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 THE DISTAFF SERIES
 
 THE DISTAFF 1 SERIES. 
 
 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1 00 each. 
 
 WOMAN AND THE HIGHER EDUCATION. Edited by 
 
 ANNA C. BRACKKTT. 
 THE LITERATURE OF PHILANTHROPY. Edited by 
 
 FRANCES A. GOODALE. 
 
 EARLY PROSE AND VERSE. Edited by ALICE MOUSE 
 
 EABLE and EMILY ELLSWORTH FORD. 
 
 THE KINDERGARTEN. Edited by KATE DOUGLAS WIOGIN, 
 HOUSEHOLD ART. Edited by CANDACB WHKELEB. 
 SHORT STORIES. Edited by CONSTANCE GARY HARRISON. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS, N. Y. 
 
 tale by all booktellert, or will be tent, pottage pre- 
 paid. to ana part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on 
 receipt of the price.
 
 The Literature 
 
 OF 
 
 PHILANTHROPY 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 FRANCES A. GOODALE 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 
 MDCCCXCIII
 
 Copyright, 1893, by HARPER & BROTHERS. 
 
 An right* raened.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 BY MRS. BLANCHE WILDER BELLAMY. 
 
 THE LITERATURE OF PHILANTHROPY ... 1 
 BY MRS. FRANCES A. GOODALK. 
 
 CRIMINAL REFORM 9 
 
 BY MRS. C. R. LOWELL (Josephine Shaw Lowell). 
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA. First Paper 23 
 BY MRS. JEAN FINS SPAHR and Miss FANNIE W. MCLEAN. 
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA UNIVER- 
 SITY SETTLEMENT. Second Paper .... 35 
 BY Miss HELEN MOORE. 
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA MEDICAL 
 WOMEN IN TENEMENTS. Third Paper . . 48 
 BY DR. MARY B. DAMON. 
 
 THE TRAINED NURSE 65 
 
 BY Miss AGNES L. BRENNAN. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE RED CROSS .... 77 
 BY MRS. LAURA M. DOOLITTLB. 
 
 THE INDIAN. First Paper 116 
 
 BY MRS. AMELIA STONK QUISTOS.
 
 Pasre 
 
 THE INDIAN A WOMAN AMONG THE IND- 
 IANS. Second Paper 129 
 
 BY MRS. ELAINE GOODALB EASTMAN. 
 
 THE ANTISLAVERY STRUGGLE .141 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM VARIOUS WRITERS. 
 
 > THE ANTISLAVERY LEGACY 147 
 
 BY MRS. MAUD WILDER GOODWIN. 
 From the "Popular Science Monthly. 1 ' 
 
 THE NEGRO AND CIVILIZATION 161 
 
 BY MR& JULIA MARGARET FULLER LLOYD. 
 From the "2V. Y. Evening Post.' 11 
 
 THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND 170 
 
 BY MRS. FREDERICK RHINELANDER JONES.
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE series of collections, of which this volume 
 is a part, is made up of representative work of 
 the women of the State of New York in period- 
 ical literature. 
 
 This literature has been classified under its 
 conspicuous divisions Poetry, Fiction, History, 
 Art, Biography, Translation, Literary Criticism, 
 and the like. 
 
 A woman of eminent success in each depart- 
 ment has then been asked to make a collection 
 of representative work in that department; to 
 include in it an example of her own work, and 
 to place her name upon the volume as its 
 Editor. 
 
 These selections have been made, as far as 
 possible, chronologically, beginning with the 
 earliest work of the century, in order that 
 the volumes may carry out the plan of the
 
 "Exhibit of Women's Work in Literature in 
 the State of New York," of which they are 
 an original part. 
 
 The aim of this Exhibit was to make a rec- 
 ord of literary work, limited, through necessity, 
 both by sex and locality, but, as far as possi- 
 ble, accurate and complete, and to preserve this 
 record in the State Library in the Capitol at 
 Albany. 
 
 It includes twenty-five hundred books, begin- 
 ning with the works of Charlotte Ramsay Lennox, 
 the first-born female author of the province of 
 New York, published in London in 1759, closing 
 with the pages of a translation of Herder, still 
 wet from the press, and comprising the works of 
 almost every author in the intervening one hun- 
 dred and forty years. 
 
 It includes also three hundred papers read be- 
 fore the literary clubs of the State, a summary 
 of the work of all writers for the press, and the 
 folios which preserve the work of many able 
 women who have not published books. 
 
 The women of the State of New York have 
 had the honor of decorating and furnishing the 
 Library of the Women's Building. Believing
 
 the best equipment of a library to be literature, 
 they have therefore prepared this Exhibit ; and 
 have made its character comprehensive and his- 
 toric, in order that it may not be temporary, but 
 that it may be preserved in the State Library, 
 and may have permanent value for future lovers 
 and students of Americana. 
 
 BLANCHE WILDKR BELLAMY, 
 Chairman of the Committee on Literature 
 of the Board of Women Managers of the 
 State of New York.
 
 THE LITERATURE OF 
 PHILANTHROPY
 
 THE LITEKATUEE OF PHILAN- 
 THROPY. 
 
 BY FRANCES A. GOODALE. 
 
 THE written record of philanthropic move- 
 ments, individual or collective, crude or 
 systematic, is its unit of value in guiding or 
 in warning fresh philanthropic impulses and 
 new undertakings. He who would choose, 
 if circumstances have not chosen for him, 
 that which, among the different lines of 
 good work, he can do and ought to do, may 
 find in printed record a glorious list of mau's 
 humanities to man, all crying: Come over 
 and help us ! For although humane impulse 
 be instinctive, as ancient as human society, 
 although tenderness for the sufferer together 
 with yearning pain over the sinner followed 
 hard upon the loss of innocence, yet only 
 Literature has preserved the story. She 
 chronicles mistakes, warns of pitfalls, and 
 notes what methods have brought blessing. 
 
 Literature has done more than compi- 
 lation-service. She has brought Pliilan- 
 l
 
 tli ropy out of the chaos of occasional and 
 often misdirected pity into organic struc- 
 ture, with regulating mechanism and obedi- 
 ent members, with nerves quick to receive 
 sensations of comfort or distress, and other 
 nerves that transmit the message to govern- 
 ing brain-bureau. Literature has brought 
 Philanthropy from the inorganic to the or- 
 ganic, from the letter which kills to the 
 law which gives life. Nature has no mercy 
 upon foolish good intentions, and never in- 
 terposes to prevent their harvest of harm. 
 It is Nature's inexorable law that undis- 
 ciplined Charity shall not bless; that un- 
 wise Love shall never be beneficent; that 
 Wisdom is born of Experience. Now ex- 
 perience recorded is Literature ; and it is 
 written that Philanthropy cannot be di- 
 vorced from Education nor from Religion. 
 The three are one. They are under one law, 
 they serve one master, they bring one gos- 
 pel. All aim to deliver men from the shack- 
 les of sense by the victory of the spirit ; all 
 recognize the equal need of reasoning mind 
 .and feeling heart in their work of extirpat- 
 ing sin and bringing redemption. 
 
 Ours is a period of seething and struggle. 
 From .-ill trades and professions, from society, 
 even from the children one hears complaint
 
 of the complexities and the over-demands 
 of life. Life's complexity has increased iu 
 tbe slums, in the jails, and hospitals com- 
 plexity of nervous system, of temptations 
 and of su florin there, as among the happier 
 classes. In order to meet these harder con- 
 ditions, to divert movements which threat- 
 en revolution and retrogression, in order to 
 built up noble national character upon the 
 only sure basis, that of noble individual 
 character, partition of interests between rich 
 and poor must be broken down. Both must 
 sincerely recognize the eternal reciprocity 
 of joy and sorrow, of loss and gain ; there 
 must seem to be and there must be, alike for 
 both, one law, one country, one patriotism. 
 
 It is this characteristic of federation of 
 interests and personal intercourse, this qual- 
 ity of identification, which underlies the 
 Tenement Neighborhood idea. It differs 
 from other lines of philanthropic work iu 
 this, that it seems almost beyond possibility 
 to take it out of private and individual 
 hands, and to organize and direct it system- 
 atically, without loss of the human-brother- 
 hood motive and prejudice to the individu- 
 ality and the self-respect of the poor. Slaves 
 and Indians were under such manifestly pe- 
 culiar conditions that it did them no harm
 
 to treat their wrongs en Hoc, erecting relief 
 and reform into a system. Criminals, too, 
 to a certain degree, may be treated as a 
 class apart, put there by their own acts, and 
 a science of Criminology become thereby 
 practicable. But with the poor it is differ- 
 ent. Want and bodily ailment are not the 
 worst evils encountered in the tenement, but 
 individual ambition paralyzed, conscience 
 calloused, self-respect lost. These are symp- 
 toms of degeneracy and moral death of the 
 individual ; they present desperate menace 
 to the State, and call for treatment at once 
 resolute, tender, and silent. Three agencies 
 of reform represent the most profound hopes 
 of this nineteenth century. They are, iirst, 
 the monition of the crucified One, exempli- 
 fied by himself to the uttermost : Love thy 
 neighbor as thyself. Second, the physio- 
 logical regimen of cleanliness and sunshine, 
 enforced by such opinion as that of the emi- 
 nent English physician, Alfred Carpenter, 
 who said of the worst born specimens of 
 children in a great Reform School, " They 
 seem to teach ns that not even one genera- 
 tion of change is required to wipe out a 
 generation of defects when personal health 
 is well looked after." The third remedial 
 agency is the Manual Training School, bring-
 
 ing interests into the children's lives, who 
 "learn by doing." 
 
 The accompanying papers iu this volume 
 present a brief summing-up of work already 
 done, change effected, ends not yet com- 
 passed, and further help needed ; the present 
 statistics, in short, of the more prominent 
 among the many enterprises organized " to 
 bear Our Father's message to the largest 
 household on earth, the household of afflic- 
 tion." They are presented by women who 
 have thought as well as worked. The stories 
 are variations of one great theme : the in- 
 variable, close interdependence and insepa- 
 rable interests of the different members of the 
 Body Social. 
 
 How Literature moves the world to Phi- 
 lanthropy let the jail -delivery wrought by 
 Charles Dickens tell ; the moans of prison- 
 ers that died unheard until Charles Eeade 
 became their month-piece ; the piteous plight 
 of the Red Men fallen among thieves, until 
 good literature and bad, Helen Hunt and 
 Congressional records of proposed legisla- 
 tive iniquity, alike summoned a protesting 
 corps of good Samaritans. Let the search- 
 light witness flashed upon slavery's horrors 
 by Harriet Beecher Stowe ; the dormant 
 patriotism fired by Hosea Biglow ; the voi-
 
 cing by Julia Ward Howe, iu the glorious 
 " Battle Hymn of the Republic," of a nation's 
 spontaneous consecration to the cause of 
 righteousness those all attest specific de- 
 liverances wrought when Philanthropy and 
 Literature worked hand in hand. 
 
 What inspiration to courage and to zeal- 
 ous work, what rebuke to despondency lies 
 in the record of the Society for the Aboli- 
 tion of Human Slavery, now closed in honor 
 and success, with " Finis " stamped upon its 
 seal ! No enterprise would seein to be more 
 hopeless and thankless, more opprobrious 
 even than was this at its inception. And 
 till the very end its counsels were weak- 
 ened, its work was hindered by enormous 
 divergences of opinion among its sincerest 
 friends. It was a long step from the uncon- 
 ditional abolitionist to the gradual emanci- 
 pationist who would abolish the admitted 
 evil, but by process of law and time and 
 money -compensation for "property" alien- 
 ated. 
 
 But oven this wide area of sentiment did 
 not include all the educated, the virtuous, 
 the church-membership. There were North- 
 ern pulpits that thundered divine sanction 
 of slave-holding; Northern legislators who 
 made criminal and Northern judges who en-
 
 forced punishment not only of those who 
 abetted fugitive slaves, bnt of those who 
 passively refrained from seizing or hunting 
 them ; while thousands upon thousands shut 
 their eyes and their hearts and tried to feel 
 it no concern of theirs, and thought the agi- 
 tators ill-bred and pestilent folk who caused 
 as much unpleasantness as did slavery it- 
 self. Northern friendships were broken 
 and Northern homes rendered more unhappy 
 than were Southern when pioneers were first 
 called for, and the movement furnished one 
 more verification of the truth of Christ's 
 words, that he came to bring not peace but 
 a sword. 
 
 Yet on her eightieth birthday, a few days 
 since, one of the few surviving women active 
 among the giant moral forces and heroic 
 in anti-slavery warfare, writes to another, 
 her octogenarian comrade : " What memories 
 are ours ! Disabled as I am I look across 
 those memorable thirty-five years, and the 
 old scenes and faces cotne thronging around 
 me. I hear the old familiar voices, feel the 
 hand-clasp of the rescued slave, and thrill 
 with the ' rapture of the strife !'" 
 
 That rapture was fearful, and very costly. 
 In onr heritage of its splendid peace and 
 harmony we must not permit its terrible
 
 records to grow mouldy nor be lost. Jour- 
 nals and magaziuea were depositories of facts 
 and commentaries of permanent value. Peri- 
 odical literature, now as then, mirrors faith- 
 fully the passing shadow of the age. It 
 moulds it, too, for better, for worse. 
 
 Well if they who handle the serious theme 
 of philanthropy qualify themselves for the 
 responsibility by clean hearts and right un- 
 derstandings. For although this periodical 
 literature is styled " ephemeral," some of it 
 shall onHivethe stately and treasured book, 
 as the tiny figurine of clay and the tear-bot- 
 tles of glass have survived temples and pal- 
 aces, and, like the butterfly, these ephemera 
 may actually stand as the symbol of im- 
 mortality.
 
 CRIMINAL EEFORM. 
 
 BY MRS. C. R. LOWELL (Josephine Shaw Lowell). 
 
 THE topic for my paper, excluding the 
 wide field of private charity and the duty 
 of individual to individual, is the duty of the 
 community, as a corporate body, to that part 
 of itself which has been well called " the 
 perishing and dangerous classes." As the 
 first step in the consideration of the subject, 
 some conclusion must be established in re- 
 gard to the end which any system of public 
 charities and correction, as distinguished 
 from private charity, is intended to serve, 
 and the meaning of a good or bad system 
 must be defined. My own opinion is that 
 the only justification for the expenditure of 
 public money is the public good that is, the 
 good of the whole mass of the people. No 
 government is authorized to levy taxes on 
 one part of the community for the benefit 
 of another part; the honest working por- 
 tion of the people should not be deprived 
 against their will of their hard-earned money
 
 1(1 
 
 for the caro of that portion which is shift- 
 less, incompetent, and vicious, unless, in the 
 end, the result is to be for the advantage of 
 the tax-payers themselves. 
 
 To me the word " charity," as used to 
 designate public money paid out for the sup- 
 port of paupers, is a misnomer, and does 
 much harm by causing confusion in the 
 minds of officials aud tax-payers. Charity 
 is an act of kindness from one individual to 
 another; there is no charity in the payment 
 of taxes, nor is the official who expends the 
 money raised by taxation performing an act 
 of charity, " He is simply administering a 
 public trust." 
 
 Thus any system of caring for criminals 
 which does not seek to lessen the burdens 
 of the people by diminishing crime is defi- 
 cient in the first requisite of a good system ; 
 and any system which encourages crime 
 and pauperism is far worse than none, and 
 should bo destroyed to make way for some- 
 thing better. 
 
 To seize upon the earnings of hard-worked 
 men and women, and with those earnings to 
 maintain with public money prisons which 
 are actually schools of vice and crime are 
 acts which do no credit to a civilized com- 
 munity, and yet I fear they are acts of which,
 
 11 
 
 in a greater or less degree, every community 
 in this country is guilty to-day. 
 
 The whole feeling in regard to what is 
 usually called " charity " must be changed 
 before we can have a really good system of 
 public care for paupers and criminals. It is 
 generally accounted creditable when a com- 
 munity spends a great deal of money for 
 " charity " and has many " charitable insti- 
 tutions." This arises from the preconceived 
 idea that in every community there is and 
 must be a given amount of poverty and 
 disease, and that to relieve the sufferings 
 consequent upon these afflictions is a Chris- 
 tian duty. We seldom reflect that it is a 
 higher and far more difficult Christian duty 
 to prevent this poverty and disease, or that 
 to have allowed a large proportion of the 
 population to become poor, sick, insane, and 
 criminal was a grievous neglect of duty. 
 Every hospital is a proof that sanitary meas- 
 ures have been ignored ; every poor-house 
 and asylum is a proof that a part of the 
 people have not been educated to industry 
 and thrift; every prison is a proof that they 
 have not been trained to self-control and 
 honesty; and every insane asylum is a proof 
 that many of God's laws, moral and physi- 
 cal, have been broken either by the nn-
 
 happy inmates themselves or by their par- 
 ents. Is there iu such facts any cause for 
 pride T 
 
 Is it conceivable that iu a family of twelve 
 brothers and sisters, of whom six were pros- 
 perous, health}', and rich, while six were ei- 
 ther insane, criminal, imbecile, or poor, the 
 first six should pride themselves upon the 
 fact that they were able and willing to 
 maintain their unhappy relations in com- 
 parative comfort ? Would they not rather 
 feel that the miserable condition of their 
 brothers and sisters was cause for sorrow and 
 shame, showing either a radical taint in the 
 family, or some fearful error in education? 
 
 In like manner should we feel when we 
 see our brothers and sisters sick and help- 
 less and degraded, and we should do our 
 best, with God's help, both to raise them 
 and to prevent their children from ever 
 needing the same kind of assistance. 
 
 I have devised a plan by which I believe 
 that this object might be attained. 
 
 In every city there should be three De- 
 partments, to be named respectively : 
 
 1. The Department for the Care of Chil- 
 dren. 
 
 2. The Department for the Care of Public 
 Dependents.
 
 3. The Department for tho Reduction of 
 Crime. 
 
 These Departments should eacli be gov- 
 erned by a separate Board, the members to be 
 men and women, appointed by the Mayor of 
 the city for life, unless sooner removed for 
 incompetence or for violation or neglect of 
 duty, and required to give their whole time 
 to their office, receiving a sufficient salary 
 to justify this demand. 
 
 I. With the Department for the Care of 
 Children would rest the duty of so dealing 
 with the little ones intrusted to it that they 
 may gradually but surely be cut off from the 
 influences which have brought their parents 
 to a condition of dependence, and become 
 absorbed into the bulk of the population, 
 with no memory even, if it can be avoided, 
 of anything suggestive of pauperism or 
 crime. No child should ever for a moment 
 be allowed to associate with paupers and 
 criminals, and the States of New York and 
 Massachusetts have been wise in forbidding 
 the sending of children to poor-houses and 
 jails for destitution and vagrancy. They 
 should go further, however, and provide 
 that no official who has charge of paupers 
 or criminals should have authority of any 
 sort over a dependent child. The creation
 
 II 
 
 of a separate department for their care I 
 believe to be a necessity, but ndt for the 
 purpose of housing them in public institu- 
 tions ; this department should have bnt one 
 institution (apart, from schools) under its 
 control a cent ml temporary home, into 
 which should be received all children who 
 have any claim upon public support, pend- 
 ing the examination of that claim. In New 
 York City the custom has, most unfortu- 
 nately, grown, up of requiring that judges 
 shall commit children to private institutions, 
 as a necessary condition of obtaining pay- 
 ment from the city for their support. This 
 undoubtedly is a dangerous proceeding, since 
 the familiarization with a court of law tends 
 to destroy the dread of arrest, which should 
 be fostered as one of the strongest deter- 
 rent influences against crime. To bring a 
 child before a judge in a criminal court in 
 order to secure his entrance into an institu- 
 tion of charity is a most unwise measure. 
 If children whose parents are living are 
 placed in institutions, there should bo a con- 
 stant pressure brought to bear on the par- 
 nils to contribute towards tlieir support, 
 and as soon as they are able, they should bo 
 required to take them back, or if unable or 
 unlit to do this after a given number of
 
 years, they should forfeit all claim to them. 
 Besides these duties in regard to children 
 who are fit subjects for public support, tbe 
 Department for the Care of Children should 
 have the control and management of In- 
 dustrial Day Schools, and attendance should 
 be made compulsory on all vagrant and 
 truant children. By such means the De- 
 partment for the Care of Children would be 
 a potent factor iu the work of diminishing 
 crime. 
 
 II. The Department for the Care of Pub- 
 lic Dependents should have charge of the 
 public hospital, insane asylum, almshouse, 
 and workhouse, the last to receive only 
 persons committed as destitute. There are 
 two means of reducing pauperism : First, 
 by preventing accessions to the ranks of 
 paupers from without, which can be accom- 
 plished by rendering pauperism unattractive, 
 and by the general enlightenment of the 
 people; and, second, by restoring individual 
 paupers to manhood and independence. The 
 Department can make use of both these 
 methods, by the adoption of judicious disci- 
 pline within the institutions, and by refusing 
 to give relief outside of institutions. The 
 aim being to cure the individual, whether of 
 sickness, insanity, intemperance, or simply
 
 1C, 
 
 of the tendency to be shiftless and lazy, the 
 same system should be enforced in all the 
 various buildings under the charge of the 
 Department. To train the mental and moral 
 nature should be the first object. 
 
 III. The Department for the Reduction of 
 Crime would have, as its name imports, a 
 wide field of labor, and I have chosen this 
 name for it in order that every one, inside 
 of it and outside of it, may fully recognize 
 what is the main end of its creation, and 
 that the care of criminals and the super- 
 vision of prisons may be put in their proper 
 subordinate places, as one means only of ac- 
 complishing the real work of the depart- 
 ment. I would place under the charge of this 
 branch of the city government not only the 
 reformatory institutions in the city (includ- 
 ing those for juvenile offenders), but the 
 station-houses and police force, which latter 
 should be its agents to prevent as well as 
 to detect crime, to protect the weak who 
 cannot resist temptation unaided, to watch 
 habitual criminals when at large, and to 
 guard those undergoing sentence. 
 
 If it were possible it would, I am sure, bo 
 well that the judges should in some way be 
 connected with this department, and, in any 
 event, the management of the courts should
 
 17 
 
 be a part of its business. It seems to rue 
 that the harm done by our courts, as at 
 present governed, is not at all recognized. 
 The publicity to which all persons ou trial 
 are exposed is in itself a serious evil, espe- 
 cially in the case of children and young 
 women, breaking down and destroying all 
 natural modesty and making them in very 
 deed " brazen faced," while it also fosters 
 the love of notoriety which is so common in 
 weak natures as to be a strong incentive to 
 crime among a certain class. I am sure that 
 at least the trials of women and children 
 should be conducted in comparative privacy, 
 only certain persons being allowed to be 
 present. We have passed the time when 
 we need a public trial to insure justice for 
 the accused. 
 
 There is no doubt also that the station- 
 houses are, in many cities, places of con- 
 tamination and degradation. There should 
 be special buildings for the temporary im- 
 prisonment of women, and women -officers 
 should be employed to guard them ; and 
 here, as well as in conveying prisoners to 
 aud from the reformatories, they should 
 be protected from contamination by every 
 known means. I speak only of reforma- 
 tories, for there should be no prison or peni- 
 2
 
 teutiary "which is not a reformatory ; and 
 here I believe that the State of New York 
 can furnish, iu the institution at Elmira, an 
 example for other States and cities to follow. 
 The right principle has been adopted and 
 carried out in this reformatory ; the prisoners 
 are sentenced practically for an indetermi- 
 nate period, and the managers may, at their 
 discretion, send them out on probation, or 
 finally discharge them. Here \ve have the 
 only rational means of dealing with offend- 
 ers against the law. It is a truism to state 
 that the very same crime may be committed 
 either by a comparatively innocent man, 
 who, it is morally certain, will never trans- 
 gress again, or by a man who is a standing 
 menace to society ; but notwithstanding this 
 fact, the law now requires that the first 
 man shall pay very much the same penalty 
 as the second, whereas were these two men 
 both simply committed to the charge of the 
 Department for the Reduction of Crime, 
 that department, after a short test, would 
 discharge the repentant and humbled citi- 
 zen, sure that the terror of crime itself would 
 in the future save him from any further 
 offence ; while the hardened criminal would 
 be placed under such teaching as would save 
 him, too, from future trangressiou of the
 
 19 
 
 law, even if a discipline of ten or twenty 
 years were required to insure that end. If 
 tlie object be, as it should, to protect society, 
 why should not au irresponsible criminal be 
 treated as an irresponsible insane patient is 
 dealt with, the superintendent in charge of 
 each deciding when he may safely be trusted 
 at large? With proper regulations and effi- 
 cient supervision by the police to save them 
 from their own weakness, a large number of 
 criminals who are now shut up in demoraliz- 
 ing idleness and vile companionship might 
 be safely allowed at liberty ; thus saving 
 them from debasing influences, and the State 
 from the necessity of supporting them. But 
 there is a smaller number, now periodically 
 turned loose to prey upon their fellows, who 
 are as dangerous as any madman, and who 
 ought always to be kept uuder control. 
 Thus our folly is apparent in both direc- 
 tions : we keep masses of men shut up who 
 are quite capable of being useful and valu- 
 able members of society, while we constant- 
 ly unchain wild beasts, knowing them to be 
 such, waiting for some overt act before we 
 dare to lay our hands upon them again. 
 
 Uuder the rule of the Department for the 
 Reduction of Crime the number of criminals 
 imprisoned would surely be greatly dimin-
 
 ished, and the training of all actually in re- 
 straint would be such as to teach them the 
 lessons they failed to learn from the influ- 
 ences of a uatural life ; while those who 
 could not learn would never bo allowed the 
 opportunity to injure themselves and their 
 fellow-men. Our present system of treating 
 prisoners is generally the exact opposite of 
 this ; and, in this connection, I cannot re- 
 frain from quoting from a letter of Mr. T. B. 
 Lloyd Baker, of Gloucester, England, written 
 on April 23d of this year: "I cannot but 
 hope that yon will give attention to the 
 work of improvement of prisons by sending 
 the prisoners forth to the world tinder careful 
 watch, and by using prisons as little as pos- 
 sible. The common prisons are a terrible 
 evil. I cannot believe that the country 
 which gave not only so much money but so 
 many noble lives to the cause of extirpating 
 slavery, can continue much longer not only 
 to imprison the bodies, but also to ruin the 
 souls of its own citizens, when a great im- 
 provement might, as I believe, be made with 
 very slight expenditure in the first place, 
 and with actually considerable saving in 
 the end. Perhaps I am the more cheered iu 
 this belief at the present moment by a 
 letter from the Governor of the prison at
 
 Gloucester. Our average number in prison 
 iu 1870 was 279; iu 1875 it was 209. Since 
 then it has gradually lowered to 170, 160, 
 etc., but for the last three months the aver- 
 age has been 131. Of course we must not 
 consider this a permanent lowering, but only 
 a pleasant omen." With reference to the 
 causes to which Mr. Baker ascribes the dim- 
 inution iu crime I quote from his answer 
 to the inquiries made by a French society : 
 " Our number in prison has diminished, not- 
 withstanding increase of population, and I 
 have no doubt that a considerable portion of 
 this decrease should be attributed to the fact 
 of the establishment of a police endeavor- 
 ing still more to prevent than to detect 
 crime, of reformatories for juveniles, and the 
 adoption of cumulative punishment for the 
 heavier class of crimes (we have not yet ob- 
 tained the power of thus dealing with minor 
 offences). I hold strongly that our great 
 object is not that of having the most per- 
 fectly planned and ordered gaols ; our ob- 
 ject is the reduction of crime to the greatest 
 degree that we can effect. Gaols and prisons 
 are one means to that end, but only one 
 means, and, so far as my experience goes, not 
 the most efficacious, nor the least objection- 
 able."
 
 I will add that I believe the parents of 
 every juvenile offender, and the property, if 
 there be any, belonging to every criminal, 
 should be liable for the cost of supporting 
 such juvenile offender and criminal in 
 prison. 
 
 I have not been writing of " Charity," of 
 the duty of each one of us to succor and up- 
 hold our weaker fellows, and to give of our 
 abundance, time, thought, work, and life to 
 lessen their misery, but of the question how 
 any community may best protect itself from 
 the ravages made upon its resources by 
 pauperism and crime. My views in regard 
 to the two fields of work are entirely dis- 
 tinct. My view is that public systems of re- 
 lief are to protect the community, while the 
 duty of private organizations, and of all 
 men and women who love God and their 
 neighbor, is to guide and care for every one 
 of their fellow-beings who is degraded, and 
 save him, body and soul, because he is a 
 sou of God and has an eternal future.
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA. 
 
 (First Paper.) 
 
 BY JEAN FINE SPAHR AND FANNIE W. MoLEAN, 
 HEAD-WORKERS. 
 
 THE College Settlement in New York 
 had its origin in the desire of a number of 
 Alumnse to do what they could to better 
 the social conditions in the tenement-house 
 districts, and to learn upon what lines prog- 
 ress could be made. The initiative was 
 taken by three graduates who were study- 
 ing at Newnham College, Oxford, at the 
 time the Women's University Settlement in 
 East London was projected. The interest 
 in that plan led them, on their return to this 
 country, to urge that a similar experiment 
 be undertaken in New York. The plan 
 found favor, and on September 1, 1889, the 
 College Settlement was opened in an old res- 
 idence at 95 Rivington Street, in the densely- 
 peopled district between the Bowery and the
 
 '.24 
 
 East River. The work that has been done 
 there is outlined as follows : 
 
 At the close of the first year of actual 
 working the theory was proved to be prac- 
 tical. In this country, with its foreign 
 population and its democratic conditions, 
 a helpful, friendly life among the poor is 
 possible. 
 
