, jussive 
 
 sub^incth-e^ ^.^^ _ subjunctive of indirect question. 
 
 98' Wna =:"eves" ; cp. v. 49. Mali is ob .ctive genitive. 
 ll quXmqueacleo:'"whate'eratalL'' For the intensive use 
 
 ^'^^^ :':«::S h^^thi^e usages : (1) privative " not seeing^ 
 "hrind";(2) active, "blinding"; (3) passive " that cannot be 
 seen " The second (2) is that which is required here. 
 
 If 1^^^^ iJl^r'absIm: the mood is cUie to the final 
 force of jr-" that there I may be further from thee.' Qioo is as 
 a rule fold instead of ut only in final clauses containing a com- 
 parative (so here, longius). 4.^ +>,« nUv'^, wills " 
 
 38 Buburbana: suhurhanus means "close to the city s walls. 
 Ov'd means to say that, if he s.eaks falsely, he is -ady to i-ega.-d 
 Tomi-the end of the world-as not nearly far enough a^^ay tui the 
 merits of his guilt. 
 
48 OVID. [7. 
 
 Elegy VII. 
 
 A LETTER TO THE POETESS PEKILLA. 
 
 Argument: — Hurry to Perilla, letter of mine, and greet her! 
 You tvill find her either at her mother s side or amongst her hooks, 
 and she tvill greet you kindly. Say I am still alive and still 
 writing, despite my sorrows, and ask if she also still icrites. I was 
 the one that first led her to poetry and marked her talent, and 
 encouraged her to rival Sappho. I icas her guide and critic and 
 adviser, never suffering her to he idle. Bid her icrite much and 
 always, only avoiding the suhject of love. Make ichat use you may 
 of your time, poetess, for Time will roh you of your youth. Youth 
 and fortune are fieeting things, and ive mortals have no other 
 immortality save such as comes of writing. Take my case as an 
 example : I have lost all else, hut 7ny love of letters is with me still, 
 and over this not even great Caesar has any power. I may die 
 tchenever fate wills, hut my name icill live, and, I shall he read so 
 long as Rome from her seven hills overlooks the tcorld. Bo you then 
 also take this the only course for cheating the grave. 
 [Refer to the Index for Sappho.] 
 
 I. salutatum : the supine in -um (in reality an accusative of the 
 goal of motion) regularly expresses the aim of a verb of motion, 
 perarata : the metaphor is from ploughing, because a Roman's 
 letters ^Yere written with a pointed steel pen upon tablets of wax 
 which were, so to say, ploughed by the pen. 
 
 4. Pieridas : see Index, s.v. Musa ; and cp. ii. 3. 
 
 6. nee mora : some such verb as erit may be understood, but the 
 phrase nee mora came to be used as a mere adverb — "without 
 delay." venias . . . agam: subjunctives of indirect question. 
 For quid agam, cp. v. 23, note. 
 
 7. nolim : consecutive subjunctive. 
 
 8. levata : sc. esse, jl/ora is here " lapse of time." 
 
 9. nocuere : for the mood with quamvis, see on i. 26, iii. 79, notes. 
 The subject of revcrti is me understood from v. 7. So with cogcre. 
 
 10. aptaque: "and that I still force my balanced words into 
 elegiac verse," i. e. go on writing elegiac jjoetry. For altcmos 
 pedes, cp. i. 11, note. 
 
 II. tu; i. e. Perilla, whom Ovid now addresses directly. 
 
 12. docta : cp. i. 63, note. Studia (v. 11) is another word 
 specially used of poets' pursuits. + non patrio . . . more : mos 
 2Mtritcs wowld for Perilla mean " in Latin fashion," but she wrote 
 in Greek metre, and therefore "in non-Latin fashion." There is 
 another reading, mmc pcdrio, i. c. "in a fashion Avhich is now 
 quite national," alluding to the widespread use of Greek metres 
 and general style of composition at Rome. Greek poets were the 
 recognized models of all Latin i)oets to a greater or less extent, 
 especially of Horace, to whom some editors try to find a delicate 
 allusion here. 
 
7.40] 
 
 TKISTIA III. NOTES. 49 
 
 13. cum fatis : " with your destinies," i. e. "at your birtli." 
 
 14. dotes : do< is i)ioperly a bride's dower, but we use the 
 same nietaj)hor in English, The words dotes inyeniumquG form a 
 hendiadys {one thing through ttco), the term applied when two 
 substantives take the place of a substantive and an attributive 
 adjective : we should say — "a rare dower of wit." 
 
 15. hoc: sc. ingenium. Pegasidas : Greek accusative plural of 
 the feminine adjective PegasU, -Idas, derived from the name of 
 Pegasus. Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses, is said to have 
 stopped the upward rise of Mount Helicon in Boeotia by a kick, 
 and from the place where struck his hoof there spiang the fountain 
 of Hippocrene, sacred to the Muses, and inspiring with poetry all 
 wdio drank of it. Hence " Pegasid waters" means mercdy "the 
 fountain of poetry," or "poetry" simply, primus: secondary 
 predicate — " I was the first to bring." So in v. 17, below. 
 
 16. male: "wrongly," goes with periret, not with femndae. 
 
 17. virginis : appositive to tici understood, with which also 
 agrees natae, in v. 18. 
 
 19. ignes : so we speak of the "fires " of genius, idem \ — eidem. 
 The word is predicative — "abide still the same." 
 
 20. vates Lesbia : see Index, s.v. Sappho. 
 
 21. vereor ne : cp. i. 3, note, mea fortuna : i. e. the disas'^ers 
 which Ovid had brought upon himself ostensibly by his 
 poetry. 
 
 23. dum licuit : diim followed by the imperfect future or perfect 
 indicatise usually (as here) has the meaning of "so long as," " all 
 the time that." tua . . . mihi : sc. Icgebas, from legcbam. 
 
 26. cessares : " if you hesitated at any time." The subjunctive 
 may be explained as the ordinary use of the subjunctive in Au- 
 gustan Latai to express frequent recurrence or iteration, a use 
 Avhich is unknown to Ciceronian Latin, where we should have uhi 
 cessabas — "whenever you hesitated." For the word ccsso, see 
 on ii. 29. 
 
 28. poenae: to be joined with exfwplo. sis: regular subjunctive 
 with fursitan. See i. 75, note, t soluta : "remiss." There is an 
 untranslatable variant tccuta. 
 
 30. a scriptis : a marks the source of information, amare : 
 Perilla is warned to write no such poetry as was Ovid's Ars 
 Atncdoria. The infinitive amare is here the direct object of 
 discat. 
 
 32. tua sacra : " your sacred duties," as a poetess, and therefore 
 a p)riestess of the Muses. Cp. sacerdMi, ii. 4, note. 
 
 35. iniciet : for the spelling, see on adice, i. 49. Iniccrc manum 
 was a recognized metliod of claiming possession of anything. 
 
 39. sis : subjunctive because of the concessive force of C2im 
 ("though"). 
 
 40. censibus : "yet suppose thy means were equal to a boundless 
 income." Coisus was the "rating" at which a man's property 
 was assessed in the registers of the Censors ; and hence "property" 
 generally; "great property," when used in the plural. The pro- 
 
 TR. III. E 
 
 I <>> 
 
 ^^ 
 
 c 
 
60 OVID. [7. 41 
 
 perty of all citizens was orii^anally assessed onee in five years, and 
 for this duty the Censors were appointed. 
 
 41. nempe : "of course." See iv. 23, note. 
 
 42. Irus . . . Croesus : Irus is the beggar at the gates of Uli.xes' 
 palace in the Odyssey ; Croesus was the last king of Lydia, over- 
 thrown by Cyrus and the Persians in 546 B.C. The former was 
 the typical pauper, as the latter was the type of fabulous wealth. 
 
 43. referam : deliberative subjunctive — "wliyani I to relate?" 
 tenemus : "have in our power." 
 
 45. caream : cp. sis, v. 39. ^0 rapta sint {v. 46). 
 
 46. mihi: for the dative, cp. 7nihi dcmere, v. 25, note. 
 
 47. ingenio; the ablative belongs to both verbs, and with both 
 denotes the instrument. lAiexdll^^ ingenio fruor denotes "I enjoy 
 myself by means of my wit." Comitor is here passive from comlto ; 
 more usually it is deponent. 
 
 48. iuris : partitive genitive. 
 
 49. finiat : jussive subjunctive, equivalent to a protasis with si. 
 See the note on iii. 23, and cp. viii. 16. 
 
 50. me . . . extincto : "even when I am dead" — ablative 
 absolute. 
 
 51. de montibus; the seven hills upon which Kome was built. 
 They were the Capitoline (N.W.), Quirinal (N.), Viminal and 
 Esquiline (N.E.), Coelian (S.E.), and Aventine (S.W.), grouped 
 round the Palatine, for which see the note on i. 32. 
 
 52. Martia : according to the legend, llo ne was founded by 
 Eomulus the son of Mars, from whose name conies the adjective 
 Martius {-a, -uvi). 
 
 53. maneat : jussive subjunctive. 
 
 54. qua potes : cp. iv. 75. The only way to cheat the grave is 
 to secure the immortality which couies of literary success. 
 
 Elegy VIII. 
 
 THE POET BEWAILS HIS EXILE. 
 
 Argument : — 0, that I had ivings to fly hence and home to my 
 fatherland and all I love! Yet luhy ivaste I my time in idle 
 prayers? Augustus alone can grant my prayers, and to him I must 
 make them. Recall I dare not pray for, hut I looidd ask that he 
 should change rmj place of exile, for I am, dying here in this horrible 
 place, where I can neither cat nor sleep, hut droop as leaves in 
 autumn, mind and body sick alike. Would that Caesar had slain 
 me outright! Yet he hath sj)ared me once, mid haply he may 
 again indulge my prayer and send me to some less dreadful place of 
 e.cile. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Augustus, Daedalus, Medea.] 
 
 1. Triptolenii : Triptolemus, son of Celeus, King of Eleusis, in 
 Attica, was provided by Demeter, the goddess of the produce of the 
 
8. 37] TRISTIA III. NOTES. '^1 
 
 soil, with a car drawn by dragons, that he nii-ht fly abont the workl 
 and spread amongst men the knowledge of husbandry, of which he 
 was the inventor, cuperem: " I couhl wish if I had the choice), 
 the subjunctive being potential. So below vdlcm {v. 3) and o'ptarcm 
 Iv 5) curm: prose would require the preposition in, but in 
 pJetry the simple ablative frequently expresses place where. Cp. 
 
 iv, 38, note. . , i +.i „ 
 
 2 ignotam: "strange," because as yet it had never seen the 
 seed of corn. It was "unknown " to corn and crops. 
 
 4 arce: ablative of separation. The place from which motion 
 takes place is occasi .nally expressed in poetry by means of an 
 ablative without a preposition, even when the substantive is not 
 the name of a town. For the legend, see Index, s^: .Mepka. 
 
 5. iactandas: see the note on ^.^^.;?*f^«, vi. 10. Perseu : vocative 
 of Per.seus. Perseus was provided with winged sandals to enable 
 him to reach and slav the Gorgon Medusa. 
 
 11. votispuerilibus: ablative of the instrument. 
 
 12 feretque: "o/- will bring." See the note on v. 4/. ulla : 
 dies is sometimes feminine in the singular when meaning an 
 appointed day" or "lapse of time." In the plural dies is always 
 
 masculine. „ ,, ,, -p .-, 
 
 13 optandum: "if pray you must once and for all. boi tlie 
 gerund, cp. ewulum, i. 19, and note. Opto is here used as an 
 futransitive verb, although in it. 5 and 11 it is transitive. 
 
 14. quern sensisti : i.e. " whose wrath thou hast telt. 
 
 16 det . . eris: see the note on in. 23, and cu. vii. 49. 
 
 19' forsitan: for forsita,i with the indicative see 1. 7o, note. 
 hoc :' verbs which admit two accusatives in the active (e.g. hocvos 
 rogo) may retain one in the passive. Cp. iv. 13, hacc monitus. 
 olim: "one day" ; see i. 75, note. _ ^^ 
 
 20. soUicita mente: " ^/w?t(/^ with anxious heart ; ablatue ot 
 attendant circumstances with a restrictive force. 
 
 21. quod minus : sc. est or rogo. Ovid means that at present he 
 dare piav onlv for something less than full pardon but still some- 
 thing which \vould^be a great boon to him-a change ot place. 
 For instar, see iv. 67, note. 
 
 22. iubeat : jussive subjunctive. , •„ Tvi'^H. r 
 23 faciunt: "suit "me, an unusual meaning. So m lii^tia 1. 
 
