♦ 'i. « I REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class rl ~SE PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION. I. tK\)t ©n'gin mti progress of ^uviinnir ILitrraturr. HE Illustrious Camden, " Nourlce of Antiquitie," lias been happily termed the common fire whereat all after-coming British antiquaries "have kindled their little torches." The Britannia, one of the finest literary projects ever carried Into execution, is the basis of all British topography, and needs no commendation ; but there is another of his works which, though trivial In bulk, and held in much less consideration than the " Choro- graphlcal Description," is of greater positive value, as containing the germ of all modern antiquarlanism. I allude to the '■'■ Remaines concerning Britain:' This com- paratively small volume consists of some fourteen essays on various branches of archaeology, which are not only highly curious and original in themselves, but most suggestive of more elaborate enquiries and illustrations ; In fact each essay is a bi-ief upon which large pleadings may be based — the foundation whereon a spacious structure may be reared. For example, the essay on " Money " is the first attempt that was made to Illustrate the coinage of these realms, long before such a science as numismatics was dreamed of Again, the dissertation on " Apparell '' is the groundwork of sub- sequent treatises on British costume. The chapter on "Languages" is a curious piece of philology ; and the rest all serve more or less as themes upon which many volumes have since been written. One of the best of these prolusions is that on "Surnames," extending In the 'sixth Impression,' 1657, to more than fifty pao-es. It shows great and original research, and it has been extensively made use of by all sub- sequent writers on the subject. The great antiquary, after a sketch of the history of second or swr-naraes in different ages and countries, traces the first appearance of settled family names in England about the time of the Norman Conquest. He next treats of Local names In the two classes of which they consist ; namely, first, those which are derived from the names of specific localities, towns, villages, manors Src. • and, secondly, those which allude to the situation of the residences of the original bearers, such as Field, Cliffe, Wood, &c. Tlien follow remarks on surnames derived from Occupations and Professions ; from Offices and Functions, civil and ecclesiastical • iv CAMDEX. VERSTEGAN. from " Qualities of the Minde ;" from " Habitudes of Body ;" from Ages and Times ; from the Weapons of War borne by the first of the name ; from Parts of the Body ; from Costume ; from the Colours of complexion and clothing ; from Flowers and Fruits ; from Animals, whether Beasts, Birds, or Fishes ; from Christian Names ; from Nicknames or ' Nursenames ;' from By-names (sobriquets) ; and from Signs of Houses. All these are illustrated by examples and curious anecdotes ; and the dissertation is wound up with remarks on Changed and Corrupted surnames, Latinizations of sur- names in ancient charters, and references to analogies in classical nomenclature. As a whole, there are few essays of the period more readable or instructive than this of Camden on Surnames. The next illustrator of the subject is Verstegan, who, in his Restihition of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities concerning our Nation, published in 1605, devotes a Chapter to the enquiry " How by the Surnames of the families in England, it may be discerned from whence they take their Originals, to wit, whether from the ancient English Saxons, or from the Danes and Normans." This Chapter is mostly based upon Camden, and has little value, either historical or philological. A few of his definitions will suffi- ciently demonstrate this : — " Bolt, of the straightness of his body. " Cole, of his blackness. " Don, of that thing anciently so called which groweth in the sides of waters among flags, and is of boys called a fox-tail. " GowER, of a certain kind of cake. " Rows, of his making a noise ! " RussEL, of his fatness. " Stone, of some cause concerning it! " YoNG, of his fewness of years." After Verstegan, I am not aware of any British writer who undertook to illustrate this curious subject, except in the most desultory manner, until a comparatively recent date. N. Bailey, in his English Dictionary, gives definitions of many sur- names, and there are detached articles in many of the Magazines of the last century. The best of these are the Essays which appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1772. These were written by the Rev. Dr. Pegge, F.S.A., under the pseudonym of T. Row. Some time in the last century was printed Buchanan On Ancient Scottish Surnames (re-printed 1820) : but the title misleads, as the subject of the book is the history of some Scottish clans. In 1804 the Rev. Mark Noble, F.S.A., published A History of the College of Arms, in the preliminary dissertation of which, there are some good incidental remarks on family names. In Archceologia, vol. XVIII. pp. 105, 111, James H. Markland, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A., printed a valuable paper, entitled " Remarks on the Antiquity and Introduc- tion of Surnames into England." This appeared in 1813. In 1822, Mr. J. H. Brady published a small duodecimo volume called A Disserta- tion on the Names of Persons, which, among much amusing, though irrelevant matter, contains several ingenious remarks on English surnames ; and the Rev. Edwai'd Duke's Halle of John Halle, furnishes some illustrations of the subject. Such were the materials at the command of the student of our family nomenclature when, about the year 1836, my attention was first directed to its investigation, though at that time my residence in a village, remote from libraries, rendered these materials all to me as if they had not existed ; and, indeed, my own researches were conducted in total ignorance of there having been any labourer in this field before me. Some years before that, in my early boyhood, I had accidentally met with Home Tooke's Diversions of Parley. Attracted by the title, which seemed to promise RECENT WRITEKS. v some stories of " fun and frolic," I opened the book, read, and was arrested by the wonderful genius of the author, though there was much upon his pages that transcended my. boyish range of thought. That book, then, directed my mind — always desirous causas rerum cognoscere — into a channel of investigation, which while it has entailed upon me no small amount of toil, has also been the consolation of a too anxious and too laborious existence. The result of my desultory studies of Surnames first appeared in the columns of a provincial newspaper — the Sussex Express— at irregular intervals during the year 1838. In the following year these scraps were published in a pamphlet of 68 pages, bearing the title of " The Book of English Surnames, being a short Essay on their Origin and Signification." The impression, like the book itself, was very small, but some copies of it having fallen into the hands of gentlemen interested in the subject, I was encouraged to enlarge my plan. Accordingly in 1842, I published "English Surnames, Essays on Family Nomenclature, Historical, Etymological, and Humorous," London, post 8yo. pp. 240. Of this a considerable edition was sold in about nine months ; and in ] 843 a second and enlarged edition (pp. 292) appeared. This was followed in 1849, by a third and still augmented edition in two volumes post octavo, (pp. xxiv. and 264, and pp. vi. and 244), my last publication on the subject. Encouraged by such a measure of success, I began to make notes for the present work, feeling persuaded that I had not over-estimated the interest of the subject as a curious, but as yet an imperfectly developed branch of archfeology and philology. In this design I was urged on by numerous communications from almost every part of the world where the English language is spoken, and where British Surnames are borne. Hundreds, nay, thousands, of letters, a few conveying — but the great majority seeking — information as to the names of the writers, reached me, and the process is still going on. So much, at present, for the procuring- causes of the Patronymica Britannica. I shall now give a brief account of the various contributions to this department of English literature since my earliest treatise on the subject, whether as independent works or as commimications to periodical publications. Mr. John, now Dr., O' Donovan, whose antiquarian learning requires no commend- ation from me, printed in the "Irish Penny Journal " (Dublin, 1841), a series of six able articles on the Origin and Meaning of Irish Family Names. Of his labours I have freely availed myself. In 1842, the Rev. C. W. Bradley, ]\I.A., Rector of Christ Church, Connecticut, published a small brochure entitled " Patronomatology, an Essay on the Philosophy of Surnames." 8vo. Baltimore, U.S. To the author of this essay, which evinces considerable ability and research, I owe many thanks. In 1846, the late eminent scholar, John M. Kemble, Esq., M.A., published a small pamphlet on the Names, Surnames and Nicknames of the Anglo-Saxons ; but this, re- lating as it does to a period antecedent to the adoption of hereditary or family names, possesses little in common with my specific object. The Edinburgh Review for April, 1855, contains a considerable article on English Surnames. The classification adopted is : " 1st. Norman names dating from the Conquest. 2hd. Local English Names. 3rd. Names of Occupation. 4th. Deriva- tives from the Christian Names of father or mother. 5th. Names given on account of personal peculiarities. 6th. Names derived from the animal, mineral, and vegetable kingdoms. 7th. Names derived from the Celestial Hierarchy. 8th. Irish, Scotch, vi PIXOIT. BOWDITCH. French, Flemish, Dutch, German, Spanish and other continental names, mainly im- ported within the last two centuries." Of the able and scholarly writer of this article I have to complain that, although he has based his remarks chiefly upon my " English Surnames," the title of which he has adopted, and although he would not apparently have written his essay without the assistance of my previous researches, he has but slightly acknowledged me, and has mis-spelt my name on each occasion of its being mentioned, though he has paraded at the head of his article the titles of a French and a German publication,* both of which, though excellent in their kind, touch but inci- dentally, and then not always correctly, upon the subject of English family names ! I trust that there are not many public critics in our land to whom the insidentes humeris non sine supercilio would so justly apply as to this Edinburgh Keviewer.f The first attempt at a Dictionary of Surnames, at least in our language, that I have seen, is that by B. H. Dixon, Esq., K.N.L., formerly of Boston in the United States, now of Toronto in Canada. It was first privately printed at Boston in 1855 ; 8vo. pp. xviii.80. This was suppressed by the author, who issued a second edition in 1857; 8vo. xxvi. 86. The work illustrates a few hundreds only of surnames, many of which are German, Dutch, French, &c. The Introduction is very interesting and amusing, and has afforded me some assistance. In 1 857 also appeared at Boston, a work entitled Suffolk Siirymmes.X by N. J. Bow- ditch, Esq., 8vo. pp. 108. This was followed in 1858 by a greatly enlarged edition— a handsome octavo of 384 pages. ISlr. Bowditch has an-anged, in a most humorous and amusino- manner, such names as had occurred to his professional notice as a con- veyancer, in deeds, &c., as well as those which he had met with in various directories, subscription-lists, and similar collections of names. He observes that his volume might bear the title of " Directories Digested ; or the Romance of the Registry." I am sure that my reader will excuse, while the author will pardon, my making a few extracts from this singular and entertaining melange of Surnames. It Is right to bear In mind that the author has " sometunes regarded theli- apparent, rather than their actual, derivations and original meanings." Mr. Bowditch acknowledges the assistance he received from the article in the Edinburgh Review above mentioned, and from ]\Ir. Dixon's publication, as well as from what he is pleased to call my "elaborate essay." He adds : " Had I seen these publications at an earlier period, the great extent of the subject would have deterred me altogether." I am sure that many, in common with myself, will feel glad that Mr. Bowditch's reading in this direction was originally thus limited. I shall make, quite at random, an inroad into Mr. Bowditch"s pleasant pages, as the very best method that I could adopt of exhibiting the vast and odd variety of family nomenclature. At the same time I must remind the reader, that many of the names borne on the other side of the Atlantic are from sources unconnected with Eno-land, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, to which the present volume Is devoted. The American nation comprises the greatest admixture of races yet experienced In the history of the world; and famUy names of every imaginable origin are, therefore, to be found In that country. I cannot perhaps more forcibly Illustrate this, than by » Essai Historique et PhUosopMque sur les Noms d'Hommes, de Peuples, et de Lieux. Par Eusfebe Salverte. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1824. Die Personennamen insbesondere die Familieimamen und ihre Entstehongsarten auch unter Beriicksich- tigun? der Ortsnamen. Von August Friedrich Pott. Leipzig, 1853. t Tlie Quarterly Review, for April, 1860, has treated my labours much more handsome'}'. % Suffolk County consists of the city of Boston, and its subui-b, Chelsea. York Directory. It will be seen that Abt Ast Ber Daw Etz Ach Atz Bli Dax Erb Adt Aug Boe Dod Erk Aey Aul Boh Don Ery Ahl Aur Bom Dun Igo Ahra Bal Bos Ege Ihl Alt Bek Bow Elz lug All Bern Bub Epp Jex Mas Nix Rad See Utz Max Olt Rau Sim Vey Mon Ort Ree Syz Voy Naf Ott Rek Uch Wex Nam Otz Roll Ulm Wey Nee Pia Rue Unz Wic Neu Pirn Sam Ure Yhn Ney Qua Sax Utt Yoe SURNAMES IN AMERICA. vii giving the following singular list of names of three letters, as extracted from the New ery few of them are English : Kab Kas Kip Kos Len Loy Lus Luz Boivditch. p. 10. " Mr. Augur has a case now pending, which his opponent doubtless feels to be a bore : he is of an old fomily. A Mr. Augur appears in 1658 ; and Mr. Augurs received the notice of our forefathers in 1671. Both Sibel and Sibell are found in New York. Mr. Soldem has ventiu-ed to bring a suit. Our Messrs. Parson, Parsons, Shriever, Friar, Friary, Priest, Divine, Deacon, Creed, Quaker, Church, Pray, and Revere, are probably not more pious than our Mr. Pagan or Mr. Turk. Both Mr. Churchman and Mr. Mussalman live in New York ; also Messrs. Bigot, Munk, and Nunns. Mr. Rosery lives at Lockport, C. W.; Dr. Kirkbride at Philadelphia; also Messrs. Bigot, Bapst, and Musselman. Mr. Layman, in 1857, committed a murder at the South, and will doubtless be hung without benefit of clergy. Mr. Praed, one of England's sweet- est poets, has by no means confined his muse to sacred themes. Dr. Verity lives at Haysville, C.W. An English clergyman, the Rev. Arundel Verity, falsely and fraudu- lently converted to his own use, funds designed for conversion of the heathen. Mr. Newgate (1651) was not an escaped convict; nor does it appear that Mr. Selman (1674) was a slaveholder. Mr. Mothersell lives at Kingston, C.W. No clerical associations surround the name of Rev. William Youngblood of New York. A Dr. Youngblood lives at Sandwich, C.W. Pleasant M. Mask of Holly Springs, Miss., treacherously murdered a young lady in 1857. We have both the Bible and the Coran in our direc- tory. Mr. Pastor makes casks instead of converts, and can operate better upon hoops than upon heathens ; but though our Pastor is a cooper, our Cooper was the best of pastors."— Pp. 23, 24. " We have Angel, (what a misnomer for a lawyer ! unless derived from the coin, when it becomes appropriate) ; Bogle, a spectre ; Geist, the German for spirit ; Soul, Fay, and Mabb ; also Warloch. We have also Engal and Engals, from the German for "angel." Mr. Puck lives in New York. Mr. Wand, of that city, deals in spirits. Our Mr. Paradise did not venture on the Eden of matrimony without making a mar- riage settlement, duly recorded (L.653, f. 284). We have also Soil (Latin for sun); Moud (German for moon); Moon, Moone, Starr, Starrs, and Star. Mr. Solis prefers the genitive case. We have also Cloud. The attorney-general of Iowa is named Cloud. Mr. Cloudman lives at Levant. I find but one Sky. Sky, indeed, has been extensively used up in ending off names in Poland! Skey lives in Philadelphia. Else- where there are fiuuilics of Heaven, Devil, and Hell. In the New York Directory there are ten families of HcUman. Mr. Helhouse was an English author in 1819. AmoncT the graduates of Yale, are three named Dibble. Mr. Dibble lives at Brook- field, Connecticut; IMr. Teufel (German for devil) at Bridgeport; and this last is com- mon in New York. Indeed, our name of HoU is, I believe, pronounced as if spelt with an e. And we have Deuell, Diehl, Devlin, and Debell. Ilimmel (German for heaven) was a well-known German composer. Eden is the name of a distinguislied English viii AMERICAN NOMENCLATURE. family. Both Eden and Edenborn are found in Philadelphia, * « * The heathen deities, Odin, Backus, and Mars, dwell with us. Rev. ]\Ir. Mars is a clergyman at Worcester. The goddess Flora keeps house in Boston. An edition of Pallas's Travels appeared in 1812, * * * Mr. Jupiter lives at Wateringbury, Conn. ; ]\Ir. Jove in New York ; Mr. Soul at Lagrange. Mr. Plannet is found in our directory, and sells beer ! Mr. Planert lives in New York ; Mr. Comet in Montreal. " Columbus discovered a world ; and so have I. Mr. World lives at Orilla, C. W. " —Pp. 47, 48, 49. " Nations are represented by Greek, Gretian, Switzer, Sabine, Britton, English, French, Dutch, German, Hollander, Irish, Russ, Dane, Fleming, Malay, Norman, Lom- bard, Scott, Welsh, Picard, Finn, Wallach, Wallack, Turk, Amerigo, &c. Our Thomas Gipseyis,inname, a citizen of the world. There was an English author named Welchman in 1767. Mr. Hunn was a clergyman in Hadley in 1839. Mr. Neil Etheopean died in 1727. John Bohemion made a deed in L.IO, f 269. George Sirian was a gunner in our navy in 1849. ]\Ir. Vandal lives at St. John's, C.E. ; and in Philadelphia, I find families of Algier and Algiers. " Countries are represented by Poland, Gaul, Spain, Spaue, Flanders, Holland, Hague, Greenland, Finland, Brittain, Scotland, Savoy, Wales, Ireland, Guernsey, Garnsey, Lorain, Virginia, Maine, Domingo, Rhodes, Barbadoes. Mr. England lately died at Newburyport. In L. 169, Mr. Canada is party to a deed. Mr. Iceland lives at Sandhill, C.W. ISIi-s. Norway lives at Brewster, IMass. Greece is found at Chat- ham, C. E. JNIr. Brazil lately died in Suffolk county. IVIr. France appears in our directory for 1857. The firm of Bates and France failed in New York in 1857. Mr. Tllins is, perhaps, of Trojan descent. Mr. Clime and Mr. Countraman of New York seem to have no fixed residence. Oxvc Mr. Freeland's name is but an alias for America. Mr. Acie, who appears in our colony records 1677, may perhaps claim his name from another continent." — Pp. 95, 96. " JVlr. Hopper was a well-known American philanthropist. One of the present judges of Maryland (1 857) bears that name. Mr. Budge lives at Lee, Me. ; Mr. Stubbs at Wellfleet ; Mr. Shove at Uxbridge ; Mr. Toward at Augusta, Me. ; and Mr. Presson at Lynn. Frederick Jump of Ashland, N. Y., failed in 1857. Dr. De Camp was a graduate of Yale. In the New York Directory I find nineteen families of Quick ; also Mr. Rusher, Mr. Racer, Mr. Start, Mr. Leap, Mr. Leaper, Mr. Stivers, IVIr. Springman, Mr. Spry, INIr. Stalker, ]\Ir. Stamper, INIr. Wran, Mr. Went, ]\Ir. Passmore, Mr. Hopp, Mt. Hopps, ISIr. Jerker, ]\Ir. Stramm, Mr. Walk, Mr. Wellstood, INIr. Ambleman, Mr. Stanback, ]\Ir. Slow, Mr. Slowey, Mr. Hobbler, Mr. Fagg, Mr. Tag, Mr. Dally, IMr. Tarry, IMr. Rest, Iklr. Stops. Mr. Fugit, the Kansas murderer, though acquitted, has been obliged to Jly from the territory. "Mr. Rushout is a British M.P., and that name is found in Roxbury. Mr, Climb lives at Selby, C.W. We have Climie. Mr. Clymer is a graduate of Harvard. [He will, doubtless, eventually take the highest degree.] Mr. Clymer of Philadelphia signed the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Creeper lives at Hampton. Mr. Diver was witness as to a late fire in North-Street : and that name is foimd in Philadelphia ; as are also Divin and Stemmer. Mrs. Slider appears in our directory for 1857, and Francis Flyer in our Colony Records, 1629. Mr. Flew lives in Philadelphia; and Mr. Reising lives at Elmeira, C. W. "Mr. Puller is a Member of Parliament. Rev. George Tugwell published a work on sea-anemones in London, 1857. Wrigley's Mathematical Collections appeared in London in 1845. Sir R. B. Crowder is one of the judges of the English court of Com- AMERICAN NOMENCLATURE. ix mon Pleas ; and in Illinois is a fib-m of Crowder and Co. Mr. Haule became a colonist here in 1638, as did Mr. Twitcliwell in 1633, and Mr. Lug in 1647. Mr. Prest was admitted a freeman in 1643. In the New York Directory I find seven families of Stucke, Mr. Pulling, and Mr. Pullman; also Mr. Tugwell and Mr. Tug?io^ Mr. Tuggy lives at Montreal."— Pp. 77, 78. "Mr. Fabel lives at Chatham, C. W.; and in Philadelphia there are four families of Fable : also Messrs. Muse and Paradee. Mr. Versey lives at Canfield ; Mr. Pen- phraise at Cobourg; Mr. Learn atRidgeway; Mr. Lingo at Westport ; Mr. Spellin at Toronto. Mr. Tuype, of that city, goes for printing : Mr. Nibbet seems to prefer manuscript. Both Quire and Ream are found in Philadelphia, and furnish writing materials. In that city I find, also, a JNlr. Wrighter, nineteen families of Righter, and eight families of Roat ; also eight families of Book, Mr. Bookman, ]\Ir. Spell, Mr' Spellbink, ]\Ir. Spellinbuch, and two families of Word. Quil appears in the Buffalo Dii-ectory for 1855."— P. 185. As I am dealing (although not scientifically) with the Surnames of the great Trans- atlantic nation — our brothers or near kinsmen for the most part — I trust that I shall not be deemed guilty of impropriety in continuing these quotations from Mr. Bowditch's really curious volume, to an extent somewhat out of proportion to the other notices ■which I am giving of surname literature. For they shew, better than any original observations of my own could do, the vast variety of the subject which I have undertaken to elucidate. They prove, too, the force of verbal corruption in a new and only partially established nation, in which, until of late, literature has been comparatively little cultivated. Like plants translated to a new soil, the family names of the old world are modifying themselves in their new habitat in a manner unprecedented in the history of language. The family nomen- clature of America is a philological curiosity and phenomenon. " Law," says Mr. Bowditch, " has furnished many names of families ; as Brass, (its raw material), Wyles, Law, Laws, Lawless, Coad, Court, Leet, Roll, Record, Docket, Case, Traverse, Levy, Chancellor, Mace, Judge, Justice, Foreman, Sheriff, Sheriffs, Constable, Marshall, Beadle, Crier, Sumner, Warning, Warner, Warn, Ses- sions, Dunn, Dunham, Dunning, Jewett, Sewall, Fee, Fines, Bail, Lien, Search, Ferriter, Nabb, Ketchum! Mr. Getum lives at Toronto, C.W. Mr. Fetchum appears in the Middlesex Records . . . . I do not add Lyes to this collection ; though it is justified by the conundrum : ' Why is a lawyer like a person who cannot sleep at night ?' — ' Because he first lies on one side, and then he lies on the other.' Messrs. Doe and Roe are not fictitious personages. Mr. Warrant, Mr Argue, and IVIr. Countsell, all live in New York ; as does Mr. Writmire— a most suggestive name. J. G. Fee, of Madison, Ky., is a clergyman, having apparently mistaken his profession. Pulling and Pynchon was an old law firm in Salem, colloqui- ally called Pullem and Pinchem. Mr. Sheard, of Toronto, has a name appropriate to a patron of the law. Dane cites the law-cases of Legal, Title, Fairtitle, Goodtitle, Fetter, &c In New York I find families of Dun, Dunner, Detter, Duely, Ittem (item), Legal, Src; also Satchell, which seems to belong here, as a green bag was formerly a lawyer's baflge. Pp. 186, 187. Mr. Sparrow was a member of our bar in 1839. JMr. Sparhawk, i.e. sparrowhawk, has a more appropriate name; as have also ISIr. Shears, Mr. Shearer, INIr, Skinner, ISIr. Keen, and Mr. Scaley. Mr. Trick was permitted to serve on the grand jury (1674). Mr. Blacklaw lives in New York. 'Mi. Carlaw, of the same city, can give only travelling advice. Mr. Greenlaw would seem to be equally untrustworthy. If the law be viewed as one of the black b X AMERICAN NOMENCLATURE. arts, as was once suggested by the late Douglas Jerrold, it is a curious coincidence that its chief ministers are Coke and Blackstone ! " We have two names which seem amenable to the law — Mr. Swindle and Mr. Robb ; and unless Mr. Sharper and Mr. Trickey are careful, their names will brins; them into trouble. P. 1 89. " The late European belligerents ought to have employed as umpire our fellow- citizen, ]Mr. Royal Makepeace. Mr. Jobs lived in New York — a name in the plural rather suggestive of city-contracts. Our Mr. Job is a family man, and pro- bably owns railroad stock. Messrs. Tittle, Blank, and Cyfer, have insignificant names. JNIr. Blankman and Mr. Aught live in New York. At Philadelphia I find families of Blanck, Blank and Blankman, two families of Dito, and six families of Null. . . . Mr. Earless was sued in 1857. Mr. Mear made a deed in December, 1856. More is very common. Mr. Most appears in the Directory. jMr. Overmore was admitted a freeman in 1671 ; and Mr. Climax himself lives in New York. Messrs. Very and AVelcombe appear extremely cordial ; whUe, on the other hand, Messrs. Nay, Nott, Nevers, Nerey, Naromore, Denio, and Mss Repell, seem quite the reverse. Mr. Denyer lives at Toronto, C.W. ... In New York are found the names of Doolady, Duduit, and Ducom— all implying a pressing request. . . . Alexander Garden was a distinguished botanist of the last century. . . . Mr. Cars is a car- man ; and iVIr. Carty a driver. Pp. 42, 43. " Mr. Coache lives at St. John's, C.E. ; ]\Ii\ Van at Strathroy, C.W. ; Mr. Still- wagon at Toronto." P. 213. ]Mi'. Bowditch has a curious chapter on misapprehended, translated, and changed surnames ; e.g.: — " In 1844, one Joseph Galliano died in Boston, and in our probate records he has the alias of Joseph Gallon^-that having been his popular name. Plamboeck, in some of our conveyances, became Plumback. These are names in a transition state. A foundling named Personne (i. e. nobody) became Mr. Pearson. Jacques Beguin of Texas, as we learn from Olmstead, became John Bacon ! Mr. Cisco is sub- treasurer of New York. The family originated in a foreigner named John Fi'ancisco, who, for brevity, voluntai'ily changed his signature to John F. Cisco. A German named Riibsum, who emigrated to Charleston, S.C, became by translation Mr. Turnipseed. The Blague family of this country became Blake ; Everedd was altered to Webb ; Fitzpen became Phippen. Crowninshield was formerly popularly called Groundsell. . . . . A distinguished lawyer of Middlesex county, named Burnside, disliking his Christian name, applied for leave to change it ; and, as he wrote a very bad hand, it was supposed that he wished to change his surname also into Buwiside ! The change was made accordingly ; and after sufiering a year's penance, it became again necessary to ask legislative aid." Pp. 241, &c. In the United Kingdom, when we change a name for another, it is ordinarily at the mandate of some testator who has made it a condition of acquiring property, but in America the change is often made for the sake of euphony ; thus, a Mr. Samuel Quince Whitefoot, disliking the metre of his name, deprived it of its final foot, and now, under legislative sanction, he writes himself S. Q. White. "An entire family of Corporal in 1847 laid aside that rank ; and a very numerous family of Vest divested themselves in 1848. Mr. Thomas Jest, in 1850, decided that it was no joke to retain such a name any longer." In these last cases the change was for something totally difierent ; not the mere adding of a letter, or the omission of a disliked syllable. As the example has now been fairly set, it is probable that in time the Americans will have the purest SHIELDS SURNAMES. xl family nomenclature in the world— all such coarse and indelicate names as those alluded to by Hood being for ever laid aside, since the American " party " has a voice and a veto : — " A name— if the party had a voice. What mortal would be a BuRg by choice, As a Hogg, a Grubb, or a Chubb rejoice, Or any sncli nauseous blazon ? Not to mention many a \Tilgar name. That would make a door-plate blush for shame. If door-jilates were not so brazen I " One more extract, exhibiting some harmony between the name and the calling of the bearers, must bring these humorous passages to a close. " Rev. Mr. Service reads the Methodist-Episcopal service at Lynden, C.W. ; and Rev. ]\Ir. Rally, of Haysville, C.W., manifestly belongs to the church-militant. Mr. Lappe, of New-Hamburg, CW., is a shoemaker ; Mss Vest, of Toronto, a dress- maker ; ]Mr. Vizard, of Peterborough, an attorney ; and ISIr. Supple, of Pembroke, a member of the provincial Parliament, 1857. Messrs. Carveth, of Port Hope, C.W., and ]Mr. Gash, of Dunville, C.E., are butchers. Mrs. Lone is a widow at Oriquois, C.E. Mrs. Cinnamon, of Kingston, C.W., keeps a grocery. The Messrs. Broadwater, of Philadelphia, are fishermen. Mr. Brick, of that city, is a mason ; and 'Mx. Cart- man, a labourer. Mr, Bricklayer, of Montreal, is a labourer ; Mr. Rumble, of Clinton, C.W., a wagon-maker; and ISIr. Saddler, of Adelaide, CW., a harness- maker. ISIr. Builder, of Caledonia, C. W., is merely a cabinet-maker. [On the other hand] Mr. Spurgeon, of Toronto, C.W., has cure of soles, not of souls ; and Mr. Hatter, of Ottawa, C.W., is a shoemaker. Mrs. Bloomy is a school-mistress at St. Zepherine, C.E.— an employment decidedly mifavourable to the complexion." ]\Ir. Bowditch's Lidex Xominum of 114 pages is a philological curiosity. In 1857 appeared a small work, entitled The .^amily Names of the Folks of Shields traced to their Origin. By William Brockie. South Shields, 8vo., pp. 113. In this ingenious little essay, the author classifies the names of the people of North and South Shields, two rising towns, situated respectively in the counties of Northumberi land and Durham, in the following manner : — Local — I, AxGLO-NoRTHTJMBRiA>-s. From Northumberland, Durham, York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire. n.— ScoTO NoRTHUMBEiAxs. From cos. Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddmgton, Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk. Dumfries. in.— Old English. From ' England Proper," that is " south of the Humber and east of the Dee and Wye." IV.— Britons of Strathclutd. From cos. Peebles, Lanark, Renfrew, Ayr, Wiizton, Dumbarton. V. — Scots, Picts, and Saxons. From beyond the Forth. VI. — Orcadians. From Orkney and Shetland. Vn.— South Britons. From Wales, Cornwall, and the Isle of Man. VIH.- Irish. IX.— French. X. — Local Names not identified. XL— Gentlle or National Names, as English, Fleming, Scott, &c. XII.— Generic Local Names, as Burn, Cra^gs, Croft, Holm. XIII. N\TrRVT. Objects. Names expressive of these, from the Anglo-Saxon, Scottish, French, Irish, Welsh, Gaelic, Danish, Dutch, Italian, and Greek lano-uages. Some of the etymologies are of a very doubtful kind. XIV.— FlioM Objects, such as tools, weapons, costume, parts of ships and houses. XV. — From Occvpations and Professions. XVI. XVn. XVni. XIX.— Foreign Names. xu ARTHUR. FERGUSON. CLARK. XX. — PATRO^^rMICS, or names derived from tlaose of parents or ancestors. These are estimated at 263. XXI. — Descriptive. (From personal, moral, and other qualities.) This brochure is interesting and amusing, though some of its statements are open to animadversion. I have obtained several useful hints from it. In the same year appeared, from the American press, A71 Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names; with an Essay on their Derivation and Import. By William Arthur, M.A. New York, small 8vo., pp. 300. This is ap- parently the production of a young writer, from whom better things may be expected. By far the most important of these recent works on Family Nomenclature appeared in 1858, under the title of English Surnames, and their Place in the Teutonic Family. By Robert Ferguson. London, f.-cap. 8vo., pp. 430. I forgive the author his small trespass in having plagiarized, in part, the title of my former work, in consideration of the pleasure and advantage I have derived from his pages, numer- ous quotations from which will be found in this volmne. The following Table of Contents will convey some idea of the nature of jNIr. Ferguson's labours. Chapter — I. — Introduction. n.— Names signifying Man and Woman. in.— Names derived from, or connected with, Teutonic Mythology. IV. — Names derived from, or connected with. Hero Worship. V. — Names taken from Animals. VI. —Names taken from Trees, Plants, Metals, &c. VII. — Names taken from War, Arms, and Warlike Occupations. Vxii. — Xames expressive of Peace, Friendship, and Affection. IX. — Names derived from Relationship. X. — Names derived from Nationality. XI.— Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon names. XII. — Scandinavian Names. XIII. — Patronymics and Diminutives. XIV. — Names derived from Physical Characteristics. XV. — Names derived from Mental and Moral Qualities. XVI.— Names derived from Office or Occupation. XVII. — Names from the Sea and the Sea Life. XVni.— Local Surnames. XIX.— General Observations. XX. — Conclusion. &c., &c. So many references to these prolusions will be found throughout my pages that my estimate of them will be inferred from such frequent notice. Like the rest of us who explore the mazes of nominal etymology, the author sometimes falls into a bog or quagmire, visible enough to all eyes but his own ; and he might perhaps be justly charged with giving too great a prominence to the Scandinavian element in our Nomen- clature, an error in which he is evidently a disciple of Worsaae ; while his researches into the history of " the Northmen in Cumberland and Westmoreland " have naturally given his mind a further bias in that direction. But as he justly observes in the pre- face — " The field is a wide one, and there will be much to add— it is a difficult one, and there will be much to correct." " I hope to have the credit," he continues, " of having fairly grappled with the subject, and of having done something to lift up the veil which hangs over our English names.'' Last, and least in bulk, not the least in amusing interest, of recent publications on this subject, is a brochure of 72 pages published in 1859, entitled Surnames ANTIQUITY OF SURXA:\IES. xiii Metrically Arranged and Classified. By Thomas Clark, Esq. Mr. Clai-k's arrange- ment of the names is into forty-six groups, each representing a certain set of objects or ideas, with little reference to etymology. Several quotations from the work will be found in this volume. Here I close my cursory review of what has been done in the English language in the way of classifying and illustrating Family Xomenclature. More elaborate pro- ductions are spoken of as forthcoming, and there are grounds for predicting, that at no distant period this department of philology will assume proportions, and achieve an importance, which twenty years ago were not even dreamed of. As I have ever, throughout my literary career, endeavoured to observe the maxim Simm Cuique, so I hope that all after-coming cultivators of this curious and extensive field, will be will- ing to admit my claim to having been the first, since the days of the illustrious Camden, who attempted to reduce to a method the farrago of terms by which the men and women of our happy country are distinguished among the nations of the world. n. ©f tl)c Suftjcct at large. N my Essay on English Surnames, I have entered somewhat fuUy into the history and classification of our family nomenclature; and it is unnecessary here to go over the same ground. I shall therefore content myself with some new illustrations of the subject, in the same order as was pursued in the former work. 1. Antiquity of Surnames. — I see no reason for departing from the year 1000, as the proximate date for the assumption of family names. The practice commenced in Normandy, and gradually extended itself into England, Scotland, and Ireland. I have assumed, that although the use of surnames may, on the whole, be regarded as one of the importations of the Norman Conquest, yet they were occasionally heredi- tary among the Anglo-Saxons at a date anterior to that event, and many generations before the general adoption of family designations. This is pretty satisfactorily proved by a document in the Cottonian MSS. quoted in Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons. This document (No. 1356 in Cod. Dipl.) has no date, but there can be no doubt of its being earlier than 1066. It states that — " Hwita Hatte was a keeper of bees in Hathfelda ; and Tate Hatte^ his daughter, was the mother of Wulsige, the shooter ; and Lulle Hatte, the sister of Wulsige, Hehstan had for his wife in Wealadeue. Wifus, and Dunne, and Seoloce were born in HjEthfelda. Duding Hatte, the son of Wifus, is settled at Wealadene ; and Ceolmund Hatte, the son of Dunne, is also settled there ; and iEtheleah Hatte, the son of Seoloce, is also there ; xiv CLASSIFICATIOX OF SURXA:\rES. and Tate Hatte. the sister of Cenwald, Mfeg liath for Ms -wife at Weligan ; and Ealdelm, the son of Herethrythe, married the daughter of Tate. Werlaff Hatte^ the father of Werstan, was the rightful possessor of Hsethfelda." Hence i\Ir. Ferguson remarks, that the existing Hatt is probably the "oldest hereditary surname we have on record." 2. Local Surnames. — To be named after one's own landed possessions seems to have been an inevitable result of the feudal system. The Xorman Conquerors, who had m many instances used the territorial De, introduced the fashion into England. Camden's remark that there is no "village in Normandy that gave not denomination to some family in England'' is justly followed by another, that "every town, village, or hamlet in England and Scotland hath afforded names to families." This is a large subject, and demands a separate essay : but I can only touch upon one or two of its more prominent points. While comparatively few existing British families can indicate the very manor in Normandy, in England, or in Scotland, from whence their fotmders, in the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, or fourteenth century, borrowed thefr names, there are multitudes who have no direct proof of being territorially associated with the places whose names they bear, even though there is strong probability in many cases that such was the fact. In nimiberless instances the founder of a surname was merely a resident at the place from which it was borrowed, and not its feudal proprietor. This is especially the case in names derived from considerable towns. Though local surnames, as above intimated, have been borrowed from every part of England, the practice was probably most rife in Cornwall, where the Tre, Pol, Pen, &c., seem to have been used almost to the exclusion of the other species of names. This is remarkable, as in the other Celtic portions of these realms — Wales, Ireland, the Highlands of Scotland, &c. — the patronymical surname was almost always pre- ferred, and the Ap, the O', and the Mac were the prefixes instead of the Anglo-Xorman De. In the Cumbrian province territorial surnames appear, however, as in Cornwall, to have been in favour. Out of a list of 55 Cumberland fiimUies extinct before A.D. 1500, thirty-nine took their designations from the places where they were settled* My original Intention was, to exclude from this work all British local surnames. The design being chiefly etymological, I thought I should forward that object very little in informing the reader that 'York' was derived from the city, and ' Essex' from the county, so called. But on mature consideration I came to the conclusion, that though the meaning of names was my main object of research, a natural curiosity might exist on the part of the reader to know when a particular surname first appeared in ancient records, and that I might thus usefully combine its history with its etymology. Besides, it is not always easy, without a considerable acquaintance with gazetteers, and other topographical books, to determine what are, or what are not, local names. Who for example, not having heard of some ten obscure localities which hardly find a place upon any map, would take the well-known surnames Hartshorne, Blenkinsopp, Fare- well, Inkpen, EUerker, Blencowe, Clewer, Antrobus, Inskip, and Charley, to be terri- torial designations ; yet this is undoubtedly the case. The number of local surnames is immense ; but while a large proportion of them can be identified with their localities, an equal, if not a larger, one cannot be so Identi- fied by means of the ordinary topographical dictionaries. A careful examination of the indices locorum of om- best county histories would shew the origin of many of these from extinct manors and petty territorial possessions ; and no inconsiderable num- * Ferguson's Northmen in Cxunterland, &c. CLASSIFICATIOX OF SURXA:MES, xv ber of them have either lost their designations or corrupted them almost beyond iden- tification. And it may be observed as a rule, that the more trivial the locality which has given rise to a surname — a poor hamlet, perhaps, or a farm of small dimensions — the more likely the fii'st assumer of the designation is to have been the owner of such locality. Every topographical inquirer must have remarked the number of surnames that have originated from these humble possessions ; and how many have either become utterly extinct or have been transferred to other, and often remote, districts. The proportion of English families who still enjoy possession of the lands from which their surnames are derived, as Ashburnham of Ashburnham, "NVombwell of Wombwell, Polwhele of Polwhele, is infinitesslmally small. The same remark applies to the Scottish families who properly write themselves ' of that Hk.' Besides these more regular local names, there are two other classes which are derived from places ; namely — 1. Those which indicate the coimtry or district from which the family came, as Ireland, Maine, Cornwall (with the adjective forms, Irish, Maunsel, Cornwallis) &c.; and 2. Those which are borrowed from the situation, rather than the name, of the original bearer's residence ; as Hill, Wood, Tree, originally At- Hill, At-Wood, At-Tree, &c. See this class of names largely treated of in English Surnames, vol. i. pp. 59 — 91. I may observe here, that in a few of the many cases in which I have failed to identify local surnames with localities, I have proved them to belong to this class by giving the etymology of the word. 3. Surnames debived from Trades, Occupations, and Offices. — I have little to remark here, beyond what has been said in English Surnames. Several names of this class occur in Domesday Book, shcAving their early use among the Normans. Some of these, as Carpentarius, Faber, Barbitonsor, may be regarded as descriptions, rather than names, though Carpenter, Smith, and Barber afterwards became hereditary names. The oflBcial names Pincerna, Dapifer, &c., usually aliased other and more regular names, and were not in a strict sense of the word hereditary, though the corresponding designations Botller, Steward, and the like, afterwards became so. But, as I have sufficiently shewn elsewhere, surnames were in a very un- fixed condition in the early generations after the Conquest. Sometimes one and the same individual would bear three surnames— one ten-itorial, another patronymical, and the thii-d official. The powerful Pilchard, son of Gilbert Crispin, Earl of Brionne, in Normandy, and Earl of Clare, in England, bears Jive names in Domesday, viz. : — 1. Richard de Tonehridge, from his lordship of that name in Kent. 2. Richard Benfeld. 3. Richard de Benefacta. 4. Richard de Clare ^ from the Suffolk lordship. 5. Richard Fitz- Gilbert, from his father's baptismal name.* It woiild seem that, among the Anglo-Saxons, words designating employments were sometimes used as we now empldy baptismal or Christian names. For example, a Coleman (or Colemannus) and a TVodeman are found among the imder-tenants of Domesday. "Whether these persons had been baptized by those names, or whether they were, by occupation, respectively a charcoal-bm-ner and a woodman, does not appear. UTiile surnames remained irregular and unfixed, as they did among the common people, throughout a great part of the middle ages, it is often difficult to determine whether the affix is a surname, or whether it is simply a descriptive epithet. It was sometimes both, especially as a particular vocation was frequently pursued hereditarily. * Dugdale's Baronage. Kelham's Domesday. xvi CLASSIFICATION OF SURNAMES. In the reign of Edward I., vre find a dancing gii-1 called Maude Makejoy, whicli evi- dently refers to her occupation. Much later, temp. Henry YI., I have seen the name Eenneawaie (Run-away) applied to a perfiiga; but the most curious instance of this sort is to be found so late as 15 Edward IV., in an extract from a record book of the manor of Hatfield Broad-Oak, co. Essex, which shows how a poacher upon the manor, who bore the name of 'Partridge-taker,' from his illicit occupation, was fined twelve pence for his ofience : — " Item dicit, qnod Rotertus Partrychetaker intravit gareniam huju3 manerii, et in eadem cepit perdrkes, et illas asportavit, sine licentiii Domini."* 4. Surnames derived from Characteristics of Mixd and Body. — The rationale of this class of names has been discussed in Eug. Surn., vol. i. pp. 139 — 148 ; and my remarks there, and in various articles in the present work, are sufficient on this division of our subject. 5. Surnames derived from Baptismal or Personal Names. — This most fertile source of family names has received due attention in my former work ; and I have only one or two further illustrations to offer. To any one who wiU examine this dictionary, few things will be more obvious than that a large number of modern surnames are identical with Anglo-Saxon personal names before the Conquest. This may appear to be no more remarkable than that the Celtic names of Ireland and Scotland deprived of O' or Mac, or the Anglo- Norman names despoiled of Fitz, or the TVelsh names destitute of Ap, should have remained in our family nomenclature — yet I think there is a difference between these really patronymical forms and those old Teutonic designations; because the latter would more naturally have assumed the desinence ing (more rarely sunu), which would have adhered, and become permanent. My theory is this : — For several generations after the in-coming of the Normans, the Anglo-Saxon race, down-trodden by their imperious conquerors, had (with few notable exceptions) small consideration as to their names — little more, it would appear, than their fellow burthen-bearers, the horse and the buUock. But when some of them, by force of character, emerged from what might with truth be called the common herd, they would assert for themselves the distinction of a nom de famille, and emvdate the Norman example. It is not difficult to imagine one of these adopting an argument like the following : " Well, though I have been a serf, I have purchased my freedom, and, as a free man, I am determined to resume as much as I can of the social position which my family, under the Norman sway, have lost. My great-great-grandfather, who possessed the lands upon which I have tiU lately been a mere chattel, fell at Hastings, bravely defending his country's liberties. He was called Wulsi, that being his only name. Now, my name is Edward ; but, as many Edwards stiU remain in servitude, I am anxious to distinguish myself as a free Englishman fi'om those unhappy indi- viduals, and I will therefore adopt the additional name of Wulsi, and call myself Edward Wulsi ; and all my posterity shall be known after our common forefather as Wulsis." By this kind of ancestor-worship, it is highly probable that the old pre- Norman nomenclature has in numerous cases been handed down to the present day. ]Mr. Ferguson observes, that it may be a question whether the epithets of Teutonic antiquity — the " surnames of illustrious men may not sometimes, on the principle of hero-worship, have been adopted by other men in after times as surnames, or even in some cases as baptismal names. "We have a few names which correspond with the surnames borne by distinguished personages, long before the time when surnames * Inf. W. Clayton, Esq. CLASSIFICATIOX OF SURXA:MES. xvii became hereditary." The instances cited by ^Ir. F. are Ironside, Barfoot, Lightfoot, Ludbrock, and Barnacle. In this connection see the articles Robynhod and Littlejohn in the present volume. Although I cannot agree with M. Salverte * that a moiety of family names are derived from baptismal appellations— at least in the British Islands— this is indisput- ably one of the largest sources of these appellatives. This will be apparent if we reflect that not only has nearly every " font-name " become a surname per se, but also in its various patronymical, or rather _^/?a^ forms and its nicked, or abbreviated modifi- cations. A reference to the article William in this work, and to what I have already said in English Surnames, vol. i. p. 166, will show how copious a source of nomen- clature this has been. The Irish, Gaelic, and Welsh surnames, as will be seen elsewhere, are almost exclusively of this kind. Under the head Patronymics and Diminutives, ^Ir. Ferguson has the following judicious observations : — " Of the two Teutonic patronymics, ing and son, common in Entrlish names, the former is more properly Germanic, the latter Scandinavian. 1 . Ing or inger signifies son, offspring, being cognate with the English young. It was discontinued about the time of the Conquest, and consequently all the names in which it appears are carried back to Anglo-Saxon times. In some few cases, however, the termination ing in proper names may not be from this origin, but rather local, from ing, a meadow.f 2. The termination son is a characteristic feature of all the Scandi- navian countries, while in Germany, on the other hand, it is of comparatively rare occurrence. So well is this distinction understood, that a writer on the ' Nationality and Language in the Duchy of Sleswick and South Jutland,' advances the frequency of names ending in son as an argument for the Danish character of the population." Too much stress ought not, however, to be laid upon this termination to prove the nationality of the bearer, since in England it is affixed to Christian names of every origin, as I have stated imder the article Son in this dictionary, ISIr. Dixon remarks that the equivalent of our English son is in Germany sohn, often corrupted to son and sew, and in Holland zoon, also generally changed to son^ sen, and se, or abbre^-iated to z. 6. The Asimal and Vegetable Kingdoms have supplied a rich variety of family names. See the articles Birds, Quadrupeds, Fishes, Trees and Plants, &c. In English Surnames, vol. 1, p. 186, I have given a list of names identical with the desig- nations of Minerals. Mr. Clark, with his usual ingenuity, adduces a more copious one : — " We've Afrate, Allnin, Brass, Chalk, Copper, Crystal, Flint, and Glass ; Slate, Iron, Freestone. Sand, Clay, Mould, L'jne, Lias, Pewter, Silver, Gold ; Stone, Gamett, Emery, Argent, Nickel, Taii, Jewell, Jasper, Brick, and Brickell ; Salt, Ruby, Winstone, Ore, and Nodes, Gravel and Coal— by wagon loads ; And lastly, Diamond, Tinn, and Zincke." But the curiosity of this catalogue is, that scarcely a single name " means what it says." They are principally derived from localities, and several are known modifica- tions of baptismal names. 7. To what I have said respecting the small class of surnames derived from Symbols, such as the charges of the Armorial Shield, the Signs of Innkeepers and * Essai sur les Noms, &c. t I beUeve that in manv, if not most cases, the tcrmmation ing denotes a local origin, and ranks with ham, LET TON- &c. It sifrnifies a meadow. But when the int; occurs in the middle of the name of a place, as m Beddinirham, Willin^on, PossmTworth, it is the Sason fiUal: thus Beddingham, or rather Bedingham, agnifies the ham, or home, of the inya, or sons, of Beda, or Bede. xviii CLASSIFICATION OF SURNAMES. Tradesmen, &c., I have notbing to add, except that I should be disposed rather to limit than to extend it. Compare, for instance, what, following Mr. ISIontagu's " Study of Heraldry," I have said in English Surnames, i. 195-6., respecting the name Septvans with what is stated in the present volume. 8. Several new illustrations of surnames, supposed to be derived from the Sociax Relations, Periods or Time, Age, &c., will be found scattered through this volume ; but in the article Times axd Seasons it will be »een that many names apparently from this source belong to other categories. 9. Touching surnames indicative of Ridicule and Contempt, I have only to remark here, that this kind of nomenclature was largely imported into England in Norman times. Among early designations which were anything but complimentary, but which adhered to descendants, and were borne in the XII. and succeeding centuries— some even remaining to our own times — the following three classes may be adduced ; viz., those derived, — a. From danjierous or ill-reputed beasts, such as Urso, Purcell, Machell,_(Mal- chien), Lupus (Lovel), Maulovel, Asinus (L'Asne); Avglice, Bear, Pig, Evil-dog, Wolf, Bad-wolf, Ass, &c. x, i- v b. From personal deformities, such as Malemains, IMalebranche, Foljambe, Tortesmains, Maureward, Vis-de-Leu, Front-de-Boeuf ; Aiiglice, Bad-hands, Bad-arm, Bad-leg, Twisted-hands, Squinter, Wolf's-face, and Bullock' s-head. c. From moral defects, such as Malvoism, ;Mauduit, Mautenant ; Anglice, Bad- neighbour, Ill-conducted, Faithless (?), &c. Analogous surnames of indigenous growth, and later date, are widely scattered over the pages of this volume. 10. With regard to sm-names apparently relating to the Virtues and other Abstract Ideas, I have found occasion to modify some of the statements which I formerly advanced. 11. Surnames identical in form with Oaths and Exclamations, though a very limited class, are more numerous than I formerly considered them to be, as will be seen on perusal of the dictionary. 12. On the family names said to have been borrowed from Historical Inci- dents, and to which I have devoted the first chapter of Vol. II. of English Surnames, I have bestowed a considerable amount of criticism, and the result is, that they are, at least in numerous instances, derived from much more probable, though less romantic, sources. See, for example, Lockhart, Dalziel, Napier, Tyrwhitt, Skene, Erskine, and many other articles in the present volume. 13. Foreign Surnames naturalized in these islands have caused me much trouble, from the difficulty which exists of determining when an immigrating family may be truly said to have become denizens of the United Kingdom. This by no means depends upon length of residence ; for while there are many (especially those connected with merchandise), who, though long among us, are not of us, there are, on the other hand, still more who, albeit their settlement is recent, may be reckoned among the truest-hearted of Britons. I have endeavoured to follow the middle course, of neither hastily admitting, nor of unfairly rejecting, surnames of foreign origin, according to the means of judging which I possessed. Without a range of enquiiies far wider than was within my power, it has been impossible to decide accu- rately on this subject. You cannot pass through the streets of any great town — of London especially — without remarking the large number of foreign names which are seen on every hand, though whether those names belong to recent settlers, or to families of several generations' standing, nothing short of elaborate investigation could CORRUPTION OF SURNAMES. xix decide. In the London Directory for tbe year 1852, page 839, no less than fifty-one traders, in consecutive order, bear foreign names ! These ai-e principally Germans. Whatever my sins of omission on this score may have been (those of commission are not to be found), I trust that few of those naturalized names which have adorned our annals in literature, science, arts, politics, or war, have been overlooked. 14. The Corruptions which hundreds of our family names have undergone tend tobafBe alike the genealogical and the etymological inquirer. These mainly proceed from two causes— first, the unfixed orthography of ancient times ; and secondly, the desire which seems inherent in most minds of attaching a signification to names. In addition to many other instances occurring in these pages, I may mention that Shire- cliffe has become Shir-tley; Ollerenshaw, Wrench; Molineux, Mull; Debenham, Deadman; Wainhouse, Venus; Sibthorpe, Tharp; MacLeod, Ellicott; Lenthall, Lentern; Delamond, Dolhjmount; Pasley, Parsley; Gillingham, Gillicum; Satherley, Saturday; Pickford, Pick/at; Clavesley, Classey ; Thurgod, Thoroughgood ; Talbois, Tallboys. JMr. Ferguson well observes that " the tendency of corruption is almost invariably towards a meaning, and not away from one" — because people like to know what they are talking about, and hence our uneducated folk call asparagus "sparrow-grass," and the passiflora a "passion-flower."* The inexact orthography of the middle ages has led to much error and misappre- hension, as might be expected when the name of Shireclifie is found spelt in fifty-five, and that of Mainwaring in one hundred and thirty-one, diiferent ways. But another cause of uncertainty has arisen from what may be called the variations rather than corruptions of names, as when in deeds executed by the same person, he is called iuditferently Chapman and Mercator, or Smith and Faber. In deeds of one and the same person, whose name would now be written John Church, or John Kirke, and who flourished in Derbyshire in the reign of Edward III., the following variations occur : — John atte Schirche, John at Cliyrch, John del Kyrke, Johannes de Kyrke, John Othekyrke, John at Kyrke.f In Scotland still greater irregularities prevailed, and do still prevail, as when kinsmen write themselves Ballantyne, Banuatyne, Ballenden, and Belenden. The following extract of a letter, addressed to me by Mr. Alexander Gardyne, will suffi- ciently attest this want of uniformity in the orthography of family names : — " I have always prided myself upon bearing a very uncommon black-letter looking surname, •which in our part o"£ the counlry — say Forfarshire— is clipped down in common parlance to Gairn. Durin" the greater part of a somewhat advanced life I have been content to call myself Gardyne, and to receive the aforesaid equivalent for it; but having recently made a pilgrimage to Father- land, after manv vears absence from Europe, it has, unhappily, resulted in placing me somewhat in the position of Jacob Faithful, with this difference, however, in my favour, that whereas Maryatt's hero was in searcli of a Father, with me it was only a Grandfather ; the imperfect regis- tration of the parish authorities of Glammis having so mystitied that mterestmg relative to me, as to baffle my endeavours to fix his identity, to say nothing of the suspicion it has awakened in mv mind that as regards the name I have so long borne, I have, in nautical phrase, been sailing ' under false colours.' I may here state that my worthy parent was gathered to his fathers long before I felt any great curiosity about the G;xrdynes of the Nether Middleton, in the Glen of Ovilvie, and that, moreover, having no relatives of ray own name beyond an aged mother and a maiden sister— being, in fact, the last of my race and a bachelor to boot, my soiu-ces of information as to the history of my family were so few in number, and so scant in detail, that I considered it would be advisable, before seeking the immediate locality of ray ancestors, to check off the genea- logical scraps in my possession, principally of an oral and legendary character, with that never-to- be-doubted record,"the Parish Register. . ., , . , ,.^ , . , , " In carrying out this resolution I realized ' the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties, for, * \n old saUor once told me, almost in the same breath, that he had " sarved" on board the Billy-Roug1\-un (Bellerophon) ; and that he had seen Muster Abraham Packer (Ibrahim Pacha). t Inf. Rev. J. Eastwood. XX " CHANGED SURXA3ilES. on making known my wants to the functionary of Glammis, and furnishing my name, he drew forth a shabby volume, and therefrom responses of such a startling character, as to leave me in considerable doubt between mv belief in the oracular quality usually ascribed to such records, and my own identity. The first' entry turned up by the worthy interpreter, and assigned to my family, was the bu-th, Feb. 6, 1767, of ' Margaret Gairden, lawful daughter of Alex. Gairden, Nether Middleton.' The date of this event and everything else but the orthography of the name agreeing, I was obliged to accept it for what it undoubtedly was— the registry of my father's elder sister. Mutter- ing to mvself that here was, at all events, something like an approach to a reconciliation of my written name of Gai-dyne with the pronounced one of Gairn, the next turned up by the old gentle- man and presented to "me, as one of the said family, was thus recorded: — 'Born Oct. -30, 1T6S, David Dalgairns, late ul son of Alex. Dalgairns, Nether Middleton: 'Beheading' this, I got my pronounced name at once; but what is more surprising is, that on referring to mv own memoranda' I was satisfied that the said David Dalgairns was rnti own father, the brother of Margaret Gairden, and both the children of the worthy farmer at Nether Jliddleton, calling himself, or rather being called by the sessions clerk of the day both Gairden and Dalgairns ; and, as if this confusion were not enough, the said David Dalgairns bearing himself in later life, and handing down to the next generation, the name of Gardyns ! " My correspondent goes on to inform me that he has discovered the additional forms of Garden, Gam, Gardin, Gardne, Game, Dalgarn, Dalgamer, Dalgardns, Dalgardyne, and Dalgarna, all springing of course from Garden, with or without its medieval prefix Del. And I may add, from the information of Mr. WUliam Jerdan M.R.S.L., &c., that his family and that of Jardine were identical, both names being additional products of the fertile Garden ! 15. In my former work wiU be found a chapter on Changed Surnames. To what is there said, I would add a few words on the practice prevalent in the middle ages, of ecclesiastics, especially the regulars, forsaking their ancestral names, and adopting either the name of the place in which they were born, or that of some dis- tinguished angel, saint, or father of the church. Being civiliter mortui, dead to the world, they assumed, with their spiritual life, a new name.* The following is a remarkable set of instances : — On October 17, 1537, the religious fraternity of WInchcombe, co. Gloucester, consisted of the abbot and seventeen monks, who, as parties to a docvunent of small importance executed that day, sign themselves by their assumed or spiritual names. On December 3, 1539, little more than two years later, when they executed their deed of surrender to Henry VIII., laying aside these designations, they sign in their secular or civil names, as shown below : — Bond of Oct. 17, 1537. Ricardus Ancelmus, Abbas Johannes Augustinus, Prior Wlllelmus Omersley Johannes Gabriel Ricardus Angelus Wlllelmus Maurus AVillelmus Overbiu-y Hugo Egwinus Ricardus Barnardus Ricardus Martlnus Georgius Leonardus Johannes Anthonius Gullelmus Hierouymus Chrlstoferus Benedictus Walteriis Aldelmus Richardus Michahel Wlllelmus Kenelmus Ricardus Ambrosius Surrender, Dec. 3, 1539. Richard Mounslow, last Abbot John Hancock, Prior William Craker John Whalley Richard Freeman William Blossom William Bradley Hugh Cowjier Richard Boldon Richard Parker George Foo William Trentham Christopher Chawnfut "\^' alter Cowper Richard Williams William Howard Richard Banister.f * Alban Butler remarks that this is done, " partly to express their obligation to become new men, and partly to put themselves under the special patronage of certain saints, whose examples they propose to themselves for their models." — Lives of the Saints, June 29. t Communicated to the Archjeological Journal, by Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. SCOTCH SURNAMES. V ^ ftf . .^^i My former researclies were devoted almost exclusively to English family names. The present volume includes those of the other ' nationalities,' which with England make up the United Kingdom. A few remarks on Scotch, Welsh, and Irish surnames therefore seem necessary here. SCOTCH SURNAMES. These range themselves under two classes ; those of the Highlands, and those of the Lowland Counties. The surnames of the Celtic, or Highland, population are chiefly of the patronymical class, and known by the prefix Mac. A large number of these, through the courtesy of gentlemen who had taken the trouble to collect them, I have been enabled to print in the dictionary. With these names I have etymologi- cally little to do. They are simply Christian names with the patronymical prefix, and it is no part of my plan to explain those designations, which belong to a more recon- dite branch of etymology than I have yet investigated, and about which even Gaelic philologists are frequently " wide as the poles asunder."* Had I followed the advice of some of my esteemed friends and correspondents beyond the Tweed, I should have omitted Scottish surnames altogether from this work. However profane the act of a Southron's meddling with the northern nomenclature may be considered, with me it was a matter of all but absolute necessity that I should bring in as many as I could collect of Scottish surnames, for the simple reason that they are borne by many thou- sands of English families whose ancestors, at a period more or less remote, crossed the Cheviots and the Tweed, and became de facto Englishmen. What, I ask, would be thought of a Dictionary of English Surnames that did not admit within its covers the names of Stuart, Campbell, Murray, Macpherson, Bruce, Douglas, and Erskine ! Scottish surnames are doubtless a difficult subject to deal with, and this principally by reason of the system of clanship so long prevalent in that kingdom. In Scotland ■whoever joined a particular clan, no matter what his position or descent, assumed the surname of his chief, and this was accepted as an act of loyalty. In England, had any retainer of a feudal baron presumed to do such a thing, he would soon have found himself at the bottom of the deepest dungeon of the castle ! A clan, therefore, is a verj; diS'erent thing from a famili/. When the system of Clanship originated is unknown. Nothing certain is known of it by documentary evi- dence before the year 1450, although the genealogies of many who were then chiefs of clans may be traced to much earlier periods. See Skene, passim. It Is probable that no two enumerations of clans would correspond with each other, and the whole sub- ject is Involved In considerable obscurity, as their historian himself frankly confesses. The following list of clans is quoted as one of the latest that have appeared in print : — LIST OF HIGHLAND CLANS. Buchanan Forbes :Mac Donnell Mac Lean Cameron Eraser Mac Farlane MacLeod Campbell Colquhoun Cummin Forbes ;Mac Donnell Fraser Mac Farlane Gordon Mac Doiigal Graham ]Mac Gregor Grant Mac Intosh Gunn Mac Kay Lamont Mac Kenzie Macalister . ^lac Kinnon Mac Donald :Mac Lachlan Mac Nab Chisholm Graham Mac Gregor H^^ ^'^'^ Mac Fherson ]\Iac Quarrie Drammoud Lamont Mac Kenzie Mac Rae Farquharson Macalister . iMac Ivmnon Munro Ferguson Mac Donald IMac Lachlan Menzies • In a few instances 1 have (riven the et\inon3 of Gaelic names as suppUed to me by the courtesy of corres- pondents. If tliey should be found incork-ct, the fault belongs to Celtic rather than to South-Saxon ignorance. WELSH SURNAMES. Murray Oliphant Rose Sinclair Ogilvie Robertson Ross Sutherland* Stewart Some of these bear undoubted evidence of being, at least as to their names, any- thing but of Celtic origin, as Mr. Skene has sufficiently shown. The Lowland and Border clans were formed in imitation of the Gaelic, but the family names of these districts are in principle and classification precisely analogous to those of England. The introduction of surnames into Lowland Scotland seems, as in England, to have been chiefly brought about by Norman influence and example. No precise period can be assigned for it. As in the case of most fashions, the adoption was gradual. Many of the Norman noblesse who had brought family names across the Channel not long after the Conquest, transferred themselves to North Britain, and of course did not drop those designations into the river Tweed. It is asserted in Father Augustin Hay's " Genealogie of the Sainteclairs," that King Malcolm Canmore called a general council at Forfar, in 1061, in which he directed his chief subjects, after the custom of other nations, to adopt names from their territorial possessions. (Volens ut Primores, quod antea non fuerat, aliarum more gentium, a prgediis suis cognomina caperent).f I can- not say, however, that I have seen any proof of territorial surnames in Scotland before the XII. century, and they are certainly unusual before the XIII. WELSH SURNAMES. The Welsh, like most of the other Celtic nations, adopted Patronymics by way of sur- names. The prefix Ap, applied to the father's baptismal designation, showed the filial relation, and was continued through every link of the longest pedigree. Henry VIH. discountenanced this unfixed nomenclature, and, during his and the succeeding reigns, the name of the father or of some earlier ancestor began to be adopted by gentle families. Hence, nearly the whole of the family names of the Principality are derived from Christian names ; and hence the great frequency of Jones, Williams, Evans, Thomas, Morgan, Davis, &c. But, until within quite recent times, say about the beginning of the present cen- tury,'the practice of using simple patronymics prevailed in the southern counties of the principality ; in other words the baptismal name of the father was the surname of the son. Thus, if Morgan Richards had three sons ; John, William, and Griffith, they would be John Morgan, William Morgan, and Griffith Morgan. John Morgan's two sons, Peter and James, would be Peter Jones and James Jones. William Morgan's two sons. Job and Abel, would be Job Williams and Abel Wil- liams. And Griffith Morgan's two sons, How el and Cadwallader, would be Howell Grif- fiths and Cadwallader Griffiths. About the year 1 825, at the Hereford assizes, a witness in a Welsh cause was ex- amined before Mr. Justice Allan Park. His name was John Jones. He was asked if he had always gone by that name, and he said he had. He was then asked whether at the time when he lived at Carmarthen, he did not go by the name of Evan Evans, and * Folks of Shields, p. 96. t Gen. Sainteclaire, p. 3. See also art. Seton in this Diet. IRISH SURNAMES. xxiii to this he replied In the affirmative. This apparent discrepancy was explained to the court by Mr. Taunton (afterwards Sir William Tavmton, and a Judge of the Court of King's Bench), who stated that Evan is the Welsh synonym of John, and Evans that of Jones ; and that John Jones might be called indifferently Evan Jones, John Evans, or Evan Evans, without any real change of name.* IRISH SURNAMES. These are formed after the Celtic method by the prefixes O' and Mac, the former being, however, by far the most usual. See O, in the body of the work. The word 0\ signifying grandfather, or more loosely any ancestor, appears to have been in use in times of remote antiquity. In some instances the name of the progenitor became fixed and stationary as a family name by the addition of this prefix so early as the XI. century. This was chiefly in noble and distinguished families ; and O'Brien, O'Mahony, O'Donohoe, O'Donovan, O'Dugan may be mentioned as examples of surnames adopted at that early period, at the instance of King Brian Boru. See Eng. Surn. ii. 67. In some few cases the prefix Mac can be traced to a like antiquity. These patronymics formed the staple of Irish family nomenclature until the con- quest of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in the reign of Henry II. At that epoch many non-Celtic surnames were introduced by the followers of Strongbow, and some of their descendants adopting the Irish manners, costumes, and language, became more Irish than Irishmen— Hibernis ipsis Hiherniores, and went so far, especially in the pro- vince of Connaught, as to translate their names ; while on the other hand many of the Irishmen in more immediate contact with their Conquerors adopted English names. The FitzGeralds, the Butlers, the Costellos, the Nangles, the Gibbons, the Burkes, the Carews, the D'Altons, the De Courcys, the Graces, the Ilusseys, and scores of other families, many of whom exhibited a strong Irish nationality, sprang from England at and after the period alluded to. In 1465 (5. Edward IV.) a legislative enactment took place, commanding the Irish who dwelt in the counties of Dublin, Meath, Uriell, and Kildare, to adopt " English Surname," either that of a town, as Sutton, Chester, Trym, Corke, Kinsale, —that of colour, as White, Blacke, Browne— that of arte or science, as Smith or Carpenter— that of office, as Cooke, Butler, and the like. How far this mandate was obeyed we know not. Such English Surnames are of course abundant In Ireland, but whether many of them can be attributed to legislation is extremely doubtful, since there has always been a considerable immigration of English and Scotchmen into the sister island, to say nothing of the voluntary adoption of English names In different ages. A correspondent (Wm. J. O'Donnavan, Esq.) has furnished me with a list of sur- names apparently derived from places in Ireland. The Indigenous Irish were prouder of the ancestral patronymic than of territorial names, and therefore the number of this class is extremely small. And even from that small number deductions must be made : Fu-st— of those names which are taken from peerage titles, such as Desmond, Galtrym, Howthe, Naas, and Swordes, which were but aliases for FitzGerald, Hussey, St. Lawrence, FitzGerald, and Croly. Also Kildare, Kilkenny, Ormond, and De^sy : Secondly— of those which, though Identi(tal with names of places in Ireland, have really * Inf. F. A. Carrington, Esq. See some curious auecdotcson this subject in English Suniamcs.vol. i., p. 18. xxiv STATISTICS OF SURNAMES. imposed those names on, instead of taking them from, the localities, such as Archdall, (Castle- Archdall) and Devenish (Court-Devenish) both English names and families : Thirdly — of those that are corruptions of indigenous patronymics, and have no con- nection with the places whose designations they resemble, as Carbery, Ennis, and Shannon. Thus expurgated, Mr. O'Donnavan's list stands as under, and it is quite probable that it is susceptible of still further pruning : — " Names before 1600. Adare, Attry, Cashell, Callan, Derpatrick, Dromgoole or Drumgould, Finglas, Galway, Galbally, Malofant, Oriell or Uriell, Pallis. " Names in present use. Antrim, Annaly, Ardagh, Augrhim, Banaher, Corballis, Corbally, Cork, Corrigans, Derry, Durrow, Dangan, Fingal, Femes, Gorey, Gowran, Golden, Kerry, Killery, Kenlls, Kells, Killarney, Killeen, Kyle, Limerick, Lusk, Longford, Meath, Monaghan, Meelick, Frehen, Sligo, Slane, Skryne, Tuyan, Tyrone. " Names of doubtful origin. Clare, Down, Den, Holywood, Louth, Mayo, Moyne, Money, Rush, Ross, Slaney, Sutton, Shaen. These are as likely to have been assumed from English as from Irish localities." Dr. O'Donovan's researches, referred to at page v. ante., leave little to be desired as to the history and classification of Surnames in Ireland ; while Mr. D 'Alton's " King James's Irish Army List "—of which, I learn, a new edition has lately ap- peared—will afford much valuable information on the subject of Irish families, their fortunes, and their misfortunes. III. Statistics of S)urnatncs. OME Statistics relative to the subject of this volume naturally find a place here. First— as to the Number of these vocables. It will possibly astonish most readers, to be told that this is as great as that of the words composing our language. According to the best authorities, the number of words m the English tongue (if we reject the obsolete on the one hand, and the technical and the un- authorized on the other) amounts to about thirty-five thousand. Now there is good reason for accepting the calculation of the Rev. Mark Noble, based upon a proximately ascertained enumeration of the surnames of which A is the initial letter (1500), and the proportion which that letter is found to bear to the other letters of the alphabet, that the number of English surnames must amount to between thirty and forty thousand.* And if we add In the Irish, Scottish, and other non-English family names which come within the scope of the present undertaking, we may safely assume that Mr. Noble's estimate rather falls short of than exceeds the truth. This calculation, roughly made many years since, has recently received singular * Hist. Coll. Arms. Prelim. Dissert. Different Different surnames to Persons to surnames. eyerj' 100 persons. one surname. 32,818 11-9 8-4 STATISTICS OF SURNAMES. xxv corroboration in a most trustworthy quarter— the sixteenth Annual Report of Her Majesty's Registrar-General, printed in 1856. By the courtesy of that gentleman I am allowed to reproduce the following statements, the result of a careful ofEcial analysis. " The probable number of surnames in England and Wales has been the subject of conjectural estimates based on a small collection of facts. By the careful collation of all the registration indexes it could be api)roximately ascertained ; for during a period of more than seventeen years it is probable that almost every resident family contributed to the registers an entry of birth, death, or marriage. The task of collating upwards of two hundred immense quarterl}' indexes would, however, involve a vast amount of labour with- out any commensurate result : moreover the number of names is constantly varjnng, owing, on the one hand, to emigration, or to the extinction of families by death, and on the other, to the introduction of fresh names by foreigners and imnaigrants, to the corrup- tion of existing names always going on amongst the illiterate, and to various other circum- stances. I have ascertained the number of different surnames contained in one quarterly index of births, and in another of deaths ; the former selected with reference to the period of the last census, and the latter ^vithout premeditation. The following are the results : — Persons Different reprtstered. surnames. Births. Quarter ending 31st March, 1851 .... 157,286 25,028 Deaths. Quarter ending 31st March, 1853 .... 118,119 20,991 " According to these numbers, there were for every 100 of the births registered about Ifi different surnames, and for every 100 of the deaths about 18, reckoning every surname with a distinctive spelling, however slightly it may differ from others, as a separate surname. Taking the two indexes together, and by a careful collation eliminating all duplicates, the numbers stand thus : — Persons rejristored. 275,405 " An alphabetical list of 32,818 surnames, the largest collection yet made, is thus obtained ; and as this restdt is furnished by two quarterly indexes only, it may be assumed as a rough estimate that the whole number in England and Wales is between thiiiy-five and forti/ thousand. It is important, however, to remember that the list includes a large number derived from the same roots as others, commonly agreeing in sound, but differing in orthography often only to the extent of a single added or substituted letter. By these trifling variations the number is immensely increased. The name of Clerk, for instance, is also commonly spelt Clnrk and Clarlie. one and the same primary name (from cler'wus) being implied in the three forms ; but three separate items necessarily appear in the list, for jiractically as surnames they represent different and distinct persons and families. Again, the widely spread name of Smith appears in family nomenclature also as Smyth, Smythe. and even as Smijth. It is not usual, however, to regard these diverse forms as re- presenting one name only, nor wotdd their bearers probably all concur in admitting the common origin of the several variations. Until a comparatively recent period, an entire disregard of uniformity and precision in the mode of spelling family names prevailed, even amongst the educated classes, and many family Bibles and writings might be adiluced as evidence that this was apparently less the result of carelessness than of affectation or design. "Wbile the sound was in a great measure preserved, the number of different sur- names became greatly multiplied by these slight orthographical variations, as well as by other corruptions : and if, in reckoning the number, each original patronymic with its modifications were counted as one, the list of 32,818 would be considerably reduced.* '• The contribution of Wales to the number of surnames, as may be inferred from what has been already stated, is very small in proportion to its population. Perhaps nine-tenths of our countrjTnen in the Principality could be mustered under less than 100 different sur- names!; ^nd while in England there is no redundancy of surnames, there is obviously a paucity of distinctive appellatives in Wales, where the frequency of such names as Jones, Williams. Dacit's, Erans, and others, almost defeats the primary object of a name, which is to distinguish an individual from the mass. It is only by adding his occupation, place of abode, or some other special designation, that a particular person can be identified when spoken of and confusion avoided in the ordinary afi'airs of life. The name of John Jones is a perpetual incognito in Wales, and being proclaimed at the cross of a market town would indicate no one in particular. A partial remedy for this state of things would perhaps be found in the adoption of a more extended range of Christian names, if the * The reader will bear in mind that the Eegistrar- General's functions are limited to England and Wales only. t " Of the 328 Remasl^, Ji'oberts 14, Lticis 11, Hughes 10, Edurards 8, Lloyd 8, James 6, Griffith 6, Morgan 0, Rees 6, Otcen 5, Morris 4, Ellis i. There is only one officer of the name of Smith {!)" xxvi STATISTICS OF SURNAMES. Welsh people could be induced to overcome their unwillingness to depart from ancient customs, so far as to forego the use of the scriptural and other common names visually given to their children at baptism." I am authorised to state, that in some early Report the Registrar- General will print a list of all the Surnames of England and Wales occurring in the official indexes of a single year. This will necessarily be a document of great curiosity and interest. The reader, seeing that we possess certainly more than 30,000 surnames, will naturally ask why this volume should contain less than one half of that number. This I shall hereafter have occasion to apologise for and to explain. Secondly — as to the comparative commonness of our most frequently occurrinjr surnames, the Registrar-General furnishes the following information : — " The subjoined Table of 50 of the most common surnames in England and Wales is derived from 9 quarterly indexes of births, 8 of deaths, and 8 of marriages; and although the inquiry might have been extended over a more lengthened period, it was found that the results were in general so constant as to render a further investigation un- necessary. When arranged according to the numbers in each index, the names appeared almost always in the same order, and the variations, when they occurred, rarely affected the position of a name beyond one or two places. These 50 names embraced nearly 18 in every 100 persons registered. The three names at the head of the list, Sr?iith, Jones, and Williams, are, it will be observed, greatly in advance of the others ; and if the numbers may be taken as an index of the whole population, it would appear that on an average one person in every 28 would answer to one or other of these three names." Table XVI.— Fifty of the most common Surnames in England and Wales, with the aggregate Number of each entered in the Indexes of Bu-ths, Deaths, and Marriages in the Year ending 30th June 1838, of Bu'ths in the Quarter ending 31st March, 1851, and of Bu-ths, Deaths, and Marriages in the Year 1853. Number Number SURNAMES. of Entries of each Surname. SURNAMES. of Entries of each Surname. 1 Smith 33,557 26 Harris - 7,042 2 Jones 33,341 27 Clark 6,920 3 Williams 21,936 28 Cooper - 6,742 4 Taylor - 16,775 29 Harrison 6,399 5 Davies - 14,983 30 Davis 6,205 6 Brown - 14,346 31 Ward 6,084 7 Thomas - 13,017 32 Baker - 6,013 8 Evans 12,555 33 MARTm - 5,898 9 Roberts - 10,617 34 Morris - 5,888 10 Johnson - 9,468 35 James 5,755 11 Robinson- 9,045 36 Morgan - 5,691 12 Wilson - 8,917 37 King 5,661 13 Wright - 8,476 Allen - 5,468 14 Wood 8.238 39 Clarke - 5,309 15 Hall 8,188 40 Cook 5,300 16 WALKER - 8,088 41 Moore - 5,269 17 Hughes - 8'010 42 Parker - 5'230 18 Green - 7,996 43 Price 6,219 19 Lewis - 7,959 44 Phillips - 5,124 20 Edwards 7,916 45 Watson - 4,771 21 Thompson 7,839 46 Shaw 4,759 22 White - 7,808 47 Lee 4,731 23 Jackson - 7,659 48 Bennett - 4,671 24 Turner - 7,549 49 Carter - 4,648 25 HILL 7,192 50 Griffiths Total - 4,639 440,911 The Registrar General makes some pertinent remarks on the grouping of these familiar surnames. " It seems," he says, " that of the 50 most common names more than half are derived from the Christian or fore-name of the father, and they are lite- rally siVe-names or sirnames." Thirteen are derived from employments and occujia- STATISTICS OF SURXAilES. xxvii tions ; seven from locality ; two from peculiarities of colour — Brown and "WTiite. King, the thirty-seventh in point of commonness, stands the sole representative of its class. Table XVII.— Fifty of the most Comros ScRNAitES in England and Wales, arranged vdth reference to their Origin. Derived from Christian- or FOUENAltES. Jones Williams Thomas Evans Roberts Johnson Robinson WUson Hughes Lewis Edwards Thompson Jackson Harris Harrison Davis Martin Morris James irorgan AUen Price Numbers (from the foregoing Table). 33,341 21,936 14.983 13,017 12,555 10,617 9,468 9,045 8,917 8,010 7,959 7,916 7,839 7,659 7,042 6.399 6,205 5,898 5,755 5,691 Derived from Christian or FoBESAJiES — com. Phillips Watson Bennett Gi-iffiths (27 Names) - Derived from Occcpa- TI0S3. Smith Tavlor Wright Walker Turner Clark Cooper Ward Baker Qarke Cook Parker Carter (13 Names) Numbers (from the foregoing Table). 5,124 4,771 4,671 4,639 33.557 16.775 8,476 8,088 7,549 6,920 6.742 6,084 6,013 5,309 SURNxVilES. Derived from Locality Wood H:iU - Green HiU - Moore Shaw Lee - (7 Names) Derived from Pebsonal Peculiastties. Brown White (2 Names) From other Circum- stances. King Total - Numbers (from the foregoing Table). 4,759 4,731 14,346 7,808 5,661 440,911 Under the article Smith in this dictionary, I have given the Registrar-General's statistics of the two preat names Smith and Jones. I shall here add his table which shows first, the estimated number of persons bearing each of the 50 names, and secondly, the proportion which they bear to the population of England and Wales. It wiU be seen that one person in every 73 is a Smith ; one in every 76 a Jones ; and one in every 148 a Taylor. The most striking feature, perhaps, of this table, is, the exceed- ingly limited monarchy possessed by our Kings ; for it clearly appears that if all the Kings in England and Wales should come to an undersl anding to divide these realms in a fair and equitable manner, each monarch could claim but 434 subjects. In other words, every four hundred and thirty-fifth man amongst us is a King ! It is observed in this very interesting Report, that the class of surnames derived from occupations is peculiarly instructive, " as illustrating the pursuits and customs of our forefathers ; many of them furnish evidence of a state of society impressed with the characteristics of feudal times ; and not a few are derived from terms connected with the amusements of the chase and other field sports to which our an- cestors were so ardently attached. Widely dllferent would be a national nomenclature derived from the leading occupations of the present day. The thousands employed in connection with the great textile manufactures would take precedence even of the Smiths ; while the Taylors would give place to the shoemakers (now scarcely recog- nisable under the not common surname of Suter, with its variations Soutter, Sowter &c.) as well as to the Colliers, the Carpenters, the Farmers, and others." I must remark, however, what appears to have escaped the notice of the Registrar- xxviii STATISTICS OF SURNAMES. General, tliat the Hosiers go to swell the number of artizans in leather (see Hosier in this dictionarj) ; that the Colliers of old times were not pitmen, but were makers of charcoal ; and that Farmer as applied to the husbandman is a word that has come into use in times long subsequent to the introduction of surnames. " The Haivkers, Falconers, Boivyers, Fletchers, Arronsmiths, Palmers, Pilgrims, Friars, and Freres, and a host of other family names, derived from various callings which have become obsolete in this country, would be wanting." Table SIX.— Esthuted NniBER of Persons in Englakb and Wales bearing the nnder-mentioned Fifty most common SuisNAiiEs. (Deduced from the Indexes of the Registers of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, and the estimated Popuiation in the Year 1853.) Estimated Of the Estimated Of the SURNAMES. Number of Persons in 1853. entire Population SURNAMES. Xumber of Persons in 1853. entire Population One In One in ALLES - 40,500 454 Lee - - - 35.200 523 Lewis - 58,000 318 Baxer 43,600 422 Bennett - 35.800 514 Martin - 43.900 420 Bro^\-n - 105,600 174 Moore - 39,300 468 Morgan - 41,000 449 Caeter - 33,400 551 Morris - 43,400 424 Clark 50,700 363 Clarke - 38,100 483 Parker - 39,100 471 Cook 38,100 483 Phillips - 37,900 486 Cooper - 48,400 380 Price 37,900 486 Davies - 113.600 162 Roberts - 78,400 235 DA\as 43,700 421 Robinson- 66,700 276 Edwards- ,58,100 316 Shaw 36.500 504 EVAiJS - 93,000 198 Smith 253,600 73 Green 59,400 310 Tatlor - 124.400 148 Griffiths 34,800 629 Thomas - 94,000 196 Thompson 60.600 304 Hall 60,400 305 Turner - 56,300 327 Harris - 51,900 355 Harrisox 47.200 390 Walker - 59,300 310 Hill 52.200 352 Ward 45.700 402 Hughes - 59,000 312 Watson - 34,800 529 WraTE - 56,900 323 Jackson - 55,800 330 WILLLVMS 159,900 115 James - 43,100 427 Wilson - 66,800 275 Johnson - 69,500 265 Wood 61,200 301 Jones 242,100 42,300 76 435 Wright - Total of 50 Surnames 62,700 293 King 3,253,800 5-7 The subject of the local distribution of surnames is one that deserves more atten- tion than it has received. AYhile some names are scattered broad-cast over the kingdom, others are almost peculiar to some county or lesser district. Not to mention the famous example of Tre, Pol, and Pen in Cornwall, we may almost localize the ter- mination hurst to Sussex and Kent, combe to Devonshire, and thu-aite to Lancashire and the adjacent counties, because in those districts respectively most of the places with those terminations are found. But this is not always confined to surnames derived from places. Some other names seem to adhere to the district which ga-c them birth with a fond tenacity, as I have elsewhere had occasion to observe.* The locomotive chai-acter of the present age is, however, doing much to alter this, and to fuse all provincial peculiarities and distinctions. It would be well, therefore, for com- petent observers in various parts of the kingdom to record the habitats of particular names ere the opportunity now existing shall have passed away. * Contrib. to Literature, p. DOMESDAY BOOK. IV. ISvinripal (Tollrcfions of Siurnamrs. HE main sources for the history of English Surnames may be briefly enumerated. Many personal or baptismal names in use in Anglo-Saxon times, such as are scattered everywhere up and down in the Saxon Oironicle, and the Codex Diplomaticus, became in course of time, hereditary or family appel- lations ; but sufficient allusions to these will be found in the body of this work, and I shall therefore limit my observations on this subject to Domesday Book and sub- sequent records. The document called Domesday, by common consent allowed to be the finest national record in Europe, was compiled by commissioners appointed by William the Conqueror, and finished about the 1086. It is a faithful summary of all the lands of his realm (three or four northern counties excepted), and contains the names of their proprietors. Sir Henry Ellis's General Introduction to Domesday, published in 1833, contains lists of all the tenants, from which it is evident that surnames of the heritable kind were very unusual, many even of the great Xorman proprietors being entered simply by their Christian name, or by that accompanied by some description, and some- times, as we have before seen, one and the same tenant is called by different names in different places. The common people (except in a few isolated cases already noticed) did not aspire to the dignity of a family name. As a specimen of the descriptions rather than surnames found in this noble Survey, I subjoin an extract from the Introduction, of under-tenants bearing the baptismal name of Ulf. Vlf quidam homo, Buck. 149 b. Ylf et frater ejus, Yorksh. 374. Vlf cilt. Line. 366. Vlf diaconus, Yorksh. 373, 374. Vlf fenisc. Hunt. 203, Derb. 277 b., Nottingh. 280 b., Line. 3-54 b. bis. v. Vlfenisc, Vlffenisc. Vlf fil. Azor, Northampt. 220 bis. Vlf fil Borgerete, Buck. 146 b. Vlf filius Suertebrand, Line. 336. Vlf homo Asgari stalre. Buck. 149 b. Vlf homo Herald i Comitis, Buck. 146. Vlf homo Wallaf Comitis, Xorthampt. 228. Vlf hustarle Regis E. Midd. 129. Buck. 149. Vlf pater Sortebrand, Clam, in Chetst. 377. Vlf tope sune,* Clam, in Chetst. 376 b. Vlf teianus R. E. Midd. 129, Buck. 148 b. bis. 149, 149 b., Camh. 19G b. 197, 197 b. bis., Essex 27. The Winton Domesday, a survey of the lands which had belonged to Kinc Edward the Confessor, made on the oath of eighty-six burgesses of Winchester in the time of Henry I. is remarkable for the number of surnames which it comprises.f • Mf filins Topi was one of the witnesses to William the Conqueror's Charter to the Abbey of Peterborough. See Mon. Aug., last edition, voL i. p. 383. t Sims's Manual for the-«.— Illustrations, Historical and Genealogical, of King James's Irish Army List, 1689. By John D'Alton, Esq., Barrister. Dublin, 1855. i)i>o».— Surnames, by B. H. Dixon, Esq. (See p. vi). Domesd. — Domesday Book. Encycl. iZera?//.— Encyclopredia Heraldica, or a complete Dictionary of Heraldrj', by W. Berr)-. Four vols, quarto. Ferguson.— Y.Vi'^\^ Surnames, and their place in the Teutonic Family. (See p. xii). To prevent misapprehension, it is as -well to remark, tliat Eng. Sum. throughout means my own former work ; while the volume of Mr. Ferguson is always referred to as here indicated. HalUn-ell. — A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial "Words, &c., from the Fourteenth Century, by J. 0. Halliwell, Esq., F.R.S. 2 vols. 8vo. jj^ jt, — Rotuli Hundredorum — the Hundred Rolls. (See p. xxx). Jacob. — Jacob's Law Dictionary. Kelham.—l. Domesday Book Llustrated, 1788. 2. Anglo-Norman Dictionary, 1779. Za7id)ianuibo}i.— Islands Landnamabok, hoc est, Liber Originum Islandiaj. Copenhagen, 1847. For most of the references to this work I am indebted to Mr. Ferguson's volmne. Msbet.— System of Heraldry, by A. Kisbet, Esq. 2 vols. fol. Edinburgh, 1722. iV. and Q. — Notes and Queries. jl Q^ i6._The Sixteenth Annual Report of the Registrar General. Published by au- thority, 1856. Richardson. — Dictionary of the English Language, by Chas. Richardson, L.L.D. Shirley.— The Noble and Gentle Men of England, by Evelyn Philip Shirley, Esq., M.A. 1859. ERRATA. p. 13. AssENDER. Pronounciation. 39. Bbatbrook should be Bratbrook. 62. CiA\r.—from the time, &c, 88. Dewxt. Read, Walter de Dounai, not Dounai. 103. Ellis. The quotation beginning " Elles or Ellis — ends at husband. 166. Hunter. Read, " The Himters of Pohnood, .... in the V. cent." 173. John. For ilickejohn read Jlicilejohn. 180. KiNLOCK should be KinlocA. 192. Leighton. Read ticfcomes. 192. Lempkiere. far Ex. inf. read Ex inf. 205. SUc. For Lord Stair, read the Earl of Stair. 220. Macleverer. Read Xorroy, king of arms. In a volume containing so many thousands of proper names, errors of orthography will doubtless be foimd, though it is hoped that they are comparatively few and trifling. xli LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The Earl of Abeegaten^xt, Bridge Castle. R. T. Abraham, Esq., Heavitree, Exeter. Sir R. Shafto Adair. Bart., Adair House, St. James's Square, London. Thomas T. Adams, Esq., Ballinlanders, Tip- perar>'. George Ade, Esq., 12, Manchester Square, London. Mrs. George Allfree, Linton, Staplehurst, Kent. Richard Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Long Mel- ford, Sudbury. Thomas Francis Anderson, Esq., Liverpool, Thomas Arkcoll, Esq., Langney. The Earl of Ashburnham, Ashburnham Place. Arthur Ashpitel, Esq., F.S.A., Poets' Comer, "Westminster. William "SVakeford Attree, Esq., Recorder of Hastings, Fig-tree Court, Temple. Thomas Attwood, Esq. The Lord Auckland, Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells. John Tattersal Auckland, Esq., F.S.A., Bourbel Villa, Eastbourne. The Rev. Charles C. B.ujixgtox, M.A., F.R.S.. F.S.A., St. John's College, Cam- bridge. G. P. Bacon, Esq., Lewes. John Bacon, Esq., F.S.A., 35, Bath wick Hill, Bath. John N. Bagnall, Esq., Charlemont Hal!, Wednesbury. John Baker Baker, Esq., Buxted. Edward H. S. Banks, Esq., Rye. Francis Barchard, Esq., Horsted Place, near Ucktield. Richard Barratt, Esq., Lewes. The Rev. M. W. Barton, M.A., Brandon Hill Bristol. Thomas Barton, Esq., Threxton, near Wat- ton, Norfolk. Brian B. Barttelot, Esq., Stopham, Petworth. Thomas Bateman, Esq., F.S.A., Youlgrave, CO. Derby. W. E. Baxter, Esq., Lewes. William Baxter, Esq. Lieut.-Col. North Ludlow Beamish, K.H., F.R.S., Lota Park, Cork. Miss Beard, Rottingdean. Charles Beard, Esq., Rottingdean. Charles Beard, Esq., Lewes. The Rev. Jas. Beck, Parham, Ste}Tiing. William Beckwith, Esq., Seacox Heath, Hurstgreen. Charles Beke, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., kc, kc, Belvedere, Mauritius. James Bell, Esq., Cranbrook. Mr. Thomas Berry, Brighton. The Rev. G. C. Bethune, M.A., Chulmleigh, Devon. Miss Bishop, Wargroves, Herstmonceux. William Henry Blaauw, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Beechland. William Madox Blackwood, Esq., F.S.A., 1, Queen's Villas, Windsor. Robert Blair, Esq., 42, Union Street, Greenock. John Blaker, Esq., The Priory, Lewes. Edgar Blaker, Esq., Lewes. Robert Willis Blencowe, Esq., M.A., The Hooke, Sussex. John Greorge Blencowe, Esq., M.P., Bine Ham, Lewes. Sir Charles R. Blunt, Bart., M.A., Heathtield Park. xlii LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Miss Julia R. Bockett, Brading, Burghfield, Reading. Sir John P. Boileau, Bart., V.P.S.A., F.R.S., &c., 20, Upper Brook Street, and Ketter- ingham Parlt. Colonel Boldero, Lowbeding, Horsham. Henry Boldero, Esq., St. Leonard's Forest, Horsham. His Liiperial Highness the Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte, 8, Westboume Grove, West. Joseph Boord, Esq., Verulam House, St. John's Wood. 2 coj)ies. The Rev. Care)' H. Borrer, M.A., Rector of Hurst-Pierpoint. William Borrer, Esq., F.L.S., &c., Henfield, Hurst-Pierpoint. John Borrer, Esq., Portslade. Sir E. Dixon Borrowes, Bart., Barretstown Castle, BalljTnore-Eustace. Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., &c., &c., Norton Hall, Daventry. N. I. Bowditch, Esq., 9, Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass. Patrick Boyle, Esq., M.A., Shewalton, Irvine, N.B. The Honble. Henry Brand, M.P., Glynde. The Lord Braybrooke, F.S.A., &c., Audley End. 2 copies. His Excellency Henry H. Breen, Esq., Go- vernment House, St. Lucia. The Marquis of Bristol, 6, St. James's Square, London. 2 co}nes. William Henry Brockett, Esq., Gateshead. Alexander Brown, Esq., Cowdray, Petworth. The Rev. Henry Bromae, M.A., Pevensey. George Browning, Esq., F.S.S., Lewes, John Collingwood Bruce, Esq., L.L.D,, F.S.A., Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 2 co;pies. W. Do-\vning Bruce, Esq., F.S.A. Lond. and Scotl., &c., &c., Kilbagie Hrmse, Clack- mannan. Geo. B. Bruce, Esq., M. Inst.C.E., 24, Gt. George St., Westminster. T. N. Bru.shfield, Esq., Medical Superinten- dent, County Asylum, Chester. The Rev. Guy Bryan, M.A., F.S.A., Wood- ham Walter, Maiden, Essex. George Burgess, Esq., 18, Lincoln Street, Mile End Road, London. Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms, Dublin. The Venerable Charles Parr Bumey, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., &c., &c.. Archdeacon of Colchester, Wickham-Bishop's Rectory, Witham, Essex. Sir Charles Merrik Burrell, Bart., M.P., Knepp Castle. Henry Mathews Burt, Esq., 34, Compton Terrace, Islington, George Bushby, Esq., Lewes. The Rev. Charles Henry Butcher, 1 , Sussex Villas, Bridge Road, Hammersmith. Mr. James Butland, Bookseller, Lewes. George Slade Butler, Esq., Cler. Pacis, Rye, John Rose Butlin, Esq., F.S.A., 37, Gordon Square, London. The Rev. Archdall Buttemer, M.A., Stoke Park Villas, Guildford. Thomas Downie Caltheop, Esq., 7, White- hall Place, Westminster, John Campbell, Esq., M.D., R.N., Woking, Surrey. William .John Campion, Esq., Danny, Hurst- Pierpoint. Henry Campkin, Esq., Reform Club, Lon- don, George A. Carthew, Esq., F.S.A., East Dereham. Saint Catherine's College, Cambridge, Per Rev. Henrj- Philpntt, D.D., Master, Vice- Chancellor of Cambridge, and Chaplain to H.R.H. Prince Albert. Richard Redmond Gaton, Esq., F,S.A., Park, Oswestiy. Heniy Catt, Esq., Arnold House, Brighton. 2 copies. William Catt, Esq., Portland Place, Brigh- ton. Charles Catt, Esq., Brighton. George Catt, Esq., Bishopston Mills, Miss Helen Cattell, Westerham. John Young Caw, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., Fountain Villa, Cheetham Hill, Manches- ter. John Nurse Chadwick, Esq., King's Lynn. William Chaffers, E.sq., F.S.A., 66, Jermyn Street, London. David N. Chambers, Esq., F.S.A., 47, Pater- noster Row. Richard S. Chamock, Esq., F.S.A., 8, Gray's Inn Square, London. The Lord Bishop of Chichester, Palace, Chi- chester. The Literarj^ Society, Chichester. Thomas Clark, Esq., Godalming. Hyde Clarke, Esq., 42, Basinghall Street, London. John Clayton, Esq., F.S.A., &c., Newcastle- upon-Tyne. 2 copies. William Clayton, Esq., Dover. Edward Cobb, Esq., Haverstock HiU. Thomas Cobbe, Esq., Longcroft, Devizes. John Colbatch, Esq., Sylvan Lodge, Brigh- ton. Charles A. Cole, Esq., Public Record Office, London. Carlos Coleman, Esq., Chitcombe, Brede, Sussex. J. H. Campion Coles, Esq., Eastbourne, LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xliii Bo)-ce Han^ey Combe, Esq., Oaklaiuls, Sed- lescombe, Sussex. Alfred Coiupii^ne. Esq., QueensLerry Lodge, Elstree, Herts, N.W. George Cooke, Esq., Lewes. Charles Cooper, Esq., 2, Florence Place, New Cross Road, S.E. Charles Henry Cooper, Esq., F.S.A., Town Clerk of Cambridge. Frederick Cooper, Esq., 40, Norfolk Square, Brighton. William Durrani Cooper, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Mem. Mass. Hist. Soc., 81, Guilford Street, Russell Square. Joseph Cooper, Esq., Lewes. The Rev. George Elwes Corrie, D.D., Master of Jesus College, Cambridge. Richard W. Cotton, Esq., Barnstaple, Devon. John Ross Coulthart, Esq., F.S.A., Scotl., Croft House, Ashton-under-Lyne. 2 eojnfis. William Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald, Barrister-at-Law. The Rev. Charles J. Crawford, D.D., Wood- mansterne Rectory, Epsom. Sir Edward Sheppard Creasy, Judge Advo- cate of Ceylon. Robert Crosskey, Esq., Lewes. James Crowdy, Esq., F.S.A., 17, Serjeant's Inn, Fleet Street. H. Cunlifife, Esq., F.S.A., Albany, Piccadilly. J. Brendon Curgenven, Esq., 11, Craven Hill Gardens, Hyde Park. Captain G. C. D'Albiac, Brighton. The Rev. Joseph Dale, M.A., Bolney (de- ceased). Charles Dalrymple, Esq., F.S.A., Scotl., West Hall, inch, co. Aberdeen. J. Stuart Dalton, Esq., Liverpool Free Public Library, Duke St., Liverpool. The Rev. George Henry Dashwood, M.A., F.S.A., Stow-Bardolph, Downham. Henry D'Aveney, Esq., Blofleld, Norwich. Major-Gen. F. Davies, Danehurst, Uckfield. Joseph Barnard Davis, Esq., F.S.A., Shelton, Statibrdshire. The Rev. W. H. Davey, M.A., Theological College, Chichester. Mr. Thos. Davey, 195, High Street, Lewes. The Rev. Charles Day, L.L.B., Vicar of Mucking, Romford, Essex. Miss Dealtrj', Bolnore, Cuckfield. James Dearden, Esq., F.S.A., &c., Rochdale Manor. Messrs. Deighton, Bell, & Co., Agents to the University of Cambridge. The Earl De La Warr, Buckhurst. Edward S. Deudy, Esq., Rouge-Dragon, Arundel. The Rev. Pierre De Patron, M.A., Rodmell Rectory, Sussex. H.G. The Duke of Devonshire, Devonshire House, London. Hugh Welch Diamond, Esq., M.D., F.S.A., Twickenham House. Thomas Dicker, Esq., Warminster. Charles Scrase Dickins, Esq., Coolhurst. C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq., F.S.A., 76, Sloane Street. B. Homer Dixon, Esq., K.N.L., Toronto, Canada West. Robert William Dixon, Esq., Seaton Carew, CO. Durham. Henry William Dobell, Esq., Eltham, Kent. John George Dodson, Esq., M.P. Robert Thomas Dolan, Esq., Newhaven. Andrew J. Doyle, Esq., Lewes. Sir William Domville, Bart., Southfield Lodge, Eastbourne (deceased). William J. O'Donnavan, Esq., Barrister-at- Law, 2, Cloisters, Temple. D. Drakeford, Esq., Dillions, Crawley. Mr. Dudeney, Milton House, Lewes. Sir James Duke, Bart, Portland Place. Mr. R. A. Durrant, Wellingham. Frecheville L. Ballantine Dykes, Esq., Ing- well, Whitehaven. 