 The value of such helpfulness and friend- 
 liness no one can doubt who has seen the 
 eagerness of the children to be admitted to 
 95 Rivington Street, and their delight in the 
 friendship and sympathy of its residents. 
 Nor is the interest and responsiveness con- 
 fined to the boys and girls, though it is with 
 them that the work of the Settlement chief- 
 ly lies. Many a tired and troubled mother 
 tells of her satisfaction in knowing that her 
 boy is at " the Club," and application is 
 sometimes made for all other members of 
 the family to be received into clubs, " to 
 keep them off the street." 
 
 It was not the original intention to do 
 anything for boys, but their demand for at- 
 tention was so great that one club after an- 
 other was formed for them. The last one 
 was organized when some boys, already 
 formed into a " pleasure club " in one of the 
 roughest streets of the region, begged for an
 
 evening, saying, "We'll change, and have 
 your kind of a club." 
 
 The aim of club work is to give practical 
 instruction and wholesome amusement, and 
 to enlarge the range of interest. The girls 
 are taught cooking, sewing, and dress-mak- 
 ing. The little ones have " kitchen-garden " 
 work, and their mothers report that the 
 children set the table " as they learn at 
 club." The older girls listen to talks on 
 Hygiene, Dress, and other practical matters, 
 as well as on historical and scientific sub- 
 jects. Instruction in gymnastics is given to 
 all, and singing is one of the most popular 
 features of the clubs. The afternoon or even- 
 ing generally closes with games or amuse- 
 ment of some sort. 
 
 In the boys' clubs singing and gymnas- 
 tics, with military drill, are popular, and 
 games always occupy part of the evening. 
 Talks on a variety of subjects are given. 
 The " Hero Club" listens to the story of the 
 lives of great men, and tries to discover the 
 elements of success. The " Knights of the 
 Round Table" are being taught to be chiv- 
 alrous and true. Questions are given, to be 
 looked up and reported on at the next meet- 
 ing. Sometimes the boys take their turn at 
 asking questions.
 
 M 
 
 The fact that all the clubs require a week- 
 ly fee and are self-governing certainly adds 
 to the self-respect of the members. One 
 club of boys recently appointed a committee 
 to confer with the " teacher " iu charge about 
 work for next year. 
 
 Every club occasionally gives an enter- 
 tainment, to which the members have tick- 
 ets for their friends. This plan riot only 
 keeps the interest of the more fickle clnb 
 members, but furnishes an attractive even- 
 ing for others, and secures the co-operation 
 of the older friends of the boys and girls. 
 Afternoon teas, held once in two or three 
 weeks for the mothers of the club members 
 and for other neighbors, are a successful 
 means of getting acquainted. The mere fact 
 of taking time to be social is of great value 
 to these German women, who do very little 
 "visiting." It would be hard to believe 
 that they do not go home refreshed after an 
 afternoon in which they have chatted over 
 their tea and coffee, listened to music, and 
 perhaps joined in a song or two. 
 
 The library, grown from 1000 to 1900 vol- 
 umes, is open to the clubs and to a large 
 number outside their membership. Books 
 have been given during the year to 700 per- 
 sona, but the number taking books at one
 
 87 
 
 time is not over 400. More than 10,000 
 books have been issued since last November. 
 The boys clamor for history, and read science 
 when put in a popular form ; the girls read 
 chiefly fiction. Care is taken to overlook 
 the reading of each individual; for those 
 who are in the work feel that they wield no 
 more potent influence in forming the ideals 
 of the boys and girls than through the read- 
 ing which is given them. On one evening 
 in the week the young people are admitted 
 to get books from the library and to spend 
 the evening in playing games. The Penny 
 Provident Bank, under the auspices of the 
 Charity Organization Society, is an educa- 
 tion in saving money. 
 
 One of the theories of the work in its be- 
 ginning was that the residents should work 
 in existing institutions that they should 
 strengthen work already started. This idea 
 has been carried out by giving assistance in 
 the Neighborhood Guild, in the Girls' Friend- 
 ly Society, Sewing School, and Sabbath 
 Schools of the neighborhood. 
 
 The Settlement has been fortunate in hav- 
 ing a physician as resident. She has opened 
 up a large field of work the work which the 
 Settlement cares most to do helping one 
 sick neighbor, befriending another in trouble,
 
 finding work for a third, whose illness h;is 
 taken away a former means of support. It 
 is often through the physician that cases are 
 known where it is possible to make connec- 
 tion between, one who needs help and a per- 
 son or an organization ready to give it. 
 
 The bath-rooms in the basement, where 
 baths are sold for ten cents each, are patron- 
 ized to an unexpected extent. Women often 
 come several miles for the privilege offered. 
 
 The yard in summer is fitted up with 
 swings and a pile of sand, and on Saturdays 
 boys and girls are admitted. During the 
 summer, also, an ice-water fountain attached 
 to the fence has been in constant use a 
 powerful rival, apparently, of the saloons. 
 
 That which is the peculiar feature of the 
 Settlement, as has been often said, is that it 
 is simply a home, where those who wish may 
 go and live for the sake of becoming t lie- 
 friends of those about them. The informal 
 relations between the Settlement and its 
 neighbors are a basis for much friendly in- 
 tercourse, but no report can give satisfac- 
 tory account of work done during every day 
 by every resident. We know that our neigh- 
 bors consider us their honest friends. They 
 believe that we care for them personally 
 that we are interested in their individual
 
 joys and sorrows, and. share onr own with 
 them. Our out-stretched hands have met in 
 the warm clasp of friendship, and we no 
 longer realize that there is supposed to be a 
 gulf between the different classes of society. 
 No lines are drawn ; all are friends alike 
 the poorest and the most well-to-do, the re- 
 cent immigrant and the New Yorker of many 
 generations, the Jew and the Gentile. 
 
 One of the most hopeful signs is that we 
 have been able to give the charge of the 
 clubs more and more into the hands of the 
 members themselves. The ownership of 
 their clubs, and consequently their pride in 
 them, has created a pride in their own be- 
 havior. Interest in the well-being of their 
 clubs has made better boys and girls of 
 them, and they in turn have improved the 
 clubs. The "P. O. C.'s," the club of old- 
 est boys, have been doing some good and 
 earnest work. They are studying civil gov- 
 ernment, aud have had up for discussion at 
 the meetings various of the bills that have 
 come before the New York Legislature dur- 
 ing the ye.'ir. These older boys are our 
 helpful assistants in many little ways. They 
 continue to feel the sense of responsibility 
 that priority of years gives them, and are 
 interested in maintaining a good standard
 
 30 
 
 of behavior at the Settlement. The Choral 
 Club has been satisfactory. It is under the 
 charge of a thorough musician ; the boys 
 have become engaged in the real work of 
 learning to read music and how to use the 
 voice. Thus the club has au educational 
 value. 
 
 One of the bright successes is the women's 
 club, called the Home Improvement Club. 
 Most of its members are the mothers of the 
 club children, and the fact that both moth- 
 ers and children have this interest iu the 
 Settlement makes the bond with us a family 
 one. The mothers' weekly meetings, with 
 animated discussions on practical subjects, 
 the friendly chat over a cup of coffee, and 
 the little musicale afterwards, have become 
 a social event at the Settlement. The Pen- 
 ny Provident Bank, with an enrolment of 
 about five hundred depositors, receives each 
 evening from fifty to seventy-five, the sin- 
 gle deposits varying from a penny to two 
 dollars. The Library membership cannot 
 increase if wo continue the plan of allowing 
 the members to remain in the house to play 
 games after the exchange of books. This 
 plan has seemed desirable, as this ia the only 
 opportunity we have of meeting socially 
 with some of the boys and girls, and thus
 
 81 
 
 we have turned away many applicants. 
 There are four hundred and four members 
 enrolled, the great majority of whom remain 
 from year to year, showing their interest to 
 be real and permanent. Instead of empty 
 heads or heads filled with evil thoughts, 
 their heads are filled with good thoughts, 
 and they are shared with companions and 
 with the family at home. Although the 
 central library at the Settlement has not in- 
 creased in membership, the establishment of 
 six Home Libraries has added to the num- 
 ber of those using our books. A little book- 
 case containing twenty or thirty books, to- 
 gether with a few games, is put in the room 
 of a tenement-house for the use of its ten- 
 ants and of those in the near neighborhood. 
 The Home Libraries are opened one after- 
 noon of the week. In this way the influ- 
 ence of the library has extended into places 
 where otherwise it would not have gone. 
 An adjunct to the Library is the Circulating 
 Game Closet, from which games are taken 
 home by the children for a week at a time. 
 On Sunday afternoons the "Good Seeds" 
 meet. They are the little children, Jewish 
 and Christian, who crowd eagerly into the 
 house at half-past two to sing and to listen 
 to a story.
 
 B9 
 
 There is a Wood-carving Class and a Lit- 
 tle House-keepers' Class, composed respect- 
 ively of twelve little boys and twelve little 
 girls each. 
 
 The Society has a Summer House at Kato- 
 nah, open for ten weeks, from early July un- 
 til the middle of September ; and small par- 
 ties of young children are taken there to 
 spend Sundays in other seasons than sum- 
 mer. One hundred and seven of those guests 
 were received during the past year, in par- 
 ties of ten, for a fortnight's visit an expe- 
 rience rich in active pleasure and innocent 
 fun, in gaiu from fresh air, sunshine, and 
 wholesome food. Those who are so fortu- 
 nate as to help in this work are not least re- 
 freshed and strengthened. The gaiu in love 
 and friendship is reciprocal, and these warm- 
 hearted guests give kindness for kindness, 
 thought for thought, and love for love. This 
 personal contact equips the workers with 
 certain individual facts and general truths 
 regarding the character and lives of the 
 young friends of the College Settlement 
 that are most useful guides in the work in 
 Eivingtou Street. 
 
 There has been in the minds of many a 
 serious question whether the life would not 
 prove unwholesome for the workers who en-
 
 33 
 
 tered it. Experience has proved the " col- 
 ony" plan to be a reasonable and natural 
 life. The family life of educated women 
 AV ith congenial tastes, common interests, and 
 independent convictions, is a relaxation in 
 itself. The residents leave the place with 
 reluctance and are eager to return to it. 
 The physical conditions are not as hard as 
 it was expected that they would be, and 
 every resident can regulate her own amount 
 of work. 
 
 The question is often asked how far the 
 College Settlement is a religious work. It 
 Avas hoped in the beginning that the work 
 would be one in which people of varying 
 convictions might labor together harmoni- 
 ously. This hope has been fulfilled. As 
 the Settlement is in the midst of a popula- 
 tion of German Jews, any definite religious 
 work in the house would destroy much of 
 the influence gained. What are the results ? 
 The residents are recognized as the friends 
 of those about them ; the children turn to 
 them Avith the joy of every acquisition and 
 the grief of every loss. The club boys of 
 sixteen and seventeen years are proud of 
 their connection with the house and eager 
 rivals in its good opinion. The work is a 
 process of education ; the object sought is 
 a
 
 N 
 
 helpful, personal contact. It is the method 
 of friendship, a relation which implies giv- 
 ing and taking on both aides; and the work- 
 ers at the Settlement find one of the strong- 
 est points giiined by residence to be that 
 their neighbors have a chance to do some- 
 thing for them a chance which is often im- 
 proved. Thus the Settlement has become 
 one of the quickening influences which go 
 to form the lives of the people -iu Rivington 
 Street. Upon this homely basis of friend- 
 ship the work is built, resting upon firm be- 
 lief in the oneness of human nature, and 
 that God's best is the inheritance of all his 
 sons on earth.
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA- 
 UNIVERSITY SETTLEMENT. 
 
 (Second Paper. ) 
 BY HELEN MOOUE. 
 
 IN the summer of 1886 Dr. Stanton Coit, 
 then assistant lecturer under Prof. Felix 
 Adler to the New York Society of Ethical 
 Culture, went to live in the tenement-house 
 at 146 Forsyth Street. His acquaintance 
 with the hoys of the neighborhood began 
 through the happy medium of day outings, 
 spent on the charming shores of Staten 
 Island. Afterwards he invited them to his 
 rooms, where he entertained them with 
 reading and games. Discovering that :v 
 number of hoys, calling themselves the 
 Lily Pleasure Club, were accustomed to 
 meet in the gloomy quarters of an old 
 blind woman, he offered them the use of 
 his apartment. They accepted, and brought 
 their club properties chiefly spittoons. 
 
 In February, 1887, the club was reorgaii-
 
 M 
 
 ized, a constitution adopted, and a now name, 
 the O. I. F., taken from their motto : "Order 
 is onr Basis, Independence our Aim, Friend- 
 ship our Principle." This was practically 
 the beginning of the Neighborhood Guild, 
 and around this nucleus other clubs soon 
 gathered. The O. I. F. meet two evenings 
 a week ; a kindergarten was established, 
 and a club of young women was formed, 
 composed of the friends and sisters of the 
 O. I. F. boys. Most of these girls worked 
 in factories, and their idea of the Romance 
 of life found expression in the name they 
 took for their club, The Lady Belvedere. 
 Other examples are : The Lady Aroma Club, 
 the Rosebud, the Four Hundred Social, 
 whose members gratify their dearest am- 
 bition by giving a ball in winter and in 
 summer a chowder-party. 
 
 This section, a block of Forsyth Street 
 between Rivington and Delancey, though 
 it contains in its tall tenements two thou- 
 sand human beings, is not the most densely- 
 populated part of the Tenth Ward. Yet 
 here is never a blade of grass; the road way 
 and sidewalk are the playground; the only 
 perfume familiar to the children's nostrils 
 not pink apple-blossoms, clover, and redden- 
 ing jnioy fruit, but the fermenting garbage
 
 in the gutter and tire smell of stale beer 
 from the nine saloons in the block. The 
 only country sport they know is kite-flying, 
 but their run is on the roof of one of the 
 tall tenements. 
 
 The residents of this ward are chiefly Ger- 
 mans, Poles, Russian Jews, and Bohemians. 
 Where they lead, the sweat-shops follow, and 
 scores of men, women, and children sew all 
 day in rooms that are the only living-room, 
 bedroom, and kitchen for a large family. A 
 walk through the street during any day of 
 summer's fierce heat discloses a long pano- 
 rama of heart-rending sights. Every win- 
 dow opens into a room crowded with scant- 
 ily - clothed, dull - faced men and women 
 sewing upon heavy woollen coats and trou- 
 sers. They pant for air, the perspiration 
 that drops from their foreheads is like life- 
 blood, but they toil on steadily, wearily, ex- 
 cept when now and again one, crazed by 
 heat, hangs himself to a door -jamb, or 
 jumps from a top -story window. It is 
 called by the police the " Suicide Ward." 
 The violent excitement furnished by dance- 
 halls and gambling-dens does not counter- 
 act the temporary frenzy produced by hot 
 weather and over-long hours of work. From 
 a political, sanitary, and educational point
 
 of view it is the worst ward in the city, and 
 social statistics offer uo parallel in any city, 
 It is twice as crowded as the densest part 
 of London, our census of 1890 showing 522 
 human beings to the acre, and to the ward 
 57,514. The people, ignorant of the form of 
 our government and of the obligations of 
 franchise, alienated by our unknown lan- 
 guage, distrustful of the motives and meas- 
 ures of up-town men who have never by 
 personal acquaintance gained their personal 
 confidence, give unquestioning allegiance 
 to a few prominent, ambitions men adroit 
 enough to appreciate and to secure their 
 fealty. A striking example is " Silver Dol- 
 lar " Charles Smith, so - called from silver 
 dollars inlaid in the floor of his saloon, who 
 has become a local potentate by many acts 
 of kindness, gifts of money, and coals, and 
 asks from hia beneficiary subjects in return 
 only their votes. Of course municipal 
 prominence becomes synonymous with bri- 
 bery, corruption, and irresponsibility, and 
 its second name is the Crooked Ward. It 
 answers to still another, the Typhus Ward. 
 Filth stalks through the streets, and armies 
 of vermin and pestiferous insects live, move, 
 and have shelter and feeding -ground in- 
 doors and out. The precociously-intelligent
 
 Semitic children go to school, when not 
 crowded out by lack of room, until the age 
 of twelve or thirteen years. Then, in spite 
 of the law that forbids employment of chil- 
 dren under sixteen in factories, they take 
 their places there as w r age-earners. 
 
 The people are gregarious, but not social. 
 The race-prejudice between Jew and Gen- 
 tile is strong. These were the elements 
 with which the Guild found itself confront- 
 ed ; forces and antagonisms to utilize and 
 harmonize ; conditions of life to improve. 
 Based on the Family idea as the fundament- 
 al unit of society, the ideal of the Guild is 
 to unite neighbors as members of a family 
 are united, irrespective of race, religion, or 
 occupation, in bonds of mutual service, tow- 
 ards a common end of mutual improvement. 
 This idea differs from that of Toynbee 
 Hall and other University Settlements in 
 that improvement was to be effected by 
 " educating a body of trained workers 
 taken from the poor themselves," learners be- 
 coming in turn teachers and guides. Up- 
 town aid of money and workers is tempo- 
 rarily essential, and the benefit of intercourse 
 is held to be both cardinal and mutual. A 
 small fee is charged to the wee kinder- 
 garten pupil who receives at noon her cup
 
 of milk, as to tlio lad who swings the clubs 
 in tbe gymnasium. If house - repairs are 
 needed the club-members have made them, 
 and they taxed themselves to provide a 
 street-cleaning fund. Whatever benefit was 
 received was repaid in work or money. 
 
 The breadth and originality of these prin- 
 ciples attracted to this social experiment a 
 very strong set of men intent to work 
 heartily together, unmindful of creed or 
 social differences. It formed a veritable 
 station where any one who had a social 
 theory to prove, who wished to test the 
 sincerity of his humanitarianism, or who 
 kicked against the pricks in other fields of 
 work was welcome. Men came for various 
 motives, and left for reasons as diverse. 
 Five college graduates joined Dr. Coit, and 
 became residents of the Guild-house. The 
 work grew, and soon required more and 
 larger rooms. New clubs for little boys 
 and girls were formed, a gymnasium outfit 
 and books were added, and more workers 
 from up - town, volunteered. An attempt 
 \v:is made to enlist the participation and 
 interest of the older men in the neighbor- 
 hood and the mothers. In the belief that 
 meeting for intelligent and friendly discus- 
 sion of social economic conditions should be
 
 41 
 
 mutually helpful and enlightening, a Social 
 Science Club was inaugurated. Represent- 
 ative thinkers, men of all callings, all con- 
 ditions and races were invited to address 
 its meetings, and men of all trades, expe- 
 riences, and views invited to discuss and 
 reply. It was hoped that thus theorist and 
 student, brought face to face with the head 
 of a trade's union, should learn what were 
 actually the Problems of the Labor Ques- 
 tion ; the anarchist should perceive the values 
 that lie in conservatism, the professor of 
 dead languages listen to their strange liv- 
 ing offshoots voicing living human ques- 
 tions. This interest was wide and earnest 
 for a while. Papers were written upon 
 such topics as " The History and Nature of 
 Trusts," " Anarchism," " Wages as Affected 
 by the Eight-hour System," and " Strikes." 
 Too often the up-towu author of a thought- 
 fully prepared paper had not prepared him- 
 self nor allowed time for subsequent attack 
 and question, and such seeming unfairness 
 and lack of sympathy quickly alienated the 
 down-town man who had prepared for and 
 expected fair play and hearing of his side. 
 The failure of an experiment which prom- 
 ised great gains in knowledge of facts, of 
 conditions, and of sentiments, and which
 
 should have made for the destruction of 
 formulism on the one side and distrust upon 
 the other, was likewise an injury to the 
 humanitarian and social work in Forsyth 
 Street. Still the Guild - house served as 
 meeting-place for the people, who came for 
 information or for recreation ; and those 
 who work there design it to he the Town 
 Hall of the district, where every laudable 
 local purpose shall find encouragement and 
 home. 
 
 The clubs are taught self-government, 
 and they choose their own subjects of in- 
 struction. Cooking and sewing classes are 
 open to the girls, but the latter occupation 
 is never popular with those whose fingers 
 have been busy all day in the factory. 
 Cooking presents social as well as economic 
 attraction ; the dishes made in class are 
 taken to the club-meeting, thus saving ex- 
 pense and adding to their resources of at- 
 traction. For the masculine instinct which 
 scents luncheon from afar has discovered 
 the custom and hit upon a happy combina- 
 tion of gallantry with profit, and the cuke- 
 bearing girls are sure of devoted escorts. 
 
 The ignorance of the poor in regard to 
 simple cookery, even, is as pathetic as it is 
 proverbial. A- girl's astonishment when
 
 she saw the beaten white of an egg and 
 found it was not ice-cream, and the agita- 
 tion of a tenement-houseful of people who 
 tilled the sick woman's room to see the vis- 
 itor make a bit of toast ("to see the lady 
 roast bread," was their description), are 
 examples of their inexperience. 
 
 It is inevitable from the experimental nat- 
 ure of the work that there should be fluctu- 
 ations. Volunteers came and went, and the 
 membership, too, changed. People moved 
 away from the neighborhood. Youths with- 
 drew from the clubs. Some could not stand 
 the test of a sober purpose in life, others 
 tired of it when no longer a novelty. At 
 one time the kindergarten of fifty children 
 contained but three who had been in it the 
 year before. These things have affected the 
 character of the Guild, have lessened its in- 
 fluence with its neighbors. But through 
 many vicissitudes it has struggled valiantly, 
 and we think will nobly justify its exist- 
 ence and its cost. It appears not as the 
 outcome of one mind or the development 
 of a single, unvarying idea. It is instead a 
 congeries of experiments expressing the in- 
 dividuality or the idiosyncrasies even of 
 successive directors and workers. It has 
 been a powerful instrument of reform in
 
 44 
 
 tlio neighborhood. Umlrr the direction of 
 Mr. G'harlcs Stover, a leader of fearless and 
 uncompromising disposition, it called the 
 attention of the authorities to gambling 
 places in the vicinity, to tenements out of 
 repair, to streets in filthy condition. It 
 had debated on politics; the members of 
 the O. I. F. Club joined the People's Munic- 
 ipal League, and worked with great intel- 
 ligence at the polls. It issued a newspaper 
 once a month, which voiced in impassioned 
 and intrepid language its editor's hatred 
 of wrong, hypocrisy, and fraud. The East 
 Side Art League was formed, and succeeded 
 iu opening the Museum on Sunday. The 
 petitions distributed and the work done in 
 this cause show what an immense influ- 
 ence for reform may be exerted by a few 
 earnest workers. Many times the Guild 
 was near financial ruin, but indomitable 
 energy saved it. The principle of up-towii 
 help as a temporary crutch was inculcated 
 with all the strength of a conviction which 
 afterwards made Mr. Stover leave the Guild 
 when he thought the integrity of the prin- 
 ciple was violated. One result of devotion 
 to the virtue of honest poverty and sturdy 
 independence was an outward unloveliness 
 which made the rooms a mere social work-
 
 shop, forbidding in their lack of homelike 
 comforts ami beauty. There were no car- 
 pets ou the coarse and undulating floors, 
 no curtains at the windows, the window- 
 shades were broken and stained, the gas- 
 jets lacked globes. A piano, a case of 
 books, some Roman photographs, and a 
 Turkish hanging given by a generous 
 friend, did but little to lessen the bareness 
 and ugliness of the place. It seemed as if 
 that subtle educator, Beauty, had been ut- 
 terly defied, though, later, the ear and the 
 mind have received education in Harmony 
 at the People's Singing Class, conducted by 
 Mr. Frank Damrosch, on Sunday afternoons. 
 If it be conceded that the history of the 
 Neighborhood Guild presents chiefly a series 
 of experiments colored by the idiosyncrasies 
 of individual workers, yet that does not 
 lessen the value of the work. The condi- 
 tion of the Poor in great cities is intoler- 
 able, grows worse, and is not borne so hum- 
 bly or supinely as heretofore; crime is 
 increasing, and is more menacing and pow- 
 erful by reason of combination. Mutual un- 
 derstanding of the classes, and mutual re- 
 spect, are become the conditions on which 
 depend the continuance of civilization and 
 the permanency of States. How to raise
 
 the depressed, how to comfort those whom 
 society hurts and cripples, how to enable 
 men and women to be clean, healthy, strong, 
 and right-minded is a more pressing ques- 
 tion and involves graver responsibility than 
 ho\v to doctor the sick and restore the iu- 
 sane. The Brotherhood of Man as a funda- 
 mental working axiom has still to be de- 
 monstrated, and in its progressive, perhaps 
 endless stages of development no idiosyn- 
 crasy may bo forcibly suppressed, any more 
 than conscience or "common -sense," until 
 tried and found wanting. 
 
 There are, however, concrete results with 
 the children in the Guild neighborhood. 
 Not only has the reading-habit been formed, 
 not only do they like good literature, but 
 each month sees improvement in courtesy 
 and consideration, and the boy who last 
 year broke the windows is not unlikely 
 next year to be a gentle assistant. Pas- 
 sionately fond of American history and 
 biography, for which they get a taste in 
 school, these little foreigners are laying a 
 basis for good citizenship and patriotism 
 with every book they read. One day a 
 little ten -year old girl ran breathlessly 
 across the room hugging in her arms a 
 book. "Oh! do yon think I can take this
 
 home ? I have almost read it through 
 standing in front of the case there." Ifc 
 was Charles and Mary Lamb's Tales from 
 Shakespeare. The favorite books are Fairy 
 Tales, stories of Heroes, and narratives of 
 pioneer life 
 
 The Tenth Ward Social Reform Clnb re- 
 mains to be noticed. It has an immense 
 programme of reform which includes the 
 public agitation and legal steps necessary 
 to procure small parks, public baths, laun- 
 dries, kitchens, co-operative stores, sanita- 
 tion, and sweat-shops investigation. As far 
 as possible the labor connected with these 
 projects is performed by those who will be 
 benefited by their achievement. The mem- 
 bers of the O. I. F. are doing yeoman's ser- 
 vice, and show the training of their five 
 years of working for others. If this pro- 
 gramme is carried out, it means bringing 
 into the Tenth Ward, against ignorance and 
 corruption, every agency known to man. It 
 is a sincere attempt of a body of earnest 
 men to accept the obligation of the cynic's 
 sneering question : "Am I my Brother's 
 Keeper?" and to reply in the spirit of the 
 new life which the influence of Arnold 
 Toy 11 bee's brief stay on earth has awakened 
 throughout the English-speaking world.
 
 TENEMENT NEIGHBORHOOD IDEA- 
 MEDICAL WOMEN IN TENEMENTS. 
 
 (Third Paper.) 
 BY DR. MARY B. DAMON. 
 
 IN whatever part of a large city a doctor 
 establish herself, the calls upon her " love 
 for humanity" are sure to be numerous, and 
 opportunities for devoting time and strength 
 to helping others will be only too apt to ex- 
 ceed her ability to make use of them. Nev- 
 ertheless she may count it good-fortune to 
 spend a year or two of her professional life 
 among the crowded tenements of New York, 
 or of any large city. For it is worth much 
 to know life "in the mass," and to have 
 learned to look at the conditions of the poor 
 through their own eyes. In spite of weari- 
 ness and discouragement, and of tlie appa- 
 rent helplessness of individual eifort to make 
 an impression on conditions which have hem 
 the growth of years, one learns admiration 
 for mankind, belief in human virtue, faith
 
 iu the final triumph of the blind and seem- 
 ingly ineffectual struggle upward, which 
 cannot be shaken by any array of statistics 
 or by any temporary failure. And this is 
 knowledge which does not come from seeing 
 people in institutions, but by knowing them 
 where they were born to be iu their own 
 homes. 
 
 It is so easy to tabulate defects and fail- 
 ures which are definite and clear, so difficult 
 to count success which at a given moment 
 may be but partial ; it is so much more start- 
 ling and impressive to tell a story of special 
 distress or hopeless stupidity or of wicked- 
 ness than to speak of ordinary intelligence 
 and virtue, that we are all likely to paint a 
 blacker picture for others than the one we 
 see ourselves. One talks and bewails in the 
 evening's weariness, but iu the morning's 
 freshness and courage is too busy to waste 
 time in speech. 
 
 The fourteen hundred and seventy people 
 who are crowded together in a small square 
 of a great city will show among themselves 
 the same relative differences which are found 
 in the same number of people in a country 
 town. There will be the thrifty and well- 
 to-do as well as the improvident ; the skilled 
 workman as well as the dullest of day-labor- 
 
 4
 
 50 
 
 ers ; the good house-keeper and the slattern ; 
 the woman who lias given up in despair un- 
 der the heavy burdens of life, and the one 
 who, while doing the whole work for a large 
 family, still does not hesitate to be janitresa 
 of the tenement, and to take in washing 
 from outside. As in a country town, people 
 of the same social standing live near each 
 other, so the thrifty and clean naturally 
 gravitate into the same tenement, leaving 
 the thriftless and dirty to enjoy life as they 
 choose. Yet one may find a single clean fam- 
 ily in the midst of very dirty surroundings. 
 
 To be in any position where one sees only 
 the poorest and most improvident is to gain 
 an unjust idea of the average. Naturally, 
 dirt and poverty are associated, for personal 
 cleanliness requires space and privacy as 
 well as water, and to secure clean clothes 
 one must have at least two garments of a 
 kind ; but many of the poor are scrupulously 
 neat, and the tenement-house living-room, 
 which of necessity is full of disorder ou 
 washing-day, may under ordinary circum- 
 stances be home-like and clean. 
 
