SING'S ill compiled with the greatest care by GEO. W. COLTON, and repre- | sent the most remarkable and interesting features of Physical Geography clearly to the eye. The plan of Canon's Geography is the best I have ever seen. It meets the exact wants of our Grammar Schools. The Review is unsurpassed in its tendency to make thorough and reliable scholars. I have learned more Geog- raphy that is practical and available during the short time we have used this work, than in all my life befor.% including ten years teaching by Mitchell's plan. A. B. HEYWOOD, Prin. Franklin Gram. School, Lowell, Mass. So well satisfied have I been with these Geographies that. I adopted them, and have procured their introduction into most ofjhe school-" in this county. JAMES W. THOMPSON, A.M., Pi in. of Centrecille Academy, Maryland. Any of the above sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. Sheldon < Company's Text-'JZooks. Stoddard's Series of Arithmetics EMBRACES THE FOLLOWING BOOKS: Stoddard's Primary Pictorial Arithmetic ... $0 30 Stoddard's Juvenile Mental Arithmetic 25 Stoddard's American Intellectual Arithmetic 40 Stoddard's Rudiments of Arithmetic 50 Stoddard's Combination School Arithmetic. 75 Stoddard's New Practical Arithmetic 1 00 Stoddard's Complete Arithmetic 1 25 Keys to the Intellectual, New Practical, and Complete Arithme- tics are published for teachers only. STODDARD'S SHORTER COURSE, The Teacher's Combination Series. A full course for Graded Schools, combining Mental and Written Arithmetic, is obtained in the three books, the PRIMARY PICTORIAL, COMBI- NATION SCHOOL, and COMPLETE Arithmetics, price $3.30. For Academies, the COMPLETE and INTELLECTUAL furnish a high school course, for $1.6,"). For District Sclwol, the COMBINATION SCHOOL Arithmetic alone will be a good, practical text-book of Mental and Written Arithmetic, for 75 cents. The use of these books induces careful attention and continuous application of the mind, at the same time relieving study of its ueual irksomeness, by such lucid explanations and a proper presentation of the subject as make them easily apprehended by scholars. It has been stated by an eminent educator : "Stoddard is clear in his statements, logical in his language, progressive in his plan, accurate in his definitions, and business-like in his analyse*. In short, Prof. Stoddard has for Mathematics a genius, not possessed by one man in ten thousand, that enables him to make ' crooked things straight and rough places smooth ' with an ease that is truly enviable. He comes into the work from a higher stand-point, and so presents the subject that the pupil not only makes the most rapid advancement in Arithmetic, but is better prepared for thorough progress in higher Mathematics.' 1 ' Any of the above sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR PUBLIC AND OTHER SCHOOLS; FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY BENSON J-'LOSSING, LL.D., AUTHOR OF THE FIELD BOOKS OF " THE REVOLUTION," u THE WAR OF l8l2, AND THE "CIVIL WAR;" THE u HOME OF WASHINGTON," "LIFE AND TIMES OF PHILIP SCHUYLER," ETC. COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS AND OTHER ENGRAVINGS, NEW YORK: SHELDON & COMPANY, No. 677 BROADWAY. 1875. LOSSING'S SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. I, LOSSING'S PRIMAEY UNITED STATES HISTOEY. For the Youngest Children. Elegantly Illustrated. Price $1.00. H, LOSSING'S OUTLINE UNITED STATES HISTOEY, A Complete History of our Country in a Condensed but Attrac- tive form. For Public and Private Schools. It is the most elegantly illustrated School History ever published. Price $1.25. Ill LOSSING'S COMMON SCHOOL HISTOEY. A Full, Com- plete, and Attractive History of our Country. For Private Schools and more advanced Scholars. Elegantly Illustrated. Over 400 pages. Price $1.75. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by SH ELDON & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Electrotyped by SMITH & McDoUGAL, 82 Beekman St., N. Y. INTRODUCTION. THIS book has been prepared to meet the demands of Teachers and Pupils, and the conditions of our Common School Teaching. They require a book clear and concise in all its statements of facts concerning the more prominent events in the History of the United States, with helps for the inemoi*y. They require a book that shall be full, and accurate, and attractive, and at the same time to occupy, in its study and the recitations, as little time as possible in the routine of the school-work. To answer these require- ments the Author has bestowed the most careful thought and labor on this work, and has given to it prominent features, which may be defined as follows : 1. As few words as possible have been used in giving it a pleasing narrative form. Ideas are not smothered in words ; nor is the living interest in the story dulled by the dryness of a mere chronological form. 2. The narrative is divided into six distinct periods, in the natural time and order which events suggest, namely : Discoveries, Settlements, Colonies, The Revolution, The Nation, and The Civil War and its Consequences. This is the general arrangement of the whole series of the author's Histories of the United States for Schools and Families. 3. The work is arranged in short sentences, so that the substance of each may be easily comprehended by an ordinary effort of memory. 4. The most important events are indicated in the text by heavy-faced letter, so as to impress the vision, and thereby give to the memory powerful aid in the retention VI INTR OD UCTION. of facts. For the same reason all proper names are printed in italic letter. 5. Full questions are framed for every verse. 6. A pronouncing vocabulary is furnished in foot- notes wherever required, giving to the teacher and pupil an ever-present index to the method of pronouncing the proper names used in the book. 7. A brief synopsis of topics is given at the close of each section. 8. An outline history of important events is given at the close of every chapter, affording a review of the pre- vious studies, and texts for the exercise of the pupil in his- torical tabulation or more elaborate composition, as illus- trated on pages 32 and 33 of the text. At the close of the volume are Topical Review Questions. 9. The work is profusely illustrated by Maps, Charts, and Plans explanatory of the text, and by carefully- drawn pictures of objects and events. These are very numerous and useful, and give powerful help to the memory in the comprehension of the narrative, for the eye seldom forgets. The Colonial Seals have been copied from impressions taken from the originals, and are accurate representations of those originals. The National Constitution, which, with its several amendments, forms the supreme law of the land, is intro- duced as a part of the lessons of prime importance. It being the guarantee for all the privileges of American citi- zenship, a knowledge of it should be deeply impressed upon the minds of the young. With these remarks concerning the general character of this book it is submitted to the public. ft\ ^Ir |)tttthut fctorg of tfe CHAPTER I, (DISCOVERERS AJJfo (DISCOVERIES. SECTION I. NORTHMEN, COLUMBUS, AND INDIANS. 1. Our Country, called the United States of America, extends in a broad, irregular belt across the continent of North America, from jthe Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific .Ocean. . This great belt of country is divided into States and Territories, and contains about forty million inhabitants. Their government is called a Representative one. The people choose a few of their number to make laws for the whole. When these representatives meet for that business, they form the Congress. The people also choose one man to enforce the laws of Congress, who is called the President of the United States. 3. The President and Congress choose a certain number of lawyers to explain the laws, and these form the Supreme Court of the United States. The Government therefore consists of three separate departments, but working together. 4. One is the Executive Department, composed of QUESTIONS. 1. Define the extent of the United States. 2. What can you tell about the divisions and Government of our country? 3. How is the Supreme Court formed ? Of what does the Government consist ? DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. departments of Government. The Northmen. the President and his advisers, called the Cabinet. An- other is the Legislative Department, and is composed of a Senate chosen by the State legislatures, and a House of Representatives chosen by the people of the several States. A third is the Judiciary Department, composed of the judges or members of the Supreme Court. 5. This form of government seems to be the best ever known on the earth. Here, where it exists, the whole coun- try, less than three hundred years ago, was inhabited by copper-colored barbarians and wild beasts, and nearly all cov- ered with forests. You may ask, How has it come to pass that such a people as we are, and such an excellent form of gov- ernment, have appeared in this land, so lately a wilderness ? The wonderful story before us will answer the question. 6. About nine hun- dred years ago, sea- men from Iceland, far toward the north pole, came to this coun- try in small vessels and tried to make a settle- ment in New Eng- land. How long they stayed we cannot tell. The story of their discoveries, if it ever went abroad, had long been for- gotten. An old tower at Newport, Rhode Island, is supposed to have been built by these Northmen. TOWEK AT NEWPORT> QUESTIONS. 4. Of what or whom are the Departments composed ? 5. What can you say of our form of Government and its place of existence ? 6. What can you tell about early discoveries and discoverers ? NORTHMAN. DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. Trade of European merchants. TRACK OP THE NORTHMEN FROM ICELAND AND GREENLAND. 7. About four hundred years ago, the merchants of Europe carried on a profitable trade with India or East- ern Asia. The people of Italy had lately obtained the mastery of the Mediterranean Sea, over which mer- chants had gone to Asia from Western Europe. The QUESTIONS. 7. What can you tell about Italian and Western merchants, and their trade with India ? 10 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. Columbus and his theories. Isabella. COLUMBUS. Italians would no longer allow their rivals of Western Europe to go over that sea, and the Western merchants sought for another way. It was found by a Portuguese sailor. It was around the Cape of Good Hope, and so across the broad Indian Ocean. 8. At that time learned men believed the earth to be round, like an orange, and not flat, like a pancake. Among these was Chris- topher Columbus, of Genoa, in Italy, who had been a seaman ever since his boyhood. He made a voyage to Iceland, where he probably heard of the discovery of a western continent hundreds of years before. 9. Believing that Eastern Asia might be reached sooner by sailing westward than by any other way, Columbus was anxious to go in search of India in that direction. He was poor. His countrymen refused to help him. Af- ter much wandering and many trials, he found Queen Isabella of Spain willing to fit out vessels for him to sail over the Atlantic Ocean on a voyage of discovery. 1C. Isabella was a Christian and a patriot. She wished to send ISABELLA. the gospel to the heathen, and to gain fame and riches tW QUESTIONS.-- 8. What did the learned believe ? Name one of them ? What had he done ? 9, What was the belief of Columbus ? What did he do and find ? 10. What was Queen Isabella, what her desires, and what did she do ? DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 11 Sailing of Columbus. discovery of Land. Spain. Columbus promised to carry Christianity to the pagans and win honor and wealth for Spain. The pious and patriotic Queen said, " I will furnish you with vessels if I have to sell the jewels in my crown to pay for them." 11. Three vessels were prepared, and on the 3d of August, 1492, . they sailed from Pa- los, 1 in Andalusia, under the oomn-nd of Columbus.- They ^^^^HStm touched at the Cana- ry Islands* After a THE FLEET or COLUMBUS. stormy and perilous passage across the At- lantic Ocean, the navigators were greeted with the perfumes of flowers at the even- ing twilight. At dawn the next morning, the 12th of October, they saw land. 12. The ships had arrived at the Ba- hama Group of islands, many leagues eastward of Florida. Naked inhabitants, of a copper color, were seen on the beach, and fled to the woods on the approach of the Europeans. Columbus, supposing he was on the shores of Farther India, called the people Indians. 13. Dressed in scarlet, and carrying the banner of the expedition, Columbus landed. He was followed by a priest with a cross and the men of the ships. All knelt upon the QUESTIONS. 11. What can you tell about the first voyage of Columbus ? 12. What did he discover? 13. Describe the scene when Columbus landed. 1 pah'los. COLUMBUS ON SAN 8ALVADOB. DISCO VERERS AND DISCO VERIES. 13 Landing of Coluinbtis. COLUMBUS DISCOVERING LAND. sandy shore and thanked God for his goodness. Then Columbus took possession of the land in the name of the sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella. 14. The land was an island, to which Columbus gave the name of San Salvador, or Holy Saviour. It is now called Cat Island. He visited other islands of the QUESTIONS. 14. What was the land that Columbus first discovered, and what else did he do? DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 15 Discoveries by Columbus. The Indians and their dwellings. Bahama group. Going southward, he discovered Cuba and Hayti or San Domingo, and then sailed for Spain. Believing these islands to be a part of India, and as they lay westward of Europe, he gave them the name of West Indies. 15. Columbus did not then see the Continent of Amer- ica, which was thinly inhabited by a copper-colored race, who were savages and barbarians, such as he saw on San Salvador. Their general appearance was the same every- where. Their habits varied with circumstances. 16. The Indians, in the colder parts of America, were dressed in the skins of beasts, and in the warmer parts they were almost naked. They got their food by hunting and fish- SOUTHERN INDIANS. i n g. They also raised grain, which we call Indian corn, and a few vegetables. 17. The Indians were divided into large and small fami- lies. The larger families were known as Nations, and spoke different languages. The smaller were known as Tribes, and the languages of these also some- times differed. They lived in huts made of poles and covered with barks and skins, which they called wigwams. 18. The Indians had no written language excepting rude picture- writ- A WIGWAM. ings, and these were confined to records of war, of alliances, QUESTIONS. 15. What can you tell about the continent of America and its inhabi- tants ? 16. What can you tell about the dress and food of the Indians ? 17. How were the Indians divided, and how did they live ? 18. What can you tell about their writing and the transmission of their history ? 16 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. The Writing, Money, and War-Making of the Indians. and brave deeds. Their history was transmitted by memory. 19. Their money was made of parts of shells in the form of short tubes, arranged in strings or belts, and was called wampum. These were used in traffic, and between nations and tribes, as tokens of alliance or affection. Wampum belts were held by sachems, or chief men, as records of public acts. INDIAN PICTURE-WRITING. ' INDIAN CHIEF IN MILITARY DRESS. INDIAN WEAPONS. 20. War was the principal business of the men. The women performed all other labor. They fought with bows and arrows, clubs, hatchets of stone and iron called toma- hawks, and knives. They made peace by the action of the chief QUESTIONS. 19. What can you tell about their money and its uses? 20. What have you to say about the men and their way of making war or peace ? 1 This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. The "Reliction, "Burials, and Government of the Indians. men of both parties, who would sit around a large fire after the terms were agreed upon, and smoke the calumet, or pipe of peace. 21. The religion of the Indians was sim- ple. ' They believed in a great Good Spirit and a great Evil Spirit ; and anything which they could not- understand or control, such as the sun, moon and stars, lightning, wind, fire and water, they thought to be a kind of god. CALUMETS. 22. They believed that at death, each one went to a beautiful land, where there was plenty of game. When a man was buried they placed by the side of his dead body, bows and arrows for use in the spirit land. Sometimes the body was laid in a shallow grave ; sometimes placed in the ground in a sitting posture and covered, and sometimes laid upon a scaffold out of the reach of wild beasts. SCAFFOLD BUKIAL-PLACB. rO rrn / ^1 T T 23. Ihe government 01 the Indians was simple. The head ruler, or President, was called Sa- chem, and the head warrior, Chief. The Sachem was at the head of civil affairs. The warriors followed the Chief wherever he might lead. Both were chosen by the people. 24. Marriage among the Indians was a contract that QUESTIONS. 21. What can yon tell about the religion of the Indians? 22. What can you tell about the death and burial of Indians ? 23. Tell about the government of the Indians. one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet denote prisoners taken by a warrior. The one without a head, and holding a bow and arrow, denotes (hat one was killed ; and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a feminine prisoner. Then he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these animals on each side of a firct 18 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. Marriage Ceremonies. Character and fate of the Indians . INDIANS IN BUPFALO-SKIN BOAT. might be broken by the husband, who had a right to take and dismiss a wife at pleasure. Women were the slaves of men. They were never permitted to engage in any games, but were allowed to be present, with their children, at the war-dances. 25. The Indians were nearly all wanderers, and left the vast continent in an uncultivated state. In this condition the Europeans found our country. They brought with them the arts of civilization. Where the Indians hunted and fished, are now seen farms, villages, and cities. The race of red or copper-colored men, who have played an important part in the history of the United States, is rapidly passing away, and the white or pale-faced men are taking their places. QUESTIONS. 24. What can you tell about the marriages of the Indians, and the condition of the women ? 25. What have you to say about the Indians when Euro- peans first came ? What is their fate ? DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 19 Indian Nations. Meeting of White Men and Indians. ' SG&j -^53 MEETING OF WHITE MEN AND INDIANS. 1 26. When Europeans came to America, they found here eight distinct nations of Indians, named respectively : 1 This represents the meeting of General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, with the Indians, at Savannah. To-mo-chi-chi, the famous Chief Sachem of the Creek Indians, presented to Oglethorpe the skin of a buffalo, on which was spread out an eagle. He desired Oglethorpe to accept it, because the eagle was an emblem of speed and the buffalo of strength, and the English, he said, were as swift as the bird and strong as the beast. They flew in their ships to the uttermost parts of the earth, and were too sharp for all other people. The feathers of the eagle, being soft, repre- sented love; the buffalo skin was warm, and represented protection. " Therefore," he said, " I hope the English will love and protect our families." 20 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. Names of the Indian Nations. Yoyages of Columbus. Huron-Iroquois, 1 Algonquins, 2 Mobilians, 3 Cher- okees, 4 Catawbas, 5 Uchees, 6 Natchez, 7 and Daco- tahs. 8 There was one of those nations, the Tuscaroras, who belonged to the Huron-Algonquin people, then located in NoHh Carolina. For the position of these nations in our country, see the frontispiece map. 27. In this section we have considered (1) The extent of our country and its form of govern- ment ; (2) its discovery by the Northmen and by Colum- bus ; and (3) the character, habits and destiny of the native inhabitants. SECTION II. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 1 . On his return to Spain, Columbus was received with great applause by the sovereigns and the people. The report of his discoveries, printed soon afterward, caused other exploring expeditions to be fitted out in Spain. Columbus himself made three other voyages across the Atlantic and back, in search of other lands. 2. The second voyage of Columbus was made in the autumn of 1493. The third voyage was undertaken in May, 1498, and on the first day of August he discovered the con- tinent of South America, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, a few days after Sebastian Cabot had discovered NoHh America. The fourth voyage was begun in May, 1502. QUESTIONS. 26. Give me the names of the eight Indian nations. 27. What have you learned in this section ? Give a general account of these facts. QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about the return of Columbus and his other voyages ? 2. What other discoveries did he make ? 1 e-re-kwd. 2 ahl-gon-kin. 3 mo-oeel'-yun. * cher-o-kees'. 5 ka-taw' '-bah$. " u'-vhees, 7 nat'-chez. 8 dah-ko-tahs. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 21 f)eath of Isabella and Columbus. ylnterieus T<"espucciug. 3. The fourth voyage of Columbus was made for the purpose of discovering a strait through which ships might pass from the Gulf of Mexico into the Indian Ocean. It was not found, arid the now aged navigator returned to Spain. Queen Isabella died a few days after his arrival. Neglected and poor, the great discoverer died the next year, with the belief that he had seen the continent oi.Asia on its Eastern side. He did not suspect that he had discovered an unknown continent. 4. Americus Vespuccius, 1 a Florentine, was in Spain when Columbus made his second and third voyages. He went with a former companion of Columbus to South America in 1499 ; and a year after the great navigator had discovered that continent, Vespu- cius saw it for the first time. 5. In a fraudulently dated let- ter, written in 1504, Americus claimed the honor of the first discovery. A German friend of his, in a printed work, suggested the name of America for the new-found continent, in compliment to the Floren- tine. Thus it was that our country received its title, and Columbus was cheated out of the deserved honor of having it bear his name. 6. Immediately after Columbus discovered the West India Islands, Spanish settlements were made on some QUESTIONS. 8. Give an account of Columbus after his last voyage. 4. What can you tell about Americus Veepuccius ? 5. How came America to be named in his honor ? 1 ves-pu '-she-us. AMERICUS VESPUCCIUS. DISCOVERIES FROM 1492 TO 1609. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 23 Discovery of Florida and the "Pacific Ocean. Conquest of Mexico. of them, and expeditions were soon sent out from them in search of other lands. Yucatan 1 was discovered ; and in 1510 a settlement was made on the isthmus of Darien? 7. John Ponce de Leon? an old Spanish soldier in Porto Rico, having heard of a marvellous fountain in an island at the northward, whose waters would restore youth and make it perpetual, sailed in quest of it in 1512. He did not find the fountain, but he discovered a land fragrant with spring flowers, which he called Florida. It is yet so called. 8. The next year (1513) Vasco Nunez de Balboa 4 ascended the highlands of the isth- } mus of Darien, and discovered a great ocean, which he took possession of in the name of Spain, and called it the South Sea. Six years later (1519) Magellan? a Portu- guese, sailed through the straits that bear his name, and over that sea, which he called the Pacific Ocean, because it was so free from storms. 9. Meanwhile Spanish adventurers had explored portions of Yucatan and Mexico, and thought they discovered evidences of much gold in the interior. Hernando Cortez, with a fleet and soldiers, went to conquer Mexico in 1519. He was successful. In 1521 Mexico became a Spanish province, and remained so just three hundred years. QUESTIONS. 6. What followed the discoveries of Columbus ? 7. What can you tell about the discovery of Florida? 8. Tell about the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, and it? name. 9. What had other Spanish adventurers done ? Tell about the conquest of Mexico. * yu-ka-tan' . day -re-en'. * pone'-tha-da-la-on. * vasco-noon-yez da bohl-bo'-a. 1 ma-gel'-lan. SPANISH DISCOVERERS Afrb DISCOVERIES. 25 yidventuret of Cortez. D'aiyllon and Narvaez. 10. The conquest of Mexico led to explorations north- ward of it, along the Pacific coast. Cortez, it is believed, discovered the Gulf of California; and in the course of a few years Spanish adventurers penetrated to New Mexico, up the Colorado 1 to the Gila, 2 and along the Pacific coast to Oregon? 11. In 1520 a planter of San Domingo, named D'Ayllon,^ went to the coast of South Carolina to kidnap natives for slaves. He treacherously carried away many of them. Whilst he was there a second time, and was preparing to make a settlement, the Indians, exasperated by his con- duct, acted as treacherously as he, and murdered D'Ayllon and a large number of his followers. 12. Eight years later (1528) an adventurer named Narvaez 5 went from Cuba with ships and troops to conquer Florida. His cruel treatment of the Indians made them unite in efforts to expel him. He was obliged to leave the country in an open boat, and while on the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, he and most of his companions perished. 13. The bad conduct of Narvaez made the expedition of De Soto 6 to conquer Florida, a perilous and unsuccessful under- taking. De Soto was a rich Spanish cavalier and bold soldier, who had assisted Pizarro in conquering Peru, and shared with him in the plunder of the Incas. 14 Dp Soto had a S pi en( jid retinue of QUESTIONS. 10. What did the conquest of Mexico lead to ? 11. What can you tell about a kidnapper from San Domingo ? 12. Give an account of Narvaez ia Florida and his fate. 13. What can you tell about De Soto ? 1 kol-a-rah'-do. a he'-lah. * or-e-gon', * da-ile-y&ne'. * nar'-vah etK. * da-so'-to. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. #1 rtdventures of Be Soto. "Discovery of the Mississippi and California. several hundred Spaniards, many of them mounted on horses. After wandering in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and far into the interior, for about two years, from 1539, fighting the Indians and searching for gold, he discovered the Mississippi River. 15. Crossing that great stream, De Soto, with the num- ber of his followers greatly diminished, penetrated the coun- try westward far toward the Rocky Mountains. Return- ing to the Mississippi in 1542, De Soto died there. His body was buried beneath the muddy waters of that stream. The remnant of his followers made their way, in a small vessel, to Mexico, taking with them some beautiful young Mobilian 1 women, their captives. 16. The same year in which De Soto died (1542) Cabrillo* first explored the coast of the present State of California, up to the borders of Oregon. It is believed that he discov- ered the Bay of San Francisco. Forty years afterward (1582) Espejo* explored New Mexico and founded Santa Fe. 4 17. In this section -we have considered (1) the return of Colujnbus to Spain and his three other voyages; (2) his impressions concerning his discovery; (3) the voyage of Americas Vespuccius and his claims ; (4) discovery of Yucatan, Florida and the Pacific Ocean ; (5) the conquest of Mexico and explorations northward; (6) events on the coast of South Carolina; QUESTIONS. 14. Give an account of De Soto in Florida, and his discovery of the Mississippi. 15. Give an account of his wanderings and death, and the fate of his followers. 16. What have you to say about explorations of California and New Mexico ? 17. What have you learned in this section ? Give a general account of the facts. 1 mo-beel-yvn. * kab-reel-you. * e?-pay'-ho. * santafay. 28 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Cabot's discovery of North Carolina. (7) the attempts of Narvaez and De Soto to conquer Florida ; and (8) the discovery of the Mississippi River. SECTION III. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 1. Sebastian Cabot, 1 son of a Venetian merchant in England, sailing from Bristol in search of a northwest passage to India beyond Greenland, discovered the conti- nent of North America, on the coast of Labrador, late in June or early in July, 1498. That was a little while before Columbus discovered the continent of South America. 2. Cabot did not land on Lab- rador. He sailed far up the coast, and then turning southward, he discovered Newfoundland and the coasts of Nova Scotia and Maine. He probably went as far South as North Carolina. Then he returned to England and told of his great SEBASTIAN CABOT. discovery. 3. Cabot was only about twenty-one years of age when he discovered America. That made him famous, and he made other voyages of discovery from England and Spain. He had told of the great number of codfishes seen off the coast of Newfoundland. English and French fishermen soon went there to catch them, and this led to discoveries and settlements on the adjacent shores. QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about the discovery of America by Sebastian Cabot ? 2. What portion did he discover ? 3. What were the effects of hia discoveries ? 1 kah'-bot. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 29 discoveries of Verazzani. 4. A Florentine named VerazzaniJ- employed by the King of France, crossed the Atlantic in 1524, and touched the American Continent near Cape Fear, in North Carolina. He sailed northward as far as Nova Scotia, entering bays and rivers on his way, took possession of the country in the name of the French King, and called the country New France. VERAZZANI. BANKS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. QUESTIONS. 4. What can you tell about the discoveries of Veraszani ? 1 ver-at-sah'-ne. 30 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. "Discovery of the St. awrence. Founding of Quebec. 5. Ten years after Verazzani's voyage, Jaques Cartier J- of St. Malo, in France, sailed for America. He first landed on Newfoundland, and there discovered and named the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the discovery having been made on the festival of that saint. He, also, took pos- session of that region in the name of the French monarch. He was thus the discoverer of Canada. 6, In the following spring (1535) Cartier made another voyage to the St. Lawrence. From the site of Que- bec 2 he went up the river in a boat to Hochelajja, an Indian town. Charmed with the view from a great hill near, he called it Mont Real (Royal Moun- tain), and the French city built on the site of Hochelaga 3 was called Mon- treal. 7. Cartier made a third voyage to the St. Lawrence in 1541, with some men, to settle there. He had carried off the Indian "King of Canada" on his last visit, and the natives were unfriendly. The Frenchmen built a fort near Quebec, spent a hard winter there, and in the spring of 1542, at about the time De Soto was dying on the Mississippi, they abandoned the country. 8, France was now disturbed by bitter quarrels between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. As the Roman Catholics were the most numerous, they deprived the Prot- QTTESTIONS. 5. What can you tell of the discoveries of Cartier? 6. What did Car- tier do on the St. Lawrence ? 7. What did he do on the St. Lawrence on a third voyage ? 8. What can you tell ahout two parties in France ? ke-bek'. 3 hosh-e-lah'-ga. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 31 Huguenots in South Carolina and Florida. estants of many privileges in Church and State, and made them discontented. 9. Admiral Coligny, 1 an eminent soldier of France, was a Protestant. He wished to have his friends settled where they might not be molested. In the spring of 1562 he sent a colony of them to America to found a settlement to which others might go. They were led by a worthy man named Ribault? 10. The Huguenots , 3 as the FrenchProt- estauts were called, landed on an island near the shores of South Carolina, where they built a fort. Ribauit returned to Europe for supplies. Many of the settlers died, and the remnant, fearing starvation, started for home in a weak vessel. 11. These colonists suffered from starva- tion at sea, and the few who were left were about to perish, when they were picked up FBENCHMAN 156 on the ocean and taken to England. Their story of the beautiful land they had abandoned caused Englishmen to make attempts to settle in that region. 12. In 1564 Coligny sent over another colony, in three ships, under Laudonnieret They settled on the St. Johns River, in Florida, and built a fort there. Spain claimed ownership of all that region by right of discovery, and sent Melendez, 5 or Menendez, a brave naval officer, to drive QUESTIONS. 9. Who was Admiral Coligny, and what did he do? 10. What were the French Protestants called? Where did they settle, and what did they do? 11. What happened to the Huguenots ? 12. What can you tell about another colony sent by Coligny ? What happened to them ? 1 JcoJeen'-ye. * re'-bo. 3 hug'-nots, * law-don '-e-a, f ma-len'-cleth. 32 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Massacre of Huguenots in Florida. 'Retaliation. BUILDING THE TORT. FRENCH SOLDIER IN FLORIDA. away the Frenchmen. He laid the foun- dations of the city of St. Augustine, 1 and then proceeded to murder the Huguenots on the St. Johns. 13. The French King did not resent this cruel massacre. One of his subjects, named De Gourdes? did. He came with ships and soldiers, in 1567, and destroyed nearly all the Spaniards. So ended, for a time, all at- tempts of Frenchmen to colonize America. 14. Again English navigators tried to QUESTION. 13. What did a French soldier do ? da-goorg'. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 33 Discoveries by *Drake. Toy ages of Gilbert. find the northwest passage for which Cabot sought. Mar- tin Frobisher made three voyages on that errand, but failed. 15. In 1578 Francis Drake went through the Straits of Magellan; sailed up the Pacific Coast; plundered Spanish settlements in Peru; discovered the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory (1579), and made a voyage around the world. He named our West- ern coast New Albion. 16. Walter Raleigh, 1 a wealthy and energetic young Englishman, who had been a soldier under Coligny, in France, was now a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. He procured for his step-brother, Sir Huinphrey Gilbert, the Queen's permission to plant a colony in the warmer regions of America. 17. Early in 1579, Gilbert, who was an eminent navigator, sailed for America with a number of followers. Storms and Spanish cruisers drove him back. He sailed again, with emigrants, four years later (1583), stayed awhile at Newfoundland, and on a voyage off the coast of Nova Scotia he and his ship perished in a storm. 18. Raleigh now fitted out two ships at his own ex- pense, and sent them to America. They reached the coast of North Carolina in July, 1584. The people landed QUESTIONS. 14. What did English navigators do ? 15. What can you tell about Sir Francis Drake? 16. Who was Sir Walter Ralei-rh, and what did he do? 17. What can you tell about Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 18. What can you tell about an expedition sent out by Raleigh ? 1 raw'-le. 'if/,-/ WALTER RALEIGH. 1 J \ f SITUATION OF KOANOIiE. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 35 ^Raleigh's Expeditions. Virginia Named. on Roanoike Island, and after trading with the Indians and exploring the country near, they returned to England, accompanied by two native chiefs. 19. When Barlow and ,/Lmidas, 1 com- manders of the vessels, told Raleigh of the beauty and grandeur of the region they had visited, he was delighted. So - also was the Queen ; and she gave the name of Vir- ginia to this region which Verazzani had called New France sixty years before. 20. The following year (1585) Raleigh sent five ships to America under Sir ENGLisli GENTLEMAN, Richard Grenville, with one hundred emigrants, and Ralph Lane as governor. They and their governor were gold-seekers, and did not cul- tivate the soil. They oflended the Indians by bad conduct, and were in great peril. 21. When they were on the point of perishing from star- vation or the weapons of the Indians, Sir Francis Drake appeared at Roanoke Island, and bore the emigrants back to England. This was in 1586. 22. Learning wisdom by experi- ence, Raleigh sent out mechanics and farmers, with their families, to plant a colony. This was in 1587. John White was their governor. His daughter and her husband, QUESTIONS. 19. What effect did the report of the sailors have ? 20. What can you tell about another expedition sent by Raleigh? 21. How wae a colony paved ? 22. What can you tell about a third expedition sent by Raleigh ? What happened in the colony ? 1 am'-i-das, ' RALEIGH'S SHIP. 36 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Virginia flare. End of Raleigh's Expeditions. named Dare, were with him. There she gave birth to a girl, whom they named Virginia. Virginia Dare was the first English child born in America. 23. Governor White went to England for supplies. He was gone very long, and when he returned the colonists had disappeared, and were never heard of afterward. JRaleitjh did not send any more colonies to America. MAP OP GOSNOLD'S EXPEDITION. QUESTIONS. 23. What was the fate of Raleigh's last colony? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 37 "Discoveries by Englishmen. French Settlements. 24, In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold crossed the ocean and visited a part of the coast of Massachusetts. He dis- covered a long cape, and because of the many codfishes which he saw there, he named it Cape Cod. On one of a group of islands, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his Queen, he attempted to plant a colony, but failed. 25, In 1603, Martin Pring, an English sailor, discovered the coast of Maine and explored the shores of New England westward to Martha's Vineyard. In 1605, Captain Weymouth, another sailor, visited Maine, and there kidnapped some Indians. This crime made the natives hate the white people, and they gave the English much trouble afterward. 26, At this time the French tried again to make settle- ments in America. De Monts, 1 a wealthy Protestant, obtained a grant from his King for that purpose, and in 1604 and 1605 he planted a colony on what is now Nova Scotia, and called the country Acadia. 2 27, De Monts sent Samuel Champlain to the St. Lawrence in 1608. There he planted a settlement and named the place Quebec, It is the oldest French settle- ment in America, for the others were short-lived. In 1609, Champlain discovered the lake that bears his name. 28, In 1607, some London merchants sent Henry Hud- son to search for a northwest passage to India. He made two voyages, but failed, and the project was abandoned. 29, In 1609, Hudson offered his services to the Dutch QUESTIONS. 24. What can you tell about Gosnold's voyage and discoveries? 25. What can you tell about other English sailors ? 26. What can you tell about French settlements in America ? 27. Tell about the voyage and discoveries of Champlain. 28. What can you tell about Hudson ? 1 deh-mong'. * ah-ka'-de-a. 38 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 'Discoveries tn America by Hudson. East India Company, at Am- sterdam, in searching for a passage to India around the north of Eu- rope. They sent him in a small vessel called the Half Moon. Ice covered the sea in that direction, and he sailed westward to America. 30. Early in September, 1609, Hudson entered New York Har- HUDSON. bor. He explored the river that bears his name as far up as the site of Albany. This discovery led to a traffic in furs between the Dutch and the Indians, and then to the founding of a settle- ment on the site of New York. 31. Hudson afterward discovered the great bay in the far north which bears his name. There some of his sailors, who rebelled, put Hudson and his son, with seven sick companions, in an open boat, and set them adrift to perish on the deep with cold and hunger. 32, In this section we have considered (1) The discovery of America by Cabot and Verazzani ; (2) the discovery of the St. Lawrence and Canada by Car- tier ; (3) the attempts of Coligny to found a colony in Florida, and the cruelty of the Spaniards there ; (4) the voyages of Frobisher and Drake, the latter to the Pacific coast ; (5) the failures of Raleigh to make settlements ; QUESTIONS. 29. What else did Hudson attempt ? 30. What discoveries did he make, and what did they lead to ? 31. What did Hudson afterward discover, and what was hie fate ? 32. What have we considered in this section ? HALF-MOON. DISCOVERIES rom M92jto 1614 THE"^-" NATIONS " : : , ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 39 Outline of Important Events. (6) explorations of the New England coasts; (7) the French settlements in Acadia and in Canada ; and (8) the discovery of the Hudson River. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1002 TO 1609.* 1002. America discovered by Northmen. 1493. American islands discovered by Columbus. 1498. North American Continent discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 1498. South American Continent discovered by Columbus. 1499. The American Continent first seen by Americus Vespuccius. 1504. The name of America given to our Continent in honor of Americus Vespuccius. 1510. Settlement made on the Isthmus of Darien. 1512. Florida discovered by John Ponce de Leon. 1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa. 1517-1518. Coasts of Yucatan and Mexico explored. 1519. Straits of Magellan discovered. 1519-1521. Mexico conquered by Cortez. 1520. D'Ayllon visits the coasts of South Carolina and kidnaps Indians. 1524. Verazzani explores the coasts of North America from the Caro- linas to Nova Scotia. 1528. Narvaez attempts to conquer Florida. 1534. Cartier discovers the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 1535-1541. Cartier explores the St. Lawrence and winters at Quebec. 1539-1541. De Soto attempts to conquer Florida. 1542. Cabrillo explores the coasts of California and Oregon. 1562. Coligny attempts to settle French Protestants in Florida. 1564> Coligny sends another colony to Florida. They are massacred by the Spaniards. 1567. De Gourges destroys the Spaniards in Florida. 1579. Francis Drake visits the coasts of California, Oregon and Wash- ington Territory. 1582. Espejo explores New Mexico. 1584- Walter Raleigh sends an expedition to the coasts of North Caro- lina. The country named Virginia. 1585. Raleigh plants a settlement on Roanoke Island. * This outline is for the use of the teacher and pupil. The teacher may find in each topic, suggestions for queries, to which answers, without reference to the text, may be given by the pupil, orally or in writing on paper or on the blackboard. The written exercise is recommended as the best for giving essential aid to the memory in retaining facts. A pattern may be found on the next page. 40 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Outline of Important Events, Pattern for a Synopsis. 1586. The Roanoke settlers return to England. 1587, Raleigh sends another colony to Virginia, It was lost. 1602, Gosnold discovers the coasts of Massachusetts and names Cape Cod. 1603-1604, Martin Pring explores the New England coasts, 1604-1605, The French plant a colony in Nova Scotia and call the country Acadia. 1605, Captain Weymouth visits New England and kidnaps Indians. 1608, Champlain founds Quebec. 1609, Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 1609, Henry Hudson discovers the Bay of New York and the North or Hudson River. The following is a pattern for the pupil in making a synop- sis or outline sketch of a subject : TOPIC : SIR WALTER RALEIGH. f A young Englishman, PERSONAL NOTES. "I A soldier under Coligny, in France. I A favorite of Queen Elizabeth. Receives a commission from Queen Elizabeth, iTEP-BRO- I gail8 for America in 1579. ] Driven back by storms and Spanish cruisers. [ Visits America and perishes in a storm at sea. (Amidas and "Barlow sail for America in 1584. Land on Roanoke Island and explore the neighbor- ing regions. Return to England with a good report. f Raleigh and the Queen delighted. EFFECT OF THE NAV- I The Q ueen names a portion of New France, Yir~ IGATORS' REPORT. ^ ginia f Five ships under Sir Richard Grenrille sail for Roanoke in 1585. OTHER PERSONS SENT Emigrants land on Roanoke Island and search for TO AMERICA BY - gold. RALEIGH. They offend the Indians, and are in great peril. They are taken back to England by Sir Francis , Vralte. f Raleigh sends farmers and mechanics to plant a colony in America in 1587. v n forever. John White governor of the colony. Tirr/inia ?>are, grand-daughter of Governor Wlrite } END OF RALEIGH'S -Roanoke Island. EFFORTS TO PLANT A COLONY IN AMERICA. Virginia Dare the first English child born in America. While White was in England, the colony disappears Raleigh sends no more ships to America. 42 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. "Discoveries and 'Planting of Settlements. Tirffinia and its Divisions. CHAPTER II. SETTLERS AJt<> SETTLEMENTS. SECTION I. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. 1. We have considered the principal events in the dis- covery of different parts of America. By these discov- eries different nations claimed a right to the country. These were the Spanish, French, English and Dutch nations. The English claimed a right to the whole region across the continent, in width, from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Halifax, in Nova Scotia. 2. We will now notice the planting of settlements in parts of America where Colonies and States have since existed. We will notice them in the order of time in which settlements were first made, beginning with Virginia. 3. This domain was divided into North and South Vir- ginia. In 1606, King James of England gave a charter or written agreement, by which a number of persons were permitted to make settlements in Virginia. They formed two associations. One was named the Plymouth 1 Com- pany, and the other the London Company. 4. The Plymouth Company were authorized to make settlements in North Virginia. The London Company QUESTIONS. 1. What have we considered ? What can you tell about different claims ? 2. How will we notice the planting of settlements ? 3. How was Virginia divided ? What companies were formed ? 4. What privilege had each company ? 1 plim'-uth. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 43 Ttymouth and London Companies. Emigration to Virginia. were allowed to do the same in South Virginia. The Plymouth Company made the first attempts at settlement, but failed. 5. In December, 1606, the London Company sent Cap tain Newport, with three ships and one hundred and five men, to make a settlement on Roanoke Island. The ships were driven Iby a storm into Chesapeake 1 Bay. They sailed up a broad river more than fifty miles, and landed at a place which they afterward called Jamestown. The river they called the James. 6. It was in April, 1607, when the emigrants landed. The King had appointed certain persons among them to govern the colony. Among these was Cap- tain John Smith, a great soldier, and Bartholomew Gosnold? who had proposed the expedition. Ed- ward Wingfield was chosen to be president of this council. 7. Most of the emigrants were unfit to be the founders of a colony. They had come without families, to make a fortune by dig- ging gold, and then to return. Many of them were idle. Some of them were vicious. The president turned out to be a knave. 8. Virginia was then inhabited by Indians. They were ruled by an emperor called Powhatan? He lived on the QUESTIONS. 5. What did the London Company do ? What happened ? 6. What can you tell about the emigrants in Virginia? 7. What was their character? 8. What can you tell about the inhabitants and their monarch ? 1 ches'-a-peeJc. a goz'-nolti. 3 pow-hah-tan' JOHN SMITH. 44 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Captain Smith and the First Yirginia Settlers. banks of the James River, near the site of Richmond. Smith and Newport visited him there, and were kindly re- ceived. 9. In June, Newport sailed for England with the ships, leaving a small vessel at Jamestown. The idle settlers would not work. The food they had brought with them was gone before the close of summer, for much had been spoiled on the voyage. They had raised almost nothing from the soil, and the Indians, who were unfriendly, would not bring them corn. 10. Famine came and with it sickness. Early in Septem- ber one-half of the settlers were dead. Captain Smith went down to the mouth of the James, and by his courage and energy compelled the Indians there to bring him large quantities of corn, with which he returned to Jamestown and saved the colony from starvation. 1 1 . When he returned, President Win>field and a few others were about to go away with the small vessel and what was left of the stores, when Smith, by force of arms, com- pelled him to stay. Soon after that Smith was chosen to be president of the colony. 12. In October, wild fowl became plentiful on the waters, and corn was procured fiom the abundant crop of the Indians. When order and abundance were restored, Cap- tain Smith and a few others went up the Chickahominy 1 River in a boat, where he was made a prisoner by the QUESTIONS. 9. How did the settlers act ? 10. What can you tell about famine and sickness, and the services of Captain Smith ? 11. What can you tell about President Wingfield and his successor? 12. What was now the condition of the colony? What about Captain Smith ? 1 chicTc-a-kom'-i-ny. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 45 Captain 6'mit/e and JPocahonias. Arrival of other Emigrants. POCAUONTAS. Indians. He was taken to another dwelling of Powhatan, on the York River. 13. After much consultation, the Indians concluded to put Smith to death. His head was laid upon a large stone, and two warriors had raised their clubs to beat out his brains, when Pocahontas, 1 the favorite daughter of Powhatan, sprang from her father's side, clasped the head of Smith with her arms, and begged for his life. Her request was granted, and Smith was sent back to Jamestown. 14, The colony was again starving. It was winter. Only forty were living when Smith returned, and these were pre- paring to leave Virginia, and go to the West Indies. Smith again procured food, and they remained. In the spring of 1608, Newport came with supplies and a company of emi- grants, when the hopes of the first settlers were revived. 15. The new emigrants were no better than the first. They were mostly gold-hunters, and would not work. Smith turned from Jamestown with disgust for a while, and with a few companions he explored Chesapeake 2 Bay and its tributary streams, in an open boat. In this way, in the course of three months, they voyaged about three thousand miles. Smith made a map of the country he had explored. QUESTIONS. 13. Tell the story of Captain Smith and Pocahontas. 14. What did Smith find and what did he do at Jamestown ? 15. What can you tell about new emigrants, and what did Smith do in the way of explorations ? 1 po-kah-hon'-tQ8. * ches'-a-peek. -^ SETTLER 8 AND SETTLEMENTS. Lazy Settlers. JVe> sir rang entenis. jPerils of the Colony. 16. In the autumn Newport came again, with emigrants. With them were two women, the first who had ever come from Europe to Virginia. The men who then came were of the same sort as the others. Smith tried to induce them to cultivate the soil, but they would not. Laziness af- flicted most of the settlers, and at the end of two years they had not more than forty acres under tillage. 17. The London Company obtained a new charter in 1609, by which the management of the colony was put in the hands of a governor with a council. Under this second charter, Lord De la Warr (Delaware *) was appointed gov- ernor for life. Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers 2 and Captain Newport were appointed commissioners to manage the colony until the arrival of the governor. 18. In June, Newport sailed with nine ships and five hundred emigrants. Gates and Somers sailed in the same vessel with Newport. A storm scattered the fleet, and Neivport's ship was wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands. 19. Seven vessels reached Jamestown in safety, with most of the emigrants. It was a more vicious company than any which had yet arrived. In the autumn, an accident compelled Captain Smith to go to England. Left to themselves, the lawless colony so offended the Indians that the savages refused to let them have food, and resolved to kill all the Englishmen. The settlers were saved by a timely warning from the good and loving Pocahontas. QUESTIONS. 16. Who came with Newport ? What about the men ? 17. What can you tell about a second charter and appointments under it ? 18. Tell about a large emigration to Virginia. 19. What was the character of the emigrants, and how did they act ? How were they saved ? 1 del'-ah-ware. 2 sum'-mers. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 49 2'he "Starring Time." Setter Emigrants. 20. Famine did much of the work which the Indians had conspired to do. The winter and spring of 1610 was long remembered as "the starving time." Within six months after Smith left only sixty of the five hundred set- tlers were alive. 21. When the commissioners reached Jamestown, in June, the prospect was so gloomy, that they resolved to abandon Virginia, and go to Newfoundland. When they reached the mouth of the James in their vessels, they met a small squadron coming in. Lord Delaware had arrived with food and emigrants. The whole company were resting at Jamestown that night. 22. Now there was a happy change. Six ships with three hundred emigrants came in 1611. They were mostly sober and industrious men, who tilled the ground and made food abundant. The colony flourished, and in 1613 there were a thousand Englishmen in Virginia, when an event happened that affected the colony favorably. 23. That event was the kidnapping of Pocahontas by Captain Argall, 1 a sort of freebooter. Her father was sullen and unfriendly. Food had become scarce at James- town, and Powhatan would not allow any to be carried there. Argall declared that he would not give up Poca- hontas until food should be sent. Her father was firm, and she remained a prisoner several months. 24. Meanwhile John Rolfe, 1 a well-born Englishman, fell in love with Pocahontas, and they wished to be married. QUESTIONS. 20. What can you tell about the " starving time ? " 21. What did the commissioners attempt to do, and what occurred ? 22. What happy change occurred ? 2a What remarkable event happened ? What can you tell about Captain Argall ? 24. What can you tell about the marriage of Pocahontas and its result ? 1 ar'-gaul. " rolf. 50 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Marriage of ^Pocahontas. MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. Her father gave his consent, and they were married in the church at Jamestoivn in April, 1613. Powhatan was the friend of the English ever afterward. Pocaliontas went to England with her husband, and there died. 25. Under a third charter, obtained in 1612, the London Company permitted the establishment of a representa- tive government in Virginia. The colony was divided QUESTIONS. 