2 copies. Arthur Eden, Esq., Ticehurst. Richard Edmunds, Esq., Worthing. The Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, M.A., F.S.A., Rectory, Clyst St. George. The Earl of Ellesmere, Bridgewater House. Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., B.C.L., F.S.A., &c., &c., 24, Bedford Square. Joseph Ellis, Esq., Brighton. William Smitli Ellis, Esq., Barrister-at- Law, Hydecroft, Crawley. Colonel Elwood, Clayton Priory, Hurst- Pierpoint (deceased). Mrs. Elwood, Clayton Priory, Hurst-Pier- point. The Right Hon. T. Erskine, The Grove, Eversley, Winchfield. John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempsted. George Farncombe, Esq., Bishopston. John P. Fearon, Esq., Ockenden, Cuckfield. John Fenwick, Esq., F.S.A., Newcastle- upon-Tyne. Robert Ferguson, Esq., Morton, Carlisle. William Figg, Esq., F.S.A., Lewes. John Purcell Fitz-Gerald, Esq., Boulge Hall, SutYolk. M. N. R. Purcell Fitz-Gerald, Esq. The Rev, William Anthony Fitz-Hugh, M.A., Streat Rectory. xliv LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The Eight Honble. Henry Fitz-Eoy, M.P., 42. Upper Grosvenor Street (deceased). J. B. Fletcher, Esq., Bersted Lodge, Bognor. Sir "William Browne Folkes, Bart., M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A., Hillington Hall, King's Lynn. Edward Foss, Esq., Churchill House, Dover. The Rev. Philip Freeman, M.A., Thorverton Vicarage, (for Cullompton Clerical Book Club). Gilbert J. French, Esq., F.S.A. London and Scotl., Bolton, Lancashire. Thomas Frewen, Esq., Brickwall, Northiam. The Lord Viscount Gage, Firle Park. Sir Thomas Eokewode-Gage. Bart., F.S.A., Hengrave Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. John Gainsford, Esq., 4, London Road, Brighton. Joseph Gardner, Esq., Architect, Folkestone. John Garland, Esq., F.L.S., Dorchester. The Rev. Charles Gaunt, M.A., Isfield Parsonage. Francis Harding Gell, Esq., Coroner for East Sussex, Lewes. George Gent. Esq., ilojTis Park, Steeple Bumpstead, Essex. John Gibbs, Escj., Maze-Hill Cottage, St. Leonards-on-Sea. George Carew Gibson, Esq., F.S.A., Sand- gate Lodge, Steyuing (deceased). William Ginner, Esq., J.P., Hastings. J.Wyllie Giuld, Esq., 3, Park Circus, Glasgow. J. H. Glover, Esq., F.S.A.. Buckingham Palace. BurwoodGodlee, Esq., J.P., Leighside, Lewes. Mr. Henry Goldsmith. C. E. Goodhart, Esq., M.A., Langley Lodge, Beckenham. John Robert Gooding. Esq., Southwold, Suffolk. Mrs. Gorring, Seaford. John Gosden, Esq., Eastbourne. The Rev. J. Gould, M.A., Burwash Rectory. J. Grandidge, Esq., Bury Road, Rochdale. The Rev. Thomas Grantham, M.A., Bramber Rectory, Steyning. William Grantham, Esq., Hove, Brighton. Richard Gravely, Esq., Nevrick. The Rev. C. S. Green, M.A., St. Anne's Rectory, Lewes. The Rev. H. T. Griffith, Alby Hill, Han- worth, Norwich. The Rev. John Griffith. M.A., Principal of Brighton College. The Rev. Robert Scarlett Grignon, Rector of St. John's. Lewes. The Rev. Edmund W. Grinfield, M.A., &c., &c., 6, Lower Brunswick Place, Brighton. John Grover, Esq., Lewes. Miss E. Grover. Robert Growse, Esq., 9, Wellington Square, Hastings. Edmund Grundy, Esq., 26, High Street, Manchester. Daniel Gurney, Esq., F.S.A., North Euncton, King's Lynn. James Hacox, Esq., Long Dale Villa, Oxton, Cheshire. William D. Haggard, Esq., F.S.A., 50, Brunswick Eoad, Brighton. Edward Hailstone, Esq., F.S.A., &c., Horton Hall, Bradford. The Venerable W. H. Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of London, Charterhouse. William Hallett, Esq., Alderman, Brighton. Mr. James Hammond, Lewes. John Alexander Hankev, Esq., Balcombe Place. Mrs. S. Hannington, Hurst-Pierpoint. The Eev. L. Vernon Harcourt, M.A., 29, Portland Place. John Harris, Esq., Lesney Park, Erith, S.E. Mrs. Harrison, Brighton. William Harrison. Esq., F.G.S., &c., Galli- greaves House, nr. Blackburn, Lancashire. William Harvey, Esq., F.S.A., Lewes. Charles Harwood, Esq., F.S.A., Eecorder of Shrewsbury, Folkestone. The Hastings Mechanics' Institution. J. M. Head, Esq. Charles Hill, Esq., F.S.A., West Hoathly, Sussex. John Hillman, Esq., Lewes. Eobert Hillman, Esq., St. Anne's, Lewes. John Hodgson Hinde, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., &c., Acton House, Northumberland. The Eev. William Henry Hoare, M.A., Oak- field, Crawley. John Hodgkin, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Shelley's, Lewes. Nathaniel HoUingsworth, Esq., F.S.A., 22, Gower Street, London. Henry Holman, Esq., Gate House, East Hothly. Mrs. W. Sancroft Holmes, Eastbourne. A. J. Beresford Hope, Esq., M.P., M.A., F.S.A., &c., Bedgbury, Kent. Richard Hoper, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Temple. John Hoper, Esq., Shermanbury (deceased). Henry Hoper, Esq. D. D. Hopkyns, Esq., F.S.A., Weycliffe, St. Catherine's, Guildford. Thomas Horton, Esq., 6, Green Street, Gros- venor Square LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xlv Philip Henry Howard, Esq., F.S.A., Corby Castle, Carlisle. James Howell, Esq., Westfield House, Brighton. William Egerton Hubbard, Esq., Lower Beeding. Wm. Henry HulTam, Esq., Dock Office, Hull. B. Husey-Huut, Esq., Lewes. Thomas Huson, Esq. Edward Hussey, Esq., Scotney Castle. P. E. Hyde, Esq.. Engineer and Surveyor's Officej Town Hall, Worthing. He.vry Ingle'dew, Esq., Newcastle-on- Tyne. The Rev. Henry M. Ingram, M.A., Highgate, London. E. T. Inskip, Esq., Bristol, Hentiy Jackson, Esq., St. James's Row, Sheffield. J. Livingston Jay, Esq., Royal Hospital, Greenwich. Mr. Jeffery, Lewes. William Kell, Esq., F.S.A., Gateshead. William Polhill Kell, Esq., Lewes. Samuel Kemp, Esq., 37, Canonbury Square, Islington. 2 cojjies. C. E. Kempe, Esq., Pembroke Coll., Oxon. James Kidder, Esq., Lewes. W. King, Esq., M.D., 23, Montpellier Road, Brighton. Thomas King, Esq., 33, Richmond Place, Brighton. Sir Norton Knatchbull, Bart., F.S.A., Mers- ham Hatch, Ashford. J. Knight, Esq., East Lavant. George Knott, Esq., Woodcroft, Cuckfield. The Rev. John Knowles, Ph.D., F.S.A., F.G.S., Grantham. The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. By J. H. Genn, Esq., 3, Orient Street, Everton, Liverpool. R. G. Latham, Esq., M.D., &c., &c., &c., Greenford, Middlesex. Robert Laurie, Esq., Clarencieux King of Arms, College of Arms, London. Major Egerton Leigh, High Leigh, Warring- ton. Thomas C. Leslie, Esq., Westhall, co. Aber- deen. 2 copks. The Lewes Library Societj'. John Lewis. Esq., Lewes. The Liverpool Library, Bold Street, Liver- pool. Lieut.-Colonel G. Carr Lloyd, Lancing. Charles Edward Long, Esq., M.A., 8, Chapel Street, Grosvenor Square, London. R. W. Lower, Esq., Folkestone. John Lucas, Esq., Lewes. The Rev. W. Collings Lukis, M.A., F.S.A., The Rectory, Collingbourne Ducis, Marl- borough. The Rev. G. C. Luxford, M.A., Felpham, Bognor. Mrs. Mabbott, Southovcr Priory, Lewes (deceased). 2 copiex. Major W. E. A. Mac-Douncll, New Hall, Ennis, Ireland. Lieut.-Colonel Mackaj', Lewes. W. B. Mackeson, Esq., F.G.S., &c., Hythe. David Mackinlay, Esq , Pollokshields, Glas- gow. 5 copies. Colonel McQueen, Canterbury. John Macrae, Esq., Lewes. W. E. Mallet, Esq., Westhill, Jersey. W. E. Mallet, Esq., Chalkwell Hall, Essex. Manchester Free Library. R. W. Smiles, Esq., Librarian. The " Lassie of Mannameade." Mr. Thomas Martin, Cliffe, Lewes. Mr. Alderman Martin, Brighton. Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., Liver- pool. The Rev. Thomas Mcdland, The Vicarage, Steyning. The Rev. T. R. Medwin, Stratford-on-Avon. William Mence, Esq., 7, Clayton Square, Liverpool. Robert Mercer, Esq., Sedlescombe. The Rev. Fredk. Mounteney Dirs Mertens, M.A., New Shoreham. Francis Mewburn, Esq., Larehfield, Darling- ton. Thomas J. Monk, Esq., Lewes. Sir Francis Graham Moon, Bart., F.S.A., London. Henry Moon, Esq., M.D., Brighton. Tlie Rev. Louis Henry Mordacque, M.A., Haslingden Parsonage, Lancashire. Frederick Morgan, Esq., Henfield. The Rev. F. 0. Morris, Nunburnholme Priory, Hay ton, York. E. Morris, Esq., Lewes. Charles James Muggeridge, Esq., Berstead I,odge, Twickenham. John R. Mummery, Esq., 38, Mortimer Street, West, Cavendish Square. W. Augustus Munn, Esq., Throwley House, Feversham. James Barclay Murdoch, Esq., 223, St. Vin- cent Street, Glasgow. Sir George Musgrave, Bart., F.S.A., Eden- hall, Penrith. Sheridan Muspratt, Esq„M.D., F.R.S., &c., College of Chemistry, Liverpool. xlvi LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. HEifEY Frederick Napper, Esq., Guildford. John Neal, Esq., Liverpool. JohnNealds, Esq. , Wellesley Cottage, Guild- ford. JohnNicholl, Esq., F.S.A., 8, Canonbury Place, London. John Gough Nichols, Esq., F.S.A., &c., &c., Parliament Street. Edward Nicholson, Esq., Lewes. J. E. Nightingale, Esq., The Mount, Wilton. Mr. James Noakes, Chiddingly. H.G. The Duke of Norfolk, E.M., Arundel Castle. John Manship Norman, Esq., Dencombe, Crawley, Sussex. Mr. George Norman, Cooksbridge Brewery, Lewes. T. Herbert Noyes, Esq., Jun., B.A., The Home OfBce. Mr. Nye, 35, London Road, Brighton. J. T. Odam, Esq., St. Neot's, Huntingdon- shire. Lady Ogle, Withdeane, Brighton. The Rev. John Olive, M.A., Vicarage, Helliugly. Mrs. W. Olliver, Eastbourne. Henry Onderdonk, Esq., Junior, Jamaica, Long Island, New York. Sir John Orde, Bart., Kilmory, Loch Gilp Head. The Rev. Augustus Orlebar, M.A., Farndish, Wellingborough, George Ormerod, Esq., D.C.L., F.S.A., &c., Sedbury Park, Chepstow. The Ven. W. B, Otter, Archdeacon of Lewes, Cowfold. Frederic Ouvry, Esq., F.S.A., 6G, Lincoln's Inn Fields. Lt. -Colonel Paine, Patcham Place. Cornelius Paine, Esq., Jun., Surbiton Hill, Surre3^ Mr. A. Pam, Lewes. J. P. Parkinson, Esq., D.C.L., Ravendale, Grimsby. John Henry Parker, Esq., F.S.A., Oxford. The Rev. Augustus Parsons, M.A., South- over, Lewes. Messrs. John Latter, and Charles, Parsons, Lewes. J. Bertrand Payne, Esq., &.G., Sec, Holmes- dale, Jersey. Edward Peacock, Esq., F.S.A., The Manor, Bottesford, near Brigg. Richard Wilde Pearson, Esq., 31, Stockwell Park Road, Brixton, Surrey. The Rev. John Peat, M.A., Rector of Han- gleton, 4, Albany Villas, Cliftonville, Brighton, William Peckover, Esq., F.S.A,, Wisbech. Apsley Pellatt, Esq., Staines. Charles Spencer Perceval, Esq., LL.D,, F,S.A., 24, Old Square, Lincoln's Inn, Frederick Perkins, Esq., F.S.A., Chipstead Place, Kent, and 14, Royal Crescent, Brighton. The Rev. John Louis Petit, M.A., F.S.A., 9, New Street, Lincoln's Inn. John Pavin Phillips, Esq., High Street, Haverfordwest. John Phillips, Esq., Hastings. J. H. Pickford, Esq., J. P., M.D., M.R.I. A., Brighton, Mr. F, Pickton, Perry's Place, Oxford Street, J, A. Picton, Esq., F,S.A., 19, Clayton Square, Liverpool, William H. Pilcher, Esq., 18, New Broad Street, London. William Pinkerton, Esq., Jersey Villas, Hounslow. Lewis Pocock, Esq., F.S.A., Southover Priory, Lewes. Edward Polhill, Esq., 17, Brunswick Square, Brighton. The Rev. Richmond Powell, M.A,, South Stoke Rectory, Arundel. The Rev. Thomas Baden Powell, M.A,, Newick Rectory. The Rev. John Peckleton Power, M.A,, Huncote Grange, Enderby, co, Leicester. Edward Pretty, Esq,, F,S,A,, Chillmgton House, Maidstone. John Edward Price, Esq., London. Sir James Prior, R.N., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., 20, Norfolk Crescent, Hyde Park. The Rev. J. R. Pursell, B.A., Park Crescent, Brighton. Thomas Quaife, Esq., Inland Revenue, Somerset House. James Ramsbotham, Esq., Crowborough Warren, Tunbridge Wells, William Ranger, Esq., Local Government Office, Whitehall, London. The Rev. Henry Wm. G"h Meade Ray, The Elms, Derby. John Chandos Reade, Esq., Shipton Court, Chipping Norton, Mrs. William Rees, Spring Gardens, Haver- fordwest. 2 cojyies, Robert Reeves, Esq., Stream, Chiddingly. Messrs. Relfe, Brothers, 150, Aldersgate St. A, Henry Rhind, Esq,, F,S.A., Sibster, Wick, N,B., and Down House, Durdham Down, Bristol, Mr, J, Richards, Bookseller, Lewes. H,G, The Duke of Richmond, Goodwood, John Rickman, Esq., Jun,, Lewes. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. xlvii John Kickman, Esq., Wellingham (deceased). George Charles Rigden, Esq., Lewes. 2 coj)ies. P. F. Robertson, Esq., Halton, Hastings. The Rev. Divie Robertson, M.A.. Beading Prior}', Hurst- Pierpoint. E. W. Robins, Esq., Brighton. E. G. Robinson, Esq. James Ruck, Esq., Jun., J. P., Hastings. William Roots, Esq.. il.D., F.S.A., Surbi- ton, Kingston-on-Thames, G. Roots, Esq., F.S.A., 3, Tanfield Court, Temple. Thomas Ross, Esq., Claremont, Hastings. Richanl Rowland, Esq., Creslow House, Buckinghamshire. Captain J. S. Bundle, R.N., Carlisle. The Rev. Henrj' John Rush. M.A., Rusting- ton Vicarage, Littlehampton. J. Watts RusseU, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.,&:c., Ham Hall, Ashbourne, Derby. WiLLi.vM Salt, Esq., F.S.A., &c., 23, Park Square, Regent's Park. John Sanders, Esq., Governor of County Prison, Lewes. ilr. James Sanders, Jun., Hailsham. T. F. Sanger, Esq. (for the Alfriston Read- ing Room). John Sansom, Esq., Buslingthorpe, Market Rasen. John Saxby, Esq., Xorthease. The Honourable P. Campbell Scarlett, C.B., Abinger Hall, Dorking. 2 copy's. John Charles Schreiber, Esq., Henhurst, Woodchurch, Kent. The Rev. John Scobell, iI.A., Southover Rectory. Thos. Scott, Esq., 2, Gloucester Road, Peck- ham Grove, Camberwell. Sir Sibbald D. Scott, Bart., F.S. A., South- wick Crescent, Hyde Park. George Scrase, Esq., Lewes. Captain Henry Thomas Settle, Royal Sussex Artillery, Lewes. The Rev. H. D. Sewell, M.A., Headcom Vicarage, Kent. C. F. Shand, Esq., Advocate, Edinburgh. W. E. C. Shaw, Esq., 7th Hussars, Umballah. The Earl of Sheffield, Sheffield Park. Rear- Admiral Sir Henry Shiffner, Bart., Coombe (deceased). The Rev. George C. Shiflfner, M.A., Hamsey Rectory, Lewes. Evelvn Philip Shu-ley, Esq,, M.P,, M,A., F.S.A., &c.. Lower Eatington Park, Strat- ford-on-Avon. J. A. Sibthorpe, Esq., Brighton. Henry Simmons, Esq., J.P., Seaford, Tlie Rev. Edw. H. M. Sladen, M.A., Alton Barnes, near Pewsey, Wilts. 2 copies. Joseph Sladen, Esq., Hartsboume Manor, Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, George Smith, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A., &c., Trevu, Camborne, Cornwall, Wm. Tyler Smith, Esq., M.D., Upper Gros- venor Street. John Alex. Smith, Esq., M.D,, 7, W. Mait- land Street, Edinburgh, Charles Roach Smith, Esq,, M.R.S.L., F.S.A., &c., kc, Strood, Kent. Mr. John Smith, High Constable of the Borough of Lewes. Lewis Smythe, Esq., M.D., Lewes. The Rev. Joseph Sortiin, B.A., 43, Norfolk Square, Brighton (deceased). The Dowager Lady Stanley of Alderley, Holmwood, Reading. Professor Arthur Penrhj-n Stanley, D.D., F.S. A., &c., &c., Ch. Ch., Oxford. Henrj' Stevens, Esq. (of America), 4, Tra- falgar Square, London. 3 copies. Thos. Stone, Esq., Newhaven (deceased). The Rev. George D. St. Quintin, 20, Evers- field Place. St. Leonards-on-Sea. J. Fremlyu Streatfeild, Esq., 15, Upper Brook Street, Park Lane. W. Champion StreatfeHd, Esq., Chart's Edge, Westerham. The Sussex Archceological Society, Lewes. The Rev. Edward C. Swainson, M.A., Wls- tanstow, Shrewsbury. Professor Campbell Swinton, University of Edinburgh. John Sykes, Esq., M.D., Doncaster. LordTALBOTDE >Li.LAHrDE, F.R.S., F.S. A., Malahide Castle, Dublin. H. Fox Talbot, Esq., F.R.S., Lacock Abbey. 2 copies. John Tanswell, Esq., Liner Temple, and Temple House, Xunhead, Surrey. H. A. Thompson, Esq. WilliamThom, Esq., M.D., 87, Harrow Road. Mr. B. H. Thorpe, Battle. The Rev. Canon Tiemey, F.R.S,, F,S,A,, Arundel, John Tunbs, Esq., F.S.A., 88, Sloane Street. I W. H. Tinney, Esq., Q.C., 31, Montague Place, Russell Square. W. H. W. Titheridge, Esq., General Register Office, Somerset House. Su-Thos. Tobin, F.S. A., Ballincollig, near Cork. William Tooke, Esq., F.R.S., V,P,Soc.Artg, Treas. R.S.L., 12, RusseU Square. 2 copies. Charles Tooke, Esq., Hurston Clays, East Grinstead. 1 xlviii LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. F. R. Tothill, Esq., J.P., Seaford. The Very Rev. R. C. Trench, D.D., Dean of Westminster. Sir Walter Calverley Trevelyan, Bart., M.A., F.S.A., F.G.S., Wallington, Newcastle- on-Tyne. The Rev. Thomas Trocke, M.A., Brighton. The Rev. Edward TroUope, B.A., F.S.A., Leasingham, Sleaford. N. Triibner, Esq., Paternoster Row. 6 coj)les. Martin Farquhar Tapper, Esq., Albury, Guildford. The Rev. Edward Turner, M.A., Maresfield Rectory. James Singer Turner, Esq., J.P., Chyngton, Seaford. Richard Turner, Esq., Howard Lodge, Tun- bridge Wells. N. Tyacke, Esq., M.D., Chichester. Colonel Charles John Kemeys Tynte, M.P., F.S.A., Halswell House, Bridgewater. J. R. Daniel Tyssen, Esq., F.S.A., 9, Lower Rock Gardens, Brighton, Thomas B. Utteumake, Esq., Laugport, Somerset. The Rev. Ediiund Venables, M.A., Bon- church, I.W. The Rev. Edward Ventris, M.A., Incumbent of Stow-cum-Quy, and Chaplain to Lord St. Leonards, -i, Causeway, Cambridge. The Rev. Geo. Verrall, Bromley, Kent. William Verrall, Esq. , Manor House, South- over. The Rev. James H. Vidal, M.A., Chiddingly Vicarage. The Rev. J. Reynell Wreford, D.D., F.S.A., 24, St. Michael's Hill, Bristol. Weston Styleman Walford, Esq,, F.S.A., Barrister-at-Law, 2, Plowden Buildings, Temple. W. H. Wall, Esq., The Larches, Tunbridge Wells. W. Wansey, Esq., F.S.A., Bognor. The Rev. John Ward, Wath Rectory, Ripon. Edward Waugh, Esq., Cuckfield. Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c., Won- ham Manor, Reigate. Charlotte, Lady Webster, St. Leonards-on- Sea. Richard Weekes, Esq., Hampton Lodge, Hurst- Pierpoint. Harrison Weir, Esq., Peckham. John Jenner Weir, Esq., 6, Haddo Villas, Blackheath. The Hon. and Rev. Reginald W. Sackville West, M.A., Withyham Rectory. R. Whitbourn, Esq., F.S.A., Godalming. Robert White, Esq., 8, Claremont Place, Newcastle-on-Tyne. H. W. White, Esq., London, Thomas Whitfeld, Esq., Hamsey House. George Whitfeld, Esq., J.P., Lewes. Henry Whitfeld, Esq., M.R.C.S., Ashford. Mrs. Colonel Willard, Eastbourne. 2 cojfies. Thomas Willement, Esq., F.S.A., Davington Priory, Faversham. G, T. Williamson, Esq., Brighton. James Williamson, Esq., M.D., Southwold, Suffolk. Stephen Williamson, Esq., 13, Virginia St., Glasgow. Sir Thomas Mary on Wilson, Bart., Searles. Joshua Wilson, Esq., Tunbridge Wells. William Winkley, Esq., Jun., Harrow. Thos. Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Sydney Street, Brompton. Richard Woodman, Esq., Glynde. The Rev. G. H. Woods, M.A., Shopwyke House, Chichester. Miss Woodward, Uckfield. The Lord Bishop of Worcester, 24, Gros- venor Place. Hugh P. Wyatt, L.L.D., 18, Oxford Square, Hyde Park. The Honourable Percy Wyndham, M.P., Petworth. The Earl of Yarborough, 17, Arlington Street, London. Richard Yates, Esq., F.S.A., Beddington, Croydon. Sir Charles George Young, Garter King of Arms, D.C.L., F.S.A., College of Arms, Arthur John Young, Esq., Bradfield HaD, Bury St. Edmunds. PATEOIS^YMICA BRITxCs^ICA, Ai as the iultial syllable of many sur- names, has at least three distinct origins, namely : I. A contraction of ' at," formerly a ver}- common prefix to local names : thus John at the Green became John a Green ; John at the Gate. John a Gate or Agate ; John at the Court, John a Coiu-t, kc. 11. A corruption of ' of,' as John a Dover, Adam a Kirby. III. It implies descent, and is derived either from the Latin preposition 'a,' or more probably from the vernacular ' of,' the word • son ' being understood. For example, John a Walter is precisely the same kind of designation as Jolm ap Tho- mas among the Welsh, John Mac-Donald among the Scotch, or John Fitz-Hugh of the Anglo-Norman period. " It was late in the XVU. cent, (observes the Rev. SI. Xohle) that many families in Yorkshire, even of the more opulent sort, took stationary names. Still later, about Halifax, surnames became in their dialect genealogical, as WilUam a Bills a Toms a Luke," that is, William the son of Bill, the son of Tom, the son of Luke. Hist. Coll. Anns, 22. This sort of nomen- clature is said still to prevail in remote parts of Cum- berland and Westmoreland. This prefix was gradually dropped for the most part during the XVI. and XVII. centuries, except in tho.se instances where, l>y force of euphony, it had been made to coalesce with the name itself, as in Abank, Attree, Abarrow. Aliridge, Abrook, kc. AAROX. AAROXS. A common Jew- ish surname. ABA DAM. A recent resumption of the old baronial name of Ap- or Ab- Adam. 8ee B. L. G. ABAXK. See Banks. ABARROW. ABAROUGII. At or near a liarrow or tumulus See Atte. ABBEY. Perhaps originally given to some menial attached to a monaster],-, a.s '.lohn of the Abbey:' more probably, how- ever, from Abbe, the ecclesiastical title, since we find it written in the H. R. le Abbe. The Scottish form is Abbay. ABBISS. Probably Abby's (that is Abraham's) son. Ferguson, however, thinks it is the A- Sax. Abbissa, a name borne by one of the sons of Hengi.st. ABBOT. See Ecclesiastical Surnames. A soliriquet most likely applied to such leaders of medieval pastimes as acted the Al)bot of Unreason, the Abbot of Misrule, ice. Abet in Domesd. is a baptismal name, ABBS. Probably a nickname of Abra- ham : so Tibbs from Theol>ald, and Watts from Walter. To the similar name Ahhcs are assigned the arms, " a lady abbess, proper!' ABDY. An estate in Yorkshii-e, where the family anciently resided. ABECKETT. A name of doubtful ety- mology. Mr. Ferguson derives it from the A-Sax. heeca. an axe, of which he considers it a diminutive. The 0. Fr. hi'qitet is ap- plied to a species of apple, a fish, and a bird, and the arms attril)uted to Thomas a Becket contain three becltiU. or birds like Cornish choughs. The A by which the name is prefixed is, however, the customary abbreviation of at. and shows it to be of the local class. The A- Sax. bccc. a brook, whence we have many local and family names, may have had a duninutive bec7:ef, or •• the little brook," but I confess that I find no such word. ABEL. ABELL. From the personal name. It frequently occurs temp. Edwd. I. in the same forms. {@" ABER. A Celtic prefix to many names of places, signifying •• any locality of marked character, either knoUy or marshy, near the mouth of a stream, whether the stream falls into a lake or sea, or runs into confluence with another stream." Gazetteer of Scotland. Several such localities have given rise to sur- names, as Abercromliie, Aberdwell, Aberkerdour, Abemethey. ABS s ABERCORN. A parish in co. Linlith- gow. ABERCROMBIE. A parish in Fifc- shire, the original residence of the Barons Abercromby, temp. Jas. II. of Scotl. ABERDEEN. A well-known Scottish city. ABERDOUR. A parish of Aberdeen- shire. ABERNETHEY. A town in the shires of Perth and Fife. ABETHELL. (Welsh.) Ab Ithel, the son of Ithel. ABETOT. See Abitot. ABILON. Probably from Ablon, in the canton of Honfleur, in Lower Normandy. ABITOT. Now Abbetot, in the arron- dissement of Havre, in Normandy. The founder of this fkmily in England was Urso de Abetot or Abetoth, brother to Hugh de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel. He was sometimes called Urso Vicecomes, and Urso de Worcester, because he was made hereditary sheriff of the county of Worcester. He was one of the Conqueror's gi-eat councillors. Kelham. ABLE. See Abell. ABLEWHITE. A curious corruption of Applethwaite, in the parish of Winder- mere, CO. Westmoreland. ABNEY. An estate near the Peak, in CO. Derby, possessed by a family of the same name in very early times. ABRAHAMS. 1. The personal name. It occurs in the H.R., as Abraam, Abbra- ham, and tils Abrahee. Some Jewish families have in recent times modified it to Braham. 2. The to\\Tiship of Abram, co. Lancaster. ABRAM. ABRAMS. ABRAMSON. See under Abraham. ABRINCIS DE. From Avranches, in Normandy. " Rualo de Abrincis, or Ave- renches, a valiant and skilful soldier, mar- rj'ing Maud, daughter and heir of Nigel de Mandevil, lord of Folkestone, had all her lands and honours given to him in marriage by King Henry I." Banks. The town of Avranches is the capital of an arrondisse- ment in the department of La Manche, in Lower Normandy. ABRISCOURT. A known corruption of Dabridgcourt. ABROOK. See under Brook. ABSELL. A contraction of Absolom? ABSOLOM. ABSOLON. The per- sonal name. It is strange that any parent should give his son a tiaptismal appellation Ulce this, associated as it is with all that is \'ile and unflUal ; yet an instance has occurred witliin my own observation. As a surname it was not imusual in the middle ages. In the H.R. it occurs as Abselon and Absolon. The latter is Chaucer's orthography : " Now was thcr of that chirche a parish clerke, The which that was ycleped Absolon." Mi Here's Talc. ADA ABURNE. Contraction of at-the-Burn, or lirook; also an old orthography of auburn, and may relate to the colour of the hair : " Her hlack, browns, ahurne, or her yellow hayre, Naturally lovely she doth scorn to wearo." Drayton. ABVILE. H.R. Abbeville, the well- kno^^^l iovm in Picardy. Tlie family came in with William the Conqueror, and Wace mentions Wiestace or Eustace d'Abevile among those who rendered their commander great "aid. Taylor's Chron. of Norm. Conq. p. 214. ^^AC or ACK. The initial syllable of many local surnames, signifying oak (A-Sax. ac), as, Ackfield, Ackworth, Akehurst or Ackhurst, Ackham, Acked, or Aked, &c. |^p°ACH or AUCH. A prefix in many topo- graphical names of Gaelic origin. It signifies simply "a field" in a loose or gejtteral sense of that word. From it proceed the surnames Achmuty, Ach- any, &c. ACHARD. An early personal name. As a surname it is found in the H.R. ACHILLES. An ancient family of this name bore two lions rampant endorsed, probably with reference to the lion-like acts of the classical hero. Encyc. Herald. In the H.R. the name is written A Chillis. ACHYM. " Signifies in British (Cornish) a descendant, is'sue, offspring, or progeny." Tlie family were of great antiquity in Corn- wall. D. Gilbert's Cornv:. IV. 23. Acham appears from heraldric evidence to be the same name. ACKERMANN. Germ. See under Akerman. ACKER. ACKERS. See under Aker- man. ACLAND. " From the situation of their ancient seat in Lankey, near Barnstaple, CO. Devon, which being in the midst of a large grove of oaks (in Saxon ac), obtained the name of Ac or Oakland. . . They were settled in this place as early as the reign of Henry II." Kimber's Barts. ACKROYD. See under Royd. ACLE. A parish in Norfolk, where the family resided temp. Edw. I. ACLOME. From Acklam, the name of two parishes (East and West) in the North Riding of Yorkshire. ACOURT. A'COURT. See Court. ACTON. The Gazetteer mentions fifteen parishes or townships so called, and there are many other minor localities. The Ac- tons of Acton, in Ombersley, co. Worcester, are said to have been settled there in Saxon times. They were certainly there temp. Henry III. ADAIR. A branch of the great Anglo- Hibernian family of Fitz-Gerald settled at Adare, a village in co. Limerick, and thus acquired the local surname. In the XV. ADL century Robert Fitz-Gerald dc Adair, in consequence of family feuds, removed to Galloway, in Scotland, and dropping his patron>nnical designation, wrote himself Adair." a name which has since ramified largely on both .sides of the Irish Channel. In temp. Chas. I., the senior branch trans- fen-ed themselves from Galloway to co. Antrim, where they resided for some gene- rations, until on the acquisition of English estates they again settled in Britain. The mi!jr.itions of the family m.i.v he thus sUted : 1. Enu'land before the Con.|uest. 2. Ireland. 3. Scotland. 4. Scotland cum Ireland. 5. Ireland. 0. Ireland cum r.njiland. 7. England cum Ireland. Inf. Ucv. AVm. Keeves. ADAM. ADAMS. ADA:\IS0X. The personal name, much more used as a bap- tismal appellation in the middle ages than at present. In the H.R. it is written. Adam, Adams, fil" Ad, and ab Adam. There are various moditications of this name which have also become surnames. See Eng. Sum. ii.. 16(!, and subsequent articles in this v.-ork. all under AD. ADAMTIIWAITE. See Thwaite. ADCOCK. A diminutive of Adam. See termination Cock. AD COT. Sometimes the same as Adcock, which see ; sometimes local. ADDECOTT. Addy is a " nurse-name " of Adam, and art a further diminutive; '■ little Adam." See termination Cott. ADDEXBROOK. From residence near a brook, originally Atten-broke. See prefix Atte and Atten. ADDERLEY. A parish in Shropshire. ADDY. A "nursename" of Adam; "little Adam." Hence Addis or Addy"s, Addiscott. Addiscock. and AddLson. ADEY. ADIE. ADY. See Addy. ADDICE. ADDIS. Addy's son, the son of Adam. ADDICOT. X diminutive of Addy or Adam. ADDIXGTOX. Parishes in Surrey, Bucks, Kent, and Xorthampton. ADDISCOCK. See Addy. ADDISCOT. See Addy. ADDISOX. See Addy. ADE. A curt form or diminutive of Adam. In the archives of Edinburgh we find •• Ade. alias Adamson." In Sussex and Kent it has been varied to Ayde, Ade, Adey. and Adye. In medieval records Ade is tlie usual contraction of Adam. ADEAXE. The same as Dean with the prefix a for at. ADKIX. ADKIXS. ADKIXSOX". A duninutive of Adam. See tennination Kin. ADL.\RD. ADLER. See Alard. Ade- lard, H. R. Adelardus, Domesd. ADLIXGTOX. Townships in Cheshire and Lancashire. AGU ADXA^I. A corruption of Addingham, parishes in Yorkshire and Cumberland. It is sometimes written Adnmn. ADORES. Probably the old Welsh personal name Adoc, from whence also Ap Adoc, now Paddock. ADOLPH. ADOLPHUS. The per- sonal name. As a surname it is of recent introduction. ADRIAX. A personal name, the Lat. Hadrianus. ADRECY. See Darcy. AFFLECK. A singular contraction of the surname Auchinleck, borne by an ancient family 'of that ilk' in Ayrshire. Sir Edmund Affleck created baronet in 1782, was sixth in descent from Sir John Auchin- leck, son of Gilbert A. of Auchmleck. Baronetage. AGAR. Aucher, a Xorman personal name, whence Fitz-Aucher. AGATE. At-the-Gate, of some town or forest ; less probably, a sobriquet ' applied to a diminutive person, in allusion to the small figures cut in agate for rings.' Xares and Halliw. in voc. " In shape no hisser than an ajrato stone On the forefinger of an aldennan," Romeo and Juliet, i., 4. AGEXT. The occupation, AGER. See Aucher. AGG. See Female Christian Xames. AGGAS. Probably the son of Agatha, since such forms as FlrAgath" and Fil" Agacie are found in the H.R. See Female Chris- tian Xames. AGLIOXBY. The flimily " trace their descent from Walter de Aguilon, who came into England with William the Concpieror, and into Cumberland with Randolph de ileschines. He gave name to the place of his dwelling, and called his .seat or capital messuage Aguilon, or Aglion's building." Such is the statement of Hutch inson(Ciun- berland i, 19.">), and there is no doul»t that aperson called Aglion or.?ome sirailarname, in early times, unposed the name on the manor "of Agliou-by. but whether that per- sonage came from Xomiand}' as here as- serted may well be doubted. See Aguillon. AGXEW. Possibly from the French afliiraH, a lamb; but more likely from Atrneaux. a village in the arrondissement of St. Lo, in Normandy. Co. Wigton, XIV. cent. AGUE. Fr. aigu^ corresponding with our Sharpe. AGUIL AR. Span. ' Of the eagle.' Comp. Aquila. Eagles, &c. AGUILLIAMS. Another form of Guil- liam or Ap William. AGUILLOX. Banks says that Manser de Acaiillon. the first of this family men- tioned, lived temp. Richard I. They were a Xorman race, and as the name is fre- quently spelt Aquilon it is probably a mere variation of Aquila, q.v. I AIT ATGUILLOX. Fr. a spur. This name was prol)ably conferred on tlie original bearer to denote his impetuosity, and may therefore be classed with our o^vn Hotsjnir, as borne by the celebrated Hemy Percy, temp. Henry IV. The family had posses- sions in West Sussex in the reigns of the Norman kings. See preceding article. AIKIN. A Scottish Christian name, as "Aikin Drum."' AIKjMAN". Ac is the A-Sax and Aih the Scottish for oak, and the families of this name bear inter alia, an oak-tree in their ai-ms. The surname however is probal)ly a modification of Akerman, or of the Domesd. Agemund. AINULPH. An ancient personal name. AIXSLEY. AINSLIE. A place in Scotland, but I camiot ascertain the county. Thomas de Ainslie, the baronet's ancestor, w^as "of that ilk " in 1214. AIXSWORTH. A chapelry in the parish of Middleton, near Manchester. AIR. From Ayr, a town of Scotland, capital of A}Tshire. The family had doul>tless lost' sight of their ha\ang been origmally "of that ilk" when they assumed for arms, Argent, a cameleon proper, in al- lusion to the imsubstantial food of that animal. AIRD. Defined as " any isolated hei^jht of an abrupt or hummocky character, either on the coast or in the interior"' of Scotland. Imp. Gaz. Scot. The word oc- curs in composition in many Scottish names of to'rnis and parishes, as well as sepa- rately. AIREY. This Cumberland family con- sider the name to have been borrowed from some elevated dwelling among the moun- tains called an Eyrie, such designations for residences not being uncommon. The " Eagle's Xest " would be a much more eligible name for an abode than Eook's- nest, Goose-nest, or Stoat's-nest, which are still to be found. See Aquila. An aenj also signifies a place for the breeding or training of hawks. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. I, 341. AIRTH. A barony in Stirlingshire. AISKELL. Probably the same as Askew and Ayscough. AISLABIE. One of the oldest names in the county of Durham, from Aislaby, a parish on the river Tees, on the banks of which the family still reside. In old docu- ments it is written Asklackby, Ayzalibie, and in about fifty other modes. AISTROP. Probably a corruption of Aisthorpe or East Thorpe, a parish ofLin- colnshire. AITCHISOX. Qn. if this common Scot, name be not a corruption of Archie's son, the son of Archibald? ATTivEN. Probably the Scot, form of Atkiu, ALB ^^ AKE, as a prefix, is the same as Ac, which see. Examples occur in Ake- land, Akehurst, Akeley, Akeris, &c. AKERISE. Probably from Acrise, a parish in Kent. De Acrise, H.R. AKERMAX. A-Sax. JE^cer-moyi, a field- man, farmer, ploughman, clown. Bos- worth. The German Acliermann, natural- ized amongst us, has precisely the same signification. The forms in the H.E. are Akerman, le Aliermon, le Akermannes, Acherman, and le Acreman. Sometimes the Akermanni were a peculiar class of feudal tenants, the tenure of whose lands is uncertain, as it is stated that the lord could take them into his own hands when he would, yet without injury to the heredi- tary succession. These holdings were very small, consisting in some instances of five acres only. Hale's St. Paul's Dornesd., p. xxiv. " Agricola, cecer-ntan." Wright's Vocab. p. 74. AIvIXIIEAD. AKIN SIDE. Doubt- less local ; from Aikin, an earl}- proprietor, ALABASTER. O. Eng alblastere, a cross-bowman. In Latin, Alhah-dnnu!^, under which form it occurs in the H.Ii. See Arblaster. ALARD. ALLARD. A corruption, it is said, of the A-Sax. personal name ^thelwald, but ^lard occurs in Domesd, as a tenant of Earl Godwin in the time of the Confessor. "The name flourished in Winchelsea from the Conqueror's days." Collins. Cooper's Winchelsea. ALASTER. ALISTER, Celtic form of Alexander. ALBANY. Originally the same as Albion — Britain ; liut after the Roman invasion the name was restricted to Scotland. Ulti- mately the appellation was still further limited to the somewhat extensive district of the Highlands, which includes Breadal- bane, Athole, part of Lochaber, Appin, and Glenorchy. This district has frequently given the' title of Duke to a younger son of the king, both before and since the union of the two crowns. As a surname it has been borne by several respectable families, ALBE:\IARLE. Odo, Count of Cham- pagne, married Adelidis, niece of Wilham the Conqueror, and in her right became Lord of Albemarle, Albamale, or Aumale, in Normandy. At t!ie Ciiin piest of England he received largepiK - >>ii'ii~ in Holderness. Wace mentions hi- iiiLs.iae at the battle of Hastings as the " Sire d'Aubemare." This was more properly a title than a surname, although it occurs as the latter in the H.E, The title has also been borne by the families of De Fortibus, Plantagenet, ]\Ionk, and Keppel. Albemarle is a small ancient town, chef-lieu of a canton in the arrondissement of Neufchatel. It is now called Aumale, and it ga^-e title of duke to a branch of the royal house of Bourbon. ALBERT, A well-known Teutonic bap- tismal name. Albrecht and Albrett are n:odifications. ALD ALBIN. Alban. ALBIXT, DE. William de Albini at- tciuled William tlic CoiKiuoror at the Con- ([uebt. Wace mentions him as '• the butler d'Aubignie." Kom. de Ron. Taylin-, p. 221, where some genealogical notes will be found. But Wace is in error in calling the Hastings warrior, " bofcUk-rs" since the official surname, Pincerna, or the butler, was borne not l>y him liutby his descendant of the same names, who received the manor of r.uckeuham from Henry I., by the tenure of being butler at the King's coronation, an ot'tice now discharged by his descen- dants, the Dukes of Norfolk. He had also another name.. syr((«(///«^/««.S 01' the "strong- handed." from his liaving slain a li(m under very extraordinary circumstances. See Eng. Surn. His son was created Earl of Arundel. Aubigny, the original resi- dence of the family in Nomiaudy, is in the Cotentin. Taylor, p. 220. Nigel de Albini occurs in Uomesd. as a tenant in cajiite in co. Bucks. He slew Robert, Duke of NorniaTidy's horse at Tenerchel >rai, and brought Robert himself prisoner to his brother. King Henry I. His descendants assumed the name of Mowbray. Kelham. A LEOMINSTER. An ancient Cornish family. A corruption of the latinization de Albo Monasterio, "ofthe white monastery," the designation of more than one religious house. See under Blackmonster. Albi- monast. H.R. ALBON. Alban, a personal name, borne by the proto-martyr of England. ALCIllX. ALLCHIN. A known cor- ruption of Alchorne. ALCIIORNE. A manor In the parisli of Rotherlield, Sussex, where the family lived in the XIV cent. Some of their descendants, still resident in that parish, have, within a generation or two, cor- rupted their name to Allcorn. ALCOCK. (See termination Cock). A diminutive of Hal, or Henry. In the H.R. it is written Alcoc and Aleock. B^y'ALD. A prefix of local names, the A- Sax. caM. old, ancient ; as in Aldridge, Aldwinckle, Aldworth, Aldham, Ald- wark, &c. ALDBOROUGH. A Suflolk seaport, a Yorkshire market-town, and a Norfolk village. ALDE. O. Eng., old. A Doniesd. per- sonal name. " IVinces and people aid and yonpr, All that spac with JJuihe tunf;." Minot's i'onns (IMlitc.) Ahhnnn. (i. e., old man) occurs as a sur- name in the H.R. ALDEN. Perhaps Ilaldcn, co Kent, ggj" ALDER. Enters into the composition of many local names, and consequently of surnames. It intlicates i)laces favour- able for the growth of the tree in some instances, but much oftener it is no doubt a corruption of the A-Sax. per- sonal name Aldred, as in Alderford, ALE Alderby, Aldernham, Aldersey. Aider- ton— the ford, the dwelling, tlie home, the island, and Ihe enclosure, of Aldred. ALDER.AIAN. 'J he Eoldernuui of Saxon times was a person of great distinction. In Domesd. Aldreman occurs without a prelix, so that it apjiears to have become first a baptismal, and then a family name. ALDERSEY. An estate in co Cliester, possessed by the family temp. Henry III., and still owned by them. ALDERSON. The son of Alder or Aldred. The H.R. liave, however, "fil' Aldith," Alditlrs son. ALDINGTON, A par. in Kent, and a hamlet in Worcestershire. ALD IS. SeeAldous. ALDOUS. ALDIIOUS. A local name; " the old house." ALDRED, An A-Sax. personal name. ALDRICII. An ancient personal name. As a surname it is found in the H.R. ALDRIDGE. Places in Stairordsliire and elsewhere. ALDUS. Local, " The old house." ALDWINCKLE. Two parishes in co. Northampton are so called. ALDWORTH. A parish in Berkshire, which the family originally possessed. ALE. Apparently an ancient Christian name, as we find in the H.R. the form fil' Ale, the son of Ale. In the south of England the surname Earle is often pro- nounced Ale. It i.s an odd fact that we have in English family nomenclature all the terms ordinarily ajipliL-d to mult liiiuors ; Ale, Beer, Porter, and Stout ; yet noi one of tlii'se appellations is in the remotest deforce related to Sir .fiiliu iiarlcycorn ; forl5cer is the name of a place, and Idrter that of an occupation, while Stout refere to the moral quality of coui'age or bravery, and, as we see above, Ale seems to have been a personal name. ALEFOUNDER. In most places the official whose duty it is to inspect the malt litpior of a hundred or franchise is called the ale-taster or ale-conner. The origin of " founder " is uncertain. " At a Court Leet or Law Day, and Court of the Tortmen of the Borouj^li of New Buckenham, the sub-bailiff, affiers, searchers and seixlers of leather, examiners of fish and flesli, ale/oanders, inspectors of weights and measures, and a pinder were appointed." (Aor/olk Chron., Aug. 19, 1S54). In the records of the manor of Hale in the XV cent., one Thomas Layet is mentioned as bein;; fined for having brewed once, '.'d., and for having concealed tlic "foundinti-pot" (-mg " a hound." Chaucer ap- plies this name to a breed of large dogs : " Abouten liis char ther wenten white alauns," for deer or lion hunting ; and the Lords Dacre used for their supporter an aJaun or wolf-dog ; but Cam- den dissents from this derivation, and thinks as the name was introduced here in the Conqueror's time by- Alan, Earl of Brittany, that it was fi-om an Armoriiun soiu-ce, and equivalent to the Eoman " ^Uanus, that is, sun-briglit." ALLEXBY. Allonby, a parish in Cum- berland. ALLEXDER. A small river in the shires of Dumbarton and Stirling. ALLEXSOX. The son of AUen or Alan. Perhaps in some cases from Alen9on, in Nonnandj-. ALLERTOX". There are parishes and chapelries so called in cos. Lancaster, York, Somerset, &c. ALLEY. A small passage or lane be- tween houses. Perhaps, however, a dimi- nutive or nursename of Alfred, Allen, or some other Christian name. ALLEYXE. See Allen. ALLFREE. See Alfrey. ALLGOOD.Algod occurs before Domesd. as a personal name. ALLIBOXE. A corruption probably of Halliboume, i.e.. Holy -bourne. ALLICK. A common nickname of Alexander; but Allic and Alich occur in Domesd. as baptismal. ALLIXGHAJVL A parish in Kent. ALLXUTT. The A-Sax. ^Inod or Aluod. Domesd. ante 1086. ALLOM. See Hallam. ALLOTT. Probably the same as Ilal- lett. ALLTREW or ALTREE. A-Sax. old. old, and treon; tree — a local surname. ALLWORK. Aldwark, a hamlet in co. Derby. ALLWRIGHT. Perhaps a maker of awls. See Wright. ALS AMI AL^NIACK. The family have a tradition that the first Ahiiack was a Mac-All, of Arnnic desceml from a Kichanl Alutote, of York- shire, whose curious will, with that of his son John, is printeil in Arch. Joum. v. 316. In 34 and 35, Hen. A'lII., this Richanl is w-rittcn A\vnioke, and still later Hawmoke. It is worth reconlins that "Ahnack Place," in Hone KonR, wae named after William A., one of the founders of the citj- of Victoria in that Colonv, who dietl on his voyage from China in 1S46. The founder of the celehrated Almack's Kooms was of a Yorkshire Quaker family. The Almack motto, based upon the supposed Scottish extraction of the race, is MACK AL SICKER. ALMAIXE. Xot from the Fr. Alle- magne. Germany, as might be supposed ; but from AUemagne, a place near Caen, famous for its quarries of Caen stone. From this identity of name, that stone is often misimderstood to have been brought from Germany. AL:NL\X. From the Fr. V Allemand—iha German. See however. Almaine. The family were in E. Sussex in the XIV cent. ALISIER. See Aylmer. ALMIGER. Probably a corruption of Alnager, " an officer, who by himself or his deputy, looks to the assize of all cloth made of wool throughout the land, and puts a seal for that purpose ordained unto them. Stat. 3."> Edw. III." Termes de la Ley. See Aulnager in Jamieson. ALMOX. ALMOXD. See Ahnan and EUman. ALMOXT. A corruption of the latini- zation "de Alto ilonte." and therefore synonymous with Monthaut and Mountain. ALPHE. ALPIIEX, ALPIIEW. AL- PHEGH. See under Elphick. ALPHRA:MAN'. Al/arez, Span., an en- sign. According to Halliwell, this term is used by Ben Junson and Beaumont and Fletcher; and Nares, on the authority of Harl. M.S. 0804, affirms that it was in use in our army during the civil ware of Charles I. It is therefore possible that Alphraman may be equivalent to the old corrupt '■ ancient."' or ensign. The reader wiU doubtless call to mind the •■ Ancient Pistol " of Shakspeare. ALPIXE. MacAIpin, a Scottish name. ALPRA^I. Alpraham, a parish in Che- shire. ALS. A place in Burian, co. Cornwall. ALSAGER. A chapelry in Cheshire. ALSCIIUXDER. Supposed to be a cor- niption of Alexander, which in Scotland is. in common parlance, pronounced Elshiner. ALSFORD. Two parishes in Hampshire, and one in Essex bear the name of Aires- ford. ALSOP. ALLSOP. This ancient race were .seated at Al.yshire, Surrey, Hampshire, and elsewhere. It seems probable, however, that the name was sometimes adopted from residence near a remarkable ash tree. We find the Atten-AsJie of the XIV. cent, contracted into XasJie soon after. In the H.E. it is latinized ad Frax-inam and de Fraxiiw. The French Dufresne is its sy- nonpn. ASH — CRAFT — CROFT — JkffiAD — MOEE. Localities unknown. ASHBEE. A corruption of Asliby. ASHBURXER. A maker of potash or some such article. Latinized in charters, Clnerarius. Sussex Arch. Coll. viii., 152. ASHBURXHA^I. The noble earls of this surname aud title claim to have pos- sessed Ashburnham, co. Sussex, from before the Norman Conquest. In 10G6 Bertram de Ashburuham, son of Anchitel, son of Piers, was constable of Dover, and held out against William. Peerage. ASHBY. A local name occurring 1 8 times in the Gazetteer, mostly in the cos. of Lin- coln, Leicester, and Northampton. ASHCO:\IBE. Places in Devonshire, Sussex, &c. ASHCOXXER, An old method of divi- nation by ashes is mentioned by Herrick, i., 170. " Of ash-hcapes by the T^-hich ye use, Husbands and wves by streiiks to chuse, Of crackling laurell, which fore-sounds A plenteous harvest to your grounds." An "ash-conner" was therefore probably a ASP man well skilled in this mode of foretelling events — a cunning man. An alc-conner in a corporate tovra is the person ajipointed to superintend the assize of malt liquors. ASIIDO"\^'X. A great district, formerly a forest, in Sussex. ASHEXBOTTOM. See Bottom. ASHEXDEX. Ashendon, co. Bucks. ASHER. Perhaps the same as Ashman. ASHES. From residence near a grove of ash trees. ASHFIELD. Places in Suffolk and else- where. ASHFORD. AISIIFORD. Parishes in Kent, Derby, and other counties. ASHLEY. Parishes in Staffordshire, Wilts. Cambridge, ^c. ASHLIX. Ashling, a parish in Sussex. . ,_ ^^ A-Sax. poetry asc or ASH^LIX ash is constantly used in the sense of spear, because the staff of a spear was usually made of that wood. So the Latin ferruin signifies both iron and sword. Ash- man is therefore the equivalent of sjieamian. Its forms in the H.R. are Asscheman. Asch- man. and Ashman ; and in Domesd. Assemannus. ASHPL AXT. A corruption of the local Aspland. as the cognate Ashpole appears to be of Ash-pool, a pool near which ash trees grow. ASHTOX. The Gazetteer mentions eighteen parishes and townships so called, in various counties, and there are many minor localities of the same name. ASHURST. A parish in Kent, another in Sussex. ASir^'ELL. Parishes in cos. Herts, Rutland, and Norfolk. ASinVOOD. Villages in Staffordshire and other counties. ASHWORTH. A chapelry in Lanca- shire. B^" ASK. As a prefix in such local sur- names-as Askeby, Askham, Askley, As- kerby, Askwith, &c., is probably the A-Sax. (T^c, an ash tree. ASKE. A township in the X.R. of York- shire, the ancient abode of the family. ASKER. A corruption of Askew. ASKEW. Aiskew, a township in the parish of Bedale, N.R. Yorkshire; Ascue, Ayscue, Ascough, and Ayscough, are various spellings of this patronj-mic. ASKIX. A modern Irish corruption of Arcedekne. ASKHAM. ASCHAM. Parishes in Yorkshire, Notts, and Westmoreland. Roger Ascham, toxopliilite and school- master, was a Yorkshireman. ASPALL. A parish in Suffolk. In Ire- land Archbold or Archibald is so corrupted. ASPDEX. A parish in Herts. 13 AST ASPIX. Aspen, a species of poplar tree. ASS. The animal ; a sobriquet. ASSER. An ancient personal name, as Asserius Menevensis, the preceptor of King Alfred. Two tenants called Azor are found in Domesd. ASSEXDER. Perhaps from Assendon a towusliip, CO. Oxford : ' r ' and ' n,' in vul- gar pronounciation are often used inter- changeably ; thus Hickman and Hickmer, Heasman and Heasmar, Harmer and Har- man, all English fomily names. It may however be a corruption of Alexander. ASSilAX. (H.R. Asseman.') A donkey- driver. A book prmted by Wj-nkj-n de Worde, entitled " Informacyon for Pyl- grymes." has the following direction : — " Also whan ye take your asse at porte Jafte (.loppa) be not too longe behynde yonr felowes, for anJ ye come betynie, ye may c'huse the best mule or asse that ye can, for ye shall pay no more for the best than the worst. Also ye must pyre your Asseman there of curtesy a grote of Venyse." ' Retrosp. Rev. u.,326. ASTLEY. Astley, co. Warwick, was possessed by Thos. Lord A. (killed at Evesham, 49. Hen. III.), the ancestor of the Baronefs familv. ASTOX. The Gazetteer of England con- tains nearly fifty Astons. and above twenty armorial coats are assigned to the name. Lord Aston"s familv descend from Aston, CO. Staftbrd in the XIII. cent. BJWAT. ATE. ATTE. ATTEX. A common prefix to early surnames, to designate the locality of the bearer's residence, as Atte-Wooii, by or near a wood; Att- Tree, at the tree; Atten-Oke, near or at the oak, kc. The X in Atten was added for euphony before a vowel. These were common forms in the fourteenth cen- tury-. Subsequently At or Atte was sof- tened to A, as A"Ghite for At-Gate. A- Broke for At- Brook. &c. Many names are so written down to the time of Elizabeth and later. In some instances the At or Att is still retained, as in Att- wood, Atwells, Atnater, Attree, &c. Sometimes the final X of Atten is made to coalesce with the name, though the Atte is dropjjcd. and hence we get such names as Xoakes (Atten-Oke), Nash (Atten-Ash), &c. The follo-ning names with these prefixes are met ^vith in medieval documents. Several of them are now extinct, but the others remain in forms variously modified. I shall add explanatory words where necessary-, but most of tlie names will be found in their proper places in tlie Dictionary. Ate or Atte — barre — heme (bam) — brigge (bridge)— brok (brook)— brug (liridge) — brugeende (at the bridge end) — bury — bum — chirche — ch>Tchene (at the church end, i.e., of the village) — churche- haye (churchyard) — cle>-f (clifi) — croch (See Crouch) — cmndle — cumbe (See Combe) — dam (weir or river dam) — dene (SeeDean)— dich (ditch)— drove (drove- way for cattle) — dune (a down or hill)— ekne (tree) — felde (field)— fen, fenne AUB pfflg:>— fijrrie (peaur ewuiaarf J>— a^teC«a*> rtrefi^uenidi (aC t&e ani «sff IfflBe titeee^ — (ait fiiie: tajywm's wanes: C^>-^^<'«^>ao^Mliiew«^ end^— ATCHESOU ATCOCK. See AiiaBBr, ATHERTOS. A Aaspdrj m ATTHILI* SeeHaL ATKET. Aft«£ieiey«rq[ifflay. ATKDf. ATKDfS. ATKDCi ^Ssc auas f v^f™' si ■ AUGEB. AUCHEB. A Sr«aniiiiB nuM^ AUGUE. SesAngou Arar^. Aa^i^ie, lOte fir. fiasm of M»Sr, See ATLEE. ATLET. SeeL©s^ ATMOBEL See Meugse^ ATTEISBOBOIFGH, A para ATTLOWK Seelawre. ATIT. ATTTE. See Tye aad Ar- ATWATEE. SeeWatoas. ATWELLc SiaeWdllk ATWICIL SeeWagi- ATWOOD. ATTirOOD. SeeWdwd- ATirORTH. SeeWfflrfflb. AIJEEETIIJLE. Be^sr <3e AnberviDe el 19 H-B. AUBRET. AlSTflrau ACKWABD. SeeWatd. "He koqper AITLB. TbeSogttdt&OBsfEUl-cAiL AUBEL. Tbe Fr. Sxm ef A]iiidfin& AUSESmEB. See AU^. A eiofdhrjim < AUsrEsr. Ausmrar. ss» aMioerniftffidl in O- Fbu aoadBa®. JMs hsmSL IWaneaL AU^rWI€K. AtsmaAap m W.B.2. endowed the abbey of the Holy Trinity at Caen. Taylor s Roman de Rou. The name is in the Battel Roll, and in the H.R. it is written variously Bachun. Bacun. and Bacon. In some in- stances the surname may be a corruption of Beacon. From their connection with Bay- eux. the Bacons were sometimes latinized De Bajocis. BADCOCK. See Bartholomew. /3*t£„^ , >'?^c,'Jc BADD. Bad in the Coventry Jlysterles F'^UUtJi c^ means bold. BADDELEY. A parish in Cheshire. B.U)DER. a bather. Ferguson. B-ADGER. 1. A huxter or hawker. '• If any person shall act as a badger with- out license, he is to forfeit five poimds." Jacoli's Law Diet. Tlie etjTnon seems to be the Fr. hagagier. or baggage-carrier. '* Badger is as much to say as Bagger, of the Fr. word baggage, L e., sarcina: and it is used with us for one that is Ucensed to buy com or other actuals in one place, and B A K 16 carry them to another." Termes de la Ley. 2. A parish in Shropsliire. BADKIX See Bartholomew. BADLESMERE. A parish In Kent, where the family were resident in the XIII. cent. BAD]\[AX, Bead-man, O. E., from A- Sax. hkhlan. One who prays for another. The word is more commonly written " beads- man." BAGGALLAY. See Baguly. BAGGE. (Of Xorfolk.) Said to be of Swedish extraction. BAGXALL. A chapelry in the parish of Stoke-upon-Trent, co. iStafford. BAGOT. BA.GOD. Domesd. The family have possessed Blythefield and Bagot's Bromley, co. Stafford, from the tune of the Conquest. BAGSTER.. The same as Baxter. BAGULY. A township in Cheshire, for- merly owned by a family of the same name. BAGWELL. Bakewell, CO. Derby? BAILEY. BAILY. I. From Bailli, in the arrondissement of Neufchatel ; Bailli in that of Dieppe, in Normandy: Bailey, a to-wnship in Lancashire ; or Bailie, a town- ship in Cumberland. 2. Another fonn of bailiff, a title of office applied in many ways under our feudal and municipal laws. 3. A name given to the courts of a castle formed by the spaces between the circuits of walls or defences which surround the keep. Gloss. Arch. BAILLIE. The Scottish form of Bailiff or Bailey. See Bailey. BAIXBRIDGE. A township in York- shire. BAIXES. BAYNES. A village near Bayeux, in Normandy, probably so called from Fr. hain, a bath. BAIRD. Said to be the Scottish form of hai'd, or poet. Jamieson. This, however, is doubtful as to the surname, which in North Britain is widely spread. Its prin- cipal modes of spelling have been Bard, Byrd, Bayard. The last supports the tra- dition of a derivation from the south of France, the country of the Chevalier Bay- ard, the \^va^\\t sans peur, sans reproclic. That the familv are numerous is not to be won- dered at, if even a few of them have been as prolific as was Gilbert Balrd of Auchmudden, who by his wife Lilias had -3-2 children ; this was in the XVI. cent. That crreat prophet, Thomas the Rj-mer, is said to have p'redlcted that " there shall be an eagle in the craig while there is a Baird in Auchmedden." And it is asserted that, when the estate changed hands in the last century the eagles deserted their ejxie— only to return, however, when the lands reverted to a Baird. Account of name of Baird, EtUnbm-gh, 1857. BATRXSFATHER. The father of the bairn or child — a sobriquet. BAKE. An estate in St German's, Cornwall. BAKEHOUSE. From residence at one or employment in it. It has been cor- BAL rupted to Backhouse, and still further to Bacchus. Thus the provider of bread has assimilated himself to the tutelar di\inity of wine ! BAKEPUZ. BAKEPUCE. In the H. R. Bagepuz. From Bacquepuis, in the arron- dissement of Evreux, in Normandy. BAKER. The occupation. In old do- cmnents, Pistor, Le Bakere, &c. BAKEWELL. A market town and great parish in Derbyshire. gJg^'BAL. A Gaelic local prefix which, like Bally, in Ireland, implies a to-sv-n, or rather a central seat of population on a single estate— the homestead ; in short an equivalent of the A-Sax. tun, which means anything from an enclosure con- taining a single habitation, up to a veritable ton-n. Several places in the Celtic portions of Scotland, -svith this prefix, have given surnames to families, as Baicasky, Balcanquall, Balmain, &c. BALAAM. Doubtless local. Bale-ham. BALBIRXIE. An estate in Fifeshire. BALCH. An abbreviation of Balchin. B.lLCHESr. A very old Teutonic per- sonal name, in old German Baldechin. In Domesd. a Balchi is mentioned as living before the compilation of that record. Bal- dachini is an Italian, and Baldechin a Ger- man family name. BALCOCK. A dioiinutive of Baldwin. BALC0:MBE. a parish In Sussex. BALDERSON. A northern deity, the son of Odin (and the wisest, most eloquent, and most amiable of the northern Gods) bore the name of Balder, which also became a name of men, whence the places designated Baklersby, Balderston, and Balderton, in what are called the Danish counties. The A- Sax. balder signifies prince, hero. BALDERSTON. A chapelry in co. Lancaster. BALDHEAD, Probably local ; or, per- haps, from loss of hair. BALDOCK. A town in co. Herts. BALDRIC. Hugh fil Baldri was sheriff of Northumberland. Domesd. In other counties he is styled fil' Baldrici. A bap- tismal name. BALDWIN. The baptismal name. Se- veral chief tenants in Domesd. are called Baldwinius and Baldviuus. H. E. Bau- dewjTie. BALDY. Perhaps from Baldwin. BALE. A parish in co. Norfolk. BALES. A pluralization of Bale. BALFOUR. A castle and fief In Fife- shire of which county the chiefs were here- ditary- sheriffs. The family sprang from Siward, a Northumbrian, who settled in Scotland temp. Duncan I. B ALGU Y. This singular name borne by an ancient Peak family is apparently a BAM corruption of Bagulv. The arms are iden- tical with those of Baguly of B., co. Chester. Lysons' Derbyshire. BALIOL. Guy de Baliol entered Eng- land at tli^ Conquest, and was lord of Biweld. CO. Northiunberland. His lineal descendant. John de B.. was. on the award of Edward I., made King of Scotland. There are several localities in Normandy called Badleul: tliat which claims to be the birthplace of this nol>le and royal race is Bailleul-en-Gouti"em, in the arrondisse- ment of Argentan. called in charters Bal- liolum. '-On pretend, sans beaucoup de fondement. que c'est de cette commune que sont originaires les Bailleul, roi^s d'Ecosse." Itin. de la Normandie. BALL. A nickname of Baldwin. A "West of England provincialism for haM. " As BAD AS Ball's bull— who had so little ear for musick that he kicked the fiddler over the bridge !"— An eastern-counties proverb. (Halli-n-.) BALL.\XTYXE. This Scottish name has undergone remarkable changes. '' Sir Eichard of Bannochtine of the Corhous." who flourished circ. UGO. sometimes wrote himself Bannachty', and his son is called Sir John Bannats-ne. This spelling con- tinued till temp. Chas. II.. when the pro- prietor of Corhouse was called inditferently John Bannatyne and Johne Ballentyne. and his son is described as the son of John Ballenden. In fact, down to a recent period, the forms Bannatyne and Ballan- tyne have been used indifferently by bro- thers of one house, and even by the same indi^^dual at different times. Inf. F. L. B, Dykes. Esq. BALLARD. An ancient baptismal name. Balard. H. E. BALLIXGER. A corruption of Fr. Ijoulangcr. a baker. Also a small sailing vessel. See Halliw. B.VLLOCK. Gael. Spotted in the face. BALMER, Qu. O. Fr. haidmier. A dea- ler in fragrant herbs. BALSAM. From Balsham in Cam- l)ridgeshLre. which Fuller characterizes as '• an eminent village." and the only one in England bearing the name. The place was anciently called Bals-ham, not Balsh-am. The corruptinns made by the " genteel" in names of places within the last .50 years are ven- much to be reprobated. I allude especially to names with two consonants in the middle. These consonants wiiich should, according to etymolog>-, be kept distinct, are made to coalesce in a most improper manner, and Walt-ham becomes Walth-am, Felp-ham Felph-am, lient-hara Ben-tham, and Hails-ham Hail-shain ! BALSTOX. Ballesdon, co. Berks, BALY. See Bailey, &c. BA;MBER. a village in Lancashire. BA:MFIELD. See Bampfylde. BA:MF0RD. Places in cos, Derby and Lancaster. BA:MPFYLDE, At "Weston, co. Somer- set, XIII century, whence Weston Barap- fvlde. The ancient orthograpliy is Baum- filde. D 17 BAN BAilPTOX. Towns, places, and pa- rishes in COS. Oxon, Devon, Westmoreland, and Cimiberland. B AXBURY, A town in Oxfordshire. BAXCE. Probably of French Protestant- refugee origin. Bance occurs at Paris, and De Bance in Guienne. BAXCOCK. A second diminutive of Ban or Banny, Barnabas. BAXCKER. A corrupt spelling of Banker. BAXDIXEL. From Ranuncio Bandi- nelli of Sienna, in Italy, whose descendant, David B.. renounced the Eoman Catholic faith, was the intimate friend of Arch- bishops Abbott and Laud, and of James I., and finally Dean of Jersey. Baccio Bandi- neUi. the famous sculptor and rival of Michael Angelo, and also Pope Alexander III. were of this family. .They claimed descent from one Band-Scinel, a renowned warrior of Aix-en-Provence, circ. 84<>. who was sent as militan- governor to Sienna. Inf. J. B. Payne, Esq., F.S.A. BAXT:. BAYX. Scotland. Gaelic, hane, white or fair, as Donald Bane, " the fair Donald;" often confused with BaLnes, which see. BAXES, See Baines. BAXGER. A provincialism for a large person, see HaUiw. Or, possibly, from one of the Bangors in Wales. BAXGHAM. Banningham, a parish in Norfolk. BAXKS, BAXKES. Anciently written Atte-bank. A-Bank. kc. The A-Sax. imjjlies a bench, bank, or hillock — a place whereon to sit, whether indoors or out. "As KsowTSG AS Baxks's HORSE." Banks was a well- known vintner in Cheapside, temp. Elizabeth, and his horse "Morocco" was remarkable for his sagacity. Sc-e more of both in Halliw. BAXX. BAXS. BAX'SOX. Banny is a known nickname of Barnabas, and this group of names is probably from the same source. Ferguson says A-Sax. hana, a slayer. BAXXATYXE. See Ballantyne. BAXXER. May have had an origin similar to that of Bannerman. BAXXT:RMAX. As early as the days of Malcolm IX. and William the Lion, the office of kings standard-bearer was here- ditary in Scotland, and gave name to the family. Tlie armorial coat refers to the name and office, being "a banner displayed arg. ; on a canton aziu^e, St. Andrew's Cross." BAX'X^STER. BAXISTER. Banastre occurs in Holinsheds EoU of Battel Ablx'y. Camden derives it from baliuator, the keeper of a bath. 2. A term used in the parish accounts of Chudleigh, co. Devon, and supposed to mean a traveller in distress. B^VXWELL. A parish in co. Somerset. O-'TT-'lViJ BAR 1 BANNY. A provincial nickname of Barnabas. BANNYERS. Said to be Fr. De-la- Bannkre, 'of the banner'— a standard- bearer. BAPTIST. An O. Fr. personal name. BARBAULD. In the Life of Mrs. Bar- bauld it is said, that the grandfather of her husband, the Eev. Eochemout Barbauld, (to whom she was married in 1774,) was, ■when a boy, carried on board ship, enclosed in a cask, and convej-ed to England, where he settled, and had a son, who was chaplam to a daughter of king George II., wife of the Elector of Hesse. He attended her to Cassel, where Eochemont was bom. About the year 16t»9, the Eev. Ezeldel and the Eev." Peter Barbauld were among the French Protestant ministers settled in Lon- don after the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes. BARBER. BARBOR. BARBOUR. The occupation. Le Barbur. Barbator, H. R. BARBERIE. Barberi, famous of old for its abbey (1170), is a parish near Falaise, in Normandy. BARCHARD is apparently identical with the Burchard or Bm-chardus of Domesd., where it is used as a baptismal name. BARCLAY. AYe find a Theobald de Berkeley, probably an offshoot of the Eng- lish faniily, settled in Scotland, so early as temp. David I. Fourth in descent from him was Alex, de B., who married the heiress of Mathers, and wrote himself De Berkeley of Mathers. His great grandson Alex, changed the spelling to Barclay in the XV. century. Geneal. Ace. of Barclays of Ury. BARDELL. Corruption of Bardolf. BARDOLPH— F. Hugh Bardolph, (called by Wace, Hue Bardous,) who was contemporary with William the Conqueror, ■was ancestor of the great baronial house of Bardolf, alike celebrated in the annals of England and of Normandy. BARDON. A place in co. Leicester. BARDSEA. A township in co. Lan- caster ; the name was assumed by an early possessor, who was a cadet of the barons of Malpas. Eng. Sum. ii., 49. BARE. A township, co. Lancaster. BAREBOXES. (See in Godwin's Com- monwealth an explanation of the error concerning tliis name.) Barbone, the an- cient and existing name, has been defined as " the good or handsome beard." BAREFOOT. Probably local. A Nor- wegian king, however, bore tliis sobriquet. BAREXTIXE. A place in the arron- dissement of Eouen in Normandy, near the Eouen and Havre Eailway. BARENTON. A town in the arron- dissemeut of Mortaiu, in Nonnandy. BARFF. Barf or Bargh means in the North, a horseway up a laill. BAR BARFORD. Parishes and other places in COS. Bedford, Norfolk, Warwick, Oxon, &c. BARGE. Perhaps an inn sign. BARHAM. The family were lords of Barham, in Kent, at an early period, and according to Philipot, the Kentish gene- alogist, descendants of Eobert de Berham, son of Richard Fitz-Urse, and brother of one of the assassins of Thomas a Beckett. BARIXG. The peer and the baronet descend from John Baring of Devonshire, Esq., (XVIII. cent.) son of John Baring, minister of the Lutheran church at Bremen, in Saxony, whose ancestors had been either municipal officers or Lutheran ministers of that city from the time of the Eeformation. Courthope"s Debrett. The name is possibly identical with that of Behring, the eminent navigator. BARKER, A tanner, from his using bark of trees in his trade. In the old ballad of the King and the Tanner in Percy's Eeliques, the latter calls himself "a harlier. Sir, by my trade." Eng. Sum. Bar- carius and Le Barkere. H.E. BARKLEY. See Barclay. BARLEY. Parishes and places in cos. Hertford and York. BARLEYM.AJN^. In Scotland, one who assists at the Burlaw or Barley courts, assemblies held in rural disti-icts to de- termine on local concerns. Jamieson. BARLICORK Sir John Barieycorn, it seems, was no mythical personage, but a living person. 'Joh'es Barlicorn' was, in the time of Edw. I. one of the tenants of Berclawe, co. Cambridge. H.R. See Graindorge. BARLING. A parish in Essex. BARLOW. Townships in cos. York and Derby. BARLTROP. A corruption of Barley- thorjje, CO. Eutland. BARMBY. Two parishes and a chapelry in Yorkshire. BARiNIORE, Barmoor, a township in Northimalierland. BARN. A pre-Domesd. name ; Barne, Bern. For Siward Barn, the patriot rebel against William Conq. see Sax. Chron. Ingi"am, 27G. BARNABY. A nickname of Barnabas. BARNACK. A parish in co. North- ampton. BARNACLE. A hamlet in co. Warwick. BARNARD. A well-known Teutonic personal name. B.VNARDISTON. A parish in Suifolk, said to have been the residence of the family temp. Will. I. B.L.G. BARNEBY. Barnby in the E.R. of Yorkshire, anciently possessed by the family. BAH BARXES. RARXS. 1. The same as Bemers, which sec. Dame Juliana Bemers, the author of the well-known treatise on sporting and heraldry called the Boke of St. Albans, wrote herself Berns and Barnes. 2. From residence near a bam : say a mo- nastic or manorial barn. Atte Berne is the XIV. cent, orthography. 3. Bames,> parish in CO. Surrey. See however Bam. BARXETT. A town in Hertfordshire, and parishes in that co. and in Middlesex and Lincoln. In many instances the name Barnard is so corrupted. It is — why I know not — a common name among the Jews. BARXEWALL. Lord Trimlestown's ancestor, De Bemvale, accompanied Wil- liam tlie Conqueror to England in 10G(j. He came from Lower Brittany, and was allied to the dukes of that province. The family settled in Ireland temp. Hen, II. Peerage. BARXEY. 1. Aparishin Xorfolk. 2. A contracted form of Bamabas and of Barnard. BARXFATHER. See Bairnsfather. BARXFIELD. A hundred in Kent, and places in other counties. BARXHAM. Parishes in Sussex, Suf- folk, and Xorfolk. Bamimi is a corruption of it. BARXSTOX. A curt pronunciation of Bamardiston. BARX^^'ELL. Parishes in cos. Cam- bridge and Northampton. See BamewaU. BAROX. BARROX. Does not imply any dignity. In Xorm. Fr. it means only a husband : and in 0. Eng, it is simply ham, or bairn — a chUd. Halliw. Some- times it may have been given as a sobriquet. 2. Baron, a village near Caen, in Nor- mandy. Le Baron, Le Barun. H.E. BAROUGH. See Barrow. Two town- ships CO. York are called Bamgh. BARR. 1 . A parish and a hamlet in co. Stafford; also a parish in Ayrshire. 2. The gateway of a fortified town. 3. A pre- Domesd. name Bar, meaning probably either A-Sax. bar, bear, or bur, boar — a sobriquet. De la Bare. H.R. BARRATT. The same as Barrett, which see. One family so called settled in Eng- land on the persecution of the Fr. Protes- tants, consequent upon the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes. BARRELL. A corruption of Barwell. BARRETT. BARRITT, &c. Baret, a personal name of Teutonic origin, is found here in Saxon times. See Domesd. In various forms it has always been very com- mon in France and England. BARRIXGER. The old Teutonic per- sonal name Berengarius, whence also the Fr. Bcranger. 19 BAR BARRIXGTOX. Some of the families of this name claim a Norman descent, and derive their name from Barenton (which see). The Irish baronet deduces himself from a Saxon progenitor, keeper of the Forest of Hatfield in the days of the Con- queror. Le Neve derives the name from an imaginarj' Saxon called Barentine, but ac- cording to Sir Jonas Barrington"s Memoirs, the family's Nonnan origin is unques- tional)le. The surname was variously written Barentin, Barentyn, Barenton, Barentine, and at length took the English form of Ban-ington, There are parishes bearing this name in foiu* English coimties. BARRISTER. The occupation. BARROW, Parishes and places in cos. Derby, Gloucester, Northmub., Eutland, Salop, Suft'olk, Chester, Somerset, Lincoln, Leicester, &c. See Borrowes. BARRY. In some instances from the "Welsh ab Harrj-, the son of Henry ; but the Barrys of Pioclaveston, co. Notts., claim to be descended from Godfridus, who flourished at Teversal, in that shire, temp. Will. I. In the H.E. the surname appears without a prefix. There is a parish of Barry in co. Forfar. BARSHA^I. Parishes in Xorfolk and Suftblk. BARTELL. A contraction of Bartholo- mew. In the N. of England, the Feast of St. B. is called Bartle. BARTER. Probably the 0. Eng. bar- rator, one who stirs up strife between the king's subjects, either at law or otherwise. BARTH. See Bartholomew. BARTHELEMY. See Bartholomew. BARTHOLOMEW. A weU-known Christian name, which, besides having itself become a surname, has given rise to many others, viz. : Barthelemy, Barth, Bartlett, Barttelot, Bartle, and Ba'rtie ; also, through its niclied form, to Batt, Batts, Bate. Bates, Batson. Bateson, Batey, Batty, Battye, Battcock, Badcock, Badkin, and Batliin. BARTIE. See Bartholomew. BARTLE. See Bartholomew. BARTLETT. See Barttelot. BARTLETT. See Bartholomew. BARTOX. The Gazetteer gives thirty- seven parishes, towns, and places so called in various counties of England. In the W. of England the demesnes of a manor or any considerable homestead are called bartons. BARTRUM. A corruption of Bertram. BARTTELOT. The Barttelots of Stop- ham have a tradition that they came into England at the Conquest, and settled at a place called La Ford, in that parish, in which they still reside. They are of im- doubted antiquity, and the church of Stop- ham contains a long series of their mouu- BAS t mont«. The name i» pTO»«Wy. like the n,..Um Fr. Ikrtholet, a dlminuUve of lliirtlioloim-w. HARWELL. A parish in co. Leic«Usr. UAUWICK. ParinheK »nd fJacwi in co«. Kw^t•x. Soinenwt, Norfolk. York, dec Abo nil old .siK?llin>: of IkTwick. 1\ VRWI.S. HAUWISK. An ancient nwuo, nt Ik-kirk, CO. rm.il-^ "•■' »"» d..ul.iK^ l.H:nI. DASR Soc Ba.**. KASIIFOUl). HaMonl, lAacv* in o»*. Notts, Stnffonl. ami ChcRtcr. IJASIL. 'n>e jK'nionftl name. Ha^il. Um^ilc, Iia»ilk-. H.lL HASIUK. A • ' " ' "^ ill Nitrmuti'i bin- Iniiu Ml lh4i. BASKKUVILI-K. The he«l of ihi* fun.ih ' " ■'•' lorV i; Mrirf AT •unrer •* »* ill lv\..n.) BASTICK. BMnrk. N,.rr.-.!k. io capite lite tunny ^Ttmi pre. '.. and dt •Mar Km s y at ii»-> rviatma— I mmy har* •n* III t)it« M.-;.li.ii, l\-?utu'-->i tli<' iiiijii.- .•! (.\\iM! Miirt.l. IJASKKTT. ••-'"- '•' 1' iliniiniitivc n I>ftKi> or I that provincf ^^ ■ r BASS. Fr. hat, Lc Ban IB a vcr>' \^ and ha.-* K-cn mi! Rov• name a* a "ulVix to I>ri terlKHinie nifi-<-t. .v.<-.. Itoon of him:' ■ ^' ,1. npiKMirs ill \nl. Onlorioiw \ ■■ %m haviri.- ' ijm" "dr ^ of n._\iu|.i.. liMU.N.r. .1:,;.., .l.--.nt fn.in Tiirstin B., the Conqueror's irrand faloonn'. B.L.O. BASSlXf;iL\3L Places in coe. Norfolk and Lincoln. B ASSIXf; TI I W A I T K. Bawntbwaitc, a jiarish in co. CumU rlan --1 in otli<;ittl writinp*. !ir- in the DomcML it. a hMH. \ BATKR. Sv I BATKY. Sw- BATIL BATIIK A city la Scntnet- •hire. BATHER. TlieirprTof*! BATHGATE. A •»« in co.Li«lilhgow- ha'i - ■■■' ""' n- BATKIN. ft.- BATLEY. A ] '"^ BATSFOUn. '""' ..1 « n BATT. BATT. BATTSON. S* 21 BAY BATTLE. BATTAIE. Battel a town in Su=«ex. so name' from the battle, commonly called, of Hamgs. The sur- name is latinized De Bell < BATTEX. The family f B. of Somer- set have been seated the for nearly six centuries. Thev are conuered of Flemish origin. Amons eminent uerchants ot the staple (wool-t^e) tem. Edw. I^ vrere several De Beteyns and 'atvns^ _.u^\^' 2. An estate in the parh of ^o^th Hill, CO. ComwaU. " frr^m hich place was denominated an old faaly of gentleinen sumamed Battin." Ha. in D. Gilberts Cornwall, ii.. 227. B \TTERSBY. An esite and township in CO. York, long poeses-Ki by the family. BATTY. BATTYE. See Bartholo- mew. BAUCOCK. BATVCOK. A diminutive of Baldwin. BAUD. A-Xorm. haue. Joyous. BAUER. Germ. Bor, husbandman. BAUERMAX, G^ruhauer-manTu BAUGH. An old Sottish word signi- fying bad or indifferer: but the name is prolxibly locaL BA\'EXT. The low B^ who gave the suffix to Eston-Baventco. Suffolk, were a Norm, family, and cai':; from a place still so called, four leagues '.E. of Caen. BAYERSTOCK. A arish in Wilts. BATIX. A corruptia of Bavent. BAWX. Celtic. Fa-haired. BAWSOX. Son of iill, or Baldwin. BAWTREE. Bawtr, atown in York- shire. The family isided there temp. Edw. L HJS. BAX. See Back. BAXTER. The O. Ing. and Scot, form of Baker. See terminnon Ster. See also Eu'^. Sum. i.. lU. &c John le Bakestere. H.R. BAYFIELD. A pash in Xorfolk. BAYFORD. A parii in Herts, in which CO. the family residedemp. Edw. L H.R. BYYLES. Descenants of a refugee familv. who fled froi a persecution of the Protestants in theLxJw Countries, and settled at Colchester. B AYLE Y — LIE -.IFF-LLS -LISS, &c. See Bailey. BAYLY. " The Lilies or Baylys de- rived their name om their ancestors having ancientlv bai bailiffs of the dis- tricts of Carrick. K e. and Cunningham, in Scotland." See Bf ly of Ballyarthen, co. Wicklow. in B.L.G. See Bailey, ice. BAYXARD. Rain Baignard, or Bani- ardus. was a tenant i chief at the making of Domesd. in Essex nd Suffolk. The head of his barony was Baynards Castle, m laX^cA^ '^*(^< BE A Thames Street, London, which was lost bv his grandson Henrys taking part against Hen. I. Kelham. BAYXE. In Scotland this name is pro- bablv in some instances a corruption of the Gaelic word " Baan." or " Bhaan ' irhite — but as the arms are bones (.Scottice banei) placed saltier-wise, it is possibly equivalent to Bane or Bone. BAYX'TUX. Bainton, parishes and places in cos. York, Northampton, and Oxford. Perhaps the vilest pan ever nttered was thafon t^ name of a late M.P. " Why is the member fin- York - no* a memberr' " Becanse'he 6a»*m, or pea. A hamlet in co. Leicester is called Barton-in-Fabis. or Barton-in-the- Beans. BEAR. A gentleman in Kent, some years since, rejoiced in the christian and sur-(or rather «« -christian and SMX-ltf)- names of Savage Bear. Eng. Sum. Although I do not recollect any other instance of this name in modem English, the nomenclature of many European countries, both personal BEA and local, abounds with it in various forms. A writer In Edinb. Eev. April, 1S55, observes that "a proper name obtained from the bear, is still pre- served in Bernard, wliile Ursus and Urso are names of great antiquity. St. Ursus belongs to the V. cent. Ursus, Ursinus, De Ursinis, are found in England after the Conquest as names of clergymen, not un- frequently foreigners. But the Bear had ceased to exist in England so long before hereditary surnames were adopted, that traces of the old king "of the nor- thern forest are mainly to be found in such surnames as are derived from the names of places. Urswick, in Lancashire, is a source of such a surname." [This is a misapprehension. Urswick is more likely from eofer, A-Sax. for wild-boar, and wlc. I have no faith in the derivation of one "word from two lan- guages]. "Some of the names Berens, Berridge, Berworth, Berney, Berenham, Beresford, Berford, Berewick, Baring, Bearcroft, Bearslev, may be de- rived from the bear ; but here, tlie A-Sax. for barley, which was much cultivated in early times, is a more probable etymologj' for most of them. On the continent, Berlin derives its name from the bear, which is the city's armorial bearing, as it is of the canton and city of Berne. The bear has been highly honoured in the Scandinavian peninsula, where many surnames compounded with Bjiirn, indicate a deriva- tion from him. He gave his name to Albert the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg, who flourished early in the XII. cent. At Rome, he produced the Orsini, in France, St. Ursus, and in Britain, St. Ursula, who is said to have headed the 11,000 virgins in achieving the honours of martjTdom at Cologne, and who in more recent times has" been patroness of the Ursuline sisters, and of the celebrated Princess Des Ursins." ^ / BEARD. ^Yhen the unnatural process fieA/ToCrrL^t^e— of shaving was unknown, as it was during ^-nry^ ^ayf-cjL^vs*^^ ^'^^^ P^^"* ^^ ^'^^ middle ages, many per- / sons were known by sobriquets ha^•ing reference to this appendage to the manly chin. Besides Beard, we have, or have had, Blackbeard, Fairbeard, Longbeard, Hea\-3'beard, and Beardman. A common form in H.R. is curn Bnrha, as Hugo cum- Barba, Johannes cum Barba. In Domesd. the powerful Hugh de Montfort is some- times described as Hugo Barbatus. The name may, however, be local, from Beard, a township in Derbyshire. BE ARMAN. Probably the same as Ber- ward. BEATH. A parish in Fifeshire. BEATOX. This great Scottish name Is a corruption of Bethune. On the occasion of the marriage between James II of Scot- land and Mary of Gucldres in 14J:8, a member of the distinguished family of Bethune, coming into Scotland in the train of the princess, was solicited by James to remain at the Scottish court, where he married the heiress of the great house of Balfour. His name was corrupted by the Scots to Bethun, Beton, and Beaton. See L'Histoire Genealogique de la Maison de Bethime, par Andre du Chesne, Paris, 1639. BEATSON. The son of Beattie, which see. BEATTIE. An "abbreviation of the female name Beatrix." Jamieson. See Female Christian Names which have be- come Surnames. BEAU. Fr. Fine, handsome. BEAUCIIxVMP. This illustrious name is found in many countries of Europe — e. g. in France as Beauchamp, in Scotland as 22 BEA Campbell, in England as Fairfield, in Ger- many as Schonau, and in Italy as Campo- bello. It was introduced into England at the Xonnan Conquest by Hugh de Bel- champ, Beauchamp, or de Bello Campo, to whom "William gave 43 lordships, chiefly in the county of Bedford. Between forty and fifty coats are assigned in the armorial dictionaries to this name, which, in vulgar parlance, is vilely corrupted to Bet'cham. The Itin. de la Normandie mentions a Beauchamp near Avranches, and a Beau- camp near Ha\Te. BEAUCLERK. Fr. beau clerc ; "Fine scholar" — an honourable appellation bestow- ed on men versed in letters ; among others upon our Henry I. The present surname was imposed bv Charles II. on his natural son Charles, first duke of St. Albans. The opposite ns.T)ie Maucle)-c — the bad scholar^ is found in ancient records. BEAUFO Y. Not ' fair faith,' as it might appear from the Fr. ; but iclla fagm, " fair beech," the name of a locality now called Beau-Fai, in the arrondissement of Mortagne, in Normandy. Ealph de Bella Fago, or Beaufoy, accompanied the Conqueror, and became a tenant in chief in Norfolk and Sufiblk. He was a near relative of William de Beaufoe, the Conqueror's chancellor and chaplain. Kelham's Domesd. Dixon mentions that the latinization is sometimes Bella Fide, equivalent to Truman and Trusty. BEAUMAN. Originally Bauman. The family were expelled from Bohemia for then* Lutheran opinions, and a branch settled in Holland, from whence, after the accession of William III., they transfen-ed themselves to co. Wexford. B.L.G. BEAUMOXT. Roger de Belmont ap- pears in Domesd. as a chief tenant in cos. Dorset and Gloucester. According to Sir H. Ellis, he was a near kinsman of the Conqueror, being a lineal descendant of that king's great grandfather. Some trace the noble English families from the Vis- counts Beaumont of Nonnandy, and others from the blood-royal of France. The Itin. de la Normandie gives five places in that province called Beaumont, i. e., ' the fair or beautiful hill,' and there are English parishes, &c., so called in cos. Cumberland, Essex, and Leicester. In charters the name is written De Bello Monte. BEAUSIRE. A Huguenot family In Ireland. ¥v. bcau-slre, '•ia.iv &vc.'' Belsire is found in the H.R. BEAUATESYN. O. Fr. bel voisin, fair or good neighboiu", the opposite of Malvoisin or Mauvesvn. BEAUYOIR. DE BEAUYOIR. De- rived from a follower of the Conqueror, called Beauvois, who by some genealogists is made father of the Sir Bevis of Hamp- toun, of medieval romance (which, how- ever, represents him as a pre-Nonuan). The family afterwards settled in Guernsey, then in cos. Sufiblk and Middlesex. The De Beavoira of Berks, the De Beauvou-s of BED 23 Ireland, and the various families of Beaver, Beever, Bevor, ice. claim descent from a common stock. See Life of Capt. P. Beaver, R.X., by Admiral Sm}-th. BEAVAX. BEAVEX. The same as Bevan. BEAVER BE AVIS. BECCLES. A town in Suffolk. De Beekles. H.R. BECK. BECKE See Beauvoir. See Bevis. A town in Suffolk. Teutonic hecc. A rivulet or small stream, in various dialects of England. Bee in Normandy gave name to a baronial race, and a Flemish family of Bee, wholly unconnected with them, held Eresby and other manors at the time of the Domesd. survey. Gent. Mag., Jan., 1832. BECKET. BECKETT. See A'Beckett. There is a tything in co. Berks so called. BECKFORD. A parish in Gloucester- shire, in which county the family first ap- pear, in connection with the Abbey of Gloucester, in the XII, cent. De Beck- ford. H.E. BECKIXGHA^kl. Parishes In cos. Lin- coln and Notts. De Bekingham occurs in the former co. H.R. BECKLEY. Parishes in cos. Sussex and Bucks. BECK^LIN. Beck, a stream, and man. See termination Man. BECK^VITH. The last sjUable is a corruption of yrorth. Most of the armi- gerous families of the name spring from Yorkshire, and BeckAvith. a hamlet in the parish of Pannal. in that coimty, is pro- bably the cradle of the race. It is said (seeB.L.G.) that the original name of the family was Malbie. or Malbysse. and that it was changed to B. temp. Hen. III. BECOX. See Beacon. BEDALE. A parish in Yorkshire. BEDDIXG. From Bede. The descen- dants of Beda. See Ing. BEDDOE. Perhaps a modification of Bede. Ferguson. BEDE. A personal name of great an- ticjuity, borne by the "' venerable" A-Sax. historian. BEDFORD. Godwidere and Osgar de Be. Domesd. The former had held the same lands before the Conquest. BEDHA:MPT0X. a parish in Hants. De Bedampton. H.R. BEDIXGITELD. Orgerus de Pugeys (or Longueville) came hither at the Con- quest, and was one of the four knights of the Lord Malet. lord of the manor of Eye, CO. Suffolk, who gave him the manor of Bedingfield in that Aicinity, unde nomen. C«urthope"s Debrett. BEDIXGHA:*!. a parish in Xorfolk. BEK BEDIXGTOX. A parish in Surrey. BEDWELL. A hamlet, co. Bedford. De Bedewell, H.E. BEDWIX. Two pai-ishes, in Wilts. Bodewine. H.R. BEE. Probably allusive to the industry of the original bearer, or the sign of his shop. |^°BEE, as a termination, is a corruption of • by.' Examples : Holmbee, Batters- bee, Bradbee. Boltbee. BEEBY. A parish in co. Leicester. BEECH. From residence near a tree of this species. Atte-Beche. Also a place in CO. Stafford. See, however, Beke. BEECHER. Becher is found in the H.R. without any prefix. Le Becher, Le Becchur. and Le Beechur, also occur there. BEEDHAM. See Beetham. BEEMAX. BEMAX. In former times, when mead or methlegn was a favourite beverage, the mmil>er of bees kept in Eng- land must have been much larger than now. JBee-j)arJi.<. or enclosures, exist in several parts of the country-, though now appropriated to other uses. The keeper of such a park was called Custog Apiiim — '•keeper of the bees" — whence Beeman. His duties are defined in the Gloss, of Sen-ices, Cott. M.S. Titus. A. XXVIL fol. 150. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. Among the Domesd. tenants of Herefordshire is a Custos Apium. In one instance, however, this surname is a known corruption of Beaimiont. BEER. BEERE. BEARE. Two places on the banks of the Tamar, in co. Devon, are called Beer-Alston and Beer-Ferris, while two others in Dorsetshire bear the names of Beer-Hacket and Beer-Regis. BEESOX, A corruption of Beeston. BEESTOX. Parishes, &c. in cos. Bed- ford, Chester, Xorfolk, Notts and York. BEET. Perhaps the same as Beath. BEETHA^NI. A parish in "Westmoreland. BEETLE. A corruption of Bedel or Beadle — the office. BEEVOR. BEE"ST:RS. See Beauvoir. BEGG. A personal name. An A-Sax. saint was so called. BEHARREL. Three brothers of this name from Holland came over with Sir C. Yermuyden to assist in draining Hatfield Chase, co. York, temp. Chas. I. BEIGHTOX. Parishes in cos. Xorfolk and Suffolk. BEKE. This family has no connection with that of Bee or Beck : nor is it of Norman origin. It was founded in Eng- land by the Goisfred de Beche, of Domesd. De Beche and De la Beche were the Nor- man-Fr. monies of writing the Flemish Yan der Beke. which was, doubtless, the real name borne bv this Godisfred in his BEL native country, where he had a good estate. There can be no doubt that the ch was sounded hard, for in East Kent, where the family acquired the estate of Ly^dng's- Bourne, they altered the prefix to Bekes, and the parish still bears the designation of Beakesbourne, while, in some Kentish re- cords, the name is written De la Beke. The barons Beke of Eresby were of this family. At the present clay there are Van der Beekes in HoUand, Vander Beekes in Germany, and Del Becques in Belgium and Fr. Flanders. Inf. C. Beke, Esq. Beek or Beke is Dutch for brook or rivulet, and therefore etymologically iden- tical with Brook and Beck. BELA.SYSE. The genealogists of this family assert, that the great ancestor of the Earls Fauconberg was one Belasius, who came over with the Conqueror in 10G6, and became general against the forces of Edwin and Morcar in the Isle of Ely. His son, Eoland, married the heiress of Ealph de Belasyse, of that Ilk, in the bishoprick of Durham, and thereupon assimied her sur- name. Collins. De Belasyse is doubtless found in early Noi-man times, though Be- lasius is probably a figment. Bellasis is a hamlet near Morpeth. BELCHER. O Fr. hel cTiere, good com- pany. So Boncompagnon, and our own Goodfellow, &C. BELCOMBE. A recent refinement upon Buicock, j^roperly Boulcott, a local name. BELCUMBER. Belencombre in the ar- rondissement of Dieppe in Normandy. De Beleciunbr', De Belencumbr', &c. H.R. BELD A]\I. " A woman who lives to see a sixth generation descended from her." Kennett. The surname, however, is doubt- less local. See Eng. Sum. i. 213. BELESME. In the Battel RoU Belemis. The second son of Roger de Montgomery was so named. Kelham. Belleme is a town, once of great strength, in the arron- dissement of Mortagne, and it gave name to a powerful race of counts. BELFORD. A parish in Xorthumber- land. BELGRAVE. A parish in co. Leicester, long possessed by the family. BELKE. Probably Belgh, a hamlet in CO. Nottingham. BELL. This common surname is doubt- less le Bel, O. Fr. for fine, handsome ; and in this fonn it is found in the H.E. The chief habitation of the Bells has long been on the Scottish border. In a MS. of l.j'JO, relating to the defences of that district, we find in Cumberland, under Bridekirk, this entry : " About them is a great surname of Bells and Carlisles, who have been long in feud with the Irwyns." Again : " In Gils- land is no great surname : the Belles is the most." Ai-chfeolog. XXII. p. 1G9— 70. BELLAIRS. Hamon, one of the sons of Nigel de Albini by Maud de Aquila, niece of Hugh Lupus, assumed the name 24 BEL of De Beler, subsequently corrupted to Bel- lars and Bellairs. B.L.G. BELLAMY. Dr. Giles regards this as a conniption of the Nonnan surname Belesme; but there is abundance of evidence to shew that it is the old or Noi-man-French hd- amy, " fair fi'iend," used much in the de- preciatory way in which we now employ " good fellow." "WTien William Rufus had scolded his chamberlain for offering him a a pair of silk hose that had cost only three shillings, and the official had pro- cured a worse pair for a mark, Robert of Gloucester makes the monarch say — "Aye hel-amy, quoth the King, these were weU liouijht ; In this manner serve me, other ne serve me not." Camd. Rem. The Promptorium defines the word, "Amicus pulcher, et est Galliciun, et Anglice ilicitur, fayre frynde." BELLARXEYS. A probable corruption of the Fr. name Beauhamais, " fine armour." BELLASISE. (See Belasyse). A hamlet in the parish of Stannington, co. Northum- berland. This ancient family afterwards removed, imfavoiu-ably for themselves, to Henknoull, whence the old northern dis- tich : " Bellasis, Bellasis, daft was thy knoll. When exchanged Bellasis for Henknoull." Sharpe's Chronicon Mirahile. BELLCHAIVIBERS 1. A name appro- priate enough for church t-ower. 2. "Bellus Camerarius" may have been the sobriquet of a " handsome chamberlain." See Chamberlain, Chambers, &c. BELLENDEK vSee Ballantyne. That it is a distinct name, however, is proved by the existence of De Bellenedene in the H.R. BELLET. William Belet, steward of William the Conqueror, was a tenant-in- chief in cos. Hants and Dorset. Domesd. C As the name is not prefixed by De, it is j^ doubtless a descriptive sobriquet, perhaps n^ signif3'ing a " handsome little fellow." His "V descendants were barons by tenure till temp. ,^ Hen. III. Nicolas' Synopsis. ^^ BELLEW. Probably of Norman origin, meaning hcl-eaii, in Lat. hella-aqua, the fair water ; the designation of some localitj'. Belleau is a parish in Lincolnshire. John de B. was a baron of Parliament temp. Edw. 1. BELLHOUSE. A-Sax. hel-hus, a man- sion. It was a mark of dignity to be pos- sessed of a bell. In the reign of Athelstan every ceorle or freeman who owned five hides of land, a church, a kitchen, and a hell-lwme took rank as a Thane. De Bel- hus and De la Belhuse are in H.R. BELLTXGHAM. The pedigree is de- duced from Alan de B., of Bellingham, in Northumberland, temp. William the Con- queror. In the XV. and XVI. cent, a younger branch became widely extended in Sussex, and in that county there existed contempoi-aneously with it, a distinct family 7i6vMw (^ZAz, ^-vi.-^ BIC 27 BEUTYMAN. BEAUTYiMAN. More likel)' from the ' booty ' than IVoin the good looks which tlio lirst of the name was pos- t^essed of. The Scotch orthography is Bootiman, and a correspondent suggests that " boothio"-man, or cottager, is the meaning. BEVAN. Welsh. Ab Evan, the son of Evan. BEVER. See Beauvoir. BEYERIDGE. Beferige, \. e. "the Bea- ver's edge," occurs in Cod. Dipl. Several other local names in Befer, in that col- lection, show that the heaver was an inhabitant of this island in Saxon times. BEVERLEY. Can be traced as residents at Beverley, co. York, to temp. King John, B.L.G. BEYIS. Camden treats of this among Christian names, and thinks it may be corrupted from " the famous Celtique king, Bellovesus." The town of Beauvais, in France, is however a more likely source for the surname. The Sir Bevys of medieval romance seems to have no place in veritable history, though Heylin claims him as a real Earl of Southampton. The first in- stance of the surname that I can call to mmd is in Sir John Bevis, or Befs, who took Richard, brother of King Henry III., prisoner in a windmill at the battle of Lewes, in 12(!4. See Beauvoir. A Goisbert de Belvaco occurs in Domesday. BE^V. Ab Hugh, the son of Hugh. Welsh. BEWICK. Old and New Bewicke are in Northumb., where the family, (well knowTi as a border clan, and still better for having produced the restorer of the art of wood- engravhig,) flourished immemorially. BEAYLEY. See Bowley. BEYER. Dutch Beyers—'' of Bavaria." BHiB. BIBBEXS. BIBBY. Fancifully derived from 0. Norse hif, movement. Ferguson. BIBER. Perhaps the same as " bibber," one too much addicted to potations. The name is foimd in H.R., without any prefix. BIBLE. Probably an Irish corruption of some other name. BICK. An A- Sax. personal name, BIcca. Cod. Dipl. 9'J-i. BICKER. BICKERS. A parish in co. Lincoln. BICKERSTAFF. The O. Eng. licker means to skinnish or contend, and a bickcr-staflf, therefore, probalily signifies a weapon analogous to a quarter-staff, or single stick. The name belongs to the same class as Longsword, Broadspear, &c. BICKERSTETH. A name of uncertain origin ; perhaps the same as Bickerstaff. BICKERTON. Townships in Chester and Northumb. BIG BICKLEY. A township in Chester. BECKNELL. Bickcnhall, co. Somerset, or Bickeuhill, co. Warwick. BICKTOX. A manor in St. Eve, co, Cornwall, held by the family in Norman times. D. Gilb. Cornw. i. 412. BIDDEL. Perhaps Biddulph ; perhaps beadle. BIDDER. A-Sax. biddere, a petitioner — " potitor, vel petax." Wright's Vocab. p. (50. equivalent to ' beadsman.' Piers Plo^^^nan views the hUldercx with small favour ; he calls them ' Iloberdes knaves,' and classes them with vagabonds : — " Bidileres and laeggeres Fast about yede, With hire belies and hire baggcs Of breed ful y-crammed." Vision, I. 79. BIDDLE. 1. A modification of Bid- dulph. 2. A- Sax. bijdcl, a beadle, mes- senger, herald, or proclaimer. Biddle, with- out a prefix, is found in the H.R. BIDDULPH. A parish in co. Stafford, very anciently possessed by the family, who descended from Ricardus Forestarius, a gi-eat Domesd. tenant. Erdeswick's Staf- fordshire. BIFFEX. Qu. Bevan? BIGG. BIGGE. BIGGS. A pra3-Domesd. personal name, Biga. The oflicer who provided carriages for the king was called a Biga — probably with some reference to the Lat. biga, a two-horse chariot. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. i. 91. BIGGAR. A parish in co. Lanark. Also Scot., a builder. B^BIGGIN. A common termination of local names, especially in the North. It means a building of considerable size — a house, as opposed to a cottage. A- Sax. bijggan to build. BIGLAXD. Bigland Hall, co. Lancaster, where the family are said to have been seated from the tune of the Conquest. BIGNALL-XELL-XOLD. A township in CO. Staftbrd. BIGOD, BIGOT. " When Rollo had Nomiandy made over to him by Carolus Stultus, with his daughter Gisla, he would not submit to kiss Charles's foot. And when his friends urged him by all means to kiss the king's foot, in gratitude for so great a favour, he made answer in the English tongue, Xc sc by God ; that is. Not so by God. Upon which the king and his courtiers deriding him, and corruptly re- peating his answer, called him liigad-. from whence the Nonnans are to this daytenned BiGODi." Camd. Britannia, Ed. 1722, Vol i. p. ccix. It was said of that people that at every other word they would swear " By God," and thus Bigod, (whence our word bigot.') became synonymous with Norman. The equivalent French oath ' Par Dieu,' has in like manner become an English surname. See Pardew. Wliv one particular baronial family of Normandy should have assumed a name attributed to Normans BIN 28 in general is not verv obvious. That the name was understood to be derived fi-om the source indicated above, even Ions after the Conquest, appears from a speech made bv Ralph, Earl of Chester, an opponent of King Stephen, before the great battle of 1141. "Next comes," says he, "Hugh By-God, his name merely sounding his perjury, who thought it not sufficient to break his oath mth the Empress (Maud), but that he must be once again foresworn, as all the world doth know that Henrj- at his death bequeathed the crown to .Stephen, to the prejudice of his daugh- ter ;— a man, in a word, who accounts treachery a virtue, and perjury a courtly quality." Speed's Chronicle. BIKER. A village near Newcastle-upon- Tyne. BILKE. Ferguson deduces Bill, Bilson, Bilke, &c., from Bil, a small goddess among the Scandinavians, but I much question the legitimacy of such parentage. BELL. A nickname of AYilliam. BILLET. Probably a corruption of the great baronial name Belet. BILLIARD. Ferguson ranks this name with Bill. Bilke, ^c. BILLIXG. BILLINGE. Parishes, &c., in cos. Northampt. and Lancaster (two in each). BILLIXGHURST. A parish in Sussex. BILLIXGS. A pluralization of Billing ? BILLIXGSLEY. A parish in co. Salop. BILLINGTOX. Chapelries in cos. Bed- ford and Lancaster. BILLITER. Apparently a bell-founder. The Promptorium has hdlezctev (Halliw.), which ilr. Way derives from the A- Sax. zeotcre, fusor. ' " Zetynge of metelle. as bellys, fusion The old name of Billiter Lane, in London, was originally " Belzet- tar's Lane" (Stowe), doubtless from the bell- founding trade there carried on. BILLISIAX. A soldier who carries a war-bill or battle-axe. Cotgi-ave has " Bouscheron, a bill-man, a faggot-maker," from the wood-bill used in that employ- ment. BILLS. BILLS0:N^. See BiU and Bilke above. BILLY. Not fromWilliam,but from aplace in the arrondissement of Caen, in NoiTaandy. Also a comrade, companion. Jamieson. BILNEY. Parishes in Norfolk, BILTON. Places in cos. York and Wanvick. BIXDLOOSE. This contradictory- looking name, formerly written B}Tidlos, is probably local. BINFIELD. A parish in Berks. BING. See Byng. BIXGHAJM. Seated temp. Plenry L, at Sutton-Bingham, co. Somerset, and after- wards and now at Melcombe-Bingham. Said to lie of Saxon antiquity. BIXGLEY. A parish in Yorkshii-e. BINXEY. Binnle, in the parish of L^p- hale, Linlithgowshh-e. BIS BlXXIE. See Binney. BIXXINGTOX. A township in York- shire. BIXXS. A place in Abercon, co. Lin- lithgow. BIRBECK. A district of Westmore- land. BIRCH. Parishes and chapelries in cos. Essex, Hereford, and Lancaster. BIRCHAM. Three parishes in Xorfolk. BIRCHEXSTY. An estate in Sussex, contracted to Birsty. BIRD. See Birds. ^p"BIRDS, Karnes of, n-Mch have lecome Surnames. The names of animals have in all ages, and among nearly all nations, been applied as sobriquets to individuals, and these in modern times have ac- quired the force of surnames, and thus been handed do^vn hereditarily. How common such names are in our family nomenclature, has often been made the su])ject of remark. See anecdotes in Eng. Surn., i., 178, et seq. A writer in Edinb. Rev., April, 1855, says — "We once knew Hawkes, a Hare, a Peacock, and a Partridge, all quietly dwelling in the same staircase at Trinity College, Cambridge, where a Coote was at the same time an occasional visitor; and we have been honoured by the friend- ship of a distinguished ''^Tiig, wliose mother was a Crow, whose nieces were Sparrows, whose housekeeper was a Partridge, and whose cook was a Raven." For a list of surnames from Birds, see Eng. Surn. vf siqjra. But as usual when generalising, we are apt to at- trilnite to this source many names "^^ which do not belong to it : for example, \ Bunting, Buzzard, Barnacle, Drake, ^^ Gosling, Corliett, Parrott, Starling, s^ Wrenn, and Pye, have proven etjTuo- ^ logics which take them out of this ^-^ category, and probably many others have "^ no reference to the " winged nation." BIRDSEYE. Local: "the island of birds." BIRDWHISTLE. Birdoswald, on the Roman Wall in Cumberland, the station Amboglanna, is so pronounced locally. BIRKBECK. See Birbeck. BIRKETT. A corruption of Birken- head, CO. Chester. BIRLEY. The cradle of this family is the to-\^-nship of Balderston, co. Lancaster, where the lands of Birclogh or Bj^rlogh belonged to them, in or before temp. Edw. IL B.L.G. BIRXIE. A parish in ISIorayshire. BIRT. See Burt. BISII. See Byshe. BISHOP. See Ecclesiastical Surnames. BISHOPRICK. The co. of Durham is BLA ' frequently called, in old writings, par e.rcplh-nce, tlie Bishoiirick, and hence this surname. BISLEY. A town in co. Gloucester, and a parish in Surrey. BISS. Perhaps Bish, formerly written Bysse. Ferjju.son, however, says that Bis is an old Teutonic personal name, and thinks Bissell and Bissett may he its diminutives ; but Bissell is found prefixed by De. showing its local origin, and Bisset is said by Cam- den to mean a dove. BISSELL. SeeBiss. BISSETT. See Biss. The Bisets were barons by tenure in 11.53. BITHELL. Ab-Ithel, the son of Ithel, a Welsh personal name. BLAAL1V. This name, a somewhat recent introduction from Holland, signifies ' blue,' probably from the favourite colour of the costume of the primitive bearer of it. It occurs in various forms among the magistrates of Amsterdam, and is identical with Blmu, borne by the eminent printer, the friend of TychoBrahe, and the well- known author of some of the earliest maps. This is perhaps the only name mm- borne by an English fiimily that can boast of five consecutive vowels. (Bl a^n% although a thirteenth-century orthography of Ne\Tman gives six — 'Su'iuvem^n. BLABER. Probably some occupation. In Scotland it means a kind of French cloth. Jamieson. Blaber without prefix is found in H.E. BLACK. Blac and Blache are prae- Domesday names, and doubtless refer in general to the dark complexion and black hair of the original owners. Mr. Wright tells us that Wulric the Black, the ally of the famous Hereward the Saxon, was " so named because on one occasion he had blackened his face with charcoal, and thus disgiiised, had penetrated unobserved among his enemies, and killed ten of them with his spear before he made his retreat. Essays, ii., 102. BLACKADDEPt. A probable corrup- tion of Blackater, a river in the south of Scotland. BLACKAMORE. R.G. 16. See Black- more. BLACKBEARD. See Beard. BLACKBIRD. Probably « black-beard." BL ACKBURX. A great town in Lanca- shire. BLACKE. See Black. BLACKER. See Blaker. BLACKETT. Dan. hlnhheU greyish. Ferguson. But the B.'s of Xortliumb. tnice to Kichard de Black-heved. or l^lackhcad, forester of Stanhope, 13.J0 ; and the name is cousei|uently local. BLACKFORD. Parishes in cos. Perth 29 BLA and Somerset, and minor localities in many others. BLACKHALL. Or Blackwell. A town- ship in Cumberland. BLACKHEAD. Either from black hair, or local. See Blackett. BLACKIE. Probably a diminutive of Black — applied to a man of dark com- plexion. BLACKLEY. A chapelry in co. Lan- caster. BLACKLOCK. From the colour of the hair. So ^\'liitelock, Silverlock, i:c. BLACK:\IAX. a baptismal name originally derived from the personal quality of a dark complexion. It is common in A- Sax. charters, and several persons called Blacheman and Blachemanuus occur in Domesd. as holders antecedently to the making of that surv'ej'. One of these is in Kent, where there is a parish called Black- manstone, which may have been named after him. BLACK:M0XSTER. This repulsive name is a corruption of Blanchminster, the ^\Tiite Monaster)', the designation of more than one religious house. Blrincntu.s'tcr is an ancient alias for the town of Oswestr)\ The name was commonly latinized Be Albo Monagferio. BLACKMORE. A parish in co. Essex. Blachemer is a prai-Domesd. baptismal name. BLACKSHAW. A village in co. Dum- fries. BLACKSTOXE. A ridge of hills in Lancashire. BLACKSTOCK. Places in Sussex and other counties. BLACKWELL. Parishes, &c., in cos. Derby, Dui-ham, AVorcester, and Cumber- land. BLACKWOOD. Lord Dufferin descends from a Scottish family. Adam B. was one of the privy-council to Mary, Queen of Scots. I find no localitj- of this, name in North Britain, except the Blackwood Hills, CO. Dumfries. BLADE. Ferguson thinks from O. Xorse bleydi, implying bashfulness. BLADOX. A parish in co. Oxon. BLAGDEX^. Blagdon, places in Somer- set, Xorthumb., &c. BLAG ROVE. Blagrave, a ty thing in Berkshire. BLAIX. See Blane. BLAIR. The Blairs "of that ilk" in Ayrshire, have been .