 The doctor who really lives among tho 
 people has ample opportunity to see them 
 all, and needs tho same training for her 
 work here that she would need anywhere
 
 the best professional skill she can by every 
 effort acquire, a self-respect ami confidence 
 which she can impart to others, and the 
 habit of meetiug people courteously and 
 sympathetically The doctor enters the fam- 
 ily on terms of intimacy granted to no oth- 
 er stranger, aud the frankness required in 
 describing the physical pain easily extends 
 to the social aud moral relation. Only a 
 word is necessary, and often before either 
 doctor or patient is aware the whole picture 
 of family life has been disclosed, showing 
 unexpected heights of fineness or courage, 
 or indescribable suffering and bitterness. 
 Or, possibly, it is the fine silence which re- 
 veals more than any words. Such was the 
 silence of the old German woman who came 
 to the Dispensary suffering from cancer, for 
 which operation was useless. The daughter 
 asked that she be told, and it w r as done as 
 gently as possible. Not a word, no move- 
 ment nor moan came from the woman, bnt 
 the doctor knew that the English of forty 
 years was an unknown tongue now, and 
 blundered on in German words which were 
 not understood, nor meant to be, but which 
 somehow built a bridge between the isola- 
 tion of despair aud the companionship of 
 common life.
 
 In any severe or long case of illness, the 
 whole tenement-house, often a lively com- 
 munity of twenty families, takes an interest. 
 The neighbor comes in to interpret for the 
 doctor, sometimes to advise her as to diag- 
 nosis and remedies, for which friendliness 
 the doctor is as grateful as the ordinary re- 
 cipient of such charity, lint in spite of the 
 reverse side of gossip and horror-inongering, 
 generosity and friendliness are commonly 
 the feelings of the neighbors towards those 
 who are ill. They will go to the Dispen- 
 sary for medicine, or to the Diet-kitchen for 
 milk, if there is no one in the family to do 
 so, or assist the child, who may be the only 
 nurse, in giving the medicine ; and I have 
 known the " lady down-stairs" to send up 
 regularly part of her own meals to the fam- 
 ily whose mother was ill and father out of 
 work. 
 
 The devotion of the family to the sick 
 member is often touching. If the mother 
 is ill, the husband and sons who are at work 
 all day divide the night between them, that 
 medicine and food may be regularly given; 
 or perhaps it is a boy of twelve who is the 
 faithful nurse, because the father is a care- 
 less drunkard. I have known a boy of four- 
 teen to do all the washing of the family. If
 
 63 
 
 there is a daughter of any size all these du- 
 ties naturally fall to her, and she stands 
 faithfully to her responsibilities. 
 
 If the baby is sick the older children are 
 quiet, attentive, and loving in their awk- 
 ward way, and the overburdened mother, 
 untrained and often utterly without appli- 
 ances, is yet, to the extent of her ability, a 
 devoted nurse. The assistance of a trained 
 nurse will be refused because the mother 
 prefers to care for the sick one, and invari- 
 ably the child is on her side. In one case 
 the mother was a woman neat and energetic, 
 but worn out by watching and the work of 
 the household, as well as wholy untrained. 
 Yet the child turned from gentleness, firm- 
 ness, and skill to say in tones which were 
 sufficient reward for any weariness: "Bleib 
 hier, Mutter " (stay here, mother). For there 
 is something iu personal love which the help- 
 less value more than science or training. 
 And this is the reason why patients prefer 
 the dark bedroom of a tenement to the clean- 
 liness and light of a hospital. They dread 
 exceedingly dying or having their friends 
 die in the hospital. A child of ten stood be- 
 fore me one evening and told me about her 
 father. He had beeu taken to a hospital, 
 and had learned that an operation would be
 
 N 
 
 useless. "My mother went to see him, and 
 he said, 'Dear wife, if you love mo take mo 
 home that I may die by my children,' and 
 she brought him home, and that night when 
 he came home I kissed him and gave him 
 water every minute when he wanted it, and 
 I was so glad he came home." " How many 
 rooms do you live in ?" I asked. " Two," she 
 said. The odor of garlic which came dis- 
 tinctly to me, the half-clean dress and face 
 of the child brought up a familiar picture 
 of darkness, disorder, and noise, in strong 
 contrast to the trim nurse and the cheerful 
 ward of the hospital. Yet I think the father 
 chose as most nieu would choose. 
 
 But worse than the fear of dying away 
 from friends is the appalling vision of the 
 trenches in Potter's Field, when there is no 
 money for funeral expenses. For this rea- 
 son, insurance of children, as well as of adults 
 is very common iii New York ; and whatever 
 may be true of London, I have never known 
 it to lead to abuse or neglect of the children 
 here, and often it is a great blessing. 
 
 One is sometimes pleased with the intelli- 
 gence and good sense with which careful 
 directions are received, especially when the 
 reasons are explained, and the exactitude 
 with which they are carried out. It helps
 
 one to believe that general teaching in re- 
 gard to simple facts of hygiene would be of 
 great value, and would in the end accom- 
 plish ranch good. I can never ask to have 
 directions more faithfully and exactly car- 
 ried out by the best trained nurse than was 
 done in the tenement where eight people 
 lived in two rooms. The father had been 
 ill and out of work for weeks, the mother 
 had the care of a two weeks' old baby as 
 well as of the sick child, yet night and day 
 every direction was exactly followed. 
 
 Certainly it ia dreadful that diphtheria 
 with measles should be cared for under such 
 circumstances, and appalling to think of the 
 danger, of contagion to the twenty other fam- 
 ilies in the house, and of the impossibility 
 of giving the proper treatment under such 
 disabilities. There is no doubt that diph- 
 theria and scarlet-fever ought to be forced 
 into hospitals, as well as typhus and small- 
 pox. For if, as often happens, garments are 
 being manufactured in the same rooms with 
 the sick, the menace to public health from 
 these diseases is greater than that from chol- 
 era. The Board of Health officer can stop 
 this work only by standing guard day and 
 night, for no work means no food and no 
 home to the family.
 
 When one recalls the riots against pest- 
 houses which have occurred in country 
 towns, and pictures the result of proposing 
 to send the sick children of the rich to con- 
 tagious hospitals, it does not seein strange 
 that the dwellers in tenement-houses should 
 invariably refuse to sacrifice sentiment to 
 judgment, and their loved ones to the com- 
 munity. In such cases the common good 
 must be secured by force. 
 
 The doctor runs no risk of personal dan- 
 ger in New York City. Whether she works 
 among Germans, Jews, Italians, or Irish, she 
 need fear neither roar house nor dark alley, 
 nor hesitate to answer a call to a tenement 
 at any hour of the day or night. Perfumed 
 water is prepared for her hands, and all the 
 courtesies of speech bestowed upon her. One 
 does not quickly forget the old woman's 
 farewell, " God bless you, and spare you to 
 mother." The gratitude shown by patients 
 is usually great though unconventionally 
 expressed. One of the most grateful of 
 mothers expressed hers by the deprecatory 
 words repeated over and over again, "It's 
 too much trouble." Sometimes it is the doc- 
 tor who is ungrateful for intended but ill- 
 advised considerateness which adds too fully 
 to her anxiety aud care. A hasty call caiuo
 
 iii the early morning to a lying-in case. In 
 the so-called furnished room was nothing 
 but the absolutely essential not a sheet nor 
 towel, not a clean rag nor a piece of news- 
 paper, no basin nor bowl, no drop of warm 
 water nor receptacle in which to heat it; 
 and, most remarkable of all, not a friendly 
 neighbor among the twenty families to aid 
 in this emergency. A single tumbler suf- 
 ficed to wash the patient and the doctor's 
 hands, to give milk and medicine. Mother 
 and child lay together helpless on the floor. 
 But the man, kneeling down, murmured low 
 a word of remorse and love, kissed his wife, 
 and was forgiven; for the finer feelings do 
 survive poverty, improvidence, and wrong. 
 It was long before the doctor appreciated 
 that such extremity was reached through 
 unwillingness to disturb her night's rest. 
 
 I like to have the housewife who, I know, 
 has not a penny, say boldly at the end of 
 the first visit, " What do I owe you, doctor ?" 
 It gives me a chance to make my gift of 
 service gracious, and puts both on a level, 
 where we can look each other in the face. It 
 is the spirit which is of value, and a simple 
 "Thank you, doctor," with the right inflec- 
 tiou, can be the sweetest word* of all the 
 languages; or, "You have done everything,
 
 doctor," may be for both a consolation even 
 in the bitterness of death. 
 
 But it would be unfair to ignore the other 
 side of the picture. One finds not only the 
 self-respecting, intelligent, and grateful poor, 
 but also the ignorant, careless, and lazy. 
 Medicine and advice are of small account in 
 the rear house which has tilthy closets in 
 front and a pile of decaying garbage behind. 
 Nothing but the Sanitary Police cau inako 
 so much as a momentary impression there. 
 It was the starting-place of the Typhus Epi- 
 demic in 1881, and is waiting for such a guest 
 again. One may often doubt whether land- 
 lord, tenant, or careless house-keeper is most 
 to blame for wretched conditions. No house 
 cau be well kept without the co-operation of 
 all three. The shiftless man who has no 
 work, and keeps no position found for him, 
 the prond man who sends his sick wife to 
 the Diet-kitchen for the baby's milk, and 
 leaves her to wash all day while he loafs in 
 the street, the drinker who earns high wages 
 but lets wife and children starve, all belong 
 to the Law, and not to Medicine, though the 
 doctor sees only too much of them. 
 
 In regard^to the abuse of free medical aid 
 I cannot quote better authority than Dr.
 
 Annie S. Daniel, for more than ten years 
 Outpractice Physician to the New York In- 
 firmary for Women and Children. Of one 
 hundred and sixty families of whom careful 
 statistics were kept, she says; "The maxi- 
 mum amount of wages earned was $19; this 
 in one family only, and earned by three per- 
 sons. The minimum earned regularly $1.50, 
 by a woman finishing pantaloons, living in 
 one room, paying $4 per month rent. With 
 an average income of $14 per month, an 
 average rent of $8.62f, an average family of 
 four and one-half to be fed and clothed, wo 
 fail to see how it would be possible to pay 
 for doctor .and medicine, and we are inclined 
 to believe that abuse of medical charity is 
 the exception rather than the rule." Never- 
 theless it keeps one's instinct of self-preser- 
 vation normally active -when asked for free 
 advice by the wife of a New York City fire- 
 man who thinks $15 small wages. A more 
 difficult case is that of the wife of a musi- 
 cian who earns $30 a week during the sea- 
 son, but spends most of it on himself, and is 
 savage at the suggestion of a doctor's bill. 
 Surely the public burden is heavy enough 
 without assuming snch as this ; but the 
 woman is in the first stages of consumption, 
 and steady care could arrest the disease here.
 
 But for assurance one incident stands 
 unique. A call came at six o'clock one morn- 
 ing, and a man stood on the steps with a girl 
 and crying baby. A previous meeting made 
 the doctor certain that this should be a pay- 
 patient, and this was suggested. The man's 
 hand went swiftly into his pocket, making 
 the silver coin jingle merrily. Then a second 
 thought came to his aid, and saying, " Oh ! 
 if I pay I go to a man doctor," he walked 
 calmly away. 
 
 In the philanthropic work open to medi- 
 cal women the house visiting forms only 
 part of a large field A valuable oppor- 
 tunity is given in the clubs for Working- 
 girls and for Mothers. These clubs have 
 multiplied rapidly, and talks given before 
 them upon definite subjects, as well as per- 
 sonal interviews between the doctor and in- 
 dividual members, give special opportunity 
 for disseminating much needed knowledge. 
 Simple facts of hygiene and physiology re- 
 peated to generation after generation of 
 young girls will have their weight in the 
 future, though for the present it often seems 
 like writing words in sand. But each talk 
 reaches a larger audience than the one ad- 
 dressed, for new facts are discussed and 
 commented upon iu workshop and teuo-
 
 61 
 
 ment, atid if approved are solemnly handed 
 down. 
 
 Medical work in institutions for women 
 and children is entirely different in kind 
 but no less important. Among the young 
 unmarried girls in the Maternity Hospital 
 one meets many who have impulsively gone 
 astray, who are thankful to be helped back 
 again into safe paths. Concerning work in 
 the Rescue Missions for the drunken and 
 prostitutes one hesitates to speak. It is so 
 difficult, and the chance of accomplishing 
 permanent good is relatively so small, that 
 all other work seems hopeful by comparison. 
 Yet the woman who is struggling to regain 
 her self-control and self-respect can best be 
 helped by a woman, and it is sufficient re- 
 ward for much effort and many failures if 
 one may know of a single tempted and sinful 
 life redeemed. 
 
 One form of work there is which is always 
 and truly delightful that of the Fresh Air 
 and Vacation Fund. Children make spon- 
 taneous expression of their joy, and though 
 it be the depth of winter, the world grows 
 suddenly warm as one hears the eager words . 
 "There goes the lady-doctor that sends the 
 children to the country." For the doctor it 
 ia well worth while to examine heads and
 
 throats indefinitely, just for the sake of see- 
 ing the thin, palo faces come back to the 
 city with new color and fresh ideas. The 
 color dies out only too soon, but the ideas 
 stay, and a better way of influencing the 
 life of the city could hardly be devised than 
 this summer migration, short though it be. 
 
 There are three urgent needs of the pres- 
 ent time which the community might sup- 
 ply First, public bath-houses, which would 
 reduce largely the amount and severity of 
 certain kinds of disease Many a person is 
 out of work for weeks because the skin is so 
 dirty that an insignificant injury gives rise 
 to severe ulcer or poisoned wound. If, as 
 commonly happens, the person is in poor 
 general condition, a permanently stiff joint 
 may be the result. And to be thrown out 
 of work often means starvation. Often, for 
 adults who are at home only when the whole 
 family and all the boarders are there, pre- 
 scribing baths is much the same thing as 
 prescribing a journey quite impracticable. 
 
 There is, secondly, the great need of places 
 away from the city where patients in the 
 first stages of consumption may be sent. A 
 few weeks or months of good air and proper 
 food would in many cases avert the disease. 
 None of the hospitals in Now York will take
 
 sa 
 
 consumptives, and the few Homes for Con- 
 sumptives and Incurables are always full. 
 
 The third need is for nurses who can stay 
 with the families not alone the trained 
 nurses of great skill. There are many cases 
 of relatively mild illness in which a woman 
 of ordinary intelligence can follow all direc- 
 tions while doing the house-work also, dur- 
 ing the mother's illness. It is not only those 
 who are too poor to pay anything who need 
 such a helper, but there are families who 
 would gladly pay a moderate sum for those 
 services. It is a most expensive plan which 
 keeps the father, sole wage-earner, from his 
 work in order to take care of his sick wife, 
 losing thereby his place perhaps. And many 
 a woman is ill for months or years from lack 
 of a few days' care at the first I believe 
 that there could be no plan more helpful 
 than the provision of such nurses by a few 
 institutions who should guarantee them a 
 sufficient sum to afford a living. Qualified 
 women are deterred from taking such ir- 
 regular work, even when fairly paid at the 
 time, because at the end of a case another 
 cannot be found immediately, or time may 
 be lost by their own breaking-down. The 
 co-operation of several institutions to make 
 provision of such nurses and insure them
 
 (.4 
 
 from idle periods and want would make the 
 salary-tax a light one. Often the day-nurse 
 only is needed, or, indeed, possible, from the 
 absence of a sleeping-room for her. 
 
 These things are indeed needed, and yet, 
 as oue suggests them, their inadequacy seems 
 fairly overwhelming. Sanitariums and nurses 
 can relieve only a small measure of the evil 
 results of overcrowding and of irregular and 
 ill-paid work. They do not touch the deeper 
 mental and spiritual injuries of which the 
 physical defects are but material symbols. 
 It is the solution of the Industrial Question 
 and not Philanthropy which is needed, 
 could the world but find the key to that iu- 
 linitely complicated problem.
 
 THE TRAINED NURSE. 
 
 BY AGNES L. BRENNAN, SUPERINTENDENT OF 
 BELLEVUE TRAINING-SCHOOL FOR NURSES. 
 
 TRAINING-SCHOOLS for nurses are among 
 the last and best triumphs of humanity, of 
 civilization, of Christianity. They repre- 
 sent and embody the new religion that har- 
 monizes and unites all churches and all 
 creeds that God is best and most truly 
 served by serving our fellow-man, that re- 
 ligion consists uo longer of dogmas, but of 
 doing good. 
 
 No one can read the early reports of the 
 first Training-school in this country without 
 realizing what an immense influence and 
 power for good a few zealous and devoted 
 women can command, and how surely they 
 enlist the sympathy and aid of others like- 
 minded in many places. To the ladies of 
 the New York Visiting Committee for Belle- 
 vue is due the reform in nursing in this 
 country. 
 
 The chief work of a Training-school must
 
 be done by women, and among all the em- 
 ployments which modern civilization is con- 
 stantly throwing open to woman certainly 
 none is more worthy of her than that of an 
 educated and technically trained nurse. As 
 there can be no man too gifted or too broad 
 to adorn the ranks of the medical profession, 
 so there can be no woman too gifted or too 
 tender to serve in the ranks of Trained 
 Nurses. 
 
 Twenty years ago, May 1st, 1873, the first 
 effort to provide better nurses for our sick 
 was made, and it met with many difficulties. 
 One of the greatest was finding women of 
 education and refinement who were willing 
 to go through the severe training considered 
 necessary to fit them' to cope with all phases 
 of disease and with all dispositions. 
 
 It is sometimes forgotten that Florence 
 Nightingale prepared herself for her great 
 work of reform by ten long and patient 
 years of practical study. Her example has 
 been as effective as the result of her work 
 has been wonderful, and to-day in all the 
 Training-schools will be found educated and 
 refined women, studying and practising to 
 prepare themselves for the care of the sick. 
 
 This preparation, of what does it consist T 
 The catalogue of any good school will tell
 
 you that the course of training consists of 
 "the proper way to make beds, change the 
 bedclothes and patient's clothes without 
 wasting his strength, to make poultices, un- 
 derstand blisters, and, in fact, to learn how to 
 do everything for a sick person, be it man, 
 woman, or child; the study of Anatomy, 
 Physiology, Materia Medica and Diseases, 
 Ventilation and Disinfection ; how to make 
 and to apply surgical dressings; order, 
 neatness, and cooking for the sick." 
 
 Now one would think all this quite as 
 much as could be crowded into a two years' 
 course, but there is something else to learn, 
 without which the education of the hand, 
 eye, or ear will not make a successful nurse. 
 It is the training of the individual charac- 
 ter: to obey absolutely, to cultivate that in- 
 dispensable attribute," tact;" in fact, to learn 
 how to eiface one's self. The majority of 
 women who enter a Training-school find this 
 part of the training far more difficult than 
 the former, and it is the rock that many 
 stumble against; but without this training, 
 however skilful the nurse may be in the 
 technical part of her profession, she is only 
 a mechanical one after all. But the two 
 combined give the ability to quiet restless 
 nerves', to inspire unbounded confidence and
 
 that trust upon which hang mighty issues, 
 now faithful obedience, ami again quick 
 and sure command of every resource. A 
 controlled body, a fertile mind, with un- 
 counted other persoual qualities, will give 
 the success in each particular case which a 
 true nurse louga for as the real reward for 
 her labors. 
 
 All this cannot be acquired in two years, 
 but a nurse who wishes to succeed is " pro- 
 gressive," and will increase her knowledge 
 if she would preserve it. 
 
 Let us see the sequence of that small be- 
 ginning in Bellevue Hospital, twenty years 
 ago. 
 
 1st. The effect of intelligent nursing on 
 the medical profession. 
 
 2d. The growth of Training-schools. 
 
 3d. The result of having a superior class 
 of women for nurses iu our City Hospitals. 
 
 4th. District nurses. 
 
 5Mi. Missionary Nurses'in foreign lands. 
 
 6th. The private nurse. 
 
 1st. The effect of intelligent nursing on 
 the medical profession. 
 
 As far back as 1881 that eminent author- 
 ity, the late Dr. Austin Flint, said in his ad- 
 dress to the graduating class of that year:
 
 "I believe I express the opinion of my 
 brethren of the medical profession of New 
 York when I say that the advent of nurses 
 trained in Bellevne Hospital was an im- 
 portant epoch in the practice of medicine 
 and surgery in this City." Dr. W. T. Lusk, 
 on a like occasion in 1887, said : " In 1878 
 I performed the first successful ovariotomy 
 in Bellevne ; up to that date the operation 
 was regarded as unpractical ; now our re- 
 sults in abdominal surgery are certainly 
 not excelled. In the last four years there 
 have been one thousand births in the Emer- 
 gency without a death from puerperal infec- 
 tion. The improvement I unhesitatingly at- 
 tribute to the trained nurse." 
 
 2d. The growth of Training-schools. 
 
 In New York City to-day are seven largo 
 Training-schools, besides a number of small- 
 er ones. In all the cities of the Eastern 
 States one school (in mauy instances sev- 
 eral schools) has been established for some 
 years. In all the large cities of the West 
 and South one or more good schools can be 
 found. In fact, no hospital is now built 
 without making arrangements for a Train- 
 ing-school for Nurses. 
 
 3d. The result of having a superior class 
 of women for nurses in the City Hospitals.
 
 7U 
 
 Again I quote from Dr. Lusk's address in 
 1837 : " A very remarkable change has 
 taken place in the morale of the patients. 
 Bellevne is no longer regarded by the help- 
 less poor as a penal institution. There is 
 no such efficient medicine for the sick as 
 tidiness, system, and order. Where, in old 
 times, we had snllenness aud fear we now 
 have serenity and peace. It is a source of 
 wonder to me to notice the confidence with 
 which the patients undergo the severest 
 operations, but the reason is they feel so 
 sure that they will receive the same care, 
 the same consideration, the same watchful- 
 ness that is commanded by the rich in their 
 own homes." 
 
 4th. District nurses. 
 
 When, in 1876, one of the graduates de- 
 cided to work among the sick poor in their 
 own homes under the auspices of the City 
 Missions, the Managers rejoiced that their 
 work had so soon begun to develop this 
 branch which had been an object with 
 them from the beginning. This nurse soon 
 found her hands full, and found also that 
 district nursing was very different from 
 hospital nursing. Here her life is passed 
 in going from street to street in all weath- 
 ers, up and down tenement- houses dark
 
 aud pestiferous, tending sometimes the 
 very poorest and most forlorn in the city. 
 
 From March, 1876, to November, 1877, 
 this iinrse had made nine hundred and 
 thirty-five visits and fifty dispensary calls. 
 Now what is meant by a visit. I 
 
 The nurse attends not only to the sick 
 person, but looks after the rest of the 
 household. If the mother is the patient, 
 the nurse attends to the children. They 
 have to be washed and dressed, the dinner 
 has to be cooked for them and the father, 
 and the place cleaned up ; so that one visit 
 may mean two or even three or four hours. 
 
 A successful district nurse must be a good 
 teacher, as she has to instruct her patients 
 in the management of their children ; she 
 enlightens them on the importance and 
 harmlessness of bathing, shows them how 
 to cook simple dishes, aud the necessity of 
 keeping clean rooms, etc., etc. 
 
 In 1880 the "Report" says that during 
 the past five years this branch of the work 
 hns steadily increased in favor with rich 
 and poor alike. There are now eight 
 nurses occupied, often far beyond their 
 strength. During the year, 9000 visits have 
 been made, carrying relief aud comfort to 
 1738 patients, more than one -fourth of
 
 whom were mothers with infants. The 
 iiiirses have expended for medicines and 
 nourishment, $1172.93; have given away 
 1251 garments, and lent for the comfort of 
 the sick 536 articles. 
 
 In the summer of 1879, the Society of 
 Ethical Culture, with the aid of a Bcllevue 
 graduate, inaugurated the work in connec- 
 tion with the Dispensaries. 
 
 In 1893 we have the City Mission with a 
 large staff of district nurses, the Society of 
 Ethical Culture, and nearly every church, of 
 whatever denomination, with one or more 
 nurses working in its parish ; besides these, 
 many ladies employ a nurse for a particular 
 locality in which they are interested. So 
 much for New York. 
 
 In the summer of 1883, one of the Ethical 
 Culture district nurses, a Bellevne gradu- 
 ate, was lent to Chicago. She spent six 
 months there, and left two districts running 
 smoothly. From there she went to Imliau- 
 apolis, and instructed the ladies of the 
 Flower Mission how to establish the work 
 in their city. In all cities through the land 
 wherever the.ro is a Training-school well 
 established will bo found the "district 
 nurse." 
 
 In 1884 another graduate, who had done
 
 73 
 
 district uursiug in this city, returned to Let 
 own country (Holland) to organize the 
 work there. As this was a branch of the 
 work very near to the hearts of the Man- 
 agers of this first Training-school, it is grati- 
 fying to feel how abundantly their efforts 
 in this direction have been blessed. 
 
 5th. Missionary nurses in foreigu lands. 
 
 In 1888 two graduates from Bellevue 
 went to China, one as Superintendent of a 
 Training-school and Hospital, the other as 
 missionary nurse. lu 1839 there was gradu- 
 ated from the same school a young Persian 
 woman who, when her medical studies are 
 completed, will return to her native laud 
 and practise her profession among her 
 country-women. 
 
 In 1890 another graduate went to Japan 
 to take charge of a Training-school, another 
 to Turkey for the same purpose. In 1891 
 another, who studied medicine after gradu- 
 ating, went to India, to work among the 
 women of that country. 
 
 In 1883 the Rev. Dr. Nevins, with the 
 aid of a Bellevue graduate, established St. 
 Paul's Home for Trained Nurses iu Rome, 
 Italy, and by them a large number of 
 American travellers have been nursed back 
 to health and strength.
 
 Much more could be written on the sub- 
 ject of "Missionary Nurses," but this will 
 suffice to show that "the little seed sown 
 with so much anxiety twenty years ago has 
 borne fruit a hundredfold." 
 
 6th. The private nurse. 
 
 The private uurse is so well known and 
 so thoroughly appreciated that very little 
 iieed be said on the subject. 
 
 From the very start, the family who had 
 once realized the comfort of a nurse in the 
 house who could be trusted, and whose 
 judgment could be relied upon, no matter 
 what emergency arose, would uever go back 
 to the old-time nurse. 
 
 The medical profession, at first very scep- 
 tical as to the advisability of having intel- 
 ligent nursing, soon felt it a necessity, and 
 to-day very few physicians will undertake 
 a case of severe illness without the aid of a 
 trained nurse. 
 
 Of the six branches of nurses' work this 
 last is without doubt the one that requires 
 the most of the nurse, and the nurse who 
 takes it up must accept heavy responsibil- 
 ities, and would be wise to understand 
 from the beginning that the work is very 
 exacting. 
 
 A good man once tried to impress upon a
 
 graduating class a little of what might be 
 expected of them in private duty : " That 
 they must be endowed with inexhaustible 
 patience and have almost superhuman en- 
 durance, that they are not supposed to 
 know weariness or exhaustion, and that 
 under the most trying conditions they must 
 maintain the bearing of a perfect lady." 
 
 Poor woman ! How much more satisfac- 
 tory it would be for the nurse if the public 
 would learn that she is not yet an angel, 
 any more than she is a machine. 
 
 It is not unusual to hear it said that " no 
 personal relation exists between 'the nurse 
 and her patient; it is just so much work 
 for so much money." Nothing does more 
 discredit to the profession than this idea. 
 Take away sentiment if you like, but leave 
 sympathy, for without it the nurse is never 
 a success. 
 
 Nearly all schools keep a " Registry " for 
 the benefit of their graduates, who find it 
 of incalculable service, and the physician, 
 as a rule, would rather get the nurse direct 
 from her school. 
 
 The number of private calls filled dur- 
 ing 1892 by graduates of Bellevue alone was 
 1366. This does not include the many that 
 could not be filled.
 
 T6 
 
 From this it can be soon that "Trained 
 Nursing" as a lucrative employment is ab- 
 solutely sure, and if the few noble women 
 who agitated this great reform in the nurs- 
 ing of the sick could see but this one result 
 of the trials and difficulties they went 
 through twenty years ago, they should bo 
 satisfied with the hundreds of educated 
 women they have been the means of 
 making independent women who would, 
 without this profession, be in many cases 
 more or less a burden on their friends, now 
 self-supporting, cheerful, and useful.
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE RED CKOSS. 
 
 BY LAURA M. DOOLITTLK. 
 
 THOUGH this Society has been iu exist- 
 ence iu Europe for twenty-nine years, and 
 in the United States for eleven, one realizes 
 in beginning to write of it that even to-day 
 its objects must be explained. So quiet, so 
 modest has our American branch been in its 
 ways and its manners that little is known 
 by our people at large of its character and 
 workings, although it is to-day one of the 
 most important philanthropic organizations 
 in the world one of the most productive 
 and beneficent. It is, then, a confederation 
 of relief societies iu different countries, the 
 aim of which is to ameliorate the condition 
 of sick and wounded soldiers in time of war. 
 Its operations extend over nearly the entire 
 civilized world. 
 