25. YTliat good thing occurred under a third charter? SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 51 Virginia "Representative Assembly. Slock at Manhattan. into counties. Each county was allowed two representatives, called burgesses, in a general assembly. In June, 1619, when George, Yeardly was governor, the first representa- tive assembly met at Jamestown. Then was laid the foundation of the State of Virginia. 26. We have considered in this section (1) The nationalities of the discoverers and the claims of the English; (2) the divisions of Virginia and the companies formed to colonize it ; (3) the companies of set- tlers sent there ; (4) the progress and suffering of the colony and the career of Captain Smith ; (5) the services and marriage of Pocaliontas ; and (6) the establishment of Representative Government. SECTION II. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN NEW YORK, MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1 . We have observed that the discoveries of Hudson led to traffic, and the founding of a colony on the site of New York. One of the greatest of the Dutch seamen who came to the mouth of the Hudson River to trade was Adrian Block, who landed on the lower part of Manhat- tan Island, on which the city of New York now stands. 2. Late in 1613, Block's ship was burnt. During the following winter he and his men built another, and in it they sailed through Long Island Sound, discovering the Con- QTTESTIONS. 26. What have we considered in this section? QTTESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about a great Dutch seaman ? 2. What can you tell about his ship and his explorations ? 52 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. New Netherland and t)ntch Weft India Company. Settlements. necticut * River and other considerable streams, extending ' > their explorations as far as the coasts of Massachusetts. 3. In 1614, the government of Holland granted exclusive permission to certain Amsterdam merchants to traffic on the Hudson and in the territory then included in North Virginia. This territory the Dutch or Holland people claimed as theirs, by right of discovery, and called the country New Netherlands 4. The vessels of these merchants went up the Hudson to the site of Albany, southward to the Delaware, and eastward to Rhode 3 Island, on trading voyages. These traders built a fort near the head of the tide-waters of the Hud- son, and named it Fort Orange. DUTCHMAN [ieao]. 6. In 1621, these merchants and others formed the Dutch West India Compa- ny. They bought Manhattan* Island, at the mouth of the Hudson, from the Indians, for about twenty-five dollars ; and ^^ Netherland was made a province of LAND. Holland. 6. The settlement of families in New Netherland was desirable, and in 1623 about thirty families of French Protestants, who had lived in Holland, came over the sea to Manhattan. Some settled there ; some founded a set- SEAL OF QUESTIONS 3. What did the government of Holland do, and what was the result? 4. What did Dutch vessels do ? 5. What can you tell about the Dutch West India Company and the island of Manhattan ? 6. What can you tell about colonizing New Netherland? kon-net'-i-cut. 3 neth'-er-land. 3 rode. * man-hat' -tan. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 53 A'err England Explored. ^Permanent Settlements there. The 'J^uritans. tlement at Fort Orange, now Albany, and some young married couples located on the Delaware River. 7. Thus was established the colony of New Nether- land. The city that grew on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. 1 Both the province and city were afterward named New York. 8. We have observed that the Plymouth Company had macte vain efforts to plant colonies in North Virginia. So early as 1614, Captain John Smith had explored the north- eastern coasts of America from Cape Cod to the Penob- scot 2 River, and made a map of the region, which he called New England. 3 9. It was not until 1620 that a permanent settle- ment was made in New England. What the Plymouth Company -, an association of rich speculators, failed to do, was done by a few humble Christian men and women. At that time there was a large class of Protestants in England, who, because of the purity of their professions and lives, were called Puritans. These, as well as Roman Catholics, were persecuted by King James of England and the leaders in the church of England. 10. These Puritans were so annoyed, that many of them went to Holland, where they could worship God as they pleased. A PURITAN. g ut tlie y. were O jjiig e( j to go secretly. A QUESTIONS.- 7. What can you tell about the change of names ? 8. What can you tell about explorations on the New England coasts ? 9. Give an account of the Puritans, aiid how they were treated. 10. What did the Puritans do? a pe-nob'-scot. 3 ing' -land, 54 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Attempted Embarkation for Holland. whole congregation trying to get on board a Dutch vessel on the coast of England, were surprised by a party of SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 55 The Puritans in Holland. Their Emigration to America. horsemen sent to prevent their going. Some had embarked, and some, with women and children, were left on shore. But all got to Holland finally. 11. At Ley den, 1 in Holland, these Puritans formed a church, with John Robinson as their pastor. They con- cluded to plant a free colony in America, under the domin- ion of their native country. A bargain was made with the Plymouth Company, and a partnership was formed with London merchants for planting a colony. In September, 1620, " the youngest and best " of the Leyden congregation, who went to England, left Plymouth in the May-Flower, in charge of Elder Brewster. 12. These "Pilgrims," as MAY-FLOWER. they called themselves, one hun- dred and one in number, including women and children, arrived at Cape Cod in December, and landed on the shores of Massachusetts on the 22d of that month, at a place they called Plymouth. On the lid of Elder Brewster's chest, in the cabin of the May-Flower, they had signed an agreement for the government of the colony, and chose John Carver to be their governor. Thus they laid the basis of a State. 13. Log-huts were built in the snow. Here they passed a severe winter in extreme suffering. At one time only QUESTIONS. 11. Give an account of the Puritans in Holland, and what they did. 12. Who were the " Pilgrims ? " Tell about their coming to America. 13. Give an account of the sufferings of the "Pilgrims." 1 W-den. 56 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. The ^Puritan Government in JVew England* seven persons were well enough to take care of the sick. Before spring came one-half of the Pilgrims had died. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 57 Sufferings of the filf/rimt. Settlement of JVeM> Hampshire. Governor Carver and his wife perished ; and William Bradford was chosen governor in his place. 14. The survivors of that dreadful winter persevered. They built houses, planted grain, and were joined by other Puritans ; and so the foundations of the State of Massachusetts 1 were laid. 15. North of Massachusetts is New GOV. CABVEli S CHAIR. Hampshire? It was, at first, part of a larger territoiy named Maine. In 1620, the Plymouth Company received a new charter, under the title of the "Council of Plymouth," with great powers ; and they put forth vigorous efforts to colonize New England. 16. In 1622, the Company granted to John Mason, its Secretary, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges? its most active member, a tract of land " bounded by the Merrimack,* the Kennebec? the Ocean and the River of Canada," 6 or the St. Lawrence. 17- Fishermen employed by Mason and Gorges built log huts on the Piscataqua, 1 at Portsmouth and Dover. In 1629, Mr. Wheelwright, a clergyman, purchased from the Indians the territory between the Merrimach and Pis- cataqua^ and founded Exeter* The same year Mason and Gorges dissolved their partnership, when the former obtained a grant of the same territory, and called the domain New Hampshire. QUESTIONS. 14. What did the surviving Pilgrims do, and what was the result? 15. What can you tell about New Hampshire and the Plymouth Company ? 16. To whom did they grant a domain, and what were its boundaries ? 17. How were the settlements begun in New Hampshire ? 1 mas -sa-chu'-sets. 2 hamp'-stieer. 3 gor'-jes. * mer'-i-mak. a-dah. ' pis-cat'-a-kwah. 8 ex'-e-ter. 58 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Cape Cod 18. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth, 1 in 1 ports'-muth. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 59 Founding of Portsmouth. JVett> Hampshire a "Royal Province. CLEARING THE LAND. Hampshire, England. He built a house near the mouth of the Piscataqua, and named the place Portsmouth. Other feeble settlements were made further eastward. Those in New Hampshire were too scattered to form a government, and in 1641 that domain became a part of the colony of Massachusetts. 19. In 1679, New Hampshire was made a separate royal province, when its foundations as a commonwealth were laid. It was ruled by a governor appointed by the QUESTIONS. 18. What did Mason do ? What can you tell about the settlements ? 19. How was the commonwealth of New Hampshire established and governed? 60 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. King James and the Roman Catholics. Calvert, Lord "Baltimore. King and an assembly elected by the people. From 1641 to this date (1679) it had been for a large part of the time under the control of Massachusetts. SO. We have considered in this section (1) The Dutch on Manhattan and their explorations ; (2) the founding of New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company ; (3) the colonizing of New Netherland ; (4) the early explorations in New England; (5) the Puritans and the " Pilgrims " ; and (6) the settlements in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. SECTION III. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN MARYLAND, CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND. 1. King James persecuted the Roman Catholics as well as the Puritans. One of them, however, he esteemed and honored. That was George, Calvert, 1 who was a zealous royalist. The King made him a Secretary of State and created him Lord Baltimore? 1 2. Baltimore wished to find a place of refuge in America for his persecuted brethren. While he was seek- ing a place, the King died. His son and successor, Charles the First, granted to Baltimore a charter for a large terri- QUESTIONS. 20. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What did King James do ? What can you tell about George Cal- vert ? 2. What did Lord Baltimore desire, and what did he obtain ? 1 kwl'-vert. 2 bawl' -to-more. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 Charter of Maryland. Settlement of Maty land. Clayborne. tory lying on each side of Chesapeake Bay, which was called Maryland, in honor of the King's wife, Henrietta Mary. 3. Before the charter was issued, Lord Baltimore died, and was succeeded by his son, Cecil Calvert, who received the grant in 1632. Late in 1633, a company of settlers, many of them Roman Catholic gentle- men, with their families and ser- vants, sailed for the Chesapeake, with Leonard Calvert as their governor. This was the first Roman Catholic colony that came to America from Great CECIL, SECOND LORD BALTIMORE. ^ . , . Britain. 4. The colonists arrived in the spring of 1634. The gov- ernor purchased an Indian village near the mouth of the Potomac River, named it St. Marys, and there founded the capital of the province. William Clayborne, 1 from Virginia, had established trading posts within the domain of Maryland as early as 1631, and he gave the colonists much trouble by his claims. 5. The charter of Maryland was a liberal one. It pro- vided for a representative government, and left the people almost free in religious matters. The consequence was that persecuted persons flocked to Maryland from other places, and the colony flourished. QUESTIONS. 3. What can yon tell about Cecil Calvert and emigration to America ? 4. What did the governor and colonists do ? What can you tell about an earlier set- tler? 5 What have you to say about the charter of Maryland and the effects of its liberality ? 1 kfa'-oorn. 62 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. The Government of Maryland. Settlement of Connecticut. 6. The first legislature of Maryland met at St. Marys, to make laws, in March, 1635. It was a purely democratic assembly, for every freeman was allowed to vote. These freemen soon became so numerous that a representative gov- ernment was established in 1639. Then the foundations of the commonwealth of Maryland were laid. 7. In the same year (1633) in which the Roman Catho- lics sailed for Maryland, Puritans from Massachusetts had begun a settlement in the valley of the Con- necticut River. Block's discovery of that river, almost twenty years before, made the Dutch claim the territory as a part of New Netherland. They had already built a fort there near the site of Hartford. 8. In the fall of 1633, Captain Holmes, 1 with a number of Puritans from Plymouth, with materials for a house, went up the Connecticut River in a sloop. The Dutch at the fort ordered them to stop there, but they sailed by, and on the site of Windsor, above Hartford, they set up their house and began a settlement. Soldiers were sent from Manhattan (New York) to drive them away, but they were unable to do so. 9. Late in 1635, a company of men, women and children from the Puritan settlements in Massachusetts, went through the woods to the Connecticut, and on the site of Hartford they spent a severe winter. They suffered much from rmsT MEETING-HOUSE. QUESTIONS. 6. What can you tell about the government of Maryland ? 7. What can you tell about the valley of the Connecticut ? 8. Give an account of the first English settlers in Connecticut. 9. Give an account of a winter emigration to Con- necticut. * 1 fumee. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 Settlements In Connecticut. 2'he fequods Hostile. cold and hunger. They built log-huts and a small meeting- house, in which to worship God in common. 10. Many of the settlers at Hartford returned. In the following summer (1636) another company of Puritans^ led from Massachusetts by the Rev. Mr. Hooker, went through the wilderness to Hartford. It was a pleasant journey. They arrived there on the 4th of July, and on the following Sabbath they worshipped in the little meeting-house. That was the first permanent settlement made in the Connecticut Valley. 11. The year before (1635), John Winthrop was sent to be governor of Connecticut, assisted by two others. They built a fort at the mouth of the river just in time to have it useful as a defence against the fierce Pequod * or Pequot Indians, who made war on the white people, kidnapped their children, and murdered their men in the woods and fields. 12. The Pequods were jealous because the English were the friends of the Mohegans* and Narragansets? their enemies. They feared the white people would take their country away from them. They therefore determined to destroy the English. 13. In the spring of 1637, the Massachusetts colonies joined those of Connecticut, in fighting the Pequods. In May full five hundred Englishmen and Narraganset In- dians marched into the country of these savages, between the Mystic 4 ' and Thames 5 rivers. They were led by Cap- tain Mason, a famous Indian fighter. QUESTIONS. 10. Give an account of a second emigration from Connecticut. 11. What did Winthrop and others do in Connecticut ? 12. What can you tell about the Pequods ? Why did the Peqnods make war on the English ? 13. What did the Massachusetts colonists do ? Tell about their doings with Connecticut colonists. 1 pe'-quod. 3 mo-ke'-g^ns. 3 nar-ra-gan'-sets. * mis'-tik. 5 terns. 64 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. ^Dispersion of the jPequods, MAP OP THE PBQUOD OB PEQUOT COUNTRY. 14. These allies attacked a strong fort of the Pequods, and by fire and weapons destroyed more than six hundred men, women and children. Sassacus, 1 their great sachem, fled westward, with a few followers, hotly pursued. Most of the Pequods were destroyed. Sassacus escaped to the Mohawks. 2 His nation had literally perished in a day. For forty years afterward, the white people of Connecticut were unmolested by the Indians. QUESTIONS. 14. Give an account of the destruction of the Pequode as a nation. 2 mo'-hawks. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 65 New Haven and Connecticut Colonies. Roger Williams "Banished* 15. The English who chased the Pequods discovered the beautiful country that borders Long Island Sound. Its fame spread in Massachusetts, and in the spring of 1638, emigrants formed a settlement on the site of New Haven. They were led by Rev. John Davenport, who preached the first sermon there under a large oak tree. They formed a government after a pattern found in the Bible. It was called the New Haven Colony. 16. In 1639, the settlers in the Connecticut Valley met in convention at Hartford, and signed a written constitu- tion. They formed a representative government. Provision was made for the annual election of a governor and legislature by the people. Allegiance to the new State, and not to the King, was required. It was called the Con- necticut Colony. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Connecticut. 17. At about the same time movements were in progress for the founding of a state between Connecticut and New Plymouth. The authorities in Massachusetts, in church and state, were such rigid disciplinarians, that a non-con- formist to their rules could not be tolerated. 1 8. Roger Williams, a minister of the gospel at Salem, offended these authorities by his liberal and tolerant views, and late in 1635 they issued an order for his banishment. He left his home in the dead of winter (1636), and sought refuge among the savages of the wilderness near Narra- ganset Bay. 19. In the spring of 1636, Williams was joined by some QUESTIONS. 15. What led to a settlement at New Haven? How was it accom- plished ? 16. What can you tell about the settlers in the Connecticut Valley, and the government which they formed ? 17. What can you tell about movements for found- ing a new State ? 18. What can you tell about Roger Williams ? 66 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. "Providence Founded, Other Settlements in tRhode Island. Its JVame. friends, and at the head of Narragansei Bay they founded a settlement, which, in recognition of God's providential care, was named Providence. It is now the chief city of Rhode Island. 20. Men and women, persecuted by the authorities of Massachusetts, went to Providence to enjoy freedom of conscience. The settlement grew. The settlers established a purely democratic government, and the great chiefs of the Narraganset Indians were their fast friends. It was through the influence of Roger Williams that these Indians were induced to help the English against the Pe- quods, which saved the New England settlements from destruction. 21. Other persecuted men from Boston received from the Narraganset chief the island of Aquiday, 1 or Aquitnet? the " Peaceable Isle." The Dutch called it Roodt Eyland Red Island which has been corrupted into Rhode Island, In 1638, the English settled at the upper end of it, and founded Portsmouth there. 22. The next year other immigrants from Boston settled toward the southern extremity of the island, and founded Newport. These settlers organized a democratic govern- ment after the model of that at Providence, and with the latter received the name of the Providence and Rhode Island Plantations. The seal bore the words, " Amor vincit omnia" "Love is all-powerful." 23. In 1643, Roger Williams went to England to ob- QUESTIONS. 19. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. 20. Give an ac- count of the colony at Providence, its government, and the services of Roger Wil- liams. 21. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth. 22. Give an account of the settlement of Newport and their government. a ah-kwet'-riet. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 67 2'he Commonwealth of Rhode Island Established. tain a charter for the creation of the settlements into a com- monwealth. He succeeded, and in 1644, he returned with a charter, making the Providence and Rhode Island Plan- tations an independent colony. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. 24, We have considered in this section (1) The relations of King James to the Roman Cath- olics ; (2) the creation of Lord Baltimore and the char- ter for Maryland ; (3) the settlements of Maryland and the government of the province ; (4) settlements in the Valley of the Connecticut ; (5) the war with the Pe- quods, the settlement at New Haven, and the founding of the commonwealth of Connecticut; and (6) the founding of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. SECTION IV. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1. In the year 1638, a small colony from Sweden, with Peter Minuit 1 as governor, sent by the Swedish West India Company, made the first permanent settlement on the present domain of Delaware. It was on the site of New- castle. They built a fort and church on the site of Wil- mington, and called the territory New Sweden, QUESTIONS. 23. What can you tell about the charter of Khode Island and the founding of the commonwealth ? 21 What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about first permanent settlers in Delaware ? 1 min'-wit, 68 SETTLER 3 AND SETTLEMENTS. The Swedes on the ^Delaware. Settlements in JVew Jersey. 2. The Dutch claimed the territory as a part of New Netherlands, and ordered the Swedes to leave. The Swedes stayed. The colony grew, and finally they laid the foundations of the capital of a Swedish province upon an island a little below Philadelphia. 3. The Dutch West India Company now resolved to subdue or expel the Swedes. Governor Stuyvesant 1 went to the Delaware from Manhattan, with ships and soldiers, in the summer of 1655, and within a month he subjugated the Swedes and destroyed their capital. New Sweden was no more. Its colonists remained faithful subjects of the Dutch and English ever afterward. 4. New Jersey was also a part of New Netherland. Just below the site of Camden the Dutch built a fort in 1623. Four young married couples came from Manhattan the same year, and began a settlement on the Delaware, near this fort. Some Danes had settled at Bergen* the year before. 5. In 1664, the Duke of York, to whom New Nether- land had been granted by his brother, King Charles, took possession of the whole province by force of arms ; and the same year some English families of Long Island settled on the site of Elizabeth, in New Jersey. 6. The following year the Duke granted the territory be- tween the Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkeley 3 and Sir George Carteret. The latter sent Philip Car- QUESTIONS. 2. What did the Dutch do ? What did the Swedes do ? 3. What can you tell about the act of the Dutch West India Company and General Stuyvesant ? 4. What can you tell about first settlements in New Jersey ? 5. What did the Duke of York do ? What people went to New Jersey ? 6. What did the Duke of York do then ? What did Carteret do ? 1 sti'-ve-sant, * bur-g'n, 3 berk'-ly. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Founding of New Jersey and "Pennsylvania. WILLIAM PENN. teret 1 as governor, and steps were taken to promote emigra- tion to that province. 7, The territory was called New Jersey, in honor of Sir George, who had been governor of Jersey, one of the British islands. A representative government was established in 1665, and then the foundations of the com- monwealth of New Jersey were laid. 8. Less than twenty years later, another colony was established be- yond the Delaware by William Penn, son of the eminent English admiral of that name. He was ci a i ^3mi \ WP^ sect w ^ ca ^ ec * tnemse l ves "Friends," ^^Rliiv\' ^ ut w ^ were name< ^ Quakers in derision. They were persecuted in England, and, like other leading non-conformists, Penn desired to find an asylum for his brethren where they might enjoy peace. 9. Already the " Friends " had possession of West Jersey by purchase, and had founded a settlement at a place which they called Salem. Penn sought and obtained a charter for the territory between New Jersey and Maryland, in 1681, to which the King gave the name of Pennsylvania. The land was given in payment of a debt which the King owed to Penn's father. 10. Penn sent a deputy to organize civil government on his domain. Emigrants followed ; and when Penn came QUESTIONS 7. How came New Jersey to be so named ? What can you tell about the government ? 8. What can you tell about William Penn and the Friends or Qua- kers ? 9. Give an account of the Friends in New Jersey and the charter given to Penn. 10. What did Penn do ? Give an account of his coming to America and what was done. 1 kar'-te-ret. SETTLERS ANt> SETTLEMENTS. "Delaware ^Purchased by f*enn. f*enn founds ^Philadelphia, over the next year, and landed at Newcastle, he was met by a thousand settlers. He had purchased Delaivare from the Duke of York, and, in the presence of the settlers, a formal surrender of the domain was made to Penn. 1 1, Penn made a wise and just treaty with the In- dians, which remained inviolate so long as any of his family were proprietors of the prov- ince. He met the first repre- sentative assembly at Chester, and gave them a new and liberal charter ; and between the Delaware and Schuylkill he laid OUt a city, THE ASSEMBLY HOUSE AT CHES- which he named Philadelphia 1 City of Brotherly Love. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 12. In this section we have considered (1) The Swedish settlement on the Delaware ; (2) the movements of the Dutch in relation to them; (3) the first settlements in New Jersey and the claims and acts of the Duke of York and of the subsequent proprietor of New Jersey ; (4) William Penn, his charter for Penn- sylvania and his doings there ; (5) his treaty with the Indians, his meeting the first representative assembly and his founding of Philadelphia. QUESTIONS. 11. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the Indians, meeting the Assembly and laying out a city. 12. What have we considered in this section ? 1 fil-a-del'-fla. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Vl Settlements in North Carolina. Two Colonies founded there. SECTION V. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA. 1. We have noticed the unsuccessful attempts to make settlements on the coasts of North and South Carolina. The first persons who settled and remained in North Caro- lina went from Jamestown, between the years 1640 and 1650. They lived happily without any government for awhile. 2. Others followed these earlier emigrants, and in 1663, William Drummond, a Presbyterian preacher, was made their governor. The King had given the country to eight of his friends. One of these was the Duke of Albemarle, 1 and Drujnmoncl's province was called the Albemarle County Colony. In honor of the King (Charles, Latin Carolus), the country was named Carolina. 3. In 1665, some emigrants came from Barbadoes z with Sir John Yeamans, and made a settlement on the Cape Fear River, near Wilmington. A government was organ- ized, with Yeamans as governor. In honor of Lord Clar- endon, another of the proprietors, it was called the Claren- don County Colony. 4. These two colonies were within the limits of North Carolina. In 1668, a popular legislative assembly was convened at Edenton, in Albemarle County Colony, and then were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of North Carolina. QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about settlers in North Carolina ? 2. Give an account of permanent settlers there, with a governor. 3. Give an account of a set- tlement on the Cape Fear River. 4. What can you tell about government in North Carolina? 1 ahl'-be-marl. 2 bar-ba'-doze. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. South Carolina Settled. 5. Two years later (1670) some emigrants under William Sayle and Joseph West attempted to make a settlement on Beaufort* Island. They soon left that spot, sailed into the harbor of Charleston, and settled on the Ashley River, a few miles from its mouth. There they were joined by Sir John Yeamans, who brought fifty families from Barba- does and two hundred negro slaves. SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH CAKOLINA. 6. Yeainans was appointed governor of the settlers on the Ashley, and in honor of another proprietor, that settlement was called the Carteret 2 County Colony. That was in 1672. QUESTIONS. 5. Give an account of settlements in South Carolina and the introduc- tion of negro slaves. 6. What can you tell about the settlement on the Ashley River ? 1 bo>-furt. 2 kar'-te-ret. SETTLERS AWI) SETTLEMENTS Charleston Founded. Propositions for Settling Georr/irt. 7. Eight years later (1680) Charleston was founded at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Emigrants came and settlements spread. Representative govern- ment was established in 1682, and thus the com- monwealth of South Carolina was founded. 8. The cruel laws of England, which caused many worthy people to be imprisoned for CHARLESTON IN 1680. ' debt, caused General James Edward Oglethorpe? a member of parliament, to assist in devising a scheme for their relief. He proposed to release all such prison- ers on the condition that they should immediately emigrate to America. 9. A law to that effect was passed. The King granted a char- ter in 1732 for the founding of a colony in the country south of the Savannah River. A company was formed to act as trustees for twenty years. JAMBS EDWARD OGLETHORPE. Late in the QUESTIONS. 7. Give an account of the founding of Charleston and the spread of settlements. 8. What state of things in England caused Oglethorpe to propose emi- gration to America? What was his proposition? 9. What was done in the matter of emigration to Georgia ? 1 The above engraving illustrates the manner of fortifying towns, as a defence against foes. It exhibits the walls of Charleston in 1680. and the location of churches, in 1704. The points marked a, a, a, etc., are bastions for cannons. P, English church ; Q, French church ; R, Independent church ; S, Anabaptist church ; and T, Quaker meeting-house. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. First Settlers in Georgia. Founding of the State of Georgia. autumn of 1732, one hundred and twenty emigrants re- leased prisoners for debt sailed for the Savannah River, with Oglethorpe as their governor. 10. At the middle of February, 1733, Oglethorpe and his followers were on Yamacraw Bluff, the site of the city of Savannah. There they had a friendly interview with To-mo-ehi-chi,i the great chief of the Creek confederacy, who showed warm friendliness, and presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo skin, on which was the figure of an eagle. 11. On that spot Oglethorpe built a fort and laid the foundations of the capital of the future State, which he called Georgia, in compliment to the reigning King, George the Second. Then and there the commonwealth of Georgia was founded. 12. In this section we have considered (1) The beginning of settlements in the Carolinas ; (2) the causes which led to the settlement of Georgia ; and (3) the chief incidents of that settlement. 13. In the chapter here ended we have considered the subject of the settlers and settlements, as the beginning of the colonies of New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. We will now consider the his- tory of these colonies, until the period of the French and Indian War, when they assumed the form of a national league. QUESTIONS. 10. Give an account of the emigratjpn to Georgia. 11. What can you tell about the founding of Savannah and the name of the State ? 12. What have we considered in this section ? 13. What have we considered in the chapter here ended, and what shall we now consider ? 1 to-mo-chi'-cM. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Outline of Important Events. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1606 TO 1733. 1606, Plymouth and London Companies chartered. 1607. English emigrants land in Virginia, Captain Smith saves them from starvation. Smith saved by Pocahontas. 1GOS. Newport arrives at Jamestown with more emigrants. Smith ex- plores Chesapeake Bay and its neighborhood. First English women seen in Virginia. 1609, London Company obtain a new charter. Many emigrants go to Virginia. 1610, Fatal sickness at Jamestown. Arrival of Governor Delaware. 1611, Better emigrants come to Virginia. 1611. Another charter given to the London Company. 1612. Pocahontas kidnapped. She marries John Rolfe. 1613. Block's ship burned at Manhattan. 1614- Block discovers the Connecticut River and other places on the New England coast. Holland charters a company to trade on the Hudson River. Captain Smith explores the New England coasts. 1620. English Puritans in Holland emigrate to America. They land on the shore of Massachusetts. Plymouth Company receives a new name and a new charter. 1621. Dutch West India Company chartered. They buy Manhattan island and establish the province of New Netherland. Plym- outh Colony founded. 1622. Part of New England granted to Mason and Gorges. First set- tlement made in New Jersey. 1623. First settlement of families in New Netherland. First settlement on the Delaware, in New Jersey. 1629. Exeter, N. H., founded. New Hampshire granted to Mason 1631. Portsmouth, N. H., founded. Clayborne appears in Maryland. 1632. Charter for Maryland given to Lord Baltimore. First English settlers appear in the Valley of the Connecticut. 1634. Maryland settled. 1635. First legislature of Maryland meet at St. Marys. Second party of English emigrants in the Valley of the Connecticut 1636. Third English emigrants to the Connecticut Valley. Roger Will- iams banished from Massachusetts, and founds Providence, R. I. 1637. War with the Pequods. 1638. Settlement at New Haven. First settlement on Rhode Island, Swedish colony settle on the Delaware. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Outline of Important Events. 1639. Newport founded. Representative government established in the Connecticut Valley and in Maryland. 1640. 1650. Settlements made in Upper North Carolina. 1641. New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts. 1644. Royal charter for Rhode Island issued. 1655. Swedes on the Delaware subdued by the Dutch. 1664. New Netherland passes into the possession of the English. English families settle at Elizabeth, N. J. 1665. Territory of New Jersey granted to Lord Berkeley'and Sir George Carteret. Emigrants from Barbadoes settle near the Cape Fear River. 1668. Representative government established in North Carolina. 1670. Emigrants settle on the Ashley River, in South Carolina. Negro slaves there first introduced into South Carolina from Barba- does. 1672. Carteret County Colony founded in South Carolina. 1680. Charleston founded. 1681. William Penn receives a charter for Pennsylvania. 1682. Penn first visits America. He makes a treaty with the Indians. Meets the first legislative assembly of his province at Chester. Republican government established in South Carolina. 1733. Georgia founded by Oglethorpe. THE COLONIES. 77 Enc/lish Settlements and Colonies. CHAPTER III. THE COLONIES . . . SECTION I. THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA. SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 1 . In the same order of time, and name, that we have con- sidered the English settlements in America, out of which grew the colonies, we will now consider the history of those colonies. We will begin with Virginia. 2. We have seen that a representative government was established in Virginia the first in America in the sum- QUESTIONS. 1, 2. What have we obberved? and what was lacking in Virginia? 78 THE COLONIES. Women and Slaves in Yirginia. Murders by Indians. mer of 1619. But an important element in the structure of a state was wanting. There were no white women in the colony. That want was soon supplied. 3. In the year 1620, ninety young women, "pure and un- corrupt," were sent to Virginia to become wives for the planters or farmers there. The family relation and homes were thus established, and so the more solid foundations of a state were laid. 4. A year earlier a Dutch, trader took twenty captives from Africa to Jamestown, and sold them for slaves. So negro slavery was first introduced into the United States. 5. Emigrants now flocked to Virginia. New settlements were formed. In 1621 Sir Francis Wyatt was appointed governor, and brought with him a written charter which gave the people the privilege of electing the members of the legislative assembly. He established regular courts of justice like those in England. 6. Trouble now fell upon the colonists. Poivhatan was dead, and his brother, an enemy of the English, ruled the Indian empire. He planned the destruction of the English in Virginia. In April, 1622, his warriors fell upon the people of eighty plantations out of Jamestoivn. 7. Seventy-two of the plantations were desolated. Three hundred and fifty men, women, and children were mur- dered. The surviving Englishmen struck the Indians such a terrible blow in return that the dusky nation was almost destroyed. QUESTIONS. 3. What can you tell about women and homes in Virginia ? 4. When and how were negro slaves first introduced into the United States? 5. What can you tell about emigration to, and a new government in, Virginia ? 6. What trouble befeU the colony ? 7. Give an account of the massacre by the Indians. THE COLONIES. Sufferings in Virginia. ' Virginia a Itoyat Province. 8. Sickness followed the massacre, and of the four thou- sand settlers who were in Virginia in the spring, by mid- summer not more than twenty-five hundred remained alive. 9. In 1624, King James took Virginia from the Lon- don Company, and it became a royal province. The governor and twelve councillors were appointed by the crown ; the members of the Assembly, or House of Burgesses, were chosen by the people. 10. As a rule, the people prospered under the royal gov- ernors. They lived well, and exported products of their soil. Tobacco became an important article of commerce, and a sort of currency for the colony, being rated at about seventy-five cents a pound. 11. After several changes in the governorship of Vir- ginia, Sir William Berkeley 1 was appointed chief magis- trate in 1641. He ruled the colony with wisdom, and held the people of Virginia loyal to the crown during the civil war in England. That war began in 1642, and ended in 1649, when the Republicans cut off the head of King Charles and made Oliver Cromwell ruler. 12. In 1644, the Indians again fell upon the English and murdered about three hundred of them. The savages were so terribly smitten in return by the English that they never again gave the colonists any trouble. 13. During Cromwell's rule, the Virginians remained QUESTIONS. 8. What other misfortune fell upon the colony ? 9. What can you tell about a change in the government of Virginia ? 10. What can you tell about the life and industry of the people? 11. Who became governor of Virginia, and what did be do ? What was a result of a civil war in England ? 12. Tell about another massacre by the Indians. 13. How did the Virginians show their loyalty to the monarch ? 1 fyurk'-ly. 80 THE COLONIES. Civil War in Virginia. Revolution in England. the firm friends of the dead King's family. They invited his son, Charles, to come to Virginia and reign there as King. He was placed on the throne of his father in 1660. 14. There were now many republicans in Virginia, for the new monarch became the oppressor of the colonists. These republicans opposed Governor Berkeley, for he was a proud royalist, and had become exacting and persecuting in matters of church and state. Disputes ran high, and led to civil war in 1676, in which the Republicans were led by Nathaniel Bacon. 15. Berkeley proclaimed Bacon to be a traitor. The majority of the people took sides with the "rebel." He drove the governor from Jamestown. When informed that royal troops were coming against him, he laid Jamestown in ashes. Everything was destroyed but the old church tower, which yet remains. 16. Bacon died soon afterward, and the war, known as "Bacon's CHURCH TOWER. Rebellion," ceased. At length King James the Second, who succeeded his brother, King Charles the Second, was driven from the throne, and in 1689 his son-in-law, William of Orange, with Mary, his daughter, became joint monarchs of England. 17. After that England had better rulers. Virginia and all the other colonies prospered wonderfully, until they joined in a common struggle for independence, in 1775. QUESTIONS. 14. What can you tell about the governor and the cause of civil war in Virginia ? 15. What did Berkeley and Bacon do ? 16. How did the civil war end ? what was it called? and what occurred in England? 17. What can you tell about the condition of England and the colonies after that ? THE COLONIES. 81 fndians at Plymouth. 1 8. In this section we have considered (1) The state of society in Virginia and its improve- ment; (2) the introduction of negro slavery into that colony ; (3) a change in the government ; (4) the sufferings of the colonists ; (5) the effects of the civil war in England ; (6) the loyalty of the Virginians, and (7) " Bacon's Re- bellion." SECTION II. THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. SEAL OP MASSACHUSETTS. 1. In the spring of 1621 Indians prowled around the settlement at Plymouth. One of them went among the huts, and in broken words said : " Welcome Englishmen ! " QUESTIONS. 18. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about Indians at Plymouth? 82 THE COLONIES. Treaty with Indians. Ticious Emigrants. He was Squanto, who had been carried to England a cap- tive, and had returned. 2. Squanto was the herald of Massasoit, 1 sachem of the Wajnpanoags. The latter came in stately pomp, with sixty warriors, to confer with Governor Carver. He tarried on a hill ; and, when invited, he went into the village and made a treaty of friendship with the English, which was kept inviolate fifty years. 3. The colony, reduced by deaths, was reinforced by many new comers from England the following summer. The protection of Massasoit' s friendship gave them peace. Prosperity and happiness followed industry and thrift, until society was disturbed by the arrival of some emigrants who had been sent by a discontented member of the Company to plant a new settlement. 4. Many of the new-comers were idle and vicious, and offended the Indians by their bad conduct. Fearing the savages, they called on Captain Miles Standish to protect them. After seeing several of the In- dians slain by this fiery soldier, these worthless settlers returned to England. 5. The partnership between the "Pil- grims " and the London merchants was dissolved at the end of seven years, when the former became sole owners of the .. FIBST COLONY SEAL. soil. Greater prosperity was the conse- quence of the change. Their democratic government con- QUESTIONS. 2. What did Squanto do ? Give an account of an interview with Mas- sasoit. 3. What can you tell about new emigrants, and the result of Massasoit's friendship ? 4. Give an account of new comers and their conduct. 5. What can you tell about a change in ownership and in the government of Plymouth V 1 mqs-sa-saw'-tt. THE COLONIES. 83 Settlements in Massachusetts. Union of Plymouth and Massachusetts. tinned in force until 1634, when a representative system was established, and a colonial seal was adopted. 6 . The prosperity at Plymouth caused leading Puritans in England to form an association under the name of the Massachusetts Bay Company, to colonize other por- tions of New England. They purchased lands and sent out emigrants in 1628, with John Endicot as governor, who settled at Salem and built cabins at Charlestown. 7. The charter of the company was transferred to the colony in 1629, which gave the people self-government. The next year, three hundred more families came to Salem, and some of these settled on the peninsula where Boston now stands. 8. These settlements were soon united, with John Winthrop as governor. The foundations of the city of Boston were laid where this magistrate's cottage was built. 9. The Plymouth and Mas- sachusetts Bay colonies existed separately until 1692, when they were united by royal decree. From JOHN WINT1IBOP. ,1 , , M ,11-, ,, that time until the old "war for independence, the whole domain was known as Massa chusetts Bay. 10. Winthrop was a wise man and ruled well. He made friends with the Indians. He held friendly intercourse with QUESTIONS. 6. Give an account of a new settlement by Puritans. 7. What can you tell about their charter and a settlement on the site of Boston ? 8. Tell about the unity of settlements and the founding of Boston. 9. What can you tell about the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 10, What can you tell about Governor Wintluop and the prosperity of the colony ? 84 THE COLONIES. Theological "Disputes. Roger Williams and yinne Hutchinson "Banished. the Dutch on Manhattan ; and ships came from Virginia to trade with the people of Boston and Salem. In this way the Coast Trade of this country was begun. 11. The colony prospered wonderfully. It comprised twenty settlements in 1636, when it was greatly agitated by theological disputes. Its government was carried on by a governor, deputy-governor, and magistrates called "assistants," who, with the members of the legislature, were all elected by the " freemen," who were church mem- bers. 12. The Puritans of Massachusetts, having escaped from the persecutions of Churchmen, regarded them as deadly foes, and kept them at a distance. Desiring to enjoy, without molestation, their peculiar religious doctrines and forms of worship, they could not tolerate any non-conform- ity, and so in turn became persecutors. 13. In 1635 the authorities of Massachusetts decreed the banishment of Roger Williams, a Puritan preacher, because he upheld the rights of conscience against the authority of magistrates, and advocated toleration in matters of religion. He went to Narraganset Bay and founded the colony of Rhode Island. 14. For a similar offence they first imprisoned and then banished an accomplished woman named Anne Hutchin- son, with her family. She finally perished in the wilderness, at the hands of the Indians, near New York. 15. The civil war in England left the colonists free to act. Those of New England, excepting Rhode Island, QUESTIONS. 11. Tell about the growth of the colony and its government. 12. How did the Puritans regard churchmen, and what did they do ? 13. Give an account of the banishment of Roger Williams. 14. Give an account of Anne Hutchinson. 15. What did some New England colonies do ? THE COLONIES. 85 New England Confederacy. Commerce and Coinage in Massachusetts. formed a political confederacy in 1643, to oppose royal encroachments and hostile Indians. 16. At that time there were fifty villages and twenty thousand whites in New England. The Confederation promised good results. Each colony was represented in a -Congress which had general supervision of the affairs of the Union. 17. The league then formed lasted more, than forty years, when mutual jealousies caused it to be dissolved. It was the first important step toward the formation of a national confederacy in America. 18. Unlike the people of Virginia, those of Mas- sachusetts took sides against the King during the Civil War. While Cromivell ruled they prospered wonderfully, and had almost absolute freedom. They built ships and traded with the Spanish colonies in the West Indies. Thus they began the foreign commerce of the United States. 19. The Massachusetts colonists also coined silver money. They issued six- pences and shillings, on which was the figure of a pine-tree. These were first issued in 1652. This was the first coinage in the United States. 20. The same year (1652) the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was extended over the QUESTIONS. 16. What can you tell about the population of New England and a Confederation? 17. What more can you tell about the Confederation? 18. What can you tell about the politics, independence, and enterprise of the New England colonies ? Itf. Tell about the coinage of money in Massachusetts. FIRST MONBY COINED IN THE UNITED STATES. 80 THE COLONIES. Friends or Quakers in Boston. Political Troubles in Massachusetts. territory of Maine. But while the Puritans were looking for a further extension of their domain, events occurred which produced lamentable scenes in Boston. 2 1 . Two women of the sect called Friends, or Quakers, came to Boston in 1656. The authorities there had heard of the denunciations of magistrates by Friends in England, and they put these women in jail to stop their mouths. 22. Other. Friends came. They were not, generally, true representatives of their sect. They were fanatics, and real disturbers of good order. They were driven away ; and, finally, others who came, and seemed to court martyrdom, were imprisoned, whipped, and banished. They were threat - ened with death if they should return. Some did return and were handed. 23. When persecution of these people ceased, the Friends were no longer disturbers of the peaee. But another trouble eame upon the people of Massachusetts. When Charles the Second came to the throne in 1660, he determined to punish the.Vr/r I'Ji glanders for their friendship for Croin- ict'/l and Kepublieanism. lie ordered them to pay taxes to the government in the shape of a eertain amount of money for everything that was reeeived from England in ships. 24. This act. was in violation of their eharter. The Mitsstn'lutst-tts meivhants refused to pay the tax, and the people upheld them in it. The King reealled his ta\- gatherers; and MassacJwtsMs was ever afterward the leader in the march toward final independence. QITKSTION-SO. What can yon tell about the extension of the jurisdiction of Mas- iisott*? 81. GlveiuaaccottutofFriemls, 01 ^nakors, in r-,-- :: wiu: IMVO >u in tell about tho chttructormid tmumout of Iho Frieiul- ;:,->- ;; \Vha: ino'r lia\o >ou K> sa\ about tin- KrU'utls y What iu>\v trouble ittsturlvtl llu- \H\ V liu-rttvsy % .M. \VhilUlKl tho jKvi'li 1 vlo. and THE COLONIES. 'in;/ 7V////// nntt hit ylctt. Enf/landers in *ertl. 25. A worse trouble now fell upon New England. Old Massasoit was dead. His brave son, Metacornet? known as King Philip, did not respect the treaty made with the white people by his father. He suspected that they intended to seize all the lands of the Indians, and he determined to destroy them. 26. King Philip laid his plans secretly, and on Sunday, the 4th of July, 1675, he and his followers attacked the inhabi- tants of the village of Swanzey, thirty-five miles from Plymouth, when they were returning from public worship. Many were killed or made captives. Thus was begun the conflict known in history as KING PHILIP'S WAR. 27. The white people of New England flew to arms, and Philip was closely pursued. Other tribes joined the Wampanoags, and death and desolation were spread over the settlements, even to the Connecti- cut Valley. 28. For several months the work of the savages was fearful. The white people palisaded their houses ; but, for awhile, it seemed as if the English would all be destroyed. In December, QUESTIONS. 25. Give an account of the origin of trouble with the Indians. 26. What can you tell of King 1'hilip :iml his attack on the white people ? 27. What did the white people and the Indians then do '( 28, What was done during several months in New E PALISADED BUILDING. 88 THE COLONIES. King ^Philip's Refuge in Rhode Island. Philip's career was checked, and he took refuge with the Narragansets, who violated their treaties by giving him shelter. 29. In a swamp in Rhode Island the Indians had gath- ered their winter provisions. There, too, the Narragansets, with Philip and his followers, took refuge from the white people. There were about three thousand Indian warriors there, with women and children. QUESTIONS. 29. Give an account of the Indians and their stores in a swamp. 90 THE COLONIES. 'Destruction of Indians. "Death of Philip. ^Lndt-os in JVew England. 30. Fifteen hundred New Englanders surrounded the swamp, and at the close of December, 1675, they destroyed by fire five hundred wigwams with provisions, and killed a thousand warriors. Hundreds of men, women, and children perished in the flames. 3 1 . Philip escaped. He gathered new allies, and opened war vigorously in the spring of 1676. It spread over a space of three hundred miles along the coasts of New Eng- land. The white people fought the savages with equal vigor, killing many, and chasing Philip from one hiding- place to another. 32. At length Philip's family were made prisoners. He was shot in a swamp, and his head was cut off and carried into Plymouth on a pole. His body was quartered, and his little son was sold for a slave in Bermuda. So per- ished the last prince of the Wampanoags, 1 and the war was ended. 33. King Charles the Second, observing the power and independence of the New England people, determined to take away their charters and rule them himself. He died before he effected his purpose. His brother, James the Second, who succeeded him, attempted the same thing. He sent Edmund Andros, in 1686, to take away their charters and govern all JVeiv England. The people were about to send Andros back, when news came that James had been driven from the throne of England (1688) and had fled to France. QUESTIONS. 30. What can you tell about an attack on the Indians in the swamp? 31. What did Philip and the white people then do? 32. Give an account of the fate of Philip and his family. 33. What did King Charles attempt to do ? What did his successor do, and what occurred in England ? 1 wam-pa-no'-ags. THE COLONIES. 91 AVV//7 7f 'illiatn'g War. Indian Foray. Expedition af/ainsl Canada. 34. William, a Hollander, and his wife Mary, now (1689) sat on the throne of England. The King of France, favored James, and the French and English made war upon each other. That war spread to the French and English colonies in America, and is known in history as KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 35. During this conflict, which began in 1689, the New Englanders suffered dreadfully. The French had gained great influence over the Indians in Canada and in the East, and these savages joined them. Several New Eng- land villages were burned and the inhabitants were mur- dered. 36. In February, 1690, French and Indians went down from the St. Lawrence, and at midnight set fire to Sche- nectady, near Albany, in New York, and murdered many of the inhabitants. The people of New York joined those of New England in making war upon Canada, the home of these enemies. 37. A land force was sent by way of Lake Champlain to attack Montreal, and a naval force was sent up the St. Lawrence to capture Quebec. 1 Both expeditions failed. The war continued, and the New Englanders suffered much until it ended in 1697, by a treaty at Ryswick. 38. Meanwhile there was another change in the govern- QUESTIONS. 34. Who succeeded King James ? What caused " King William's War"? 35. What can you tell about the sufferings of New Englanders, and the French and Indian allies ? 36. Tell about the destruction of Schenectady. What did New Yorkers and New Englanders do? 37. Give an account of expeditions against Canada. 