«eated in that co. for more than 000 years. They claim the chief- ship of all the Blairs in the S. and W. of Scotl., though that honour is challenged by the B.'s of Balthayock, co. Perth, who date back to the beginning of the XIII. cent. B.L.G. Blair, in Scottish topography, BL A eignifies a moss or heath, and as there are many localities so called, there may be several distinct families. Imp. Gaz. Scotl. Some et^-mologists make the word signify a l.attle-field. Tlie existing Blairs of Blair spring from a cadet of Scott, who mai-ried the heiress, and adopted her surname, but have none of the blood of that race. BLAKE. ''Bleke, wan of colour," Palsgr. A- Sax. bl(rc. Mac. pallidas — a person of pale complexion. The Blakes of Ireland descend fi-om Richard B.. who accompanied Prince John to that country in 1185, and settled in co. Galway. BLAKELEY. Another form of Black- ley. BLAKEXEY. A parish of Xorfolk, in which CO. the family had great possessions. The B.'s of Ireland, settled tiiere temp. Eliz., were a younger line. BLAKER. BLACKER. Cotgrave de- fines a bliTtcfecr as noircisseur. The latter word he Englishes by " blacker, blackener, hleachcr." &c., thus confounding two op- posite ideas, and literally "making white black."' The truth is, 'that the A-Sax. hlac, unaccented, means black, while Mac signifies pale or white, and the deriva- tive verb, Udcian. to bleach, or make pale. The Promptorium makes ' bleykester" and ' whytster" synonjTnous, and explains them by catulidarius, a whitener or bleacher of linen, which is doubtless the meaning of this surname. Blacre, apparently used as a baptismal name, is found in Domesd. The Blackers of co. Armagh, derive them- selves traditionally from Blacar, a Xorth- man chief who settled at Dublin early in the X. cent. Burke's Commoners, ii. 48. BLAKESLEY. A parish in Xorthampt. BLAXCH. Fr. hlanc. TThite— of light comiDlexion. Blanche. H.E. BLAXCHARD. BLAXSHARD. Cot- grave says, " an order of Friers, who goe ordinarily in n-hitc sheets." It had most likely a wider application, to any person who affected white raiment. See Jamie- son. BL.AJXCHETT. Perhaps a diminutive of Blanch, white. BLAXCHrLOT\^ER. Blanch fleur, Fr. white flower. I have seen this name in Sussex documents of XYII. cent. Blan- cheflor occurs in an old Fr. romance as the name of a lady. See Wrighfs Essays, i. 88. It ia not unworthy of remark in connection with this name, which looks like an awkward mtsture of French and English, that, at the period at which it originated, the French word/^w?- was giving birth to two EngUsh words between which there noic seems to be Utile relation, except sinularitj- of sound; ^iz. ' flower" and ' flour.' The truth is that/o«r, (which more immediately resembles the parent word,) simply means by metaphor flos farinae, fleur de farine, the finest part: of ground com, as we say ' the flower of the family — of the nobility,' ic. Indeed there is a phrase in wliieh even now the words are convertible, namely ' flom- of sulphur' and ' flowei-s of sulphur.' BLAXCHiLALX'S. Fr. blanches mains " white hands." From this peculiarity Robert de Beaumont, 3rd earl of Leicester, 30 BLE received his sobriquet ; it also became the hereditary surname of a family. The cog- nate name Blanchfront, or rather Blaunk- front likewise occurs. BLAXKFROXT. An A-X^orm. sur- name, Mnnc-fwnt, "white forehead." BLAX^CPAIX. BLAUXCHPAYX^ Li- terally translated in "VMiitebread, which see. There was a species of bread so called in the XIII. cent. Hugh de Elsfield, circ. 1220. gave one ^-irgate of land in Els- field, CO. Oxon. to the prioress of Studley, and further directed one hundred white loaves of the sort called in Oxford Maiqjei/n to be given to the nims for ever on the feast of the assumption. " Dedi et con- cessi prffidictis monialibus centum panes albos, de panibus illis qui vocantur Manjyeyii apud Oxon." Dunkin"s Oxfordshire, i. 135. BLAXT). The adjective bland, mild, gentle, is, I think, of iasufficient antiquity to be the etymon. It is probably one of the many forms of Blundus, IBlondus, Blond. &c.. meaning fair or light-haired. The Blands of Kippax, at a very early period, resided at and gave name to Bland's Gill, CO. York. BLAXDFORD. A town in co. Dorset. BLAXEY. From one of the two places called Blagni, near Bayeux, in Normandy. BLAX'K. BLAXKS. See Blanch. BLAXKETT. See Blanchett. BLATCHLEY. A parish in Bucks. (Bletchley.) BLATHER^TYCK. A parish in co. Xor- thampton. BLATHWAYT. Said to be the same as Braithwaite. See Thwaite. BLAL^X'CFROXT. Fr. blancfront; having a white forehead. It is sometimes written Blatmchfront. BLAYXEY. Of Welsh extraction, claiming descent from Cadwallader, king of Britain. The first Lord B. created by James I., and settled in Monaghan, was Edward, son of Thomas-ap-Evan-Lloyd- Blayney. BLAZE. An ancient personal name, borne by St. Blase or Blaise, the patron of the wool-combers of England. See Brady's Clavis Calend. i. 201. BLEADEX. Bleadon, co. Somerset. B^^BLEN. A syllable occurring in several Cumbrian local surnames, as Blencowe, Blennerhasset, Blenkinsopp, &c. It seems identical ^vith the Man in Blan- tjTC, Dumblane, kc, and probably like the Cambro-Brit. blaen signifies a point or top. BLEXCO^^^]. There are two townships of this name in Cumberland ; one ia the parish of Dacre. the other in that of Grey- stoke. The family name is derived from the latter, where temp. Edw. III. resided Adam de Blencowe, standard-bearer to BLO 31 William, ' the Good Baron of Greystokc', at* the battle of Poietiers. Hutchinson's Cum- horland. Other fomis of the name are Blinko, Blinkowe, kc. BLEXKARXE. An estate in Cumber- land. BLEXKIXSOrP. A township in the parish of Haltwhistle, co. Northumb. The castle there was the seat of the family, a race well remembered for their border feuds in olden times, and designated by Camden as " a right ancient and generous family." BLEXXERIIASSET. A township in the parish of Torpenhow. co. Cumberland. By a mistake of N for U. this name is often found mis-si>elt Bleuerhasset and Blever- hasset. Members of this ancient race re- presented Carlisle during almost exevy reign from Richard II. to 'James I. BLESSED. Probably a translation of tlie Latin name Benedictus, and thus sy- nonjTuous with Bennett. BLETIIYX. An ancient TVelsh personal name. Meredith ap Blethj-n was prince of North Wales in the XI. cent. BLEW. Probably the same as Bellew. BLE^YITT. See Bluet. BLIGH. Perhaps the same as Blythe. BLISS. A John Bliss occurs in the II.R. without any prefix of De or Le. The name seems to be connected with the A- Sax. verb blmia/i, laitificare, to make glad or joyous. The singidar name Alicia Blisse- wenche in the H.R. appears to be nearly synonymous with that of Maud Makejoy, whose dancing afforded Edward, prince of Wales, so much pleasure in 1297. See Eng. Sum. ii. 15. BLOCKLEY. A parish in co. Wor- cester. BLODLETER. (Bloodletter, a phlebo- tomist.) Gold le Blodleter occurs in the records of Yannouth in the XR'. cent., and one Blodletere still earlier in the H.R. BLOFIELD. A parish in Xorfolk, in which CO. the family were seated at an early date. BLOTS. From the city of Blois in France. The family were settled in Suf- folk, temp. Rich. L or John. Courthope's Debrctt. BLOMFIELD. See BloomHeld. BLOXDEVILLE. Blonville, a place near Pont lEveciue. in Normandy. BLOXG. Fr. Le Blanc, white. A Hu- guenot family in Ireland. BLOOD. O. Xorse hlaudr, bashful, timid. Ferguson. BLOOMER. A 'bloom' is a mass of iron that has gone a second time through the fire — A-Sax. bloma; and a 'bloomary' was a refining house ; hence probably a Bloomer was a person employed in the ma- nufacture of iron. BLU BLOOINIFIELD. A village in co. Wor- cester, and jinibably other localities. Nor- folk has long been the greatest habitat of the name. BLORE. A parish in Stairordshirc, comprising the district called Bloreheath, memorable for the great battle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians in 14.VJ. BLOSSEYILLE. A village near Rouen, now called Bun-Secours, a great resort for devotees to the Virgin Mary. BLOUXT. French hhnd, fair-haired, light-complexioned. Tlie great baronial house of Blount, lords Mountjoy, deduced themselves from William, son of Blound, earl of Guisnes. one of the companions of the Conqueror, who was traditionally de- rived from the B'wiidi of Italy and the Flai'ii of classical Rome ! It is jirobable that there are several families so designated from the personal peculiarity of the original assimiers. without any consanguinity. It has taken various forms : as for examjile in the H.R. le Blond, le Blont, Blunt, le Bhtnte, le Bhmnd, ko.. It may be regarded as the Anglo-Norman synouvm of our indigenous White : and some of the Irish Blunts have in recent times translated it iiito ^^^lite. The Norwegian royal surname, JInrfager, means 'fair-haired,' and in the H.R. we have a Flaxennehed. BLOAY. A contraction of Bellew, Bel- low, which see. Tlie parish in Norfolk popularly called Blo'-Norton is really Nor- ton-Belleau. BLOWER. Probably the same as Blore, q. V. Tliere is however a Le Blower in H.R. denoting some occupation. BLOXAM. "bLOXSO^LE. Bloxham,a parish in Oxfordshire ; Bloxholme, a parish in CO. Lincoln. BLUE occurs in Scotland, but I have not met with it in England. It is prol)ably de- rived from the favourite colour of the costume of the original bearer. In a cUiirch in Berksliire the following epitaph is said to exist :— " rndemeath tliis ancient pew, Lifth the body of Jonath.in Blue. N.B. His name was" Black, but that wouldn't do!" BLUETT. The fiunily of Bluet is said by Camden to have come from Brittany. The name is spelt in the Battel Roll Bluet, and Bluat, and elsewhere Bloet. BLUr^IPAl''. An American corruption of Blancpied. or Wiitefoot. Eng. Sum. BLUXDELL. Blondcl well-known in France, in both ancient and modem times, and rendered romantic by the fidelity of Blondel de Nesle. the minstrel of Canir de Lion, is a personal name — a diminutive of Blond, fair-haired or light-complexioned. As an Eng. sumame it dates beyond the XIV. cent. BLUXDEX. See Den. BLUXDER. BLUXDRED. Probably an ancient personal name. Ferguson makes the former signify drowsy, stupid, from 0. Norse bliinda, to sleep. BO A BLUNDERFIELD. A corruption of Blondeville. This awkward and uupro- misiuo- name was borne some years ago by a fanning bailiff at Baytield Hall, co. Norfolk. BLUNSUM. Bluntisham, a parish in co. Hunts, so pronounced. BLUNT. See Blount. Robert and Wil- liam' Blundus were tenants in chief under the Conqueror. Domesd. BLYTH. BLYTHE. 1. Towns in York- shire and Northumlierland, and rivers m several counties. 2. The adjective hlithc, merry, gay ; whence Blythman. BLYTHMAN. See Blyth. BLYTON. A parish in co. Lincoln. BOAG. See Bogue. BOAKS. See under Noakes. BOAR. Though not a common surname itself, this is one which forms the centre of a considerable group of family names, of which the principal are Wildbore, Hogg, Wetherhogg, Clevehogg, Pigg, Purcell, Gryce and Grisell. Porcus occurs temp. King John. Hoggett and Hoggins, as well as Piggins, may be diminutives. Hogsflesh is clearly connected, but Gammon and Bacon belong to other classes. These names cor- respond with the Aper, Suillus, Scrofa, Porcius, and Verres of the Romans. "When in A-Sax. times wild boars ranged the pri- meval forests of our island, many locaUties were designated from them, and in Domesday Book a very considerable portion of the property on most manors consisted of woods which supported an estimated number of hogs, and the swineherd's duty was even more important than that of the shepherd. The principal prefixes of local surnames from this source *re — 1. Ever, as in Everton, Everley, Evers, Lbers. A-Sax. eofei', a wild boar. 2. Bar, as in Barwood, Barham, Barlow, though in some instances the Bear may have a better claim, for bar is the A-Sax. for «;■.<«.<, as ha,\ f jr uper. In the rude Zoology of our ancestors siuli a sli;ilit dis- tinction as a simple accent ;;a\L' ^vmild be sufficient for discrimination between two sa\ai;x' denizens of the woods. (See Bear). ^ . , 3. SwiN, as in Smndale, S^vinton, Swmburne. A-Sax. swin. 4. Sow, as in Sowdon, Sowerby, Soivton. 5. Pig, as in Pigdon, Piglulls. 6. Hog, as in Hogben, Hogwood, though the Teutonic hog (high) may assert m these instances an equal claim. BOARDER. A cottager. See Borde. BOARDMAN. A cottager. See Borde. BOASE. Perhaps the same as Bowes. BOAST. Perhaps a corruption of some local name like Bowhurst. Some thirty years ago, a worthy possessor of this name, while dressing one winter mommg, wrote it with his finger nail upon a fi-osted pane of his wm- (low— " ^on^i;"— and then added— " not thyself of to- morrow, for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth." True and prophetic words— for in one short hour (haring been crushed by the faU of a bmlding) he was brought into that chamber — dead ! BOAT. See Bott. BOATBUILDER. The occupation. BOATMAN. The occupation, BOATWRIGHT. See Wright. 32 BOD BOBBIN. A surname of Robert. Vide old nursery song of " Eobin and Bobbin." BOBBY. A nickname of Robert. BOBKIN. A double diminutive of Ro- bert. BOCHER. BOCHYM An archaic form of Butcher. A manor in Cury, co. Corn- wall, held by the family, temp. Henry VIII. BOOKING. A parish in Essex. De Boking is found in H.E. in association with CO. Gloucester. BOCKETT. The ancient surname va- riously written Boket, Bocket, Buckwit, Bucket, &c., is probably of Norman origin, as it occurs in the form of Buket in Scri- ven's list in Fuller's Church History, in that of Buquet of Caumont, in Milleville's Armorial de France, 1845, and in that of De Boc(]uet in the Nobiliare Normand., 1666. Froissart also mentions a Bucquet, a fellow-general with the renowned Sir John Hawkwood, temp. Edw. Ill, at the battle of Brignais. But it may possibly be of English origin, as there was a con- siderable family of Bokeyt of Bokeyt, in the parish of Little Hempston, co. Devon. Westcote's Devon. Inf. Miss Julia R. Bockett. BOCOCK. See Bawcock. BODDINGTON. Parishes in cos. Glou- cest. and Northampton. BODDY. See Body. BODEN. BOADEN, Bodin or Bo- ding, a prfe-Domesd. name. BODFISH. BOTFISH. R.G. 16. Pos- sibly Fr. ieau-fils, son-in-law. BODILY. BODILLY. A Cornwall name, and probably local there. BODGE R. Probably the same as Badger. BODICOTE. Bodicote Grange, near Banbury, co. Oxou., which had owners so called in the XIII. ceut. BODINEL. An estate in Bodmin, co. Cornwall, anciently possessed by the family. BODKIN. A younger son of the Fitz- geralds of Desmond and Kildare settled in Connaughtin the XIII. cent., and obtained, as was not then unconmion, a sobriquet which usurped the place of a surname, and so was handed down. This was Bawdekin, probably from his having affected to dress in the costly material of silk and tissue of gold, so popular in that age under the name of haudkin. (See Halliw.) The Bod- kins still use the " Crom-a-boo" motto of tlie Fitzgeralds. The Bokekin of the H.R. is probably from a different source. BODLE. This name occurs in the Nonae return of 1341 at Herstmouceux, co. Sussex, under the form of le Bothel, and a place iu that parish named after the family is still called Bodle-street. There is a manor of Bodyll in Northumberland. The old Scottish coin called a ' bodle' is said to B L 33 have received its designation from the ce- lel)rated Bothwell. xVgain A-8ax. hitl, and Angle hodl, signify a dwelling. BODRIGAN. An estate in Gorran, co. Cornwall, where the family resided temp. Edw. I. C. S. aill)ert's Cornwall, and H.ll. BODY. Boda, (hvtinized Bodus,) occur.s in Domesd. as a previous tenant, and there- fore prohably a Saxon. Now boda is A- Sax., and biidi O.-Norse, for a messenger, and, in a subordinate sense, a preacher. It follows, therefore, that Truebody is e.piivalent to 'faithful messenger,' Light- boily to 'active messenger,' and Freebody to 'ambassador of peace.' (A-Sax. frith, peace.) Again Handsomebody (the original meaning of handsome being handy, active) is a 'useful messenger,' while Goodbody, originally written Godebodi, may be no other than God's messenger — a preacher of the Gospel. The Gr. dyyiXoQ is used in the double sense of messenger and preacher in Mark, i. 2. See Ferguson for further con- jectures. BOEVY. The family is of Dutch origin. BOFFEY. Probably same as Boughcy, a local name. BOGIE. A river of Aberdeenshire. BOGE. BOGUE. Boge occurs on Sax. coins, as the name of a moneyer. BOIIUX. Humphrey de Bohun came hither with the Conqueror, and was a tenant in capite in Norfolk and elsewhere. Domesd. From him sprang a great ba- ronial race. The Norman liahitat of the family appears to have been the village of Bohon in the arrondissement of St. Lo. BOILEAU. On a tablet in Ketterlngbam church. Norfolk, to the memory of John Peter Boileau, Esq., it is stated that '• he was the son of Simeon B., Esq., merchant, of Dublin, whose father, Charles Boileau, baron of Castlenau and Sainte Croix, in the province of Languedoc, in France, fled to England in IfiDl, on the persecution of the Protestant religion." The family des- cend in an unbroken line from Etienne Boileau, first grand provost of Paris in 1 2,'J() ; and they were early professors and zealous defenders of the reformed faith. Another branch of the fomily fled from France into Italy to avoid persecution, and subsequently wrote themselves Bevelaqua. The Duke of Bevelaqua bears the same arms as the English baronet, and both names are of course equivalent to our indigenous Drinkwater. BOILS. A corruption of Boyle ? BOLD. A-Sax., a house or dwelling. It may |sometimes refer to a courageous disposition. BOLDEN. From Bolden, an estate in Ellel, CO. Lancaster. B.L.G. BOLDERO. The family pedigree is clearly traced back to the XV. cent., in CO. Suffolk. Similar armorials are assigned to the name of Boldrowe in the same BON county, and also to that of Bokb-on. Both these latter forms are purely local, and Boldron is a township in the parish of Bowes, in Yorkshire. The motto of this family is a happy pun — "Audax <•/•() .'" BOLE. BOLES. See Bowles. BOLEBECK. Hugh de Bolcbeck, so surnamed from his fief near Havre, came in with the Conqueror, and was a tenant in capite in co. Bucks, where his descendants , j remained for several generations. , ^ ^■^■ii/r^*''^ BOLEYNE. The genealogy of the un- fortunate Queen goes no further back than 1451, when Sir Geoffrey B. was lord-mayor of London. The surname is doubtless de- rived from the Fr. town Boulogne. BOLITHO. A Cornish name, probably local in that county. BOLLARD. See BuUard. BOLLEX. See Boleyne. BOLNEY. A manor and parish in Sussex, possessed by the family in XIV. cent. BOLT. A-Sax. See Bold. BOLTER. A maker of bolts or blunt- headed arrows, much in use among me- dieval fowlers. Handle Holme, however, defines a bolt as an arrow with a round knob, with a sharp point proceeding from it. BOLTON. Towns, parishes, and places in COS. Lancaster, Cumberl., Northumb., York, Westmorel., Haddington, &c. The first-mentioned gave name to an important family. BOMGARSON. According toGent. Mag., Oct. 1820, this is the Genn. iaum-gai-tcii, tree-garden, orchard. The Fr. hoii-(jai\o>i is a far likelier etymon. Ferguson thinks it a patronymic of "A-Sax. hunrjav, a fatal spear," but there is no proof of such a name having existed. BOMPAS. See Bumpus. BONAFOXS. Fr. hon enfant, " good child." A Huguenot family in Ireland. BONAR. A village of Sutherlandshire, and a feudal barony of which the family were possessed temp. William the Lion, ante 1200. BOXAVUE. Fr. hon neveiu, " good ne- phew." French Protestant refugees in Ireland. BOXD. A-Sax. honda, a householder, proprietor, husbandman. Latinized Pa- terfamilias, according to Mag. Brit. i. Gl, "and rightly enough as it should seem, because much in the same sense in com- jiosition we use hnshond or husband." Le 15()nd. H.R. There are several persons called Bonde in Domesd., one of whom is somewhat contradictorily called "/iitv homo." BOXE. A probable corruption of Bo- hun. See Bowne. BOXES. A corruption of Bone. BOO BONFELLOW. Perhaps a partial translation of either Groodfellow or Bon- compagnon. BONHAM. Although no place so called appears in the topographical dictionaries, this would appear to be, like Bonby, Bon- church, &c., the name of some locality. There was, however, a religious order called honlwmmes, or friars minors, from whom the name may have originated. Bonhomme occurs in the H.R. as a stationary sur- name. BONIFACE. A well-known personal name, borne by several popes, &c. BONIFANT. See Bonyfant. BONITHON. An estate in the parish of Cury, CO. Cornwall, where the family flou- rished till temp. Queen Anne. BONNER. O. Fr. honer and Fr. bonaire. Gracious, kind. Bishop Bonner was an excellent illustration of Horace Smith's dictum, that surnames " ever go by con- traries." BONNELL. The family came from Ypres. Thos. B. settled at Norwich on the Duke of Alva's persecution. His great- grandson was accomptant-general of Ire- land. BONNET. Fr. a Cap. Probably allu- sive to some fashion adopted by the first bearer. BONNICK. Bon(w)ick, a township in Yorkshire. BONNY. BONNEY. " Bonny ; good in any respect; having good features, good complexion, good form, good and manly dispositions." Eichardson. Fr. bon, good. An enviable surname. In the S. of Eng- land the name Boniface is thus con- ti"acted. BONNYCASTLE. I do not discover this ' fair fortress' in any book of topogra- phical reference. BONNIMAN. See Bonny. BONSALL. A parish in co. Derby. BONTYNE. See Bunting. BONVILLE. In Holinshed's list Bon- devile. An ancient Norman family, enno- bled as barons in l-l-lO. The Itiu. de la Norm, shows three places so called — two near Rouen, and the other near Yvetot. BONYFANT. Fr. bon enfant, literally translated in our Goodchild. BOODLE. See Bootle. BOOG. See Boge. BOOGLE. Probably bugle, O.E., a bul- lock. See Bugler. BOOKER. 1. See Bowker. 2. Bucere, (c hard,) A-Sax. A writer, doctor, inter- preter. BOOKLESS. "Not so called from the scantiness of his library, but rather from the good use he made of what he had — Old 34 B R Norse boJdas, book-learned, or, perhaps rather, able to read — a much more notaljle fact in his day than that of being without books." Ferguson. BOONE. Probably a corruption of Bohun, as Moon is of Mohun. Boon is, however, an adjective referring to natural disposition; gay, merry. It is now only retained in the i^hrase " boon companion." Fr. bon compagnon. BOORD. See Borde. BOORE. A farmer, a rustic. So the Lat. Rusticus, Germ. Bauer, &c. BOORMAN. See Borrer. BOOSEY. A place covered with bushes or wood. See Jamieson. BOOT. BOOTE. Perhaps a trader's sign. BOOTHMAN. See Beutyman. BOOTH. " An house made of bowes." Tyndall. A temporary building or shed, in Low Lat. bofJia. The form in the H.R. is De la Boothe. But the great family of B. of Lancashire and Cheshire take their designation from their lordship of Booths in the former county, where they resided in the XIII. cent. BOOTHBY. Two parishes in co. Lin- coln ; but the baronet springs from co. Stafford. BOOTLE. Places in cos. Cumberland and Lancaster. BOOTY. A prfe-Domesday name, Boti. A Gilbert de Budi was a tenant in chief in CO. Warwick. BORDE. BOORD. BOARD. O. Fr. borde, " a little house, lodging, or cottage of timber, standing alone in the fields . . . and in some parts of France any messuage, farme, or farme house." Cotgr. In Domesd. the occupants of cottages are called bordani, and amount to 82,119 in number. See Ellis, Introd. Domesd. The Fr. form of the surname is De la Borde. BOREHAM. Places in cos. Essex and Sussex. BOREMAN. See Borrer. BORLASE A descendant of Taillefer, the celebrated follower of William the Conqueror, is said to have settled at Bor- lase in the parish of St. Wenn, co. Cornwall, from which manor he assumed the surname, since variously written Burlas, Burlace, Borlas and Borlase. C. S. Gilbert's Coruw. BORLEY. A parish in Essex. BORN. The same as Bourn. BOROUGH. BOROUGHS. See Burgh. BORRADAILE. Borrowdale, a chapelry in Cumberland. BORRELL. See Burrell. BORRER. This name appears in Sussex from the XV. cent, under the forms of BOS Bourer, Boorer, Borer and Borrer, the extra ' ir being a somewhat recent addition. These, together with tlie Atte-Bore, Atte- Bowre, de la Bore, Boreman, and other modifications, are prohablj' derivable from the A- Sax. biii; a bower, inner room, or bed-chamber. Every baronial residence had its ' Ladye's Bower,' and the original Atte Bore, or De la Bore, (subsetiuently modified to Borer.) was probably the cham- berlain of a great feudal liousehold. This supposition is strongly siipi)ortcd by the A-Sax. name for chamberlain, which is ' bur-th'gii' bower-thane — one who was admitted to the private apartments and councils of the lord. BORROW. See under Burgh. BORROWES. See the art. Burgh, De Burgh, k.c. In addition to what is said under Biirgh and Burke, I may here remark that the first departm-e from the form De Burgh appears temp. Edw. I., when the name was sometimes written Atte Burgh, Atte Buregh, &c. This orthography became very common temp. Edw. III. The Lords Burgh of Gainsborough, descendants of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, were wi-itten A'Burgh, Aborough, and Barow, and the Irish Lord Deputy in 1-599, Lord Burroughes. The late Sir Wm. Betham, LHster king of arms, deduced the pedigree of the Irish baronet family of Borrowes fi-om the great Hubert, through the Atte Boroughs or De Burghs of Hants, and the Barrowes and Abo- roughs of Calais. Henry Borrowes, the first settler in Ireland, was the son of Erasmus Aborough. Inf. Sir Erasmus D. Borrowes, Bart. BORSTALL. A winding road up a steep hill — common to many places on the South Downs in Sussex. See Suss. Arch. Coll. ii. 292. A-Sax. beorh stirjele, "the hill or mountain path." Also a parish in co. Bucks. BORTHWTCK, Lands near Borthwick Water in co. Selkirk appear to have given this surname. B.L.G. There is also a parish in Edinburghshire so designated. BORAYICK. A chapelry in Lancashire. B^'BOS. A Cornish word said to mean a house or dwelling. It is found in Bos- cawen. as well as in Bosmetherick, Bospidnick, Bosistow, Bosaverue, Bos- sowsack, and other names of Cornish origin. BOSAXQUET. Pierre Bosanquet of Lunel in Languedoc, at the period of the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, had seven children, two of whom, .John and David, sought refuge in England, and from the latter the various English branches are descended. The name is local, and it was formerly prefixed with 'De.' BOSBURY. A parish in co. Hereford. BOSCAWEX. The earl of Falmouth's family were possessors of the estate of Boscawen-Ros, in Burian, co. Cornwall, temp. King .John. Hals asserts that an Irish gentleman settled there temp. Edw. IV., and assumed the name. D. Gilbert's Cornwall. BOSIIER. Perhaps the same as Bour- chier. 35 BOT BOSLEY. A parish in Cheshire. BOSS Probably local. De Boss. H.R. CO. Norfolk. BOSTOCK. A township in co. Chester. BOSTOX. A town in co. Lincoln, and a hamlet in co. York. BOSVILLE. In the H.R. De Bosevil. Bosville is a village of 1400 inhabitants, near Yvetot in Normandy. The family were in England in 112«, and probably from the period of the Conquest. BOSWELL. Originally De Bosevil, (H.R.) — of Norman extraction. Tliey migrated from England to Scotland in the reign of David I. The change from Ville to 'Well as a termination is also seen in the alteration of Kosserille to Roswcll, La Ville to Larwell or Lanvill, Frecheville to Fretwell, &c. BOSWORTH. Parishes in co. Leicester, one of which is historical for its famous battle. BOTFIELD. According to Mat. Paris, Geoffrey and Oliver de Bouteville, bi-o- thers, came from Poitou to assist King John, and from the former of these the heralds deduce John de Tlnne, othenvise John of th'Ynne of Botefield, near Church- Stretton. From 'the Inn,' the seat of the Botefeldes at that place, was formed the surname of Thynne, (Marquis of Bath.) Others of the same stock retained Boteville or Botfield, and it is a moot point whether the name was imported from France or derived from the locality in Shropshire, to which a Saxon etymology would readily applv. The principal variations are Bote- ville", Botvile, Bottefeld, and Botfield. The last fonn is found as far back as lo-i!). Inf. Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. BOTHAM. See Bottom. BOTILER. In ordinary life a wine- merchant or butler. The king's botiler, or * Pincerna regis,' was an officer of consi- derable importance, answering to the col- lectors of customs in modern ports. In virtue of his office he was empowered to seize for the king's use, from every ship laden with wine, one cask from tlie prow and one from the poop, pajing for each twenty shillings. Jacolrs Law Diet. Le Boteler, le Botiller, H.R. BOTLEY. Places in cos. Hants, Here- ford, kc. BOTOXER. Le Botoner, H.R. The button-maker. BOTREUX. BOTTREAUX. "William de B. held great possessions in Cornwall temp. Henrj' I., the chief of which was Botreuxs-castle, by contraction Boscastle. The family were Norman, and doulttless came from Les Bottereaux, near Evreux. BOTT. Local— in the H.R. De Botte, CO. Norfolk. Perhaps, sometimes the Germ. bate, a messenger. Ferguson thinks Botton, Botten, Botting, &c., modifications of the same word. BOU BOTTEN, BOTTING. Local. A Peter de Botine occurs in the H.E., co. Dorset, temp. Edw. I. BOTTERILL. Probably tlie same as Bottreaux. In Ayi'shire, however, a thick- set, dwarfish person is so designated. Jamieson. BOTTLE. A-Sax. boil, a dwelling, man- sion, or hall. Hence Harbottle, Newbottle, and other names. gg^BOTTOM. A termination of many local surnames, as Oakenbottom, Othen- bottom, Owlerbottom, Longbottom, Sidebottom, Shoebottom, Ramsbottom, Shufflebottom, &c. It has been ex- plained by the 0-Eng. hotlum or bufJuta, an enclosure for cattle ; but in the S. of England it means simply a valley or depressed ground. BOTTON. Local. De Botton, H.R. BOTVILLE. See under Botfield. There is a place near Valognes in Normandy, called Boutteville. BOUCHER. See Butcher, and Bourchier. BOUCHERETT. Matthew Boucheret, a descendant of the ancient French family of De Boucherat, settled at Willingham, co. Lincoln, and was naturalized in 16H. B.L.G. BOUGHTOI^J'. Parishes, &c., In cos. Kent, Norf., Nortbampt., Notts, Chester, &c. The baronet's family, then called De Bove- ton, were of co. Warwick in XIV. cent. BOUIL. Camden mentions this among Norman surnames introduced here in the XI. cent. It is of course identical with Bovill, and probably also with Boyle. BOULTER. One who sifts meal— an occupation formerly distinct from that of the miller. See Richardson and Halliwell. BOULTON. See Bolton. BOUND. See Bowne. Also O.E. ho7m, Prepared, ready. See interesting remarks in Richardson's Diet. BOUQUET. Probably from Bouquetot, near Pont-Audemer in Normandy. It is now scarcely known except by its cor- ruption Buckett. BOURCHIER. ANorman name of un- certain origin. Holinshed's list gives a Bourcher, but the family do not appear to have been ennobled until 1292, in the per- son of Sir William B., third son of William B., earl of Eu, in Normandy. The name is written so variously as to render its ety- mology very doubtful. Burser is one of its numerous foinns. The latinization De Burgo Charo, " of the dear borough," affords us no clue. It is sometimes confounded with Boucher, O. Fr. for butcher. BOURDILLON. Descendants of the Rev. Jacob Bourdillon, minister of a refugee congregation in London, who left France in consequence of the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. BOURKE. The same as Burke. BOW BOURN. BOURNE. Parishes and places in COS. Cambr., Durham, Lincoln, Hants, Sussex, &c. Many trivial localities are so called, and Atte Burne is a common medie- val surname. As a topographical term it means sometimes a bound or limit, (Fr. home,') and sometimes a running stream, (A-Sax. bt/ma.) See Eng. Sum. i. G4. BOURNER. The modern form of At- Bourne. See prefix atte. BOURTON, Parishes, &c. In cos. Berks, Bucks, Dorset, Warwick, Oxon, Gloucest., &c. BOUTCHER. See Bourchier. BOUTELL. BOWTELL. Perhaps from Bouteilles, a village near Dieppe in Nor- mandy. ■ BOUTE^aLEIN. A great family of Norman origin. The name has undergone the following degradations : Butvelin, But- william, Butlin ! BOUVERIB. Fr. an ox-stall. Lawrence des Bouveries, a native of Sainghien, near Lisle in Flanders, fled to Eugland on account of his religion, and settled at Can- terbury in 1568. From him descends the Earl of Radnor. Courthope's Debrett. BOVEY. Two parishes In co. Devon. BOVINGDON. A chapelry in co. Herts. BOVILLE. Bouville (Bovis villa) a parish in the arrondissement of Rouen. De Boville, De Boyvile, &c. H. R. BOW. Parishes In Devon and Essex. BOWCHER. See Bourchier and Butcher. BOWDEN. BOWDON. The B.'s were of Bowdon Hall, co. Derby, in the XV. cent. Yet they have a tradition that they are of Norman descent, and that the name was originally Bodin. In 1572 two protestant Walloons, Nich. and John Bow- den, settled at Rye. Lansd. MS. 15. 70. BOWDITCH. BOWDIDGE. An estate in Dorsetshire, possessed by the family at an early period. BOWDLER. Probably the name of some ancient emplopuent, as Le Boudler occurs in H. R. " To huddle" signifies to cleanse ore. North. BOAVELL. Probably the same as Bo- ville and Boyle, which see. De Bowell. H.R. BO WEN.' Welsh, Ab-Owen, Owen's son. Pembrokeshire is the greatest liabitat of this name. BOWER. A Scotticism for Bowyer. Also a room in a feudal mansion. See under Borrer. BOWERMAN. A Chamberlain. See under Borrer. BOWERS. See Bower. BOWES. A parish In Yorkshire. BOWKER. The A-Sax. hue is a water- vessel, and ' to bouke ' in P. Plo^nnan means to wash. We still call a great iOjrurr-i >^cf BOY 37 washinsr of linen a 'bucking.' Henc3 the oritrinal Bowker must have been a wasber- nian. See Lavender. BOTNTLAND. A township in Lancashire. BOWLER. In Fifeshire, 'to bowl' is to boil. One who cooks. Or perhaps a maker of bowls. BOWLES. Domesd. presents us with two tenants in chief called Bollo and Bollo, the former in Hants, and the latter in Dorset. Bouelles is the name of a place near Neufchatel in Normandj'. Ferguson derives it, and several similar names, from the O. Norse baidh a bull, but it is probably local, as De BoUe is found in H.K. BO^^'LEY. Probably a corruption of the Fr. beait-Ueu, a. ''heautihil situation." Several places in England and Normandy were so called. BOWLIXG. A township in Yorkshire. BO^^'^L\KER. A common employment in the days when archery was in vogue. BOW:^L\X. An archer. A common name on the English border under the Percys, and derived from their weapon — the long bow. " Come Spearman ; come Bowman ; Come bold-hearted Truew-icke : Eepel the proud foe-man, Join lion-Uke Bewick'" Richardson's Gathering Ode. See, however, Bulman. B0W:MER. The same as Bulwer. BOWXE. In a document of the XYJ. cent, the name of Bohun is thus spelt. Sussex Arch. Coll, iii., 187. It also meaus ready, prepared. Jamieson. BOWXESS. A parish in Cumberland. BOWSHER. BOWSER. The same as Bowcher. BOWYER. A maker of bows for ar- chery. A Bowyer's Company still exists in London. BOX. A place in co. Wilts, remarkable in modern times for its long railway tunnel. BOXALL. BOXELL. This name is clearly traced to Boxhulle, an ancient manor in Salehurst, co. Sussex, among whose lords was Alan de B., one of the earliest Knights of the Garter. In this same county the name has l)een queerly varied to Boxall, Boxsell, Buckshell, Bax- hall. Sec. BOXER. A pugilist. BOY. See Boys. BOY ALL. A corruption of Boyle ? BOYCE. The name of the Scottish his- torian Boethius, spelt Boece and Boyce, may be derived from the Fr. bois — wood. BOYCOTT. An estate in co. Salop, still possessed by the family. BOYD. Gael, boidh. Fair or yellow- haired. A nephew of Walter, first high- BRA steward of Scotland, circ. 1160, was known by this appellation, and was ancestor of tlie lords Boyd, earls of Arran, and lords Kilmamoch — a family conspicuous in Scottish history-, and now represented by the earl of Errol. BOYER. See Bowyer. But this is also Fr. A family so called settled in Ireland after the Ilev. of the Edict of Nantes. BOYES. See Boys. BOYKETT. A corruption of Boycott. BOYLE. Sir Richard B., father of Sir Eoljert B., one of the barons of Scotland who swore fealty to Edw. I. in 1'2{H\, was of Kelbume in N.B. It is probable that he was of Norman descent, and that the sur- name is a modification of Boville, as it was written Boj-vill or Bo\"vile in the XIII. and XIV. cent. See Boville. BOY]M AX. Perhaps a person who looked to the buoijs near some port or dangerous sea passage. BOYXE. An ancient thanedom of Scot- land, which included Banff. Gaz. Scotl. BOYXTOX". A parish in the E. R. of CO. York, where the baronet's family re- sided temp. Hen. III. BOYS. Fr. bois, a wood. The latinized form De Bosco, ' of the wood,' is retained in the Fr. Dubois, Dubosq,&c., while Attwood is the precise Eng. equivalent. BOYSE. See Boys. BOYSOX. Perhaps boatswain, vulgo lo-ioii ; or more probably a Fr. local name compounded with bois, a wood. BOYTOX, Parishes in Devon, Wilts, and Suflblk. BRABAX'. From the duchy of Brabant. The name occurs in the present orthography in the H.K. ; othenvise we might with equal probability derive it from the parish of Braborne, co. Kent. BRAB.IXT. See Braban. BRABAZOX. Tht English and Irish Brabazons claim from .Jacques le Brabazon, who is said to have come into England with the Conqueror and to have borne the honourable distinction of " The Great "Warrior." His posterity settled, during the early Nonnan reigns, at Betchworth, co. Surrey, and from tliem descended in an unbroken line the B.'s, earls of Meath, and baronets in Ireland, the name, variously written Barbauzon, Barbanzon, Braljazon, kc, is traditionally derived from the town or castle of Braljazon, in Normandy, but as no such locality can be found, its true source appears to be Brabant in Flanders, as stated in Lodge's Peerage of Ireland. In that ducliy the village and castle of Braban^on had fords of the same name, one of whom espoused a grand-niece of GocU'rey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem, circ. 1100. See Geneal. Hist, of Fam. of Brabazon. Paris, 1825. A Braban9on was a native of Brabant. BRA 38 The mercenary soldiers employed bj^William Eufus. Stephen. Henry XL, and John, were so called from their having principally come from that district. See Grose, Military Antiq. Edit. 1786,i. 56. Like the Genoese and Swiss of later times, they were soldiers by trade, and lent their services to any monarch who would pay them best. BRACE. A parish in co. Salop. BRACEBRIDGE. A parish near Lin- coln, possessed by the family in XIII. and HIV. cent. BRACEY. Perhaps from Breci, or from Brecei in Noinnand}". BRACKEXBURY. Apparently from Brackenborough, co. Lincoln, in which shire the family are still seated. They claim to be of Norman descent. See B.L.G. ^^BEAD. A- Sax. hrdfl broad or large. A component syllable of numerous local surnames, as Bradfield, Bradley, Braddon, Braddock, &c. BRADBEE. Bradby, a cliapelry in co. Derliy. BRADBROOK. Local — ' the broad brook.' BRADBURY. A township in Durham. BRADDON. Bradden, co. Northampt. in which co. the family were originally seated. BRADEiST. Bradon, a parish in co. So- merset. BRADFIELD. Parishes, &-c., in cos. Berks, Essex, Norfolk, York, and Suffolk. BRADFORD. A great town of York- shire, and places in cos. Devon, Lancaster, Northumb., Staflbrd, Somerset, &c. BRADFUTE. The Scottish form of Broadfoot. BRADIXG. A parish in the Isle of Wight. BRADLEY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Berks, Chester, Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Hants, Stafford, &c. BRADXEY. A place in co. Somerset, belonging to Sir Simon de Bredenie in 1346. Bardney or Bradney, co. Lincoln, may also have a claim, there is a tra- dition of Norman descent. BRADSH AW. A chapelry, co. Lancaster, '• where the Bradshaws have flourished from the time of the Saxons, the present owner tliereof being Thomas Bradshaw Isherwood, Esq." B.L.G. Bradshaw, near the Peak of Derbyshire, gave name to another ancient family. Lysons. BRAGG. BRAGGER. Skelton uses brag in the sense of proud, insolent; it also signifies brisk, full of spirits. Halliw. The Scandinavian Apollo was so called. BRAHAM. Among the Jews, a modified form of Abraham. BRAID. The northern form of Broad. BRA BR.AEDWOOD. A village in Lanark- shire. BRAILSFORD. A parish in co. Derby, possessed by the family from Nicholas de B. temp. Henry II., till temp. Richard II. Lysons. BRAIXE. See Brayne. BRAITHWAITE. A township In Cum- berland. De Bratwaj-t occm-s in H.E. in CO. York. BRAKE. A word of various significa- tions, as a large barrow, an enclosure for cattle, &c. ; but the name is probably de- rived from a brake according to Kennett's definition — "a small plat or parcel of bushes growing liy themselves." The word is familiar to Shakspereans : " Through bog, through bush, through brake, thi'ough briar." See Halliwell in a'OC. BRAMLEY. Parishes, S:c., In cos. Hants, Surrey, and York. BRAMPTOX. Parishes, &c.. In cos. Cumberl.. Derby, Hunts, Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Northampt., York, &c. BRAISISTOX. The B's of Skreens trace lineally to temp. Eich. II., but I cannot find the locality from whence the name was assumed. BRANCH. A hundred in co. Wilts. Branche, Braunche, H. E. BRANCHFLOWER. See Blancliflower. BRAXD. O. Xorse brandr, a sword, whence the 0. Eng. brand, with the sarue meaning. As a personal name it occurs in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings from "Woden. It was a very common old Scandinavian name, and it is still used in Iceland. Ferguson. Brand is found in Domesd. as a previous tenant. Mr. Den- ham observes, that it is rather singular that the ordinary synon}Tn for a sword should be brand, the narne of the weapon taken from King Bucar by the Cid was Tizona, or the fire-brand. And he adds that "many swords were flamboyant; hence the word brand:' Slogans of N. of Eng. p. xvii. BRAXD ARD. The same as Brander. BRAXDER. I. Perhaps synonymous -nith Sworder. See Brand. 2. An officer belonging to a manor. His duties are not exactfv known ; it has been conjectured that he was the petty executioner who branded criminals, and had charge of the pilloiy and cuckingstool. See Archaologia XXXIIL 277, BRAXDOX. Places In cos. Northumb. Suft'olk, Norfolk, and Wam^ick. BRAXDRAM. From the Scand. hrand,^ a sword, and ram, strong — ' strongsword. ' Ferguson. BRAXDY. A Scandinavian name, Brandi, " one having a brand or sword." Ferguson. BRAXDRETH. Probably the same as Brandard. See Brand. BRA 39 BRANFILL. There is armorial evidence of the identity of this family with that of BamHehl. B.L.G. BllAXKSTOX. Branxton, a parish in Northinnb. BRANSCOMBE. A parish in Devon. BRAXSFORD. A hamlet in co, Wor- cester. BRAXSTOX. A parish in co. Lincoln. BRAXTON. A township in Xorthum- berhind. BRAOSE. The castle of Braose, now Brieuse. is two leagues from Falaise in Normand)\ It was built by Robert de Braose, who had two sous : 1 . Alan, who with his posterity remained in Xonnandy, and 2. Kobert, who came to England with the Conqueror, but died soon after. He left, however, two sons : 1. William, who founded the baronial house of Braose of Bramber, Gower, &c., and 2. Adam, ances- tor of the Bnices of Skelton, Annandale, &c.. and of King Rol^ert Bruce. Dr. John- ston's Hist, of Fam. of Bruce. See Bruce. BRASS. Perhaps a synonym of Strong. The A-Sax. hmeseii signifies both made of brass, and strong, powerful. Ferguson. BRASSIX'GTOX. A chapelry in co. Derby. BRASTED. A parish in Kent. BRATinVAYTE. See Braithwaite. BRATT. O. X'orse hrattr, impetuous ; the name of a Northman in the Lamhia- mabok. Ferguson, BRAUXD. See Brand. BRAY. This name occurs in all the copies of the so-called Roll of Battel Abl )ey. and that a great family so designated nugrated from Normandy at the period of the Conquest seems pretty certain. Three places in that province are still called Bi-ai ; two in the arrondissement of Falaise, and one in that of Bernai. But we have also at least two places called Bray in England ; one a parish in Berkshire, well known for its time-serving ecclesiastic, who amidst all the fluctuations of creeds in the XVI. century, made it his ruling principle " to live and die vicar of Bray ;" the other, an estate in the parish of St. Just, near Penzance, co. Cornwall. This latter, ac- cording to Hals, '• gave name and origin to an old family of gentlemen surnamed De Brav, who held in this place two jiarts of a knight's fee of land 3. Hen. IV. I take the Lord Bray of Hampshire to be descended from this family." D. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii. 'ix-l. As a proof of the wide ditt'usion of the name, it may be mentioned that the dictionaries of Heraldr\- assign more than twenty dill'erent coats of arms to it. BHAYBROOK. A parish in X^orthampt. Robert de Braibroc was a baron by tenure temp. King John. BRAYXE. BRATX. BRAIXE. Mad, furious, from A-Sax. brintuiu, to bum. Jamieson. BRE BRAZIER. The occupation. Some- times varied to Brasier, Brashier, and Brasher. Le Brazur, H.R. BREADCUTT. ]\rost likely a corruption of Bradcote; so Notcutt from Northcote. De Bredecote, H.R. BREADS. BREEDS. Brid, an A-Sax. name. BREADY. Parishes in co. Dorset. BREAKSPEARE. According to Cam- den, Nicholas Breakspeare, the monk of St. Albans, aftenvards Adrian the Fourth, (the only English I*o]ic.) derived his name from a jjlace in Middlesex, bearing that designation. I cannot, however, find any locality in that county which is so called. Host of his biographers fix his l>irth-place either in Hertfordshire or in Buckingham- shire. It is a curious circumstance that about half a century ago there resided at Brill on the Hill, in the latter county, one of the rejiuted birth-places of the pope, a man in hmnl>le life who bore his identical Christian and surnames of Nicholas Break- speare. N. and Q. May 3, 18-50. The sur- name clearly belongs to the same category as Shakspeare, Broadspear, Langstalfe, &c. BREAM. BREEM. 1. A chapelry in CO. Gloucester. 2. 0. Eng. brim, renowned, famous, from A-Sax. breman, to celebrate. 3. A baptismal name. Breme, a freeman of Edw. the Confessor, was slain at Has- tings. Domesd. BREDE. A parish in Sussex. BREDEL. A French refugee family who settled in London after the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes in 1(!85. BREDOX. A pai-ish in co. Worcester. BREE. A northern word signifying a brow or declivity, aijjiarently the same as the " brae" of Scottish song. See Brae in Jamieson. BREEX. A^^len in 1607 Hugh O X\m11, earl of Tyrone, went into voluntary exile, the government of James I. wisjied to dis- place his adherents from Ulster, in order to introduce an English colony there. One of the seven native septs thus dispossessed were banished to the distant county of Kerrj', where, to avoid persecution, they dropped the unpopular name of O'Neill, and adopted instead that of Breen, from Braon O'Neill, the head of their branch. Inf. H. H, Breen, Esq. BREXAX. BREXXAX. BREXXAXD. O. Norse breniiundi, fervidus, vehement, earnest. Ferguson. BREEZE. Corresponds with Bresi, a Northman name in the Landnamal)ok, by metathesis for hemi, 0. Norse, a bear. Ferguson. BREXDOX". An estate in St. Dominick, CO. Cornwall, possessed by the family in early times. BREXT. Small rivers in Middlesex and Somerset, and parishes in Sullolk, Somer- set, and Devon. BRI 40 BRERETON. One of the great Cliesliire families who can be proved to have existed at or near the time of the Conquest, and are yet unnoticed in Domesd. Ormerod. They came over with the Conqueror, in the train of Hugh Lupus, with Gilbert de Ve- nables, to whom they were apparently related, and settled at Brereton, from which place the name was assumed as early as temp. William Rufus. BRETON. Le Breton in the H.R. A Breton, a native of Brittany. The name is common in France. See Brett. BRETT. Brito, a native of Brittany. The parish of Samford Brett, co. Somerset, was the lordship of Hugh Brito, one of the assassins of Thomas a Becket. Domesday Book abounds with Brito as a surname. No less than seven persons bearing it were tenants in chief in many counties. They had probably served in the Conqueror's army under his great ally, Alan, earl of Brittany. Morant's Essex. Kelham's Domesd. In Scotland, Brets was a name given to the Welsh or ancient Britons in general : also to those of Strath-Clyde, to distinguish them from the Scots and Picts. Jamieson. BRETTENHAM. Parishes in Norfolk and Suffolk. BREWER. 1. Bruyere, Fr., a heath. This was a frequent name in Norman times. The principal English family were settled in Devonshire at the time of the Domesd. survey, and founded Tor Al)bey. In after times they impressed their name upon Teign Brewer and Buckland Brewer in that county, as also upon Temple Brewer, co. Lincoln. Among those of the name in France, Thibaut de la Bruyere, the crusader, stands conspicuous. The ortho- graphy is much varied, the principal fonns in the H.R. being Brewer, Brewere, de Bruario, de la Bruere, Brywer, de Brueris. 2. The occupation. In the H.R. it occurs in the Latin and Norman-French forms of Braciator and Le Bracer. The business of brewing was formerly carried on by women, and hence the A-Sax. feminine termination strc, in Brewster. In the H.R. we find the name of one Clarissa la Braceresse. In the XV. cent, the name as well as the occupa- tion was often written Berebrewer. FiiUcr si.iMkiiiQ; ofWilliara Brewer, a man famous in cmi- I'lriy annuls, says: "His motlier, unable to main1:iin liiiii.ru^thimin brewers, (whence he was so n'um-il ) or in a lied of brakes in the New Forest. . . . Kin"- lienry II., riding to rouse a stag, found this child and caused him to be nursed and well brought up." Worthies, i. 431. He afterwards created him baron of Odcomb. BREWHOUSE. A known corruption of Braose. BREWIN. See Bruin. BREWSTER. A brewer. See termina- tion STKU, and Eng. Surn. in voc. BRIAR. See Bryer. BRICE. A personal name. Tlie feast of St. Brice. liishop and confessor, is on the ] ;Jth of November. There are three places in Normandy denominated from him. BRI KUBRICK. A common syllable in local surnames, signifying bridge, from A-Sax. bricfj, a bridge ; as Shubrick, Brickhill, Bricklande, Brickdale, Brickwood. BRICKDALE. An estate in co. Lan- caster, possessed by the family temp. Edw. I. BRICKMAN. A brickmaker; or more probably Briggman, i.e. Bridgeman. BRIDE. May be the A-Sax. hrid, a bird; but is more probably the Gael. Mac- Bride, 1 jy the suppression of Mac. Brideson is an anglicized form of that name. St. Bride m- Bridscot was a celebrated saint of Celtic stock, and was much \encratcd in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, where nianv places take their names from her. A well-knoAvn cliurcli in Fleet Street is dedi- cated to her, and from a sarred well under her invo- cation, in the same ])ari>li, (he ,ii\r palaUna of our earlyldngs took the name lit r.riileweU. The palace afterwards became a ]iris,,n, and hence Bridewell has become a generic term for small or minor prisons. BRIDESON. See Bride. BRIDGE. From residence at one. The medieval forms are Ate-Bruge, Atte Brigge, &c. It has been phu-alized in the forms of Bridges, Brydges, &c. ; and has given rise to Bridger and Bridgman. The A-Sax. is hr'wfi ; whence Brigg and Briggs. In the H.R. we have Ate Brugeende, i.e. ' at the bridge-end.' BRIDGEBUILDER. See Bridgman. BRIDGER. See Bridge, and the termi- nation ER. BRIDGES. See Bridge. BRIDGETT. See Female Christian Names. BRIDGEWATER. A town in Somerset. BRIDGMAN. From the remotest anti- quity, the building of bridges was considered a pious and charitable deed, and hence the erection and custody of them was confided to the priesthood. The Roman pontifices or higher oriler of ])riests were so styled a 2)onteffivhn(hi. In tlie middle ages chapels were commonly l)uilt either upon or at the approaches of bridges. In some places the reparations of a parish church and those of a bridge were paid for out of a common fund. The conjunction of the diities of superintending the church and the bridge of a town, whicli is not unusual in snnilar situatidiis.mav be distinctly traced at Henley-uiinn-Thanies as early as the rei-n of Kdw. II. There arc nunicnms instances in early times of grants and liei|uests t(i the " cluuvli and brid-c ;" and up to the present day the lirid-c-mastcrs fur the time being have, liypreseriptiim, been ehurelnvardcnsiif the parish of Ilenlev. Pari. (iaz. 'I'lic charter. granted by Qnecn Elizabeth to the corporation, -styles that body " the warden, bridgemen, burgesses, and commonalty of Henley." This was dated 1568; but at a much earlier period the words " bridgeman " and " church- man " were used indiscriminately to denote the same otiicial; and this was doubtless the case in other places. Our nomenclature affords several analogous names, as Briggs (fi-om brig, an archaic fonn of briil;;e), Bridger, Bontifex, a latinization yet retained, and (in America) Bridgebuilder, which, J am told, is a translation in very modern times of the German Briickenbaucr. BRIDLE. Possibly from Bridcll, co. Cardigan. BRI 41 BRIEN. See Bryan and O'Brien. BRIERLEY. A township in Yorkshire. BRIGG. Glanford-Brlgg, co. Lincoln. BRIGGS. See Bridge. BRIGHAM. A township and estate in York.sliire. possessed by the family for several centuries. BRIGHT. A-Sax. beort, brilliant, Ulus- trious. It is this ancient Teutonic root that is found in numerous personal names like Albert. Cuthbert, Lambert, &c. Brighting seems to be a patronjanical derivative. BRIGHTING. See Bright. BRIGHTMAX. A man of sprightly character. BRIGHTON. A name of recent as- sumption ; since that town — the modern Baiaj — has only been so called since the middle of the XVII. cent. BRIGHTWELL. Parishes in cos. Berks, Suffolk, Oxon, &c. BRIGXALL. A parish In Yorkshire. BRIGSTOCKE. A parish in co. Nor- thampton. BRILL. A parish In co. Bucks. BRIM. See Bream. BRIMBLE. O. Norse brimell, a seal ; a Scandinavian personal name. Ferguson. BRIMFIELD. A parish In co. Here- ford. BRINCKMAN. From Hanover with George I. BRIND. A township in the parish of Wressel, co. York. BRINDLE, A parish in Lancashire. BRINDLEY. A township In Cheshire. BRINE. An Irish corruption of O'Brien. BRINGLOW. Brinklow, co. Warwick. BRINKLEY. A parish in co. Cam- bridge. BRINKWORTH. A parish in WUts. BRINTON. A parish In Norfolk. BRISCO. " They were called De Birks- keugh, because their first ancestors dwelt at Birkskeugh, or Birchwood, a place by New- biggin, in a lordship belonging to the priory of Carlisle," in the XIII. cent., or earlier. Denton's Cumberland MSS. They were, however, lords, not tenants, of that fee. Hutchinson's Cumb. ii, io8. BRISK. From character and disposi- tion. BRISLEY. A parish In co. Norfolk. BRISTER. A corruption of Bristowe, which see. BKISTOLL. Bristol, the city. BRISTOWE. An old orthography of Bristol — also of Burstow, co. Surrey. The o BKO Bristows of Broxmore derive from a John de Burstow of the latter place, 1294. Stephen de Burstow, temp. Richard I. was styled De B., alias Fitzhamon, of which distinguished family he was probably a cadet. See Brayley's Surrey. BRITTAINE. Breton; a native of Brittany. BRITTON. My late friend, iMr. John Britton. F.S.A., the oldest antiquary of England, writing in his eighty-sixtli year, sa\-s : " Britton, Britain, Briten, Brctten, Brittain, &c. — not common in England. I find that thej' abounded in parishes between Bath and Bristol. I have names from ten different registers. They rarely emigrated to Bath, Bristol, or London." A liranch however did settle at Bristol about a cen- tury ago, and thence removed to Jamaica. The respectable family of Breton, of Kent and Sussex, usually pronounce their name as if spelt Britton, and there is no doulitof its original identity with it. See Breton. BRIXE Y. Apparently a personal name. Brixi occurs in the Domesd. of Notting- hamshire. BROADRIBB. Probably a corruption of Broderip. BROAD. This name which might at first sight appear to relate to hreadth of back and shoulders — the " vidth " which Mr. Tony Weller associates with "visdom" — really refers to that part of a river which expands into a mere or lake. Le Brode, or Tlie Broad, is a name which was given in ancient times to many such localities. " Broad is a provincial term used in Suffolk and Norfolk, to designate that part of a river where the stream expands to a great width on either side." Southey's Hist, of Brazil. Erode is also a personal name occurring in Domesday. I^BROAD. See Brad. Hence Broad- bent, Broadbridge, Broadhead, Broad- stock, Broachuead, Broadwell, &c. BROADFOOT. Perhaps from the per- sonal peculiarity ; but more likely local. BROADHEAD. Perhaps local, or per- haps from a personal peculiarity. Brod- heved, H.R. BROADSPEAR. From the weapon of the original assumer. So Langstafle, Longsword, &c. BROADWATER. A parish in Sussex. BROADWAY. Parishes In cos. Worces- ter, Dorset, and Somerset. A common Gipsy surname. BROADWOOD. Two parishes in Devon. BROCK. A-Sax. hroc.—K badger. (See however Brockman). Also a medieval form of Brook. From one or other of these sources come the local surnames Brock- l)ank. Brocksopp, Brockwell, Brockhurst, Brocklehurst, Brockway, &;c. BROCKETT. According to Harrison's Descr. of Engl. p. 22(5, a iroch-t is a stag in his second year, but other authorities apply BRO 42 the teiTQ to one in his third year. Hence the adoption by the family of a stag for their crest. Leland uses the word as a diminutive of brook — " A hroTtet to the sea." Itin. iii. 132. But the true deriva- tion of the surname appears to be from A-Sax. Brochesheved — " the head of the brook," the form in which it appears in the Pipe Eolls, 3. King John, (co. Essex.) There is evidence, principally heraldric, that the Brockheveds, Brockheads, Brockets or Brocketts, were of a common stock with the Brokes, Brookes, &c. BROCKELL. Brockhall, a parish in Northamptonshire. BEOCKHOLES. The B.'s of Claughton, where they have been seated from the XIV. cent., formerly possessed BrockhoUs, co.. Lancaster. BROCKLEB ANK. A parish in Cumber- land. BROCKLESBY. A parish in co. Lincoln. BROCKLEY. Parishes in cos. Somerset, Suffolk, and Kent. BROCKMAN. The Kent family occur as Brokeman, in the XIV. cent. It may be s}TionjTnous with Brookman and Brooker ; but trocTi is 0. Eng. both for a draught horse and a badger, and the primi- tive Brockman may have been either a horseman, as Kennett suggests, or a hunter of badgers. See Eng. Sum. i. 176. BRODERIP. The manor of Bowdrip near Bridgewater is said to have been given to this family by Heniy II. As if this were not sufficient to account for the name, there is a ridiculous tradition that the first person who bore it was " sauce-bearer " to that monarch, and that from his undue fondness for the contents of the sauce- bowls, the king gave him the sobriquet of " Bag-o'-drip," since refined to Broderip ! BRODIE. Lands in the shire of Nairn. The Brodies of that Ilk date from the XIII. cent., and are still in possession. BRODRICK. Came from Normandy temp. William Eufus, and settled in co. York. Peerage. BROKE. An archaism of Brook. The baronet springs from William de Doyto del Broke, circ. temj). King John. BROKER. See Brooker. BROMAGE. A corruption of Brom- wich. BROMBY. A parish in co. Lincoln. BROINIE. Tradition derives the B.'s of W. Mailing from Broome, co. Salop, their residence from the XIII. to the XVI. cent. B.L.G. BROMFIELD. Parishes in cos. Cum- berland and Salop. BROMIIEAD. An estate in Hallam- shire, co. York, which passed from the family through an heiress so early as temp. Eichard 11. Courthope's Debrett. BRO BROMLEY. Parishes and places in COS. Kent, Stafford, Northumb., Essex, Middlesex, &c. The word is pure A-Sax., and equivalent to "broom-field." BROM^WICH. A town in co Stafford, and places in co. Wanvick. BROND. See Brand. BROOK. BROOKE. From residence near a stream. Its medieval forms are Ate- Broc, Atte-Broc, Attenbroke, &c., after- wards softened to A-Broke, and pluralised to Brooks and Brookes. Brooker and Brookman are simple variations of the same name. BROOKER. See Brook, and the ter- mination ER. BROOKMAN. See Brook, and the ter- mination MAN. BROOKS. BROOKES. See Brook. BROOM. BROOME. Some families claim to be of Plantagenet origin with an anglicised name; but the name is more likely to be local, from one of the parishes so called in cos. Norfolk, Suffolk, Stafford, Bedford, and Durham. BROOMAN. In Domesd. Bruman. Fr. " a sonne-in-law." Cotgr. BROOMFIELD. Parishes in cos. Essex, Kent, Somerset, &c. BROOMHALL. Bromhall, co. Berks, or Broomhaugh, co. Northumb. BROSTER. An old form of Brewster. BROTHER. Apparently not from the relation of kinch'ed, but from a baptismal name. There was a Danish king so called, as also one of the Scandinavian kings of Dublin. In Germany the corresponding name of Bruder is found. Two Danish nobles at the Court of Canute also bore the name. Ferguson. The forms in Domesd. are Broder, Brodre, &c., and in the H.E. Brother and Le Brother. Hence Brothers, Brotherson, and the local Brotherton, BROTHERS. See Brother. BROTHERSON. See Brother. Also like the 0. Norse, hrodtirson, a nephew. BROTHERTON. A parish in York- shire. See Brother. BRO UGH. Parishes, &c., in cos. West- moreland, Derby, York, &c. BROUGHAM. From Brougham castle, CO. Westmoreland, the Eoman station Brocovum of Antoninus. The De Burghams held it temp. Edw. Confessor, and their successors, varj-ing the name to Bruham, Broham, Bi-owham, &c., have been, with a temporary interruption, possessors ever since. See Hutchinson's Cumberland, 1. 299. BROUGHTON. From Broughton, co. Staftbrd, and first assumed by a descendant of Hugh de Vernon (Baron of ShipVirook, temp. Will. I.) in or about the reign of Edw. I. BRU 43 I3R0UNE. The Scottish form of Brown. BROWlvEK. See Brooker. BROWN. BROWNE. One of the c'oiinnouest of our family names, entcriiit; into the proverb, " Smith, Jones, I'rown, and Robinson," to desijinate the i//)iiihi/t' riih/us. Aceordinji; to the llcg. General's XVI. Report, it stands sixth among the sur- names of Eii.s,'land and Wales in point of numbers, Williams, Taylor, and Davies intervening between Jones and this. Within a given period the Smiths were 3;5,.-..j7, and the Browns, 14,346. Its ety- mology is oljvious, and like the Roman Fuscus, the Fr. Le Brun, the Germ, and Dutch Bruin, the name refers to the dark complexion of its original bearers. It is diffi- cult to tliseriminate between the Browns of Saxon and those of Norman descent, the old orthograjihy being in both instances bntii. Domesd. has several Bruns, appa- rently Saxon, but the Battel Abbey Roll has its Le Brun from Normandy, and subse- quently we liave Le Bruns in plenty, in England, Scotland, and (at Henry II. "s in- vasion) in Ireland, and ultimately in every rank of society. The Scottish form is Broun, a retained medievalism. A family of Fr. refugees who settled in Norfolk after the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, 1685, under the name of Brunet, now write themselves Browne. BROWNBTLL. A well-known weapon in medieval warfare. BROWNING. An A-Sax. baptismal name, usually written Bruning. The ap- pellation originally referred to complexion. BROWNJOHN. See under the termi- nation JOHX. BROWNLIE. BROAVNLY. A place in CO. Kincardine. BROWNS:\IITn. See Smith. BROWNSWORD. See Sword. BRO WASTER. See Brewster. BROXHOLM. A parish in co. Lincoln. BRUCE. I always conjectured that the Bruces of Scotland were of a common stock with the great baronial house of Braose of Bramber, in Sussex, Gowcr, in Wales, Sec. A passage in Drummond's British Families seems conclusiveon this point: — "Nathaniel Johnstone, M.D., wrote a history of the family of Bruce ; he affirms the identity of the Bruces and Braoses. The assertion is supported by many probabilities. " 1. Tlic IJaron of Bramber was not a mere upstart who had signali.se(l himself for the first time in the ranks of the Conqueror's army, for he held lands and churches in Normandy, as is asserted by ^\Titinj,'S still extant. 2. The alliances first recorded of his des- cendants are of the first families of the country. -3. The spelling of the name in one of the oldest records, (6 John, Claus. Uot.) The name of the IJaron of Bram- ber is spelt Breus, and one of the latest ways of spell- ing by his posterity is Hi-ewes ; the spelling of another is Briii/s and Bretius, whilst Pagan, one of the sons of Robert de Brus, writes his name Braiisa, and in another charter liraiosa, the very spelling supposed to be peculiar to the Barons of Bramber, and which name is wTltten identically the same in both families. MTiat is really extraordinary is, that in more than BRU one instancethe father signs his name Robert (Ic Urns, iuid the son Pagan dc lire/iiise. The riitVcninc in vith Dr. Johnson, is of some interest: — "We proceeded to Fort George. When we came into the square, I sent a soldier wth the letter to a Mr. Ferae. He came to us immediately, and along with him camo Major Brewse, of the Engineers, pronounced Bruce. He said he believed it was originally the same Norman name with Bruce, and that he had dined at a house in London where were three Bruces, one of the Irish line, one of the Scottish line, and himself of the English line. He said he was shown it in the Heralds' Office spelt in fourteen different ways." I think it would be easy to produce double that number of spellings. BRUDENELL. The name is probably local. As to its origin, we learn only from Collins, that it was of good and chivalrous repute, temp. Hen. Ill, and that it was diversely written Bredenhill, Brctenill, Britnill, Bricknill, Bredenhull, Brutenelle, and Brudenell. Peerage, 1768. BRUFF. Hearty, jolly, healthy, proud. Halliw. BRUIN. 1. A nickname of the bear. 2. Bruin, Du. broAvn, dark complexioned. A small shopkeeper in Surrey had a board, announc- ing the sale of " Tabel Bear," affixed to his wall, and imder it a waggish neighbour wrote, "His own Bruin !" BRUISE. One of the many forms of Braose or Bruce. R.G. 16. BRUNNE. See Bourne and Brown. BRUNROBYN. This name occurs in the archives of Yarmouth. A certain liti- gious fellow named Robert, a tailor, thence called Robert Tailor, frequently figures as " Brown Robin the Tailor," or more curtly as " Brunrob}Ti." Papers of Norfolk Ar- chreol, Soc. iv., 253. BRUNSWICK. Some traders so called appear in the Lond. Direct., and seem to be of Gennan origin. BRUNT. Probably a corruption of Brent, places so called in cos. Somerset, Devon, Sulfolk, &c. BRUNTON. Two townships in Nor- thumberland. BRUSH. Perhaps from Germ, brusch, broom. See Broome. BRUSHFIELD. A small village and manor in the jiarish of Bakewell, co. Derby, anciently written nriglitiithlielil and I'.rith- rithtfield (quasi, "the field of Brihteric " — an A-Sax. jjcrsonal name). The fitmily have long been located about Eyam, a few miles distant, and they have ever been re- markable for their paucity of numbers. At present uot above ten persons in England, BUG 44 and those all related to each other, bear the name. Inf. T. W. Brushfield, Esq. BRUTON. Parishes, &c., in Northnmb. and Somerset. BRYAN. BRYANT. Bryan is a Celtic personal name of great antiquity, implying originally, regulus, or chieftain. BRYCESON. BRYSON. The son of Brice, which see. BRYDGES. Originally written Bruges, and assumed to be of Flemish origin, from the famous city of that name. BR YDSON. 1 . The son of Bryd, an A- Sax. personal name. 2. See Bride. BRYER. The same as Brewer, in the local sense. BRYON. See Brian. BUBB. BUBBS. From Bubba, an ancient Teutonic name. Ferguson. BUCPIAN. A district of Aberdeenshire, which gave title of earl to the families of Cummins and Erskine. The first of the Buchans is stated to have been a son of the last Earl of Buchan of the Comyn family. BUCHANAN. A parish in co. Stirling, possessed by the family in early times. BUCK. The animal, famed in the chase, and familiar as an annorial ensign and as a trader's sign. Le Buc. H.R. g^^BUCK. Many local surnames have been borrowed from this animal, some of which are not readily explainable, as Buckmill, Buckthought, Buckner, and Bucktooth. Buckoke, Buckthorpe, and others, are quite intelligible, though the localities are unknown to me. BUCKENHAM. Four parishes in Nor- folk, anciently Bokeuham. BUCKETT. See Bouquet. BUCKINGHAM. The town from which the shire is named. BUCKLAND. Parishes and places in cos. Berks, Bucks, Gloucest., Herts, Kent, Surrey, Somerset, Devon, Dorset, &c. BUCKLE. Probably corrupted from the local name Buckwell. BUCKLER. Doubtless from the trade of making buckles. Le Bokeler, H.R. See under Smith. The name has, however, been thought to be a corruption of Beauclerk. BUCKLEY. A township in Cheshire. BUCKMAN. One who had the care of bucks. BUCKMASTER. One whohadthe care of deer, or who superintended the sport of stag-hunting. BUCKNALL, —NELL, -NILE. Pa- rishes, &c., in cos. Lincoln, Stafford, Oxon, and Hereford. BUCKSTON. The same as Buxton (the Derbyshire family). BUL BUCKTON. A township in Yorkshire. BUCKWORTH. A parish in co. Hunts. BUDD. A prte-Domesd. personal name. Boda, Bodus, &c. BUDDEL. Le Budel and Budellus. H.R. Halliwell has hudel, a beadle. BUDDEN. BUDDING. See Boden. BUDDEN. BUDDLE. BUDGE. Fer- guson derives these names from the Teut. bote, a messenger. BUGG. Tom Hood has said— ' A name ! if the party li Wliat mortal would be i a voice, Sugg by choice ? But though it is not as the old phrase is, " a pretty name to go to bed with," yet, as Mr. Ferguson says, there are several " crumbs of etymological comfort for the Buggs. I think (he adds) a good case may be made out, to show that it is a name of reverence rather than of contempt." At all events it is a name that an A-Sax. lady, Hothwaru Bucge. was not ashamed of, al- beit she was a holy woman and an abbess. Kemble. Ferguson thinks it is derived from a root implying bowed or bent. How- ever that may be, it is evidently of the same origin as Bogue. BUGLEHORN. R. G. 16. See Bugler. BUGLER. BUGLAR. (The bugle-horn was originally the horn of a bull, anciently in some dialects so called. Sir John Maun- deville tells of " griffounes" with talons as large as " homes of grete oxen, or of highs, or of kyzn !'") A player on the bugle-horn. BUIST. Thick and gross. "He is a bulst of a fellow— he is a gross man." Jamieson. BULFINCH. See Birds. BULFORD. A parish in Wilts. BULHEAD. May be either local, or the heraldric sign of an inn, or a sobriquet de- rived from baldness — A-Sax. bold, bald, and heved, head. It most probably comes from the last-mentioned som-ce, as Boleheved is found in the H.R. BULKELEY. A township In Cheshire, now Buckley. BULL. A very natural sobriquet, as well as a common inn-sign, and a frequent he- raldric charge. It may, however, be a per- sonal name, as the forms Bole, Bolle, &c., are found in Domesd. The corresponding names Taureau, Torel, Tyrel, Torelli, Bulle, &c., are plentiful on the continent. Let no Frenchman, however, think that "John Bull" is the commonest of designations in England, for in the Lond. Direct, of 1852, I find only four people so called. BULLARD. Bull-ward— either the man who presided over the sport of bull-baiting, or the one who had the care of the " to^vn- buU." BULLCOCK. See Belcombe. BULLEN. See Boleyne. BUN ^ DULLER. A-Xorm. A deceiver. Ilal- liwell quotes from an ancient poem : — " Tho sexto case ps of fals biilkrs, Botli tliat tham makes anil that tham wers." MS. Cot. rf.y), A. iii., f. Illl. Several Lc Bolurs appear in H.R. BULLEY. A parish in co. Gloucester. BULLICK. Bullwick,co. Northampt.? BULLOCK. Doubtless from the animal. Le Ba'uf occurs as an early A-Norm. sur- name, as also does Front-de-Bocuf, " bul- lock's forehead." BULLMAN. Bellman in the Orkneys means a cottager. It is always pronounced iotvman. Jamieson. BULLPIT. Probably such a place as that described by Hentzner. " There is a place built in the form of a theatre, which serves for baiting of bulls and beai'S." — Travels in England. BULMER. Parishes in cos. Essex and York. A distinguished family derived from the latter, and flourished temp. Henry I. See Baronage. BULSTRODE. An estate in co. Bucks, long possessed by the family. This origin of the name is tolerably satisfactory, but tradition accounts otherwise for it. It is asserted that — " \Vhen William conquered English ground, Hulstrode liad per annum three hundred pound." At all events he seems to have been a sub- stantial personage and a sturdy ; for when the Conqueror gave away his estate to a Norman follower, he and his adherents, vioiintcd iqmi JSitlh, resisted the invaders, and retained possession. Afterwards, ac- companied by his seven sons, mounted in the same fashion, he went under safe conduct to William's court, and the Con- queror was so much amused with the strangeness of the scene, that he permitted the stalwart Saxon to hold his lands under the ancient tenure, and conferred upon him and his heirs for ever the surname of Hull- strode ! See Hist, and Allusive Arms. BUMPSTEAD. Two parishes in Essex. BUMPUS. Fr. hon pm, good pace, or good passage. It may therefore either be local, or have reference to the pedestrian powers of the assumer. Conf. Malpas. BUNBURY. A cadet of the Norman house of St. Pierre accomi)anicd Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, at the Conquest, and obtaining the manor of B. in Clieshire, assumed his surname from it. BUNGAY. A town in Suffolk. BUNKER. Fr. io?? ca??^r, " good heart," from the moral quality of the original bearer. BUNKLE. A parish . in Berwickshire. Also a Scottish term for a stranger. BUNN. Probably the Fr. iow, and equivalent to Good. BUNNY. Probably from Bunny, co. Notts. The B.'s of Ibdrope were said to BUR have held that Hampshire estate from temp. King John. B.L.U. BUNTING. Probably local; hnntin is however a Scottish word meaning siiort and thick, as " a hinifin brat," a plunq) cliild. Jamieson. TheBunteins were of Ardoch in the middle ages. A Tliomas Bunting swore allegiance to Edward I. of England, in 129(1. Bunting without a pre- fix occurs in H.R. BUNYAN. Nomen venerabile ! Al- though associated in sound with that pedal excrescence, a hiitutlun, — so calculated to hinder the Progress of a Pilgrim 1 — this surname is in reality derived from the Welsh Ab Pinion, the son of Enion, a per- sonal name. So Bevan from Ab Evan, Bithell from Ab Ithell, &c. From Benyon to Bunyan, the transition is easy and natural. The Bunyans wei'C a Gipsy race. BURBAGE. Places in cos. Wilts and Leicester. BURBIDGE. See Burbage. BURCH. See Birch. BURCHARD. Burchard, Burchardus, &;c., a personal name in Domesday. BURCHATT. BURCIIETT. See Bur- chard. BURDEN. See Burdon. BURDER. A bird-catcher, formei'ly written Byrder. See a quaint anecdote in Eng. Sum. i. 119. BURDETT. Hugh Burdet, and Robert Burdet, occur as tenants in Domesd. The fomier, who was ancestor of the baronets of Bramcote, was settled in co. Leicester. The baronets of Burthwaite seem to be of another family, and bear different arms. The origin of the name is unknown ; that it is not local is shown by the non-existence of the territorial Dc in the earliest records. BURDON. Two townships in co. Dur- ham. BURFIELD. A parish in Berks. De Burfield, co. Oxon. H.R. BURFORD. Places in cos. Oxon and Salop. BURGER. Burgher; in Scotland the same as Burgess in England. BURGESS. BURGES. A freeman of a coi-porate town or borough. 8gri5URGH. A component syllable in many local sumamcs. It also stands alone, and may be derived from one or more of the various places so called in Cumberland, Suftblk, Norfolk, and Lin- coln. It is the A-Sax. hurJi, hiirch, hijrig, a word conmion to most German dialects, and somewhat resembling the Gr. Tri'pyoe, turris. This is subject mat- ter for a lengthened dissertation, had we space for it, but it will be sufficient for tlie |)resent purpose to observe, that its meaning appears to be that which^ Richardson assigns, viz, — " a pla v>^i\" vjev^^ <\^ or BUR 46 defence or security," -whether that place be a walled town, a mountain, or the place in which the "conies," though "ijuta feeble folk," fortify themselves. Imperial Petersbiu-gh, royal Edinboro', and a rabbifs Burrow, have therefore a community of origin and of name. The word occurs ver)' largely in local no- menclature, sometimes as a prefix or termination, and sometimes in the mid- dle of a name, and in variously modified forms, as hurg, biir. her, terh, borough, hroiir/h, hernj. harrow, hunj, &c. BURGIIERSH. Burwash, co. Sussex, was ancientlv so called, and thence the Barons from "1303 to 1369. BURGOX. See Burgoyne. BURGOYXE. A native of Burgundy. The date of this family's settlement in England is uncertain. They have a tra- dition of having been in co. Bedford from temp. John, (C'ourthope's Debretfs Baro- netage) ; but Lysons asserts that they did not po.ssess lands in that shire till about 1465, having resided at a more remote date in CO. Cambridge. If this be so, we must not accept as genuine a certain rliATuing grant, by which John of Gaunt assigns to a member of the family the lands of Sutton and Potton in the former county : — " I, John of Gaimt, I And tlie heirs of his loin, Do give and do grant, Botli Sutton and Potton, Unto Koger Burgoj-ne, | Until the world's rotten." BURKE. A hardened pronunciation of Burgh, and equivalent to Borrowes, &c. See Burgh. The great Irish family are traced to the Anglo-Xorm. De Burghs, one of whom settled in Ireland soon after the acquisition of that country by the English monarchs. Tlie name Alfric de Burc. apparently of Saxon origin, appears in the Domesd. of Suffolk. In the H.K. the name of the famous Hubert de Burgh, temp. King John, is sometimes written De Burk. BURKIT. BURKITT. BURKETT. See Birket. BURLACE. See Borlase. BURLAXD. A township in co. Chester. BURLEIGH, BURLEY. (Often inter- changeably used.) Places in cos. Xorthampt., Eutland, Hants, York, &c. BURLIXGHAM. Three parishes in Norfolk. BURLIXGTOX. An older and more correct orthography of Bridlmgton, co. York, BURLS. A corruption of Borel, Burrell. BURMAX. The same as Boreman. BURMISTER. A mayor, or chief ofticer of a borough {burgi magi^cr), a cor- ruption either of the German burgcmehtcr, the Dutch biirgomasfi-r, the Russian bour- mUtcr. or the Danish horgcmestcr. BURX, BURXS, BURXE, BURXES. BURNESS. Known variations of the same name, which however may have several BUR origins. Sometimes it appears to be equiva- lent to Bourne, and in the Xorth a small stream is still called a burn. In Saxon times, however, it seems to have been a per- sonal name, whence Burneston, Bumes- dale, and such-like local names. In the time of Edward the Confessor, Gtodric de Burnes was a great landholder in Kent, and his posterity continued in that CO. for several centuries. In Scotland the name appears in early records, under such various forms as to baffle the most astute genealogist in any attempt to deduce a clear pedigree. It is, however, within recent generations that the near kinsmen of Robert Burns have varied that name to Burnes and Burness. See, for an elaborate account of this surname, '■ Notes on his Name and Familv, by James Burnes, K.H,, F,E,S." Edinburgh, 1851. BURXARD. A corruption of Bernard. BURXBY. A parish in Yorkshire. BURXELL. The etymon is uncertain, unless it be a diminutive of Brun. The family, who gave the suflix to Acton Bur- nell, CO. Salop, are found in England so early as 1087. Dugdale. BURXETT. Probably a corruption of Bernard ; or it may be, by a transposition of letters not uncommon, the Fr. brunet, brownish, tawny, and so a diminutive of Browne. 2. A parish in Somersetshire, BURXE Y, Probably the same as Ber- nav, which see. A Ralph de Bemai occurs in the Domesd, of Worcester and Here- ford. BURXHAM. Parishes in cos. Bucks, Essex, Somerset, Norfolk, &:c. BURXmGHAJNL Briningham, co. Xor- folk. BURXMAX. See Bourn and Man. BURXSIDE, Villages in the shires of Fife, Nairn, and Kincardine. BURXUP. Probably Burnhope, a local name. BURR. Said to be of Dutch extrac- tion, BURRELL, Plain, rude, unpolished. ' Borel-clerks," lay clerks ; ' borel-folks," lay- men. The Franklin in Chaucer says in his prologue — " But, sires, because I am a horel man, At my beginning first I you beseche Have me excused of my rude speche. I lemed never rhetorike certain ; Things that I speke, it mote be bare and plain ; I slept never on the mount of Pemaso, Xo lemed Marcus Tullius Cicero." The following quaint passage, written temp. Elizabeth, is put into the mouth of a ' plow- man,' and illustrates a feature in the ar- rangements of our churches — the rood-loft — interesting to ecclesiologists : — " ■R'hen Master Paradin began his speech of the crosse he wakened me. I remember well when it stood at the upper end of our church body (nave) and had a trim loft for it, with a curten dra^\-ne before it to keepe it warme ; yea, zur, zutch was the time then, that we borrell folk'e were taught there was a God BUS 47 npon it, and we must creepe many a time, and make manv offi-rin;re of egffs to it for our siiincs." — Feme's Blazon of Gentrie.— Lacie's Kobilitie, pane 99. There are however other, and perhaps more probable, etymons for the name. Borel occurs in Domesd. as a baptismal name, and a to\\-nship in Yorkshire is called Barrel. The Baronet's family were seated in Nortluimberland, but removed into Devon in the XIV. and into Sussex in the XV. century. BURRISH. From Burwash, co. Sussex, still locally so pronounced. BURROUGHS. See Burgh. BURRO^YES. See Burgh. BURROWS. See Burgh. BURSLEM. A town in Staffordshire. BURST ALL. Parishes in cos. York and Sufiblk. BURSTER. A corruption of Burstow, CO. Surrey. BURT. The trivial name of a fish ; but the surname is no doubt derived from the A- Sax. beorht. bright, clear, splendid. The founder of the "family was probably a '"shining character." Berte, however, is found as a personal name in H.R. BURTEXSHAW. Anciently written B}Tchenshaw, i. e., the shaw or grove of birch trees. BURTOX. A fortified enclosure. (A- Sax.). Hence the names of no less than forty parishes and places in England, and - hence the commonness of this surname. The B."s of Lougner are deduced from Boerton or Burton, in Condover, co. Salop, B.L.G. BURTWELL. A corruption of Bright- well. BURWASH. A parish in Sussex, for- merlv Burghersh, whence the barons of that title. BURY. Towns and places in cos. Lan- caster, Suffolk, Sussex, &c. See also Burgh. BUSBRHDGE. An ancient Sussex family. Locality unknown. BUSBY. A village in co. Renfrew. BUSH. See Bysh. This word, now applied to a low thick tree, formerly meant a whole wood or grove (sylva, nemus), and this proper sense is retained in America and Australia. Attc-Busche therefore, in me- dieval writings, is equivalent to De Bosco, while the singular name Cutbush is simply a translation of Tailgebosch, Tallebosc, (Taille-bois) so common in Domesd. There is nothing clearer in the etj-mology of sur- names than that the dissimilar appellations Cutbush and Talboys mean one and the same thing, or that Bush and Boys are identical. BUSHBY. A hamlet and estate at Thombv, co. Leicester. BUT BUSHELL. BUSSELL. A Norman fomily who supplied the affix of Newton- Bushell, CO. Devon. BUSK. Busch, an ancient Swedish family settled at Leeds early in the XVIIl. cent. B.L.G. BUSS. Ferguson says a " stout man." A Sivard Buss occurs in Domesd. and there were Norsemen ami Norse women called res{)ectively Buss and Bussa. Hence would come the O. Norse hiixtinn, burly — our name Bustin. Ferguson. In the S. of Engl. Buss is a common nickname of Barnabas. BUSTAED. See Birds. BUSTm. See Buss. BUSSEY. Anciently written Buci, Bussi, &;c., probably from Boussei, a place in the arrondissement of E\Teux, in Normandy. Robert de Boci was a tenant in chief in co. Northampt. Domesd. One of the same family gave the suffix to Kingston- Buci or Bowsey, co. Sussex. BUSTER. The local pronunciation of Burstow. in Surrev. BUSWELL. See Boswell. BUTCHER. The occupation. Le Bocher, H.E. Some of the older forma are easily confounded with Bourchier. In ancient times this was a title of honour bestowed by the French on great warriors ! See Eng. Siim. i. 121. BUTE. A great island of Scotland. BUTLAXD. This common Devonshire name is probably a corruption of one of the many places called Buckland in that county. BUTLER. See under Botiler. The origin of the great Irish family of Butler is a vexed question. They have been va- riously deduced — from Hen-eius, a com- panion of William the Conqueror — from the illustrious De Clares — and from a brother of Thomas a Becket. Certain it is that they went over to Ireland, temp. Henry II., and that the name is derived from the office of King's Butler, which was conferred upon Theobald sumamed le Botdcr by that monarch in 1177, and remained hereditary in his descendants for many generations. The head of the family claimed prisage and butlerage for all wines imported into Ire- land, aud it was not until IfSlO that the claim was finally surrendered, for the valu- able consideration of £210,000. BUTLIX". See Boutevilein. BUTT. But — the name of several places in the arrondissement of Falaise. BUTTEMER. Two or three generations since was written Buttermer, and it is pre- sumed to have been derived from a famous northern Lake. BUTTER. Boterus and Botorus are found as personal names in Domesday. BUTTERICK. See Butterwick. BUZ < BUTTERWICK. Places in cos. Durbam, Lincoln, York, &c. BUTTERWORTH. A township in Lancashire. BUTTERY. Probably analogous to Kitchen, Chamber, &c. It may however be a corruption of Botreaux. BUTTOX. The pedigree of the Hamp- shire family was traced to the XIII. cent. as De Button; and as it was sometimes spelt Bitton it may have been derived from the parish of Bitton, co. Gloucester. In Sussex, Burton is often i^ronounced Button. BUTTRESS. A corruption of Botreux. BUTTS. The marks for archery. In old times all corporate towns, and most parishes, had a provision for this sport, and numerous fields and closes where the long bow was exercised are still called " The Butts." BUTVELU^. See Boutevllein. BUT WILLIAM. See Boutevilein. BUXTED. A parish in Sussex. BUXTON. Places In cos. Derby, Here- ford, and Norfolk. The baronet traces to the XV. cent, in the last-named county. The Buxtons of Derby, in the XIII. cent., Avrote themselves De Bawkestone. Lysons. BUZZACOT. Probably Buscot, co. Berks. BUZZARD. An A-Norm. family, named Bosard or Bossard, were influential in Bedfordshire in the XIV. cent., and gave the suffix to Leighton-Buzzard. Lysons. BUZZY. See Bussey. |^°BY. A very common temiination of names of places in the north of Eng- land, many of which have, of course, given names to families. It is an old Scandinavian word signifying prunarily a farm-house or dwelling, and afterwards a village or town. It is found only in what are called the Danish counties, and particularly in Lincolnshire, in which there are no less than 212 places with this desinence. See Worsaae's Danes in England, which contains some curious notes respecting it. Seve- ral names of places are adduced Avhich seem to have reference to the particular nation or tribe by whom those places were first colonized, viz : — Eomanby, by the Romans. Sasby, „ Saxons. Flemingsby „ Flemings. Frisby „ Frisians. Scotsby „ Scots. Normanby „ Normans. Danby „ Danes, &c. Other places with this temiination are more satisfactorily attributed to indi- viduals; thus, a Northman or Dane called RoUo, or Rolf, gave name to Rollesby. Hacon „ „ Haconby. Swevn „ „ Swiiinbv. Thii-kel „ „ Thirkelsby. Bland „ „ Bramlsbv. Osgod „ „ Osgodby,' kc, Sue. BYW And these compoimds have in turn given name to as many families. As a surname, Jii/ is probably the shortest we possess. BYASS. Bias was one of the seven sages of Greece; but we must probably look for the origin of this name in an unclassical corruption from Byhurst, a local designa- tion ; or it may be the De Byus of theH.R. BYE. See by. But it seems also to have been a personal name, as Fil.' Bye occurs in H.R. BYERS. The chateau of Biars in the canton of Isigni, La Manche, Normandy, had lords of its o^vn name, temp. Conq. De Gerville. Mem. Soc. Ant. Norm. 1825. BYFIELD. A parish in co. Northampton. BYFORD. A parish in Herts. BYGATE. See under Gates. BYGRAVE. A pai-Ish in Herts. BYGROVE. See Groves. BYNG. From the occurrence of such compounds as Bingley, Bingham, Bing- field, in names of places, it is highly pro- bable that Bing, or Byng, was an ancient personal name. BYRNE. In Scotland, a topographical expression, implying the high part of a farm where young sheep are summered — or dry heathy pasture forweanlings. Celt. h)'i//i, a hill. Jamieson. The Irish family of O'Byrne claun from Hermon, the youngest son of Milesius. B.L.G. BYRON. The poet's ancestors were of unquestioned Nomian origin. Ernisius de Burun held 32 lordships in Yorkshire, and Ralph de Burim, 13 in Notts and Derby, at the compilation of Domesdaj-. Kelham. Others derive the name and family from the town of Biron in Guienne. BYSH. BYSSHE. Aluric Busch (? de Bosco) was a Domesd. tenant in co. Herts. See Cutbush and Bush. In some medieval -wTitings "bishop" is thus abbreviated. BYSSHOP. See Bishop. B YTHESEA. The gentiy family of this name have a tradition that their ancestor was a foundling, and that he obtained his surname from the place where he was dis- covered — "by the Sea." It is far likelier to have been derived from residence in such locality. At-Sea is a common me- dieval name, and both coiTespond Avith the continental De la Mer, Delmar, De Meer, &c., as well as with the Pelagius, Pontius, &c. of antiquity. BYTHEWAY. See Way. BYTHEWOOD. From residence near a wood. BYAVATER. See Waters. BYWOOD. See Wood. BYWORTH. A manor in Petworth, co. Sussex. C AE CAL C, CaBBELL. Probably descended from " Jean Cabibel cy devant ministre dc Brassac." one of the seventy-seven French Protestant refugee ministers wrho signed the Dechiration of Faith in IfiOl ; penes J. S. Burn, Esq. There is, however, a Ri'cus Cabel in H.R. CABBURN. Cabourn, a parish in Lin- colnshire. CABLE. Probably the same as Caple or Capel. CABOT. See Chabot. CADBURY. Two parishes in co. So- merset. CADBY. Cadeby, places in cos. Leices- ter and York. CADE. See illustrations of this name in Eng. Sum. i. 112. 202. Notwithstand- ing Shakspeare's allusion, it may be doubted whether the name is derived from cade, a barrel. Several Cades are men- tioned in H.R. without prefix. In addition to wliat I have said {ut supra) respect- ing the probable residence of Jack Cmie, the arch- rebel, at Heathfield, co. Sussex, I may mention that I have seen the will of another John Cade of Heath- field, which was proved at Lewes so lately as the year 1600. CADELL. CADDELL. 1. (Welsh.) Warlike, stout. 2. Probably a corruption of Caldwell. An ancient family, Caldwell of that Ilk, flourished in co. Renfrew, down to the end of the XVII. century. CADGP^R. A packman, or itinerant huckster. According to Kennett " a cad- ger is a butcher, miller, or carrier of any load." Halliw. CADMAX. A maker of cades, or bar- rels. Cademan, H.R. CADXEY. A place in Lincolnshire. CADOGAX. P^arl Cadogan's family de- duce from the princes of Powys in Wales, some of whom bore the baptismal name of Cadwgan or Kydwgan, which, by the sup- pression of the patron}-mical ap, became an hereditary surname. ^^CAER. CAR. The initial syllable of many local names, which have become surnames, especially in Scotland and Cornwall. It is a Celtic word signify- ing " an artificial military strength, whether fort or castle." CAESAR The celebrated Sir Julius Cajsar, master of the rolls, temp. James I., was son of one of Queen Elizabeths phy- sicians, who according to Fuller's Worthies, (ii. o2(J) was descended from the ancient family of the Dalmarii in Italy. In the epitaph on Sir Julius Ca>sar, written by himself, and formerly existing at Great St. Helen's, in London, he is styled " Julius Palmare, alias Ca?aar." But according to a more recent authority the original family name was Adelraare. "Peter Maria Adel- mare of Treviso, near Venice, L.L.D., had a son, Csesar Adelmare, M.D., who settled in England in Io.jO. This gentleman had several sons, one of whom received the baptismal name of Julius; this was the ce- lebrated Sir Julius, who adopted his father's pramomen as a fixed surname for his fa- mily. Lodge's Life of Sir Julius Csesar. The name still exists in the county of Surrey, principally in humble life. See anecdotes in Eng. Surn., vol. i.,page 20i). A correspondent at Godalming writes : " We have here more than one Julius Ciesar ; in fact, we have twelve Caesars, all of one fiimily. Julius Ctesar, the younger,' is a noted cricketer, and one of the Eleven of All England." CxVFE. Perhaps from Scot, caif, tame, familiar. CAFFIX. Fr. cJiauve, from Latin calrus, bald. Hence the name of the great Pro- testant reformer, Calvin. The forms in the H.R. are Le Cauf, Chauf, Chaufyn. An eminent example of the application of this soliriquet is in Charles the Bald, ELing of France. CAGER. See Cadger. CAILEY. CAILAY. See Cayley. CAIX. Gael. Beloved. CAIXE. See Cane. CAIXS. See Keynes. CAIRD. A Gipsy; a travelling tinker ; a sturdy beggar. Jamieson. CAIRX. " Any locality, stream, or mountain, designated from a cairn or an- cient sepulchral tumulus." Gaz. Scotl. CAISTOR. CAISTER. A town in Lin- colnshire and two parishes in Norfolk are so called. CAKEBREAD. Seems to belong to the same category as "WTiitbread, Wastel, &:c. CAKEPEX. One Wra. C, a baker, ap- pears in the early records of Lewes I'riory. CALCOTE. CALCUTT. Contractions of Caldecott, q. v. CALCOTT. A contraction of Caldecott. CALDECOTT. There are many local- ities in England bearing this name, and there is also a Caude-Cote in Normandy. JAkQ Cold-Harbour, about which so much has been written, the Caldecots are said to lie principally in the vicinity of Roman roads. " It is a singular fact," says the Rev. John Taddy, "that wherever we have traces of a Roman road, we fimi hamlets in the near neighbourhood of it of the C A L 5. name of Caldecott. I could quote abun- dance of such." Papers of the Architect. Soc. of Northampton, York, Lmcoln, and Bedford, Voh II., page 429. The Calde- cotts of Eugby claim trom Calcot or Cal- decote, co. Chester, of which place their ancestors were mesne lords in the time of the Conqueror. B.L.G. CALDELOUERD. This singular name of Le Caldelouerd is found in the H.R. Qu : 'the called Lord,' a sobi-iquet. CALDEE, signifying a wooded stream, is a name borne by several small rivers and streams, and by places on their banks in Scotland. CALDERWOOD. See Calder. CALDWELL. " The cold well." Seve- ral localities in various counties are so de- signated. CALE. CAIL. CALLIN. CALKIN. Apparently derivatives of some personal name — possibly Charles. CALEY. See Cayley. The H.R. how- ever show us Le Caly and Le Calye — appa- rently denoting some employment. CALF. CALFE. An island of Argyle- shire. CALHOUN. A contraction of Colqu- houn. CALISHER. A correspondent suggests ' Calaiser,' a man of Calais. CALL. 1. Probably Macall, by the sup- pression of the first two letters. See Art. Mac. 2. A-Sas. calla, the same as carl or ceorl, a man. Ferguson. Calle. H.R. CALLAGHAN. CALLAHAN. The Irish O'Callaghan. CALLANDER. CALLENDER. A kind of lark was so called ; but a likelier deriva- tion is from calemlerer, a presser of cloth — a trade still existing. " I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth loiow, And my good friend, the Calender, Will lend his horse to go." John Gilpin. The name is also local, from places in the shires of Perth, Stirling, &c. CALLAWAY. A corruption of Gallo- way 1 CALLER. One who drives oxen or horses under the yoke. Jamieson. CALLEY. The Galleys of Wilts deduce from Norfolk. I find no locality so de- nominated, and the family may possibly sjjring from the Scottish M'Caulays. CALLOW. Places in cos. Hereford and Derby. CALMADY. The family are said to be lineally descended from John C. of Calma- dy, 1460. The name is therefore local. CALMAN. Identical with the old Scandinavian Kalman, and the Fraukish Carlomau, Ferguson. Calemau. H.E. CAM CALTHORPE. The ancestors of Lord C. assumed the name from Calthorpe, co. Norfolk, temp. Hen. III., and they are said to have been resident there from the time of the Conquest. Courthope's De- brett. CALTHROP. See Calthorpe. The C.'s of Gosberton claim descent, (collateral it is to be presumed,) from Walter de C, bishop of Norwich, in the XIII. cent. CALTON. Places in cos. Stafford and York, and suburbs of Edinburgh and Glasgow. CALVARY. Many monastic establish- ments had within their ambit an elevated mound representing the supposed ' mount' Calvary, the scene of our Lord's Passion. A spiral path leading to its summit was called " the way of the cross," {via cnicU,) and hither on Good Fridays a large crucifix was borne in procession by the monks, and fixed upon the summit. A fine example of a calvary exists at Lewes Priory. The sur- name was probably derived from residence near such a spot. CALVER. A hamlet in Derbyshire. CALVE RLE Y. John Scott came into England in the suite of the Princess Maud of Scotland, on her marriage with King Henry I., and acquired the estate of Cal- verley, co. York, whence he adopted the surname, and where he was resident in 1136. From him descended a right knightly progeny. CALVERT. The baronet's family trace to a Mr. C, who was minister of Andover, CO. Hants, in the XVI. cent., and probably of French extraction. CALWAY. See Callaway. CAM. Rivers in cos. Cambridge and Gloucester. Del Cam, and De Cam. H.R. CAMBER. 1. A place in E. Sussex. 2. An ancient form of Comber. 3. A- Norm., a brewer. Kelham. CAMBRAY. The well-known city of the Netherlands. De Cambreye. H.R. CAMDEN. The great antiquary, "the Nourice of Antiquitie," was descended from a plebeian family in Staffordshire. Noble's Coll. of Arms. The name may have been originally taken from Campden, CO. Gloucester. The house in which Wil- liam Camden lived, at Chiselhurst co. Kent, is called Camden Place, and from it the Marquis Camden derives his title. CAMERON. In an ancient manuscript history of this valorous Highland clan, it is said : " The Camerons have a tradition among them, that they are originally des- cended of a younger son of the royal family of Denmark, who assisted at the restoration of king Fergus II., anno 404. He was called Cameron from his croohcd nose, which that Avord imports. But it is more probable that they are of the ancient Scots or Caledonians that first planted CAM 51 the country." Skene, in his Highlanders of Scotland, (ii. 193.) agrees to the Celtic derivation: but it must be remembered that in the Lowland county of Fife there is a considerable parish so called, which would discountenance this ojjinion. Ko- bertus de Cambrun, dominus de Balegre- nach swore fealty to Edw. I. at Perth in 129(3. CA^OrEL. Two parishes in co. Somer- set. Sometimes a corruption of Campbell. CA:\IMIS. The same as Camoys. CAMOYS. The fair daughter of Chau- cer's Miller of Trompington is described as having a " caimi/s nose," by which it ap- pears we are to understand an organ of the " snub" or retrousse species. Halliwell says, '• Camoi.se, crooked, flat, (A-Xorm.) Also spelt camiise. The word is generally applied to a no.^e." But the baronial fa- mily used the territorial " De," as early as temp. Henry III., and they were most pro- bably suruamed from some locality in Nor- naandy. CAMP. Aluric Camp or Campa was a Domesd. tenant in the eastern counties. Kelham supposes that he was a champion ; but he had held under Edward the Confessor, and, as Ellis observes, the office of cham- pion does not occur so early. It is doubt- less connected with Kemp, which see. In Selkirkshire, camp still means " brisk, ac- tive, spirited." Jamieson. CAMPBELL. The Campbells' claim to a Xorman origin is said to be unfounded. It is based upon the presumed existence of a Xorman family called De Campo Bello. Skene says that no such name is found, though tlie Beauchamps did most certainly so latinize themselves. The Oldest spelling (that in Ragman Roll, A.D. 120G)is Cambel or Kambel. The two great branches of the family were distinguished as Mac-Arthur and Mac-Cailinmon Skene. Scott. High. ii. 280. If the De Campo Bello theory were true, the name would be a synonjon of Beauchamp and Fairfield. The name is deduced by Gaelic et}-mologists from cam- held (pronounced cam -pal) which means '• crooked mouth." "\Miether the family be of Xorman or of Gaelic origin, the clan bearing their name are the most numerous and powerful in the Highlands, and for- merly, under their chiefs, the earls, mar- quises, and dukes of Argyle. they could muster oOOU fighting men, who were gene- rally arrayed against the Stuart family. It is to their superior influence and power, and the dread of them by other clans, that we probably owe the disparaging proverb, " LIKE A ' CAMPBELL, EVEK FAIK AXD FALSE." By the Highlanders the clan Campbell are called " Clan Duine," and their chiefs have always been styled Mac- Calean-Mohr (not Mac-Callum More as Sir Walter Scott has it.) i. e. " the son of Colin the Great," in memory of their distinguish- ed ancestor, Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow, who in the XIII. cent, laid the foundation of the greatness of his family. This name CAN is abundant in the province of Ulster. " It is somewhere recorded, that a Scotch regi- ment, quartered at Carrickfergus in the XVII. century, contained no less than 110 John Campbells." Ulster Joum. of Archae- ology. Xo. 20. CAJMPER. A-Sax. cempa, a combatant. CAMPIN. The same as Campion. CAMPIOX. A champion. Ital. campione. O. Eng. and Scot, eampioun. See Kemp. The C."s of Danny were of Campion's Hall, CO. Essex, temp. Edw. II. The forms of orthography in H.R. are Campion, Le Cam- pioun, Campiown, Le Campiun, Campyun, kc. CAMPKIX. CAMKIX. Probably a diminutive ot Camp or Kemp — a combatant or fighting man. CAMPS. Many localities where Roman, Saxon, or other ancient earthworks exist are so called. CAXCELLOR. The same as Chancellor, Lat. caucellarius. Le Cancel er. H.R. CAXDLE:MAKER. The trade. CANDLER. See Chandler. CAXDY. An island in Essex. CAXE. Cane, Cana, or Canus, appears in the Domesd. of Sussex, as a baptismal name, and as a surname it is still found in that county. See Eng. Sum., i. 29. CAXEY. Probably the same as Cheyney. CAXX. A parish of Dorset. CAXXIXG. Probably from Cannings, CO. Wilts, (Bishop's Cannings). The two viscounts. Canning and Stratford de Red- clifl'e, are descended from W. Cannynges, the pious founder of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, in the XV. cent. CAXXOX. A canon, a member of an ec- clesiastical order. See Ecclesiastical Sur- names. In the H.R. Le Cannon, Le Canon, Canoun. There is a place called Canon, near Lisieux in Xormandy. CAXOCHSOX. Canock is the Gaelic Corimich or Kenneth, and hence Canochson is a translation of Mac Corimich, which is the -same as Mac Kengyie — the old form of Mac Kenzie. CAXOX. CAXXAX. See Cannon. CAXT. 1. Germ, kanie, a corner, edge, coast — a local name radically equivalent to Kent. 2. Strong; hearty; lusty. Halliw. CAXTALUPE. This ancient Xorman family, renowned for having produced a Saint (Thomas C, bishop of Hereford 127.")) was seated in early times at Hempston- Cantilupe. co. Devon. The heiress married Sir Thomas de West, ancestor of the Earl de le Warr, whose second title is Viscount Cantalupe. There are several places in Xormandy called Canteloup, Canteleu. &;c., but from which of them the surname is derived is not positively certain, though M, de GersdUe says, it is the parish of Chante- CAB. 52 loup, in the canton of Brehal, in Lower Normandy. Mem. Soc. Ant. Normandie. The surname has been spelt in a variety of modes, as Cantelo, Cantelou, Cantelhope, Canteloy, Chantelo, Cantalupe, Cante- lupe, Cantilupe, Cantulupe, &c. CANTELO. See Cantalupe. CANTER. Lat. cantor. A precentor or chanter. CANTLE. Probably the same as Cant, or its diminutive. CANTON. Fr. A territorial division or district. CANTOR. Lat. a singer; a precentor in a church, still so styled in cathedral churches. CANTRELL. CANTRILL. Probably Low Lat. cantcrelhts — "the little singer." CANUTE. The Danish personal name. CAPEL. The Earl of Essex descends fi-om a lord-mayor of London, 1503. The surname is probablj' derived from one of the parishes so called in Surrey, Kent, and Suffolk. The Capels of Gloucestershire claim from How Capel, co. Hereford. In charters it is latinized De Capella. CAPELIN. Synonymous with Chaplin, which see. CAPERN. CAPEROUN. See Quaife. In H.R. Caperun. CAPLIN. See Chaplin. CAPP. CAPPS. Probably borrowed from that article of costume. See under Quaife, ]\Iantell, Freemantle, &c. &c. CAPPELL. See Capel. CAPPER. 