 X. 44, Non facit ad nostras hostia maior opes, "A greater victim 
 
 suits not with my means." „ mi • • • ,. f 
 
 27. ut: "since," "from the time when." This meaning is not 
 
 common in prose. ,, f^„„,i 
 
 33. corpore, mente: ablatives of respect, most usually found 
 
 with words expressing parts of the person, but cp. v 3b 
 
 34 bina: poetrv allows the distributive numeral adjectives to 
 
 be used in lieu of "the cardinals. So hiiut here lor duo. In prose 
 
 this is only admissible with nouns ^vhich have no singular ; e.g. 
 
 Una eastra, dcna sesterUa (for duo, decern) ; cp. xii. 24.^^ 
 
 36. leeenda : secondary predicate—" for me to scan 
 
 37. cum . . . ceriiimusr"t^A««so^^-^/- I see," indicative of itcra- 
 
52 OVID. [8. 38 
 
 tion. See the note on uhi ccssares, vii. 26. The plural verb is 
 merely a poetical licence. 
 
 38. sim . . . fuerim : subjunctives in indirect question. 
 
 39. necis : nex implies a violent death — "suicide." cum: the 
 more usual construction of queror is with de. 
 
 40. vindicet : the so-called subjunctive of virtual obli(jue oration, 
 here giving the reason as vietvcd by Ovid rather than as an actual 
 fact. Thus mirahtr quod irascuntu.r (indie. ) = "he is astonished at 
 their anger (and they are really angry) " ; but miratur quod 
 irascaniur (subj.)="he is astonished that (as he fancies) they are 
 angry (but it may be only his fancy)." Quod and q^iia with the 
 indicative state a real cause ; with the subjunctive, an imagined 
 and possibly false cause. 
 
 42. mutato . . . loco: "by changing its scene." See the note 
 on v. 53. 
 
 Elegy IX. 
 
 THE LEGEND OF THE NAME OF TOMI. 
 
 Aroument : — Even to this out-of-tJie-tcortd 2^lcice the Greeks cmne 
 and pl(i7it':d cities here long ago, hut Tumi had its name still earlier 
 than that, for it was so called from. Absyrtns, whom Medea cut to 
 pieces. She was flying over seas in the Argo, when she learnt that 
 her father ivas in 2mTsuit. It seemed she must he caught, v-hcn 
 suddenly her eyes lighted iqxin her broth er : she slew hi^n and cut 
 his body up, sccdtering it here and there, tliat Aeetcs might waste time 
 in gathering tcj) the 'pitiful fragments. And so it happened, and 
 hence %oas Tomi named — the Place of Dismembering. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Colchis, Medea and Miletus ; and for 
 Tomi, see Introd., § 1.] 
 
 1. hie: on the western shores of the Euxine, where the Greeks 
 of Asia Minor liad at a very early date planted aiuimber of colonits. 
 Tomi was, with one exception, the most northerly of tlie Greek 
 towns on the western shoi\3. crederet ; potential subjunctive. Cp. 
 i. G6, iii. 6. 
 
 2. barbariae : genitive of rpiality. 
 
 3. Mileto : ablative of separation without a preposition. Cp. 
 below, Cohltide, v. 12. Both are names of places. See Index, 
 s.v. ]\1iletlt.s. 
 
 5. huic : the order is sed constat vetus et aidiquiiis posita urbe 
 nomen ah Absj/rti cacde fiiisse huic loco. The words nomen 
 ab Ahsyrie cacde go closely together — "a name derived from the 
 murder of A." posita . . . urbe: "than the settling of the town. " 
 80 mo rtuiis Caesar, "the death of Caesar." See notes on viii. 42 
 and V. 53. Ovid avers that the spot was known as Tomi before 
 there was any town there. See Index, s.v. Medea. 
 
IQ j] TRISTIA III. NOTES. '5^ 
 
 7. rate: instrumental ablative, to be joined with /w^inus v. 9. 
 
 It was the Argo. e n ^ ^ ;. 
 
 Q Tiarentem: Aeetes King of Colchis. 
 V2.Cspes? Construe :-aV« f^^t^'^ CWc/.i^. ; nosco vela. ^^ ith 
 
 Cokhide, cp. J/tVc^o, r. 3. .;„.„ - " xvbilp " althouf^h 
 
 13 trepidant: the usual tense with dwn- ^^hne, aitiiou u 
 the main veTs in historic time {percussity aggere : fro n the 
 shore orbaBk" • ablative of separation. Prose won d require a 
 a6 Xi.(ntisculine) is the cab\e by which the vessel was moored 
 
 *%1''meritorum: objective genitive with co^iscia. Colchis: "the 
 
 Col'nrwomr'' Acre tlfe woM is the feminine adjective of 
 
 Colchis " the laud of Colchis," which occurs m i. ll. 
 
 6 ausa atque ausura: with .u.nu, i-^r';;?''n'JM English 
 19 tenemu?; " we are caught," ^. «. wes/ia^/ &^ caught English 
 
 has the sanTe idiomatic use of the prophetic present tor future. 
 
 I &^;'t?r^S win, the perfect expressing her 
 certainty of the result. Cp. tencmur, v. 19. 
 
 23' 'S:' ano£ fo'i-m (nominative) of the name better known 
 as Tomi In its Greek spelling (ro^o.) it means pieces cut otf, 
 -sliceT'' and Ovid takes 'advantage of this to say that the name 
 came from the dismembered body of Absyrtus. 
 
 Elegy X. 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF TOMI IN WINTER. 
 
 Argument :-/ am here amid savages, forgotten i,i a land, v-here 
 sunvncr alone Ueps off our foes, v:hUe wiMcr ^^.'^^V'"^ ^,f ;^^^f^ 
 horrors those of uar. ' Tis in winter that I realize how far to the 
 chiUnoHh laL, Snow that never quite disappears; furious 
 hurriZles; men elad in skins for xvarmth, wUh beards and have 
 tamed wili icicles; wine and.wat^r alike turned to tee, and even 
 grffvaucbe frozen over and become a Mgh-roadfor 9aUojnngsteed^^^ 
 and a brid<ie for the caravans of hostile savages; nay, the sea too 
 ZteLtrand ships and fishes bound fast in the ice-all these come 
 ^hMer^ Then comes the Scythicm savage to wa^ the Ian I 
 ^id harry Us crops and barn its farms, carrying ^0"^%^«^«^f ^^^'^^ 
 kUli^others, or leaving them to die by poismied xcounds The dread 
 o/S is ever before ol eyes, and our fields lie dc^n^M J^^of 
 Ln to till them. 'Tis a land where are no ^7;^^^;"^' {^ ^^jf ^a^ or 
 Acontius could not find a siivgle apple -a Z^^' f //^, '';;'';'^ ,^4"^ 
 tree ■ vet this is the spot of all the wide world that must h. „iy home . 
 [Re er to the Index for Bessi, Hister, Scythia, Sauromatae.] 
 1 istk : in Rome. Nasonis : verbs of remembering usually 
 refiuire a genitive of the object. ' '■■ • ' ■ -•'■'. 
 
54 OVID. [10. 3 
 
 3. stellis: to observers in the northern hemisphere the Great 
 Bear iiever sinks below the Itorizon. aequor: according to the 
 most ancient poets, the worhl was flat, and was encircled by the 
 river Oceanus, which wonld form the horizon. Suj^posikim agrees 
 with me, and stellis is dative. 
 
 4. sciat : jussive. The subject is to be supplied from siquis 
 in V. 1. 
 
 6. quam : exclamatory. Savage companionship was not suited 
 to a reliiied and cultured poet. 
 
 7. aura tepet : i. c in summer, while the river was still unfrozen. 
 medio : between Tomi and the savage tribes beyond the river. 
 
 8. liquidus : "in his flow," i. e. when not frozen. 
 
 9. patet: "when one sees the north wind," &c. Literally — • 
 "when the north wind is'rcvealed." 
 
 10. turn patet: "then one sees also that these peoples lie full 
 close to the shivering pole." Fremere is not seldom used in the 
 sense of to "tread close upon," "be near to." Cp. xi. 14. 
 tremente : the pole which makes men shiver with cold is said itself 
 to shiver. 
 
 15. prior: sc. nix. 
 
 16. bima: properly "two years old," and so "for two years long." 
 19. pellibus et sutis . . . bracis: "with breeches of sewn 
 
 skins," by hendiadys. Cp. dotes ingeniumque, vii. 14. 
 
 21. glacie : i. e. with icicles which formed on the hair and beard. 
 
 23. consistunt : wine freezes solid, so as to retain the siiape of 
 the jar even when the latter is all chipped away ; and it has to be 
 broken up into fragments and melted in the mouth. 
 
 24. liausta . . . data : each man has to take his wine in frozen 
 fragments, for he cannot drain it off" {haurirc) as wine should be 
 drunk. 
 
 25. loquar : deliberative subjunctive. Cp. referam, vii. 43. It 
 may also be taken as simple future, ut: "how," introducing the 
 indirect ([uestions concrcscant and cffodiantur. 
 
 26. fragiles : " brittle," because turned to ice. 
 
 27. papyrifero . . . amne : i. e. the Nile, where grows the 
 papyrus re<!d, 
 
 si. pedibus : "on foot." itur: "men go." Where no agent 
 is expressed, the impersonal passive of intransitive verbs may 
 usually be rendered by an English active voice with an indefinite 
 subject. This use of the impersonal passive accentuates merely 
 the action without reference to the doers. 
 
 33. novos : "strange." The " bridge " is of course that aff"orded 
 by the ice. subter: here an adverb. Cp. ii. 10, note. 
 
 34. plaustra : the nomad tribes of Scythia on the northern bank 
 of the Danube had no homes but the heavy wagons in which they 
 moved from one spot to another. 
 
 35. credar: verbs which govein the dative in the active can, as 
 a rule, only be used impersonally in the passive. The personal use 
 of credor in the jiassive is, however, found several times in poets. 
 cum sint: subjunctive, because cujti denotes cause. 
 
10. 73] TRISTIA III. NOTES. 55 
 
 36 ratam: "a witness should find liis good fuitli i»iov(?n " ; i.e. 
 as Ovid has no interest in telling untruths, he ought t5 lind ready 
 belief for his assertions. Note the passive use of the deponent 
 participle rains, as in iii. 62. It is usually active—" thinking."_ 
 
 38. testa: properly a "tile,"^ and so the thin "crust" of ice 
 spreading over water, "roofing." -, a i - i 
 
 42. crimen: "reproach." Leander, a beautiful youth of Abydus 
 (Ndgara), a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont (Straits of 
 Gallipolior the Dardanelles), used nightly to swim across to vi^^it 
 Hero a priestess of Sestos {Boghaht), on the opposite shore. He 
 was at length drowned, and his deatli was therefore a "reproach 
 to the Straits, angustae : the Straits of (Jallipoli are barely three- 
 quarters of a mile wide between Sestos and Abydos. 
 
 43. delphines : the quantity of the final syllable ( -es) shows that 
 the word is a Greek nominative plural. 
 
 45. alls: the winds are often represented by the Itomans as 
 having wings. . ,, 
 
 '52. flumine: " that overflow from the nver. 
 54 invehitur: "rides up against us," "attacks us." 
 55'. equo: collective— "horses." So sagitta. The ablatives are 
 
 those of respect. . 
 
 57. alii : " some," answered by ^mrs m vv. 61, 63. More usually 
 we should havea?n . . . alii, "some . . . others." tuentibus: 
 the ablative absolute gives the reason— "because there are none to 
 guard the fields." 
 
 59. opes: "wealth." This word, as well as ?>m6.s . . . inamtra 
 .' dixitias (transferred to the relative clause; see note on 11. 
 2)', is appositive to opes in v. 58. In the .singular the meaning is 
 "aid," ojMvi, ojyis, o])c being the only cases in use. 
 
 61. vinctis . . . lacertis : ablative of attendant circumstance 
 
 (ablative absolute). r .i i ^-u a 
 
 62 larem : the lares were the tutelar deities of the hearth and 
 home whose images stood in a little shrine beside the hearth. 
 Every household had its lar familiaris, and his image was placed 
 between those of the two poiates. In olden times the hearth was 
 in the atrium (i. 72). Lar or lares is often used for "home 
 generally, as also is penates. 
 
 65. nequeunt : the subject is lioslcs or harhari understood.^ J^erre 
 is applied to goods and chattels ; abducere to cattle. Cp. the 
 common phiase/crre et agere, "to harry and carry." 
 