 But to understand its spirit one must 
 glance back into history for a moment 
 space would forbid more than a glance in 
 order to appreciate the conditions that made
 
 it necessary and finally led to its formation. 
 Though during the barbarous aud semi- 
 barbarous ages of the past, aud almost down 
 to our o\vu time, the maintaining of nation- 
 alities and governments, and through thorn, 
 strange as it may seem, the evolution of 
 civilization itself has depended upon and 
 made unavoidable incessant conflicts of 
 arms though war, the organized, system- 
 atic wounding, maiming, and slaughtering 
 of men has thus been largely the occupation 
 of the world not until three centuries ago 
 was there in existence any system supported 
 by the State for the care and relief of those 
 hors du combat through the calamities of 
 battle or siege. And later still, the medical 
 and sanitary service of armies was a thing 
 little thought of. Even during wars so re- 
 cent as the Napoleonic, when the bravest 
 and best of the people of all Europe were 
 being slain by thousands, there was no hos- 
 pital system worthy the name. In records 
 of the time we read much of the glory of dy- 
 ing iu the service of one's country, as though 
 that were all a soldier could ask, and that 
 glory, cheap and abundant, seemed to have 
 been pretty much all that Kings and Em- 
 perors and Councils were willing to grant. 
 One is lost iu wouder that such a stud 1 <>!'
 
 70 
 
 things could ever have existed, and, more 
 than sill, that it could have continued so late 
 in the history of the world. Is it " standing 
 still at high uoon and finding fault with the 
 shadows of early dawn " thus to wonder ? 
 But alas! universal war itself was sufficient 
 to prevent the spirit of humanity from 
 growing up. "We are screened evermore," 
 in the words of Emerson, "from prema- 
 ture ideas. Our eyes are holden that we 
 cannot see things that stare us iu the 
 face until the mind" [and the time] "is 
 ripened." 
 
 But the time was to ripen at last for a 
 change. Perhaps it was in the hidden 
 councils of God that those fierce and bloody 
 campaigns of the early years of our century 
 the culmination and denouement as it were 
 of the world's history down to that time, 
 should he the instrument iu bringing it 
 about. For certain it is that out of that 
 frenzied carnival of war, resulting from a 
 mighty upheaval of the elementary social 
 forces, the modern spirit of humanity, the 
 acknowledgment of the rights of man as 
 man, was born. It is to this sense largely 
 that we owe the recognition of what is due 
 to the soldier, for he has had during the ages 
 Ihe same claim which he has now, an the
 
 defender of nations and the guardian of civ- 
 ilization. 
 
 But this new spirit of humanity, once 
 abroad in the world, grew fast. Since the 
 campaigns of Napoleon no war has occurred 
 in Europe without voluntary relief societies 
 springing up in aid of the disabled, but their 
 efficiency was lessened by want of organiza- 
 tion and system, and their existence usual- 
 ly ended with the end of the war which 
 called them forth. When, however, the 
 great war of 1853 broke out between Russia 
 and the Allied Powers, it was evident that 
 Europe, and especially England, thought 
 dift'erently, felt differently in regard to the 
 common soldier from what she had ever done 
 before. He was far from being the mere 
 machine he had been. The people at largo 
 had come into new relations with him. A 
 new power in modern life also had grown up 
 which was to bring the two into still closer 
 touch. When the English armies set out 
 for the Crimea the newspaper correspond- 
 ent went with them. And when, after the 
 first battle, he poured upon Britain the story 
 of the sufferings of her army, the kingdom 
 from end to end was roused to sudden and 
 fierce indignation. The war was mighty and 
 desperate the climate deadly to men just
 
 from the humid lowlands of England and 
 the wind-swept highlands of Scotland and 
 Wales. Accounts continued to come thick 
 and fast of the awful condition of the troops. 
 One regiment was reduced from 1100 to 20 
 men able for duty. Another had but 10. 
 Men wounded in battle lay in the trenches, 
 or in pools of water, or in the mud just where 
 dropped by their comrades as they dragged 
 them from the front uutended and unfed, 
 their wounds rankling and festering. Pes- 
 tilence and disease of all kinds had their 
 way unhindered, for the hospitals, through 
 overcrowding, were little better than dens 
 of death. And this monstrous condition of 
 things ensued because Government had 
 failed to provide an efficient sanitary serv- 
 ice. The army had gone out with only a 
 half-supply of physicians, nurses, medicines, 
 and hospital stores. The heart of England 
 was stirred to its depths, and Government 
 woke as if from a dream. 
 
 The story of the great system then inau- 
 gurated and successfully carried out, of vol- 
 untary civil care, supplementary to that of 
 the military, of the sick and wounded in 
 time of war is well known. The truth was 
 accepted then and has not been disputed 
 since, that the military power never did and 
 6
 
 probably never could provide and keep in op- 
 eration an adequate medical service through 
 a long aud severe campaign. 
 
 Lord Sydney Herbert, Minister of War, 
 appalled like the rest by the awful distress 
 iu the Crimea, with great courage and res- 
 olution against the weight deep almost as 
 life of ancient military precedent aud prej- 
 udice wrote Miss Florence Nightingale, 
 then in charge of a hospital iu London, 
 asking for help. A letter from her to the 
 Minister begging permission to help was on 
 its way at the same moment. A few days 
 later she, with forty devoted women com- 
 panions, set out for the scene of war. Here 
 we have the beginning of a movement 
 which has grown in comparatively few 
 years to a system by which the miseries 
 of the soldiers in the field are reduced to 
 the lowest degree possible in the present 
 condition of human knosvledge. The his- 
 tory of Miss Nightingale and her three hun- 
 dred companions in the Crimejv for the 
 number was increased to that we will not 
 repeat. The whole world is familiar with 
 it; how order was brought out of chaos in 
 the hospitals, how now ones were estab- 
 lished, how hope and returning health fol- 
 lowed in the footsteps of those self-sacri-
 
 ficing \voineu, how men snatched from 
 quick-coining death would raise their feeble 
 hands in blessing and even kiss the shadow of 
 their benefactress as she passed, and how 
 she has become one of the world's highest 
 and most beloved ideals of character. 
 
 The story of the Crimean War, impressed 
 as it was by the experience of Miss Nightin- 
 gale and her staff, demonstrated the truth 
 that the sufferings resulting from war are in 
 a large measure preventable. But its great- 
 est service to humanity was in proving that 
 the civil arm could most properly and effect- 
 ively supplement the military in the sani- 
 tary service of belligerent armies. Never 
 again will the forces of an enlightened coun- 
 try set out to encounter battle and disease 
 except accompanied by a civil sanitary serv- 
 ice as complete as money and medical sci- 
 ence are able to supply. 
 
 And now we come to the immediate 
 events which led to the organization of 
 The Society of the Red Cross, under whose 
 banner every State in Europe is to-day en- 
 rolled. Some one has uttered a beautiful 
 and most suggestive saying, that " Saint 
 Francis was himself God's remembrance of 
 the poor." God's remembrance of the sick 
 and wounded soldier was a Swiss gentle-
 
 mau named Henri Dunant. Round his hu- 
 mane and sympathetic heart firat stirred 
 the thought that societies similar in aim to 
 those which had sprung up already in dif- 
 ferent countries to exist permanently 
 might be formed among all the Nations, 
 bound together by solemn agreements, to 
 prevent unnecessary suffering during mili- 
 tary campaigns. M. Dunant was travelling 
 in Italy in pursuit of his own objects, in 
 June, 1859, when the battle of Solferino oc- 
 curred. Happening to be near the place, he 
 took part in the care of the wounded, re- 
 maining for some days in the hospitals. He 
 was profoundly impressed with the strange 
 and to him unaccountable lack of facilities 
 for the care of the wounded. He thought 
 much and deeply upou the subject. After 
 a time he published a little book called A 
 Souvenir of Solferino, describing the scenes 
 he had witnessed and giving a vivid picture 
 of the horrors of war. The battles of the 
 Italian campaign were still fresh in people's 
 minds, and the book, soon translated into 
 several languages, made a deep and wide- 
 spread sensation. Encouraged by its recep- 
 tion, M. Dtinant resolved to present hia 
 theories before, the Society of Public Utility 
 a society of Switzerland similar in scope
 
 and purpose to our "Society of Social Sci- 
 ence" which meets annually at Saratoga. 
 
 The measure brought distinctly before 
 this Conference and discussed \vas the es- 
 tablishment in each country of a national 
 society to have for its object the voluntary 
 civil care of the sick and wounded during 
 campaigns. This central society was to form 
 auxiliary societies, each organization to be 
 permanent and to occupy themselves dur- 
 ing peace in whatever would tend to their 
 greater efficiency; in maintaining schools for 
 nurses; in studying new inventions and dis- 
 coveries in their line of work ; in keeping 
 up close intercourse with each other, that all 
 might benefit by interchange of ideas; in 
 collecting money and stores to be drawn 
 upon in case of need; and iu everything, in 
 fact, which would tend to a mastery of sani- 
 tary science and art. Each central society 
 was to make one of its essential duties the 
 securing of recognition by its Government, 
 and the establishing of sympathetic rela- 
 tions with it. 
 
 The President of the Swiss society, M. 
 Gustav Mognier, chanced to be a man of 
 large and liberal mind a philanthropist 
 who devoted all his time and large wealth 
 to its interests. He welcomed M. Duuant
 
 warmly, and presented him to the society. 
 This body appointed a committee, the Gen- 
 eral-in-Chief of the Swiss Confederation at 
 its head, to take charge of the movement 
 and endeavor to interest other countries. 
 An International Conference at Geneva in 
 October, 1863, was the result. Sixteen na- 
 tions, including all the great European pow- 
 ers except Russia, were represented. This 
 Conference, under the authority of the 
 Supreme Federal Council of Switzerland, 
 resolved to call an International Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 In response to this call a convention met 
 at Geneva, August 8, 1864. It was numer- 
 ously attended, and included twenty-five 
 members eminent in diplomatic or military 
 service, or in medical science All came 
 empowered by their Governments to make 
 and sign a treaty in accordance with its ob- 
 jects if it should be by them deemed advis- 
 able. Again sixteen nations were represent- 
 ed. The deliberations occupied two weeks. 
 A code of nine articles was adopted. The 
 first: " Tiiat hospitals containing the sick 
 and wounded shall be held neutral by bel- 
 ligerents so long as thus occupied." 
 
 The second and third provide for " The 
 neutrality and security of all persons em-
 
 ployed in care of the inmates of the hos- 
 pital surgeons, chaplains, nurses, attend- 
 ants even after the enemy has gained the 
 ground ; but when no longer required for 
 the wounded they shall be promptly con- 
 ducted under escort to the outposts of the 
 enemy to rejoin the corps to which they be- 
 long, thus preventing all opportunity to 
 roam free and make observations undercov- 
 er of neutrality," 
 
 " Article four settles the terms upon 
 which the material of hospitals shall not be 
 subject to capture." 
 
 " Article five, with a view to qniet the 
 fears of the inhabitants in the vicinity of 
 a battle, who often flee in terror, as well as 
 to secure their assistance and the comfort 
 of their homes for the care of the wounded, 
 offers military protection and certain ex- 
 emptions to all who shall entertain and care 
 for the wounded in their houses." 
 
 "Article six binds the parties contracting 
 the treaty, not only to give the requisite 
 care and treatment to all sick and wounded 
 who shall fall into their hands, but to see to 
 it that their misfortune shall not be aggra- 
 vated by the prospect of banishment or im- 
 prisonment , they shall not be retained as 
 prisoners of war, but, if circumstances admit,
 
 H 
 
 may be given np immediately after the ac- 
 tion, to be cared for by their own army, or, 
 if retained until recovered, and found dis- 
 abled for service, they shall be safely re- 
 turned to their country and friends, and 
 also that all convoys of sick and wounded 
 shall be protected by absolute neutrality." 
 
 "Article seven provides for a flag for hos- 
 pitals and convoys, and an arm-badge for 
 persons. The badge adopted was a red cross 
 with four equal arms, on a white ground 
 this being the national ensign of Switzer- 
 land with the colors reversed." 
 
 "Articles eight and nine pi'ovide for the 
 details of execution being left open for the 
 subsequent admission of other Govern- 
 ments." 
 
 This treaty at first received twelve sig- 
 natures, which were soon increased to six- 
 teen. 
 
 The formation of this treaty of Geneva 
 I must use that well-worn phrase for no 
 other so well expresses the truth marks an 
 epoch. Nothing so beneficent has been 
 produced within the century. The world- 
 spirit the Welt-Geist in its onward sweep 
 through humanity must surely have paused 
 when this compact was signed, to mark the 
 spot with a white stone. For no intelligent
 
 gg 
 
 person cau listen to its provisions and not 
 be conscious of the feeling away down in 
 the depths of his soul that here is the begin- 
 ning of the end of war. Though he may not 
 be able to justify his belief to reason, yet 
 the belief remains. Since the time when, 
 the wounded were, as a matter of course, left 
 to starve, die, and rot on the field where 
 they fell what a change ! The spirit of 
 Christ has at last begun to work itself into 
 the practices and institutions of Govern- 
 ments and Nations. Indeed, when one thinks 
 upon Ministers of State writing orders for 
 rifled cannon, Krupp guns, and dynamite, 
 and with the same stroke of the pen pur- 
 chasing balms, cordials, and downy pillows 
 for wounded enemies who may fall into their 
 hands when one sees in Governmental 
 reports of the expenses of campaigns, the 
 salaries of surgeons, nurses, and attendants 
 of a costly service used for disabled enemies 
 equally with its own he begins to look 
 beneath the surface of things for the source 
 of the strange anomaly. Thus looking, he 
 sees that in the growth of the world in civ- 
 ilization, in the progress of that moral rev- 
 olution, the germs of which were planted 
 when Christianity was unfolded, the spirit 
 of war itself has changed. Anciently, wars
 
 90 
 
 were usually of conquest or for religion, 
 and, of course, of invasion. Of the former, 
 the primary idea was the depriving of 
 some people of their hard-won rights, and 
 both were of a kind calculated to rouse 
 the fiercest human passions. The fighting 
 was hand to hand, too face to face ; weap- 
 ons were such knives, spears, swords 
 that it could not be otherwise. Men became 
 like wild beasts in the fray The berserkers 
 of the cold and stolid North, sufficiently to 
 fire their passions for the conflict, used to 
 quaff a fiery drink which was believed to 
 have miraculous powers and which excited 
 them to frenzy. In the midst of such a state 
 of things "no quarter" to the fallen, whether 
 wounded or whole, was, of course, the rule. 
 But. since that early time the world has so 
 altered that during the latter half of our 
 century wars of conquest and invasion, or 
 even of ambition and selfish personal ag- 
 grandizement have rarely occurred except 
 among barbarous people. Now nations re- 
 sort to arms to preserve the balance of pow- 
 er or for the national vanity or to defeat 
 the ignorant and reckless spirit of disunion. 
 Instead of close personal combat wars are 
 illustrations of the triumph of inventive 
 genius as shown in magnificent ordnance;
 
 91 
 
 they are demonstrations of a country's 
 wealth and power, and the resources of its 
 proletariat. Instead of expressions of a spirit 
 of rage and destruction, wars are at present 
 largely constructive and preservative. Thus 
 the beautiful, beneficent, peace-making trea- 
 ty we are considering came to be possible 
 only iu the year 1864, instead of in any 
 previous year of the Christian era. And 
 almost in the same decade the idea of arbi- 
 tration in cases of national dispute was born. 
 Forty Governments are now bound to- 
 gether by the articles of Geneva. So many 
 nations, some of Asia, some of the isles of 
 the sea, clasp hands under its banner and 
 pledge themselves to carry out its humane 
 provisions. Never again in any civilized 
 country will the words, "wounded and a 
 prisoner" worse than the tidings "killed 
 in battle" strike death to the hearts of 
 waiting, longing wives and mothers. Never 
 again will the fallen in battle lie unfed and 
 nntended, in heat, in wet, or frozen to the 
 earth, for want of the flag of truce which 
 would make safe the relief-corps going to 
 their rescue; never again will the ambulance 
 which would pick its way about to gather 
 them up, run the risk of being fired upon by 
 the exultant victors who shall hold the field.
 
 In the organization of the Red Cross So- 
 ciety it was thought indispensable that 
 there should be a head-centre, empowered 
 to act as agent between the societies com- 
 posing it. When- the Conference of 1863 
 closed, it was at once decided by the com- 
 mittee appointed to execute its benign de- 
 crees, that the society of the country which 
 had been nursing-mother to the original idea, 
 Switzerland, should be this head -centre. 
 The Swiss society, therefore, is internation- 
 al, the only one that is so. It occupies itself 
 with the general interests and objects of 
 the society, and in correspondence with the 
 others a correspondence carried on in all 
 the languages of Europe. 
 
 The first act in each country, after its 
 Government has signed the treaty, has been 
 to form a National central society. Euch 
 National society is independent, making its 
 own regulations, except as it owes alle- 
 giance to the head-centre the international 
 society of Switzerland in respect to a few 
 fundamental principles essential to unity of 
 direction and successful action. 
 
 These are, first, that in each country there 
 shall be one national, central society, to 
 which the auxiliary societies in that coun- 
 try shall be tributary, the central society
 
 being the medium of communication for all 
 with the seat of war and with medical au- 
 thorities. It is through this central soci- 
 ety that the work is recognized by Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Second, that the societies shall in time of 
 peace keep themselves constantly prepared 
 for war, thus securing permanency of or- 
 ganization. 
 
 Third, that during war their succor shall 
 be extended to foe equally with friend, when- 
 ever necessary. 
 
 Fourth, that societies whose countries are 
 at peace may send relief to belligerent ar- 
 mies without being considered to violate 
 any principle of neutrality to which their 
 Governments may be pledged. 
 
 Auxiliary societies are formed as many 
 as are found desirable and useful to co-op- 
 erate with the central society. 
 
 In Europe the central societies are under 
 the patronage of men and women of rank 
 often the members of royal families. Of the 
 first one formed, the German Empress Au- 
 gusta, grandmother of the present Emperor, 
 was head, taking ardent interest in its af- 
 fairs. Her daughter, Grand - duchess Lou- 
 ise of Baden, filled the same position in the 
 society of that country. Both these ladies
 
 were heart and soul in the work of the Rod 
 Cross. 
 
 It would be a labor of love to tell in de- 
 tail the story of the work of this great so- 
 ciety on many fields since its organization 
 nearly twenty-nine years ago. The treaty 
 has triumphantly stood every test to which 
 it has been put, and the same may be af- 
 firmed of the many societies formed under it. 
 They have proved their incalculable useful- 
 ness in every war which has occurred in Eu- 
 rope since their formation. During the first 
 ten years of existence they participated iu 
 five great wars. A description of some of 
 their methods and achievements during one 
 of these that of Sleswick-Holsteiu in 1866 
 will, however, serve to indicate their work. 
 And here the only recourse for information 
 is to pages written by the honored President 
 of the American Society. 
 
 Germany took the Red Cross close to her 
 heart from the first. At once, after putting 
 her name to the treaty, she formed a pow- 
 erful central society, which came into most 
 cordial relations with the Government, en- 
 joying its earnest sympathy. Sub-commit- 
 tees were established in many parts of the 
 Kingdom. All set heartily to work study- 
 ing methods, training nurses, collec ting sup-
 
 N 
 
 plies, and in every way preparing themselves 
 according to the spirit of the conference of 
 1863. When war came, therefore, in 1866, 
 the Red Cross of Germany was fully ready. 
 " The Central Committee of Berlin was 
 flooded with contributions from the provin- 
 cial committees. In the eight provinces or 
 Prussia four millions of thalers were collect- 
 ed, and the other States of Germany were 
 not behind. So munificently did the people 
 bestow their aid that large storehouses were 
 provided in Berlin and in the provinces for 
 its reception ; and at the central depot in 
 Berlin two hundred paid persons, besides a 
 large number of volunteers and nearly three 
 hundred ladies and misses, were employed in 
 classifying, parcelling, packing up, and des- 
 patching the goods. Special railroad trains 
 carried material to the points of need. In 
 one train were twenty-six cars laden with 
 two thousand hundred-weight of supplies. 
 Never had private charity, however carefully 
 directed, been able to accomplish such prod- 
 igies of benevolence. It was now that the 
 beneficence of the treaty and the excellence 
 of the organization were manifested. But 
 the committee did not confine itself to send- 
 ing supplies for the wounded to the seat 
 of war. It established and provisioned re-
 
 freshmeut stations for the trains to which 
 those unable to proceed to the great hospi- 
 tals without danger to life were admitted, 
 nursed, and cared for with the teuderest so- 
 licitude until they were sufficiently recov- 
 ered to be removed, or death took them. At 
 the station of Pardubitz from six hundred 
 to eight hundred were cared for daily, for 
 two months, and lodging provided for three 
 hundred at night. This example suffices to 
 show the extraordinary results of well-or- 
 ganized plans and concerted action. During 
 the war the relief societies had also to con- 
 tend with the terrible scourge, Cholera. 
 There can be no estimate of the misery as- 
 suaged and deaths prevented by the unself- 
 ish zeal and devotion of the wearers of the 
 Red Cross." 
 
 Constant to their brave humanitarian pur- 
 pose, the German societies filled the interval 
 between 1866 and 1870 with the most loyal 
 and excellent preparatory work. When the 
 Franco - Prussian war broke out, therefore, 
 they were again in a condition of complete 
 efficiency. The central society had only to 
 clap its hands, as it were, and hundreds of 
 able assistants, equipped cap-h-pie, appeared 
 in Berlin, to be despatched to all points, 
 "forming a chain which extended over the
 
 whole country aud numbered over two thou- 
 sand persons. Constant communication was 
 kept up between these committees and the 
 central bureau, aud the most perfect order 
 and discipline was maintained. Relief was 
 sent from one or other of these stations as 
 needed. The State afforded free transport, 
 and the voluntary contributions of the peo- 
 ple kept up the supplies of sanitary material, 
 so that there was never any lack or danger 
 of failure. With the Government trans- 
 ports, whether by laud or water, there went 
 always the agents of the Red Cross, protect- 
 ed by their badges and flag, to wait on the 
 invoices, hasten their progress, see to their 
 being kept in good order, and properly de- 
 livered at their destination. Depots of sup- 
 plies were moved from place to place as ex- 
 igencies demanded. The greatest care was 
 taken to prevent disorder 6r confusion, and 
 the best military circumspection aud regu- 
 larity prevailed. The great central depot at 
 Berlin comprised seven sections viz., camp 
 material, clothing, dressing for wounds, sur- 
 gical apparatus, medicines and disinfectants, 
 food and tobacco, and hospital furnishings. 
 Of their work of unparalleled activity, un- 
 selfish devotion, and holy beneficence in all 
 wars among all peoples, from their iustitu-
 
 tion to the present moment, there is neither 
 time nor space for me to speak." 
 
 The Red Cross of France was not in a con- 
 dition of preparation at this time at all com- 
 parable with that of Germany. France, 
 which has conferred upon the world so 
 many of its greatest hlessiugs " head of the 
 human column " in philanthropies as in oth- 
 er greatest things followed other nations 
 at that time, and has since, in the great 
 movement for alleviating the horrors of war. 
 The preparations of the Red Cross had to be 
 made, to a considerable extent, after the con- 
 flict was on ; but then with the utmost ar- 
 dor France threw herself into the work. 
 Within a month a thorough system was set 
 in motion. Committees perfectly equipped 
 were at the stations as the tide of the man- 
 gled and bleeding began to roll back upon 
 the capital. History has recorded the suf- 
 ferings, the horrors, and misery which ac- 
 companied the war of 1870, but history can 
 never relate what wretchedness was averted. 
 what agonies alleviated, what multitudes of 
 lives saved, by the presence and effort of 
 those relief societies! What the state of 
 France must have been without the merci- 
 ful help of the Red Cross, the imagination 
 dares not picture.
 
 n 
 
 The states of Europe at peace at that time 
 were also stirred to bountiful liberality. Au 
 outline of the stupendous work of the soci- 
 ety would be incomplete without an allu- 
 sion to this feature. England alone con- 
 tributed 7,500,000 francs, and within a few 
 months sent 12,000 boxes of sanitary sup- 
 plies to the agents of the society. 
 
 We come now to the events which led to 
 the formation of the American society. And 
 here the explanation may bo given which 
 has doubtless been looked for quite curious- 
 ly by readers of this paper that is, why an 
 account of the Red Cross Society should ap- 
 pear at all in a volume treating of Woman's 
 Work in Philanthropy ; for, so far as has yet 
 appeared, the work of that society has been 
 the work of men. Indeed, in the Old World 
 all the societies are officered by men except 
 those of Germany and Baden. But our 
 American society has for its president a 
 woman, Miss Clara Barton, and about three- 
 fourths of its entire personnel are women. 
 
 To understand the history of the Red 
 Cross in America we must first understand 
 something of the history of Miss Barton. 
 For with such quietness, such single-minded 
 devotion to duty alone, has her work been 
 done, that astonishing as it may be to
 
 too 
 
 those who know her well and love her 
 there is little doubt that multitudes even iu 
 our own laud are familiar only with her 
 name. At the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 Miss Barton, then a young woman, was 
 spending some time iu Washington. When 
 news came that Northern troops en route to 
 the capital had been fired upon and wound- 
 ed, iu Baltimore, she, with several others, 
 volunteered to go and care for them. Her 
 life-work opened before her that day. There- 
 after she was in the hospitals, and wherever 
 our soldiers were sick and in need of attend- 
 ance. She came soon to be recognized as a 
 woman of no common ability and discretion. 
 She could go iu her quiet, self-contained way 
 among hospitals and camps anywhere iu 
 Washington unchallenged by the closest 
 stickler for routine and red tape. She met 
 the wounded as they poured in from Vir- 
 ginia, and she attended them upon the field. 
 Military trains were at her service. She \\ us 
 present at the battles of Cedar Mountain, 
 second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericks- 
 burg ; was eight mouths at the siege of 
 Charleston, at Fort Wagner, in front of Pe- 
 tersburg, aud at the Wilderness. She was 
 also at the hospitals in Richmond and on 
 Morris Island. Her labora were uot over
 
 101 
 
 even when the war ended ; for, in obedience 
 to the most tender of human sentiments, she 
 remained at Audersonville five years, in or- 
 der to mark as many as possible of the 
 graves of the thirteen thousand Union pris- 
 oners there buried. The labor involved can 
 hardly be imagined. 
 
 When this Scicred and self-imposed duty 
 was over Miss Barton was utterly broken in 
 health. Her physicians ordered her to Eu- 
 rope to recuperate. Health was still unset- 
 tled when, during the Franco-Prussian War, 
 she was asked to join the relief corps of the 
 Red Cross in the field, for her splendid work 
 during the war at home was well known in 
 Europe. She did heroic service on most 
 of the battle-fields of France during that 
 war, her experience and her knowledge be- 
 ing eagerly sought. 
 
 When, in 1869, it became known that Misa 
 Barton had arrived in Geneva, she was at 
 once called upon by the President and mem- 
 bers of the International Society of the Red 
 Cross. They came to ask an explanation 
 of the anomalous fact that the United States, 
 which had shown the most scrupulous and 
 tender care for its own wounded, organizing 
 a sanitary service on a scale hitherto uu- 
 thought of the world over, had held aloof
 
 102 
 
 from and given the cold shoulder to the Red 
 Cross. 
 
 Miss Barton assured these gentlemen that 
 she had never heard of the society, nor of 
 the treaty of Geneva. After the nature, ob- 
 jects, and history of the great organization 
 had been set out to her, she told her visitors 
 that she could assure them that the United 
 States the people of the United States 
 were totally ignorant that proposals such as 
 they alluded to had ever been submitted to 
 our Government ; that probably they had 
 been referred to some department, or per- 
 haps to some single official, who did not see 
 fit to present them to our people, and that 
 therefore the United States, as a nation, had 
 never heard of them. 
 
 Miss Barton's great, tender, humanity-em- 
 bracing heart became at once absorbed in 
 studying the Geneva treaty and the soci- 
 eties under it. Of course she was aflame 
 with enthusiasm and love for it ; aflame 
 also with shame that the United States was 
 not a party to the treaty not a member of 
 a world's society having for its object "the 
 amelioration of the condition of wounded 
 soldiers in campaign on land or sea" (the 
 maritime provision being added subsequent 
 to the original treaty). She resolved that if
 
 103 
 
 she lived to see her native land again sue 
 would give herself no rest until she had 
 made our people acquainted with the treaty 
 of Geneva. 
 
 In regard to the connection of our country 
 with the Red Cross, let it he rememhered 
 that at the conference of 1863 we were rep- 
 resented hy our minister at Berne, and that 
 proposals were sent us to unite in the meas- 
 ures it set on foot, and that these proposals 
 were disregarded. Again, after a conven- 
 tion held in 1868 in Paris, in which the 
 United States was represented hy Dr. Henry 
 W. Bellows, the distinguished head of tbe 
 Sanitary Commission, the subject was again 
 presented to our Government hy that gen- 
 tleman, and articles submitted. Again, 
 strangely enough, they met only indifference. 
 Throngh^the efforts of Dr. Bellows, however, 
 a society was formed, hut it lacked the feat- 
 ure essential to success the sanction and 
 sympathy of Government. This society was 
 naturally short-lived. 
 
 We come to the events which, after many 
 long years of indefatigable effort and patri- 
 otic devotion on the part of one tireless, 
 patient woman, finally led to the formation 
 of the Red Cross Society of America. 
 
 Miss Barton came home after the war in
 
 104 
 
 Europe was over, a suffering invalid. She 
 lay for years upon a bed of weakness, aud 
 when at last nature rallied, she had to begin 
 life almost like a little child and acquire 
 everything anew, even the power to walk. 
 As soon as she was able, she went to Wash- 
 ington and presented the subject of the 
 Geneva treaty to the administration of 
 President Hayes. This was in 1877. To 
 give form and definiteness, the cause was 
 bodied forth in a committee consisting of 
 three women and one man. Two of these 
 are still living Miss Barton and Mr. John 
 Hitz, a gentleman long resident at the Cap- 
 itol as the representative of the Swiss Gov- 
 ernment in our country, of large brain, su- 
 perior executive talent, aud the kindest and 
 tenderest heart. 
 