1. A maker of caps. 2. Ap- parently, says Jamieson, a cup-bearer — a person in the list of the king's household servants. Le Cappere. H.E. CAPPUR. See Capper. CAPRON. See Caperoun. Ig^CAR. See under Cornish Suenajies. Kg^CAR. See Caer. CARADOC. Lord Ilowden claims descent from Caradoc and the princes of Wales. Peerage. See Cradock. CARD. The same as Caird, which see. CARDEN. CARDON. William Cardon or Cardun appears in the Domesd. of Essex, as one of the homines of Geoffrey de Mag- naville. A township in Cheshire bears the name of Garden. CARDER. One who dresses wool, so called from the card or comb which he uses. CARDINALL. See Ecclesiastical Sur- names. There is a family of Cardinali in Italy. CARD]MAKER. A maker of cards, in- struments with wire teeth, with which wool is ' teased ' or worked. CAR CARE. CARES. Probably the same as Carr or Kerr. CARELESS. A well-known corruption of Carlos. CAREW. The Carows of Wales, Corn- wall, &c., are descended from Gerald de Carrio, called by Giraldus Cambrensis (his relative) GeralddeWindsor and Fitz-Walter, who was castellan of Pembroke castle under Amulf de Montgomers'. He married Nest, a concubine of King Henry I., and had two sons ; "William Fitzgerald, the progenitor of the Carews, and Maurice who accompanied Strongbow into Ireland, and founded the FitzGeralds, Geraldines, and Geralds of that countr3\ Gent. Mag., May, 1829. Carew castle is near Milford Haven. Carey is said to be another form of this name, which circ. 1300 was spelt De Carru. CAREY. The Carews of the West of England pronounce their name as if written Carey, and hence the surnames have been accounted identical. See Anecdote in Eng. Surn. ii. 89. See, however, Gary. CARGILL. A parish in Perthshire. CARL. CARRAL. CARLIN. Foreign modifications of Carolus, Charles. CARLE. A-Sax. ceorl, a man, a rustic, a stout man. Carl is used in all these senses in Scotland. Also see under Caryll. CARLEILL. See Carlisle. CARLEY. Scot, carlie, a little man— a diminutive of carl. Jamieson. Perhaps however local. CARLISLE. CARLYLE. The city in Cumberland. CARLOS. CARLOSS. A corruption of Carolus, Charles. CARLTON. CARLETON. The Eng- lish gazetteer shows twenty-two parishes, townships, &c. so called, and there are many others. Lord Dorchester's family deduce from Carleton, co. Cmnberland. CARLYON. An estate near Truro, Cornwall, in which co. the family have long been eminent. CARMAN. Not so likely from the occu- pation, as from residence at a Carr. See Carr and INIan. More probable than either, is its derivation from the personal name Cai-man, mentioned in Domesd. CARMICHAEL. CARMICHEL. An ancient barony and parish in co. Lanark, possessed by the family in the XII. cent., and probably even earlier. From thence the family of C. of Carspherne, in the stewartry of Kircudbright, are presumed to have sprung. For the genealogy of the latter family, see Knowles's Gen. of Coult- hart. CARMINOAV. A manor and barton in the parish of St. Mawgan, co. Comwall. In the XIV. century there was a remark- able controversy in "the Court of Chivalry, or Earl Marshal's Court, touching the CAR 53 ^^ right of bearing the coat-armorial, "Azure, a bend Or," which was claimed by the three families of Scrope, Grosvenor, and Carminow. In the course of the pleadings, Carminow averred that these had been the ensigns of the Carminows ever since the days of King Artbur ! and moreover that one of his ancestors bearing these arms had been ambassador from king Edward the Confessor to either the French king or the duke of Normandy. To this it was replied on the part of Scrope, that in case the ancestor alluded to "lived at Camienow before the Xoi-man Conquest, those arms could not be appro- priated to him by the name of De Carme- now, fur it n-as not the custum of the Bri- tons till ahout a hundred years afterto style themselren from hical plaees, ivith the Latin preposition or partide De, after the manner of the French ; but hefore were generally distinyuixhed by the names John-Mac-Ilieh- ard, Richard-Mac-Thomas, Bobei-t-Ap- Balph, ^-c, that isto say, the son ofBiehard, Thomas, and Balph, accordiny to their lineal descents:' Hals, in D. Gilbert's Corn- wall, iii., pp.130, 131. I may add, that Carminow was nonsuited, and compelled to make the addition of a " Label of three points Gules" to his pre%'ious coat, " and was so distasted therewith that he chose for the motto of this new bearing arms, a Cornish sentence, which abundantly ex- pressed his dislike thereof: cala rag GER DA — id est, "A Straw for Fame !" Ibid. CARXABY. A parish in Yorkshire. CARXACHAX. Said to be derived from the Gael, carnaeh, a heathen priest. CARXE. The Carnes of Xash, co. Gla- morgan, "descend in an unbroken line from Ynyr, king of Gwent, brother of Ithel. who was slain in 8-10. His great- grandson. Thomas , rewarded him for bis bra- very and conduct with divers possessions in "the north of England. . . . The Cars of England and France have the same armo- rial bearings, viz.. Gules, on a cheveron Ar- gent, 3 mullets of the First. Others are of opinion that the surname is local, and was at linst assumed by the owners of the landa and baronies of Car and Carshall in Lan- cashire." Tlie Scottish Kers bear their arms of diflt'erent tinctures from those of England and France; and Collins adds, that some are of opinion that they are "Aborigines, and endeavour to support their conjecture hy affirming the surname to be Gaelic or Celtic.'" They were nume- rous and flourishing temp. Alexander III. A.D. 124'j. I think it highly prol able that this monosyllabic name may be traced to several local sources. A car in various dialects signifies " a wood or grove on a moist soil, generally of alders. Any hollow place or marsh is also called a car." In Anglo-Saxon, on the contrarj-, it means a lock. Again in Lincolnshire it signifies a gutter. Halliwell. Once more, the Celtic caer means a fortification, and ' carr' is applied in various districts to a place where some castle or earthwork has existed. CARRIAGE. Probably a corruption of Carr-Edge, or some similar local name. CARRERE. O. Fr. and Eng. a quarry. CARRICK. 1. In Scotl. a crag or craig — any rocky locality. 2. The southern dis- trict of Ayrshire is so called. CARRIER. Originally a messenger. CARRIXGTOX. Places in cos. Chester and Lincoln. CARROLL. 1. Possibly from the ro- mantic rock so called in co. Sutherland. 2. A modification of Carolus, Charles. CARRUTHERS. A hamlet in the pa- rish of Middlebie, co. Dumfries. CARSE. A Scot, topographical expres- sion, probably meaning a low alluvial tract near a ri^er, as the Carse of Gowrie, of Forth, of Falkirk, &c. CAR SOX. Probably Charles's son. CARSTAIRS. A parish in Lanarkshire. CARSWELL. A parish united with Buckland, co. Berks. CARTER. The occupation— a driverof carts. In medieval documents Carectariua and Le Carectar. CARTERET. A parish adjoining Bar- neville, in the arroudissement of Valogues, in Normandy, immediately opposite to Jersey. Its seigneur took part in the Conriuest of England, IDOG. The Jersey family left the parent stock in the reign of Philip Augustus, and another descendant was created Lord Carteret in England. De Genille, in Mem. Soc. Antiq. Normandie. 1825. ^4>; /'^ CAS CARTHEW. " The name is local, com- pounded of Car-dew, or Car-thew, i.e. Rock Black in this parish." (St. Issey.) Hals, iu D. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii 255. ' Caer- dhu' would rather signify in Celtic, the black castle or fortification. The family were eminent in Cornwall temp. Edw. II. CARTIER. Fr. chartier. A carter. CARTMAN. The same as Carter. CARTMEL. A town in Lancashire. CARTTAR. A whimsical orthography of Carter. CART WRIGHT. See under Wright. CARTY. The Irish M'Carthy. CARVER. The occupation. CARVETH. Carverth or Carveth, an estate in the parish of Mabe, co. Cornwall. The family originally bore the name of Thoms. " Those gentlemen, from living at Carveth or Carverth in Mabe, were trans- nominated from Thoms to Carverth; as another family of those Thomses, from living at Carnsew in the said parish, were transnominated to Carnsew ; and there are some deeds yet extant, dated temp. Henry VITI. which will evidence the truth of this fact, as Mr. Carverth told me." Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornw. ii. 94. CARWOOD. A parish in Salop. GARY. See Carey. " The ancient fa- mily of Gary derives its surnaine from the manor of Gary or Kari, as it is called in Doomsday Book, lying in the parish of St. Giles-on-the Heath, near Launceston." B.L.G. See Garew. CARYLL. CARELL. Carle was an under-tenant in Sussex before Domesday, and about the XV. century the name begins to appear among the gentry of that county. A more likely derivation, however, is from Carel'in the arrondissement of Lisieux in Normandy. CASE. This name is found in the H.R. and may be the Anglo-Norman cas, chance, hazard — probably with reference to the character, or some incident in the life, of the first person who bore it. So Hazard has become a family name. A family in Devonshire thus designated ac- count for it by a tradition that, about two hundred years since, a foundling was laid at the door of a certain gentleman, to whom popular scandal attributed its pa- ternity ; the gentleman denied the allega- tion, but from motives of humanity had the infant taken care of, and, from the circumstance of its having been enclosed in a packing-case, imposed upon the poor foundling this curious appellation. The Fr. case, from Latin casa, a mean house, cottage, or hut, is, however, a more likely etymon. CASELEY. SeeCastley. CASH. A place in Strathmiglo, co. Fife. CASHMERE. R.G. 16. Does not refer 54 CAT to the " far-off East," but to some English locality unknown to me. Mere is not un- frequent as a termination. CASSAN". The family of Cassan, or De Cassagne, derive from Stephen Cassan, a native of Montpellier, who iled into Hol- land at the Ilev. of the Edict of Nantes, and afterwards accompanied Schomberg into Ireland. B.L.G. CASSELL. A shortened pronunciation of Castle? CASTELL. See Castle. CASTELLAN. The guardian of a castle. 0. Fr. cliastellan. CASTELMAN. A castellan ; constable of a castle; "keipar of the Kingis Gastell." Jamieson. CASTLE. From residence in one. De Castello. H.R. CASTLEGATE. From residence near the gate of a fortress. CASTLEMAlSr. One who had the care of a castle — a castellan. CASTLEY. A township in Yorkshire. CASTON. A parish in Norfolk. CASWELL. See Carswell. Perhaps, however, from Caswell Bay in the Bristol Channel. CATCHASIDE. CATCHESIDES. R.G. 16. Doubtless corruptions of some local name. CATCHPOOLE. In Low Latin cache- 2mllus, a catchpole, or petty constalile. In Piers Plowman, the executioner who broke the legs of the thieves at the Crucifixion is so designated: " A cachepol cam forth, And cracked both hu-elegges." Le Cacher in the H.R. is probably synony- mous. In those documents we meet like- wise with the names Le Cacherel and Ca- cherellus, which, according to Jacob and Halliwell, also signify a catchpole or infe- rior bailiff. "In stipendiis Ballivi xiiis. ivd : in stipendiis unius cachejwlli ixs. Vliid. Consuet. Farendon. _ Thorn men- tions "cacherellos vicecomitis," the she- riff's under bailifi's. This last form of the name seems to have become extinct. CATER. CATOR. Formerly acater, a caterer or purveyor. Halliw. Le Catour, Le Catur. H.R. The place allotted to the keeping of provisions purchased for the court was called the acatvy, and the pur- chaser himself bore the name of the Acha- tour. Le Achatur is another form in the H.R. " A Kcntil manciple was therof the temple, Of which achatours mi^'hten take ensemple." Chaucer, Cant. T. 570. CATERER See Cator. CATESBY. A parish in co. Northamp- ton, in which county the family chiefiy resided. CATIFARINE. See Female Christian Names. CJtUy. CAT 55 CATHCART. The earl of this title derives his name from the hxnds and town of Cathcart, co. Renfrew, and from Keynald de C. in the XI. cent. CATHERICK. Catterick, a parish in Yorkshire. CATLIX. CATELIX. CATLING. This name reminds one of that of the Eoman incendiary Gataline, as Fuller sug- gests. Wortliies "ii. 234. It may possibly belong to the same class as Cato, Caesar, Virgil, &c. Its forms in theH.R. are Cate- lyn and Catoline. CATMORE. CATMUR. Catmere, co. Berks. CATNACH. The surname Cattanach is found in the Highlands of Scotland. Gael. catanach, a warrior. CATO. An old Germ. name. Ferguson. CATOX. Until the close of the XVL cent., Catton and De Catton ; from the ma- nor of Catton near Norwich, which in Domesday is spelt Catun and Catuna. The family were located in Norfolk from time immemorial till the middle of the last centuiy. The latinizations Catonus, Ga- thonus, and Chattodunus occiir in old re- cords. The annexed illustra- tion, representing the seal of Bartholomew as- tian Cabot, the discoverer of Ne^^•foundland (born at Bristol in 1477) is generally as- serted to have been of Venetian extraction, but there is much reason to believe that his father was a native of Jersey, between which island and the ix)rt of Bristol there was commercial intercourse from an early period. CHAD. CHADS. The A-Sax. personal name, rendered illustrious in England by St. Chad or Cedde, third bishop of Lich- field, in the TIL century. CHADWELL. A parish in Essex. CHADWICK. Chadwyke, a hamlet in the parish of Eochdale, the property of the family in the XIV. cent. CHAD WEST. An ancient personal name. CHAFF. Probably from Fr. cMuve, bald. CHAFFER. See Chaffers. CHAFFERS. This name is believed by a family bearing it, to be a rather recent corruption of the German schxfer, shep- herd. CHAFFIX. See Caffin. CHAFFINCH. The bird. CH AIGXE AU. A Fr . Protestant refugee family, settled in Ireland. CHALDECOTT. See Caldecott. CHALFONT. Two neighbouring pa- rishes in CO. Bucks. CHALK. In the county of Kent, where this name is principally found, there are a parish and a hundred so designated, and there is also in co. Wilts, a parish called Broad-Chalk. CHALIvER. A digger of Chalk. Le Chalker. H.R. CHALLACOMBE. A place in co. Devon. CHALLEX. The family have sometimes borne the arms of Challcnor, but query, if CHA the name be not derived from Chalons in Champagne or Chalons in Burgundy ? CHALLENGER. CHALLENGE. Pro- bably identical -with Champion. CHALLENOR. See Chaloner. CHALLIS. CHALLICE. Probably from Chains in Guienne, memorable for the death of Coeur de Lion. De Chales. H.R. CHALLON. See Challen. CHAL:MERS. Scot. cJialmer, a chamber. A name taken from the office of chamber- lain, dating as far back as the XII. cent. in the household of the Scottish kings. It is latinized De Camera, and corresponds with Chambers and De la Chambre. The family of C. of Gadgirth, co. Ayr, who seem to have been chiefs of the name, sprang from Reginald of the Chalmer, who tloiurished circ. 11 GO. They fell into decay in the XVII. cent. Other families in various parts of Scotland bore the same arms and were probably cadets. In the H.R. we find Le Chalmer," which may be synonymous with Tliatcher, from the 0. Fr. chalme or chaumc, thatch. CIIALON"ER. Cole admits this name into his Dictionarj' as that of an ancient family. It means in old French either a boatman, from ehalnn, a boat ; or a fisherman, from chahn, a kind of net. N. & Q., v. 592. It occurs in the H.R. in the forms of Le Chalouner, Le Chalimer, Le Chalunner, CHALON. See Challen. DeChalouns, Chaluns, H.R. CHAMBERLAIN. CHA^IBER- LAYNE. A well-known officer of state, in royal and noble houses and courts. There are several distinct families bearing the surname. AiuLfus Camerarius (the latin- ized foiTQ) was a tenant in chief in co. Dorset, and probaWy the Conqueror's own chamberlain. One of his possessions in that county is still called Hanipreston- Chamberlaine. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. The Chamljerlavnes of Maugersburj- claim from John, count of Tancar^alle, whose descend- ants were hereditary chamberlains to kings Henrj' L, Stephen, and Henry II. The office" of the camerarius was to take charge of the king's camera or treasury, and an- swered to the treasurer of the household at present. Kelham. Besides Aiulfus above mentioned, at least five other tenants in capite so designated occur in Domesday. CHAISIBERS. See Chambre de la. CHA]\IBRE DE LA. Literally, ' of the Chamber.' Certain royal courts were an- cientlv styled camera? or chambers ; e.g., the Painted chamber, the Star chamber, &c. See the Law Dictionaries. Hence the title of chamberlain. Subordinate officers were styled Trcsorier,&c., — de la Chambre: hence the surname. See Chamberlain. CHAINIIER. Fr. Protestant refugees. See Deschamps. Perhaps Fr. chaimicre, a'cottage. This name was introduced into CHA En.Ecland at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, KJS."). The Chaniiers of France had been distinguished Protestants of long standing. CHA^rOXD. In Charters, Dc Calvo Monte. Chaumont. in tlie arrondisseraont of Argontan in Xormandy. The name in this orthography occurs in the Battel Koll. CHAMP. Fr. Afield. Cri A:\rP AG NE. From the French pro- vince. CIIA:\rPERXOWXE. CHAMPER- NON. The parish of Cambernun, in the canton of Coutances in Normandy, gave name to this family, who in their turn gave designation to Clist-Champernowne, co. Devon. De Gerville in Mem. Soc. Ant. Normandie, 1825. In the XIII. cent, the name was latinized ' De Campo Arnulphi.' CHAMPIOX. One that fights a public combat in his own or another man's quarrel. Cotgrave. The well-known office of King's Champion has been hereditary in the fami- lies of Marmion and Djanoke for centuries. Le Champion, Le Champiun, &c. H.R. CHAMPNEYS. Fr. Champagnois. A native of Champagne. Berry attributes four coats to this name, and twenty-one to that of Champney. It is sometimes varied to Champness. The family claim to have been seated at Orchardley, co. Somerset, from the period of the Conquest. Sir Amian C. lived there temp. Henr)' II. Courthope's Debrett. The latinization is De Campania. CHAXCE. Originally Chance. The same as Chancey. CHAXCELLOR. A name applied to various offices, civil and ecclesiastical. lUchardson. CHANCEY. Scot, chancy, Fr. chan- ccu.r, fortunate, happy. Jamieson. See however Chauncy. CHANDLER. Origmallj a maker of candles, though now erroneously ajiiilied to a dealer in small wares. In the H.E. Le Chaundeler, Le Candeler, and Candelarius. CH AND LESS. Perhaps a corruption of Chandler. CHANDOS. Robert de C, ancestor of the barons of that name, came from Nor- mandy with William the Conqueror, and obtained by arms large possessions in Wales. CHANNING. Apparently an ancient personal name. Chening. Domesd. in Hants. CHANTER. A singer. CHANTRY. CHANTREY. An ap- pendage to a church, in which prayers for the dead were chanted. Also the residence of the precentor (cantor) of a collegiate church. In many places lands set apart for the endowment of a chantry are so called. I 57 C 11 A CHAPEL. From residence near one. In tlie H.R. we find it written (*apello, De Capella, Chaple, and (Jhapel ; and elsewliere De la Chapel and Chapelle. CHAPLIN. A chaplain ; a priest who did the duty of a chaiiel. Latin cajwllan iix. See under 'Ecclesiastical Surnames,' in this Dictii)nary. Albert Chapelaiu, a Domesd. tenant in chief, was the king's chaplain. "The word cajiclUunix may likewise be in- terpreted both secretary and chancellor, for these officers were in early times one and the same, being always an ecclesiastic, and one who had the care of the king's chapel." Spelman. Kelham. Other Chaplains occur in Uomesd. In the H.R. the name is found under the forms of Capellanus, Chapelein, &c. ; we also find Capelyn, now Capelin. CHAPMAN. A-Sax. ceapman. Any one who traffics, Ijuys, or sells. Richardson. In medieval deeds one and the same person is described as Chapman and Mercator. Le Chapman, H.R. About 150 traders in Loudon very appropriately bear this name. CHAPPELL. CHAPPLE, See Chapel. CHARD. A town in co. Somerset. CHARKER, 'To chark* is to make charcoal ; a Charker is therefore a charcoal burner. CHARLES. 1. The baptismal name. 2. A parish in co. Devon. In H.R. it is fouud as a surname without prefix. CHARLESWORTH. A hamlet in Der- byshire. CHARLEY. 1. A diminutive of Charles. 2. A liberty in co. Leicester. CHARLTON. CHARLETON. Parishes and places in cos. Berks, Gloucester, Kent, Sussex, Wilts, Worcester, Somerset, Nor- thumb., Dorset. &c. &c. The Charltons of Hesleyside descend from Adam, lord of the manor of Charlton in T3'nedale, co. Nor- thumb., 1303. B.L.G. CHARLAVOOD. A parish in Surrey, and places in other counties. CHARMAN. Probably a charcoal- burner, from ' char.' It may however be the masculine of char-woman — a man who works by the day in trivial occupations. The H.R. form is Le Chan-er. CHARNOCK. A township and estate in the parish of Standish, co. Lancaster, an- ciently the possession of the family. The name has been written Chemoke, Char- noke, &c. CHARPENTIER. Fr. A carpenter. The ftxmily bearing the name are obliged to sub- mit to the Anglo-French i)rouunciation SJuirpenteer ! CHART. Parishes, &c. in cos. Kent and StuTcy. CHARTER. Probably from the town of Chartres. in France. CIIARTERIS. CHARTERS. (Scotl.) Corruptions of Charterhouse — from resi- CHE dence at or near a Carthusian monastery. Comp. Temple. CHARTIER. Fr. A wagoner, carter. CHARTRES. CHARTRESS. A large town in the department of Eure et Loire, in France. CHASE. A chase " is a privileged place for the receipt of deer, &c., being of a middle nature betwixt a forest and a park." Nelson's Laws of Game. CH ATA WAY. From its termination, doubtless local. CHATER. A river of Rutlandshire is so called. See Chaytor. CHATFIELD. A locality which is not identified, but apparently near Lewes, Sussex. CHATLEY. A hamlet in Essex. CHATT. A celebrated district in Lan- cashire is called Chat Moss. CHATTERIS. A parish in the Isle of Ely, CO. Cambridge. CHATTERLEY. A township in co. Stafford. CHATTERTOX. Chadderton, a cha- pelry in Lancashire. CHATTO. There is, I believe, a place so called in the S. of Scotland. It may however be the Fr. clmteau. CHAT^^X. The same as Chetwynd. CHAUCER. See under Hosier. CHAUXCY. Cauncy occurs in Holin- shed's so-called EoU of Battel Abliey. and Chauncy in that of Leland. and the proge- nitor of the family is said to have come into England with the Conqueror, from a place of that name near Amiens. CHAUXDLER. See Chandler. CHAUXTLER. See ChauLUer. CHAWORTH. Patrick de Cadurcis, or Chaworth, a native of Brittany, accompa- nied WUliam the Conqueror, and was a baron by tenure under that monarch. The name was sometimes latinized De Chauris. CHAYTOR. See Chater; but, qu. if both these names may not be derived from the office of kmg"s e.sf /(<'«/(>/•— the person ap- pointed to inquire into escheats, or property lapsing to the crown through want of heirs and other causes. CHE ALE. CHEELE. 1. Perhaps the same as the Scottish cliiel, which has the several meanings of child, servant, or fellow, iu either a good or bad sense, al- though, according to Jamieson, more com- monfy expressive of disrespect ; it also im- plies a stripling, or yoimg man, and is some- times an appellation expressive of fondness. Perhaps its best synonym is "fellow." " A duel's amang us takin' notes, And faith hell prent it." Burns. 2. A local name. De Chele is found in H.R. CO. Lincoln. CUE CHEAPE. A-Sax. cedpan to buy. A market : whence Eastcheap and Cheapside in London, and many other local names. CHECKLEY. A parish co. Stafford, and a township co. Chester. CHEEK. CHEKE. See Chick. CHEER. CHEERS. Fr. cAer— like the English Dear. CHEESE. Ferguson ranks this with the A-Sax. Cissa, the Frisian Tsjisse. &c. Chese. H.R. CHEESMAX. A maker of, or dealer in cheese. Le Cheseman, Le Chesemaker. H.R. Analogous to the modem 'butter- man.' CHEESEMOXGER. The trade. CHEESE WRIGHT. See under AYright. CHEEYER. Fr. cUvre. A goat. In the Domesd. of Devonshire is a tenant in capite called William Chie^TC. otherwise Capra. In B.L.G. it is stated, that "the family was established in England by a Norman knight in the army of the Con- queror, and in Ireland by Sir William Chevre, one of the companions of Strong- bow." CHEFFIX. SeeCaffin. CHEXEYIX. A Huguenot family, set- tled in Ireland. One of that name was con- secrated bishop of Waterford, 1 7-15. CHEXEY. From Quesnay in the canton of Montmartin, dej^artment of La Manche, Normandy. De Gerville, Mem. Soc. Antiq. Normandie, 1 825 ; but Mr. Walford with more probability derives the family fromCahagnes in the department of Calvados, a village of 2000 inhabitants, lying S.W. of Caen. They held a fief of the Count of Mortain, and at- tended him to the Conquest of England : and the feudal relation was retained long after- wards in the rape of Pevensey. co. Sussex, where their estate was called Horsted KeTOes. They also denominated Milton Keynes, co. Bucks. Winkley Keynes, co. Devon, Combe Keynes, co. Dorset, and Kevnes Court, co. Wilts. Sussex Arch. Coil. i. 133. The orthography has taken numerous forms, particularly De Chaaignes de Caisneto. Keynes, de Cahaysnes. and more recently Caney and Cheney. It has also been variously latinized De Caneto, De Casineto. and De Querceto — the last under an erroneous mipression that the name had its origin in chesnaie. a grove of oaks. CHEP^IAX. See Chapman. CHEQUER. An inn sign. CHERITOX. Parishes in cos. Warwick, Kent. Hants. Devon, and Somerset. CHERRIXGTOX. Places in cos. Glou- cester and Salop. CHERRY. Of Fr. Huguenot origin, and said to be descended from the ftimily of De Cheries, seigneurs of Brauvel, Beauval, &c., in Normandy. B.L.G. Chcris is a place near A\Tanches. The name is latin- ized De Ceraso. C^*u^->^ JJ^ CHI 59 CHERRYMAX. A grower of cherries or a dealer in that fruit. So Ajipleman, Pearman. Xotman (i.e. Nut-man), ire. CHESHIRE. CHESSHYRE. The palatine countj'. CHESXEY. Probably O.F. chesni— the oak tree. CHESXUT. The tree— from residence near a remarkable one. CHESSALL. Perhaps from ChesU Bank, CO. Dorset. CHESSMAX. See Cheesman. CHESTER. The palatine city; also places in Durham. Xortluimb.. and Derby. It was probably from Little Chester, in the last-named co.."that the Chesters of Cocken- hatch assumed the name. CHESTERMAX. 1. A native of Chester, just as we say a Comishman. a Kentish- man. 2. Many places where Roman and other military "stations {castra) existed are called chester-i. and residence at such a spot may have conferred the surname. CHESTERTOX. Parishes, &c. in cos. Camliridge, Hunts, Oxford, Stafford, and Warwick. CHESTOX. The same as Chesterton. CHETHA3I. CHEETHA3I. Achapelry in the parish of Manchester, formerly pos- sessed by the family. In Ajiierica the name is corrupted to Chetum. 1 CHETU^NI. An American corruption of Chetham. See Anecdote in Eng. Sum. CHETWODE. Seated at Chetwode, CO. Bucks, as early as the Conquest. Tliere soon after. Robert" de C. founded a priory. The family resided at C. for more than twenty generations. Courthope's Debrett. CHETWYXD. A parish in Shropshire, where the family were seated in or before the reign of Henr>- III. CHEVALIER. Fr., a knight or horse- man. Chicakr was the medieval equiva- lent of miles. Le Chevaler. H.E. CHEVELEY. Parishes in cos. Berks and Cambridge. CHEVEROX. Possibly from Fr. cheerier, a goat-herd. CHEW. A parish of Somerset. Cheux, a \'illage near Caen in Normandy. CHEYXE. CHEYX'^EY. CHEYXELL. Modifications of Cheney, which see. CIIICH. A parish in Essex. St. Osyth — Cliich. CIIICHELEY. A parish in co. Bucks. CHICHESTER. The family were an- cient in Devonshire before their connection with Ireland, and the name is doubtless derived from Chichester, co. Sussex, though some genealogists assert that it is from Cirencester, co. Gloucester. CHICK. SeeChich. CHI CHIDELL. Cheadle, towns in cos. Chester and Staftbrd. CHIDLOW. A township in Cheshire. CIIIFFIXCH. A provincial pronuncia- tion of Chaffinch. CHILCOTT. Chilcotc, a chapeh-y in co. Derby. CHILD. The son and heir in noble and roval fiimilies. The word was em- ployed bv Spenser, and in the old ballads, as the "Childe of Elle." "Child Waters." &c. See Eng. Sum. i. 214. InDomesd. the epithet Cild or Cilt is applied to several persons of distinction. Le Child. H.R. CHILDE. CHILDS. See Child. CHILDREX. Corresponds, as Ferguson thinks, with the O. Germ, personal name Childeruna or Hilderuna. CHILLM AX. Perhaps from A-Sax. cille, a wooden tankard, or leather bottle, and »tan. Childman and Childmanuius are found in the H.R. CHILTOX. Parishes in cos. Berks, Bucks, Somerset, Suflfolk, Durham, Wilts, &c. CHILYERS. A parish in co. Warwick. CIiniBLEY. Probably a corruption of Cholmondeley. CIII:MXEY. Probably local. CHIX. Perhaps a diminutive of Chinbald, but more likelv local. A De Chene occurs in H.R. co." Bedford, and there is also a Le Chene. An A-Sax. personal Three parishes in Somer- A place in Xorthumber- CHIXBALD. name. CHIXXOCK. set. CHTPCHASE. land. CHIPMAX. See Chapman. CIIIPP. See Cheape. CHISEL. Chishall, two parishes in Essex. CHISHOLM. The right of the C's to be considered a Gaelic clan has been strongly asserted, but Skene thinks their Lowland origin evident, and he deems them a Norman race from Roxburghshire. Scot. Highl. ii. 313. Tlie name however is Saxon enough, from citil. gravel, and //<'//«, a river island. The Highland estate in Inveraess- shire has been so named from the family in recent times. The chief is always distin- guished as Tfie Chisholm. There is a pro- verb to the ell'ect that. •• there are only four TJN-'.t in the Highlands; Tlie Chisholm, TJw Macintosh, TJie Devil, and 17ie Pope "! CHISLETT. A parish in Kent. CHISM. An Ulster corruption of the Scottish Chisholm. CHISMAX. See Gieeseman. CHITTY. Freckled. "Every lover admires his mistress, tho' she be very de- ZU^^r,,^^ I'TZJlStU CHR 60 formed, ill-favoured, TSTinkled, pimpled, pale, red. yellow, tanned, yellow-faced; have a swollen juggler's platter-face, or a thin, lean, clntty face .... ; be crooked, dry, bald, gogde-eyed : [though] she looks like a squiz^d cat," &c. &c. Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy. CHm:RS. See Cheever. CHOAT. Probably the same as Cliute. CHOICE. See Joyce. CHOLMLEY. See Cholmondeley. CHOLMOXDELEY. From the lordsbip of that name in Cheshire, which was pos- sessed by the family under the Norman earls palatine of Chester. The family sprang, in common with many others, from the celebrated William Belward, lord of Malpas. I cannot refrain from reprobating the cnrt and ab- surd pronunciation of this ■as.m^—Chuhnley or CA»»i- ley. Strange that some of our most aristocratic fami- lies, who would not wilUngl}- concede one jot of their dignity in other respects, should be willing to have thefr ancient names thus nicked and mutilated. Whv should the St. Johns submit to be Sinjen d, tlie Majoribanks to be Marchbank'd, the Fitz-Johns to be Fid-stall. Also Kitt and Kitson. CHRISTOPHERSOX. See Christopber. CHRYSTALL. Probably a corruption of Christie for Christopher. CHUMLEY. A contraction of Cholmon- deley. CHURCH. From residence near one. In the H.R. this name is found under va- rious foi-ms. as Atte Chirche, De la Chtrke, Ecclesia, De Ecclesia, and Ad Ecclesiam. CHURCHER. From residence near some church ; or it may be the same as Churchman. CHURCHILL. Kelham makes Roger de Corcelles, a great Domesd. tenant in the western counties, the ancestor of the Dukes of Marlborough. See Courcelle. Churchill has, however, a sufficiently Eng- lish aspect, and as we find four parishes in different counties so called, we need hardly seek for a Norman origin. CHURCII:MAX. One who had the care of a church — a churchwarden. See Bridg- man. Le Chercheman occurs in the H.R.. CHURCHYARD. From residence near one. The forms in the H.R. are Ate Churchehaye (the enclosure of the church), and Be and In Cimeterio, the cemetery. CHURTOX". Places m cos. Chester and Wilts. CHUTE. A parish in Wilts, from which county the Chutes of Kent and Somerset probably sprang. CIBBER. Caius Gabriel Cibber, the father of Colley Cibber the dramatist, was a native of Flensburg in Holstein, and set- tled in London a short time before the res- toration of the Stuarts. CITIZEX. A member of the common- wealth. The French have the same family name in Citoyen. CLACHAN. Gael. A druidical circle. CLACK. A hamlet in Wiltshire. CLAGGETT. See Cleggett. CLAPCOTE. A liberty in the parish of All-Hallows, Berkshire. CLAPHAM. Parishes, &c.. In Surrey, Bedibrd, Sussex. Yorkshire. &:c. CLAPP. An early Danish surname. Osgod Clapa was a Danish noble at the court of Canute. From him it is supposed CLA 61 that Clapham, co. Surrey, where he had a countn- house, derives its name. Ferguson. Hence" Claijson, and the local surnames Clapton, Clapham, Clapcote, Clapperton, Clapshaw, Clapshoe, Jcc. CLAPPERTON. I do not find the lo- calitj' ; but see Clapp. CLAPPS. The son of Clapa, an A-Sax. personal name. CL^VPSIIAW. Local—" the shaw or wood of Clapa.'" See Clapp. CLAPSHOE. A corruption of Clap- shaw. CLAPSOX. See Clapp. CLAPTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Glou- cester, Northampton, Somerset, and Cam- bridge. CLARE DE. "The whole of the south- em district eventually fell under the feu- dal control of the great De Clare or Cla- rence family, who have given their name to an English town, an Irish county, a royal dukedom, and a Cambridge college."' Dr. Donaldson, in Cambridge Essays, 1856, page 60. The name was first as- sumed from the barony of Clare, co. Suffolk, by Richard Fitz-Gilbert a com- panion of the Conqueror, son of Gilbert Crispin, Earl of Brione in Normandy, who was son of Geoffrey, a jiatural son of Richard I., duke of Normandy. CLARENCE. CLARANCE. See Clare. CLARK. CLARKE. Lat. clericus. Fr. Le Clerc. A learned person — that is, one who could in old times read and %vrite — accomplishments not so rare, after all. as we are sometimes induced to think, since this is among the commonest of surnames. Clark stands 27th and Clarke o9th in the Registrar General's comparative list : and for 33.557 Smiths registered within a given period, there were 12.229 Clarks and Clarkes. Thus for even," three hammermen we have at least one ' ready writer." K the Reg. General had reckoned Clark and Clarke as one name, it would have stood ninth in point of numerousness. As a sur- name. Clarke appears frequently to have alia-seil some other appellative: for instance the baronet family, C. of Salford. originally Woodchurch, from the parish of that name in Kent, soon after the Conquest became Clarkes (Le Clerc) in consequence of a marriage with an heiress, and the family for some generations wrote themselves '•Woodchurch alias Le Clerc."" and -sice versa, until at length the territorial appel- lation succumbed to the professional one, which was right, for " When house and land be pone and spente, Then learning U most exttllent." Several other instances might be quoted to show that medieval bearers of the name were ver}- proud of it. and hence, doubtless, its present numerousness. The word has several compounds in our family nomen- clature, as Beauclerk. Mauclerk. Kenclarke, Petyclerk — the good, the bad, the knowing, CLE and the little clerks. Several Domesday tenants are designated Clericus. CLARKSON. The son of a clerk. CLARY. Possibly from Cleri, near Alen9on in Normandy. CLAVERDs^G. The family spring from Eustace, a noble Norman, who had two sons ; Serlo de Burgo, who built Knaresbo- rougii castle, and John the One-eyed, (Mo- noculus). The latter had a son Pagan, ("the One-eyed Pagan I"" — qu. C\clops ?) and another son Eustace, the progenitor of this line, who derive their name from Clavering, co. Essex. See Kimber"s Ba- ronetage. CLxVA'ILE. Walter de C. was a tenant in chief in Dorset and Devon. Domesd. His male descendants continued to possess lands in the former county till 1774. Ly- sons. Two Clevilles occur in the Itin. Norm. ; one near Pont lEveque, the other near Yvetot. CLAXTON. Parishes, &c. in cos. Nor- folk. Durham, Leicester, and York. CLAY. Several localities bear this name, but the surname must sometimes have been adopted from residence in a clayey district. The forms in the H.R. are Cley, Clai. in le Clay, del Clay, and de la Cleye. Le Clayere may be synonymous, although a ClejTnantie was, according to the Promp- torium Parvulorum, a dauber or plasterer. CLAYDON. Parishes, &c., in Suffolk, Oxon, and Bucks. CLAYPOLE. A parish in Lincolnshire. CLAYTON. Parishes and places in cos. Stafford, Sussex, York, and Lancaster. The Clanons of the last-named shire claim descent from one Robert, who came into England with the Conqueror, and received Cla\"ton in reward of his senices. B.L.G. CLAYWORTH. A parish in co. Notts. CLEARE. See Qare. CLEARY. See Clary. CLEASBY. A parish in Yorkshire. CLEAVE. SeeCleeve. CLEAVER. One who cleaves wood. In forest districts, lath-cleaving is still a dis- tinct occupation. CLEE. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Salop. CLEEVE. Parishes, &c., in Gloucester, Somerset, and Worcester. CLEGG. " O. Norse, hleggi, a compact ma.ss. There was a Northman with this surname in the Landnamabok." Fergu- son. CLEGGETT. Perhaps Oeygate, a manor in Surrey. CXEGHORN. A place in co. Lanark. CLEL.Os'D. The family were " of that Ilk,'" in CO. Lanark, temp. Alexander III. CLI 62 and connected bv marriage with Sir William Wallace. B.L.G. CLEMEXCE. See Clement. CLEMENT. The personal name, whence the modifications Clements, Clemence, Clementson, Clemitson, Clemmans, Clem- mit, Climpson. CLEMENTS. CLEMEXTSOX. See Clement. CLE^illTSOX. See Clement. CLE:MMAXS. See Clement. CLEMMIT. See Clement. CLENCH. A parish in Norfolk. CLENDON. Perhaps Clandon, co. Surrey. CLENNELL. A township in Northum- berland. CLERK. CLERKE. See Clarke. CLE^T:. CLEEYE. Parishes in cos. Gloucester, Somerset, and Worcester. CLEVEIIOG. This name is found in the H.E. several times, and in one instance is borne by a lady, • Sibilla Clevehog.' Cleve- gris (^ris A-Xorm., a pig) occurs in the same records. Whether from some hazard- ous encounter with a wild boar, or from the occupation of the hog-butcher, I leave others to decide. CLEVELAND. A hamlet in the parish of Ormesby, co. York. CLEVERLY. A corruption of Claverley, CO. Salop. CLE VL AND, The C.s of Devonshh-e are a branch of the Cleulands or Clelands of CO. Lanark. CLEWER. A parish in Berkshire, for- merly called Cleworth. CLIliURN. A parish in Westmoreland. CLIFF. Parishes, &e., in cos. Kent, York, Sussex, Northampton, and Wilts. CLIFFORD. The noble family, sur- named from Clitibrd (their castle and lands in CO. Hereford, which .they acquired in marriage in the XII. cent.), came from Normandy with the Conqueror, and then bore the name of Fitz Pons. They claimed lineal descent from Eichard. Duke of Nor- mandy, the grandfather of William I. In charters, the name is latinized De Clivo Forte. CLIFT. See Cliff. CLIFTON. Parishes, &c., in many coun- ties. The Cliftons of Clifton, co. Lancaster, have possessed that estate for more than six centuries. CLi:\IMIE. A Scottish diminutive of Cleuieut. CLI:MPS0N. See Clement. CLINCH. A township in Northumber- land. CLINKER. A-Norm. clink, to ring. A ringer of bells. CLO CLINKSC ALES. As shell signifies a well, (see Skell) the second syllable may be a corruption of it. and thus the name would be local. A capital surname for a shop- keeper. CLIXTON. The duke of Newcastle derives from Keinbaldus, who came hither at the Conquest, and assumed his surname from Glimpton, (anciently written Clinton) CO. Oxford, part of the possessions granted to him for his services. Peerage. Some authorities make Eeinbald a De Tancan-ille. CLISBY. See Cleasby. CLIST. At least seven places in co. Devon are so denominated. CLITHEROE. A town in Lancashire. CLIVE. The earl of Powis's ancestors derived their name from Clive, co. Salop, in which county the family have been seated the time of Henry II. CLIXBY. A parish in co. Lincoln. CLOAKE. CLOKE. Probably from the costume of the first bearer. So from Mantell, Sec. CLODD. Perhaps the same as Clode. CLODE. Fr. Claude, from Lat. Claudius. CLOGG. Ferguson derives it from the Danish Ithff, prudent. CLOKE. See Cloake. CLOSE. Any piece of ground that is enclosed with' hedge, wall, or water. CLOTHIER. CLOTHMAX. A maker of cloth, or a dealer in that article. CLOUD. In Scotland, M'Cloud is the corruption of Mac Leod. CLOL^GH. A ravine, glen, or deep descent between hills. N. of Ehg. Clof, Scotl. The Cloughs of Plas-Clough claim a Norman origin, from the Seigneurs de Eohan. and appeal to their name and arms for proof. B.L.G. To my eye, both arms and name are as English as need be. CLOUTER. Glut, A-Sax., signifies in a secondary use a seam or sewing, and hence to eloiit in various provincial dialects means to patch or mend, especially shoes. '" Old shoes and clouted," O. Test! The Promp- torium Parvulorum gives — ''Clowter, or coblere, sartorius," and also " Clowter of clothys, sartorius, sartor." Hence a Clouter was a man Avho either improved the • un- derstanding,' or mended the • habits ' of his customers : i.e. either a cobbler or a tailor; l^robably the former. CLOUT:kIAX". See Clouter. CLOVE. Probably a variation of Clough. CLOW. A rock. A-Sax. Halliw. • Clows.' in Dugdale's Hist, of Imbanking, signify floodgates. CLOWES. Probably the same as Clow. CLOWSER. The Scotch douse is a sluice or mill-dam. Hence Clowser may be " sluice-man " — ^probably a miller. COB 63 CLUFF. SeeClough. CLUXIE. Cluny, places in cos. Aber- deen and Inverness. CLUXX. Clun, a town in Shropshire. CLUTTERBUCK. The iamily settled in England from the Low Countries, at the time of the Duke of Alva's persecution of the Protestants. In l.iSt; Thomas Cloerter- booke was sheriflf of Gloucester, and from that CO. the existing gentry families of C. spring. CLUTTOX. A township in Chester, in which CO. the elder line of the family still reside. CLYBURX. Clibum, a parish in West- moreland. CLYDE. The great and beautiful Scot- tish river. CLYDESDALE. The dale or valley of the Clyde in Scotland. COACHMAX. The menial servant. COAD. COADE. A wood or forest. A Breton name, from the Celtic coit, sylva, nemus. CO ALES. See Cole. COAT. See Cott. COATES. Parishes, &c., in cos. Glou- cester. Leicester, Lincoln, Sussex, York, &c. COBB. There is perhaps no monosyl- lable in any language that has so many distinct meanings as cob. It may be thought curious to enumerate them. As a VERB, it signifies, 1, to strike ; 2, to pull the ear or hair ; 3, to throw ; and i. to outdo. As a xorx, it stands for — 5. a seed- basket : 6, the material of mud walls : 7, a hay-stack of small dimensions; 8, clover seed: 9, an Hibemo- Spanish coin: 10, a lump or piece ; 11, a sea-gull ; 12, the fish called the miller's thumb ; 13, a harbour, as the Cobb of Ijyme-Regis : 14, a young herring; 15, a leader or chief; 16, a weal- thy or influential person ; 1 7. a small horse ; 18, a spider (whence cob- web) : 19, the bird called a shoveller. It has also many compounds, as — cob-castle, a prison ; cob- coals, large pit-coals; cob-irons, andirons; cob-joe, a nut at the end of a string ; cob- key, a bastinado used among sailors ; cob- loaf, a loaf of peculiar form ; cob-nut, a well known dessert fruit — also a game played with it: cob-poke, a bag carried by gleaners ; cob-stones, large stones : cob- swan, a very large swan ; cob-wall, a wall composed of clay and straw. The heralds in de\'ising arms for the various families of Cobbe and Cobb, have as usual alluded to some of these objects ; thus Cobb of Bed- fordshire has fish (be they herrings or miller's thumbs), and shovellers in his coat; Cobb of Peterbridge, co. Norfolk, displays two swans (cob-swans) and a fish ; another Cobb of Norfolk carries two teals (? shovel- lers) and one fish : while Cobb of Oxford- shire gives two shovellers and a (cob-) fish. This however by the way. As to the sur- coc name, it may be derived either from — 1, Cobb, a port or haven : we have besides the names Port and Harbour in our family no- menclature : 2, from the fish or the bird, in the same way that we have Pike, Salmon, Hawk, Sparrow ; 3, a chief or leader : in Cheshire, to cob signifies to outdo or excel another in any eObrt ; or 4, a wealthy or influential person, as in the following lines from Occleve : — " Suste>-nid is not by personis lowe, But c'obbis prcte tliis note sustene." (See f/alliirell, Johnson, Eng. Sum.) This is a ver)- ancient surname. One Leu- ricus Cobbe occurs in the Domesd. of Suf- folk, doubtless as a Saxon. COBBETT. A corruption of Corbett or Corbet. COBBIX. Lincoln. Local. De Cobbin.II.R. CO. COBBLEDICK. Local. De Cupeldik. H.R. COBBLER. The occupation. Le Cobe- ler, H.E. COBBOLD. "From the Kobold of Germany, a harmless and often kindly sprite, something like the Scotch brownie, may perhaps come our name Cobbold ; but this is doubtful, for we have the name of Cobb, answering to a Germ, and Dan. name Kobbe, and ' bald" or ' bold' is one of the most common Teutonic composites." Ferguson. Cuboid, an A- Sax. personal name, is found in Domesday. COBBY. Brisk, lively, proud, tyran- nical, headstrong. Halliwell — who quotes a northern proverb : " Cobby and crous, as a new- washed louse." COBDEX. See Den. COBHAM. Parishes in Sun-ey and Kent. COBL^RX. A 'fashionable' pronuncia- tion of Cockbum. COCHRAXE. COCIIRAX. The family were resident in co. Eenfrew for many cen- turies. See Peerage, Earl of Dundonald. The name is probably local, from a place in the district of Paisley. COCK. The bird — corresponding to the Lat. Gallus. the Fr. Le Coq. Cochet, Coque- rel, the Germ. Hahn, ice. Sometimes it was as probably a sobriquet applied to a di- minutive person. See Cock, below. ^^COCK. A termination common to many surnames. Several theories have been advanced as to its meaning, which I have discussed at large in Eng. Sum. 1. IGO — IGJ. After mature consideration I still adhere to the ojiinions there ex- pressed ; namely, that though it may in some instances be a corruption of cott, a local termination, and in others may relate to the male of birds, it is, in a great majority of cases, a diminutive of ordinarj- baptismal names, like -khi, or -oft. or -eft. I shall not, therefore, go over the old ground, but content my- self with giving as full a list as I have coc 64 been able to collect, of names with this desinence, for with names beginning with the syllable I have here nothing to do. I do "not pretjud to account for everv name, but elucidations of most of them will be found in then- proper places in this book. Acock, Adcock, Adliscock, Alcock, Atcock. Badcock. Bancock, Benhacock, Bea- cock, Barcock, Batcock, Bawcock, Bull- cock. Drocock. Elcock. Grocock. Glasscock. Hancock. Hitchcock, Haycock, and Heycock, Hillcock, Heacock, Hedgcock. Hiscock. Johncock, Jeffcock. Locock, Luccock, Leacock, Laycock, Lovecock. Marcock, Meacock, Maycock, Mul- cock. Ocock. Pocock, Pidcock, Peacock, Pencock, Palcock. Eanecock, or Raincock. Sandercock. Slocock, Straycock, Sim- cock, Stercock, Silcock, Salcock. Tancock. Tillcock. Watcock, Woolcock, Wilcocke. ^^COCK. This syllable m many local names refers probably to the woodcock rather than to the galhts. especially in such names as Cocksedge. Cockshaw, Cockshote, Cockshut, Cocksworth. COCKAIGXE. COKAIXE. COKAYX. ' Cokavgne' seems to have been a sort of medieval Ttopia. Perhaps the earliest specimen of English poetry which we pos- sess, and which Warton places earUerthan the reign of Henr^- II.. is the himiorous description of it, beginning — " Fur in see, bi west Sp.iygne Is a lond iliote Cockaygne." AMiatever may be the origm of the word, it is evidently connected with the much-de- bated cochu'i/. which probalily implied an undue regard for luxury and refinement m the persons to whom it was applied— gene- rally to Londoners as contrasted with "persons msticall." See Way"s Prompt. Parv. Halliwell's Diet. COCKBURX. Probably from either Cockbumlaw, co. Berwick, or from Cock- bumspath in the same county. There is a mountain in Benvickshire which is so called. COCKELL. See Cockle and Cockerell. COCKER. In various English dialects means a cock-fighter. Halliwell. See how- ever Coker. According to Cocker — is a common phrase as to the correctness of an arithmetical calculation. Edward Cocker was a celebrated arithmetician who flou- rished in the time of the Commonwealth. Le Cockere, H.R, COF COCKERELL. O. Eng. coherelle. A young cock, ''gallulus." Prompt. Parv, COCKERTOX. A township in Dur- ham. COCKESBRAYX. This surname occurs in the H.R. ' Cockbrained' is an epithet of much more recent use, imph-ing, accord- ing to Halliwell, fool-hardy or wanton, COCKETT. A diminutive of cock, gallus, like the Fr, Cochet from Coq, COCKFIELD. Parishes in Durham and Suffolk. COCKIX. A-Xorm. co^zra — a rascal. COCKIXG. A parish in Sussex. COCKLE. Perhaps applied as a term of contempt to the followers of Wickliffe, who were regarded as cockle, tares, or zlzania among the true Catholic wheat. More probably the second syllable may be a corruption of hill. Or it may be like Cockett, a diminutive of cock, gallus. COCKMAJN". A cockfighter. COCKRAM. Cockerham, a parish in Lancashire. COCKRELL, See Cockerell. COCKS. See Cox. COCKSHUT, A chapelry in co. Salop, and many minor localities, CODDIXGTOX, Parishes in cos. Ches- ter, Hereford, and Notts. The Irish family migrated to Ireland from Cheshire in 1656. B.L.G, CODMAX, Doubtless the same as Cot- man, though a correspondent suggests that it means pedlar, from the cod or bag in which he carries his wares. CODXOR. Places in Derbyshire. CODRLNTGTOX^, A parish united with Wapley. co. Gloucester, where the family were seated in the XV. century, and pro- bably much earlier. COE. 1, In Xorfolk, an eccentric old man. 2, A Scottish ri^-ulet giving name to Glencoe, There is a Beatrix le Coe in COFFEE. COAFFEE, COFFEY. May be local, or may be of common origin with Coflin. Caffin, &c.. the root being Lat. calvKS. bald. " Coffee,"' says Ferguson. '" I take to be the same as Coifi. the name of a converted heathen priest, who, on the re- ception of Cliristianity by the people of Northumbria. undertook the demolition of the ancient fanes. It has been asserted that this is not an A-Sax. but a Cymric name, and that it denotes in "U'elsh a Druid, but Mr. Kemlile has shown that it is an adjective fonued from cuf, strenuous, and means "the bold or active one."' COFFIX, This family possessed Al- wington manor, co. Devon, temp. William Conq.. and they still reside at Portledge in that manor. B.L.G, Colvin or Coh-inus COL 65 held lands in chief (probably the same) under Edwai'd the Confessor. COGAX. Local. H.R. co. Devon. COGHILL. The baronet descends from John Cockhill of Cockhill, gent., who lived at Knaresborough, co. York, temp. Rich- ard II. COIIA.M. An estate near Torrlngton, CO. Devon, still in possession of the family, ■who trace their pedigree only to 1547. though they were doubtless proprietors at a much earlier date. B.L.G. COHEN. A common Jewish surname, — the Hebrew for Priest. Nearly sLxty traders of this name occur in Lond. Direct. COKE. Lat. coquus, corns, a cook. In the rude old ages when family surnames began, the chief officers of the kitchens of kings and great men were persons of im- portance. For example, in Domesday we imd several Coci, some of whom were tenants in capite, and one is expressly named " Coquus quidam Regis."' The orthography cofic, for cook, is retained by Chaucer ; and in the family of the Earl of Leicester, illustrious for its great lawyer and its great agriculturist, it still exists. In most cases, however, it has taken the form of Cook. COKER. 1. The orighial meaning of col-e is charcoal, prepared or ' cooked" by a Coker, or charcoal-burner. 2. Two pa- rishes in CO. Somerset, with which one family were associated as early at least as 1272. B.L.G. COKEYXE. See Cockaigne. COLBOURXE. A township m York- shire. COLBRAX. COLBRAXD. A personal name of great antiquity. It occurs in Cod. Dipl. charter 92.3,and it is probably of Scan- dinavian origin. According to Ferguson it may either mean Iwlbrandr, a burning coal, or be a compound of hilh; ' helmeted,' and the proper name Brand. Both Colbrand and Colebrand are found as under tenants in Domesday. COLBURX. See Colbourn. COLBY. A parish in Xorfolk, and a township in Westmoreland. COLCHESTER. The town in Essex. COLCLOUGH. An estate in Stafford- shire, in which county the family resided temp. Edw. III. The Ii-ish branch settled at Tintern, co. Wexford, about the middle of the XVI. cent. COLD. A corruption of Cole. COLD]\L\X. A corruption of Coleman. COLDRED. An A-Sax. personal name. COLDSTREAM. A parish in Berwick- shire. COLE. Places in cos. Wilts and Somer- set. Also a very ancient Teutonic personal name. In Douiesd. it appears as a bap- tismal — in the H.R. as a family name. COL COLEBROOKE. Places in Salop and Devon. COLEBY. A parish in co. Lincoln. COLEGATE. COLGATE. A place in St. Leonard'; Sussex. Forest, near Horsham, COLE^L^X. COLMAN. An ancient A- Sax. i^ersonal name mentioned by Bede. Coleman and Colcmannus in Domesd. Probably derived from the occupation of cliarcoai burning, and synonymous with Collier. COLEXSO. R.G. 16. makes this a Cor- nish name. COLEXUTT. See Colnett. COLERIDGE. A hundred and a parisli in CO. Devon. COLES. A genitive form of Cole. COLET. COLLETT. "Acolyth, aco~ Irjthus, in our old English called a colef,, was an inferior church ser\'ant, who next under the sub-deacon waited on the priests and deacons, and performed the meaner offices of lighting the candles, caiTjing the bread and wine, and pajing other servile attendance." Kennet's Parochial Antiq. Burn's Eccles. Law. See CoUett below. COLEY. The same as Cowley, Cooley, &c. COLFOX. The same as the Colvox of the H.R., whatever that may be. COLLNT. In scotl. probably different from the Eng. Collins. Gaelic etjanologists derive it from cailean or coUean, " the man of the wood," or forester. It is still in use as a Christian name. COLLARBOXE. A presumed corrup- tion of Collingbourne. co. Wilts. So Hol- lowbone from Hollybounie. COLLARD. Mr. Ferguson fancifuUy derives it from A-Sax. col, a helmet, and heard, hard. But I find no such hard- headed gentleman in any early record. COLLARMAKER. The occupation. COLLEDGE. Probably local, and with no reference to any seat of learning, or abode of charity. COLLEGE. In the west of England any court or group of cottages having a conunou entrance from the street is called a colkge, and residence at such a place ratber than in a imiversity probably originated the name. COLLEX. See Collin, and Colin. COLLER. An idler. See Eng. Sum. COLLETT. Has been derived from colet, an acolyte, the fourth of the minor sacer- dotal orders ; but its true meaning is " little Nicholas." Thus the parents of St. Colette, who held St. Nicholas in great veneration, gave tlieir child in baptism the name of " Cokttc, c"est l\ dire Petit Xic/iolc." Edinb. Rev. April, 1855. COL COLLE Y. The original surname of the Marquis Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, &c., was written Cowley, temp. Hen. VIII. COLLICK. Probably Colwick, co, Not- tingham. COLLIER, A maker of charcoal, for- merly a much more important and common occupation than now. In medieval docu- ments it is written Le Cohere, Carbonarius, &c. COLLIN. COLLINS. COLLIS. Co- lin is one of the diminutives of Nicholas, and Collins may be its genitive, and Collis a corruption thereof, There are, however, other assigned etymons, as Fr. colline, a hill, and Gael, cuileln, a term of endear- ment. But Collinc is also an ancient baptismal name, which existed before the compilation of Domesday. According to B.L.G. the Collinses of Walford existed, eo nomim, in the time of the Conqueror, in cos. Hereford and Salop. COLLING. COLLLN^GS. See under Collin. COLLING HAM. Parishes in cos. York and Nottingham. Like Collingridge, Col- lington, Collingwood, CoUingbourne, &c., this local name seems to be derived from some early proprietor called Colling. COLLINGWOOD. I cannnot discover the locality. It is probably in Northumb.. where the family have flourished for several centuries. COLLINSON. COLLISON. See Colin. COLLISON. Colin's son— the son of Nicholas. Coly, Colys, and fU'Colini are found in the H.R. COLLMAN. See Coleman. COLLYER. See Collier. COLNETT. The Hampshire family are said to be descended from a French Pro- testant refugee who settled at Gosport, and introduced glass-making. Colenutt appears to be the same name. COLPITTS. I have observed this name about Newcastle-upon-Tyne. It was proba- bly assumed in the first instance by a per- son resident near a coal-i)it. COLPUS. A Surrey surname. Calpus, pi-obably a Saxon, is found in Domesday. COLQUHOUN (pron. Cohoon). An ancient clan seated near Loch Lomond. The name was taken from the lands of Colquhoun in Dumbartonshire. Umfridus of Kilpatrick, who had a grant of them from Maldowen Earl of Lennox about 1250, was founder of the family. COLSON. The son of Cole. This was the name of one of the Danish invaders of Northumbria, where Coulson is still a com- mon family name. COLSTON. A parish in co. Notts. COLT. Ferguson thinks this a cor- ruption of the name Gold ; but it appears 66 COM in the XIII. cent, in its present form, and I see no reason why it should not be de- rived from the animal, especially as Le Colt is found in H.R. The Colts of co. Lanark derive from Blaise Coult, a French Huguenot refugee in the XVI. cent. COLTMAN. A trainer of colts COLTON. Parishes, &c. in cos. Norfolk, Stafford, and York. COLYILLE. There are three places in Normandy called Colleville, situated in the respective neighbourhoods of Caen, Bayeux, and Yvetot. From which of these came William de Colvile of Yorkshire, and Gilbert de Colavilla of Suffolk, mentioned in Domesd., is not ascertained. The Scot- tish peer descends from Philip de C, a scion of the A-Norm. family who settled beyond the liorder in the XII. cent. Cole- vil, Colevile, Coleville, Colwile, Colewille. H.R. COLVIN. Colvin or Colvinus Avas a Devonshire tenant in chief, and held his lands in the reign of Edw. the Confessor, and at the making of Domesd. See Coffin. COL WELL. A corruption of Colville. H.R. COLYER. See Collier. COMBE. COMBES. From A-Sax. coml), Celt, cwm, a hollow in a hill, a valley. In medieval writings, At-Comb, At-Cumb, &c. There are places called Comb or Combe in Sussex, Devon, Somerset, &c. — Combs in Suffolk — Coombe in Wilts, Dorset, and Hants, — and Coombs in Sussex, Derby, and Dorset. Several of these have conferred their names on families. ^^COMBE, m a termination. See pre- ceding article. A correspondent has sent me a list of surnames with this desin- ence. Some of these will be found iden- tified with the localities which gave them birth in their proper places in this work. Of others the situation is un- known to me. Ashcombe, Ajmscombe. Barnscombe, Brimblecombe, Burcombe, Bronescombe, Brownscombe, Buncombe, Bascombe, Belcombe, Brimacombe, Brans- combe, Bidecombe, Battiscombe, Buddi- combe, Biddlecombe, Balcombe. Corscombe, Challacombe. Doddescombe, Dimscombe, Discombe, Duncombe, Dacombe, Delacombe, Duns- combe, Dascombe, Dorkcombe. Ellacombe or Ellicombe, Encombe, Es- combe, Edgecombe. Fai-ncombe, Fearncombe. Goscombe, Gatcombe. Hanscombe, Halcombe, Harcombe, Hol- licombe, Holcombe, Haccombe, Har- combe. Jacombe. Kingcombe. Larcombe, Loscombe, Liscombe, Lips- combe, Luscombe, Luccombe, Levercombe. Morcombe. C M 67 Norcombe, Newcombe, Nutcombe, Pudtllecombe, Puddicombe, Pincombe, Prattiscombe. Ranscombe, Eascoinbe. Stincombe, Sercombe, Smallcombe, Smallacombe, Slocombe, Stencombe, See- combe, Southcombe, Syndercombe, Sal- combe. Tingcombe, Tincombe, Tidcombe, Tud- dicombe. Totscombe. Withecombe, "U'oolcombe, Wincbcombe, Wescombe. Wolloeombe, "VMiitcombe, Waraecombe, Widecombe, Winscombe, AYiscombe, Welcombe. Yinecombe. Yarcombe, Yescombe. Professor Leo asserts that cumb means a mass of water— it originallv signified a trougli or bowl, and subsequently, not' a valley— as Bosworth wrongly asserts— bnt an extensive "though riuining sheet of water. The Professor's ground for this statement appears to be the occurrence of a hedfod and an atcylm, — a head and a spring — in connection with a cumb ; (Cod. Dipl. U. 28, 29.) but surely this is very slender evidence for so sweeping an assertion. The upper end of a valley is called its head, and that there should be a spring iii a valley is nothing extraordinary. I maintain, therefore, with Dr. Bosworth, that co>rBE is a valley, either v^ith or without water. AVithin the compass of a morning's walk from the spot where I write this, there are a score or two of combes with- out a drop of water. In fact, the South Downs are full of these depressions, which, from their geological position, can no more ' hold water ' than can this notion of the learned philologist of Halle. COMBER. 1. One 'who combs or pre- pares -wool. 2. A modification of At- Combe. See termination ER. C03IBERB ACH. A township in Cheshire. COMER. Perhaps the same as Comber. C0:\IF0RT. Perhaps a corruption of the local surname Comerford. COMIX. See under Cuniming. CO^NILEY. Doubtless local, rather than personal. COMMAXDER. R.G. 16. A leader in some enterprise. Le Comandur, H.R. C0:MMERELL. l. From Heilbronn in Suabia in 17:32, and naturalized in 17.52. 2. Comberwell near Bradford, co. Wilts, gave name to a familj^ called De Comer- welle, whence probably this surname, in some cases. Yide Jackson's Account of Kingston House, Bradford, reprinted from the Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine. COMMIXS. See under Camming. COMMON. Local — from residence at one. COMMONER 1. Local— from residence at a common. See termination ER. 2. A member of a university. COMMONS. A pluralizatlon of Common. COMPTON. The Marquis of Nor- thampton derives from Turchil, possessor of Arden. co. Warwick, before the Con- quest. His descendant Osbert. in Ut^'J, assumed the name of Compton from his estate in the same county. The Gazetteer mentions thirty other places of this name in various counties. CON COMRIE. A parish in Perthshire. COMYN. See Cumming. CONAN. An ancient personal name oc- curring in the poems of Ossian. It is some- t mes corrupted to Cannon and Canning. CONCANON. CONCANNEN. The 0"Concanons derive from Dermot, brother of Murias. 29th king of Connaught, who flourished in the IX. cent. B.L.G. The surname seems to have been established prior to the XI. cent. CONDER. " Coiiders (In Fishery) are those who stand upon high places near the sea-coast5, with boughs, A:c., in their hands, to make signs to the men in fishing-boats, which way the shoal of herrings passes, which they discover by a kind of blue colour the fish make in the water." Bailey's Diet. See Eng. Sum. CONDUIT. Local— from residence near one. CONGERTON. Perhaps either Conger- ston, CO. Leicester, or Congleton, co. Chester. CONGREYE. An estate in co. Stafford, which has been held by the family almost from the time of the Conquest. B.L.G. CONINGSBY. A parish in Lincolnshire. The peers of this name are descended from a family who formerly possessed Coningsliy, a to\vn"in co. Salop. Burke's Ext. P. But qu: 1. Can such descent be shown ? 2. Is there a town so called in Shropshire ? CONNELL. The Irish O'Connell, sans 0. CONNELLAN. The family O'Connellan is Milesian and deduced from the great family of O'Neill. B.L.G. CONNINGTON. Conington, parishes in cos. Cambridge and Hunts. CONNOCK. Cornish. Rich, prosperous, thriving, successful. Davies Gilbert's Corn- wall, i. 17G. CONNOP. Probably Conhope, a town- ship in CO. Hereford. CONNOR. See O'Connor. CONQL'EROR. A victor— probably in some rustic game. Conquestor is found in the H.K. The singular name Conquergood is not easily explained. CONQUEST, Probably a contraction of Conquestor. •' Willelm' Conrptestor" is the name of a private person mentioned in the H.R., and Robert Cbtupieraunt is found in the same documents. Houghton- Conquest, co. Bedford, derives its suffix from the family, who were possessors of it before 129S. Esch. 2G. Edw. I. Lysons. CONRATH. Probably Conrad, a per- sonal name. CONSTABLE. An office formerly of high dignity in royal courts. The great York- shire family descend from Robert de Laci, whose ancestors had been constables of COO 68 Chester under the celebrated Hugh Lupus, temp. Will. Conq. COXSTAXCE. Probably Coutances in Normand}', which is latinized Constantia. COXSTAXT. 1 . A contraction of Con- stantine. 2. An honourable appellation denoting the constancy of the bearer. 3. A sobriquet applied to one who was regular and pertinacious in some habit or custom. I knew a person whose real name was Has- tings, who was better known among his neighbours as 'Old Constant,' from the regularity with which he appeared at a certain time in a certain place. COX'^^AY. One of the few local sur- names adopted from places in Wales. The extinct noble family was traced to 5 Richard n. Conway or Aberconway is in co. Caer- narvon. COXY. Of common origin with the Dues de Coigni in France. " The ancestor was chamberlain to Isabella of France, and accompanied her to England on her marriage with king Edw. II. The Eng. family's armorial coat is identical with that of the present Due de Coigni. Gent. Mag. May, 1859. COXYERS. "Of this ancient fomily, originally wrote Coigniers, denommated from a place of that name in France, was Eoger de Coigniers, that came into England about the end of the reign of Will, the Con- queror, to whom the bishop of Durham gave the constableship of Durham." Kimber. The family gave the suffix to Howton Coigniers, co. York. COX^X^GHAM. The family of the Marquis C. and of Lord Londesborough descend from the Scottish house of Cunyng- ham and from the Earls of Glencairne. COODE. Code was a tenant before the compilation of Domesd. An ancient family long settled at Morval, co. Cornwall, have at various periods written themselves Code, Coad, and Coode. C. S. Gilbert's Cornw. ii. 72. COOK. COOKE. The occupation. In Domesd. there are several tenants styled Cocus, and one, ' quidam Coquus Regis.' Coke is an archaic form of the name. The Lond. Du-ect. has more than 250 traders of this surname. COOKES. Cook pluralized. COOKSOX. One of the few instances of the addition of the termination son to a profession or emplo}-ment. So Smithson, Stewardson, Shepherdson. Fil'Coci is its form in the H.E. COOKWORTHY. Doubtless local, the Y being an unnecessary addition. COOLEY. Probably a corruption of Cowley. The ancestors of the Duke of Wellington, prior to their assumption of the name of Wesley or Wellesley, wrote their name inditferently Colley, Cowley, and Cooley. T'i'wfs, 15 Sept., i852. So Cooper was anciently Cowper. COR COOLTX^G. A parish in Kent. COOMBER. See Comber. COOMES. See Coombe. COOPER. The occupation— a maker of barrels, tubs, &:c. ; originally from coop, to keep or contain anything, whether wine in a cask, or a hen "in her prison. A-Sax. Tteimn, cepan. See Cowjier. Le Coupere, Coupare, Cuparius, &c., H.R. COPE. In Domesd. signifies a hill. Bailey's Diet. COPE MAX. 1. A chapman or merchant. Halliwell. 2. Bailey says that cope was a tribute paid to the king out of the lead mines in Wicksworth. co. Derby. Perhaps the collector of this tax was the original Copeman. 3. Cope is also the name of a priest's vestment : and the Copeman may have l>een the maker of that article. 4. It may be equivalent to Hilhnan. See Cope. COPLESTOXE. A hamlet in the parish of Colebrook. co. Devon, said to have been possessed by the family before the Conquest. Polwhele's Devon, ii.35. See Croker. COPLEY. Very ancient in Yorkshire. Local — but I do not find the place. COPXER. A-Sax. copenere, a lover. COPP. The top of a hill, or any emi- nence. COPPEX. COPPIX. Elevated— as ''cop2)in in hevin," elevated to heaven. Jamieson. The root appears to be A-Sax. cop. the summit. Probal)ly from the lofty residence of the first bearer. COPPER. A cup bearer. "Palice of Honour," quoted by Jamieson. A-Sax. cop, a cup. COPPERWHEAT. A corruption of Copperthwaite. See Thwaite. COPPERWRIGHT. See under Wright. COPPIXGER. ' Copenere ' is the A-Sax. for lover: but a more probable derivation is from copphi, which Halliwell defines as 'a piece of yarn taken from the spindle.' A Coppinger was then perhaps in medieval times one who had the care of yarn or who produced it. To lht: like a Coitixger is a Sufl'olk proverb, which points to the wealth and hospitality of a family of this name who flourished in the XVI. and XVII. cent, at Buxhall in that county. Gent. Mag. Jan. 1831. The name is found in the archives of Cork so early as temp. Edw. II. B.L.G. COPPOCK. From the termination, pro- bably local. See OCR. COQUERELL. See Cockerell. CORBET. Corbet, a noble X^orman, came into England with the Conqueror, and from his son Roger Corbet descended the baro- nial house, as well as the families of the name now existing. Courthope's Debrett. CORBY. Parishes, &c. in cos. Lincoln, Northampton, and Cumberland. COR CORDER. Perhaps a maker of cord — analogous to Roper. Le Corder. H.ll. CORDEROY. Fr. C(eur de Roi, king- hearted : metaphorically applied to a man of noble and generous disposition. Perhaps, however, the same as Cowdray. CORDIXER. Fr. cordonnier. A shoe- maker. In the H.R. Le Cordewener, Le Cordewauer, Corduanarius, &;c. CORDREY. See Corderoy. CORDUKES. In Ireland, said to be a corruption of the Fr. siu-name Cordeaux, which means literally small cords or lines. CORDY. Ferguson derives it from O. Norse honll, a sword, but it is more probably local. CORFE. Parishes in cos. Dorset and Somerset. CORK. Xot from the Irish city, as has been conjectured, but from Core, an ancient Celtic personal name. CORKER. Perhaps a maker of corks. CORLEY. A parish in co. "Warwick. CORMACK. A personal name. Gael. MCormac. CORNS. CORNU. R.G. 16. See under Cowhorn. CORNELIUS. The personal name. CORNELL. A local pronunciation of Cornwall / CORNER. From residence at the corner of a street or highway. In the H.R., De la , Comere. It was latinized by in Angulo. | In the second vol. of the Rolls it occurs as ill Aggh five times (all with different Christian names,) as in Anglo 17, andas/« Anguh 19 times. A less likely derivation is from Le Coruner and Coronator. a coroner. De Coi-ner and Le Corner are also foxmd in the H.R. See Xangle. CORNEWALL. Richard, second son of King John, titular King of the Romans and Earl of Cornwall, had according to Sandford's Geneal. Hist, two natural sons, Richard de Comewall, and Walter de C, From the former sprang the barons of Bur- ford, now represented by Geo. Comewall Legli, of High Legh, co. Chester, Esq., the Cornewalls of Delbury, co. Salop, &c. CORNEY. A parish in Cumberland. Also a nickname of Cornelius. CORNFORD. Perhaps Cornforth, co. Durham. CORNISIL Belonging to Cornwall- applied originally to one who had removed from that to another county. A family so called at St. Issey in Cornwall, " origin- ally descended from one William Cornish, who settled here temp. Queen Marj', a WeUhman." D. Gilberfs Cornw., ii. 25.'5. I^'CORNISH SURNAMES. The local surnames of Cornwall present some marked peculiarities, which render it convenient to treat of a large body of COR them in one article. In most of the countries and districts where the Celtic dialects prevail, or have prevailed, the family names are princii)ally of the patriniymiral class — the son or descend- ant having assumed the name of the father or ancestor with some prefix. P'or instance, most of the Gaelic sur- names were personal names compounded with Mac ; the Irish with 0' ; the Welsh with Aj) or Ab. In Cornwall, however, the names are principally of the heal sort, and as the names of places in that county are generally ilerived from Celtic roots, possessing, as to the first syllable at least, a generic meaning, it has be- come proverbial that^ — " By Tre, Pol, and Pen, Ye shall know the Comish-men." while a less known and more compre- hensive distich with more truth affirms that— " By Tre, Ros, Pol, Lan, Caer, and Pen, You may know the most of Comishmen." Tke is equivalent to the A- Sax tun, a town, or enclosure ; Ros to heath, or unenclosed ground : PoL, to pool ; LAJf , to church ; C.UEK or Car, to a fortified place ; and Pkn, to a headland. In Breton local names and surnames, the same prefixes occur, though "pol" 13 written ^w«/, and "car," or "caer," her. In Wales there are likewise many place-names with these sjdlables, with modified orthographies and modified sig- nifications — Tre, Rhos, Pwll, Llan, Caer, and Pen ; but these with rare exceptions have not given names to families. In Scotland, Ros, Caer, and perhaps some of the others, occur in the same sense ; and also in Ireland, but as these are but rarely, if at all, found as surnames, they belong rather to topographical than to family nomenclature. In the following lists I have arranged such Cornish sur- names as have occurred to me en masse, resei-vTug such elucidations as seem necessary for their particular and proper places in the alphabetical order of the work. SuRXAJiES IN Tre.— Trebarfoot, Treber- sey, Trebilliock, Trebileock, Treby, Tre- carrell, Tredenham, Tredidon, Tredin- ham, Tredinick, Tretlrea, Trefelens, Treffrey, Trefusis, Tregaga, Treagagle, Treagago, Treganyan, Tregarick, Tre- garthen, Tregea, Tregeagle, Tregean, Tregeare, Tregedick, Tregenna, Tregian, Tregillas, Tregion, Treglisson, Tregon- nell, Tregors, Tregose, Tretgohnan, Tregoweth, Tregoze, Tregnry, Tregjon, Trehane, Trehavarike, Trehawke, Tre- iagn, Treice, Trejago, Trekynin, Tre- lander, Trelawney, Tremaiue, Treman- heer, Trembraze, Tremcarne, Treman- heere, Tremere, Tremle, Tremogh, Tre- nance, Trencreek, Trengone, Trengore, Trenhayle, Trenlieale, Trenouth, Tre- noweth, Trcnwith, Trerize, Tresahar, Tresilian, Tresithney, Treskewis, Treth- ake, Trethinick, Trethurfe, Trevanion, Trevannion, Treveale. Treveally, Trevel- lans, Trevelles, Trevener, Trevenor, COR 70 COS Treverhii, Trevethen, Tre%'ilian, Tre- ville, Trevingy, Trevisa, Trevithick, Trevorva, Treweeke, Trewenethick, Trewerne. Trewliella, Trewhvthenick, Trewin, Trewinard, Trewolla, Trewoofe, TrewooUa, Trework, Treworthen, Tre- ■wren. SuKXAMES IN^ Eos. — Eoscarrack, Eos- carrock, Eoscoria, Eoscrow, Eoscruge, Eosecossa, Eoskjiner, Eosogan, Eos- warne, Eoseveal, Eoskilly. SuRX^UiES IX Pol. — Polamonter, Pol- kinghorae, Pol whele (modified in Sussex to Polhill), Policy, Polwin. Pollexfen (?), Polglaze, Polwarth, Polyblank (.'). Surnames ix L.an*. — Lanbaddem, Lance, Lander, Langhaime, Langheme, Lan- hadern, Lanhedrar, Lannar, Lan- wordaby, Lanyon. ^ SuRX.uiES IX Car. — Cardew, Cardinham, 'u^.,jth^A,^\, Carew, Carlyon, Carminowe, Carne, Carne^ew, Carrow, Carthew, Carverth, Carveth. SURXAMES IX Pex. — Penalmick, Pena- luna, Penarth, Pencarow, Pencoil, Pen- darves, Pender, Pendrea, Peneligan, Penferm, Peuforme. Penhallow, Pen- halluwick, Penhellick, Penkevil, Penlee, Penlyer, Pennalyky, Pennant, Penneck, Penpons, Penrin, Penrose, Pentine, Pentire, Penularick, Penwarne. For another group of Cornish surnames see the article Nax. CORXOCK. The famUy settled in Ire- land temp. Cromwell. B.L.G. The name may be from Camock, a parish in Fifeshire. CORNWALL. See Cornewall. CORXWELL. A parish in Oxfordshire. CORXWALLIS. Originally applied to a native of Cornwall ; so Wallis to a Welsh- man, Londonoys to a Londoner, &c. Le Cornwaleys, Comvaleis, Slc. H.E. CORRIB. CURRIE. Sir Walter Scott has introduced this ancient word into the beautiful funeral song of the Clansman, in his Lady of the Lake : — " Fleet foot in the corrie. Sage counsel in cumber. Red hand in the foray, How sound is thy slumber." An explanatory note to the word says : — " Corrie or Cori : the Iwlhnr side of the hill where game usually lies." CORRY. See Corrie. CORSBIE. CORSBY. Perhaps Cosby, CO. Leicester. See Cosby. CORSCOMBE. A parish in co. Dorset. CORSELLIS. Refugees from the Low Countries, who settled in Essex or Norfolk. A descendant became lord of the manor of Layer-Mamey, in Essex. CORSHAM." A parish in Wiltshire. CORSTOX. Places in cos. Somerset, Wilts, and Worcester. CORT. Probably the O. Xorse hortr, short. Ferguson. CORTIS. Courteous. See Curtis and Curteis. CORY. The same as Corrie. ^ CORYTOX. An estate in Lifton, co. Devon, possessed by the family as early at least as 12i2. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. COSBY. A parish and estate co. Lei- cester, said to have been the property of the family before the Conquest. C OSCAR. See Mac Oscar. COSGRO^T:. COSGRA^^. a parish in Northamptonshire. COSHAM. Probably the same as Cor- sham. COSSEXS. COSSIXS. See Cousins. COSSEXTIXE. A correspondent of N. & Q., X. 409. states, that more than thirty years ago he knew a small farmer of this name in Cornwall, as illiterate as men of his class usually are, and in straightened circumstances, wko notwithstanding was the '■ high lord " of a considerable estate in or near to the parish of St. Yeep, and exer- cised manorial rights over certain wood- lands there. This man's statement was, that his family " were formerly Emperors of Constantinople, that their name was Con- stantine, and that it had been softened into Co>-ing, the hour of the night. "On the first Ash-Wednesday after the accession of the House of Hanover, as the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II., sat down to supper, this officer abruptly entered the apartment, and according to establishetl usage proclaimed, in a sound resembling the shrill pipe of a cock, that it was ' past ten o'clock.' Taken bv surprise and imperfectly acquainted with the Englisii language, the astonished CRU prince naturally mistook the tremulation of the as- sumed crow as some mockery intended to insult him : nor was it without difficulty that the interpreter ex- plained the nature of the custom, and satislied him that a compliment was designed, according to the court etiquette of the time. From th:it i>erio3. The last however embraced Roman Catholicism, returned to his native country, and re- gained a portion of the confiscated estates. The present representative of this ancient and noble family in England, is Her Grace the Duchess of Eoxburghe. daughter of tlie late Lieut. Gen. Sir Charles D'Albiac, K.C.H., who was third in descent from James D'Al- biac of Nismes. DALBY. Parishes in cos. Lincoln, York, Leicester, &c. g^^DALE. A termination of local sur- names. It signifies, generally, a valley, and in the North more particularly a river valley, as Tradal from the Tyne, Annandale. from the Annan, Tisdale from the Tees, Esdaile from the Esk, Eedesdale from the Rede, &c. DALE. A valley. The medieval form was At Dale, softened afterwards to A"Dale, as often found in parish registers of the XVI. cent., and widely renowned through the ballad of Robin Hood and Allin a'Dale. In the H.R. we find De Dale, and De la Dale. DALGETY. A parish in co. Fife. DALGLEISH. Local in Scotland ? DALISOX. A supposed corruption of D'Alenyon, from the town in Normandy, and said to have been introduced at the Con- quest. Its older forms are Dalyson and Dal- lison. DALLAS. A parish in CO. Moray. The name is traced by Douglas to the year 1298, as De Dallas. Other ancient orthographies are De Doleys and DoUas. DALLAWAY. Daliwey occurs without prefix, in H.R. co. Lincoln. DALLIXG. A parish in X^orfolk. DALLIXGTOX. A parish in Sussex. DALLISOX". The extinct baronet's fa- mily are said to have descended from "William d'Alanzon (Alen9on) who came DAM into England with the Conqueror. Burke's Ext. Baronetage. See Dalison. DALLMaX. 1. Possibly Dale-man, an inhabitant of a valley. In Scotl. a " dale's- man." 2. The same as D"Almaine. DALMAIIOY. An estate in the shire of Edinburgh, whose owners of the same name were great barons in the XIII. cent. D'ALMAIXE. See Almaine. DALMAX. See Dallman. DALRY. A town and pai-ish in Ayr- shire. DALRY:MPLE. About the end of the thirteenth centurj' the lands of Dalrumpill or Dalrumpyl in Ayrshire belonged to the ancestors of the Earl of Stair, who as- sumed their surname from them. Gaelic etymologists derive the name of the place from. Bal-chrom-jjuil, "the meadow of, or by, the crooked pool." This renowned fa- mily, which has probably produced more eminent men than any other in Scotland. was not ennobled until the XVII. centur}% by the title of Viscount (afterwards Earl) of Stair. DALSTOX. Kanulph de Meschines, earl of Chester, temp. Will. Conq., gave Dalston in Cumberland to Robert, second brother of Hubert de Vaux, who derived his name from that manor, and founded the family. DALTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Lancaster, Northumberland, Durham, York, Dumfries, Lanark, kc. Dalton Hall, in the first named co.. had owners of its own name temp. Edw. III. From them sprang the Dalton s of Thumham. D.ILTREY. De Alta Ripa. See Haw- trey. DALWAY The Irish family migrated from Devonshire in 1373, under Walter, earl of Essex, B.L.G. DAL YELL. The same as DalzeU and Dalziel, which see. D.ALYXGRUGE. Sir Edward Da- Ipignige, the builder of Bodiam Castle, CO. Sussex, in the XIV. cent., was des- cended from a family who possessed Da- lyngruge, a manor near East Grinstead, now called Dallingridge. The name was variously written Dalj-ngrigg, Dalegrigg, Dalj-ngregge, &c. DALZIEL. D.ALZELL. Anciently writ- ten Dallyell, Daleel, Dalyiel, &c. From the barony of Dal-yeel (i.e. ' the beautiful meadow) on the river Clyde. The Earls of Camwath are the chiefs of the family. The often-quoted romantic story which as- signs another origin for the name (See Eng. Sum. ii. 8.) has neither historj-, ety- mology, nor common sense to support it. DAMARELL. The family descended from Robert de Albemarle, a great tenant in chief under William the Conqueror in Devonshire. Stoke Damarell and Milton M 81 DAN Damarell have hence their suffixes. Dy- sons" Devon. DA^klER. This name, as well as Da- mory, is said to have been derived from the Xorman fief of De la Mer, near the mouth of the Seine. DAMES. I. Perhaps the same as Ames with the local prefix D'. 2. Perhaps an old personal name. Dame without prefix is found in H.R. DAMORY. Said to be synonymous with Damer. DA^MPIER. Dampierre, a place near Dieppe, and another in the department of Ome, both in Normandy. DAMPRECOURT and DAMPRETI- COURT occur in Xorman times, but of their origin I am ignorant, except that they are French and local. DAMSOX. " Dame's son," but whether the son of Dame, apparently an old Chris- tian name, or '• filius domino," I know not. DAXBY, (i.e. the Dane's dwelling.) Parishes in Yorkshire. DAXCASTER. A corruption of Don- caster. DAXCE. Perhaps from A.-Sax. Dense, Danish. DAXCER. One skilled in the saltatory art. One Hervius le Dansur is foimd in the H.R. DAXCE Y. 1. A corruption of Dantsey, or Daimtse)-, a parish in Wiltshire. 2. Dance, a place in the department of Orne, in Xormandy. DAXD. DAX^DY. FamUiarly used in Scotland for Andrew. Pitcaim's Trials, Index. DAXDELYOX. Fr, Dentde lion, "lion's tooth ;■■ probably from the foiTaidable cha- racter of the first who bore it. So Cceur de Lion. Front de Bceuf, Sec. This family, of Xorman origin, were great proprietors in the Isle of Thanet. and became extinct about the beginning of Edw. IV. See Lewis's Isle of Tenet, 1723. D.ANT)0. L A corruption of D Anlo. Ashton Dando, a tything in the parish of Ashton, was formerly called Ashton DAnlo. Curios, of Bristol. 2. An O.-Cierm. per- sonal name. Several persons of this sur- name occur in H.R. DAXDY. See Dendy. One Dandi oc- curs in the H.R. of Lincolnshire as an ' under bailiflf, but whether that was his surname or his Christian appellation does not appear. DAXE occurs singly in Domesd., in the counties of Notts and Lincoln, as a personal name, like Norman, Frank, ice. : and Da- nus as a distinctive epithet or surname is added to the personal names Osmund, Si- mond, Strang, and Turchil to indicate their Danish birth or extraction. But //oyCCa*-^ .^ rtjta DAR I Dane is also a topographical expression, the meaning of wliich is not clear. In the H.R. we find both Atte Dane, and De la Dane. DANGER. D'Angers— from Angers, the capital of Anjou in France. DANGERFIELD. See Dangervllle. D' ANGER VILLE. Five places in Normandy still bear the name of Anger- ville. DANIEL. The baptismal name, very common as a surname, and the parent of Daniels, Dann, &c. DANIELS. See Daniel. DANN. See Daniel. DANSAYS. French Protestant refugees who settled at Eye, co. Sussex, in 1G85, im- mediately after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Holloway's Rye, 582. DANSEY. William Dauntesey held lands in Wiltshire temp. Henry III., and his son Richard D. held lands in that co. and in Hereford. Camden. See Dancey. DANTZIGER. A native of Dantzig, the capital of West Prussia, according to the Gei-man mode of adding ER to denote residence in a town. DANVERS. William Denvers, evidently one of the Conqueror's adherents, occurs in the Norfolk Domesd. ; and genealogists assert that a Roland D' An vers assisted at the Conquest. The name may be derived from the city of Antwerp, continentally written Anvers. DAPIFER. Qui dapes fert. Qui cibos mensc-e imponit. Literally, a bearer of dainties — a sewer ; in old times a principal officer in the households of kings and magnates. This was liorne as a second or official surname by several distinguished persons under the Norman kings, especially by the celebrated Eudo Dapifer of Domesd. He was fourth son of Hubert de Rie, and steward of the Conqueror's household. Kelham. DARBEY. See Darby. DARBISHIRE. See Counties. DARBY. A corruption of Derby. So Darbishire from Derbyshire. D'ARCY. DARCEY. Under William the Conqueror, Norman de Adreci, or Areci, was a tenant in chief in Lincoln- shire, which was the principal seat of the family during many generations, whence the earl of Holderness. Collins' Peerage. The name was gradually corrupted to its present form. The name Audresset, appa- rently the same, still exists in the Nonnan town of Louviers. DARELL. "William de Orrell, a gen- tleman of the north parts of Normandie, soe called of a castle and family of that countrie, (and soe by contraction the vowels E and are changed to A, by which Darell is pronounced for De Orell,) the which DAS came in with the Conqueror, being for hia good services done in the North. . . . en- dowed with the possessions of a Saxon called Etheldred of Broadsworth, an ari- cient seat twelve miles west of Yorke." Such is the statement attached to an old pedigree quoted in Burke's Comrnoners. The family were undoubtedly ancient at Sesay in Yorkshire, but there appears to be no dociunentary evidence for the aliove assertion; neither does any place in the north of Normandy bear the name of Or- rell. The Norman origin of the family, is, however, probable. DARKE or DARK. This name, which is not uncommon in the West of England, is probably identical with the De Arcis, of Domesday book. William d'Arques, or de Arcis, was lord of Folkestone, co. Kent, temp. William I., having settled in Eng- land after the Norman Conquest. His an- cestors were vicomtes of Arques, now a bourg and castle, four or five miles from Dieppe in Normandy. Stapleton on the barony of William of Arques, in Canter- bury Report of Brit. Archaeological Asso- ciation, p. 166. DARKIN. A corruption of Dorking, a town in Surrey, still so pronounced by the uneducated of the locality. DARKMAN. From complexion. DARLEY. A parish and a township in CO. Derby. DARLING ^Ifmar Dyrling, a noble youth, is mentioned in the Saxon Chro- nicle. Mr. Kemble says, " dyrling and cild, (darling and child) are terms used to de- note the young nobles of a house, perhaps exclusively the eldest son, in whom all ex- pectation rests." The difficulty is, to ac- count for such designations having become hereditary surnames. DARLINGTON. A town in co. Dur- ham. DARNALL. DARNELL. A chapelry in CO. York. DARNTON. The local pronunciation of Darlington. DARRINGTON. A parish in York- shire. DART. A river of Devonshire. DARTMOUTH. A town in Devon- shire. DARTON. A parish in Yorkshire. DARVELL. DARVILL. An estate near Battel, co. Sussex. DARWIN. Deorwynwas an A-Sax. fe- male name. Ferguson, p. 11)8. DASENT. See Decent. DASH. Possibly from De Ash, a local name. DASHWOOD. I cannot find any locality so called, but the name may have been originally De Ashwood, then D'Ashwood, DAV and finally Dasluvood. This would an- swer to the old latinization, L>e Fraxineto, a twelfth century surname, with which it is douhtless identical. DAUBENEY. The same as D'Albini. See Alhini De. D'AUBERXOX. The Abernon of Domesday sprang from the fief in Nor- mandy of that name, and was tenant in chief in co. Surrey, giving name to Stoke Daubemon. DAUBUZ. The first immigrant of this family into England was the Kev. Charles Daubuz. " He was a native of Guienne, but at twelve years of age was driven from his native country, with his only surviving parent, Julia Daubuz, by the religious per- secution of ir>8(). ... He died in 1717." Hunter's Hallamshire, page 175. DAUKES. Like Dawkes, a diminutive of David. DAUXE. Probably from Fr. mine, an alder tree. DAUNT. Said to be the same as the Dauntre of the so-called Battel Abbey Roll. B.L.G. DAVEXEY. The town and castle of Avene, near Louvaine in Flanders, were occupied by our King Edward I., and from that place the family proViably migrated to England. In 127'J we find John and Hugh de Aveney resident at Lakenheath and Wongford, co. Suflblk. At a later period the name in diiferent forms is found in the neighbouring counties of Norfolk and Cam- bridge. In the fifteenth century it under- went various corrujjtions, and was written Daubeney, Daubeny, Dewency, &c. Still later it got twisted out of all identity of form as l3ybnye. Debnej', Dibney, and even Obney. At length these ditierent spellings came to distinguish ditl'erent branches, until towards the middle of the last century, when the orthography prevalent in each was fixed and handed down, the knowledge of any former identity between such differ- ing names having been lost, except to such genealogical enquirers as Mr. H. Daveney, of Norwich, who has courteously supplied these particulars. Tlie Catton branch of the family appear to have preserved the old and correct orthography for more than three centuries back. DAVEXPORT. A township and estate in Cheshire, which gave name to a family remarkable for their fecundity, as witness the proverb. As many Davenpokt.s as dogs' tails. They claim descent in an unbroken line from one Ormus de Daven- port, who flourished in the time of the Conqueror. DAVES. See David. DAVEY. DAVIE DAVY. Three forms of David, which see. The first is the English, the second the Scottish, and the third the more prevalent Welsh ortho- graphy. 83 DAW DAVID. Thougii of ancient standing in Wales, this Christian name scarcely ap- ]K\irs in England liefoi-e the Conquest. Modified in various forms it has since pro- duced many family names, some of which are among the commonest in use, as Da- vids, Davidson, Davidgc — Davey, Davy, Davie — Davies, Davis, Daviss, Daves, Da- vison. From Daw, the nickname, come Dawe, Dawes, Daws, Dawson, Dawkes, Dawkins, Dawkinson, and from another form of the nickname, according to Cam- den, we get Day, Dayes, Dayson, and Dakin. DAVIDGE. See David. DAVIDS. DAVIDSOX. See David. DAVIES. See David. Owing to tlie commonness of the Welsh patronj-mical use of Davies, this name stands fifth in point of nunierousness in England and Wales, yielding priority only to Smith, Jones, Williams, and Taylor. In the XVI. Ann. Rep. of the Registrar Gen., the num- ber of Williamses registered within a given period was 21,93G, Taylors 10,77o, and Davises 14,983 ; but as Davis is to all in- tents and purposes identical with Davies, by adding in G20G Davises, this name num- bers 21,188 individuals, beating the Tay- lors out of the field, and well-nigh van- quishing the Williamses. In fact by taking in the Davisses and the Daveses, 1 believe the aggregate of the name would stand next after Smith and Jones for nunierous- ness. DAAT:S. DAVISS. See Davies and David. DAVISOX. See David. DAWBBR. The medieval name of a plasterer. Le Daubere. H.R. DAWE. DAAVES. DAWS. See David. In some cases the derivation may be from the O.-Fr. an-e, which Roquefort defines as a water, river, fountain, or pond ; and this notion is supported by the former mode of writing the name — D'Awes, which makes it the equivalent of De Aquis. DAWKES. DAWKIXS. See David. DAWXAY. The genealogists of Vis- count Downe's family set out with a state- ment that •• Sir Paine Dawnay, of Dawnay Castle in Normandy, came in with the Conqueror ;"' but this oft-hand account re- quires a little examination. In the first place, I do not see the surname in Domes- day, and secondly, though somewhat versed in the topography of Normandy, I cannot find ' Dawnay Castle' where the resjiectaMe knight had his residence. Yet substantial truth is probably conveyed in this spark- ling sentence. Daunay is doubtless D'Au- nai, and there are at least seven places called Aunai in Normandy, one of which, Aunai lAbbaye, in the arrondissement of Vire, was an ancient barony, and from thence probably the family came. At all events the D'Aunays were eminent in Cornwall in the fourteenth century. As a DAY 84 " Curiosity of Heraldry," I may note that the crest of the family is a Demi- Saracen, holding in one hand a lion's paw, and in the other a gold ring set with a sapphire. This cognizance originated, it is said, in manner following. Sir William D. was made a ' general' at Acre by King Coeur- de-Lion in 1192, for having killed, first a chief prince of the Saracens, and afterwards a mighty lion, whose paws he cut off and presented to Eichard. The king, delighted with the ' general's' exploit, took a ring from his royal finger and presented it to him ; and that sapphire ring is still in the possession of Lord Downe — tangible evidence of the truth of this circumstantial narration. DAWSON. See David. The late earl of Portarlington averred that it ought to be D'Ossoune 1 Arthur says there is a town in Normandy called Ossone, but the Itin, Norm, does not give it. DAY. 1. See David. 2. A tradition states that a follower of the Conqueror settled at Eye in Suffolk, and assumed therefrom the name of D'Eye or Deye. DATES. See David. DAYLABOURER. From the occupa- tion. DAYMAN A known corruption of Dinan. B.L.G. DAYRELL. This family who gave the suffix to Lillingston Dayrell, co. Bucks, which they have possessed from temp. Richard I., are of a common stock with the the Darells of Sesay, Calehill, &c. See Darell. DAYSON. See David. g^°DE. A French preposition prefixed to a surname to show that the bearer is owner of a certain estate or territory, as Jourdain de Saqvieville, William de Warren. This practice Vhich originated in France, and which still continues to some extent in that country, was one of the many importations of the Nor- man Conquest. Such followers of Wil- liam as had been noble before the Con- quest, generally retained their ancestral denominations after they acquired their lands in England, but their younger sons and others applied the DE to those estates which had been awarded to them as their portion of the conquered country, and styled themselves De Hastings, De Winton, De Bodiam, &c. This prefix continued in use till the fifteenth century when it was gradually laid aside. During the present century a few instances of the resumption of the DE have occurred, with the sanction of the royal sign-manual. In France at the present day it is regarded as a dis- tinctive mark of nobility, and though one not belonging to the "noblesse"' should bear it by courtesy, it would not be conceded to him in any legal instru- ment. He would be disparagingly des- cribed as "Bernardin Sauville, com- DEA nuincment appeJM Bernardin dc Sau- ville," or the like. Many families have borrowed surnames from places of which they were never proprietors, but in medieval documents the DE is gene- rally pretty good evidence that either the person himself or some ancestor owned the lands from which his name was derived. The French DE must not be con- founded with the Dutch DE, which is an article equivalent to our the and the French le. The latter occurs in a few family names naturalized here and in America. DEACON. The ecclesiastical office. Walter the Deacon was at the compilation of Domesday a tenant in chief in the coun- ties of Gloucester and Essex. DEADLY. See Deadman. DEADMAN. a known corruption of Debenham. In Sussex it is further cor- rupted to Deadly ! DEAKIN. The same as Dakin. DEAL. The town in Kent. Sometimes a corruption of Dale. DEALCHAMBER. A corruption of De la Chambre. DEALTRY. See Hawtrey. DEAN. DEANE. A-Sax. denn, a vale or plain. Atte Dene is the conmion form in old times, implying residence at such a place. There are, however, eighteen pa- rishes or places called Dean in the Gazet- teer of Engl., and Dene occurs in Domesd. as a personal appellation. DEANS, A village district of Lanark- shire. DEAR. 1. Appears to be synonymous with the Fr. family name Cher, the Latin Cams, &c. 2. Deor occurs in the Codex Exoniensis as a personal name. It is doubtless derived from the deer, so spelt in A-Sax. DEARDEN. Evidently local, perhaps from a place so called near Edenfield in Bury, CO. Lancaster. " The ancient and modern pronunciation of the name by the natives of Lancashire is Du-er-den," which Cowell, with fanciful ingenuity, interprets " a thicket of wood in a valley." See B.L.G. The Deardens of Eoehdale Manor claim descent from Elias de Duerden, temp. Hen. VI., but so early as the thir- teenth century the name of Durden, Dur- dent, or Duredent is variously applied to a certain knight who may have been a pro- genitor of the family. DEARING. See Dering. DEARLING. See Darling. DEARLOVE. 1. Possibly local— from deer, the animal, and hnr, a hill. 2. The old Germanic personal name Deorlaf. DEARMAN. 1. An A. Sax. personal name. In Domesday Dereman and Der- man. 2. A keeper of deer. DEE DEARY. " Tliere was a Diora, bishop of Rocliester, whose name must have been an epithet of atfection."' Ferguson. DBASE. " Of Milesian origin." B.L.G. But as the oldest individual of the family of Dees or Dease adduced, lived no longer since than the days of Henry VII., wo must take this statement at its fair value. DEATH. " Death" was a common cha- racter in the medieval mysteries or miracle plays : but this surname is probably de- rived from a local source. Aeth is a place in Flanders, and the family of Death or D'Aeth of Knowlton, baronets, are asserted to have come from that localitj*. See Burke's Ext. Baronetage. DE BATHE. Hugo de Bathe is said to have accompanied Strongljow into Ireland in 11 7('.. The surname was probably de- rived from the city of Bath. DEBEXHA:\I. DEBXAM. Atowniu Suffolk. DE BLAQUIERE. John Blaquiere, Esq., settled in England after the Revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes, 168.5, and his son, Sir John B., was created Baron de Blaquiere in the peerage of Ireland. The chief branch of the family had been long seated at Sorraye, in Limousin, and had ranked among "the noblesse of France for more than five hundred jears. Previously to the expatriation, the immediate ancestrj- of Mr. John B. resided at Loreze in Lan- guedoc. Courthope"s Debrett. DEBOXXAIRE. Fr. Meek, gentle, good-natured. Settled in England after the Rev. of the Edict, of Xantes ; descend- ants of John Debonnaire, of St. Quentin — now represented by Wm. Debonnaire Hag- gard. Esq.. F.S.A. There was, however, a much earlier importation of the name into England, for I find in the H.R. the name of one Philip Debeneyre. DE BURGH. The :Marquis Clanricarde deduces his descent from Charles, oth son of the Emperor Charlemagne, who was the common ancestor of the counts of Blois, the kings of Jerusalem, the great baronial De Burghs of England, the Burkes of Ire- land, and a number of other ancient fami- lies. The surname is said to have been assumed bv John, earl of Comyn, in the XI. cent. DECEXT. Probably from the becoming demeanourof the first owner of the surname. Dasent may be a corruption. DECKER. Dutch, dekher, one who covers roofs with tile, slate, or thatch. DE CRESPIGXY. "This family is originally of Normandy, where Maheus Champion was lord of Crespigny about l.S.JO."' Courthope"s Debrett. DEE. Well-known rivers in Cheshire and Aberdeenshire. DEEBLE. Perhaps one of the numerous corruptions of Theobald. 8.5 DEL DEEKER. Perhaps a corruption of Dacre. DEER. DEERE. Sometimes, doubtless, from the animal, like Buck, Hart, Stagg, SiC. : but it is also a local name from two parishes. Old and New Deer, in Aberdeen- shire. DEGORY. See Digory. DE HORXE. The ancestors of the De Homes, of Stanway Hall, were exiled from Holland for their Protestantism temp. Elizabeth. Oliver De Home, of Nieuw- Kirke, near Ipres, settled at Norwich temp. .James I. B.L.O. DEIGHTOX. A parish and places in co. York. 6^^ DEL. A Norm. Fr. prefix to many medieval surnames, signifying " of the " as Del Dykes, Del Claye, Del Ho. kc. ^^ DE LA. Fr. " of the." This prefix is found vnth manj- medieval surnames. It does not necessarily imply the French extraction of the bearer, for many of the names are purely English : e. g. De la Broke. De la Bun', De la Cumbe. De la Dale, De la Field", De la Forde, ' De la Fenne, De la Grene, De la Halle, De la Hoke, De laLaue. De la Pleystowe, De la Stone, and vei-y many others occiuring in medieval records. DE LA BECHE. (Probably Beke— see that name.) Nicholas De la Beche, of Aldworth, co. Bucks, was a baron by writ summoned to parliament 16. Edw. III,. 1342. DELACHA:MBRE. See Chambre, de la. DE LA CHEROIS. At the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, 1685, three brothers of this ancient and noble French family fled into Holland, and were received into one of the Huguenot regiments raised by the Prince of Orange. They accompanied that per- sonage to England at the Revolution, and eventually settled in Ireland. The family came originally from Cheroz or Cherois, in the proAince of Champagne. B.L.G. DE LA COXDAMIXT:. This ancient and noble family, distinguished through many generations for their military and literary abilities, were long settled in Lan- guedoc, and a branch were recently resident at Metz. The English branch derive from Andre de la Condamine. co-seigneur de Serves, bom in 166.5. This gentleman, who was the head of the family, professed the Protestant faith and took refuge from per- secution in this country about the year 1714, with his lady, .Jeanne Agerre, ' fille de noble Pierre Agerre de Fons,' and six of their children. The eldest son, Pierre, re- turned to his native country and to the ancient foith. Heavy misfortunes befel him ; he lost a portion of his property by the great earthquake of Lisbon, and the re- mainder by a fire at Paris. The De la Con- damines of Guemsey and England are descended from Jean Jacques, the fourth son of Andre. About the period of the DEM s Eevolution of 1789, the family conceiving a horror of every thing French disused the Be la, which however they have of late years resumed. The origin of this surname is very curious. The family were, as we have seen, co-seigneurs of Serves and as such the head of the house wrote himself Conclominm {ox '' pmi lord") which by a slight orthographical change became De la Condamine, and settled down into an heredi- tary surname. It is right however to add, that a junior branch have always main- tained " que son nom venait de Campus Domini, le champ du maitre, ou le cha,mp seigneurial, et dans 1' ancien lanquedocien, on apellait du nom de Condamine, le champ ourenclos attenant au chateau du seigneur." (the field or enclosure belonging to the lord's castle.) Nobiliare Universel de France, Paris, 1819, vol. xvi. p. 447. DE LA MER. See Daraory. DELAMOTTE. See Motte. DELANY. The Irish patronymical O'Dulaine has been thus gallicised. DELAP. A known corruption of Dun- lop, which see. DE LA POLE. See Pole. DELARUE. Fr. " Of the street." DEL AUNE. Fr. de I mine, " Of the elder tree," congenerous with Oak, Ash, &c. Ig^DB LE. This prefix is found with a few medieval surnames, as De le Berne, De le Hil, De le Clif. It is, of course, the equivalent of the modern Fr. (hi, "of the." See De la. DELFOSSE. Fr. De la Fosse. "Of the Ditch." See Foss. DE L'ISLE. See Lisle. DELL. A little dale or valley. From residence in one. DELLER. One who resided in a dell. See termination ER. DELLOW. Fr. De TEau. The same as Waters. DELMAR. Fr. De la Mer. " Of the Sea." DELORME. Fr. DeVOrme. The same as Elms. DELVE. DELVES. De Delve occurs in H.R. indicating the local origin of the name. I do not find the place. The A- Sax. delf, da-lf, means a digging, and the name may be cognate Avith Ditch, Foss, &c. DEMON. This name is found in the IGth Report of the Registrar-General. I have not met with it elsewhere. It may, perhaps, have descended from medieval times, and from some one who played the devil in a miracle play. A more probable origin, however, is from the northern dec, day, and won, man ; day-man, a man who works by the day ; or from the Fr. Du Mont. DE MONTMORENCY. The family derive from Geoffrey of Montmorenci, a DEN younger son of Hervc de Montmorenci, grand butler of France, whose elder son was ancestor of the great Dukes de Mont- morency, of Luxembourg, of Beaumont, and Laval. Geoffrey's descendants had large possessions in England and Ireland, in which latter country they eventually settled. In the XV. century they assumed the name of Morres, but the ancient and distinguished patronjonic was resumed by the third Viscount Montmorency, who suc- ceeded to the title in 175(3. DEMPSTER. A judge ; the officer of a court who pronounces doom. A- Sax. deman, to judge. Jamieson. The Isle of Man is divided into two districts, over each of which a deemster still presides. Before the Union, there was an officer in the Scottish senate called the Dempster of Parliament, pro- bably corresponding with the English " Speaker." This office was hereditary in the ancient family -of Dempster of Auchter- less, and hence their surname. In the old M.S. poem called Cursor Mundi, quoted by Halliwell, we read : — " Ayoth was thenne demester Of Israel foure-score yeer." ^^DEN. A local termination, frequently oc- curring in the Weald of Kent and Sussex. It is synonymous with dean, a valley ; but in this district it has the peculiar signifi- cation of "a woody valley, or place yield- ing both covert and feeding for cattle, especially swine." Somner's Roman Ports in Kent, p. 108. The right of pan- nage, or hog-feeding, in this woody tract — the Sylva Anderida of anterior times — is called in Saxon charters Denhera. Somner. Dr. Bosworth defines denhoere as " wood-liearing, woody , yielding mast. " In a charter of the year 804, Kenwulf, King of Mercia, and Cuthred, King of Kent, gave to the Monks of St. Augustine " xiij denberende on Andred," which a chronicler subsequently rendered, "xiij dennas glandes portantes — 13 Bens yielding acorns or mast in the forest of Andred." The following list con- tains such surnames with this termi- nation as appear to me to belong exclu- sively to the Wealden district of Kent, Sussex, and Sun-ey. Ashenden. Ballden, Barnden, Blechenden, Bod- denden, Brickenden, Blunden, Boulden, Brigden, Brissenden, Barden, Brogden. Conden, Cobden, Chittenden, Couden, Cruttenden, Crunden, Chapden, Carden. Everuden. Fishenden, Fowden, Farnden. Gosden, Godden, Gadsden, Goulden. Hepden, Haffenden, Horsmonden, Hasden, Harenden, Hendcn, Hensden, Haiselden, Hearnden, Hesden, Hosden, Holden, Hoverden, Hoveuden, Holm- den, Hayden, Hobden, Harden, Horden. Igglesden, Iden, Iddenden. Jenden. Lumsden, Lechenden, Lovendcn, Lowden. DEN 87 Maplesden, Mayden, Marsden. Newenden, Norden. Ockenden, Oxenden, Ovendeu, Ogden, Oden (0 Plurenden, Polesden, Pagdcn, Pittles- den, Pattenden, Picklesden. Quittenden. Rigden, Ramsden, Rayden. Singden, Sinden, Surrenden, Shattev- den, Staaden, Sladden, South erden, Sugden. Tnppenden, Twissenden, Teuterden, Tildeu, Twj-sden. Uden. Varden. Whelden, Witherden, Wickenden, Wisden, Wetherden. Yalden. DEXBIGH. Probably from Denby, a parish in co. Derby, rather than from the Welsh town. DEXCE. See Dench. DEXCH. Denshe and Dench are me- dieval forms of Danish. A-Sax. Dcnisc. DEXDY. The fomily tradition is, that the name was originally D'Awnay, or Da\vndy. In the sixteenth century it was written Dendye, and from that time the chief habitat of the family has been the borders of Surrey and Sussex. In the pa- rish register of Newdigate, co. Surrey, I have observed the spellings Dandle, Dandy, Dendy. See Dawnay. DEXHAM. Parishes in cos. Suffolk and Bucks. DEXIAL. " Martha Denial, widow, set. 7.5, was buried in Eccleslield churchyard, 3rd Feb. 1851. Her husband, Joseph De- nial, told the parish clerk that his grand- father was found when an infant deserted in a church-porch, and that he was sur- named Denial as one whom all dcnij, and was christened Daniel, which is composed of the same letters. This is the tradition of the origin of a surname now common in this parish." Notes and Queries, III., p. 323. DEXIS. See Dennis. DEXISOX. DEXXISOX. The son of Denis. See, however, Dennistoun. DENMAX. See the termination, den and MAX. Tlie form in H.R. is Ate Dene. A dweller in a dene or ' den' would be called a Denman or a Denyer. The writer of the article on Surnames in Edinb. Rev. April, 185.5, thinks the original Denman was a swineherd. DEXMARK. From the country. DEXXE. An ancient Kentish family deduced from Robert de Dene, butler (p'mcerna) to Edw. the Confessor. He is said to have been a Norman, though the surname is English, and is doubtless de- rived from West Dean, co. Sussex. Sussex Ai-ch. Coll. V. 157. DER DEXXETT. 