38. What can you tell about changes in New England and the creation of a royal province ? 92 THE COLONIES. Witchcraft delusion in Massachusetts. Queen s4.nne's War. ment of New England. Massachusetts and Plymouth and the Eastern settlements were united under one govern- ment. A new charter was given in 1692, and the domain was made a royal province, under the name of Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. 39. A strange thing occurred in Massachusetts in 1692. There was a general belief in witches and witchcraft. At Salem, two young girls twitched and acted strangely. An old Indian servant woman was accused of bewitching them. Very soon all sorts of people acted as strangely, and many respectable persons even the wife of Governor Phipps were suspected of practising witchcraft. 40. The delusion spread, and lasted many months. Many persons, some of great respectability, were punished as wizards and witches. The jails were filled with the accused, and twenty suspected persons were hanged. The delusion ended as suddenly as it began, and the accusers were overwhelmed with shame. 41. The exiled King James died in 1701, and the French monarch acknowledged James' son to be the rightful sov- ereign of England. William and Mary were both dead, and Mary's sister Anne was on the throne. England declared war against France. The conflict that ensued is known in American history as QUEEN ANNE'S WAK. 42. As before, the English and French colonies in America were involved in the war. The white people of QUESTIONS. 39. Give an account of a delusion concerning witchcraft in Massachu- setts. 40. What further can you tell about the delusion ? 41. What caused war be- tween England and France ? Who then ruled England ? 42. What have you to say about the effects of " Queen Anne's War " ? COLONIES. of the Fire Nations. Expedition against Canada. New England again suffered much from Indian cruelties. The frontiers were desolated by fire, and blood flowed in almost every valley. Among the victims at Deerfield was the Rev. John Williams, though his house escaped the flames. 43. A powerful confederation of In- WILLIAM8 , 8 HOUSE . dians in the province of New York, known as the Five Nations, agreed not to fight for either party. This was a great blessing to the white people, for these nations stood as a wall between them and the fierce savages of Canada. 44. Some of the New England colonies united in fitting out a fleet and army to chastise the French in Nova Scotia or Acadia. Little was done until 1710, when an expedition from Boston, assisted by a fleet from England, captured Port Royal, in Acadia. 45. In August, 1711, seven thousand troops and a power- ful English fleet, under Sir Hovenden Walker, sailed for Quebec. At the mouth of the St. Lawrence, eight of the ships were wrecked on the rocks, and a thousand men perished. The remainder returned. A land force of four thousand men, on their way toward Montreal, hearing of this disaster, returned to Albany. 46. The expedition against Canada was abandoned. In the spring of 1713, peace was secured by a treaty at Utrecht. The Eastern Indians sent chiefs to Boston to treat for peace the same year. For thirty years after- QUESTIONS. 43. What can you tell about Indians in New York ? 44. Give an ac- count of expeditions fitted out against Nova Scotia. 45. Tell about an army and navy sent to capture Quebec. Also of a force sent toward Montreal. 46. What was done ? What can you tell about treaties of peace and their result ? 04 THE COLONIES. Causes of ee Ring George's War." Capture of Louisbnrc/. ward the New England colonies enjoyed quiet, and pros- pered. 47. England and France quarrelled again in 1744, and commenced war. The English and French colonists were involved in the contest. George the Second was then monarch of England, and the conflict is known in Ameri- can history as KING GEORGE'S WAR. 48. Eastward of Nova Scotia is a large island called Cape Breton. 1 On that island the French had a town named Louisburg, and there they built a strong fort. This gave them great strength in that region, and the people of New England and New York determined to capture the fort. 49. In April, 1745, a provincial army sailed from Boston for Cape Breton. They were joined by English ships and troops under Admiral Warren, which came from the West Indies, and in May the land forces, four thousand in num- ber, landed near Louisburg. The French garrison, alarmed by such a force, made but little resistance. The fort and town were surrendered to the English after a siege of only a month. 50. The following year (1746) the Duke D'Anville* was sent from France to recapture Louisburg and its fort. He QTTESTIONS. 47. What can you tell about the beginning of King George's War ? 48. Give an account of Cape Breton and a French town and fort there. 49. What can you tell about the capture of Louisburg by the English ? 50. Tell about an attempt of the French to recapture Louisburg. 1 bre'-ton. 2 dan'-mll. THE COLONIES. 1)'s4.nvilte's Expedition to recover Z Jersey. SECTION VII. THE COLONY OF NEW JERSEY. SEAL OP NEW JERSEY, 1. The colony of New Jersey was permanently founded, when families from Long Island settled on the site of Elizabethtown in 1664. 2. According to an agreement, the settlers were to be exempted from rents for their lands for five years. When, at the end of that time, the owners asked for a rent of only a halfpenny an acre, the people complained and refused to pay it. 3. For two years the settlers resisted the demand for rent, and then openly rebelled. They drove Governor Car- teret out of the province and elected an unworthy man to fill his place. The owners were about to take steps to com- QUESTIONS. 1. When was New Jersey permanently settled, and by whom? 2. What can you tell about the rent of the land in New Jersey ? 3. Give an account of a rebellion and the change that followed. 114 THE COLONIES. 'Dirision of New Jersey. JVe> ^Proprietors there. pel the tenants to pay, when the Dutch became possessors of New Netherlands again. 4. When New Netherlands was restored to the English in 1674, the western half of New Jersey was sold to Friends, or Quakers ; and in 1676 the province was divided into West and East Jersey. 5. The next year (1677) more than four hundred Friends came from England and settled in West Jersey ; and in 1681 the first legislative Assembly in that province met at Salem. 6. East Jersey was sold to the Friends in 1682, and Thomas Barclay, a leader among them, was chosen gover- nor. Everything was doing well in the Jerseys until the Duke of York became King, when he took away their charters. 7. For several years there was great confusion in the Jer- seys, the people denying the rights of the owners. Finally, in the spring of 1702, Queen Anne made of them one royal province, under the control of the governor of New York. 8. New Jersey was allowed to have an independent As- sembly. It remained in that political condition until 1738, when Lewis Morris was appointed its first royal gov- ernor. It so remained until 1776. 9. In this section we have considered (1) The disputes between the people and the proprietors of New Jersey ; (2) its division into West and East Jer- sey ; (3) their possession by Friends, and (4) their erec- tion into a royal province. QUESTIONS. 4. What can you tell about the sale and division of New Jersey? 5. What can you tell about settlers and government in West Jersey ? 6. What can you tell about East Jersey ? 7. Give an account of affairs in both, and their being made a royal province. 8. What was the government of New Jersey? 9, What have we considered in this section ? THE COLONIES. 115 Fruits of Justice. Charter of Liberties for "Pennsylvania. SECTION VIII. THE COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA. SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1. Delaware had been annexed to Perm's domain, and the city of Philadelphia was laid out in 1682. The colo- nial career of Pennsylvania was then fairly begun. Set- tlers came from England in great numbers. Just dealings with the Indians made it a peaceful province to live in. 2. In 1683, Penn, then living in a small house in Philadelphia, gave the people a liberal government, un- der the title of The Charter of Liberties. The inhabitants were allowed self-government QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about the beginning of the colonial career of Pennsylvania? 2. Where did Penn live and what did he do for the people? What can you tell about the prosperity of Pennsylvania ? PENN S HOUSE. THE COLONIES. 2>enn Deprived of his Rights. Final 'Disposition of JPentisylyania. and great personal freedom. When Penn returned to Eng- land in 1684, there were twenty settled townships and seven thousand inhabitants in Pennsylvania. 3. Because Penn and King James were personal friends, the former was suspected of disloyalty to William and Mary. In 1692 Penn was imprisoned and deprived of his domain in America. It was then made a royal prov- ince, under the governor of New York. 4. Perm's chartered rights were restored to him in 1694. In 1699 he sailed for America, and in 1701 he gave to the people of Pennsylvania a new charter. He allowed the inhabitants of Delaware to have a separate legislature, but they remained under the governor of Pennsylvania until 1776. 5. Soon after completing these arrangements, Penn re- turned to England, and never saw America again. His family owned and governed the province until the war for independence broke out. It was sold to the commonwealth of Pennsylvania for $580,000. 6. There were long and sometimes bitter disputes about the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. These were settled in 1761 by a careful resurvey made by Mason and Dixon. That boundary was known as Mason and Dixon' s Line. 7. We have considered in this section (1) The time when the colony of Pennsylvania was founded; (2) the government and population of the province ; (3) the relations of Penn to the English gov- QUESTIONS. 3. Give an account of Penn's troubles with the English government. 4. What can you tell about the restoration of Penn's rights, and privileges given to Delaware ? 5. What have you to say about Penn and his family and their final dis- position of Pennsylvania ? 6. What can you tell about boundary disputes ? 7. What have we considered in this section ? THE COLONIES. 11 V Government for the Carolinas. yl Rebellion. s4. Sad Governor. ernment; (4) the restoration of his chartered rights and final disposition of the province ; and (5) boundary dis- putes. SECTION IX, THE COLONIES OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. The proprietors of the Carolinas wished to establish a grand empire in America, with orders of nobility such as then existed in England, They employed the Earl of Shaftesbury and the famous John Locke to prepare a form of government for the purpose. 2. That form of government, which was called the Fun- damental Constitutions, was completed in the spring of 1669. The plan was totally unfitted for the country and the people of the Carolinas, and was rejected by the inhabitants. 3. An attempt to force the people into submission to this government and its scheme of taxation caused an open rebellion in the northern colony. The inhabitants drove the governor and other officers from the province in 1677. They called a new Assembly, and for two years maintained an in- dependent government. 4. In 1683, Seth Sothel, a dishonest member of the com- pany, was sent to govern the northern or Albemarle County Colony. He was a rapacious swindler. The people endured his rule about six years, and then drove him away. He took refuge in the southern colony. QUESTIONS. 1. What did the owners of the Carolinas wish and do? 2. What have you to say about the form of government proposed ? 3. What can you tell about the attempt to force the people into submission to the government ? 4. Tell about Seth Sothel. 118 THE COLONIES. Good Government in the Carolina*. JLater Settlers in JV'ortA Carolina. 5. Other and better governors came to the northern colony, but no one was so acceptable as John Archdale, a Friend, who was sent in 1695 to govern both of the sections of the Carolinas. There was repose and happiness during his administration. 6. From the close of Archdale's administration in 1698, the two portions of the Carolinas worked separately, until 1729, when they were formally divided into distinct prov- inces under the titles of North and South Carolina. NORTH CAROLINA. SEAL OF NORTH CAROLINA. 7. At the beginning of the year 1700, settlers were culti- vating lands in North Carolina from the sea to the Yad- kin. In 1707, a large number of Huguenots settled on the River Trent, and in 1710 a body of German Luth- erans formed settlements at New Berne and other places. 8. The people were enjoying repose and happiness, when QUESTIONS. 5. What can you tell about other governors in North Carolina ? 6. What have .you to say about the two Carolinas ? 7. Tell about various settlers in North Carolina. COLONIES. 119 '2'he '2'ttscarora Indians. '2'rotibles with the Spaniards. suddenly, in 1711, the Indians commenced a war of ex- termination upon the German settlements. They plun- dered and destroyed their property, and murdered one hundred and thirty Germans. 9. The South Carolinians helped their brethren in the north. In 1713, eight hundred of the Tuscarora * Indians the leaders in the massacre were made prisoners. The remainder fled and joined their brethren in New York, so completing the Iroquois Confederacy of Six Nations. SOUTH CAROLINA SEAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 10. The South Carolinians had trouble with the Spaniards in Florida in 1703. The Spaniards excited the Indians against the English. The governor of South Carolina led twelve hundred white men and friendly In- dians to attack St. Augustine and punish the offenders. QUESTIONS. 8. What can you tell about an Indian massacre? 9. What did the South Carolinians do ? What was the fate of the Tuscaroras ? 10. Tell about trou- ble with the Spaniards in Florida. 1 tus'-ka-ro'-ra. 120 THE COLONIES. War ffit/t Indians and Spaniards. sin Indian Confederacy. The expedition was a failure, and its cost was so great that the colony was compelled to issue paper money with which to pay expenses. 11. The next year (1703) the South Carolinians marched against the Indians in Georgia and Florida, who were the allies of the Spaniards. They captured several hundred of the savages, dispersed the rest, and desolated their country. 12. An attempt was now made to establish the Church of England as the state church in South Caro- lina. Those who did not conform to it were deprived of precious privileges, such as having a voice in the government. The Parliament interfered, and relieved the people of the grievous burden. 13. In 1706, a land and naval force, composed of French- men and Spaniards, entered Charleston Harltor, to attack the town. Eight hundred Spanish soldiers were landed. The South Carolinians captured one of their vessels and drove the rest of the force away. The invaders sustained a severe loss in the conflict. 14. A confederation of the Southern Indian tribes was formed in 1715, for the extermination of the white people. These dusky allies numbered about six thousand warriors. They fell suddenly upon the back settle- ments, and murdered a hundred people before the news of hostility reached Charleston. 15. The governor (Craven) of South Carolina immedi- ately marched against the Indians with twelve hundred men. QUESTIONS. 11. Tell about an expedition against the Indians. 12. Give an ac- count of an attempt to establish the Church of England in South Carolina. 13. Tell about an expedition against Charleston. 14. What can you tell about an Indian con- federation ? 15. What did the South Carolinians do, and what was the effect ? TSE COLONIES. 121 Revolution in the Carolinas. Separation of the Coloniet. After several hard fights, the savages were driven back with much slaughter. The frightened Indians, impressed with the belief that the South Carolinians were mighty war- riors, let them alone after that. 16. The proprietors of the Carolinas not only refused to bear any of the expense of these wars, made for the pro- tection of their domain, but taxed the people heavily. In 1719, the people rebelled, and elected a governor to suit themselves. Finally, becoming wearied by unjust treat- ment from the owners, the people asked King George the Second to take them and the province under his protection. 17. The King gratified the discontented people by pur- chasing the two provinces of the proprietors in 1729. The two Carolinas were then legally separated, and over each a royal governor was placed. 18. These royal governors were no better than the pro- prietary governors. From 1729, the history of North and South Carolina is made up largely of a record of dis- putes between the people and the governors. The people endured the affliction until 1776, when the two provinces be- came independent States. 19. In this section we have considered (1) The grand scheme of government formed for the Carolinas ; (2) the opposition to it ; (3) the character and career of several governors ; (4) the history of North and South Carolina separately ; (5) the settlements and wars in each ; (6) the complaints of the people in each ; and (7) the final establishment of royal rule in each province. QUESTIONS. 16. How did the proprietors of the Carolinas act ? What did the peo- ple do ? 17. What did the King do, and what was the result ? 18. What have you to gay about the royal governors and the people ? 19, What have we considered in this section ? 122 TJBTE COLONIES. Population of Georgia. The Wesley s and Whitefield there. SECTION X. THE COLONY OF GEORGIA. SEAL OF GEOKGIA. 1. Within eight years after the interview between Ogle- thorpe and To-mo-chi -c/ii, on the site of Savannah, in 1733, full twenty-five hundred Europeans were in Georgia. In addition to the debtors from the prisons were German and Swiss families, attracted by the liberal grants of land. 2. John and Charles Wesley, the founders of the Metho- dist denomination, were among the early immigrants, who came to labor for the good of the souls of the settlers. Afterward came the celebrated George, WTiitefield for the same purpose. They found the settlers indifferent to re- ligion. 3. Many of the English settlers had been unaccustomed QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about the earlier settlers in Georgia? 2. What have you to say about the Wesleys and Whitefield ? 3, What was the character of the settlers f THE COLONIES. 123 War between the English and Spaniards in Florida. to manual labor, and did not thrive. The Germans and Swiss were industrious and thrifty. The colony increased rapidly for awhile. 4. The Spaniards in Florida claimed jurisdiction as far north as Port Royal in South Carolina. Oglethorpe expected they would be jealous of his intrusion, and pre- pared to resist their hostility. Being in England in 1736, he persuaded three hundred tall Scotch Highland soldiers to go with him to Georgia. With these he felt strong. 5. The Spaniards soon began to show signs of hostility. Oglethorpe built forts in the lower parts of Georgia and adjacent Islands. This act made the Spaniards angry, and they sent word to the governor that he and his followers must leave the country below the Savannah, or they would be driven out by force. 6. Oglethorpe went back to England, and in the autumn of 1737 he returned with six hundred troops and the com- mission of general. For two years the soldiers were not much needed. 7. When, in 1739, war broke out between England and Spain, Oglethorpe did not wait for an attack. He marched into Florida in May, 1740, with two thousand white men and Indians. He captured two forts and besieged St. Augustine, when lack of artillery, exhaustion of food, and sickness in his camp, compelled him to abandon the siege and return to Savannah. 8. In 1742 the Spaniards prepared to retaliate. With a large fleet three thousand troops were borne to the confines QTTESTIOKS.-4. What did Oglethorpe expect, and what did he do ? 5. What did the Spaniards and Oglethorpe do? 6. What can you tell about Oglethorpe's second visit to England ? 7. What event occurred in 1739? Give an account of an expe- dition against St. Augustine. THE COAST OP FLORIDA. THE COLONIES. 125 The Spaniards Outwitted. Social Condition of Georgia. of Georgia. They landed and built a strong fort. Ogle- thorpe^wsLS wide awake. With a smaller force he prepared to attack the invaders. His plans were defeated by the treachery of a Frenchman who deserted. 9. By a clever trick Oglethorpe made the enemy believe that a British fleet was near St. Augustine. The alarmed Spaniards at once marched to attack one of Oglethorpe' s forts, with the intention of returning immediately thereafter to St. Augustine. 10. In a dark swamp the Spaniards were surprised by Oglethorpe, and they suffered severely in a fight that ensued. So many Spaniards were killed that the place is still known as Bloody Marsh. The invaders hastened to their ships and sailed for St. Augustine. So Georgia was saved. 1 1 . Oglethorpe left the colony in 1 743 and never returned. That year the Trustees established a sort of local govern- ment in Georgia. The colony now grew very slowly. The people were not allowed to traffic with the West Indies, nor with the Indians around them. They did not own the land which they cultivated, nor were they permitted to employ slave labor. 12. These prohibitions bore heavily upon the pros- perity of the colony. People preferred to settle in South Carolina, where no such prohibitions existed. Finally, in 1752, the King took possession of Georgia, made it a royal province, and removed all prohibitions. From that time until the war for independence Georgia prospered. QUESTIONS. 8. Give an account of an expedition of the Spaniards against Geor- gia. 9 and 10. Continue your account of that expedition. 11. What more have you to say about Oglethorpe? What about the condition of the inhabitants of Georgia? 12. What were the effects of prohibitions, and how were they remedied ? 126 THE COLONIES. English Colonies in 13. We have now traced, in sharp outline, the fortunes of the thirteen English- American colonies from the planting of the seeds of settlement until the period when they were joined in a national Union. 14, In this section we have considered (1) The early colonists of Georgia ; (2) the jealousy of the Spaniards in Florida and preparations to meet its con- sequences ; (3) the hostilities between the Georgians and the Spaniards, and (4) the peculiar condition of the people of Georgia until it was made a royal province. SECTION XI. A RETROSPECT. 1. During a period of about two hundred and sixty years fifteen colonies were planted, thirteen of which were com- menced within the space of about sixty-six years [1607 to 1673], By the union of Plymouth and Massachusetts, and also of Connecticut and New Haven, the number of colonies was reduced to thirteen, and it was these which went into the Revolutionary contest in 1775. 2. Several European nations contributed men and women for the founding of these colonies. They were distinguished by differences in language, tastes, habits, and religious faith. England furnished far the greater number, and the settle- QUESTIONS. 13. What have we now traced? 14, What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What can you say about the establishment of colonies in America ? 2. What materials composed the colonists ? What position did England hold ? Did unity mark the colonists, and how ? THE COLONIES. 127 Characteristics of the Colonists. ments came to be known as Anglo-American colonies, gov- erned by English laws. Very soon, common interests pro- duced a unity, and the people, of whatever nation, joined heartily in maintaining the integrity of the British realm when it was assailed. They were still more united in oppos- ing British aggressions upon their rights. 3. There were differences in the character of the people of the several colonies. The Virginians and their southern neighbors were mostly from a class of English society in which restraints were not very rigid ; and the warm climate produced a tendency toward indolence and ease. Hence slave labor, relieving the white man from toil, was regarded as a great blessing. 4. The New Englanders were chiefly from another class of English society, and included many religious enthusiasts, who sometimes possessed more zeal than wisdom. They were rigid disciplinarians in church and state, and their early legislation exhibits some curious laws respecting the minute details of social and domestic life. Their sterile soil made industry a necessity, and the climate inclined them to activity. Their habits and their dwellings were simple ; and their influence in the EABLY N. E. HOUSED creation of our Republic was most salutary. 5. The industry, thrift, honesty, and aversion to change, QUESTIONS. 3. What can you say about the Virginians and their southern neigh- bors ? 4. What can you say about the New England people their laws and habits ? 1 This is a picture of one of the oldest houses in New England, and is a favorable specimen of the best class of frame dwellings at that time. It is yet [1874] standing, I believe, near Medfield, in Massachusetts. 128 THE COLONIES. Chief ^Pursuits of the Colonists. Commerce and General Industry. peculiar to the Dutch, prevailed in New York and New Jersey, and portions of Pennsylvania, for almost a century after the first settlements were made. The Swedes were simi- lar ; while the Friends or Quakers were marked by a refined simplicity and equanimity which won the esteem of all. Their lives were governed by a religious sentiment without fanati- cism, which formed a powerful safeguard against vice and immorality. The people of Maryland exhibited some of the traits of all. 6. Agriculture was everywhere the chief pursuit, yet com- merce and navigation were not wholly neglected, notwith- standing the restrictions of the navigation laws. The people were compelled, by necessity, to be self-reliant, and what they were unable to purchase from the workshops of Eng- land, such as apparel, furniture, and implements of agricul- ture, they rudely manufactured, and were content. 7. Commerce had a feeble infancy. Until their separa- tion from England, in 1776, their interchange of commodi- ties with the rest of the world might not, with propriety, be dignified with the name of commerce. English jealousy of the prosperity and independence of the colonies led to the imposition of many unwise restrictions upon their indus- try and enterprise ; and these were the principal causes which finally led to the great revolt in 1775, and the separa- tion of the colonies from the " mother country," as England was called. 8. Education was early fostered among the people, par- QUESTIONS. 5. What were the peculiarities of the Dutch and Swedes ? What marked the character of the Quakers ? What can you say about the people of Mary- land ? 6. What can you tell about the pursuits of the colonists ? What made home manufactures a necessity ? 7. What can you tell about the commerce of the colonies ? What folly did the English Government commit? THE COLONIES. 129 Education in the Colonies. The Strife for fower Segun. ticularly in New England, where the common school, the chief glory of our Republic, was early established and tenderly nurtured. Provision was made for the education of all. The rigid laws which discouraged all frivolous amusements, were productive of a habit of reading. The books were devoted chiefly to history and religion, and large numbers were sold. A traveler, as early as 1686, asserts that several booksellers in Boston had " made fortunes by their business." Newspapers, the great educators of the people in our day, were very few and of little worth before the era of the Revolution. 9. Such were the people, and such their political and social condition, at the commencement of the great struggle between the French and English for supreme dominion in America, which we are now to consider. SECTION XII. THE STRIFE FOR POWER; THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1. We have briefly noticed the wars in America be- tween the English and the French and Indians. The causes of these wars often concerned Europeans more than Americans. The strife we are now about to consider began in a quarrel about boundaries between the French and English, in America. QUESTIONS. 8. What can yon say about education in the colonies ? What encour- aged reading ? What kind of books were read ? What have you to say about books and newspapers ? QUESTIONS. 1. What have we noticed ? What have you to say about the causes of strife ? FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 131 Tha Ohio Company. Washington's Embassy. 2. The French traded with the Indians in the country west of the AUeghany l Mountains, from Lake Erie to the Mississippi and New Orleans. They built forts in those regions, and thus made the English jealous. ^ 3. In 1749, some Englishmen and Americans formed the Ohio Company. The King granted them a large tract of land on the upper waters of the Ohio River. The French claimed this region as their own. An old Indian who heard the quarrel said, " You English claim all on one side of the river, and you French all on the other side ; where does the Indian's land lay ? " They could not an- swer. 4. The Ohio Company sent men to survey these lands in 1753. French soldiers siezed and imprisoned these survey- ors, and built forts in the country between the head-waters of the Ohio and Lake Erie. 5< The governor of Virginia sent young George Wash- ington with a letter to the French commander, inquiring what was meant by such conduct. After a fatiguing jour- ney of four hundred miles, Washington returned early in 1754 with an answer in writing. The French commander told the governor that the land belonged to his King, and that he and his soldiers should stay there as long as they* pleased. 6. The governor (Dinwiddie*) made Washington a major, and placed him in command of Virginia troops QUESTIONS. 2. What did the French do westward of the Alleghany Mountains ? 3. Tell about the Ohio Company and the claims to the lands on the Ohio. 4. What did the Ohio Company do ? What did the French do ? 5. What did the Governor of Virginia do? Give an account of Washington's mission. 6. What did Gover- nor Dinwiddie then do ? 1 al-le ga'-ne. 2 din-wid'-de. 132 FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. hostilities between the English and French. that were to be sent against the French. These were joined by troops from New York and South Carolina. The whole were commanded by Colonel Fry. 7. Meanwhile the English had begun to build a fort on the site of the city of Pittsburgh. The French drove them away, finished the work, and called it Fort Du Quesne, 1 the name of the gov- ernor of Canada. QUESNE. 8. Washington, with his Virginians, pressed forward to retake the fort. He met the French coming to oppose his march, and in a skirmish at the Great Meadows the first blood was spilled (May 28, 1754) in the long war that ensued. The commander of the French party was killed. 9. Colonel Fry died two days after this skirmish, and Washington was made chief leader of the troops. With these he pressed forward. Hearing of the approach of a large party of French and Indians, he fell back to the Great Meadows, and built a stockade, which he called Fort Necessity. 10. Early in July the French attacked Fort Necessity. After a fight for ten hours (July 4), Washington was com- pelled to surrender. The French commander generously allowed all of his prisoners to return to their homes. 11. During the same summer (1754) representatives from several colonies met at Mbany, in New York, to consider QUESTIONS. 7. Tell about a fort on the site of Pittsburgh. 8. What did Washing- ton and Virginia troops do ? Tell about a skirmish. 9. How came Washington to be chief commander of troops ? What did he do ? 10. Tell about a battle. 11. What can you tell about a plan for the union of the colonies ? 1 du-kane'. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 133 2>lan of Union. The Campaign of 1755. plans for united action against the French and Indians. They made a covenant of peace with the Six Nations, and then agreed upon a plan of Union proposed by Dr. Franklin. 12. The plan was not favored by the King nor the colo- nies, and it was abandoned. Soon after the Congress ad- journed, the Indians, incited by the French, commenced plundering and murdering the English of the frontier set- tlements. 13. The endangered colonists, with a promise of assist- ance from the English government, prepared for war. That government sent Edward Braddock (an Irish officer) to America early in 1755, with troops, as commander-in-chief of all the British forces in America. He met the gover- nors of several colonies at Alexandria, in Virginia, in April, when they ar- ranged GENERAL BBADDOCK. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1755. 14. Three separate armies were to be mustered. One was to march against Fort Du Quesne ; a second against forts near each end of Lake Ontario, and a third against forts on Lake Champlain. 15. An expedition against the French in Acadia 1 had already been arranged. In May three thousand men, under General Shirley, sailed from Boston, landed at the head of QUESTIONS. 12. What was the fate of the plan of Union ? Wliat did the Indians do ? 13. What did the colonists do ? What did the British government do ? What can you tell about General Braddock? 14. What was the plan of the campaign of 1755 ? 15 What can you tell about an expedition against Acadia ? 1 a-ka'-de-a. 134 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Capture of French J^ortt. Battle on the Monongahela. the Bay of Fundy, and captured the French forts in that vicinity. Fort Beausejour 1 was taken on the 15th of June, and Fort Gaspereau 2 on the 17th. They desolated JLcadia and cruelly drove the innocent inhabitants to the woods or carried them away in ships. 16. In June Braddoch marched from the Potomac River, with two thousand men, against Fort Du Quesne. On the 9th of July, when they were near the Mononga- hela 3 River, the English were assailed by Indians con- cealed in ambush. 17. A severe battle ensued. Washington was Brad- dock's aid. He knew how to fight Indians, and ventured QUESTIONS. 16. Tell about the expedition of Braddock against Fort Du Quesne. 1 bo-seh'-yure. * gah-speh-ro 1 '. s mo-non'-ga-he-lah. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 135 Sraddock's Defeat, 3)ealh, and Burial. to offer Braddoch some advice. That general would not listen to him. The French and their Indian allies fought BURIAL OP BKADDOCK. bravely. Braddock was defeated, and he and several of his officers were mortally wounded. 18. Washington was the only officer not injured. He QUESTIONS. 17. Tell about a battle near the Monongahela. What did Washing- ton do, and what occurred ? 136 FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Failure of an Expedition. Operations near Lake George. took the command, and skillfully conducting a retreat, saved the remainder of the army. Braddock died, and was bur- ied by torch-light, Colonel Washington reading the burial service of the English church at the grave. 19. Governor Shirley 1 led the troops destined to attack the forts on Lake Ontario. Storms and sickness prevented his going farther than Oswego. He commenced a fort there, left a small garrison, and returned to Albany. 20. William Johnson, an Indian agent in the Mohawfc country, led troops against the forts on Lake Champlain. In July, 1755, six thousand of these were collected, under General Lyman, at Fort Ed- WILLIAM JOHNSON. ward, from which place Johnson led nearly all of them to the head of Lake George. 21. Informed that the Baron Dies- kau 2 was leading a force of French and Indians against him, Johnson sent out a thousand men, under Colonel Williams, to attack them. Williams was defeated (September 8, 1755), and DiesTcau hurried on to attack Johnson in his camp. The French and Indians were driven off, and Dieskau was mortally wounded. QUESTIONS. 18. What have you to pay ahout Washington and the army, and the death of Braddock ? 19. What did Governor Shirley do ? What was the result ? 20. What can you tell about William Johnson and troops in Northern New York ? 21. Give an account of fighting near Lake George. 1 shur'-le. 2 dee-es-ktf. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 137 Fort William Henry Buitt. Declaration of War. JPlan of Campaign. 22. Believing the forts on Lake Champlain to be too strong for his force, Johnson remained where he was and built Fort William Henry. Leaving some troops there and at Fort Edward, he marched the remain- der of his army back to Albany, and so closed the campaign of 1755. FORT WILLIAM HENRY. CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 23. England declared war against France in 1756. Lord Loudon, 1 a very indolent man, had been appointed commander-in-chief in America, but did not arrive until late in the summer. General Aber- crombie? a good soldier, came in his place in June. 24. The plan of the campaign was similar to the one formed the pre- vious year. Abercrombie found seven thousand troops ready for action at Albany. Foolish conten- tions about rank delayed their march until August. Then Montcalm* Dieskau's successor, was well prepared to meet the Eng- lish. 25. Early in August Montcalm, with five thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, went up the St. Law- QUESTIONS. 22. What did General Johnson do ? 23. What can you tell about a declaration of war, and the English commanders in America ? 24. What was the plan of the campaign for 1756 ? Tell about the movements of Abercrombie, and the con- sequence of delay. 25. What did Montcalm do ? What occurred at Oswego ? ABERCROMBIE. loo'-dun, 2 ab-er-Tcrom'-be- a mont-kam'. 138 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. FOKTS AT OSWEGO. Oswego Taken by the French, General JLlarm. Indians Jfumbled. rence and Lake Ontario to Oswego, 1 and on the 14th cap- tured an English fort there. The spoils of victory were many cannon, vessels in the harbor, and fourteen hun- dred men. 26. This event so frightened the indolent London, who had arrived and taken the general command, that he ordered all the other expeditions to be abandoned. There was general alarm. The Indians desolated the frontiers, and killed or carried away almost a thousand white people. 27. The English strengthened their forts and block- houses. A heavy blow was given to the Indians at Kittanning? in Pennsylvania, by troops under Col- onel Armstrong, on the 8th of Sep- tember, which made the savages quiet, and so ended the campaign of 1756. BLOCK-HOUSE. CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 28. Lord London's laziness ruined everything in which he was concerned. It allowed the French to take Loidsburg ; and at a council held in Bos- ton, he proposed to confine the campaign of 1757 to the re- c'apture of that town and fortress. The disappointed colo- nists yielded to him. QUESTIONS. 26. What effect did the capture of Oswego have on London ? Tell about the Indians. 27. What did the English do ? What event made the Indians quiet? 28. What have you to say about Lord London's laziness? What did he pro- pose, and what did the colonists do ? os-we'-go. " kit-tan '-ning. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 139 Expedition against Louisburg Abandoned. Montcalm's Victories. 29. Lord Loudon was at Halifax at the close of June, with a large land and naval force, wherewith to attack Louis- burg. There he was informed that the French at Louis- burg were stronger in soldiers and ships than he, and after some delay he thought it prudent to leave them alone. He returned to New York in August. 30. As a consequence of London's ignorance and inef- ficiency, Montcalm had won victories in northern New York. With seven thousand white men and two thousand Indians, he left Ticonderoga late in July, and compelled the garrison at Fort William Henry to surrender early in August. 31. Montcalm promised to protect the prisoners from the savages. He was unable to do so, and a large number of them were cruelly murdered when they marched out to go to Fort Edward. Fort William Henry was destroyed. This sad event ended the campaign of 1757. With it was ended the leadership of Lord Loudon in America. 32. William Pitt was now made prime minister of Eng- land. He was a man of energy and wisdom ; and he made grand preparations for the CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 33. General Abercrombie was placed in chief command of the troops in America. Admiral Boscawen 1 was put in charge of a large number of ships for service in American QUESTIONS. 29. Tell about London's expedition against Louisburg, and what did he finally do ? 30. What can you tell about the consequences of London's delay and Montcalm's operations? 31. What did Montcalm promise, and what occurred? 32. What have you to say about William Pitt ? 33. What can you tell about a land and naval force in 1758 ? What did the colonists do ? 1 bo$-Jca,w'-en, 140 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. LOBD HOWE. Louisburg Taken by the English. English defeated at Ticonderoya. waters. The colonists were encouraged, and cheerfully answered all calls for men and supplies. 34. It was decided to attack Louisburg, Tieonderoga, and Fort Du Quesne. Twelve thou- sand men under Generals Amherst and Wolfe, went from Halifax in Boscawen's fleet of forty vessels, and on the 8th of June landed near Louisburg. After a siege of about fifty days, the French surren- dered (July 20) the fort and five . *\r WP^.A tl.nusmd soldiers. 35, Meanwhile Abercrorribie and young Lord Howe were leading sixteen thousand men and a heavy train of artillery, against Tieonderoga. They went over Lake George early in July, and in an encounter near Ticonderoga, on the 6th, Lord Howe was killed. 36. The English pressed on through the woods, and without waiting for the artillery to come up, attacked Ticonder- oga on the 8th. Montcalm was there with four thousand men. The English were defeated with a loss of two thousand men. 37. tAbercrombie retreated to the head of Lake George t and then sent Colonel Bradstreet* with three thousand men, to attack Fort Frontenac, at the foot of Lake On- TICONDEROGA. QUESTIONS. 34. What was it decided to do ? What can you tell about an expe- dition against Louisburg ? 35. What can you tell about an expedition against Ticon- deroga, and the death of a leader ? 36. Give an account of the attack on Fort Ticon- deroga. 37. What did Abercrombie do? Tell about an expedition against Fort Frontenac. 1 brad' -street. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 141 fort 3)u Quesne Taken by the English. 2*eace with the Indians. tario. It was on the site of Kingston, in Canada. The fort was taken on the 27th of August. 38. In July, General Forbes * commenced a march against Fort Du Quesne, with nine thousand men. He moved so slowly that he did not get over the Alleghany Mountains until November, when his troops were attacked and defeated in a battle on the 21st. Then Washington, with his Vir- ginians, moved rapidly forward. Hearing of his approach, the French set fire to Fort Du Quesne (Nov. 24), and fled down the Ohio River in boats. RUINS OF T1CONDEROGA IN 39. In honor of the great statesman, the name of Fort Pitt was given to the ruin, and there the city of Pittsburgh now stands. This event ended the campaign of 1758. Its results were favorable to the English. They had cap- tured Forts Louisburg, Frontenac, and Du Quesne, with very little loss to themselves, and so alarmed the In- dians, that they agreed, in council, not to fight the Eng- lish any more. QUESTIONS. 38. Give an account of an expedition against Fort Du Quesne and the result. 39. What new name was given to the fort? What were the results of the campaign of 1758 ? 1 forbz. 142 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. LORD AMHERST. Military Operations in New England and Canada. CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 40. Pitt now resolved to take Canada and crush the dominion of the French in America. General Amherst * was made com- mander-in-chief in America; and in the spring of 1759, he found twenty thousand Provincial troops ready to march against Canada. 41, A land and naval force was sent over from England, and early in the summer three expeditions were in motion. One went up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec ; another went to drive the French from Lake Champlain and force them into Canada, and a third was destined to at- tack the fort on the Niagara River. 42. Amherst appeared before Ticon- deroga late in July with eleven thousand men. The French commander had just heard of the arrival of Wolfe before Quebec. He fled in haste to Crown Point. Am- herst pursued the French, who went down the lake into Canada. They never came back. Am- FORT AT CROWN POINT. forgf; then built the strong fort, now in ruins, at Crown Point. LAKE GEOBGE AND VICINITY. QUESTIONS. 40. What did Pitt resolve to do ? What have you to say about Gene- ral Amherst ? 41. What can you tell about preparations for the campaign of 1759 and the movements of troops ? 42. Tell about the expedition of Amherst against Ticon- deroga and the flight of the French. What did Amherst do f 1 am'-erst. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 143 PORT NIAGARA. Expeditions against Fort Niagara and Quebec. 43. General Prideauxt led the expedition against Fort Niagara. He sailed from Oswego in July, with Sir Wil- liam Johnson as his lieutenant. On the 17th he commenced a siege of Niagara, where he was soon killed by the bursting of a gun. Johnson continued the siege, and on the 25th the fort surrendered to the English. 44. General Wolfe, who went up the St. Lawrence with eight thousand troops and many battle-ships, under Admirals Holmes and Saunders, was now near Quebec. It was a strong, walled town, under the command of Gen- eral Montcalm, whose army lay along the St. Lawrence, from the city to the Montmorenci* River. 45. In June Wolfe took posses- sion of the island of Orleans, below Quebec, and of Point Levi, B oppo- site the city. Early in July he formed a camp below the Montmo- renci. The two armies had a little hard fighting there on the 31st of July, but the grand assault was deferred until September. 46. Wolfe waited in vain for Amherst to come to his aid. Prostrated by fever at the close of summer, he held a council of war at his bedside. It was determined to QUESTIONS. -43. Tell about the expedition against Port Niagara, and the result. 44 What can you tell about an expedition under General Wolfe ? What have you to say ahout Quebec and an army under Montcalm ? 45. What position did Wolfe take near Quebec ? 46. What did Wolfe do, and what was determined upon in council 1 GENERAL WOLFE. 1 pre-doz'. mont-mo-ren'-ci. * lee'-vi FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 145 flattie at Quebec. T>eaih of Wolfe and Montcalm. scale the rocky heights above the town, ascend to the Plains of Abraham, and there attack Quebec on its weakest side. 47. Feeble as he was, Wolfe determined to lead his troops. These were conveyed silently, in boats rowed with muffled oars, to a cave at the mouth of a winding ravine. They were all landed at midnight, unobserved by the French sentinels. 48. Montcalm was ignorant of this movement until he was surprised at sunrise on the morning of the 13th of September by the glow of British uniforms on the high plain. He im- mediately marched hlS whole MILITARY OPERATIONS AT QUEBEC. across the St. Charles River and attacked the enemy. 49. A very severe battle was fought. Wolfe was three times wounded, the last time mortally, by a bullet which pierced his breast. He was taken to the rear, faint from the loss of blood. He heard a shout, " They run ! They run ! " " Who runs ? " feebly asked the dying leader. "The French/' was the reply. "Then I die content, " he said, and expired. 50. Montcalm was killed at about the time Wolfe ex- pired, and now one tall monument stands in Quebec, erected QUESTIONS. 47. Give an account of the leading and the landing of the troops. 48. What can you tell about Montcalm ? 49. Give an account of a battle and the death of Wolfe. 50. What was the fate of Montcalm ? What can you tell about a move- ment and the surrender of Quebec ? MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALMi 146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Attempt to Recapture Quebec. Capture of Montreal. to the memory of the two heroes. Five days after the bat- tle Quebec, was given to the English. But Canada was not yet conquered. CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 51. The French tried to retake Quebec in the spring of 1760. A very severe battle was fought at Sillery, three miles above Quebec, on the 28th of April, when the British were driven into the city and a siege commenced. Rumors of an ap- proaching British fleet alarmed the French and they fled to Montreal, then the last stronghold left of the French empire in America. 52. The whole summer was consumed by Amherst in preparations to attack the French in Montreal. He went down the St. Lawrence with ten thousand white men and a thousand Indian warriors, and arrived before Montreal on the 6th of September. 53. General Murray, with four thousand troops from Quebec, joined Amherst the same day. On the next day Colonel Haviland * came with three thousand troops from Crown Point. 54. The French commander saw that resistance would be useless, and on the 8th he surrendered the post to the English. General Gage was appointed governor. Thus was completed the conquest of Canada ; and the power QUESTIONS. 51. What did the French try to do, and what did they do ? 52. What did Amherst do ? 53. What can you tell about the English before Montreal ? 54. What did the French commander see, and what did he do ? What have you to say about the conquest of Canada and the French power ? 1 hav'-i-land. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 147 End of French and Indian War. fontiac'g War. Treaty at farts. of the French in America was broken. The French, and Indian War was essentially ended from this time. 55. French emissaries, however, continued to excite the Indians against the English. A bloody warfare was kept up along the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas by the savages for more than a year. 56. These troubles in the South had scarcely ended when Pontiac, 1 an Ottawa 2 chief, induced several of the north- western tribes to join in trying to drive the white people from the country. 57. Pontiac was one of the greatest of the Indian chiefs known to Europeans. In the summer of 1763, he kin- dled a fierce war. It was terrible for awhile, but the Confederacy was subdued and destroyed. Pontiac fled to the country of the Illinois, where he was murdered in 1769. 58. The last act in the French and Indian War was a treaty of peace, which was concluded at Paris in 1763, by which France was shorn of the best part of her dominions in America. This struggle with the French revealed to the colonists their inherent strength in Union, and prepared them for the greater struggle for independence, in which they were engaged soon afterward. 59. We have considered in this section (1) The causes which brought the French and English into conflict in the Ohio country ; (2) the beginning of hos- tilities between the three races in America in 1754 ; (3) the preliminary steps toward a union of the colonies ; QUESTIONS. 55. What can you tell about the Indians on the Southern borders ? 56. What can you tell about Pontiac and Indians in the northwest? 57. What have you to say about Pontiac, his doings and his fate ? 58. What was the last act in the French and Indian War ? What was the more remote result of the struggle ? 50. What have we considered in this section ? 1 pon-ti-ak'.. a ot-taw'-wah. 148 FRENCH ANfr INDIAN Outline of Important Invents. (4) the declaration of war between France and Eng- land ; (5) the several campaigns from 1755 to 1760, which ended in the conquests of Canada, and (6) Indian hos- tilities and a final treaty of peace. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1619 TO 1763.* 1619. Representative government established in Virginia. Slaves in- troduced into Virginia. 1620. Young women sent to Virginia for wives. 1621. Indians appear at Plymouth. 1622. Massacre by Indians in Virginia, 1624. Virginia made a royal province. 1626. First governor of New Netherland arrives. 1628. Salem and Charlestown settled. 1629. Charter of Massachusetts transferred to the colony. 1635. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 1639. Representative government established in Maryland. 1643. New England confederacy formed. 1644. Massacre by Indians in Virginia. Charter for Rhode Island granted. 1647. Governor Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam. 1649. Toleration Act passed in Maryland. 1650. Disputes between Connecticut and New Netherland settled. 1651. Dutch build a fort on the Delaware. 1652. Silver money first coined in Massachusetts. 1653. Roger Williams elected first president of Rhode Island. 1654. Protestants disfranchise Roman Catholics in Maryland. 1655. Rhode Island charter confirmed by Cromwell. 1656. Quakers first appear in Boston. 1660. Charles the Second enthroned. Colonies subjected to import duties. 1662. Charter given to Connecticut. 1663. First representative Assembly in New Netherland. 1664. New Netherland surrendered to the English. New Jersey founded. 1665. New Haven and Connecticut colonies united. 1669. Grand scheme of government for the Carolinas perfected. 1673. New York retaken by the Dutch. 1674. New York given back to the English. * See foot-note on page 32. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 149 Outline of Important Events. 1675. King Philip's war breaks out. 1676. Civil war breaks out in Virginia. 1676. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey. 1681. First legislative Assembly in New Jersey. 1682. City of Philadelphia laid out. 1683. Charter of Liberties given to New York. Charter of Liberties given to Pennsylvania. 1685. Charter of Liberties withdrawn from New York. 1686. Andros sent to take away the New England charters. 1687. Andros attempts to seize the Connecticut charter. Takes the Rhode Island charter. 1689. Accession of William and Mary. King William's War breaks out. Coode's Rebellion in Maryland. Connecticut resumes her charter. 1690. Schenectady burned by the French and Indians. 1691. Execution of Leisler and Milborne. Maryland made a royal province. 1692. Massachusetts and Plymouth united. The witchcraft delusion at Salem. Pennsylvania made a royal province. 1693. Governor Fletcher attempts to control the militia of Connecticut. 1694. Penn's charter rights restored. . 1695. Archdale made governor of both Carolinas. 1699. Annapolis made the capital of Maryland. 1701. Queen Anne's War breaks out. Penn gives a new charter to Pennsylvania. 1702. The Jerseys made a royal province under the governor of New York. South Carolinians go to attack St. Augustine. 1703. South Carolinians subdue hostile Indians. 1706. Expedition of Spaniards against South Carolina. 1707. Huguenots settle in North Carolina. 1710. Port Royal, in Acadia, captured by the English. Germans settle in North Carolina. 1711. Unsuccessful expedition against Quebec. Massacre by Indians in North Carolina. . 1713. Peace with French and Indians secured by treaty. North Caro- lina Indians subdued. 1715. Confederation of Southern Indians formed. South Carolinians subdue the Indians. 1716. Rights of Lord Baltimore restored. 1729. North and South Carolina made separate royal provinces. 