 The efforts of 1877 were fruitless, winning 
 no response. Not until four years later, 
 when another Soldier -president the mar- 
 tyred Garfield was in the chair, did the 
 little society, brave and faith-sustained, re- 
 ceive assurances of sympathy from Govern- 
 ment. The lamented Senator Windoin laid 
 the subject before the Cabinet. The Presi- 
 dent aud all his Secretaries were at once cord- 
 ially interested. Secretary of State Blaiuo, 
 whoso heart beat always in sympathy with
 
 105 
 
 the heart of humanity, \vith a mind quick 
 to perceive, and a hand swift to do the thing 
 demanded to be done, wrote a warm letter 
 of approval, and the President recommended 
 in his first message to Congress our accession 
 to the treaty. This was seventeen years 
 after the first presentation of the subject to 
 our Government. The society of 1877 re- 
 organized and became incorporated as tho 
 American Association of the Red Cross. 
 
 But tho time was not quite yet. Presi- 
 dent Garfield was denied the happiness of 
 signing the Geneva treaty. This was re- 
 served for his successor, President Arthur, 
 who nobly and promptly took up the work, 
 incorporating a plea for it in his first mes- 
 sage to Congress. The Honorable Commit- 
 tee on Foreign Affairs in the Senate, of whom 
 were Senators Edmunds, Morgan, and Lap- 
 ham, all strong, true friends of the cause, 
 received it favorably. The accession of tho 
 United States to the articles of the Geneva 
 convention was agreed upon by Congress, 
 and the treaty received the signature of 
 President Arthur on the first day of March, 
 1882. 
 
 A modification of the treaty, some change 
 in its articles, and some addition thereto 
 were indispensable in order to adapt it to
 
 106 
 
 the needs and purposes of the United States. 
 In Europe the perpetual and ever-present 
 condition is somewhat that of a colossal 
 and various camp. Peace, even, seems more 
 like an armed trnce, for war ever menaces. 
 So, in the Old World, the Red Cross has 
 kept its first purpose that of caring for the 
 wounded and sick of belligerent armies. 
 
 But the United States, favored above other 
 countries by geographical and political situ- 
 ation, is comparatively exempt from the dan- 
 ger of war. Partly because of this Heaven- 
 bestowed exemption, and partly in order to 
 secure one of the most essential conditions 
 of usefulness in Red- Cross work constant 
 preparation and complete discipline in time 
 of peace it was deemed indispensable that 
 her constitution should permit and en- 
 join work other tliau that pertaining to 
 armies. Incorporated among the articles of 
 the treaty is a distinctly American and most 
 important feature. It is that our society 
 shall have for one of its objects aids to the 
 suffering in times of great National calam- 
 ity, such as floods and cyclones visitations 
 to which we are peculiarly liable great 
 fires, pestilence, earthquake, local famines. 
 It is needless to say that its work has been 
 exclusively in times of such calamities.
 
 107 
 
 Its splendid achievements in this field re- 
 main to be told. 
 
 Misfortunes such as those named come iu 
 an instant and without warning. To pre- 
 vent vast and untold suffering relief must 
 be swift. Therefore, complete provision and 
 preparation are essential. When the word 
 speeds over the wires that fires have broken 
 out iu the forests of Michigan, the first great 
 disaster after the society came into being, 
 and that thousands are fleeing for their 
 lives from burning dwellings, and are with- 
 out food even the beasts which might have 
 served them being driven before the flame 
 into streams and lakes the President of 
 the central society at Washington telegraphs 
 the committee in Milwaukee and Chicago 
 to hasten to the scene. Iu a few hours they 
 are en route. She, with her own assistants, 
 also, and as many from other auxiliaries as 
 she thiuks necessary, at once set out. Am- 
 ple supplies are drawn upon and cars 
 loaded with everything which can possibly 
 be wanted. The primary needs of men are 
 to be provided for. Tools and material for 
 putting up cabins are on board ,* clothes, 
 beds, bedding, cooking -utensils, tubs, soap, 
 oil, tables and chairs, are part of the cargo. 
 Arrived, they quietly, without confusion, set
 
 108 
 
 to work to organize the men and women on 
 the ground into working committees. They 
 know just wh.it needs doing first, and sec- 
 ond, and third. By their thorough system, 
 aided by the recognition and ruspect which 
 their calmness and their resources inspire, 
 the most urgent needs of the panic-stricken 
 people are provided for in the shortest pos- 
 sible time. This accomplished, men and wom- 
 en begin to recover the use of their facul- 
 ties, and can cast about to do for themselves. 
 Weeks and months, when necessary, the 
 Red Cross committees stay, expending their 
 money, counselling, sustaining, helping the 
 impoverished so that they can again begin 
 to live and support their families. 
 
 Twelve great national calamities have 
 claimed the services of the Red Cross. Next 
 after the Michigan fires came the Ohio and 
 Mississippi floods of 1882, then the Missis- 
 sippi cyclone ; again the floods of 1884 ; the 
 Virginia epidemic ; the Texas drought ; the 
 Charleston earthquake ; the Mt. Vernon (Il- 
 linois) cyclone, and the great Johnstown 
 disaster. lu addition to these, it ministered 
 also to the peasants of Russia during the 
 great famine. Time would fail should one 
 attempt to describe the work of the society 
 in these times of distress. When the great
 
 109 
 
 floods in tlio Ohio ami Mississippi valleys 
 occurred, and it was ascertained that wide- 
 spread suffering existed, Miss Barton sent a 
 notice to the Associated Press that the Red 
 Cross would go to the rescue. Immediately 
 supplies and money by thousands poured in. 
 She, with her staff, including Dr. Hubbell, 
 who, as field -agent, is her right hand, and 
 Mr. Hitz, her trusted aud efficient assistant, 
 started for St. Louis. Here boats are char- 
 tered and loaded with every description of 
 supplies, including forage for cattle. Down 
 the Ohio and interminable Mississippi they 
 steam, stopping all along at villages aud 
 cities where want is known to prevail. 
 Quickly the citizens are called together, aud 
 a committee organized to distribute the sup- 
 plies. Native insight and life-long experi- 
 ence enable Miss Barton to choose safely 
 among these strangers. Everything is be-, 
 stowed which is needed, aud the boat steams 
 on. The first that the inhabitants of these 
 places know of relief, or of the Red Cross, is 
 when the boat with the magical emblem 
 draws up to their shores, and Miss Barton 
 the same blazon upon her arm steps ashore 
 aud begins to assemble the people to in- 
 quire what is most wanted. Truly, she 
 must seeiu to these stricken people, dazed
 
 110 
 
 by sadden calamity, like a being from an- 
 other planet. 
 
 No better occasion has occurred to illus- 
 trate the methods and also the magnificent 
 bounty of the Red Cross than the unparal- 
 leled horror iu the Couemangh Valley. The 
 first train from the East brought the Presi- 
 dent and fifty aides, and with them ev- 
 erything imaginable which human beings 
 could need who were stripped of their all. 
 Establishing themselves in tents, they be- 
 gan giving out food; a house-to-house, a 
 man-to-man inspection being set up, that all 
 might be provided for. Such was the per- 
 fect and universal confidence in the society 
 that money and supplies continued to come, 
 and soon depots had to be erected to re- 
 ceive them. The secretary brought to- 
 gether the women of Johnstown, bowed to 
 the earth with sorrow and bereavement, and 
 the most responsible were formed into com- 
 mittees charged with definite duties towards 
 the homeless and distraught of the com- 
 munity. Through them the wants of over 
 3000 families more than 20,000 persons 
 were made known in writing to the li< <l 
 Cross, and by it supplied ; the white w;i-- 
 ons with the red symbol fetching and car- 
 rying for the stricken people. Barracks
 
 Ill 
 
 were erected in which large numbers were 
 housed and fed ; then came the erection of 
 two and fonr roomed dwellings, and the 
 people, set in families once more, began 
 to live, furniture being supplied by the so- 
 ciety. A hospital was arranged warm, 
 light, and comfortable. All these buildings 
 were, in the autumn, turned over to the city 
 for use during the winter. Miss Barton 
 and her corps remained till the last of Oc- 
 tober four months in the devastated, 
 sorrow -stricken city. Among the most 
 melting words ever written are those in 
 the Johnstown papers of that date in re- 
 gard to the Red Cross Society and its deeds 
 in that city. 
 
 The vital idea of the Red Cross is not 
 charity it scorns the word but friendli- 
 ness, helpfulness. It is a privilege to do 
 for those in trouble ; they are neighbors in 
 the Good Samaritan sense : in a word, hu- 
 man brotherhood is their creed, and nothing 
 less than the true law of love as given by 
 Jesus Christ their animating principle. 
 
 In March, 1893, the American Society re- 
 ceived a long -desired and welcome gift. 
 Dr. Joseph Gardner, of Bedford, Indiana, 
 presented to it a tract of land comprising 
 more than one square mile, with buildings,
 
 112 
 
 fruit trees, and all appurtenances of a fertile 
 and beautiful farm. In accepting this gift, 
 Miss Barton says: "This laud, as the prop- 
 erty of the American National Red Cross, 
 will be the one piece of neutral ground on 
 the Western hemisphere, protected by in- 
 ternational treaty against the tread of hos- 
 tile feet. It is a perpetual sanctuary against 
 invading armies, and will be so respected 
 and held sacred by the military powers of 
 the world. Forty nations are pledged to 
 hold all material and stores of the Red 
 Cross, and all its followers, neutral in war, 
 and free to go and come as their duties 
 require. 
 
 "While its business headquarters will 
 remain as before at the capital of the Na- 
 tion, the gift still forms a realization of the 
 hopes so long cherished that the National 
 Red Cross may have a place to accumulate 
 and produce material and stores for sudden 
 emergencies and great calamities ; and if 
 war should come upon our laud, which may 
 God avert, wo may be able to fulfil the 
 mission that onr adhesion to the Geneva 
 treaty has made binding upon us. 
 
 " I will direct that monuments be erected 
 defining the boundaries of this domain, 
 dedicated to eternal peace and humanity,
 
 113 
 
 upon which shall bo inscribed the insignia 
 of the treaty of Geneva, which insignia all 
 the nations of the earth are bound by sol- 
 emn covenant to respect. 
 
 " Not only our people, but the peoples of 
 all civilized nations will have published to 
 their knowledge that the American Nation- 
 al Red Cross has a house and a recognized 
 abiding-place through all generations. 
 
 " For this I have striven for years, mainly 
 misunderstood, often misinterpreted, and it 
 is through your clear intuition and humane 
 thought that the clouds have been swept 
 away and my hopes have been realized." 
 
 The writer lingers lovingly about her 
 subject when writing of that consecrated 
 woman, Clara Barton. Her superb execu- 
 tive ability must have impressed all who 
 meet her. She influences and controls men 
 and women not so much because of native 
 gifts of leadership, as because of elevation 
 of character, strong convictions, and high 
 purposes. In person and manner she is 
 gentle and womanly, her voice sweet and 
 feminine j but that she is an unusual, pecul- 
 iar woman, every one feels who meets her. 
 That which is deeply borne in upon the 
 mind is that she is totally without fear ; 
 that the " custom " which lies upon the rest 
 
 8
 
 114 
 
 of us with such a weight lies not at all upon 
 her; that for some deep reason she is a wom- 
 an apart. She is law to her staff, and is wor- 
 shipped by them. 
 
 A life devoted wholly to the highest ob- 
 jects, a heart single to the service of human- 
 ity, time, health, and fortune given without 
 stint and without hope of earthly reward 
 history cannot fail to place her high on the 
 roll of those who love God supremely, and 
 Ler neighbor as herself. 
 
 In a little casket in Miss Barton's room 
 lie some few jewels, badges of orders, gifts 
 from royal persons, societies, and benefi- 
 ciaries, visible testimonials of love, grati- 
 tude, and appreciation a Court jewel from 
 the Grand-duchess of Baden, a medal from 
 the Queen of Italy, a badge from the Queeu 
 of Servia; the Iron Cross of Merit given 
 only for heroic deeds of kindness from old 
 Kaiser Wilhelm, and some other decora- 
 tions. A beautiful brooch and pendant of 
 diamonds testify to the abounding grati- 
 tude and love of the people of Johnstown. 
 
 The Central Society of the Red Cross is 
 housed in Washington in a manner becoming 
 its importance. It occupies a large, hand- 
 some mansion, dignified by age and by histor- 
 ic associations, having been during the Civil
 
 War the headquarters of General Grant 
 Its interior walls are covered with flags of 
 many nations, the crimson banner of Switz- 
 erland occupying the place of honor. The 
 house looks out on Grand Army Place and 
 ou the beautiful mail to the rear of the 
 White House, and directly fronts the mag- 
 nificent edifice of the War Department. 
 The expenses of this establishment, as well 
 as those of Miss Barton herself, are defrayed 
 from her private fortune. 
 
 From the tower of this mansion floats the 
 white flag, emblazoned with its sacred 
 symbol, signifying to all the world that the 
 United States is in league with thirty-nine 
 other peoples of the earth to promote hu- 
 man brotherhood, and thus to help bring in 
 the reign of peace.
 
 THE INDIAN. 
 
 (First Paper.) 
 
 BY MRS. AMELIA STONE QUINTON, PRESIDENT 
 OF THE WOMEN'S NATIONAL INDIAN ASSO 
 
 CIATION. 
 
 OF the many reasons which inspired the 
 formation of the Women's National Indian 
 Association tlie most cogent were that it 
 was not in law a crime to kill an Indian, 
 and that he had no rights which the white 
 man was bound to respect. He was still 
 subject to enforced removals from his own 
 land; he was constantly robbed; the United 
 States Indian agent had despotic power over 
 him, and could suspend all trade on the res 
 ervation, could suspend the chief, and drive 
 off or arrest all visitors whose presence he 
 might not approve or desire. The Indian 
 could not make contracts; he could not him- 
 self sell anything he could raise or manu- 
 facture, except to the trader appointed by 
 Government ; he had no legal title or inter- 
 est in the annual productions of the soil ; ho 
 was banished to wild reservations, and re-
 
 117 
 
 quired to farm when farming was impossible 
 even to instructed farmers, and at the same 
 time he was deprived of arms and ammuni- 
 tion for hunting, and was then forbidden to 
 leave the reservation ! The white man sup- 
 planted him in trapping and hunting, in (he 
 seal and salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast ; 
 and though the Indian was a natural herder 
 of cattle, it was made a felony for him to 
 sell them. Our nation practically prohibited 
 all lines of work natural to him, and falsified 
 its promises to furnish him means for farming 
 the one kind of labor prescribed and insist- 
 ed upon. There was ceaseless oppression, 
 and all these crimes burn with a lurid light 
 in the records of our dealings with Indians. 
 How great a debt to the Indian has our na- 
 tion contracted by all these crimes against 
 his natural rights, his manhood, his human- 
 ity ! And many of these wrongs still exist. 
 The agitation of this subject was at last 
 popularly begun in 1879, by the work now 
 known as that of The Women's National Ind- 
 ian Association, and this was the first or- 
 ganization devoted to this object. The Ind- 
 ian Rights Association, organized by Herbert 
 Welsh, Esq., began its admirable and efficient 
 service just as the fourth annual petition of 
 the women's society was ready for Congress.
 
 118 
 
 It was the persistent appeals of this women's 
 society to all classes of citizens, by petitions 
 and assemblies, political, philanthropic, and 
 religions and its work through the press 
 which originated the modern popular move- 
 ment on behalf of Indians * audit was these 
 efforts with those of the Indian Rights As- 
 sociation and other friends of Indians, com- 
 bined with the great work of Senator Dawes, 
 wbicb, in March, 1887,. secured the passage 
 of the Dawes Severalty Bill which forever 
 opened the door of United States citizenship 
 to the red man and gave to him lauds in 
 severalty with legal protection. Tbe As- 
 sociation's second petition asked for all the 
 rights of Indians, and it was its third peti- 
 tion, in February, 1882, which asked for the 
 common scbool and industrial education of 
 all Indian children, for lands in severalty, 
 and citizenship. Of the Association's ear- 
 nest, persistent, and widely extended agita- 
 tion of this subject, Senator Dawes, long 
 chairman of the Senate Indian Committee, 
 said that " the new Indian policy of gov- 
 ernment" now everywhere approved was 
 born of and nursed by the women of this 
 Association." 
 
 The chief work of the Association is done 
 by national standing committees or depart-
 
 119 
 
 ments, by State auxiliaries and their local 
 branches. The general organization is fed- 
 eral and simple. 
 
 Any group of persons interested can form 
 themselves into an Indian Association, and 
 on applying to the national Executive Board 
 can be received, if willing to adopt some of 
 the Association's lines of labor and to work 
 iu harmony with it. Its literature and fur- 
 ther instructions can be had from the Corre- 
 sponding Secretary. A simpler organization, 
 iu cases where a fully organized association 
 is not practicable, is the formation of an Ind- 
 ian Committee, by a vote of any meeting 
 called to hear of tho work of this Associa- 
 tion, and such committee needs but a chair- 
 man, secretary, and treasurer. It need not 
 have a constitution or regular meeting. To 
 meet when called by the chairman for some 
 special work contemplated, or when an in- 
 teresting speaker can be obtained, would 
 suffice. Such a committee should enroll as 
 contributing members all who give any sum 
 whatever for the work of the local or na- 
 tional organization ', the members should 
 spread intelligence of the needs of Indians 
 and invite friends to aid with gifts; should 
 insert facts on the Indian situation in local 
 papers, and, at need, send letters and peti-
 
 120 
 
 tions to their Representatives in Congress on 
 behalf of just Indian legislation, or against 
 unjust measures under consideration. They 
 could provide a box of clothing or other 
 supplies for a needy tribe. In every com 
 munity there are doubtless some who would 
 esteem it a privilege thus to help finish the 
 work needed for our native heathen, and in 
 discharge of a debt which all citizens of this 
 country owe to the aboriginal race whose 
 oppression and cruel treatment all with 
 shame recognize and deplore. This kind of 
 Indian work can be done in the smallest 
 village or rural neighborhood, and the small 
 gifts of many helpers would make an ag- 
 gregate which would enable the Wom- 
 en's National Indian Association soon to 
 supply with missions the destitute tribes 
 and separated parts of tribes. We have 
 forty-eight States and Territories, a number 
 amply able to furnish the help now lacking 
 if each State were during a year to furnish 
 means to open but one new mission, or about 
 $1500. 
 
 What is the work of the Women's Nation- 
 al Indian Association f It is the work of 
 informing the public of the needs, capabili- 
 ties, and progress of our native Indians, and 
 also it is the work of moving the Govern-
 
 121 
 
 mont, by direct .appeals, to render just help 
 to them. It also points out ho\v Indians 
 may wisely be helped industrially, educa- 
 tionally, morally, and religiously, and it seeks 
 to win such help for them. 
 
 Second, it is the work of sending helpers 
 to reside among Indians to labor for their 
 instruction and elevation, to assist them in 
 home -building, in special and professional 
 education, by hospital work, and in all other 
 practical and practicable ways. 
 
 The first of the above services is rendered 
 by the circulation of literature and petitions, 
 by work through the press, by public meet- 
 ings, and Legislative work actively done for 
 the past fourteen years. 
 
 The Missionary Department was intro- 
 duced in 1884, and remembering that many 
 tribes have waited more than a hundred 
 years in vain for the gospel, its object is to 
 supply all destitute tribes and separated 
 parts of tribes of this country with a good 
 mission. This work, with Government ap- 
 proval and aid on its own lines, and done 
 only in tribes and portions of tribes where no 
 mission work is "being done by any church or 
 denominational society or missionaries, has the 
 plan of transferring each station and of giv- 
 ing its mission property, land, cottage, and
 
 122 
 
 chapel to sonic one of the permanent socie- 
 ties as soon as one of these will accept it for 
 permanent work. In this way the Associa- 
 tion helps all the great missionary organiza- 
 tions by the process of securing the missions 
 which these societies are not at present finan- 
 cially able to inaugurate. 
 
 As defined to its workers this missionary 
 work is to teach Indians to make and prop- 
 erly keep comfortable homes; to teach them 
 domestic work and arts ; to prepare food 
 and make clothing; to care for the sick and 
 for children ; to respect work and to become 
 self - supporting ; to influence and to help 
 them to learn the English language ; and 
 above all, to teach them the truths .of the 
 gospel, and to seek their conversion to 
 practical Christianity. This pioneer work, 
 done by the Association as a whole or by 
 its State auxiliaries, is such as is done in 
 our great cities, and includes house-to-honso 
 visitation, day and Sunday-schools, instruc- 
 tion in temperance and the other moral- 
 ities, and religious teaching. This work in 
 the tribes finds the individuals who desire 
 and are worthy of special education, and 
 those who can well use loan funds for homo 
 building, and for the purchase of implements, 
 sewing-machines, and furuituro. It also
 
 123 
 
 sees the political and other wrongs needing 
 redress at the agencies, and often goes far 
 towards finding the remedies for these. Our 
 missionary work also furnishes boxes of 
 clothing and goods where these can be wise- 
 ly used, aud sent such aid to thirty tribes 
 last year. Other gifts, such as hardware 
 and ploughs, have been sent to a few whom 
 Government could not or did not supply, 
 and the surprise and delight of the recip- 
 ients were a serrnou to see. 
 
 The Home-building work adopted by the 
 Association in 1885 is an interesting depart- 
 ment, and has builded or well-repaired, by 
 loan funds, fifty to sixty homes which have 
 changed the lives of probably a hundred 
 Indians, aud have been centres of light, civ- 
 ilization, and right influence in the various 
 tribes where they have been planted. 
 Loaned funds have done a beneficent service 
 also in the purchase of implements and kin- 
 dred helps to civilization, in awakening 
 right ambitions, aud in the development of 
 Indian capabilities; and the debts thus in- 
 curred have been paid even more promptly 
 than could reasouably have been expected. 
 Assistance of this sort has been given to the 
 Omahas, Winuebagoes, Kiowas, Sioux, Dako- 
 tas, Cheyenues, Arapahoes, Hoopas, Nook-
 
 sachks, and Alaskans. Loans of from two 
 to five hundred dollars have been made 
 to enable Indians to build homes, and small- 
 er sums, varying from five to one hundred 
 dollars, have been furnished to assist appli- 
 cants in the purchase of farming implements, 
 horses, harness, crockery, window - glass, 
 doors, small hardware, clothing, cooking 
 utensils, etc., etc. 
 
 Our Educational Work has been domestic 
 and industrial largely, and has been done in 
 evening schools, though three day schools in 
 destitute places have been conducted with 
 the aid of Government. The work of aiding 
 bright Indians in professional education has 
 also been served by the Special Education 
 Committee, elected November, 1888, and by 
 individuals or auxiliaries, or by joint gifts 
 of branches. One of those who received such 
 education, and the first Indian woman phy- 
 sician, is Dr. Susan La Flesche, now Govern- 
 ment physician among her people, the Oma- 
 has. Others have been aided in medical 
 education or trained as nnrses, while others 
 have been aided to prepare for teaching, or 
 for other work among their own people. 
 
 The department of Indian Libraries has 
 wrought wide benefit, providing reading- 
 matter for returned Indian students, for
 
 reading-rooms on reservations, and in the 
 schools and chapels. Already there are 
 seventy-five Indian schools into which peri- 
 odicals are going, and these are doing much to 
 Americanize the young Indians. One superin- 
 tendent says : " If you could see the children 
 at Kakouiish devouring the St. Nicholas and 
 Century pictures, you would realize the de- 
 gree in which you are aiding our work. It 
 is not too much to say that their little stock 
 of literature is opening a new life to them. 
 Its effect is so important that I would hard- 
 ly call it an adjunct to their school-work 
 rather a complement. It is inciting them 
 to what we wish above all things, conversa- 
 tion iu English. It gives them an interest 
 in American affairs. Even the handling of 
 one of the best magazines with its excellent 
 illustrations, has a great influence on a 
 child." 
 
 Hospital Work was adopted as a depart- 
 ment in 1890. Miss Porter, who had been 
 head-nurse at Hampton Institute for nine 
 years, went to Crow Creek as " field matron " 
 for the winter. In accepting this Govern- 
 ment position her salary was secured, and 
 she was allowed to visit freely among the 
 Indians. Her work was primarily to care 
 for the sick, but it necessarily led to thorough
 
 120 
 
 knowledge of the physical condition and 
 needs of the people, and gave good opportu- 
 nities for teaching them simple rules of 
 health. 
 
 The Young People's Department, added iu 
 1889, has enlisted vigorous assistance from 
 many bands of young people who have sent 
 gifts and important contributions of liter- 
 ature, besides widely advertising Indian 
 needs and methods of supplying them The 
 supply of work for all existing societies and 
 all prospective ones is at present inexhaust- 
 ible, and the variety equally so. All ages 
 and talents can find occupation in provid- 
 ing help through all our departments. Mis- 
 sionaries' cottages want carpet or rugs, fur- 
 niture, pictures, and bright fancy articles, 
 to make them attractive homes. These need 
 not always be new or cost much money. A 
 little judicious begging will frequently bring 
 encouraging results. 
 
 More than eighty thousand allotments of 
 land have been made or are in process of 
 completion, including those which antedate 
 the severally law, about twenty thousand 
 allotments having been made since the law 
 was enacted. The Indians holding these 
 allotments have pfissed out of helpless sav- 
 age relations into the status of free men,
 
 127 
 
 under our Hag, and the path to this all-in- 
 cluding privilege is now open to all of the 
 .aboriginal race among us. To help the great 
 majority of those who have not yet beeu 
 able to avail themselves of the new privi- 
 lege, and still further to confirm in civiliza- 
 tion, and aid in development the twenty 
 thousand new Indian citizens, are two rea- 
 sons why we still labor as an Association on 
 their behalf. 
 
 The economy of missionary work will be 
 seen from an official statement that " In 
 seven years it cost the United States $1,848,- 
 000 for the support of 1200 Dakota Indians 
 in a savage state. The cost for seven years 
 after they were Christianized was $120,000 ; 
 a saving of $1,728,000, or $246,857 per an- 
 num." 
 
 The result is that during the last eight 
 years twenty-five mission stations have been 
 established, directly or indirectly, and have 
 beeu transferred, and are now in Methodist, 
 Episcopal, Baptist, Presbyterian, United 
 Presbyterian, or Moravian care; and these 
 are located in Indian Territory, in North 
 and South Dakota, Nebraska, California, 
 Idaho, and Florida. In the two Dakotas 
 alone there are, by Dr. Dorchester's Report, 
 not less than eleven thousand Indians in
 
 128 
 
 connection with Christian churches, and the 
 year-books of the denominations contain 
 statistics which are ample encouragement to 
 undertake all needed missions among them. 
 There are still about sixty Indian agents, 
 and these have, even at this late date, often 
 too great power for the safety of any race 
 under them. These agents have been ap- 
 pointed almost wholly for political services 
 rendered, rather than for fitness for the work 
 of civilizing a savage people, and great ef- 
 fort is still needed for reform in the method 
 of appointing important Indian officials, 
 though Civil Service Reform has already 
 been applied to many classes of appoint- 
 ments in the Indian service. To labor for 
 the speediest wise abolition of agents and 
 agencies; to gain the application of Civil 
 Service Reform to all Indian officials while 
 these are needed ; to help guard Indian in- 
 terests from fraud ; to help move Govern- 
 ment to provide irrigation in regions where 
 Indian agriculture is impossible without it; 
 to aid in securing appropriations for the ed- 
 ucation of all Indians of school age ; and to 
 move American Christians to place Chris- 
 tian missions within reach of all Indians, 
 are other reasons for the continuance of our 
 work.
 
 THE INDIAN A WOMAN AMONG THE 
 INDIANS. 
 
 (Second Paper.) 
 BY MRS. ELAINE GOODALE EASTMAN. 
 