1. A diminutive of Denis. 2. There is an unsupjjortetl tradition in the Sussex family that the name was originally At Denne, or Dean, and that by a syllabic transposition it became Den-At or Dennett. DEXXIXGTOX. A parish in Suffolk. DEXXIS. DEXIS. A baptismal name : the patron saint of France. Sometimes, however, as Ferguson observes, it may be from tlie A.-Sax. Dcnisca, Danish, and tliis is confirmed bv the Le Deneys of the H.n. DEXXISTOUX. The Dennistouns"of . that Ilk," have an extraordinary way of accounting for their surname. One Dan- ziel, or Daniel, (say they) probably of Nor- man extraction, settled in Renfrewshire, and calling the estate Danzielstoun, as- sumed therefrom his surname ! The family are uncjuestionably ancient, the name ap- pearing in a charter of king Malcolm IV., who died in 11(55, but the Nonnau Danziel is probably a genealogical figment. The English Denisons are said to have sprung from a cadet of this ancient bouse, who went from Scotland temp. Charles I., and fought at Marston Moor. B.L.G. DEXXY. DEXXEY. Denis— the bap- tismal name. Some families so called are kno^\Ti to have settled here from France after the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, 1085. DEXSILL. DEXZIL. An estate in Mawgan, co. Cornwall, which was possessed by the family down to the sixteenth cent., when one of the heirs female married Hollis. DEXSTOX. Places In cos. Stafford and Suftblk. DEXT. A township and chapelry in Yorkshire, and a place in Northumber- land. DEXTOX. Parishes In cos. Durham, Hunts. Kent, Lancaster, Lincoln, Norfolk, Oxon, Northampt., Sussex, York, and Nor- thumberland. DEXYER. See Denman. DE PUTROX. The village or contree de Putron, of which the family were an- ciently lords, is in Guernsey, but there is good authority in the heraldic archives of Paris for the De Putrons having ranked among the nobility of Normandy in the thirteenth century. They seem to have been resident near Falaise. De Puytren, well known as the name of the eminent French surgeon, has been supposed to be identical. DERBY. The town. DERICK. DERRICK. A contraction of Theodoric. Ainsworth. DERIXG. The source of this ancient family, (whence the affix of Surenden- Dering, co. Kent,) appears to be from that of De Morinis, who probably originated in the territory of the Morini in the N.E. of France. One of the early members, De- DEV 8 ringus de M.. seems to have stamped his baptismal appellative upon his descendants as a surname in the twelfth century. See Hasted's Kent ; but it is to be remarked that there was in that county prior to Domesday a tenant who bore the name of Derinc tilius Sired. DE RIXZY. The estate of Clobemon, CO. Wexford, was granted by Charles I. to Sir Matthew de Eenzy, a native of Cullen in Germany, and a descendant of George Castriota. the famous Scanderbeg. The family still possess Clobemon Hall. B.L.G. DER:\I0TT. See Diarmuid. DERX. DERXE. A solitary place. A.-Sax. dierna. DERRICK. A Flemish Christian name. See Derick. DESCHA^ilPS. (X^ow Chamier). Fr. Protestant refugees from Bergerac in Pe- rigord. DESPAIR. " Richard Despair, a poor man buried." Par. Reg., East Grinstead, Sussex, 17i'6. Probably a corruption of the French family name Despard. DESPEXCER. DESPEXSER. See Spencer or Spenser. DE ST. CROIX. Many places in France and particularly in Xormandvare dedicated to the Holv Cross. The English family left Normandv at the Eev. of the Edict of Nantes, and settled in the island of Jersey from whence they have subsequently trans- ferred themselves to this country. Since their settlement in Eneland.the famUy have tinifornilv omitted the E tinal of Sainte, contrarj' to grammar— apparently for the purpose of making the name more intelUffible to the English eye. DE TEISSIER. A member of the noble Italian family Teisseri of Xice, settled in Languedoc. and his descendants became Barons of France. Lewis. Baron de Teis- sier, settled in England in the last century, but the title of baron was disused until 1819. when, at the desire of Louis XVIII. and with the consent of the Prince Regent, it was resumed by .James de Teissier, the representative of the family. DETHICK. An estate in Derbyshire, now Dethwick, which was possessed by the family temp. Hen. III. DEUCE. In various dialects this is one of the many aliases of the Devil. The name (which may be found in the Kjth Report of the Registrar General) is more lirobably a corruption of D'Ewes, which see. DEUCHAR. An ancient parish in co. Selkirk. DEYALL. See DevoU. DEYEXISH. The family first appear as genti-v in co. Sussex about the year 1399. The name, clearly indicative of a Devonshire origin, is cognate Avith Kentish, Cornish, ice. the Irish branch, who trans- ferred themselves to the sister island in the reign of Henry Till., have a tradition DEW that it is corrupted from a Saxon root sig- nifying •' deep waters," and that their original patronymic was Sutton : but there is no evidence of the truth of either state- ment. Le Deveneys. Deveneys, and De- venist are found in H.R., and there is an Isabella la Deveneis. DEVERELL. In most cases the same as Devereux. There are, however, English localities called Devereli and DeverhiU in cos. Dorset and Wilts. DE"^T:REUX. "Of this family, which had its surname from Eatcux. a town in Normandy, and came into England with the Conqueror, there were divers genera- tions in England before they became barons of the realm." Banks. Bar. i. 287. DEVEY. I have no doubt of the local origin of this name, though Ferguson con- siders it a diminutive of " dove." DEATL. This surname occurs in many languages; but the only instance of it which I recollect in England is that of the monk, Willelmus cognomento Diabolus. See Eng. Sum. i., 223. The French De Ville, naturalized amongst us, has often been misunderstood to be the sj-nonjnn of Satan, and various vowel changes have been made by the bearers of it to avoid this very olijeetionable notion. Hence it is commonly ^vritten DivaU, Divoll. Devall, &c., while in records Devol, Devile, Dep'il, &c., are foimd. DEYOLL. Xotwithstanding my expla- nation of Devil by De Ville. Mr. Ferguson deduces the pedigree of DevoU. Devall. kc, direct from Satan, which is, methinks, giving the devil more than his due. By way of salvo, however, Mr. Ferguson admits that they may possibly be diminu- tives of " dove 1" DEYOX. Perhaps from Devonshire ; but it mav be from the river Devon in the cos. of Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan. DEYOXPORT. Must be a corruption of Davenport, for the large suburb of Ply- mouth now so called has only borne that designation a few years. DEYOXSIIIRE. From the county. DEW. Probably from Eu inXormandy, commonly called la Ville d'Eu. DEWAR. A hamlet in the parish of Heriot Edinburghshire. The patriarch of the family is said to have received the lands of Dewar in reward for his having slain a formidable wolf. Gaz. of Scotland. DEWDXEY. See Doudney. D"EWES. "Sir Simonds was grand- child unto Adrian D'cwes. descended of the ancient stem of Des Ewes [des Eaux. the SATionjan of our English Watci-.-i] djTiasts or lords of the dition of Kessel in the duchy of Gelderland, who eame first thence when that province was wasted with civil war. in the beginning of king Henry the Eighth." Fuller's Worthies iii. 195. DEWEY. Walter de Dounai was a great i Die i baron and lord of Bampton and Were, under William the Conqueror. In Domesd. he occurs as a tenant in capite in the coun- ties of Devon. Wilts. Dorset, and Somerset. He is sometimes called Walscinus. It is probable that he came from Douay in France. DE WIXTOX. Robert de Wintona, or de Wincestria, (doubtless a native of Win- chester) went into Glamorganshire with Eobert Fitzhamon. soon after the Conquest, and built the castle of Lanquiau. near Cow- bridge. His descendants continued to use those names for many generations, but at length their place was usurped by the bye- name (for it can hardly be a corruption) Wylcolyna or Wylklyn. and this was at length further degraded into Wilkins. Thus it remains with many of the ex- isting branches, though others have by royal authority resumed the ancient desig- nation of De Winton. DEWSBURY. A town in Yorkshire. DEXTER. Possibly from Lat. dexter, in the sense of lucky, fortunate — the anti- thesis of .*/«/.s'f<';'; but more likely a con- traction of De Exeter, from the chief town of Devonshire. DEYXCOURT. Walter de Aincurth or D"Eyncourt came over with William the Conqueror, and received from him several lordships in the shires of Northampton, Derby, Xottingham. York, and Lincoln, in which last Blankney became his caput baroniie. Kelhams i3omesd. DIAL. A corruption of Doyle. DIAMOXD. In the parish register of Brenchlej'. co. Kent, there is an entry to the effect that, in 1612 — 'John Diamond, son of John du Mont the Frenchman, was baptized.' The elder Du 3Iont was a Kentish iron-master, who had settled in that countv from France. Inf. H.W. Diamond. M.D., F.S.A. DLA.RMUID. An ancient Irish personal name, anglicized to Dermott, Darby, and even to Jeremiah. Fist. Joum. Archaeol., Xo. 2. DIBBLE. Perhaps the same as Tipple, Theobald. DIBDIX. Dibden, a parish in Hamp- shire. DICEY. Probably local— though Fer- guson thinks it may be 0. Germ., Disi or Disa. from Goth, deis, wise. DICK. See Richard. DICKEXS. The same as Digons, which see. DICKER. A district in Sussex, formerly an extensive waste. Ate Dykere occurs temp. Edw. III. among the Barons of the Cinque Ports, and le Dykere some years earlier, in the same county. DICKESOX. See Richard. DICKIXS. See Digons and Richard. DTL DICKISOX. See Richard. DICKiLA.X. I. From residence near a dyke, or possibly a constructor of dykes, locally called dicks. 2. The same as Dyke- man. DICKS. See Richard. DICKSEE. The same as Dixie. DICKSOX. See Richard. DIDSBURY. A chapelry of Manchester. DIGBY. A parish in Lincolnshire. The noble family are of great antiquity in co. ■Warwick. DIGG. See Digory. DIGGEXS. See Digons. DIGGERY. Degory, a personal name. DIGGES. The same as Dicks. See Eichard. DIGGIXS. DIGGIXSOX. See Digons. DIGHTOX^ See Deighton. DIGOXS. Diquon or Digon is an early 'nursename' of Richard. One of the mes- sengers of Eleanor, countess of Montfort, in 1265, was called Diquon. Blaauw's Barons' War. In the " Hundred Merry Tales" there is an anecdote of a rustic from the Xorth of England, who. as Richard III. was reviewing some troops near London, stepped out of the ranks and clapping the monarch upon the shoulder, said: "Diccon, Diccon ! by the mis ays blith that thaust kyng !" (Dick, Dick '. by the mass I'm glad you are king!) Xor must we forget the Shakspearean — " Jocky of Xorfolk be not too bold ; For Dickon thy master is bought and sold." King Richard III., Act. 5, Sc. 3. Dickens is the more usual form of this name. It may be remarked that the word '•Dickins"' used as a nickname of Satan has a different origin, being a contraction of the diminutive Dei-ilTiins. DIGORY. DEGORY. The personal name, whence probably the modifications Digg, Digges, Diggins. Digginson ; though these may perhaps be from Dick and Eichard. DIKE. See Dyke. DILGER. SeeDUke. Dilker. H.R. DILKE. Presumed to be Danish, as it is chiefly found in the Danish counties from temp. Edw. I. According to Forste- mann.theroot of Dill, Dilley. Dillow, Dillte, Dilger {ger. spear), and Dillimore {mar, illustrious) is the old High Germ, t'den. to overthrow. Corresponding Old German names are Dilli, Tilli. Tillemlr, and modem German Dill and Till. Ferguson, p. 380. A Xicolaus Dilkes occurs in the H.R. of Cambridgeshire. DILL. See Dilke. There is, however, a hundred so called in Sussex. Dill with- out prefix is found in H.E. DILLER. " To dill" is a Xorthernism meaning to finish, and both this name and DIP 90 Dillman may have been derived from some handicraft. DILLEY. See Dilke. DILLIMORE. See Dilke. DILLMAN. See DiUer. DILLON. The common ancestor of the noble Dillons of Ireland was Henry Dillon, who settled in that country in the year 1185. King John, while Earl of Mortain, gave him immense tracts of land about Drumrany, which were afterwards collec- tively known as Dillon's country. See Geneal. Hist, of the Fam. of Brabazon, p. 17. Nothing seems to be known of the ancestors of this personage or of the origin of the name. DILLOW. See Dilke. DILLWYN. A parish in Herefordshire. DIMBLEBY. A corruption of Thimble- by, places in cos. York and Lincoln. DIMIVIACK. See Dymock. DIMMOCK. See Dymock. DIMOND. See Diamond. DIMSDALE. Probably Dinsdale, a pa- rish in Durham, and a township in York- shire. DINAN. A town in Brittany, whose viscounts, dating from the end of the tenth century, became ancestors of several noble houses in France, and of Foulke de Dinan, a baron by tenure under the Con- queror. His posterity were barons by writ from 1295 to 1509. The name has been wonderfully corrupted, having gone through the following changes: Dinan, Dinant, Dynaunt, Dynham, Dymant, Dei- mond, Dyamond, Deyman, and Dayman. DINE. DINES. See Dyne. DINGLE. "A narrow valley between two hills." Bailey. DINGLEY. A parish in Northampton- shire. DINGWALL. A parish and royal burgh in Ross-shire. DINHAM. A hamlet in Monmouth- shire. DINMORE. A district connected with the parish of Clun-Gunford, co. Salop. DINSDALE, A parish co. Durham, and a township co. Yorlv. DIPLOCIv. A corruption of Duplock. DIPNALL. Dippenhall, a tything in the parish of Crondale in Hampshire. DIPPERY. Fr. Du Pre, 'Of the Meadow.' D'Ypres — from Ypres in Flan- ders, has however been suggested to me. DIPPLE. An ancient parish now com- prehended by that of Speymouth, in Moray- shire. DIPROSE. A corruption of De Preaux. There are in Normandy seven places called DIX Preaux, two of which are St. Michel de Preaux and Notre-Dame de Preaux. DIRK. DIRCKS. Corruptions of Derick. DISHER. A maker of bowls or dishes. It is used in a feminine form as Dyssheres in Piers Plowman. DISNEY. " Disney, alias De Iseney, he dwelleth at Diseney, and of his name and line be gentilmen of Fraunce," says Leland, speaking of Norton-Disney, co. Lincoln. The surname appears in the various lists called the Roll of Battel Abbey, and the family came, it would appear, from Isigni, near Bayeux, a small town, famous at pre- sent for its butter. DITCH. From residence in or near the ditch of a fortified town, like the French De la Fosse. Its forms in the H.R. are De Fossa, De la Fosse, &c., and there is one unlucky wight called " Absolon in le Dyche." DITCHBURN. A township in Nor- thumberland. DITCHER. The occupation. Fossator. H.R. DITCIILING. A parish in Sussex. DITCHMAN. Probably the same as Dickman. DITTON. Parishes in cos. Kent, Lan- caster, Cambridge, Surrey, Salop, &c. DIVENNY. DIVIN. See O'Divny. DIVER. I. Possibly from expertness in diving. 2. A river in Wiltshire. DIVERS. Apparently a French local name, the D of De coalescing. DIVES. Probably a corruption of Dive. Uxor Boselini de Dive was a tenant in capite under William the Conqueror, co. Cambridge. Kelham's Domesd. There is a village so called in the department of Calvados in Normandy. De Dyve, Le Dyve. H.R. DIVIE. A romantic river in Moray- shire. DIVINE. Probably formed like Divers above. DIVOLL. See Devil and Devoll. DIX. See Richard. DIXEY. See Dixie. DIXIE. According to Wootton's Bar- onetage the family are descended from Wolstan, earl of Ellenden (now called Wilton) who married the sister of Egbert, the first monarch of all England ; and there are other traditions of their immense anti- quity. The fm?)^ is probably not very an- cient, and the heralds' Visitations only commence the pedigree with Wolstan Dixie who flourished about the time of Edw. III. DIXON is Dick's son, that is Richard's son. " In Scotland it has been variously written at different periods, as Dicson, Dyk- DOD 91 DOL son, Dikson, Diksoun, Diksoune, Dixson, and Dickson. They are descended from one Richard Keith, said to be a son of the family of Keith, earls-marshal of Scotland, and in proof thereof they carrj' in their arms the chief of Keith Mareschal. Tlais Eichard was commonly called Dick, and his sons, with the carelessness of that age, were styled " Dickson." It is probable that he was the son of the great Marshal, Hervey de Keth, (ob. 1249,) by his wife Margaret, daughter of William, third lord Douglas." Dixon on Surnames. Boston, U. S.. 1857. The Irish Dixons came from Scotland, in a clan, in the reign of Henry YIII. In 1G17, if not earlier, they bore the arms of the English Dixons, which goes far to prove community of origin for the Dixons, Dicksons, xc.,"^ of the three king- doms. The oldest spelling in Ireland is Dykesone. Inf. Sir Erasmus Dixon Bor- rowes, Bart. The great baron of Malpas, CO. Chester, William Belward, had two sons, Da^id and Richard. The latter"s third son, Richard, surnamed Little, on ac- count of his diminutive size, had two sons, the younger of whom was John, who re- ceived the surname of Richardson (Filius Ricardi) from his father's Christian name. It has been conjectured that some of the Dixons of the Xorth of England, who trace their pedigree to the county of Chester, may be descendants of that John Richard- son, alias Dick's son. DOBB. DOBBS. See Robert. DOBBIX. DOBBIXS. See Robert. DOBBY. DOBBIE. See Robert. DOBELL. Perhaps originally from the Roman personal name, Dolabella. The (/^ French have always been fond of adopting classical names, and this occurs as a sur- name in Normandy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in the form of Dolbell. In 121t(), however, it is found in Sussex as De Dobel, implying a local origin, and in the sixteenth century the family ranked with the gentrv of that county, bearing the canting arms of a Doe between three Bells. DOBIXSOX. The son of Dobin or Robert. DOBLE. The same as Dobell, which is commonly pronounced Double. DOBREE. Probably D'Aubri. The Itin. Norm, shows two places so called, viz. Aubri-en-Exmes, and Aubri-le-Pan- thon, both in the arrondissement of Ar- gentan in Normandy. DOBSOX. See Robert. DOCKER. A township in Westmore- land. DOCKING. A parish in Norfolk. DOD. The Dods of Edge claim from Hova, son of Cadwgan Dot. He about the time of Henr}' II. married the heiress of the lord of Edge. co. Chester, who is pre- sumed to have been the son of Edwin, a Saxon thane, who was allowed to retain his lands after the Conquest. Ormerod, (Hist. Cheshire), adduces arguments in fa- vour of Cadwgan Dofs having been des- cended from a Saxon called Dot, who, at the Conquest, had been expelled from the lands in Cheshire which he had held jointly with that very thane Edwin. Dod of Edge, and their cadet Dod, of Cloverley, rank amongst the most ancient territorial families in the kingdom. DODD. DODDS. Doda, an A -Sax. personal name, whence Dodds, Dodson, &c. Its forms in the H.R. are Dod and Dodde, and in Domesd. Doda, Dode, and Dodo. DODDRIDGE. Evidently local, but I know not the place. De Doderig, H.R., co. Devon. DODGE. A corruption of Dodds, the genitive of Doda. See Dodd. DODGSOX. The same as Dodson. DODMAN. A class of men called Do- domanni appear in the Exon Domesday, and afterwards as Dodemanand Deudeman. The word awaits explanation. See Dud- man. Several De Dodmanstones occur in H.R. DODSOX. The son of Doda. Alwinus Dodesone occurs in Domesday as a tenant in chief, Hertfordshire, 142. He was doubtless of Saxon blood. DODSWORTH. Dodworth, a township in Yorkshire. DOE. From the animal, like Hart, Buck, Roe, &;c. Those mythical ' parties' to so many legal proceedings, " JOH^- Doe and Richard Roe,"' are evidently of fo- rest extraction, and point to the days when forest laws prevailed and venison was a sa- cred thing. In H.R. there is a John le Doe. DOGGETT. An old London name, probably corrupted from Dowgate, one of the Roman gateways of the city. Ferguson makes it a diminutive of the Icelandic doggr, and the English dog, but no such diminu- tive is found. DOHERTY or ODOHERTY. " The surname is derived from Dochartach, lord and prince of Inishowen, co. Donegal," a direct descendant of " Cean Faola, prince of Tire Connell, now the county of Donegal, and 12th in descent from Conal Gulban, 7th son of Niall of the Nine Hostages," from whom so many of the ancient Irish families are descended. B.L.G. D0LA:SI0RE. The termination shows its local origin, though I find no place so designated. Ferguson, however, deduces it from O. Norse dlill, a woman, and mar, illustrious. DOLBEX. " The name is presumed to be taken from Uol-Iien-lslaieTi, a place be- tween Caernarvon and Pemnorfa." Court- hope's Debrett's Baronetage. If it be so, this is one of the extremely few local sur- names that have originated in Wales. DOLBY. See Dalby. DON 92 DOLE. 1. Bole or doole is an eastern afid southern provincialism for a boundary- mark, whether an earthen mound or a post of stone or wood. In the western counties it means a low, flat, place. Halliw. 2. Dol, a well known town in Brittany. Doll, Dolle, De Doll. H.K. DOLLAR. A town and parish in Clack- mannanshire. DOLLING. About the year 1580, a younger son of the Count Dolling, of Doll- ing, near Toulouse, having embraced Huguenot opinions, is said to have fled into England, and settled in the Isle of Purbeck. DOLMAN. DOLLMAN. The verb "to dole" signifies to share or divide; to set out in portions or lots, whether of land, goods, or money. A.-Sa.x. dailan. Perhaps ■ the original DoUman may have been a distributor either of alms, or of lands under the " tenantry " arrangements of feudal times. Or he may have been such a "judge or divider " — that is arbitrator — as the one mentioned in Luke XII. 14. A less desirable derivation is from the A.-Sax dol, foolish, erring, heretical, and man. Dole- man. De la Dole. H.R. DOLPHIN. An ancient personal name. One Dolfin was a tenant-in-chief in cos. Derby and York at the making of Domesd. The family were in Ireland before the year 1307. B.L.G. DOMESDAY. Not from the famous national record so often referred to in these pages, nor from the Day of Doom ; but from one of the many religious establishments to which the name of Maison-Dieu, Domus Dei, or "God's House," was given. DOMMTNNEY. This singular name occurs in Lond. Direct. It may be a cor- ruption of Domine — a sobriquet. DOMVILLE. Donville in the arron- dissement of Lisieux, in Normandy, was anciently written Dumoville, as in a papal bull of 1210. Itin. de la Xormandie. The family, who probably entered England at the Conquest, were resident in co. Chester from the time of Henry III. till the begin- ning of the XVIII. cent. DONAHOO. A corruption of the Irish name 0"Donohogue. DONALD. A well-known northern per- sonal name, whence Donalds, Mac Donald, Donaldson, Donnison, Donkin. Gaelic ety- mologists derive the name from " Don- huil," i.ff., "brown-eyed." DONALDS. See Donald. DONALDSON. See Donald. DONCASTER. A town in Yorkshire. DONE. A great Cheshire family, whom Ormerod designates as " a race of Warriors who held Utkinton (supposed to be the ' Done ' of Domesday), as military tenants of Venables, from the time of King John. The chiefs of this house will be DOR found in the battle rolls of Agincourt, Bloreheath, and Flodden." Lliscell. Palat. p. 90. The name is pronounced Done, as is seen in Drayton's description of the bloody battle between Henry IV. and Hotspur Percy : " There Dutton, Button kills ; a Done doth kill a, Done; A Booth, a Booth ; and Leigh by Leigh is over- throicn ; A Venables against a Venables doth stand ; And Troutbeck lighteth Tvith a Troutbeck hand to hand ; There Jlolineux doth make a Jlolineux to die, And Egerton the strength of Egerton doth try ; Cheshire, wert thou mad, of thine own native gore, So much until this day thou never shed'st before." Polyolbion, Song •22. This family, or at least the female members thereof, seem to have been remarkable for their beauty, if we may trust the proverb, quoted by Ray. "AS FAIR AS LADY DOSE." DONELAN. One of the most ancient families in Ireland, deriving from Cahal, 2nd son of Morough Molathan, King of Con- naught, who died A.D. 701. One of his descendants built the castle of Bally- Donelan, co. Galway. B.L.G. DONHUE. See Donahoo. DONKIN. See Donald and Duncan. DONNA VAN. See Donovan. DONNE. Izaak Walton, in his Life of Dr. Donne, says that "his father was mas- culinely and lineally descended from a very ancient family in Wales." The etymon is probably d(»t, black or dark complexioned. It must not be forgotten, however, that one Donne, a tenant in chief, held land in Devon, temp. Edw. Conf. Domesd. DONNISON. See Donald. DONOVAN or O'DONOVAN. This great Irish family spring from a chieftain of the X. cent., who was killed in 977, by the famous Brian Boru. By old writCTS the name is written Dondubhan, which signifies " bro\\Ti-haired-chief." O'Donovan in Irish Pen. Journ. p. 331. DOO. The Scottish for Dove ? Le Do. H.R. DOOGOOD. Has probably no allusion to practical bene^■olence, but, like many other surnames terminating in good, is the corruption of a local name with the de- sinence n-ood. Or it may possibly be a corruption of the Scottish Dugald. DOOLITTLE. I fear that the original owner of this name was a lazy fellow, though some of his descendants have been distinguished for zeal and industry. DOON. 1. A-Sax. dun, a hill. 2. A 'bonny' river with 'banks and braes,' in Ayrshire. DOORS. Dores, a castle said to have been the abode of Macbeth, in the parish of Kettins, co. Forfar. DORE. A chapelry in Derbyshire, and a parish in co. Hereford— Abbey Dore. DOU 93 DORLING. Probably the same as Dar- ling. A.S. de6rUng. DORM AN. A-Sax. dor, a gate or large door, and nmn. A door-keeper, porter. DORMAR. See Dormer. DORMER. Collins traces Lord Dormer's ■ family no higher than the XV. cent. With the origin of the name I am unacquainted. DORRP^LL. Probably the same as Darell. DORRIXGTOX. A parish in Lincoln- shire, and a township in Shropshire. DORTOX. A parish in Buckingham- shire. DORVELL. See DorviUe. DORVILLE. Probably from one of the two places in Normandy now called Dou- ville, situated respectively in the arrondisse- ments of Andeli and Pont-l'Eveque. DORWARD. See Durward. DOSSELL. A richly ornamented cloak worn by persons of high rank. Lat. dorsale. Analogous to Mantell. DOSSETOR. DOSSETTER. Cor- rupted from Uttoxeter, co. Stafford. So Ilossiter from Wroxeter. DOSSON. The same as Dowson. DOTTRIDGE. Mr. Ferguson inge- niously derives this name from the Low German Deotric, Theoderic ; but it is more probably identical with Doddridge. DOUBBLE. DOUBELL. See Dobell. DOUBLE. A sobriquet relating to ex- traordinary size — or to duplicity of cha- racter ? The name Dobell is often so pro- nounced. DOUBLEDAY. This name and its companion, Singleday, baffle my inge- nuit}'. DOUBLEMAN, The same as Double. DOUBLETT. " An old fashion'd gar- ment for men ; much the same as a waist- coat." Bailey. Also a military garment covering the person as low as the waist. The corresponding French surname is Pour- point. The name was first given on the same principle as Cloake, Mantell, &c. DOUCH. An old orthography of ' Dutch,' by which however we must understand, not a Hollander, but a German : the latter word being of rather recent importation into English. The first translation of the whole Bible into our language, by Miles Cover- dale, is stated on the title page to have been rendered " out of the Douche (meaning Gennan) and Latyn into Englyshe, 1535." Even so lately as IGGO, Howell, in the pre- face of his Lexicon says, " the root of most of the English language is Dutch" by which of course he means the Teutonic or old German. DOUDNEY. As the name Oudncy occurs, it is very probable that Doudney DOW (with its variations Dewdney, Dudeney,&c.) is the same designation with the prefix -D', although I have not been successful in finding any place i n Normandy, or elsewhere in France, called Oudeney or Oudenai. DOUGALL. (Generally Mac-Dougall). Gael, dim, black, and gall, a stranger— an expression used by the Celtic inhabitants of Scotland to denote a Lowlander, or any one not of their own race. It is still in use as a baptismal name. DOUGHTOiSr. A parish united with Dunton. co. Norfolk. DOUGHTY. A.-Sax. doldig, valiant, hardy, manly. DOUGLAS. The most powerful and widely celebrated family that Scotland ever produced. The name was assumed from lands on the small river Douglas, in Lan- arkshire, (Gael, diif-glas, du-glas, i.e., dark grey, from the colour of its waters), where Wiiliam of Dufglaswas established as early as 1175. This illustrious race, renowned throughout western Europe for its romantic career, may well be accounted an "his- torical " family, for as Hume, the annalist of the House, has it — The family rose into power under King Robert Bruce, of whom " the good Lord James of Douglas " was the most distin- guished adherent, but suffered a partial eclipse when the ninth earl, James, rebelled against King James II. The earls of Angus, however, partly restored the ances- tral glory of the house, which has always continued to be one of the most important in Scotland. DOULTON. Probably Dolton, a parish in Devonshire. DOUSBERY. Probably Dewsbury, co. York. DOUTIIWAITE. See Thwaite. DOVE. The bird. Also a beautiful river of Derbyshire. DOVER. The Kentish town. DOVEREN. Doveran, a river in the shires of Banff and Aberdeen. DOVAY. Possibly D'AuflTai, "of Auffai," a small town near Dieppe, in Normandy. DOW. Probably a corriiption of the Gaelic, Dhu, i.e. black; but dow or doo, tlie Scottish for dove or pigeon, may be the origin. Dow, without prefix, is found in H.R. It also appears to have been a personal name, and to have given rise to Dowson, Dowse, Dowsing, and Dowsett, and also to the local name Dowsby in Lin- colnshire. DOWDESAVELL. A parish in Glou- cestershire. DOWER. A rabbit's burrow, cuniculus. Prompt. Parv. DOWLAJ!sD. A parish in Devonshire. DRA 94 DOWNE. DOWN. A-Sax. dim, a hill, as the South Downs, Marlborough Downs, &c. From residence in such a locality- have come the surnames Downe, Downer, Do\\Timan, Downes, &c. The H.R. form is Ate-Dune, i.e. ' At the Down.' DOWNER. See Downe. DOWNES. See Downe. DOWNEY. Perhaps the same as Downie. DOWNHAM. Parishes, &c., in cos. Norfolk, Cambridge, Essex, and Lancaster. DOWNIE. A range of hills in Forfar- shire, and a headland in Kincardineshire. DOWNING. This common surname is doubtless local, but I cannot ascertain the place. DOWNMAN. See Downe. DOWNTON. Parishes in Wiltshire and Herefordshire. DOWNWARDS. Mr. Ferguson inge- niously derives it from A-Sax. dun, a down or hill, and n-eard, a watchman — " a look- out man on the Downs." DOWSE. DOWSETT. DOWSING. DOWSON. See Dow. DOXEY. DOXSEY. Corruptions of De Doclteseij, H.R. Dockesey may probably be insula anatum, the island of ducks. DOYLE. One of the commonest of Irish surnames, and presumed to be of Anglo-Norman origin. See D'Oyley. It is found as Doyl and Doil in England, temp. Edward I. H.R. D'OYLEY. Robert de Oilgi was a te- nant-in-chief in many counties, and Wido de 0. in co. Oxford. Domesd. The former is mentioned in the chartulary of Oseney Abbey as a sworn companion of Roger de Ivery (fratres jurati et per sacramentum confoederati) in assisting at the invasion of England. Ellis, Introd. According to ge- nealogists the ancestors of these persons were lords of Olgii or Oyly in Normandy long before the Conquest. The map of modern Normandy shows no such locality as Oilgi, or Oyly, but there are three places in the neighbourhood of Falaise, called Ouilli. It was probably to Ouilli-le-Basset in the canton of Falaise, written in the XI. cent. Oillei (and latinized Olleium) that the family originated. DOYNE. Originally O'Doyne of Castle- bracke in Ireland. B.L.G. DRAGE. Perhaps one of the modifica- tions of Drogo, the personal name. DRAKE. Not from the waterfowl, but from A-Sax. draca (Latin draco,) a dragon. Le Dragun, the Anglo-Nonnan form, oc- curs in "the H.R., but the nearest approach to this that I have seen in modern times is Drago, a name which existed at Ely about a century since. Several families of Drake bear as arms the wyvern, or two-legged dragon ; and it is worthy of remark that in DRE giving to various pieces of cannon the names of monsters and animals of prey, that of ' drake' was assigned to a peculiar species of gun, as those of caliver, basilisk, culverin, fawconet, saker — all appellations of serpents and rapacious birds — were to others. The compounds, "fire-drake," and "hell-drake," become intelligible when the latter syllable is understood to mean, not the harmless and familiar denizen of the pool, but the ' fell dragoun ' of medieval romance. Sir Thomas Smith, in his trea- tise " De Republica Anglicana," speaking of his contemporary, the celebrated Eliza- bethan admiral. Sir Francis Drake, (con- trary to the generally received notion that he was born in Devonshire,) asserts that he was the son of a fisherman in the Isle of Wight, and that the name of Drake was not his family appellation but an assump- tion : " Bmeonis nomen ipse sibi sumpsit, quod est serpentinn quoddam genus." He adds that the Dunkirkers fitted out a fine ship called the Dog, for the purpose of hunting and perhaps catching this sea -ser- pent : " Dunkercani insignera navem in- struxerunt, Doggam (id est Canem) a se appellatam, innueutcs ea se Draconem hunc venaturos et forte capturos." Le Drac is an ancient form of the name. DRAPER. A draper— a dealer in cloth. Fr. drap. Le Draper. H.R. DRAWBRIDGE. First imposed upon • a retainer in a fortified house whose duty it was to superintend the drawbridge. Harry o" the Drawbridge would be a very likely appellation for such a guardsman. DRAWSWORD. A name analogous to Shakspeare. Draweswerd. H.R. DRAWWATER. A drawer of water ; or perhaps local. Drawater. H.R. DRAX. A parish in Yorkshire. DRAY. A diminutive of Drogo. Dreye. H.R. DRAYCOTT. Parishes and places in cos. Derby, Wilts, Berks, and Stafibrd. DRAYNER. A drainer, or conductor of water. See Leader. DRAYSON. The son of Drogo or Dray. DRAYTON. Towns, parishes, &c., in cos. Berks, Leicester, Norfolk, Oxon, Somerset, Stafibrd, Buckingham, Cam- bridge, Nottingham, &c. DRESDEN. From the metropolis of Saxony. DRESSER. Probably some handicraft. DREW. DRE WE. l. Drogo, an early Norman personal name, was so anglicised. 2. It is a common nickname for Andrew. 3. Dreux, a town of Brittany. At the time of the Norman survey, Herman de Dreuues was a tenant-in-chief in Herefordshire. There is a Le Dreu in H.R. According to the preamble of the pedi- gree of the Drews of Youghal, arranged by D R 95 Sir Wm. Betham, Ulster, the family descend '• from Drogo or Dm. a noMe Xonnan. son of Walter de Ponz. and brother of Richard, ancestor of the Cliffords who accompanied William the Conqueror into England." There are apparently several tenants-in- chief called Drogo in Domesd.. and one of them who had great possesi^ions at Drews- clifie and elsewhere in co. Devon, is now represented by E. S. Drewe, Esq., of The Grange, in that shire. B.L G. DRET^'ETT. Probably a diminutive of Drogo or Drew, q. v. DREWRY. See Driuy. DRIFFIELD. A parish and market- town in Yorkshire. DRIXG. Drengage was a feudal tenure said to be peculiar, or nearly so. to the nor- thern coimties. Sir Henry Ellis, in his In- troduction to Domesday, says: — "The drenehs or dren/jlis were of the description of allodial tenants, and from the few entries in which they occur, it certainly appears that the allotments of territory which they possessed were held as manors.'' But there are proofs of drengage having been far from a free tenure, which both .Spelman and Coke con^der it ; for it appears from the Boldon Book that the services of the drengh were to plough, sow, and harrow a portion of the bishop of Durham's land ; to keep a dog and horse for the bishop's use, and a cart to convey his wine: to attend the chase with dogs and ropes, and perform certain har\-est works. Spelman says the drengs were such as, being at the Conquest put out af their estate, were afterwards restored. In Lye's Saxon Diet, dreng is defined as "miles." vir fortis. See Notes and Queries, VII. p. 137-8. Halliwell gives a different definition ; he says " Drenges, a class of men who held a rank between the baron and thayn. Hacelok.'' The ordinary interpretation would be Soldiers. DRIXKDREGS. DRIXK:MILK. DEIXKSOP. I have authority for the ex- istence of these names, which appear to belong to the same category as DrinJcwater. I cannot account for them. DRIXKWATER is said in Ma^a Britannia, vol. i. p. 60, to be a corruption of Derwentwater. Camden also places it among local surnames, without specifSing the place : but Drinkewater is found in H.R.. and the occurrence of Boileau among French, and Bevelacqua among Italian family names, seems rather to indicate that it was originally imposed upon some early • teetotaller.' DRTSCOLL. The Irish O'DriscoIl, sans 0. DRIA'ER. A carter or wagoner. Alic' la Driveres (a female wagoner!) occurs in H.R. DROOP. Ferguson says, O. Xorse, dndpr. sad. DROX. A parish in Fifeshire. DROVER. A driver of cattle. DUB DRUCE. Drew's, that is, the son of Drew or Drogo. DRUITT. See Drewett. DRU:M:MER. I suppose :Mr. Arthur's roundabout definition is the right one : " One who, in military exercises, beats the drum." DRUMMOXD. " The noble house of Drummond," says Collins, " derived from Malcolm Beg (i.e. ' low ' or ' short '), who flourished under Alex. II., and being pos- sessed of the lands of Drymen, co. Stirling, took that surname, which in after times varied to Drummond." Peerage, edit. 17G8. V. 77. The name is found spelt in eighteen different ways. Ulster Joum. Arch. Xo. 20. Of these DrumjTi. Drummane, and Dro- mond are the principal. DRURY. The founder of the family in England is mentioned in the Battel-Abbey Roll. He settled first at Thurston and subsequently at Rougham. co. Suffolk, and his descendants continued in possession of that estate for about six hundred vears. B.L.G. DRYBOROUGH. Dryburgh, co. Ber- wick, famous for its romantic abbey, where — in solemn solitnde, In most sequestered spot, Lies mintrlin^r with its kindred clay, The dust of Walter Scott." DR YDEX. As in the oldest records the name is spelt Dreyden, Driden. &c.. it is fair to presume that it is of local origin, although the place itself is not ascertained. Mr. Arthur, however, gives quite another etymology, namely : " Welsh, dnrydrvn, BKOKEX XOSE (1) According to Evans, Jonreth sumamed Drwydwn, the father of Llewelyn, was the eldest son of Owain Groynedd, but was not suffered to enjoy his right on account of that blemish I'' \s\io Jonreth was, or when he lived, Mr. Arthur does not inform us, though we cannot but regret that in a two-fold sense his nose was thus '■ put out of joint." DRYSDALE. Dryfesdale, a parish in Dumfrieshire. B^ DU. Tlie initial syllable of many sur- names of Fr. origin naturalized amongst us. It is of course the preposition decon- joined with the article le, and answers a purpose similar to that of atte in 0. Eng. surnames: for instance Dubois is 'of the wood," (our Wood or Attwood) : Dubosc, ' of the thicket,' (our Shaw) ; Dubourg, ' of the burg.' (our Burrowes) ; Du- chesne and Ducane, -of the oak,' (our Noakes): Dufour ' of the oven :' Dufort ' of the fort ;" Dupree, Duprey, ipre) ' of the meadow.' (ourMead): Dupuv ' ot the well,' (our Wells); Duvall, Duval, 'of the valley,' (our Dale) ; and many others. DL'BB. Dubbe, an A-Sax. personal name. DUBBER. A word of uncertain mean- ing. It may signify either a trimmer or DUF 96 binder of books, (See Halliwell,) or a maker of tubs. (See Eng. Sum.) DU CANE. O. Fr. Bu Quesne, "of the Oak." Gabriel, Marquis du Quesne, grand- son of the celebrated Admiral Abrabam du Quesne of Dieppe, fled to this country at the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes. At an earlier period another branch of the family being Huguenots, settled in Holland, from whence they were driven by the persecution of the Duke of Alva, and settled here temp. Eliza- beth. The orthography was altered to its present form in the XVII. cent. The existing family are descended from this branch. DUCAREL. The family were French Protestant refugees after the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes. DUCIE. Two places in Normandy are called Duci ; one near Bayeux, the other near Caen. The first of this family who settled in England came from Normandy with an armed force to support Isabel, con- sort of Edw. II. against the Spencers. Atkin's Gloucest. Collins' Peerage. DUCK. Most likely Le Due, 'the duke,' as written in H.R. DUCKETT. DUCKITT, Possibly from the Scot, duhate, dow-cate, dove-cot, or pigeon-house. See Jamieson. The Ducketts of Fillingham, co. Lincoln, were resident there in 1205. B.L.G. DUCKRELL. Duckerel is the old di- minutive of duck, as is ' cockerel ' of cock, and hence this surname, proljably with re- ference to the gait of the first person to whom it was applied. DUCKWORTH. Befcn-e the time of Henry VIII. it was written Dykewarde. B.L.G. An officer who had the care of dykes. DUDENEY. See Doudney. DUDLEY. A town and castle in co. Worcester. In Norman times it was the fief of the De Someries, whose descendants were barons by tenure, though, as Sir H. Nicolas observes, it is questionable whether their title was that of " Dudley." So far as I see, no noble family called Dudley was ever possessor of that barony. Dudley, one of the notorious extortioners of Henry VII., claimed to be a descendant of the Buttons, barons Dudley, and his father is said to have assumed the name of Dudley, though a more probable account makes him a travelling carpenter. Monasticon, v. 5. DUDMAN. Apparently an ancient per- sonal name implying some quality or some employment. In Domesd. Dodeman and Dudeman. See Dodman. DUFF. "This noble family is derived from Fife Mac-Duff, who was a man of considerable wealth and power in Scotland temp, king Kenneth II., and gave that prince great assistance in his wars with the Picts about the year 834." Kenneth made DUL him a viaormor or kinglet, and gave him the lands which he called after his Chris- ' tian name, Fife, now the shire or county of that designation. Courthope's Debrett. His descendants, from their great dignity, were sometimes called kings of Fife, and they were entitled to place the king of Scotland on the inaugural stone, to lead the van of the royal army, and to enjoy the privilege of a sanctuary for the clan Mac- Duff, of which he was the founder. Gaz. Scotl. The Earl of Fife is a descendant of a junior branch of this ancient line. DUFFELL. See Duffield. DUFFEY. Probably D'AufFay, a small town in Normandy, on the Dieppe and Rouen railway. In H.R. Dofi. DUFFIE. Scotch. A soft, silly fellow. Jamieson. DUFFIELD. A parish in co. Derby, and two townships in Yorkshire. DUFFUS. A parish on the coast of Morayshire, Scotland. The name may, however, be a corruption of Dovehouse, like Bacchus from Backhouse, or Malthus from Malthouse. In support of the latter derivation, we mav cite the de Duffus, del Duffus, Duflms, Columbiers, and de Colum- bariis of the H.R. Residence near one of the great monastic or manorial pigeon- houses of the middle ages would readily confer such a surname. DUFTON. A parish in Westmoreland. DUGALD. The same as Dougall. DUGDALE. From the termination manifestly local, but I cannot discover the place. The family were long resident in Lancashire. Noble's Hist. Coll. Arms. DUGDELL. See Dugdale. DUKE. * 1. Lydgate and other old writers employ this word in its etymological sense of leader. In Capgi-ave's Chronicle, under the )-earl381,we read: "In this yere, in the month of May, the Comones risen ageyn the King .... Her dulte was Wat Tyler, a proud knave and malapert." 2. Camden makes it a nickname of Marma- duke. DUKES. See Duke. DUKESON. This name was probably applied in the first instance to the illegiti- mate son of a Duke. It is analogous to Fitzroy. DUKINFIELD. The ancestors of the baronet were seated at Dukinfield in Che- shire as early at least as the reign of Edward I. DULHUMPHREY. Of the origin of this singular name nothing is known, though it has certainly no reference to the want of vivacity in any particular Hum- phrey. It may be a corruption of some French local name with the prefix De, Du, or De la. DULMAN. See Dolman. ^ DUN 97 DU]\rBRELL. Qu. dummerel, a silent person .' Halliwell. DUM:\IER. a parish in Ilampsliire. DUMOXT. Fr. ' Of the hill; DU:\ISDAY. See Domesday. DUXBAR. A parish and town in Had- dingtonshire, anciently the fief of the fa- mous historical earls of Dunhar, immediate descendants of Gospatric, earl of Northum- berland, who fled into Scotland with Edgar Atheling at the Norman Concjuest, and to whom Malcohn Canmore gave the manor soon afterwards. DUXCAX. The Gael. Donn-cann (pro- nounced Doun-kean,) signifying " Brown- head." Originally and still a Christian name. DUXCAXSOX. See Duncan. DUXCH. Deaf; dull. " I waz amozt blind and duiich in mine eyez." JlalHweU. DUXDAGEL. A castle in Cornwall, now written Tintagel. DUXDAS. The family of Dundas " are generally believed to have sprung from the Dunbars, earls of March, who derived themselves from the Saxon princes of Eng- land;" (B.L.G.) not however from the re- semblance of names, as might be thought, for the two localities are unconnected. Uthred, second son of the first Earl of March, temp. David I., obtained the barony of Dundas in West Lothian. DUXDEE. The Scottish town. DUXFORD. A known corruption of D urn ford. DUXHAM. Parishes and places in cos. Chester, Nottingham, Norfolk, &c'. DUXK. A Dutch surname, rather common both here and in America. It is l)robably an epithet implying dark or ob- scure. Du. dvnker. DUXKIX. An Eng. corruption of the Scottish Duncan. The Duncans ' came south ' at an early date, for one Donecan had got as far as Somersetshire at the making of Domesd. In the XIV. cent, it was often written Dunkan and Duncon in English records. DUXLOP. (Often corrupted in Scotland to Dunlap and Delap.) Traced to the year I2t;n, when Dom. Gulielmusde Dunlopwas lord of Dunlop in Ayrshire, an estate still in possession of the family. DUXMAX. The same as Downman. DUX]\IOLL. Qu. Dunmow, co. Essex, famous for its bacon-flitch, the reward of connubial fidelity' ? DUXX. Dun, Dunne, Dunna, were A-Sax. personal names, and Done, Donne, &c. are in Domesd. Kemble con- siders them '• adjectives relating to the dark o A parish in co. Lincoln. A parish in the county DUR colour of the persons," but Mr. Ferguson rather fancifully connects them with thunder, and with Thor, the god of thunder. But that the surname is sometimes local is sIhwti by its H.R. forms, De Dun, De la Dune, &c. A-Sax., dun, a hill. DUX"XAGE. Dunwich, co. Suffolk. DUXXELL. Perhaps a corruption of Donald. DUXXIXG. Dunning, proprietor of Latham, co. Chester, and ancestor of the family of Lathom, or Latham, of that place, was contemporary with the making of Domesday Book, ^^^lcther he was a continued possessor, of the Saxon race, or a Nonuan grantee, is, Dr. Onnerod thinks, doubtful. His son was called Siward Fitz- Dunning. Miscellanea Palatina, p. GO. The contemporar}-^ lord of Kingsley, co. Chester, also bore the personal name of Dunning, as did several other persons in Norman times. DUXSBY. DUXSFORD. of Devon. DUXSTALL. A township in the parish ofTatenliill, co. Stafl'ord. DUXSTAXYILLE. Reginald de Duns- tanville was a baron by tenure in the western counties, temp. Henrj' I. The fa- mily were doubtless Norman, but I do not find the locality from which they assumed their name. DUXSTER. A town and parish in co. Somerset. De Dunsterre. H.E. DUXSTOXE. DUXSTAX. More pro- bably from one of the places so called in COS. Lincoln, Norfolk, Northumberland, and Stafford, than from the well-known A-Sax. personal name. DUXTOX. Parishes in cos. Bedford, Bucks, Essex, Norfolk, and Leicester. DUPLEX. DUPLEIX. Probably re- fers neither to duplicity of character nor to a corporeal bulk of double ^proportions. It is most likely a Fr. local name with the prefix Bu. DUPLOCK. This name appears in old parish registers in East Sussex as Du Plac, and is therefore probably of French origin. It may have been introduced in the six- teenth century, when many Frenchmen settled in that county to carry on the iron- works then flourishing there. Its etymo- logy is obscure. DUPOXT. Fr. 'Of the Bridge.' DUPPA. Said to be a corruption of D'Uphaugh, ' of the upper hnvgh.' — haugh being a low flat ground on the borders of a river (Jamieson) ; but of this I have strong doubts. DUPRE. Fr. Dri Pre. 'Of the Meadow.' DURAXT. DURAXD. See Durrant. i^^t DYC DURBIX. DURBAN. Local-from Urlnn or Urlnno. the Italian city, the birth-place of Raphael. DURDEX. 1. See Dearden. 2. An A.-Xorm. sobriquet — Duredent, '• hard tooth." See H.E. DURHAM. The northern city, anciently ■written Duresme. DURHA:sr^^EIR. Apparently from a dam or weir in co. Durham. This smgular name is found in Scotland. DURIE. An estate in the parish of Scoonie. co. Fife. DURLEY. Parishes in Hants and Somerset. DURKFORD. A parish in Wiltshire. DURRAXT. An ancient personal name, in Latin Durandus, under -which form it occurs in Domesday. An early >orman proprietor of this name founded Duran- ville (called in charters Durandi riUa) near Bemai. in or before the eleventh centurv. The name of the immortal author of the Inferno was by baptism Durante— afterwards shortened by his fa- miliar friends into Dante. DURRELL. Probably the same as Darell. DURSTOX. DURSTAX. See Thurston. Also a parish co. Somerset. DURWARD. A-Sax. duru-ireard, a door-keeper, a porter. - A Porter which we have received from the French, they (the Anglo- Saxons) could in their own tongue as significatively call a Boren-ard. Camden"s Remaines. DURY. The ' braes of Dury' are in the parish of Fowlis-Wester in the centre of Perthshire. DUTTOX. A very ancient Cheshire fa- milv sumamed from Dutton in that countv, but of Norman descent, having ^prun""- from Rollo. the conqueror of Neus- tria through William, earl of Eu, who married a niece of William the Conqueror. Their founder in England was Odard, nephew of the far-famed Hugh Lupus, who gave him the barony of Dutton. DUX. Lat. A leader ; the same as Duke. DWIGHT. Possibly a corruption of Thwaite. DWYER. Said to be the Gaelic do-ire, a woody uncultivated place. Arthur. DYCE. 1. Anciently De Dyce or Diss, CO. Norfolk. 2. A parish in Aberdeen- shire. DYCHE. Probably the same as Ditch, though it is sometimes pronounced like Dyke. The words dijhe and ditch, indeed, appear to be etymologically identical, and primarily to mean a barrier or defence; and to this day in some provincial dialects a water-course is called a dylte or dicl{. 98 DYV The A- Sax. die means both a mound or bank, and a ditch, trench, or moat. DYER. The occupation ; tinctor. Tein- turier, its equivalent, is a Fr. surname, and the famous Italian painter Tintoretto, whose family name was Robusti, was so called because his father had been a tintore or dyer. DYKE. See Dykes. The baronets of Sussex and Kent sprang from the family of Dykes of Cumberland. DYKE:MAX. a maker of dykes. See Dyke. DYKES. There is every reason to be- lieve that this name is derived from no less an object than Hadrian's Roman Wall — the "Barrier of the Lower Isthmus." The family originated at Dvkesfield. co. Cum- berland, on the line of that celebrated de- fence. There is no doubt that the popularap- pellation of Hadrian's work was "the Dyke. "' or " the Dykes," just as " Graham's Dyke" was that of the more northern defence of Lol- lius Urbicus. See much interesting informa- tion on this subject in Dr. Bruce's " Roman WaU," edit. 1853. pp. 270. et seq., and Pre- face, p. ix. Dykesfield may have been so named either "from the family, or imme- diately from the fact of the barrier's passing over the place. However this may be, the surname Dykes was borrowed from the wall itself, ' as appears from its earliest known form, which is not De Dvkesfield, but Del Dykes, i. e. '• of the Dykes." Ro- bert Del Dykes, the first recorded indivi- dual of the family, is mentioned in a deed (without date, but known from internal evidence to be) of temp. Henry III., penes F. L. B. Dykes, Esq. Another ancient northern faniily of the same district — that of Thirlwall — also derive their appellation from the Roman Wall. See Thirlwall. DYMOCK. This ancient family, in which the oflice of KdsG's Chajipiox has long been hereditarj-. claim descent from Tudor Trevor, lord of "^IMiittington in Shropshire, (ancestor of the Pennants.) from whom sprang David ap Madoc, commonly called Dai. whence the gradual corruptions, Dai- Madoc. Damoc, Dymoc, Dymock. Such is the statement in B.L.G., but having no faith in such twisted derivations, I shall take the liberty of deducing the name from the parish of Dymock in Gloucestershire, the birth-place of the " Man of Ross," and also, it is said, of the celebrated breed of sheep now called Merino, exported from thence to Spain in the fourteenth centurj*. DYMOXT). See Diamond. DYXE. Anciently Dine. iMight come from the Fr. di{]ne, worthy, there is a statement, however, I know not of what authority, that the family were identical with the" D\-yes, who came into England from Normandy with fhe Conqueror. De Dine. H.R. DYVE. See Dives. E A K 99 E AS E. EaCHARD. ECHARD. An ancient personal name. Achard. Domesd. EADE. EADES. Probablj the same as Eady. A Joh'es fil'Ede occurs in H.R. EADY. EADIE. JEdi occurs as a per- sonal name in Domesday. In Scotland Edie is the • nurse-name" of Adam. EAGER. EAG.\R. A trait of cha- racter : or. perhaps, a corruption of Edgar (spelt in A- Sax. Eadgar) by the suppression of the letter D. EAGLE. EAGLES. EGLES. Meta- phorically applied to a person of ambitious or soaring disposition. There are several legendary stories of eagles which may have originated the name: e. g. that of De Aquila mentioned in this Dictionary, and the well-knovm Stanley tradition. See Curiosities of Heraldry-, page 187. The Eagle is also a familiar heraldric bearing and a common inn sign. EAGLETOX. Eggleton, co. Hereford, or Egleton. co. Eutland. E ALAND. Probably Elland, co. York. (£^ EA^IES. Probably the same as Ames. EARDLEY. A township in Stafford- shire. EARITH. Erith, a parish in Kent. EARL. EARLE. EARLES. A-Sax. eorl. Primarily a man — a man of valour or consideration — (■(/■; afterwards a head, ruler, leader, or hero: and finally a noble- man of the highest rank, equivalent to an '■ ealdor-man ;"" an Earl. See Bosworth. EARLY. A liberty in the parish of Sonuing. co. Berks. E.ARXES. Perhaps from the A-Sax. earn, an eagle. EARXSHAW. Local— from A-Sax. earn, an eagle, and Hceaga, a wilderness, (Leo) grove, or shaw. EARTHROWL. This remarkable name, which occurs t^vice in London Direct., ls.')2, would appear to be derived from A-Sax. ear. the ear, and tligrh an aperture, hole, or perforation — " the ear-hole."' The word nostril is a compound of na^. the nose, and tlnjrl — a cognate expression. How " ear-hole" became a surname I do not venture even to guess. EARWAKER. This apparently absurd name may, with gi-eat probability, be de- rived from the Germ. Ilcrr-nacler. "gallant lord," or •' noble sir."' Domesday, however, shows us a previous tenant in Devon, who rejoiced in the appellation of Eureuuacre. EARAVIIISPER. Qu. ear-whispcrer— a convever of scandals ? ( EASEL. Perhaps the A-Sax. esol, an I ^^^■ I EASLEY. Eastley, a place in Hamp- shire. i EASOX. EASSOX. A corruption of I Easton. I EAST. See under Xorth. Del Est, "of the East." H.R. I EASTBLTIY. Places in Berks, Dorset, I &c. I EASTER. This name may be derived I with nearly equal probability from several distinct sources, as : 1. From the parishes called Easter in Essex. 2. From the Christian festival, like Christmas, Xoel, Pentecost, kc. : we have also Pask from Lat. Pascha, O. Fr. Paxche. 3. From the old Teutonic di^-inity, Ostre or Eastre. 4. It may be sjTionymous with Eastman and ! Easterling. The last derivation is sup- ported by the form Le Ester of the H.R. EASTERLIXG. A native of the Hanse Towns, or of the East of Germany. Mer- chants trading with us from those parts are called in medieval writings "Mercatores Estrenses."' EASTGATE. From residence near the eastern gate of a to\\Ti. The medieval form would be •• Atte. de. or in, Estgate." North- gate, Westgate, and Southgate. well-known surnames, originated in like manner from the contiguity of the bearers" residences to the respective gates. EASTHAM. Parishes in cos. Chester and Worcester. EASTHOPE. A parish in Shropshire. EASTICK. Eastwick,by the suppression of w, the same as in Greenwich, Wool- wich, &;c. EAST]SLAX. Probably synonymous with Easterling, which see. EASTO. Perhaps a corruption of East- hope. EASTOX. LikeXorton, Sutton, Weston, in its origin, meaning an enclosure or homestead, lying relatively towards the east. Besides minor districts and farms, there are .seventeen parishes, hamlets, tythings, A:c., in England so designated. EASTWICK. A parish in Hertford- shire. EASTWOOD. Parishes in Essex and Nottinghamshire. EASUM. A provincial pronunciation of Evesham, co. Worcester. EASY. EASEY. 1. From indolence of character. 2. The name of some locality ? ECC 100 3. By transposition of letters from Esay, the old form of Isaiah. EATOX. Parishes and places in cos. Leicester, Chester, Berks. Nottingham, Salop, Derby, Hereford. Bedford, &c. EATWELL. Probably from Etwall, a parish in Derbyshire. EAVES. A township in Stafiordshire. EAVESTAFF. Most likely a corruption of Heave-staff, analogous to Hurlbat, Shakeshaft, Wagstaff, and Shakspeare. EBBETS. Ferguson derives it from an O. German name — Ibbet. EBBLEWHITE. A corruption of Ap- plethwaite, a township in Westmoreland. EBBS. From an old Frisian name Ebbe. Ferguson. EBELIXG. See Evelyn. EBELTHITE. The same as Ebble- white. EBERS. Perhaps from A-Sax. eofer, a boar. See Boar. ^^ECCLES— as a component part of many local names — is not, as has been erroneously conjectured, derived from the Lat. eccUsia, implying the existence of a church in early times ; neither can it be a corruption of eagles. It is pro- bably a modification of some A-Sax. personal name. Among surnames with this word as a root, we have Eccleshall, Ecclesboum. Ecclesfield, Eccleston, Icklesham, Igglesden, &c. ECCLES. 1. A parish in Lancashire; another in Norfolk. 2. " Assumed by the proprietors of the lands and barony of Eccles in Dumfries-shire, as early as the period when surnames first became here- ditary in Scotland. John de Eccles was a personaare of rank in the reign of Alexander III." B.L.G. ECCLESFIELD. A parish in York- shire. [^'ECCLESIASTICAL SUENAMES.— "^Tiile it is easy to understand why names of civil offices and occupations should have become transmissible or hereditary surnames, it is not so obvious how such names as Pope, Cardinal, Bishop, Abbott, Prior. Archdeacon, Rector, Parsons, Vicar, Priest, Deacon, Clerk. Friar, Monk, Suxton, Pontifex, Novice. .Sec, have found their way into our family nomenclature. A vsriter in the Edinb. Piev., April, 1855, says : " Most probably such names were given by mothers, or nurses, or playfellows, and, adhering to individuals, when sur- names began to be hereditary, were handed down to posterity." There were Roman families called Flaminius and Pontifex, who were neither flamens nor priests, though Sigonius reckons them amongst those whose ancestors had held such offices. This explanation, however, will not apply to modem sur- ECK names, which have originated long sub- sequently to the enforced celibacy of the Roman Catholic priesthood. Noble (Hist. Coll. Arms) thinks that the bearers of these sacerdotal names origi- nally held lands under those who really were entitled to them from office. Another theorj- is, that the names were assumed by the children of persons who on becoming widowers had entered into holy orders. Florence of Worcester, imder A.D. 653, mentions one Bene- dictus Biscop (bishop) who certainly never enjoyed episcopal authority. Ac- cording to Kemble, the last true-bora king of Kent, was surnamed ' Pren,' or the Priest, because, before his advance- ment to regal honours, he had received ordination. Similar was the case of Hugh de Lusignan, a French arch- bishop, who by the death of elder brothers unexpectedly became a great seigneur, and who, by Papal dispensa- tion, resigned his ecclesiastical dignity on the condition that he and his pos- teritj' should use the name oi Arclie- resque, and bear a mitre over their arms for ever. Camden. In the reign of king John we find a Jen- bearing the surname of ' Bishop" — ' Deulecres le Eceshe.' Ed. Rev. ut supr. About the same time a manorial tenant of St. PauPs is described as " Gulielmum au- rifabrum, cognomento Monaehiim" which, as he was a married goldsmith, was of com-se a sobriquet. Hale's Domesday of St. Raid's. In many in- stances the surname was probalUy im- posed by way of scandal, when the putative father of an illegitimate child was of the ecclesiastical order. ECCLESTON. Parishes and townships in COS. Lancaster and Chester. An ancient family were seated at Eccleston in the latter shire, temp. Henry III., and continued in possession until the last generation when it was sold, and the estate of Scarisbrick, with the name acquired by marriage about the same period. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men of England, p. 117. ECHIN^GHAM. A parish in Sussex, possessed by the familv from temp. Henrv' II. till 1482. See Hall's Echyngham of Echyngham, Lond. 1850. ECHLIX. Crawford the genealogist in a MS., dated 1747, deduces the family from Philip le Brun, who flourished in Fifeshire temp. Robert I., and was enfeofl'ed with lands called Echlin in that count}- by Roger de Mowbray. The family were transplanted to Ireland by Dr. Robert Echlin. bishop of Down, temp. James I. B.L.G. ECK. Probably an old personal name. Ecke, a well-known character in the Ger- man poems of the middle ages, seems to have been a sort of Teutonic demigod. See Ferguson. ECKEPvSALL. Supposed to be a cor- EDG ruption of Eccleshall, a parish in Stafford- shire. ECKIXGTOX. Parishes in cos. Derby, and Worcester ; also the parish in Sussex now known as Kipe. ECKROYD. The same as Ackroyd. EDDELS. Mr. Ferguson ingeniously derives this name from a common source with that of Attila, the renowned leader of the Huns. It appears to signify " grand- father." Mr. F. remarks that " it is difficult to conceive how such a name could ia the first instance be baptismal, and how an infant could be called Father or Grandfather. But it is not difficult to conceive how the name might be given as a title of honour and respect to the head of a family or of a people, and how, once established as a name, it might afterwards become baptismal." EDDIKER. The singular name Ear- waker (q. v.) is thus corruptly called and written in Lancashire. EDDIS. SeeEdis. EDDIS. EDDISOX. May be derivatives either of Edie (see Eady), or of Edward through Eddy. EDDY. See Eady and Eddis ; perhaps a nickname of Edward. EDE. See Eade. EDEN. Though the pedigree is not traced higher than the year l4l3, there is no reason to doubt that the name is local and derived from either Castle Eden or Little Eden in the county of Durham, where, as Mr. Courthope asserts, the family were resident for several generations prior to the close of the XIV. cent. EDEXBOROUGH. Probably Edin- burgh. EDES. EEDES. See Eades. EDEY. EDAY. See Eady. EDGAR. Eadgar, a well-known and royal personal name among the A-Saxons. There are probably several distinct families of this designation. The Scottish family deduce themselves from Gospatrick, earl of Northumberland, temp. "William I., who was a kinsman of Eadgar Atheling, and a descendant of king Eadgar. i^reat grandson of AbBred the Great. The Edgars of Suffolk claim from a John Edgar of Dunwioh, living in 1237. B.L.G. ^^EDGE. The side of a hill ; a ridge — whence Wolledge, Titheredge, Erredge, Muggridge. Edgeworth, Edgecombe, Egerton, Edgerley, Edgington, Edglcy, &c. EDGECOMBE. See Edgecumbe. EDGECUMBE. The earl of Mount- Edgecumbes family were in possession of Eggcomlie or Edgcumbe, an estate in the parish of ililton- Abbot, co. Devon, as early as the XIII. century. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. Hi, note. 101 EDS EDGELER. See Iledgeler. EDGELL. A corruption of Edgeliill. EDGER. Probably a corruption of Iledger, the occupation. EDGERLEY. A township in Cheshire. EDGEWORTH. 1. A parish in Glou- cestershire. 2. The family of Miss Maria Edgeworth, the novelist, claim from Edward Edgeworth, bishop of Down and Connor, who settled in Ireland temp. Elizabeth. His ancestors were originally of Edgeworth. now called Edgeware, in the count\- of Middlesex. B.L.G. EDGHILL. Edgehill, a chapelry in co. Lancaster, and a hilly ridge in Warwick- shire, famous for a battle between Charles I. and the Parliamentarians. EDGLEY. See Edgerley. EDGWORTH. A township in Lan- cashire. EDIKER. See Eddiker. EDIXBURGH. The Scottish metropolis. EDIXGTOX. A parish in Wiltshire, and places in cos. Somerset and Northum- berland. EDIS. EDISOX. May be from the same source as Eady; but see Eddis. EDKLXS. A diminutive of Edward. EDLIX. Probably a coiTuption of the A- Sax. Atheling. EDMESTOX. ED:vnSTOX. A cor- ruption of Edmonstone. ED]\IETT. Probably the same as the Etemete of the H.R.; perhaps originally imposed as a sobriquet upon some great camivorist. EDMOXT)S. EDMUXDS. EDMOND- SON. EDMUNDSON. The son of Ed- mund. EDMOXSTOXE. An estate in Xewton, CO. Edinburgh. EDMOXDSTOUXE. Edmundus, said to have been a younger son of Count Eg- mont of Flanders, who attended ^Margaret, daughter of Edgar Atbeling.into Scotland, in 1070, rose to great eminence, and became the progenitor of the E."s of cos. Roxburgh and Lanark. B.L.G. He is said to have imparted his name to Edmonstone in Edin- burghshire, from which estate his successors subsequently derived their distinctive ap- pellation. Courthope "s Debrett. EDOLPH. An ancient personal name, written in the Saxon Chronicle Eadidph. The same as Adolphus. EDRIDGE. May be local, though I do not find the place; it is, however, more probably the well known A-Sax. nimie Eadric, with a softened termination. EDSAW. The same as Edsor? EDSOR. EDSER. Perhaps corruptions of Edensor, co. Derb)-. See Ensor, EGE EDWARD, The personal name, which has given i-ise as surnames to Echvards, Ethards. Edwardson. Tedd. and perhaps to Edes, Edkins, &c. EDWARDES. (Bart.) "Descended in the male line from the ancient kings or princes of Powysland in Wales. They be- came seated at Kilhendre, in the parish of EUesmere, Shropshire, as early as the reign of Henry I. The sm-name of Ed- wardes was tirst assumed by John ap David ap Madre of Elilhendre, temp. Hen. VII., and he was great-grandfather of Sir Thomas Edwardes, the first baronet." Courthope's Debrett. Shirley. Edwardes of Ehyd-y-gors claims from Ethelstan Glodrydd. through Cadwgan. lord of Rad- nor, and Edwardes of Sealy Ham claims from the celebrated Tudor Trevor. B.L.G. EDWARDS. This name is so common that more than two hundred and fifty London traders bear it. In the Registrar- General's List it occupies the twentieth place for frequency, there being for every four Smiths or Joneses about one Ed- wards, or 25 per cent. Many families of Edwards and Edwardes are of "Welsh patrician origin. For example, Edwards of Nanhoron descends from one of the royal tribes of Wales through Sir Griffith Lloyd and Sir Howell y Fwyallt ; Edwards of Ness Strange descends from Einion Effel. lord of Cvnllaeth, co. Montgomery, 1182; Edwards of Old-Court, co. Wicklow, claims ft-om Roderick the Great, king of all Wales in 843, through his younger son, Tudwall Ghff or '-the lame,''' whose des- cendants settled in Ireland in the XTII. century. It may seem remarkable that such a thoroughly Saxon name should occur so frequently in Welsh families of ancient blood, but it must be remembered that settled surnames do not appear among the Welsh till within the last two or three centuries, long after the prejudices against our early Edwards had passed away. See Edwardes. EDWARDSON. See Edward. EDWARDSTOX. A local surname mentioned by Camden. Place imknown. EDY. EDYE. See Eady. EEDLE. Edolph, an A-Sax. personal name. EEL. EELES. Most likely some A-Sax. personal name softened from ^1, ^thel. EGAN. 1. The cineal Eoghain, were the ' genus' or progeny of Eoghan. a great Ii-ish chief contemporary with St. Patrick. The name is anglicised to Owen and Eugene. 0"Donovan in Irish Penny Joum. p. 327. Gaelic, clgin, force, violence ; hence strong-handed, active. Arthur. EGERTON. The Egertons have a com- mon descent with the"Cholmondelevs from the celebrated William Belward, baron of Malpas, under the Xorman earls-palatine of Chester. David de Malpas. son of Belward, was grandfather of David de Egerton, so 102 E L E named from a township and estate in the parish of Malpas, of which he was pos- sessor. EGG. Probably a hardened pronuncia- tion of the A-Sax. ecg, an edge. See Edge. De Egge, H.R., co. Salop. EGGAR. Mr. Ferguson thinks it " sig- nifies an inciter, stimulator," as we say '■to egg on,'" but it is far more litely to be a corruption of Edgar. EGGS. A corruption of Exe, the Devon- shire river ? But see Egg. EGLETON. A parish in Rutlandshire. EGMOX. EGMOXD. The Van Eg- monds were one of the most eminent families of Holland, and derived their sur- name from their residence at the mouth {mond) of the river Hegge, in Xorth Hol- land. There .is an old Dutch proverb, which makes Brederode the noblest, Was- senaar the oldest. Egmont the richest, and Arkel the boldest, of the aristocracy of Holland. Dixon. EGREMOXT. An ancient barony in Cumberland, from which the Wyndhams in more recent times took the title of earl. EIGHTEEX. Fromthenumber — though it is difficult to account for its adoption'as a name. We have, however, several ana- logous surnames. ELAJM. Eleham, or Elham, a parish in Kent. ELD. ELDE. ELDER. I think these names must be taken literally as relating to the advanced age of the original bearer, (A-Sax. eald) especially as we have the cor- relatives Young and Younger. ELDRED. The extinct baronet family of Saxham, co. Suffolk, claimed a Saxon origin. The name is an A-Sax. personal appellation. ELDRIDGE. Perhaps local. Eldridge, elnche, or elrltch, is, however, a medieval word signifying ''wild, hideous, ghastly, lonesome, uninhabited except by spectres." Gloss, to Percy's Eeliques, edit. I88i». In the ballad of Sir Cauline is a description of an " eldridge knight." The fair Chris- tabelle sends her lover on a perilous errand, but forewarns him — " The Eldridge knight, so mickle of might, Will examine you beforne ; And never man hare life awaj-e, But he did him scath and scome. That knighte he is a fond paynim, And large of limb and bone ; And but if heaven may be thy speeds, Thy life it is but gone." ELE:MEXT. Possibly a corruption of Alihermont, a district containing several parishes in the arrondissement of Dieppe in Nonnandy. AlLhennont would readily become Alermont, Alemont,' Element. ELEX. A parish in Hampshire. ELERS. " Peter Elers, of the ancient baronial family of that name, migrated from Germany, and came over to this countrj- at Cn. ^^ ELL 103 the time -when George I. was called to the throne." Burkes Commoners, IV. 418. ELEY. See Ely. ELFORD. A parish in Staffordshire^ and a village in Northumberland. ELGAR. An ancient personal name, still often used in the South as a baptismal appellation. Its forms in Domesd. are Algar and ^Igar. ELTAS. Elias or Helyas was a very common A-Xorm. baptismal name, and became the parent of the surnames Ellis, Ellison.andperhaps of Elliot. Elliotson, Els or Ells. Elson. Ellev, EUet, and LeUiot. ELIOT. See Elliott. ELKIX. ELKIXS. ELKIXSOX. The derivation in Eng. Sum. i. 1(>6, is probably incorrect. 31r. Ferguson has the follo^ving obser\ations. *• Allkins and Elkin may possibly mean ' Englishman.' So common was Alia or Ella as an early Saxon name, that the Northern Scalds familiarly termed Englishmen in general El.lo-Ktjn. the race of Ella. Wheaton's Hist, of the Northmen. Allkins and Elkin may. however, simply be diminutives of Alia or Ella." ELKIXGTOX. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Northampton. ELLACOMBE. A place under the Haldon hills, co. Devon, where the De Ellacombes were resident in 130(5. ELLARD. Elard, an A-Sax. personal name. ELLERKER. A township in the parish of Brantingham, Yorkshire. ELLERY. A corruption of Hilary. ELLES. ELLET. See Elias. ELLESMERE. ELSMERE. A town and parish in cos. Salop and Flint. ELLIOTT. A name of doubtful origin. A William Aliot came into England with the Conqueror, and the name seems to be connected with Alis and Ellis. But Hals, speaking of the Eliots (Lord St. Germain's family), says: " These gentlemen I take to be of Scots original and so denominated from the local place of Eliot, near Dundee." D. Gill>ert's Cornwall, ii. 66. The name, though very widely spread, certainly seems in most instances to have come from N. Britain, where a great clan so called existed. ELLIS. In the whole ranae of family nomenclature there is perhaps no name which admits of more variety of origin, or a greater num1)er of differing forms. " EUes or Ellis in British.'" says Hals, in D. Gilberfs Cornwall, iii. 429. "is ason-in- . law by the wife, and Els or Ells, a son-in- law by the husband. Ella or -£lla is a well- kno^Ti regal name of A-Sax. times, and its genitive form would in later days become Ellis. From these two sources some of our very numerous families may have sprung, but there is little doubt that the surname LLP Ellis has for the most part been formed from the scripture name Elias, which does not occur as an A-Sax. name, but which was in use in France as early as the days of Charlemagne, as a baptismal designation, and afterwards gave name to several fami- lies of Elie. Elias. though uncommon now as a Christian name, was not so in the early Norman reigns, and indeed it had become hereditary at the time of the Norm. Conq., in the form of Alis. William Alis. men- tioned in Domesd. and by Orderious Vitalis, was progenitor of the EUises of Kiddal. co, York, and Stoneacre. co. Kent, from whom sprang Sir Archibald Ellys. a crusader temp. Richard I., who is said to have originated the cross and crescents so common to the Ellis coat-armour. Ellis in later times, both in Wales and England, became a common personal name, and con- sequently there are in both countries many families of distinct origin. See ' Notices of the Ellises.' Lond. 18">7. and Beds, of Ellis and Fitz-EUis in • Topographer and Ge- nealogist,'vol. iii. The principal forms of this name in the H.R. are Eleys. Elice, Elies, Elis, Elvs : and other proven variations are Alis. Halis. Elias. Helias. Ellvs. EUes, Hellis. Hellvs. Hilles. Helles. Hollvs. Holvs, Holies. Ees. Dys. Eyles. and Eales. Of course several of these forms are ettjmologi- caUy traceable to other and very different sources. EUison. Alison, and Fitz-Ellis are also well-known surnames. Inf. W. S. Ellis. Esq. ELLISOX. See Ellis. ELLMAX. Doubtless the Elmund, Al- mund. Ji^lmund. or Ji^ilmundus of Domesd. — a baptismal name. ELLWOOD. SeeElwood. ELMER. An A-Sax. personal name. An individual so designated was a tenant in chief in co. Hereford, temp. Domesd- The same as Aylmer. John Elmer, bishop of London, t«mp. Eliz., once called ilr. Maddox " as mad a beast as he ever saw ;" but Mr. Maddox replied, " By yonr favour, Sir, your deeds answer yonr name righter than mine, for your name is Elmar, and yon have marred all the elmi in FuUiam by lopping "them." EL]MES. ELMS. This surname is congenerous with Ash, Oakes, &c., and there are many localities so designated in England. ELMHIRST. An estate near Doncaster, CO. York, which was owned by Robert de Elmehirst. temp. Edw. I., and still belongs to the family. Himter"6 Doncaster. ELMORE. See Elmer. ELPHEE. See Elphick. ELPHICK. There is a group of names which may fairly Ije placed around this as a common centre : viz. Alphe. Alphen. Al- phew, Alpheg. Elphee, Elfeck. Alphegh, &c. ^Ifech occurs in Domesd. as having been a sub-tenant in Sussex, temp. Edw. Confessor, and not long previously, viz. A.D. 1006, St. Elphegus or Alphage was Archbishop of Canterbury. The personal EM A 104 name is evidently of A- Sax. origin, and it has been derived from two words in that language — al, all, and fcgan, to fix or join, and'interpreted to signify "a man who can do anything ; a Jack of aU Trades." En- cycl. Perthensis. ELPHIXSTOXE. The ancestor of Lord Elphinstone was, according to a family tradition, a German, who. marrying a re- lative of king Eobert L, settled in Lothian, and gave hislands there the designation of Elvington, after his own name. Barkers Peerage. I do not find the slightest evi- dence in support of this statement, but there is abundant proof that the surname De Elphinstone was of good consideration from the XIII. century, when it occurs in charters dated 12.50, 12.52, kc. It was doubtless derived from the estate and village of Elphmstone co. Haddington. ELS. ELLS. See EUas. ELSHEXDER. A northern corruption of Alexander. ELSHIE. 1. Now Elsliie-sAieZfZ*, a di- vision of the parish of Lochmaben, co. Dumfries. 2. A Scottish nickname for Alexander. ELSOM, Elsham, a parish in Lincoln- shire. ELSON". A corruption of Elston. ELSTOB. A township in Stainton, co. Durham. ELSTOX. ELLSTON. Parishes, &c , in cos. Nottingham, Lancaster, &c. ELSTOW. A parish In Bedfordshire, the birthplace of the •'illustrious dreamer," John Bunyan. ELSWORTH. ELSWORTHY. A pa- rish in Cambridgeshire. ELTHAM. A parish in Kent. ELTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Chester. Derby, Durham. Hereford. Hun- tingdon, Lancaster, Nottingham, Ace. ELVES. A corruption of Elwes. EL WES. Xot improbably from AIwi, an ancient personal name. Several of this name occur in Domesday Book as capital tenants, and at least two of them were of Saxon origin. Ellis's Introd. i. 372. ELWYX. The same as Aylwin. ELWOOD. Several tenants in chief in Domesd. are called Alwoldus or Aid wold, a contraction of the A-Sax. JJ^thelwald. Ellis, Introd. L 373. A border clan of El- wood existed temp. Elizabeth. In a MS. tract copied in Archasologia, XXIL, 168, it is stated in reference to Liddesdale, that " the strength of this coimtrj' consisteth in two surnames of Armestronges and El- woodes." ELWORTHY. A parish In co. Somerset. ELY. A city in Cambridgeshire. EALANTJEL. A well-known Jewish sur- EXG EMARY. See Amory. E:\IBERS0X. a corruption of Emer- son. E:\LBLET0N. Parishes, &c., In cos. Northiunberland, Cumberland, and Dur- ham. E:^IERICK. See Amory. EMERSOX. The son of Emeric or Ahnericus. See Amorj-. EMERTOX". See Emmerton. EMERY. The ancient personal name Ahnericus. See Amory. E:MES. See Ames. EMMEXS. See Emmett. EMMERSOX. See Emerson. EMMERTOX. A parish in co. Bucks, more usually -m-itten Emberton. , EM:\IETT. Ferguson derives the group Emms, Emmens. Emmet, Enuns, Emson, &c., from the A-Sax. earn, an uncle, EM:M0TS0X\ See Emmett. EMMS. See Emmett. E:MPER0R. Probably a modern trans- lation of Lempriere, which see. EMSOX. EilPSOX^. See Emmett. EXGAIXE. "The first mentioned of this name is Richard Engaine, in the time of the Conqueror, to whom he held the office of chief engineer. Hence the name D"Engaine from De Ingeniis." This very unlikely derivation is given without authority in Banks's Baronage, i. 292. EXGALL. The same as Ligold. EXGLAXD. Engelond occurs several times in H.R. as a surname, without any prefix. It seems quite absurd to have adopted the name of one's country while still residing in it, as a family name; but I am inclined to think that it was first given to an Englishman when living in a foreign country, and that he. on his retiim, continued to use it. Or, England may possibly be the name of some obscure lo- cality of which the family were anciently possessed, just as the Hollands take their name, not from the land of Dutchmen, but from a district of Lincolnshire. EXGLEBURTT. The O. and Mod. Germ, personal name Englebert. EX^GLEDOW. See Ingledew. EXGLEFIELD. A parish in Berkshire. The family continued in possession of the estate when Laml^arde wrote, temp. Queen Elizabeth. " It is at this day part of the possessions of a man of that name, whear- by it may appeare that the place som t>-me gyveth name to the parson" (person). The Englefields are said to have been proprietors of the lands in the time of Egbert, some years before he became king of all England. This must of course be doubtful, though there seems to be evidence of their residence there before the Conquest. i EPP 105 ESP EXGLEIIEART. A recent importation from Germany. It is doubtless from the O. and Mod. Germ, personal mxme Engel- liart. EXGLTSII. An additional name applied for distinction's sake, in early Norman times, to such persons as were permitted to retain their lands. Thus in Domesd. we find " quatuor Angli" — Four English, men- tioned as holding in capite in Hampshire. EXXESS. See Ennis. EXXIS. A contraction of the Irish Mac Gennis. EXSIGX. Probably a corruption of Enson, Henson, Henryson. EXSOLL. See InsolL EXSOM. EXSUM. Ensham, co. Ox- ^ ford. EXSOR. The Ensors of Rollesby Hall, CO. Norfolk, are descended from the Eden- sors of Staffordshire, who doubtless bor- rowed their surname from the parish of Edensor in the neighbouring county of Derby. EXTWISLE. A township and estate in Lancashire, which was possessed by the family temp. Henry V. and VI., and doubtless much earlier. EXYS. An estate in Cornwall, still pos- sessed by the family, to whom it belonged temp. Edward III. EOCHAGAN. EOGHAX. See Mageo- ghegan. EPPS. The genitive form of an old personal name. A Koger Eppe is found in H.R. g^EE, as a termination. In the XIII. and XIV. centuries, many small pro- prietors and cottagers assumed a station- ary name, as we have seen, rather from the siti/afion than from the name of their residences, generally prefixing 'At.' Thus one who dwelt by a brook was called At Broke, or for softness A'Broke, one who resided near the church was called AtChurch. In course of time the At was dropped, and the termination -ER, or very frequently -man, afiixed ; thus the one old name "At Brook' be- came the common parent of three mo- dem ones — Brook, Brooker, and Brook - man': so At-Church of Church, Church- er, and Churchman. Boumer, Croucher, Fenner, Fielder, Furlonger, G rover. Heather. Hother. Holter, Hoper. Knap- per, Laker, Plainer. Ponder, Rayner, Slader, Streeter, Stocker.Stoner, Towner, "Witcher, and numerous others, belong to this class. In Germany, Belgium, &c., the suflix ER denotes the town from which the person came, as Eusbridger, Dantziger, Hamburgher. These and several other surnames similarly formed have been naturalized in England. Such names have generally been assumed by Jewish families. ERBY. The same as Irby. ERICKSOX. From Eric, a Teutonic personal name. ERIDGE. ERREDGE. An estate in the parish of Frant, co. Sussex, ERITH. A parish in Kent. ERLAM. A corruption of Earlham, co, Surrey. ERLE. See Earle. ERLIXG, An ancient Xorse appellation. Magnus Erlingsson was king of Norway from 1162 to 1184. ERXLEY, A parish in Sussex. ERREY, Perhaps from the Teutonic personal name Eric. ERRIXGTOX, Perhaps Erringden, co. York. ERROL. A parish in Perthshire, from which the noble family of Hay take their title of earl. ERSKIXE. The name of this ancient and noble Scottish family is derived from the barony of Erskrne on the Clyde, in Eenfrewshire, and it was first assumed by Henry of Erskine, about the j-ear 1220. ESAM. Perhaps from Evesham, co. Worcester. ESC0:MBE. A chapelry in co. Durham, ESAU. The personal n;une. It is strange that the maxun, " Bonum nomen bonum omen.'' could ever have been so disregarded as in the imposition of this designation as a family name. Stranger still is it that any parent in modern times should give it at the font ! Yet I have known an Esau, as well as an Ananias and an Absolom. ESDAILE, " At the Revocation oi the Edict of Nantes, 1685, the ancestor of this family, descended from an honourable house, then represented by the Baron D'Estaile. being a Protestant, fied from France, and lived and died in obscurity in England." Such is the account in B.L.G., which, however, shows no con- nection between the existing family and the refugee. The name appears to be de- rived either from Eskdale in Cumberland, or from Eskdaleside, co, York. ESGILL. A river in Herefordshire, now called the Eskle. ESPIXASSE. The founder of this family in England, was a French Protestant, who settled here under the sanction of Charles IL, by his order in coimcil, 28 July, 1681, authorizing the denization of foreign Pro- testants without fee, ESPIXETTE. The family bearing this name were French Protestants, who left their native place, Port Danvau, on the river Charente. near Eochelle, at the Eev, of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and settled at Eye in Sussex, HoUoway's Rye, p, 582. EVE ESQUIRE. See Armiger. ESSELL. Probably the same as Hassell. ESSEX. The county. One Swain of Essex was a tenant in cliief in co. Hun- tingdon at tlie making of Domesday. Henry de Essexia. probably his descendant, was a powerful, but at length an unfortunate baron, temp, Henry 11. See Chronicle of Battel Abbey, p. 95. ESTA:\1PES. Xow Etampes, a large to-ivn of France, department of Seine and Oise, twenty-eight miles S, by W, of Paris, Camden places this among French names introduced at the Conquest. ESTARLIXG. See Easterling. ESTCOURT. An estate at Sliipton- Moign, CO. Gloucester, which was the pro- perty of the family 14 Edw. IV. and doubt- less "much earlier. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men, p. 87. ESTWICK. See Eastwick. ETHARDS. A common corruption of Edwards. ETHELSTOX. The Ethelstons of Wicksted Hall, co. Chester, claim descent from King Athelstan.and their pretensions are set forth in a certain Harleian MS. (Xo, 2042) entitled Etliele^tnplujlax! B.L,G. "Without conceding this lofty claim from tlie grandson of Alfred, we may fairly de- rive the name from its Anglo-Saxon pro- totype. ETTRICK. ThefamUy of E. of High Barnes, co, Durham, trace to Dorsetshire, temp. Henry Till. The name, however it got so far south, is in all probability de- rived from Ettrick, parish, river, and forest in Selkirkshire, where a certain well-known ' shepherd' wooed the Muses. EU. EW. EWE. A town of Xor- mandy, well known in ancient times for its powerful earls, and in the present cen- tury for the chateau of King Louis Philippe. EUSTACE, From the proper name Eustachius, The family, settled in Ireland under Henry II,, were of Norman descent. EVAXS. The genitive of Evan, a com- mon Welsh baptismal name, equivalent to John, EVAXSOX. The son of Evan, EVE. Apparently an obsolete personal name— perhaps the same as Ivo ; wlience Eveson and Eves, A London perfumer (18.52) bears the queer epicene appellation of Adam Eve ! In the H,E. we have Adam, son of Eve— Ad fib Eve ! EVELYX. Probably an ancient personal name con-esponding with the German Ebeling or Abeling, the IXG being patro- nymical, Burke, however, derives it from a place in Shropshire " now called Evelyn, but formerly written AveljTi and Ivelyn," B.L.G, EYEXDEX, See —den, EVEXIXG. See Times and Seasons. An evident corruption of A parish 106 EYR EVERARD. A well-known Teutonic baptismal name. The family were ancient in the county of Essex, In Domesd. Ebrardus : in H.E, Eborard, EVERETT. Everard. EVERIXGHAM. A parish in York- shire. EVERMUE, H.R. A small town in the arrondissement of Dieppe, hodie Enver- nieu, EVERSFIELD. An old local surname in Sussex — locality unknown. EVERSHED, Probably from Eversholt, a parish in Bedfordshire, or from Evershot, a parish in Dorsetshire, EVERTOX. Parishes, &c. in cos. Bed- ford, Notts, and Lancaster. EVERY. See Avery. EVES. See Eve. E^^SOX. From Eve, which see. EVIL. See Epdle. EVORS. EVERS. Probably the same as Mac Ivor, though Ferguson derives them from the A- Sax. efor or efyr, a boar. EWART. A township in Xorthumber- land, EWELL, 1. A town in Surrey. 2. Ewald, an A- Sax, personal name. EWEX. EWEXS. SeeEwing. E^^^:R. See Ure. EWIXG. Euing, probably a Saxon, oc- curs in Domesday, EXALL, Two parishes in co. Warwick. (Exhall.) EXCELL. SeeExall. EXETER. The chief town of Devon- shfre. A Bakh^-in de Exeter was a tenant in chief in that county at the compilation of Domesday, EXPEXCE. In Clewer church " some very indifferent verses on a brass plate commemorate Martin Expence, a famous archer who shot a match against a hundred men near Bray, co. Berks." Lysons" Berks. EXTOX. Parishes in cos. Rutland, So- merset, and Hants. EYLES. One of the many forms of Ellis. EYRE. For the traditional origin of this name in the circumstance of a Norman knight having, at the battle of Hastings, succoirred duke "William of Normandy and given him air when he was in danger of suffocation — see Eng, Surn, ii, 3. The true meaning of the name seems to be heir (hffires) since the H.R, give us the forms of Le Eyr, and Le Eyre ; in fact the 0. Eng. orthography usually rejects the initial li in this word. Brother, Cousin, Friend, and FAI various other words expressive of consan- guineous and social relations, are also found in our family nomenclature. EYRES. See Eyre. EYTON". The family were certainly re- sident at Eyton, co. Salop, as early as the 107 FAI reigns of Henry I. and II. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. p. lilO. EYVILE. EYVILL. The name with the pretix de occurs in the ILK. It is doubtless derived from Normandy or France. A crasis of the preposition and the noun produce Devil 1 FaBER. The latinization of Wright, which see. FABIAX. FABYAX. An ancient per- sonal name — the Latin Fabianus. FACER. An impudent person ; a boaster. Halliwell. More probably a workman who puts the ' face' or finish upon some article of manufacture. FADDY. A west of England pro- vincialism, meaning frivolous. FAED. Gael, fuidh, a prophet ? FAGAX. A corruption of the patrony- mical O'Hagan. The Fagans of Feltrim, CO. Cork, deduce themselves from Patrick O'Hagan, who opposed the invasion of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in the XII. cent See B.L.G. FAGG. Feg occurs in Domesday, and Fag in the H.R. Tlie Kentish family were long connected with the parish of Eye. CO. Sussex, and perhaps derived their name from lands there, still called Fagg farm. FAGGETTER. Fr. fugoteur, a fagot- maker. Cotgr. FAIL. A corruption of the Gaelic Mac- Phail. FAIR. FAYRE. Allusive to com- plexion. So the Latin Flavus, the French Blond, Blondel, &c., and the Italian Biondi, &c. It is often found in composition with other words, in English family names, as will be seen below. Sometimes the epithet alludes to a personal peculiarity, as in Fairhead, Fairlieard, and sometimes to a local one. as in Fairford, Fairholm, Fair- bank, FaiHtridge, Fairbum. FAIRBAIRX. Bairn, Scot., a child. A fair or Vieautiful child. It may, however, mean, like the French brax-Jils, a step-son. FAIRBEARD. See Beard. FAIRBROTIIER. See Farebrother. FAIRCHILD. The same as Fairbairn, which see. In the H.K. we have Farchild and Fayrchild. FAIRCLOTH. A corruption of Fair- clough, (pronounced Fairclutf). A ' clough' is a narrow ravine or glen. FAIREST. Probably a local name. FAIRFAX. A-Sax. foegr and feax, fair-haired. The same as the Latin Flavus, the Fr. Blond, &c. •' Fa.r and rex are the same, signifying hair. Hence Matthew of 'Westminster calleth a comet, which is Stella ci'inlta. a vexed star {^A.-'tia.'s.. f taxed steorra ;] and this family had their name from beautiful bushy hair. I confess I find in FlorUegus, writing of the Holy 'War, " Primum bellum Christianormn fuit apud pontem Pliarfax liuminis ; but can- not concur with them who hence derive the name of this family." Fuller, (Worthies of England, iii, 4U,) who adds, that in his time (two hundred years ago) twenty ge- nerations of Fairfaxes had resided on one spot, at Walton, co. York — a rare instance of long ten-itorial possession by one name and family. The existing representative of this ancient race is Lord Fairfax, an American by birth and parentage, who, with the same republican i^rinciples which actuated his great ancestor, prefers a quiet life at Woodburne in Maryland, to a seat in the House of Peers. FAIRFOOT. Perhaps from pedal beauty, since the cognate Belcjanibe (lair leg) is found in H.R. ; more likely from the name of some locality. See the termmation FOOT. FAIRFOUL. FAIRFOWLE. A beau- tiful bird. Qu. a provincialism for pea- cock ? FAIRFULL. Fearful, timid. Or per- haps the same as Fairfoul. FAIRHAIR. See Fairfiix. FAIRIIALL. Perhaps Fairhaugh, a place in Nortliumberland. FAIRHEAD. From the light colour of one's hair, or jwrhaps a local name. See FAL 108 termination head. Fairhevid, the Saxon, and Belteste, the Fr. forms of it, occur in H.R. FAIRHOLT. The father of Mr. F. W. Fairholt, F. S. A., a well-known living author, came from Germany about the end of the last century, and translated his German appellative into Fairholt, which he bequeathed to his son, who is the only person now bearing it, FAIRLAMB. Most likely a corruption of some local name terminating in liami. FAIRLES. This northern surname, which originated near Durham, is of doubtful etymology, as it has been va- riously written Fairlie, Faderless, Fan-ales, and Fairless. Whether it is local, or whether it relates to the orphanhood of its lirst bearer, is uncertain, though the family consider it to be derived from a place now called Fawlees, or Fawnlease, near Wolsingham. Folks of Shields. FAIRMAN. 1. A huckster, or attender at fairs. 2. (A-Sax. faran, to go). _ A messenger. The H.R. present the variations Fareman, Feirman, Fayrman. FAIRMANNERS. This name has pro- bably nothing to do with the honi mores, or deportment of the first bearer, but is most likely a translation of the French Beau- onanoir, the 'fair manor,' or beautiful man- sion or dwelling-place — a local name not uncommon in France. FAIRN. Parishes in cos. Ross and Forfar. F AIRPLAY. From fairness In sport or combat. So Playfair, FAIRWEATHER. Fayrweder, H.R. See the cognate name Merryweather. FAIRY. FAIREY. A-Sax./«gr and ?g-. ' Fair-island,' a local name. This surname which occurs in the Registrar-General's list has therefore no connection with Queen Mab, Puck, Robin Goodfellow, or any of their family. FAITH. From one who personated this Christian virtue in some medieval miracle play. The anniversary of St. Faith, virgin and martyr, occurs in the Roman calendar on the Gth of October ; perhaps the original owner of this surname was born on that day. See Christmas, Noel, Pentecost, &c. FAITHFUL. Loyal, trustworthy. FALCON. 1 . The bird, from some fancied resemblance. 2. A trader's sign. The ' falcon and fetterlock ' was a favourite badge of the house of York. FALCONER. FALCON AR. One who pursued the sport of falconry, so much ad- mired in the middle ages, when a patrician was recognised by " his horse, his hawk, and his greyhound." Kings and great men kept a state falconer, and in such estima- tion was the office held in Norman times that Domesday Book shews us four different tenants-in-chief besides others who are FAN described each as Acclpiirarhts — ^hawker, or falconer. Even at the present time the Duke of St. Albans holds the office of Here- ditary Grand Falconer of England ; and a late possessor of the title made an unsuc- • cessful attempt to reinstate the sport, which; however picturesque, is not exactly adapted to these days of wwftie-rifies and long- shots. FALDO. F. and W. being interchange- able letters, this may be the same as Waldo. FALKE. Falh, Danish, a Falcon. FALKINER. See Falconer. FALKNER. See Falconer. FALKOUS. A North of England sur- name which has the variations Faucus, Fawcus, Farcus, and is sometimes con- founded with Fawke, Fawkes, &c. It pro- bably means /aico,/flwco/t, a hawk. FALL. 1. See Times and Seasons. 2. In the North of England the name is fre- quently of Gipsy origin. See Faw. 3. The De Fall of the H.R. shows a local origin. FALLOW. The Scottish form of Fel- low, which see. FALSTOLFE. FASTOLFE. A great Norfolk family, one of whose members Shakspeare is supposed to have caricatured in his immortal Sir John Falstaff. The name seems to be Scandinavian, and per- sonal. It appears from Domesd., that a Fastolf held one church in the borough of Stamford, co. Lincoln, freely from the king. FALVESLEY. An eminent family took their surname from Falvesley, co. North- ampton, and one of the family was created a baron by this title 7 Richard 11. FANCOURT. Falencourt, a place near Neufchatel in Normandy. De Fanccourt. H.R. FANCY. Probably local, Vanchi, near Neufchatel in Nomiandy, has been sug- gested. FANE. Welsh, ' slender,'— an ancient personal name. The ancestors of the earls of Westmoreland, " wrote their name Vane, and descended," says Collins, " from Howel ap Vane of Monmouthshire, living before the time of William the Conqueror." Peerage, Edit. 1768. iii. 173. The Vanes (Duke of Cleveland) are of the same lineage. Coll. vi. 118. FANNEL. An article of dress, a maniple or scarf-like ornament ; fanon. Cotgrave. FANNER. Perhaps the O. Fr. veneur, a hunter. Or it may be O. Eng. faner, a winnower, a word used by Lydgate. Fan- nere. H.R. FANNY. Probably local— the nurse- name for Frances being of too recent a date. FANSH and FONSH. Derbyshire cor- ruptions of Fanshawe. F A R 109 FAR P AJ^SHAWE. The family were resident at Fanshawe-Gate in the parish of Dron- fiekl, CO. Derby, at the middle of the XVI. ceni., and doubtless much earlier. Lysons. FARADAY. Tliis, like other compounds of (lay, is not very easily explained. Mr. Ferguson derives it from A-Sax. fara, a traveller, with dng as a suffix ; this, how- ever, assists us but little. FARAjVIOXD. Pharamond, an ancient Teutonic personal name. FARAJSTD. See Farrant. In Lincoln- shire /a77w?«^Z means deep, cunning. FARCUS. See Falkous. FARDEX. One Fardan occurs as an undertenant in Domesday. FAREBROTIIER. In Scotland, 'father- brother' is a phrase employed to designate an uncle ; but we may with more than equal probability derive this name from Fai)'-'bxot\\Qv, the equivalent of the French beau-ffcre, brother-in-law. FAREAVELL. Cannot be interpreted as ' good bye' : it is derived from a little parish in Staffordshire, kno^\Ti by the curious designation of Farewell-with Charley ! FAREY. See Fairy. FARGUSOX. See Ferguson or Far- quharson. FARLEY. FARLEIGH. Parishes and places in cos. Hants, Wilts, Sun-ey, Staf- ford, Somerset, Bedford, and Kent. FAR LOW. A chapelry in Staffordshire. FARM. From residence at one. FARMAX. See Fairman. Farman or Farmannus is however personal in Domesd. FARMAR. FARMER. See Fermor. FARMIXG appears in the Rej;. Gen.'s list of odd names. It is doubtless local : perhaps a contraction of Farmington, co. Gloucester. ^i^FAKN— the first syllable of several local surnames — is the A-Sax. fearn, fern, from the abundant growth of that plant. Hence Famaby, Farnfold, Farnham, Farnwell, Farncombe. Fanis- worth, Farndell, Famden, Fernwold, Fernlaud. FARX. An island on the Xorthumber- land coast. FARXALL. 1. A parish in Forfiirshire. 2. Farnhill, a township in Yorkshire. FARXCOMBE. An estate at West Blatchington, near Brighton, co. Sussex, where the family Avcre resident in the XIII. century, and the ueighl)ourhood of which is still their principal habitat. FARXES. A-Sax. femes; a desert or wilderness. FARXFOLD. An ancient bcal name in Sussex ; place unknown. FARXSWORTII. Farnworth, two chapelries in Lancashire. FARXHAM. Parishes, &c., in cos. Surrey, Dorset, Essex, Northumberland, Suffolk, Yorkshire, Bucks, &c. The sur- name occurs in co. Leicester, before the reign of Edw. I. B.L.G. FARQUHAR. A common Scottish sur- name — the same as the Irish Ferehard, an ancient personal name in both countries. The London Farquhars spring from Aber- deenshire. FARQUHARSOX. The son of Far- quhar. Shaw Fercharson was chief of the Macphersons in UrA). He was the gi-eat-grandson of Ferehar, from whom he derived his surname. See Skene's High- landers, ii. 177. FARR. FARRE. A parish in Suther- landshii'e ; a place in Inverness-shire. FARRAXCE. See Farrant. FARRAXD. INIr. Ferguson derives it ft-om the 0-Xorse farandi, signifying a traveller; but see Fan-ant, with which it is no doubt identical. FARRAXT. The English form of Fer- dinandus, Spanish Fernandez, Italian Fer- ando, 0. French Ferant. Camden says that these forms are corruptions of Bertran or Bertram, which I doubt. FARRAR. FARRER. Probably a corruption of Fair-hair, answering to Le Blond, Harfager, &c. In the H.R. we have FajTher. In a document of the year 1555, a Norfolk incumbent is called John Fayrhawr, alias Farrar. Blomefield's Nor- folk, vii. 28G. 2. Perhaps another fonn of Fen-ers. FARRELL. The Farrells, now of Dalyston, spring from the O'Ferrals of Mornyng and Bawn, co. Langford, who were of the clan Boy. B.L.G. FARRER. See Ferrers. FARRIER. See tmder Shoesmith and Marshall. FARRIXGDOX. Alsi de Farendone was a tenant in capite in the county of Bucks at the making of Domesday. He probably derived his surname from Far- ringdon in Berkshire. FARRIXGTOX. The Baronet's family came from Lancashire, in which co. there is a towTiship so called. FARRIS. See Fen-is or Ferrers. FARSYDE. The Farsydes, oUm Faw- side, derive their name from the castle, lands, and villages of Easter and Wester Fawsyde, near Tranent in East Lothian, where they were seated as early as 1253. B.L.G. FARTIIIXG. See IMoney, denomina- tions of. EARWIG. A place at Bromley, co. Kent. FAW 110 FEL FATHER. In old records Fader. Pro- bably to distinguish a ]ierson from his son bearing the same Christian name ; just as in France they still say Pourpoint ijcre (senior) in contradistinction to Pourpoint Jih Gunior). FATT. Stout, large as to person. So the Fr. Le Gros. and the Genn. Feist, both naturalized as surnames in England. FAUCUS. FAWCUS. See Falkous. FAULCOXER. See Falconer. FAULD. A Scotticism for Fold. FAULKNER. See Falconer. FAULTLESS. Two London traders bear this unobjectionable name. FAUXCE. Perhaps from A-Xorm. faun, a flood-gate or water-gate. FALTs^TLEROY. FAXTLEROY. As several armigerous families — apparently unconnected with each other — have borne this name, it is presumed to be of consider- able antiquity in England. It is perhaps a cori-uption of an ancient Fr. war-crj- — DE- FE>T)EZ EE ROi — ' Defend the King !' In course of time, the meaning of the name being forgotten, the Be would be dropped, and the remaining syllables would easily glide into Fauntlcroy. For examples of other surnames derived from war-cries, see Hay and Halliday. FAUSSETT. SeeFawcett. FAUX. SeeYaiix. FA^T^LL. Fauville-la-Campagne is near E%Teux, and Fauville-en-Caux, near Tvetot. The name is found as a suffix in Weston-Favell, co. Northampton. FAW or FAA. A celebrated Gipsy family or clan in Scotland. King James V. issued an edict on behalf of Johnnie Faw, "lord and erle of Little Egypt." Fan- or fa' is a Scottish verb for 'to obtain,' which, con- sidering the acquisitive habits of this wan- dering race, is appropriate enough. FAWCETT. Probably from Forcett, a township in the wapentake of Gilling-west. K. E. of Yorkshire. Forsyth and Faussett seem to be mere varieties of the same name. FAWCOX. See Falcon. FAWCOXBERGE. FAWCOX- BRIDGE. The great barons by writ, De Fauconberg. were summoned to Parliament from 129.5 till about 1376. The heiress married "William, younger son of Ralph, 1st Earl of ^Yestmoreland, who thereupon wrote himself W. Neville de Fauconberge. The name seems to be derived from an estate in Yorkshire, perhaps the same as that called in H.E. Fulkebrigge. FAWKEXER. See Falconer. FAWKES. FAWKE. 