1736. Scotch Highland soldiers go to Georgia. 1737. Six hundred other soldiers go to Georgia. 1738. First royal governor in New Jersey. 150 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Outline of important Events, 1740. Georgians make war on the Spaniards in Florida. 1742. Spaniards threaten Georgia. Fight at Bloody Marsh. 1743. Local government first established in Georgia. 1744- King George's War breaks out. 1745. Louisburg captured by the English. 1746- D'Anville's fleet dispersed. 1748. King George's War ended by treaty. 1749. Ohio Company formed. 1752. Georgia made a royal province. 1753. French soldiers imprison English surveyors. 1754- Young Washington's delicate mission to the French. Fort Du Quesne built. First blood shed in the French and Indian War. Colonial Congress at Albany. 1755. Braddock comes to America with troops. Defeated and killed near the Monongahela River. Battles near Lake George, and Fort William Henry built. Acadia desolated. 1756. England declares war against France. Montcalm captures Os- wego. Indians defeated at Kittanning. 1757. Montcalm captures Fort William Henry. Pitt made Prime Minister. 1758. Louisburg captured by the English. The English repulsed at Ticonderoga. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne taken by the English. 1759. Forts Ticonderoga and Niagara, and the city of Quebec taken by the English. 1760. The conquest of Canada by the English completed. 1761. Troubles with the Southern Indians. 1763. War with Pontiac. Treaties of Peace concluded at Paris. A LIST OF BATTLES IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1754. Great Meadows May 28 Fort Necessity July 4 1755. Fort Beausejour June 16 Fort Gasperau June 17 Monongahela July 9 Near Lake George Sept. 8 Head of Lake George Sept. 8 1756. Oswego Aug. 14 1757. Fort William Henry Aug. 9 1758. Near Ticonderoga July 6 Ticonderoga July 8 Louisburg July 26 Fort Frontenac Aug. 27 Alleghany Mountains Sept. 21 Fort Niagara July 25 Montmorenci July 31 Plains of Abraham Sept. 13 1760. Sillery April 28 THE REVOLUTION. 151 Tendency toward National Independence. CHAPTER IV. > THE STRIFE FOR FREEDOM, OR THE REVOLUTION. SECTION I. THE PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 1. The love of liberty of thought and action, which caused a greater portion of the settlers in America to leave home and make an abode in the wilderness, was increased by its indulgence here. They loved father-land much, but freedom more. 2. There was a tendency toward national indepen- dence from the first planting of the colonies. The people, however, gloried in being subjects of Great Britain, so long as the imperial government treated them justly. When it ceased to do so, they asserted their independence, and fought to secure it. 3. The natural tendency toward independence ; the neg- lect of the parent country ; the misrule of many royal governors ; the exactions of proprietors, and the peculiar conditions of society in America, were the chief causes which made the struggle for independence a sort of necessity. QUESTIONS. 1. What induced persons to settle in America ? 2. What was the ten- dency of the colonists ? What did the people glory in, and what did they do ? 3. What were the chief causes that led to the struggle for independence ? 152 THE REVOLUTION. "View of Taxation and Independence. 4. The immediate occasion of that struggle may be found in the persistence of the British ministry in taxing the colonies, while, at the same time, they denied them a rep j resentation in the parliament. The American^ said, u Taxation without representation is tyran- ny." Under the circumstances their principles made rebel- lion a necessity. 5. George the Third took his seat on the throne of Eng- land at the close of the French and Indian war. That war had cost England much money, and her treasury was empty. The King asked how it should be filled, and bad ad- visers said, Tax the Americans ; they are rich, and willing to pay freely. 6. The colonists were called upon to pay to the govern- ment certain sums of money for everything which they might re- ceive in ships. This is called an impost duty. Officers were sent to America to collect this duty, or tax. Leading men in Massachu- setts, among them the eloquent James Otis, advised the people not to pay the tax, and they refused to .\SSC-N -; *- JAMES OTIS. an- QUESTIONS. 7. What can you tell about the escape of the British and the march of the Americans ? 8. What can you tell about the movements of the French forces ? 9. What can you tell about fleets off Rhode Island f COUNT D'ESTAING. THE REVOLUTION. 197 Events on Rhode Island. ftaids by Indians. set Bay, the British fleet appeared in sight. The French vessels went out to attack them, taking the troops with them. A violent storm which arose suddenly shattered both fleets. D'Estaing went to Boston to get his ships re- paired, leaving the Americans to help themselves. 10. Sullivan, who had marched almost to Newport, now retreated. The British pursued. On Quaker Hill, near the northern end of the Island, the two armies fought. The British were repulsed in the battle, but the Americans were compelled to leave the island. 11. The Six Nations of Indians in the State of New York took sides with the British. They joined the Tories, or friends of the King, and made sad havoc among the settle- ments in New York and Pennsylvania, in the summer and autumn of 1778. In the Mohawk, Schoharie, and Cherry Valleys, they murdered men, women, and children, and burned their houses. 12. Early in July, a leader named John Butler, with a band of Tories and Indians, broke into the Wyoming Val- ley. Most of the strong men were away in the army. Old men and boys, under Zebulon Butler, fought the invaders, but were overpowered. The savages swept through the val- ley, murdering and plundering the inhabitants and burning their houses. Some of the people escaped from the valley and suffered in the wilderness on its borders. 13. Meanwhile Brant, the Mohawk chief, with a son of Sir William Johnson, were desolating the Mohawk Valley and its neighborhood with fire, sword, musket, and tomahawk. QUESTIONS. 10. What did the Americans do on Rhode Island ? 11. What can yop tell about the doings of the Six Nations and their allies ? 12. Give an account of events in the Wyoming Valley. 13. What have you to say ahout Brant and John- son? 198 THE REVOLUTION. Change in the Seat of War. The British in Georgia. So dreadful were the events there during three or four years that the region was called " the dark and bloody ground," 14. Late in the autumn of 1778, the seat of actual war was transferred to Georgia. In November, D' Estaing sailed to the West Indies to attack the British possessions there, and the British fleet hastened to protect them. Being deprived of a naval power, Clinton could not do much in the populous north, so he sent Colonel Campbell with two thousand troops to invade Georgia. 1 5. General Robert Howe commanded the few American troops then in Savannah. He was driven up the Savannah River, and took shelter in South Carolina. Savannah then became the head- quarters of the British in the South, and they held it almost four years. 16. During the fourth year of the war the British gained almost nothing, while the Americans had BARON STEUBEN, found a powerful ally in France, with the Baron de Steuben as Inspector-General, and had gained strength by military experience. Their finan- ces, however, were in a wretched condition. They had a hundred million dollars of paper money afloat, which was rapidly depreciating in value ; and the public credit was daily sinking. Yet the Americans were hopeful. QUESTIONS. 14. What can you tell about a change in the seat of war ? 15. Give an account of the American troops in Georgia, and the possession of that State by the British. 16. What was the relative condition of the British and Americans at the close of the fourth year of the war ? THE REVOLUTION. 199 The American ^Policy. Preparations for the Campaign in the South. 17. In this section we have considered (1) The Americans at Valley Forge ; (2) the alliance with France, and the advent of English commissioners ; (3) the flight of the British from Philadelphia and the pursuit by Washington; (4) operations on and near Rhode Island ; (5) the distressing warfare of Indians and Tories ; (6) the invasion of Georgia, and (7) the relative position of the contending parties. SECTION VI. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, [1779.] 1, The Americans determined to act on the defen- sive during the campaign of 1779, excepting in chastis- ing the hostile Indians. The British were to be con- fined to the sea-board. A wild scheme for the conquest of Canada was abandoned. The safer and less expensive mode of warfare was applauded by the people. 2. Campbell opened the campaign at Savannah, where he was joined by General Prevost, 1 from Florida. Prevost took the chief command, and prepared to penetrate the State. Gen- eral Lincoln was sent to take com- GENERAL LINCOLN. mand of the Americans in the South. He made his headquarters at Purysburg, about QUESTIONS. 17. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the plan of the campaign for 1779 by the Ameri- cans. 2. What can you tell about operations on the banks of the Savannah River ? 200 THE REVOLUTION. The British Occupy ylugusta. disasters to the Americans. twenty miles, above Savannah, where, with the broken army of Howe, he had collected a considerable force at the close of January. 3. Campbell, meanwhile, marched up the Georgia side of ;the Savannah River, and took possession of Au- gusta. - This enabled the British to communicate with their friends, the Creek, Indians, in Alabama. At the same time a band of Tories were desolating the Caro- lina frontier. They were defeated, however, in a battle on Kettle Creek on the 14th of February (1779). 4. Lincoln sent Colonel Ashe with some troops to drive Campbell from Augusta. He did so, and then pursued the enemy forty miles down the Savannah, where he encamped on Brier Creek. There he was surprised and attacked by Prevost on the 3d of March (1779), and lost nearly the whole of his two thousand troops. 5. By this disaster Lincoln was deprived of a quarter of his army. Yet he was not discouraged. Prevost, feeling strong, crossed the Savannah River, with a large force of British, Tories and Indians, and marched on the capital of South Carolina. Lincoln followed him with a larger force, to prevent his capturing that city. 6. Prevost appeared before Charleston early in May, and demanded the surrender of the city. It was promptly re- fused. The inhabitants expected an immediate attack, and slept but little the ensuing night. To their surprise, no enemy was visible in the morning. Prevost had heard of the near approach of Lincoln, and had fled at mid- night, along the sea islands, toward Savannah. QUESTIONS. 3. Tell about Campbell's movements and their effects, and a battle with Tories. 4. What can you tell about Colonel Ashe and hiH defeat ? 5. What have you to say about the armies of Lincoln and Prevost ? 6. What did Prevost do ? THE REVOLUTION. 201 Sritifh Marauding yartiet in "Various ^Placet. 7. Prevost lingered among the islands. On the 20th of June a fight occurred between a detachment of his army and the Americans at Stono Ferry, below Charleston. The latter were defeated. But the capital was saved. 8. Sir Henry Clinton contented himself with sending out marauding parties to plunder and destroy towns. Gov- ernor Tryon, whom the patriots had driven from New York, was a willing leader in these expeditions. First he scattered some American troops, under General Putnam, at Green- wich, in Connecticut. Later in the season he landed on the shores of Connecticut with two thousand troops. He plun- dered New Haven, and laid East Haven, Fairfield and Norwalfo in ashes. 9. Meanwhile some British vessels, commanded by Sir George Collier^- bore troops to Hampton Roads, Vir- ginia. They plundered the country in the vicinity. The same ships, at the end of May, went up the Hudson River with troops, and captured Stony and Verplanck's Points, below the Highlands. At the beginning of July these vessels bore Tryon and twenty-five hundred men to Connecticut. 10. The bold and dashing General Wayne struck the British a retaliating blow about the middle of July. He marched some troops secretly to the vicinity of Stony Point on a warm evening. At midnight he surprised and attacked the fort ; and at two o'clock in the morning of the 16th, though badly wounded in the hand, he wrote to Wash- QUESTIONS. 7. What more have you to say about Prevost and a battle ? 8. What c.in you tell about British marauding expeditions ? 9. What can you tell about the doing* of British ships and troops ? 10. Tell about a brave exploit of General Wayne. 1 kol'-yer. 202 THE REVOLUTION. GENERAL WAYNE. ^British ^Post at JPaulus* Hook Captured. Events in Kentucky. ington: "The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours," The British lost in killed, wounded and prisoners six hundred men. 11. A few weeks later (August 19) Major Henry Lee captured a British post at Pautus's HooTc (now Jersey City), killing thirty-six of the garrison and making one hun- > dred and sixty men prisoners. The Congress voted to Wayne and Lee each a silver medal. In September, forty vessels, sent from Massachusetts, with soldiers, to seize Castin, at the mouth of the Pendbscot River, were captured or destroyed, and the soldiers were driven into the wilderness. 12, The war had now extended into the wilder- ness beyond the Mlegha- ny Mountains, where Daniel Boone, the great hunter and pioneer, had made settlements. They had there been fighting the Indians for several years. Further north, in the present State of Illinois^ the British had forts, and the QUESTIONS. 11. What did Major Lee do ? What happened on the Eastern coast ? 12 and 13. What can you tell about the war beyond the Alleghany Mountains ? STONY POINT. DANIEL BOONE. U-le-nois'. THE REVOLUTION. 203 Eventt in the Illinois Country. Indian* in Aetr York Scourged, soldiers there were continually urging the Indians to fight the Americans. 13. In January, 1779, Major George Rogers Clarke led an expedition from Kentucky against these posts. After great hardships in the wilderness, they captured the forts, drove away the British, and formed peaceable rela- tions with the Indians. 14. In the summer of 1779, General Sullivan was sent with a military force to chastise the Six Nations in New York, who had been engaged in the horrid cruelties the previous year. He collected an army in the Wyoming Valley, and marched up the Susquehanna River into the country of the Senecas. In the course of a few weeks he de- stroyed forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn, fruit and This chas- GENERAL SULLIVAN. garden vegetables, tisement was long remembered by the Indians with bitter ha- tred. 15. Early in September (1779) D'Estaing appeared off the coast of Georgia with a powerful French fleet, to assist Lincoln in an attempt to drive the Brit- ish from Savannah. D'Es- taing landed troops and siege-guns ; and for more than a fortnight the town was bombarded. QUESTIONS. 14. What can you tell about Sullivan's campaign against the Indians ? 15. Give an account of operations against Savannah. SEEGB Or SAVANNAH. 1779. 204 THE REVOLUTION. ylfsault on Savannah. The French Desert the Americans. 16. On the 9th of October an attempt was made to take the town by a close and furious assault. After a des- perate fight pf five hours, there was a truce to bury the dead. Many brave men had been killed. Among them was Count Pulaski, 1 who, like Kosci- uszko, came from Poland to help the Americans in their struggle for free- dom. 17. D'Estaing now suddenly pro- posed to abandon the siege. Lin- coln believed that the British would soon surrender ; but he was compelled CQUNT PULASKI to submit to D'Estaing's determina- tion, and a few days afterward the French fleet was at sea and the Americans were in full retreat toward Charleston. This was the second time D'Estaing had abandoned the Americans when a speedy victory seemed certain. 18. During the summer of 1779 Lafayette was in France, and persuaded the King to send another fleet and thousands of soldiers to help the Americans. The British were alarmed when they heard this news, and their troops in Rhode Island were ordered to New York, so that the army should not be too much scattered. 19. .Other dangers now threatened England. Spain declared war against her, and a French and Spanish ar- mament attempted an invasion of England in August, 1779. In the autumn, French and American cruisers QUESTIONS. 16. What farther can you tell about the siege of Savannah? 17. What did D'Estaing do, and what was the result ? 18. What did Lafayette do, and what was the effect ? 19. What dangers now threatened England ? THE REVOLUTION. 205 The Continental JVary and yinterican JVaval Operations. spread much alarm in Great Britain, because of their dep- redations upon commerce in British waters. 20. The naval operations of the Americans during the Revolution do not hold a conspicuous place in history, but they were important. The Americans were not able to build large ships of war, but vessels armed by private citi- zens, commissioned by the Congress, and known as priva- teers, captured a great many British vessels and so helped the cause. 2 1 . Arrangements were made for creating a navy in the autumn of 1775. The first vessels built were gun-boats. These were used by Washington against the British ships at Boston. They were armed with heavy cannon at each end and lighter ones on the top. 22. Eseh Hopkins was the first commander-in-chief of the naval forces, and performed good service along our southern coasts and among the Bahama Islands. There were other commanders, such as Man- ly, Barry, McNeil, and Himnan, whose exploits made them famous. But John Paul Jones became the most famous of them all. 23. Some vessels fitted out on the coast of France were put under the command of Jones. He cruised around Great Britain in A GUN-BOAT AT BOSTON. AbMIRAL HOPKINS. QUESTIONS. 20. What have you to say about the American navy? 21. What more can you toll about the navy? 22. What can you tell about the first commander-in- chief of the navy, and other leaders ? 206 THE REVOLUTION. JVavat Victory by John Paul Jones. the summer of 1779, and filled the people of the coast towns with alarm because of his devasta- tions. 24. In September, Jones, in a ship named Bonhomme Richard 1 (Good Man Richard), attacked and defeated the British ship of war Serapis, 2 off the eastern coast of England. The fight was in the moonlight, and it was a terrible one. At one time, when the i IT.JA A-L 1 JOHN PAUL JONES. ships were lashed together, they were both on fire. Jones was the victor. He took pos- session of the Serapis, and his own shattered vessel went to the bottom of the sea. 25. Although England was surrounded with many diffi- culties at the close of 1779, and many of her own people sympathized with the Americans, she put forth amazing strength and energy, and made ample provision of men and money to carry on the campaign against the Americans in 1780. 26. In this section we have considered (1) The plans of the Americans ; (2) military opera- tions in Georgia and South Carolina ; (3) British ma- rauding expeditions; (4) the conquests by General Wayne and Major Lee ; (5) the war beyond the Allegha- nies; (6) Sullivan's campaign against the Indians; (7) the siege of Savannah, and (8) the naval operations. QUESTIONS. 23 and 24. What can you tell about John Paul Jones and his exploits ? 25. What have you to Bay about England's troubles, strength, and actions ? 26. What have we considered in this section ? 1 ban-om' ree' -shard. ' se-ra'-pis. THE REVOLUTION. 207 Movements of Sir Henry Clinton. Change in the Seat of War. SECTION VII. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1780.] 1. When Clinton was joined by the British troops from Rhode Island, he sailed for Charleston with a large force, to capture that city, leaving the remainder in New York, under the charge of the Hessian general, Knyphausen. 1 Early in the spring of 1780 Washington sent the Baron De Kalb* and other good officers to assist the Ameri- can troops in the South. 2. The chief seat of war was now transferred to the South, and the people of the North had a little rest. Clin- ton and his troops were borne to Charleston Harbor in a fleet commanded by Admiral Ar- buthnot.* Near the middle of Feb- ruary, they were landed on the islands and shores thirty miles below Charleston. 3. General Lincoln was then in Charleston with a few troops. The patriotic militia of South Carolina GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE. ^^ ftt ^ ^ f * Rut- ledge, and when the invaders appeared before Charleston early in April, the force gath- ered there felt strong enough to resist them. 4. The patriots built strong military works across QUESTIONS. 1. What did Sir Henry Clinton do? What did Washington do? 2. What can you tell about the seat of war and the movements of Clinton ? 3. What can you tell about the Americans in Charleston ? 1 nip-how'-zen. * kawlb. * ar-buth'-not. THE REVOLUTION. 209 Siege of Charleston and itt Surrender. Charleston Neck, and manned Fort Moultrie, in the har- bor, with many soldiers. Near the town were six armed vessels under Commodore Abraham Whipple, and along the wharves batteries were constructed. 5. On the 9th of April, Arbuthnot sailed into diaries- ton Harbor with his fleet. At the same time Clinton^ who had come up from below, approached the defences on Charleston Neck. He sent a summons to Lincoln to surrender his army and the city, and threatened to destroy the town and capture the troops in case he refused. Lin- coln did refuse, and sent word to Clinton that he was ready for war. 6. The siege of Charleston continued for a month. Meanwhile Lord Cornwallis came from New York, with an army, to help Clinton. The British sur- rounded the town. On the night of the 9th of May, two hundred cannon opened fire upon the city. The fleet joined in the bombardment. 7. For more than forty-eight J LOUD COBNWAJXI8. hours the inhabitants of the city en- dured the dreadful cannonade, when, at about two o'clock in the morning of the 12th of May, Lincoln of- fered to surrender. The firing ceased. About six thousand citizens and soldiers were made prisoners of war, with four hundred cannon and a large quantity of provisions and stores. QUESTIONS. ^4. What did the patriots at Charleston do? 5. What can you tell about a British fleet at Charleston and the movements of Clinton against the city ? 6. Give an account of the siege of Charleston. 7. What more can you tell about the siege ? What about the surrender ? 210 THE REVOLUTION. The British in South Carolina. American Troops Sent to the South. 8. This was a heavy blow for the Americans. The British commander immediately sent large bodies of troops OP CHARLESTON, 1780. into the country, in various directions, to conquer and hold the State. For awhile it seemed to the patriots that all was lost, and the quiet of despair prevailed throughout South Carolina. 9. Mistaking this quiet for permanent tranquillity, Clin- ton and Arbuthnot, with many troops, sailed for New York in June, leaving the remainder of the army in the South under the chief command of Lord Comwallis. 10. The deceptive quiet was soon broken. De Kalb had moved too slowly to effect anything in favor of Lincoln. General Gates had also been sent to the South, and he took the chief command when he joined De Kalb. The news that the con- queror of Burgoyne was coming revived the spirits of GENERAL GATES. QUESTIONS. 8. What did the British commander then do ? What was the result ? 9. What did Clinton and Arhuthnot think and do ? 10. What can yon tell about De Kalb and Gates, and Southern patriots ? THE REVOLUTION. 211 Active Southern Partisans. Battle near Camden. 3)eath of De Ralb. the patriots, and partisan leaders like Marion}- Sumter, Pickens and Clarke were soon in the field at the head of daring men. 11. Sumter first appeared, with strength, on the Ca- tawba River. At the same time Marion was striking the British and Tories in the swamps of the lower country, on the borders of the Pedee ; and the other parti- sans were active. 12. When, in August (1780), Gates marched down from the hill country and approached Cam- den, he was joined by many patriots and felt strong. Lord Rawdon was then in com- mand of British troops at Camden. Cornwallis hastened to join him, and then moved forward to meet Gates. 13. The two armies, marching silently along a sandy road, met at midnight, unex- pectedly to both, in a swamp on Sanders' Creek, seven miles north of Camden. They skirmished in the darkness, and at daylight began a fierce battle. The Americans were defeated and scattered. De Kalb was killed, and Gates and a few of his troops fled into North Carolina. GENERAL SUMTER. SANDERS 1 CREEK. QUESTIONS. 11. Give an account of Sumter and Marion. 12. What can you tell about Gates and Cornwallis ? 13. Give an account of a march and a battle. mah'ri-on. 212 THE REVOLUTION. BARON DE KALB American Losses. Cornwallis' s Mistakes. Battle at King's Motmtain. 14. This was another severe blow for the patriots. Within the space of three months two of their armies in the South had been destroyed, and the armed bands of the partisans were now scattered to the winds by Tarleton and other British leaders. All seemed hopeless, and yet the patriots were hopeful. 15. With the foolish idea that ex- tremely harsh treatment would secure submission, Cornwallis employed very oppressive measures. The exasperated patriots despised and defied him, and instantly prepared to strike an effectual blow for freedom. 16. Believing South Carolina to be thoroughly con- quered, Cornwallis marched into North Carolina, and sent out armed parties to frighten the Whigs and encourage the Tories. The patriots in Western Carolina rallied, and at King's Mountain they fought, early in October, and defeated Colonel Fer- guson. He lost a thousand men and fifteen hundred guns. 17. As the battle at Benning- ton was a severe blow to Bur- goyne, so this was a hard blow for Cornwallis. Meanwhile Marion was annoying the British and Tories near Charleston; GENERAL MARION. QUESTIONS. 14. What had the patriots lost? 15. What did Cornwallis do, and what was the result ? 16. What more did Cornwallis do ? What did the patriots do ? 17. How were the British affected? What have you to say about Marion and Sumter ? THE REVOLUTION. 213 Marion and Sumler. British Invasion of JVe*> Jersey. and Sumter and Marion again appeared at the head of brave patriots. So stealthy were the movements of one, and so full of fight was the other, that the British called Marion The Swamp Fox, and Sumter The Carolina Game Cock. 18. Cornwallis hastened back to South Carolina, and encamped between the Broad and Catawba Rivers, about the middle of October. Here we will leave him while we consider military movements in the North. 19. Extensive military operations were almost suspended in the North during the summer of 1780. As we have seen, Knyphausen was left in command at New York. That officer sent a force of five thousand men into New Jersey, under General Mathews, early in June, on a marauding expedition. 20. Mathews crossed over from Staten Island to Eliz- abethtown, and near that village burned a small settlement, and commenced plundering the inhabitants. Wash- ington sent a detachment from his camp at Morristown to drive them back. This was effectually done. 21. A fortnight afterward, Clinton, who had returned from Charleston, joined Mathews, and marching toward Morristown^ tried to drive Washington out of his encamp- ment. They were met at Springfield by Americans under General Greene, on the 23d of June, when a severe skir- mish ensued. The British set fire to the village and fled back to Staten Island. 22. Early in the same month a French fleet arrived at QTTESTTONS. 18. What did Cornwallis do ? 19. What have you to say about mili- tary operations in the North ? 20. What can you tell about an invasion of New Jersey? 21 What can you tell about a second invasion of New Jersey, and a battle ? 214 TSE REVOLUTION. GOVERNOR TRUMBULL. Arrival of French Forces, ol fiat-gain for Treason, frice to be Paid. Newport, Rhode Island, with six thousand soldiers under the Count de Rochambeau. 1 A part of the French army wintered at Leb- anon, near the residence of Gover- nor Truwibull. The British were alarmed, and did not send out any more marauding expeditions. . At that time Clinton was hoping to accom- plish, through the agency of a traitor, what he could not secure by force of arms. 23. General Benedict Arnold, a brave and active officer, was the traitor. He was a quarrel- some man and a spendthrift. He be- came soured toward many officers, and his expensive living involved him deeply in debt. Dishonest practices caused him to be publicly reprimanded by Washington, by order of the Congress. 24. Irritated and pressed for money, he resolved to betray his country for a price. He bargained, through correspondence with Major Andr^ Clinton's adjutant-general, to receive fifty thousand dollars and the commission of Brigadier- General in the British army, as the price of his treason. 25. To accomplish his wicked purpose, Arnold obtained QUESTIONS. 22. What can you tell about a French fleet with troops ? What can you tell about the British ? 23. Give an account of Benedict Arnold. 24. What moved Arnold, and what did he do ? 25. What was the plan of his treason ? With whom did he confer ? 1 rosh'-aum-bo'. 9 an'-dray. BENEDICT ARNOLD. TSE REVOLUTION. 215 Conference Between Arnold and ylndr&. command of the important military post of West Point, on the Hudson River. He bargained to betray that post and its dependencies into the hands of the British. In Septem- ber, 1780, he and Major Andre had a conference at Haver- straw, on the Hudson, to complete the arrangements. 26. The ship in which Andre had ascended the Hudson was driven back by American cannon on the shore, and Andre was compelled to go back by land. He crossed the river, and was making his way on horseback toward New York, when he was arrested, near Tarrytown, by three militia-men, who searched him and found papers in his boots which convicted Arnold of Treason. 27. By a stupid blunder, Arnold was allowed to escape. He heard of the arrest of Andre while at breakfast in his house opposite West Point. Kissing his wife and babe farewell, he hurried to his barge, and offering his oarsmen a reward for speed, they took him swiftly down the river to the British sloop-of-war Vul- ture, and so he escaped. 28. Major Andre was tried and executed as a spy. If the Americans could have caught Arnold, they would have let the youthful Andre go. __ __. CAPTORS 1 MEDAL. 29. The names of the militia- men who arrested Andrb were John Pauldin^, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. 1 Because of this useful QUESTIONS. 26. What can you tell about Major Andre" ? 27. Tell about a blunder, and the escape of Arnold. 28. What more can you tell about Andre* and Arnold ? 89. What about Andrews captors ? 1 wart. 216 THE REVOLUTION. Madness of the British Ministry. Sufferings of American Soldiers. act the Congress voted them each a silver medal and two hundred dollars a year for life. 30. And now, as another year of the war drew to a close, the patriots were firm and hopeful. Great Britain had made really no progress toward conquering the Americans, after spending much blood and treasure. Yet the King and Parliament went blindly on. They declared war against Holland, which had favored America, and made extensive preparations to crush the rebellion in the colonies. 31. In this section we have considered (1) The campaign of Clinton against Charleston ; (2) the defeat of Gates and the career of Cornwallis in South Carolina ; (3) the partisan leaders in the South ; (4) the invasion of New Jersey by British troops ; (5) the ar- rival of French allies, and (6) the treason of Arnold. SECTION VIII. SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1781.] 1. The patriotism of the Americans had a trial and a triumph at the beginning of 1781. The troops had suf- fered every want. The paper money with which they had been paid had become worthless, and the Congress was not able to be prompt in redeeming its promises. 2. The soldiers had asked for relief in vain. Finally QUESTIONS. 30. What can you tell about Great Britain and the King and Parlia- ment ? 31. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What can you tell about a trial of the patriotism of the Americans? THE REVOLUTION. 21 7 Mutiny of American 2'roopt. '2'heir Vitriolic Conduct. on the 1st of January, more than a thousand left the camp at Morristown and started for Philadelphia to compel the Congress to do something for them. 3. General Wayne was sent to bring them back. He coaxed and threatened them. When he pointed his pistol at the leader, they said : " We love and respect you, but if you fire you are a dead man. We are not going to the enemy ; on the contrary, if they were now to come out, you should see us fight under your orders with as much cheerfulness as ever." 4. Their promise was soon redeemed in another way. Sir Henry Clinton heard of the mutiny, and sent agents to entice the discontented soldiers to his army. These agents went among the mutineers at Princeton. The indignant patriots seized them and handed them over to Wayne to be punished as spies. 5. The Congress satisfied the demands of the soldiers, and offered to reward them for this mark of their fidelity. They nobly replied : " Our necessities com- pelled us to demand justice from our government ; we ask no reward for doing OUT duty to our country against its enemies." 6. The Congress saw the ne- cessity of promptly meeting the ROBERT MORBIS. wants of the soldiers. They imposed taxes which were cheerfully paid. They borrowed money in Europe ; and a QUESTIONS. 2. What did the soldiers do? 3. What can you tell about General Wayne and the soldiers ? 4. What promise did the soldiers redeem, and how ? 5. What can yon tell about the Congress and the soldiers ? 6. What did Congress do about money matters ? What can you tell about Robert Morris ? 218 THE REVOLUTION. National Sank Established. Arnold in Virginia. national bank was established in Philadelphia under the management of Robert Morris, Secretary of the Treasury, which was a great help in that time of need. Mr. Morris used his own private fortune freely for the public good. 7. At the beginning of this year (1781) Arnold the traitor was desolating lower Virginia with a band of British and Tory soldiers. Lafayette was sent to Vir- ginia to catch the traitor, but Arnold, after doing all the mischief he could, escaped to New York in April. 8. Arnold was cautious, for he knew his countrymen would show him no mercy if they should catch him. One day he asked a captive Virginian, "What would the Americans do with me if they should catch me ? " The prisoner replied : " They would bury your leg that was wounded at Quebec, with military honors, and hang the rest of you." 9. Turning toward the Carolinas, where most of the fighting was done in 1781, we see General Greene, the brave soldier from Rhode Island, at the head of the Southern army. A part of it he sent toward the sea, eastward of the Pedee, and the remainder, under General Mor- gan, he caused to be encamped 1 f ^ GENERAL GBEENK. and Broad rivers. 10. Greene had succeeded Gates in the autumn of 1780. QUESTIONS. 7. What can you tell about Arnold and Lafayette? 8. Relate an anec- dote of Arnold and a prisoner. 9. What can you tell about Greene and his army ia the Carolinas ? 10. What have you to say about Greene and Gates ? TttE REVOLUTION. ^Battle at the Cowpens. Itace Between "British and American 2'roops. Cornwallis, who now lay between the two portions of the American army, found in Greene a much better soldier than Gates. He was just preparing to march into North Carolina, when he found himself menaced by this active leader. 11. Unwilling to leave Morgans his rear, Cornwallis sent Colonel Tarleton, a fiery British soldier, to capture or scatter the Americans. The foes met in a desolate place in Western South Carolina, called The Cow- pens, where they had a severe bat- tle. The British were beaten and scattered, and many of them were made prisoners This was on the 17th of January, 1781. 12. At the close of the battle Mor- gan started for Virginia with his prisoners. Cornwallis tried to head him off. He was a little too late, for Morgan had crossed the Catawba river before Cornwallis reached its banks. The British com- mander felt sure of catching the " rebel " leader in the morning, so he halted. 13. As at Trenton, the active foe of Cornwallis escaped. A heavy rain during the night so swelled the river, that the British troops could not cross. Morgan, meantime, had pushed forward and joined Greene on the Yadlcin. QUESTIONS. 11. What can you tell about a battle between Morgan and Tarleton? 12. What did Morgan and Cornwallis do ? 13. What more can you tell about the movements of Morgan and Cornwallis? COLONEL TARLETON. GENERAL MORGAN. 220 THE REVOLUTION. Between Greene and Cornwallis. 14. Now began a wonderful flight and pursuit, which extended from the Tadkin to the Dan. Greene was joined by the forces eastward of the Pedee. Three times the rivers were filled by rains after the Americans had crossed, leaving the British on the other side. The Americans finally crossed the Dan into Virginia (February 3, 1781), and Cornivallis gave up the chase. 15. Greene remained, in. Virginia only long enough to allow his troops to rest, and with some recruits he recrossed the Dan and pursued Cornwallis, who had gone into the interior of North Carolina. He sent forward Colonel Henry Lee with cavalry or horsemen to foil Tarleton and scatter the Tories. 16. On the 15th of March the two armies met near Guilford Court-house, and there they fought one of the most severe battles of the war. Both suffered dread- fully. The Americans lost four hundred men and the British six hun- dred. 17. Neither party gained a victory. Cornwallis, badly crippled, marched, with his shattered army, toward Wil- mington, on the Cape Fear, and Greene marched into South COLONEL HENRY LEE. BATTLE OF GUILFORD. QUESTIONS. 14. What can you tell about a race between Greene and Cornwallis ? 15. What did Greene and Cornwallis then do ? 16. What can you tell about a battb between Greene and Cornwallis ? 17. What was the result of the battle ? THE REVOLUTION. 221 Battle at Hobkirk's Hill. Siege of Ninety-Six. HOBKIRK'S TTTT.T.. COLONEL WASHINGTON. Carolina to attack the British under Lord Rawdon at Camden. 18. Greene encamped ou Hobkirk's Hill, a mile from amden, where Raw- don attacked him on the 25th of April, 1781. A desperate fight ensued, each party losing nearly three hundred men. In that battle Colo- nel William Washington was con- spicuous for his bravery. He captured fifty British soldiers. With these prisoners and all of his cannon, Greene retreated a few miles and encamped. 19. Raivdon, alarmed, set fire to Camden early in May, and retreated down to Nelson's Ferry, on the Santee River. At about the same time the Americans captured four important British posts in the interior of South Carolina; and Greene, with his whole army, marched against the strong post of Ninety-Six, between the Saluda and Savannah rivers. 20. Greene besieged Fort Ninety -Six. for a month. Meanwhile Lee, Pickens, and others, had attacked the British and Tories at Augusta, in Georgia, and took pos- QUESTIONS. 18. Give an account of a battle between Greene and Lord Rawdon. What have you to say about Colonel Washington ? 19. What did Rawdon do ? What had the Americans done, and where did Greene go ? 20. What did Greene do ? What did other leaders do ? TORT NINETY-SIX. 222 THE REVOLUTION, yimericans in Summer Quarters. Hattle at Eutaw Springs* session of that place on the 5th of June. They then hastened to help Greene, before Ninety-Six, which place the Amer- icans were compelled to leave on the approach of Rawdon, and flee beyond the Saluda. 1 21. Rawdon fell back toward Orangeburg, and Greene became his pursuer. The summer heats were now approaching, and Greene GENEBAL PICKENS. marched his army to the High Hills of Santee, 2 below Camden, where they were en- camped during a portion of the sickly season. Rawdon, leaving his troops at Orangeburg in charge of Colonel Stewart, went to Charleston and sailed for England. 22. Many North Carolina troops joined Greene, in August, and at the close of that month his entire army were in motion toward Orangeburg. The British fled down the Santee and encamped at Eutaw 3 Springs, two miles from that river, where Greene attacked them on the 8th of September, 1781. 23. The battle raged for four hours. At night the British held the field, but the advantage was with the Americans. The British had lost about seven hundred men, and the Americans about five hundred and fifty. The victory was claimed by both parties in this Battle of Eutaw Springs. 24. On the night after the battle the British fled toward QUESTIONS. 21. What can you tell about the movements of Greene and Rawdon? 22. What can you tell about the movements of hostile troops ? 23. Tell about a bat- tle and its results. mn-tee'< ' u'-taw. THE REVOLUTION. 223 "Position of the "British. Marion and the Sritish Officer. Charleston, pursued by the main American army and by the partisans, Marion, Sumter, Lee, and others. The British took refuge in Charleston, and at the close of 1781 they held only that city and Savannah in all the country, excepting the city of New York. 25. Of all the Southern partisans, Marion became the most famous. He was bold but cautious, and was generally successful. His followers were ready to endure any priva- tions demanded by their leader. At one time his camp was upon an island at the junction of the Pedee 1 and Lynch 's Creek. 26. To that camp a British officer was once sent with a flag of truce. He was conducted to Marion with his eyes covered. The partisan invited the young officer to dine with him. All that he could offer his guest were a few roasted potatoes served on pieces of bark. 27. The officer was informed that this was better than the usual fare to which Marion and his men were accustomed. When the young man returned to his camp he gave up his commission, declaring that such a people could not and ought not to be conquered. 28. While these events were occurring in South Caro- lina, Cornwallis was trying to subdue Virginia. He marched from Wilmington, and at the close of May he was at Petersburg, in Virginia, with a considerable army. Lafayette was then in that State, but his troops were too few to do much against the stronger British force. QUESTIONS. 24. What did the British do? 25. What have you to say about Marion ? 26. Tell the story about a British officer in Marion's camp. 27. What did Marion say, and what did the officer do ? 28. What was Cornwallis then trying to do ? What can you tell about him and Lafayette ? 224 THE REVOLUTION. Cornwatlis in "Virginia, The French and Americans go there. 29. Virginia seemed, for awhile, to be doomed to abso- lute submission to the enemy. Cornwallis marched to Richmond and beyond, destroying an immense amount of property. Then turning toward the sea, he marched slowly down the James River, followed by Generals Lafayette, Wayne, and Steuben. 1 30. Crossing the James at old Jamestown, where the first English settlement was made, Cornwallis marched to Portsmouth, opposite Norfolk, in July. In August he went to Yorktown, on the York River, and there, building strong fortifications around his camp, he gathered together all the British troops in Virginia. 31. Washington so deceived Sir Henry Clinton, at New York, that the British commander had no suspicion that the French and American armies were going to Vir- ginia until they were so far on the way that pursuit would be useless. Then Clinton sent the traitor Arnold to deso- late the New England coasts, hoping thereby to cause the Americans to return for their defence. 32. Arnold performed the task willingly. He burned New London, almost in sight of his birth-place at Nor- wich. He allowed a horrid massacre of prisoners captured at Fort Griswold. But these cruelties did not turn Wash- ington from his purpose ; and late in September the allied armies, twelve thousand strong, appeared before York- town. 33. Meanwhile the French admiral, Count de Grasse? QUESTIONS. 29. What seemed to be the doom of Virginia ? What did Cornwallis do? 30. What more can you tell about the movements of Cornwallis ? 31. How did Washington deceive Clinton? What did Clinton do? 32, Give an account of Arnold's doings. What did the allied armies do ? 1 sty'-ben. a deh-grastt. THE REVOLUTION. 225 French Fleet near Yorktown. Siege of Yorktown. COUNT DE GRASSE. had arrived with a French fleet, and, after battling with the British fleet under Admiral Graves, at the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, blockaded the York and James Rivers. He was now ready to assist the land forces in besieging Yorktown. 34. After careful preparations the allied armies began a general attack upon the British fortifications and shipping. Several of the British vessels were burned by hot shot, and Cornwallis was driven out of his quarters in Governor Nelson's stone house, to the shelter of a cave in the high river-bank. 35. For awhile, Cornwallis hoped for aid from Clinton. This hope failed, and he attempted to escape by crossing the York River in the darkness of a stormy night. He failed in this, and then, in despair, offered to surrender. 36. Arrangements were soon made, and on the 19th of October, 1781, Corn- wallis and his troops, about seven thousand in number, QUESTIONS.-^. What can you tell about the French and British fleets ? 84. What can you tell about the attack on fortifications and shipping? 35. What did Corn- wallis hope for ? What did he attempt to do ? 36. What can you tell about the sur- render of Cornwallis ? SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 226 THE REVOLUTION. Effects of the Surrender of Cornwallis. with his vessels and seamen, were surrendered to Washing- ton and Rochambeau. Clinton, who had just arrived with as many more troops, amazed at the event, returned to New York thoroughly disheartened. 37. The surrender of Corn- wallis was a signal and crowning victory for the Americans. It was the final blow which secured their inde- KOCHAMB3ATT. Britain. The King and his ministers, the parliament and the people, were confounded by the disaster. 38. Throughout the United States there was universal joy, such as had never been felt before. From churches and legislative halls; from the army and from the Congress, and at wayside gatherings of the people, went up a shout of thanksgiving and praise to the Lord God Omnipotent for the success of the allied troops. 39. The news reached Philadelphia at midnight. The watchmen cried out, with their loudest voices : " Twelve o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken ! " Very soon lights were seen moving in all the houses. The inhabitants poured into the streets and filled the air with huzzas. The news had been nearly five days coming from YorJctown to Philadel- phia. Now it could be sent in five seconds. 40. The next morning (Oct. 24, 1781), the secretary of the Congress then in session in Philadelphia, read a letter from Washington, to that body, giving an account of the QUESTIONS. 37. What have you to say about this victory and its effects in Eng- land ? 38. What were the effects of the victory in the United States ? 39. What can you tell about the arrival and effect of the news in Philadelphia ? 40. What did the Congress do ? THE REVOLUTION. 227 Congress, in a ftody, Offer Thanksgivings for yictoty. surrender. Then the members all went in procession to the Lutheran Church, and there returned thanks to God for the great victory. Yet the war was not quite ended 41. We have considered in this section (1) The character of the American patriots ; (2) justice toward the army and the establishment of a National Bank ; (3) doings of the traitor Arnold ; (4) the Cam- paign of Greene in the Carolinas ; (5) the battle at the Cowpens, and the race between Greene and Cornwallis ; (6) the battles at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs ; (7) the camp of Marion ; (8) Corn- wallis inVirginia; (9) the siege of Yorktown, and (10) the surrender of Cornwallis. QUESTIONS. 41. What have we considered in this section ? 228 THE REVOLUTION. Military Operations after the Surrender. ^Preparations for SECTION VIII. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1782-1789.] 1. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis reached General Greene on the High Hills of the Santee on the 30th of October. It was an omen of peace to the patriots of South Carolina, and Governor Rutledge soon called a legislative assembly. Yet vigilance was necessary, for there was a considerable body of British troops yet in Charleston, and Tories were plentiful everywhere. 2. Marion kept watch near Charleston ; Greene and his army took a position on the Edisto ; Wayne, always wide awake, kept the British in Georgia close within the city of Savannah; St. Glair, marching down from Yorlctown, made the British troops at Wilmington flee into Charles- ton ; and Washington, who had returned to the North with his army, made Sir Henry Clinton and his troops close prisoners in the city of New York. 3. It was now the spring of 1782. The British govern- ment now gave up the American colonies as lost to the realm, and ordered the British commanders in America to stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. At mid- summer the British left Savannah, but those in Charles- ton did not depart until near the close of the year. 4. General Leslie, in command at Charleston, tried to seize food for his army in the interior of South Carolina. QUESTIONS, 1. What have you to tell about the effects of the news of the surrender of Cornwallis in South Carolina ? 2. What can you tell about the movements of American troops ? 3. What did the British government and its troops do ? THE REVOLUTION. 229 The Last Blood Shed in the War. Treaty for Peace. Late in August, 1782, a British foraging party attempted to ascend the Combahee 1 River, when they were met by some Americans under Colonel John Laurens, and in a skirmish on the 25th that young officer was killed. In Sep- tember following, the American captain Wilmot, was killed in a skirmish at Stono Ferry, below Charleston. This was the last blood shed in the old War for Inde- pendence. 5. Meanwhile commissioners, appointed by the United States and Great Britain, had met at Paris to make arrangements for peace. A preliminary treaty to that effect was signed there on the 30th of November, 1782. A final and definitive treaty was signed on the 3d of September, 1783. Then the British monarch acknowledged the independence of the United States. 6 . While these peace measures were going on, the British held New York with a military force, and Washington, with a small army at West Point and Newburgh, on the Hudson, watched them. In the spring of 1783, the suffering American troops were tempted to revolt, but the prudence of Washington and their own patriotism prevented the calamity. 7. On the 25th of November, 1783, the British troops left New GENEBAL KNOX ' York and sailed for England. On the same day American QUESTIONS.^. What can you tell about skirmishes in South Carolina and the last blood shed in the war ? 5. What can you tell about negotiations for peace ? 6. What can you tell about the two armies and the temptations of the American troops? 7. Give an account of the movements of British and American troops at New York. 1 kom-ba-hee f . 230 THE REVOLUTION. "British Evacuate New York. "Washington jKesigns his Commission. troops under General Knox, accompanied by Washington, marched into the city, and Governor George Clinton established civil gov- ernment there. 8. On the 2d of November Wash- ington issued a Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States, about to be disbanded. A few days after the British left New York, he called his principal officers together there, and in person bade them an GOVERNOR CLINTON. affectionate farewell. Then he went to Annapolis, m Mary- land, where the Congress was in ses- sion, and resigned his commission as corn- man der-in-chief into the hands of General Mif- flin, then their Presi- dent. 9. A little while be- fore the disbanding of the Continental army, the officers formed an association, for mutual friendship and assistance, which they called the Society of the Cincinnati. They adopted an " order," or badge, made of gold and enamel, which, with membership, was to descend to their nearest masculine representative for all time. This society is yet in existence. QUESTIONS. 8. What did Washington do ? 9. What can you tell about the Society of the Cincinnati ? 10. What have you to say about the first plan of a national gov- ernment ? GENERAL MIJTLIN. THE ORDER. THE REVOLUTION. 231 ff ylrticles of Confederation" a Failure. 10. The States, in 1781, by their representatives in Con- gress, had adopted a plan for a national government, called Articles of Confederation. It was simply a League of States, with no real sovereign power, and was not fitted for the foundation of a nation. The people in some places refused to pay taxes at the call of the general government, and in Massachusetts they were in armed rebellion, led by Daniel Shays. This is known as Shays's Rebellion. 1 1 . Leading men soon perceived the necessity for another plan of government, and in the course of a few years a con- vention was called at Philadelphia to consider the subject. Representatives from all the States excepting Rhode Island met there in the summer of 1787, and framed what is known as our National Constitution. Washington was Presi-i dent of the Convention, and Dr. Franklin, then more than! eighty-one years of age, was one of the most active of its members. 12. For several days the Convention could not agree upon a plan, and it seemed as if their labors would be fruitless. One morning Dr. Franklin proposed that the proceedings should be opened each day with prayers to Almighty God for guidance. This was not done, because there was no money which could be appropriated for the payment of a minister of the Gospel for the sacred service. 13. The Constitution then formed was submitted to the people of the several States for consideration. It was agreed to by a majority of them, and on the 4th of March, 1789, the old Continental Congress expired, and the National Constitution became the Great Law of the Republic. QUESTIONS. 11. What did leading men perceive, and what was done ? 12. What did Franklin do in the Convention, and what was the result? 13. What was done with the National Constitution, and what did it become ? 232 THE REVOLUTION. Washington Inaugurated President of the United States. Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States on the 30th of April following. FRANKLIN OFFERING HIS MOTION FOR PRAYERS IN THE NATIONAL CONTENTION. 14. This was the final act of the Revolution ; and was the closing work of the patriots. Then the United States of America commenced their glorious national career. QUESTIONS. 14. What have you to say about the effects of the Constitution on the national character ? THE REVOLUTION. 233 Character of the National Government. Outline of Important Event*. They were no longer a mere League of States, but united under one General Government. Then, for the first time, did England fully acknowledge our independence, by sending a representative of the British government to reside at our national capital. 