 I HAVE been asked to present the Indian 
 question from a woman's stand-point "the 
 stand-point of a woman whose knowledge is 
 immediate and personal." Therefore I make 
 no apology for a recital of personal expe- 
 rience. I have observed, also, that most 
 people prefer to hear facts rather than gen- 
 eralizations, and that a story is more inter- 
 esting than a theory. I have been in the 
 Indian work for nine years, and was, during 
 most of that time, by my own choice, im- 
 mediately associated with the people for 
 whom I was working. I began as a teacher 
 in an Eastern school, and very soon, desir- 
 ing a nearer glimpse of Indian life, visited 
 eight Indian Agencies in Dakota during the 
 vacation. Struck by the crying need of 
 more and better workers in the Goveru- 
 
 9
 
 130 
 
 ment schools, especially in the small "camp 
 schools," I chose my new field in a wild 
 Sioux village, on the Missouri River, where 
 there was a deserted shell of a school-house, 
 but no school for eight years. I went there 
 with a friend, and we worked for two years 
 together with the greatest enthusiasm, act- 
 ually enjoying the hardships, difficulties, and 
 successes of our pioneer life. We both as- 
 siduously studied the Dakota language, and 
 found it an invaluable aid to confidence and 
 success. She assisted me in teaching the 
 school of forty to fifty children, and I helped 
 her in the duties of a missionary, to which 
 she was appointed, holding women's meet- 
 ings and prayer meetings, teach ing Sunday- 
 school, instructing classes for baptism, visit- 
 ing the sick (and, indeed, visiting every body), 
 and giving the women such aid and sug- 
 gestion in house-keeping, cooking, sewing, 
 and domestic science generally as is now 
 given by the "field-matrons" appointed by 
 Government. I look back with a great deal 
 of pleasure and satisfaction upon the three 
 years I lived at " White River Lodge," as we 
 called our cosey cabin. (I stayed one year 
 after my friend left me, calling upon a near 
 relative to fill her place.) I became strongly 
 attached to the people there, and I think I
 
 131 
 
 won their affection and respect. There were 
 about two hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren in our village, and all except two or 
 three (who had attended the same Eastern 
 school where we had served as teachers) 
 were called wild, or " blanket," Indians. 
 There are no Indians nowadays on the res- 
 ervations who live a really wild life. These 
 nearly all possessed rude log -cabins, plas- 
 ^ered with mud and roofed with sods, upon 
 which flourished the wild sunflower and 
 other weeds ; although they wisely improved 
 the hot weather by occupying the cooler 
 and cleaner "teepees" of white cotton cloth. 
 They drew rations at the Agency once a 
 week, and the journey consumed two or 
 three days out of seven. They also eked out 
 their scanty supplies by cultivating small 
 patches of land ; indeed, there were some 
 really fine wheat-fields in the river-bottotus, 
 as well as flourishing gardens of corn, mel- 
 ons, etc. It is true that the Indians worked 
 in a fashion which seems to us like playing 
 at work. A man Avho wanted his five-acre 
 lot ploughed would call all his neighbors 
 together for a plonghing-bee. After wast- 
 ing a great deal of time in getting together, 
 in catching the ponies and mending the 
 harness and " preparing to begin," all would
 
 132 
 
 toil enthusiastically for an hour or two, then 
 sit down and smoke for another hour, then 
 another spurt of exertion, and, finally, an 
 abundant picnic dinner, at which plenty of 
 boys and idlers appeared, would close the 
 day. And yet, when the small inducement 
 to labor is considered, and the difficulties 
 under which it is performed, and, above all, 
 the fact that it is not really necessary, one 
 may rather wonder that the Agency Indian 
 works at all. 
 
 With the women it is quite different. 
 They, too, are cheerful and gregarious, and 
 spend a great deal of time in gossip and 
 visiting, but they are certainly industrious 
 and systematic in comparison with the men. 
 They no longer do the field-work, but may 
 still be seen carrying wood and water, and 
 performing other tasks which seem to us to 
 be drudgery, but are light to them beside 
 the complex burdens of civilized house-keep- 
 ing. It seemed really unkind to teach them 
 that they must wash dishes and make beds, 
 make white underclothing and keep it 
 clean, and fashion for themselves dresses 
 with superfluous ruffles and unnecessary 
 button-holes. They learn all these details, 
 however, with what seems to us wonderful 
 willingness and facility, and a few months
 
 133 
 
 sees starched white skirts, and delicious 
 raised bread in earth -floored cabins which 
 hold forth little promise of such finished 
 products of civilization. 
 
 It seems at first as if the women were a 
 little slower of comprehension than the men, 
 and less apt to receive new ideas in other 
 words, as much more heavily-built mental- 
 ly as they certainly are physically. Their 
 broad, shapeless figures, clumsy movements, 
 and the deliberation with which they weigh 
 a point which you think demands imme- 
 diate action, are not at all attractive; but 
 there is a distinctively womanly quality 
 about these Indian wives and mothers which 
 wins your regard upon a nearer acquaint- 
 ance. I think they are as devoted, as self- 
 forgetful and willing to labor for the good 
 of their households as any of our sex any- 
 where in the world. 
 
 The children are delightful; and the 
 younger and smaller and wilder they are, the 
 more fascinating in their innocent ndiveti. 
 Only two or three of mine had ever been to 
 school before, or knew a word of English, and 
 every one of them is a distinct personality 
 to me now. I can shut my eyes and see the 
 quaint little figures the tousled black 
 heads, the sparkling black eyes, the trailing
 
 134 
 
 red shawls, and ragged shirts against a 
 background of sunburnt prairie or the yel- 
 low pine walls of my school-room. Some of 
 them learned the mysteries of the books and 
 the mischief of the average school-boy with 
 about equal rapidity, while others, invari- 
 ably obedient, were, alas ! hopelessly dull. 
 
 We taught many industries in our school, 
 albeit it was only a day school. The girls 
 learned to make and mend, to wash and iron, 
 to cook and serve palatable food. The boys 
 cultivated a small garden, and waited upon 
 the girls ! 
 
 A mid-day lunch was served to all. I am 
 a strong believer in the effectiveness of the 
 industrial day school, when properly man- 
 aged ; and if I could have but one form of 
 distinctively Indian school, I should prefer 
 it to any other. The influence upon the 
 whole village is very great, and the pupil, 
 having completed his primary education 
 there, can enter a more advanced school in 
 wholesome competition with white children 
 and youth. This plan has thus far shown 
 the best results. 
 
 The men of onr camp were described as 
 unusually stubborn in their resistance to all 
 progress. We were received at the first with 
 a friendly response to our genuine desire to
 
 help them, bnt there was a certain amount 
 of opposition to the school, which had to be 
 gradually overcome. We found that if we 
 could win over the children, their indulgent 
 parents would give us 110 further trouble. 
 One especially attractive little maid, as 
 shy as she was pretty, whose Roman-nosed 
 father treated our advances with lofty in- 
 difference, hovered about the school-house 
 for weeks before we could entice her in. 
 Evidently she could not keep away; and, 
 one morning, it happened that when she 
 appeared in the neighborhood all the chil- 
 dren were piling into big wagons, with 
 baskets of edibles, and a joyful confusion 
 reigned instead of the usual pleasant or- 
 der. We were going to celebrate our first 
 school picnic. The ragged red shawl drew 
 nearer, and a longing look came into the big 
 brown eyes. A smile and a nod of invita- 
 tion, and the maiden skipped into the back 
 of one of the wagons, where she kept her 
 picturesque tatters as much out of sight 
 as possible, among the crisp ginghams and 
 new straw sailors already assumed by her 
 mates. 
 
 They were very good to her, however, 
 and I think she had a thoroughly happy 
 day. At any rate, she came to school
 
 130 
 
 bright and early the next morning, and 
 soon proved herself one of our very best 
 scholars. 
 
 Not only among the women and children 
 is the influence of a pure woman felt for 
 good. It is equally powerful in its effect 
 npoii the undeveloped nature of the Indian 
 young men. Her superior knowledge, her 
 fearlessness, and her goodness seem to fill 
 them with admiration and almost awe, and 
 she can persuade them to study and to think, 
 and to give up some of their old bad habits, 
 when an equally good man would not influ- 
 ence them at all. 
 
 At one time I had an evening school for a 
 class who were too old for the day school, 
 and whose touching eagerness to learn filled 
 me with a desire to help them. 
 
 It was the most interesting part of my work 
 for the time being, because of the zeal and 
 patience of my pupils. I have had all sorts 
 of knotty questions to settle for these tall 
 scholars of mine : I have been asked to ad- 
 vise concerning a trade, a church, a love af- 
 fair, and have several times attempted to 
 reconcile husband and wife. 
 
 While absorbed in this inspiring work, I 
 realized that the teacher or missionary, how- 
 ever hard she tried to enter into their lives,
 
 so different from her own, could see only one 
 side of the Indian. 
 
 I wanted to look at the world from his 
 stand-point if I could, and with this object 
 in view I obtained permission (not without 
 difficulty) of a party of wild Indians whom 
 I knew, to accompany them on a deer- 
 hunt. 
 
 This was after I had resigned from my 
 school. We were out nine weeks in rain 
 and shine, plenty or scarcity, and I shared 
 tbe varying fortunes of the party as one of 
 themselves, dressing as much like them as I 
 could, eating their food, sleeping on the 
 ground in my own tent, which they carried 
 for me, and riding an Indian pony all the 
 way. I was treated with kindness and re- 
 spect which never failed ; and although 
 some things about the trip were not pleas- 
 ant, I have always been glad that I took it, 
 for I am sure that in no other way could I 
 have gained equal insight into the nature 
 and customs of the red man. I can now 
 "put myself in his place" with consider- 
 able ease, and am less severe upon his 
 failings, and even his vices, than I used 
 to be. 
 
 The experience which I have so slightly 
 outlined covers yet another phase. Soon
 
 138 
 
 after General Morgan, the late excellent 
 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, came into 
 office lie overstepped precedent by appoint- 
 ing two women to inspect and supervise 
 Indian school-work. One of these women 
 was Mrs. Dorchester, the wife of the Indian 
 School Superintendent, the other was my- 
 self. Since nearly half the pupils and a 
 large majority of the teachers in these 
 schools are women, the plan of putting wom- 
 en in the field as Special Agents, Super- 
 visors, or whatever you choose to call them, 
 seemed a judicious one. 
 
 I resigned one year later, to accept the 
 yet more honorable position of wife and mis- 
 tress of a household, and I regret that a wom- 
 an was not appointed in my place. 
 
 I enjoyed this work thoroughly, although 
 it involved the fatigues of constant travel 
 and open-air life, to which I had become 
 somewhat inured. I visited about fifty 
 schools, widely scattered upon the various 
 Sioux reservations, inspected and reported 
 upon them, iu detail, and made whatever 
 suggestions to the teachers seemed to mo to 
 be practicable. Often I taught a school for 
 a half day, while the teacher looked on. I 
 found some good work, and much that was 
 unskilled and faulty.
 
 139 
 
 The trained teacher was the exception 
 then in these schools; but the quality is, I 
 think, improving every year, and especially 
 now that the Civil Service rules are in force 
 in this branch of the service. 
 
 My knowledge of the Sioux tongue and 
 acquaintance with the people were utilized 
 in every village through which I passed, to 
 inspire the parents, if possible, with greater 
 interest in and comprehension of the work 
 the schools were doing. I also listened to 
 their requests or complaints, and found them 
 usually worthy of attention. I do not be- 
 lieve in the common policy of Indian Agents 
 who suppress every expression of unfavora- 
 ble opinion on the part of the Indians, and 
 endeavor to prevent their free discussion of 
 matters which interest them more than any- 
 body else, and which ought to be thought 
 of and discussed by them. 
 
 In conclusion, I will say that my nine 
 years of work among the Indians has given 
 ine a better opinion of their capacity and a 
 worse opinion of the system under which, 
 and the men by whom, they are managed, 
 than a majority of people entertain. 
 
 If a number of women, as good and as 
 bright as are so many of our sex, could be 
 pnt into the field at once as Indian Agents,
 
 as Inspectors, as School Superintendents ami 
 Supervisors, with a small army of capable 
 women teachers and field matrons under 
 them, I have no doubt that the day of sal- 
 vation for the red man would he brought 
 much nearer than it is to-day.
 
 THE ANTISLAVERY STEUGGLE. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM VARIOUS WRITERS. 
 
 To the Periodical Literature of Antislav- 
 ery the women of New York State contrib- 
 uted as large and honorable a share as to 
 its other phases of stirriug and dangerous 
 activity. Mrs. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON 
 thus sketches the antecedents and prepara- 
 tion for their heroic struggle. 
 
 " lu gathering up the threads of history 
 in the last century and weaving its facts 
 and philosophy together, one can trace the 
 liberal social ideas growing out of the polit- 
 ical and religious revolutions in France, 
 Germany, Italy, and America, and their 
 tendency to substitute for the divine right 
 of kings, priests, and orders of nobility the 
 higher and broader one of individual con- 
 science and judgment in all matters pertain- 
 ing to this life and that which is to come. 
 It is not surprising that in so marked a 
 transition period from the old to the new, 
 as seen in the eighteenth century, that worn-
 
 142 
 
 en, trained to thiuk and write and speak, 
 should have discovered that they, too, had 
 some share iu the new-born liberties sud- 
 denly announced to the world. While iu 
 their ignorance women are usually more 
 superstitious, more devoutly religious than 
 men, those trained to thought have geuerally 
 manifested more interest iu political ques- 
 tions, and have more frequently spoken and 
 written on such themes than on those merely 
 religious. This may be attributed, iu a 
 measure, to the fact that the tendency of 
 woman's mind at this stage of her develop- 
 ment is towards practical rather than tow- 
 ards speculative science. 
 
 "A great educational work for women was 
 accomplished by the Autislavery struggle 
 iu this country. Woman not only felt every 
 pulsation of man's heart for freedom, and by 
 her enthusiasm inspired the glowiug elo- 
 quence that maintained him through the 
 struggle, but earnestly advocated with her 
 own lips and pen human freedom and 
 equality." 
 
 Closely united with Mrs. Stanton iu a 
 friendship of thirty years is the Quaker, 
 SUSAN B. ANTHONY. Miss Authouy's peti- 
 tions, arguments, editorials, and addresses,
 
 143 
 
 individual, and co-operative with Mrs. Stau- 
 ton, ai - e not less numerous than they are 
 keen, logical, and persuasive. If Mrs. Stan- 
 tou was the Napoleon, Miss Authony was 
 the Sir John Lawrence of those hard-fought 
 fields. We quote her stirring arraignment 
 of the law at whose har she, a tax-paying, 
 educated, and morally - responsible citizen, 
 stood a prisoner, charged with the offence of 
 "voting without having a lawful right to 
 vote." 
 
 "But yesterday," she pleaded, "the same 
 inau-made forms of law declared it a crime 
 punishable with $1000 fine and six mouths' 
 imprisonment for you, or me, or any of us to 
 give a cup of cold water, a crust of bread, or 
 a night's shelter to a pauting fugitive as he 
 was tracking his way to Canada. And every 
 man or woman in whose veins courses a drop 
 of human sympathy violated that wicked 
 law, reckless of consequences, and was justi- 
 fied in so doing. As, then, the slaves who 
 got their freedom must take it over, or 
 under, or through the unjust forms of law, 
 precisely so now must women, to get their 
 right to a voice iu this Government, take 
 it ; and I have taken mine, aud mean to 
 take it at every possible opportunity. Aud 
 I shall earnestly and persistently continue
 
 114 
 
 to urge all women to the practical recog- 
 nitiun of the old revolutionary maxim, that 
 'Resistance to tyrauuy is obedience to 
 God.' " 
 
 That brilliant adopted citizen of New 
 York, the Polish Jew, Sijsmuud Potoski, 
 better known as Mrs. ERNESTINE L. ROSE, 
 who knew something of European despotism, 
 writes : " We can hardly have an adequate 
 idea how all powerful law is in forming 
 public opinion. To illustrate this point, 
 look at that inhuman, detestable law writ- 
 ten in human blood, signed and sealed with 
 life and liberty, that eternal stain on the 
 statute-books of this country, the Fugitive 
 Slave Law. Think yon that before its pas- 
 sage you could have found any in the Free 
 States base enough to desire such a law ? 
 No, no! Even those that took no interest 
 in the subject would have shrunk from so 
 barbarous a thing; but no sooner is it passed 
 than the ignorant mass, the rabble of the 
 self-styled 'Union Safety Committee,' found 
 out that we were a law-loving and law-abid- 
 ing people. Such is the magic power of 
 law ; hence the necessity to guard against 
 bad ones, and if the law and the public voice 
 behind it are oppressive and unjust, then
 
 115 
 
 they should bo spurned like the voice of 
 falsehood and corruption, even though one 
 thereby incur the ill-will of passion, bigotry, 
 and superstitious conservation." 
 
 Mrs. J. ELIZABETH JONES, one of the early 
 and steadfast abolitionists, full of cares, do- 
 mestic and philanthropic, with press-work 
 and lecturing, now at fourscore enjoying 
 the first taste of leisure, writes, with some 
 of the old-time warmth : " It is some com- 
 pensation for great evils that they enforce 
 great lessons." 
 
 Mrs. ELIZABETH OAKES SMITH, poet and 
 patriot, wrote: "All who take their stand 
 against false institutions are in some sense 
 imbittered. They taste the gall and vin- 
 egar with the Divine Master. Their large 
 hearts took in the whole sense of human 
 woe, and bled for those who had become 
 brutalized by its weight, and they spoke as 
 never man spoke in his own individualism, 
 but as the embodied race will speak when 
 the full time is come." 
 
 Mrs. FRANCES DANA GAGE, whose birth in 
 the West, of New England parents, and sub- 
 sequent residence in New York City, entitle 
 
 10
 
 146 
 
 her to the summing-up for woman, writes : 
 " Shall we talk of failure because forty 
 years, twenty years, or seven years have not 
 perfected all things? When intemperance 
 shall have passed away, when the four mill- 
 ion chattel slaves shall sing songs of free- 
 dom, when woman shall be recognized as 
 man's equal, socially, legally, and politically, 
 there will yet be reforms and reformers, and 
 men who will despair and look upon one 
 branch of reform as the great battle-ground, 
 and talk of the failure of the eternal law of 
 progress. But truth and right are sustained 
 by no single point ; their watchword is 
 1 Onward.' "
 
 THE ANTISLAVERY LEGACY. 
 
 "EDUCATE YODR MASTERS." (Reprinted from Popular 
 Science Monthly.) 
 
 BY MAUD WILDER GOODWIN. 
 
 WHAT shall we do with the negro ? It 
 is a question of self-interest and protection. 
 The negro has come to stay. The race at 
 present numbers some seven or eight mill- 
 ions, and actually holds the balance of 
 power numerically in several of the South- 
 ern States. 
 
 The black belt, as it is to-day, is a men- 
 ace to the country from Mississippi to 
 Maine, because it is black with the dark- 
 ness of idleness and ignorance and immo- 
 rality. It must soon be decided whether 
 it shall grow darker and darker, or shall 
 come to shine, like the Belt of Orion, with 
 the light of intelligence and industry. The 
 problem touches all who believe that gov- 
 ernment rests on good citizenship, and good 
 citizenship on individual enlightenment,
 
 348 
 
 and that education is the tortoise which 
 supports Atlas in his task of holding up the 
 world. 
 
 We are confronted by a solid mass of 
 ignorant citizens, nominally if not actually 
 in possession of the ballot, and potent to 
 make or mar the fabric of the republic. 
 This mass is not decreasing but increasing. 
 What is to be done about it ? No matter 
 whether we care for the negro or his wel- 
 fare. If we care for the nation, we must 
 give this question earnest consideration. 
 We are entitled to hold the most divergent 
 opinions on the subject, but we are not en- 
 titled to indifference that fatal policy of 
 letting alone growing evils which has 
 wrecked so many communities. 
 
 There can be no divided opinion on the 
 desirability of educating citizens of any 
 race or color. The question, then, so far as 
 the negro is concerned, resolves itself into 
 three: Is he capable of being educated! 
 What system of education best meets his 
 temperament and condition ? and, How can 
 such education be given him ? 
 
 To put the last two questions is, of course, 
 to assume an affirmative answer to the first. 
 Assuredly the negro can be educated. We 
 may assume so much of a horse or a dog.
 
 119 
 
 How far, is another story, as Rudyard Kip- 
 ling would say. All speculation on the 
 comparative intellectual capacity of the 
 black race is idle. Any accurate estimate 
 must be based on data which, in the nature 
 of things, cannot be available for some 
 centuries to come. 
 
 To the closest observers at the South the 
 progress of the negro appears, on the whole, 
 remarkable, though statistics might be pre- 
 pared to present a very different view. It 
 is a well - worn truth that civilization is 
 classification, and so it is proving with the 
 blacks. Some of them have progressed, 
 and some reverted almost to barbarism. 
 Slavery itself was in its time a great school 
 of civilization. It held a semi- barbarous 
 race in close contact with their superiors. 
 When that bond was loosened, those negroes 
 who had the fibre of freedom in them stood 
 erect in independent manhood ; the others 
 sank to earth in abject hopelessness. 
 
 Twenty -eight years have elapsed since 
 the close of the war. Those years have 
 solved many problems and harmonized many 
 differences, but they have not solved the 
 problem of lifting the mass of the blacks to 
 the plane of intelligent citizenship. There 
 is much secret sympathy at the North with
 
 150 
 
 the suppression of the negro vote, because 
 it is believed that it is not so much the 
 result of race prejudice as of the determina- 
 tion of an intelligent minority not to be 
 ruled by an ignorant and degraded majority. 
 To begin civilization with the ballot is like 
 beginning the Bible with Revelation it is 
 reading backward. Let us not reopen the 
 question of the wisdom of the Government 
 when, hurried on by the passions of both 
 North and South, it armed the negro with 
 the ballot as his solo protection. That is 
 done. Our problem is before us. As the 
 Oriental proverb runs : " To-day is ours ; 
 yesterday and to-morrow belong to God." 
 
 The negro must be educated ; but how f 
 Education is a good word, but, unfortu- 
 nately, vague. It may include everything, 
 from the alphabet to the whole sweep of 
 arts and letters. It may be general or 
 technical ; physical, mental, or moral. Let 
 us try to arrive at a more definite under- 
 standing of it. There is, perhaps, no better 
 parallel for the education of a race than 
 the education of a child, only for every five 
 years we must take five hundred. Men 
 fall into vice, but they climb into virtue. 
 Nothing could be more unreasonable than 
 to expect to see any marked change from
 
 151 
 
 the conditions engendered by slavery in so 
 brief a period as thirty years ; yet we hear 
 the accusation constantly made against the 
 negro that he is still a lazy, idle vagabond. 
 Perhaps he is, but it is only another il- 
 lustration of Franklin's parable, wherein 
 Abraham is represented as wishing to cast 
 the wanderer out of his tent because he- 
 will not worship Jehovah. But the Lord 
 rebuked Abraham, saying, " Have I not 
 borne witli thee these ninety and nine 
 years, and couldst thou not bear with him 
 one night ?" 
 
 Scarcely a day, as history measures time, 
 has elapsed since the negroes, trained for 
 centuries to depend on others for the means 
 of livelihood, found themselves flung rudely 
 into the grim struggle for existence. Not 
 a foot of land was given them by the Gov- 
 ernment. No one ever heard of a negro 
 reservation. They were left naked to 
 their enemies not the white men round 
 them, but those far more relentless foes, 
 the accursed slave habits, the inheritance of 
 generations. The fatal weakness of slavery 
 to the enslaved lies in the fact that its 
 teachings strike at the root of character by 
 eliminating the idea of moral responsibility. 
 No soul, no sin. If the marriage tie may
 
 152 
 
 be broken at the will of the master, assur- 
 edly it will be at the pleasure of the slave. 
 If the servaut is a chattel, there is force in 
 his logic that iu converting chicken into 
 slave, he is only changing the form of prop- 
 erty. The virtues of the slave are unques- 
 tioning obedience and passive resignation. 
 The fundamental virtues of the freeman are 
 self-assertion and active, unflinching resist- 
 ance to any attack on his rights. 
 
 The close of the war saw millions of 
 slaves suddenly enfranchised. How were 
 they to be safely translated from one con- 
 dition to another, to enjoy liberty without 
 running into license, to defend themselves 
 without offending others in a word, to be- 
 come good citizens ? To the great good- 
 fortune of the negro, the contraband camp 
 at Hampton, Va., was placed under the 
 control of General Samuel C. Armstrong, a 
 man fitted for his position, not only by 
 having served in the war as a leader of 
 black troops, but by having passed hia 
 boyhood in the Sandwich Islands. It 
 seemed providential that he had had such 
 an opportunity of studying close at hand 
 the evolution from barbarism of a dark- 
 skinned Polynesian people closely resem- 
 bling in many ways the negro in America.
 
 Of the Islanders lie wrote : " They seemed 
 to have accepted, but not to have fully 
 adopted, Christianity ; for they did not have 
 the conditions of living which make high 
 standards of morality possible." Now 
 again he was forced to see and deplore the 
 process of pietizing without moralizing, 
 repeated under his eye in the camp meetings 
 of the South. No heathen is so difficult to 
 deal with as the negro who lias rim through 
 the whole gamut of religious experience, 
 and still retains his original weakness for 
 pilfering watermelons. 
 
 General Armstrong's -scientific study of 
 the negro led him early to the belief that 
 the only hope for him lay not in being 
 helped, but in being taught to help himself; 
 that a successful system of training must 
 take into account the equal development of 
 heart, hand, and head. To work out this 
 theory he consented to take charge of the 
 School for Freedmen which was gradually 
 evolved from the Hampton camp. Here, 
 on the spot, rich in historic memories, where 
 freedom first came to the slave through 
 Benjamin F. Butler's famous order declaring 
 him " contraband of war," on the shores of 
 the broad bay where the Monitor and the 
 Merrimac closed in their deadly embrace,
 
 154 
 
 General Armstrong opened bis educational 
 campaign. 
 
 " The thing to be done was clear : to 
 train selected negro youth who should go 
 out and teach and lead their people, first by 
 example, by getting land and homes; to 
 give them not a dollar that they could earn 
 for themselves ; to teach respect for labor; 
 to replace stupid drudgery with skilled 
 hands; and to these ends, to build up an 
 industrial system, for the sake not only of 
 self-support and intelligent labor, but also 
 for the sake of character. And it seemed 
 equally clear that the people of the country 
 would support a wise work for the freedmen." 
 
 Time has more than justified his foresight. 
 The negroes receive such industrial training 
 as to make them masters of their own fac- 
 ulties ; a financial training that teaches 
 how to save and how to spend money : and 
 afterwards as high an intellectual education 
 as they shall show capacity and desire for. 
 The first essential in making the blacks 
 independent is to make them home-owners 
 and property-holders. This is not a diffi- 
 cult task, for the negroes have a land- 
 hunger. The difficulty lies in their im- 
 provident habits, which too often result in 
 mortgaged houses and farms.
 
 155 
 
 The emancipation of the slaves in America 
 threatened to follow the same course as the 
 emancipation of the serfs in Russia, where 
 the boon of liberty turned to calamity and 
 curse. Slavery under masters, often made 
 considerate by habit, was exchanged for an 
 industrial slavery far more bitter. The 
 emancipated Russian serfs fell into the 
 hands of the usurers, who first established 
 and then foreclosed mortgages on the little 
 farms granted to the newly enfranchised. 
 At the South, too, the mortgaged farm has 
 been a weapon of tyranny. Once let a 
 negro own his ground, and he is indeed 
 free ; once let him own a mortgage on a 
 white man's farm, and he is master of the 
 situation. Such is the testimony of Booker 
 Washington, himself the best illustration 
 of the progress of the race. Coming to 
 Hampton with fifty cents as his entire 
 capital, he worked his way through the 
 school, and went out to found a similar one 
 at Tuskegee, Alabama. And the best hope 
 for the future was unintentionally expressed 
 by a Southern white man, who, after seeing 
 him pass on the street, exclaimed, with an 
 
 oath, "By ! it's all I can do to help 
 
 saying ' Mister' to him." 
 
 Booker Washington is firm in the faith
 
 that his brothers will never succeed until 
 they learn to depend on themselves, and 
 that self-dependence is best fostered by the 
 ownership of land. A property-owning 
 negro is not only secure of his rights, but 
 he has a vital interest in the stability of 
 government, and thus becomes a citizen in 
 the fullest sense, without distinction of race 
 or color. Rev. S. J. Barrows writes : 
 
 " General Armstrong has built a new Uncle 
 Tom's Cabin, and it is very different from 
 the old. You may see the difference in the 
 Black Belt. There is the old cabin with its 
 one door, and perhaps no window ; and 
 there, not far away, is the new one built by 
 the Hampton graduate, two stories high, 
 perhaps, nicely carpeted and furnished, 
 something better than 'hog and hominy' 
 to eat, books on the shelf. Such a home is 
 a beacon-light in the community to diffuse 
 intelligence and the spirit of order and 
 progress. That is what Hampton is doing. 
 It is building homes and schools all through 
 the South." 
 
 A man once excused himself for begging 
 from Dr. Johnson by explaining : " You see, 
 my dear sir, I must live." "Really," 
 replied the sturdy old doctor, " I don't see 
 the necessity." Now, it is a fact in political
 
 157 
 
 economy that the killing off of one-third of 
 the black population at the South would 
 probably prove a benefit to civilization. It 
 would work like the thinning out of a 
 forest jungle, leaving room for the sun aud 
 air to reach the survivors ; but the law has 
 not yet authorized this process of scientific 
 weeding out of the unfittest. The question 
 is not, Shall the negro poor live ? but 
 How shall they live ? Pauperism does 
 not stop procreation. The next generation 
 will be called upon to solve our problem 
 several times multiplied. The negro is a 
 Rip van Winkle, who has suddenly waked 
 into a dizzy world of prosperity and prog- 
 ress. He cannot hope at present to com- 
 pete for the prizes, but is he therefore to be 
 counted out as a factor in the world's 
 work ? " Not so," said General Armstrong, 
 and as proof of it he points to the achieve- 
 ments of Hampton. 
 
 Hampton stands, above all, for industrial 
 education. The institutions tit Petersburg, 
 Nashville, and Atlanta are all working for 
 the education of the colored race. Some of 
 them have technical schools, but it is at 
 Hampton alone that industrial training aud 
 manual labor form the key -stone of the 
 educational arch. Thoroughness and ac-
 
 158 
 
 curacy are taught at the carpenter's beuch 
 and the blacksmith's forge. But the arti- 
 sans are uot left untaught in other things. 
 The night school is crowded every evening 
 with eager learners of two races. Negroes 
 and Indians study side by side, with benefit 
 to both races. Their horizou is widened by 
 the interchange of experiences from such 
 diverse regions as the West and South, 
 the prairie and the cotton-field. Even as 
 children learn from each other more readily 
 thau from grown people, so these child 
 races are teaching and training one another. 
 When the Indians were introduced into 
 the school, some fifteen years ago, it was 
 feared that the discipline and general morale 
 of the institution would suffer. These have, 
 on the contrary, steadily improved. The 
 principle of student-government has been 
 introduced. The boys, negro and Indian, 
 are formed into a battalion. Cases of in- 
 subordination are dealt with by a court- 
 martial detailed from among the officers, 
 who report their sentence for the approval 
 of the faculty of the school. The systnn 
 is admirably adapted to its purpose. It 
 develops both discipline and a sense of 
 honor. To compel a boy, under ordinary 
 circumstances, to report the conduct of his
 
 159 
 
 comrades is to make him a spy aud in- 
 former, but when he acts as guard or sen- 
 tiuel he falls at once into the attitude of 
 military obedience. 
 