1. The same as Vaux. 2. A modification of Fidke or Fulco. FAWX. The young of a deer. FAWSIDE. FAWCID. Older and more correct forms of Farsyde, which see. FAZAKERLY^ A township in the parish of Walton, co. Lancaster. FEAR. Gaelic, a man, a hero — tlie Latin vir. FEARX. A parish In Ross-shire, and another in Forfarshire. FEARXHEAD. A township in Lanca- shire. FEARXLEY. Two chapelries in York- shire are called Famley. FEAROX. Feron, anciently Le Feron. Le Feyrou, (H.E.) A name still well known in Normandy: derived by JM. de Gerville from the same source as Ferrier — viz., from for. fcrrum — a worker in iron. Mem. Soc. Ant. Norm., 1844. There are horse-shoes in the arms of one family of this name. FEARS. Probably the same as Ferris. E. Surn. ii. 95. Fear is, however, Gaelic for a man or hero. FEAST. See Feist. FEATHER. Probably a sobriquet ap- plied to a person who wore a remarkable one in his cap. FEE. A feudal possession. Sometimes certain lands obtained this name, e. g. Bassetfs Fee, Neville's Fee. FEETUM. A corrnption of Feetham, a local name. FEIST. German ; fot. Feste. H.R. FELBRIGGE. A parish in X'orfolk, where the familv resided temp. Edward I. De Felbrigg, H.E. FEED. An old form of Field. FELIX. Happy : a latinization, or the personal name. £Jg"FELL. A component syllable in many local surnames, (see Fell below), such as Felbridge, Fellgate, Feltham, Felton, Grenfell, &c. FELL. FELLS. ''Bij frith and hy fell;' a common medievalism ; equivalent to the classical "jx'r s-ijlram, jjcr camj)!ini.'" "Also there is difierence between the fryth and the fel ; the f'Js are understood the moun- tains, vallves. and pastures, with corn and such like ;" [open ground] the fi'i/tlics be- token the springs and coppyses" [wood- lands.]— Noble Art of Venerie, quoted by Halliw. FELLMOXGER. A-Sax. fell, a skin. A dresser of sheepskins— a word still in use in the South, though not recognized by Eichardson. FELLOAYES. FELLOWS. Besides Its more proper meaning of ' companion,' the word Fellow is used in some dialects tosig- nifv a young unmarried man, or a servant engaged in husbandry.— Halliw. Chaucer uses the phrase " a proper felawe " to de- FEN 111 note a well-fonned young man. The H.R. spellings of the name are Le Felawe, Le Felawes. and Fellawe. FELSTED. A parish In Essex. FELTHAM. A parish in Middlesex. FELTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Hereford, Northumberland, Somerset, and Shropshire. ^TFEMALE CHRISTIAN-NAMES n-hich have become Surnames. — Several family names have the appearance of being" derived from the baptismal names of females, and this has been thought to imply illegitimacy, though it is not necessarily the case. King Henry II., though legitimate, was sumamed after his mother, Fitz-Empress, Recent re- search has convinced me that Alison, Anson, and some others are traceable to mal/i names, though at first sight they appear to be derived from female ones. The following, however, seem clearly to he metnniijmics: Ann, Anns, Agg. and Agsras. from Agatha ; Bridgett, Betts, Betty, Bettyes, from Elizabeth ; Cath- arine. Susan, and Susans. Babb, from Barbara: Marjory. Margerison, Margetts, Margetson, ^largison, Maggs. Magson. and perhaps Pegg, from Margaret ; Moll, Molsou. and perhaps Malkin, from Man,-; with others. Beattie is the Scottish for Beatrix, whence that name, as also Beat- son. In the H.R. are found the forms Fir Alice, Fil" Elene. Fil" Emme. and in one case the metronj-mic had be- come a regular surname, the • •filius" hav- ing been dropped — Robertus Elyanore. On this subject Camden observes : "Some also have had names from their mothers, as Fitz-Pamell. Fitz-Isabel, Fitz-Mary.Fitz-Emme,Maudlens. (Mag- dalen,) Susans. Mawds, Grace, Emson, &c. ; as A'espasian, the emperour, from Vespasia PoUa, his mother, and Popoea Sabina. the empress, from her grand- mother." |^° FEN, a syllable of frequent occurrence in local surnames (seeFenn) as Fen wick, Fenton, Fensham, Swynfen, Fenrother, Fennmg. FENCOTT. Fencot, a hamlet in Oxford- shire. FENDER. The O. E. fend signifies to defend, (see Halliwell i?i voc.) : a ' Fender' may therefore mean a defender, and this indeed is almost proved by the Le Fendur of the H. R. — An appellation given in com- memoration of some remarkable exploit. FEXX. A-Sax. /- eij, the remote or distant island. 3. Camden says, "For Frederick th" English have commonly used Frery and Fery, which hath been now a long" time a Christian name in the ancient faniily of Tilney, and lucky to their house as they report." — Eemaines, edit. 1674, p. 92. FERRYMAN. The occupation— a very important one in old times when bridges were few. FESANT. O. Eng., /esaM«^, a pheasant. FETHERSTOISrHAUGH. An estate in Northumberland. The founder of this an- cient family is said to have been a Saxon commander named Frithestan, who, settling in that county at an early period, gave to the place of his abode the name of Frithestan's Haugh, which, when local sur- names began to be used after the Conquest, was adopted by his descendants. Some FIE genealogists distinguish between the Fetherston-haughs of Northumberland and the Fetherston-halges of Durham, but there seems to be no ground for such distinction. See Kimber. Other authorities deduce the family from a William de Monte, tenip. King Stephen, through the Stanhopes. Courthope"s Debrett. FETTIPLACE. A tradition makes the founder of this family a "gentleman-usher" of William the Conqueror !— but the pedi- gree ascends only to John Feteplace, temp. Henry TL, grandfather of William F., a benefactor to Queen's College, Oxon. ob. 1.51G. Feteplace, Feteplece, &c., are found, however, in H.E. FEVER. FEVERS. O. Fr. Le fevre, the smith. FEW. Under the feudal system a feu was a dependency, or something held by tenure. The holder was sometimes called & fcuar. FEWSTER. 1. Halliwell has /us^erer, a maker of pack-saddles. 2. Feuster, a fe- male feoffee. See Few. ^^ FF. The double-f is used in some sur- names, quite needlessly, in affectation of antiquity: e. g., Ffrench, Ffarington, Ffoulkes, Ffooks. Ffolliott. Now as double-f never did and never will begin an English word, this is ridiculous, and originates in a foolish mistake respecting the if of old manuscripts, which is no duplication, but simply a capital f. FFARINGTON. Farington, an estate in the parish of Penwortham. co. Lancaster. Farington or Ffarington Hall (see Kg°FF) was the residence of the family from temp. Henry III. till the year 1549. B.L.G. FFOULKES. The pedigree is deduced from :\Iarchudd ap Cynan, lord of Br\Tif- fenigi, who flourished" in the ninth century. The name appears to have been borrowed from Ffoulk ap Thomas, who lived early in the sixteenth century, and whose descendants have ever since borne it. FFRENCH. The ancestors of Lord Ffrench are said to have been seated at Castle Ffrench. co. Galway, for many cen- turies. Courthope"s Debrett. The name was anciently written De Frignes, De ffreygne, Frynshe, ice. B.L.G. FIDDLER. A violinist. FIDLER. A mis-spelling of fiddler. The name is common about EweU, co. Sur- rey. 1^ FIELD. A component syllable in a great nmnber of family names. It has been said: — " In Field, in Ham, in Ley, in Ton, _ The most of Ensjlish surn.imes run. The A-Sax/fWis applied to open locali- ties, and isnearly equivalent to campus. Sometimes, howe"ver, it signifies "places detached but not entirely open. Joca syl- ratica, or swine-walks, which might at least be partially overgrown with brush- wood." Williams's Trans, of Dr. Leo s FIL Local Xomencl., p. 101. This termina- tion is found in many counties. Init par- ticularly in the three south-eastern ones of Sussex, Kent, and Surrey, and there it almost invariably pertains to spots cleared out of the great pruneval forest of Andred, just as the ' woods ' and the 'hursts' even to this day give proof of the original densely-wooded character of the country. The number of sur- names with this termination must amoimt to hundreds : I shall cite but a sample : Aberfield, Bedingfield. Bousfield. Bav- field, Cranfield, Duffield. Eglesfield. Fairfield. Greenfield. Heatlifield, Hart- field. Ifield. Liudfield. :Mavfield. Mans- field. Stansfield. Sheffield, Tanfield, To- field, Wingfield, Westfield. FIELDER. A person who had the cai-e of a common field. FIELDING. In a document dated 9 Edw. II., mentioned by Collins. Geoffrey de Fielding calls himself '• Filius Galfridi filii Galfridi. comitisde Hapsburget domini in Laufenburget EinFlLDiSG iuGermania."' It appears from the same authority that Geoflrey, earl of Hapsburg. by the oppres- sion of Rodolph, emperor of Germany, being reduced to extreme poverty, Geoffrey, one of his sons. " served Henrj- III. in his wars in England, and because his father. Earl Geoffrey, had pretensions to the dominions of Laufenburg and Kmjilding, he took the name of Filding." FIEXXES. FIEXES. This noble family derive from Conon de Fiennes, who in 1112 was earl of Boulogne, taking his name from a village in the Boulonnais ter- ritory-. .John de Fiennes, a collateral an- cestor, had accompanied William the Con- queror to England in 10iji>. and he and his descendants for five generations were con- stables of Dover castle and lord-wardens of the Cinque Ports. The name has been varied to Fenes, Fenys, Fj-nes, and Fines. FIFE. The Scottish county. FIFEHEAD. The easternmost point of Fifeshire, generally called Fifeness, FIGG. A Feg occurs in Yorkshire ante msi). Domesd., and a Figge in Kent 31. Edwd. IIL In the latter co. at a later period the Figgs, Faggs, and Foggs flou- rished contemporaneously, and may have had a common origin. Other kindred forms are Fig. Figes, Figgs, &c. FILBERT. Philibert, a French personal name. St. Philibert was abbot of Jumieges in theVII. cent., and several villages in Nor- mandy and Picardy bear his name. From some one of these the filbert-nuts — nucc^ dc Sancto Philihciio — are presumed to have been imported into England. Tliis nut has been a particularly hard one for the teeth ofetvmologists. See Richardson. See also Mr. Blaauw, in Sussex Arch. Coll. vi. 4G. FILBY. A parish in Xorfolk. FILDER. See Fielder. FILER. SeeFyler. Q 113 FIX FILIOL. In mod. Yr.flleril, a godson. 'Filiolus regis' occurs in the laws of lua and of Henry 1.7 and the Confessor makes grants ' filiolo suo ' — to his godson or adopted son. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. FILKIX. A diminutive of Philip. FILLAX, A Scotch personal name ; also a rivulet in Perthshire. FILLIXGHAM. A parish in Lincoln- shire. FILL:MER. See Filmer. FILLPOTTS. See Filpot. FILMER. "This family formerly wrote their name Finmere. Fylmere. Filmour.and Filmor, temp. Edw. III., but of late. Filmer, and were seated at Otterinden in Kent, at a place called Finmore." Kimber's Baronet- age. FILMORE. An old German personal name (Filimer) signifying '-full-famous." Ferguson. FILPOT. A corruption of Philipot, from Philip. FILTXESS. Local; place unknown. The name is common and ancient in East Sussex. FIXAL. SeeYinall. FIXCH. Perhaps a corruption of Yin- cent. Vincent Herbert of Winchelsea, 20 Edw. I. bore the alias of Finch. The early pedigree of the Earl of Winchelsea's family is very obscure. Their former surname was Herbert, and one of the earliest if not the first who was known as Finch was this very Vincent. In support of this notion I may add, from Collins, that the family had pre- viouslv borne their father's name, as Her- bertus" filius Herbert!. *:c. In the H.E. the spelling is Fj-nch ; in 13 Edw. IIL. Vynche. In Sussex the baptismal name Vincent is often corrupted to Winch or Vinch. FIXCHAM. A parish in X^orfolk. FIXCK. Germ, the bird, or rather class of birds, known by the general name of Jincli. FIXDEX. The same as Findon. FIXDL.\TER. A district in the parish of Fordyce in Banftshire. FIXDLAY. FIXDLEY. See Finlay. FIXT)OX. A parish in Sussex. FIXER. Ajrefiner of metals. "Fyners," with this meaning, are mentioned in the old poem called Cocke Lorelle's Bote. FIXES. See Fynes. FIXEUX. "Tlie Frenchman which craftilv and cleanly conveyed himself, and his prisoner T. Cr>-oll. a great Lord in Kent, about the time of king Edw. II., out of France, and had therefore Swinfield given him l>y CrioU, as I have read, for his fine conveyance was then called Fineux, and left that name to his posterity." Camd. Ke- maines, edit. 1674, p. 170. FIS lU FIT FINEWEATHER. See Merryweather. FIN6AL. Finegal appears as a tenant in Yorkshire before Domesd. He was pro- bably of Gaelic descent. FINGHIN", An ancient Irish surname, now anglicized to Florence, means ' fair oiifspring.' O'Donovan in Irish Penny Joum. p. 327. .FINGLASS. Probably Finlass, a river of Dumbartonshire. FINK. A provincialism for Finch. See Finck. FINIiAY. An ancient Scottish personal name, said to be the same as Kinlay. FINLAYSON. The son of Finlay, and equivalent to Mackinlay. FINN. A native of Finland. A- Sax. plur. Finnas. Fin. H.K. FINNINGLEY. A parish in the cos. of York and Nottingham. FINNIS. A native of Finland ; a Fin. Ulf Fenisc occurs as a previous tenant in Domesd. in cos. Derby, Nottingham, Lin- coln, and Huntingdon, and Fin Danus (a Dane) in co. Bucks. FIRBY. A township in Yorkshire. FIREBRACE. The extinct baronet family, whose pedigree ascends only to the XVII. cent., seem to have had a tradition of a Norman origin (Burke's Ext. Barts.), and the name is said to signify fer-bras, " bold or stout arm," like our indigenous Armstrong and Strong i' th' arm. The H.E. form, M)-bras, is suggestive of " Iron-arm." FIREMAN. The occupation. FIRKIN. Perhaps the diminutive of some Christian name — perhaps an ancient trader's sign ; but certainly not what Mr. Ferguson would have us think, viz : fir-cyn, ' race of man,' an impossible appellation. FIRMAN. Either fii-eman, or/e?'t?-OTO?;, A-Sax., a soldier. FIRMINGER. FURMEN^GER. Pro- bably 0. French, fromar/ciu; a cheese-maker. In d. Scotch the word fuvmage is used for cheese. FIRTH. A parish in Orkney; also a Scottish topographical word, signifying, 1. An iestuary or bay ; 2. A sheltered place or enclosure. The etymon in both cases seems to be the A-Sax. frithian, to protect or shelter. FISH. See Fishes, below. FISHBOURNE. A parish in Sussex. FISHPOND. From residence near one. Ad Fispond, H.R. FISHER. This seems to be a suf- ficiently obvious derivation from the calling of a fisherman, especially since ' fisher ' occurs in our version of the New Testament in this sense ; and Leland in his Itinerary usually describes the smaller sea-coast places as " fischar touncs." In Domesd. and other early records, we meet with the forms Piscator, Le Pecheur, &:c. There is, however, curious evidence that some fami- lies bearing this name are descendants of Fitz-Urse, one of the assassins of Thomas a Becket. Fitz-Ui'se is said to have gone over to Ireland, and there to have become ances- tor of the Mac I\Iahon family — Mac Mahon being the Celtic equivalent of ' Bear's son ;' but other branches of the family remained in England, and gradually corrupted the family name thus ; Fitzour, Fishour, Fisher. The great Kentish family of Berham, or Barham, is also deduced by Philipot, Harris, and other Kentish historians from the same source — apparently upon the strength of the first syllable of that name resembling the word bear, (Ourse — Ursus). See Quar- terly Review, September, 1858, p. 379. t^" FISHES. Names of, which have he- come Surnames. The following catalogue of these has been arranged by Mr. Clark : ■ Barnacle and BriU, Crabbe, Cockle, Salmon, Trout, and Eel ; Bream, Dolphin, Haddock, Carp, and Loach, Chubb, Winkles, Codd, Smelt, Pike, and Roach ; Base, Burt, Whale, Herring, Shark and Dace, Tench, Gudgeon, Flounders, Roe, and Plaice ; Ray, MackreU, \Miiting, Grayling, Skate, Perch, Mullett, Gurnard, Mussell, Spratt ; With Sturgeon, Lamprey, Pickerel, Sole, And these perhaps include the whole, Unless, indeed, we add thereto The names of Fish and Fisher too." Of these names, perhaps the majority are derived from sources unconnected with the inhabitants of the waters ; for example. Barnacle, Brill, Bream, Roach, Perch, Mussell, and Winkles are local ; Roe and Ray (Rae) belong to quadrupeds rather than fishes ; and Burt, Mackrell, Salmon, WTiiting, with several others, are shewn in their proper places to have no place in this category. It is difficult to account for the adop- tion of the designations of fishes as proper names for persons and families. A few, such as Dolphin, Pike, and Crabbe, may have been borrowed from Heraldry; and others, such as Whale, Shark, and Herring, were perhaps sobri- quets which having been applied to an individual afterwards adhered to his descendants. FISK. A-Sax. /.vc, a fish. FIST. The same as Feist. FITCH. A polecat — perhaps the sign adopted by some medieval furrier. It may however be a corruption of Fitz. H.R. Fitche. FITCHETT. A polecat: formerly a term of contempt. It may ha^-e a much more respectable origin, from J/owffichett, which see. Fichet, without prefix, is found in H.R. FITCHEW. 1. A corruption of Fitz- Hugh. 2. A kind of polecat — a word of contempt. FITKIN. SeeFitt. FITNESS. See Filtness. FIT i\j FITT. Apparently an ancient personal name, whence the duninutive Fitkin. FITTER. A person who vends and loads coals, fitting ships with cargoes. Halliwell. FITTIS. Said to be the Gael, feadha, forward, fierce, surly. Folks of Shields. FITZ. Occurs at the present day as a surname without any addition. This is probably local, from the parish of Fitz in Shropshire : or it mav be the Xorman-Fr., Le Fitz. '• the Son '—like Cousin, Frere, Brother, .tc. Fiz. H.E. 6^g"FITZ. A Xorman-French prefix, sig- nifying son, being a corruption of the Latin ./?■//«.?. Many of the names which occur in Domesday Book with ftlhts and the father's name' in the genitive case, become Fitz in later records. Like AP among the Welsh, and MAC among the Scotch, the Fitz prefixed to the father's name was the only surname in use in many noble families, thus: 1. Bardolf; 2. Akaris Fitz -Bardolf; 3. HerveyFitz- Akaris : 4. Henry Fitz-Hervey ; 5. Ran- dolph Fitz-Henry, and so on, down to the time of Edw! III. This succession is found iu the family known as Fitz- Hugh, which then became their per- maiaent surname. In general, however, this patronymical method was disused at an earlier period. Camden informs us that ■• King Edward the First, di.sliking the iteration of Fit:, commanded the Lord John Fitz-Eobert, an ancient baron (whose ancestours had continued their surnames by their fathers" Christian names) to leave that manner, and be called .lohn of Clavering. which was the capital seat of his Barony. And in this tune many that had followed this course of naming by Fitz, took them one set- tled name and retained it.'" Eemains, p. I>t5. The origin of the word Frrz, which has so much puzzled some Anti- quaries, is this : in contracting the word filim, our old scribes drew a stroke across the '1,' to denote the omission of the following ' i,' and thus assimilated it in form to the letter 't." The charac- ter ' z ' is the usual contraction of ' us.' Thus the word looked lilvc "Jitz," and came to be so pronounced. FITZ-CLAREXCE. This surname was given to the natural children of the late Duke of Clarence. afterwarcLs King William IV. FITZ-ELLTS. The knightly family so named, who flourished at ""Waterpyrie near Oxford, sprang from Sir William Alis men- tioned in Domesd. The forms are Fitz- Elys, Fitz-Elias, Fitz-EUis, kc. See Ellis. FITZ-GERALD. The Geraldines, as this great family are sometimes called, claim to be descended from the same stock as the Gherardini, a noble Florentine family, whose progenitor. Rainerio, flourished A.D. 910: but it is doubtful whether this is not a fiction of the XV. cent., invented as a compliment from the Italian family. FIT (Gent. Mag. Aug. 1858). It is however sufficient for the antiquity of this distin- guished race to state, that their pedigree is perfect up to Otho. Other, or more properly Ohtere, who passed into England before the Conquest. The name itself is probaby de- rived from that chieftain"s descendant, Maurice, the son of Gerald, (Alius Geroldi) great-grandson of Otho, companion of Wil- liam I. at the Conquest, who married Nesta the famous Welsh princess, temp, Henrj- I. Maurice Fitz-Gerald accompanied Strong- bow in his invasion of Ireland, temp. Henry 11., and thus built up in that country the fortunes of the family, which under the title of Leinster has yielded Ireland her only duke. The original Other, castellan of Windsor under the Confessor, is said to have sprung from a Xorse vi-king Ohtere, whose descendants settled in Normandy, and to have been the common ancestor of the Windsor, Carew, Fitz-Maurice, Gerard, Otter, and many other families, as well as of that amusing and credulous historian, Gi- raldus Cambrensis. FITZ-GIBBOX. The earl of Oare's family, the chief of whom was styled The White Ksight, otherwise Clan-Gibl)on, are a branch of the great Anglo- Irish Fitzgeralds, being descended from Gilbert, otherwise Gibbon, son of John Fitzgerald, ancestor of the houses of Kil- dare and Desmond. From the same stock spring the knights of Kerry, called The Black Knights. FITZ-HARRIS. See Harris. FITZ-HERBERT. Herbert Fitz-Her- bert is said to have come into England with the Conqueror. His descendants settled at Xorbury, co. Derby, in 112.5, and are still, I believe, possessors of the estate. Lysons' Derbyshire. FITZ-HUGH, See under tp=Fitz. The great baronial race of this name descended from a feudal chief named Bardolph, who was lord of Ravensworth, co. York, at the period of the Conquest. The surname was not fixed until the time of Edw. IIL, when Henry Fitz-Hugh was summoned to Par- liament as Baron Fitz-Hugh. FITZ-JAMES. James, illegitimate son of king James II„ by Arabella Cluirchill, sister of the great Duke of Marlborough, received the surname of Fitz-James, and was created Duke of Berwick. Being at- tainted after the Eevolution of 1G88, he was created Duke Fitz-James by the king of France, and the title is still enjoyed in that country by his descendant, the present Due Fitz-James. FITZ-MAURICE. The Marquis of Lansdownes family are of common origin with the Fitz-Geralds, being descended from the famous Otho of Windsor, temp. Edw. Confessor. The surname is derived from an early ancestor, named Maurice Fitz-Gerald. FITZ-PATRICK. The anglicized form of GioUa-Phadruic, an ancient Irish chief FLA 116 of the X. cent. Its literal meaning is. The Servant of St. Patrick. Such names were common in Ireland soon after the introduc- tion of Christianity. O'Donovan, in Irish Penny Journal, p. 330. Comp. Gilchrist, Gillespie, &c. John Fitz-Patrick, descended from the ancient monarchs of Ireland, was ancestor of the Earls of Ossory, who became extinct in 1818. FITZ-ROY. Fillus Regis— "Son of a King." This surname has fi-equently been given to the illegitimate offspring of our monarchs, e. g. to Robert, natural son of Henry I. ; to Geoffrey, bishop of Lincoln, natural son of Henry'll. : to Henry, natural son of Henry VIII.,' by Elizabeth Blount : and to Charles, Henry, and George, natural sons of Charles II., by Barbara Yilliers. Duchess of Cleveland. From Henry, the second of these, are descended the Duke of Grafton, and Lord Southampton. FITZ-SWAIN. See Swainson. FITZ-WILLIAM. The Earl of this title and surname is lineally descended from William Fitz-Goderic, a cousin of king Edward the Confessor. His son, Wil- liam Fitz-Williani, is said to have been ambassador fi'om England to the Norman court, and to have accompanied Duke Wil- liam in the invasion of this country. He was at the battle of Hastings, and tradition asserts that in reward for his prowess, the Conqueror gave him a scarf from his own arm. Collins. FITZ-WYGRAM. See Wigram. FIVEASH. The name of a locality. There are two places in E. Sussex called respectively, Five-Ashes and Five-Ash Down. FLACK. Possibly from Flagg, a town- ship in CO. Derby. FLADGATE. Probably a corruption of Floodgate. FLAGG. A township in the parish of Bakewell, co. Derby. FLAMANT. O. Fr. Flawand, a Flem- ing. Le Flamant, H.R. FLANDERS. From the country. See Fleming. FLASH. See under Flashmau. The Prompt. Parv. defines Jiasshe as ' watyr,' and nnAeT 2)lasclie we have "flasche, where ra)Tie watyr stondythe." ^Mr. Way says, " a shallow pool, in low' Latin fachia, flasica, O. Fr.fiacfte or Jfesqiw." Camden, in his Britannia, applies tlie term to those artificial reservoirs in Sussex which had been formed for the driving of iron- mills. FLASHMAN. Flashes is a word pro- vincially applied to flood-gates. The Flash- man probably had the care of such gates. See, however. Flash. FLATMAX. A baptismal name One Floteman was an undertenant in Yorkshire before the compilation of Domesday. The FLE name appears to have been originally the A-Sax.fivtmaNn. a sailor. FLAYEL. FLAYELL. An ancient family presumed to be of Norman extrac- tion, who gave the affix to Flavel Flyford, CO. Worcester. The name may be derived from the Low Lat. favellus, a diminutive oiflavus, yellow, or golden — perhaps with reference to the hair. FLAXMAN. A dresser of flax, or a spinner. In old authors " flax-wife" signi- fies a female spinner who is married, pro- bably to distinguish her from the sjnnster, or maiden of the distaff. The records of Castle Combe shew the existence in that district of a family who in the reign of Edw. III. were called Spondel, most proba- bly a provincialism for "spindle," in allu- sion to the spinning trade carried on by them. One of the family is described as "JohannemSpoundel dictum Flexmangcre," or flax-monger, and twenty years later this person, or a descendant, is simply described as " Johannes Flexman." See Scrope"s Hist, of Castle Combe, reviewed in Quar- terly Eev., vol. xcii., p. 291. FLEET. A-Sax. feot A harbour for vessels, an arm of the sea, a haven ; hence Northfleet. Southfleet, and the Fleet, a tri- butary of the Thames, which gave name to Fleet'Street. The celebrated jurist, Fleta, is said to have adopted that name, about temp. Edw. II., from his having been a prisoner in the Fleet at the time when he wrote his treatise on the common law. Fuller's Wor. ii. 'Mfi. There are parishes in cos. Dorset and Lincoln so called. FLEETWOOD. The place from which the name was derived is probably in Lan- cashire, where the family resided in the XV. cent., and in that county a new town bearing this designation has recently sprung into existence under the auspices of Sir Hesketh Fleetwood. FLEGG. E:ist and West Flegg are two hundreds in Norfolk. FLEMEX^. See Fleming. FLEMIXG. FLEMMIXG. A native of Flanders. Many natives of that country joined William the Conqueror in the in- vasion of England. Several persons de- signated Flandrensis occur in Domesday Book ; thus Winemar F. was a tenant in chief in co. Bucks, and Hugo F. in Bed- fordshire. Walterus Flandrensis was a tenant in chief in Herts, Bucks, Bedford, &c. He "assumed this surname in regard he came from Flanders, and assisted Wil- liam at the battle of Hastings. Walter Bek, who came over with the Conqueror, had a large inheritance in Flanders, and had several lordships given him in Eng- land; but whether Walter F. and Walter Bek were one and the same person does not sufficiently appear." Kelham's Domesday. There have been numerous settlements of Flemiugs at subsequent periods, and Le Fleming was a very common sm-name throughout the middle ages. 9-ujaJJU FLO n: FLESHER. A butcher ; a vrord still in use in the North. In the H.R. the name is sometimes \vritten Le Flesmongere, the JicsJimoiiffer. In Old Scotch, afcxchour was a hangman or executioner — camifex. FLETCHER. Fr. feche, an arrow. A maker of arrows — a common and most ne- cessary trade in the middle ages. Le Fleeher, Lc Flecchir. Le Fletcher. H.E. FLEWELLEX. (Lond. Direct.) A cor- ruption of Llewellyn, the Welsh baptismal and family name. FLEXMAX. See Flaxman. FLIGG. SeeFlegg. FLIXT. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors had a snhordinate defty whom they named Flint, and whose idol" was an actual liint- stone of large size. The name of the god would readily become the appellation of a man. and that would in time become here- ditary- as a surname. Such it had become, without any prefix, at the date of the H.R., and even in Domesday we have in Suffolk an Alwin Flint. The town of Flint, in North Wales, may however have a claim to its origin. FLITTOX'. A parish in co. Bedford. FLOAT. 1. A-Sax Jiuta, a sailor. 2. Local ; an ancient Hampshire family wrote themselves De Flote. FLOCK. Probably from Floques, near Eu. in Normandy. FLOCKHART. A guttural pronuncia- tion of Lockhart. FLOCKTOX^. A chapelrj in Yorkshire. FLOOD. The English corruption of Lloyd, which is too guttural for our organs of pronunciation. Andrew Borde in his Boke of BJaowledge makes a Welchman say — " I am a gentvlman and come of Brntus' blood ; My name isAp Kyce, Ap Dayy; Ap Flood." FLOREXCE. The capital of Tuscany. It is sometimes written Florance. See also Finghin. FLOUXDERS. Perhaps a corruption of Flanders. FLOWER. The London Directory ex- hibits more than a quarter of a hundred of traders bearing this l.)eautiful surname, which prol>ably had its origin in some pe- culiar manly beauty or excellence, such as that implitni in the phrases ' IHower ofChi- valrA,' Flower of the Familv. Jcc. Le Floer. H.R. FLOWERDAY. See Flowerdew, of which it is proliably a corruption. FLOWERDEW. Probably from '/cMr" and ' JDuit.' Fr. *■ Gods flower," from .some peculiar sanctity attached to the original bearer. FLOWERS. See Flower. FLOYD. The same as Flood, which see. F OL FLOYER. Burke says, that the pedigree of the Floyers of co. Dorset is " authenti- cally deduced from Floierus, who settled soon after the Nonuan Conquest on the lands beyond the river Exe, co. Devon, whence the name of Floiers-Lands and Floiers-Hayes." FLUDE. See Flood. FLY. A place near Gournay, in Xor- mandy, once famous for its great abbey. It was ancientlv called Flagi. Chron. of Battel Abbey,' p. 49. FOAKES. The same as Folkes. FOARD. See Ford. FOE. Probably ijiiminix, an enemy — the antithesis of the surname Friend; or it may be the FT.faii.r. false, unfaithful. I believe the territorial De of De Foe was assumed by the author of Eobinson Crusoe. FOGGE. An ancient Kentish family, possibly identical with that of Fagge. Ferguson says '\1iog," Danish, a simpleton. FOLD. An enclosure for sheep or cattle. FOLEY. Collins says that the family have been of ancient standing in co. Wor- cester, and some adjoining counties. Local: place unknown. FOLGER. SeeFoulger. F0LJA:\IBE. Jamhe is Fr. for leg, and foLfoUe is often employed in 0. Fr. for something useless or of little value, as ' farine foUe,' mill-dust, 'figue folle,' a good- for-nothing fig. Hence Foljambe was pro- baljly a sobriquet allusive to a useless or defective Leg. We find in the H.E. the antithetical Belc-javihe, or "handsome leg," as a sum?me. and indeed the Jambe, or leg, gave rise to other sobriquets and family names in the middle ages. As a remarkable instance, in the far-famed Scrope and Grosve- nor controversy, temp. Eich. II., one of the witnesses calls Edward I. " the good king Edward with the long legs," — orcz lex long jauvtbes. This family were doubtless of Norman origin, and the pedigree is traced to Sir Thomas Foljambe, who was baihflf of the High Peak, co. Derby, in 1272. FOLK. FOLKES. A corruption of the Norman personal name Fulco, from whence also Fulke. FOLKARD. FOLKERD. Fulcher or Fulcherus, a,Domesd. name, is doubt- less the same as Folchard or Folcard, home by an eminent Flemish scholar, who settled in England about the time of the Conquest and became abbot of Thomey. FOLKER. See Folkard. FOLLEXFAXT. Fr. "Foolish child" — probably a term of endearment. FOLLETT. Fr. follet, "somewhat fond, pretty and foppish, a little foolish." Cotgr. Probably used by way of endear- ment. ' Feu follet " is an exact rendering of Ignis fatiius. In the Domesday of Kent there is a William Folet. FOR 118 FOLLIOT. FOLIOT. FFOLLIOTT. An old Fr. epithet formed from the extinct \evhf oiler, to play the fool, to be merry or frolicsome. Comp. Follett. The family came into England at or soon after the Conquest. The surname has become histo- rical from Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Here- ford, the staunch defender of Henry II. against the demands of Thomas a Becket. One night as he lay ruminating on the quarrel of the king and the archbishop, a terrible and unknown voice sounded in his ears the words : — Voice. "Folioth! Folioth ! thy God is the Goddess Azaroth." (Venus.) Foliot. Thou lyest, foule fiend ; my God is the God of Sabaoth !" FOLLY. " Any ridiculous buildincr, not answering its intended purpose." Halliwell. Most counties have many spots so called ; but I do not find Mr. Halliwell's definition always correct. I should prefer calling a " folly," a temporary or fragile building, and that seems to have been the sense of the Norman-French /«/^^/>. In the Roman de Eou of Master Wace, line 12,13G we • read — " Mult veient loges hfoillies," which M. Pluquet explains as " baraques faites avec des branches d'arbre ;" — tempo- rary buildings made of branches of trees. See Notes and Queries, Nov. 1856. De la Folye. H.R. FOLTHORPE. FOULTHORPE. A local name of northern origin. One of the principal habitats of the family was in the county of Durham, where they acquired (probably for no better reason than a play upon the first syllable) the undesirable ap- pellation of the " The Filthy Foul- THOltPES." FONNEREAU. This family were founded in England by M. Zacharie F. who fled from La Rochelle at the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, and settled in London. He is said to have been of noble descent, and a branch of the Earls of Ivry in Nor- mandy. B.L.G. FONT. Lat./oH.9, a spring. De Fonte, Ad Fontem. H.R. FOOKES. FOOKS. See Folk, Folkes, Perhaps, however, the High German /tfcZi.?, a fox. FOORD. See Ford. FOOT. FOOTE. Probably from resi- dence near the ' foot' of a mountain. _ This surname was hereditary from the time of the Conqueror. Among the undertenants of Domesday we have an Ernui Fot in Cheshire, and a Godwin Fot in Kent. The descendants of the latter gave the prefix to Foot's Cray. Fot is the common spelling in H.R. FOOTMAN. Not a domestic servant, but a foot-soldier, an infantry man. It is used in this sense in Hall's Chronicle. FORBES. A town and barony in Aber- deenshire. The family possessed that lord- ship as early as temp. William the Lion, FOK and were seated at Pitscottie in the same ehire in 1476. Debrett. See Art. Coult- hart. FORCE. In the North, a waterfall, a cascade. Worsaae considers it of Danish origin, and finds fifteen localities with the termination in the northern counties. Danes in England, p. 71. ^j^ FORD. A shallow place in a river, which may be crossed without bridge or boat — a common termination of local surnames. " In Ford, in Ham, in Ley, in Ton The most of Enghsh Surnames run." Verstegan. FORD. Parishes and places in cos. Durham, Sussex, Bucks, Northmnberland, Salop, Wilts, Devon, &c. FORDER. 1. A village near Trematon in Cornwall. 2. A modification of At Ford. See termination ek, FORDHAM. Parishes in cos. Cambridge, Essex, and Norfolk. FORDRED. An ancient personal name. FORDYCB. A parish in Banffshire. FORECAST. Qyv^?A forth-cast; one cast forth ; a foundling ? FORECASTLE, Probably local, and having no connection with a ship. FOREHEAD. Local. See Head. FORES. Probably Forres in Moray- shire. FOREST. FORREST. From residence in one. Forest is, however, the specific name of places in cos. Durham, Brecon, &c. FORESTER. FORRESTER. " An officer made by letters patent under the great seal, and sworn to preserve vert and venison in the forest ; and to attend upon the wild beasts within his bailiwick; to at- tach offenders there either in Vert or "Veni- son, and to present the same at the courts of the Forest, that they may be punished ac- cording to the quantity and quality of their ofi'ences aud trespasses. Some Foresters have their office in fee, paying to the king a fee-farm rent." Manwode, cited in Nel- son's Laws of Game. In allusion to the origin of the name, many families of Forester bear bugle-horns in their arms. Several Forestarii are found in Domesday. FORGE. From residence atone; a local synonym of Smith. FORMAN. FOREMAN. (A-Sax.) The president or chief man of a company. Bailey. Still applied to the spokesman of a jury, and to the chief of a body of work- men. FORMBY. A chapelry in Lancashire. FORRETT. Possibly from Fr.ybre/— a forest. FORSAITH. See Forsyth. FORSCUTT. See Foskett. A FOS 119 FOX FORSTER. A curt pronunciation of Forester. There are many families of this name of separate origins. The Durham family were characterized as The Friendly FOKSTERS, FORSYTH. Probably from Forcett (whence also Fawcett) a township in the wapentake of Gillingwest, N.Ii. of York- shire. FORT. Fr. Le Fort. Strong, powerful. FORTESCUE. Doubtless from O. Fr. fot-te (jscu, "strong shield," referring proba- bly to such a weapon carried by the pri- mary bearer of the name. This, together with the punning motto of the family, " Ihife Scutum salus dHann," 'a strong shield is the safety of commanders,' doubt- less led to the fabrication of the legend that the founder of the family, one Sir Richard le Fort, at the battle of JBastings was the safety of his commander, by bearing a stroll^ shield in front of him. If we may trust genealogists of the old school, the field of Hastings witnessed many wonderful scenes and exploits ; but as the Norman Duke was quite able to carry his own shield we may dismiss this story to the regions of romance. The Norman origin of the family is, however, pretty certain, and their resi- dence at Winston in Devonshire, temp. King John, seems fully proved. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. If the name origi- nated in any military incident, it is more likely to have taken place in the Holy Land, where two memljers of the family are said to have fought under C'oeur de Lion. FORTH. A well-known river of Scot- land ; also a village in Lancashire. FORTXER. A combatant in a tilting match. See Eng. Sura. i. 109. FORTUXE. A place in Haddington- shire. FORTY. FORTYMAN. Forty is used by the Scot, poet Douglas, in the sense of brave. Fr. fort. Hence these names probably refer to the courage of their original owners. FORWARD. May refer to disposition, but is more probal ily the fore-nard, or guard — an advanced sentinel. FOSBROKE. A township in Stafford- shire, hodie Forsbroke. The family were settled in Northamptonshire temp. Rich. II. FOSCUE. A corruption of Fortescue. Camden. FOSDICK. FORSDUvE. Fosdyke, a parish in Lincolnshire. John de Focedik occurs in that shire temp. Edw. I. H.R. FOSKETT. Probably from the ancient manor of Foscott, co. Bucks, or from Fors- cote, a parish co. Somerset. FOSS. FOSSE. The ditch of a fortified place. Conf. De la Fosse, and Ditch. FOSSETT. The same as Fawcett and Forsyth, which see. FOSSEY. A Fosse-way, or ancient forti- fication of earth. FOSTER. Sometimes a contraction of Forester: but there is an origin at least equally probable, viz : fosterer, one who feeds and has tlie charge of children instead of their parents. "When a gesithcund- man left his land, he was at liberty to take away his Reeve, his Smith, and his child's Fosterer. Laws of Ina, King of Wessex. Thorpe, i. 145. Archwologia, xxxiii. 277. FOTHER. Apparently an ancient Scan- dinavian personal name, to which probably we owe the local names and surnames, Fotherby, Fothergill, Fotheringham, Fo- therley, &c. FOTHERBY. A parish in Lincoln- shire. FOTHERIXGHAM. A place in the parish of Inverarity, co. Forfar. FOULGER. A-Sax./o/^ere, a follower, an attendant, a servant, a free-man who bad not a house of his own, but who was the retainer of some " heorth-fjest," or house-keeper. Bosworth. FOULIS. The ancestor of the baronet was in great favour with king James VI. of Scotland, whom he accompanied into Eng- land. The name is probably derived from one of the two parishes of Perthshire now called Fowlis-Easter and Fowlis-Wester. In charters it is latinized De Foliis. FOULKES. The personal name, Fulco or Fulke, through the Fr. Foulques. FOULSHAIkL A town in Norfolk. FOUXD. This name was given to a foundling at Doncaster not many genera- tions since. Eng. Surn. ii. 18. The cor- responding name /;i(r«f«s formerly existed there. It)id. FOUXTAIX. From residence near one — like the Fr. De la Fontaine. FOURDRIXIER. O. Fr. " The blacke thorne that beareth sloes ; also the wild or mountain plumme tree." Cotgrave. The surname is analogous to our indigenous Thome, Hawthorne, &c. FOUR^IY. Fr. fourmi—an ant; pro- bably allusive to industry. FOURNIER. Fr. A baker or furnace- man. FOURXISS. Furness, co. Lancaster. POWELL. The same as Fowle. FOWKE. FOWKES. See Foulkes. FOWLE. A bird of any species. Le Fowle. H.R. FOWLER. A bird-catcher ; a destroyer of birds by any method, whetlier with net, bird-bolt, or " fowling-piece." Le Fowelere. H.R. FOWLES. FOWLS. See Foulis. I FOX. FOXE. 1. From the animal, I like Wolf, Bear, Boar, &c. Le Fox. H.R. FRA 2. In some cases it may be connected with the Yorkshire family of Fawlvcs, and if so Tilth the Norman Vaux or De Valllbus. FOXALL. rOXELL. See Foxhall. FOXHALL. A parish In Suffolk. FOXLEY. FOXLEE. Parishes, &c., in COS. Norfolk, Northampton, and Wilts. FOXTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Cam- bridge, Durham, and Leicester. FOY. A parish in eo. Hereford. FOYSTER. An evident corruption of Forester, resulting from mispronunciation of the letter R. FRAIN. See Freyne. FRAMPTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Dorset, Gloucester, Lincoln, &c. The Framptons of the first-named county have resided at Moreton from 1385. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. FRANCE. From the country. FRANCIS. Not from the personal name, which is of too recent introduction ; but as in the H.R., Le Franceys, Le Franseys, Le Fraunceys, " the Frenchman.'' FRANEY. See Freyne. FRANK. FRANKS. FRANKES. The nursename Frank stands for Francis, Fran- ciscus, and this maybe in some instances the origin of the surname. Le Frank, however, appears in H.R., and may mean either "the free," an enfranchised man ; or a " Franc," by nation. FRAN KH AM. I find no such place as Frankham. and the name seems not to be local, but the old Fr. Fraunchumme (homo liber) " a free man." The name is so MTitten in H.R. See under Freeman. FRANKLAND. Sometimes a corruption of Franklin. FRANKLIN. In the H.R. Franckleyn, Frankelaiu (with and without the prefix Le), Franklanus, &c. Halliwell's definition is •• a large freeholder." Properly the son or descendant of a rilcin, who had become rich; but the term was also applied to fanners and country gentlemen of incon- siderable property. Chaucer's description, however, makes the Franklin a much more important personage. See Eng. Sum., i. 127-8. FRANKOK. H.R. The personal name Franc occui's in Domesd., and this seems to be its diminutive. FRANKS. See Frank. FRANKTON. A parish in co. War- wick. ERASER. " Of the Norman origin of the Frasers it is impossible for a moment to entertain any doubt." Skene's Highlanders, ii. 311. Down to the reign of Robert Bruce they appear to have remained in the southern counties of Scotland, though aftenvards they removed to the North, and assumed the dignity of a clan. The advocates of 120 FEE their Celtic origin derive the name from Fnth-siol, " forest race." Dixon. In the Ragman Roll it is spelt Fresar, Frizel, Freshele, Frisele, and Frisle. Ibid. Fmell occurs in the so-called Battel Roll, and an ancient fief near Neufchatel, in Normandy, was called Fresles. A perpetuity of Frasers is promised to Philorth (the estate of Fraser, Lord Sal- toun), by the following rhyme : — " As lane; as there's a cock in the North, There'll be a Fraser in Pliilorth." Chambers' Popular Rhymes of Scotland. The following anecdote is given by Mr. Dixon. Surnames, preface, p. xviii. : — " An Irish gentleman once tokl nie that in his youth the Fraser Fencibles were quartered near his father's residence, and that he had many times heard the roll called. It commenced Donald Fraser, senior; Donald Fraser, junior ; Donald Fraser, Baine firAiVeJ; Donald Fraser, Ruadh (Red); Donald Fraser, Buidhe (Yellow-haired); Donald Fraser, Dubh (Black); Donald Fraser, No. 1 ; Donald Fraser, No. 2 ; and so on to Donald Fraser, No. 18., before a new baptismal name appeared." FRATER. A latinization of Brother. FREARSON. Perhaps "Friar's son," the son of a friar, anciently -written/^r/'c. FRECHEVILLE. The family descended from Ralph Fitz-Herbert, a tenant incapite in Derbyshire and the neighbouring coun- ties. Lysons' Derb. The name, which is latinized De Frisca-villa, may have been derived from Francheville, near Argentan in Normandy. Camden considers Fretwell a corruption of it. FREDERICK. The personal name. Frederic was a tenant in Kent prior to the making of Domesday. FREE. Under the feudal system, one who was not in servile condition ; the same as Freeman, which see. Le Free. H.R. FREEBODY. See under Body. FREEBORN. Under the feudal law, one whose parents were not in a state of villeuage. Freeburn is, however, the name of a parish in Scotland. The Friebernus of Domesd. and the Frebern of the H.R. point rather to an ancient baptismal name. FREELAND. Perhaps local, though the place does not occur. In the H.R. it is Frelond, without prefix. FREELOVE. In all probability the same as the A-Sax. name Frealaf. (Fergu- son.) Frelove. H.R. FREEMAN. Fremond is an A-Sax. per- sonal name ; but this surname is more pro- bably derived from the social condition. " A Freeman (liber Jiomo), is one distin- guished from a slave; that is, born or made free." Jacob, Law Diet. In the early daj-s of feudalism two neighbours bearing some common Christian name would be distinguished by epithets denot- ing their respective conditions, as John le Freeman and Jolm le Bonde, and these epithets would often become family names. In the H.R. we have not only many Le Fremans, but also one Matilda Frewoman, FRE and an Agnes Frewif, or free wife, probably the wife of a bondman, Tlio name also occurs there in tlic forms of Franchome and Fraunchommc. Also one who has received the freedom of any corporation. rREE]\IANTLE is latinized Frigidum- Mantellum, "cold cloak," which is suffi- ciently absurd. It should be Frieze-mantle, a cloak offrwze or Friesland cloth ; as we now say, a Flushing coat, a Guernsey shirt, Nankin trowsers, &;c. (Dixon). FREERE. Fr.frere, a brother; also a friar, which Chaucer writes frere. In the H.E., Le Frere. FREEZE. Possibly a native of Fries- land. FREESTONE. Perhaps local, from Frieston, a Lincolnshire parish ; or perhaps a modification of Frithestan, the A- Sax. personal name. FREETH. See Frith. FREKE. FRECK. 1. O.-Eng., a man, a fellow. Halliwell. Also an epithet; quick, eager, hasty ; firm, powerful, brave. " Ffrek as a fuyre in the flj-nt." nornton Romances, p. 234. " We have foughten in faithe by yone fresche strandez, With th^ frekkeste folke that tothi foo langez." itorte Arthure (quoted by Halliwell). " This day a man is fresche tmAfi-yke." MS. Cantab. Ff. ii. (Ibid). 2. An 0. Germ, personal name; perhaps the same in origin as Fricker. FRENCH. From the country. Le Frensch. HE. See Francis. The Frenches of Frenchgrove, co. Mayo, are said to have sprung from Robert Fitz-Stephen de France, who accompanied Strongbow into Ireland temp. Heni-y II., and he is said to have been a descendant of one Theophilus de France, a follower of William I. at the Conquest. B.L.G. FRERE. Fr. A brother. FRERRY. A ' nurse-name ' of Frede- rick. Camden. FRESHVILLE. See Freclieville. FRESHWATER. A parish in the Isle of Wight. FRETWELL. Said by Camden to be a corruption of the Noi-man De Freclie- ville, but is more probably derived from Fritwell, a parish in Oxfordshire. FREVILLE. A place between Ste. Mere Eglise and Talognes, in Normand)\ It gave its name to a family celebrated both in that duchy and in England. Mem. Soc. Ant. Normandie, 1825. De Frivile. ILR. FREW. A-Sax. freo, free — having liberty or authority. FREWEN. FREWIN. "Is manifestly as old as the worship of Frea," the Teu- tonic Venus. Edinb. Ecv., April, 185.5. It occurs as the fourth from Woden in the genealogy of the Northumbrian kings. Its A-Sax. foiTJi is Freawin, signifying " dear See Frew, and 121 FRO or devoted to Frea." Ferguson. Several tenants prior to the Domesd. survey bore it, as Frauuin, in Sussex, Frauuinus, in Devonshire, and Freowinus, in Suffolk. FREWER. A free-man. the termination er. FREYNE. O. Fr. fresne, an ash-tree, from residence near one. So the modem Fr. surname Dufresne and our own Ash. In Nomian times this name had the variations Fresnel, Fresnay, Freune, &c. FRIAR. See Ecclesiastical Surnames. FRICKER. A-Sax. friccu, a crier or preacher — one who proclaims. FRIDAY. From the day of the week ; from some event which occurred to the original bearer on that day. So Munday, Christmas, Pentecost. This name is found in the H.E. in its modern orthography. FRIEND. FREND. Probably charac- teristic of the original bearer. Le Frend. H.E. FRIENDSHIP. This Devonshire name is probably local, the termination being a corruption of hojie. FRIER. I. See Fryer. 2. "Many friars at the Eeforrnation renounced their vom's of chastity, married, and became fathers of families ; from one of them descend the Friers of Melrose parish, Eoxburghshii-e." Folks of Shields. FRISBY. FRISBEE. A parish and a chapelry, co. Leicester. FRISELL. Probably a native of Fries- land. FRISTON. A parish in Sussex. _^ FRITir^See under FeU. ^ FROBISHER. A furbisher or Polisher /^o^ , /- of metals. Yv.fourlmseur, n,n?ivtiznn\i\\o^^'*^'^^f^^ ^*^ polishes and mounts swords; a sword A-*^^* cutler. Boyer. In the Promptorium we read, " Foorbyschowre, eruginator," one who removes rust. The transposition of the and the ;■ has many analogies. Tho name Le Fiu'bur in the H.E. is probably synon}-mous. FROCKE. Analogous to iMantell, Cloake, &c. FRODSIIAM. A parish in Cheshire. FROC One John Frog flourished, ap- propriately encjugh, under King Edward Longshanks, in the green pastures of New- ington,co. Oxford. H.E. ii. 761 ; and Burke's Armory gives the en.signs armorial of Frvgg ; but whether the name has descended, or rather leaped down, to modern times, I am unable to detcnnine. FROG GAT. A township in Derby- shire. FROGMORTON. A corruption of Throckmorton. FROISSART. The surname of the worthy old chronicler was borne mucii FUL JCL^P earlier by 'Willelinus Froissart, a Domesd. tenant in co. Bedford. It is evidently con- nected with the Fr. froisser, and means a crasher or bruiser— no improper name either for a follower of the Conqueror, or for the historian of Cresci and Poictiers. FROST. Frost is the name of a dwarf in the Scandinavian mythology, and our nursery hero, '■ Jack Frost," as Mr. Fer- guson suggests, may be derived from that source. One Alwin Forst was a tenant m CO. Hants before Domesd., and his name by a slight and common transposition would become Frost. The H.R. have many Frosts without prefix. FROUDE. FROWD. The epithet Fwde. wise, or much-knowing, was applied to more than one eminent Northman. See Laing"s Chronicle of the Sea-Kings of Nor- way, i. 2(5 and 29. In Domesd. we find a Frodo, described as " frater Abbatis" (i.e., of St, Edmundsbury), and he had a son Gilbert, called " filius Frodouis," or Fitz- Froude. FROYLE. A parish in Hampshire, which had owners of the same name in 1166. Lib. Nig. Scac. FRY. Old English for free ; in the H.R. Le Frye and Le Frie ; the same as Free and Freeman, which see. Also with regard to disposition — free, noble. " me child that was so/™." Rembrun, quoted hy JlaUiicell. FRYER. A-Norm. Brother. Kelham. FUBBS. A corruption of Forbes ? FUGGLE. FUGGLES. A-^ax.fngel, a fowl. In some instances the name has taken the more modern form of Fowle. FULBROOK. FULBROKE, &c. Pa- rishes in COS. Warwick, Oxon, &c. FULFORD. The family assert a Saxon origin, and are said to have held Folefort, now Great Fulford, co. Devon, temp. Wil- liam I. William de F., who held the estate temp. Richard I. is the first ascertained ancestor. His lineal descendant, Baldwin Fulford. Esq., still possesses it. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. There are also places called Fulford in cos. York and Stafford. FULHAM. A town in Surrey. FULKE. The A-Norm. personal name Fulco. FULLALOVE. FULLILOVE. Qu. An amorous person — '• full of love "? FULLER. One who thickens and whitens cloth. The H.R. forms of the name are Le Fuller and Le Fullere, and the latinization FuUo. FULLERTOX. FULLARTOX. Ful- larton is a burgh and estate at Irvine in Ayrshire, to which place the family is traced in 1371. B.L.G. FULLJAMES. A corruption of Fol- jambe. 122 FUR FULLWAY. Fullaway, a tythiug in Wiltshire. FUL^SIER. A parish in Bucks. FULTON. An extinct border village in CO. Roxburgh. FUL WELL. A township in Durham. FULWOOD. A township in co. Lan- caster, for many generations the seat of the family. FUXiSTELL. This name, though very common in Sussex, is, I think, rarely met with beyond the limits of that coimty. I will hazard a conjecture that it is a cor- ruption of Fontenelle. now St. Wandrille- sur-Seine, in Normandy, an ancient barony, and the site of a famous monastery, near Caudebec. The corruption may have taken place thus :— Fontenelle, Fonnell, Funnell. FUXXS. See Eng. Surn. i. 66. FUNTXER. " Fontainier or Fontenier (celui qui a soin des eaux et des fontaines), water bailifi'; he that has the charge of springs." Boyer's Diet. The Le Fontur of the H.R. is probably identical. FURBER. See Frobisher. FURBISHER. See Frobisher. FURLOXG. See Furlonger. FURLOXGER. A furlong, A-Sax. furlang. is a di^^s^on of a common or tenantry field. It may have been the duty of the "Furlonger " to attend to the boun- daries of such divisions. FURMIXGER. A cheese-maker. See Fu-minger. A Rob. Formagier, an Anselm le Formgir, and a Godfrey le Furmager are found in" H.R. FURXACE. Probably from Fiu-ness, CO. Lancaster, celebrated for its fine mo- nasterv ; perhaps, however, from residence near some great iron-furnace, before the existing method of smelting that metal was introduced, FURXEAUX, A Xorman family who came either from Fourneau-sur-Baise, near Falaise, or from Fourneaux-sur-Yire, near St. Lo. They gave the suffix to Pelham- Furneux, co, Herts. FURXELL, See Furneaux. FURXER. Fr. foumier, a baker or fur- nace man. Foumier, Dufour, &;c., are common Fr. surnames. FURXESS. FURXISS. Furness, co. Lancaster; but see Furnace. FURX'IVALL. Gerard de Furnival came from Normandy into England temp. Richard I., and accompanied that monarch to the Holv Land. His successors were barons bv tenure and writ for several des- cents. Fourneville, the place in Normandy from which the name appears to have been derived, is in the neighbourhood of Hon- rieur. FURSDOX^. Au estate in the parish of GAD 123 Cadburr. co. Devon. From tlie da}-s of Henry III., if not from an earlier period, the family have resided at the place from whence the name is derived. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. FURSE. An estate in the parish of Sprevton vras possessed by a family of the same name, temp. Richard I. They claimed descent from the Ferse of Domesd., but the local origin is sufficient. See B.L.G. FURZE. Furse, Ferse, an ancient per- sonal surname. Domesd. FUSMAX. Perhaps foot-man. Germ. fits:, foot. FUSSELL. Said to be the Italian Fuseli. Fussel. H.R. FUST. This name appears in the ar- chives of Switzerland. Germany, ice, in earlv times, in the various forms of Faus- tus. "Faust, Yaust. First, Furst, Futz, kc. Faust or Fust, the eminent printer of GAI Metz, was about contemporary •with the first appearance of the name in Sussex, but whether there was any connection between the English and the continental name there is no evidence to show. See Kimber's Ba- ronetage, ii. 255. FYFE. FYFFE. See Fife. FYLER. Probably a file-maker ; or per- haps a spinner, from the Fr.Jil, a thread. FYXES. See Fiennes. FYXHAGH. SeeVinaU. FYXX. See Finn. FYREBRAXD. Possibly refers to a man of " incendiarv "' character, but is more likely an ancient inn sign. FYSSHE. An O. Eng. orthography of fish. FYTHELER. A fidtUer. Le Fytheler. Non. Inq. FY^IE. A parish in co. Aberdeen. G. (jTABB. The Lond. Direct, shews us several traders gifted ^\-ith this patronymic, which Ferguson thinks derivable from the O. High German ffi'ban, to give. It is more probably a nick-name of Gabriel. Or it may relate to loquacity, for the A-Xorm. guhhcr means to jest or talk idly. Wick- liffe uses (jahhlna in the sense of Ijang and jesting ; and in the H.E. we have Le Gabber as a surname. GABBETT. The Gabbetts of Cahirline, CO. Limerick, trace an English lineage to the year 1-187. The name is probably iden- tical with Garbett and Garbutt. GABLE. Possibly a corruption of Gabriel. GABRIEL. A personal name borrowed from the celestial hierarchy. GABY. In many dialects a silly fellow. More probal)ly a nick-name of Gabriel. GAD. GADD. A-Sax. gad, a goad or si^ar. Halliwell quotes from an old MS. : " And h}-s axes also siiieten, With gaddes of stele that made them to betvn." GADSBY. Gaddesby, a parish in co. Leicester. GADSDEX. GADESDEX. Gaddes- den, two parishes in co. Herts. GAEL. The Gaels of Charlton-Kings CO. Gloucester, have written themselves, at various periods, "Galle, Gale, Gael, and originally De Gales." B.L.G. If this be correct, the family may have been of Welsh origin in Anglo-Xorman times, when that country was known as Galles or Gales, GAFFER. A provincialism for Grand- father, ' "^AGE. The oldest copy of the so-called Battel Abbey Roll mentions a De Gaugy or Gage as having come into England at the time of the Conquest. He settled in the forest of Dean, and his descendants were ennobled. Banks, i. 89. " Modem Heralds trace the genealog}' of the family of Gage, now flourishing in the rank of the peerage, from this ancient stock." Ibid, p. 87. GAICOTE. The first of tliis name was probably a medieval fop. G-UX. G.UXES. Gain. H.R. GAIXER. Probably a corruption of Gaymer. GAIXSFORD. GAYXESFORD. This ancient Surrey family are aUeged, I know not on what authority, to have originated at Gainford, a great parish in co. Durham. Ties of that Ilk, CO. Forfar, are described by a writer of IGGO or 1G70, as a very ancient race. B.L.G. GARFORD. A chapelry in Berkshire. GARLAND. A local surname, but I cannot find the place. John de Garlande, author of the Dictionarius, flourished in the XIT. and XIII. cent. Though a pro- fessor at Paris, he was an Englishman by birth. See Wright's Vocab. p. 1 20. Ger- land, the first mathematical writer in Eng- land after the Conquest, was living in 1086, but whether he was of English birth is un- certain. Garlond, Garland, and Gerlaundes occur in the H. R., without prefix. Tlje family have long possessed lands in Essex, Surrey, Lincolnshire, and Sussex. James Garland, Esq., who was bom in 1768, gave to liis daughter and heiress "a property at Penhurst, in the liwt- named county, which was granted to the family by King .John, and of which the original grant is the only title deed." B.L.G. GARLICK. In the H.R., Garlec, which looks like a sobriquet : otherwise it might be a contraction of Garlwick, the name of a place. GARMAN. A-Sax. gdr^ a spear, and man. A spearman. GARMENT. A corruption of the A- Sax. personal name Garmund. Cod. Dipl. 978. GARNAULT. A French Protestant family, who settled in England at the Re- vocation of the Edict of Nantes. GARNER. 1. A granary or storehouse. From residence at one. 2. A small river tributary to the Wye. GAT GARNET. GARNETT. Said to be a corruption of Gernet. GARNH AM. A contraction of G arden- ham, " The garden homestead." GARRARD. GARRAD. Gerard, Gerald. GARRETT. GARRATT. It has been decidiMl legally (1) that Garrett and (rerald are but one name. Jacob, Law Diet., title Misnomer. But Garrett is a hamlet in Surrey, famous for its mock-mayor. GARRICK. A parish united with Ilcck- ington, CO. Lincoln. David Garrick is said to have been of French refugee extrac- tion. GARRISON. A corruption of Garriston, a township of Yorkshire. GARROD. GARROOD. See Garrett. GARROW. Probably local ; but Arthur derives it from the British garo, fierce, keen, rough. GARSTANG. A town in Lancashire. GARSTIN. The O. Norse personal name, Geirsteinn, which is found in the Landnamabok. Ferg. GARTH. A yard, or any small enclosure. Also places in cos. Montgomery and Gla- morgan. It is a prefix to several names of places. GARTON". Two parishes in co. York. GARTSHORE. An estate in co. Perth, which has still owners of the same name. GAR^nSY. The Irish family deduce themselves from the ancient monarchs of that island, through Garbhe or Garvey, tliat is " The Warlike," Prince of Morisk, co. Mayo, in the XV. cent. B.L.G. GAR VIE. See Garvey. GARWAY. GARRAWAY. A parish in CO. Hereford. GASCOIGNE. GASCOYNE. A native of Gascony, the French province, which being in the possession of England, during a portion of the XIV. cent., supjilied this countrj' with many new families and names. See Ducatus Leodiensis, p. 181, for the twenty spellings of this name. The heads of the family were all Williams, the coura- geous Chief-Jilstice who sent Prince I-Ienry to prison being one. GASELEE. See Gazeley. Co^^Jam . GASKELL. Arthur says, Gael, gaisgeil, valorous. GASKIN". GASKOIN. See Gascoigne. GASSON. Fr. garqon, a boy, or atten- dant. GASTON". \. A grassy enclosure. A- Sax., gtprs, grass, and tun, an enclosure. De la Garston. H.R. 2. A baptismal name, as Gaston de Foix. GAT ACRE. A family of great antiquity, said to have been established at Gatacre, G A W 126 CO Salop (where they still reside) by ^ Edward the Confessor. The pedigree, how- ever, is not traced beyond the time of Henry in. Shu-ley's Noble and Gentle Men. GATE. From residence near either the gate of a fortified town, or of a chase, forest, or the like. Its medieval forms are Ate Gate and Atte Gate, which have since the XV. cent, modified to Agate. Gater, and es- peciallv to Gates, now one of the commonest of surnames. In North Britam (jate is equivalent to way; as in the phrase, "Gang vour Gate" for "Go your way." See also Northgate. Southgate, &c. De la Gate, de Gate, and Le Gater, occur m the H.R. GATEHOUSE. From residence at the gatehouse of a monastery, castle, or town. GATER. See Gate, and the termination EE. GATES. See Gate. GATH. A corruption of Garth. GATHERCOLE. GATHERCOAL. A gatherer or collector of coals ? or of coles (cabbage) ? GATHERGOOD. As the opposite name Scattergood exists, I suppose this must be talicn literallv for a person of acquisitive and thrifty habits. Thomas Gadregod occurs in the Deeds of Battel Abbey, Xin. cent. GATUS. A corruption of Gatehouse. GATWARD. Gate-ward, a porter or gatekeeper. GAUDY. ]May relate to foppery in attire, but is more likely to be of local origin. See Gawdy. GAUNT. Like John, fourth son of Ed- ward IIL. some families of this surname evidently derive it from the town of Gaunt, now Ghent, in Flanders. Be Gaunt and Le. Gaunt are both found in the H.R.; the- latter form is probably from the personal peculiarity of the first bearer. Shakspeare makes John of Gaunt play upon his own name in Eichard 11. in this sense :— " Oh, ho-w mv name beSts my composition ! 01(1 Gaunt', mietA, and gaum in being old; Within me grief has kept a tedious fast ; And who abstains from meat that is not gatmt ? For sleeping England long time have I watched ;^^ Watching ijreed's leanness ; leanness Is all gaunt. Gilbert de Gand or Gant, a great Domesd. tenant, was son of Baldwin, Earl of Flan- ders, whose sister William the Conqueror married. Dugdale, i. iOO. GAUXTLETT. An iron glove. Perhaps adopted from some incident of war. G\USSEX. The family migrated to England at the Eev. of the Edict of Nantes. The last survivor of the French line, tlie Chevalier de Gaussen. long ambassador at the court of Berlin, died at Paris about the year 1S51. Another branch is resident at Geneva. B.L.G. GAYIX. See Gawen. GAWDY. Local. Gawdy Hall, co. Norfolk. GEE GAWEX. GAWAN". A Welsh and 0. Scotch personal name. " The Gawens of Norrington, in the parish of Alvideston, continued in that place four hundred fifty and odd veares. On the south downe of the farme of Broad Chalke is a little barrow called Gawen's Ban-ow, which must bee before ecclesiastical lawes were established." Aubrey's Nat. Hist. WUtshire, ecUt. Britton, p. 121.' Sir Gawayn is one of the fabulous heroes of ancient chivalry, and nephew of King Arthur. GAY. O. Fr. gai, cheerful, merry. A Be Gay is found in H.R. (co. Oson) ; but Le Gui and Le Gey are more common. GAYER. Perhaps the Gare of the Wilt- shire Domesday. GAYLER. A jailor. In the H.R. Le Gayeler, Gaylur, and Gayolir. GAYLORD. " Has no reference to aristocratical gaieties, but means simply jovial or jolly." E. Sum. i. l-to. See Wright's Chaucer, 4364 : — i' A prentvs dwelled whilom in our dtee, And of the craft of vitaiUers was he ; Gaulard he was as goldf>-nche in a schawe, Brown as a bery, and a proper felawe." Gaillard, as a family name, is well known in Normandy, and is borne as an afiix by the Chateau-Gaillard, and by Gaillard- Bois, two communes in the arrondissement of Andeli. GAYMER. Apparently a personal or baptismal name, which at an early period became a surname. Geoffrey Gaimar, the well-lvnown Ans.-Norm. troitrere, or ro- mantic poet, bore it about the middle of the XII. cent. See Wright's Edit, of his Metr. Chron. London, 1850. GAYTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Chester, Norfolk, Northampton, Stafford. Lincoln. &c. GAYWOOD. A parish in Norfolk. GAZE. ^Ir. Ferguson refers it to an Old German personal name, Gaiso, which Forstmann derives from gais, gcr, a spear. GAZELEY. GAZELLE. A parish in Suffolk. GEAR. The origin assigned in Eng. Sum. i. 133, is har'cUy tenable. There is an estate so called in the parish of St. Earth, CO. Cornwall. GEARESTG. See Geering. GEARY. An old personal name. Uxor Geri was a tenant-in-chief in co. Gloucester. Domesd. Gery, Geri. Domesd. GEDDES. Several places in Scotland are called Geddes-hill. Geddeston. Geddes- well. &c. Hence Gedde is probably a per- sonal name. According to the Statistical Account of Scotland, the family of Geddes, of Eachan in Peeblesshire, have possessed that estate for 1,300 years ! GEE. The Celtic Mac Gee, sans :Mac. GEELE. Dutch. Yellow— probably with reference to the bearer's hair or costume. GER 127 GEERE. GEER. See Gear. GEERIXG. The A-Sax. personal name. The Domesd. of Hants gives us a Gerin, and that of "Warwick, a Gerinus. GEESOX. The angUcised form of Mac Gee. GELL. The classical name Gellius, through the French. GEXESE. A Genoese? GEXX. This name, which is Cornish, and rare, is believed to be the Celtic form (or rather root) of Planta-^t'«-ista, broom. The G is sounded hard. GEXOURE. The same as Jenner. GEXOWER. Seems about half way between Genoure and Genoa, but is pro- bably neither. GEXT. Anglo-Xorman. Xeat ; pretty ; gallant: courteous; noble. Halliwell. Gent H.R. Perhaps, however, from the city of Ghent in Flanders. The Gents of Jloyns Park, CO. Essex, were of "WjTnbush in that CO. in 1328, but obtained their present set- tlement by marriage with the heiress of MoATie, or Moyns, in the following century. Moranfs Essex, ii. 353. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. GEXTLE. From disposition. GEXTLE:SL.\X^. Joh. Gentllman, and Nichs. Gentilman occur in H.R. GEXTRY. Probably local GEOFFREY. See Jeffery. GEORGE. The personal name. Unlike most names of its class, it seems not to have given rise to any diminutive or derivative. GERARD. A Xorman personal name, probably identical with Gerald. In the H.R. it is written Fil" Gerardi. The baronefs family derive their origin from the same ancestor as the Dukes of Leinster and many other noble houses, ^-iz., from Other, Cas- tellan of Windsor, temp. Edw. Confessor, whose grandson Gerard, or Gerald, had a son William Fitz-Gerard, who founded the Cheshire and Lancashire Gerards. The fa- mily have possessed Brvn, in the latter county, iminterruptecUy from temp. Edw. III. Comrthopes Debrett. GERISOX. Is used for Margerison at Eckington, co. Derby. It is curious that at the same place there have been Megsons and Moxons — perhaps all descended from one and the same Margery. See Female Names, k.c. GERiNIAX. GERMAIXT:. Lat. ger- vianus; of the same stock : a near kinsman ; thus we say cousin-gennan for tirst-cousin. As a personal name it is of great antiquity in Britain, dating from St. German, the suc- cessful opponent of the Pelagian heresy in the fifth century. Possibly in some in- stances it is derived from the countrj-, like French, Irish, kc. GERNET. The house of G. of Lauca- GID sliire were descended from Sir Roger G., hereditaiy forester of Lancashire, temp. Hen. Ill — the male representative of a great Norman family. Omerod, Misc. Pal. GERXOX. Robert de Gernon came into England with the Conqueror, and his descendant, Ralph de Gernon, temp. Hen. II., had two sons : 1, — Ralph, ancestor of tlie Gemons and Cavendishes of England ; and 2. — Roger, who accompanied Strong- bow into Ireland, and became progenitor of the Irish Gemons still subsisting at Ath- carne Castle, co. Meath. Of the locality of Gernon, whence at the Conquest the family came, I am ignorant ; but it appears not to be in Nonnandy. Gemun. Gernoun. H. R, GERRAX'S. A parish in CornwaU. GERRARD. See Gerard. GERRETT. See Gerard. GER VAIS. The French form of the per- sonal name Gervasius, which we have cor- rupted to Ja^^-is. The family of Gervais of Cecil, CO. Tyrone, descend from Jean G. of Tournon in Guienne, whose two sons, at the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, fled into England. GER^^S. See Gervais, Jervis, &c. GEST. An old spelling of Guest. GIBB. GIBBE. GEBBES. GIBBS. Diminutives of the Norman personal name Gislebertus, or Gilbert. According to B.L.G. several of the gentry families of this name, viz., those of Belmont, co. Somerset ; Al- denham, co. Herts ; T_\-ntesfield, co. Somer- set ; and apparentlj^ those of Deny, co. Cork, are descended from two brothers, Gibbe or Gibbes, temp. Richard II., one of whom was settled at Honington, co. War- wick, and the other at Fenton, co. Devon. Jenkin Gibbes, temp. Henry TIL, a scion of the house of Fenton, whose descendants were of Elmerstone, co. Kent, possessed an ancient roll deducing the family from Nor- mandy, where they were resident long be- fore the Conquest of England. B.L.G. "The identity of this name with the Fr. DeGuibes has not been established, nor is it at all probable. GIBBARD. GIBBER D. See Gilbert. GIBBIXGS. See Gilbert. GIBBOX. GIBBOXS. GIBBEXS. See Gilbert, GIBBOXSOX. See GUbert. GIBSOX. See Gilbert. GIDDEX. A corruption of Gideon. GIDDIXG. GIDDIXGS. Gidding, parishes in cos. Huntingdon and Suffolk. GIDDY. An ancient Cornish family, formerly written Gedy, Geddey, Gidey, &c. Possibly a nurse-name of Gideon. GIDEOX. The personal name. GIDLEY. A parish in Devonshire. Gidley Castle, a fragmentary rum, still be- longs to the family. GIL 128 GIFFORD. GIFFARD. The old his- torical Giffards of Normandy and England descended from the De Bollebecs, who were connected by marriage with Kichard I., Duke of Xormandy. Walter, son of Osborne de Bollebec, though sumamed - Giflard, or " the Liberal," seems also to hare been comerrative in the acquisition and retention of lands : for he got not only the fair domam of LouiTuevme. near Dieppe, from Richard II of Normandy, who created him Count de Lonsueville, but also the Earidom of Buckingham, with above a hundred manors in various counties of England, from "VN d- liam I., whom he had accompanied to the Conquest of this country. In Leland's time there were four "notable houses" of Gilford remaining in England, in the cos. of Devon, Southampton, Stafford, and Buckingham. At the present time the only one of these existing is the Staifordsliire family, whose ancestor married the heiress of Corbosone, temp. King Stephen, and thus became Lord of ChUlington, which has ever smce been the abode of hi.s posterity. Shiricy 's Noble and Gentle Men of England. GILBART. GILBURD. Corruptions of Gilbert. GILBERT. A personal name, largely introduced at the Norman Conquest, m the form of Gislebertus. See Domesd. jMSsm. It is not only a very common surname, but has given birth to Gibb, Gibbs, G3'bbes, Gibbard. Gibbings, Gibbonson, Gibson, Gill, Gilks, Gilpin, and many others. GILDER. The occupation. GILDERSLEEVES. This queer name is found in the Registrar General's cabinet of oddities, and is doubtless identical with that which was borne by the Roger Gyld- euesleve of the H.R. Did he, or some ances- tor, wear sleeves largely embroidered with gold ? GILES. The baptismal name. GILKS. See Gilbert. This name was so common in the northern part of Oxiord- shire in the last centurj', that, on the enclo- Bure. in 177-1, of some lands in the parish of Swalclifte, it was necessary to describe six claimants thus : — 1. Thomas Adderbury Gilks (probably from some comiection -svith the parish of Adderburj-) . 2. Thomas Gilks, of the Slat-house (a house covered with slate). 3. Thomas Gilks, at the Vine (a -s-ine covered the front of his residence). 4. Thomas Shoemaker Gilks (from his business). 5. Thomas Gilks, at the Well (from contiguity to the-i-illageweU?). 6: Thomas Sweetbriar Gilks (from a sweet-briar or eglantine with which his cottage was overgrown). At a somewhat earUer period (1754) five Thomas Gilks voted at a contested election in respect of pro- perty in the same parish. Inf. D. D. Hopkj-ns, i-sq. GILL. 1. See Gilbert. 2. This word occurs smgly as a surname, and also with many compounds, as AsgiU, Pickersgill, Dow^U, Gilham, Gilbv. &cc. It either sig- nifies a narrow pebbly ri^^llet in a ravine, or is a diminutive of Gilbert. According to B.L.G. the Gills of Devonshire have pos- GIL sessed lands in that county ever since the reign of King Stephen. Of the barony of Gdsland in Cumberland, Camden thus speaks :— " A tract so cut or mangled with brooks, or so full of rivulets, that I should suppose it to have taken its name from those ffills, had I not read in the register of Lanercost church, that one Gill, son of Bueth, who in the charter of Henry II. is also called Gilbert, anciently held it, and probably left his name to it." To this Gough adds :— " Gilsland might also take its name from Hubert de Taux, since De YaUibus and GiUs mean the same." But this is an inversion of the proper order of things, for the name De YaUibus or Yaux was liorrowed trom these ffills. See Yaux. GILLARD. Probably one of the many modifications of William, which see. GILLBAXKS. In old family records Ghylbanke. Gilbank, a small hamlet m CO. Cmnberland, in which county the family still reside. GILLEA>TIIAS. Gael. The servant of St. Andrew. See Gill. GILLEBRIDE. Gael. The servant of St. Bridget. See Gill. GILLEMORE. The bearer of the broadsword to a Scottish chief. GILLER. See Gill, and the termination EG. GILLESPIE. A corruption of Gille- Esj)uai{j. Gaelic, "the Servant of the Bishop." It was originally spelt Gillespie, and frequently employed in the Highlands as a Christian name. GILLET. (In pronunciation Jillet.) The name is supposed to be derived from Gilleste, a town on the borders of France and Piedmont. Inf. Rev. Edw. Gillet. "\Mien the G is hard, the name is probably a derivation of Guillaume, Y>'illiam. GILLETT. See Gillet. GILLLUI. See William. GILLIATT. See WilUara. GILLIE. A menial servant. Jamieson. GILLIES. Gael. Gille Jesa, the Ser- vant or Follower of Jesus ; " a youth under the protection of Jesus." Johnstone's Anecd. of Olave the Black. 1780. GILLIXG. Two wapentakes and a parish in Yorkshire. De Gilling. H.R. GILLIXGHAM. Parishes in cos. Dor- set, Kent, and Norfolk. GILLMAX. Probably derived from GUI, in its topographical meaning, like Mihnan from Mill, and Hillman from Hill. The Irish family (originally from England in 1690) have a tradition of their descent from a Crusader who cut ofl' the right leg of a Saracen — an event supposed to be com- memorated in the family arms. B.L.G. GILMAX. I should have said — from residence near a Gill, q. v. ; but both Dixon and Arthur are against me. Mr. D, derives GIF it from tlic Fr. surname, Vlllemain, which hitter he (iucorroetly) maly the vulgar. 131 GOL GODLOVEMILADY. This remarkable name really existed not many years since. The similar designation Rogerus Dn/.t- sah-ct-dom itias (Roger God-save-the-Ladies) occurs in the Domesd. of Essex. It was ])robably the sobriquet of some admirer of the fair sex, who frequently employed the phrase. GODIMAX. (A-Sax. g6d). The same as Goodman. G()D:\IEFETCII. " God-me-fetch"— '• God take me"' — a profane exclamation. See Godhelpe. GODMUND. An A-Sax. baptismal name. GODOLPIIIX. A manor in the parish of Breage, near Helston, co. Cornwall, an- ciently written Godolghan, a word which is said to mean in the Cornish tongue ''the White Eagle," whencethe 'eagle displayed with two necks argent,' in the armorial shield. John de Godoljihiu is said to have possessed the manor at the time of the Con- quest. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. 520. GODRICH. GODERICH. See Good- rich. GODSALL. SeeGodseU. GODSALVE. Probably an exclama- tion — " God save you!" GODSELL. Perhaps from Godshill, in the Isle of Wight. 2. The same as God- esilus, the name of an early Burgundian King. Ferguson. GODSHALL. In charters, De Casa Dei. I do not find the locality. GODSMARK. Appears to be of similar import to Godspcnny, which see. It was formerly common in E. Sussex. GODSON. The spiritual relation— iden- tical with the Fr. Flllcul. The name in its modern form is found in the H.R., as is also the singular surname Godmoder (God- mother). GODSPENNY. This word in the N. of England means a deposit, or eai'uest-money. How it became a name is not clear. GODWIX. A well-known personal name of Teutonic origin. In Domesd. it is very common. GOFF. GOFFE. See Gough. AYhen not a corruption of Gough, it is said to signify in the Armorican dialect " the smith." In the CornLsh, Angove has the same meaning, while Trengrove is "strong smith." Queingoff is another Amiorican surname meaning " whitesmith," according to the conjecture of ]\Ir. Dixon, These are all, of course, allied to Gow. GOLD. A personal or baptismal name. Golde and Goldus occur in Domesd., and Gold, hi the H.R., had become a surname. As a baptismal name it was in use in the XIV. cent., when Gold Ic Blodleter is found as the designation of an inhabitant of Yar- mouth, Papers Xorf. Arch. Soc. iv. 253. G L Mr. Ferguson observes that "there are several names which appear to express metaphorically the material of which a man is made. Such are the names of metals, at the head of which is Gold. This seems to have been a term of endearment, and to denote love, value, affection. An A-Saxon, ' Dudda, was a husbandman in Hrethfelda, and he had three daughters ; one was called Deorwyn ; the other Deorswythe; and the third Golde,' " — all terms significant of pa- rental love. As a man's name, Gold must have been somewhat common in England, as many local names, since become sur- names, ai-e compounded with it ; e.g., Goldby, Goldham, Goldney, Goldsbury, Goldsby, Goldsworthy, Goldthorpe. It also appears to have given rise to the names of Golden and Goulden, Golding and Gouldiug. The latter are probably patronymical. GOLDBEATER. The trade. A Rob. le Goldbeter is found iu H.R. GOLDEN. See Gold. GOLDFINCH. From the bird. Gold- finche. H.R. Sobriquets derived from names of birds are numerous. See Sparrow, Hawk, &c. Lavater found resemblances between liuman faces and those of oxen, goats, &c. So a friend of mine disco- vered in a neighbour of hers, not remark- able either for brilliancy of dress or sweet- ness of song, something which reminded her of a goldfinch. From similar caprices and notions many surnames doubtless arose. GOLDING. See Gold. GOLDRIDGE. Golderlcus occurs in Germany in the IX. cent, as a personal name. GOLDSBURY. Goldsborough, a parish in Yorkshire. GOLDSBY. GOULDSBY. A parish in Lincolnshire, sometimes corrupted to Golceby. GOLDSJVnDT. Germ. Goldschmid. A goldsmith. GOLDSMITH. The great value of the commodity in which the medieval gold- smith dealt rendered him a person of con- sequence. No less than three tenants-in- chief under the Conqueror are entered in Domesday under the name of Aurifaber. One of these. Otto Aurifaber, lield in Essex, and his descendants, under the surname of Fitz-Otho, appear to have been hereditary mint-masters to the crown for two centu- ries, becoming extinct in lli82. Kelliam. Ellis, Litrod. The e(iuivalent Fr. Orfevre, and the Germ. Goldschmid, arc well-known surnames. GOLDSPINK. A northern provincial- ism for Goldfinch. G0LD'\\'1N. An A-Sax. personal name. GOLIGIITLY. Has nothing to do, I think, with lightness of foot. The name has many forms, to none of which a mean- 132 GOO ing can well be attached ; but from the ter- mination it is probably local. GOLLEDGE. Gulledge, an estate near E. Grinstead, co. Sussex. GOLLOP. Probably the same as Gallop. The Gollops of Strode, co. Dorset, have a tradition of Danish or Swedish descent from a soldier of fortune who was living in 1405. B.L.G. GOMERSALL. Gomersal, a township in Yorkshire. GONVILLE. There are two places named Gonneville in the department of Seine Infe- rieure in Normandy, but from whicli of them the family came I am uualile to de- termine. GOOCH. GOOGE. GOODGE. Of uncertain origin ; but Mr. Ferguson thinlo the last fonn a derivation from the O. Norse gnd, war. Goche without jirelix ia found in the H.R. GOOD. From excellence of character, like the Fr. Le Bon. GOOD ACRE. Probably Gar-m. gotfeyaher, a burying ground (literally God's E'ield). — Analogous to our Churchyard, and the me- dieval Iu Cemeterio. GOOD AIR. The same as Goodere. GOODALE. Is probably local, being not Good-ale, but Goo-dale, GOODAY. GOODDAY. GOODEY. GOODY. The third form rather counte- nances the supposition of a local origin. But it may be from the salutation " Good- day !" especially if Goodeve may be consi- dered correlatively. GOODBAIRN. See Goodchild. GOODBAN. Probably Good-bairn— Goodchild. GOODBEER. A corruption of Godbe- here — Dens adult! — a name occurring iu Sussex records of the XIII. century. It was probably applied as a sol)riquet to some person who used this adjuration, the uiore recent form of which is " 'fore God." GOODBEHERE. See Godbehere. GOODBODY. A portly person— like the Fr. Beaucorjis; perhaps, however, an oath: ' By God's body,' — not unusual in the middle ages. The orthography in tlie H.R. is Godbodi, which rather confirms the latter derivation. Under the name Pardew will be found some remarks on surnames derived from Oaths. See however the re- marks under Body. GOODBORN. See Goodbairn. GOODBOYS. Doubtless a corruption of some French local name ending in bol% wood. GOODCIIAP. See Goodcheap. GOODCHEAP. " Very cheap"— a com- mon expression in old times, equivalent to the existing French phrase, hoii viarche. Perhaps a sobriquet applied to an early ^^^.^C-'V^ y^ GOO 133 trader. Tlie H.R. orthography is Godchep. TJie corresponding family name Goedlioop is found in Holland. jlOODCIIILD As 'good-brother' in some dialects means brother-in-law, so this name may mean a step-child. It may, however, refer to the natural disposition of the first hearer, as we find its opposite, Ei'ilchihl in the H.R. aOODDEN. A corruption of Goodwin, or Godwin. The Gooddens of Over Comp- ton. CO. Dorset, are descended from Jolm GoodwjTi, who nourished temp. Edward VI. ]!OODE. See Good. 300DEN. GOODIXG. GOODINGE. Corruptions of Godwin. jOODEXOUGH. The original bearer was perhaps a sulhciently worthy fellow, hut I think, his name had no reference to his moral qualities. Knowe is a Scotticism, equivalent to the southern hnoll, a little round hill, and the prelLx -good' probably indicated the nature of the soil of the hill at or upon which he resided. [JOODERE. ^Mienee Goodcrson, Most likely an old pei-sonal name. fiOODEVE. Possibly fi-om the saluta- tion, " Good eve !" See Goodday. Jlore probably, however, from the A-Sax. female name, Godiva, famous at Coventry. GOODFELLOAV. A man of sociable and friendly character. The Fr. have their lioncompagnon. Godlelawe. H.ll. GOODGER. See Goodyear. Ilalliwell tells us that in Devonshire Goodger means both Good-man. or husband, and the Devil. Let us hope that the Uiniinonian wives are not responsible for so evil an association of ideas! GOODGROOM. Grome originally meant simply a servant. Among the Domesd. tenants-in-chief in co. Warwick was a Wil- lelmus Bonvalest, of which William Good- groom would be a literal translation. A Bonvalet occurs in the H.R., as also a Gode Grum and several Le Godegrums. Or, taking the prior syllable as the name of the Di^^ne Being, it may mean 'God's senant,' for we find, in the same records, Godeknave, and Godknave. ' Knave,' it must be re- membered, was anciently no cUsgraceful epithet, but meant simply child or servant. See Gilchrist, xc. GOODHAXD. R.G. 16. A dexterous person. GOODHIXD. "The good farm-ser- vant." See Hind. GOODHUGH. GOODHEW. The latter syllable appears to be a mis-spelling of hw. Of good colour or conqilexion. Temp. Edwd. III. it was written Godeheue. GOODHUSB AXD. To contradistinguish the first l>earer from another person of the same Christian name, who was not remark- able for fidelity towards his wife. In the GOO H.R. we find an Agnes Godhosbonde. which shows that it had become (temp. Edw. I.) a penuanent surname. Younghusband is also a well-known family name. GOODTER. See Goodycr. GOODJER. The same as Goodyear. GOODLAU. Apparently the English form of Jjon-f/ari^un, a Fr. surname. GOODLAKE. The A-Sax. baptismal name Guthlac. It has been variously ^vritten Godelac, Godlac, &c. GOODLUCK. The A-Sax. personal name Guthlac. Goodluck's Close at Nor- wich was formerl)' Guthlac's Close. Fei-g. G00DMADA:M. Dixon says a patro- ness. GOODMAN. 1. Gudmund, a very common Teutonic and A-Sax. baptismal name. 2. A common form of address in old times. Also a coniplimentarj- sobriquet. Thus a great-grandr^on of the famous Wil- liam Belward was called Goodman. Eng. Surn. ii. 4[>. G00DRA:M. As Goodrum. GOODRICH. 1. A parish in co. Here- ford. 2. See Gooch-ick. GOODRICK. An ancient Teutonic personal name, usually written Godric and Godericus. Yerj- conmion in Domesday. GOODRU]\L A probable corruption of the Scandinavian name Guthrum. GOODSOX. 1. Another form of God- son. 2. The parish of Gooderstone, co. Norfolk, is so called. 3. It corresponds with the French Beaufih, son-in-law. G GODSPEED. The sobriquet of a good runner ? GOODWU.L. GOODWH^LIE. Tliese singular names have no reference to the character, good or l.)ad, of any of the vast Gulielmian tribe, but, according to Pitts- cottie, a good-wilier and a well-wisher aro synonymous. Jamieson. GOODWIX^. The same as Godwin. GOODA\TtIGHT. See Wright. A ma- ker of gads, goads, or spears. GOODYEAR. In Domesd. Godcre and Goderus ; in the U. R. Godyer. Goodman, or husband ; still xised in this sense in De- vonshire. GOODYER, See Goodyear. GOOK. GOWK. Ferguson SAy^ gowk, a northern name for the cuckoo. Gaukr, the O. Norse for this bird, ai)i)ear8 in the Landnamabok as a baptismal name. GOOLD. See Gold. The Goolds of CO. Cork, went thitlier from England in or about the reign of Hcnrj" VI. Courthope'a Debrctt. GOOLE. A township in Yorkshire. GOK ] GOOSE. " The nobility of the goose is not so obvious as that of the swan. Yet it was in ancient and honourable use as a man's name. Genseric, the name of the great Vandal chief, is referred by Grimm to ganserieh, a gander. But it was no doubt the wild goose that gave the name : and if we consider, we shall see that this bird has some qualities calculated to command the respect of those early roving tribes. _ A powerful bird, strong on the wing, taking long ilights to distant lands, marshalled with the most beautiful discipline of instinct, it formed no inapt emblem of those migratory plunderers who renewed their imwelcome visitations with each succeeding spring." Ferguson. The name Goose is not unusual in East Anglia, and Gosland, Gosnell, Gos- lee. local surnames, appear to be from this source, as well, perhaps, as Goss, A-Sax. Le Gos is the H.R. form. GOOSEMAN. A breeder of Geese. GOOSEY. A tything in Berkshire. GOODSHEEP. See Goodcheap. GORBELL. See Gorbold. GORBOLD, The O. Germ. Garibald (i.e. '• spear-bold") has been thus anglicized, while in Italy it has taken the fonu of Garibaldi (Ferguson), where it is now ap- l)ropriately borne by a patriotic hero. GORDOX. According to some genealo- gists this name is derived from Gordonia, a town in Macedonia ; according to others from a manor in Normandy — origins liter- ally too " far-fetched," since the parish of Gordon, in Berwickshire, where we find the family' located at an early date, is its true source. " There is a nice little romance to the tune of making the founder of the family a certain Bertrand de Gourdon, who shot Richard the Lion-Hearted at Chaluz. According to history, this Gourdon was a common archer, who having been brought before the dying monarch was for- given by him, and" ordered to be liber- ated with a handsome present; but the Flemi.sh general, who had no notion of such generosity, very coolly ordered hun to be flayed alive. How, after such an operation, be could get into Scotland we arenottold." ]Sf. and Q., Nov. 1, isncj. The cheerfulness of this family is exliibited in the proverb, The Gay Gordons. An anonj-mous correspondent sends me the following — "Dialogue betueen the first Mai-quis of Huntley and his Gentlemati-in-iraiting. Marq.— Send me Sandy Gordon Gent.— Wfat Sandy Gordon ? Mauq. — lite Sandy Gordon. Gent.— ».'/«? fite Sandy Gordon? Mabq —Fite fat Sandv Gordon." And the White, Fat, Sandy Gordon was doubtless fortlicoming. jly correspondent asks: "How many Sandy Gordons must there have been in his lordship's service ? " GOREN". A corruption of Goring. GORGES. The chateau de Gorges, one of whose lords was at the battle of Hastings, stands in the parish of the same name, in the canton of Periers, department of La Manche, Nonnandy His descendant, Eaoulde Gorges, man-led an heiress of 1.34 GOT Moi-ville, and had the manors of "Wraxall and Bradpole, cos. Dorset and Somerset, and was sheriff of Devonshire. M. de Gerville, in ilem. Soc. Antiq. NoiTuandie, 1825. GORMAN. Gormuml is an old Scotti- cism for the Fr. gourmand, an enormous eater, a glutton. GORME. Three lakes in Scotland are so called. GORRTNG. GORRIXGE. Sussex sur- names, and doubtless modifications of the ancient local name Goring in that county. As in the case of Hardinge, the G in the latter of these two forms has been impro- perly softened, and the pronunciation is (roiTinje. GORTON". A chapelry in the parish of INIanchester. GOSDEN. SeeimderDen. GOSHAWK. The bird. GOSLAND. See Goose. GOSLEE. See Goose. GOSLIN. See Gosling. GOSLING. GOSTLING. From the Anglo-Nonnan Christian name Joscelyn, or Goceline. Fil' Gocelini, Goscelin, Gos- selin, and several other fonns are found in the H.R. The assimilation of the name to that of a young goose by the addition of the g final is of modem date. Similar instances of the hardening of the soft g or J are ob- servable in the Norman dialect. ThiKJambe and gcrle are made gamhe and gucrhe. GOSNELL. Anciently Gosnold, and therefore probably from some locality called Gosenwold, a wold or plain whereon geese were numerous. GOSPATRICK. Originally a personal name, and stated in a rare tract by the Rev. Jas. Johnstone, entitled " Anecdotes of Olave the Black, King of Man," (17t!0) to signify the ' Boy of St. Patrick.' GOSPELL. Gosbcll, an ancient Teu- tonic personal name. GOSSE. In Scotland, a sponsor for a child ; but more probably the A-Sax. gos, a goose. GOSSELTN. A family of Norman origin who have long resided in Guernsey. They claim descent from Robert Gosselin, who for eminent services in the rescue of Mont Orgueil from the French in 1330. is said to have been made governor of that fortress, and to have received from Edward III. a grant of the arms now borne by his des- cendants. B.L.G. The name is identical with Joscel)-n. GOSWICK. A hamlet in Northumber- land. GOTT. Apparently an old baptismal name. ^Vill fil' Gotte. H.R. GOTHARD. 1. Either Godard, the personal name, or Goat-herd. 2. A foolish fellow. North. Plalliwell. Probably bocau.. 41'J), and had many "engagements GRA 136 with the Britons, and by forcing that mighty rampart thoy had reared up between the rivers of Forth and Clyde, immortalized his name so much, as that to this day that entrenchment is called Graham's Dyke." Collins, who gravely states this, finds, however, no record of the family earlier than the time of King David I., A.D. 1125, when the name was written Grcme. Some- what later it was written De Graeme, which shows its local origin ; and indeed it is simply a Scottish pronunciation of Graham, which see. GRAFTER. Of trees ? GRAFTON. Parishes and places in cos. Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Oxford, Worcester, Warwick, and Northampton. It is from Grafton-Regis in the last-named CO. that the Duke of Grafton takes his title. GRANTHAM. A town in Lincoln- shire. GRAPES. An innkeeper's sign. GRAHAM. The name his always been written interchangeably with Grfcme — the Scottish orthography. The earliest tracea- ble ancestor, (for we reject of course the fifth-century hero Greme — See Grajmc.) is William de" Graham, who settled in Scot- land early in the XII. century. The sur- name therefore is clearly local, and from its termination undoubtedly English. The only place in S. Britain of the name which we find is Graham, near Kesteven in Lin- colnshire. H.R., vol. i., page 288. GRAIN. GRAINE. An island-parish of Kent. GRAINGER, See Granger. GRAMMER. O. Norse, gramr^ a king. Fcrg. GRANCESTER. Grantcliester, a parish in Cambridgeshire. GR ANDISON. Camden places this among the great families who came hither at the Conquest from the Netherlands. The name was eminent in the XIII. cent., and at the siege of Carlaverock (a.d. 1300) " William de Grandison ( Grant son) bore paly, silver and azure, surcharged with a red bend, and thereon three beautiful eaglets of fine gold." Nicolas' Siege of Carlav. GRANDORGE. The family of De Graind'orgo existed in Nonnandy at an early period. In the reigii of Louis XL they were ennobled by the title of Vicomte de Graindorge of Falaise. In the reign of king Stephen, a branch came into England and assisted in the endowment of Furness Ab- bey. The family flourished in knightly de- gree until the XV. century, principally in Craven, co. York. A William G. fought at Agincourt, and a Nicholas G. was mister- forester to Roger de Clifford. See Armorial General of France, Nicolas' Agincourt, and Whittaker's CraA'cn. Our old English name of Barlicorn, (see H.R.) may be a translation. The arms of the family (three ears of barley) allude to che name. GRA GRANGE. Fr. A barn; applied in monastic times to the homestead of an out- lying manor belonging to an abbey or priory. Mr. Chas. Knight says, "a lone farm-house." " What tell'st thou me of robbing ? tliis is Venice ; My house is not a grange." Othello, i. 1. Several hamlets in various cos. are so called. GRANGER. See Grange. The bailiff who presided over one, was called Ate Grange, (H.R.) and afterwards Granger. GRANT. "Nothing certain is known re- garding the origin of the Grants. They have been said to be of Danish, English, French, Norman, and of Gaelic extraction, but each of these suppositions depends for support on conjecture alone." Skene's Highlanders, ii. 254. The advocates of a Gaelic source adduce a tradition which makes them McGregors. Those who con- sider the name French, derive it from, r/rarul. On the first appearance of the family in Scotland, it is written "dictus Grant," af- terwards "le Grant," and sometimes ridicu- lously " de Grant," for there was no ancient property so called. As to " le," that particle was prefixed by clerks to most Highland epithets, as well as to Norman. The name first occurs in chartei-s in 1258. Il)id. p. 25G. Other accounts of the name are given by Dixon, edit. 1855, where we meet with the following anecdote. "A wag contrived to alter in the family Bible of a former laird of Grant, the words in Genesis, ' There were giants in those days,' into 'There were Grants in those days ; ' and the good old chief believed it !" GRANVILLE. See GrenviUe. GRASS. Fr. gras. Fat, stout. GRASSBY. A parish in Lincolnshire. GRATTON. A hamlet in Derbyshire. GRAVE. 1. A northern pronunciation of Grove. 2. A bailiff or reeve. 3. A cave. 4. A personal name, whence Graves and Graveson. GR AVELEY. Parishes in the counties of Herts and Cambridge. A Ralph de Gravele occurs in the hundred of Edwiustree, in the former shire, temp. Edward I. H.R. GRAVELL. If not from Gravelle near Lisieux in Normandy, may be derived from the soil upon which the first proprietor of the name dwelt, like Clay, Sands, &c. GRAVENOR. See Grosvenor. GRAVER. Perhaps the same as Grover. See Grave. GRAVES. See Grave, 4. GRAVETT. A little Grove. GRAY. See Grey. GRAYGOOSE. A sobriquet. The name Greengoose is also found. It is jiro- bable that the two appellations originated in the same locality and were somewhat anti- GRE thetical of each other — the Gray being the old, and the Green, the j'oung, goose. GRAYIIURST. Perhaps from Graveu- hursc, CO. Bedford. GRAYLIXG. See Fishes. GRAYSOX. See Greyson. GRAZE BROOK. The G.'s of cos. Staf- ford and Ghuicester descend from Gerse- burg, Gersebroc, or Grej'sbrook, co. York, which manor they held with others in fee from the Conquest. B.L.G. GRAZIER. The occupation. GREA^I. The same as Graham and Graeme, which see. GREAR. See Gregory. GREAT, From size, like the Fr. Le Grand, the Dutch De Groot, >i' mentions 222 traders so called, besides a few Greenes. Grene is also a personal name occurring in Domesday. GREEXE. See Green. GREEXER. From residence at a green. GREEXFIELD. A Lincolnshire hamlet. Also a corruption of Grenville or Granville. GREEXGOOSE GREEXIIILL. coin. GREEXIIORXE. This undesirable surname appears to be of the local kind, and the place from Avhich it is derived is probably in Scotland. GREEXIIOAV See Graygoose. A liberty in co. Lin- A township co- York. 137 GRE G REEXTSH. Has no reference to green- ness, either physical or mental. It is doubt- less a corruption either of Greenwich, co. Kent, or of ' Green wish,' a local name. GREEXLEAF. A character in the pa- geants of Eobin Hood. See Eng. Sum. i. 184, note. GREEXIVLAN". Perhaps the same as Greener ; or it may be a keeper of game, from the colour of his costume in the old times of " vert and venison." A keeper of Broyle park, at Eingmer, co. Sussex, on re- tiring from his duties opened an inn, to which he gave the name of the Green Man, the sign being his own portrait. The name was also given to the 'salvage' or ' man of the wood,' in old shows. See "Woodhouse. GREEXAVELL. "The wide-spreading and ancient family of Greenwell are des- cended from Gulielmus Presbyter, who in 1183, as appears from 'Boldon Buke,' held the lands of Greenwell in the parish of Wal- singham, co. Durham, and whose son James assumed the name of the place of his in- heritance."' B.L.G. GREEXIVOOD. I find no specific locality called by this name ; but it is quite proliable that in old times many a sylvan district gave a name of distinction to lovers of *' vert and venison," whose abode Avas " the merrie green-wood." GREER. See Gregory. GREG. See Gregory. Gregg of Xor- clifie Hall, co. Chester, claims from the clan Macgregor of Scotland. Eings James YI. (I) and Charles I. issued edicts against the clan Gregor, denoimcing the whole clan, and forbade the use of the name ; in conse- quence of which many of the race became Campbells. Gregorys, Greigs, and Gregs. B.L.G. GREGORSOX. See Gregory. GREGORY. The well-known personal name has not only become a suraame, but has given rise to \ arious others, especially Gregorson, Gregg, Gregson, Griggs, Grigson, Greig, Grix, and possibly Grocock. These forms are mostly Scotch, and Grler and Grierson, not to mention Mac-Gregor, are entirely so. The family of Gregory of Wanvickshire is traced to John G., lord of the manors of Freseley and Asfordby, co. Leicester, in the XIII. cent. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. GREG SOX. See Gregory. GREIG. See Gregory. GR^IVE. See Grieve. GREX"E. See Green. GREXTMESXIL. Literally 'the great manor,' a place in Konnandy. According to Ordericus Vitalis, Hugo de Greutmesuil was made governor of the comity of Hants, •^vcy^ ^Tie%-ile, Greinville, Granville, &c., and latinized De Granavilla, was doubtless borrowed from Gran\-ille, the well-known seaport of Lower Nor- mandy. The Grenvilles of the West are of the same stock. George G. of Stowe, in Cornwall, the poetical Lord Lansdowne, writing in 1711 to his nephew, Wm. Henry, Earl of Bath, says : '• Your ancestors for at least five hundred years never made any alliances, male or female, out of the western counties : thus there is hardly a gentleman either in Cornwall or Devon, but has some of j-our blood, as you of theirs." Quart. Eev. V. CII. p. 297. The G.'s of the Buck- inghamshire Stowe could boast of a still longer ten'itorial stability. The more correct form of the name is Granville, the spelling now and anciently used for the town. George Grenville, in his letter to his kinsman Charles, Lord Lansdowne, on the bombardment of the toAvn of Gran%'ille, in Normandy, by the English fleet, alludes to the arms of Gran- ville as till then presen-ed over one of the gates of that to^\Ti : — " Those arms -which for nine centiirles (?) have braved The wi-ath of time, on antique stone engraved, Now torn by mortars, stand yet undefaced On nobler tropliies, by thy valour raised. Safe on thy eagle's -wings they soar above The rage of -war or thunder to remove ; Boi-ne by the bird of Caesar and of Jove." The allusion here is to his lordship's creation as a Count of the Empire, the family arms to be thenceforth borne on the breast of the imperial eagle. It seems sin- gular that the noble family should have tolerated the spelling Grenville, though Clarendon goes even further, and writes Gveenxil, passlni. A still grosser corrup- tion brings the great town {grande rille) to the level of a Green -field. Tliere is, how- ever, a locality in Nonnandy which appears really to have experienced this metamor- phosis, for of another Gran-vdlle there runs a proverb : — " Granville, grand -vilain! Une (^glise et un moulin, On voit Granville tout Ji plein." Wright's Essays, i. 13i. GEESHA^I. A parish in Xorfolk. GRESLET, Did no such place as Gresley, co. Derby, exist, I should be dis- posed to assign, as the ancestor of the famil}', that Domesd. tenant, Albertus Gresk't, who held "inter Eipam et Mersam:" but the Gresley pedigree is clearly traced to the Con- quest, and even to an earlier date, as cadets of the great house of Toni, hereditary standard-bearers of Normandy. Lysons' Derb. " Descended from Nigel, called De Stafford, mentioned in Domesd. and said to have been a yoimger son of Eoger de Toni, and very soon after the Conquest estabhshed GRI in Derbyshire, first at Gresley (wide nomen) and afterwards at Drakelow in the same parish," where they still remain. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. GRETTOX. Places in cos. Northampton and Gloucester. GREVILLE. Greville, a parish at the extremity of the isthmus of La Hogue in Normandy, is supposed to have given name to the Lord of Greville, who accompanied William 1. to the Conquest of England ; but this is uncertain, as there were three dis- tinct fiefs which gave to their possessors the title of Sire de Grevile. M. De Gerville in Mem. Soc. Antiq. Norm. 1825. " This family was founded [re-founded] by the wool-trade in the XIV, cent., by William Grevel, ' the flower of the wool- merchants in the whole realm of England,' who died and was buried at Campden, in Gloucestershire, in llOl." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. GREW. 1. A greyhound. North. (Old people in Sussex say grewhound.') 