 67. trepidant : i. e. the inhabitants. i ^ , 
 
 70 rigido . . . situ : situs Ls the condition of anything neglected 
 
 and uncared-for. In the case of soil, it is rigidits because unbroken 
 
 by itloughing. -, , ■, i 
 
 72. lacus : "vats," in which the grapes are thrown to be pressed. 
 In u 26 it is a "pond" or "cistern." ^, 
 
 73. poma: the word means "fruits" in general, not apples 
 only, haberet: potential subjunctive. Acontius : the story says 
 that Acontius fell in love with an Athenian maid named Cydippe. 
 To secure her love he cast in her path an apple upon which he had 
 
56 OVID. [10. 74 
 
 written the wonls "I swear by the sanctuary of Diana to marry 
 Acoatins." Cydippe picked up the fruit, read the words aloud, 
 and thus unwittingly made an oath which she felt bound to keep 
 — and did keep. 
 
 74. scriberet: "whereon to write." The subjunctive is final 
 Sifter quo = ut in eo. hie: the adverb — "in this land." dominae: 
 dative of the agent. Cp. viro, v. 76. See i. 64, note. 
 
 75. aspiceres : tlie indefi^nite second person. So we say "you 
 might see," i. c. if you were here. The subjunctive is potential ; 
 cp. credcrcf; ix. 1. 
 
 77. pateat: C2i?;i is concessive. Cp. vii. .39. 
 
 78. in poenam: "/or my punishment." The preposition in is 
 often joined with the accusative to express what is to be the result 
 of an act. The pronoun liacc is strongly emphatic — "this land of 
 all others." 
 
 Elegy XI. 
 
 ADDRESSED TO AN UNFORGIVING ENEMY. 
 
 Argument : — Hurcly you are hard of heart, that think my jncnish- 
 ment too small ; for 1 am as a lamb amongst evolves, desolate and 
 far from all I love, utterly miserable. Yet you suffer not my sin 
 and iny sorrov: to lie forgotten: it is poor coiorage to buffet a fallen 
 man and inoek one ivho is as dead! I am not now ivhat 07ice I 
 was ; I am but the shadotv of my old self, and helpless as a jyJiantom, 
 and yet you jjersccute me. Surely your cruelty is a snatch for any : 
 not more cruel xvas Perillus who made the brazen bttll, nor Phalaris 
 who burnt Perillus within the monster. If only my sorrows luill 
 please you, verily I am the most sorrowful of men, more persecuted 
 than was Ulysses. Let me rest forgotten in my misery. You doubt 
 that I am so miserable as I say ? Then I pray only that one day 
 yon may suffer what now is my suffering f 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Augustus, Hector, Scythia, TJlixe? ] 
 
 1. siquises: "Avhosoe'er thou art that canst seolf" ; literally — 
 "if thou art any one who can scotf. " The expression is indefinite 
 in form, but it is implied that Ovid has in his mind some particu- 
 lar person whom he does not care to name, casibus : dative after 
 the compound verb insiiUes. With the consecutive subjunctives 
 insuUes and agas, cp. retractet, v. 19. 
 
 2. reum . . . agas: "to prosecute"; lit. "to bring as a 
 prisoner." cruentus : "savagely." Here, as often in Latin, the 
 adjective corresponds to an P^nglish adverb. 
 
 4. habere: "thy heart, I will maintain, is filled Avith flints." 
 
 5. porrigat: subjunctive, because of the consecutive force of the 
 relative — "such that to it." 
 
 7. inhospita : a translation of the old Greek name for tlie B 'ack 
 Sea, viz. Axeinos, "The Inh<)S[)ilable," which was subseijuently 
 changed to Euxeinos, "The Hospitable." 
 
11. 28] TIIISTIA III. NOTliS. 57 
 
 8. Maenalis : feminine adjective of Maenalus, one of the princi- 
 pal niouutains of Arcadia; whence Macnaliu: ( -a, -urn) and 
 Maenalis ( -klos) are both used for "Arcadian," For the legend of 
 the Arcadian she-bear, i. e. the Constellation of the Bear, see on 
 ii. 2. videt: to say that "Pontus sees him," is equivalent to say- 
 ing that lie is where Pontus can see him, i. e. on the shores of 
 Pontus itself. 
 
 10. metus: the iisual objective genitive with j^^cnus, which also 
 admits the ablative. 
 
 11. ab ursis : the preposition is unnecessary, since the bears are 
 not agents. In the next line we have simply lupis, and in v. 13 
 a (jcntibus. Poetry is less strict in the use of the prepositions than 
 is prose. 
 
 14. premente: "well-nigh at my side." For the sense of 
 premiro, see the note on x. 10. 
 
 15. sit: after ut concessive. So feram, v. 17. poenae: 
 partitive genitive with exiguuvi. 
 
 16. pignoribus: lit. "pledges," and so "pledges of affection," 
 " dear ones." The word is used of children, parents, brothers and 
 sisters, and relatives. 
 
 17. nudam ; "naked," "mere." 
 
 18. mall: partitive genitive with ^xtrif?^. Q\). pocnac, v. \^. 
 
 19. retractet : consecutive subjunctive. See i. 22, note, and 
 cp. insuUcs, V. 1. So solvat. 
 
 21. causa : " case " in the legal sense. It is not known who the 
 person was whom Ovid here addresses, but evidently he was a man 
 of some eloquence and of good legal position, who for some 
 unknown reason continued to do all he could to damage Ovid's 
 family. It was against this secret enemy that Ovid later wrote the 
 Ibis; see Introd., p. ix. t disertum : there is another reading 
 diserto, in which case the adjective is attracted into the dative 
 case of the antecedent cid. Disertum would agree with ch?;i 
 understood as the subject of the infin. esse, tliis ace. and infin. 
 virtually forming the subject of licet. 
 
 23. stantia : ' ' standing >7-m." The predicate of the line is virtus, 
 which literally means " manliness" (from vir). 
 
 24. quamlibet: "men however cowardly," "cowards ne'er so 
 great." 
 
 25. sum ego : a harsh elision in elegiacs. urabram : Ovid 
 speaks as if he were dead, and there remained of him only his 
 ghost (iimbtri) or phantom {simitlacra, vumcs). 
 
 26. saxis : as men cast stones at the tomb of a hated foe. 
 Bustttm is properly the spot where the body was burnt. (Cp. 
 combiiro, combustum). 
 
 27. Hector erat : "Hector was really Hector." bello : "in 
 war," local ablative, f For certabat, some editors read certaret ; 
 for which see on ccssares, vii. 26, note. 
 
 28. Haemonios: " Thessalian," so called from Haemon, a 
 mythical King of Thessaly. The steeds of Achilles {q-r. Index) 
 are meant, for Achilles was prince of the Thessalians of Phthia. 
 
58 OVID. [11. 29 
 
 29. non esse: "am no more." Both lieie and in v. 27, esse is a 
 verb of complete predication—" exist." " be alive." 
 
 30. ex illo . . . viro : "of the man that then I was." 
 
 32. manes: properly that shadowy spectre whicli represented a 
 man in the world of the dead— "ghost." Ovid is stdl speaking 
 as if lie were dead (cp. on v. 25, above). It was not less cowardly 
 than sacrilegions to torment the ghosts of the dead. 
 
 33. nil sit: " suppose there be nought," concessive subjunctive. 
 
 34. putes : cp. pnrngat, v. 5. 
 
 36. exilic . . . loco : the ablatives are causal with graves. ^ 
 
 38. uno iudice: ablative absolute— "in the opinion of one 
 judge," "to one judge at least." 
 
 39. Busiride : Basiris was a legendary King of Egypt, who 
 sacrificed to his gods all strangers who entered the land, illo : i.e. 
 Phalaris, despot of Agrigentum (Girgenti) in Sicily, about 570 
 B.C.. He is said to have put to death all of whom he wished to be 
 rid by roasting them alive in a brazen bull. The story is probably 
 a distorted recollection of the human sacrifices offered by the 
 Carthaginians to the bull-headed god Moloch. 
 
 40. falsum: " i)retended." It was only a model. 
 
 41. Siculo: "Sicilian." Agrigentum lay upon the S.W. coast 
 of Sicily. ,, 
 
 42. dictis conciliasse : "recommended with words, " spoke to 
 rec(mimend." artes : "work of art," a poetical u.-e of the plural 
 for singular. Translate— " handiwork." 
 
 43. imagine maior : "greater than its seeming." The bull was 
 to be more useful than appeared at first sight. 
 
 45. a dextra : sc. mamt, a constant ellipse. So lacva and sinistra, 
 "on the left." A or ab not seldom has the force of "on the side 
 of," "from the direction of." 
 
 46. perdes : emphatic, "whom you purpose to slay." 
 
 51. dixerat : the pluperfect is used to imply the abrupt comple- 
 tion of his remarks, a very common use in Vergil. 
 
 52. imbue: lit. "use for the first time," a meaning that may 
 be well expressed by the old English word "handsel." 
 
 53. nee mora : see vii. 6, note. 
 
 54. geminos : " of double sort." They were in reality the cries 
 of a man, but they recalled the bellowings of a bull. 
 
 55. quid mihi cum Siculis: sc. est. "What have I to do with 
 them of Sicily?" The dative has a possessive force. The posses- 
 sive dative is used when the gist of the question refers to the thing 
 possessed ; the genitive when it relates to the possessor (Roby). 
 
 56. quisquis is es : literally " whoever thou art (that art) he (to 
 whom 1 am speaking)." The expression is used like siquis, v. 1, 
 to avoid mentioning the real name, redit : "returns," after the 
 digression about Phalaris. 
 
 57. ut : by a common idiom ut indicates not the purpose of the 
 statement made {Tot mala suvi, fvgirns, &c.), but of the making of 
 it. See V. 41, note. sitim: this noun, like tussis, regulaily 
 takes 4m and -i in the ace. and abl. sing, respectively. 
 
12. 2] 
 
 TRISTIA III. NOTES. 59 
 
 59. tellure . . . aequore : local ablatives without in. So in 
 prose as well as poetry the preposition is not inserted with terra, 
 " by land," mari, " by sea." 
 
 60. auditis : so. vialis, ablative absolute, equivalent to the 
 usual ablative of cause or origin with a verb of emotion {dolcrc). 
 
 62. Neptuni : Ulysses owed all his wanderings and perils to the 
 anger of Nejjtune (Poseidon), as Ovid his to that of Augustus. For 
 Jupiter=: Augustus, cp. i. 35, note. 
 
 63. rescindere : "tear open," as one tears open a half-healed 
 wound. Cp. V. 19. crimina: "the charges made against me/' 
 
 66. cicatricem : cicatrix is the "scar" formed over an old 
 wound. Cicatricem ducere is "to form a scar," "to heal." 
 
 71. quod timeas : "there is nought for you to fear," the sub- 
 junctive being consecutive as in vv. 5, 34, above. 
 
 73. ut liqueat : final, indicating the ])urpose of velim experiare. 
 So neve . . . credar. hoc : i. e. the assertion that Caesar's wrath 
 brings with it so much sorrow. For the personal use of credar 
 in the passive see on x. 35, note. 
 
 74. velim: " I could wish (had I my way)," pntential subjunc- 
 tive, experiare : jussive subjunctive in quasi-dependence on velim. 
 See the note on iii. 65, and cp. vi. 21. 
 
 Elegy XII. 
 
 SPRING-TIME AT TOMI. 
 
 Argument : — Sjyrinrf is comivg, for it is March, and the flowers 
 are sjjringing and birds carolling, and the sivallow is making her 
 nest amongst the rafters. The young corn is sjyroiding, and. vines 
 ami trees are hiidding : alas! there are no vines nor trees here. 
 And. in Rome you are revelling in the games of sj^ring-time, riding 
 and 2ilaying in the Field of Mars, or listening in the theatres. 
 Thrice hafpy you ! for I have to ivatch the snows melting and the 
 pointer disappear, and to hope for the chance coming of some ship 
 that may bring me neics of Italy. ' Tis rarely that any comes, and 
 rare to finrl one that sj^eaks the tongue of my fatherlaiul ; but haply 
 there may be one icho shall bring me nmrs of v:liat I hope to hear — 
 the triumphs of Caesar, and Germany chastised. Oh! to have seen 
 it myself ! But lohoso shall tell me such news shall be my guest here 
 in my home — nay, not in my home, but in this brief biding-jAace 
 that my exile finds for me. 
 
 [Refer to the Index for Augustus, Hellespontus, Hister, 
 Propontis.] 
 
 2. t Tomitis : (gen. Tomitidos) an adjective formed from Tomi 
 or Tomis. There is a variant reading Maeotis, but this can scarcely 
 be right, as the metre Avould require the diphthong ae to be treated 
 as a short syllable. [Pahis Maeoiis, "the ^laeotic Swamp," is the 
 ancient name for the Sea of Azov, and the adjectives Maeoticus 
 
GO OVID. [12. 3 
 
 {-a, -urn) and Macolis {-iclos) are loosely used for anything in or near 
 Scytliia and Thrace.] 
 