 Nothing shows keener insight into the 
 character of the negro than the establish- 
 ment of this semi-military basis. A uni- 
 form, gay with straps and brass buttons, is 
 dear to his heart. His feet keep step to 
 the tap of the drum, and the flag behind 
 which he marches is a perpetual reminder 
 to him tbat he is an integral part of a great 
 nation which expects something from him 
 in return for the freedom and citizenship 
 which it has bestowed. It stimulates, too, 
 the ability for organization, which is one of 
 the latest developments of civilization. 
 Here the negro is manifestly deficient. He 
 rights and works well under the command 
 and oversight of his superior, but looks to 
 his officers for example as well as for orders, 
 for backbone as well as brains literally, 
 the sinews of war. This mental and moral 
 muscle is just what Hampton is supplying, 
 teaching the negro first to help himself and 
 then to lend a hand to others, to organize, 
 to teach, aud to command. 
 
 Hampton is a noble educational plant 
 insufficiently endowed. Its alumni are
 
 poor; they can give it only gratitude and 
 sympathy, and, as a cynic has observed, the 
 bonds of sympathy bear no coupons. This 
 criticism, however, is only a surface truth, 
 for no cause ever failed for lack of funds if 
 it had enough vital sympathy behind it. 
 The success of this experiment of indus- 
 trial education is a national affair. It inti- 
 mately concerns the white population of 
 the South, whose welfare, whether they 
 will or not, is bound up with that of the 
 blacks, so that the sarcastic advice, " Edu- 
 cate your masters!" becomes literal counsel 
 of the truest and wisest kind. Nor are we 
 of the North indifferent observers. So 
 bound together is this nation by the iron 
 bands of railroads and telegraph wires that 
 the issue of affairs in the most distant 
 South is of vital interest. Let it not be 
 said of the thinkers of to-day as of those 
 blind ones who watched the condition of 
 France before the Revolution, that the 
 philosophers were duller than the fribbles. 
 Let us clearly recognize the difficulty and 
 complexity of the problem with which we 
 have to deal, and then let us address our- 
 selves to its solution soberly, earnestly, and 
 unremittingly.
 
 THE NEGRO AND CIVILIZATION. 
 
 " A.v AMERICAN WOMAN OP THE SOUTH." (Courtesy of 
 A'ew York Evening Post. ) 
 
 BY MRS. JULIA MARGARET FULLER LLOYD. 
 
 VERY serious statements, invidious to the 
 blacks, are sent almost daily from various 
 parts of the South, and scattered broadcast 
 as they are by Northern journals ; these 
 statements call on the whole American 
 people for earnest consideration. The fol- 
 lowing may serve to illustrate the type: 
 "The only large class of real paupers are 
 the negroes who swarm in great numbers 
 and live from hand to mouth, too lazy to 
 work. It may be laid down as an axiom 
 regarding certainly 70 per cent, of the ne- 
 gro race, that they will not work except 
 just enough to keep body and soul together. 
 The women are more thriftless and shiftless 
 than the men, and altogether more vicious. 
 It is not infrequent to find the men faith- 
 ful, capable, and industrious. But with 
 thousands of negro girls needing eniploy- 
 11
 
 162 
 
 inent nothing is Larder to get than good 
 servants. The people who imagined they 
 were freeing the negroes really freed the 
 white people of the South but turned the 
 most peaceable and law-abiding people in 
 the world into the most criminal race in 
 this or any other civilized country. The 
 negro's only idea of civilization, and the 
 one his friends are constantly urging upon 
 him, is to learn to read and write. Many 
 of them can read and write, and from these 
 literate uegro'es the jails are kept tilled." 
 
 No wise physician thinks of prescribing 
 or prohibiting a remedy until he has made 
 a thorough diagnosis of the disease ; and so 
 110 sound and just counsel can be found for 
 America to-day without examining her na- 
 tional life for many days. The latest and 
 most scientific teachers of history through- 
 out the world prefer, where it is possible, 
 to give their students the original docu- 
 ments and other contemporaneous authori- 
 ties of any given era, rather than their own 
 version of such data. All science of ani- 
 mate or inanimate nature, all human expe- 
 rience, all inspiration of Holy Writ, teach 
 us that certain causes produce certain re- 
 sults. In the name, then, of the best hu- 
 man and divine wisdom, let us, in tracing
 
 163 
 
 the history of the negro in America and 
 elsewhere, turn to his different contempora- 
 ries at different periods and places. 
 
 One hundred and eleven years ago we 
 find Thomas Jefferson, subsequently Presi- 
 dent of the United States, writing these 
 words in his Notes on Virginia: "There 
 musi doubtless be an unhappy influence on 
 the manners of our people produced by the 
 existence of slavery among us. The whole 
 commerce between master and slave is a 
 perpetual exercise of the most boisterous 
 passions the most unremitting despotism 
 on the one part, and degrading submission 
 on the other. With what execration should 
 that statesman be loaded who, permitting 
 one - half the citizens to trample on the 
 rights of the other, transforms those into 
 despots and these into enemies, destroys 
 the morals of the one part and the amor 
 patrice of the other ? Indeed, I tremble for 
 iny country when I reflect that God is just." 
 
 Many years afterwards, in 1852, we find 
 J. B. De Bow, of Louisiana, quoting the fol- 
 lowing statements from an address deliver- 
 ed by Chancellor Harper, of South Carolina, 
 before a Society for the Advancement of 
 Learning, at Charleston, S. C.: "Odium has 
 been cast upon our legislation on account
 
 161 
 
 of its forbidding the elements of education 
 to be communicated to slaves. But, in 
 truth, what injury is done them by this f 
 Would you do a benefit to the horse or the 
 ox by giving him a cultivated understand- 
 ing, or fine feelings? It is. true that the 
 passions of the men of the. superior caste 
 tempt and find gratification in the easy 
 chastity of the female slave. But she is not 
 less a useful member of society than before. 
 She has done no great injury to herself or 
 any other human being ; her offspring is not 
 a burden but ah .acquisition to her owner. 
 I am asked how can that institution be 
 tolerable by which a large class of society 
 is cut off from improvement and knowledge, 
 to whom blows are not degrading, theft no 
 more than a fault, falsehood and the want 
 of chastity almost venial, and in which a 
 husband or parent looks with comparative 
 indifference on that which to a freeman 
 would be the dishonor of wife or child ? 
 But why not, if it produce the greatest ag- 
 gregate of good ?" 
 
 Here, from prominent Southern men, in 
 the earlier and later days of slavery, wo 
 have an account of the workings of that in- 
 stitution in the lives of both white men and 
 negroes, masters and slaves. Point for
 
 165 
 
 point, we come upon those influences and 
 that practice which both black and white 
 posterity suffers for to - day. And this is 
 inevitable. Any constitution of things that 
 would make of man a responsible being 
 must let him work weal or woe for himself 
 and for others, according as he chooses good 
 or clings to evil. And it also follows that 
 not only crime hut also ignorance must 
 Lear its penalty. But a great soul has 
 said, "All life is a becoming," and this is so 
 true, so divinely true, that the great, true, 
 pure, loving Christ taught it as the greatest 
 truth, taught it unceasingly; he who so 
 condemned sin that he said the man who 
 even looked at a woman with impure eyes 
 was guilty of sin, yet so knew sinners that 
 he spoke at once to the angel in them, 
 saying: "Behold, this beautiful and holy 
 tiling within you is what the whole man 
 may become." And the history of man con- 
 firms him. American history confirms him. 
 Scattered here and there, throughout the 
 South, in the days of slavery, were not a 
 few men like Jefferson, longing and seeking 
 for the nobler life for both English and 
 African Americans. Scattered about the 
 North were men who felt that to lose their 
 life was to save it, if they could so save
 
 1G6 
 
 men, and God was over all. And if Jeffer- 
 son and many others showed that the no- 
 bler qualities of the white race could per- 
 sist even under the influence of slavery, so, 
 too, did two noble Louisiana negroes and 
 others of the colored race show that the 
 nobler qualities of the African could survive 
 bondage. 
 
 At the close of the Civil War a former 
 large slave-holder was left without money, 
 and without the courage and other resources 
 which enable a man to make money. To 
 the aid of this broken and helpless man 
 came two black men, two of his former 
 slaves, whom he had trained as mechanics, 
 and whom he had then "hired out" to 
 other men, always taking the whole of their 
 large wages. The two ex-slaves not only 
 came to his rescue in his extremity, but they 
 also for ten years, which was until his death, 
 maintained him iu all the habits of refined 
 comfort to which he had been accustomed, 
 and at his death gave liim what they called 
 " a gentleman's funeral." This was told the 
 writer, a Southern woman, by a Southerner 
 and former slave-holder, who knew both the 
 gentleman and the two negroes. He called 
 the two latter " grand fellows." 
 
 Some four or five years ago Bishop Taylor,
 
 167 
 
 just home from Africa, gave an interesting 
 account of some of his African converts. He 
 told of an African chief who when converted 
 had several wives. No one had yet spoken 
 to him about this, but Christianity seemed 
 to speak for itself, for, with no other coun- 
 sellor, he came to the conclusion that as a 
 Christian he ought to have only one wife. 
 Now, some of his wives were young and 
 pretty, some strong for work in the fields, 
 etc.; but his first wife was no longer young, 
 nor strong, nor beautiful. Yet, letting the 
 others go, it was she he kept, saying simply 
 he thought "Christ would have it so." 
 Henry Stanley, speaking of the native Afri- 
 cans in his African expedition, says: "The 
 uncomplaining heroism of our dark fellows, 
 the brave manhood latent in such uncouth 
 disguise, the tenderness we have seen issu- 
 ing from these nameless entities, the great 
 love animating the ignoble, the sacrifice 
 made by the unfortunate for one more un- 
 fortunate, the reverence we have noted in 
 barbarians who, even as ourselves, were in- 
 spired with nobleness and incentives to duty 
 of all these we could speak if we would." 
 Carefully reviewing our evidence, what 
 inference can we draw save that of the most 
 hopeful character ? If we have seen that he
 
 168 
 
 who sows to the flesh shall of the flesh reap 
 corruption, that the first man is of the earth 
 earthy, we have also seen that there is a 
 man from heaven, and this man may find 
 himself and his God-intended manhood be- 
 neath a skin of any color. 
 
 What we need in America to-day is a di- 
 viner standard of living for till men ; not the 
 old vices of Europe, bnt the ever-new, ever- 
 enduring virtues taught by Jesns Christ. We 
 have boasted of lower things until we have 
 been blinded by them. We have made much 
 money; but to-day, all over the land North, 
 South, East, and West our best men are call- 
 ing to their fellows, " Come, let us make men, 
 lot us be men, brothers, sons of God." We 
 all need each other. Not one of us, black or 
 white, rich or poor, can bo as wise, or as 
 good, or as happy as he might be, without 
 all the wisdom, all the virtue, all tho good 
 cheer that all the others might bring him. 
 United we stand, divided we fall, and justly 
 
 At this moment no thoughtful woman in 
 America knows which to pity most the 
 sensual, empty, worthless lives of an enor- 
 mous number of educated white men, North 
 and South, or the squalid imitation of that 
 lifo among ^ineducated black men. Of 
 thoughtless women, what word is sad
 
 169 
 
 enough ? Let us not say it. Let our strong 
 words be words of cheer as well as truth. 
 First, what besides the nobler ordering of 
 our own lives can we do for our whole conn- 
 try to-day f Among our many wise men 
 could not two make valuable suggestions 
 for the consideration of all f The long, 
 comprehensive, and practical experience of 
 General Armstrong and Booker Washington 
 in training the negro race in the things 
 which make for upright and useful living 
 needs no fresh setting forth. Could not 
 these two men meet a " Columbian Coun- 
 cil "at the World's Fair, and make Columbia 
 the fairer because of it ? That it could be 
 done is made certain by all the generous, 
 magnanimous, high-minded things which 
 men and women of every race are doing in 
 America to-day.
 
 THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. 
 
 BY MRS. FREDERICK RHINELANDER JONES. 
 
 ONE afternoon during the month of Sep- 
 tember, 1771, the fair of St. Ovide was, as 
 usual, filling what is now the Place Ven- 
 dome with a gay and idle crowd, which 
 strolled from booth to booth, applauding or 
 chaffing the jugglers, dancers, and acrobats 
 who were toiling to make a Parisian holi- 
 day, and in the throng was a young fellow 
 of twenty-six, named Valentin Haiiy, the son 
 of a poor linen-weaver of Picardy, and him- 
 self employed as a translating clerk and in- 
 terpreter in the Foreign Office. 
 
 It is easy now to sneer at the humanitari- 
 an isui of the last century, but it was the 
 first sentiment which had appealed to all 
 classes alike since the Crusades, and Haiiy 
 was a fervent disciple of the new philosophy, 
 being one of those generous and optimistic 
 souls who, in all ages, are called enthusiasts 
 or visionaries, according to the point of view 
 of the speaker. As he loitered along on the
 
 171 
 
 day which was to be the turning-point of 
 his life, he noticed that the crowd was thick- 
 est before a booth where a certain Valiu- 
 drin had had the ingenious idea of forming 
 a band of ten men, chosen among the blind 
 beggars who were accustomed to sing and 
 play various instruments in the streets. The 
 lookers-on were shouting with laughter, and 
 pressing so close around the frail stage that 
 it ran great risk of destruction. Hatty shall 
 describe what he saw in his own words: 
 
 "The players were tricked out in gro- 
 tesque robes, with high, pointed caps, and 
 wore large goggles of card-board without 
 glasses. Placed before a desk on which 
 were music and lights, they executed a mo- 
 notonous chant singers, violins, and basses 
 being in unison. It \vas doubtless because of 
 their ignorance of music that it was possible 
 to justify the insult done to these unfortunate 
 beings bj 7 surrounding them with emblems 
 of stupidity, as in placing, for instance, a 
 peacock's tail, full-spread behind their lead- 
 er, and crowning him with the head-dress 
 of Midas. How was it credible that a scene 
 so dishonoring to humanity should not have 
 perished at the very instant of its concep- 
 tion ? May it not have been in order that 
 the picture before iny eyes should profound-
 
 17-2 
 
 ly afflict my heart and kindle my spirit? 
 Yes, I exclaimed to myself, seized with a 
 great enthusiasm, I will substitute truth for 
 this ridiculous fable, I will make the blind 
 read, I will place in their hands volumes 
 printed by themselves; they shall trace let- 
 ters and be able to read their own writing, 
 and I willevenmake them execute harmoni- 
 ous music." Valentin Haiiy had found his 
 life-work, and the blind their apostle. 
 
 Before his time there had been no system- 
 atic attempt to educate them, although here 
 and there one of their number had distin- 
 guished himself in spite of his misfortune; 
 one of the most brilliant examples being 
 Nicholas Saunderson, who, although blind 
 almost from birth, was Lucasian Professor 
 of Mathematics at Cambridge, holding the 
 chair after Whiston, who was Sir Isaac New- 
 ton's successor. He lectured in 1707 on New- 
 ton's " Theory of Optics," invented an arith- 
 metical slate for the blind, published several 
 treatises on the higher algebra, and was, 
 moreover, an expert numismatist, to the 
 point of detecting by touch the counterfeits 
 in the collection of Roman coins at Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 The earliest asylum for the blind of which 
 there is any definite record was founded in
 
 173 
 
 Paris by St. Louis in 1254, and has been 
 known ever since by the quaint name of 
 the Hdtel des Quiuze-Vingts. According to 
 tradition, it was meant as a shelter for three 
 hundred knights whose eyes had been put 
 out by the Saracens, and whom the king 
 brought back with him from the First Cru- 
 sade; but history is silent as to the place 
 where this act of wholesale cruelty was com- 
 mitted, or the way in which St. Louis man- 
 aged to get the helpless little army home 
 again. As time went on the H6tel came to 
 harbor women as well as meu, and gained 
 various rights and privileges, but its in- 
 mates were expected to contribute towards 
 their support by begging in the streets and 
 at church -doors, and it was from cimong 
 them that Valiudrin collected his baud. 
 
 According to present statistics, about one 
 in every thousand of the population of 
 Western countries is blind, and during the 
 Middle Ages the proportion was probably 
 greater, as it is now in the East. It there- 
 fore followed that those among the blind in 
 France who could show the copper fleur-de- 
 lis given by Philippe -le Bel as a distin- 
 guishing badge to the Quinze-Vingts were 
 considered as aristocrats by the less fortu- 
 nate majority that helped to swell the ranks
 
 176 
 
 of his discovery, he called Hatty, who forth- 
 with traced with the handle of a small pen- 
 knife more letters on the same paper, and 
 when Lesueur read those also by touch, his 
 teacher's quick brain had seized the idea of 
 printing from types cast in high relief. 
 
 One pupil was not enough for Haiiy, who 
 wished to establish a school rather than to 
 astonish the world by a single prodigy, and, 
 fortunately for him, the Philanthropic So- 
 ciety, which had been recently founded, in- 
 cluded among its beneficiaries twelve blind 
 children. These he obtained permission to 
 take into his own home, and then began for 
 him a struggle lasting through the twenty 
 stormy years which made modern Europe. 
 He could not afford to give up his place in 
 the Foreign Office, hut every hour outside 
 of it was claimed by the real work of his 
 life. To make this better known, on De- 
 cember 26, 1786, his scholars, who then num- 
 bered twenty-four, gave an exhibition be- 
 fore the King at Versailles, where, after 
 going through various exercises, and sing- 
 ing a loyal ode composed by one of them, 
 they presented his Majesty with the first 
 book printed from the new relief typo, which 
 had been set up and struck off by them- 
 selves. The title was Essai sur VKduai-
 
 tion des Avciiglcs, and Haily was naturally 
 the author. Outside of its value as a typo- 
 graphical curiosity, the book is most inter- 
 esting, because the earnest, and kindly nat- 
 ure of the writer reveals itself throughout. 
 He says honestly that he had seen a letter 
 printed by Mile. Paradies from type made 
 for her by one Kempellen, but certainly no 
 one before Haiiy had ever tried seriously to 
 make printing available for the blind. He 
 is convinced that they may be practical 
 printers of books, not only for their own 
 manual reading, but from ordinary type, 
 and he gives elaborate descriptions of the 
 "cases" most suitable for them, and sug- 
 gests modifications of the presses then in 
 use. He acknowledges that the cost of 
 books printed in relief must necessarily be 
 great, and their number consequently lim- 
 ited, but adds that, as the tendency of 
 knowledge is towards selection, the library 
 of the blind man may come in time to cor- 
 respond with that of the man of good liter- 
 ary taste. That this prediction was true 
 is shown by the catalogue of books for the 
 blind, now printed in this country, in which 
 we find not only the Bible and Shakespeare, 
 but other English classics, such as Bunyan, 
 Defoe, Scott, Thackeray, and Hawthorne. 
 
 12
 
 of his discovery, he called Haiiy, who forth- 
 with traced with the haudle of a small pen- 
 knife more letters on the same paper, and 
 when Lesneur read those also by touch, his 
 teacher's quick brain had seized the idea of 
 printing from types cast in high relief. 
 
 One pupil was not enough for Haiiy, who 
 wished to establish a school rather than to 
 astonish the world by a single prodigy, and, 
 fortunately for him, the Philanthropic So- 
 ciety, which had been recently founded, in- 
 cluded among its beneficiaries twelve blind 
 children. These ho obtained permission to 
 take into his own home, and then began for 
 him a struggle lasting through tho twenty 
 stormy years which made modern Europe. 
 He could not afford to give up his place in 
 the Foreign Office, but every hour outside 
 of it was claimed by the real work of his 
 life. To make this better known, on De- 
 cember 26, 1786, his scholars, who then num- 
 bered twenty-four, gave an exhibition be- 
 fore the King at Versailles, where, after 
 going through various exercises, and sing- 
 ing a loyal ode composed by one of them, 
 they presented his Majesty with the first 
 book printed from the new relief type, which 
 had been set up and struck off by them- 
 selves. The title was Easai sur V Edncn-
 
 tion des Avetiglcs, and Haiiy was naturally 
 the antbor. Outside of its value as a typo- 
 graphical curiosity, the book is most inter- 
 esting, because the earnest and kindly nat- 
 ure of the writer reveals itself throughout. 
 He says honestly that he had seen a letter 
 printed by Mile. Paradies from type made 
 for her by one Kempellen, but certainly no 
 one before Haiiy had ever tried seriously to 
 make printing available for the blind. He 
 is convinced that they may be practical 
 printers of books, not only for their own 
 manual reading, but from ordinary type, 
 and he gives elaborate descriptions of the 
 "cases" most suitable for them, and sug- 
 gests modifications of the presses then iu 
 use. He acknowledges that the cost of 
 books printed in relief must necessarily be 
 great, and their number consequently lim- 
 ited, but adds that, as the tendency of 
 knowledge is towards selection, the library 
 of the blind man may come iu time to cor- 
 respond with that of the man of good liter- 
 ary taste. That this prediction was true 
 is shown by the catalogue of books for the 
 blind, now printed in this country, in which 
 we find not only the Bible and Shakespeare, 
 but other English classics, such as Bunyan, 
 Defoe, Scott, Thackeray, and Hawthorne. 
 
 12
 
 178 
 
 Il.iliy suggests that his discovery may bo 
 of use to such learned men as shall wear out 
 their sight iu scientific pursuits, and regrets, 
 with naive simplicity, that Homer, Belisa- 
 rius, and Milton should have been unable to 
 profit by it. He extols the Abbe de 1'Epee, 
 who had begun to teach the deaf and dumb 
 in 1750, and ends by declaring that more 
 than all else his pupils shall be taught to 
 rejoice that they are born Frenchmen and 
 destined to live under the beneficent rule of 
 a monarch whose millions of subjects re- 
 gard him with the respectful tenderness of 
 a family for the father who is the source of 
 their happiness. 
 
 Making all due allowance for the loyalty 
 of an official and the expectations of a phi- 
 lanthropist, these words sound strangely 
 \vhen one remembers that six months ear- 
 lier the Queen had been insulted in the 
 streets because of the Diamond Necklace, 
 and that within the year the Parliament of 
 Paris refused to authorize the taxes imposed 
 by the King. 
 
 As a result of the entertainment before 
 the Court, Louis XVI. ordered that the 
 school, already known as the " Institution 
 des Jeunes Aveugles," should be supported 
 by the State, and promised its teacher the
 
 179 
 
 cross of St. Michael; but neither the money 
 nor the order was ever forthcoming, ami 
 Huiiy struggled on through the Revolution 
 and the Terror, working at his desk in the 
 Foreign Office for his bread, and sharing it 
 to the last crust with the pupils whom ho 
 kept together at the risk of beggary. In 
 June, 1794, at the celebrated Fete of the 
 Supreme Being, one car in the procession 
 was filled with his blind children, and in 
 1795, the Convention decreed that the school 
 was an " Institution Natiouale," to be sup- 
 ported by a certain sum from each depart- 
 ment throughout France. The Treasury 
 either overlooked the allowance altogether, 
 or paid it in worthless bonds, so the Institu- 
 tion was no better off, and only the help of 
 a few benevolent souls kept the little group 
 from starving together or drifting apart. 
 This could not go on forever, and in 1801, by 
 order of the First Consul, Hauy's school was 
 absorbed into the Hotel des Qninze-Viugts, 
 and he forced to retire on a yearly pension 
 of two thousand francs. It almost broke 
 his heart. His biographer says: "By an 
 incredible effort of industry and patience 
 and self-sacrifice, he had managed to carry 
 through the Revolution the work in which 
 his soul was absorbed, only to see it destroy-
 
 180 
 
 ed \vbeu all else arouiul him began to be 
 reorganized." As there was no system of 
 education in the Qninze-Vingts, the pupils 
 whom he had hoped to make useful and 
 happy men and women were compelled to 
 sit idle, or drudge all day at spinning wool, 
 while he was shelved ou a pension at the 
 age of fifty-six. 
 
 Withstubborn patience hegathered around 
 him the next year a few children whose par- 
 ents could afford to pay for their teaching, 
 and started what he called the " Mnsee des 
 Avengles." Men ahead of their time seldom 
 have the knack of making money, so the 
 affairs of the school went from bad to worse, 
 until 1808, when he accepted the repeated 
 invitations of the Czar Alexander I., and 
 started for Russia with his Avife and a pet 
 pupil named Fournier, making a sort of 
 triumphal progress through the domains of 
 the various princes who were then amusing 
 themselves with philanthropy. The King 
 of Prussia, Frederick William III., who was 
 the husband of the beautiful Queen Louisa, 
 and father of the Emperor William I., wrote 
 with his own hand inviting him to Charlot- 
 teubnrg, and employed him to found the first 
 public institution for the blind in Germany, 
 which was conducted by John Augustus
 
 182 
 
 charge of the Institution des Aveugles was 
 liberal enough to feel that Hatty had been 
 treated with gross injustice, and a festival 
 was given in his honor, in which all the 
 scholars took part. The orchestra and cho- 
 rus gave a cantata composed for the tirst 
 feast-day of St. Valentine, celebrated at the 
 school in 1788, one verse of which praised 
 him as its benefactor. At its end the old 
 mau, who was paralyzed and failing fast, 
 said simply: "My dear children, you owe 
 everything to God." He was always modest, 
 and when any one compared him to the Abb6 
 de I'fipee, he would protest, saying, " I only 
 fit spectacles, while he bestows a soul." * 
 
 Although all honor is due to the man who 
 first gave the blind communication other 
 than speech with their fellow-men, Hatty's 
 discovery was not practically successful. 
 The relief of his letters was too low, and 
 their forms too complicated to be read by 
 any but a few -scholars with an exquisitely 
 sensitive touch, so that most of the editions 
 of the few books printed from his type were 
 
 * The foregoing account of Hauy has been taken from 
 an interesting book published last year, called Let Aveu- 
 g'.e* par Un Aveugle, by M. Maurice de la Sizeninne, a 
 pupil of the Institution des Jounes Aveugk-s, which is 
 still the leading school in France.
 
 183 
 
 sold for waste-paper, and the pupils of the 
 Institution which he fouuded were chiefly 
 taught orally. 
 
 The school for the Indigent Blind, which 
 was opened at Liverpool in 1791, was the 
 first establishment of the kind in Great 
 Britain, and although it was followed within 
 a few years by others in Bristol, Edinburgh, 
 and London, no definite plan of education 
 was developed until, in 1826, James Gall, a 
 printer and publisher of Edinburgh, saw some 
 specimens of Haiiy's printing, and obtained 
 a box of his type. His practical knowledge 
 led him to see its defects, and he set him- 
 self to improve the alphabet, in order to 
 make it more easily felt, being induced to 
 enter into the work by Lady Jane Erskiue, 
 sister of the Earl of Mar, who was herself 
 blind. Gall rejected the French script, 
 choosing the "lower-case," or small letters, 
 making no use of -capitals and further modi- 
 fying the outlines of the letters into angles, 
 as they are more easily recognized by the 
 finger. His great work, the Gospd of St. 
 John, was published in 1834. This is often 
 spoken of as the first book of the Bible ever 
 printed for the blind in any language, but 
 the Gospel of St. Mark was published in 
 Philadelphia, in February, 1833. The type
 
 181 
 
 of the latter, which resembles Haiiy's, was 
 designed by Jacob Suyder, Jr., Recording 
 Secretary of the Pennsylvania Institution, 
 but it had the defects of its model, and after 
 a few volumes had been printed it ceased to 
 be used. 
 
 Experiments were made with no less than 
 twenty different styles of printing in relief 
 in the ten years between 1828 and 1838, and 
 of these five obtained recognition. Three 
 of them, Hatty's script, Gall's angular " low- 
 er-case," and the Alston plain "upper-case," 
 using only capitals, were Roman ; one, that 
 of Moon, was au extreme modification of 
 these forms, made especially for those whose 
 touch was dull from age or hard work, while 
 Frore's was phonetic, having arbitrary signs 
 to represent sounds. The defect of them all 
 lay in their failure to recognize the fact that 
 the sense of touch has no quality by which 
 it cau take the place of sight, and is in no 
 way quickened by the memory of what has 
 been seen ; some of the blind could certainly 
 read, but the alphabet of the seeing, even if 
 modified, was only to be traced by them with 
 difficulty and hesitation. 
 
 The next step forward was again in 
 France. An artillery officer named Charles 
 Barbier, who had been a surveyor here dur-
 
 135 
 
 ing our Revolution, aud who had some fort- 
 une, became mucli interested in the blind, 
 lu 1819 he had the happy idea of making 
 points or dots with a blunt stylus on thick 
 paper, to be variously placed so that they 
 should represent the thirty - six principal 
 sounds of the French language. They were 
 arranged vertically within a frame or " cell," 
 in two lines, with room for six points on a 
 side, an idea perhaps suggested to him by the 
 popular game of dominos. Barbier meant 
 his invention for the use of the blind who 
 had growu up without learning to read, but 
 its principal drawback lay in the amount of 
 space which it wasted. As the cell was of 
 fixed size, if a sound was represented by a 
 point in one corner, all the rest was left 
 blank, a great disadvantage in printing. As 
 Haiiy's script gave Gall his first idea of let- 
 ters in high relief, which are the basis of 
 the line system, Barbier's invention, al- 
 though unpractical, was the foundation of 
 the point system, which is destined to su- 
 persede line altogether. 
 