15. We have considered in this section (1) The vigilance of the Americans after the surrender of Cornwallis ; (2) the action of the British govern- ment ; (3) the last skirmishes of the war ; (4) the nego- tiations for peace ; (5) the abandonment of the country by the British ; (6) the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati ; and (7) the establishment of a national gov- ernment. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1763 TO 1789.* 1765. Stamp Act Congress meets in New York in October. Patrick Henry's great speech in the Virginia Assembly. 1766. Stamp Act repealed in March. 1768. Tax-gatherers sent to Boston and opposed by the people. 1770. Massacre of citizens in Boston by British troops in March. 1111. The " Kegulator " movements in North Carolina. 1772. The British schooner Gaspe burned in Narraganset Bay, by Americans, in June. 1773. Cargoes of tea destroyed by a mob in Boston Harbor in Decem- ber. 1774. The port of Boston closed against commerce by the British min- istry in June. A general or Continental Congress assemble in Philadelphia in September. Minute-men organized in different colonies. 1775. Attention of Parliament called to American affairs in January. Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord in jLpril. A second Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia in May. QUESTIONS. 15. What have we considered in this section? * See foot-note on page 32, 234 THE REVOLUTION. Outline of Important Events. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the Americans in May. A considerable British army in Boston in June. Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill, and Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the Americans, in June. Washing- ton takes command of the army at Cambridge in July. The Congress issues Bills of Credit, or paper money. Revolution- ary movements throughout the colonies. Governor Dunmore driven from Virginia. St. Johns, on the Sorel, and Montreal captured by the Americans in November. Quebec besieged and Americans repulsed in "December. Americans declared to be " rebels." German troops hired by the British govern- ment to fight the Americans. 1776. The British army driven out of Boston in March. German troops arrive at Quebec in May. A British land and naval force attack the fort on Sullivan's Island in the harbor of Charleston and are repulsed in June. British troops under General Howe near New York in June. Declaration of Independence adopted by the Congress in July. Battle on Long Island near New York, in August. British take pos- session of New York, and battle on Harlem Plains, in Sep- tember. Battle at White Plains in October. Capture of Fort Washington in November. Flight of Washington across New Jersey, pursued by Cornwallis, in JVov ember and December. The Congress flee to Baltimore from Phila- delphia, and the Americans capture Hessians or Germans at Trenton in ^December. Commissioners sent to France to ask for aid for the Americans. 1777. Battle at Princeton, and march of Americans to Morristown, in January. Danbury burned by Governor Tryon, and battle near Ridgefield, in April. Raid by Colonel Meigs on the British vessels at Sag Harbor in May. Capture of the British General Prescott on Rhode Island by Colonel Barton, in July. Burgoyne collects a force at St. Johns in Canada, in June and July. British plans for the campaign of 1777 revealed. Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Skenesborough cap- tured by Burgoyne, and the battle at Hubbardton, in July. Lafayette joins the army under Washington in July. Battle near Bennington and at Oriskany in August. Battle on the Brandy wine ; Congress flee to Lancaster and York ; and battle on Bemis' Heights, in September. Battle on Bemis' Heights and capture of Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, in Octo- ber. Battle at Germantown, and capture of Forts Clinton and THE REVOLUTION. 235 Outline of Important J&rents. Montgomery by the Americans in October. Capture of Forts Mifflin and Mercer by the British in November. Washing- ton's army marches to Valley Forge in ^December. 1778. A treaty of alliance between the United States and France com- pleted in February. Commissioners to treat for peace came from England in April. The British army and navy retreat from Philadelphia in June. The army under Clinton chased by Washington across New Jersey, and fight a battle at Mon- mouth Court-House, in June. D'Estaing .arrives with a French fleet in July, and sails for Rhode Island to help Gen- eral Sullivan drive the British from there. Tories and Indians desolate the Wyoming Valley in July. French and English fleets off Rhode Island, scattered by a storm, and the Ameri- cans defeated in a battle on Quaker Hill, Rhode Island, in August. Cherry Valley desolated by Brant and Tories in November. Savannah captured by the British in Decem- ber. 1779. The British under Campbell take possession of Augusta in January , and George Roger Clarke captures British posts in the Illinois country the same month. Tories defeated at Kettle Creek in February. Americans under Colonel Ashe defeated at Brier Creek in JWarch. The British under Gen- eral Prevost threaten Charleston, but decamp, in May. Southern Virginia ravaged, and Stony Point captured by the British the same month. Americans defeated at Stono Ferry in June. Tryon burns East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, and Stony Point recaptured by General Wayne, in July. British post at Paulus' Hook captured by Major Henry Lee in August. General Sullivan chastises the Indians in Western New York, and Paul Jones gains naval victories, in Septem- ber. The American and French troops besiege and abandon Savannah, where Pulaski was killed, in October. 1780. Charleston, S. C., besieged by the British under Clinton in April, and surrendered to him in JWay. Clinton returns to New York ; a French fleet with an army under Rochambeau arrives at Newport, Rhode Island ; New Jersey invaded by the British, and a battle at Springfield in that State, in June. Battle at Sanders' Creek between Gates and Cornwallis, the former defeated, in August. Arnold's treason discovered in Sep- tember* Battle of King's Mountain, and Major Andre hung as a spy, in October. 1781. Mutiny in the American army at Morristown, and noble display 236 THE REVOLUTION. Outline of Important Events. ^Principal "Battles of the Revolution. of patriotism, in January. The traitor Arnold desolates Virginia during the winter and spring. Battle of the Cow- pens in January . Race of Greene and Cornwallis across the Carolinas in February, Battle at Guilford Court-House, in North Carolina, in March. Battle at Hobkirk's Hill in April. Capture of four British posts in South Carolina in May. Siege of Fort Ninety-Six in June. Cornwallis at the head of British troops in Virginia in June and July, Greene on the High Hills of Santee in July and August. Cornwallis forms a fortified camp at York town in August* Battle at Eutaw Springs, and New London burned by Arnold the traitor, in September. Surrender of Cornwallis and his army to Washington and Rochambeau in October. 1782. In March the British government order the troops in America to stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. The British leave Savannah in July. Colonel Laurens killed on the Combahee in August. The last blood of the Revolution shed near Stono Ferry in September. Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris in November. 1783. Temptation to mutiny in the army at Newburgh in the spring, opposed by patriotism. Washington issues his Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States, and the British troops leave New York, in November. Washington takes leave of his officers the same month. Resigns his commission into the hands of the President of Congress in 'December. 1787. A convention at Philadelphia frames a national constitution in September. Northwestern territory organized. 1789. The Continental Congress expires and a national government begins its career in March. Washington inaugurated first President of the United States in April. The following is a list of the principal battles of the Revo- lution, with the dates of their occurrence : NAME. DATE. 1775. Lexington April 19 Bunker Hill June 17 Siege of St. Johns Nov. Quebec Dec. 31 1776. Fort Moultrie June 28 NAME. DATE. Long Island Aug. 27 White Plains Oct. 28 Fort Washington Nov. 16 Trenton Dec. 26 1777. Princeton Jan. 3 Kidgefield April 27 THE REVOLUTION. "Principal Battles of the "Revolution. NAMK. Hubbardton DATE. July 7 NAMK. Savannah . . . DATE. Oct 9 Oriskany . . Aug. 6 Bennirgton Auo- 16 1780. Sept 11 Monk's Corner April 14 Scut 1Q Santee Ferry May6 Paoli with four thousand men. They were driven off, and then marched swiftly toward Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. 1 9. Fort Stephenson was commanded by Major Croghan? a brave young soldier, only twenty-one years of age, and having with him only one hundred and fifty men. When Proctor summoned him to surrender imme- diately, Croghan replied : " Never, while PORT I have a man left." 10. A terrible conflict ensued on the 2d of August. Finally the British and Indians, thoroughly beaten, fled from Fort Stephenson in great confusion. One shot from a cannon in a block-house of the fort swept a ditch filled with Brit- ish troops, and killed or wounded one hundred and fifty of them. Croghan lost only one man killed and seven wounded. 11. Lakes Erie and Ontario now became theatres of important events. In the autumn of 1812 the Americans cympleted a small fleet on Lake Ontario. In the sum- . QUESTIONS. 8. What more can you tell about events at Fort Meigs? 9. What have you to say about Fort Stepheneon ? 10. Tell about a battle there. 11. What can you tell. about Lakes Erie and Ontario? MAJOR CROGHAN. 1 san-dusk'-ee. " kro'-an. THE UNION OF STATES. 263 COMMODORE PERRY. Victory of Americans on Lake Erie. ferry's famous "Despatch. mer of 1813 another had been constructed on Lake Erie, and placed under the command of Commodore O. H. Perry. 12. The British also had a fleet on Lake Erie, under Commodore Barclay. The two fleets met near the western end of the lake on the 10th of September, 1813. They fought a hard battle from morn- ing till evening ; % and before the twilight every British vessel had surrendered to Perry. 13. General Harrison was then * near the western shores of Lake Erie with a small army. To him Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy and they are ours ! " A few days after- ward Harrison was joined by the brave veteran, Governor Shelby, with four thousand Kentuckians. 14. These land troops were borne across the lake in some of Perry's ves- sels to attack Maiden. The Ameri- cans found the place deserted. Proctor, with his British troops, and Indians, under Teciimtha, were flying toward the interior of western Canada. A part of the American army took posses- sion of Detroit, and the remainder pursued the fugitives. 15. The Americans, about three thousand in number, led by Harrison, overtook Proctor and his army on the QUESTIONS. 12. What can you tell about a British fleet and a battle on Lake Erie ? 13. Where was General Harrison, and what was done ? 14. What was done with Har- rison's troops, and what did they do ? 15. What can you tell about a battle in Can- ada, and the leaders of the British and Indians ? . , . GENERAL SHELBY. 264 THE UNION OF STATES. Battle at the Thames. Events on the St. Lawrence. little river Thames, and there, on the 5th of October, they fought a desperate battle. Tecumtha was killed, and Proctor, defeated, fled toward the head of Lake Ontario. 16. All that Hull had lost was now recovered, and the war ceased in that region. HaJ*rison left Detroit in charge of Colonel Cass and a few soldiers, dismissed many of the volunteers from Kentucky r , and with the remainder of his force marched to Niagara, and there joined the Army of the Centre. 17. General dearborn- was at Sackett's Harbor toward the close of April. Ogdensburgh had been attacked by the British in February, who destroyed much property there. Dearborn had not troops sufficient to send any in that direction, so he determined to attack York (now To- ronto 1 ), on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. 18. Commodore Chauncey 2 wa& there in command of the little fleet on Lake Ontario. These vessels conveyed land troops under General Pike across the lake. They attacked the British post at York and captured it. 19. The British, commanded by General Sheaffe? fled from York (April 27, 1813), after blowing up the fort there. Some stones set flying by the explosion mortally wounded Gene- GENERAL PIKE. ral Pike. He died on Chauncey's flag-ship, with the captured British flag under his head. QUESTIONS. 16. What was recovered ? What did Harrison do ? 17. What have you to say about doings at Ogdensburgh, and Dearborn's determination ? 18. What did Commodore Chauncey and his vessels do ? What have you to say about York or Toronto ? 19. What did the British do ? Tell about the death of Pike. 1 to-ron'-to. * chan'-se. * sheef. THE UNION OF STATES. 265 Capture of Fort George. JErents at Sackett's Jfarbor. 20. A month later (May 27, 1813) the same troops, borne by the same ships, attacked the British Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara River. The garrison abandoned the fort and fled westward to Burlington Heights, at the western end of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the con- quering Americans. 21. While Chauncey and his ships were at the western end of Lake Ontario, Sir George Prevost proceeded to attack Sackett's Harbor, on its eastern border, with a land and naval force. On the 27th of May he landed more than a thousand men. General Jacob Brown had hastily gath- ered the American militia, and these appeared so formidable that Prevost fled with his ships and men. 22. The Americans who had followed the flying British from Fort George, were now encamped at Stoney Creek, not far from the present city of Hamilton, where they were attacked in the dark, on the 6th of June. The assailants were repulsed, but Generals Chandler and Winder* the American commanders, were made prisoners. 23. Late in the autumn of 1813 an attempt was made to capture Montreal. General Wilkinson had taken com- mand, Dearborn being sick. Early in November he as- sembled about seven thousand soldiers at French Creek, on the St. Lawrence. After a brief skirmish there (November 13), he proceeded with his army down the St. Lawrence in a flotilla of boats. 24. A portion of the army under General Brown landed QUESTIONS. 20. What can you tell about an attack on Fort George, and move- ment of the British troops ? 21. What can you tell about an attack on Sackett's Harbor ? 22. What can you tell about a battle at Stoney Creek ? 23. What can you tell about an expedition to capture Montreal ? 24. Tell about a battle at Chrysler's Field. 1 wine'-der. 266 TOE UNION OF STATES. Sat tie at Chrysler's. Fires on the Niagara Frontier. on the Canada side of the St Lawrence, near Williams- burg, and at a place known as Chrysler's J Field, he fought a severe battle with the British on the llth of No- vember. 25. Neither party won a victory in the fight. Wilkin- son passed on, expecting to find General Hampton at St. Regis? with a co-operating force. Hampton failed to be there, and the expedition against Montreal was abandoned. The Americans encamped for the winter at French Mills, nine miles from the St. Lawrence. 26. At about this time some exciting events occurred on the banks of the Niagara River. The Americans burned the Canadian village of Newark, near Fort George, on the 10th of December. The British retaliated by burning several villages on the American side of the river and capturing Fort Niagara. At that time Buffalo was destroyed. Thus ended the campaign in the North. 27. Meanwhile a fierce I'ORT NIAGARA, 1813. war had been kindled in Ala- bama? Tecumtha had been among the Greek Indians in the spring of 1813, to arouse them to hostilities against the Americans. They listened to him ; and late in August they captured Fort Mimrns,*' on the Alabama River, and murdered almost three hundred men, women, and children who were in the fort. 28. General Andrew Jackson, with twenty-five hundred QUESTIONS. 25. What did Wilkinson do ? What did his army do ? 26. What can you tell about the destruction of villages on the Niagara River ? 27. Give an account of war in Alabama. 1 krise'-ler's. ree'-jis. s ah-lah-bah'-mah. * mims. UNION OF STATES. 26V Jackson Subdues the Creek Indians. War on the Ocean. Tennesseeans, immediately marched into the Creek country. He won battle after battle against the Indians. Finally, toward the close of March, 1814, in a battle at the Great Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa* River, he slew six hundred Indian warriors, and so crushed forever the power of the Creek nation. 29. War on the ocean was carried on vigorously in 1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop Hornet, com- manded by Captain Lawrence, captured the British ship Peacock, off the eastern coast of South America. On his return home Captain Lawrence was placed in command of the frigate Chesapeake. 30. On the first of June the Chesapeake sailed out of the harbor of Boston to attack the British ship Shannon. A hard bat- tle was fought. Captain Lawrence was mortally wounded, and as he was conveyed below to die, he said : " Boys, don't give up the ship ! " But they were compelled to surrender. 31. On the 14th of August the British sloop Pelican captured the American brig Argus. On the 5th of September the American brig Enterprise captured the British brig Boxer ; and five days afterward occurred the victory of Perry on Lake Erie. 32. During the spring and summer of 1813 the British QUESTIONS. 28. How was the Creek Nation subdued ? 29. Give an account of war on the ocean in 1813. 30 and 31. Give farther accounts of war on the ocean. 1 tahl-lah-poo'-sah, CAPTAIN LAWBENCB. 268 THE UNION Of STATES. Depredations by Admiral Cockburn. Admiral Cockburn plundered and destroyed towns and property on the coast of Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. In \ LAWRENCE CARRIED BELOW. March he destroyed American shipping on the Dela- ware. In May he plundered and burned Havre de Grace, 1 QUESTIONS. 32. What can you tell about the depredations of Admiral Cockburn on the shores of the Chesapeake ? J hav'-er-deh-grass'. THE UNION OF STATES. 269 The British in Hampton fioads. Cruise and Capture of the Essex. Frenchtown, Georgetown, and Frederickton, on the Ches* apeake Bay. 33. In June Cockburn was in Hampton Roads with the intention of taking Norfolk. The Americans had fortified Craney 1 Island, in the Elizabeth River, and successfully disputed the passage of the British up that stream on the 22d of June. The British, re- pulsed, plundered Hampton and then went southward, desolating the Carolina coasts to the Savannah River. 34. The frigate Essex, Captain David Porter, made a long cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1813, and was finally captured in COMMODORE PORTER. the harbor of Valparaiso? on the 28th of March, 1814, by the British frigate Phoebe and sloop-of-war Cherub. PoHer wrote to the Secretary of the Navy : " We have been unfortu- nate, but not disgraced." 35. In this section we have considered (1) The disposition of the American army ; (2) mili- tary operations in northern Ohio ; (3) the victory on Lake Erie ; (4) pursuit of the British into Canada ; (5) operations on the borders of Lake Ontario and the St. Law- rence River ; (6) events on the Niagara River and in the Creek country ; (7) war on the Ocean, and (8) the marauding expeditions of Admiral Cockburn. QUESTIONS. 33. Tell about Cockburn's career at and near Hampton, and on the Carolina coasts. 34. What can you tell about Captain Porter and the Essex ? 35. What have we considered in this section ? 1 krct-ne. * vatti-pah-ri'-so. 270 THE UNION OF STATES. Napoleon's Troops. British Troops in Canada. SECTION VI. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE CONTINUED. [1814, 1815.] 1. Great Britain, at the beginning of the year 1814, was at war with the Emperor Napoleon, and could not spare many ships or soldiers for war in America. But in the spring Napoleon was driven out of France, and it was believed that war with him was at an end. 2. With this belief, the British sent many veteran troops to Canada to fight the Americans-. The American troops near the St. Lawrence River moved early. General Wilkinson led some of them to Plattsburg, on Lake Cham- plain, and was defeated by the British in an engagement at La Colle. General Brown marched with others to Sackett's Harbor. o A^^.1 T_ f Ttr 3. At the beginning of May a British fleet and three thousand troops attacked Os- wego, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. After a conflict that lasted two days, they were driven oif on the 7th of May, with considerable loss. 4. About the same time General Brown led his troops to the Niagara frontier. On the morning of the 3d of QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say abont Great Britain and Napoleon ? 2. What did the British do ? What did American commanders do ? 3. What can you tell about events at Oswego? 4. What did General Brown do? What can you tell about an invasion of Canada and a battle there ? GENERAL BROWN. THE UNION OF STATES. 271 Sattles at Chippewa and July, American troops under Generals Scott and Ripley crossed the river, and captured Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. The next day the Americans and British had a very severe battle at Chippewa, Both armies suffered much. 5. The British were badly beaten, and fled to Burling- ton Heights, where they were joined by troops under Gen- eral Drummond, and turned back. At the close of a hot day (July 25, 1814), they attacked the Americans under General Brown at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls. 6. This battle was a severe one, each party losing about eight hundred men. The Americans were victors ; and on the following day they fell back to Fort Erie. 7. On the 15th of August Drummond, with five thou- sand men, attacked Fort Erie. He was repulsed, with a loss of almost a thousand men. He fled to Fort George. The Americans, in Sep- tember, drove the British from Fort Erie, destroyed that work, crossed the Niagara River, and went into winter quarters at Buffalo and in its neigh- borhood. They never invaded Can- ada again. 8. The Americans at Plattsburg, late in the summer of 1814, were commanded by General Macomb. 1 There was a small American navy on Lake Champlain at the same time, commanded by Commodore Macdonough? The British, also, had a small fleet at the lower end of the lake. NIAGARA FRONTIEB. QUESTIONS. 6. What have you to pay about British troope and their movements ? 6. What can yon tell about the battle at Bridgewater ? 7. Give an acount of an attack on the Americans in Fort Erie. What did the British and Americans do ? 8. What have you to say about the Americans and British near Plattebnrg? 1 mah-koom', 3 ma,k-don'-oh. 2 72 THE UNION OF STATES. Satlle at "Platlsburg. ^ Invasion of Maryland. 9. In August, General Prevost, with fourteen thousand men, marched from Canada, to drive the Americans from Plattsburg. At the same time the British fleet sailed up Lake Champlain. A hard-fought battle ensued on the llth of September, 1814, when the Americans beat the British army and navy. Prevost fled in haste to Canada. 10. The victories at Plattsburg created great joy throughout the country. At the same time the Americans had to lament severe losses further south. 11 . About the middle of August, the British General Ross landed on the shores of Maryland with six thousand troops. They were borne by a large fleet. Ross marched toward Washington City, our na- COMMODOBE MACDONOUGH. . . tional capital. 12. General Winder summoned the militia of that region to the field, to repel the invasion. They met Ross at Bla- densburg, four or five miles from Washington City, where a battle w.as fought, and the Americans were beaten. 13. On the 24th of August, the British entered Wash- ington City, burned the Capitol and the Presi- dent's house, and came near making President Madi- son a prisoner. Then they went back to their ships. 14. Early in September General Ross, with his conquer- QUESTIONS. 9. Give an account of the invasion of New York State by the British in September, 1814. 10. What have you to say about the victory at Plattsburg ? 11. Give an account of a British invasion of Maryland. 12. What did General Winder do ? What can you tell about a battle ? 13. What did the British do at Washington City ? 14. What can you tell about an attempt to capture Baltimore ? What did Americans do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 273 North f*oint and Fort JWcJfenry. Events at Stonington. ing army, landed a few miles from Baltimore, to co-operate with Admiral Coehrane 1 in an attempt to capture Balti- more city. Troops under General Strieker went out to meet Ross ; and Fort McHenry, in the harbor of Balti- more, commanded by Colonel Armistead? was bravely defended. 15. While marching on Baltimore, Ross was killed in a skirmish. A conflict, known as the Battle of North Point, ensued on the 12th of September. At the same time the British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry, The British army and navy were both repulsed, and soon left the neighborhood to repose. 16. During the summer of 1814, a British blockading squadron annoyed the people on the New England coasts. From the 9th to the 12th of August, 1814, British ships bombarded Stonington, but were finally driven away. After the repulse at Stonington and Baltimore, the war almost ceased in the north. 17. The Spaniards now possessed Florida? and favored the British. The latter were allowed to fit out ships at Pensacola 4 with which to fight the Americans ; and the Spaniards encouraged the remnant of the Creek Nation to join the British. 18. The fleet from Pensacola attacked the American Fort JBowyer, 5 at the entrance to Mobile Bay, on the llth of September, 1814. The British and their Indian allies were finally driven away, with considerable loss. QUESTIONS. 15. What have yon to say about General Ross, and a battle and a bombardment? 16. Tell about a British blockading squadron off New England, and events at Stonington. 17. What can you tell about events at Pensacola? 18. Tell about an attack on Fort Bowyer. l kok'-ran. 2 ar'-mis-teti. 3 Jlor'-i-dah. * pen-sah-W-lah, 5 bo'-yer. 274 THE UNION OF STATES. iPensacola Captured by the Americans. 19. General Jackson, then at Mobile with troops, held the Spanish governor responsible for aiding the British. He marched upon Pensacola with two thousand Tennes- seeans, drove the British to their shipping on the 7th of November, and captured the town. 20. When Jackson returned to Mobile, he met an ur- QUESTIONS. 19. What did General Jackson do ? 20. What did he find at Mobile, and what did he do ? What did British troops on the Gulf threaten and do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 275 "Brilith Invasion of Louisiana. "Battle near New Orleans. gent call for help from the citizens of 'New Orleans. A large British land force were in vessels on the Gulf of Mexico, for the purpose of invading Louisiana. 1 Jackson hastened to New Orleans, and soon afterward General Pakenham? with twelve thousand British soldiers, was landed below that city, after capturing an American flotilla of gun-boats in Lake Borgne? That was in December, 1814. 21. After some skirmishing, and casting up entrench- ments by Jackson, the two armies met in battle array a few miles below New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815. A very severe battle was fought there on that day, in which the British lost their general and about seventeen hundred men killed and wounded. The Americans, protected by breastworks, lost only eight killed and thirteen wounded. 22. The Battle of New Orleans was the last one of the war, on land. The war continued a little longer on the ocean. During the year 1814, it had been prosecuted vig- orously on the sea. 23. On the 29th of April, 1814,- the Peacock captured the Epervier 1 off the coast of Florida. During the year, the American sloop Wasp, Captain Blakely, captured no less than thirteen British vessels. After capturing QUESTIONS 21. Give an account of the Battle of New Orleans. 22. Which was the last land battle of the war ? 23. Give an account of naval actions. 1 loo'-e-ze-ah'-na. * pak'-'nam. 3 born. 4 ep-ehr'-ve-are. BATTLE OP NEW ORLEANS. 276 THE UNION OF STATES. War on the Ocean, Treaty of feace. War with Algiers. her thirteenth prize the Avon on the first of September, she was never heard of. 24. On the 15th of January, 1815, the President, undei command of Commodore Decatur, was captured by a British squadron off the coast of Long Island. On the 20th of February following, the Constitution, Commodore Stewart, captured the British frigate Cyane, 1 and sloop Levant? On the 23d of March, the Hornet captured the Penguin? The naval operations were closed then, excepting by privateers. 25. Before the Battle of New Orleans, a treaty of peace had been concluded between the United States and Great Britain. It was signed at Ghent* in Belgium, on the 24th of December, 1814. When the treaty reached America, the President proclaimed peace, and the nation rejoiced. 26. The contest with Great Britain had just ended, when the Americans were compelled to engage in a short WAK WITH ALGIERS. 5 27. Algerine sea-robbers continued their depredations on American commerce in the Mediterranean Sea. The ruler of Tripoli, as we have seen, had been humbled. The ruler of Algiers, believing that the American navy had been destroyed by that of Great Britain, was now more exacting and insolent than ever. 28. President Madison declared war against Algiers; and sent Commodore Decatur, with a naval force, in May QUESTIONS. 24. Give a further account of naval actions. 25. What have yon to gay about a treaty of peace ? 26 and 27. What have you to say about Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli ? 28. What did President Madison do ? What did Decatur do ? 1 si-an'. 2 le-vanV. s pen'-gwin. * gant. * aM-jeers'. THE UNION OF STATES. 277 Barbaty Powers Humbled. JVe> States Admitted into the Union. 1815, to humble the Algerines. 1 Our naval forces captured some of their pirates, and then appeared before their city. 29. The haughty governor was astonished. Decatur demanded the release of all American prisoners and pay- ment for property which the Algerine pirates had seized or destroyed. " Do this," said the brave Commodore, " or I will destroy your ships and your city." 30. The affrighted governor complied with Decatur' s demand. Then the Commodore visited the cities of Tunis and Ti^ipoli, and made their governors do the same thing. So, in a very short space of time, Decatur did what the Christian powers of Europe had not been able to do. The Barbary 2 Powers, as the piratical communities were called, were completely humbled. 31. And now the eventful administration of President Madison was drawing to a close. Louisiana had been admitted into the Union of States in 1812. Indiana 3 en- tered in 1816, and the same year James Monroe of Vir- ginia was elected President of the United States. 32. In this section we have considered (1) The movements of British forces against the Americans ; (2) movements of American troops on the Canada frontier; (3) victories at Plattsburg ; (4) capture of Washington City and repulse of the British at Baltimore; (5) blockade of New England ; (6) career of General Jackson in the South ; (7) peace; and (8) war with Algiers. QUESTIONS. 29. What did Decatur demand of the Algerines ? 30. What did the Algerine governor do ? What did the governors of Tunis and Tripoli do ? What did Decatur accomplish ? 31. What have you to pay about the close of Madison's admin- istration, and the admission of States? Who was elected President? 32. What have we considered in this section ? 1 aM-je-reens' , * bahr'-ba-ry. 278 THE UNION OF STATES. Principal Land and JVavat Battles of the War of The following is a list of the principal land and naval bat- tles fought during the second war for independence : LAND BATTLES. 1812. Van Home's Aug. 5 Detroit Aug. 15 Queenstown Oct. 13 1813. Frenchtown Jan. 22 York, or Toronto April 27 FortMeigs May 5 Stoney Creek June 6 Craney Island June 22 Sackett's Harbor May 29 Fort Stephenson Aug. 2 Thames Oct. 5 Creek War November. Chrysler's Field Nov. 11 1814. Oswego May 6 Chippewa July 5 Niagara, or Bridgev/ater July 25 Stonington Aug. 10 Fort Erie Aug. 15 Bladensburg Aug. 24 Plattsburg Sept. 11 North Point Sept. 12 FortMcHenry Sept. 13 Fort Bowyer Sept. 15 Fort Erie (sortie) Sept. 17 Below New Orleans Dec. 23 1815. New Orleans Jan. 8 NAVAL BATTLES. 1812. Constitution,^ Aug. 13 Aug. 19 Oct. 18 Guerriere, Wasp, ) Frolic, f ' United States, ) Oct & Macedonian, ) ' ' Constitution, I p ec ^ Java, J ' ' 1818. Hornet ' \ Feb.24 Peacock, > Chesapeake,) ...Junel Shannon, J Ar U8 ' L ..Aug. 14 Pelican, f Enterprise,) g t 5 Boxer, f Lake Erie Sept. 10 1814. E86ex > \ March 28 Phoebe, ) Peacock, i "... April29 Epervier, J Wa8 P< \ June28 Eemdeer, ) Was P'l. . .. Sept. 1 Avon, ) Lake Champlain Sept. 11 Lake Borgne Dec. 14 1815. President, I Jan> 15 British Squadron, ) Constitution, j. Feb ^ Cyane and Levant, ) ' ' Homet < \. March23 Penguin, ' * The American vessels are first named, each time. THE UNION OF STATES. 279 President Monroe. American Manufactories. SECTION VII. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1817-1825.] 1. James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1817. With his able cabinet he worked zealously to extricate the country from the confusion caused by the war. 2. During the war the Amer- icans had manufactured many things which they had before bought in France and England. They had established man- ufactories here at considerable ft expense, and thousands of per- sons were employed in them. 3. When the war was closed, | foreign goods came in abund- ance. Manufacturing in Amer- ica was made an unprofitable business, and a multitude of people were idle. Many of these went to the fertile regions west of the Alleghany Mountains, and became founders of States. QUESTIONS. 1. What have yon to say about President Monroe and hie cabinet? 2. What can you tell about American manufactories? 3. What was the state of business after the war, and what caused emigration to the West? MONROE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 280 THE UNION OF STATES. States Admitted. _ Troubles in Florida. 4. During the administration of President Monroe, the Territories of Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, 1 and Mis- souri* were admitted into the Union as States. Settlements increased very rapidly all over the West. Great pros- perity in the future was hoped for, when difficulties ap- peared in the South. 5. Mischievous British subjects in Florida were exciting the Indians to make war on the Americans. Toward the close of 1817 a large number of Creek and Seminole In- dians and fugitive slaves began to plunder and murder the American settlers on the borders of Georgia and Ala- bama. 6. Troops were sent to protect the settlers. The Indians became more and more hostile, when General Jackson, with a thousand Tennessee volunteers, went to assist the regular troops. The General hung two of the men who had excited the Indians to j)lunder and murder. Then he marched to Pensacola and captured it, and sent offending Span- iards and others to Cuba? 7. For these acts Jackson was at first censured, and then he was commended. By a treaty with Spain, Florida came into the possession of the United States soon after- wards, and Jackson was appointed its first governor. That was in February, 1821. 8. At that time the question of admitting Missouri into the Union as a State was settled. It had caused violent dis- QUESTIONS. 4. What Territories were admitted as States ? What made the future appear promising ? 5. What can you tell about the work of British subjects in the South ? 6. What can you tell about hostile Indians there ? What did General Jack- Bon do ? 7. What was done with Florida ? 8. What have you to say about the dis- cussion of the slavery question? 1 ah-lah-bah'-mah. * tnfasoo'-ri, ' Icu'-bah. THE UNION OF STATES. 281 Missouri Compromise. Monroe's Administration. cussions in Congress and out of it. The main point in dis- pute was the question, Shall it be a free or slave-labor State ? For two years the discussion continued. 9. It was finally agreed to allow slaves to be held in Missouri. It was also agreed that a line should be drawn from the southern boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, north of which slavery should never exist. This agreement is known as the Missouri Compromise. It was effected in 1820. 10. In the autumn of 1820 the President (Mr. Monroe] and Vice-President (Daniel D. Tompkins) were re-elected. There was very little opposition to them, for the old Fed- eral party had almost disappeared as an organization. 11. Monroe's administration was popular. A law was passed giving a pension to soldiers of the Revolution yet living. An agreement with Great Britain in relation to coast fisheries, favorable to Americans, was made ; and our government recognized the independence of South American republics. 12. On that occasion the President proclaimed, as a prin- ciple, that the American continents " are henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European Power." This is known as " The Monroe Doctrine. " 13. The sea-robbers were not all in the Mediterra- nean. They greatly annoyed American merchantmen among the West India Islands. In 1819 Commodore Perry was sent to disperse them ; he died there soon after. In QUESTIONS 9. Tell about the Missouri Compromise. 10. Who were re-elected President and Vice-President? 11. What popular measures were adopted during Monroe's administration ? 12. What can you tell about the Monroe Doctrine ? 13. What can you tell about sea-robbers in the West Indies ? 282 THE UNION OF STATES, destruction of Piratical Vessels. Yisit of Lafayette. 1823 Commodore Porter completed their destruc- tion. The previous year a small American squadron had destroyed more than twenty piratical vessels on the coast of Cuba. 14. The last year of Monroe's administration was marked by the visit of Lafayette 1 to this country as the Nation's guest. He went back from our shores in the frigate Brandywine, so named in his honor, he having fought his first battle for us on the banks of the Brandy- wine Creek. 15. Anew President of the Republic was chosen in the autumn of 1824. John Quincy Adams, son of the second President, was chosen ; with John C. Calhoun? of South Carolina, as Vice-President. 16. In this section we have considered (1) The condition of the country after the war ; (2) the settlement and organization of Territories ; (3) British emissaries among the Southern Indians, and the result of their work ; (4) Jackson and Florida ; (5) Mis- souri Compromise; (6) pensions, fisheries, and the Monroe Doctrine ; (7) pirates, and (8) the visit of La- fayette. QUESTIONS. 14. Tell about the visit of Lafayette. 15. What have you to say about an election for President ? 16. What have we considered in this section ? 1 lah-fa-et'. ' kal-hoon'. THE UNION OF STATES. 283 Inauguration of '^resident yldams. The Indians and State Supremacy. SECTION VIII. J. Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1825-1829.] 1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States^ entered upon the duties of his office on the 4th of March, 1825. Our country was at peace with all the world, and everything seemed prosperous. His administration is remarkable for its lack of very stirring incidents. 2. The subject of the removal of the Creek and Cherokee In- dians from Georgia ruffled the general serenity for a while. The assumption of State suprem- acy, put forth at that time, pro- duced some uneasy feeling. 3. In 1825 a great work of internal improvement was com- pleted. It was the canal which connects the waters of Lake Erie and the Hudson Riv- er. Governor De Witt Clin- ton acquired great honor by his zealous promotion of the work. QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President J. Q. Adams, and the state of the country ? 2. Tell about trouble in Georgia. 3, What have you to tell about the Erie Canal ? J Q. ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 284 THE UNION OF STATES. 3)eath of Octants and Jefferson. The American System. DEWITT CLINTON. 4. On the 4th of July, 1826, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died. They were both on the Committee that drew up the Declaration of Independence and signed it, just fifty years before ; both had been foreign ambassadors and both had been President of the Republic. The coincidence was re- markable. 5. In order to assist American manufacturers a protective system was adopted in 1828. It imposed a duty on foreign manufactures so high as to enable the Americans to make and sell their productions as low as those which came over the sea. This was called The American Sys- tem. 6. This policy was popular with the manufacturers, but the cotton- growers of the Southern States, who found a ready market for raw cotton in England, opposed this Protective Tariff. Among the most eminent of the political leaders in this opposition was John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 7. The serene administration of President Adams now drew toward its close. The nation was prosperous. The QUESTIONS.- 4. What remarkable coincidence occurred in 1826 ? 5. What have you to say about a Protective Tariff or American System ? 6. Tell about opposition to the system. 7, What have you to say about the nation at this time ? JOHN C. CALHOUN. TBE UNION OF STATES. 285 ylndrew Jackson Elected ^President. 2"he Character of Jackson. government was very little in debt, and was at peace with all the world. It was the calm before a storm. 8. In the autumn of 1828, a bitter political contest was carried on. Adams was a candidate for a second term. He was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, who was elected President, with John C. Calhoun as Vice-Presi- dent. 9, In this section we have considered (1) The state of the country when Adams became President ; (2) the case of the Indians in Georgia ; (3) the Erie Canal ; (4) deaths of Adams and Jefferson ; (5) the American System and its opposers ; (6) the elec- tion of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency. SECTION IX. JACKSON'S ADMIN 1ST RAT ION. [1829-1837.] 1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was the last but one of the chief magistrates of the Republic, who had lived during the Revolution. He became President on the 4th of March, 1829. 2. Andrew Jackson was an honest man, with a strong will, and was always ready to do what he believed to be right, without regard to the opinions of others. His admin- istration was a quiet one at first, and then it encountered serious troubles. QUESTIONS. 8. What can you tell about a political contest? 9. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the seventh President of the United States? What have you to say about the character of Jackson ? 286 THE VN10N OF The Supreme Court Defied. 3. A speck of rebellion appeared in Georgia in 1832. The governor of that State claimed the right to possess the lands of the Cherokee Indians. The President favored the claim. The Supreme Court of the United States the ex- pounder of the law decided against the claim. 4. The authorities of Georgia defied the Supreme Court, and great trouble was expected. There was an amicable settle- ment, and a few years afterward the Cherokees were removed from their lands in that State. 5. The Sank of the United States, chartered during the presidency of Washington, and re-chartered during the pres- idency of Madison, asked for a new charter, to go into effect in 1836. The President opposed the measure, because he believed it to be an institution that might be made injurious to the govern- ment. 6. The government money was deposited in the United States Bank. In 1832,. Congress passed a bill for a renewal of the Bank Charter. Jackson vetoed the bill. He rec- QUESTIONS. 3. What appeared in Georgia? Tell about it. 4. What did the authorities of Georgia do ? 5. What have you to say about the Bank of the Uuited States ? 6. What can you tell about the government money, and what did Congress and the President do ? JACKSON AND HIS RESIDENCE. THE UNION OF STATES. 287 2)ispotition of the "Public Money. Slack Hawk War. ommended the withdrawal of the public funds (110,000,000) from the bank. Congress refused to sanction that measure, and the President took the responsibility of doing so, in the autumn of 1833. 7. This act produced great business embarrassments for awhile, but it was beneficial to the country finally. 8. In the summer of 1832, Black Hawk, a bold chief of the Sac 1 tribe of Indians, made war upon the white people on the borders of the Mis- sissippi Riverj in Illinois. He and his followers were soon subdued by United States troops, and the chief was made a prisoner. 9. More serious trouble now appeared in South Carolina. We have observed that BLACK HAWK- there was strong opposition in the cotton-producing States to a Protective Tariff. The political leaders in South Carolina declared that the duty, or impost tax, should not be paid on foreign goods entering the port of Charleston. 10. This defiance of law was promptly met by President Jackson. He told the people of South Carolina that if they did not pay the tax voluntarily, he would send troops to compel them to do so. 1 1 . For a time the defiant movements of these nullifiers of law threatened civil war. Finally, in 1833, through the influence of Henry Clay of Kentucky, a plan for a set- tlement of the difficulty was adopted, and the cloud passed away in the spring of 1833. 12. In the autumn of 1832, Jackson was again chosen QUESTIONS. 7. What was the effect of removing the public money from the Bank? 8. What can you tell about a war with Indians in the West ? 9. What can you tell about trouble in South Carolina ? 10. What did the President do ? 11. What fur- ther have you to say about difficulties in South Carolina ? 1 sawk. 288 THE UNION OF STATES. HKNKT CLAY. Prosperity Succeeded by Adversity. War with the Southern Indians. President of the United States, and continued to conduct pub- lic affairs with vigor. His removal of the government deposits from the United States Bank produced intense excitement throughout the country ; and great prosperity was followed by great adversity in busi- ness. 13. This excitement was disappear- ing, when another event caused much trouble. The President attempted, by force, to remove the Southern Indians to a country beyond the Mississippi. He sent troops into Florida and Georgia for that purpose in the autumn of 1835, and the Sewiinole Indians flew to arms. 14. Led by Osceola, 1 a brave and sagacious chief, the Seminoles made fierce war upon the white people, which continued several years. Many United States troops were sent against them from time to time, under Generals Thompson, Clinch, Gaines, Scott, Jessup, and Col- onel Taylor, but could not sub- due them in their dark swamps. 15. In the spring of 1836, the 08CBOLA - Creeks joined the Seminoles, and made the war still more QUESTIONS. 12. What can you tell about an election and a popular excitement ? 13. What can you tell about the President and the Southern Indians ? 14. Give an account of war with the Seminole Indians. 15. What did the Creeks do, and what occurred ? 1 os-se-o'-la. THE UNION OF STATES. 280 War with the Creek* and geminates. S'he Indiant Subdued. F.r. MICANOPY &BLOCK House f*' ORANGE SKAT OF SEMINOLE WAB. distressing. Thousands of white inhabitants, in Western Georgia and Eastern Alabama, fled from their homes in terror. Mail coaches, steamboats and vil- lages were attacked. 16. At length General Win- field Scott took command of the troops in that region. The Creeks were soon subdued and sent be- yond the Mississippi. That was in 1836. But the Seminoles still held out, and kept up the war through the ensuing winter. The little map shows the position of the forts and places of battles in Florida, that are mentioned in larger histories. 17. In the spring of 1837, President Jackson's adminis- tration closed. The government of the United States never before held a more exalted position in the opinion of the world. The President had always acted upon the principle Ask nothing but what is right, and submit to nothing that is wrong. During that administration Arkansas and Michigan were admitted into the Union as States. 18. In the autumn of 1836, Martin Van Bur en of New York was elected President of the United States, and Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky was chosen Vice- President. 19. In this section we have considered (1) President Jackson and his character ; (2) troubles QUESTIONS. 16. What can you tell about General Scott and the Seminoles ? 17. What have you to say about Jackson's administration and the admission of States ? 18. What about an election ? 19. What have we considered in this section ? 290 THE UNION OF STATES. President Y"an Suren. Speculations and Extravagance. in Georgia ; (3) Bank of the United States ; (4) Black Hawk War; (5) defiance of law in South Carolina; (6) war with the Southern Indians ; and (7) the country at the close of Jackson's administration. SECTION X. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1837-1841.] 1. Martin Van Bur en became the eighth President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1837. He was then about fifty-five years of age. 2. The business of the country was in great confusion at that time. The money of the government had been de- posited in State Banks. These banks had lent it freely to the people. Speculations and extravagance in living followed. 3. All over the country the people seemed almost wild in their anxiety to build villages and fine houses with their borrowed money. Finally, when there was no more to be borrowed, and the government wanted its money from the banks, the banks called upon the borrowers to pay. They were unable to do so, and great trouble in busi- ness followed. 4. So great was the trouble that the new President called a meeting of Congress in September, 1837, to consider the financial condition of the country. Aid was not ex- tended to the people in business, but Congress took the money from the State Banks and placed it in the hands of agents appointed by the government. QUESTIONS. 1. What have yon to say abont President Van Buren ? 2. What can yon tell about the government money, the State Banks, and the way of living ? 3. What did the people do, and what happened ? 4. What did the President do ? What did Congress do f THE UNION Oi* STATES. 291 Independent 2'reasuty System, End of the Seminole War. 5. This prevented the banks from lending money so freely and checked speculation and ex- travagance. So far the measure was good in its effects. The government agents kept the money at the principal seaports and marts of business. The plan was called The Independent Treasury System. 6. Meanwhile the war with the Seminoles was continued. Nor did it cease during the ad- ministration of President Van Buren. By a treacherous act Osceola was seized and impris- oned in a fort in Charleston harbor, where he died of a fever. 7. On Christmas day, 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor, who was afterward President of the United States, gained a vic- tory over the Seminoles on the borders of Macaco 1 Lake, but for more than two years longer he continued to fight them. The war was finally ended in 1842, having continued seven years. 8. The peaceful relations between the United States and QUESTIONS 5. What were the effects of the action of Congress? What did gov- ernment agents do ? 6. What have you to tell ahotit the war with the Semiiioles ? 7. What have you to say about Colonel Taylor and the Seminole War ? 8. What have you to tell about the relations between the United States and Great Britain ? VAN BUREN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. mak-ka'-ko. 292 THE UNtON OF STATES. Insurrection in Canada. "Disputes about "Boundaries. Great Britain were a little disturbed by revolutionary movements in Canada, begun in 1837. Many sympathizing Americans crossed into Canada to help the insurgents, in spite of the efforts of our government to prevent them. 9. These movements continued three or four years, until the insurrection was suppressed by the British government. At the same time a dispute arose respecting the eastern boundary line between the United States and the British provinces. 10. Much unpleasant feeling was produced by the aid given to the Canadians by Americans ; and the dispute respecting the boundary, at one time, threatened to end in war. General Scott was sent by our government to New Brunswick to make peace, and the matter was settled in a friendly manner in 1842. 11. In the autumn of 1840 General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, was elected President of the United States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. At that time the two political parties were called, respec- tively, Whigs and Democrats. The Whigs were friends of Harrison ; the Democrats were friends of Jackson and Van Buren. 12. We have considered in this section (1) The confusion of business in the country, and the causes of it ; (2) the Independent Treasury System ; (3) the continuance of the war with the Seminoles ; (4) un- pleasant relations between the United States and Great Britain, and (5) the names of parties and the newly chosen President. QtrESTiONs. 9. What did Americans do? What trouble appeared on the eastern boundary of the United States ? 10. What have you to say about unpleasant feel- ings ? 11. What can you tell about an election of a new President, and names of parties ? 12. What have we considered in this section ? THE UNION OF STATES. 293 ^President Harrison's Inauguration and S)eatA. ^President Zyler. SECTION XI. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1841-1845.] 1. William Henry Harrison, the Dinth President of the United States, was inaugu- rated on the 4th of March, 1841. He was then past sixty-eight years of age. He was the last of the Presidents who had wit- nessed scenes hi the old war for independence. 2. Precisely one month after he took the chair of State, Resident Harrison died. ^ n accordance with the provisions of the National Constitution, the Vice-President, John Tyler, then became President. 3. Mr. Tyler became the tenth President by taking the oath of office on the 6th of April, 1841. He was then fifty-one years of age. 4. President HaiTison had, on the last day of March, called an extraordinary meeting of Congress, mainly for the purpose HARRISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about General Harrison? 2. Tell about the death of the President, and who was his successor, and how. 3. What have you to say about Mr. Tyler ? 4. What can you tell about an extraordinary meeting of Con- gress, and the result? 294 THE UNION OF STATES. Teto of the U. 6'. Sank Sill. "Dissolution of the Cabinet, of considering the question of chartering a new United States Bank, with a hope of relieving the country from em- barrassment. They met and passed a law for this purpose, but President Tyler refused to sign it. 5. This action offended the political friends of the President, and his cabinet or advisers all left him, excepting Daniel Webster, who was Secretary of State. As he was engaged in negotiating a treaty with Great Britain, he thought it best for the country that he should re- main in his place. 