 3. inpositam: "seated upon his hack." qui non bene pertulit : 
 the ram which became the constellation Aries. See Index, s.v. 
 Hellespontus. The zodiacal sign Aries, "the Ram," is that in 
 which the snn was at the opening of the old Koman year in 
 ]\larch, in which month occurs tlie vernal equinox, the time when 
 night and day are equal {v. 4). The whole distich means only 
 that Ovid was writing in March, when spring was commencing at 
 Tomi. Note the force of jicriulU — "carried across (the straits)." 
 
 8. avis : perhaps the cuckoo, but birds of all sorts may be meant, 
 vemat: "keeps spring-time," as we say "keep Christmas." The 
 word originally means to "do in the spring-time." 
 
 9. crimen: "reproach," as in x. 42. nialae . . . matris : the 
 legend said that Procne murdered her son Itys and served him up 
 on a dish to his father Tereus because the latter had violated her 
 sister Philomela and cut out her tongue. After this crime Procne 
 and Philomela tied and were pursued by Tereus, and, just as they 
 were being overtaken, they were, at their own wish, turned into 
 birds, Procne into a swallow, Philomela into a nightingale, while 
 Tereus was changed into a hawk. Translate — -"the reproach of her 
 evil motherhood," the genitive being a variety of that of definition 
 
 — "reproach which consists in her having been an evil mother." 
 The swallow is represented as seeking lo atone for the mtirder of 
 Itys by the care which she now bestows upon her brood. 
 
 11. herba: hereof "corn," Cerealibns : " belonging to Ceres," 
 who was the goddess of the corn-helds. 
 
 17. otia: i.e. a iustitiuvi or public holiday, istic : "where 
 you are," i. e. in Rome. The poem is probably addressed to a 
 friend at Rome, iunctis ex ordine : "in ordered sequence." There 
 were at least four great festivals following close one upon another 
 in the early spring at Rome. 
 
 18. cedunt: the forum at Rome was the scene of most of the 
 city's legal business and of the declamations of rival lawyers and 
 advocates. Hence garrula bclla — "chattering warfare." During 
 th3 time of the festivals all such legal business would cease. 
 
 19. usus equi . . . est: "men are using their horses," i.e. 
 taking riding exercise in the Campus ^lartius, where also they prac- 
 tised such other sports as ball-jJaying, hoop-exercise, and various 
 military exercises, levibus : for purposes of practice they used less 
 heavy weapons than in actual fighting. With luditur, cp. x. 31, itur. 
 
 20. celeri orbe : ablative ot quality with irochus. 
 
 21. oleo : aihleles annointed themselves with oil before com- 
 mencing their exercises, labente: because it gradually "runs "or 
 "spreads itself" over any surface, inventus : abstract for concrete 
 
 — "youths." 
 
 22. Virg"ine . . . aqua : the Aqua Virgo was an aqueduct which 
 ]>rouglit water from a s[)ot eight miles distant from Rome. It was 
 ])nilt l)y Marcus A'ij)sanius Agrippa to snpjdy his public baths. 
 After exercise the young athletes would take the customary bath. 
 
12. 42] TRISTIA III. NOTES. 61 
 
 23. scaena: "the stage."' During the festivals the.e woukl l)e 
 contiiiuou.s dramatic perforinani't'S in the theatres. 
 
 24. tribus . . . terna : for the three Fora, see i. 27, note. 
 The tliiee theatres were tliose of Gains Mareelhis, of Cornelius 
 Balbus, and of Ponipeius Maxinius. The theatre of Marcellus lay 
 immediately beneath the western cliff of the Capitoline Hill in the 
 Campus Martins : the other two were successively further away 
 towards the N.W. and the centre of the Campus. Cp. i. 69, note. 
 For the poetical use of terna instead of tria, see viii. 34, note. 
 
 25. beatum : accusative of exclamation. Cp. i. 53, note, est : 
 "it is possible," as in iv. 55. 
 
 27. sentitur: "'tis for me to feel the thawing of the snow." 
 For the translation of nix soluta, see viii. 42, note. MlJii is 
 dative of the agent. Cp. on i. 64. 
 
 28. lacu duro : cp. x. 26, Deque lacufragUes cffodiantur aquae. 
 
 30. plaustra : see on x. 34. Sauromates is nominative singular. 
 
 31. tamen : closely with hicc — "even to this remote spot." 
 
 32. hospita : used here as a feminine adjective (cp. Virginc 
 Aqica, V. 22), just as kospes stands frequently for a masculine 
 adjective. Cp. iii. 64. 
 
 33. sedulus: in English we prefer an adverb with the verb — 
 "zealously." dicta . . . salute: salutnn, dicere is "to say 
 'hail,'" "to greet," as vale dicere is "to say 'farewell.'" 
 
 34. quid veniat: indirect question, quisve : sc. reniat — "who 
 he is that comes and from what land," qius being predicative. Cp. 
 the use of is in v. 43. 
 
 35. ille quidem : the order is : mirum {erit) ni ille quidem, &c. 
 — "the chances are he will prove to have ploughed," &c. mirum 
 ni : almost="of a surety." In this phrase the thing to be 
 ascertained is expressed as the condition, instead of being expressed 
 as the object of the seeing or knowing. 
 
 36. nonnisi: "o/iZi/ home waters." Inmost cases he would be 
 a trader from some neighbouring Greek colony on the Pontus. 
 
 37. rarus: emphatic by its yjosition and predicative — "the 
 mariners are few that cross." So also in v. 38. 
 
 38. portubus : for the -w- in the ablative plural see the note on 
 ii. 11. The abl. of separation regularly follows orbus. 
 
 39. Graeca : with voce. The words sive tamen . . . loqui form 
 a protasis, to which the apodosis is potest in v. 44. The intervening 
 clauses certe . . . noto are parenthetical. 
 
 40. huius: sc. vox — "the speech of the latter," i. e. of him who 
 talks Latin. 
 
 41. Propontidos : for the form of this adj. cp. Erymantliidos, iv. 
 47, note. 
 
 42. vela dedisse: vela dare is "to set sail." The perfect dcdisse 
 may mean (1) "has already set sail," which he would do as soon as 
 spring commenced, or (2) "may prove to have set sail," Ovid 
 speaking as if the ship had already arrived, certo . . . noto : 
 "when the southern gales are steady," ablative of attendant 
 circumstances (ablative absolute). 
 
62 OVID. [12. 43 
 
 43. quisquis is est : cp, xi. 56, and above v. 34, notes. 
 
 44. parsque gradusque : "part and pathway of the news " which 
 reaches nie ; i. e. he will himself be a novelty, and he will be the 
 means by which other news reaches nie. Another explanation is : 
 the stranger can (1) either tell the news vicmori voce, with mindful 
 words, saying exactly what he has heard from the people, or (2) can 
 attain to some 2>art and some degree of truth, i. e. may tell either 
 less 0': more than what he has heard. 
 
 45. possit : jussive subjunctive. 
 
 46. reidita vota : the triumphal procession started from the 
 Campus Martius and proceeded along the Via Sacra across the 
 Forum to the Capitol amid the shouts of lo triumphe ! Last came 
 the triumphal car, drawn by four white horses. In this stood the 
 general wr^^athed in bay leaves and adorned with triumphal robes 
 and insignia. On arriving at the Capitol he offered a solemn 
 sacrifice of thanksgiving to the Capitoline Jupiter, here called 
 Latian Jupiter, i. e. the Jupiter of the Latin )-ace. To this sacrifice 
 Ovid refers in reddita vota. 
 
 47. Germania: tliis explains what were the triumphs of which 
 Ovid hopes to hear. The name of Gcnnania was given to the 
 various peoples of central Europe beyond the upper Danube and 
 the Rhine, which rivers were the frontiers of the Empire at this 
 date. Augustus, wishing to push his frontiers as far as the Elbe, 
 made a number of fruitless attempts to reduce the Germani to 
 submission, but they resisted obstinately. In B.C. 16 they cut off 
 a Roman army under LoUiiis, and in a.d. 9 destroyed three legions 
 under Varus. Tiberius, step-son of Augustus and his adopted heir 
 and ultimate successor {Ga-'saris, v. 46, and magni ducts, v. 47), 
 made etibrts to do what his elder brother Drusus had failed to 
 accomplish. Both Drusus, Tiberius, and later Germanicus (a.d. 18), 
 celebrated triumphs over the Germani, but they effected no real 
 con{|uests, and Germania always remained rchcllatrix. 
 
 49. non vidisse : sc. m^ as subject. 
 
 52. pro lare : "for a home," "to be my home." Y ox lares, see 
 on X. 62. 
 
 53. penetrale : literally — "the place of the stores {pcnum)," and 
 so generally "the inner chambers " of a house. It is more usually 
 found in tlie plural, penetralia. 
 
 54. hospitium : properly "an inn," or "lodging," as opposed 
 to a j)ermanent home. Translate — "the brief resting-place that 
 my {)unishment appoints," the genitive poenae being in reality 
 subjective. 
 
 Elegy XIII. 
 
 WRITTEN ON THE TOET's BIRTHDAY. 
 
 Argument : — ^ Tis my birthday again, and I wo^ild that I had 
 died ere it should find me here an exile! ' How can I do it the 
 
13. 19] TRI«TIA III. NOTES. ^ 63 
 
 loontecl honours of joy and sacrifice? I have no limrt for it: my 
 altar should he a fwwral pyre. Yet will I mrtke one prayer .- m'ly 
 I see no other birthday here at tho ivorld's-end by far-off Fontus.^ 
 
 I fuit . . gigni: "of what us 3 i^ it that I ivas horu ? the 
 tense signs' being interchanged in Latin and English, as with debeo, 
 &c. Se'e the note on iii. 35. • 
 
 2. sua: "its own," i. e. "its proper' time (cp. v. 3i), winch 
 was March 20th. natalis : sc. dies. 
 
 3 veniebas: inceptive imperfect expressing wish or etlort— 
 «' why didst seek to come (and add) to 1 " exulis annos : sc. mei. 
 
 4 illis • sc ayinis. Ovid me ins that it woukl have been better 
 had he had no more birthdays (i. e. that he had died) after he liad 
 once become an exile. . , . ^ 1 
 
 5. mei: objective genitive. Tibi is dative with tnesset under- 
 stood with cicra. . , . , „ xi. o i 
 7. quoque loco: "and in the place m which. It was bulmo ; 
 
 see Introd. , § 1. -,,,../ ta\ 
 
 8 temptasses : both this verb, and also dixisses {v. 10) are, 
 like seqaerere, apodoses to the clauses si . . . tnesset (v. 5) ^^ 
 
 9 relinquendo : sc. patriam.—' ' when&s I left my country 
 quod idem: "just as," "even as." The relative quod refers to the 
 words dixisses . . . vale. , . 
 
 10 vale : see the note on dicta salute, xu. 33. The imperative 
 vale is used as an indeclinable substantive, as in 111. 88. It is 
 found even as an ablative absolute, c. g. vale diclo.^ 
 
 II quid tibi cum: see xi. 55, note, num: implying that a 
 negative answer is expected, as nonn^ implies that an aftrniative 
 
 reply is to come. „ ,, 
 
 13 scilicet: contracted from saVe Zicci^, "any one may see ; the 
 
 word expresses irony or sarcasm- "forsooth," "of course _ Here 
 it emphasizes the unlikelihood of Ovid's rejoicing over his birthday 
 and celebrating it in the way usual with Romans, viz. jvitli a 
 banquet and sacrifices to his genius or " double. moris : winch 
 custom provides." Cp. poenae, xii. 54, note, and below v. 21, 
 funeris. tibi: "in thy honour," dative of adva,ntage 
 
 14 pendeat: this and the following final subjunctive clauses 
 with ut (vv. 14—18) stand side by sid^ with honorem as objects ot 
 expectas. vestis . . . alba : a toga of extra fine wool, and there- 
 fore unusually white, was the mark of joy, as a dark toga was that 
 
 of grief. Cp. iv. 34. „ . , -^ cv j 
 
 15 fumida: "smoking" with the fire of the sacrifice oHered. _ 
 
 17 liba: cakes of meal, made with milk or oil and spread with 
 honey, often used in offerings to the gods. It was customary to 
 oller'such a cake to the goJs on one's birthday. Hence projme 
 (with notantia). . , , 
 
 18 favente: "well-omened." The utterance of any unlucky 
 expression during a sacrifice was regarded as most undesirable. 
 Hence /aa;cre = "keep holy silence." , . .. • 
 
 19 ita ea . . ut . . . possim: the subjunctive is con- 
 secutive, tempora: "the needs of the hour," "circumstances." 
 