2. An old Scotticism for grove is greue. Jamie- son, GREY, ]\Iost genealogists derive this ancient and nolile family from Fvdbcrt, chamberlain to Robert, duke of Normandy, who held by his gift the castle of Croy, in Picardy, from whence the name is assmued to have been borrowed. There is however no evidence for this ; for the pedigree is only traced to Henry de Grey, to whom Richard Cceur-de-Lion gave the manor of Thurrock, co. Essex, which manor was sub- sequently kno-«Ti as Grey's Thurrock. From the •'•Recherches sur le Domesd." of D'Anisy, it appears probable that the family came from Grai or Gray, a village near Caen. However this may be, the first settler of the name in England, was clearly Anchitillus Grai, a Domesd. tenant in Oxfordshire. GREYSON. Probably Gregorson, the son of Gregorj'. GRICE. O. Fr. A pig. See PurceU. GRIEF, See Grieve, GRIER, See Gregory. GRIERSOX. The son of Gregor ; de- scended from the clan Gregor, B.L.G. under Macadam. GRIEYE. A-Sax, gerefa^ prases, like the Genu. graf. In Scotland the manager of a farm, or "superintendent of any work — a reeve. It has been variously corrupted to Greive, Greaves, Greeves, &c. GRIFFLS", A common baptismal name in Wales. Domesday shews us a Grifin in Cornwall, and in Cheshire a Grifin Bei-, first a favourite of Edw. the Confessor, and afterwards a rebel against him. He was probably a Welsh border prince. The same old record presents us with a " Grifin pucr" and a " Grifin filiusMariadoc," most likely identical, as a tenant in chief in co. Here- ford, GRI 139 GRIFFIXHOOFE. This Gem. name was introduced into England by one of the physicians of Goo. I. Jlr. Fox Talbot ob- sen-es that, " one might suppose this to be from the Germ, grafcn-hof, implying some person attached to the court of a count," if there had not existed a Germ, family name Greifeuklau, or the Griffin's Claw. Eng. Etnn. 302. In medieval poems &c. many references to griffins" claws are found. In "Ruodlicb," the hero wears, apparently, a hunting horn made of such a talon. " Pendet et & niveo sibinict f/ripis ungula collo." The so-called griffins' claws were doubt- less the horns of some species of the genus bos, or, as Dr. Grew thinlis, of the ibex maj<. See some curious details in Curios, of Heraldry, pp. 97, 98. GRIFFITH. GRIFFITHS. A well- known Welsh baptismal name. GRIGGS. See Gregory. GRIGXON. " Chagrin, et de mauvaise humeur," generally applied to children. Decorde's Diet., du Patois du Pays de Bray. GRIGSOX. GREGSOX. See Gregory. GRBIBELL. The old personal name Grimbald. GRniBLEBY. Apparently from Grim- oldly, a parish in co. Lincoln. GRIMES. Grym, an ancient personal name, apparently Scandinavian, whence Grimson and the local names Grimwood, Grimshaw, Grimsdale, Grimwade, and several others to be foimd in their proper places. GRIMLEY. A parish in co. Wor- cester. GRIMM. See Grimes. The etymon seems to be the 0. Xorse grimr, grim, fierce. GRBISBY. A town in Lincolnshire. GRENISOX. See Grimes. GRIMSTOX. Several places bear this designation, four of them in Yorkshire, the ancient and present abode of the family. The pedigree is traced to Sylvester, who is traditionally said to have attended the Con- queror from Normandy in the capacity of standard-bearer: He settled at Grimston, and held his lands of the Lord Eosse, and he or his immediate descendants took the name of De Grymeston. I3.L.G. His pos- terity have been resident there from the period of the Conquest. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. GRIXDALL. A chapelry in Yorkshire. GRIXDER. A journeyman miller — still so called in the S. of England. Le Grindar. H.E. GRIXDLEY. GRIXT)LAY. A town- ship imited with Tushingham, co. Chester. GRIXDOX. Parishes in cos. Stafford and Durham. GEO E. and W., parishes in GRIXSTED. Sussex. GRIXTER. One who has the care of a granary. Scotch gra inter, from Fr. greiw- tier. In Aberdeenshire this person is called griittahnan. Jamicson. GRISELL. GRISSELL. ASaintGri- zelda or Grizel occurs in Scotland, though omitted by Camerarius in his list of Scottish saints. Chambers' Pop. RhjTnea of Scotland. A less complimentary deriva- tion would be from gri.sel, the diminutive of the A-Norm. gri.<, a pig. So «e have the vernacular Pigg, Wildbore, and other ana- logous surnames. See Purcell. GRIX. See Gregory. GROAT. See Money — or perhaps the same as Grote. GROCER. The occupation. GROCOCK. Possibly a diminutive of Gregorj-. GROXOT^". An ancient "Welsh personal name. King Henry YII. was grand-mater- nally descended from Sir Tudor ap Gronow, who lived temp. Edw. III. GROOM. GROOME. "One who at- tends, obsen-es, takes or has the care or custody of anj-thing, whether of horses, chambers, garment, bride, &c." Richard- son. Dutch grom, an attendant. GROO:MBRrDGE. A chapelry in Kent. GROOT. Originally De Groot, (that is the great or big) from Holland. The real surname of the illustrious Grotius. The connection between the Dutch and English Groots is sufficiently she-s\-n in one of Dr. Johnson's letters to his friend. Dr. Vyse, of Lambeth. •' I doulit not but you will readily forgive me for taking the liberty of request- ing your assistance in recommending an old friend to his Grace the Ai'chbishop, as Governor of the Charter-House. His name is De Groot ; he was bom in Gloucester ; I have kno^^^l him many years. He has all the common clauus to charity, being old, poor, and infirm in a great degree. He has likewise another claim, to which no scholar can refuse attention ; he is by several des- cents the nephew of Hugo Grotius — of him from whom perhaps every man of learning has learnt something. Let it not be said in any lettered country that a nephew of Gro- tius asked a charity and was refused. I am, reverend sir, your most humble servant, S.v:ii. JOH^-so^^ July 9, 1777." GROSE. See Gross. GROSER. See Grocer. GROSJEAX^ See John. GROSS. GROSSE. Fr. gros. Great, big, as to stature. GROSS:HITII. See under Smith. GROTESTE. See Grcathead. GROSVEXOR. Le Gros Fenewr— "the GUB 140 great or chief hunter" — that office having been hereditary in the family under the dukes of Normandy. The family descend from an uncle of Eollo the founder of Nor- mandy ; and the first settler in England was Gilbert le Grosvenor, nephew of Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, who was nephew of the Conqueror. This illustrious name is properly latinized Magnus Venator, but sometimes, absurdly, De Grosso Yenatore. GROTE. Perhaps Dutch groot, big of statm-e. See Groot. Grot€ without prefix is in H.R. GROUCOCK. See Gregory. GROUSE. "Is certainly not from the bird, but from an old Germ, name Grauso, VI. cent., which Forstmann refers to A-Sax. greosan, horrere." Ferguson. GROUT. The same as Groot. GROVE. From the original bearer's residence near one. Hence also the common names Groves and Grover. The Groves of Fern, co. Wilts, claim descent from John de Grove of Chalfont St. Giles, who died 26 Edward III. GROYER. See Grove. GROVES. See Grove. GROWSE See Grouse. GRUBBE. "The family of Grubbe, spelt in tlie old registers Griibe or Groube, migrated from Germany about the year 1430, after the Hussite persecutions, and subsequently settled at Eastwell in the par- ish of Potterne, co. Wilts, where they have ever since remained. B.L.G. The name is analogous in signification to our Pitt. GRUMBLE. A corruption of the per- sonal name Grimbald. GRU^IBRIDGE. See Groombridge. GRUND. See Grundy. GRUXDY. Apparently the old Teutonic personal name Grund, whence Grundis- borough, a parish in Suftblk. GRYLLS. An old Cornish family. The manor of Grylls (commonly misi^ronounced Garles), from which they probably derive their name, is in the parish of Lesnewth in that county. GUBBIXS. GUBBIXGS. May be de- rived from the old Norman family name of Gobion ; or more probably from the French gohm, a hunchback or ill-formed man. This name was borne by a singular tribe or horde of barbarians, who from the XV. to the XVII. century infested the borders of Dartmoor. FuUer, writing of them in 1002, says:— " Hitherto have I met with none who could render a reason of their name. We call the shavings of fish which are little worth, guhbings ; and sure it is they are sensible that the word importeth shame and dis- grace. As for the suggestion of my worthy and learned friend, Mr. Joseph Maynard, borrowed fi-om Buxtorfius that such who did ' ijihabitare niontes gib- berosos' were called Gubbings, such will smile at the ingenuity, who dissent from the truth of the etj-mo- logy. GUN " I have read of an England beyond Wales ; but th:; Gubbings land is a Sc\-thia within England, and they pure heathens therein. It lieth nigh Brent-Tor, on the edge of Dartmoor. It is reported that some two hundred years since, two strumpets being with child fled hither to hide themselves, to whom certain lewd fellows resorted, and this was their first original." " They are a. peculiar of their own making, exempt from bishop, archdeacon, and all authority, either ecclesiastical or civil. They live in cots (rather holes than houses) like swine, iiavingaU in common, multi- plied ^vithout marriage into many hundi-eds. Their langiiage is the dross of the' dregs of the \'ulgar Devonian ; and the more learned a man is, the worse he can understand them. During our civil wars, no soldiers were quartered amongst them for fear of being quartered amongst them. Their wealth consistcth in other men's goods, and they live by stealing the sheep on the moor ; and vain it is for any to search their houses, being a work beneath the pains of a sheriff and above the power of any constable. Such their fleet- ncss, thev will outnm many horses; vivaciousness, thev outlive most men, Bving in the ignorance of luxurv, the extinguisher of life. They hold together like bm-rs; offend one, and all wiU revenge his quarrel. " But now I am informed that they begin to be civilized, and tender their children to baptism and return to be men, yea. Christians again. I hope no civU people amongst us will turn barbarians, now these barbarians begin to be ci\-ilized." Fuller's Worthies, i. 398. GUDE. The Scottish form of Good. GUDGEN. GUDGIN. See Fishes. GUERIN. The family of this name in England derive from "a noble French family, established in Champagne, the Isle of France, and Auvergne." Burke's Armory. GUERRIER. Fi\ A warrior, soldier. GUESS. A corruption of Guest. GUEST. Gest, an A-Sax. name occur- ring in Domesd. and before, and signifying lioqjes. GUESTLING. A parish in Sussex. GUILLE. See under Mauger. The Jersey family sent some branches to Eng- land, where they altered the orthography to Gill. GUILLIAJM. See William. GUrLLIM. See William. GUINNESS. A modern corruption of the old Irish Magennis. GUISE. A district in the east of France. GULL. Is susceptible of various inter- pretations, as : 1. The bird ; 2. A dupe or fool, very common in the old dramatists, and still in use ; 3. One of the numerous modifications of Guillaume, William; 4. See Guille. G ULLmilR. This name occurs in Lond. Direct., in juxta-position with GnWiford, suggesting the local origin. GUMBOIL. This "most villanous of all corruptions is the same no doubt as an old German name Gumpold or Gundbold." Ferguson. GUMM. A-Sax. gtima, a man. GUMMERSALL. See Gomersal. GUNN. GUN. An ancient personal name, or rather a contraction of one, such as Gundebert, Gundric, or Gundbald. GUT 141 GUXXER. An ancient baptismal name borne by various persons who held lands prior to Domesd. It is variously spelt Gunner, Guunerus, Guunere. Gunnor, and Gonnar. Gunnora is probably its femi- nine. GUNXLN^G. An O. Xorse personal name. GUXSOX. The son of Gun. SeeGunn. Sackford Gunson, Esq., was one of the commissioners for Surrey, in 1G49. Bray- ley's Surrey, i. GS. GUXTER. GUXTHER. A tradition in the family says, from gaunt d'or, allusive to the golden gauntlets in their amis ; but | this is very improbable. Guntaric was an I old Teutonic personal name, and Gonther and Gunter appear as tenants in Domesd. GUXTOX. Parishes in cos. Xorfolk and Suffolk. GUPPY. Perhaps O. Fr. goupll, a fox. GURD. Gurth or Gyrth, an A-Sax. personal name, which was borne by one of the brothers of Harold, who fell with him at Hastings. GURDOX. "This family came into England with the Conqueror, from Gourdon on the borders of Perigord." B.L.G. But the earliest member of the family there mentioned is Sir Adam de G., who was keeper of Wolmer Forest, co. Hants, temp. Edward I. GURXALL. GURXELL. Scott makes The Antiquary say of his residence: "I live here as much a Ccenobite as my predecessor, John o" the Girnell:"' and the Scottish Dictionaries give '■• glrnall, girnell, a large chest for holding meal." The novelist pro- bably had in his eye a brother who presided over the gamer or granary rather than over the meal-chest of " Monkbarns."' GURXARD. See Fishes. GURXETT. A known corruption of Gemet. GURXEY. See Gournay. GURR. Probably from Gueures, a vil- lage in Normandy, near Dieppe. One Peter Gyrre, apothecar}-, from Diejipe, a Protestant refugee, arrived at Pive, co. Susses, 1572. Lansd. M.S. 15-70. GURRIER. Perhaps a corruption of the Fr. gucrrier, a warrior. GUTHRIE. An estate in Forfarshire, Scotland. Tliis might be considered a tolerably satisfactory- origin for the name, especially as the family continue to write themselves 'of that Ilk,' to the present day. Tradition, however, has invented another, which is amusingly absurd ; I give it as I find it in Chambers' Popular Kh}Tnes of Scotland : — *' One of the kings of Scotland, when on an aquatic excursion to the northern part of his dominions, was overtaken by a storm, GYP and driven ashore on the east coast, some- where tietween Arbroath and ilontrose. Getting in safety to land, the king, like the pious ^neas, under similar circumstances, tumed his thoughts upon the means of ac- quiring food wherewith to satisfy his own hunger and that of his attendants, both considerably sharpened by the sea lireeze. He had not, however, the good fortune of the Trojan hero in seeing — " tres littore cervos errantes ;" —nothing appeared on the bare Scottish coast but a poor fishenvoman, who was cleansing some small fishes she had just caught. " Will you gut one to me, good- wife .'"' said the monarch. " I'll gut three 1" being her immediate answer, the king exclaimed in rapture at her heartiness and hospitality — Then- GUT THREE Your name su.vll be! and immediately put her family in posses- sion of the adjoining lands, which yet con- tinue to be the property of her descendant, the present Guthrie of Guthrie !"' GUTSELL. This elegant surname is chiefly found in Sussex, and may be that which, in the Xr\'. century was written De Guttreshole. Godsol and Godsouele, how- ever, occur in the H.Pi.. favouring the idea that as in the case of Godhndy, an oath is intended. To swear by the body and soul of the Almighty was a prevalent ^ice of old times. King Edward III., at a tournament, had his trappings embroidered with this profane couplet : — "HAY, HAY, THE WVTE SWA2f ; BY code's SOCL I AM THY MAX." GUTTER. A drain for water. One Joh'es of the Gutter is found in the Nonie returns, 1341. GUY. The old personal name Guide, probably from Caius, and the Celtic Kei, as Baxter thinks. Glossary, p. 58. GUYATT. SeeWyatt. GUYEXXETTE. A native of Guienne ? GUYER. Old English guyour, a guider or leader. Piers Ploughman. GUY:MAR. GUYMER. See Gaymer. GAA\\TKIX. The Welsh form of Wat- kin, as Guillim is of William. GWILT. Celtic gu-i/lt, an inhabitant of the woods. Thompson's Et}nnons, p. 3. GWIXXETT. ^^'elsh— and apparently a modification of Gw}-nne. GWYX. GWYXXE. (Welsh) Wblte. GYDE. Possibly a nursename of Gideon. GYLES. As Giles. GYLL. See Gill. GYPP. GYPSOX. Probably the same as Gibb and Gibson. HAD U2 HAG- H, HaBERDIXE. Said to be identical with Hawarcline. which is clearly the same as the local Hawarden. If so, Herberden is a still further departure from the true orthography. HACK. A-Sax. hege. A hedge. The word JioAik is still used in this sense in co. Lincoln. HACKBLOCK. Probably from some manual feat. Wagstaff. Hurlbat. Shake- shaft, ice, are of analogous derivation. See under Shakspeare. HACKER. See Hackman. But Isli. Arthur derives it from a Dutch word signi- f\-ing "a chopper, cleaver, or hewer, and figuratively, a brave soldier." HACKETT. A known coiTuption of Harcourt. 1G69. See Burn's Tradesmen's Tokens, p. 7.3. But Hacket, a non-prefixed surname, is found in H.R. HACKFORTH. A township in York- shire. HACK:MAN. Hacli is a provincial word for a pick-axe or mattock, and also for a hedge : hence Hackman and Hacker may imply either a maker of axes, or a^mender of hedges. HACK:XEY. a parish in l^Iiddlesex. In H.R. the surname is written Hakeneie, Hakeneye, Hakenie, ice. HACKSTAFF. See under Shakspeare. HACKWELL. A paiish in Essex. HACK^VITH. A corruption of Ack- worth, a local name. HACKWOOD. A corruption of Ac- wood, "the wood of oaks." HACOX. A family so surnamed reside at Swaffham, co. Norfolk, and are doubt- less of Xorse extraction. Hacon the Good and Hacon the Broad- Shouldered occur among the Kings of Xorway: and their deeds, with those of others of the name, are recorded in the Heimskringla. In the H.E. for Sutfolk (i. 181). we find mentioned one Semannus Hacon. '• Hacon the Sailor," which looks sufliciently Norwegian. HAD A WAY. See Hathaway. HADDAX. HADDEX. See Haddon. HADDOCK. Xot so likely from the fish as from some place terminating in ock. HADDOX. Parishes and places in cos. Hunts and Northampton, as well as the famous Haddon Hall, in Derbyshire. HADEX. See Haydon. HADFIELD. A parish in Derbyshire. HADGLEY. Probably Haddesley, a township and a chapelrj- in Yorkshire. HADKISS. A corruption of Adkins. HADLEIGH. HADLEY. Parishes in Sufiblk, Essex, Berks, and Middlesex. HADLOTV. A parish in Kent, which " gave both seat and surname to a family ancient and conspicuous," temp. Edw. UL Philipott's ViU. Cantianum. HAD2njTT. Probably Hodnet, a parish in Shropshire. HAFFEXDEX. The locality does not seem to be known. The gentry family de- rive from Lawrence Hafienden, of Buggles- den, bailiff of Tenterrftv*. temp. Eichard III. This is suflicient proof of the origin of the race among the dens of Kent, even if we did not know that they formerly had lands at ^maiden and HaWfw. See Dex. It is worth recording, that a yotmger and decayed branch of this family, the representative of which branch was lately the keeper of a small country inn at Heathfield, co. Sussex, have, for a series of generations, had right of sepulture in Heathfield church, where numerous gravestones mark their claim to ancient gentry. HAGAX. One of the heroes of the Nibelungen Lied bore this name. Hagen also occurs as an A- Sax. personal name in a charter of Ceadwalla, King of "Wessex. HAGG. Broken ground in a bog. HaUiw. HAGGARD. 1. According to B.L.G. the familj' are supposed to be derived from the Ogards of co. Herts. 2. Haggard is a corruption of " hay-garth," a rick yard, and is so employed in Hall and Holinshed, as well as in "several provincial dialects. See Garth. 3, and most probably, an ancient baptismal name which occurs in Domesday as Acard and Acardus, and in the H.R. as Hacgard. H AGGER. See Haggard. HAGGERSTOX. The pedigree is not regularly traced beyond Robert de Hagres- ton, lord of Hagreston in 1399, although a Robert de Hagardeston occurs in 1312. The name is derived from Haggerston Castle, CO. Northiunberland. Sliirley"s Noble and Gentle Men. p. IGl. Some genealogists derive the name from Halkerston. in Scot- land. William and Richard de H. are witnesses to a donation anno 1190. The settlement of the family in England seems to have taken place on the marriage of Thomas de H. with a coheir of Umfreville of Northiunberland. Kimber's Baronetage. HAGOX. See Hacon. HAI 143 HAGUE. Terhaps the same as Ilaig or Haigh. HAGW0RTHIXGHA:\L a place near Grimsby, co. Lincoln. HAIG. From Sir R. Douglas' Baronage of Scotland it appears that this faniily claim a Pictish, or an ancient British ex- traction ; but as in many similar cases the name is only traceable to the XI. centurj', and the reign of ilalcolm IV. and William the Lion, when Petrus de Haga was lord of Bemerside, in Berwickshire. Twenty generations of Haigs have held that estate, and upon the authority of a distich, attri- buted to Thomas the KhjTner, the family is perennial : TIDE, TIDE, WHATE'EE BETIDE, THERE'LL ATE BE HAIGS IX BEStERSIDE. The family motto, " Tide what may," seems to have reference to this flattering prediction. An anecdote is related of a no \ev\ remote ancestor of the family. Zoroba- belHaig, Esq., with whose life the truth of it appeared lUcely to become extinct. The lady of Bemerside had blessed her loving lord with twelve daughters in succession, but a son by whom the name should be perpetuated was wanting. The worthy gen- tleman's faith was sorely tried, and the place is still pointed out whither he was wont daily to retire to pray that God would vouchsafe him an heir. At length the much-desired boon was sent, and the Rhy- mer's prophecy came into higher credit than ever. Scott's Minst. Scott. Border, iii. 2()9. Jerdan's Autobiography, vol. i. Chambers' Popular Ehjines. jj. 24. HAIGH. A township in Lancashire. HAIL. See Hale. HAILES. See Hales. HAJLEY. A chapelry in Oxfordshire. HAILSTOXE. Alestan is Athelstan, the ancient personal name. An Alestan was a tenant in chief in co. Hants at the making of Domesday. Tlie surname may, however, be local, either from Hailston, a bum in co. Stirling, famous for its blocks of jasper, or from Ailston-hiU near Here- ford. HAIXES. Perhaps a corruption of Ainulph. Camden. HAIXSOX. The son of Halne or Ainidph. HAIR. A corruption of heir, the eldest son. HAIRE. This Irish surname, previously to the year 1770, was written OHehir. The traditions of the family deduce them from the race of Fingal in the third cent., but historical evidence carries them back no further than the reign of Edw. III., 13C)0, when the representation of the family vested in the O'Haitchir or O'Hehir, chiefs of Hy Flancha and Hy Cormac. in the barony of Islands, co. Clare. In O'Connor's map of Ireland published about If (40, a large portion of that county still bore the HAL name of " the O'Hehir country." Inf. Tho. Haire, Esq., M.D. HAKE. Doubtless a contraction of Hacon. IIAKEWILL. Probably Ilackwell, a parish in Essex. HALDAXE. Halfdene, a name occurring in the Saxon annals, is considered by Fer- guson to imply a Danish extraction on one side only — "'half Dane." Hence perhaps the surname of the Scottish family. Among the tenants in chief in Norfolk, appears a Godwinus Haldcin. Haklanus, Haldane, and other forms also occur in Domesd., principally in the eastern counties. HALDEX. Hi-h Halden, a parish in Kent. HALE. 1. Healthv, stout. A-Sax. Jurle, a brave man. chief, or hero. 2. The name of many localities in various parts of England, particularly in cos. Chester, Cum- berland, Kent, Lancaster, Northampton, Hants, and Lincoln. 3. A hall. The forms in the H.E. generally relate to this meaning, as De la Hale, En la Hale, In the Hale, &c. HALES. A town in Xorfolk. Roger de Halys in 19 He»ry II. gave a tenement which he possessed in that place to the Abbey of Baungey. From him the Haleses of Woodchurch and Bekesl)Ounie, co. Kent, and of Coventn,", baronets, are presumed to have sprung. See Burke's Ext. Barts. HALESWORTII. A town in Suffolk. HALEY. HALY. See Haylej. HALF ACRE. A local name ; or perhaps A-Sax. iKsr-fa-gr, fair or beautiful-haired. HALFEXAKED. Walter de Halfe- naked lived in Sussex in I. SI 4. The mano- rial estate from which he derived his name is now called Halnaker. It is near Good- wood. HALFHEAD. Perhaps a corruption of Hal ford or some such local name. HALFHIDE. Possibly the feudal holder of half a hide of land. HALFKXIGIIT. ^Slight appear to refer to one who was only half a knight — an oc- casional servitor or follower ; but ft-ora the occurrence of one Ilobertus -man and Haver probably sometimes mean the same as Hayward, 'which see. But the Irish family "of Hayman or HejTnan deduce their pedigree from KoUo, the foxmder of Xor- mandy, through the Crevecceurs, one of whom. Haimou de C, had a son Robert, who assumed his father's baptismal name as a sumame. which he transmitted to his pos- terity. B.L.G. HAYXE. HAYXES. See Haines. HAYXOKE. A corruption of A'Xoke. See Noakes. HAYS. Hayes, parishes in Kent and Middlesex. HAYSTACK. Said to have originated from a foundling. HAYTER. The personal name Haitar, which occurs in Germany in the IX. cent. Ferg. It may however be local, from the hundred of Haytor in Devonshire. HAYTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Cumber- land, Nottingham, York, &c. HAYWARD. Fr. haie, a hedge, and icard, 0. Eng. a guardian or keeper. Inclosures as well as the fences which encircled them were called hai/a; hence a Hayward was a person employed to watch enclosed fields. " I have an home and be a Haj/tcard And liggen out a nyghtes, And kepe my com anci my croft From pykers and theves." Piers Ploicman. Jacob defines it as " one that keeps the common herd of cattle of a town ;" and adds: "the reason of his being called a havward may be because one pai-t of his oflice is to see that they neither break nor crop the Iwdges of enclosed grounds, or for that he keeps the grass from hurt and de- struction. He is an officer appointed in the lord's court for the due execution of his office." Law Diet, in voc. See Hedgeler in tills Diet. The orthography in the H.R. is Hayward, Le Heyward, Le Heiward, Le Hayward. HEA HAAYORTH. A chapelry in Yorkshire. HAYWOOD. See Heywood. Also a libertv in co. Hereford, and a hamlet in co. Staflord. HAZARD. See Hassard. HAZELDEX. An ancient manor, in or near Dallington, co. Sussex. The name ap- pears to have been corrupted to Haseldine, Haseltine, Hazeldine, Hesseltine, ice. HAZLEDIX^E. See Hazleden. HAZELGRO^T^. From residence near one. HAZLERIGG. An estate in Xorthum- berland, which belonged to the family temp. Edward I. Leland speaking of the head of the family, then living in Leicestershire, says : '• Hazelrigg hath about oQli lande in Korthmnberland, where is a pratie pile of Hasilriggs, and one of the Collingwooddes dwelleth now in it, and hath the over-site of his landes." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. E^ HEAD. A component syllable of many surnames derived from places, as Headford, Heading, Headland, Headley &c. See next article. HEAD. A promontory or foreland, as Beachy Head, Spurn Head. Also the source of a river. Head or Hed, was a baptismal name in Scotland, in the XII. century. Hedde, without prefix, is found in H.R., as is also the A- Sax. form Heved. HEADACHE. Mr. Ferguson says, '•properlv Headick, a diminutive of Head." HEADEX. A parish in co. Xottingham. HEADLAM. A township in co. Dur- ham. HEADWORTH. A township in co. Durham. HEADY. 1. Self-willed. "Heady, high- minded." 2. Edie, Eddy, a diminutive of Edward. HEAL. See Hele. HE ALE Y. Places in Yorkshire and else- where. HEALEN'G. Probably Ealing, co. Jlid- dlesex. HEAXE. HEEXE. A parish in Sussex. HEAPS. HEAP. Probably the same as Monceiix, which see. HEARD. O.Eng. herd, a herdsman or keeper of cattle. HEARDER. May either mean herd, a keeper of cattle, &c. ; or hurder, a nor- thern provincialism for a heap of stones, thus coming under the same category as Heap, Monceux, kc. HEARDSOX. The son of a herd or herdsman. HEARX. HEARXE. A modification of the Irish OAhern. HEC HEARON. See Heron. HEARSEY. See Hercy. HEARTLY. The same as Hartley. HEARTMAK The same as Hartman. HEARTWELL. The same as Hart- well. HEASMAN. Qu. a headsman, execu- tioner ? HEATH. From residence at a heath or common. In the H.R. Atte-Hethe, Apiul Hethe, Do la Hethe, Sec. — in after times modified to Heather. HEATHCOTE. The baronets trace to the XVI. centujy in Derbyshire. The name is local, though the place is unknown. — ■• The heath-cottage," or *' The cot on the heath."' HEATHER. See Heath, and the ter- mination ER. HEATHFTELD. A parish in Sussex, where the family in plebeian condition still reside. Also places in several other coun- ties. HEATHWAITE. A chapelry in Lan- cashire. HEATOX. A parish in co. York, and townships in cos. Lancaster, Chester, Nor- thumberland, &c. Heaton, co. Lancaster, gave name to a family in very early times, and from them sprang the Heatons of North Wales. HEA^^N. HEAVENS. Cockney cor- ruptions of Evan and Evans ? HEAVER. Hever, a parish and castle in CO. Kent, memorable as the birth-place of Queen Anne Boleyn. HEAVISIDE. More likely a local name than characteristic of what Dr. Johnson might call 'lateral ponderosity.' It may, however, have been a sobriquet, like that applied by the Norwegians to Magnus, king of Sweden, who had threatened them with invasion : — " Tlie fat-hipped king with Mavy-sides Finds he must mount before heiides." Laiug's Heimskringla, HI. 134. HEBBERD. HERBERT. The same as Hubert. HEBBLEWHITE. See Ebblewhite. HEBDEX. Two villages in Yorkshire. HEBER, The Hebers take their name from a place in Craven, co. York, called Haj-bergh. Enuilphus de Haybergh lived at Milnethorije in that co. towards the end of the XII. century. The name has passed through the changes Hayburgh, Heibire, Heiber, to Heber. B.L.G. HEBERDEX. 1. See Haberdine. 2. A field formerly belonging to the Abbey of St. Edmund's Bury was called Heberden. HECKIX. A Cheshire provincialism for Richai-d, and hence possibly the origin of Higgin, Higgins, and Higginson, though V 153 H E L Hugh (Hugo) may perhaps have the prior claim. HECTOR. The personal name, de- rived from classical antiquity. HEDDLE. A local name of Scandina- vian origin. It was variously written Haidale, Hedal, and Heddell. The family held lands in Orkney prior to 1503. B.L.G. HEDGE. See Hedges. HEDGELER. Probably the og-zZZanM.? of feudal times ; a " /lai/n-ard," or keeper of cattle in a field fed in common by many tenants. "Towns and villages had their hcy)vards to supervise the greater cattle, or common herd of kine and oxen, and keep them within due bounds ; and if they were servile tenants, they were privileged from all customary services to the lord, because they were presumed to be always attending their duty, as a shepherd on his flock ; and lords of manors had likewise their heywards to take care of the tillage, haiwest work, &c., and see there were no encroachments made on their lordships : but this is now the business of bailifts." Rennet's Paroch. Antiq. Jacob's Law Diet. See Hay^'AED. HEDGELE Y. A township in Xorthum- berland. HEDGER. A maker of hedges. HEDGES. The modern form of At- Hedge — first derived from residence near one. HEDGMAX. The same as Hedger or Hedges. HEDLEY. Townships in Xorthumber- land, Durham, and Yorkshire. HEELE. .SeeHele. HEEPS. HEAPS. Like the Xorman name Monceux, heaps, montimli. This may be a translation of Monceux. HeIgHAM. a hamlet in the parish of Gaseley, co. Suffolk, which belonged to the family in 13i0. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men, p. 233. Also a hamlet in Norfolk. HEIGHIXGTOX. Places in cos. Dur- ham and Lincoln. HEIGHTOX. a parish in Sussex. HELE. Hele, Heale, or Heal, is a manor in the parish of Bradninch, co, Devon. The pedigree commences with Sir Eoger De la Heale, who was lord of Heale, temi). Henry III. Matthew Hele, of Holwell, co. Devon, was high sheriff of the county the year of Charles the Second's Restoration, IGGO, and so numerous and influential were the family that he was enabled to assemble a grand jury all of his otvn name ami bhiod, gentle- men of estate and quality, which made the Judge observe, when he heard Hele of Wisdom, Esq. called — a gentill seat in the parish of Cornwood — ' that he thought they must be all descended from Wisdom, in that they had acquired such considerable for- tunes.' Burke's Ext. Barts. HEN HELLE^VELL. See HalllweU. HELLIER. The A-Sax. helan, like the southern provincialism, to heal, signifies to cover ; and in the West of England a Jiellier is a thatcher or tiler, equivalent to the French couvreur. one who covers build- ings with any material whatever. It was a kind of generic appellative, including the Thatchers, Tylers, Slaters, Shinglers, and Eeeders, all of whom are also separately represented in our family nomenclature. In Walsingham's History, the arch-trai- tor, Wat Tyler, is designated " Walterus Helier." HELLINGLY. A parish in Sussex. HELLIS. See Ellis. HELM. HELME. Teiitonic, a helmet ; a name borrowed from military associa- tions. ^' Ilehn as a termination entered into a great number of regular Anglo-Saxon names, such as Eadlielm, Brighthelm, Alf- helm, &c. Wilhelm (William) is an earlier name, occurring in the genealogy of the East- Anglian kings from Woden." — Fergu- son. HELMS. SeeHelme. HELPUSGOD. This name, probably derived from the frequent use of a profane adjuration by the original bearer of it. and cognate with Godhelp, Godmefetch, God- behere, &;c., is found in the Sussex Subsidy Eoll of 1296. Sussex Arch. Coll., vol. ii. HELSDON, Hellesden, a parish near Norwich. HELSHAM. Hallsham, co. Sussex, is so pronounced, and a gentry family of De Halsham, existed in that co. in the XIY. cent. HELY. An old form of Elias, the per- 154 HELYAR. See Hellier. HE:MBURY. Broad Hembiuy, a parish in CO. Devon. HE]\nNGFORD. Two parishes in co. Huntingdon. De Hemingford. H.R. HEMMIXG. HEM^nNGS. A Danish personal name. HEMS. See under Emmett. HEMPSTEAD. A manor in Framfield, CO. Sussex, which had owners of the same name in the XIII cent. HEMSWORTH. A parish in York- shire. HEXBERY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Glou- cester and Chester are called Henbury. HEXCHMAN". A follower ; an attend- ant upon a nolileman or personage of high distinction. A Chaucerian word. " The said Duke was in hys vonff age, after he had been a sufficient season at the gramei- schole, Hetiche- nian to Kj-ng Edward the iiii., and was then called Thomas Howard." Weever's Funerall Mon. p. 831. HENDER. SeeHendower. HEN HEXDERSOX. Either from the per- sonal name Hendric, or from Andrew — pro- bably the latter. HEXDOWER. A distinguished Cornish family, who are said to have originated in Wales. The elder line became extinct about temp. Henry YIII., but younger branches who had abbreA-iated the name to Hender, were living near Camelford a few years since. HEXDRICK. HEXDRICKS. HEX- DEIE. HEXDRY. Hendric, an ancient personal name. HEXDY. Gentle, polite. HalllweU. HEXE. SeeHenn. HEXEAGE. Sir Robert de Heneage was in Lincolnshire, temp. William Rufus. I find no locality so called. HEXFREY. An ancient personal name, corresponding with the 0. Germ. Enfrid. HEXLEY. Towns and places in cos. Warwick, Suffolk, Hants, and Oxford. HEX]\LAX. An ancient personal name, like the 0. Germ. Enman. HEXX. The Irish family derive from an English one written Henne, but an- ciently Hene, and the name seems to have been originally derived from Hene now Heene, a hamlet or extinct parish, near Worthing, co. Sussex. A William de Hene is mentioned in Domesd., as holding of William de Braose in the immediate vici- nitv. There are Le Hens and FU' Hens in H.R. HEXXIKER. The ancestors of Lord Henniker were a mercantile family from Gennany, who settled in London early in the XYIII. century. Of the origin of the name I know nothing, but it is suspi- ciously like the German Henker, a hang- man or executioner. That the execu- • tioner's employ, like other occujjations, occasionally became a surname, is shown in the following anecdote : — " Resolute, of late years, was the answer of Yerdugo, a Spaniard, commander in Friseland to certain of the Spanish nobility, who murmured, at a great feast, that the sonne of a Hang-man should take place above them (for so he was, as his name iniporteth). Gentlemen (quoth he) ques- tion not my birth, or who my father was ; I am the sonne of mine own Desert and Fortune ; if any man dares as much as I have done, let him come and take the table's end with all my heart." Peachanis CompUat Gentleman. HEXXIXGHAM. Heveningham (now HavenLngham) a parish in Suflblk. HEXXIS. SeeEnnis. HEXRISOX. See Henry. HEXRY. A personal name of Xorman importation, wliich has given birth in a modified form to many surnames, includ- ing Henrison, Henson, Penry (ap- Henry), HER Harry, Parry (ap-Harry), Harris. Harri- son, Hall (from Hal), Hallett. Halkett, Halse, Hawes, Hawkins, Hawkinson, Allkins, Haskins, and periaaps Alcock. Thus as Henn- has given name to the most numerous group of English monarchs, so it has furnished surnames for a very great number of their subjects. HEXSALL. A township in Yorkshire. HEXSHALL. Either Henshaw or Hen- sail. HEXSHAW. See Hanshaw. A town- ship in Xorthumberland. HEXSMAX. A page ; the confidant and principal attendant of a Highland chief ; a henchman. Jamieson. HEXSOX. See Henry. HEXTOX. A district near Chinnor, CO. Oxon. HEXWOOD. 1. A tithing in the parish of Cumnor, co. Berks. 2. Perhaps another form of Honywood. See that name. HEXZEY. See under Tyttery. HEPBURX. From the lands of Heb- bume, Haybome, or Hepbume, co. Dur- ham, near the mouth of the Trne. Tradi- tion derives the noble family seated in E. Lothian, from the XIV. cent., from an English gentleman taken prisoner by the Earl of March, who generously gave him lands, upon which he'settled. ' From him descended the Earls of Bothwell, whose line ended with the notorious James H.. Earl of Bothwell, Marquis of Fife, and Duke of Orkney, the husband of Marv. Queen of Scots, "1567. The battle-err of this war- like race was — " A HZPBniX ; bide me FAEB !" — (i.e., Meet my onset fairly.) HEPDEX. See under Den. HEPTOXSTALL. A chapelry in the parish of Halifax, co. York. HEPPELL. HEPPLE. Two townships in Xorthumberland. HEPWORTH. A township in the W.R. of Yorkshire : also a parish in Suflfolk. HERAPATH. See Herepath. HERAUD. ]Might be either the per- sonal name Harold : a herald-at-arms ; or a derivation from the 0. Xorse heradr, the leader of an army. HERBERT. An ancient personal name. The noble Herberts descend from Herbert, Count of Vermandois, who came hither with the Conqueror, and was chamberlain to William Rufus. B.L.G. Collins says : " the genealogists deduce the family from Herbert, a natural son of King Henry I., but I think it more evident that Henry Fitz-Herbert, chamberlain to the said king, was ancestor to all of the name of Her- bert." HERCY. The pedigree is traced to temp. Henry III., when Malveysin de 155 II E R Hercy was constable of the honour of Tyk- hill, CO. York. The locality of Hercy does not appear either in the English Gazetteer or m the Itin. de la Normandie. HERD. A-Sax. hyrd., a keeper of cattle, sheep, swine, i:c. HERDIXGSOX. The same as Fitz- Harding. HERDMAX. A-Sax. hirdman, an at- tendant. HERDSMAX. The occupation. HEREFORD. From the city. The Herefords of Sufton Court, co. Hereford, claim from Eoger de Hereford, a famous philosopher of the XII. century. B.L.G. HEREPATH. '':\Iight be from the A- Sax. herepced. an army-path, in which case, it would be, I presume, local. But I think more probably from herepdd, a coat of mail." Ferguson. HERIXG. See Herring. HERIXGAUD. Xorm. Fr. herigavd, aja upper cloak. See Mantell, ice. HERDs'GTOX. Herrington, two town- ships in CO. Durham. HERIOTT. Heriot, a parish in Edin- burghshire. HERITAGE. Most probably the name of some lands or possessions, analagous to "the Franchise."' "the Purchase,"' &:c., frequently applied to estates. Heritag'. H.K. HERLE. The Herles of Prideaux Castle, CO. Cornwall, whose name has been occasionally written Earle and Hearle, are " descended' from the house of "West Hearle in Northumberland, of which Sir William Herle was made, by Edward III., chief justice of the Bench."" C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii. 14.3. De Herl, co. Xorthiun- berland. H.Pi. HERMITAGE. The surname was pro- bably tirst acquired by some person who dwelt near the abode of a solitarj- ascetic. HERMOX. See Harman. HERXE A contraction of the Celtic OAliem. HEROD. SeeHeraud. HEROX. Taken au pied de la lettre this name would appear to be derived from the bird; but Heron is a comparatively modem orthography, it having been formerly writ- ten Hainan, Heyrun, Heirun, &c. "Sir John Hairun entered England with the Conqueror, and was possessed of Ford Castle, and a very good estate." Kimber's Baronetage. I'here is a commune in the arrondissement of Kouen called Le Heron, but it does not appear whether this was the cradle of the race. This family is thus spoken of in Den- ham's Slogans of the North of England: "Hastd.g»!" was evidently the slogan (or war cry) HES 156 HIB of the ancient lords of Ford and Chipchase Castles. The Herons had also a stronghold at Twisell. " Sir Hugh the Heron bold, Baron of T^Nisell and of Ford, And captam of the Hold." Marmion. Swinburn Castle also belonged to this family, as also did Bohenfield ; and Haddeston, the caput baronice of Heron or Heroune, was their ancient residence, bir George Heron had the misfortune to be slam at the skirmish of the Raid of the Reidswtre, to the great regret of both parties, being a man greatly respected by our Scottish neighbours, as well as the Enghsh. When the English prisoners were brought to Morton, at Dalkeith, and among otner nresents received from him some Scottish falcons, one of his train observed, that the English were nobly treated, smce they got hve Hawks for dead Herons. Godscroft. HERRICK. This name was formerly spelt Eyryk, Eyrik, Eyrick, aiid Heyricke. Dean Swift, whose father married a lady of this family, informs us that "there is a tradition that the most ancient family of the Ericks derive lineage from Erick the Forester, a great commander, who raised an army to oppose the invasion of Wilham the Conqueror, by whom he was vanquished, but afterwards employed to command that prince's forces, and in his old age retired to his house in Leicestershire, where his family hath continued ever since." Quoted in B.L.G. HERRIES. A Norman race, probably from Heries in the arrondissement of Bayeux. They were settled in the S. of Scotl. from the XII. cent, and were, it is pretty certain, deduced from the A-Norm. family of Heriz, lords of Wiverton or Worton, CO. Northampton. The elder line of Heriz or Herries ended in heirs female, in the XVI. cent., and the title of Lord H. was carried by the eldest co-heiress to the Lords Maxwell. HERRING. Possibly from the fish, and originally applied by way of sobriquet, since in the XIV. cent, we find some compounds of it, now apparently extinct : viz. Cast- herring, Schottenheryng, and Rotenheryng ! It is more likelv however to be an ancient Scandinavian personal name, whence the names of the parishes, &c., of Herringby, Herringfieet, Herringstone, Herringswell, and Herrington. HERRON See Heron. HERSEY. See Hercy. HERTFORD. The town. HERVEY. See Harvey. HERWARD. The well-known A-Sax. name Hereward. HESKETH. Musard Ascuit, Hascoit, or Hasculfus, appears in Domesday as a capital tenant in the counties of Derby, Bucks, Oxford, Warwick, &c. Camden, speaking of the name Askew, erroneously says, that it comes from Ascouth, and that "from the old Christian name Aiscuith, which in Latin was Hasculphus and Hastul- phus, that is, Speedy-Help." The baronet's family claim to have been possessed of Hes- keth, CO. Lancaster, from the Conciuest, and the pedigree is deduced without hiatus from Rich, de Haskayth in the XIII. cent. HESS. HESSE A native of Hesse ; a Hessian. HESSELL. A narrowed pronunciation of Hassell. HESSELTINE. See Hazelden. HESrTER. A spelling of Esther. See Female Christian Names. HETT. A township in Durham. HETTON. Townships In cos. Durham, Northumberland, and York. HEVYBERD. " Heavy-beard." See Beard. HEWARD. Possibly a corruption of Howard, but more likely of Hayward. Hayward's Heath, co. Sussex, was foi-merly with rustics Howard's Hoth. HEWER. Of wood or stone? See Cleaver and Stonehewer. HEWES. A mis-spelling of Hughes. In the great Scottish family of Dalrymple the Christian name Hugh has generally been spelt Hen\ HEWETSON. See Hewett. HEWETT. A diminutive of Hugh, and hence Hewitt, Hewetson, and Hewitson. HEWGILL. Probably Howgill, a cha- pelry in Yorkshire. HE WISH. A parish in Wiltshire. HEWITT. See Hewett. HEWLETT. Perhaps a diminutive of Hugh. HEWSON. The son of Hugh. HEXAMER. Of this singular name I can make nothing, unless it means a native of Hexham, co. Northumberland. HEXT. A-Sax. hexta, O. Eng. hext, highest. Halliwell quotes from an ancient MS. :— " The Erchbischop of Canturben, In Engelond that is hext" The surname may relate either to physical height or to social eminence. HEXTER. Possibly a corruption of Exeter. HEY. The same as Hay. HEYDEN. See Haydon. HEYLIN. An old baptismal name. Fillus Heilin is found in H.R. HEYWARD. An old and more correct form of Hapvard. HEYWOOD. A town and chapelry in CO. Lancaster. Heywood Hall was long the residence of the ancestors of the baronet's family. HIBBARD. HIBBERD. See Hibbert. HIBBERT. The Hibberts of Marple, Birtles, &c., co. Chester, claim descent from Pao-anus HttbcH, wlio accompanied Eichard CcBur-de-Lion in the Crusade of 1190. See Ormerod's Clieshire. An A-Sax, bishop of Lichfield was called Hygbert. H I G 157 HIBBITT. A corruption of Ilibbert, from Hubert. HLBBS. From Hibb, the " nurse-name'' of Hubert. HICK. See Isaac; but it may be local, from Heck or Hick, a Yorkshire township. HICKES. See Isaac. HICKEY. See Isaac. HICKIE. See Isaac. HICKIXBOTHAM. See Higginbottom. IIICKLIXG. HICKLIX. Parishes in cos'. Nottingham and Norfolk. HICKMAX. The pedigree of the ex- tinct baronet family, Hickman of Gains- borough, is traced to Eobert Fitz-Hick- man, lord of the manors of Bloxham and Wickham, co. Oxford, -50 Henry III. Hence the name must originally have been a baptismal appellation. In the next reign Ave tind both a Hykeman and a Walter Hikeman, in the same county, the fonner being api)areatly a Christian name. H.E. HICKMOTT. Anciently Hicquemot— probably a derivative of Isaac. HICKOCK. Said to be the same name as Hiscock, which see. HICKOT. HICKOX. Diminutives of Hick, Hj-ke, or Isaac. HICKS. The village so called in Glou- cestershire can hardly have been the source of this numerous surname, which is generally derived, doubtless, from Hicque, or Hick, a nick-name of Isaac. mCKSOX. See Isaac. HIDE. A feudal portion of land of un- certain extent, according to its quality. A hide appears generally to have been so much land as " with its house and toft, right of common, and other appurtenances, was considered to be sufficient for the ne- cessities of a family." Archasologia, vol. XXXV. p. 470. There are specitic locali- ties called Hide, in Warwickshire, Bed- fordshire, Herefordshire, and many other counties. HIDER. See Hyder. HIDES. See Hide. HIGGIXBOTTOM. Following a writer in Gent. Mag. Oct., 1820, I have elsewhere suggested that this strange word might be Ickenbaum, 0. Germ, for oak tree. Another etymology assigned was hicliin, a Lanca- shire provincialism for the mountain ash, and bottom, a low ground or valley. A cor- respondent suggests its identity with the Dutch family name Hoogenboom. which signifies " high tree," either from the first bearer's residence near one, or a sobriquet allusive to stature. HIGGIX. IIIGGIX^S. A diminutive of Hugh, through its Latin form Hugo. Hugonis the genitive case of that name (equivalent to Hugh's or Hughes) would HIL easily become in rapid pronunciation Huggins, and Higgins. See however Heckin. IIIGGIXS. See Isaac. HIGGIXSOX. See Isaac. HIGGS. See Isaac. HIGHAM. Parishes and places in cos. Northampton, Kent, Derby, Suffolk, Bed- ford, Leicester, Sussex, &c., &c. HIGHLEY. A parish in Shropshire. HIGIIWORTH. A town in Wiltsliire, which has given birth to a surname spelt indiflerently Earth, Worth, and Yerworth. HIGSOX. The same as Hickson. IIILDEBRAXD. The personal name. IIILDER. ' The elder'— a word still used in Norfolk. This form also occurs in MS. Arundel, 220. Halliwell. But the Supp. to Alfric's Yocab. says " hjldcre, lictor, vel virgifer," i.e., an usher or mace-bearer. Wrighfs Yocab., 60. HILDERSLEY. Hildesley, a tything in Gloucestershire. HILDROP. An obscure hamlet near Marlborough, co. Wilts. HILDYARD. Formerly Hildheard, an ancient personal name. The family are said to have sprung from Robert Hildheard, who was of Nonnanby, co. York, in the year 1109. B.L.G. IIILEY. Highley, a parish in Shrop- shire. HILGERS. An old personal name, cor- responding with the Germ. Hilger, and the 0. High Genu. Hildegar. HILL. From residence upon one. Its medieval form is Atte-Hill. The Lond. Direct, has more than two hundred traders of this name, besides about one-eighth of that number in the pluralized form of Hills. The most distinguished familj' of this name, the Hills of Hawkstone (Yis- count Hill), deduce themselves from Hugh de la HuUe (• of the Hill "), who held the estate of Court of Hill in the parish of Burford, co. Salop, temp. Richard I. Shir- ley's Noble and Gentle Men, p. 197. The Hills of Stallington, co. Stafford, are des- cended from the family of De Monte, of Castle Morton, co. Worcester, and they bore that name till the XY. cent., when it was anglicized to Hyll. See Nash's Worcester- shire. HILLEABY. Hilary, an ancient per- sonal name. HILLER. See Hellier. HILLIARD. See Ilildyard. HILLLER. Seellillyer. HILLMAX. From residence upon some hill. Its ancient forms are Atte-Hill, Ate Hull, S:c. HILLS. See Hill. HILLYER. See Hellier. HIN 158 HILTON. There are parishes and places so called in many counties, and probably several distinct families. The great baronial race who flourished in the XIV. cent, derived their name from the Castle of Hylton or Hilton, co. Durham, then- ancient seat. " The origin of the family of Hilton is lost In the clouds of remote antiquity. It has been stated that in the reign of King Atlielstan, one of the famUy, presented a crucifix to the monastery of Hartlepool. A legendary tale states, that a raven flew from the North, and perching on the turrets of a tower seated on the Wear, received the embraces of a Saxon lady, whom her father, a powerful Abthane, had there con- fined, to protect her from the approaches of a Danish nobleman ; by which may possibly be adumbrated, the origin of the family springing from a mLxture of Danish and Saxon blood. . . . It is at least cer- tain, that the house of Hilton existed in great splen- dour at the time of the Conquest, and had, long before its members were summoned to Parliament uiidor Ed- ward II., enjoyed the rank and nimtation uf barons by tenure, a title which, after the declension of the family, was constantly attributed to tlie chief of the name by popular courtesy." Sharp's Hartlepool, p. 167. The characteristic of the family was, the hoabt HILTONS." HIJVIBURY. See Hembury. HINGE. See Ince. HINCKLEY. A town in Leicestershire. HINCKS. HINKS. HYNCKES. A diminutive of Henry, Just as Wilkes is of William, Pirkes or Perkes of Peter, &c. A Chester family of this name were written Hinckes, temp. James I., and the word appears to have been pronounced as a dis- syllable — Hinck-es. A century later, in order to prevent a crasis of the two sylla- bles, an apostrophe replaced the disused E, and the name for two generations was actually written Hmck's. Inf. Edward Hincks, Esq. Mr. Ferguson has a much more dignified origin for this surname. " Hinks," hesays, " is no doubt a corruption of Hengist or HiNGEST, which signifies a stallion. Some traditions make Hengist a Frisian, in which language the word is hingst, which approaches nearer to Hincks. In the names of places, Hengist has become changed into Hinks, as in Hinksey, co. Berks," which, according to the Codex Diplomaticus, was in Saxon times written Hengestesige. HIND. HINDE. A. S. Ame. A domestic servant. Chaucer employs it rather of a man employed in husbandry. In an ancient poem we read : — " I am an hine ; And I do use to go to plough, And earn my meat ere that I dine." Percy's liel. ''• A hind is one who looks after the rest of the servants, the grounds, cattle, corn, &c., of his master." C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. 108. In Devonshire it is synonjTiious with farm-bailiff. HINDERWELL. A parish in York- shire. HINDLEY. HINDLE. A chapelry in Lancashire. HIT HINDMAN. Analagous to Hartman, Buckman, &c., in relation to the care of deer. It may, however, be a pleonasm for Hind, which see. HINDMARCH. See Hindmarsh. HINDMARSH. Local : " The hinder or more remote marsh." HINDSON. The son of a hind or farm bailiff. See Hind. HINE. The same as Hind, and a more correct spelling of that word. The form in H.R. is Le Hine. HINKLEY. See Hinckley. HINKS. Properly Henks, from Henry ; so Jenks from John, and Wilks from Wil- liam. See however Hincks. HINKSMAN. HINXMAN. Corruptions of Henchman. HINTON. Parishes and places in cos. Salop, Hants, Somerset, Wilts, Gloucester, Northampton, Dorset, Berks, &c. HIPKIN. See Hipp. HIPP. An old Scandinavian name, whence Hipson, Hipkin, and the local Hippisley, Hipswell, &c. HIPPER. The Hypper or Ibber is a river of Derbyshire, a tributary of the Kother. HIPPISLEY. Local: but I do not find the place. In an ancient parchment pedi- gree, in the iwssession of the Hippisleys of Stoneaston, co. Somerset, is the following copy of a rhyming grant, said to have been made by John of Gaunt to an ancestor of the house. [N. B. " Time-honoured Lan- caster " would appear to have been much addicted to versification of this kind, and several similar grants of his have been pre- sei-ved. Pity it is that he did not get a little assistance from his contemporaries Gower and Chaucer, his verses being cer- tainly amongst the roughest productions of the English muse.] " I, John a-Gaunt do give and grant unto Richard Hippisley, All the manors herein named, as I think m number seven ; To be as firm to be thine, as ever they were mine, from Heaven above to Hell below : And to confirm the truth, I seal it with my great tooth, the wax in doe! ! " Stone-Easton, Carnley, Wakam, Tuddlhouse, Bra- sket, Cluirde, Hinton-Bluet." HIPSON. See Hipp. Ipsen aa a sur- name is still found in Denmark. HIPWELL. Probably Hipswell, a cha- pelry in CO. York. HIRD. See Herd. HIRST. See Hurst. HISCOCK. A diminutive of Isaac. HISCOCKS. See Isaac. HITCHCOCK. Hitch is an old " nurse- name" of Richard, and COCK is the ordinary diminutive. HITCHCOX. See Richard. HOB 159 HITCHESr. A town in co. Hertford. Also a "nurse-name" of Richard. HITCHINS. See Richard. HITHE. A haven. A-Sax. Or spe- cifically from the to tvn of Hythe, co. Kent. HITCHIXSOX. See Richard. HIXOX. The same as Ilickson. HOAD. A hoad in the South means a heathy or rough ground. In Sussex many names of j^laces which comprise the sylla- ble hoth or heath have had it corrupted bj* the peasantry to hoa<1, and thus Hothly and Eoeheath become Hoadly and Eoehoad. See HoTHER. HOADLY. HOADLEY. The parishes of East and West Hotlily, or Hoathly, are pronounced in the dialect of Susses as Hoad-lie : and from one of these the siu-- name has probably been derived. HOAR. HOARE. Doubtless from A- Sax. hdr, hoary, grey: applied to a person ha\ing a grey or hoary head. The common medieval form is Le Hore. HOBART. Probably another form of Hubert. HOBB. HOBBES. HOBBS. See Robert. Hobbe, Hobbis. H.R. HOBBIXS. See Robert. HOBDAY. Hob is a country clown, (Halliwell). and day or deye one of the humblest class of husbandry servants, or as we now call them day-labourers. Eng. Sum. Hence a Hobday means an agri- cultural labourer. HOBKIXS. See Robert. HOBLER. "As well hobellers as arch- ers." Paston Letters, edit. 1841, ii. 1.5i. " Hoblers or hobilers, so called from the hobbies or diminutive horses on which they rode, or more probably from hvhiH.es. the short jackets which they wore. They were light horsemen, and proved of considerable service to Edward III. in his French expe- ditions. By the tenure of their lands they were obliged to maintain their nags, and were expected to be in readiness, when sudden invasions happened, to spread im- mediate intelligence of the same throughout the land." Il^id. Note. Lambarde writing in 1570, concerning beacons and their management in case of invasion, says : '• But as no doubt the necessitie of them is appa- rent, so it were good tliat for the more speedie spreading of the knowledge of the enimies comming. they were assisted with some horsemen (anciently called of their hobies or nags, Hobelierg) that Ijesides the fire, which in a bright shining day is not so well descried, might also run from beacon to beacon, and supply that notice of the danger at hande." Perambulation of Kent, edit. 1820., p. 65. HOBMAX. In some local dialects this word signifies a clown, a rustic. HOBSOX. Hob is a known diminutive HOD of Robert, and in some cases this surname is probably from that source ; but it would seem that there was anciently some baptis- mal name like 01). or Hoi), as we find in the Domesd. of Suffolk one Leuric Hobbesune or Obbesune — probably a Saxon. HOBY. 1. Robert, through Hob. Borde, in his Boke of Knowledge (1.542) makes a Welshman say : — " I am a gentyhnan, and come of Brutiis' blood, Jly name is ap liyce, ap Davy, ap Flood ; Jly kindred is ap Hoby, ap .Jenkin, ap Goffe, Bycanse that I go bariegged I do each the coffe." 2. A parish in co. Leicester. HOCKDAY. HOCKLIDAY. An an- cient festival, which commenced the fif- teenth day after Easter, was called indiffer- ently Hokeday or Hocktide. There is much uncertainty as to the origin of the customs attending it, as well as to the etymology- of the word. For what is known of both, "see Brand's Popular Antiquities, edit. Ellis, i. 81, 109, &c. Tlie surname must have been originally imposed on the same principle as that which gave rise to Christmas, Pente- cost, Easter, &c. See TniES ^vxd Seasons. HOCKEX. HOCKIX^. Corruptions of Hawkin, Hawkins, or of Hocking. PIOCKIXG. The Hokings, according to Ferguson, were a Frisian people, and de- rived their name from one Hoce, mentioned in the poem of Beowulf. Mr. Kemble (Archasolog. .Joum.) observes that Hoce is a '• m3i;hical personage, probably the hews ejMfiymi/s of the Frisian tribe, the founder of the Hocings, and a progenitor of the impe- rial race of Charlemagne." HOCKLEY. A parish in Essex. HOCKXELL. Hockenhull, a township in Cheshire. HODD. 1. See Roger. Hod, Hodd, Hodde. H.R. 2. A personal name of great antiquity, which may Ije derived from Hodr, the blind son of Odin. See Fergu- son. HODE. See Hoad or Hood. HODDER. A river of Yorkshire tribu- tarj' to the Eibble. But there is a Le Hoder in H.R. denoting some occupation. HODGE. HODGES. See Roger. HODGKIX. See Roger. I have before me a dociunent of the XV. cent, in which the same landed proprietor is called indiffe- rently Roger and Hodgkyn. HODGKIXSOX. See Roger. HODGSOX. The son of Hodge or Roger. This name in the North of England is pronounced Hotlgin, while in the South it has taken not only the pronunciation, but the sjjelling. of Hodson or Hudson. The name of Hodgson is ancient at Xewcastle- upon-Tyne, being found in records of temp. Edward I., and the Hodgsons of Stella and Acton, CO. Xorthmnberlaud, trace a clear pedigree to 1424. HODXET. A town in Shropshire. De Hodenet. H.R. H L 160 HODSON. See Roger. The son of Hodge or Eoger. It is curious that Hodge- son becomes in the North of England Hodgin — in the South, Hodson. HOE. A-Sax. hou, a hill— as the Hoe at Plymouth. HOESE. The same as Husee or Hussey. HOEY. Originally MacHoey, a corrup- tion of MacKay, hut retaining a similar pronunciation, HOFFMAN. Germ, hofmann, a com-- tier. HOL HOG. See Hogg. HOGARTH. A place Westmoreland. HOGBEN. HOGBIN. Probably a pig- stye ; from hog, and Mn, a crib or hutch. A-Sax. This Kentish surname was proba- bly applied in the first instance to a swine- herd. HOGG. HOGGE. The animal— analo- gous to Wildbore, Purcell, &c. Those who object to be classed with the swinish multi- tude may prefer a derivation from the A- Sax. Iwg, which means prudent, careful, thoughtful. The nortiiern Hoggs, however, claim descent from Hougo, a Nonvegian baron, who is said to have settled in Ettrick Forest. Folks of Shields, p. 43. Who would have guessed at the baronial descent of our great Shepherd ! HOGGART. May be the same as Ho- garth, though liog-lierd, swine-herd, has been HOGGER. See Hoggart. HOGGETT. The same as Hugget. HOGGINS. The same as Huggins. HOGHTON. Adam de Hocton, held one carucate of land in Hocton (now Hogh- ton Tower), co. Lancaster, temp. Henry II. The present Sir Henry Bold Hoghton, who stands second on the roll of Baronets (1611) is the existing representative. HOGSFLESH. A sobriquet, perhaps originally applied to a pork-butcher. Various shifts have been adopted to modify or change this uncomfortable surname. I liave known instances of its lieing written Hoflesh, Hoxley, and even Oxley. HOGWOOD. Local : a " wood abounding in swine." HOILE. See Hoyle. HOLBECHE. Holbeach, a town in Lincolnshire. The latinization in charters implies "the holy beech;" — De Sacra Fago. HOLBECK. Townships in cos. York and Nottingham, HOLBORN. A portion of London. HOLBROOK. A parish in Suffolk, and a chapelry in Derbyshire. HOLCOMBE. Parishes, &c., in cos. Somerset, Lancaster, Oxon, and Devon, HOLD. A fortress, or any thing held out. HOLDEN. May be local. See Den; but from the occurrence of such local names as Holden-by, Holden-hurst, Holding-ham, it looks like an ancient personal api^ella- tion. HOLDER. Thin. Camden. HOLDERNESS. A great district or wapentake of Yorkshire. HOLDGATE. A parish in Shropshire. HOLDING. Probably the same as Hol- den. HOLFORD. A parish in Somersetshire. HOLE. This word is in many dialects applied to a locality which lies much lower than the surrounding lands ; and a resident at such a place would acquire the surname Atte Hole. Hoole and Hoyle are other forms of the same name. HOLGATE. Holdgate, a parish in Shropshire. Also a township in co. York, HOLIDAY. HOLLADAY. See Hal- liday. HOLKER. Two townships in Lanca- shire. HOLL. Holle, without prefix, is found in H.E. HOLLAND. It has been stated on the authority of George of Croyland, who wrote an account of the family in 1550, that the noble and knightly race of this name could trace themselves backwards thirteen gene- rations beyond the Norman Conquest ! For 13 we should probably read 3 ; and there is a more credible genealogy which makes the fundator gentls one Otho, whose son Stephen flourished under Edw. the Con- fessor, as lord of Stevington, co. Lincoln, and his son, Ralph de Holand, it is said, continued to hold his lands by the permis- sion of William the Conqueror. These lands Avere in the district of Lincolnshire still known as Holland, but there is also a Holland in Lancashire which belonged to the family. They were ennobled by Ed- ward I., and their blood mingled with that of royalty itself by the marriage of Thomas de Holland with the lovely Joane Planta- genet, the Fair 3Iaid of Kent, aid grand- daughter of King Edward III. HOLLANDS. See Holland. HOLLEBONE. Sometimes corrupted to IIollo)fio)ie I It is doubtless equivalent to 'holy bourne,' that is, a stream issuing from a holy spring or well. It is pronounced as a trisyllable. HOLLET. Probably Ilolleth, a hamlet in the parish of Garstang, co. Lancaster. HOLLEY. Probably local. IIOLLICK. Doubtless Ilolwick, a town- ship in Yorkshire, by the suppression of W. HOLLIDAY. SeeHaUiday. 'Jl^.C^'k^^^^ ^f^'-^'^U^ ^^-^U^r^J^' ^ HOL HOLLIER. A mispronunciation of Hel- lyer. HOLLINGBURY. A conspicuous hill near Brighton, Sussex. HOLLINGSWORTH. A manor in Mottram, co. Chester. IIOLLIXGTOX. A parish in Sussex. IIOLLOXD. A variation of Holland, whicli see. HOLLOWAY. A part of the parish of Islington, co. Middlesex. HOLLYGROVE. From residence near a grove of holly. HOLLYMAN. See Holyman. HOLLYWELL. See HalliweU. HOLMAN, May be a contraction of Holpnan ; hut is more likely to be " n-lwle man," a man of sterling mettle. It must be recollected that in medieval English ivlwle was spelt without the w, and the com- monest foi-m of this name in the XIY. and XV. cent, is Holeman. HOLMER. A dweller by a holm or low ground. See termination ek. HOLMES. A holme is defined by Hal- liweU as ' flat land ; a small island ; a de- posit of soil at the confluence of two waters. Flat grounds near water are called holms.' " Some call them the holmes, because they lie low, and are good for nothing but grasse." Harrison. In Scotland a holm means both a small uuinhabited island, and a detached or insu- lated rock in the sea. HOLMS. See Holmes. HOLNEY. Local : probably from Olney, CO. Buckingham. HOLROYD. A local name. CSee botd.) The place is probably in the W. Eiding of Yorkshire, where William de Howroyde or Holroyd, the Earl of Sheffield's ancestor, flourished temp. Edw. I. HOLSTEN. From the province of Holstein. HOLT. HalliweU says a grove, or small forest. On the South Downs generally, if not always, it is a small hanging wood. See other definitions in Eng. Sum. i. 7,5.' Leo says copse or wood, corresponding with the Germ. hoi:. The H.R. forms are De, De la, Del, and Le Holt. There are towns and places specifically named Holt in Norfolk, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, and Leicester- shire. HOLTER. A man who resided near a Holt. See termination er. HOLTMAX. See holt and man. HOLTOX, Parishes^ &c., in cos. Lincoln, Oxon, Somerset, Suflblk, kc. HOLYBROOK. Local: "the sacred stream" — iu charters, De Sacro Fonte. H(JLYIIEAD. The Welsh town. * X 161 HON HOLYMAX. In the Landnamabok, ac- cording to Mr. Ferguson, there are " forty- two men having Helgi (holy) for their bap- tismal name, while only three had acquired it as a surname." "Holyman," he adds, " corresponds with the German name Hei- ligmann." In Germany the name was formerly translated into the Greek Oslaiider. HOLYOAK. From residence near an oak to which some sanctity was attached. The latinization in charters is, De Sacra Quercu. HOMAX. The same as Holman. HO^IE. See Hume, of which it is an older orthography. HOMER. A medieval personal name. A saint bearing it gave name to St. Omer in Picardy, from whence the founder of the family may have come to England — not necessarily, however, since Homerton, Ho- mersham, Homersfield.&c, point distinctly to some Anglo-Saxon proprietor who re- joiced in this poetical designation. The first of the family on record, according to Mr, Dixon, is Thomas de Homere, 1338, who had lands in co. Dorset. A family of Homer have been settled in Staflbrdshire for centuries. Surnames, p. 37. HOIMES. See Holmes. HOMEWOOD. Local: "the wood of holm or holly." HOXDESDICK. Houndsditch in London gave name to a citizen, one Geoflrey de Hondesdick, temp. Edw. L H.R. HOXE. Probably Holne, a parish in Devonshire. There is, however, a Hone without prefix in H.R. HOXEY. In Sussex this name has been corrupted from the local Holney ; but Honey unprefixed is found in H.R. HOXEYBOXE. HOXEYBUM. Pro- Ijably corruptions of Honeyboume or Gow- Honeyboume, co. Gloucester, HOXE YCHURCH. A parish in Devon- shire, HOX'E YMAX. In old times when mead or metheglin was a favourite beverage, and when sugar was unknown in England, the propagation of bees, and the production of honey, furnished employment for many persons ; and hence the surnames Beeman and HonejTuan. Honeman, Honiman, H.R. See Beeman. HOX'EYSETT. Possibly from the A- Sax, hunig, honey, and sctl, a seat or a set- ting — a hce-park. See under Beeman. HOXEYAVELL. HOXYWELL. HOXYWILL, Probal)ly local, from the termination WELL. It might " be given to a well from the sweetness of its waters." Ferguson. HOXXOR. See Honor, IIOXOR, HOXOUR. Probably the Lat. Honorius, through the French Honore. HOP 162 HONY WOOD. " The name is derived from Heuewood near Postling in Kent, where the ancestors of this family resided as early as the reign of Henry III." Shir- ley's Noble and Gentle Men, p. 97. HOO. HOOE. Parishes and places in COS. Hertfordshire, Sussex, Kent, &c. HOOD. 1. From some peculiarity in the head-di-ess of the original possessor of the name. 2. But more probably Odo is the source. HOOFE. If of English origin (which I doubt) may be connected with the A- Sax. Uffa or Offa, a well-known personal name. HOOK. HOOKE. Many localities in England bear the name of " the Hook," an expression which is doubtless topographical, though its precise derivation is not known. It is probably allied to the Teutonic l\oe, Jioli, Iwch, &c., all meaning a hill or elevated place. The surname was written in the XrV. cent. Atte Hooke, and this by crasis sometimes became Tooke. It may be men- tioned that Hoke, as a personal name, oc- curs in Saxon times. See Beowulf, 1. 214G, where we find the daughter of Hoke be- wailing the death of her sons. HOOKER. 1 . See Hook, and the termi- nation ER. 2. A maker of hooks. HOOKEY. HOOKEYE. Probably local. The latter orthography makes a curious compound, and reminds us of one of Douglas Jerrold's Avitticisms. Whan asked if he knew Theodore Hook, he replied : " Oh yes. Hook and I are very intimate !" HOOKMAN. See Hook, and the termi- nation MAX. Hokeman without prefix is found in H.E. HOOLE. Places in cos. Chester, Lancas- ter, and York. HOOPER. The same as Hoper. John Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, a victim of the Marian persecution, wrote his name in- differently Hoper and Hooper. Perhaps in some cases a maker of hoops. The form of the name temp. Edward I. was Le Hopere. H.R. A distinguished family of this name are of Dutch origin. HOOTTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. York and Chester. HOPE. 1. Parishes, &c., in cos. Derby, York, Flint, Kent, Salop, Hereford, &c. 2. A topographical expression, meaning a sloping hollow between two hills, "petite vallce entre des montagnes." Jamieson. " The side of an hill." Camden. Hence the surnames Hope, Hoper, and Hooper, as well as Hopekirk, Hopewell, &c. The H.R. form, De Hope, belongs to the first, and De la Hope to the second definition. HOPER. From residence near a hope or valley. See Hope, and the termination ER. The Protestant bishop of Gloucester, temp. Queen Mary, wrote his name indifferently Hoper and Hooper. HOPEWELL. Hopwell, cc. Derby. HOR HOPGOOD. A corruption of Hopwood. HOPKINS. HOPKYNS. From Robert, through Hob, with the diminutive kin. The H.R. form is Hobekyn. A family of this name have possessed a farm at Swalcliffe, CO. Oxon, from the XIII. cent., and nine- teen successive proprietors bore theChristian name of John. They believe themselves to be descended from a younger son of one of the three Sir Bohert de Wykehams who were in succession owners of Swalcliffe, temp. John and Henry III. The arms too of Hopkyns appear to have been partly borrowed from those of Wykeham. Information of D. D. Hopkyns, Esq. HOPKINSON. See Robert. HOPPE. Probably the same as Hope. HOPPER. A-Sax. hoppere, a dancer. Le Hoppar, Le Hopper, Le Hoppere. H.R. HOPPING. Perhaps Hoppen, a town- shija in Northumberland. HOPPRINGLE. From the estate so called in the S. of Scotl. (Roxburghshire ?) The first syllable was dropped in the XVII. cent., and the name has since been known as Pringle. So says a northern correspon- dent — but see Pringle. HOPPUS. The derivation from "hop- house " will hardly do, hops being of too recent introduction, unless indeed the name be very modern. It is more likely " Hope- house," from residence near a Iwpe. See Hope, 2. HOPTON. Parishes and places in cos. Derby, Stafford, Suffolk, Salop, &c. HOPWOOD. A township in Lanca- shire. HORACE. I do not see why this name should not have been derived, through the French, from the Roman Horatius ; but Mr. Ferguson deduces it fi-om the 0. Saxon, Friesic, and Norse, Iwos, horaz, hross, a horse. HORD. Has been considered a corrup- tion of Howard. Herd is however a Swe- dish surname, and it was borne by a distin- guished general of Charles XII. HORDE. Probably the same as Howard, or as Hord. HORDEN. Dispensator, steward. Camd. From A-Sax. k6rd, a hoard, or treasury. HORE. See Hoare. HORLEY. Parishes in cos. Surrey and Oxford. HORLOCK. Hoar and lock. Having hoarv locks; grey-headed. Similar names are Blacklock, Si'lverlock, "VMiitelock, &c. HORNBLOWER. Cornage is a law term (Lat. coriiaghini) for a species of tenure in grand serjeanty, " the seiwice of which was to blow a horn when any invasion of the Scots was perceived ; and by this tenure many persons held their lands northward, about the wall, commonly called the Pict's HOE 163 Wall." Jacob, who cites Camtien. The person who performed this duty for the lord, probably acquired the surname. At Eipon there prevails a peculiar custom, "which according to some is of a date prior to the Conquest, viz., to blow a horn every night at nine o'clock; and formerly if any house or sliop was robbed between that hour and sunrise the loss was made good to the snfterer, by a yearly tax of fourpence, imposed on every house-keeper. The tax is now discontinued, but the custom is still kept up of blowing the horn every night, three times at the mayor's door, and three times at the market-cross. The officer who performs this duty is called thei/or«-?V<;«r/'." Pari. Gazetteer. Blouhom is met with in the H.E. ; and Blower apd Horniblow still exist. " Cornicen, hom-blawere." Wright's Vocab. 73. HORNBY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Lan- caster and York. HORNCASTLE. A town in Lincoln- shire. HORNE. One Alwin Home held lands in Middlesex and Herts before the making of Domesday. Horn is a personal name of great antiquity, and is borne by the hero of a celebrated 0. Eng. and Fr. romance. For his history, see Wright's Essays, vol i.. Ess. iii. HORNER. A manufacturer of horn. In London the horners and bottle-makers form one Company. Horn was anciently applied to many uses for which glass and other materials are at present employed. "Horns," says Fuller, "are a commodity not to be slighted, seeing I cannot call to mind any other substance so hard that it will not break ; so solid that it will hold liquor within it ; and yet so clear that light will pass through it. No mechanical trade but hath some utensils made thereof ; and even now I recruit my pen with ink from a vessel of the same. Yea, it is useful cap-a- pie, from combs to shoeing-homs. What shall I speak of many gardens made of horns to garnish houses ? I mean artificial flowers of all colours. And besides what is spent in England, many thousand weight are shaven down into leaves for lanthorns, and sent over daily into France No wonder then that the Horners are an ancient corporation, though why they and the bottle-makers were formerly united into one company passeth my skill to conjec- ture." Worthies of England, Lancashire. The union between the two trades was probably formed, because vessels for holding liquors were the staple commodity of both. HORNIBLOW. Possibly a corruption of Hornblower. HORNING. A parisli in Norfolk. HORNSEY. A pari.sh in Middlesex. HORNYOLD. The first recorded an- cestor is John de H., temp. Edw. III. Local — place unknown. H OS HORSECRAFT. The horse-croft, an enclosure for horses. HORSELL. A parish iu Surrey. HORSEY. A parish in Norfolk, and places in Sussex and Essex. HORSFORD.. A parish in Norfolk, HORSLEY. Parishes and townships in COS. Northumberland and Derby. HORSEJNIAN. HORSMAN. Either a chevalier as distinguished from a foot- soldier, or a keeper of horses. In H.R. we have one Agnes le Horseman — doubtless a clever Amazon. HORSEMONGER. A horse-dealer; whence Horsemonger Lane in London. In H.R. Le Horsemougere. HORSNAILE. HORSNELL. Fergu- son says, it may " refer to one who was as swift-footed as a horse." A-Sax. &nel, quick, active. A Kentish farrier, with great propriety, lately bore this name in the former orthography. HORTON. (A-Sax. or^ or wort, herbs, or vegetables, and tun, an enclosure — a garden). Parishes and places in cos. Bucks, Chester, Dorset, Gloucest., Kent, Northampt., Northumb., Salop, York, Staf- ford, &c. H OR WOOD. Parishes in cos. Bucking- ham and Devon. HOSE. The same as Hussey. HOSE. The garment. See Hosier. IIOSEY. Hosatus or Hussey, which latter see. HOSIER, Camden explains Chaucer by Hosier. The hosier of modern times sells stockings and other soft ' under clothing.' Two hundred years ago, the hosiers of London were those tailors who sold ready- made clothes {(pd vendent des habits d'hommes tons faits. Cotgr.); but the original hosier was he who encased the " nether man " in leather : " The cha assure commonly used in England, when surnames were first adopted by the connnonalty, was of leather, covered both the foot and leg, and was called hose. Hosier, therefore, is the same with Chancier, which comes from the Lat. calcearins, and differs but little in meaning from another word used to denote the man who followed this employment, viz., Sutor, Sowter, or Souter, which was in use in English from the time of Chaucer to that of Beaumont and Fletcher. It is still jn-e- served iu Scotland, and has become a surname in both countries." Edinburgh Review, April, lS.j.5. HOSKIN. See Roger. IIOSKING. See Iloskins. HOSKINS. A softened pronunciation of Hodgkins. HOS^IER. Osmer was a Domesday tenant in chief, co. Dorset, wlio had held his lands temp. Edw. Confessor. HOU 164 HOSTE. The ancestor of the baronet ■was Jacques Hoste, who was driven out of the Netherlands in 15G9, by the persecutions under the Dulve of Alva, and settled in England. His ancestors were influential in the city of Bruges in the XIV. cent. Court- hope's Debrett. HOTCHKIXS. See Roger. HOTCHKISS. A corruption of Hodg- kins. HOTHAM. Apai-ish in Yorkshire. The name was assumed bv Peter de Trehouse, who was living there in HIS. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. HOTHER. Hoth in Sussex, where this surname occurs, signifies furze or gorse, and also an unenclosed ground where it grows. Atte Hoth is found in the XIV. cent. This probably became Hother. It may have sprung "however from Other, a personal name of early date. HOTTEX. HOTTOX. Probably Hoton. CO. Leicester, or Hoton-Pagnel, co. York, HOUGH. A township in Cheshire. HOUGHTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Lancaster, Cumberland, Hunts. Hants, York, Northampton, Northumb., Norfolk, Bedford, Durham, Dorset, Leicester, &c. HOULE. See Howell and Hoole. HOUXD. 1. A-Sax. hund, a hunting dog. A Gilbert le Hund is found in H.R, 2. The designation of a parish in Hamp- shire, which includes within its boundaries the far-famed Netley Abbe^-. HOUXSELL. Possibly a corruption of Hounslow, CO. Middlesex. |^° HOUSE. A common termination of local surnames, as Woodhouse, New- house, Mirehouse, "VThitehouse, Old- house, Hobhouse. HOUSE. See remarks in Eng. Sum. 1. 75. 1. It is probably the A-Sax. Jima, a domestic ser\-ant. 2. Or, perhaps, Su. Goth, hus, arx, a castle. HOUSEGO. Apparently the old Germ, personal name Husicho. Ferguson. HOUSEHOLD. A hold is a fortress, or any thing held out. Hence Household may signify a fortified house. HOUSELESS. Perhaps the sobriquet of a mendicant. HOUSEMAX^ HOUSMAX. 1. A domestic servant in contradistinction from one employed in husbandry abroad. 2. Like the A-Sax. hus-7veard, a housekeeper; a man who has a house of his own. HOUSLEY, The same as Ouseley. HOUSTOX. HOUSTOUX. The an- cient knightly family so called originally bore the name of Paduinan from a place in CO. Lanark. In the XII. cent. Hugh de P. acquired the lands of Kilpeter, and built a residence there, to which he gave the HO^TELL HOW. HOWE HOY name of Hugh's Town, now Houston, co, Renfrew. His descendants of that Ilk borrowed their surname from it. See HaviU. H0^^T:S. In the South, a small round hill ; in the North, a hollow place or plain. The medieval fonn is At How, generally synonymous with Hill. A-Sax. /*o?/— a mountam. HOWARD. This noble historical name has been a sore puzzle to etymologists. See Eng. Surn. i. 133. A writer in the Quarterly Eev. vol. CII. savs, the family "may be Saxon, may be Danish." They are more probably of Norwegian origin. Havard or Haavai-tl was a common personal name among the Northmen. " It appears." says Laing. "to be the English name Howard, and left by them in Northumberland and East Angiia.'' Heimskringla. vol. i. p. 410. The seventeenth-centuiy genealogists laboured hard to prove a Norman origin for this illustrious race, but authentic re- cords extend back no farther than the XIII. cent., when the Howards rose into eminence in Norfolk : (See Peerage,) though Houar- du-s, the Essex under-tenant of Domesday may be cited on that side. HOWDEX. A large parish in York- shire, and a township in Northumberland. HOWELL. 1. A very common Welsh baptismal name (Huel). 2. A Lincolnshire parish. HO"\^'ETT. HOWITT. The same as Hewett, a diminutive of Hugh. HOWGRAVT:. A township in York- shire. HOWIE. Supposed to be a corruption of the Fr. surname Hauy : another deriva- tion is from the Scot, lum-e, a hollow. HOWISOX. The son of Hugh, Hughie, or Hewie. The old Scot, mode of spelling Hugh was Hew, as especially in the family of Dalrjmple. In Eenfrewshire, where the surname abounds, it is pronounced Hewie's- son. HOWIS. A genitive form of Hugh. Also local: De Howys, H.E., co. Kent. HOWKE. See Hooke, of which it is an earlier foi-m. HOWL AXD . Probably Hoyland : three places in Yorkshire are so called. HOWLE. A mis-spelling of Howell. HOWLEY. A river in Cheshire. HOWLYX". Supposed to be the Irish equivalent of the Welsh Llewellyn. Fitz- Howlyn became strangely modified to Mac Quillan. Ulster Journ. of Archwol., No. 2. HOWORTH. The same as Haworth. HOAYROYD. The same as Holroyd. See RoYD. HOAVSE. See How, HOY. The same as Hoey. HUG HOTLE. A Yorkshire topographer thus speaks of the cunahuin of this family : '• Hoile House, so called from being situate in a hole or bottom, gave name to a family -who resided there as late as the beginning of the last century (IGOO), if not later. It is reckoneti a very ancient situation, but has nothing remarkable about it now." Watson's Halifax, 1775. A respectable family of the name still existing deduce their pedigree from Edw. Hoyle of Hoyle House in 1528: but there are other local sources which may in some instances have originated the name, as Hoile House, co. Dumfries, Hoyle. a liamlet in "West Sussex, vt^ 172 JEFFRIES. See Jeffery. JEFFERSON. See Jeffery. JEFFERY. JEFFERAY. The Teu- tonic personal name Godfi-idus, whence also Godfrey. In Domesday the ordinary form is Goisfridus. From it we get the modifi- cations and derivatives, Jefferson, Jeaf- freson, Jeffries, JefFeries, Jefferiss, Jeff, Jeffs, Jephson, Jepson, Jeffcock, Jefkins, with minor variations of spelling too numerous for insertion. JEFFRISS. See Jeffery. JEFKINS. See Jeffery. JEGGINS. A corruption of Jenkins. JELL. The same as GeU. JELLICOE. Forstmann finds the per- sonal name Geliko, Jeliko, in the 0. German of the X. cent. Ferguson. JELLIFF. The same as Joliffe. JELLY. In the Scottish dialect ^eZ/y means worthy, upright. Jamieson. JEiNLMETT. A diminutive of Jem or James. JEMPSON. See James. JENDEN. See termination den. JENKINS. See John. JENKINSON. See John. JENKS. See John. JENNER. Pott, in his " Die Personen- namen insbesondere die Familiennamen," (Leipzig, 1853), considers this name a cor- ruption of the classical Januarius; but I think the medieval fjinour, a craftsman, engineer, or clever workman, a much like- lier origin — a man of genius (inf/enU) in any mechanical business. Waldinus Ingenia- tor (the engineer) occurs in the Domesday of Lincolnshire, as a tenant in chief. JENNEY. The family of Jenney of Bredfield, CO. Suffolk, " are supposed to be of French extraction, and the name to be de- rived from Guisnes near Calais. The first in the pedigree is Edward Jenney, grand- father of John Jenney, who died in 1460." Shirley's Koble and Gentle Men. "The name of this family was originally spelt Gyney." B.L.G. JENNINGS. See John. JENNISON. The son of Jane? See Female Cilristiax Names. This family have acquired, in co. Durham, the character of the Jealous Jexxisoxs. Denham. JENOURE. The same as Jenner. JENSON. JEPHSON JEPSON. JERDAN. JEREMY. miah. JERKIN. A diminutive of Jeremiah See John. From Geoffrey or Jeffery. See Jeffery. JERDEIN. See Gardyne. The O. Enw. form of Jere- JOA JERIVIAIN. The same as Germain and German. JERMAN. A mis-spelling of German. JERMY. Jeremy, Jeremiah. JERMYN. JER:\nN. The- same as Germaine. JERNEGAN. An old personal name of Norman introduction. JERNINGHAM. Lord Stafford's an- cestors wrote tliemselves Jernegan till the XVI. cent., when the name was corrupted to Jemingham. " The first that I meet Avith of this family was called Hugh, with- out any other addition, whose son was named Jemegan Fitz-Hugh, or the son of Hugh ; he is mentioned in the Castle- Acre priory register, and he died about 1182." Kimber's Baronetage. His successors took the baptismal name Jemegan as their sur- name, ftnd continued to use it until the period above-named. JEROME. JEROM. The personal name. JERRAD. See Gerard. JERRA]\L A corruption of Jerome. JERRARD. The same as Gerard. JERISON. May be either the same as Gerison, or the son of Jerry, that is Jeremiah. JERROLD. A mis-spelling of Gerald. JERVIS. The personal name Gervase, Gen-asius. JERVOISE. The same as Jervis. JESSE. JESSE Y. The personal name. JESSON. Jesse's son. JESSOP. From the Italian Giuseppe, Joseph ? JEUNE. Fr. " The young." JEVINGTON. A parish in Sussex. JEW. Doubtless from the nation of the primitive bearer. JEWELL. Probably a corruption of the Fr. Jules, Julius. JEWSBURY. Perhaps a corruption of Dewsbury. JEWSON. The son of a Jew. JEWSTER. Jouster has two widely diflcrent meanings : 1. One who takes part in a tournament ; and 2. A retailer of fish. Cornwall. JEX Probably from Jacques, Fr. James. JIFKINS. Probably a diminutive of Geoffrey, or of Joseph. JINKINS. See Jenkins. JINKS. An abbreviation of Jenkins, which see. JOACHIM. The personal name. JOH 173 JON JOANES. See John. JOB. The personal name, whence also Jobson. JOBBINS. Perhaps a diminutive of Job. JOBLINGS. Trobably a corruption of Jublaius, a town in the department of May- enne in France. JOBSON. See Job. JOCELYN. Lord Roden's family are " of Norman origin, said to have come into England with William the Conqueror, and to have been seated at Sempringham, co. Lincoln, by the grant of that monarch." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. JODRELL. The family are traced to the Peak of Derbyshire in the year 12SG, and there till the latter end of the XVIII. cent, the elder line continued. William Jaude- rell, the head of the family, temp. Edward III., seiwed under the Black Prince in the wars with France. JOEL. The personal name, common among the Jews. JOHX. This baptismal name, which is of Norman introduction, has rarely passed into a surname. The Lond. Direct, for 1852 affords but one instance. It has been, however, the source, in various modified forms, of a considerable number of names, some of which are amongst the most common in the whole circle of our nomen- clature. Its immediate derivative, John- son, and its Welsh genitive form, Jones, substantiate this assertion ; but we have besides Johns, Johnes, Joanes, Johncock, Janson, Jannings, Jennings, Jenks, Jenkyn, Jenkins, and Jinkins, Jenkinson, and perhaps Janes and Jenson. The Flemish nickname Hans from Johannes, seems to be the root of Hanson, Hancock, &c. Jack and Jackson might seem to claim the same parentage, but I think there is more reason for affiliating them upon James (See Jack). ^^ JOHN. A termination of several sur- names, as Littlejohn, Micklejohn, Upjohn, Prettyjohn, Applejohn, Properjohn, and Brownjohn. Some of these, as Upjohn and Apple- John, may be coiTuptions — the rest seem to be significant and descriptive. (Eng. Sum. i. 174.) John is a per- sonal name so conmion throughout Christendom that some prefix by way of ei)ithet seems occasionally to have been necessary, in order to dis- tinguish between two or more persons bearing it ; thus the French have their Grosjeatis, ' big or fat Johns ;" the Dutch their Grootjana, or 'bulky Johns ;' the Italians their Gioranizzi, or ' handsome large Johns;' the Highlanders their Mac-Fadycans, the sons of 'long Jolin,' as also their Mac-Ivors or sons of ' big John ;' and the Lowland Scotch their Michejohnx or ' large stout Johns.' In the H.R. we have one Duraund U Bon Johtui — ' Durrant the Good-John !' JOHNCOCK. See John. JOHNES. See John. JOHNS. See John. JOHNSON. See John. The Johnsons of Ayscough-Fee, co. Lincoln, claim from the house of Fitz-John of Normandy. Guillim's Display of Heraldry. JOHNSTON. JOHNSTONE. Post- towns and parishes in Dumfriesshire and llenfrewshire. For a local surname this is exceedingly common, there being between sixty and seventy traders bearing it in Lond. Direct. It is often confounded with Johnson. JOICE. See Joyce. JOLIFFE. O. Eng. jolif, Fr. joli, which Cotgrave defines as "jollie, gay, trim, fine, gallant, neat, handsome, well-fashioned — also livelie, merrie, buxome, jocund." JOLL. A nicked form of Jolland. Camd. JOLLAND. JOLLANDS. Camden says that Jollan is a corruption of Julian. In the H.R. the forms of the name are Fil'- Jolani, Fil'Jollani, Jollayn, and Jollejoi. JOLLEY. SeeJoUilTe. JOLLY. JOLLIE. The same as Jolifl"e, JONAS. The personal name. JONES. A genitive form of John, through Johnes, common everywhere in England, but superabundant in Wales. Next to John Smith, John Jones is probably the most common combination of names in Britain. As the Registrar-general well observes, "the name of John Jones is in Wales a perpetual incognito, and being proclaimed at the cross of a market-town would indi- cate no one in particular." From the able Report of the same functionary (XVI. 1 850) we learn that Jones is, for numerousness, second only to Smith ; for while within a given period the number of Smiths regis- tered throughout England, as born, married, or dead, amounted to 33,557, the Joneses in like circumstances were 33,341 — a singu- larly close approximation. Old Daniel Fenning, the author of the immortal phrase, " Smith, Jones, Brown, and Robinson," was therefore quite right as to the order of precedence of the first two names, though tiie Reg. Gen. puts Brown sixth, and Robin- son eleventh, on the roll of common sur- names. The existing number of Joneses is estimated at 51, ()()() families, or about a quarter of a million of individuals. XVI. Report, p. xxii. The commonness of some surnames, es- pecially the AVelsh, renders the bearers of them, though of good family, undistin- guishable from the ignohilc v^ilgus. Mr. J U D 174 JUT Edwards may be of as ancient blood as Mr. Neville, and high-sounding Mr. St. John is after all inferior in antiquity to plain Mr. Jones. For example — Jones of Llanerchrugog Hall, Denbigh- shire, descends in a direct line from Gwaith- voed, lord of Cardigan and Gwent, A.D. 921, and represents one of the Fifteen Noble Tribes of North Wales. Jones of Trewythen, co. Montgomery, derives from Cadwgau, lord of Nannau, son of Bleddyn ap Cynfj-n, King of Powys. Jones of Hartsheath, co. Flint, claims from Cowryd ap Cadvan, a chieftain of Dyffryn Clwyd in Denbighland. B.L.G. JONSON. The same as Johnson. JORDAN. JORDEN. Not, as has been fancifully conjectured, from the river Jordan, in Crusading times, but from Jour- dain, an early Norman baptismal name, probably corrupted from the Lat. Hodier- nus, which was a not uncommon personal name of the same period. It may be re- marked that the names Jourdain and Ho- dierna, the feminine fonn, occur almost contemporaneously in the pedigree of Sack- ville. Marin's Dutch Diet, defines Jorden as Gregory, " een man's naam, Gregou-e, nom d' homme." " The family of Jordan is of Anglo-Nor- man origin. The first settler in Wales was Jordan de Cantington, one of the com- panions of Martin de Tours, in his conquest of Kemmes, temp. William I." B.L.G. JORDESON. The son of Jordan, which see. JOSELIN. See Joslin. JOSEPH. JOSEPHS. The personal name. A common surname among the Jews, but not confined to that nation. JOSKYN. A diminutive of Joseph. JOSLIN. JOSLING. JOSLAND. Corruptions of the personal name Joscelyne. JOURDAN. JOURDAIN. See Jor- dan. JOY. Probably from one of the several places in Normandy called Jouy ; or per- haps a contraction of Joyce. JOYCE. O. Fr. joyeux, cheerful, hilar- ious ; answering to Gay, Merry, Lively, &c. JOYNSON. A corruption of Johnson. JUBB. Perhaps a corruption of Job. JUDD. Possibly Jude, the Christian name. The Dutch Jorlc, a Jew, also sug- gests itself; and if this be so, Judson must be equivalent to " Jew's son," Judkin to "the little Jew," &c. JUDE. This now unusual Christian name was more common in old times, and possibly gave rise to Judd, Judkin, and Judson. JUDGE. This surname can hardly have been borrowed from the office, because in this country judges have always been per- sons of dignity and consideration. It may have been either a sobriquet, or a name given to an umpire in some medieval game. JUDKINS. See Judd. JUDSON. 1. See Jude. 2. See Judd. Most of the Judsons, both in England and America, trace their origin to the neighbourhood of Leeds, and the surname is still common in Yorkshu-e. JUGG. Perhaps the sign of an inn. JUGLER. Does not imply either a shuffling, dishonest person, or one skilled in the arts of legerdemain. It is the me- dieval Jcntffelour, a minstrel, one who could play or sing, or both. It is true, however, that this person often combined both pro- fessions, namely, legerdemain and music. Hence Chaucer's expression — " Minstrales and eke joutj/eloiirs that well to sing did her paine." JULER. Perhaps a jeweller. JULEUS. A mis-spelling of Julius. JULIAN. JULIANS. The personal name. JULIUS. The personal name. JUMPER. The first Mr. Jumper would appear to have derived his name not from his saltatory skill, but from his having been a maker of jumps, a kind of short leather coat or boddice, formerly worn by women. See Bailey and Halliwell. Jumper is also a northern provincialism for a miner's boriug tool, and may have been metaphorically ap- plied to the miner himself. JUPP. A nurse-name of Joseph. JURDAN. See Jordan. JURY. In the middle ages, when the Jews were a much-persecuted race, tliey resided partly by compulsion, partly by choice, in a particular quarter of our old towns and cities. Such a locality was usually called the Jewry, as the Old Jewry, in London. " Jewerie, a district inhabited by Jews." Halliw. JUST. From probity of character; or more probably from an ancient personal name. Saint Just gives name to a Cornish parish. JUSTICE. A magistrate ; probably ap- plied as a sobriquet. Justice was, however, personified in the old miracle plays. See particularly Hone's Anc. Mysteries, p. 38. et seq. It is remarkable that while we have several Le Justices in the H.R. we find one lady called Iva la Justice. Qu. was she a " miracle" actress ? JUSTINS. A genitive form of Justin, the personal name. JUTSOM. JUTSUM. See Jutson. JUTSON. Probably a corruption of Judson ; though Ferguson thinks that, to- gether with Jutting and Jutsom, it relates to a Jutish extraction. JUTTING. See Jutson. •'l^^S.X^vt^ KAY 175 KEE K. KaTMES. 1. The same as Camoys. 2. Scot, ktiiin, a low ridge, an earthwork or camp, like the Antiquary's " kainis of Kinprimes." KAIX. The same as Kane. The town of Caen in Normandy was sometimes so written in English records. KAIXES. The same as Keynes. KAIRXS. See Cairn. K ALL AXDER. The same as Callander. KALLOWAY. The same as Callaway. KAXE. See O'Cahan. KARBY. A corruption of Kir by. KARR. The same as Carr. KATAX^AGH. The family claim des- cent from ancestors who were of old mon- archs of all Ireland, and who at the inva- sion of Henry 11. were kings of Leinster. They bore the surname of Mac-Murrough ; but in 1171 Donell. son of Dermot Mac- 5Iurrough, acquired that of Caomhanach or Cavanagh, which became hereditary. Do- nell's sister Eva married Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, the leader of the English ex- pedition. KAYE. KAY. " The family of Kaye," says an old statement, '• is of great antiquity in the county of York, being descended from Sir Kaije. an ancient Briton, and one of the Knights of the narliTie Tahle of that noble Prince Arthur. Jforrer of chivalry ! !" It is added that his descendant at the period of the " Norman Duke that made Conquest of England, was Sir John Kaye, Knight, who married the daughter and heir of Sir John Wootlesham, of Woodesham, Knight, A>- ANCIENT Briton ! 1' Not to speculate upon the age in round centuries that Miss "Woodesham must have been at the time of her nuptials, we may ask, where is the proof of a De Woodesham or a De anything in England " before the time of the Conquest," when this match is alleged to have taken place ? The truth seems to be, that at Woodsome in Yorkshire there resided in veiy early times a family of Kay, Keay, or Kaye, the head of which, some centuries later was created a baronet by Charles I. The patent expu-ed in 1810, but was revived shortly afterwards in favour of the reputed son of the fifth baronet. The name may be a modification of Caius or some other personal designation. Dr. John Caius or Kaye advanced Gonville Hall, Cambridge, to "the dignity of a college in iJoT, and that house is still called indiflerently Caius' or Key's. He had a contemporarj-, Dr. Thomas Kay or A township in Lanca- Caius, who was master of University Coll. Oxon. KEAL. East and West Keele, parishes in Lincolnshire. KEALY. The same as Keeley. KE.AX. I. See Keen. In the H.R. it is Kene, without prefix. 2. Keyne, a parish in Cornwall. KEARSLEY. shire. KEASLEY. Probably the same as Kears- ley. KEATE. KEATS. An old Cornish family bore the former name, as also did the extinct baronets of the Hoo in Hert- fordshire. Hals, the Cornish topographer, gives this very uncomplimentary deriva- tion of the name: '' Keate, ceate, in British is fallacy, cheat, or delusion." KEAY. See Kay. KEBBLE. See Kibble. KEBLE. See Kibble. KEEBLE. See Kibble. KEEL. Keele, a parish in co. Stafford. KEELEY. Probably Keighley, co. York. KEELTY. KLELTY. From the an- cient personal name Caoilte, borne by one of the heroes of Ossian. Ulster. Journ. of Archseol. No. 2. KEEX. KEEXE. Perhaps some- times from sharpness of disix)sition ; but sometimes probably the Irish 0"Kean, sans 0'. Both Kene and Le Kene occur in H.R. KEEP. Perhaps from residence at the " keep," or domestic dei)artment of a castle. If I may be allowed a little self-plagiarism here, I will extract from my " Contributions to Literature" (Lond. 1854. p. 279), the following passage : — '■ Why is the strongest part of a castle called a Keep? This question has often snggested itself to me when ^^ewing old baronial fortresses. The comnioa notion seems to be, that the name originated in the fact that prisoners were tepl there. The French equivalent is Donjon, whence may come our word " dungeon," and tliis may have suggested that etjino- logy. I do not doubt that the baron who had a pri- soner of mark would place him within the strongest walls which his feudal abode could supply. But for obvious reasons he would locate himself and his family there also. Now in our eastern and several other pro\nncial dialects, the more usual sitting-room of a family is still called the "keeping-room." I think, therefore, the keep, or principal part of a castle was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or liven_ as Kenewi orKenewj-, which occurs in H.E. -^ both as a personal appellation and as a sur- V*"**" * *^ name. 2. Kennoway, a parish in Fifeshire. KEXXAY. See Kenny. KEXXEDY. Celtic. Cean-na-tighe, meaning, it is said, the head of a sept or clan. The family descend from the ancient earls of Carrick in Ayrshire, and seem to have changed their name from Carrick to Kennedy in the X IV. cent. The chief was K. of Dunure, afterwards Earl of Cassilis (now Marquis of Ailsa). In the X^^. cent, the power of this great house in the shires of A}T and Galloway was set forth in a popular rhyme : — " By Wigton and the town of Ayr, Port Patrick and the Craives o'Cree, Xae man need think for to bide there. Unless he court ni' Kennedie." KEXXET. 1 . The river Kennet in Berk- shire. 2. The Scottish baptismal name Keneth. Its latinization is Cunetius. KEXXEY. The Kenneys, who settled in Ireland temp. Edw. TV. A.D. 1472, were of high antiquity in Somersetshire, deri\-ing their name from Kenne in that county. So early as 12 Henry II.. John de Kenne held two knight's fees in Kenne. The name has been variously spelt Kenne, Kenei. Kenny, and Kenney. B.L.G. (Kenny of Kilclogher.) But another family. Kenny of Ballinrobe, claim to be of Huguenot extraction, and to have gone from France into Ireland about the year 1660. KEXXIXGTOX. Parishes and places in Surrey, Kent, and Berkshire. KEXXY. Ferguson thinks that this corresponds witli the Old Friesic kenig, a king. But see Kenney. KEXRICK. The family of Kenrick of Xantclwyd Woore, co. Denbigh, claim from David Kenrick who fought under the Black Prince at Creci and Poictiers. The name is clearly the A-Sax. baptismal CjTiric, or as it is written in Domesd. Kenricus and Kenric. KEXSELL. Probably from Kensal Green, a hamlet in Middlesex. KEXSETT. KEXSIT. A modification of Mackenzie. KEXSIXGTOX. A parish in Middle- sex. KEXT. See Counties, Xames of. KEXTISH. A native of Kent— cognate with Cornish, Devenish, &c. KP^XTOX Parishes, &c., in cos. Somer- set, Suti'olk, Northumberland, and Devon. r\jiyr-7UJ<-^ KES KENWAKD. An ancient personal name. One Kenewardus, or Keneward, mentioned in Domesd., was a Thane of Edward the Confessor, co. Gloucester. The name may have been originally derived from A- Sax. cuna^ cows, and iveard, a keeper. KEXYON. Lord Kenyon's family are descended from the Kenyons of Peele, co. Lancaster, and their surname is doubtless derived from the township of Kenyon in that shire. KEOGH. A contraction of the Irish surname Mac Eochy, or Eochaid. The family claim descent from Fergus, king of Ulster, and from Roderick the Great, king of all Ii-eland. KEPP. A hamlet in Perthshire. KEPPELL. The ancestor of Lord Albe- marle was Arnold- Joost van Keppel, lord of Yoerst. a descendant of one of the most ancient houses in Guelderland, who accom- panied King William III. to England in 1688. and was by him advanced to the title still enjoyed by the family. According to " Folks of Shields," the name is equivalent to De Capella. KEPPOCH. An estate in Dumbarton- shire. KERBY. SeeKirby. KERDESTON. Kerdiston, a parish in Norfolk, which gave name to the Barons Kerdeston. The family is traced to Roger de K., temp. King John. Ext. Peerage. KERN. L Scot, kerne, a foot-soldier armed with a dart or a dagger. 2, A beggar. Jamieson. KERXOT. This name is found in Brit- tany, from whence it was probably imported into England after the Eev. of the Edict of Nantes. KERR. KER. See Carr. KERRELL. See Kyrle and CaryU. liERRICH. This name occurs in the records of Dunwich, co. Suflblk, in 1299. B.L.G. KERRY. KERREY. A parish in co. Montgomery. KERSEY. A parish in Suffolk. KER SWELL. " Kerswell of Kerswell is noticed by Norden, as being one of the principal houses of his day, but we have not been able to ascertain in what part of the coimty Kerswell was situated." C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. KERWIN. The same as Curwen, which see. KESTELL. This family are known to have been resident at Kestell, in the parish of Egloshayle, co. Cornwall, from the time of Kiua; John till about the year 1737. C. S. GUbert's Cornwall. KESTEN. A contraction of Kesteven, CO. Lincoln, or amis-spelling of Keston, co. Kent. 178 K I F KESTEVEN. A division of Lincoln- shire. KETLEY. A township in Shropshii-e. KETT. SeeCatt. KETTLE. 1. Aparishin Fifeshire. 2. The personal name Chetell occurring in Domesday ; in H.E. Ketel, Ketyl. KETTLE^\T:LL. a parish in York- shire. KEVIN. Irish ccemhgin, " the beautiful offspring." O'Donovan, in Irish Penny Journ., p. 327. KEY. KEYES. KEYS. The same as Kay, which see. KEYMER. A parish in Sussex. KEYNES. See under Cheney. KEYNTON. Perhaps Keynston, a parish in co. Dorset. KEYSER. German, kaiser, an emperor, a C'fesar. This name must be an importa- tion from Germany, where it was probably first applied as a sobriquet. See Lempriere. KEYT. The same as Keate. KEY WORTH. A parish in Nottingham- shire. KIBBLE. KIBBEL. Evidently an old personal name, whence tlie names of the localities Kibblestone, Kibblesworth, Kib- blethwaite, .kc. KIBBLER. In the West of England kibbles is a name given to pieces of fire- wood, and a Mbbling-axe is an axe used for cutting them; hence a Kibbler is a preparer of firewood, still a common trade in many places. In Bedfordshire, how- ever, to kibble means to walk lamely (Hal- liwell), and so the surname may signify a cri^jple. KIBBLEWHITE. A corruption of Kibblethwaite, a local name. KIDD. KID. The young of a goat- analogous to Lamb, Colt, &c. KIDDELL. KIDDLE. Kiddel, a township CO. York. KIDDER. One who travels with goods for sale. '• A huckster who carries com, vic- tuals, &;c., up and down to sell." Bailey. The Gothic kijta signifies to deal or hawk. Most if not all the Kidders of England spring from Maresfleld, co. Sussex, where they may be traced back as far as the reign of Edward II. Sussex Archa;olog. Collec- tions. IX. 127. KIDDER:snNSTER. The town in Worcestershire. KIDISIAN. Probably the same as Kidder. KIFFIN. See Kyffin. 