6. Changes were made in the tariff laws, during Mr. Tyler's administration, which secured reconciliation for a time. Dis- putes arose in Rhode Island concerning a change of the old charter given by Charles the Second, for a new constitution. 7. Two parties were formed, one for and the other against a new charter. At one time each party appeared in arms, and a civil war seemed imminent. The President sent troops there to restore order. A new constitution was adopted in 1842. QUESTIONS. 5. What have you to say about President Tyler's cabinet ? 6. What have you to say about tariff laws and disputes in Rhode Island ? 7. Give an account of the affair in Rhode Island, TYLER, AND HIS RESIDENCE. THE UNION OF STATES. 295 Annexation of Texat, folk Elected "President, DANIEL WEBSTER. 8. In 1844 the country was much agitated by a proposi- tion for the annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States. That State had been separated from Mexico by rev- olution. It had been effected chiefly by settlers from the United States. 9. The people of Texas de- sired to become a part of our Republic. Arrangements were finally made for the annexation. It was advocated by the slaveholders of the South, and opposed by those who were opposed to the system of slave-labor. 10. The question of annexation was a prominent one at the election in the autumn of 1844. James K. Polk, of Tennessee, who was in favor of annexation, was chosen President, with George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President. 1 1 . At about the same time Pro- fessor Samuel F. B. Morse had perfected his invention of the Electro-magnetic telegraph, and had put up mes- sage-wires between Baltimore and Washington. The first public message sent over those wires was the QUESTIONS. 8. What agitated the country in 1844 ? What have you to say ahout Texas ? 9. What did the people of Texas desire ? Who advocated annexation, and who opposed it? 10. What effect did the question of annexation have on the elec- tion ? Who were elected? 11. What have you to eay about the electro-magnetic telegraph, and the nomination of Mr. Polk ? PROFESSOR MORSE. 296 THE UNION OF STATES. oidmission of Texas into the Union. Mexico Offended. announcement of the nomination of Mr. Polk for Presi- dent. 12. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration and death of President Har- rison ; (2) the accession of Mr. Tyler to the Presidency ; (3) the action of Congress and the President concerning a new bank charter; (4) changes in the cabinet ; (5) difficulties in Rhode Island; (6) annexation of Tex- as ; and (7) the election of Polk and invention of the magnetic telegraph. SECTION XII. FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. [1845-1849.] 1. James Knox Polk was fifty years of age when he became the eleventh President of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1845. He was a Democrat in politics, and was supported by a powerful party. 2. Three days before the expiration of his term of office, President Tyler had signed the bill providing for the admission of Texas into the Union. This subject re- quired the immediate attention of the new President. 3. The government of Mexico had never acknowledged the independence of Texas, and claimed that country as a part of Mexican territory. The annexation of Texas was offensive to that government, and led to great difficulties. QUESTIONS. 12. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President Polk? 2. What did Presi- dent Tyler do ? What did the subject require ? 3. What were the relations between Mexico and Texas ? THE UNION OF STATES. 297 Army of Observation in Texas. Operations near the Rio Grande. 4. This offence, and an old quarrel about debts due from Mexico to people of the United States, became a pretext for war. The President sent General Zachary Taylor^ with a small force, into Texas, in July, 1845, which was called an Army of Observation. 5. Taylor's troops encamped not far from the Rio Grande^ the boundary between Texas and Mexico^ and at the same time American ships of war went into the Gulf of Mexico. 6. A large force of Mexi- can troops were assembled at Matamoras, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, 1 at the close of 1845. Early in Jan- uary, 1846, Taylor and his troops began building a fort opposite Matamoras? when the Mexican commander, Gen- eral Ampudia? ordered him to leave within twenty-four hours. 7. General Taylor refused to go. General Arista 4 was made chief commander of the Mexicans. He sent some Mexican troops across the river, and in a skirmish with QUESTIONS. 4. What caused war between the United States and Mexico ? What did the President do ? 5. What have you to tell about American military and naval forces ? 6. What can you tell about Mexican and American forces in and near Mata- moras ? 7. What did General Taylor refuse to do ? What did the Mexicans do ? What can you tell about the first blood shed in the war with Mexico? 1 re'-o-grafin-da. a mat-a-mo'-rus. s am~poo'-dhe-ah. * ah-rees'-ta. POLK, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 298 THE UNION OF STATES. Battles at 2>alo vllto and ftesaca de la faltna. War 'Declared. them late in April, some Americans under Captain Thorn- ton were killed. This was the first blood shed in THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 8. Some American soldiers and provisions left at Point Isabel were now in danger. General Taylor left the fort opposite Matamoras, which he called Fort Brown, and, with a greater part of his troops, marched toward Point Isabel! 9. The Mexicans attacked Fort Brown, and Taylor turned back to protect it. On his way back, with about two thousand men, he met the Mexican army under Arista, six thousand in number, at a prairie called Palo Alto. 2 10. It was the 8th of May, 1846. A hard fight was im- mediately begun, and lasted five hours. The Americans won the victory, and the Mexicans retreated. On the fol- lowing day Taylor gained another victory over the same troops at Resaca de la Palma, 3 when the Mexicans lost a thousand men, and General La Vega was made pris- oner. The Americans lost only one hundred. 11. Before the news of these victories reached the United States, Congress had formally declared war against Mexico, and an extensive campaign had been planned for the invasion of that country, which extends from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. 12. A fleet was to sweep around Cape Horn and attack its Pacific coast ; an Army of the West was to gather QUESTIONS. 8. What can you tell about the movements of General Taylor ? 9. What did the Mexicans and General Taylor do? 10. What occurred at Palo Alto and Kcsaca de la Palma ? 11. What did the Congress of the United States do ? 12. Give an outline of the plan for a campaign. 2 pah'-lo-ahl'-to. 3 reh-sah'-ka dah lah pah'-mah. THE UNION OF STATES. 299 flan of Campaign. Invasion of Mexico. Volunteers Trained. at Fort LeavenwoHh, invade New Mexico, and cooperate with the Pacific fleet ; and an Army of the Centre was to invade Old Mexico from the north 13. It had been determined in council to take possession of Mexico, and the President was authorized to raise an army of fifty thousand men. Volunteers flocked to the camp in Texas at the call, and there General Wool pre- pared them, by thorough discipline, for invading the country. 14. After his two successful battles, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, drove the Mexican troops from Matamo- ras, and marched against the strong Mexican town of Monterey. 1 It was surrendered to him on the 24th of September, 1846. General Taylor rested near this place, waiting for further orders from his government. 15. Meanwhile General Wool had been preparing the volunteers. By the middle of July, twelve thousand of them were mustered into service. Nine thousand of these Wool sent to reinforce Taylor, and with the remaining three thousand he prepared to invade Mexico from San An- tonio. 16. Wool penetrated Mexico in October, with the de- sign of taking possession of Chihuahua? in the heart of the country, but hearing of the capture of Monterey, he turned in the direction of Coahuila? His kindness to the people of the country won their affections. 17* About the same time General Worth, sent out by QUESTIONS. 13. What was determined on and what was done concerning Mexico ? 14. What can you tell about an invasion of Mexico and a victory there ? What did Taylor then do ? 15. What have you to say about General Wool and the volunteers ? 16. What can you tell about Wool's invasion of Mexico? 17. What did General Worth do ? What did Commodore Connor and General Taylor do ? 1 mont-a-ra'. 2 che-wah'-wah. 3 W-ah-weel'-ah. 300 THE UNION OF STATES. American 2roops in Mexico. ^Preparations for an Invasion, General Taylor, took possession of Saltillo, 1 the capital of Coahuila, and near this place his army and Wool's were joined in December. Meanwhile Commodore Conner, with his fleet, had captured Tampico, 2 on the coast. Taylor had moved, and encamped at Victoria. 18, General Winfield Scott was the commander- in-chief of the armies of REGION OP TAYLOR'S OPERATIONS. ^Q United StotCS. He went to Mexico early in 1847, and prepared to attack the strong town of Vera Cruz 3 and the fort there. For that purpose he called troops from Victoria to strengthen his own. 19. Taylor's army was now reduced to five thousand men, and he was compelled to act on the defensive against twenty thousand Mex- icans gathered at San Luis Potosi,* under General Santa Anna. 20. Santa Anna advanced upon the Americans early in February, 1847. The two armies met and fought desper- ately at a place called Buena Vista 5 meaning a pleasant view on the 23d of that month. The battle lasted all day. The Mexicans were beaten with a loss of two thousand men. The Americans lost about seven hundred. QUESTIONS. 18. What have yon to say about General Scott and his movements? 19. What was now the condition of Taylor's army, and what was he compelled to do ? 20. What can you tell about Santa Anna, and a severe battle ? SANTA ANNA. saM-teel'-yo. a tarn-pee' -ko. * va-rafi krooz'. * bwa'-nah vets' -tah. sakn loo' -is po-to~see'. THE UNION OF STATES. 301 Variottt Operations in Mexico. 21. All Northern Mexico was now in possession of the .Americans. Taylor's army was inactive several months, and in September he gave the command of it to General Wool and returned home. Then the people, who admired him for his deeds, first began to talk about making him President of the Republic. 22. While these events were occurring in Eastern Mex- ico, the Americans, under different leaders, were taking possession of other parts of the country. General Philip Kearney 1 was then in chief command of the Army of the West, at Fort Leavenworth. 23. In August, 1846, Kearney, with a considerable force, drove the Mexicans from Santa Fe? and took possession of New Mexico. He organized a government ; and leaving the main body of his troops there, with Colonel Doniphan, 9 he crossed the continent into California. 24. With a thousand Missourians Doniphan invaded Northern Mexico. After fighting a battle at Braceto,* in December, 1846, and another at Sacramento? in Febru- ary, 1847, he took possession of Chihuahua, one of the finest provinces of Mexico. 25. In the meantime Colonel J. C. Fremont, 6 the ex- plorer of the Rocky Mountains, took possession of a portion of California, and on the 5th of July, 1846, declared that country independent. With the aid of an American fleet, under Commodore Stockton, Fremont subdued Cali- fornia. QUESTIONS. 21. What did the Americans now possess ? What have you to tell about Taylor and his army ? 22. What have you to say about other American com- manders ? 23. What did General Kearney do ? 24. What did Colonel Doniphan do ? 25. What can you tell about the doings of Colonel Fremont ? l kar f -nee. * sahn-tah fa' . * don'-i-fun. * brah-the'-to. " sah'-kra-men'-to. 6 freh-mont'. 302 THE UNION OF STATES. Conquest of California Secured. Americans Capture Yera Cruz. 26. General Kearney arrived in time to take part in the final battle at San Gabriel, on the 8th of January, 1847, which secured the conquest of Cali- fornia. On the 8th of February, Kearney, assuming the office of governor, proclaimed the annex- ation of California to the United States. COLONEL FREMONT. SCOTT'S INVASION OF MEXICO. 27. Early in March, 1847, General Scott landed near Vera Cruz with about thirteen thousand men. They were borne to the shores of Mexico by a fleet under Commodore Conner, which assisted in the attack on Vera Cruz. 28. Vera Cruz was at- tacked on the 18th of March, after a siege of nine days, and on the 27th, the city, the strong castle of San Juan d'Ulloa, 1 and five thousand prisoners, With five ^TKENCHMENTS AT VERA CRUZ. hundred cannon, were surrendered to the Ameri- cans. 29. On the 8th of April, Scott's army began their march toward the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo, 2 a difficult QUESTIONS. 26. What have you to say about General Kearney, and the fate of Cali- fornia ? 27. What can you tell about Scott's invasion of Mexico ? 28. Tell about the capture of Vera Cruz and its castle. 29. What did Scott's army do ? What can you tell about a battle ? 1 sahn-hwan dah-oo'-loo'-ah. 2 thar'-o-gor'-do. THE UNION OF STATES. 303 of Cerro Gordo. Scott Invades Mexico. GENERAL SCOTT. mountain pass, they were met by Santa Anna and an army of twelve thousand men. There they had a severe battle on the 18th. The Mexicans were defeated with a loss of more than four thousand men. Santa Anna escaped on the back of a mule. 30. Week after week Scott's army pressed steadily forward, taking pos- session of place after place, and rest- ing at Puebla, 1 a town of eighty thousand inhabitants, from May until August. Within two months the Americans had made ten thousand Mexicans prisoners, and captured seven hundred cannon and a vast amount of small arms and munitions of war. 31. At Puebla, Scott was reinforced, and with ten thou- sand men he moved on over the lofty Cordilleras? a chain of high mountains in Mexico. From the summits of these the Americans looked down into the vast and fertile valley, and saw, in the dis- tance, the city of Mexico, the grand object of the expe- dition. 32. After fighting severe battles at Contreras 3 and ROUTE OP U. S. ARMY FROM VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO. QUESTIONS. 30. What have you to say about the march of Scott's army, and its conquests ? 31. Tell about Scott at Puebla, and his march over the mountains. pweb'-lah. ' kor-dU'-yer-as. * kvn-tra'-ras. 304 THE UNION OF STATES. Battles near the City of Mexico. Americans Capture the City. Churubusco, 1 in August, and always beating the Mex- icans, the conquering Americans stood before the ancient capital, where Cortez, the Spanish conqueror, had stood almost three hundred years before. 33. Santa Anna was then in the capital with his army. Scott offered him terms of peace. While commissioners were considering the terms, the treacherous Mexican strength- ened the defences of the city. Informed of this, Scott made a vigorous attack on the outer defences of the city on the morning of the 8th of September, 1847. 34. The fortress of Molino del Rey* and the fortified hill of Chepultepec were carried by storm. Santa Anna and his offi- cers fled from their capital, and on the morning of the 14th of Septem- ber General Scott and his army entered the city of Mexico as victors. 35. The war soon closed. The last battle of the war occurred at Huamantla on the 9th of October. A treaty of peace was agreed to on the 2d of February, 1848. Although the Americans had fairly won, by battle, the whole of the old Mexican Empire, it was all given back excepting New Mexico and California. These OPERATIONS NEAR MEXICO. QUESTIONS. 32. What have you to say about the army near the Mexican capital ? 33. What can you tell about Santa Anna and Scott ? What did Santa Anna and Scott do ? 34. What can you tell about the storming of places, and the surrender of Mex- ico ? 35. What can you tell about a treaty and its terms ? choo-roo-boos'-ko. mo-lee'-no del ra. THE UNION OF STATES. 305 Territory Purchased. Gold in California. Taylor Elected President. provinces became and have remained portions of the United States. Our government allowed Mexico $15,000,000 for them, and assumed debts to the amount of $3,000,000, due from Mexico to American citizens. 36. In the same month in which this treaty was made, gold was first found on the American fork of the Sacra- mento * River, in California. It was discovered soon after in other places. When the news reached the United States, thousands of people hastened to California in search of gold. 37. Gold was found in abundance. Permanent settle- ments, by people of our Republic, were made there, and thus was planted, on a firm foundation, one of the most flourish- ing States of our Union. 38. The war with Mexico was the chief event of the administration of President Polk. A difficulty with Eng- land concerning the northern boundary of Oregon had been settled. Florida and Texas had been admitted as States in 1845, and Iowa 2 in 1846. Wisconsin 3 was admitted in 1848. 39. The deeds of General Taylor in Mexico made him very popular, and in the autumn of 1848 he was elected President of the United States, with Millard Fillrnore, of New York, as Vice-President. 40. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Polk ; (2) causes of the war with Mexico; (3) beginning of the war QUESTIONS. 36. What can you tell about the discovery of gold in California T 37. What were the effects of the discovery of gold ? 38. What was the chief event of Folk's administration ? What can you tell about a difficulty with England, and admission of new States ? 39. What about an election for President ? 40. What have we considered in this section ? 1 sah'-kra-men'-to. " i'-o-wah. s wis-kon'-sin. 306 THE UNION OF STATES. Battlet with Mexico. President Taylor. California. and its progress ; (4) conquest of California ; (5) cap- ture of the city of Mexico ; (6) treaty of peace ; (7) discovery of gold in California; (8) admission of new States, and (9) the election of a new President. The following is a list of all the principal battles fought during the war with Mexico, in which the Americans were always victorious : 1846. Palo Alto May8. Resaca de la Palmo May 9. Monterey Sept. 24. Braceto Dec. 25. 1847. BuenaVieta Feb. 23. Sacramento Feb. 28. VeraCruz March 27. Cerro Gordo April 18. Contreras Aug. 20. Churubusco Aug. 20. Molino del Key Sept. 8. Chepultepec Sept. 13. Huamantla Oct. 9. SECTION XIII. TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. [1849-1850.] 1. Zachary Taylor entered upon his duties as Presi- dent of the United States on the 5th of March, 1849. He was then sixty-five years of age. The 4th of March occurring on Sunday, the inauguration took place on Monday the 5th. 2. The thousands of people who went to California in search of gold, soon formed a sufficient population to entitle the territory to the dignity of a State, and in September, QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President Taylor ? 2. What can you tell about the people of California, and the framing of a State constitution ? THE UX10N OF STATES. 307 Constitution of California. JZxciiemtnt in Congress. Omnibus 1849, they met in convention and framed a State consti- tution. 3. In February following the people of California asked Congress to admit their territory into the Union as a State. This request made a great stir in Con- gress and throughout the coun- try ; the people of California having in their constitution for- bidden the existence of negro slavery in their State. 4. Representatives of the slave-labor States in Congress opposed the admission of California, because of that article in its constitution, and they threatened to break up the Union if it should be admitted as a free-labor State. The debates on the subject were sometimes violent. Finally Henry Clay proposed a com- promise, which was agreed to. 5. Five Acts, grouped in one for the admission of California as a free-labor State ; for the organization of New Mexico and Utah into Territories, without mention of slavery ; for the establishment of the boundaries of Texas ; for the abo- QUESTIONS 3. What else did the people of California do ? What followed ? 4. What occurred in Congress, and why* What was threatened? What was done? 5. Give an account of Henry Clay's proposition for a compromise. TAYLOR, AND HIS RESIDENCE. bill, were passed, namely 308 THE UNION OF STATES. Fugitive Slave Law. 3)eath of President 2'aylor. New Territories. lition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; and for the surrender to their masters of runaway slaves, escaping into free-labor States or Territories. 6. The last bill, known as the Fugitive Slave Law, deeply offended many of the people of the free-labor States. They wished for its repeal, but it remained on the national Statute Book until it was expunged by the Civil War. 7, While this Omnibus Bill, as it was called, was before Congress, President Taylor died. This was early in July, 1850. The Vice-President then became President, and on the tenth of that month began 8. Mr. Fillmore was the thirteenth President of the United States. During Taylor's administration of sixteen months, one State (California}^ and three Territories (New Mexico, Utah, and Minnesota), were added as members of the Republic. Utah was called, by the people who. settled there, Deseret, 1 or the Land of the Honey See. 9. Utah was settled by Mormons, a sect founded by Joseph Smith, of New York, having a peculiar religious JOSEPH SMITH. " belief, and who have since greatly in- creased in numbers. On account of their peculiar social system that Territory has not been admitted as a State. QUESTIONS. 6. What was the last mentioned Act called ? What have you to say about it ? 7. What was the whole bill called ? What sad event happened ? Who became President? 8. What State and Territories were added to the Republic during Taylor's administration ? 9. What have you to say about Mormons f 1 dez-e-reV. TffE UNION OF STATES. 309 Troubles with Spain. The Fisheries. Embassy to Japan. 10. In the spring of 1850 trouble with Spain was threat- ened because of some offensive acts committed by citizens ^v~N of the United States. These consisted in expeditions to assist the Cubans in their efforts to free themselves from the do- minion of Spain. These of- fences continued, more or less, for about ten years. 11. In 1852 a dispute arose between the United States and Great Britain in regard to the fisheries in the neighborhood of Newfoundland. Both parties sent armed ships to those waters, but the quarrel was settled by negotiation, which is far better than fighting. 12. In the same year a naval expedition was sent to Japan, 1 off the eastern coast of China, to carry a letter from the Presi- nLLHORE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. dent< ^ ^ ^^ ^ p^. dent asked for the friendship of the Japanese, and that our countrymen might be permitted to trade with them. 13. The privilege was granted, and the most friendly relations now exist between the governments of the United QUESTIONS. 10. What have you to eay about expeditions to assist the Cubans ? 11. What can you tell about a dispute concerning fisheries ? 12. What have you to say about an expedition to Japan ? 13. What was the result? s 1 jah-pan'. 310 THE UNION OF Election of President. 2*olar Explorations. States and Japan. Many Japanese youths are educated in the schools of the United States. 14. During the administration of Mr. Fillmore, the Com- promise measures had quieted the public mind, and the elec- tion for a new President, in the autumn of 1852, was a quiet one. Franklin Pierce, 1 of New Hampshire, was chosen President, and William JR. King, of Ala- bama, was elected Vice-President. 15. It was during the adminis- tration of Mr. Fillmore that the re- markable voyages toward the North Pole were made, in search of the English navigator, Sir John Frank- lin, in which Dr. E. K. Kane was a principal actor. His published journals of these voyages are very interesting histories. 16. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Taylor; (2) admis- sion of California into the Union as a free-labor State ; (3) death of President Taylor, and accession of Mr. Fill- more; (4) additions to the Union; (5) Mormons ; (6) expeditions to help the Cubans; (7) the fisheries, and (8) the relations with Japan. QUESTIONS 14. What have you to say about the compromise measures, and an election for President ? 15. What have you to say about certain voyages ? 16. What have we considered in this section ? 1 peerce. THE VNION Of STATES. 311 President Pierce. Land find 6'ea Explorations. SECTION XIV. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1853-1857.] 1. Franklin Pierce took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1853, when he was forty-nine years of age. He was the fourteenth President. The country was then prosperous, and nothing serious disturbed the public harmony. 2. In May, 1852, ships were sent to explore the eastern coast of Asia; and land explorations were in progress to select a good route for a railway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. 3. These explorations led to the establishment of a line of steamships which regularly cross the Pacific Ocean between America and Asia, and a rail- way across our continent. Now travellers can go from New York to Japan in a short space of time. 4. In 1854, Congress passed a bill for the organization of QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President Pierce, and the state of the country ? 2. What can you tell about explorations by sea and land ? 3. What are the results of those explorations ? PIERCE. AND HIS RESIDENCE. TffJE VNlON OP STATES. Slavery in Congress. Civil War in Kansas. Foreign Nations Offended. the Territories of Kansas 1 and Nebraska? Its provisions annulled the Missouri Compromise, and made slavery possible in all the Territories. This measure produced vio- lent agitation all over the country. 5. The opponents of slav- ery were aroused to action by this measure. Emigrants from the free-labor States flocked into Kansas. Many also went from the slave- labor States. When the Territory was organized, the two parties contended for the political mastery, and a Civil War broke out in Kansas. 6. The war was quieted for a time by an exciting election for the Presidency, which took place in the autumn of 1856. The Democrats were victorious, electing James Buchanan? of Pennsylvania, President, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. 7. Trouble with foreign nations was expected during the administration of President Pierce. Spain was offended because of expeditions from our shores to deprive her of Cuba. Great Britain was offended because our govern- ment sent her minister at Washington home for breaking our laws by enlisting men here for the British army ; and the Central American States were offended because QUESTIONS. 4. What can you tell about a bill for the organization of two new Territories, and the effects ? 5. What did the opponents and friends of slavery do ? What occurred in Kansas ? 6. What made quiet ? What can you tell about an elec- tion in 1856? 7. What have you to say about expected troubles with foreign nations What nations were offended, and why ? 1 kan'-zas. a neh-bras'-ka. * bu-kan'-nan. THE UNION OF STATES. 313 Ostend Manifesto. Troubles Settled. Outline of Important Evenit. lawless men from the United States attempted to get pos- session of their country. 8. On account of these unfriendly movements against friendly nations, called fillibustering, a conference of American ministers in Europe was held at Ostencl, 1 in Bel- gium. They issued a paper known as the Ostend Mani- festo, which was discreditable to the American character. It was a plea in favor of the unrighteous doctrine, that Might makes Right. These troubles were, however, amicably settled. 9. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Pierce ; (2) our direct communications with Asia by land and water ; (3) the organization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and ensuing troubles ; (4) election of President and Vice- President ; (5) causes of expected troubles with foreign nations, and (6) the Ostend Manifesto. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1789 TO 1857.2 1790. General Harmar defeated by the Indians in October. District of Columbia organized as the seat of the national government. 1791. United States Bank chartered. Vermont admitted into the Union in March. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Novem- ber. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union in June. 1793. Federal and Republican parties formed. Washington proclaims the neutrality of the United States in Jlay. 1794. Indians in the northwest subdued by Wayne in August. Whiskey Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania. Congress authorizes the creation of a navy. QUESTIONS. 8. What can you tell about a conference at Ostend and the result? 9. What have we considered in this section ? 1 os'-tend. ' See foot-note on page 32. 314 THE UNION OF STATES. Outline of Important Events. 1795. John Jay's treaty with Great Britain ratified in June. 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union in June. Washington issues his Farewell Address in September. 1797. John Adams inaugurated President in March. Extraordinary session of Congress beginning in May. 1798. Preparations for war with France. 1799. Washington dies in ^December. 1800. The city of Washington becomes the National Capital. Treaty of peace concluded with France in September. 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President in March. Tripoli declares war against the United States in June. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union in November. 1803. Louisiana purchased of France in April. Commodore Preble sent to the Mediterranean sea. 1804. Decatur destroys the Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli in February. Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr in a duel in July. 1805. Derne, in Africa, captured by American and Mohammedan soldiers in April. Treaty of peace made with Tripoli in June. 1806. European forts blockaded. 1807. Burr tried for treason and acquitted. First navigation by steam. The Leopard attacks the Chesapeake in June. British war vessels ordered to leave American waters in July. Embargo Act passed in ^December. 1809. Embargo Act repealed, and commercial intercourse with France and England forbidden by Congress, in March. James Madison inaugurated President in March. 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt in May. Indians defeated near the Tippecanoe in November. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union in April. War declared against Great Britain in June. General Hull invades Can- ada, and Fort Mackinaw is taken by the British, in July. Van Home is defeated and Detroit is surrendered in Alt gust. The American frigate Essex captures the Alert, and the Ameri- can frigate Constitution captures the Guerriere in August. Battle at Queenstown occurs in October. The American sloop- of-war Wasp captures the Frolic, and the American frigate United States captures the British frigate Macedonian, in Oc- tober. Madison re-elected President in November. The American frigate Constitution captures the Javain ^December. 1813. Americans defeated at Frenchtown and massacred in January. American sloop Hornet captures the Peacock in February. THE UNION OF STATES. 315 Outline of Important Events. Toronto captured by the Americans and General Pike killed in April. Fort Meigs besieged by the British, Fort George taken by the Americans, and the British repulsed at Sackett's Harbor, in May. The Shannon captures the Chesapeake, a battle is fought at Stony Creek, and the British are repulsed at Craney Island, in June. Fort Meigs again besieged and the British repulsed in July. The British and Indians driven from before Fort Stephenson in August. The Brit- ish sloop Pelican captures the Argus, and the Americans are massacred at Fort Minis, in August. The American brig Enterprise captures the Boxer, and Perry gains a victory on Lake Erie, hi September. The Battle of the Thames occurs in October. The Battle of Chrysler's Field is fought in November. Villages on the Niagara River are burned in ^December. 1814. The Creek Indians subdued in March. The American frigate Essex captured in the harbor of Valparaiso, and Americans de- feated at La Colle, in March. The American sloop Peacock captures the Epercier in April. Fort Erie is captured and the battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater are fought in July. The British are repulsed at Fort Erie and at Stonington, the Americans are defeated at Bladensburg, and Washington City is burned in August. The American sloop Wasp captures the Awn in September. The British are defeated on land and water at Plattsburg, and repulsed at and near Baltimore and from Fort Bowyer, near Mobile, in September. The British are driven from Fort Erie in September, and from Pensacola in JVov ember. American gunboats captured by the British in Lake Borgne, and a treaty of peace is signed at Ghent, in 1)ecember. 1815. The British are defeated at New Orleans and the American frig- ate President is captured by the British in January. The American frigate Constitution captures two British vessels, and peace proclaimed by the President, in February. The American sloop Hornet captures the Penguin, and Congress declares war against Algiers, in March. Decatur is sent against the Algerines in May, and humbles them and others of the " Barbary States " in July and Aiigust. 1816. Indiana is admitted into the Union in December. 1817. James Monroe inaugurated President in March. Indians in the Gulf region commit depredations. Mississippi admitted into the Union in ^December. 3 1(3 THE UNIOX OF STATES. Outline of Important Invents. 1818. Jackson goes against the Seminole Indians, and pensions granted to soldiers of the Revolution, in March. Jackson hangs two British subjects in Florida in April. Arrangements about the coast fisheries made in October. Illinois is ad- mitted into the Union in ^December. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union in ^December. Commodore Perry sent against the West India pirates. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union, and " Missouri Compromise " act passed, in March. Monroe re-elected in November. 1821. Florida annexed to the United States in July. Missouri ad- mitted into the Union in August. 1823. Pirates among the West India islands dispersed by Commodore Porter. 1824. Lafayette comes to the United States in August. 1825. John Quincy Adams is inaugurated President in March. Erie Canal finished. 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in July. 1828. " American System" adopted. 1829. Andrew Jackson is inaugurated President in March. 1832. Troubles in Georgia concerning the Indians. The Black Hawk war occurs. United States Bank charter vetoed in July. Nulli- fication doctrines avowed in South Carolina. 1883. Henry Clay's compromise measure is made a law in March. Government money removed from the United States Bank in October. 1835. War commenced by the Seminole Indians in December. 1836. Creeks subdued and sent beyond the Mississippi. Arkansas is admitted into the Union in June. 1837. Michigan is admitted into the Union in January. Martin Van Buren is inaugurated President in March. Extraordinary session of Congress is held in September. Seminoles de- feated by Taylor in ^December. Insurrection in Canada breaks out. 1841. William Henry Harrison is inaugurated President in March and dies in April. John Tyler becomes President in April. Extraordinary meeting of Congress in May. The Cabinet resigns in September. 1842. War with the Seminoles and the troubles about a new constitu- tion in Rhode Island are ended. 1844- The Electro-magnetic Telegraph is perfected in June. 1845. Bill for the annexation of Texas is signed by Tyler, Florida is admitted into the Union, and James K. Polk is inaugurated THE UNION OF STATES. 317 Outline of Important Events. President, in March. General Taylor sent to Texas with troops in July. Texas admitted into the Union in De- cember. 1846. Taylor begins building Fort Brown in January. First blood shed in the war with Mexico in April. Fort Brown attacked in May. Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma fought, and Mexico invaded, in May. Congress declares war against Mexico in May. California declared independent by Fre- mont in July. New Mexico conquered in August. Tay- lor ' captures Monterey in September. General Wool invades Mexico in October. Wool's and Worth's armies unite near Saltillo, and the Battle of Braceto occurs, in 'De- cember. Iowa is admitted into the Union in ^December. 1847. Battles at Buena Vista and Sacramento are fought in Febru- ary. Vera Cruz surrendered to the Americans under General Scott in March. Battle at Cerro Gordo is fought in April. Battles at Contreras and Churubusco occur in August. Americans win victories at Molino del Key and Chepultepec in September The American armies enter the city of Mex- ico in September. Battle at Huamantla fought in Octo- ber. 1848. Treaty of peace signed in Mexico in February. Wisconsin admitted into the Union in May. 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President in March. 1850. President Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore becomes President in July. California is admitted into the Union in Septem- ber. The Fugitive Slave Law passed in September. 1852. Disputes about coast fisheries settled. Commercial intercourse with Japan opened. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President in March. 1854. Kansas -Nebraska bill is passed in May. 1855. Civil war in Kansas. Invasion of Central American States by citizens of the United States. 1856. James Buchanan elected President in November. The Ostend Manifesto issued. 318 THE CIVIL WAR. President "Buchanan. Slavery Question. Events in Kansas. CHAPTER VI. THE CIVIL WAfc ^JV(D THE SOCIAL (REVOLUTION. SECTION I. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1857-1861.] 1. James Buchanan was inaugurated the fifteenth Presi- dent of the United States on the 4th of March, 1857. He was then sixty-six years of age. From the beginning to the end of his administration the slavery question violently agitated the people in all parts of the country. 2, The struggle for political ascendancy in Kansas, between the people of the free-labor and the slave-labor States, con- tinued, the President giving the weight of his influence in favor of the latter. The con- flict was ended in 1858 by an overwhelming vote of the BUCHANAN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President Buchanan and hie adminis- tration ? 2. What have you to eay about a struggle in Kansas ? THE CIVIL WAR. 319 The Mormons. Republican farty. Ocean Telegraph. inhabitants of Kansas in favor of making it a free-labor State. 3. In 1857 a rebellious movement was made by the Mor- mons in Utah, but it was soon put down by the presence of a military force which was sent into the Territory. Quiet was restored in April, 1858. 4. The quarrel about Kansas had caused much bitter feeling. A great party, opposed to slavery, arose in 1856, called the Republican Party. Under its banner were rallied the opponents of slavery. The contest of words waxed hotter and hotter as the time for the election of a new President drew near. 5. In 1858 public attention was arrested for awhile by the successful connection of the American and European con- tinents by telegraphic wires. After a message from the Queen of England and a reply from the President of the United States had passed over the " Atlantic Cable," the connection was broken and remained so for some years. 6. In 1859 the agitation about slavery was aroused to great vehemence by the foolish attempt of an enthusiast named John Brown to free, the slaves of Virginia. He entered that State with a small band of armed followers, and seized the government arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He was captured and hung. This was like an electric spark that exploded the magazine of Civil War. 7. In 1860 an embassy from Japan ; also the Prince of Wales, visited the United States. They directed public attention from political affairs for awhile ; but when, in the QUESTIONS. 3. What can you tell about the Mormons in 1857? 4. What have you to say about a new party, and a political contest? 5. What can you tell about the magnetic telegraph between America and Europe ? 6. What have you to say about John Brown ? 7. Tell about an embassy from Japan, and visit of the Prince of Wales. What have you to say about political affairs, and Mr. Lincoln ? 320 THE CIVIL WAR. Enemies of the Union. "Star of the West." Secession Movements. autumn of that year, Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Republican party, was elected President, there was intense excitement all over the land. 8. The friends of the slave system thought that insti- tution and their entire social system was in danger, and they resolved to secede from the National Union and found a new nation composed of the inhabitants of the slave-labor States. 9. The political leaders in South Carolina took the first step toward retiring from the Union. On the 20th of De- cember, 1860, they met in convention and declared that South Carolina was no longer a member of the Union. 10. It being evident that the South Carolinians in- tended to seize the forts in Charleston Harbor, Major An- derson, in command of a few troops, left Fort Moultrie 1 and took possession of Fort Sumter. 11. In January, 1861, the steamer Star of the West, with supplies for the garrison in Fort Sumter, while entering Charleston Harbor was fired upon and driven back by batteries which the South Carolinians had erected on the ad- jacent shores. So began a terrible Civil War. /-- ^ISllPlSH^Yl^llK 1^- ^ n J anuar y> 1861, conventions in the States of Mississippi, Flor- ^^ Alabama? Georgia, and Louisiana declared that their respective States were no QUESTIONS. 8. What did the friends of the slave system think and do? 9. What did the political leaders in South Carolina do? 10. What was evidently about to happen in Charleston harbor, and what did Major Anderson do ? 11. With what cir- cumstances was the Civil War begun ? 12. What have you to say about conventions in certain States, and in what States ? 1 mool'-tre, ah'-lah-bah'-mah. THE CIVIL WAR. 321 Confederate States Government, 3)oinffg of Congress. longer members of the Union. Their acts were called Or- dinances of Secession. A convention in Texas did the same thing early in February. 13. On the 4th of February, 1861, a Congress, composed of delegates from these several States, excepting Texas, met at Montgomery, Alabama, organized a provisional govern- ment under the title of the Confederate States of America, and elected Jef- ferson Davis, of Mississippi, President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice- President. 14. Forts, arsenals, navy- yards, custom-houses, and other property belonging to the United States, within these States, were seized and appropriated to the use of the insurgents. They created an army, authorized a navy, and took measures for seizing Washington City and taking possession of the general government. In this effort Vir- ginia soon assisted, and became the seventh State of the Confederacy. 15. On the 4th of March, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was LINCOLN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. QUESTIONS. 13. Give an account of the formation of the government of the " Con- federated States of America." 14. What was done with public property in certain States ? What did the Confederate government do ? What did Virginia do ? 322 THE CIVIL WAR. "Doings at Fort Sumter. The President's Call for Troops. inaugurated President. His address on that occasion was conciliatory. The Southern leaders, however, would listen to no words of kindness, but ordered General Beauregard, 1 at the head of troops in Charleston, to attack and seize Fort Sumter. Then began the great CIVIL WAR. [1861.] 16. On the 12th of April the insurgents attacked Fort Sumter. After sustaining a fierce bombardment for thirty- four hours, with a small garrison ; and when his food was exhausted, Major Anderson, its commander, withdrew with his troops and sailed for New York, carrying with him the flag of Sumter. The fort was evacuated, not surren- dered. 17. The evacuation took place on the 14th of April. On FORT SUMTEK. the following day the President issued a proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand volunteers to suppress the insurrection. More than that number almost immediately started from the free-labor States in obedience to the call. QUESTIONS. 15. What have you to say about Abraham Lincoln and his inaugural address? What did the Southern leaders do? 16. What did the insurgents at Charleston do ? What have you to say about the evacuation of Fort Sumter ? 17. What did the President then do ? What have you to say about the people in the free- labor States ? 1 bo'-re-garcl'. THE CIVIL WAR. 323 Movements of the Confederates. Sattles in Yirginia. 18. This was followed by a proclamation from Mr. Davis, offering commissions to privateers to depredate on the com- merce of the United States. Mr. Lincoln also issued an- other proclamation, declaring all the ports of the Confederate States in a state of blockade. 19. About the same time the Virginians attempted to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry and the navy-yard at Gosport, when each was set on fire by its respective com- mander. The Virginians obtained about two thousand cannon at the navy-yard. 20. In May national troops crossed the Potomac River into Virginia, and occupied Arlington Heights and the city of Alexandria. The Confederate soldiers were then pressing northward, and very soon about one hundred thousand of them occupied a line through Virginia, from Norfolk to Harper's Ferry. 21. On the 10th of June, 1861, a battle was fought at Big Bethel, where the Nationals were defeated. On the following day the Confederates were beaten at Romney, in West Virginia. About the same time a convention in West Virginia declared its independence of old Virginia, and organized a provisional government 22. In July, 1861, the Confederates made Richmond, Virginia^ their capital. Confederate troops under General Beauregard now pressed toward Washington City. They were met in Fairfax County, Virginia, by National troops under General McDowell. QUESTIONS. 18. What did Jefferson Davis and Mr. Lincoln do ? 19. What hare you to say about public property at Harper's Ferry and Gosport Navy-yard ? 20, What did National troops do in May ? What have you to say about the Confederates ? 21. What have you to tell about battles in West Virginia and political movements there ? 22. What have you to tell about the Confederate capital and the meeting of Confederate and National troops ? 324 THE CIVIL WAR. Sattle of Butt jRun. 'Doings of Congress. Events in Missouri. 23. In a severe conflict, known as the Battle of Bull Run, on the 21st of July, the Nationals were defeated. They fled in haste and con- fusion toward Washington, General McClellan, who had hastened from West Virginia, now took the chief command of the army. 24. Congress met on the 4th of July, and voted a hun- dred million dollars in money and five hundred thousand men to carry on the war against the secession- ists. The insurrection had now assumed the character of a Civil War. 25. The area of conflict rapidly widened. There was a severe contest in Missouri 1 between the Secessionists and the Unionists for the control of that State. At Carthage 2 in July ; and at Dug Springs, near the Arkansas 8 bor- ders, and at Wilson's Creek, in August, there were severe conflicts. At the latter place the Union General Lyon was killed. 26. In September the Nationals under Colonel Mulligan were compelled to surrender to a large Confederate force at Lexington, Missouri. After that the war continued in Missouri, with varying success, for a long time. 27. At the close of August General Butler and Commo- QUESTTONS. 23. What have you to say about the battle of Bull Run, movements of troops and General McClellan ? 24. What did the National Congress do ? What have you to say about the insurrection ? 25. What can you tell about the area of the conflict ? What about battles in Missouri in July and August ? 26. What have you to say about a battle in September and the continuance of war in Missouri ? 1 mis-soo'-re. 2 Icar'-thage. 3 ark'-an-saw. THE CIVIL WAR. 325 flatties in Yariotts ^Places. Capture of Mason and Slidell. dore Stringham, 1 with a land and naval force, captured forts, constructed by the Confederates, at Hatteras 2 Inlet. 28. General Rosecrans 8 defeated the Confederate Gen- eral Floyd at Carnifex 4 Ferry, in West Virginia, in Sep- tember. Late in October the Nationals were beaten in a battle at Ball's Bluff, on the Upper Potomac. 29. Early in November troops under General Grant were beaten at Belmont, 5 in Missouri ; and on the same day (November 7, 1861), the forts at Port Royal entrance, hundreds of miles east of Missouri, on the Atlantic coast, were captured by the National Navy under Admiral Du- pont.* 30. The latter victory secured to the Nationals all the fine islands on that Southern coast for the remainder of the war. 31. In November, Captain Willces? who was in command of a National frigate, captured James M. Mason and John Slidell? Confederate ambassadors, on their way to Europe, on board an English vessel. They were released by our gov- ernment because the seizure, according to the American doctrine, was in violation of the rights of neutrals. 32. From the beginning of the conflict the attitude of France and Great Britain was unfriendly toward our national government. They helped the Confederates all they QUESTIONS. 27. What can you tell about operations at Hatteras Inlet ? 28. What have you to say about Generals Kosecrans and Floyd in West Virginia ? What about events at Ball's Bluff? 29. What have you to say about General Grant in Missouri, and naval operations at Port Royal entrance ? 30. What did a national victory at Port Royal secure ? 31. What have yon to tell about the capture of Mason and Slidell, and its effect ? 32. What have you to say about France and Great Britain ? What did the seizure of Mason and Slidell produce, and what was the result ? 1 string' '-urn. 2 hat'-te-ras. * rose'-krance. * kar'-ne-fex. 'bd-vwnt'. 'doo-pont'. 7 wilks. 326 THE CIVIL WAR. ^Position of England. f*aper Money. Battles. could. This seizure led England to threaten war ; but the justice of our government soon shamed that government into silence. 33. At the close of 1861 the war was raging at places several hundred miles apart. Congress had authorized the issue of an immense amount of paper money to carry on the war, and the banks had generally suspended the payment of specie. 34. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Buchanan ; (2) the civil war in Kansas and the result of the struggle ; (3) the Atlantic cable ; (4) John Brown's raid ; (5) visit- ors from abroad ; (6) the insurrectionary -movements and beginning of civil war ; and (7) the progress of that war. SECTION II. THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [1862.] 1. On the 19th of January, 1862, General George H. Thomas gained a victory over the Confederates at Mill Spring, Kentucky, which gave the National forces much advantage in that region. 2. On the 8th of February General Burnside and Com- modore Goldsborough 1 took Roanoke* Island from the QUESTIONS. 33. What have you to say about the war at the close of 1 861? 34. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about a battle in Kentucky ? 2. Give an ac- count of the capture of Roanoke Island and New Berne, and the effects. 1 golds' -bur-rah. 2 ro-a-nok'. THE CIVIL WAR. 327 Military Operations in Several States. Capture of Fort Vonelson. Confederates, and soon afterward New Berne, in North Carolina. These victories gave the National army control of a large region of country, extending even above the Dis- mal Swamp, and imperilled Norfolk. 3. In February General Grant and Commodore Foote were operating on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. On the 16th of that month Grant, assisted by Foote, cap- tured Fort Donelson, with over thirteen thousand men under GeneraL Buckner. This victory opened the way to Middle Tennessee, and caused the Confederates to leave Kentucky. 4. Toward the western part of Arkansas, among the Ozark * Mountains, is a place called Pea Ridge. There National troops under Generals Curtis and Sigel 2 beat the Confederates under General Van Dorn on the 8th of March. 5. On the same day a vessel-of-war, named the Merri- mack, which had been seized by the Confed- erates at the Gosport Navy-yard and covered with iron plates ; went down from Norfolk, and at the mouth of the James River de- THE tlRAM ,, MEKRIMACK . stroyed two National frigates, the Congress and the Cumberland. 6. This "ram," as it was called, was expected to destroy QUESTIONS. 3. Give an account of the operations of General Grant and Commo- dore Foote on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and the effects. 4. What have you to say about a battle in Arkansas ? 5. Give an account of the doings of the Merrimack. 6. What have you to say about the Merrimack and a strange vessel ? 1 o-zafk'. * see' -gel. 328 THE CIVIL WAR. General Movements against the Confederates. other vessels near Hampton the next morning. During the night a strange-looking vessel, lying deep in the water and with a revolv- ing turret, appeared and drove off the Merrimach TH..OKITOB. in the morning. She was called the Monitor, and was commanded by Lieutenant John L. Warden. 7. On the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, the President, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, ordered all of the National forces on land and sea to move against the Confederates at all points. The Army of the Potomac was then commanded by General McClellan; and the Confederates, who were not far from the Bull Run battlefield, moved off toward Richmond, expecting he would follow. In March the Nationals under General Pope cap- tured New Madrid, 1 in Missouri. 8. General Grant went up the Tennessee River to Pitts- burgh Landing, near the borders of Alabama, and there and at Shiloh Cliurch he fought and defeated the Con- federates under Beauregard and A. S. Johnston, on the 7th of April, 1862. This is known as the Battle of Shiloh. 9. At the same time Commodore Foote, with a fleet of gun-boats, attacked and captured Island No. 10, in the Mississippi River. On the llth, Fort Pulaski, 2 at the QUESTIONS. 7. What can you tell about a general forward movement of the ar- mies ? What about the Confederates in Virginia and Pope's victory in Missouri ? 8. Give an account of the battle of Shiloh. 9. What have you to say about a victory on the Mississippi and the surrender of a fort at the mouth of the Savannah ? What did General Mitchel do ? pii-lawz'-ki. THE CIVIL WAR. 329 Baffles in Yarious Places. Capture of New Orleans. mouth of the Savannah River, was surrendered by the Confederates to General Gillmore. On the same day General Mitchel took possession of Huntsville, in Northern Alabama. 10. The Confederates retreated from Shiloh to Corinth, in Northern Mississippi. General Halleck led the National army very slowly in pursuit, and on its arrival at Corinth in May, COMMODORE POOTB. he found the place deserted. 1 1 . The summer was passed in quietude. On the 19th of September the Nationals under Rosecrans gained a victory over Price, in a battle near luka Springs, a few miles eastward of Corinth. He repulsed a large body of Con- federates who attacked Corinth, on the 4th of October following. Memphis, Natchez and other places had been captured by the Nationals during the summer. 