64 OVID. [13. 
 
 21 
 
 21. funeris : "such as death gives," i.e. the funeral pyre, 
 which was much the same shape as was an altar. For the genitive, 
 cp. V. 13 above, and note. Cypress trees were, and still are, the 
 emblems of death. 
 
 22. rogis : dative of advantage, with parata. 
 
 24. subeunt : " occur " to a man, "rise to one's lips." 
 
 25. luce: often used in the sense of "day " or "dawn." 
 
 2f5. ista: lit. "those places where you are now," i. e. at Tomi. 
 Ovid prays his birthday not to come back again next year to Pontus 
 and find him still there. 
 
 27. novissima : "last," because when a number of objects file 
 past an onlooker, the one which he saw last is the one which passed 
 him most recently. 
 
 28. Euxinus : see the note on xi. 7. falso nomine : because it 
 was so dangerous and stormy, as it is to tliis day. 
 
 Elegy XIV. 
 
 THE POET RECOMMENDS HIS BOOK TO A FRIEND. 
 
 Argument : — / icoTider, do you still read my writings, as was 
 your icont? You may safely do so, for there is no hann set upon 
 them as upon their author, and they are as free as any exile's 
 children to maintain their place in Rome. My writings are my 
 children, and as such I commend them to your care— a care which 
 they need the more, because they are orphans. I say nothing of my 
 }oems on Love, but 1 beg you have thought for the rest, cspeciaUy for 
 the Metamorphoses, luhich I cotdd tcish I had been able to revise. 
 And to my other writings add the present Book of Sorrous, stich as 
 it is. It will obtain consideratio7i if my readers icill but rememher 
 where and when it icas tvrittcn. Indeed, for lack of exercise my 
 Muse groics dull here, and I have neither library nor critics to 
 consult for information or advice, nor any place for q\det seclunion. 
 I find myself forgetting my mother tongue and lapsing into Scythian 
 speech : you may likely find such words even in this book. I ^way 
 you, treat my work tvith all lenity of judgment. 
 
 [The person addressed has been supposed to be C. Julius 
 Hyginus, a freedman of Augustus and the first custodian of 
 the Palatine Library (see i. 63, note), compiler of a number of 
 W'orks on mythology and astronomy, and an intimate friend of 
 Ovid.] 
 
 2. amice : vocative of the adjective amicus. 
 
 3. ecquid: "at all," iii. 47, note, incolumem : sc. me, and for 
 the meaning, cp. iideger, iii. 35, note. Cclcbrarc means " to 
 frequent," "to attend upon." The meaning "celebrate" is 
 unusual in prose. 
 
 4. totus : note the use of the Latin adjective where English 
 em])loys an adverb. 
 
14. 25] TRISTIA III. NOTES. 65 
 
 5. tsuspicis: "look up to," aud so either (1) "admire," or (2) 
 "give a glance to." There is a variant reading colligis, which is 
 easier — ' ' collect " for publication. 
 
 6. Artibus : the word contains a pun. It alludes primarily to 
 the Ars Amatoria (see Introd., § 4), but also to their being 
 "works of art," a common meaning of ars in the plural. 
 
 ^ 8. corpus : another pun, and untranslatable in English, though we 
 also speak of a "body" of writings. Corpus is used of "collected 
 works" by Cicero and Livy, but Ovid is playing upon its literal 
 meaning — "flesh and blood"— for he constantly speaks of his 
 poems as his "children." See below, vv. 13—16. 
 
 9. dicta : for the more usual indida ; fugani indicere being "'to 
 decree banishment." 
 
 12. Urbe: prose would require the preposition in. 
 
 13. Palladis: Pallas, identified by the Romans with Minerva, 
 was said to have sprung fully armed from the head of Zeus 
 (Jupiter), having no mother. exemplo : ablative of manner. 
 de me: with verbs expressing "birth from," either the simple 
 ablative is found (usually of the closest relations, such as son- 
 ship) or the ablative with de (commonly of less immediate descent). 
 
 14. haec ... est : note the attraction. The antecedent being 
 carmina, we should expect haec (neut. plur.) . . . sunt: but 
 pronouns and pronominal adjectives are constantly attracted to 
 the gender and number of their predicate (hence haec, nomina- 
 tive feminine, agreeing with stbys progeniesque ; and singular, 
 because these two nouns form one idea) ; then est will naturally be 
 used as agreeing with Aafc (nom. f.). For the attraction compare 
 YergiVs scd revocare graclum . . . hoc opiis, hie labor est, " but to 
 recall one's footsteps . . . that is the task, that is the toil." So 
 hanc . . . est . . . erit, vv. 15, 16. 
 
 15. parente: they had "lost the parent," because Ovid was 
 banished. "With the case oi parente, cp. portubus, xii. 38. 
 
 17. secuti: "have caught the sickness that is mine," i.e. 
 "suffer as I suffer;" because just as Ovid was banished from 
 Rome, so his love-poems were banished from the public libraries. 
 
 18. curae : predicative dative, sit : jussive subjunctive in quasi- 
 dependence on fac. See iii. 65, note. 
 
 19. mntatae . . . formae: nominative — "the Changeling Shapes," 
 alluding to the fifteen books of Metamorphoses. These were un- 
 finished at the time of Ovid's exile, and he burnt them, but copies 
 were already in the hands of friends, who published them while 
 still unrevised and incomplete. 
 
 20. funere: i. e. Ovid's exile. Cp. perissem, v. 21. 
 
 21. potuit: for the tense of the dependent infinitive (habere) 
 and the mood oi potuit, see on iii. 35. 
 
 22. stimina . . . manu: "'finishing touch." Nomen habere is 
 "to obtain distinction." 
 
 24. mei : partitive genitive with quicquam. Contrast the 
 objective genitive in cura mei, xiii. 5. 
 
 25. nescioquid: "this mere something." See iii. 8, note. 
 TR. III. F 
 
66 OVID. [14. 28-52 
 
 28. sit : subjunctive of indirect question. 
 
 29. aequus : for the various meanings of aequus, see tlie note on 
 ii. 27. quorum : the relative does duty for a conjunction of time 
 — cum eorum, kc. The subjects to the infinitive esse are tarqms 
 and locum, the other nouns being the respective predicates. 
 
 32. ducere : the metaphor is from spinning wooL 
 
 34. fons infecundus : a piece of gratuitous modesty on the poet's 
 part. He was by far the most prolific writer amongst Latin poets. 
 
 35. nulio exercente: "because there was none to exercise it," 
 ablative absolute with causal force. 
 
 36. situ : see the note on x. 70. The final syllable of ^^crn'i 
 is here made long, though followed by an initial vowel. This may 
 be a poetical licence or may have arisen on the analogy of such 
 contracted forms as pent [^pcriit). 
 
 37. inviter alarque : the subjunctives are due to the consecutive 
 force of the relative (="such that by them"). So below, utar 
 {v. 40), scccdam {v. 41), qtieam {v. 44). inviter: invitare is pro- 
 bably to be derived fvom vita, and means "to enliven," "to cheer." 
 Hence come the meanings "to attract," "to invite." 
 
 41. secedam : " withdraw " for quiet and meditation, custodia : 
 = custocles, abstract for concrete. Cp. iuventus, xii. 21. 
 
 44. certior esse : "learn it." Certior esse is "to become more 
 certain" about a thing, "to find out," "get to know of" it. 
 The more usual phrase is certior fieri. 
 
 46. dedidici : note the force of the compound verb — "I have 
 ?«ilearnt." Contrast clccurrere, iv. 33, note. 
 
 48. Geticis . . . modis : Ovid is said ultimately to have written 
 a panegyric of Augustus in Scythian verse, but the work is wholly 
 lost, if it was ever done. 
 
 49. Latinis : sc. verbis. 
 
 52. condicione : "on the score of," The ablative is causal. 
 
INDEX OF PROPEE XAMES. 
 
 Note. — Such -well-kuown names as Roma, Italia, are not included in this 
 Index. 
 
 A. 
 
 Absyrtus, -i, m. : s. v. ^Medea. 
 
 Achilles, -is, m. : s. v. Tkoia. (Adj., Achilleus, -a, -um.) 
 
 Alexander, -ri, in. : Alexander the Great, sou of Philip of 
 Macedon, succeeded his father 336 B.C., and after crushing the 
 attempted revolt of Greece, crossed into Asia, where he defeated 
 Darius (v. 40), king of Persia, at Granicus (334) and at Issus (333), 
 took Tyre after a terrible siege (332), conquered Egypt and founded 
 Alexandria (331), and defeated a million of Persians at Arhela, in the 
 same year. Alexander was now monarch of Asia. He spent some 
 years in minor campaigns, and in 327 B.C. invaded India, conquering 
 Porus (v. 39) in a great battle upon the river Hydaspes {Jclum) in 
 the Punjaub. He died 323 b. c. of a fever at Babylon. His clemency 
 {dAicis Emathii clcmcntia, v. 39) towards his captives was proverbial, 
 and Porus lived with him for some time as his friend (v. 39), 
 while he treated the body of Darius {q. v. ) with the greatest respect. 
 
 Augustus, -i, m. : the title by which the first Emperor of Rome 
 was known after he became sole ruler. His original name was 
 Gnaeus Octavius, and he was the great-nephew of Julius Caesar, 
 the dictator, who adopted him as his lieir 45 B.C., and sent him to 
 learn the art of war in Hlyria : hence he is also called Caesar (adj. 
 Caesareus, -a -um, v. 46). On the murder of Caesar 44 b.c. by 
 Brutus and Cassius, Octavius came to Italy to claim his rights as 
 heir. He conciliated the people by paying to them the legacies 
 which Caesar had left to them, and was appointed general by the 
 senate against Antonius. He soon after joined Antonius, and with 
 Lepidus, another senatorial general, set up the Second Triumvirate, 
 43 B.C. In 42 B.C. the three defeated Brutus and Cassius at 
 Philippi in jNIacedonia, and divided the world between them. They 
 soon quarrelled. Lepidus was the first to be deprived of his power, 
 36 B.C. : and five years later, 31 B.C., Octavius crushed Antonius 
 at Actium in Epirus. He now became sole ruler, and devoted him- 
 self to reducing the Roman world to order. He consolidated his 
 empire to the Euphrates and the Rhine, even reaching as far as the 
 Elbe for a time. He did all in his power to improve Rome and the 
 Romans by justice and by the example of his own modest life. He 
 was the patron of many of the writers of his time, and Horace was 
 
68 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 on good terms with him, hut for maii}^ reasons he disliked Ovid, 
 whom he at length banished to Tomi in 8 a.d. As often as not, 
 Ovid speaks of him as a god {dcu^i). He successively adopted 
 various members of the house of the Caesars to be his heirs, notably 
 Gains and Lucius, but when he died in 14 A.D., he was succeeded 
 by Tiberius, his stepson (i. 71 ; xi. 62 ; xii. 53 ; xiii. 11, &e.). 
 
 B. 
 
 Bessi, -orum, m. : a fierce and powerful people of Thrace, who 
 dwelt along the slopes of Mt. Haemus as far as the Euxine (x. 5). 
 
 Bosphoros, -i, m. : the Cimmerian Bosphorus [Straits of Kctffci) 
 unites the Pains Maeotis [Sea of Azov) with the Euxine [Black 
 Sea), and formed with the Tanais [Don) the boundary between Asia 
 and Europe (iv. 49), 
 
 Caesar, -aris, m. : s. v. Augustus. (Adj., Caesareus, -a, -'am.) 
 Colchis, -idos, f. : (1) the land of Colchis, the kingdom of Aeetes, 
 
 father of Medea. It lay on the E. shore of the Euxine, at the S. 
 
 foot of the Caucasus, its chief river being the Phasis [BAoni). _ It 
 
 represented the modern districts of JmerctJn and Mingreli in 
 
 Georgia (ix. 12). (^2) adj., Colchian, belonging to Colchis (ix. 15). 
 
 See further s.v. Medka. 
 
 Corinthcs, -i, f. : Corinth, on the Isthmus of the same name. 
 
 Jason, who carried off' Medea [q. v.), for some time lived there 
 
 (viii. 4). 
 
 D. 
 
 Daedalus, -i, m. : a mythical personage, either from Athens or 
 Crete, the great artificer and sculptor of the earliest times. When 
 imprisoned by JMinos in Crete he devised Avings for himself and his 
 son Icarus, aiid fastened them on with wax. Daedalus flew safely 
 over the Aegean sea, but Icarus flew too near the sun, so melting 
 the wax. He dropped down and was drowned in what was after 
 him called the Icarian Sea. According to Vergil, Daedalus first 
 alighted in his flight at Cumae in Italy, where he erected a temple 
 to Apollo, in which he dedicated his wings (iv. 21 ; viii. 6). 
 