 In 1809 Louis Braille was born, who be- 
 came blind at four years old, and was sent 
 to the Institution des Jeunes Aveugles. As 
 he grew up there he studied Barbier's meth- 
 od until he saw a way to simplify it, aud
 
 186 
 
 this be did, when twenty-six years old, by 
 abandoning phonetics, leaving out the lower 
 half of the cell, and varying the combinations 
 of the remaining six points so that they 
 should represent the letters of the French 
 alphabet. These six points can be combined 
 to give sixty-three different signs, including 
 accents, punctuation, figures, algebraic signs, 
 and musical notation. This system was 
 soon introduced into the Institution, and is 
 now geuerallly used in Europe. It was, 
 however, still defective in that the coll was 
 of fixed size, so that space was lost unless 
 there were points enough to fill it. One of 
 the greatest merits of " Braille Point " was 
 that it could be easily written, and to this 
 end he devised an ingenious slate, which is 
 still in use. The bed is of metal, crossed 
 horizontally by shallow grooves about one- 
 tenth of an inch apart, which give it some- 
 what the look of a miniature washboard. 
 The wooden frame is hinged at the top, so 
 that it may close down and keep a thick 
 sheet of paper in place on the bed. The 
 writing instrument, or stylus, is a short 
 piece of wire, rounded at the point in order 
 not to pierce the paper, and fixed in a woodru 
 handle. A narrow strip of brass, divided 
 into rectangular cells, stretches across the
 
 187 
 
 slate, aud has a peg at each end which fits 
 into holes ia the frame. This is the guide, 
 and is movable up and down the slate. 
 Through it the pnpil pricks the letters, 
 working from right to left, and when the 
 paper is taken out, it is reversed and read 
 like an ordinary page, from left to right. 
 
 Before and since Braille's time various 
 writing frames and contrivances have heen 
 invented for the blind, hut this is the only 
 method by which they can not only write, 
 but read by themselves whatever may be 
 written to them. 
 
 In this country schools for the blind were 
 opened at New York, Boston, aud Philadel- 
 phia, in the order named, in 1832 and 1833, 
 aud that of Boston attracted especial atten- 
 tion because of the devotion and talent of its 
 first principal, Dr. S. G. Howe. He went to 
 Europe in 1830, on purpose to master the 
 various methods of instruction followed 
 there; but at Paris Braille's system was in 
 its infancy and does not seem to have at- 
 tracted his attention, for in an extended ac- 
 count of his visit no mention is made of the 
 new idea. He presently adopted the angu- 
 lar lower-case type, in the style of Gall, 
 and as early as 1842, the whole Bible, 
 printed in this so-called Boston type, was
 
 188 
 
 distributed, free of cost, by the American 
 Bible Society. 
 
 Dr. Howe's fame will probably chiefly rest 
 oil his successful rescue of Laura Bridge- 
 man, who came under his care in 1837, from 
 the terrible isolation in which she was placed 
 by being deaf and dumb as well as blind, 
 but it is impossible to over-estimate his 
 services to the Boston school, and to tlie 
 cause of the blind in general. Dr. Howe 
 was not only excellent, but the cause of ex- 
 cellence in others ; and it was his good-fort- 
 une, as well as his due, to inspire enthusi- 
 asm for himself as well as for his work. 
 When the Massachusetts Asylum for the 
 Blind was first started, money for it came 
 in but slowly, until Thomas Hamlasyd Per- 
 kins made the noble donation which has 
 linked his name endiiringly with the work. 
 Throughout his life Howe had a host of 
 friends, and it was but natural that, at his 
 death, in 1876, his soii-iu-law, Mr. Michael 
 Anagnos, should have been chosen to suc- 
 ceed him, while, as a further expression of 
 affectionate admiration, the Howe Memorial 
 Press was endowed l>y subscription to con- 
 tinue printing books in the type with which 
 he was identified. 
 
 The New York Institution for the Blind
 
 189 
 
 had early adopted the Boston line letter, 
 and for some years bad used printed books 
 in no other form, when Mr. William B. Wait 
 became its principal in 1863. Educated for 
 the bar, he had already entered upon prac- 
 tice, when his health broke down from over- 
 work, and he took a position as teacher iu 
 the Institution, intending to give it up so 
 soon as he should be well again. But with 
 renewed health came keener interest iu 
 what he saw were problems to be solved, 
 and on the retirement of Mr. R. G. Rankin, 
 he took the place which he has since filled 
 with entire singleness of purpose and marked 
 ability. He was at ouce struck by the fact 
 that many of the children did not read, and 
 that text-books were not employed iu class 
 work. The published literature was con- 
 siderable, but it was of no use unless the 
 pupils could read well. The entire school 
 was therefore arranged in graded classes, 
 new alphabet cards were procured, and 
 much extra time was given to the slower 
 pupils, while the class grading was rear- 
 ranged from week to week. At the end of 
 two years it was found that twenty per 
 cent, could read with facility ; forty-eight 
 per cent, moderately well, and thirty-two 
 per cent, were unable to read at all. Sta-
 
 190 
 
 tistics collected from other large schools 
 showed that of their pupils from twenty-two 
 to forty-eight per cent, could read with fa- 
 cility; eighteen to thirty -iiine per cent, 
 moderately well, while fifty-eight to four- 
 teen per cent, could not read at all. These 
 figures do not include the Boston school, 
 which did not furnish any statistics. 
 
 As most of the figures seemed to indicate 
 different standard ^or better methods, Mr. 
 Wait visited several schools, including that 
 of Boston, and found that while the pupils 
 were about alike as to age and ability, 
 there was no standard of classification in 
 reading. The group of uon- readers in- 
 cluded some of the most intelligent, while 
 the capacity for touch-reading was no test 
 of mental capacity. The books were gen- 
 erally in Boston type, but text-books were 
 nowhere used in the classes, while the 
 Braille system, although known to a few 
 chiefly teachers was not recognized in the 
 course of study in any school. Mr. Wait 
 found himself reluctantly forced to the con- 
 clusion that the line-letter systems were no 
 longer adequate, as they failed to fulfil the 
 requisite conditions of touch perception, and 
 could not be written. 
 
 About 1860 Braille Point had been taught
 
 191 
 
 in the St. Louis school, with the result that 
 out of sixty-nine pupils forty-five were able 
 to read with facility and twenty-four mod- 
 erately well. In New York a test was made 
 with eight pupils, who, after long and pa- 
 tient effort, had utterly failed to distinguish 
 the Boston letters one from another. From 
 five to thirty lessons were given with the 
 point letters, and in each case they succeed- 
 ed well, while in eleven lessons given to the 
 entire school the tangible efficiency of the 
 point system was proved with every pupil. 
 Further study of Braille convinced Mr. Wait 
 that the vertical cell, which had been de- 
 rived from Barbier, and which allotted a 
 fixed and unvarying space to all signs alike, 
 whether they had many points or few, did 
 not follow the most correct principle of 
 construction, besides wasting space, which 
 meant in a book increase of bulk and con- 
 sequently of cost. The finger, also, like the 
 eye, ran more easily across the paper than 
 up and down. He therefore placed his 
 points so that they read horizontally in- 
 stead of vertically, and did away with the 
 fixed cell, the result being that a letter 
 made up of two points occupied one-third 
 as much room as one composed of six points, 
 the same space remaining between the let-
 
 192 
 
 ters as before. With the aid of some typo 
 and a small press, the new method was 
 critically and thoroughly tested, and in 
 1868 Mr. Wait published it and made an ef- 
 fort to secure the adhesion of Boston and 
 Philadelphia to a point system, though not 
 necessarily to his own. At that time the 
 whole country was almost entirely depend- 
 ent on the Boston press for embossed books, 
 and the proposal to change was not accept- 
 ed. Among other teachers, however, the 
 New York Point steadily grew in favor, and 
 at the first meeting of the American Asso- 
 ciation of Instructors of the Blind, held at 
 Indianapolis in 1871, the superintendent of 
 the St. Louis school, which had been the 
 pioneer of Braille in this country, gave hia 
 reasons for preferring Mr. Wait's system, 
 and the New York Point was recommended 
 for nse in all institutions for the education 
 of the blind. An important improvement 
 in the new system was the adoption of the 
 principle of recurrence, as used in short- 
 hand and telegraphy, by which letters most 
 frequently needed have the simplest forms. 
 Capitals had never been used in either of 
 the line systems, but some publications 
 were brought out in Philadelphia in which 
 capitals and small letters appeared in their
 
 193 
 
 usual relations. The combination was cer- 
 tainly not easier to read than the " lower- 
 case" aloue bad been, but it was considered 
 au improvement, and in 1878, after Dr. 
 Howe's death, it was adopted in the Boston 
 school. 
 
 Objection having been made to the New 
 York Point in some quarters, because it had 
 no capitals nor musical notation, Mr. Wait 
 set himself to provide both, and produced 
 an effective and rational code of musical 
 signs, which was at once placed among the 
 regular branches of study in a number of 
 the schools. 
 
 As far back as 1858 the Legislature of 
 Kentucky had established the American 
 Printing House for the Blind, at Louisville, 
 the object being to have a central press to 
 which each State should contribute funds, 
 in order to furnish books for the various 
 asylums. Some States responded, but oth- 
 ers did not, and the work dragged along 
 until 1879, when all the great schools, ex- 
 cept Bostpu, which had its own press, unit- 
 ed in urging Congress to grant a subsidy 
 for the maintenance of the Printing House 
 on an efficient footing. The sum of $10,000 
 a year was appropriated for the purpose, 
 and now nearly all the printing for the 
 
 13
 
 194 
 
 blind throughout the country is done there. 
 The Printing House is a curious combina- 
 tion of business and charity. It sells as 
 well as gives away its books, but is forbid- 
 den to make any profit on them. Although 
 a private corporation, it is subsidized by the 
 Government, and each superintendent of a 
 public institution for the education of the 
 blind is by right of his office one of its trus- 
 tees. The principals of institutions form 
 an advisory council, and decide what books 
 shall be printed each year, which are divided 
 among the schools according to the uuinber 
 of their pupils. An interesting part of the 
 work of the Printing House is the weekly 
 issue of " International Sunday-school Les- 
 sons," in duplicate editions of line .and point 
 print, by which two thousand blind children 
 in Sunday - schools scattered all over the 
 country receive their lessons with text and 
 comment specially edited for them. 
 
 Any one who goes about on the west side 
 of New York knows the large and some- 
 what stern gray building which stands 
 back in its grounds at the corner of Thirty- 
 fourth Street and Ninth Avenue. It is the 
 New York Institution for the Blind, sup- 
 ported by private endowment, and also by 
 the State, which allows $250 a year for
 
 195 
 
 each child sent by it, usually from the 
 city or its neighborhood, as there is another 
 State School for the Blind at Batavia. Only 
 within the walls of the institution can its 
 methods bo readily studied. If the visit is 
 made duriug a "recess" in school hours, 
 the long halls are apt to be filled with a 
 crowd of children, chattering away with 
 the proverbial cheerfulness of the blind, 
 and walking or running almost as firmly 
 and freely as though they could see. When 
 two or three together come straight along, 
 it is instinctive to draw back against a wall 
 or into a doorway, and as they pass within 
 a foot unheeding, it is impossible not to 
 have an uncanny feeling that " we have 
 the receipt of fern-seed, we walk invisible." 
 In the central court-yards, on the boys' side, 
 leap-frog or wrestling are going on ; while 
 in a corner of the girls' playground, two of 
 them are turning the rope vigorously, 
 while the third steps back and forth, wait- 
 ing to "run in" and jump, just as her 
 luckier sister who can see may be doing in 
 any street or square outside. Bells take 
 the place of clocks in marking time for 
 this darkling world, and as they sound 
 the children go to their different class- 
 rooms. There are now two hundred and
 
 196 
 
 ten pupils iu the Institution, the average 
 age being about fourteen. They are not 
 admitted younger than eight, iu order not 
 to lessen the responsibility which their 
 parents should always feel for them, and 
 which is apt to be lost if the State takes 
 charge of them too early. When a child 
 comes, it is put into the kindergarten, and 
 the first thing to be done is to teach it to 
 use its hands and feet properly. The cases 
 where a blind child is abused at home are 
 happily rare, and it is more likely to have 
 been treated as if it could not possibly do 
 anything for itself. All movements where 
 balance and equilibrium are concerned arc 
 hard for it, as any one may see who watches 
 the shuffling gait and awkward motions of 
 a blind person who has grown up untaught. 
 To correct this, calisthenics are largely era- 
 ployed, to the evident delight of the 
 children, and for quieter occupations they 
 weave paper-mats, stitch outlines of rabbits 
 on card-board, and follow generally the 
 course of instructive play which has carried 
 Froebel's name over the world. People in 
 general have a comfortable impression that, 
 while blindness is a great misfortune, those 
 afflicted with it have the rest of their 
 senses so acute from birth that the loss is
 
 197 
 
 almost made up to them. This is a mis- 
 take, for not more than five per cent, are horu 
 blind, and even that percentage is probably 
 too large, as there are several diseases of the 
 eye which may destroy the sight within 
 the first month. It is true, however, that 
 the other senses develop highly with prac- 
 tice. When all is dark around us it is 
 usually also quiet, and our perceptions are 
 slackened; but if any one will tie a thick 
 bandage over his eyes during the day, when 
 life and movement are going on about him, 
 he will soon be conscious of listening with 
 painful intentness, and the other senses, 
 when called upon, will quicken in their 
 turn. Many children with sound eyes shut 
 them when studying intently, and the fact 
 that a blind boy, for instance, is quicker at 
 arithmetic than one who can see, does not, in 
 most cases, mean that he is more gifted, but 
 that he has less to distract his attention. 
 The first time that an outsider sees a large 
 class of blind children together he will 
 perhaps be struck by certain peculiarities 
 of expression. It is not only that the 
 sightless eyes or closed lids give the face a 
 blank look, like a house with the shades 
 drawn down, but that there may be a 
 dropping of the jaw, or a wrinkling of the
 
 193 
 
 brow, which does not mean any lack of 
 intelligence, but only that a human being 
 is forever deprived of the friendly mirror 
 and monition of other eyes. Good teachers 
 are always on the alert to correct these 
 involuntary facial tricks. The studies and 
 exercises are carefully adapted to the needs 
 of the pupils. Gymnastics have an impor- 
 tant place, because physical health and 
 equable muscular development are especially 
 necessary to the blind, whose affliction, when 
 not caused by accident, is often due to in- 
 herited disease or constitutional weakness. 
 Mr. Stephen Babcock, himself blind from 
 boyhood, has been a highly valued and 
 valuable teacher of geography and mathe- 
 matics in the Institution for the past thirty 
 years. Formerly pupils studied geography 
 by passing their fingers over relief maps 
 hung on the wall, but the result attained 
 was unsatisfactory, and in 1856 Mr. T. C. 
 Cooper, who was then superintendent, gave 
 Mr. Babcock the pieces of an ordinary dis- 
 sected map, such as children play with, and 
 asked him to put it together again. This 
 he did readily, and now maps were there- 
 upon made, dissected as well as in relief, 
 and placed on tables, so that each country, 
 State, or even county, can bo taken up and
 
 studied separately. Coast-lines are raised 
 above the water, river courses are depressed, 
 mountains indicated by slight elevations, 
 while screws or tacks, with heads of various 
 sizes and shapes, serve for capitals and 
 other cities of importance. If it were only 
 not so pathetic it would be amusing to see 
 a child sitting in a corner feeling and strok- 
 ing Rhode Island or Texas over and over, 
 as a little girl strokes the face of her favor- 
 ite doll. As a result, the children come to 
 know every part of a map by touch, and 
 when it is all jumbled up they can sort and 
 fit it together again with wonderful quick- 
 ness. The distribution of land and water 
 and the political divisions of the eastern 
 and western hemispheres are shown upon 
 planisphere maps five feet in diameter, 
 which revolve on a vertical axis, while the 
 earth is represented by large globes with 
 brass meridians and raised equators marked 
 off in degrees. 
 
 Mental arithmetic is much employed, 
 although there are text-books in the classes ; 
 and for the solution of problems in advanced 
 arithmetic or algebra, which are too long 
 and complicated to be carried in the mem- 
 ory, types are used. On each end of the 
 typo -cube is a number, letter, or other
 
 200 
 
 arithmetical symbol. These, with the point 
 letters of the New York system furnish the 
 means for algebraic work. The types are 
 adjusted in a frame or slate of metal filled 
 with square holes, which is almost the same 
 as that invented nearly two hundred years 
 ago by Saunderson. 
 
 In music there are seven graded, classes, 
 which are under the general supervision of 
 Miss Hannah Babcock, a thorough musician 
 who has been of the greatest use to Mr. 
 Wait in developing his system of musical 
 notation. The children begin with class 
 singing by ear, and afterwards the study of 
 elementary harmony and that of the New 
 York Point musical notation, which has 
 about one hundred and fifty distinct signs, 
 are carried on together. If pupils show 
 talent they are taught to play the piano or 
 the organ, and are also further instructed 
 in harmony and in counterpoint. 
 
 The American College of Music is an 
 incorporated body, counting among its mem- 
 bers some of the foremost musicians and 
 tcacliers in the country. There are three 
 degrees, that of Associate, Fellow, and 
 Master, which are conferred in order upon 
 any one who is able to pass the rigid exam- 
 inations prescribed. Henry Tscluidi, a boy
 
 201 
 
 of seventeen, bliud from birth, and educated 
 in the Institution, passed his examination 
 in June, 1891, in harmony, counterpoint, 
 the history of music, musical form, termi- 
 nology, acoustics, and the theory and prac- 
 tice of the organ. It was necessary for 
 the candidate to play at command composi- 
 tions by Bach, Handel, Mendelssohn, and 
 other composers, in polyphonic sonata, and 
 free forms, also to transpose, to harmonize 
 a figured bass, improvise upon a given theme, 
 and to determine the pitch of tones by ear. 
 The demonstrative examination at the or- 
 gan was conducted by Mr. S. P. Warren, 
 Mr. George E. Whiting, and Mr. J. B. Whit- 
 ney, and Tschudi received 92.80 per cent., 
 being the first blind person to pass this 
 examination. Except in acoustics, his 
 teacher in all these branches was Miss Bab- 
 cock, and his case may be regarded not 
 only as a proof of signal ability, but as a 
 triumph of scientific teaching. 
 
 Another pupil of whom the Institution is 
 justly proud is Mr. Lewis B. Carll, also born 
 blind, who was prepared for Columbia 
 College in the English branches within its 
 walls. On leaving it he studied the 
 classics at Fairchild's Institute at Flush- 
 ing, Long Island, near his home. A fellow-
 
 pupil dictated to him Latin or Greek, and 
 he printed the text iu Now York Poiut. In 
 writing Latin he, of course, used English 
 letters, but for Greek he invented his own 
 symbols. He could print about twenty- 
 five liues of Virgil in an hour, and almost 
 as much Greek, and during his college 
 course he printed more than three thousand 
 sheets. His mathematics were also read to 
 him, and iu geometry his diagrams wei'o 
 made in point by a brother who could see, 
 and Carll then learnt them by touch. With 
 a firm mind and steady enthusiasm he 
 worked on and brought to college with him 
 his point-printed classics and mathematics. 
 He rarely needed a diagram for a proposi- 
 tion iu geometry, for so accurate was his 
 understanding of the theorem to be proved, 
 and so precise his mental perception of the 
 figure iu all its parts, that he could make 
 the whole demonstration orally with perfect 
 clearness. 
 
 Mr. Carll graduated from Columbia in 1870, 
 being a classmate of the present President, 
 Mr. Low, and was bracketed for second 
 place in a class of thirty. He also deliv- 
 ered the class oration. While in college he 
 became curious about the Calculus of 
 Variations, and after leaving it he found
 
 203 
 
 great difficulty in procuring anything which 
 would settle the matter in his mind. Hav- 
 ing collected all the available information, 
 he decided that there was need for a new 
 treatise on the subject, but the necessary 
 material was widely scattered through 
 mathematical journals, many of them being 
 in French or German. These he had trans- 
 lated to him, and he worked out the equa- 
 tions by himself, taking nothing for granted. 
 With infinite pains and patience he suc- 
 ceeded in writing an exhaustive treatise, 
 for which, after some difficulty, he found a 
 publisher, on condition that a certain num- 
 ber of subscribers were guaranteed. These 
 he secured himself, going about the city for 
 the purpose, sometimes with a companion, 
 but often alone. It was a fitting reward 
 for so much pluck and perseverance that 
 the book should have been well received, 
 and another edition already issued, of which 
 the larger part has been sent to England. 
 Mr. Carll now lectures at Columbia College 
 twice a week, to graduates, on the Calculus 
 of Variations, and supports himself by 
 giving lessons in mathematics. He lives 
 in New Jersey, and comes to New York 
 every day alone, going sometimes as far as 
 Harlem.
 
 204 
 
 It seems as though it were ouly in a few 
 such cases of brilliaut talent that there can 
 be any real competition between the blind 
 and the seeing; but a blind child, like one 
 who has lost an arm or leg, may learn to 
 make the most of what is left to him, and 
 to that end the work-rooms of the Institu- 
 tion claim their full share of each day. The 
 boys are taught to make mattresses, to cane 
 chairs, and if they have ear and brain 
 enough to be tuners, there are models by 
 which they may become familiar with the 
 anatomy of the piano. The girls learn to 
 knit and sew by hand and on machines ; 
 they embroider and make coarse lace, ami 
 are also taught cooking on little gas-stoves. 
 Not long ago one of them had to go home 
 because her mother was ill, and on her 
 return she was heard to say, half in joke 
 and half in earnest : "It was a bad day for 
 me when I learnt to cook, for I was kept at 
 it all the time." 
 
 The list which is kept of the occupations 
 followed by pupils after they leave the 
 school gives some curious reading. One of 
 the tuners in Steinwq,y's warerooms is a 
 graduate, and another was for some years 
 the organist of Dr. Howard Crosby's church. 
 An insurance broker, a prosperous news-
 
 205 
 
 vender who owns three stalls, a horse- 
 dealer, a tax-collector, a real-estate agent, 
 a florist, are all duly recorded ; but the 
 most astonishing entries are those of a 
 lumberman, a sailor and cook, and a switch- 
 tender. Once outside the walls of the 
 Institution the pupils find their own level 
 according to their ability ; but wherever 
 they may go they always keep a friendly 
 feeling for the teachers who have literally 
 led them forth, so far as may be, from the 
 shadow of a great darkness, and these in 
 their turn are repaid for hours of patient 
 drudgery by the knowledge that they have 
 helped to turn a useless creature into a man 
 or woman for whom there is a place in the 
 world.
 
 A CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE PRESS AND 
 
 PERIODICAL WORK OF NEW 
 
 YORK WOMEN. 
 
 ON CRIMINAL REFORM. 
 
 HELEN CAMPBELL; MARGARET FULLER OSSOLI. 
 
 CAROLINE A. KEXNARD: "Progress in Employment oi 
 Police Matrons," Lend a Hand, 9 : 180. 
 
 HELEN H. GARDENER: "Thrown in with the City's Dead," 
 Arena, 3 : 61. 
 
 ELIZABETH ROBINS: "Vagabonds and Criminalsof Imlui," 
 Atlantic Monthly, 53: 194 
 
 LINDA GILBERT. 
 
 MRS. C. R. LOWELL: "Darkest England Scheme," Char- 
 ities Review, March, 1892. 
 
 ON WORK AMONG THE POOR. 
 HELEN CAMPBELL: "Child-life in the Slums of New 
 
 York," Demorest, July, 1892. 
 "Women Wage -earners in America and Europe." 
 
 Arena, January, 1893. 
 " Association in Clubs of Working Women," Arena, 
 
 December, 1891. 
 
 "Certain Convictions as to Poverty," Arena, 1: 10. 
 " Guilds for Working Women," Chautauquan, 7: 604. 
 "Summer Homes for the City Poor," Chautauquan, 
 
 5: 514. 
 HANNAH Fox: "Tenement-house Work," Lend a Hand, 
 
 10: 41. 
 HELEN H. GARDENER: " Thrown in with the City's Dead," 
 
 Arena, 3: 61. 
 
 MRS. C. R. LOWKLL: "A Year of Booth's Work," Chari- 
 ties Review, March, 1892.
 
 208 
 
 MRS. C. R. LOWELL : " Darkest England Scheme," 
 Charities Review, July, 1892. 
 
 LUCIA T. AMES: "The Home in a Tenement - house," 
 New England Magazine, January, 1893. 
 
 ANNA S. HACKETT: "New York Diet-kitchen Associa- 
 tion," Munsey's Magazine, December, 1892. 
 
 KATE BOND: "Friendly Visits, " Charitiet Review. 
 "The Trend of Thought concerning Charity." 
 
 J. V. MARIO: "The Poor in Naples," Scribner's, Janu- 
 ary, 1892. 
 
 FLORENCE KKLLEV WISCHNBWETZKY : "A Decade of Ret- 
 rogression, "Arena, 4: 365. 
 
 ALICE W. ROLLINS: "Tenement Life in New York," 
 
 Forum, 4 : 221. 
 "Tenement-house Problem," Forum, 5: 207. 
 
 HELEN CAMPBELL: "Prisoners of Poverty," New York 
 Tribune, 1886 (series begun in October). 
 
 ON TRAINED NURSES AND NURSING. 
 
 MRS. FREDERICK RHI.NELANDER JO.NKS : "Training of a 
 
 Nurse," Scri&ner'*, 8:613. 
 F. H. NORTH ; " Nursing as a Profession for Women," 
 
 Century, 3 : 38. 
 C. S. WEEKS: "Science in Nursing," Popular Science 
 
 Monthly, 22:497. 
 LISBETH D. PRICK: "Qualifications Requisite for Trained 
 
 Nurses," Chautauquan, December, 1891. 
 FRANCES EMILY WIIITK: " Hygiene asa Basis of Morals," 
 
 Popular Science Monthly, 1889. 
 
 ON THE INDIAN QUESTION. 
 
 "H.H." (HELEN HCNT): "The Wards of the United 
 States Government, "5crt'6wer', vol. 19, March, 1880. 
 
 MRS. HELEN HUNT JACKSON : " Missions to the Indians 
 in Southern California," Century, 4 : fill.
 
 209 
 
 EMILY S. COOK : "Field Matrons," Lend a Hand, 9: 399. 
 
 ALICE C. FLETCHER: "The Preparation of the Indian for 
 
 Citizenship," Lend a Hand, 9 : 190. 
 "Personal Studies of Indian Life," Century, 7: Jan- 
 uary, 1893. 
 
 MRS. A. S. QUINTON: "A Dark Situation," Indian's 
 Friend, vol. 2. 
 
 MARY E. DKWEY : " Present Status of the Indians," Lend 
 
 a Hand, April, 1892. 
 " The Indian Need," Lend a Hand, 9 : 77. 
 
 ON THE ANTISLAVERY QUESTION. 
 
 The Periodical Literature of Antislavery embraces a 
 
 multitude of names too great to number. Among them 
 
 are : 
 
 SUSAN B. ANTHONY, editor of Revolution and of National 
 Citizen. 
 
 MARY S. HULDAH, and LUCY ANTHONY. 
 
 REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN BLACKWELL. 
 
 DR. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL; DR. EMILY BLACK WELL. 
 
 MRS. ELIZABETH POWELL BOND, MRS. L. MARIA CHILD, 
 editors Juvenile Miscellany, the Oast's (an Antislav- 
 ery Annual), Antislavery Almanacs, the Antislavery 
 Standard, tracts on "The Duty of Disobedience to 
 the Fugitive Slave Act," and "An Appeal in behalf of 
 that class of Americans called Africans." 
 
 MRS. PAULINA WRIGHT DAVIS. 
 
 ANNA DICKINSON. 
 
 MRS. HUODA DE GARMO. 
 
 MRS. ABBY KELLEY FOSTER. 
 
 MRS. FRANCES DANA GAGE. 
 
 MRS. ABBY HOPPER GIBBONS. 
 
 SALLY HOLLEY. 
 
 REV. PHEBE A. HANAFORD: " Lucretia, the Quakeress," 
 an Antislavery Story, published in Independent 
 Democrat, Concord, N. H. 
 U
 
 210 
 
 MRS. J. ELIZABETH JONES. 
 PHKBE H. JONES. 
 
 MRS. MARY A. I,i VEKMOKE : Poem, "Slave Tragedy at Cin- 
 cinnati." 
 
 MRS. LUCRETIA MOTT. 
 
 I/rniA MOTT. 
 
 MARIA G. PORTER. 
 
 AMY POST. 
 
 MRS. CAROLINE A. SEVERANCE. 
 
 MRS. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON: "The Slaves' Appeal," 
 " Free Speech," etc., etc. 
 
 SOJOURNKR TRUTH, for many years a slave in the State of 
 New York. After obtaining freedom she tramped 
 all over the State selling the "Narrative of My Slave- 
 life." 
 
 JULIA A. WILBUR. 
 
 These lists are necessarily incomplete, much excellent 
 work being published anonymously. 
 
 THE END.
 
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