12. In the spring of 1862 the Nationals were successful on the Lower Mississippi. The gun-boats, under Com- modore Farrcugut?- assisted by Commodore Porter and others, attacked and ran by two forts below New Orleans, and ascended the river. Twenty thousand Confederates under General Lovell retired from New Orleans, and on the 25th of April General Butler, with National troops, took possession of the city. 13. During the summer of 1862 there was a large Con- QUESTIOHS. 10. What have you to say about a retreat and pursuit of the Confed- erates ? 11. What have you to say about the doings of Rosecrans in Northern Mis- sissippi? 12. Give an account of passing forts and capturing New Orleans. 13. What have you to say about a Confederate army in Kentucky ? * far'-ra-gut, 330 THE CIVIL WAR. General Movement of ylrmies. Norfolk Captured. federate army in Kentucky under General Bragg. He threatened Cincinnati and Louisville, but was foiled, and finally defeated in battle by General Buell at Perryville, in Kentucky. 14. There was a general movement against Richmond in the spring of 1862. General McClellan took the Army of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe ; General Fremont commanded a body of troops in West Virginia and East Tennessee ; General Banks was at the head of a force in the Shenandoah Valley ; and General McDowell was with another force on the Rappahannock River. 15. Early in April McClellan moved slowly up the peninsula between the York and James rivers, and at Williamsburg, on the 5th of May, had a severe battle with the Confederates, which he won. On the 10th of the same month General Wool captured Norfolk, and the Confederates destroyed the ram Mcrrimack, which they had named the Vir- ginia. 16, McClellan crossed the Chickahominy River; and on the 31st of May fought an inde- cisive battle at Fair Oaks. The Confederates were commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston, who was wounded. He was succeeded in command by General Robert E. Lee. QUESTIONS. 14. What can you tell about forces engaged in a general movement toward Richmond ? 15. What can you tell about McClellan on the Virginia Penin- sula, a battle at Williamsburg, and the capture of Norfolk ? 16. What did McClellan do. and what can you tell about a severe battle and Confederate leaders ? >-,,i*s~. jr. r. 332 THE CIVIL WAR. Battles near Richmond. Movements of Lee and his Opponents. 17. The Confederates now pressed on toward Washing- ton City. Banks fled down the Shenandoah Valley pursued by Confederates under " Stonewall " Jackson. McClellan now thought it prudent to change his base of supplies to the James River. 18. From the 25th of June to the close of that month several very destructive battles were fought not far from Richmond without decisive results, though two hun- dred thousand men were engaged. 19. Meanwhile the forces of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell were placed under General Pope as a consolidated army, and stood between the Confederates and Washington City. McClellan was ordered to assist Pope, but he did not arrive in time to help him in his extremity. 20. Lee pressed on toward Washington. At Cedar Mountain Jackson was defeated by Banks on the 9th of August. After that the contention between the two armies was very severe. At the close of the summer of 1862, the National forces under Pope, near Bull Run, were defeated, and driven to the fortifications around Washington City. 21. Lee now pressed forward, not toward Washington City, but across the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan, who had been appointed to the command of all the troops near Washington, followed and gained a victory over the Confederates at South Mountain, in Maryland, on the 14th of September. QUESTIONS. 17. What did the Confederates do ? What did Banks and McClellan do ? 18. What have you to say about a series of battles near Richmond ? 19. What can you tell about the joining of National forces, and General Pope ? 20. What did General Lee do ? What have you to say about Banks and Jackson, and a battle near Bull Run? 21. What did Lee and McClellan now do? 1 shen'-an-dof-ah. T&ti CIVIL WAR. Sallies at dntietam and Mttrfreetboro* . Emancipation Threatened. 22. On the following day, Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand men, was surrendered to the Confederates. On the seventeenth, in a hard fought battle on Antietam Creek, Lee was defeated with heavy loss. He retreated across the Potomac into Virginia. 23. In November, 1862, General Burnside succeeded McClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. He pursued Lee to the Rappahannock ; and at Fredericks- burg, after a very severe battle, he was driven back across the river by the Confederates. Here the National army remained until late the next April. 24. At the close of December, 1862, General Rosecrans fought the Confederates several days at Murfreesboro', in Tennessee, and was victorious after a loss of twelve thou- sand men. He drove the Confederates under Bragg toward Georgia. 25. In July, 1862, Congress gave President Lincoln authority to declare the perpetual freedom of the slaves in certain States. In September he issued a proclamation warning the people of those States that unless they should cease making war upon the government he would set their slaves free. 26. We have considered in this section (1) Military operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, North- ern Mississippi and Arkansas in 1862 ; (2) the Merri- mack and Monitor ; (3) the grand forward movement QUESTIONS. 22. What have you to say about Harper's Ferry, and a battle in Maryland ? 23. What can you tell about General Burnside and hip doings with the Army of the Potomac? 24. What have .you to say about conflicts iu Tennessee? 25. What did Congress authorize the President to do, and what did he do? 26. What have we considered in this section? 1 an-tee'-tum. 334 TKE CIVIL WAR. Emancipation Proclaimed. "Battle of Chancellorrille. of the armies ; (4) surrender of Fort Pulaski; (5) capture of New Orleans; (6) a general movement toward Richmond; (7) Confederate invasion of Maryland; and (8) further military operations in Virginia. SECTION III. THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [1863.] 1. The warning of the President was unheeded, and on the 1st of January, 1863, he issued a proclamation of emancipation for about three million slaves. In 1864, fully two hundred thousand of the freedmen were soldiers in the National Army. 2. Late in January, 1863, General Joseph Hooker became the commander of the Army of the Potomac. Toward the end of April he led them across the Rappahannock, 1 and on the edge of the Wilderness, at Chancellorville, they had a severe battle on the 2d and 3d of May. The Nationals were driven back beyond the Rappahannoclc with a heavy loss. 3. Early in June, General Lee, with about a hundred thousand men, moved down the Shenandoah Valley and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Hooker followed him on his flank. On the 28th of the month General George QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about the Emancipation Proclamation ? 2, What can you tell about General Hooker, and the doings of his troops ? 3. What can you tell about the movements of General Lee, and about Generals Hooker and Meade ? 1 rap'-pa-han'-ok. 336 THE CIVIL WAR. Sattles at Gettysburg. Siege of Charleston. fort Hudson. C. Meade succeeded Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac. 4. About this time Lee pushed forward into Pennsyl- vania, being disappointed because so few Marylanders joined his army. From the 1st to the 3d of July, a desper- ate battle was fought at Gettysburg, and the Confederate army was defeated with terrible loss. General Lee retreated on the 4th of July, and escaping into Virginia with his army, moved rapidly toward Richmond. 5. Meanwhile General J. G-. Foster was struggling with General A. P. Hill for the mastery of the coast-region of North Carolina. At the same time General Longstreet, of Lee's army, was unsuccessfully trying to drive the National forces from Norfolk. 6. In April Admiral Dupont* and General Gillmore began a siege of Charleston, S. C., which lasted almost two years. Bombardments were frequent. National bomb-shells reduced Fort Sumter to a heap of ruins, and the city was terribly shattered by them. 7. At the same time, General Banks, in command of the Department of the Gulf, with his headquarters at New Orleans, drove the Confederates out of portions of Louis- iana westward of the Mississippi. In July he captured Port Hudson on that stream, taking six thousand Con- federates prisoners of war. 8. At the close of the year 1862 General Grant entered QUESTIONS. 4. What did Lee do ? What can you tell about a severe battle ? 5. What have you to say about operations in North Carolina and near Norfolk ? 6. What have you to say about the siege of Charleston, and the effects of bombard- ments ? 7. What have you to tell about General Banks 1 movements in Louisiana and on the Mississippi? 8. What can you tell about General Grant's operations on the shores of the Mississippi ? 1 get'-tez-burg. 2 du-pont'. THE CIVIL WAR. S3 7 Surrender of Ticktburg. "Battle of Ckickamauf/a. upon the task of clearing the banks of the Missis- sippi River of Confederate forces. Their chief stronghold was at Vicksburg, and he proceeded to attack that city, from which General Sherman had been repulsed on the 27th of December. 9. Grant was aided by Admiral Porter with a fleet of gun-boats. A decided victory at Port Gibson by the Na- tionals on the first of May led to others, and on the 4th of July the Confederate General Peiriberton surrendered Vicksburg and his army to Grant. More than thirty thou- sand Confederates were made prisoners. 10. Rosecrans had driven Bragg into Georgia, where the latter was joined by troops from Lee's army under Gen- eral Longstreet. South of Chattanooga, 1 on Chicka- mauga* Creek, the Nationals and Confederates had a very severe battle on the 19th and 20th of September. 11. In the battle of Chickamauga, Rosecrans was beaten and his army was driven back to Chattanooga. Grant had hastened to help him, and arrived just in time to relieve him from great peril. 12. General George H. Thomas was placed in command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Sherman QUESTIONS. 9. By whom was Grant aided ? What was accomplished ? 10. What have you to say about General Rosecrans, and a severe battle ? 11. What can you tell about the battle of Chickamauga ? What did Grant do ? 12. What have you to say about General Thomas, his associates, and a severe battle ? 1 chat'-a-noo'-gah. chik-a-maw'-gah. ADMIRAL PORTER. 338 THE CIVIL WAR. Sattle near Chattanooga. War in the Southwest. Morgan's 3taid. joined him late in November, and with the assistance of Gen- eral Hooker these officers gained a decided victory over the Confederates on the 25th of that month, after a conflict of three days known as the battle of Chattanooga. 13. At this time General Burnside was in command of National troops at Knoxville, in East Tennessee, where he was besieged by Longstreet. Sherman went to the relief of Burnside, and the Confederates, having been repulsed on the 29th of November, fled into Virginia. 14. During 1863 the war raged in Missouri and Arkan- sas, but no great battle was fought in either State. On the 1st of September General Blunt took Fort Smith from the Confederates. On the 10th General Steele, at the head of National troops, captured Little Rock, the capital of Ar- kansas, from the Confederates. 15. In June, a noted leader of a roving band, named Morgan, with three thousand horsemen, crossed the Ohio River into Indiana, and swept through the southern por- tions of that State and of Ohio, expecting to join Lee in Pennsylvania. He was captured on the 26th of July with nearly the whole of his command. 16. The National Navy, which had grown to be large and powerful, thoroughly blockaded the Southern ports during 1863, while fleets of gun-boats greatly assisted the National troops on the coasts and the rivers of the South- west. 17. The President having been authorized to make a draft for three hundred thousand men for the army, ordered QUESTIONS. 13. Give an account of Burnside and his troops at Knoxville. 14. What have you to say about the war in other places in 1863 ? 15. Give an account of Morgan's raid and its results. 16. What have you to say about the National Navy ? 17. What can you tell about a draft and a riot ? THE CIVIL WAS. 339 Draft Riots. West Yirginia a Ma/e. it in the spring of 1863. There was violent opposition to the measure ; and resistance to it, in the city of New York, led to a very serious riot there in July, which lasted four days. The rioters displayed the most fiendish disposition toward the harmless colored people. 18. On the 20th of June, 1863, a new State was added to the Union by the admission of West Virginia. Kansas had been admitted as a State on the 29th of January, 1861. 19. In this section we have considered (1) The Emancipation Proclamation ; (2) military operations in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania; (3) operations in North Carolina and Lower Virginia ; (4) siege of Charleston / (5) operations on the Mississippi River ; (6) events in Northern Georgia and East Ten- nessee ; (7) Morgan's raid, and (8)' the National Navy and the draft. SECTION IV. THE CIVIL WAR CONTI NU ED. [1864.] 1. At the beginning of 1864, the National armies were strong, hopeful and cheerful. The government was well supplied with men and money. 2. In February, General Sherman marched eastward from Vicksburg almost to Alabama, destroying an im- QUESTIONS. 18. What can you tell about the admission of new States ? 19. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about the National armies ? 2. Give an ac- count of the movements of Generals Sherman and Seymour. 340 THE CIVIL Events in Louisiana and Kentucky. Large yirmies put in Motion. mense amount of property and liberating ten thousand slaves. At the same time General Seymour 1 was de- feated by Confederates in a battle at Olustee? in Florida. 3. In March, General A. J. Smith and Admiral Porter went up the Red River with gun-boats and troops, and were joined by soldiers under General Banks, who had marched from New Orleans across Louisiana. 4. Above Alexandria the Nationals under Banks fought sharp battles at Sabine 3 Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill, but were compelled to retrace their steps. It was with much difficulty that Porter's gun-boats de- scended the rapids at Alexandria, on account of low water there. 5. While these troops were up the Red River, Confeder- ates under General Forrest invaded Kentucky and Tennes- see, captured Union City, and afterward, on the 12th of April, captured Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, where three hundred of its defenders were killed after its surrender. General Steele had met with misfortunes in Arkansas. 6. In March, 1864, General Grant was commissioned Lieutenant- General, and made commander-in-chief of all the National armies. At the beginning of May he or- dered the larger bodies of troops to move against the Con- federates at various points. 7. General Meade, in command of the Army of the Potomac, accompanied by Lieutenant-General Grant, moved toward Richmond, and fought the army of Lee QUESTIONS. 3. Tell about an expedition up the Eed River. What did General Banks do ? 4 What can you tell about battles above Alexandria, and the passage of the Rapids there ? 5. What happened in Kentucky, Tennessee and Arkansas ? 6. What have you to say about General Grant ? What did he order ? 7. What have you to say about General Meade ? What about two terrible battles ? 1 set'-moor. '* o-lus-tee'. 3 sa-bine'. THE CIVIL WAR. 341 Sherman's Invasion of Georgia. Richmond Threatened. much of the way to the James River. On the 5th of May the terrible battle of the Wilderness, which lasted two days, was begun. That of Spottsylvania took place on the 9th. 8. At the same time General Sherman moved from Chattanooga into the heart of Georgia to capture At- lanta. He was opposed by General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman won battle after battle and drove the Confederates from their strong- holds ; and in July he crossed the Chattahoehee 1 River with his whole army and appeared before Atlanta. 9. General Hood succeeded Gen- . , f r/ 1 / 1 < i eral Johnston at Atlanta. After GENERAL SHERMAN. three sharp battles there in July, the Nationals besieged the city. Hood abandoned it at the beginning of Septem- ber, and on the 2d of that month the Nationals took posses- sion of the place. It was one of the most important military posts in the South. 10. At the beginning of June Grant had compelled Lee to fall back to the defences of Richmond. They had fought at the North Anna and Cool Arbor. Mean- while General Butler, with the Army of the James, had secured a position at Bermuda Hundred, near the mouth of the tAppomattox 2 River. 1 1. Beauregard was now coming up from North Caro* QUESTIONS. 8. What can you tell about General Sherman's campaign in Georgia ? 9. What can you tell about events at Atlanta ? 10. What can you tell about the movements of Grant and Lee ? What did General Butler do ? 11. What did Beaure- gard do ? What did Grant do, aad what did he compel Lee to do ? 1 chat'-ta-tioo'-chee. a ap'-po-mat'-ftx. 342 THE CIVIL WAR. Events in Shenandoah "Valley and Maryland. Una to help Lee. Grant led his army successfully across the James River, and took a position before Petersburg. Lee was compelled to cross the river, also, to defend Peters- burg, its safety being essential for the security of Rich.- mond. 12. A force of Nationals under Sigel, in the Shenan- doah Valley, intending to aid Meade in his march toward the James, was defeated at New Market. General Hunter then took command of this army, and was compelled to retire into West Virginia, after gaining a victory at Piedmont 1 on the 5th of June. 13. In July General Early, with about fifteen thousand Confederate troops, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, and threatened Baltimore and Washington. General Wallace, with a few troops, fought them at the Monoc- acy 2 River, and detained them until troops were thrown into Washington. Thus Wallace saved the National capi- tal and Baltimore. 14. Early recrossed the Potomac with much plunder, closely pursued. He received a severe blow from National troops under General Averill near Winchester. Securing reinforcements, the Confederates pushed the Nationals back to the Potomac, and some of Early's cavalry again crossed, swept through Maryland, and burned Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. 15. While Grant and Sherman were making their suc- cessful movements on the land, Admiral Farragut was QUESTIONS. 12. What can you tell about General Sigel and troops ? What have you to say about General Hunter? 13. Give an account of a Confederate invasion of Maryland. What did General Wallace accomplish ? 14. What did General Early do ? What can you tell about Early and Averill, and a cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania ? 15. What did Admiral Farragut do ? BATTLES AT GETTYSBURG JTTLY1.2.&3. 344 THE CIVIL WAR. Operations near Mobile. Battles in Shenandoah Yalley. preparing to attack the forts below Mobile. This he did about the middle of August, and captured them on the 23d, with the assistance of troops under General Granger. 16. Farragut's fleet entered Mobile Bay, and so cut off Mobile and a vast region of country occupied by the Confed- erates from all communication with the sea. This was a heavy blow for them. 17. During the autumn, Gen- eral Philip Sheridan, who succeeded Hunter, broke the power of the Confederates under Early, in the Shenandoah Valley. On the 19th of Sep- tember he defeated them at Winchester. Three days afterward he routed them at Fisher's Hill, and a month later he beat them at Cedar Creek. 18. From the beginning of the war the English helped the Confederates. They built, manned, armed, and pro- visioned a ship-of-war for them, named the Alabama. She and the Sumter were the most destructive of the Confed- erate privateers. 19. The Alabama was commanded by Raphael Semmes* of Alabama. She destroyed or captured sixty- four American merchant vessels. The estimated value of property destroyed by her was ten million dollars. QUESTIONS. 16. What more did Parragut do? 17. What did Sheridan do, and where ? 18. What have you to say about the English ? How did they help the Confederates ? 19. What have you to tell about the Alabama and her fate ? \ THE CIVIL WAR. 345 The Alabama Destroyed. "Battles near Nashville. 20. The Alabama always avoided National war vessels. Finally, when she was compelled to leave a French port, she encountered the Kearsarge, 1 a National vessel commanded by Captain Winslow. The Alabama was sunk by the Kearsarge on the 19th of June, 1864. 21. During the summer and autumn of 1864, and the ensuing winter, General Grant prosecuted the siege of Petersburg vigorously. Meanwhile General Sherman, leaving General Thomas to watch Hood, abandoned At- lanta and began his famous march toward the sea at the middle of November. He entered the city of Savannah, as a victor, on the 21st of December. 22. Hood invaded Tennessee and pushed up toward Nashville. He had a sharp fight with Nationals under Gen- eral Schofield? at Franklin, drove them back, and then be- sieged Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, to which Thomas had retired. 23. On the 15th of December General Thomas marched out and GENERAL THOMAS. attacked Hood, and drove him back into Alabama with great loss. 24. On Christmas day, 1864, Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, was bombarded by Admiral Por- ter's fleet, and an attempt to capture the fort was made by troops under General Weitzel? It failed. On the 15th of QUESTIONS. 21. What did General Grant do ? What can you tell about Sherman in Georgia ? 22. Give an account of an invasion of Tennessee. 23. What did Gen- eral Thomas do ? 24. What have you to say about Fort Fisher ? 1 Iceer'-sarj. * skc/jedd, s wite'-zd, 346 THE CIVIL WAR. Sherman's March across Georyia and the Carolinas. January, 1865, the fort was captured by the combined forces of Porter and General Terry. The National forces then took possession of Wilmington. 25. Meanwhile Sherman had crossed the Savannah River into South Carolina. On the 17th of February he captured Columbia, the capital of the State, and the Confederates abandoned Charleston. Colored troops then marched in and took possession of the latter city. 26. Sherm&n marched from Columbia into North Carolina, and was joined at Goldsborough by Schofield and Terry, who came from Wilmington. On the 16th of March Sherman gained a victory over the Confederates under General Hardee. 1 27. During the early part of the spring of 1865 Sheridan had greatly weakened Early 's army ; and by quick movements had cut off supplies of food from ^Rich- mond. Lee's army was thus ' ' ' GENERAL SHERIDAN. threatened with starvation. 28. Grant had compelled Lee to remain and defend Petersburg since June of the previous year. Seeing his peril from want of supplies, Lee attempted to escape by breaking through Grant's lines and joining the Confed- erates under Johnston in North Carolina. 29. In this attempt Lee did not succeed. Encompassed QUESTIONS. 25. What can you tell about Sherman in South Carolina? What occurred at Charleston ? 26. What did Sherman do ? Who joined him, and what happened? 27. What have you to say about the movements of Sheridan, and their results? 28, What did Grant compel Lee to do ? What did Lee attempt to do ? 1 hard'-ee. THE CIVIL WAR. 347 Surrender of Lee and Johnston. President Lincoln Murdered, by the Nationals he was finally compelled to surrender his whole army to Grant at Appomattox Court-House. 30. On the night of the 2d of April, 1865, Jefferson Davis and other members of the Confederate government fled from Richmond into North Carolina, and on the morning of the 3d, colored troops under General Weitzel marched into and took possession of the Confederate capital. 3 1 . The surrender of Johnston's army in North Carolina soon followed that of Lee. Already the power of the Con- federates in Alabama and the adjacent regions had been broken by a cavalry force under General J. H. Wilson, who operated in aid of Cariby. 33, The Confederate troops in Mobile had been captured or dispersed, and peace was assured. The last conflict of the Civil War did not occur until more than a month later, when a severe skirmish occurred near the Rio Grande, in Texas. 33. On the surrender of Lee the people rejoiced because of the assurance of peace. This event was followed by one which caused wide-spread mourning. Abraham Lincoln, the President of the Republic, was assassinated in the National Capital on the evening of the 15th of April, 1865. 34. According to the provisions of the Constitution the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, now be- came President of the Republic. In the autumn of 1864, Mr. Lincoln had been re-elected President, and was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1865. QUESTIONS. 29. What have you to say further about General Lee ? 30. What did the Confederate government do ? What occurred at Richmond ? 31. What have you to say about Johnston's army, and the Confederate power else where ? 32. What have you to say about Mobile, and the last battle in the Civil War ? 33. What events caused rejoicing and mourning? 34. What have you to say about Mr. Lincoln's suc- cessor ? What was done in the autumn of 1864, and spring of 1865 ? 348 THE UNION OF STATES. ^President Johnson. Capture of Jefferson "Davit. 35. In this section we have considered (1) Military operations in Mississippi, Red River region and Kentucky ; (2) Grant's new covnmission, and advance of the Army of the Potomac ; (3) Sherman's campaign against Atlanta and in Georgia ; (4) the siege of Petersburg, and events in the Shenandoah Valley and in Maryland ; (5) capture of forts near Mobile ; (6) the Alabama, and her fate ; (7) Hood and Thomas in Tennes- see; (8) capture of Fort Fisher ; (9) Sherman's cam- paign in the Carolinas, and (10) closing events of the Civil War. SECTION V. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1865-1869.] 1. Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as President on the 15th of April, 1865. He was the sixteenth chief magistrate of the Republic. He immediately offered large rewards for the arrest of Jefferson Davis and his official associates. 2. Mr. Davis was captured in Georgia on the 10th of May, 1865, while making his way to the Gulf of Mexico, and after a long confinement in Fortress Monroe, was re- leased. 3. The Civil War left much confusion in the States wherein QUESTIONS. 35. What have we considered in this section ? QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about Andrew Johnson ? 2. What can you tell about Jefferson Davis ? 3. What have you to say about the condition of certain States and the duty of the National government ? THE UNION OF STATES. 349 Reorganization dots of Congress. Constitution Amended. r insurrection had existed. The first business of the govern- ment was to bring order out of this confusion, and to have all the States represented in Congress. 4. It was soon apparent that the Congress and the President would not agree upon a plan for the perfect reorganization of the Union. Congress wished to give all citizens of the United States, without distinction of race or color, equal privileges as citizens. The President opposed this proposition, and a final settlement was long delayed. 5. Congress was strongly supported by the people, and went forward in the execution of its plan for reorganiza- tion. By an amendment (the Thirteenth) of the National Constitution, approved by the people and proclaimed on the 18th of December, 1865, slavery was forbidden to exist in the Republic forever. 6. Another amendment (the Fourteenth) was adopted by Congress on the 13th of June, 1866, which guaranteed civil rights to the emancipated slaves ; enforced the pay- ment of the National Debt, then amounting to about three ANDREW JOHNSON. QUESTIONS. 4. What was apparent in relation to the President and Congress? What did Congress wish to do ? What did the President do ? 5. What have you to say about Congress and the people ? What about an amendment to the Constitution t 6. What about another amendment? THE UNION OF STATES. 351 The President and Congress at Tariance. The President Impeached. thousand million dollars, and prohibited the payment of the public debt of the Confederate States. 7. Acts were passed for securing to the freedmen their rights as free citizens, and placing them on an equality with other citizens. These various measures were termed Recon- struction Acts. They were properly Reorganization Acts, for the Union had remained perfect from the begin- ning in all its essential elements. 8. The President steadily vetoed the reorganization acts of Congress, believing them to be unconstitutional ; but they all became laws without his signature, by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each House of Congress in their favor. 9. On account of the attempts of the President to frus- trate the action of Congress, and his public declaration that the National Legislature, as then organized, was an illegal body, he was put upon his trial on the 30th of March, 1868, charged with high crimes and misdemeanors. 10. On the 22d of February, 1868, the House of Repre- sentatives made the charges, in the form of Articles of Impeachment. These were adopted, on the 2d of March, and the President was arraigned for trial before the Senate of the Republic, which sat as a High. Court of Im- peachment. He was, after a long trial, acquitted. 11. On the 1st day of March, 1867, the Territory of Nebraska 1 was admitted into the Union as a State. The Territory of Nevada 2 had been admitted on the 31st of October, 1864. QUESTIONS. 7. What can you tell about acts of Congress ? What were they called, and what should they be called? 9. What have you to say about the President and his relations to Congress ? 10. What can you tell about an impeach- ment and trial ? 11. What can you tell about the admission of States ? 1 ne-brah'-ska. 3 ne-vah'-dah,. 352 THE UNION OF STATES. Atlantic Cable. Alaska Sought. Election of President. 12. We have observed that the telegraphic cable stretched across the Atlantic was broken in 1858, after only two mes- sages had passed over it. In the summer of 1865 a new and lasting one was laid. The first communication through it was made on the 29th of July. Other ocean cables have since been laid in various parts of the world. 13. By a treaty with Russia in the autumn of 1867, a large domain in the northwestern extremity of North Amer- ica was purchased by the United States for the sum of seven million two hundred thousand dollars in gold, and annexed to the Republic as the Territory of Alaska. 1 14. In the antumn of 1868, the Republican party named Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate for President of the United States, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. The Democratic party named Horatio Seymour for Presi- dent and Francis P. Blair for Vice-President. Grant and Coif ax were elected. 15. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Johnson and the capture of Jefferson Davis; (2) the Reorganization measures ; (3) amendments to the Constitution ; (4) the impeachment of the President; (5) admission of new States; (6) a permanent Atlantic cable ; and (7) the purchase of Alaska. QUESTIONS. 12. What have you to say about ocean telegraphic cables ? 13. What can you tell about a new Territory ? 14. What have you to say about nominations for President and the election ? 15. What have we considered in this section f 1 a-lask'-a. THE UNION OF STATES. 353 President Grant. The Union Reorganized. Fifteenth Amendment. SECTION VI. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1869-1875.] 1. On the 4th of March, 1869, Ulysses Simpson Grant, the seventeenth President of the United States, was inau- gurated. He was then forty- seven years of age. He was chosen by a large majority of the people. 2. During the first year of Granifs administration Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, having complied with the requirements of Congress, were allowed representatives in that body. So the reor- ganization of the Re- public was finally perfect- ed. It now consists of thirty-eight States and ten Territories. 3. On the 30th of March, 1870, a Fifteenth Amendment to the Con- stitution was adopted and proclaimed, which guaranteed the QUESTIONS. 1. What have you to say about President Grant? 2. What can you tell about the perfecting of reorganization ? 3. What did the Fifteenth Amendment secure ? PRESIDENT GRANT AND HIS BIRTHPLACE. 354 THE UNION OF STATES. Fenians. Fhe Alabama Affair. A Settlement. right of suffrage to all citizens of the United, States, without regard to race or color. 4. In May following an organized band of Irishmen, styled Fenians, associated for the avowed purpose of liber- ating Ireland from the political control of Great Britain, invaded Canada from the United States, in violation of our neutrality laws. The movement was a failure. 5. The fitting out of the privateer Alabama by British subjects, and her depredations, had produced a serious dis- pute between the governments of the United States and Great Britain. It was finally agreed to settle the matter by negotiation. Early in 1871 each government appointed commissioners for the purpose. 6. This High Commission, as it was called, met in the city of Washington in the spring of that year, and soon agreed to submit the whole matter to arbitrators appointed by the two governments, whose decision should be final. 7. The arbitrators met in Geneva, Switzerland. Their decision was that the British government should pay to the United States, for indemnity to American citizens for losses sustained by the depredations of the Alabama and other privateers, the sum of fifteen million five hundred thousand dollars. This was done, and so an apparent cause for war was removed by the more sensible and Christian-like way of peaceful negotiation. 8. In the autumn of 1872 President Grant was re-elected, with Henry Wilson as Yice-President. His opponent was QUESTIONS.--!. What have you to say about the Fenians? 5. What can yon tell about a dispute between the United States and. Great Britain ? 6. Tell what you know about a High Commission, and their doings. 7. What did the arbitrators do ? 8. What can you tell about an election in the autumn of 1872? THE UNION OF STATES. 355 Indian rtffairt. The Centennial and Foreign Governments. Horace G-reeley. Grant and Wilson were inaugurated on the fourth of March, 1873. 9. Indian affairs and political troubles in the South occu- pied much of the public attention during a greater portion of Grant's second term of office. A peace policy with the Indians was yet only an experiment. 10. The Modoc Indians gave special trouble. At a friendly conference they treacherously murdered General Canby and a clergyman in April, 1873. Four of the leaders were hanged in October following. 11. By judicious measures our country has been kept at peace with other nations. Many of them will probably have official representatives at our National Centennial celebration at Philadelphia in 1876. The Territory of Colorado was admitted as a State March 4th, 1875. 12. Our internal troubles, chiefly growing out of social changes in the South, seem in a fair way for adjustment, and our future appears cheerful. 13. In this section we have considered (1) The inauguration of President Grant; (2) the perfected reorganization of the Republic; (3) a Fif- teenth Amendment to the Constitution ; (4) a Fenian movement ; (5) the settlement of the dispute caused by the depredations of the Alabama, and (6) troubles with the Indians, and in the South. QUESTIONS. 9. What attracted much public attention ? What have you to say about a peace policy? 10. What can you tell about the Modoc Indians ? 11. What did judicious measures effect ? What have you to say about other nations and our Centennial celebration? 12. What have you to say about internal troubles? 13. What have we considered in this section ? 356 THE UNION OF STATES. Outline of Important OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1857 TO 1875. 1 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President in March. 1858. Quiet restored in Utah in A.pril. First communication by tele- graph sent across the Atlantic in September. The people of Kansas vote to have a free -labor State. 1859. John Brown's raid into Virginia in October. 1860. Embassadors from Japan, and the Prince of Wales visit the United States. Abraham Lincoln elected President in No- vember. South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession in ^December. 1861. South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West ; secession ordi- nances passed in five States in January. Texans pass an ordinance of secession, and Confederate States government formed in February* Lincoln inaugurated President in March. Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated by National troops, and the President calls for 75,000 men to put down the insurrection ; Davis offers commissions to privateersmen ; Vir- ginians pass an ordinance of secession, and Southern ports declared to be blockaded in jipril. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry and navy-yard at Gosport destroyed; National troops enter Virginia, and ordinances of secession passed in Arkan- sas, Tennessee, and North Carolina in May. Battles at Big Bethel and Romney in June. Richmond made the Confed- erate capital ; the National Congress meet and vote men and money for war ; battles at Bull Run, Carthage, and Dug Springs in July. Battle won by Confederates at Wilson's Creek, and forts at Hatteras Inlet captured by Nationals in Augttst. Lexington surrendered to the Confederates, and battle at Carnifex Ferry in September* Confederates vic- torious at Ball's Bluff in October. Nationals capture forts at Port Royal entrance, and Mason and Slidell ; Confederates victorious at Belmont in November. A large amount of paper money authorized in 1861. 1862. Confederates defeated at Mill Spring, and the great National armies ordered to advance upon the Confederates in Jan- uary. Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson captured by the Nationals in February. National victory at Pea Ridge ; Mernmack destroys U. S. ships ; fight between the Merrimack 1 See foot-note on page 32. THE UNION OF STATES. 35 Y Outline of Important Events. and Monitor, and New Berne captured by the Nationals in March. Victory of Nationals at Shiloh, and they capture Island No. 10, Fort Pulaski, Huntsville, and New Orleans, in April. Confederates defeated at Williamsburg ; Norfolk captured by the Nationals, and battle at Fair Oaks, in May. Destructive battles near Richmond in June. Battle of Cedar Mountain, and severe battles near Bull Run in August. Na- tionals victorious at luka Springs : Lee invades Maryland and is defeated at South Mountain and Antietam in September. Confederates repulsed at Corinth in October. Confederates t successful at Fredericksburg in ^December, and defeated at Murfreesboro' in January. 1863. Emancipation proclamation issued in January. Siege of Charleston begun in April. Confederates defeated at Port Gibson, and victorious at Chancellorville in May. West Virginia admitted into the Union, and Lee invades Maryland in June. The Nationals victorious at Gettysburg ; Vicks- burg and Port Hudson surrender to the Nationals ; draft riots in New York, and Morgan raids and is captured in Ohio in July. Confederates victorious at Chickamauga in Septem- ber. The Confederates defeated near Chattanooga, and re- pulsed at Knoxville in November* The Confederate ports thoroughly blockaded in 1863. 1864. Sherman liberates about ten thousand slaves, and the Nationals are defeated at Olustee in February. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General and chief commander of all the National armies; the Red River expedition in March. Battles at Sabine Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill ; Confederates capture Fort Pillow in April. The large National armies move for- ward ; and battles in the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania won by the Nationals ; Nationals repulsed at Cool Arbor, and routed at New Market, in May. The Confederates defeated at Piedmont, and the Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge in June. The Confederates invade Maryland ; they are checked at the Monocacy ; they sack and burn Chambersburg, and are defeated before Atlanta in July. The Nationals capture the forts below Mobile in August. Atlanta surrendered to the Nationals; the Confederates defeated near Winchester, and routed at Fisher's Hill in September. The Nationals vic- torious at Cedar Creek ; Nevada admitted into the Union in October. Hood invades Tennessee with a Confederate army, is repulsed at Franklin, and besieges Nashville in JVovem- 358 T3E VNiOft OF STATES. Outline of Important Events. ber. Confederates defeated and driven from Nashville ; Na- tionals, after crossing Georgia, enter Savannah ; Fort Fisher bombarded in "December. 1865. Fort Fisher captured by Nationals in January, Nationals capture Columbia ; Charleston occupied by colored troops, and the Nationals take possession of Wilmington in February. The Nationals defeat the Confederates under Hardee in North Carolina in March. Lee attempts to evade Grant, but sur- renders his army at Appomattox Court-House ; Jefferson Davis and Confederate associates flee from Richmond; President Lincoln is murdered, and Andrew Johnson succeeds him j General Johnston surrenders his troops, and the Nationals capture Mobile in jipril. Jefferson Davis captured, and the last conflict of the war occurs in Texas in May. Slavery proclaimed to be abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution in December. 1866. Fourteenth Amendment adopted in June. First communication sent over a permanent Atlantic Cable in July. 1867. Nebraska admitted into the Union in March. Alaska pur- chased of Russia in June. 1868. Articles of Impeachment of President Johnson presented in February, His trial begins in March, and he is acquitted in May. 1869. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President in March. Reorgan- ization of the Union perfected. 1870. Fifteenth Amendment declared adopted in March. Fenians invade Canada in May. 1871. A treaty concerning the depredations of the Alabama concluded in May. 1872. President Grant re-elected, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President, in November* 1873. Grant inaugurated in March. Modoc Indians murder Peace Commissioners in JLpril. Modoc murderers hung in Octo- ber. 1874. 1875. Internal troubles prevail in some of the Southern States. THE UNION OF STATES. 359 JList of Important Battles of the Civil War. LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BATTLES OP THE CIVIL WAK. 1861. Attack on Fort Sumter, S. C April 12 Big Bethel, Ya June 10 Bull Run, Va July 21 Wilson's Creek, Mo Aug. 10 Lexington, Mo Sept. 12 Ball's Bluff, Va Oct. 21 1862. Mill Spring, Ky Jan. 19 Roauoke Island, N. C Feb. 8 Fort Donelson, Tenn Feb. 16 Pea Ridge, Ark March 8 Merrimack and Monitor, Va March 9 Pittsburgh Landing, Teim April 6 Shiloh, Tenn April 7 Forts below New Orleans, La. . . April 18 Williamsburgh, Va May 5 Fair Oaks, Va May 30 Cross Keys, Va June 7 Mechanicsville. .. .June 26") Games' Mill June 27 j Near Savages Station June 28 /-Richmond, Glendale June 29 Va. MalvernHill JulylJ Cedar Mountain Aug. 9 Groveton, Va Aug. 29 Bull Run (second), Va Aug. 30 South Mountain, Md Sept. 14 Antietam, Md Sept. 17 luka Springs, Miss Sept 19 Corinth, Miss Oct. 4 Perryville, Ky Oct. 8 Fredericksburg, Va Dec. 13 Murfreesboro', Tenn Dec. 31 1863. Port Gibson, Miss... May 1 Chancellorville, Va May 2 Vicksburgh, Miss., siege, May 19 to July 4 Port Hudson, La., siege, May 27 to July 8 Gettysburgh, Pa July 1 Little Rock, Ark Sept. 10 Chickamauga, Ga Sept. 19 Chattanooga, Ga Nov. 25 Knoxville, Tenn Nov. 29 1864. Olustee, Fla Feb. 20 Sabine Cros-s-Roads, La April 8 Pleasant Hill, La Aprils Fort Pillow, Tenn April 12 The Wilderness, Va May 5 Spottsylvania, Va. May 9 Resacca, Ga May 15 Dallas, Ga May 28 Cool Arbor, Va June 3 Around Keuesaw Mountain, Ga.. June Kearsarge and Alabama June 19 Mouocacy, Md July 9 Atlanta, Ga '. July 22 Forts below Mobile, Ala Aug. 22 Winchester, Va Sept. 19 Cedar Creek, Va Oct. 19 Franklin, Tenn Nov. 30 Nashville, Tenn Dec. 15 Fort Fisher, N. C Dec. 25 Fort Fisher, N. C Jan. 15 Averysboro', N. C March 16 Near Petersburgh, Va... Fab. and March. Five Forks, Va April 1 360 T&E NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Remarks. Preamble. Objects of the Constitution. SECTION VII. THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. We have here, and also on page 231, considered the causes which led to the con- struction of the National Constitution, in 1787; its adoption by the people of the United States as the organic law of the land, and the establishment of a National Government in accordance with its plan. Let us now take it up and study it carefully, for it is the Great Charter of our Liberties. We will begin with the introductory remarks, or PREAMBLE. WE the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for Objects. the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- terity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested Legislative Powers, in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The House of Eepresentatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several House of Repre- States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifi- sentatives. cations requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a Qualification of citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when Representatives, elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be chosen. QUESTIONS. What have we considered ? What are the remarks introductory to the National Constitution called? Recite the Preamble to the Constitution. Who ordained and established the Constitution ? For what purposes ? ART. I. Legislative Department. SEC. I. Recite Section I. In what body are all legislative powers vested ? Of what does Congress consist ? SEC. II. Recite the 1st Clause. How is the House of Representatives composed ? How often and by whom are the Representatives chosen? What are the qualifica- tions for an elector or voter ? Recite the 2e?, Clause. What is said about the age of a Representative ? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required in regard to his residence ? What three qualifications must a Repre- sentative possess ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 361 Apportionment offiepresentatives. Number of Senators. 'id Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be de- Apportionment of termined by adding to the whole number of free persons, Representatives, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumera- tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States,, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- titled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Penn- sylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Uh Clause. When vacancies happen in the represent*- Vacancies how tion from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5th Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose SnM v pr how their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole appointed power of impeachment. SECTION I1L 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Number of Senators legislature thereof, for six yeare ; and each senator shall from each State. have one vote. 2rf Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class Classification of shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the Senators. second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. QUESTIONS. SEC. II. Recite the M Clause. How are Representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the several States? How are the respective numbers of the representative population to be determined ? When was the first enumeration or census to be made, and how often thereafter? How many inhabitants, at least, are required for one representative? What number shall each State have? What number of representatives respectively were the States then in the Union entitled to? Of how many members, consequently, did the first, House of Representatives consist ? Recite the 4th Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled? Recite the 5th Clause. Who shall choose the officers of the House of Representatives? SEC. III. Recite the \st Clause. Of whom shall the Senate be composed? By whom are the Senators chosen, and for what space of time? How many votes is each Senator entitled to? Recite the 2rf Clause. Into how many clashes were the Senators at first divided? In what order were their seats vacated ? What propor- tion of Senators are chosen every second year? Under what conditions may the Executive or Governor of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate ? How long may a Senator so appointed fill the oflicc ? How shall the vacancy then be filled ? 362 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Qualification of Senators, Meeting of Congress. Vfi . 3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not ' n OI have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 6' fates., and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. P -H offl 4tfl Clause. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, rf the Senate. Unleg8 they be cqually divide(L 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tetnpore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or Senate, a court for affirmation. When the President of the United States trial of impeach- is tried, the chief-justice shall preside: and no person ment. shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy Judgment in case any office of honor, trust or profit under the United of Conviction. States : but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun- ishment, according to law. SECTION IV. 1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding Elections of Sena- elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- tors and Repre- scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the sentatives. Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once Meeting- of Con- in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first gress. Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION V. 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to QUESTIONS. SEC. III. Recite the 3d Clause. At what age is a person eligible to be a Senator * How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required concerning his residence ? What are the three requisites of a Senator ? Recite the 4th Clause. Who shall be the President of the Senate ? When may he vote ? Recite the 5th Clause. What officers shall the Senate choose ? What officers may they choose pro tempore, or for the time being, and under what conditions ? Re- cite the 6th Clause. What sole power has the Senate ? What sole power is given to the House of Representatives by the 5th Clause, Section II., Article I., of the Consti- tution ? Under what conditions shall the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment ? When shall the Chief-Justice of the United States preside in the Senate ? What pro- portion of the Senate shall be necessary to a conviction? Recite the 1th Clause^ In cases of impeachment, how far may judgment extend? To what is the convicted person further liable ? SEC. IV. Recite the 1st Clause. What prescription is allowed to each State legis- lature in regard to elections for members of the Congress ? What may the Congress do in the matter? Recite the 2c/ Clause. How often and at what time shall the Con- gress assemble ? How may a different day be appointed ? SEC. V. Recite the 1st Clause. Of what may each House of Congress be the judge ? What proportion shall constitute a quorum to do business ? What power is given to a smaller number ? What power is given these concerning absent members ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 363 Organization of Congress. Compensation of .If embers. do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance Organization of of absent members, in such manner and under such penal- Congress, ties as each house may provide. 2d Clause. Each bouse may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, Rules of proceeding. and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of Journal of Congress, the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4tk Clause. -Neither house, during the session of Con- gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for Adjournment of more than three days, nor to any other place than that in Congress, which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. 1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, Compensation except treason, felony; and breach of the peace, be priv- and privileges of ileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of members, their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or Plurality of offices the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during prohibited, such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VH. 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue ehall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- Bills, how originated. pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. QUESTIONS. SBC. V. Recite the 2rf Clause. What powers are given each House over its rules of proceedings ? What power is given to each for enforcing its own rules? Recite the '3d Clause. What is required of each House concerning its pro- ceedings ? What discretionary power is given to each House concerning its journals ? When shall the yeas and nays in each House be entered on the journal ? Recite the Wi Clause. What requkement is made concerning the adjournment of either House ? How are they restricted as to the place to which either may adjourn ? SEC. VI. Recite the 1st Clause. What provision is made for the compensation of the members of Congress? What privileges are members of Congress entitled to? What are the exceptions ? How is freedom in speech and debate secured to mem- bers of Congress ? Recite the %d Clause. How are members of Congress restricted concerning the holding of civil offices ? What will prevent a person being a member of Congress ? SEC. VII. Recite the 1st Clause. In which House of Congress shall revenue bills originate ? What may the Senate do ? 364 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Ifon> bills become tatfg. Powers rested in Congress. 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to How bills become the President of the United Suites. Jf he approve he shall laws. sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except Approval and veto on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the powers of the President of the United States; and before the same President. shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disap- proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. SECTION vm. 1st Clause. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im- posts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the Powers vested in common defence and general welfare of the United Congress. States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uni- f jrm throughout the United States ; 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 4th Clause. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; QUESTIONS. SEC. VH. Recite the 2 -i Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. r t 'n Vt H The en umeration in the Constitution of certain rights Certain rims ae- ghall not be congtrued to dcny or disparage ot hers retained by the people. Rights reserved. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- served to the States respectively, or to the people. Judicial power limited. any foreign State. ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of ARTICLE XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an Amendment respect- inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall ing the election name in their ballots the person voted for as President, of President and and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- Vice-President. President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and cer- tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Pres- ident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all QUESTIONS. ARTICLE VIIT. What does this article declare ?. ARTICLE IX. What does this article declare ? ARTICLE X. What does this article declare? ARTICLE XI. What does this article declare? ARTICLE XII. What does this article declare? In what connection have we considered the Twelfth Article of the Constitution, which relates to the election of President and Vice-President of the United States ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 375 Election of President and Yice- President. the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon ihem, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as Pres- ident, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the (7nited States. ARTICLE XIII. SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been Slavery prohibited. duly convicted, shall exist within the United Slates, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SECTION II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and Fubject to the jurisdic- tion thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce Citizens and their any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of rights, citizens of the United States; nor shall any State de- prive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SECTION II. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- tion for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Pres- Adjustment of re- ident of the United States, representatives in Congress, presentation to the the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members elective franchise, of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens cf the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. SECTION HI. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of Pres- ident and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United ARTICLH XIII. What does this article declare? ARTICTLB XTV. What does this article declare ? 376 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. disabling Conditions. Treatment of Public 3)ebls. Stales, or under any State, who, having previously taken Disabling 1 con- an oath as a member of Congress, or as an. officer of the ditions. United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup- port the Constitution of the United States^ shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. SECTION IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, in- cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. Treatment of pub- But neither the United States nor any State shall assume lie debts. or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- tion or rebellion against the United Stales, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. SECTION V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by eppropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. SECTION I. The right of the citizens of the United States shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con- dition of servitude. SECTION II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. No nation ever showed such marvellous growth as ours has done, since it was established under a national constitution, in 1790. In expansion of area, increase in population, development of resources of every kind, growth of its manufactures, com- merce, arts, science and literature, and in moral K&&politi- cal influence among the family of nations, its progress has been most remarkable. New States added to the original thirteen, have become members of the Union by a simple process. After a wild region has acquired a certain number of permanent inhabitants, it is organized into a Terri- tory. When the population reaches another prescribed number, it may be admitted into the Union as a State, by an act of Congress, with a State constitution for its local government. The following table shows the date of settlement of each State in the Union, by whom settled, and the date of admission of each. QUESTION?. ARTICLE XV. What does this article declare? OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. 377 Order. Name. Date of Settle- ment. Where first Settled. By whom Settled. Date of admis- sion. I Virginia 1607 Jamestown .. . English 2 New York 161.1 New York Dutch Massachusetts . 1620 Plymouth . . . English 4 c New Hampshire Connecticut .... 1623 l6-?3 Little Harbor. Windsor 6 Maryland 16^4 St Mary's . . . M 8 Rhode Island . . Delaware . 1636 1618* Providence.. . Wilmington . u North Carolina 1650 English .... 10 ii 12 ja New Jersey. . . . South Carolina. Pennsylvania. . . Georgia 1664 1670 1682 17-7 q Elizabeth Ashley River. Philadelphia . Savannah M 14. Vermont . . . 172.1 Fort Dummer H I7QI Ir Kentucky 1771; Boonesboro'. . M I7Q2 16 Tennessee I7C.7 Fort Loudon . I7q6 17 Ohio 1788 Marietta If I8O2 18 Louisiana 1600 Iberville ... French 1812 IQ Indiana I71O Vincennes. . . . t 1816 2O Mississippi I7l6 Natchez . i 1817 21 Illinois I72O Kaskaskia . . . i 1818 22 Alabama I7II Mobile 1810 2"! Maine 1625 Bristol < 1820 24. Missouri 1764. St Louis i 1821 25 i68; Arkansas Post 1836 26 Michigan 1670 Detroit 1837 27 Florida ie.6e, St. Augustine. Spanish 1845 28 Texas 1692 San Antonio.. v 1841; 2O IS 1 ? T, Burlington. . . English 1846 3O \Visconsin ..... 1669 Green Bay . . . French 1848 71 California I76Q San Diego . . Spanish 1850 lo Minnesota, 1846 St Paul .... Americans.. 1858 q-i Oregon .... 1811 Astoria M iSsq 24 U 1861 qe \Vest Virginia . English 1863 36 Nevada Americans .. 1864 07 Nebraska . a 1867 ^8 Colorado . 1875 QUESTIONS. Name the original thirteen States in the order of their settlement. When was Virginia first settled ? Where ? By whom ? When was New York first settled ? Where ? By whom ? Ask the same questions about all of the thirty- eight States. When was the first State admitted, into the Union formed by the original thirteen States ? What State was it ? G'- e the names of the other States in the order of their admission. When was Vermont admitted ? When Kentucky ? Ask the same questions about all the other States. Hov many States are there now in the Union ? 378 OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. THE following Table shows the national progress in population. 27tc Census, or enumeration of the inhabitants, is taken every ten years. Census. Date of Census. Number of States. Population of the States. Population of the Tritoerries. Total Population. x 1790 13 3,894,136 35,^91 3,929,827 2 1800 16 5,231,992 73,949 3 1810 17 7,036,474 203,340 7,239,814 4 1820 23 9,515,397 122,794 9,638,191 I 1830 1840 12,729,429 16,897,207 136,591 172,246 12,866,020 17,069,453 7 1850 31 23,047,891 143,985 23,191,876 8 1860 33 31,040,842 402,479 3 J ,443,3 21 9 1870 37 38,113,253 442,730 38,555,983 QUESTIONS. When was the first Census of the United States taken? How often is the Census taken ? How many States were there in the Union when the first Cen- sus was taken ? How many States were admitted before the next Census ? Before the next ? What was the population of the United States when the first Census was taken in 1790? * In 1800? In 1810? And so on. What was the increase in popula- tion from 1790 to 1800? From 1800 to 1810 ? From 1810 to 1820 ? TABLE OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES, No. Presidents. Resi- dence when elected. Born. Died. When inaugu- rated. Vice-Presidents. I George Washington. John Adams Va Mass . . 1732 1735 1799 1826 1789 1797 John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. ( 3 Thomas Jefferson . . . Va 1743 1826 1801 \ George Clinton. 4 James Madison Va..... i75i 1836 1809] George Clinton. Elbridge Gerry. I 7 James Monroe John Quincy Adams. Andrew Jackson Va Mass . . Tenn.. 1758 1767 1767 1831 1848 1845 .1817 1825 1829 -j Daniel D. Tompkins. John C. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun. Martin Van Buren. 8 Martin Van Buren . . N. Y.. 1782 1862 1837 Richard M. Johnson. 9 W. H. Harrison Ohio .. *773 1841 1841 John Tyler. John Tyler Va . 1862 1841 ii James K. Polk Tenn.. T 795 1849 1845 George M. Dallas. 12 Zachary Taylor . ... La 1784 1850 1849 Millard Fillmore. 13 Millard Fillmore . . . N. Y.. 1800 1874 1850 14 Franklin Pierce. ... N. H.. 1804 1869 1853 Win. R. King. IS 16 James Buchanan ... Abraham Lincoln . . . Penn.. 111. . . . 1791 1809 1868 1865 1857 1861 1 J. C. Breckinridge: Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. 17 18 Andrew Johnson Ulysses S Grant Tenn.. Ill - 1808 1822 1865 1869 -f Schuyler Colfax. * ( QUESTIONS. Name in their order the Presidents of the United States. Name those who served two terms, or eight years. Name those who served but one term, or lour years. Name those who died before their term of office expired. * It probably will not be best to require the scholar to give the exact population at each of these dates. " The population in 1790 was nearly four million, would be a sufficient answer, and would fix an important fact in the mind. To say that the increase of population for the first ten years was about 1,300,000 would be a good answer, and thus fixing these figures approximately in the mind will give some idea as to onr wonderful growth as a nation. The increase in population may be stated at about thirty-three per cent, every ten years. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. AMONG the multitude of persons mentioned in this work, who bore a part in the discovery, settlement, planting of the colonies, or assisted in laying the foundations of our Republic, a few appear conspicuous be- cause of their more palpable achievements. From these I have selected the following as subjects for brief biographical notices, and placed their names in alphabetical order for convenient reference. Students are recommended to read more extended histories of their lives in other books. These notes indicate only the most conspicuous services of each. Adams, John. Born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735; was a lawyer by profession ; was an early and earnest champion of the rights of the people ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; a representative of his country at foreign courts, and second Pres- ident of the Republic. Died at Quincy in 1826. Adams, Samuel. Born in Boston in 1722. A powerful advocate of the rights of the people. A legislator without blemish ; firm in resisting British oppression ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence : a member of the convention which adopted the National Constitution, and Lieutenant-Governor of Massachu- setts. Died in Boston in 1803. Baltimore, Lord, Cecil Calvert, son and heir of George Lord Balti- more. Sent a colony to settle Maryland, and became the founder of that commonwealth. Born in England about 1613, and died there in 1(576. He never came to America. Bradford, William. Born in Yorkshire. England, in 1588. Came to America in the May-Flower, and became the second governor of Plymouth. He ruled wisely and well. Died in 1657. Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England, about 1472. Son of an Italian merchant and navigator ; he made a voyage westward, and discovered North America at about the time Columbus dis- covered South America. Died in 1557. Cartier, Jacques. Born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. An eminent navigator ; he was sent out by the king of France to the coasts 380 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. of North America. He discovered the Gulf and River St. Law- rence, and named them. He ascended the St. Lawrence to Montreal. Died about the year 1555. Coligni, Gaspard de. Born in 1517. Admiral of France, and a leader of the French Protestants. He attempted to form a colony of these people in Florida. They were murdered or driven away. He was killed in Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve, 1572. Columbus, Christopher. Born at Genoa about 1435. A navigator of great skill and engaged in scientific research, he came to the con- clusion that the earth was a sphere, and that India, then difficult to reach by merchants of western Europe, might be found by sailing westward. Whilst. seeking a westward passage to that country, he discovered America. Died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. De Soto, Fernando. Born in Estramadura, Spain, about 1500. An adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of Peru. Attempted the conquest of Florida, and failed ; but he was the first European discoverer of the Mississippi River. Died in 1542. Elizabeth, Queen. Born in the palace at Greenwich, in 1533. Daugh- ter of Henry the 8th and Anne Boleyn. Ruled England with vigor for forty -five years. Encouraged efforts to make settle- ments in America. An unmarried sovereign. Died in 1603. Franklin, Benjamin. Born in Boston in 1706. By trade a printer. Became a philosopher and statesman, legislator and foreign em- bassador. Was one of the foremost men in civil life, in the War of the Revolution, and was a signer of the Declaration of In- dependence. Helped negotiate the treaty for peace and inde- pendence. Died in Philadelphia in 1790. George, King. The Third George was born in London in 1738. He ascended the English throne in 1760. It was from his rule that the Americans declared themselves to be independent ; and against him the charges in the Declaration of Independence were made. He reigned fifty years. Died at Windsor Castle in 1820. Greene, Nathaniel. Born in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. A member of the Society of Friends. Became one of the foremost of the major generals of the Revolution. President of the court that tried and condemned Major Andre. Died in Georgia in 1786. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 381 Hamilton, Alexander. Born on the island of Nevis in 1757. Eminent for oratory and logic. A good soldier and acute statesman. First Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic and chief author of our Financial system. Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. Henry, Patrick. Born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1736. He was an idle youth, but finally became a lawyer, when it was discovered that he possessed great powers of oratory. He was one of the most powerful of the patriots who stirred the Americans to rebel against Great Britain. "Was governor of Virginia. Died in 1799. Hudson, Henry. Born late in the sixteenth century in England, and was a skillful navigator. Employed by the Dutch to find a sea passage around northern Europe ; he failed, turned west- ward, and discovered the river now known by his name, in the State of New York. He sailed to the head of its tide-water. Set adrift in an open boat in the great bay that bears his name, he was never heard of afterwards. Isabella, Queen. Born in Madrigal in 1451. Monarch of Castile and Leon. She assisted Columbus in fitting out his expedition for seeking India by sailing westward, and shares with him the honor of discovering America. Died in 1504. James, King. The first King James of England was a son of Mary Queen of Scots. The first English settlements in America were made during his reign of more than twenty years. Our trans- lation of the Bible was made in his reign. Born in Scotland in 1566. Died in London in 1625. Jefferson, Thomas. Born at Shadwell, Va., in 1743. Was a lawyer by profession. Served in the Virginia legislature. Wrote the Declaration of Independence ; was American Minister at the French court, and third President of the Republic. He was a keen politician, an able statesman, versed in the sciences, and an elegant writer. Died at Monticello in 1826. Jones, John Paul. Born in Scotland in 1747. Was a mariner, and settled in Virginia. Appointed commander in the Continental Navy, he performed the most signal service on the ocean for the patriots. Afterward in the service of Russia. Died in Paris in 1792, when the National Assembly decreed him a publicf uneral. Lafayette, Marquis de. Born in Auvergne, France, in 1757. Es- poused the cause of the American patriots, and joined them in th^ir war for independence. He was the most useful foreign 382 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. friend the Americans had, and was always revered by them. A leader in the beginning of the French revolution. Died in Paris in 1834. Liesler, Jacob. Born in Frankfort, Germany. A merchant in New York. Led a democratic party there in opposition to the aris- tocracy, and was hanged in 1691, by virtue of a death-warrant issued by a drunken governor. Morris, Robert. Born in Liverpool, England, in 1733. Was a mer- chant in Philadelphia, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- ence, and leading financier during the Revolution. His personal credit sustained that of the country at one time. Died in Phila- delphia in 1806. Oglethorpe, James Edward. Born in London in 1698. A soldier and philanthropist. He founded the colony of Georgia, by pro- curing the release of debtors from prisons, and sending them to settle in America. Died in London in 1785. Penn, William. Born in London in 1644. Became a leading "Friend" or " Quaker," and the founder of Pennsylvania. He was the first of the English proprietors who treated the Indians justly. Laid out the city of Philadelphia. Died at Rushcourt, England, in 1718. Pitt, William. Born at Westminster, England, in 1708. Eminent for oratory and statesmanship, he was called the " Great Commoner of England." Created Earl of Chatham. The constant friend of the Americans in their struggle with the British aristocracy. Died at Hayes, England, in 1778. Pocahontas. Born about 1595. An American Indian princess. She saved the life of Captain Smith, and also those of the settlers at Jamestown. Married an Englishman named Rolfe. Died in England in 1617. Raleigh, Walter. Born in Devon, England, in 1552. Was a soldier, statesman and courtier. He promoted and assisted the fitting out of expeditions to plant colonies in America, but failed. He was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, but King James caused him to be beheaded in 1618. Rochambeau, Count de. Born in Vendome, France, in 1725. A mar- shal of France, he led the French army in America which assisted in the campaign against Lord Cornwallis. He suffered during the French Revolution, but escaped with his life. Bonaparte pensioned him. Died in 1807. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 383 Schuyler, Philip. Born in Albany in 1733. As commander of the Northern Army and Indian Commissioner, he exercised great influence, and did more than any other man to save the cause of the patriots from ruin, by restraining invasion on the northern frontiers. A pure patriot, wise legislator, and honest citizen. Died at Albany in 1804. Smith, John. Born in Lincolnshire, England. Chief founder of Vir- ginia. He had fought the Turks as a soldier before coming to America. He explored the coasts and made a map of New Eng- land. Died in London in 1631. Steuben, Baron de. Born in Magdeburg, Prussia, in 1730. An officer under Frederick the Great. Came to America in 1777, and became Inspector-general of the Continental Army. In that position he rendered important service to the cause. Died at Steubenville, N. Y., in 1794. Stuyvesant, Peter. Born in. Holland in 1602. He was a good soldier, brave and honest. Made governor first of the Island of Curac.oa, and then of New Netherland (New York). He ruled with vigor^ and was the last Dutch governor of that province. Died in New York in 1682. Washington, George. Born in Westmoreland, Virginia, in 1732 Learning the military art in the Colonial service during their wars with the Indians, he became commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and won the independence of the United States. First President of the Republic. Died at Mount Vernon in 1799. William, King. Born at the Hague, Holland, in 1650. With a fleet and army he entered England by invitation of the people there, and became their sovereign jointly with Mary his wife. His reign had much influence on the destinies of America. Died at Ken- sington in 1702. Williams, Roger. Born in Wales in 1599. A Puritan clergyman. Settled at Salem, in Massachusetts. Banished from that colony, he founded Rhode Island, and was the first to ordain absolute religious freedom in America. Died at Providence in 1683. Winthrop, John. Born in Suffolk, England. Bred a lawyer, he was one of the most useful of the colonists who settled Massachu- setts. Governor of that colony, he ruled with prudence. Died in Boston in 1649. 384 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. IN the following tables are noted some of the more important events in our history, arranged according to the different periods into which that history naturally divides. These are facts which the pupil should especially endeavor to retain in memory. ^ Columbus discovers American Islands 1492 ^ s -e jg * fl . Columbus discovers South America 1 1400 * ~i *? d 8 Sebastian Cabot discovers North America J 14c c | . | -| -| \ % Americus Vespucciua discovers South America 1499 $* ^ I > Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida 1512 < 5>!; Kl 3'$ Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean 1513 g 1 1 1^ Cartier discovers Canada 1534 ^ &> a, ^ |! De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. 1541 - g sg -e .^S Hudson discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River . . 1609 < w | * King Philip's war 1675 |^"J H First legislative assembly in New Jersey 1681 First legislative assembly in Pennsylvania 1682 Attempt to seize the Connecticut charter 1686 King William's war 1689 ._ Queen Anne's war 1702 King George's War 1744 French and Indian War 1755 Canada conquered by the English 1760 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 385 Stamp Act passed by the British parliament > V ts Stamp Act Congress meets in New York j 1765 g 3; Tax-gatherers and troops sent to Boston 1768 ''^ The " Boston Massacre " 1770 111 A British cruiser burned in Narraganset Bay i ||. | Cargoes of tea destroyed in Boston harbor ( 1773 '^^^ Port of Boston closed to commerce i J| s^S* First Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia f 1774 T..-S ts Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord "\ |? i 1 Capture of Ticonderoga , I s'-e ^> Battle of Bunker Hill >. 1775 Washington appointed Commander-in-chief - Canada invaded by the Republican troops . British troops driven from Boston . fe SMs "0 Declaration of Independence / 1^1 o New York taken by the British.. f 1776 -g v Washington made Dictator for six months J |< PJ The British plan measures for dividing the colonies J 1 ^"H Lafayette joins the Americans v 1777 f: ?- "s EH Surrender of Burgoyne and his army to the Americans } Treaty of alliance between the U. S. and France 1778 | ^ s War chiefly in the Southern States ... |< I'l Exploits of Paul Jones on the ocean ( * 77 ^ * .^ 4JJ The British overrun the Carolinas. . . Treason of General Arnold !".....' 1 1780 Capture and execution of Major Andre . . * ^ ^ Surrender of Cornwallis and his army j **" A national league formed f 17! l |^|,J Preliminary treaty of peace signed 1782 1^'|^ British troops leave the country ) 1314 *jjb4| Treaty of peace tjigned at Ghent ) S S, 386 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. Battle of New Orleans i Warwith Algiers f 1 ' t^S Lafayette visits the U. S. as the nation's guest 1824 -tt | Erie canal completed 1825 |gv ^ Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on the same day . . 1826 CQ . Trouble with South Carolinians settled by compromise Liasta " -S 4= Government funds withdrawn from U. S. Banks ) 8 War with Indians in Florida 1835 I& Y Electro-magnetic telegraph established 1844 jg ^ pj Texas annexed to the United States 1845 c .2 War with Mexico 1846 John Brown's raid into Virginia 1859 g|- Abraham Lincoln elected President 1860 : South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession 1860 ' South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West Other slave-labor States pass ordinances of secession Coufederate States Government formed Lincoln inaugurated President Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated The President calls for 75,000 volunteers lg gj National troops invade Virginia S Richmond made the Confederate Capital Nationals defeated at Bull Run ?j Congress makes provision of men and money for war $ Confederate ambassadors taken from a British ship g Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson captured by the Nationals v ji o The Confederate "ram" Merrimack destroys National war-\ 55 vessels / s4 S The Merrimack defeated by the Monitor ( Ig62 |-2 g Nationals victorious at Shiloh / ' fe^ 4 New Orleans captured by Nationals V g Seven days battles near Richmond } \ K Confederates defeated at Antietam / ? The President proclaims the freedom of the slaves 'j> Charleston besieged U Confederate victory at Chancellorsville o West Virginia admitted into the Union Ig63 ^ Nationals victorious at Gettysburgh Vicksburg surrendered to the Nationals Draft riots in New York Confederate ports thoroughly blockaded . General Grant placed in chief command "\ The great National armies ordered to move simultaneously I Army of the Potomac moves on Richmond > 1864 Sherman penetrates Georgia to Atlanta \ The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge ) FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 387 Petersburg besieged Atlanta surrendered to the Nationals Sherman marches to the sea jgg^ - | Confederates invade Tennessee =s Nationals victorious at Nashville National land and naval forces attack Fort Fisher T National troops capture Columbia, S. C g Charleston occupied by colored troops fl Sherman marches through the Carolinas 2 Lee surrenders the Confederate army to Grant $ Jefferson Davis and associates flee from Richmond .. % President Lincoln assassinated General Johnson surrenders his army National forces capture Mobile Last conflict of the civil war occurs in Texas ; TJ Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, forbidding slavery, 1 adopted . p Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing civil rights to the freed- \ |.J K men adopted M866 5 Atlantic Telegraph cable permanently laid ) tr'-i ^ Alaska purchased from Russia 1867 |- g President Johnson impeached and acquitted 1808 w | c Fifteenth Amendment, guaranteeing the right of suffrage to the ^^- .3 freedmen, adopted 1870 ts ^ Treaty with England concerning the depredations of English-Con- J8 ^ federate cruisers 1871 ^ ^ The dispute with England settled by arbitration 1872 "S- 388 TOPICAL REVIEW. TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 1. Give an account of the extent of our country and its govern- ment 7 2. Tell about the visits of Northmen 8 3. Map. Give the relative positions of Great Britain, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, and New England 9 4. Give an account of the discovery of America by Columbus 9 5. lUap. In what direction are the Canary Islands from Spain ; Madeira from the Canaries ; the Bermudas from Cuba and Florida ? 12 6. Give an account of the American Indians 15 7. What have you to say about Americus Vespucci us and the name of America ? 21 8. Give an account of the discovery of Florida and the Pacific Ocean 23 9. What can you tell about the Spaniards in Mexico ? 23 10. What did the conquest of Mexico lead to ? 25 11. What can you tell about Spaniards in South Carolina and Florida ? 25 12. Tell about De Soto's expedition 25 13. Map. Trace the march of De Soto from Tampa Bay to the Mississippi and beyond ; the place of his death, and fur- ther march of his followers, 24 14. Tell about the Cabots and the voyages of Sebastian 28 15. Tell about the voyages of Verazzani 29 16. What have you to say about Cartier and his voyages ? 30 17. Tell about Coligni and the Huguenots in America 31 18. Tell about the voyage of Drake 33 19. What have you to say about Raleigh and expeditions to America? 33 20. Map.* Draw an outline of the map showing the relative sit- uation of Roanoke Island 34 * This and the smaller maps may not only be need for references, but any pupil or pupils in a class, may make an outline on the blackboard or on paper. Such an ex- ercise, even though very rudely performed, will greatly assist the memory. TOPICAL REVIEW. 389 PAGE 21. Give an account of the voyages of Gosnold, Pring and Wey- mouth 37 22. Map. Draw this map, and show Gosnold's track 36 23. Tell about the voyages and discoveries of Champlain 87 24. Give an account of Hudson's voyages and discoveries 38 25. Colored Map. Give the names of Discoverers found on this map. Between what degrees of latitude were these discoveries made ? Give the positions of the Indian na- tions in relation to each other 38 "SFTTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 1. Map. Make an outline of this map 41 2. How was Virginia divided ? 42 3. Tell about English emigrants and emigration to Virginia 43 4. What can you tell about the settlement of Jamestown ? 43 5. What can you tell about Captain Smith and his doings? 44 6. What have you to say about new emigrants to Virginia ? 45 7. Give an account of Lord Delaware and the voyage of Com- missioners 47 8. Tell about the starving time 49 9. Tell about the abandoning of Jamestown, and the occurrence of happy events 49 10. Give an account of the founding and settlement of New Nether- land 51 11. Tell about Capt. Smith's explorations of New England 53 12. What have you to say about the Puritans ? 53 13. Give an account of the Puritans in Holland and their emigra- tion to America 53 14. What have you to say about their government and sufferings. . 55 15. Map. Make an outline map of Cape Cod Bay in which the Mayflower anchored, and its surroundings 58 16. What have you to say about the settlement of New Hampshire. 57 17. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 60 18. Give an account of settlements in Connecticut 62 19. Tell about war with the Pequods 63 20. Map. Make an outline map of the scene of the Pequod War 64 21. Tell about the founding of New Haven 65 22. Give an account of Roger Williams and the founding of Rhode Island 65 23. Give an account of settlements on the Delaware 67 24. Tell about settlements in and founding of New Jersey. . , 68 390 TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 25. Give an account of the founding of Pennsylvania. 69 28. Give an account of settlements in the Carolinas 71 27. 31 sip. Make an outline map of places first settled in South Carolina 72 28. Give an account of settlements in Georgia 73 THE COLONIES. 1. In what order do we consider the history of the Colonies? 77 2. What have you to say about women and slaves in Virginia ? . . 78 3. Tell about a massacre by Indians in Virginia 78 4. What can you tell about a change in government in Virginia ? . 79 5. Give an account of a civil war in Virginia 80 3. Tell about the settlement at Plymouth and the Indians 81 7. What have you to say about new settlers at Plymouth ? 82 8. What can you tell about a change in government there? 82 9. Give an account of the founding of the colony of Massachusetts Bay 83 10. Give an account of the government in Massachusetts, and the effects of persecutions there 84 11. Give an account of the New England Confederacy 84 12. What can you tell about commerce and coinage in Massachu- setts ? 85 13. Tell about " Friends " or " Quakers " in Massachusetts 86 14. Give an account of King Philip's war 87 15. 31ap. Make an outline map of the chief theatre of King Philip's war 88 16. Give an account of King William's war 91 17. What have you to say about a change in government in Mas- sachusetts? 91 18. What can you tell about witchcraft In Massachusetts ? 92 19. Give an account of Queen Anne's war ? 92 20. Give an account of King George's war 94 21 Tell about settlements in New Netherland 96 22. What have you to say about Governors Van Twiller and Keiffc? 97 23. What trouble did Keift create, and how ? 98 24. What have you to say about Peter Stuy vesant ? 98 25. Give an account of trouble between the Dutch and Swedes 99 26. Tell about a Representative Assembly 99 27. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherland to the English, and the retaking and resurrender by the Dutch. 100 28. Give an account of republican movements in New York 101 29. What have you to say about the liberty of the press ? 102 TOPICAL REVIEW. 391 PAGE 30. Give an account of government in Maryland 103 31 What have you to say about civil war and toleration in Mary- land? 104 32. Tell about a second civil war in Maryland 105 33. Give an account of the Connecticut colonies and a charter 107 34 Tell about an attempt to take away the charter 100 35. Tell about Governor Fletcher at Hartford 110 36. What can you tell about the charter of Rhode Island ? Ill 37. What have you to say about discontents in New Jersey ? 113 38. Tell about a division of New Jersey 114 39. Give an account of government in the Jerseys 114 40. What have you to say about Penn and Pennsylvania ? 115 41. How was Penn treated ? and what was done ? 110 42. What can you tell about a form of government for the Caro- linas? 117 43. What did the people do? 117 44. Tell about settlements in North Carolina 118 45. Tell about a massacre by Indians 119 46. What troubles had South Carolinians ? 119 47. What can you tell about an invasion 120 48. Tell about an Indian confederacy 120 49. What have you to say about discontents in the Carolinas, and the result 121 50. What have you to say about settlers in Georgia ? 122 51. Give an account of troubles between Spaniards and Georgians. . 123 52. Tell about a war between them 123 53. Map. Make an outline map of the coast of Florida, and mark the historic points 124 54. What have you to say about the nationalities of the colonists?. 126 55. What have you to say of the character of the people ? 127 56. What about their pursuits ? 128 57. What have you to say about education and books? 128 58. I?Iap. Make an outline of the map. Name places in the different States mentioned in the text in connection with the French and Indian War 130 59. What have you to say about the French, and the Ohio Company? 131 60. Tell about the mission of young Washington 131 61. Give an account of hostilities between the French and English in the region of the Ohio River 132 62. Give an account of a Convention at Albany 132 63. What have you to say about Braddock, and plan of a campaign ? 133 64. Tell about an expedition in the East 133 392 TOPICAL REVIE\Y. PAGE 65. Give an account of Braddock's expedition 134 66. Map. Make an outline of Braddock's expedition 134 67. Give an account of the expeditions of Shirley and Johnson 136 68. What have you to say about British commanders 137 69. Tell about an expedition against Oswego 137 70. Tell about an affair at Kittanning 138 71. What have you to say about Lord Loudon ? 138 72. Tell about the capture of Fort William Henry 139 73. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg 140 74. Tell about an expedition against Ticonderoga 140 75. Give an account of an expedition against Fort Du Quesne 141 76. What preparations were made for conquering Canada ? 142 77. Give an account of Amherst's expedition on Lake Champlain. . 142 78. ITIap. Make an outline of the map 142 79. Tell about an expedition against Niagara 143 80. Give an account of Wolfe's expedition against Quebec 143 81. Tell about the attempt of the French to retake Quebec 146 82. Give an account of Amherst's movements 146 83. Tell the story of the final conquest of Canada 146 84. Give an account of troubles with Indians south and west 147 85. What have you to say about a treaty ? 147 THE STRIFE FOR FREEDOM, OR THE REVOLUTION. 1. What were the chief causes for the strife ? 151 2. Define immediate occasions '. 152 3. Give an account of the stamp-tax and its results 152 4. Tell about Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly 153 5. What causes for irritation existed ? 154 6. Give an account of the " Boston Massacre." 155 7. Tell about discontent elsewhere 156 8. Give an account of a tax on tea, and a riot in Boston 158 9. How was Boston punished ? 158 10. What have you to say about Union and a Congress ? 159 11. What did the Congress do? 159 12. How did the Americans prepare for resistance ? 161 13. Give an account of the affair at Lexington and Concord 162 14. What was done on Lake Champlain, and near Boston ? 163 15. What occurred elsewhere? 165 16. What did the Congress do ? 165 17. What can you tell about expeditions into Canada? 165 18. Tell about events in Lower Virginia ....... 168 TOPICAL REVIEW. <393 Bancroft LibnS* 19. What have you to say about Continental money ? 169 20. .TIap. Give the distance from Boston of places mentioned in the text 170 21. What did the British government do? 171 23. Tell about the British leaving Boston 173 23. Tell about expected movements on New York 174 24. Give an account of events near Charleston 175 25. Tell about the Declaration of Independence 176 26. Give an account of hostile events near New York 177 27. Give an account of events near Harlem 178 28. What occurred in Westchester and at Fort Washington? 178 29. IVap. Give the names of places designated by a flag, where battles were fought, and the distances from Boston 179 30. Give an account of the flight of the Americans across New Jersey 180 81. Tell about the victory at Trenton, and its effects 181 32. What have you to say about Parliament and Congress? 182 33. Tell about a plan for a national government 183 34. What occurred at Trenton and Princeton ? 183 35. What can you tell about marauding expeditions ? 184 36. What can you tell about a plan of the British ministry ? 185 37. Tell about movements of British troops 186 38. Tell about Lafayette 186 39. Give an account of a battle and its results 187 40. What can you tell about Congress and forts on the Delaware?. 188 41. Give an account of the invasion by Burgoyne 189 42. Tell about St. Leger's invasion "190 43. Give an account of an expedition up the Hudson 192 44. Tell about the fate of Burgoyne and his army 192 45. Map. Make an outline of the map 193 46. What have you to say about Valley Forge and the army 194 47. What news came, and what did the two armies do? 195 48. Give an account of a battle in New Jersey 195 49. What can you tell about events in Rhode Island ? 196 50. Give an account of forays by Indians 197 51. What have you to say about a change in the seat of war? .... 198 52. What can you tell about war in Georgia ? 199 53. Tell about an invasion of South Carolina 200 54. What can you tell about marauding parties ? 201 55. What can you tell about victories on the Hudson ? 201 56. Give an account of events in the west 202 57. Tell about the chastisement of Indians.. . . 203 394 TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 58. Give an account of the siege of Savannah 203 59. Tell about the naval operations of the Americans 205 GO. Tell about the movement of British troops 207 61. Map. Give the names of places designated by a flag, where battles occurred, and the distances from Charleston 208 62. Give an account of the siege of Charleston 209 63. Give an account of military events in South Carolina 210 64. What have you to say about the patriots in the scuth? 212 65. Give an account of military movements in New Jersey 213 66. What have you to say about French troops ? 213 67. Give an account of the treason of Arnold 214 68. Give an account of mutiny and patriotism 216 69. Colored Map. In what States did the war for Indepen- dence occur? Name places in each, of the States where battles were fought. (Facing 216) 216 70. Tell about Arnold in Virginia 218 71 . Give an account of the Southern army 218 72. Give an account of a battle and chase 219 73. Tell about events in North Carolina 220 74 Map. Make an outline of the maps 220 75. Give an account of events near Camden 221 76. Tell about other military events in South Carolina 221 77. Map* Make an outline of the maps. 221 78. Tell about the battle of Eutaw Springs 222 79. Give an account of Marion 223 80. Tell about Cornwallis in Virginia 224 81. Tell about the villanies of Arnold 224 82. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown 225 83. Tell about the surrender of Cornwallis and its effects 226 84. Map. Make an outline of the map 227 85. Give an account of military events after the surrender of Corn- wallis 228 86. Tell about negotiations for peace 229 87. Give an account of events in the city of New York 229 88. What have you to say about Washington ? 230 89. What have you to say about the government? 231 90. Tell about the National Constitution and first President 231 THE NATION, OR UNION OF STATES. 1. Tell about the inauguration of Washington 239 2. Give an account of the structure of the government 240 3. Tell about the various operations of government 241 TOPICAL REVIEW. 395 PAGE 4. What can you tell about a new territory 242 5. Give an account of trouble with Indians 242 6. Tell about political parties and their relations to the French . . . 243 7. Give an account of the " Whiskey Insurrection." 243 8. Give an account of a treaty, and of African sea-robbers 244 9. What have you to say about President Washington ? 244 10. Tell about President Adams and trouble with France 245 11. Toll about the National Capital 247 1 2. What have you to say about President Jefferson and his admin- istration ? 247 13. What have you to say about Louisiana ? 248 14. Give an account of war with the sea-robbers 248 15. Tell about Hamilton and Burr 250 16. Give an account of steam navigation 251 17. What have you to say about events in Europe ? 251 18. Tell about the conduct of the British 252 19. What did the American government do ? 252 20. What have you to say about an embargo ? 253 21. What have you to say about President Madison ? 253 22. Tell about troubles with the British 254 23. What have you to say about British and Indians ? 255 24. Tell about the declaration of war against Great Britain 255 25. IHap. In this map are Northern and Middle States. Which are Northern, and which are Middle States ? 256 23. What preparations for war were made ? 257 27. Give an account of the surrender of Detroit 258 28. Tell about events on the Niagara river 258 29. Give an account of events on the ocean 259 30 How were the armies disposed ? 260 31. Give an account of events in the northwest 281 32. map. Make an outline of the map 281 33. Tell about events at Fort Stephenson 282 34. Give an account of a battle on Lake Erie 263 35. Tell about events near Detroit arid in Canada 263 36. Tell about events on the borders of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence 264 37. What occurred at the mouth of the Niagara River ? 265 33. What occurred at Sacketts Harbor, Stoney Creek, and on the St. Lawrence ? 265 39. Give an account of a battle near the St. Lawrence 266 40. Tell about events on the Niagara frontier 266 41. Give an account of war with southern Indians 266 396 TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 42. Tell about the war on the ocean 267 43. Tell about a British marauder 268 44. Tell about Porter's cruise 269 45. Give an account of events in Europe and northern New York. . 270 46. What occurred on the Niagara frontier ? 270 4?. Map. Make an outline of the map 271 48. Give an account of battles at Platteburgh 271 49. Give an account of war in Maryland, and capture of Washington. 272 50. Tell about the repulse of the British near Baltimore 273 51. What was done on the New England coasts ? %^ 52. Tell about events in the south 273 53. Map. Make an outline, and give general directions and dis- tances from New Orleans of places mentioned in the text. 274 54. Tell about events on the ocean 275 55. Give an account of a war with Algiers 276 56. What have you to say about manufactures 279 57. Tell about events in Florida 280 58. What have you to say about the slavery question ? 281 59. Tell about pirates 281 60. Tell about Lafayette 282 61. What have you to say about J. Q. Adams' administration ? 283 62. What about internal improvements ? 283 63. Tell about the " American System." 284 64. What have you to say about President Jackson ? 285 65. What can you tell about troubles in Georgia ? 286 68. Tell about troubles with Indians, and in South Carolina 287 67. Give an account of war with Indians 288 68. Map. Make an outline of the map 289 69. What have you to say about business and its troubles? 290 70. Tell about war with the Seminoles 291 71. What have you to say about the United States and Great Britain ? 291 72. What have you to say about President Harrison ? 293 73. What about the. action of President Tyler ? 294 74. What have you to say about Texas ? 295 75. Tell about the telegraph 295 76. What have you to say about President Polk ? 296 77. What have you to say about the annexation of Texas ? 296 78. What followed in Texas? 297 79. Tell about the beginning of war with Mexico 297 80. Give an account of battles in Texas 298 81. Tell about a magnificent plan of campaign 298 TOPICAL REVIEW. 397 PAGE 82. Tell about the invasion of Mexico 299 83. What was done on the coast ? .' 300 84. Give an account of the movements of Gen. Taylor 300 83. Tell about events in New Mexico and California 301 86. Give an account of Scott's invasion of Mexico 302 87. Tell about his victorious march 303 88. Map. Make an outline of the map 303 89. Tell about battles near the city, and its capture 304 90. What have you to say about gold in California ? 305 91. Tell about the formation of the State of California 306 92. What have you to say about the admission of California? .... 307 93. What have you to say about the Mormons ? 308 94. Colored Map. Give the names of the original thirteen States. Give the names of the States east of the Mis- sissippi River. Give the names of the States and Terri- tories west of the Mississippi at the close of the war with Mexico. (Facing page 308) 308 95. Tell about expected troubles with Spain and Great Britain 309 96. What have you to say about Japan ? 309 97. Tell about a northern expedition 310 98. What have you to say about President Pierce and explorations ? 31 1 99. What about slavery, and strife in Kansas ? 312 100. What have you to say about the " Ostend Manifesto ? " 313 THE CIVIL WAR AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 1. What have you to say about Buchanan and his administration? 318 2. Tell about a revival of the agitation of the slavery question 319 3. Give an account of movements toward civil war 320 4. Tell about ordinances of secession 320 5. What have you to say about a Confederate government? 321 6. What did the Confederates do ?. . . . 321 7. What have you to say about President Lincoln ? 321 8. Give an account of events at Fort Sumter 322 9. What followed? 322 10. Give an account of hostile movements in Virginia 323 11. Give an account of the doings of Congress 324 12. Tell about military movements in Virginia, Missouri, and South . Carolina 325 13. Tell about the capture of embassadors, and England's temper. . 325 14. Tell about events in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas 326 15. Give an account of the Merrimack and Monitor. . . 327 398 TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 16. Tell about a general movement of troops 328 17. Tell about the battle at Shiloh, Island No. 10, and Fort Pulaski. 328 18. Give an account of operations in Mississippi and Louisiana. . . . 329 19. Tell about movements in Kentucky 329 20. Give an account of a general movement against Richmond 330 21. iVJ up. Make a drawing of the map 331 22. Tell about aggressive movements of the Confederates 332 23. Give an account of Lee's invasion of Maryland 332 24. What have you to say about Harper's Ferry and Antietam ? . . . 333 25. WhatdidBurnsidedo? 333 2G. What occurred at Murfreesboro ? 333 27. What did President Lincoln do ? 334 28. Tell about a fight at Chancellorville, and invasion of Maryland. 334 29. JIi|. Make drawings of the maps 335 30. Tell about events in Pennsylvania and North Carolina 336 31. What have you to say about events at Charleston, and on the Mississippi ? 336 32. What have you to say about Grant and the Mississippi ? 336 33. What can you tell about events in Northern Georgia ? 337 34. Tell about events in East Tennessee and Arkansas 338 35. Tell about a raid through Ohio ... 338 36. Tell about the draft and riots 338 37. Give an account of movements in Mississippi and Louisiana 339 38. Tell about Fort Pillow 340 39. What have you to say about movements of the great armies ?. . 340 40. Tell about battles in Virginia and Georgia. 341 41. What have you to say about Petersburg? 342 42. What have you to say about events in the Shenandoah Valley and in Maryland ? 342 43. JJIap. Make drawings of the maps 343 44. What have you to say about Farragut and Mobile ? 344 45. What have you to say about Sheridan ? 344 46. Tell about English-Confederate ships 344 47. Give an account of military events in Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina 345 48. What have you to say about Sherman in the Carolinas? 346 49. What have you to say about General Lee 346 50. Give an account of the closing events of the Civil War. ....... 347 61. Colored Map. Name all the States and Territories over which the Civil War extended 347 52. What have you to say about Andrew Johnson and Jefferson Davis ? . . ... 348 TOPICAL REVIEW. PAGE 53. What have you to say about the reorganization of the Govern- ment ? 349 54. What have you to say about Amendments of the Constitution ? 351 05. What have you to say about the President and Congress ? . . . . 351 56. Tell about the impeachment of the President 351 57. What new territory was acquired by purchase ? 352 58. What have you to say about President Grant ? 353 59. What have you to say about a treaty and arbitration ? 354 60. What have you to say about the Indians ? 355 THE CONSTITUTION. 1. Of what powers of the Government does Article I treat ? 360 2. State the contents of the several sections 360-366 3. Of what powers does Article II treat ? 367 4. State the contents of the several sections 367-369 5. Of what powers does Article III treat ? 369 6. State the contents of the several sections 369-370 7. Of what does Article IV treat ? 370 8. State the contents of the several sections 370-371 9. Of what does Article V treat? 371 10. Of what does Article VI treat ? 371 11. Of what does Article VII treat? 372 12. How many Amendments have been made to the Constitution ? . 372 13. Of what do the several Amendments consist ? 372-376 Sheldon & Company's Text-Books. PHYSIOLOGIES. Hooker's First Book in Physiology. For Public Schools. Price 90 cents. Hooker's Human Physiology and Hygiene. For Academies and general reading. By WORTHINGTON HOOKER, M.D , Yale College. Price $1.75. A few of the excellencies of these books, of which teachers and others have Bpoken, are : 1st. Their clearness, both in statement and description. 2d. The skill with which the interesting points of the subject are brought out. 3d. The exclusion of all useless matter; other books on this subject having much in them which is useful only to medical students. 4th. The exclusion, so far as is possible, of strictly technical terms. 5th. The adaptation of each book to Us particular purpose, the smaller work preparing the scholar to understand the full development of the subject ix the larger one. 6th. In the larger work the science of Physiology is brought out as it now is, with its recent important discoveries. 7th. Some exceedingly interesting and important subjects are tully treated, which, in other books of a similar character, are either barely hinted at or are entirely omitted. 8th. These works are not mere compilations, but have the stamp of oriyinality, differing in some essential points from all other works of their class. 9th. in beauty and clearness of style, which are qualities of no small importance in books for instruction, they will rank as models. 10th. The subject is so presented that there is nothing to offend the most refined taste or the most scrupulous delicacy. "Elements of Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. By Prof. J. R. LOOMIS, President of Louisburgh University, Penn. Beautifully illustrated with original drawings. Re- vised Edition. Price 1.25. " I have examined with some care the Physiology of President Loomis. It pecms to me. clear, concise, well-arranged, and in all respects admirably adapted for the purposes of a text-book in schools and colleges. It has been used by the classes in this University with entire satisfaction." J2?. M. B. ANDERSON, D.D., President of Roclmter University. PALMER'S BOOK-KEEPING. Palmer's Practical Book-Keeping. By JOSEPH H. PALMER, A.M., Instructor in New York Free Academy. 12mo. 1G7 pages. Price $1. Blanks to do. (Journal and Ledger), each 50 cents. Key to do. Price 10 cents. Any of the above sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. Sheldon & Company's ( 2'ext-!Books. SHAW'S NEW SERIES ON ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE, Shaw's New History of EttglisJi and American Lit- erature. Price $1.50. This book lias been prepared with tho greatest care by Prof. TRUMAN J. BACKUS, of Vassar College, using as a basis Shaw's Manual, edited by Dr. WILLIAM SMITH. The following are tho leading ieatures of the book : 1. It has been put into the modern text-book form. !f. It is prinieJ in larr/e, clear ti/pc. 3. Many par. a cf the book, which were not very clear, have been entirely rewritten,. 4. The history of r/reai Author it is marked by the use of larger-sized type, which indicates to the scholar at once the important names in English and American literature. 5. It also contains diagrams, showing the easiest way to classify and remember the eras in English literature. M e believe that thin is the best text -book on this important subject ever offered to the American public. II. Shaw's Specimens of American Literature, and Literari/ Reader. GREATLY ENLARGED. By Prof. BENJ. N. MARTIN, D.D., L.H.D., Professor in the University of tho City of New York. 1 vol. 12mo. Price $1.50. This book contains specimens from all the chief American writers. Espe- cially those authors who have given tone and character to American literature are so represented that scholars may obtain a just idea cf their style. As a LITERARY READER for use in our Higher Seminaries, it ij believed that no superior book can be found. III. Shaiv 9 s Choice Specimens of Enalish Literature. A Companion Volume to the New History of Literature. Selected from the chief English writers, and arranged chronologically by Tiioa. B. SHAW and WM. SMITH, LL.D. Arranged and enlarged for American students by BENJ. N. MARTIN, D.D., L.H.D., Prof. of Philosophy and Logic in the University of the City of New York. 1 vol. large 12mo. Price $2.00. We shall still continue to publish Shaw 9 s Complete Manual of Enalish and American Literature. By THOS. B. SHAW, M.A., WM. SMITH, LL.D., author of Smith's Bible nnd Classical Dictionaries, and Prof. HENRY T. TUCKERMAN. With copious notes and illustrations. 1 vol. large 12mo, 540 pp. Price $2.00.