 Darius, -i, m. : a favourite royal name in Persia. There were 
 three kings of this name, the most famous being (1) Darius, son of 
 Hystaspes, who invaded Scythia (514 B.C.), reduced Thrace (502 
 B.C.), conquered the Greeks of Asia Minor (493 B.C.) after they 
 had been in revolt for six years (499-3), and ultimately invaded 
 Greece, where he was disastrously defeated at Marathon [MarathOna) 
 in 490 B.C. ; (2) Darius Codomanus, who ascended the throne in 
 336 B.C., and was dethroned by Alexander [q. v.) at the battle of 
 Arbela (331 B.C.). Alexander would have treated him Avith kind- 
 ness, but he was assassinated by some of his own officers. His 
 relatives were befriended by Alexander, wlio buried his corpse 
 with royal honours. (Adj. Dareus, -a, -um, v. 40.) 
 
IXDEX OF PROPER XAAFES. 60 
 
 E. 
 
 Euxinus, -i, m. : the "Hospitable Sea," an early name for the 
 Black Sea. See notes on xi. 7, xiii. 28, and s. v. Pontus. 
 
 G. 
 
 Getae, -arnm, m. (adj. Geticus. -a, -um, xii. 14 ; xiv. 48) : a 
 wild noma 1 tribe of Thraciaus dwelling along the northern bank of 
 the lower Ister [Danube), in the modern Moldavia and Bessarabia. 
 The Romans, who looked npon them as typical barbarians, frequently 
 called them Da ci, and confounded them with other tribes of Scythia 
 and Sarrnatia {q. v.). At one time they had reached to the S. of 
 the Danube, and hence Ovid speaks of Tomi as being amongst 
 the Getae, and its people as speaking a Getic languaj;e (iii, 6 ; 
 ix. 4 ; xi. 55 ; xiv. 42). 
 
 Grains, -a -um : Grecian (ix. 1). 
 
 H. 
 
 Hector, -oris, m. : eldest of the sons of Priamus, and bravest of 
 the inhabitants of Troia {q. v. ). In the tenth year of the siege of 
 Troy he was defeated and killed by Achilles, after having liiinself 
 slain Achilles" bosom-friend Patroclus. To avenge Patrcclus' 
 death, Achilles dragged Hector's corpse about the walls of Troy 
 bouud to his chariot with its Thessalian steeds (xi. 28). He would 
 have heaped still further indignities upon his dead enemy, but was 
 prevailed upon by the prayers of the aged Priamus to give up the 
 body for burial. 
 
 Helle, -es, f. : s. v. Hrllespoxtus. 
 
 Hellespontus, -i, f. : the Hellespont (Straits of GaUipoIi), the 
 western outlet of the Propontis {Sea of Marmora), dividing Sestos 
 from Abylos fx. 41). It was said to have taken its name from 
 Ilelle's having fallen into it (see note on xii. 3). 
 
 Hercules, -is, m. : ore of the twelve great gods, identified by 
 the Piomans with the Greek Heracles, god of strength. He was the 
 son of Jupiter and Alcmene, and was hated by Jupiter's lawful con- 
 sort Juno, who caused Eurystheus, King of Mycenae, to impose upon 
 him the famous Twelve Labours of Hercules. Subsequently he was 
 reconciled to her after his death, and by marrying Hebe became the 
 son-in-law of Juno (v. 42). 
 
 _ Hister, -ri, m. : the Roman name for the lower portion of that 
 river whose upper waters they knew as the Danuvius, the modern 
 Danuh",. It debou(dies into "^ the Euxiue {Black Sea) about fifty 
 miles jST. of Tomi {Kustendjeh), and served as a frontier to protect 
 the Roman province of Moesia against the Scythians beyond the 
 river, at least when not frozen (x. 29 ; xii. 29)." 
 
 I. 
 
 Icarus, -i, m. : ,<?. r. Daedalus. 
 
 luno, -onis, f. : Juno, queen of heaven, wife of Jupiter, and 
 
70 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 mother of Hebe who wedded Hercules {q. v.). She hated Hercules 
 because he was the son of a rival (v. 41). 
 
 luppiter, lovis, in. : Jupiter, king of gods and men. He was the 
 patron god of the Romans, and possessed a famous teni}'le upon the 
 Capitoliue Hill, where he was worshipped as lupyitcr CajfitMlnus 
 or Latins (xii. 46). Ovid, in common with all the poets of his day, 
 flattered Augustus by speaking of him as Jupiter. Jupiter's weapon 
 was the thunderbolt (i. 32 ; i. 38, ct passim). 
 
 L. 
 
 Leshius, -a, -um : of Lesbos ( -i, f. ) {Metelin), one of the largest 
 islands off the western coast of Asia Minor, famous as the native 
 island of the poetess Sappho {q.v.), wdio is hence called vates 
 Lcsbicc (vii. 20). 
 
 M. 
 
 Medea, -ae, f. : daughter of Aeetes king of Colchis {q. v.). In 
 Colchis was the dragon which guarded the golden fleece, and in 
 quest of this came Jas5n and the Argonautae in the ship Argo from 
 Thessaly. Medea fell in love with Jason, and taught him magic 
 arts which enabled him to slay the dragon and secure the fleece. 
 She then sailed away with the Argonautae, and being pursued by 
 her father Aeetes, to gain time for escape she slew her brother 
 Absyrtus, dismembered him, and scattered his limbs about the 
 shore of Pontus. Ovid declares the scene to have been Tomi (see 
 the note on ix. 23). She thus escaped, came to Corinth, and lived 
 there for some time as Jason's wife ; but finding herself neglected for 
 the sake of a more successful rival Creusa, she revenged lierself by 
 murdering the two children whom she had borne to Jason, and fled 
 to Athens in a car drawn by winged snakes (viii. 3 ; ix. 9). 
 
 Miletus, -i, f. : the most populous and wealthy of the Greek colonies 
 in Asia Minor in the ninth century B.C. Its power was so great 
 that it was able to establish colonies of its own far up the coasts of 
 the Black Sea, amongst them Tomi, Istropolis, and Olbia. It 
 was captured by the Persians in 494 B.C. and never recovered 
 entirely, its site being now marked by ruins at PaJatia, on a 
 promontory immediately opposite to the mouth of the river 
 Maeander {Menderez) in the ancient Caria (ix. 3). 
 
 Minyae, -arum, m.; a name for those who sailed with Jason in 
 the ship Argo (ix. 13), the Argonautae. See s. v. Medea. 
 
 Musa, -ae, f. : the nine Muses, daughters of Jupiter, were Terpsi- 
 chore {Muse of Dancing), Euterpe {Lyrics), Urania {Astronomy), 
 Polyhymnia {Divine Hymn), Clio {History), Calliope {Epic), Erato 
 {Lovc-poctry), Melpomene {Tragedy), Thalia {Comedy). Tlie word 
 Musa is often used as a common noun = "poetry." A favourite 
 haunt of the Muses was supposed to be Pieria in Macedonia, between 
 the rivers Penous and Haliacmon, whence they are often called 
 Pierides — "Maids of Pieria " (ii. 3 ; ii. 6 ; vii. 4). 
 
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 N. 
 
 71 
 
 Naso, -onis, m.: the cognomen (third name) of Ovid. See 
 
 Introd., § 1. , 1 T 1 i.1 c 
 
 Neptunus, -i, m. : Neptune, god of the seas, and lesser brother ot 
 Jupiter. He persecuted Ulixes {q. v.) and kept him ten years away 
 from his home-land (xi. 62) ; but Ovid says that himselt was yet 
 more cruelly persecuted by Jove, i. e. Augustus. 
 
 Numa, -ae, m.: a mythical saintly king of Home, said to have 
 reicrned after Romulus the founder of the city, and to have intro- 
 duced the forms and ceremonies of the Roman religion. To late 
 times there was preserved a building which purported to be his 
 palace {rnjia, i. 30), and on the same spot was afterwards built the 
 dwelling of the Pontifex Maxi'.nus, the chief priest of Rome, and ot 
 the Vestal Virgins. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pallas, -adis, f. : a Greek goddess of wit, war, and arts, identified 
 by the Romans with their own Minerva. She was said to have had 
 no mother, whence Ovid (xiv. 13) compares his poems to her ; to 
 have built the Argo (ix. 7), s. v. Medea ; and m i. 29 the name 
 PaZZas is used as equivalent to PaZ/ar^mwi (see note). 
 
 Perseus, -ei, m. : a famous hero of Argos, son of Zeus (Jupiter) 
 and Danae. His chief exploits were the cutting off of the Gorgon 
 Medusa's head, and the rescue of Andromeda, whom he married. 
 See the note on viii. 6. . -, • • x 
 
 Phaeth5n, -ntis, m. : son of the Sun. He obtained permission to 
 drive the chariot of the Sun for one day, but the steeds ran away 
 with him, and Jupiter slew him to prevent the fiery chariot from 
 consuming the world (iv. 30). 
 
 Pierides, -um, f. : see s. v. Musa. ^ ^ ^ . 
 
 Pontus, -i, m.: the Black Sea, also called Euxinns [q. v.). iomi 
 
 lay upon its N.W. shores, and Ovid constantly uses the name 
 
 Pontus and the adj. Ponticus (-a, -um), for anything m the 
 
 neighbourhood of Tomi (ii. 8 ; viii. 27). 
 
 Porus, -i, m.: an Indian king of the region now known as the 
 Punjaub. Alexander conquered him (326 B.C.), but treated him as 
 kindly as a personal friend (v. 39). See s. v. Alexander. 
 
 Priamus, -i, m. : the famous king of Troy at the time ot the 
 Troian war. He had fifty sons, the bravest of whom was Hector. 
 And when that hero was slain by Achilles, Priam went to the tent 
 of the latter and with tears prevailed on him to accept a ransom 
 for the body (v. 38). -, • i ^ 
 
 Propontis, -idos and -idis, f. : the Sea of Marmora, lying between 
 the Hellespontus {Dardanelles) and the Black Sea. ^^ [Hence its 
 name x>ro-Pontus, "that which lies in front of Pontus:'^ (xu. 41.) 
 
 Pythagoras, -ae, m.: a famous philosopher, a native of Samos 
 (whence he is called Samius senex, iii. 62), who migrated to Crotoiia 
 in Southern Italy, and there founded a philosophical school _ Ihe 
 members of this society were 300 in number, and branch societies 
 
72 INDEX OF PrxOPER NAMES. 
 
 also sprang up in various other towns of Magna Graecia, notably at 
 Heraclea and Metapoutum. Their political views excited the 
 inhabitants against them, and they were driven out with violence, 
 Pytliagoras had travelled in Egypt and the East, to pursue his 
 studies. He believed that tlie soul does not die, but migrates from 
 one body to another, and he laid great stress on the value of 
 mathematics and music. He flourished about 540 — 510 b.c, 
 
 S, 
 
 Samius, -a, -urn : belonging to Samos (-i, f.), the island off the 
 W. coast of Asia Minor still so called. It lies a few miles IST. W. of 
 Miletus, and was the birthplace of Pythagoras (q. v.). 
 
 Sappho, -us, f. : of Lesbos, called vates Leshia in vii. 20 (s. v. 
 Lesrius), most famous of the early Greek lyric writers, was 
 the contemporary of Alcaeus (about 610 B.C.), Her poetry was 
 mostly about love, and she is said to have thrown herself into the 
 sea for love of Phaon who had despised her. The Roman lyric 
 poets, such as Horace, copied or borrowed from her freely ; and 
 Ovid pays Perilla a very high compliment in calling her (/,c.) second 
 only to Sappho, 
 
 Sarmatia, -ae, f. (adj. Sarmaticus, -a, -um, iii. 63) : the land 
 of the Sarmatae, who seem to have dwelt between the Tanais [Don) 
 and the Caspian, though the name of Sirmatia had also a much 
 more extended sense. At one time or other the Sarmatae had ex- 
 tended as far as the Palus Maeotis {Sea of Azov) and the mouths of 
 the Tanais, and Ovid uses the name of Sarmtitici or Sauromatae 
 as virtually idmitical with that of the Getae whom they had driven 
 out of their old homes {s. v. Getae), 
 
 Sauromates, -ae, m. : a native of Sarmatia, Sarmatian (iii. 6 ; 
 X. 5 ; xii. 30). See s. v. Sarmatia, 
 
 Scythia, -ae, f. (adj. Scythicus, -a, -um), a vague name including 
 all the little known r.'gion to the N., KE., and N.W, of the 
 Black Sea. Its inhabitants, the Scythae {-arum), were proverbial 
 for ferocity, and lived the life of nomad shepherds (ii, 1; iv. 46; xi, 
 55 ; xii. 51 ; xiv. 47). 
 
 T. 
 
 Tanais, -is or -idis, m. : {Don) the greit river which rises in the 
 centre of Russia and falls into the Palus Maeotis {Sea of Azov) 
 (iv. 49). 
 
 Tomi, -orum, m., or Tomis, -is, f, (adj. Tomitis, -idos) Tomi, 
 now Kmtendjeh. See Introd., § 1 . In El, ix, Ovid declares that 
 it took its name from the cut-up fragments of Absyrtus' body which 
 Medea scattered there ; s. v. Medea (ix, 33 ; xii, 2), 
 
 Troia, -ae, f, : Troy, capital of the small district of north-western 
 Asia Minor called the Troad {Trdas, -cidis, f,). It was besieged 
 by the whole force of Greece, the legends said, for ten years, to 
 recover from the Trojans Helen, wife 'of Menelaus, king of Sparta, 
 who li:id been carried off by Paris (also called Alexander), son of 
 Prianius, king of Troy, In the tenth year it was taken by stratagem. 
 
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 73 
 
 The Greeks pretended that they gcive up the siege, but left behind 
 them a gigantic wooden horse, which the Trojans took within tlieir 
 walls. The horse contained a band of the jjicked warriors of Greece, 
 who got out in the night, opened the gates of the city, and admitted 
 tlie whole Greek army. The bravest of the Greeks was Achilles; 
 of the Trojans, Hector. All the gods and goddesses took party- 
 sides in the war : Venus and Apollo were on the side of Troy, 
 Yulcan (Mulciber) and Jimo on the side of the Greeks, whose leader 
 was Agamemnon, while their subtlest chieftain was Ulixes {q. v.) 
 with Pallas (Minerva) for his patroness. Other names for Troia 
 are Ilios (Iliou, or Ilium), and Pergamurn or Pergama. The legends 
 connected with the fall of Troy form the subject of Homer's Iliad. 
 There undoubtedly was such a town and it was destroyed by force 
 of arms, but the bulk of the stories connected therewith are entirely 
 fanciful. The date of its fall is commonly put at 1184 B.C. An 
 Ilium Yetus, on the site of the original Troia, continued to exist 
 into the times of Alexander (b.c. 330), and there was another Ilium, 
 called Xovum, near by on the river Simois and its confluent the 
 Scamander. The modern name of the site of the original Troy is 
 Hissarlik. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulixes, -is, m. (or Ulysses, -is): Ulysses, the Eoman name for 
 Odysseus, the hero of Homer's Odyssey. He was the subtlest of the 
 Greeks before Troy {q. v.), and as the personification of wit he was 
 under the special care of the goddess of intellect, Pallas (Minerva), 
 "When sailing home from Troy he incurred the wrath of Poseidon 
 (Xeptune), who persecuted him for ten years (see xi. 61). After 
 many adventures, and after losing all his comrades, he got back to 
 his kingdom of Ithace. He was said to have perished afterwards 
 by the hand of his own son Telegonus. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1. Greek "Nouns. 
 
 The references are to the sections in Hayes and Masom's Tutorial 
 Latin Grammar (Univ. Corr. Coll. Press Warehouse). 
 
 First Declension : — 
 
 (i) Like Phoebe (§ 62), Helle. 
 
 (ii) Like Tydides (§ 62), Sauromates. 
 Second Declension : — 
 
 (iii) Like barhitos (§ 63), Bosphoros. 
 Third Declension: — 
 
 (iv) Like lampas (§ 65), Belides (pk), Biisiris, Colchis (noun and 
 adjective), delphin, Erymanthis, Moenalis, Pallas (sing.), Pegasis, 
 Pieris, Propontis (sing.), Tomitis. 
 
 (v) Phaethon (§ 65). 
 
 (vi) Like Socrates (§ 68), Eumedes, Ulixes. 
 
 (vii) Like tigris (§ 66), Tanais. 
 
 (viii) Like Atreus (§ 68), Perseus. 
 
 2. Some Noteworthy Grammatical Points. 
 {See notes on the lines referred to.) 
 
 {a) Cases : — 
 
 (i) Accusative : — me miserum (i. 53). 
 
 (ii) Genitive : — fugax rerum (ii, 9), duhms vitae (iii. 25)^ jjlacabilis 
 irae (v. 31), malac matris crimeyi (xii. 9), hosjntium jJoe^iae meae 
 (xii. 54), 7}i07ns honorcm (xiii. 13). 
 
 (iii) Dative : — lecturis iiispicicnda (i. 64). 
 
 (iv) Ablative : — excepto quod me iierdidit (vi. 12), a seriiMs discat 
 (vi. 30), qucrar ut cum Cacsaris ira (viii. 39), solvitur aggcre funis 
 (ix. 13). 
 (&) Moods and Tenses : — 
 
 (i) Forsitan with indie. : — forsitan . . . Caesar erit (i. 75, 76). 
 
 (ii) Quamvis with indie. : — quamxis nocuere (iii. 29 and vii. 9) ; 
 see note on i. 26. 
 
 (iii) Potui for potuissem (vi. 17). 
 
 (iv) Perfect infin. for present : — ^^w^ww/o liceat delituisse loco (i. 80). 
 
 (v) Jussive subj. in quasi-dependence : — ossa ta7nen facito 'parxa 
 referantur in urna (iii. 65 ; cp. vi. 22, xi. 74). 
 
 (vi) Ne (or ut) giving purpose not of the statement made but of 
 tlie making of it (v. 41). 
 
 (vii) Personal construction of crcdor in passive (x. 35, xi. 73). 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 75 
 
 111. 
 
 iii, 
 iv. 
 iv. 
 vi. 
 xi. 
 
 xii. 
 xiv. 
 
 xiv, 
 
 3. Metrical Peculiarities. 
 
 {See notes on the lines referred to.) 
 
 8, Terraque iiescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
 74, Ingenio peril Xciso poeta meo. 
 8, Non prosit potius, 2^htrimum obesse potest. 
 
 35, Quae pro te ut voveam, miti pietate mereris. 
 15, Sed mea ?nc r/i poenam iiimirum fata traliebant. 
 
 25, Non sum ego quod fueram. Quid inanem proteris 
 umbram ? 
 2, Longior antiquis visa + Macotis hiems. 
 25, Hoc quoque nescio quid nostris appone libellis. 
 
 36, Et longo pcriit arida facta situ. 
 
 4. Words varying in Meaning according to their 
 Quantity, etc. 
 
 ales : u-ingcd, a bird ales : fr. alo, nourish. 
 
 ara • cdfcr ara : fr. aro, x>lough. 
 
 cams: fr. canus, %chite cams: (1) dog; (2) fr. cano, sing 
 
 care : fr. carus, dear care : fr. careo, he without. 
 
 comes: polite _ comes: companion. 
 
 comis: (1) 2^olit£ ; (2) fr. como, comis : fr. coma, hair. 
 
 adorn , 7. , 
 
 dico. -as, -et : fr. dico, say dico, -as, -et : fr. dico, dedicate. 
 
 duels, -es : fr. duco, lead duels, -es : fr. dux, leader. 
 
 fretum, -1, -0: fr. fretus, rehjing fretum, -1, -0: a strait. 
 
 on 
 
 idem : nom. sing. masc. , or nom 
 
 plur. masc. , the same 
 labor : 1 glide 
 late ; far and loide 
 latus : wide, 
 
 legat: fr. lego, 1, depute 
 levls, -lor : smooth 
 liber : free 
 malis : fr. malo, prefer 
 
 idem: nom. or ace. sing, neuter, 
 
 the same. 
 labor : labour. 
 late: fr. lateo, lie hid. 
 latus : side. 
 
 legat : fr. lego, 3, read, choose. 
 levls, -lor : light. 
 liber : a book. 
 mails : fr. malus, bad. 
 
 fr. malus, ajjple-tree, mall, -Is : fr. malus, bad. 
 
 mall, -Is 
 
 mast 
 manes : ghost 
 
 manet : fr. mano, 1, trickle 
 misere : they have sent 
 misero, -is : fr. mitto, send 
 modo : fr. modus, manner 
 nisi : fr. nit or, strive 
 nota, -as, -is : fr. notus, Tcnou-n 
 novl : / know 
 parens : obedient 
 pares ; thoic dost obey 
 
 manes : fr. maneo, remain. 
 
 manet : fr. maneo, remain. 
 
 misere : miserably. 
 
 misero, -is ; fr. miser, v:r etched. 
 
 modo : only. 
 
 nisi: unless. 
 
 nota. -as, -is : fr. nota, mark. 
 
 novl : fr. novus, neu-. 
 
 parens : parent. 
 
 pares 
 
 (1) fr. lyaTo, j^rejjare ; (2) 
 
 fr. par, equal. 
 
76 APPENDIX. 
 
 pedes : fr. pes, foot pedes : a-foot. 
 
 pendere : fr. pendeo, hang pendere : fr. pendo, 'p'^U- 
 
 pila : javelins pila : a hall. 
 
 placere : fr. placo, 1, appease placere : fr. placet, it pleases. 
 
 popiilus : a poplar popiilus : people. 
 
 p5tes : fr. poto, drink potes : thou caiist. 
 
 referre : to concern referre : to bring hack. 
 
 sedes : a seat sedes : thou art sitting. 
 
 senis : fr. seni, six each senis ; fr. senex, old man. 
 
 sole : fr. sol, sun sole : fr. suleo, he wont. 
 
 solum, -i: fr. solus, alone solum, -i, soil. 
 
 teneris : fr. teneo, hold teneris : fr. tener, tender. 
 
 veils : fr. velum, sail veils : fr. v6l5, wish. 
 
 venere : they have come venere : fr. venus, charin. 
 
 venire : to he for sale venire : to come. 
 
 venis : fr. vena, vein venis ; thou art coming. 
 
 vires : fr. vis, strength vires : fr. vireo, Jlourish. 
 
 vomere : fr. vomer, ploughshare vomere : fr. vomo, vomit. 
 
 5. WoEDs OF Like Form and Quantity, but of Variant 
 
 Meanings. 
 
 (This list only includes words from different stems.) 
 
 adeo: (1) I approach ; (2) adv., to such an extent. 
 
 aggere : (1) agger, a mound; (2) aggero, collect. 
 
 certo : (1) adv. certainly ; (2) I strive. 
 
 colo: (1) colus, distaff; (2) colo, cultivate. 
 
 domo, domui: (1) domus, house ; (2) domo, I tame. 
 
 facis : (1) torch; (2) facie, make. 
 
 fides: (1) faith; {2) a lyre. 
 
 foris: (1) adv. out of doors; (2) forus, a gangway; (3) forum, a 
 
 market-place, 
 noto : (1) notus, soiith loind ; (2) I mark. 
 ora: (1) shore ; (2) 5s, mouth. 
 pandi: (1) pandus, c^irving ; (2) pando, spread. 
 pares: (1) par, equal ; (2) paro, preptare. 
 
 passus : (1) step ; (2) p.p. patior, suffer ; (3) p.p. p. pando, spread. 
 rogo: (1) rogvis, funeral pyre ; (2) I ask. 
 serente: (1) sero, I sow ; (2) sero, I join. 
 sine: (1) without; (2) sino, allow), 
 tribus: (1) tribe ; (2) tres, three. 
 vis; (1) strength; (2) volo, wish. 
 
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 Vol. I. contains the whole of Deductive Logic, except Fallacies, 
 which will be treated, with Inductive Fallacies, in Vol. 11. 
 
 "A clear and compendious summary of the views of various thinkers on im- 
 portant and doubtful points."— /onmaf of Education. 
 
 ' A very good book ... not likely to be supereeded for a long time to come."— 
 — Educational Rerieic. 
 
 "Unusually complete and reliable. The arrangement of divisions and sub- 
 divisions is excellent, and cannot but greatly facilitate the study of the subject by 
 the diligent student." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 " The manual may be safely recommended."— jE'c^tccafionai Times. 
 
 "Undoubtedly excellent."— Bcarci Teacher 
 
12 UNIV. CORR. COLL. TUTORIAL SERIES. 
 
 flDatbematiC6 anb flDecbanica^ 
 
 Astronomy, Elementary Mathematical. By C. W. C. Barlow, M.A. 
 Lond, and Camb., B.Sc. Lond., and G. H. Byran, M.A. Camb., 
 Fellow of St. Peter's College. Second Edition, with Answers. 
 8s. 6d. 
 
 " Probably within the limits of the volume no better description of the methods 
 by which the marvellous structure of scientific astronomy has been built up could 
 have been given." — Atlienceuni. 
 
 " Sure to find favour with students of astrorjomy."— iV^aiwre. 
 
 " This book supplies a distinct want. The diagrams are clear, the stylo of writing 
 luoid, and the mathematical knowledge required but small." — Teachers' MonVily. 
 
 " Completely successful."— iiierary World. 
 
 " One noticeable feature of the book is that the more important theorems are 
 carefully illustrated by Avorked-out numerical examples, and aix so well arranged 
 and clearly written that the volume ought to serve as a good text-book." — Bombay 
 Advertiser. 
 
 "A careful examination has led to the verdict that the book is the best of its 
 kind. It is accurate and well arranged, and in every respect meets the requirements 
 for which it has been designed." — Practical Teacher. 
 
 " It is an admirable text-book." — School Guardian. 
 
 " It will carry a student a long way in the sound study of astronomy."— iVafiowai 
 Observer. 
 
 Coordinate Geometry : The Eight Line and Circle. By William 
 Briggs, LL.B., B.A., F.C.S., and G. H. Bryan, M.A. Second 
 Edition. 3s. 6d. 
 
 " It is thoroughly sound throughout, and indeed deals with some difficult points 
 with a clearness and accuracy that has nob, we believe, been sni-psi&sed."— Education. 
 
 " An admirable attempt on the part of its authors to realise the position of the 
 average learner, and to provide for the wants of the private student. . . . Frequent 
 exercises and examination papers have been interspersed, and different sizes of type 
 and intelligently drawn figures will afford gi-eat assistance in vevision." —Educational 
 Times. 
 
 "The practical character of the book is one of its striking features."— >Sc/tooJ- 
 master. 
 
 " Every difficulty seems to be anticipated." — School Journal. 
 
 'Another of the excellent books published by the University Correspondence 
 College Press. The arrangement of matter and the copious explanations it would 
 be hard to surpass. It is the best book we have seen on the subject."— ^oard 
 Teacher. 
 
 "The authors have had exceptional opportunities of appreciating the difficulties 
 of beginners, and they have succeeded in producing a work which will be found 
 especi;xlly useful." — English Mechanic. 
 
UNIV. conn. coll. TUToniAL SEniEs. is 
 
 /iDatbemattcs an^ C^cchnwics -continued. 
 
 Coordinate Geometry, "Worked Examples in : A Graduated Course on 
 the Right Line and Circle. 2s. 6d. 
 References are made to the book-work of Coordijiate Geometry. 
 
 Geometrical Properties of the Sphere. By William Beiggs, LL.B., 
 B.A., F.C.S., and T. W. Edmondson, B.A. Is. 6d. 
 
 Hydrostatics, An Elementary Text-Book of. By William Briggs, 
 LL.B., B.A., F,C.^., and G. H. Bryan, M.A. [In prejjaration. 
 
 Mechanics, Elementary Text-Book of. By William Beiggs, LL.B. 
 B.A., F.C.S., and G. H. Beyan, M.A. [In jyeparatioii. 
 
 Mechanics and Hydrostatics, "Worked Examples in: A Graduated 
 Course on the London Matriculation Syllabus. Is. 6d. 
 "Will prove itself a valuable aid. Not only are the workel examples well 
 graded, but in many cases explanatory paragraphs give useful hints as to processes. 
 The book has our warm approbation." — Schoolmaster-. 
 
 Mensuration of the Simpler Figures. By William Beiggs, LL.B., 
 B.A.. F.C.S., and T. W. Edmondson, B.A. Lond. and Camb. 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 "Although intended to meet the requirements of candiJates for particular 
 examinations, this book may be used generally with safety. The chief feature in 
 it appears to be the inclusion of proofs and of all formula? presented. It is thus 
 far more than a mere collection of rules and exa.m-ples."— Educational Times. 
 
 "The book comes from the hands of experts; we can think of nothing better 
 qualified to enable the student to master this branch of the syllabus, and what is 
 more important still, to promote a conect style in his mathematical manipulations. 
 — Schoolmaster. 
 
 Trigonometry, The Elements of. [In jyeparation 
 
 Trigonometry, Synopsis of Elementary. For the London Inter. 
 Exams, in Arts and Science, Interleaved. Is. 6d. 
 
 "An admirable little handbook.' —Zyceuiii. 
 
 " For its own purpose no better book could b3 recommended." — Educational 
 News. 
 
 "There are pithy definitions, numerous forxiiula;, and terse explanatory notea 
 throughout." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 " The facts could hardly be better given." —Freeman's Jow-ruU. 
 
 ^^e 
 
U UNIV. CORE. COLL. TUTORIAL SERIES. 
 
 Science0* 
 
 Biology, Text-Book of. By H. G. Wells, B.Rc. LoikI, F.Z.S., F.C.P. 
 Tart I,, Vertebrates. 6s. 6d. 
 Part II., Invertebrates and Plants. 6s. 6d. 
 
 "The Text-Book of Biologi/ is a, most useful addition to the series already issued ; 
 it is well arranged, and contains the matter necessary for an elementary course of 
 vertebrate zoology in a concise and logical order." —Journal of Education. 
 
 " Mr. Wells' practical experience shows itself on every page ; his descriptions are 
 short, lucid, and to the point. We can confidently recommend it."— Educational 
 Timeg. 
 
 " The numerous drawings, the well-arranged tables, and the careful descriptions 
 will be of the utmost value to the student." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 " Mr. Wells deals with everything he ought to deal with, and touches nothing 
 that he ought not to touch. For the higher forms of Modern Side we commend 
 this text-book without reserve ; for the special student of biology we urge its use 
 with enthusiasm." — Educational Review. 
 
 Analysis of a Simple Salt. With a Selection of Model Analyses. 
 By William Briggs, LL.B., B.A., F.C.S., and R. W. Stewart, 
 D.Sc. Lond. Second Edition, with Tables op Analysis (on 
 linen). 2s. 6d. 
 
 "Likely to prove a useful and trustworthy assistance to those for whom it is 
 especially intended." — Nature. 
 
 " Every help that can be given, short of oral instruction and demonstration, is 
 here given ; and not only will the private student find this a welcome aid, but the 
 class-master will be gla,d of the help furnished by Messrs. Briggs and Stewart, 
 whose names are a guarantee of accurate information." — Education. 
 
 " Its treatment of the subject in hand is very thorough, and the method is on 
 sound lines." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 " The selection of model analyses is an excellent feature of the book." — Educa- 
 tional Times. 
 
 Chemistry, Synopsis of Non-Metallic. Witli an Appendix on Calcula- 
 tions. By William Briggs, LL.B., B.A., F.C.S. Interleaved. 
 Is. 6d. 
 
 " The notes are very clear, and just the thing to assist in the revision of the 
 subject." — Literary Opinion. 
 
 " Arranged in a very clear and handy form. ' — Journal of Education. 
 
 Heat and Light, Elementary Text-Book of. By R. W. Stewart, 
 D.Sc. Lond. Second Edition. 3s. 6d. 
 This book contains 141 Diagrams. 
 
 " A student of ordinary ability who works carefully through this book need not 
 fear the examination." — The Schoolmaster. 
 
 " It will be found an admirable text-book." — Educational News. 
 
 " A well-printed and well-illustrated book. It strikes us as a trustworthy guide." 
 — Practical Teacher. 
 
 " A welcome addition to a useful series."— School Guardian. 
 
UNIV. CORH. coll. tutorial series. 15 
 
 Sciences — contbiufd. 
 
 Magnetism and Electricity, Elementary Text-Book of: Being an 
 
 Abridgment of the Text-Booh of Magnetism and Electricity, with 
 
 143 Diagrams and numerous Questions. By R. W. Stewart, 
 
 D.Sc. Lend. 3s. 6d. 
 
 " Plain and intelligible. It is a capital example of what a good text-book should 
 
 be." — Educational Neics. 
 
 " Will prove to be particularly helpful to students in general."— Scignce and Art. 
 " We can heartily recommend it to all who need a text-book."— ZycJitm. 
 " This is an admirable volume. . . A very good point is the number of worked- 
 out examples." — Teachers' Monthly. 
 
 " Leaves little to be Ae&hedi."— Educational Times. 
 " Another of his excellent ie-^i-hodka."— Nature. 
 
 THE TUTORIAL PHYSICS. 
 
 I. Sound, Text-Book of. By E. Catchpool, B.Sc, Lond. 
 
 [ J/i preparation. 
 
 II. Heat, Text-Book of. With 81 Diagrams and numerous Calcula- 
 
 tions. By R. W. Stewart, D.Sc. Lond. Second Edition. 3s. 6d. 
 
 "Clear, concise, well an-anged and well illustrated, and, as far as we have tested, 
 accurate." — Journal of Education. 
 " The diagiams are numerous and well executed. ' — Educational Times. 
 
 III. Light, Text-Book of (uniform with the Text-Book of Heat). With 
 111 Diagrams and numerous Calculations. By E. W. Stewart, 
 D.Sc. Lond. 3s. 6d. 
 
 •' The diagrams are neat and accurate, the printing excellent, and the arrange- 
 ment of the matter clear and precise." — Practical Teacher. 
 
 " The text has been adapted to the requirements of the Intermediate Science and 
 Preliminary Scientific Examinations of London University, and a large number of 
 questions set at the University during recent years are included ; but the volumes 
 {Light and Heat) will be found equally well adapted for general use by those students 
 who have already mastered the first principles of physics. The subjects are treated 
 both mathematically and experimentally, and the most important theorems are 
 illustrated by diagrams and figures." — School Guardian, 
 
 IV. Magnetism and Electricity, Text-Book of. With 159 Diagrams, 
 By R. W. Stewart, D.Sc. Lond.-- 5s. 6d. 
 
 " Will be found suitable for general use as an introduction to the study of 
 electrical science." — Iro^a. 
 
 " It is thoroughly well done." — Schoolmaster. 
 
 " The author has been very successful in making portions of the work not 
 ordinarily regarded as elementary appear to be so by his simple exposition of them.' 
 ■ -Teachers' Monthly. 
 
16 UNIV. CORE. COLL. TUTORIAL SERIES. 
 
 2)irectorie0. 
 
 Matriculation Directory, with Full Answers to the Examination 
 Papers. {No. XV. will le ^mhlislied during the fortnight 
 foUoicing the Exo.mination of January 1894.) Nos. IV., VI 
 VII., IX., X., XL, XII., XIII., and XIV., IS. each, 7iet. 
 
 Intermediate Arts Directory, with Full Answers to the Examination 
 Papers (except in Special Subjects for the Year). {No. VII. 
 tcill be 2-^nMished dtiritig the fortnight follonnnf] the Examination 
 of July 1895.) No. I., 1888, '2s. 6d. net\ No. IL, 1889 (with 
 the French Honours Papers); No. III., 1:-C0; No. IV., 1891; 
 No. v., 1892; No. VI., 1893, Is. Cd. each, net. 
 
 Inter. Science and Prelim. Sci. Directory. {No. V. ivill be published 
 during the fortnight folloKinq the Examination of July 1895.) 
 No. I., 1800 ; No. II., 1891 ; No. III., 1892; No. IV. 1893, 2s. 6d. 
 each, net. 
 
 B.A. Directory, with Full Answers to the Examination Papers 
 
 (except in Special Subjects for the Year). No. I., 1889 ; II., 
 1890; III., 1891. 2s. 6d. each, net. No. IV. will be published 
 Nov. 1893. 
 
 XTbe XHntversit^ (TorresponDent 
 
 AND 
 
 UNIVE-^ITY CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE MAGAZINE. 
 
 Issued every Saturday. Price Id., by Post l^,d. ; Half-yearly 
 
 Subscription, 3s. ; Yearly Subscription, 5s. 6d. 
 
 The Univeesity Coeeespondent has a very wide circulation 
 among Gramnaar and Middle Class Schools, and, as a weekly journal, 
 offers an excellent medium for Advertisement of Posts Vacant 
 AND Wanted. 
 
 Leading Features of '■' The University Correspondent." 
 
 1. Fortnightly Prizes of One Guinea. 
 
 2. Frequent Vigilance Prizes {One to Three Guineas'). 
 
 3. Special Prizes {One to Five Guineas). 
 
 4. Hints and Answers to St^idents reading for London University 
 
 Examinations. 
 
 5. Answers to Correspondents on all University Matters. 
 
 6. Papers set at Lomlon Examinations. 
 
 7. Full Solutions to Matriculation Papers. 
 
 8. Pass Lists of London University Examinations. 
 
 9. Calendar of London University Events. 
 
 10. Latest University News. 
 
 11. Plan of Study {\cith Exercises) for London University Ma- 
 
 triculation. 
 
 12. A Series of Articles on the Universities of the United Kingdom. 
 
 13. Reviews of Current Educational Literature. 
 
 14. Complete List of Educational Boohs published during the month. 
 
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