1^" KIL— a syllable occurring in many Scottish local names, is the Celtic equivalent of cell—' cella religionis," in- dicating the abode of some saint in the M.J, KIL early days of British Christianity. Hence several family names, which taken in a secondary sense — aujned dc la lettre — have a very curious, not to say startling, appearance. What a mur- derous climax, for instance, appears in the live names : Kilboy, Kilman, Kil- master, Kilbride. Kilmany 1 The 0. E. cuUe siffnifj-ing kill, necare, is found in several meilie\iil but now extinct surnames, as Cullebnlloc, Cullehare, CuUeho^, &c. H.R. KILBURX. A hamlet in the parish of St. John, Hampstead, co. Middlesex, and a parish in Yorkshire. KIL BY. KILLBY. A parish in co. Leicester. KILHAM. KILLHAM. A township in Xorthumberland, and a parish in York- shire. KILLBEE. KILBEY. See Kilby. I may remark that many local names termi- nating in BY, are corrupted in the Xorth to BEE. KILLBOURX. See Kilbum. KILLICK. Perhaps KUnwick, co. York. Many provincial dialects drop the final IT of Kiln; and the w in the termination '-wick ' and '-wich ' is usually suppressed, as in War(w)ick, Xor(w)ich. The north- eastern border of East Sussex has long been a great habitat of the name. 2. The personal name Calixt or Calix- tus. The saint in the Roman calendar so called is commemorated on Oct. 1-t. KILLIGARTH. An estate in Talland, CO. Cornwall, which belonged to the family till temp. Hen. VI. C. S. Gilbert's Cornw. KILLIGREW, in charters, Cheligrevus. A manor in the parish of St. Erme. co. Cornwall, where this celebrated family re- sided from an early date down to the reign of Richard II. KILLIXGBECK Probably the name of some northern rivulet. KILMAXY. A parish in Fifeshire. KILLMASTER. KILLMISTER. Xear Wick, in Scotland, is a place called Kil- minster. of which this name is a coiTup- tion. The word is easily referred to its etjTnon, but there is a legend which ac- counts for it in a different way. During the time of William the Lion, a number of persons. chiefl\- of the name of Harrold, having some ground of quarrel against the bishop of the diocese, waylaid him at this place, captured him, and boiled him! Hence the name Kill -minister, or, curtly, Kilminster. KILXER. One who works at a furnace or kiln. KILPACK. Kilpeck, a parish in Here- fordshire. KILPATRICK. A p.arish in Stirling- shire and Dumbartonshire. KILPIX. Gilpin. Perhaps a corruption of 179 KIN KILVIXGTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. York and Nottingham. KIL WICK. See Killick. KIMBER. A place in Cornwall is called South Kimber. KIMBLE. See Kerable. KIME. See Kyme. KIMPTOX. Parishes in Hertfordshire and Hampshire. i^° KIN. In old Teutonic, a child ; hence the diminutives found in so many of our family names, as Wilkin, •' Little William,'' Tompkin, "little Thomas," Perkin, " little Peter," &c. Very few if any names in this form are found in the H.R., and I believe that they are not seen verj- commonly before the four- teenth century. I have attempted in vain to ascertain the exact period of their introduction, and the precise source from which they sprang. KIXCAH). A place in the parish of Campsie, Stirlingshire. KIXCHAXT. John Quinchant, a native of France, became a captain in Gen. Harry Pulteney's regiment of foot, and fell at the battle of Fontenoy. 1745. His son and successor, the direct ancestor of the Kin- chants, now of Park Hall, co. Salop, adopted the present orthography. KIXCHIX. Mr. Ferguson says : " Kin- chin seems to be A-Sax. ci/nekin, royal ofl'- spring." I should assign a much lower and later origin, for if I do not mistake, this word is Loudon ' slang " for a young thief. KIXDER. A hamlet in Derbyshire. KIXE. Kin, Kinne, and Kyne are found as surnames in H.R., probably implying the same as Cousin. KIXG. A very common sobriquet in all ages and countries. Classical antiquity afibrds us the names of Basilius, Archias, Regulus, Cicsarius, &c., borne by people who, as Camden quaintly remarks, " were neither kings, dukes, nor Caesars." There are plenty of Lerois in France, and Kcenigs in Germany, who are of no royal descent, and it is only within a few generations that the ' Kings ' of England have emerged from a plebeian grade. The name may very probably have originated in those popular medieval pastimes in which Kings of the Bean — of May — of Cockneys — of Misrule held temporary sway. For their functions see Brand's Pop. Antiq. edit., 1842. It must not be forgotten, however, that the epithet King was sometimes appUed to functionaries more regularly appointed, and recognized bv the state. For example the author of the' Clvomadis (from which Chau- cer is supposed to have drawn his " Squire's Tale"), Adenes h- Roy, was so named from his having been chief, or king, of the minstrels in the service of Henry III., duke of Bra- bant, in the thirteenth century. Nor need we go so far a-field. or so far back, to find such monarchs, for have we not at this KIN' IM KIR KIXGCOMBE. A tjASmg m Donet- KIMjOCK. Ibar poises, ftc^ in KIKXAIRD. Baimifkas, mtd tte lioB, of the iMvcm^ of Kiamiid in Ftetkddre. bvm wtenoe fbe fuaOf ^■ee Lonl Kin- KiyXELL. A pnisii m F< KEOfEBSLET. PariAes in cos. Here- fJHda^SakifL KDf SET. Fkobdilj Kibeey, co. Tort, bj^ttesanmeaoBofL. wtf^-SC*-^-- ^ KIXSLEY. FralnfalT a oootiaetian of ran of Hen; IL aal Aaft otate "^^S^PtoTAilftm^ gn«&« of A»- eow dK Smxtm, is AD. lOc^ ■nned ^na^ dnekfar of BfliMSt Flt»; H«fii& Wiik A^'fadlr he weetwd i« dower Oe HBor of gj- c""^- fsDcd is Dmeedaj Book, ChneeKDi^" BlL.GL KIXGSFOBD. HiMlptff i" «»*- War- wick »d Woncatar. KIXGSLET. Atp—afcip aade rtate ■ CTJL Ckcoler; Ae prepatrof Sr B--d|* » ^ H»ii«)d IWhy 3L Bdw. L »elea«a Aat aa vhcB oae of Oe joias who Ixae Ae aaM of B^gpdrla ^ «Ha^ of Oe Kiaif^ ^ ^^^ - tialiiSa; „_ „ loffl«i . OMalj of Btsk^ire IB the XT. ceat. KDfGsrros. ^ ^. . te- of this aaiae ane gnna n Oe Paiges, &CU in cm. HaMr KIS'SMAX. Anakgow to Couan. KESTREA- Kinm, a nOage in Ar- grksbire. KIFLIXG. AtovBsUpintheX.BJding ofYotksfaiRL KIEBT. (^ A*rteni,CkaAAeam, »d onenallT writtea Kiikb*-). Fan^ta, iEC, ia cosu ^KX. Torts Warwick, aad Xoifcik. KmCALDT. See KiikcaldT. KIBIL KmKE. The ofChmchL Maaj pari^MS in Kitk-Hotaa, Kiik-Sevtan. Kiik-lialev, fi(k.Os«ald, KiriL-Saadal. fiailiee of flue KIRKBBIDE. A panA in land. KIREBY. SeeKirbf. KIRKCALDT. A royal bmgh and KIRKHAII. A torn in Lancashire, and a HbeitT in Tflckdiire. KIKKIAXD. Tihees in the «KreB of KIRKXESS A headland in Sietland. KIBKPATRICK. PtaJshesinthedureB I ofKiR*dt«ightandDaHfiie& I RIRKTOX. TW KiiketaBS. eauUed br die tide of }mnm hr Edwaid IIL, de- - -*— ' Kiikton, KIRKWOOD. wood.~ KIRTLAXD. Local: -the A c <«iu|iti on of Kifk- KLE ] KIRWIN. This family, of ancient IriHh oxtraotioii, hiivo been Keutcd at lUindwell, CO. Cialway from time immemorial. Until the time of Klizalietli the name was written O'Qiiirivane. " In a eonlirmalory grant of (JharloH II., rofereneo is nnule to tiieir recognition by Henry VII. and King John." J5.L.G. KISSICK. A corruption of Keswick, co. C'umlierlarid. KiSTHli. An abbrcviutiun of Chrisfo- pher. KITCIIIOX. KlTCIIEXEIl. rrol.:il)ly a name given to a .servitor in tlie kitchen ol'sonie medieval nobleman. KiTCIllN. KITCIIlNCi. Sec Kitchen. KITIO. The bird— like Eagk-, Falcon, llawU, &c. KITSON. Tiic son of Kill, i.e. Christo- pher. Iv ITT. A ' nurse-name' of Christopher. KITTERM ASTER. An obvious cor- niiition of KidderminBter, the town in Wor- cestershire. 'I'ho pedigree of K. of Meriden CO. Warwick, given in li.LM., shewH tlic following phases: — Kydermistcr, 1/54^; Kydermaster, l.^iilH; Kittermaster, 1(>4!>. KITTEE. See Kettle. KITTO. The late Dr. Kitto, the nele- lirated iilMieal illustrator, gives the follow- ing amusing, if not very couvincing, ac- comit of the origin of Ids name : — "I lind myself much in the habit of en- ilcavouring to make out the etymology of most of the proper mimes which come across nu! ; and it rarely hapimns that any name which has been the subject of this exercise, sul)se(picntly esca|)cs my recollection. I will illustrate this point from my own. Few readers will he able to attach any sig- nilication to it. It lougbaflled my own en- . York and ^. aacttait narruaicarT, C. S. tiiBjerts OiMa»~ La- LAyGEJLXt. T.AT».>haTr ic -uwai: - - m ids. C. S. tiilbtHT's ContwalL ki; TTiiV r oeisns. anc : r. s. V acBVf! ami iraH I. AXGIJlI ■ Parities and. places in. eo&. Ci: ^^arwiek. "WUs. Iterbv. LAlJ^eirOKTH. A luuulei in liiuoh UlXHAM. liaTesham co. SufTolk 1 illt\V titfCHtlU. t- ■.. Edward 1 T. AA i-XJl. A -prell-fciiown eorrupsioti o LacycoL -whicii see. LAyKESTER. See Lancaster. "l-AT^lviy. A dimmutrve of Leonartl - as ako the terminaricHi KXS. - - -AIL Gad. iamar-fear, a pie- nia;. ^ij-Ehur. LAXSPAiE- TiK same «s Lonsdale. T.AX>T> -rr.T Probahh- die same a.- Lansdak or Lonsdale. I_^-X>r>OTrN"E. A pdain i^ Bath - & cresr battk? berw^eec me icavts ^ L and tbie Parliamentary army LAIS^SELATT. A earrnpdon of Launce- lOL LAISXOX. From tm? town of Lannioi The amirr sertkd in Corr- T A"V , H-"Vr A"V See T.«ng sod T '(tmrmscr ; a person of s!3Si SBazars^ LA^TtaOlAl), Owmrs in HJBL. -Bsam. J!uiw. L a£ r>e Langt: Ptsec. ■ of the Ions meniionec in the sams; record, in me Js— i^u: :- L- f-;^^" :r cc. r»evan. where m -r iTWRijMl of idm±. act _ - - - ^a>:ffi. XjBSBHBd. and lies in "rite pari^ o: urioQs. :.;ncgg of grm:::t-r 7T- q; iOUILU tL> j rmrK" in- lij.'^i'liritc hire in iaieonrv. iLr. T.'. G-d'er: ot-cerves. hofpever ^ia£ iitt snmame if aiTmys ic CoEBwall 2'""*"""i' '^ Lanrne. Ut eaii. MS. T.A"PFrAM ProbaHr T jipham- pn. ISiar- Mk. LA POEEL Set Power. LAS LA PSIM AUDATE. TliiH family. -^•,nr.]^ --vj.-^^^-A in Franc ' ■•-tegiani r=fngse» afex : Eiiict of SsauA 1*;^3. .-:tT" jloHXaiTQi: in P'yiliur'l. TFag - n/ion. L.--- j^IH. A parisii in eo. War- wick. L A RDER. Probably tie same as Lard- nor. wiiicii §*^ -jl£ pi mi iagio of im. B^ lit .. • *"-•; .T~c- Lieamed. — a Tn:rn q£ scbolar- ailip. <" Arnpr ipia. ) LARXEE. ^ot diicipulus. hxa a keeper of bacon. See Laardner. LA ROCHE. Fr. la roche, tie roek. See E«3ck. ■* Peii^ rVn thaJT P .jf Tie province of B.Di~ieairi. aame inco Trng^ami in the train A L-r^jrge. Prince of T frrmarr k amiai uhe 'iiisir'i .f his masOH" asfomed. liie Trxmc of Lar':>ciie." His gxandson. James Lairxie, was •-•reated. a baronet in 1776. Boiis's Ext- Barts. TiARPEyr Fr. arpent. an acre rf land. Larpent. ■" tbe acre."' Ir is not -rery easy uo account ibr its adopiiiar5 Vj 'j^ tai<^ •mrirp orHnarv oraiogra^n-. In -itfe Zneye. Ei^sld. anlj T3ir% 'iostE ar^ aacrib^ lo Laaeal^ boi rn-nf^ -k T.aaiwH'.c . T.a r.iM^tMT«» u^ a. place m 1^ aDOBi&BBeot of. in rhpm af aos^ tiiat liK : edies. of &}FrVATl TnnftamcdH-aMilB'be » ftorr'j^Hikm. of LATCHFOBD. irkira. LATE. Prtibd^ft i-;:^:ir M wa*af ^ .^ a^ s nnnrmm-' 1m^ ^bC k nip- r aod. ia tJK App^i^x. LATER. SeeTjisn?^. LAIEWARD. A Zocfe i= a greae (&ri- aon -ar jart of a eotmry, ac ■±i£: ±v» la^KS A baadet m Qste^ TTg rrg. 'V .-Ti m— -~ j - - Lord CT Lii:_ ~ 11'^ imndrc 2 -■ C'Ems'od 'ia~ 5tic period, aimost if l Con'^uest. mns : — eonrinned possess'n does not appear : L HL H=-— r:--=:- H£Er- eal J^ -'rnieroas The rm titmra^ rv paraErely moden. LATHBUST. Apssn^ia ^lire. LATHE. DaiB^ Ue^ a ^kk 3ae r 3 LA5BURT. Lasboroagh, a pari^ united with Wescon-Birt. co. Gloocesoa-. LA5CELLES. Tbe femilv omobled as LATHOM. See LATrVTFlR A NonxL laiiMier. a: af 1^ A. of l4aB,ar] LAU 188 LAW loosely, an interpreter — the term Latin having been formerly applied, as Halliwell observes, to languages in general. Sir John Maundeville, speaking of the route from Babylon to Sinai, says : " And men alle weys fynden Latyncres to go with hem in the contrees, and ferthere bezonde in to tyme that men conne the language." The noble families of this surname are descended according to the Peerages, from Wrenock, the son of Meirric, who held certain lands on the Welsh border, under the A. Norman kings, by the service of being lafimer, or interpreter between the Welsh and the English. See also the article Kynaston. The name was prefixed by Le for several generations after its adoption. LATOUCHE. David-Digues de la Touche, a Huguenot, settled in Ireland after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He was a scion of the noble house of Blesois, who held considerable lands between Blois and Orleans. B.L.G. LATTER. A lat in many dialects signi- fies a lath, from the A-Sax. latta, asseres; and hence it has been conjectured that a Latter means a lath-cleaveror splitter. LATTIN. A branch of the family of De Latton, of Wiltshire, settled in Ireland, temp. King John, and thus corrupted the name. B.L.G. The De Lattons were an offset of the great Norman familj- of Stute- ville. LATUS. A mistaken latinlzation of Broad, which see. It is still in use. LAUCHLAN. A Gaelic personal name, better known with the prefix Mac. LAUD. See St. Lo. LAUDER. A royal burgh in Berwick- shire, which gives name to the district of Lauderdale. LAUGHER. A likely sobriquet for a person addicted to much or fi-equent laugh- ter. So Singer, Whistler, &c. LAUGHTON. Parishes In cos. Sussex, Leicester, Lincoln, and York. LA.UNCE. See Lance. LAUXCELOT. Though attributed to an ancient British hero, this name is appa- rently of no very high antiquity. It is probably a derivative of Lawrence. LAUNDE. A plain place In a wood ; an unploughed plain ; a park, a la^\^l. "For to himt at the harts in thas hye laundes. In Glamorgane with glee, thare gladchipe was ever,"— says the alliterative poem of Morte Arthure. Halliwell. LAUNDER. 1. A corruption of La- vender. 2. One whose residence was near a laund. See Launde and Landor. LAUREL. One can hardly deduce this name from the beautiful tree which furnishes forth the victor's crown ; a much likelier derivation is from the A.-Norm. lord, a bad, worthless, fellow. ' Cocke Lorel ' was for- merly a generic title for very great rascals — whence the celebrated satirical poem, " Cock Lord's Bote," printed by Wynkyn de Worde. See Halliwell. LAURENT. A French modification of Laurence. LAURIE. A northern abbreviation of Lawrence. LAUTOUR. The founder of the family in England was Jos. Francois Louis de Lautour, born in 1730, the descendant of an ancient Alsacian family, who claimed from a certain " Sire de la Tour," who is said to have flourished about A.D. 900. B.L.G. LAVA CHE. Fr. "the Cow"— either a sobriquet or an inn sign. Laxash is another form of the name, which seems to have been an early importation from France. See also Levache and Koe. LAVENDER This Is one of the nume- rous instances occurring in our family nomenclature of a name's 'not meaning what it says.' As we have many surnames derived from the vegetable kingdom, this might well be associated with the well- kno^\^l garden herb ; but it conies from an entirely different source. The obsolete French word lavandicr, ay^asheT-ma/i, is its real parent ; and as lavanderie, wash-house, has become laundry, so has this surname become further corrupted to Launder and Lander. In the Eotuli Hundredorum of co. Bed- ford, we find one Alicia la Lavendar holding a messuage and a rood of land (doubtless her " drying ground ") at the annual rent of sixpence. H.R. temp. Edw. I. LAVER. Three parishes In Essex are so called. LAVERICK. 1. Laveroch is a place in the parish of Coldingham, co. Berwick. 2. Perhaps O. Eng. laverock, a lark, 3. But most probably from the A-Sax. personal name Leofric. LAAT:R0CK. O. Eng. and modern Scotch, a lark, A natural sobriquet, imposed upon a person either for vocal powers or for a habit of early rising. The birds borne in the arms of this family are doubtless larks, though blazoned as martlets. The name may however be the same as the preced- ing LAVERS. A plurallzatlon of Laver. LAVEY. LAVY. LAVIE. LAVIES. This set of names is so exactly parallel to Davey, Davj% Davie, Davies, that I think it must be derived, in like manner, from the familiar or 'nurser)'' form of some Christian name — possibly from Lawrence. LAVILLE. Fr. "the Town." LAW. (A-Sax, hlaew. Maw.) 1. What covers, as a grave, a heap, a barrow, a small hill. 2. A tract of ground gently rising — a low. (Bosworth.) Still used in the North for an eminence. LAX 189 LEA B^^ LAW. A termination common to many surnames derived from such locali- ties, as Greenlaw, Fairlaw, Whitelaw. For several names beginning with this syllable, see under Lau. L AWDAY. The more usual orthography of ' Loveday,' which see. LAWDER. A parish in Berwickshire, hodic Lauder. LAWER. Latcere is given in the Prompt. Parv. as the equivalent of a legist, jurist, lawyer, or scribe. LAWES. LAWS. See Lawrence. LAWFORD. A parish in Essex. LAWFULL. Perhaps assumed in vin- dication of legitimacy of birth. LAWKIN. A diminutive of Lawrence, which see — also the termination kin. LAWLESS. Perhaps referring to natural disposition; more probably however a cor- ruption of Lovelace, the element of a chief indented occurring in the arms of several families of both these names. Sir Hugh de Lawless of Hoddesdon, co. Herts, settled in Ireland temp. Henry II. and obtained a grant of Shangenagh, co. Dublin, where he built a castle. From him descends Lawless, Baron Cloncurry. I do not find the locality of Lawless. LAWLEY. The family descend from Thos. Lawley, cousin and heir of John Lord Wenlock, K.G., temp. Edw. IV. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The name is clearly local, but the place is unknown. LAWLER. An Irish Surname, probably the same as Lalor. LAWMAN. See Law and man. The H.R. foi-ms are Lawman and Laweman. LAWX. 1. Launde, a liberty in co. Lei- cester, and Laund, two townships in co. Lancaster. 2. See Launde. LAWRENCE. The personal name, from the Lat. Laureutius. The following are its diminutives and derivatives ; Lawrie, Larry, Larkiu, Larking, Larkins, Lawes, Lawson, Lawkin. LAWRIE. See Lawrence. LAWSON. The son of Lawrence. Ac- cording to Burke's Ext. Baronets, the patriarch of the family was John Lawson, who temp. Henry III. was lord of Fawles- grave, co. York. From him the existing baronet is lineally descended. LAAVTON. " It is not improbable that the family are descended from Robert, a younger son of Vivian de Davenport, who settled at La\vi;on, co. Chester, in the oOth of Henry III., and assumed the local name: this assertion is borne out by the arms, which are evidently founded on those of Davenport." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LAWYER. The profession. LAX. O. Norse, lax, A-Sax. leax, lax, a salmon ; Ferguson thinks the name was originally applied to a salmon fisher. LAXTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. North- ampton, Nottingham, and York. LAY. 1 . Fr. laie, a lane through a forest. 2. Lay, not clerical ; unlearned. In the latter sense the word is used by B. Jonson. H.E. Le Lay, Du Lay, and De Lay. L AYARD, Probably Laird, the Scottish form of Lord. LAYBOURNE. Leybourne, a parish in Kent. LAYER. 1 . Fr. layeur, a forest surveyor ; one who makes roads through forests. 2. Three parishes in Essex are so called. LAYMAN. Not in distinction from a clerk or learned person, but a personal name. Layamon, translator of the 'Roman de Brut' into semi-Saxon, flourished about the end of the reign of Henry II. LAYTON. Townships in Lancashire and Yorkshire. LAZARD. A lazar or leper. See Leper. LAZARUS. A Jewish surname. LAZENBY. LAZONBY. Lasenby, a locality in the parish of Kirk-Leatham, co. York, or more probably Lazonby, a parish in Cumberland. K^ LE. A common prefix to medieval surnames, being the French definite article, equivalent to our the. It was dropped from English surnames after the XIV. cent., but it has been retained to the present day in France, though it generally coalesces with the noun to which it belongs, as Lemaire for Le Maire, Lemaitre for Le Maitre. LEA. See lee. LEACH A parish united with Marlston, CO. Chester. Not in all cases to be con- founded with Leech. LEADB EATER. This name— variously corrupted to Leadbetter, Leadbittcr, Lid- better, and still further, in vulgar pronun- ciation, to Libbetter — signifies a beater of lead. In old times, before the process of rolling that metal into sheets by machi- nery was employed, it was laminated by the laborious manual operation of hammering; and as most churches and other large buildings were roofed with this material, the occupation of the Uad-heater was a very common and necessary one. Le Ledbetre. H.R. LEADBETTER. LEADBITTER. See Leadbeater. LJjADER. Probably the same as Water- leder (which occurs as a surname in the Nonai) whatever that may mean. Halli- well says, • a water-carrier,' but I am dis- posed to think a leader of water, i.e., a drainer, or an irrigator of land, or perhaps a conduit-maker. LEG 190 LEAKE. East and West Leake are two parishes in co. Notts. LEAL. LEALL. 1. O. Fr. and Scot., loyal, trustworthy. 2. A corruption of Lisle. LEAN. The Gaelic Mac-Lean, sans Mac. LEANEY. LENEY. iee/j?/, according to Grose, is active, alert. ^g" LEAP or LIP. A termination to several local names, originating in some feat at saltation connected with the chase, as Hindleap, Hartlip, &c. LEAPINGWELL. See WeU. I^EAR. Not from the personal name rendered illustrious by the great dramatist, but from Lire, in the arrondissement of Evreux in Normandy. Mr. Ferguson thinks it may have come originally from Hler (Hleer) one of the names of the Nep- tune of Northern mythology. LEARMOUTH. Evidently local, but I cannot find the place. LEARNED. Primarily applied to a scholar. LEASHMAN. See Leechman. LEATH. A ward or division of Cum- berland. LEATHAII. Villages In Fife and For- farshire are called Letham. LEATHER. LEATHERS. An ancient personal name. One Letliar was a bishop in the days of ^thelbert. Cod. Dipl. 981. Hence the local surnames, Leatherby, Lea- therdale, Leatherhead, and Leatherbarrow. LEATHERBARROW. A hill near Windermere. Ferguson, p. 204. LEATHERBY. See Leather. LEATHERDALE. See Leather. LEATHERHEAD. A town in Surrey, anciently Lederede. LEAVER. LEAVERS. See Lever. LE BLANC. Fr. " the White.'' Arms granted 1753. LE BLOND. Fr. " the Fair Haired." See Blount. The family settled in England after the Rev. of the Edict of Nautes, 1685. LE BON. Fr, " the Good." Probably of the period of the Rev. Ed. Nantes, 1685. LE BRETT. See Brett. LECHE. The Leches of Carden, co. Chester, are said to be a branch of Leech of Chatsworth. (See Leech.) John has been the Christian name in this family, with one exception, for thirteen generations. Shir- ley's Noble and Gentle Men. LECHMERE. A family of great anti- quity, said to have migrated from the Low Countries, and to have received a grant of laud called Lechmere's Field in Hanley, co. LEE Worcester, from William the Conqueror. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LECKY. The Leckys of Ireland are of Scotch extraction, and descend from a family so called in Stirlingshire, where in the parish of Gargunnock an estate called Leckie is still to be found. LEDGER. "The very business-like name of Ledger may not improbably be a corruption of Ludegar, the name of a war- like king of the Saxons in the Nibelungen Lied." Ferguson. 2. A more probable derivation is from the Fr. leger, light, swift, nimble. 3. The most probable of all is from the Norman St. Leger, with the omission of the prefix. LEDSHAM. A parish In Yorkshire. I^' LEE. Itself a surname, with the various modifications Atte-Legh (now Atlee) Lea, Ley, Lighe, Lye, &c., is un- deniably the A-Sax. le.dU. It is, as Pro- fessor Leo observes, the equivalent of " the old High German Uli, and corres- ponds literally (allowing for the recog- nized modification) with the Latin Incus; but whilst leali may enclose a thicket, or indeed an actual wood, it has a yet more general meaning, and may denote such an open field as would be rendered campm:' Williams's Transla- tion, Treatise on Local Nomenclature, 1852. Lea, the modern English word, signifies, however, meadow, pasture, or grass land. Nor must it be forgotten that the A-Sax. leag or Icali, has a totally different meaning, implying a territory or district in which a particular law or custom was in force. This term, varied in dilferent ways, as lagu, Ivuga, and lower], was retained for centuries after the incoming of the Normans, to denote a particular liberty, franchise, or district, as the leaque of Battel Abbey, the Uwey of Pevens'ev, the lon-e]j of Tunbridge, &c. To some or all of these sources, we are indebted for a very large proportion of our local, and consequently of our family nomenclature in South Britain, for — " In Ford, in Ham, in Ley, and Ton, The most of English Surnames run." To cite all the names from this source would uselessly fill a great space, but by way of sample a few may be quoted, as :— Farlee. Fairlee, Godlee, Henley, Hoadley, Penley, Walmsley, Evesleigh, Radleigh, Ridley, Woolley, Hawkesley, Horsley, Cowley, Womersley, Carley, Harley, Barley, Oxley, Colley, Tingley, Fawsley, Stanley, Shirley, Berkeley, Headley, Ashley, Bromley, Chol- mondeley, Copley, Stapley, Wellesley, Pel- ley, Shelley, Burleigh. LEECH. A Sax. laece^ a physician. " Conscience called a leche To go salve tho(se) that sike ben." Wright's P. Floughman, p. 443. The blood-sucking reptile (Jitrudo) is so called from its salutary properties. In the South, a village veterinary surgeon calls himself " Horse-Farrier and Cow-Leech." The ancestor of the Derbyshire Leeches LEG 191 CChatsworth), was one of the surgeons of King Edward the Third. Lysons' Derb. The name ma.y, however, he local, as there is a place of this designation near Chester. LEECHMAN. The same as Leech, (which see) the suffix man being a mere ex- pletive. Nares gives Leachnian as a phy- sician. A Scottish family of the name give three pelicans as their arms, probably in allusion to blood-letting. An analogous instance of the unnecessary addition of 'man' to the designation of a calling is found in Tuckei-man, which see. LEEDS. The great town in Yorkshire. LEEK. A town in Staffordshire, and parishes in cos. York and Warwick. The Leekes of Longford, co. Salop, trace to Ealph L. of Ludlow, A.D. 1334. LEEMAN. See Lee, and the termina- tion MAX. LEEMIXG. A chapelry in Yorkshire. LEER. See Lear. LEES. LEESE. Places in cos. Lan- caster, Stafford, Chester, and an estate at Eccles, CO. Berwick. LEE SOX. Perhaps a contraction from Levison. LEET. LEETE. A meeting of cross- roads. Halliw. The origin of Icet as ap- plied to an assembly or convention, as in court-leet, borough-leet, is disputed. See Eichardson"s Diet. ; but the primarj' idea of a 'meeting' seems to be borne out by Mr. Halliwell's definition. LEEVES. See Levi. LEFE VRE. O. Fr. le fevre, a workman, particularly a smith, like the Lat./«J^r. Modern French has rejected the word and substituted forgeron, though the surname is nearly as common in France as Smith is with us. Many settlements of Le Fevres have taken place in England, and at least half a dozen ditferent coats of arms are now associated with the name in this countrj'. The Lefevres of Heekfield came from the neighbourhood of Rouen, and established themselves in England at the Eev. of the Edict of Nantes, settling in Essex and Hampshire. B.L.G. LEFROY. The family are of Flemish extraction, having migrated to England at the time of the Duke of Alva's persecutions. The first settler was Anthony Lefroy, A.D. 1.5(!9. B.L.G. In Petham Church, co. Kent, is the following epitaph : — " Sacred to Tho9. Lefbot, of Cantcrbur}', who died 3rd Nov., 17'23, aged 43 ; of a Cambresian family that preferred Relifcion and Liberty To their Countiy and Property, In the time of the Duke" of Alva's Persecutions." LEFTWICH. A place in Cheshire. LEGARD. LEGEARD. LEGUARD. Fr. Ic garde, the guard, keeper, or warden; one who secures or preserves. LEI The baronet's family are of great anti- quity in Yorkshire. They are said to have become possessed of Anlaby in that shire as early as the XII century. LEGAY. Fr. Le Gai, " the sprightly or cheerful." M. Pierre le Gay was driven from Rochelle by the persecution of the Protestants by Louis XIII. Though he brought little or nothing of his patrimony with him, he was so successful as a mer- chant, that he bought the estate of West Stoke, CO. Sussex. Palmer's Nonconform- ists' Memorial, ii. 478. LEGG. LEGGE. l. See under lee. 2. An ancient trader's sign. " The hosiers -will dine at the Let/, The drapers at the sign of the Brush," &c. London's Ordinary. 3. An old personal name. Fil' Legg is found in H.E. LEGGAT. Lat. legatus, a legate, am- bassador. At the date of the Domesday survey, Hervey Legatus was a tenant in ca- pite in co. Bucks, and Eichard Legatus had the same tenure in co. Gloucester. LEGGET. See Leggat. LEGH. See under lee. LEGLESS. A corruption, probably, of some French name, prefixed 1)y the article le-. and not referring to any personal muti- lation. LEGROS. Fr. " the big or large." LEGRYLE. The same as the French Le Griel, still existing in Normandy. Grice or grls is an old French and English word for a pig, and griel is its diminutive. In allusion to this derivation, the Norfolk family of Legrjle bear boars in their arms. LEGRYS. Fr. "the Pig." See Pur- cell. LEHUNTE. The A-Sax. hunta, prefixed by the medieval le — "the hunter." The family settled in Ireland from Suffolk, temp. Oliver Cromwell. B.L.G. LEICESTER. The chief town of Lei- cestershire. LEIFCniLD. Leffechijld occurs in a poem of the XV. century, cited l)y llalliwell, in the sense of dear or beloved child ; and so early as 1222, it is found as a Christian name — Lefchild, son of Sprot. See Hale's Domesd. of St. Paul's, p. 57 ; but the family believe themselves to be of German extrac- tion, and claim another etymology, deduc- ing the name from k-ih and sehild, "body- shield," from some peculiarity in the de- fensive armour of the original assumer. In like manner the founder of the Rothschilds is presumed to have derived his name from his using a ' red shield,' which is the literal meaning of it. LEIGH. See under lee. LEIGH. LEGH. An eminent Cheshire family, who for centuries have been of High Leigh, in that co., and from whom nearly all the gentry families of the name claim LEL 192 descent. The Leighs are as prolific as they are aucient, if we may trust the well -lino wn Cheshire proverb : — " As MANY Leighs as fleas ; Massies as asses ; Crewes as crows ; and Davenports as clogs' tails." The various forms of the name are Leighe, Leigh, Legh, Leghe, Ligh, Lighe, Lea, Leaye, Ley, Leye, Lee. Mr. Shirley includes among his Noble and Gentle Men of England the following families : — 1. Legli of East Hall, in High Legh, co. Chester, descended from Efward de Lega, who lived at or near the period of the Con- quest, and who from his name appears to have been of Saxon race. Ormerod's Cheshire, i. 358. 2. Leigh of West Hall, in High Legh. Originally De Lymme, who married a Legh heiress in the XIII. cent. 2. Lmgh of Adlestrop (Baron Leigh) co. Gloucester. Descended from Agnes, daughter and heiress of Richard de Legh, and of her second husband, William Veu- ables. They had a son who took his mother's maiden name, and founded one of the great Cheshire lines of Legh or Leigh. For many offshoots of these three main lines, see Ormerod's Cheshire, and Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LEIGHTON. The family are stated to have been seated at Leighton in Shrop- shire prior to the Conquest. They are pre- sumed to have sprung from Baiimld viae- comes, mentioned as the Domesday tenant of Lestone or Leighton. Certain it is that they were of Leighton, eo nomine, in the XII. century. See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The principal seat of the family is now at Loton, in the above-named county. LEITCH. See Leech. LEITH. " The surname of Leith is of great antiquity in Scotland, and those who bore it held, in a remote era, vast posses- sions, including the barony of Restalrig, and others in the shire of Mid-Lothian, and territory of Leith, whence, it is pre- sumed, the name was taken." B.L.G. The pedigree is traced only to the year 1350. Tlie baronet's family descend from William Leith, wlio was provost of Aber- deen in 1350. According to Douglas there were at the latter end of the last century six distinct families of Leith, all of whom could trace their origin to that personage. Courthope's Debrett. LEKEUX. O. Fr. "The cook." Isam- bert was grand Mux of France, under St. Louis, 1250. Dixon. In England, the surname pertains to a French Protestant family settled at Canterbury before the year 164:5. LEL AND. In the West, signifies a cow- pasture, but it is also probably the name of some manor or estate. LELIIOME. O. Fr. leal homme, a loyal man. LEN LE LIEVRE. A Guernsey surname, but supposed to have been adopted liy a member of the English family of Hare, who settled in that island. LELLIOT. Apparently the same as Elliott. LEMAIRE. Fr. " The Mayor." LEMARCIIANT. Fr. "The Mer- chant." LE MESURIER. O. Fr. "The Mea- surer." LEIVOTARE. 1. A corruption of the common Fr. surname, Lemaitre, 'the master.' 2. From ZmiYo?/?-, a begging friar — familiar to every reader of Chaucer. LEMMON, See Lemon. LEIMON. O. Eng. lemman, paramour, sweetheart — an A-Sax. and Chaucerian word. One " Alan, the son of the Leman," occurs in the Hundred Rolls. Its primary meaning seems to be, a person much be- loved, or very dear. " And he seyde he would ben hir Limman or para- mour. And sche asked him zif that he were a Knyghte.— And he seyde Nay. And than sche said that he myghte not ben hir Lemman." Maundevile's Travels, p. 24. A tributary of the Exe, in Devonshire, is called the Leman. One family of this name, rather recently arrived from Germany, originally wrote themselves Lehman, which is doubtless a contraction of lehnmaiin, a vassal or feudal tenant. Inf. Robt. Lemon, Esq., F.S.A. LEMOSY. From the province of Limousin, in the interior of France. LEMOYNE. O. Fr. " The Monk." LEMPRIERE. Said to be a corruption, or rather an ancient spelling, ofFDnqfereyr. In the Chartularies of the Abbaye de la Trinite at Caen, this patronymic goes through the various gradations of Impera- tor, L'Empereur, Lemprere, Lempreur, to Lempriere. According to a family tradi- tion, the name is derived from its original bearer having overturned a king, and thus become an Emperor ! It was he, not Rollo his master, who went to kiss the foot of Charles of France, and lifted it so high as to throw the monarch off his balance I Master A¥ace and other vulgar historians, who make the Northman chief himself the perpetrator of this clever practical joke, are therefore quite misinformed in the matter ! Ex. inf. J. Bertrand Payne, Esq. LEMSTER. From the observations under STER, this name might be supposed to belong to that class. It is, however, simply a curt pronunciation of Leominster, CO. Hereford. LENARD. See Leonard. LENCH. The name of two parishes in CO. Worcester. LE NEVE. " The nephew." The L E S 193 Promptoriuin Pamilonim lias the following definitions : " Nevx, sonys son. Nepo*. Keve, brodervs sone. Xeptis. Neve, s\-sterT}-s sonne. Sororius. Neve, n'everthryfte or wastour," &c. LEXEY. A William Leny is mentioned in H.R. Perhaps the same as Lennie or as Leaney. LEXXARD. See Leonard. LEXXIE. 1. A 'nurse-name' of Leo- nard. 2. L'Aine, Fr., corresponding with Senior, Eld, &;c., has been suggested. LEXXOX. Theancientcounty of Dum- barton, Scotland, once much more extensive than now. The original name of the dis- trict was Leven-ach, • the field of the Leven.' and designated not the basin only of that river, but also of Loch-Lomond, once called Loch-Leven. Levenachs came to be the name applied to the extensive possessions of the powerful Earls of the soil, and hence Levenax and Lennox. Imp. Gaz. of Scot- land. LEXXY. See Lennie. An old spelling, Lany, supports the second derivation. LEXT. From the season — like Easter, Pentecost, Christmas, &:c. LEXTHALL. A parish and a chapelry in CO. Hereford. The family of L. of Bessels Leigh, CO. Berks, are descended, through the celebrated speaker of the Long Parliament, and through the hero of Agincourt, from Lenthall of Lenthall in the reign of Edw. I. De Lenethale. H.R. LEXTOX. A parish in Xottingham- shire. LEO. The Latin form of Lion. LEOX. Spanish and Italian leone, a Lion. LEOXARD. The personal name. Len- nie and Lankin appear to be derivatives, and Lenard and Lennard are corruptions. LEPER. One afflicted with leprosy, a common disease in this country in Crusad- ing times. There were many lazar-houses or hospitals for lepers in the early centuries after the Conquest. Le Lepre, Lepere. H.E. LEPPARD. LEPARD. A leopard; either from an armorial bearing, or from a trader's sign. LEPPER. See Leper. LEQUESXE. Provincial Fr. for le chene, the Oak. LEREW. See Leroux. LEROUX. Fr. "the red ;" a person of florid complexion. LESLLE. " The family of Leslie, to which belong two Scottish peerages, trace their origin to Bartholomew, a Flemish chief, who settled with his followers in the dis- trict of Garioch, in Al)erdeenshire, in the reign of William the Lion. He took the 2 C LET name of De Lesley from the place where he settled. The heralds, however, have an old legend representing the first man of the family as having acquired distinction and a name at once, liy overcoming a knight in battle, at a spot between a l/'ss lee (meadow) and a greater. Between tue Less-Lee asd the Mair, He slew the Knight, xsd left him THEKE. CJiamlers' Pop. Wujnies of Scotland, p. 26. Another statement makes Bartholomew a Hungarian knight or nobleman, who came into Scotland temp. King Malcolm Can- more, in the suite of Queen Margaret, 10G7. The parish of Leslie is in ' Aberdeenshire, and Leslie castle, the seat of the ancient barons, still exists. The arms of the family contain three buckles, sometimes on a bend, otherwhile on a fesse, and the bearings are thus accounted for by a family tradition. Bartholomew, the personage alluded to — " Had the good fortune to rescue from imminent danger llaleota's Queen, Margaret, sister of Edgar Atlieling and grand-daughter, maternally, of Solomon, King of Hungary, when carried away hy the stream in crossing a river on horseback — dragging her to land by her belt or girdle. Hence a belt and three buckles were assigned to him for a coat of arms, with GRIP FAST as a motto, from the Queen calling out in these words when in danger!" B.L.G. The Leslies of Ireland settled there from Scotland temp. James I. LESSIXGHA:M. a parish in Norfolk. LESTER. A corruption of Leicester. LESTRAXGE. See Strange. LETBE. See Letheby. LETHBRIDGE. Clearly a local name, though the locality is unkno^-n. The late radical Henry Hunt, a political opponent of Sir Thos. Lethbridge, used to assert that the worthy Baronefs grandfather was a foundling, who had been exposed in a pair of ' leather /jreec/ies .'' Tlie not altogether dissimilar name Lodbrok signifies " shaggy- breeches." See Ludbrook. LETHEBY. The family came into Eng- land from Brittany, at the Picvocation of the Edict of Xantes, under the name of Le Tebe, which was subsequently anglicized to its existing form. Inf. Dr. H. Letheby. LETHERHOSE. From the garment. See Hosier. This name is as old as temp. Edw. L H.E. LETHIEULLIER. « This family of Le Thieullier appear to have been of good ac- count in France, as well as in Germany, for some generations before they settled in Eng- land, which is supposed to have been in the reign of Elizabeth, when they fled hitherto avoid the persecution in those parts on ac- count of religion. Among the names of such French as fled to Kye in Sussex, upon the massacre of the Protestants in France in 1-372, are the names of Le Tellier and Tellier . . ." Hasted's Kent, II., 350. The name is a medieval sjjelling of Le TuiUier, the Tyler, either a maker or a placer of tUes. LEW LETT. A Livonlan. One Let was a tenant in co. Gloucester before the Conquest. Domesday. LETTERS. Perhaps from Letter, an estate near Loch Katrine in Scotland. LETTS. See Lett. LEVACHE. A corruption of Fr. la Vache, •' the Cow." Cow also occurs as a surname — why, it would be difficult to ex- plain, except that it was anciently a sign of a house. A London printer of the XVII. cent, adopted the sign of the "Hee-Cowe," But see under Koe. LE VAVASOUR. See Vavasour. LEVEN. A town in Fifeshire. LEVENTHORPE. An estate in York- shire. Leventhorpe Hall, iu that county, was long the residence of the family. LEVEQUE. Fr. "the Bishop." See Ecclesiastical Surnames. LEVER. Apparently a personal name. Hence the genitive Levers, the patronpni- cal Leverson, and the local Leverton. But it is also local, there being three places called Lever in Lancashire. LEVERETT. Not the young hare— but the female greyhound — Fr. levrette ; proba- bly applied to a swift-footed person. In like manner Leveridge, if not local, may be the Fr. Uvricke, which is a diminutive of levrette. LEVERIDGE. See under Leverett. LEVERIKE. A corruption of Leofric, an A- Sax. personal name. LEVERS. See Lever. LEVERSON. See Lever. LEVERTON. Parishes in cos. Nottin^r- ham and Lincoln. ° LEVESON. Perhaps Louis' son, the son of Lewis or Louis. It may, however, be the son of Levi. Singularly, the H.R. have the forms De Leveson, and Le Leveson. LEVETT. LEVIT. 1. Fr. Ze Fife, "the quick, speedy, or swift." 2. From one of the places in Normandy called Livet. The Itin. de la Normandie mentions no less than eight of these. LEVEY. See Levi. LEVI. This personal name seems to be the common source of Levy, Levey, Levi- son, LeevQs, &c. LEVIN. LEVINSON. LEVINSOHN. LEVISOHN. Levi and Levi's son. Family names of German Jews natm-alized in this country. LEVISON. See Levi. LEWER. The same as Lower (?) LEWES. 1. The county-town of Sussex. 2. The same as Lewis. LEWIN. LEAVENS. LEWN. I. A corruption of the well-ltnown A-Sax, per- 194 LID sonal name, Leofwin. 2. A contraction of the Welsh Llewellyn. LEWIS. The Welsh personal name, the same as the Fr. Louis. Also one of the Hebrides. Many of the Welsh families con- ceal beneath this common, and usually plebeian name, blood and pedigree of remote antiquity. For example, Lewis of Green- meadow springs from Gwaethvoed, des- cended from the ancient princes of Britain, and a contemporary of the A- Sax. king Edgar. Lewis of Gilfach claims fi-om Cradoc ap Guillym, who flourished in the XIII. century. Lewis of St. Pierre derives from Cadifor, prince or chieftain of Divet (a district which comprised Pembrokeshire and part of Caermarthen), about the time of the Norman Conquest. In these cases the name Lewis was not hereditary until temp. Henry VIII. or Elizabeth. LEWKNOR. The first proven ancestor of this great Sussex family is Sir Roger de Lewknor, high-sheriff of the county in 1284. It is asserted, on I know not what evidence, that the name is derived from Levechenora, the ancient denomination of one of the hundi'eds of Lincolnshire. Pegge's Curial. Miscell. p. 208. But this is far-fetched, in- asmuch as we have in Oxfordshire, a well- known parish, as also a hundred, still writ- ten Lewknor. LEWRY. SeeLowry. LEWSEY. The same as Lucy, Luci. LEWSON. The son of Lewis. LEWTHWAITE. Local : see Thwaite and Lowe. The place is supposed to be in Cumberland, where the family still exist. LEY. See under lee, LEYCESTER. The founder of the family was Sir Nicholas Leycester, who acquired the manor of Nether Tabley in Cheshire by marriage, and died in 1295. There his descendants of the elder line flourished till 1742. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The name was probably borrowed from the chief town of Leicester- shire. LIBERTY. A franchise, or district where peculiar laws and customs are enjoyed. See under Lee. The Lond. Direct, gives us a Jonathan Lihertij, but does not inform us whether he has any American relations. There is a village called Liberty in co. Fife. LICKFOLD. A place near Petworth, CO. Sussex. LIDBETTER. See Leadbeater. LIDDEL. LIDDELL. The family, in which there have been two peerages, were found among the merchants of New- castle-upon-Tyne, some two centuries and a half since. The name seems to have been derived from the Liddel, a river of Rox- burghshire. LIDDELOW. Probably the same as Laidlaw or Ludlow. LIN LTDDERDALE. Probably Liddesdale, in Roxburghshire. LIDDIARD. LIDDIAT. The two parishes of Liddiard are in Wiltshire. LIDDINGTOX. Parishes in WUtshire and Rutland. LIDDLE. See Liddel. LIDGATER. Possibly a corruption of Ligator, "binder," a common surname in H.R. In the same records we find the name Stei)hanus Ligator-Librorum, Stephen the Bookbinder. LIDSTON. LIDSTONE. A hamlet in Oxfordshire. LIGHT. Probably refers to lightness of foot ; or it may be the same as Lyte. LIGHTBODY. See Body. LIGHTFOOT. From agility In running. 'Martin with the Light Foot,' occurs in the life of Hereward the Saxon. Wright's Essays, ii. 101, &c. See Metcalfe. The synonymous Dutch surname is Ligtvoet. LIGHTNING. This name, probably a recent sobriquet, is found in R.G., IG. LIGO. A contraction of Linlithgow, through Lilhgow. LIGONIER. Of French extraction. The brothers Francis and John Ligonier, entered the English army, and the latter was made a knight banneret under the royal standard at the battle of Dettingen, in 1742, and was afterwards raised to the peerage as Lord Ligonier. LILL. See Lille. LILLE. 1. The French town. 2. The same as Lisle. LILLY. LILLEY. LILLIE. i. Perhaps the same as Lille or Lisle. 2. From the heraldric bearing, the fleur-de- lys. See Lys. 3. Lilley, a parish in llert- fordshire. LILLYLOW. A Scottish phrase mean- ing • bright flame.' It is not very easy to guess how it Ijccame a surname. LILY. See Lilly. LILYWHITE. 1 . Fair, or white as a lily. 2. ]\Iore probably a corruption of the local name Litelthwaite. See Thwaite ; also Applewhite. LIMBER. ]. Supple, flexible— applied perhaps to an agile person. 2, Lymbergh, two parishes in Lincoln.shire. LIMEBEER. Perhaps the same as Lim- ber. B®°LIN or LINN. A Celtic topographical expression, used both sunply and as a prefix. It signifies a deep pool or lake, or any piece of water ; but is commonly used in Scotland to designate a cascade falling into a pool. Gaz. Scotl. LINCII. LYNCH. 1. A parish in Sussex. 2. A small hanging wood or thicket ; called on the South Downs a Unk. 195 LIN LINCOLN. The city. LIND. The name of Lynne was assumed by the proprietors of the lands and barony of Lynne, in Ayrshire, as soon as surnames became hereditary in Scotland. B.L.G. Lind is Scotch for a lime tree. Jamieson. In England the tiame occurs in the XLV. century, as De la Lynde — "of the Linden, or lime tree." This surname is found in most of the Teutonic languages. The Fr. name Tilleul is synonymous. LINDFIELD. A parish in Sussex, where a humble family of the name are still resident. LINDLEY. Several places in York- shire are so called. LINDO. Naturalized from Portugal. The same as Lind. LINDSAY. This distinguished family, who boasted of twenty Earls of Crawford, extending from the year 1398 to 1808, and whose deeds have been recorded by a noble member of the house, in his " Lives of the Lindsays," were iu all probability of Eng- lish origin, and the name appears to have been derived from the division of the county of Lincoln still called the " Parts of Lind- sey," though some genealogists deduce it from the manor of Lindsey in Essex. LINDSEY. See Lindsay. LIND US. Perhaps Lindores, a villao-e in Fifeshire. LINEKER. Probably from A-Sax. Uncce, a linnet. Ferguson. I should prefer Linacre, a township in Lancashii-e, as its source. LINFIELD. See Liudfield. LING. Heath, in some dialects, is so called — also a fish ; but a more probable derivation is from one of the two parishes of Ling in Somersetshire and in Norfolk. LINGARD. Mr. Ferguson thinlcs that Lingard and Linnegar may be inversions of the O. High Germ. Girland, a name com- poimded oi gcr, a spear, and lind, the lime- tree; figiu-atively a shield — because shields arc made of that wood. LINGEN. Robert de Wigmore, lord of Lingen, co. Hereford, and founder of the priory of Lj-ngbroke, had a grandson, John, who took the name of Lingen. From him sprang the Lingens of Longner, co. Salop, &c. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LING HAM. A known corruption of Langham. LINK. The same as Linch. LINKTNHORNE. A parish in Corn- wall. LINLEY. SeeLindley. LINNEGAR. See Lingard LINNET. A Fr. name of uncertain origin. LIS 19 LINNEY. Mr. Ferguson says O. Norse, linni, a snake. LINSEY. See Lindsay. LINSTEAD. Parishes in Suffolk and Kent. LINTON. Parishes and places in cos. Eoxburgh, Haddington, Cambridge, Derby, Devon, Lincoln, Hereford, Kent, York, &c. LINTOT. A place in the department of Seine Inferieure, Normandy ; another in the arrondissement of Havre. The family were in Shropshire in the XII. century. LINWOOD. Parishes, &c., in cos. Lin- coln and Hants; also a manufacturing village in Renfrewshire. LION. By the common consent of all ages and countries, the lion has been acknow- ledged as one of the noblest of creatures, and there is perhaps scarcely a language under heaven in which its designation does not supply one or more personal or family names. Our Christian name Leonard means lion-hearted, and Lionel, the young Lion. Scotland had its William the Lion, as we our Eichard Coeur de Lion, and this cog- nomen has been applied to princes and chieftains everywhere. Men of high degree of old took it from the charge of their shields ; men of low degree got it from the signs of their houses; and lions of every hue now adorn the sign-post, as of yore they did the banners of the battle-field. LIPP. See Leap. LIPPINCOTT. The baronets (extinct 1829) traced their family into Devonshire in the XVI. century, and there is little doubt that the name was originally Luffin- cott, from a parish in that county so called. LIPSCOMBE. Probably from Liscombe, a parish in Buckinghamshire. LIPTROT. " Probably compounded with Uof, dear; it corresponds with a German name Liebetrut." Ferguson. LIQUORISH. Lichorous or lickerish is a medievalism retained in many dialects; it means dainty, affected, addicted to indul- gence. Chaucer uses it in the form of likerous, to signify gluttonous, lascivious. LISCOjVIBE. a hamlet in Buckingham- shire. LISHM AN. A conniption of Leechman, or perhaps Scot. IclfJi, tall and active. Jamieson. LISLE. " Of this surname were several families, springing originally from two, which had derived the designation, one from the Isle of Ely, the other from the Isle of Wight." Burke's Ext. Peerage. Eighteen different coats of arms are as- cribed to this name by Berry. The prin- cipal foiTus of it are Lisle, L'Isle, Lyle, Lylle, Lyell. In charters it was latinized De Insula. LISTER. 1 . A-Sax. listre, a person who read some portions of the church service. LIT 2. Perhaps in some instances a corruption of Leicester. 3. A more likely derivation than either, is from the 0. Eng. litstcr. a dyer, tinctor. The insurrectionary movement in Norfolk, called Lister's "Rebellion, in 1381, was headed by John Lister or Littes- ter, a dyer of Norwich, who caused himself to be proclaimed " King of the Commons." Now this worthy, being one of the persons who in that age had not yet adopted a sur- name, upon attaining such '' bad eminence," took the designation of his trade by way of distinction, and was called John Littester, 'the dyer,' just as his forerunner and ex- emplar, Walter, from his having to do with tiles, had been known as Wat Tyler. For an account of the Rebellion, see Blomefield's Norfolk, and Papers of Norf. Arch. Soc. vol. v., p. 348. Litster, tinctor. Nominale MS. In Lord Ribblesdale's family the name is local, as the pedigree ascends to a John de Lister, who in 6, Edward II. was resident at Derby, and ti-ansferred himself to York- shire, on his marriage with the daughter and heiress of John de Bolton, bow-bearer of Bolland. LISTON. A parish in Essex, and Liston Shiels, a district in Edinburghshire. LIT. See Lite. LITCHFIELD. The city in co. Stafford, more properly written Lichfield. LITE. See Lyte. LITHERLAND. A township of Sefton, CO. Lancashire. LITHGOW. A contraction of Linlith- gow, a well-known Scotch town. LITT. O, E. lite, little. LITTLE. 1. A person of diminutive stature. Like the Fr. Le Petit, the Germ. Klein, &c. 2. Perhaps the same as Lid- deU. I^^LITTLE. This word enters very fre- quently into our local and family names ; e. g. Littleford, Littlefield, Littlewood, Littleworth, Littleton. LITTLEBOYS. See Peverel. It may however be a corruption of the French Lillebois. LITTLECHILD. Probably a sobriquet applied by antiphrasis to a large, powerful man. Child however has a distinct mean- ing. See Child. LITTLEDALE. Apparently an older and more correct fomi of Liddesdale, by which is intended the dale or basin of the river Liddel, in Roxburghshire. The family trace to the neighbouring county of Cum- berland. LITTLEFAIR. R.G. 16. See Littlefear. LITTLEFEAR. A man of courage. LITTLEFIELD. A place in Kent giving name to a hundred. LITTLEHEAD. 1. From some promon- tory so called. 2. From the smallness of LLE the original bearer's head — the opposite of Greathead. LITTLEJOHX. See John, a termi- nation. As we have the surname of liobin- fiood, a sobriquet borrowed from the fa- mous outlaw of Sherwood Forest, it is pro- bable that this name has a similar origin from his famous compeer. It is clear, at least, that the herald who devised the family arms thought so, when he gave, "Argent, three arrons Gules, two in saltier and one in pale, feathered Or, between six trefoils slipped of the second." (Bui-ke's Armoiy, in nom.) It may be remarked, however, that the French have the corres- ponding names of Petit-jean and Petit- pierre — Little-John and Little-Peter. LITTLEPAGE. A personal attendant of diminutive size. LITTLEPROCD. E.G. 16. TMiether "little" and "proud, "or only slightly tainted with the deadly sin, does not appear. LITTLER. A corruption of Littleover, CO. Derby. Eng. Sum. i. \^\. LITTLETOX. Manj places in various counties are so designated. The celebrated jurist. Sir Thomas Lyttelton, who had three sons, whose posteritj- were elevated to the peerage in each line, sprang maternally from Thomas de Luttelton, of co. Worcester, temp. Henry III. The surname probably originated at one of the several places called Littleton, in that county. LITTOX, Parishes, &c., in cos. Somerset, Dorset, Derby, and York. LRT^LY. From natural disposition, LIYEMORE. The same as Livermore. LIVEXS. In early Dutch records (m the United States) are found such names as Ver — i.e. Vrouwe. Belenszoon. Yer Lieven- zoon — Dame Belen"s son. Dame Lieven"s son. Belen and Lieven are both apparently baptismal names now obsolete. Dixon. LRTIR. Probably the same as Lever or Leaver. LIYERMORE. Two parishes in Suffolk, more usually written Livermcre. LIVESEY. LIVESAY. A township in the parish of Blackburn, co. Lancaster. LIVET. See Levett. LIVICK. Probably a corruption of the Fr. VEvitpie, the Bishop. LI"VTXG. An A-Sax. personal name. There was a Living, archbishop of Canter- bury', and another of the same name, bishop of Worcester. LIVIXGSTOXT:. a parish in Linlith- gowshire. LIZAR. LIZARS. A.-Xorm. lazar, a leper. LLEWELLYX. A very ancient Wel»h personal name, borne by many princes and magnates of Celtic origin. Comp. Howlyn. r LOG LLOYD. A well-known Welsh personal name — sometimes corrupted to Floyd and Flood. As an hereditary surname it does not date beyond the XYI. century, yet many of the families bearing it are of great antiquity, as, for example : — Lloyd of Bronwydd is 23rd lord of the Barony of Kemes, co. Pembroke, in hercditarj' des- cent from Martin de Tours, a companion of William the Conqueror. Lloyd of Plymog claims from Marchudd ap Cynan, who flourished in the IX. cent., and founded the eighth noble tribe of North Wales, and Powys : King Henry YII. sprang from this family. Lloyd of Aston springs from the royal house of Powys. Lloyd of Dan-jT- allt descends fromCadivor ap Dyfnwall, lord of Castle Howel, temp. Henry II., and lineally sprung from Ehodri Mawr, King of Wales. Llotd of Coedmore claims from an ancient Prince of Ferlys. Lloyd of Clockfaen springs from the gi-eat Tudor Trevor, in the X. cent. Lloyd of Pale derives paternally from Held Molwyrogg, a chieftain of Deubighland, fotmder of the ninth noble tribe of X. Wales and Powj's. For these and many other particulars, see B.L.G. In proof of the numerousness of the Lloyds in the rank of Gentry, it may be mentioned that more than thirty different coats of arms are ascribed to the name. LOADER. See Loder. LOAKE. Probably the same as Lock. LOAX. A township in Durham. LOBB. A clown, a clumsy fellow. " A blunt coimtry ZoZ»." Stanihurst. (Hal- liwell.) LOCH. A Celtic word, implying some- times a lake, and sometimes an arm of the sea, or ajstuary. LOCHTAY. The well-known Scottish lake. LOCK. See Locke. LOCKARD. Loch-Ard, a beautiful sheet of Avater near Ben Lomond in Scot- land. LOCKE. 1. A place where rivers meet with a jiartial obstruction from a wooden dam. 2. The same as Loch. LOCKE. The Scandinavian god of mis- chief — the Evil Principle of the Northern mythology — was called Lok, and the name may have been afterwards a soliriquet of derision applied to a bad or injurious man. LOCKER. A lockmaker. LOCKETT. hart. LOCKIIART. SeeLockard above— afar more probable origin than that assigned by tradition. King Kobert Bruce ordered his heart to be conveyed to the Holy Land for burial, and the good Sir James, Lord Douglas, was deputed to carry it thither. One of his attendants took his surname of Lockhai-t from the circumstance of his A corruption of Lock- z />^-^ LOG 198 having carried the hey of the casket ! Pegge's Curial. Miscell. p. 229. LOCKIXGTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Leicester and yorl£. LOCKLIX. Probably Mac Laughlan, sans Mac. LOCKiSLlX. 1. Perhaps the person who superintended a lock or wooden dam in a river. 2. In Scotland lohnmti means an executioner. See Henniker. LOCKS]MITH. The occupation. Loc- smyth. H.R. LOCKTON. A chapelry in Yorkshire. LOCKWOOD. A township in York- shii-e. LOCKYEAR. See Lockyer. LOCKYER. A lockmaker. LOCOCK. See Luke. LODDIGES. "The son of Lodic or Ludwig." Talbot's Eng. Etj-m. LODDON. A river in Berkshire. Also a hundred and parish in co. Norfolk. LODER. LOADER. L A carter or carrier. Halliw. from Nominale MS. In the South, a man who carries out flour from amill is called a Loader. 2. A corruption of Lowther. LODE^nCK, Ludwig, Ludovicus, Louis. LODGE. A temporary building ; some- times a more permanent one. In many instances a manor-house of small preten- sions is called a Court-Lodge. Fr. loge, a lodge or cabin, particularly in Forest dis- tricls. LODGES. " Les Loges'' is the name of several localities in Normandy. LOFT. LOFFT. From residence in a loft or upper chamber. The form Ad le Loft, " at the Loft," occurs several times in H.R. LOFTHOUSE. See Loftus. LOFTS. A further corruption of Loft- house. See Loftus. LOFTUS. A contraction of Lofthouse, a parish in Yorkshire. The family " appear to have flourished in Yorkshire as early as the reign of Alfred T' B.L.G., where the archives of York Minster are given as the authority. LOFTY. From pride or arrogance of disposition. LOGAN. A Celtic word used In Scottish topography, both singly and as a prefix, and signifying' a hollow place, or plain, or meadow surrounded by rising grounds, Gaz. of Scotl. LOGIE. The same as Logan. Many parishes and districts of Scotland bear this name, both with and without a suffix. LOGGIE. Probably from Logic, many parishes and places in Scotland. LON LOKE. A private road or path. East. (Halliwell.) See however Locke. LOLLARD. A Wicliffite ; originally ap- plied as a name of contempt to some dis- sentient from Roman Catholic views. L0:MBARD. a native of Lombardy. See Lambarde. Any banker or usurer was so called. In the Netherlands, a Lombard was an excommunicated person. He was denied the sacraments and Christian burial, and no priest would "marry him to any woman, except bee first promise to leave off being a Lumbarde, and doe make restitu- cion." ArchEeologia, xxix. 286. LOMBE. An archaic form of Lamb. LOMER. 1. St. Lomer, a parish in Nor- mandy, now called Lomer-sur-Guerne, in the arrondissement of Alen9on. It was an- ciently written Villa SaJicti Launomari. Itin. "de la Noi-mandie. 2. A lome is in some dialects a tub ; hence a Lomer may be a tub-maker. 3. Leomer in Domesd. is a baptismal name. LONDE. Several places in Normandy bear the name of La Londe, particularly the great forest on the left bank of the Seine below Rouen. LONDESBOROUGH. A parish in Yorkshire, the presumed site of the Roman station Delgovitia. LONDON. Besides having become a local surname in the usual mode, this great city has given rise to several otbers, as Lon- don-bridge (E. Sum. i. 34.) Londonoys, Londonish, Londonsuch, and Londres. De London, De Londonia, De Londr. H.R. LONDONISH. Belonging to London. So Kentish, Devenisli, Cornish, &c. LONDONOYS. Chaucer applies the word Lundenoys to a Londoner. LONDRES. The Fr. orthography of London. Hearne says that Londnls is an old expression meaning Londoners. LONE or LUNE. A river in Lanca- shire. LONG. From statiire ; a tall person. One of the family of Preux, an attendant on Lord Treasurer Hungerford, from his great height, acquired the sobriquet of Long Henry. On his marriage to a lady of qualiiy he transposed this appellation to Henry Long, and became the founder of the Longs of Wiltshire. Camden. The H.R. forms of the name are Longus, Le Long, and Le Longe. g^" LONG. A component syllable of many local surnames, some of which have been borrowed from places that are not found in the gazetteers ; as Long- bourne, " the long stream or boundary ;'' Longden, " the long pasture or vale ;" Longdill, "the long dale;" Longhurst, "the long wood ;" Longland " the long heath ;" Longley, " the long meadow ;" Longmire, " the long morass ;" &c. LONGBOTTOM. Local : see Bottom. Lrr-c..^ it^^^Ur^^i^^ LOO 199 LOXGCHAMP. Fr. 'long field'— a place in the arrondissement of Andeli in Normandy. LONGDEX. Probably Longdon, parishes, &:c., in cos. Salop, Stafford, Wor- cester, kc. LOXGE. See Long. LOXGESPEE. O. Fr. longue espee, " long-sword." This name was originally assigned to William Talbot, a courtier of Richard Coeur-de-Lion, on account of the length of his weapon. Dugd. Baronage. LONGFELLOW. 1. Originally applied to a tall person. 2. An ingenious etymolo- gist has derived it from the Fr. surname Longuevilliers. The Poet's ancestors are said to have emigrated to America from Yorkshire. LOXGHEAD. The long promontory. LOXGHURST. A township in X^or- thumberland. LOXGMAID. See Langmead. LOXG:\Lk.X. 1 . A man of great stature. 2. A village in Banffshire. LOXGMATE. Anparently not a syno- nym of liougfellow, but the same as Lang- mead, which see. LOXGXESSE. L A-Sax. nasse, a nose, headland, or promontory. 2. From length of nose — a personal peculiarity. LOXGRIDGE. A township in co. Durham, and a village in co. Linlithgow. LOXGSHAXKS. From length of legs ; the well-known sobriquet of Edward the First, and a still-existing family name. LOXGSTAFF. See LangstafFe. LOXGUEVILLE. LOXGVILL. From Longueville, a small town in the depart- ment of the Lower Seine in Normandy, of which the Longuevilles, Earls of Bucking- ham, wei-e anciently lords. This family gave the suffix to Overton Longueville, co. Huntingdon. Longevil, Longvile. H.R. LOXGVAL. Fr. long, and obs. val, the long vale or valle_v — a local surname com- mon in France, and corrupted among us to LongA-ale, Longwall, Longwell, &c. LOXGVILLIERS. Long-Villcrs, a parish in the arrondissement of Caen, in Normandy. LOXSDALE. Considerable divisions of Westmoreland and of Lancashire are so called. LOOKER. In the S. of Engl, a herds- man ; especially, in marshy districts, a man who superintends cattle, and drives them to higher grounds in case of sudden floods, &c. LOOSE. LOT A parish in Kent. LOOSELY. See Loos ley. LOOSLEY. Loseloy, a hamlet manor near Guildford^ co. Surrey. and LOPES. The baronet's family, of Portu- guese extraction, and long resident in the island of Jamaica, settled in England in the last century. LOPEZ. See Lopes. LOPPE. An uneven piece of ground, perhaps the same as Loive. LORAIGXE. LORAYXE. LOR- RAINE. From the well-known district of France. The Loraines are said to be a Norman family, and to have been origin- ally settled in the county of Durham. Kirk Hall, the residence of "the baronet in Northmnberland, was obtained by his an- cestor in marriage with the heiress of Del Strother, temp. Henry IV. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LORD. LORDE. A title given to monks and persons of superior rank ; the equivalent of Dominus and Dan, which signify nothing more than master. In old times a sort of sobriquet, applied to the leaders of festivities, as Christmas Lords, Lords of Misrule, &c. Le Lord, is exceed- ingly common in H.R. LORDAX. O. E. lurdan, a clown, an ill- bred person ; a lazy fellow. LORIMER. A maker of bits, spurs, &c., for horses. A Lorimers' Company for the city of London was incorporated so lately as the year 1712, though it is known to have existed in the XV. century. Those bearers of this surname who prefer a more dignified extraction, might deduce them- selves from Goscelinus Loremarius, one of the Conqueror's tenants in chief, men- tioned in Domesday, co. Essex ; but queiy whether that personage's name itself, is not a mere latinization of Lorimer I Lorimar. Le Lorimer. H.R. LORKIX. LORKIXG. A diminutive of Lawrence. LORX. A district of Argyleshire. LORRAIXE. See Loralgne. LOSCOMBE. A hamlet in Dorsetshire, parish of Netherbury. LOSECAMP. Clearly loeal-though I do not find the place. In proof of the cor- ruptibility of surnames, we may mention, that this name, probably derived from some manor or estate which was once the pro- perty of the family, would retain its phonetic identity if written Loiv-scamp. LOSPITAL. O. Fr. Vhospital, "the hospital." See Spital. LOTEMAX. 1. A-Sax. a pirate. See Lutman. 2. Txttc, a southern provincialism for a loft. I. Atte Lote occurs in a docu- ment of 129(). LOTIIIAX. The district on the south side of the frith of Forth, which includes the counties of Haddington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow. LOTT. 1. A-Sax. lote, crafty ; or A-Sax. Mot, a caster of lots, a fortiuic-teller. 2. LOV 2c The Hebrew personal name. Fil'Lote. H.E. LOUBTER. Probably from Louviers, a considerable town in the department of Eure, in Nonnandy. LOUDON. Loudoun, a great parish in Ayrshire. The progenitor of the family was James the son of Lambin, who ob- tained " Laudon," from Richard Morville, who died in 1189, the minister of William the Lion. LOUD WELL. See Well. LOUGHBOROUGH. A town in Leices- tershire. LOUIS. The personal name. LOUNDE. See Lowndes. LOVAINE. LOUVAINE. LOVEYNE. A celebrated city of the Netherlands. LOV AT. A hamlet in Inverness-shire. LOVE. This name relates not to the tender passion, but is an old modification of the Fr. Loup, wolf. In the same way Lupellus, the diminutive, became Loupel and Lovel. One family of this name bear wolves in their arms. Le Love. H.R. LOVECHILD. An illegitimate person. LOVEDAY. A day appointed for the arbitration of differences. (A-S. lah-daeg.) A court-leet was so called. " I kan hoMe love-dayes, And here a reves rekenyng ; Ac in canon nor in decretals I can noght rede a lyiie." P. Ploughman, 332G. But as the name occurs, with its modern spelling, and without any prefix, in Leland's Roll of Battel Abbey, and in the H.R., it probably has some other meaning. LOVEGOD. LOVEGOOD. ' Love God.' Tlie Germans have Gottlieb, ^ the Italians Amadio, the French Amnclls, in tlie same sense. Talbot's English Etymol. LOVEKIN. Probably Love, wolf, with the termination Kin — "the little wolf." See Love. LOVEL. LOVELL. A very common surname, since our heraldric dictionaries assign about 40 coats to it. It is a deriva- tive of the Lat. lupus, wolf, thus : Lupus, Loup, Lupellus, Louvel, Lovel. The cele- brated Hugh d'Abrincis, Earl of Chester, suruamed Lupus, was a nephew of the Con- queror. The barons Lovel, introduced into England at the Conquest, were lords of Yvery in Noi-mandy. Ascelin, the son of Robert, the head of this race, who succeeded in 1083, was called Liqras on account of his violent temper. His younger son, William, Earl of Yvery, acquired the diminutive so- briquet of Lupellus, the ' little wolf,' after- wards softened to Lupel, Luvel, and Lovel. Baronage. See Wolf. LujjuSjVfolf, im.& Lupellus, little wolf, were rendered French as Lou and Lovel. In the middle ages this was a common name for a dog. According to Stowe, William Colling- borne was executed in the year 1484, for LOV stigmatizing the favourites of Richard III., Catesby, Ratcliffe, and Lovel, in the follow- ing couplet : — The Ratte, the Catte, and Lovell, OUK dogge. Rule all England under the HOGGE. The baronial family derived their name from William, Earl of Yvery, in Normandy, and lord of Castle Cary, co. Somerset, who acquired the sobriquet of Lupellus, "the lit- tle wolf," as his father had previously done that of Lupus. He flourished in the reign of King Stephen, and most of his descendants adopted the sobriquet as their faniily name. Peerage. LOVELADY. See Lady, LOVELOCK. Lovelocks were " pendent locks of hair, falling near or over the ears, and cut in a variety of fashions. This ridi- culous appendage to the person is often al- luded to by the writers previous to the Res- toration." Halliw. I do not know whether any trace of this fashion is found in the middle ages, though it seems probable that the surname was first bestowed upon some fop who indulged in it. The H.R. mention one Walterus le Loveloker. Was he a cul- tivator of "love-locks?" I think he is more likely to have followed the sterner occupation of a looJier after lores, or wolves. See Love. LOVELUCK. See Lovelock. LOVELY. Possibly from amiability of character; but more likely the name of some place terminating in ley. LOVENEY. The ancient barony of Louvigni, near Caen, in Normandy. LOVER. An ancient orthography of Louviers, the Norman town, is Lower. LOVET. LOVETT. Ricardus Lovet is said to have come hither at the Conquest, accompanied by his two sons, William and Robert. The elder held in capite, by the Conqueror's grant, lands in cos. Bedford, Berks, Leicester, and Northampton. From the XIV. century the family have been principally connected with tlie county of Buckingham, where as knights and gentle- men of good estate they have possessed Liscombe from generation to generation. The late Sir Jonathan Lovett was created a baronet by king George III. on the follow- ing occasion : " In the summer of 1781, the Earl of Chesterfield, having been some time absent from Court, was asked by the King, where he had been so long 1 ' On a visit to Mr. Lovett of Buckinghamshire,' said the Earl. ' Ah .'' said the King, ' is that Lovett. of LAscomhe ? They are of the genuine old Norman hreed ; how happens it that they are not baronets ? Would he accept the title ? Go, tell him that if he'll do so, it's much at his service ; they have ever been staunch to the crown at a pinch !' " There is a tradition that an early ances- tor of the family was ' master of the wolf- hounds ' to one of the Norman kings. This probably arose from the peculiar arms of LOW 201 LUC the family : Quarterl}', three wolves' heads, and three wolves passant, and the crest, a wolfs head. Tliese bearings are of course of the allusive kind, and relate to the name, which is a softened derivative of the Fr. louj), loure, a wolf. See much curious in- formation respecting the familj^ in Burke's Extinct Baronets. In Domesday Book a William Loveth occurs as a tenant in chief in Berks and LLMcester,and a William Lovet in Bedfordshire. They were doubtless one and the same person. LOVETOT. Two places in Normandy bear this name, which as a surname in England dates from early Xorman times ; viz. : Louvetot-pres-Bellencombre, not far from Dieppe, and Louvetot-sur-Caudebec, in the arrondissement of Yvetot. LOYITT. See Lovett. l^W LOW. (A- Sax. Iddw) a rising ground. Hence the names of many places which have given rise to surnames, as Ludlow, Barlow, Callow, Bedlow, Hadlow, Mar- low, Winslow, Henslow, Thurlow. LOW. See Lowe. LOWAXCE. Corresponds with the old German personal name, Leonza, of the IX. cent. Ferguson. LOWDELL. Probably the same as Loud well. LOAVDER. LOUDER. Corruptions of Lowther, which see. LOWE. LOWES. 1. The same as Law — a small rising ground. See Lower. 2, Sometimes perhaps the German lo?ve, a lion. In some instances, according to tra- dition, the name is of Norman origin, being one of the various forms of loiip, a wolf. LOWELL. Probably the same as Lo- vell. LOWEX. See Lewin. LOWER. The registered pedigree of the Lowers of Cornwall carries them back to about the time of John or Henry III., and both name and family are probably from a Conio-British source. In Sussex, almost the only other county in which the name occurs, it is found as early as temp. Henry VI., but I have not yet been able to trace any connection between the two fami- lies. It is possible that the Sussex name may be equivalent to Atte-Lowe, which occurs in documents of the XIV. century. In the XV. cent, the prefix ' at " was fre- quently replaced by the termination '^r.' See the articles -LAW, -low, and -mi. Loherus occurs in the Domesd. of Suflblk as a baptismal name, and Lower, as an unprefixed surname, is found in the H.R. of that countj'. LOWICK. Places in cos. Xorthumber- land, Lancaster, and Northampton. LOWMAX. See -low, m.\n, and eh. A dweller by or upon an eminence. LOWXDES. I can find no better etymo- logy for this name than launde, 0. Eng. 2 D for a forest-glade or lawn. In ' Morte- Arthure ' this word is Avritten loundes. The family claim to be of Norman origin. LOWXE. Lowland Scotch. The glos- sary to Burns says, " a fellow, a raga- muffin;" also a careless, half-grown lad. " The usual figure of a Skj-e boy is a Ivwn with bare legs and feet, a ragged coat and waistcoat, a bare head, and a stick in hia hand." Boswell's Tour to the Hebrides. LOAVREY. LOWRIE. See Lowry. LOWRIE. Lmvrie and lawrie are, in Scotland, designations of the fox, and the words are also applied to a person of crafty or fox-like disposition. LOWRY. Frecpently written Lewry. In Normandy there are two places called Lorei — one in the arrondissement of E vreux, the other in the Cotentin. At the making of Domesday, Hugh de Luri held lands in capite, CO. Dorset. Another Norman patri- arch, William Leurie, (without the terri- torial prefix) was a tenant in chief in cos. Oxon, Glouc, and Essex. But see Lowrie. Some Lowrys claim descent from the Scot- tish family of Laurie, of Maxwelton, near Dumfries, whose name was variously writ- ten Laurie, Lawrey, Lawry, Lowry, Lowrey, and Lowray. B.L.G. LOWTH. 1. From Louth, the Lincoln- shire town. 2. The Norman surname Lovet (which see) is sometimes spelt Loueth in Domesday Book. LOWTHER. A parish in Westmore- land, the cradle of the ancient race so called. " Eminently a knightly family, traced by Bi-ydges to Sir Gervase de Low- ther, who was living in the reign of Henry III." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Jlen. The Earl of Lonsdale, the head of the house, is resident at Lowther Castle, in the above-named parish. The principal variations in the spelling of this name have been Loder, Louder, Loader, Louth re, and Lowther. LOXLEY, A parish in co. Warwick, and a liberty in co. Stafford. LUARD. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, lOS."), Robert Abraham Luard came from Caen in Normandy, and settled in London; a quo the Luards of Lincolnshire and Essex. LUBBOCK. Possibly from Lubeck, a city in Lower Saxony. LUCAR. Possibly from the chapelry of Lucker, in Northumberland. LUCAS. Gr. and Lat. Luke. Why the name of this evangelist should have become a family name in its original form, while the other three are only so in their angli- cised shape, is not apparent. The Encycl. Herald, assigns eleven diiferent coats to Lucas, but only one to Luke. LUCCOCK. See Luke, and the termina- tion COCK. LUCEY. See Lucy. LUM 2 LUCOCK. See Luke. LUCOMBE. LUCKOMBE. A place in the Isle of Wight. LUCK. LUCRE. A native either of Lucca, in Italy, or of Liege, in the Nether- lands. Speaking of the latter to^^^l, Andrew Borde, in his Boke of Knowledge, says : " The lond of Lewke is a pleasaunt countre; the cheefe towne is the cj-tie of Lewke. The speche is base Doch."' Or it may be from one of the parishes of Luc-sur-mer, or Luc-le-chateau, in Normandy. LUCKCOCK. See Luke, and the ter- mination COCK. LUCKER. A chapelry in Northimiber- laud. LUCKETT. A diminutive of Lnke. LUCKIE. A Scottish surname ; like the classical Felix, Fortunatus, &c. LUCKIX. LUCKIXG. LUCKINS. See Luke. LUCKY. 1. Fortunate. 2. A corrup- tion of Lockey, a local name. LUCY. Anciently De Luci. LucI is a parish in the arroudissement of Neufchatel, in Normandy, Temp. Henry I. Richard de L. was lord of Diss, co. Norfolk. The Shaksperean Lucys claim descent from the De Charlcotes of Charlcote. Dugdale thinks they may have been maternally de- scended from the Norman De Luci's. LUDBROOK. Perhaps the Xorse Lod- brok. Eagnar Lodbrok, the celebrated Northman sea-king, derived his surname, signifying " shaggy- breeches," from the nether garments which he wore, made of the skins of wild beasts. Ferguson. LUDE. An estate in Blair Athol, Perth- shire, which formerly had possessors of the same name. LUDGATE. One of the ancient gate- ways of the city of London, whence Lud- gate Street, LUDLOW. A town in Shropshire. LUFF. Apparently an old personal name, whence Lufkins, and the local Lufl&ngham, Luffincot, &c. LUGG. A river in Herefordshire. LUKE. The Christian name, besides standing ^^er se as a family name, has given rise to several others, as Lukin, Luckins, Luckings, Luckock, Lucock, Locock, Luckett. LUKIN. LUKYN. See Luke. LUM. A woody valley; a deep pit. Halliwell. LUMB. See Lum. LU]VILEY. The Lumleys are of Anglo- Saxon descent, and have been seated in the county of Durham from the time of the Conquest. Liulph, who lived before the year 1080, is the first recorded ancestor. The majestic castle of Liunley, in the 2 LUP parish of Chest er-le- Street, co. Durham, from which the family received their name, is still the chief abode of the Earl of Scarborough, the representative of the house. When King James I., in 1603, visited Lumley Castle, Dr. James, Bishop of Dur- ham, wishing to do honour to his friend John, Lord Lumley, gave his majesty a prolix account of his family ; but the monarch, having little taste for such de- tails, and growing weary, cut him short with the remark : " Oh, mon, gang na farther ; let me digest the knowledge I ha' gained, for I did na ken Adam's name was Lumley !" Proud of their pedigree, it is not a matter of surprise that the phrase The Lofty Lumleys was applied to this f amity. The Limileys of Bradfield, baronets, (extinct 1771) descended from Dominigo Lomelin, an Italian by birth, and of the bedchamber to Henry VUL, who com- manded and maintained at his own charge a troop of horse, at Boulogne, for the use of the King. His successors anglicised their name to Lumley. LU:MSDAL^rE. See Lumsden. LL^]\[SDEX. " An ancient manor in the parish of Coldingham, Berwickshire, be- longing to a family of that name so early as the reign of David I. The ancient jieel of Lmnsden (see Peel) probably occupied the site of the present farm-house of East Lumsden ; but in the XIY, cent, the family removed their abode to Blanerne, on the banks of the Whitadder, where its picturesque remains still exist," Imp. Gaz. Scotl. The sumame is first found in a charter between 1166 and 1182. B.L.G. LUXD. Lund is a well-known bishop's see and uuiversity in Sweden. A family of this name settled in Yorkshire from Nurem- burg in the XVI. century. See Lunn. LUXDUS^. A place in Fifeshire, which in ancient times belonged to the family. LUXDY. 1. The island in the British Channel. 2. The Fr. Lundi, i.e, Monday. LUXGLEY. The same as Longley. See LoxG. De Lungeley. H.E, co, Suffolk. LUXHUXTER. One who hunts aZ?m,- but what species of game that may be bafdes my inquiry. See however Eng. Sum. i. 110, for some guesses on the subject. LUXX. A corruption of Lund. There are several localities so called in Lanca- shire and Yorkshire. LUXXIS. Probably a corruption of Londonoys, which see. LUXSFORD. A manor in the parish of Echingham, co. Sussex, which, accord- ing to genealogists, belonged to the family in tlie reign of Edward the Confessor. The name was originally De Lundresford. LUPTOX. A township in AVestmore land. i LUX LUSBY. A parish in Lincolnshire. LUSCOMBE. An estate near Dawlish, CO. Devon, which helonged to the family, and was their residence temp. Henry V. and probably much earlier, as the name of Hugh de Luscombe occurs in that county, 9. Edward I. LUSTY. Stout, valorous. LUSTYBLOOD. Shakspeare uses 'blood' in the sense of dispoxition, and we still say hot, or cold, l)looded, in the same sense. A brave or valorous fellow. LUTHER. As an English surname probably a corruption of the gi-eat northern name Lowtlier. It may however be identical with the Teutonic Luther, Lothaire, Lothario, &c. One of the Saxon kings of Kent was a Lothere. LUTMAN. 1. A Sax. lutajL, to stoop or bow ; O.E. lut and hut, the same — a man who stoops in his gait. 2. A Sax. lotman, a pirate. 3. A pilot ; see Richardson, in voc. LUTOX. A parish in Bedfordshire. LUTTLEY. Luttley is in the parish of Enfield, in Staffordshire, and Philip de Luttley was lord thereof in the 20th year of Edward I. Hence the Luttleys of Shropshire, and those of Herefordshire, now Barneby. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. LUTT.MAXX. See Lutman. The ex- tinct family of this name, formerly located at Idehurst and Sparr, in the parish of Wisborough Green, co. Sussex, anciently wrote themselves Lutemarcq)re or Lute- maresj)e alias Lirtemanespe. These spellings occur in undated deeds ; but in the reign of Edw. IIL the name had settled down to Lutma', i.e. Lutman. The seal attached to all the earlv charters of the familv is l@ S. WILL" D-LVTHMARSPE, from which it would appear that some local name, whatever its ancient form, had be- come corrupted into Luttman. Inf. H. F. Kapper, Esq. LUTTRELL. A Xorman family, who are found in England soon after the Conquest. In the reigns of Henry I. and Stephen, Sir John L. held in capite the manor of Hoton- Pagnel, co. York. The name is probably derived from a diminutive form of the French hiutrc, an otter. LUTWIDGE. Ludovicus (Louis) has been suggested as the origin of this name ; but the second syllable may be a corrup- tion of «•«•/<, and thus it may be of local origin. LUTWYCHE. See Lutwidge. LUXFORD. The Luxfords of Sussex bear arms closely approximating to those of the very ancient fiimily of Lunsford of the same county, of whom, according to tradi- tion, they are a branch. i^" LY. A termination — another form of Ley or Lee. See Lee. It is to this source 3 LYO that we owe the adverbial-lookmg sur- names which Mr.Clark has thus brought together : — " First — Wisely, Bodily, and Barely, Ai-e names we only meet ^rith rai-ely ; And so with Evily, Rashly, Lightly, Each is a name we know hut slightly ; Meanly, Softly, Slowly, Quickley, Basely, Roughly, Loosely, Weakley, Neatly, Cleverly, and Duly— A curious list of Surnames truly." Surnames Metrically Arranged, dx. LYALL. Perhaps the same as Lisle ; perhaps O. Fr. loijall, loyal. LYDDEKER. A Dutch family who settled in our American colony (Long Is- land) in or before IGo-t. At the outbreak of tiie American war, the representative espoused the British cause, settled in England, and founded the family here. LYDDOX. A parish in Kent— Lydden. LYDE. An extinct parish in Hereford- shire. LYDIARD. Several parishes, &c., in co. Somerset. LYE. See under lee. LYELL. A corruption of De L'Isle, through Liel and Lyle. LYFORD. A chapelry in Berkshire. LYGO. The same as Lithgow, Linlith- gow. LYHART A modification of Le Hart. Walter, 29th bishop of Norwich, U46— 1472, was variously written Hart, Le Hert, and Lyhart. LYLE. The same as Lisle. LYJNUJER. See Limber. LYMBERXER. A limeburner. Nonse. 1341. LYXCH. See Linch. Several gentry families of this name reside in cos. Galway and Mayo. They are descended from the settlers known as the tribes of Galway. In a document in Ulster's office, William le Petit is said to have been the ancestor of the Lynch family in Ireland. B.L.G. LYXDE. See Lind. LYXDOX. A parish in Rutland. LYXDSEY. See Lindsay. LYXE. A parish in Peebles-shire ; an estate near Xewdigate, co. Surrey ; and rivers in cos. Peebles, Devon, and Fife. LYXER. H.R. Le Lyner. A maker of lines or cords ? LYXX. See Lin. Also the town in Norfolk. LYXXELL. Perhaps the baptismal name Lionel. LYOX. 1. Lord Strathmore's family descend from John de Lyon, who obtained from King David II. baronies and lands in the shires of Perth and Aberdeen. 2. See Lion. "A whilom student at Trin. Coll., DubUn, a great fop, got the sobriquet of Dandy-Lyon, wluch greatly MAB annoyed him. To his high gratification he afterwards became possessed of an estate, together with the name of Winder ; hut the change of name was hardly a change for the better, as he immediately became known throughout the university as Beau- Winder !" LYONS. Not from the great French city, but from the small town of Lions-la- Foret, in the department of the Eure in Normandy. LYS. This name has a very remarkable and somewhat romantic origin. After the death of Joan of Arc, her previously humble family were ennobled, by Charles VII. in 1429, and had a grant of the following emblematical coat of arms : — " Azure be- tween two fleurs-de- lys, Or, a sword, in pale, point upwards, supporting an open crown, fleur-de-lyse Or." Inconsequence of this distinction, the family assumed the name of Du Lys d'Arc. The last of the race in France is believed to have been Colombe du Lys, Prior of Coutras, who died in 1760; but the family still exist in England. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, among the numerous refugees who settled in this country, was a Count Du Lys, who fixed his abode in Hampshire. " His eldest male descendant, and, as I believe," says Mr. Sneyd, in Notes and Queries, vol. vii., p. 295, " the representative of the ancient and noble family of Du Lys d'Arc, derived from a brother of the Maid of Orleans, is the Rev. J. T. Lys, Fellow of Exeter College, whose ancestors, after the period of their settle- ment in England, thought proper to drop the foreign title, and to curtail their name to its present form." LYSAGHT. Presumed to be an old Irish Christian name, as Lord Lisle's family 204 M A C claim descent from the great house of O'Brien. LYSLEY. The family were seated for centuries in Yorkshii-e. They are " a brancli of the great family of Lisle, de- scended from Radulphus de Lisle (De Insula) at the time of the Conquest." B.L.G. LYSONS. This family, who have been for many generations established in co. Gloucester, are said to have migrated thither from Wales. In the XVI. century the name was written Lysans, Leyson, and Lison. It was probably derived from Lison, a place in the department of Calva- dos, in Normandy. LYSTER. See Lister. LYSTOR. See Lister. LYTE. A.-Sax. hjt, little— referring pro- bably to the stature of the bearer. A good Chaucerian word. The Poor Parson is de- scribed in the Canterbury Tales (Prologue 493, &c.), as a zealous visitor of his ilock :— " Wyd was his parisch, and houses fer asondur, But he ne lefte not for reyn ne thondur, In siknesse ne in mesclieif to vlsite The ferrest in his parlsshe moche and lite." i.e. the most remote members of his parish, whether great or small. LYTEMAN. A man of diminutive stature, a little man. See Lyte. LYTTELTON. See Littleton. LYTTLETON. The name is derived from a place in the Vale of Evesham, co. Worcester, where the ancestors of this family, in the female line, were seated before the reign of Richard I. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. LYVET. Eight places in Normandy are called Li vet. M. J3J.ABB. A 'nurse-name' of Abraham. MABBETT. See Mabbott. MABBOTT. A 'nurse-name' of Abra- ham, through Mabb. MABBS. See Mabb. MABE, A parish in Cornwall. MABERLEY. MA.BERLY. Probably the same as Moberley. MABIN. Perhaps from St. ]\Iabyn, a parish in Cornwall, or perhaps the personal name — the same as that borne by the saint to whom the parish was dedicated. r MAC-, a well-known prefix of surnames of Celtic origin, signifying ' son of, ' and therefore cognate with the AjJ- of Welsh, the I'itz- of Anglo-Norman, and the -Son of English surnames. In England and other countries of Europe the great staple of family names is de- rived from a territorial source, but among the Celts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, the surname was almost uniformly that of the father or some ancestor, with a prefix. In Ireland 0, (formerly va) grandson or descendant, is the ordinary prefix, and the O's bear the proportion of ten to one to the MAC 205 MAC Mara. In Scotland the case is re- versed, and while there are said to be only three indigenous surnames in 0, there are many hundreds of Macs. See art. 0' in this Dictionary. By the kindness of correspondents ■who have made collections of surnames with this prefix, I am enabled to lay before the reader a nearly complete list of them — nay, it may rather be called redundant, since in many instances two or more variations of a name have been made through ignorance among the lower classes of the people. This is especially the case when the name which follows the Mac begins with a vowel, and the c is tacked on to the beginning of the same name. In this way Mac Alpine, Mac Allan, and Mac Leod have become Mac Calapine, Mac Callan, and Mac Cloud, to the total confusion of kiudi-ed and etymology. I am told that near kinsmen sometimes vary their common patronymic so much that none but themselves would imagine that they were of a common stock ; thus a Mac Crie might be uncle, and a ilac Craw, cousin, to a Mac Rae. In printing these names in Mac, therefore, I am anxious to guard against their being all received as genuine surnames, and the lists, having never been subjected to any critical inquirj', must be regarded rather as a curiosity than as the veritable nomenclature of a large body of British subjects. The principal names in ilAC, such as those of Clans, will receive each a separate notice in the body of the work. As before intimated, a very large proportion of those here given, en masie, are borne by the lowest of the Celtic people, and possess no historical interest. Some, on the other hand, have always been associated with wealth and worldly respectability : while a few are obviously English names to which Mac has been prefixed from mere caprice, or from a desire of assimilation to the Celtic race. I print the lists as I have received them ; they are far from being strictly alphabetical. The first list, collected by Lord Stair, and privately printed by his Lordship, is entitled " Seven Hundred Specimens of Celtic Aristocracy, or Almach's Ex- traordinary." Mac Analty Anaspie Mac Adam Adams Adie Afee Aire Ainsh Alaster Alister Allister All Allan Alleney Alley Alpine Alia Andrew Ara Ardel Arly Arthur Art Aranas Asey Askill Aulay Auley Aully Auliffe Auslan Mac Clumper Aughtrie Clumpha Aually Cleish Bain Cloy Bauey Clure Barr Clarens Bamet Clarence Bay Clintock Bayne Clue Bean Cloud Beath Claiy Beth Clencham Binney Cluskie Blane Clune Brair Chrystle Braardy Clung Brayne Cavius Brj-de Carroughan Brain Colla Buchan Colly Burnet Condack Burnie Conkey Cabe Connechy Caflrae Conochie Caig Combie Call Comish Callan Come Calley Collom Callum Coid Caiman Coan Camon Coard Cammon Colgan Can Coll Cann Council Cance Comb Caud Connal Cauch Conchie Calagh Comas Cape Commisky Candlish Correl Calmont Corkle Camunt Corry Carten Cormick Cartv Comiack Cartiiy Cord Camb Cool Cambridge Cook Carlie Corkindale Cardie Corkindle Carter Cosh Cargill Coul Cartney Coughtrie Carron Court Carroll Cowat Cash Coy Caskill Comick Caskie Creery Casland Craw Casse Crea Catan Crie Cay Croric Chie Cririe Che}-ne Crow Clelland Crindle Clenachan Creagh Clean Creight Cleary Cracken Climont Crossan Clymont Creery Clavertv Croben Clevert^ Crone Chlery Crane Clew Creath MAC 206 MAC Mac Cririck Mac Fayden Mac Gregor Mac Keen Cready Courtie Fadzean Griggor Keachie Faggan Grouther Kell Cunn Farlane Grougar Keen Cuaig Farlan Groth Kechuie Culla Fall Grau Kellar Culloch Farquhar Graw Keigh Cullagh Cully Cull Feat Graddie Kendrich Fedzean Guire Kelekan Fee Gubbon Kelvie Cullifle Fie Guffog Kenny Curry Figgans Gusty Kellau Cutclieon Finlay Guirk Kennedy Cullich Frederick Guffy Kenewaie Cummia Gachen Gue Keown Curdy Cue Gane Guiness » Kessock Gaun Gutcheon Kenzie Cubbin Garr Guiggan Kengie Curdle Garvie Gudzeon Kerchar Curtin Gakey Guinness Kerrigan Clullich Gany Gragh Kerrow Columb Ganston Goveny Kersy Conch Gaffie Geliatly Kenna Cumming Caw Gaw Gavaran Goldrick Hale Kerrell Kerras Corv'ille Garry Hahan Kerracher Chattie Gavily Harg Kergo Cleet Gavin Hardie Kerlie Caa Gauran Hardy Kersie Crochan Garrighan Haffie Kerrachee Dannell Garva Hattie Keson Dermot Gechie Harrie Kewan Diarmaid Geachan Heather Keogh Dermid Giehan Henry Kennoway Dead George Hendrath Kart Donald Gee Houl Kid Donnell Getterick Houlgh Kibbin Douough Geehan Hugh Kie Donagh Dowale Geachy Geoch Hutchen Ian Killy Killan Douall Genn Ilree KiUop Dougall Gettigan Ilveen Kimm Dowell Gibbon Ilquhan Kin Dougald Gilchrist Ilwraith Kinnis Dona Gill Ilroy Kinlay Divett Gilliwie Ilpheedan Kinnon Duff Gilray Ilhose Kimmon Dollan Gilnary Ilvaue Kiclian Dade Ginn Ildowni Killykelly Eagar Gilp Ildowie Kinnel Eachan Gilligan Ilwrac Kiuvine Earchan Gillicuddy Inroy Kintock Eachern Gillendrish Innes Kintosh Eachirn Ging Indoe Kindlay Elmail Gillivray Indie Kinstry Elsauder Ginty Innalty Kinney Elroy Garrity Inarty Kinder Elvaine Glashan Innish Kinnimont Eldery Elrevy Glashon Intosh Kinimie Glaughn Ilwee Kissack Edward Glew Isaac Kirdy English Glinghy Ivor Kilterick Enermy Gitrick Jannet Koen Enta Ghees Kain Kve Eniry Enau Ghie Kane Knight Gowran Kandy Kutcheon Evath Goun Kail Kreth Evers Gown Kaig ^^' Ewan Gough Kardy Kus Ewing Gonogil Kay Koskray Evily Gowan Key Kown Ewm Gra Kean Lachlan Ewen Grath Keand Lain MAC 207 MAC [ac Laine Mac Monzies Lane Menzies Lagan Morrice Laggan Mullin Laudsborgh Muklroch Lae Muldrochan Lardy ]\Iunor Lara Murdoch Laren Murdie Laui-in Murtrie Larty Murchie Latchie Murray Laws Murrich Lay Murrough Lauchlan Murdo Laverty Muragh Lawrie Murty Lean Muun Leane Nab Leay Nabe Leliose Nair Lennan Naghten Lerie Nally Leish Nalty Leod Namara Lennon Namee Letchie Nance Lea Nell LearLuck Neel Levy Neil Lellan NeiU Learmont Neale Leroy Nee Lintv Nees Liver Neish Lintock Neay Loughlin Nay Looney Neight Ludock Nerlie Lullich Nerney Lurg Neilie Lure Nemany Lurcan Nie Lurken Night Luekie Nitie Machan Nish Mahone Niven Main Nichol Macy Nielage Mananiy Noe Manus Noah Manchan Nolty JIaran Naught Martin Naughten Master Nanbourg Masli Nully Math Neece Menemy Neilledge Meikan Omie Jleiking Ornish Meekiug Ohoy Michael Onie Millan Ord Min Ostrich Mine Owan Minn Owat Millie Parian Monagh Parlen Monnies Phail Morine Phadraig Morland Phadyen Morran Phee Morrissy Plicchy Mac Pherson Phearson Phie Phiely Philimy Phion Phun Quae Quaich Quaker Quater Quaide Quarrie Quhae Quillen Quin Queen Quiston Quaig Quown Eae Raild Raith Eabbie Eeath Eeary Eedie Eerie Eeddie Eitchie Eobie Eobbie Eobert Eon Ronald Eory Eostie Eow Eorie Euer Shane Sheny Sherry Skean Mac Skimming Sparran Spirron Sporran Sween Sweeny Sjanon Symond Swiggan Taggart Tavish Taverty Tear Togue Told rough Tornish Turk Tyer Ure A^eagh Vean Vey Vicar Vie Vigors Vitie Viester Voddich Vorrich Vurrich "Walter Ward Waters Weeny WTiea Whaunell ^lieble What A\liii-tcr William Whinnie Whine Whan WTieelan Since this list was printed, Lord Stair has collected the following additional Macs : — Mac Avenny Mac Coggie Alexander Crumlish Almond Cavill Angus Christian Adoo Christie Alavy Cardie Alava Coghlans ■ Aodh Condecky Artley Constantine Auck Conghie Awee Coraskin Beolain Clenchie Breer Coi-man Brairdy Coral Brodie Cluachan Breny Craghe Boyd Condie Brier Caughey Culdridge Casscy Calme Crachan Creak Cray Chave Crailte Camlay Crath Canelue Crain Com ore Crinimon MAC 208 MAC Crinsau Mac Hhone Crochert 11 my Cual Hivee Crohon Ilriach Culinan Hvain Cueish Ilwhannell Crorty Ihvrich Duffie Ihvrath Dungal Hwham Duach Hvaine Dunlevy Indoer Demiit Intaggart Diarmid Inatty Elharau Inturner Ethelan Indulf Eveny Intyre Elhalten Ilheron Farren Iver Favur Ilroid Ferran Jerrow Fedris Jan Fedrees lAirkin Fion Leisle Ferchary Lorimer Gaan Mouran Grady Malcolm Gahey Michan Gladery Mirref Garrigle Maky Gorrane Murter Gufferty Murtor Gaskine Murgh Googan Nain Gawen Nanny Geraugbty Ness Gilcolingain Nier Gilcom Orm Glattery Owen Glue Oubrey Gin Pake Gurk Phadan Gillon Quilton Graither Eath Gildownie Re Gille Eeuric Gonagh Eeynold Gillegannan Sorlie Gilriach Stai-vick Gormigal Sorley Gleish Shine Gradie Swan Gorigan Target Gowran Tellicca Gorren Tier Gawne Thole Grotty Vain Gottigan Vane Gruther Vayne Gravie Veal Garnet Veall Gard Vial Gillipatrick \Mianey Hamlan AVhinnan Hallan Wvr Hendrie Wall Hir Wren Howie Wilson Houston Patrick Boyle, Esq., of Shewalton, N.B. has kindly supplied the following : — Mac Aldowny Mac Avoy Atavey Amond Mac Acy Alvaney Bey Birney Bride Broom Boyle Bratney Cafferty Calder Calie Calla Callapin Candle Cane Caysher Caul Causland Cerran Cliesney Clarney Clasky Clauchrie Clay Clcmaud Clement Clishoe Clive Clounan Closkie Clowelle Cluney Clurken Cole CoUum Colm Combe Common Commava Comachie Coory Corrie Corquodale Coslin Cowie Crackan Creadie Croarie Cromlish Crosky Crotchart Crumie Cubbing Cullum Cumsky Cuue Daniel Dorwick Dymont Egan Ellieran Elhiney Enteer Entire Ewney Erlane Fadon Fare Farland Fedries Garrock Gary Gavel Mac Gaver Geary Gechan Gerrand Gildowny Gilvray Ginnis Given Gladery Glasson Glover Gorrane Gowrlich Govern Grady Gruthar Guckin Guigham Gnugill Gurk Gooch Goran Grain Haig Hallam Hay Hutchison Heffey Inalty II wain II way Innany In tee Irvine Karness Katchner Keavitt Kee Keeser Keever Keillar Kellop Ken Keunan Keuon Keustry Killigni Kew Killiam Kimmont Kiudry Kintry Kinty Kuiven Kippen Kune Kegg Kessack Kittrick Larnon Leroth Lees Lrmont Lise " Loug Lozen Lue Lugash Lusky Mahon ]\Ieeken Meekan Michan MAC 209 M A C Mac Quat Qiiee Quilken Quillan Quigan Quoid Quoin Quorn Ea Ruvie Seveny Swayed Sliddell Swinev Taldrock Vale Tea Watt Mac Mann Mathy Meel Mordie Mulkin Nellan Neven Nicholas Nider Niece Ninch Norton Nutty Oubray Onehy Peak Philips Quade :MAC ADA:M. The :M.'s, of Waterhead, CO. Ayr. claim descent from the head of the clan Macgregor : but the name was changed, early in the XVI. centurj-, from Macgregor to Macadam, in consequence of political troubles. B.L.G. The Macadams of Blackwater, co. Clare, who settled in Ireland temp. Jas. I., from Galloway in Scotland, were formerly called M'Cullum. Ibid. MAC ALASTER. Traced by the MS. of 1450 to Alaster, a son of Angus Mor, Lord of the Isles, A.D. 1284. Alaster is a Gaelic form of Alexander. Skene. B.L.G. LLA.C ALPIXE. Said to be descended from Alpin, a Scottish king of the VIII. cent. The ancient name of the Clan Mac- gregor. ]MACARTXEY. The ancestor was a younger son of the M'Carthy More, of co. Cork, who went to Scotland to assist King Eobt.Bruce,and obtained lands in co.Argjle, and afterwards at Macartney, in Galloway. Hence the M."s of Scotland, and of Ireland, ■whither a branch returned in 1630. Burkes L.G. MAC AULAY. (Clan Aula). Long con- sidered to have been derived from the old Earls of Lennox, and to have got their name from Aulay son of Aulay, who appears in Ragman Roll ; but Skene asserts that they were of the family of De Fasselane. who at a later period succeeded to that earldom. Dr. Hume suggests quite a different origin, from Olav, the Scandinavian name, thus — Mac Olav, Mac Aulif. ilacauley. Ulster Joum. of Archa?olog)', No. 21. MAC BETH. Gael. Mac-Beathag. The son of Rebecca. MAC CALMAX. Gael. "The son of the Dove." MAC CA^'XOX. A corruption of Mac- kinnon. MAC CARTHY. Those of Desmond are named from Carrthach, a warlike an- cestor who flourished in the XI. cent. O'Donovan in I.P.J. MAC CASKILL. Gael. Mac Casgeal (pron. Caskil). " The son of the WTiite Foot!" MAC CAUSLAND. Busy Auselan, son of O'Kyan, king of Ulster, to avoid the fury of the Danes, passed into Scotland, A.D. 1016, and joined the forces of king Mal- colm II. His descendant, the baron Mac Auslane, was one of the colonists of Ulster temp. Jas. VI. and the family still flourish in Ireland as Mac Causlands. See B.L.G. MACCLELLAX. Gael. ^Mac-a-ghllle- dhiolan (pron. Mac-il-iolan.) " The"son of the Bastard." INIAC CLIXTOCK. The M.'s, originally of Scotland, have been settled in Ireland from temp. Elizabeth. B.L.G. MAC CLOUD, leod. A corruption of Mac- MAC COXKEY. A corruption of Mac Connochie. MAC COXXOCHIE. The same as Mac Donnacha — the son of Duncan. MAC CORKIS^DALE. Gael. Mac- Cork-a-daal. " The son of Core or Cork of the Dale, or valley." Core is an ancient Gaelic personal name. MAC COSKER. Mac Oscar, Ossian's heroic son. In co. Wexford it is sometimes pronounced Cosgar, and thence anglicized to Cosgrave. MAC DARBY. See Diarmuid. MAC DERMOT. Assumed from Dermot, anancestor, but ofthe family ofO"Malroni. 0"Donovan in I.P.J., 36.5. The surname was assiuned in the XI. cent. B.L.G. MAC DIARMID. See Diarmuid. ^L\C DOGALL. In general derived from Dogall, eldest son of Somerled, a great Highland chief of the XII. cent. Skene. MAC DOX'ALD. The clan Macdonald is certainly one of the oldest and most im- portant in Scotland, its chiefs being des- cended from Somerled, thane of Argjle, but sometimes styled King of the Isles, who flourished in the XII. cent. MAC DOXXELL. Descended from Donald, Lord of the Isles, a common an- cestor of the Earl of Antrim. This branch has been settled in co. Clare for more than two centuries. ^lAC DOUGALL. See Macdogall. IMAC DOWALL. The same as Macdou- gall. MAC DUFF. Shakspeare's iSIacduffhas a true historical basis. See under Duff. MAC DUFFIE, (or Macphee.) The M 's of Colonsay are ofthe same Uncage as Macgregor and Mackinnon. MACE. Originally Mace, a French ' nurse-name' for Matthew. MACEFIELD. IMaresfield, a parish in Sussex, is sometimes thus corruptly pro- nounced. MAC EYOY. Mac Aodh-buidhe or the Mac Evoys are mentioned by O'Brien as M A C 210 chiefs of Tuath-Fiodhbhuidhe, in Queen's CO., and O'Heerin thus refers to them — " The ancient coiintiy of Fighbrugh of the fair lands, Is a good lordsliip for a chieftain. The clan Mac Evoy are its inheritors, The yellow-haired host of hospitality." B.L.Ct. MAC EWAN. (ClanEoghannaHoitreic, or clan Ewen of Otter, whose castle was on the coast of Lochfiue.) Descended from a common ancestor with the Maclachlans. Skene. MACEY. 1. From Macei near Avranches in Normandy. 2. Maci is also an old Norman form of Matthew. ]M ACE ADZE AN. Properly Mac Fad- yean. (Gael. Mac-Fad-Ian.) " The son of Long John." MAC FARLAN. (Clan Pharlan.) Des- cended from Gilchrist, a younger brother of Malduin, Earl of Lennox, whose great- grandson named Pharlan, the Gaelic for Bartholomew, surnamed the clan. Skene, ii. 155. MAC GILL or MAGILL. The son of Goll, an Ossianic name. MAC GILLEVRAY. The son of Gille- bride. But see next article. MAC GILLIVRAY. Mac-Gille-Bhrae (pron. Vrae) " The son of the Lad of the ' brae ' or eminence." So say the Gaelic etymologists, whom it is a sin for a Southron to call in question ; and it must therefore pass. A bme is the side of a hill. MAC GILLYCUDDY. A sept of the O'SuUivans, descended from O'Sullivan- More, who gave one of his sons a third part of his chieftainry, and thereuijon the latter received the name of Gillycuddie, which is interpreted to mean " the little boy of the portion." The chief alone bore this remarkable name up to the wars of 1641, when the whole sept adopted it as a sur- name. B.L.G. MAC GREGOR. This clan is deduced from Gregor, or Gregorius, 3rd son of Alpin, a Scottish monarch of the VIII. cent., who was named after his godfather, Pope Gregory IV. It is often modified to Greer and Greerson. MAC GUILLAN. Considered to be equivalent to Mac-Llewellyn. See Howlyn. MAC HEATH. Head or Hed was a Scottish comes, temp. David I., and his son Angus was the first of the Mac Heds or Mac- heaths. Skene, ii. 103. MACHELL. At Crakenthorpe, co. West- moreland, temp. Norman Conquest. The name has been variously written Mauchffil, Malchael, Mauchell, and Machell, and latinized Malus Catulus, — " tJw good-for- nothing Puppy r a very uncomplimentary designation, but very quietly submitted to by the bearers, as appears from many a charter in which it occurs. MACHEN. A parish in INIonmouth- shire. Perhaps the same as Machin. MAC MACHIN. Perhaps a corruption of Meschines. MAC IAN. Of Ardnamurchan. From John, a son of Angus Mor. Skene, ii. 94. Mac Ian or Macdonald of Glenco. From John, son of Angus Og, Lord of the Isles. Ibid. The name means the son of John, and is sometimes anglicised to Johnson, but is of course distinct from Johnston, a local name. MAC INNES. Gael. Mac-Aonghais (pron. Mac-Aonais.) " The son of J^neas or Angus." Skene says : — a Flemish family settled in the Highlands, XII. cent. MAC INTAGART. Gael, 'son of a Priest.' The second recorded Earl of Boss is called Ferchard Macintagart. MAC INTOSH. The first who appears in records is Malcolm M., steward of Loch- aber in 1447. Skene, ii. 179. But after- wards, at p. 193, he speaks of Macintoshes in 139G. Burke (L.G.) deduces them from Slieagh, or Shaw, second son of Duncan Macduff, third Earl of Fife, who acquired the designation of Mac-in-tosh-ich, or " the Thane's son." MAC INTYRE. Gael. Mac-antaoir. " The son of the Carpenter." This Gaelic name corresponds with the Irish Mactear, which see. MAC IVOR. Gael. Mac-Ian-Mohr. (pron. Mac-Ia-vor.) "The son of Big John." MACK. A very ancient Scotch personal name ; also a Scottish adjective — neat, tidy. MAC KAY. Skene observes, that "there are few clans whose true origin is more un- certain than that of the Mackays," ii. 287. Some derive them from the family of Forbes, CO. Aberdeen, otliers from tliat of Mackay of Ugadale in Kintyre, and assert that they were planted in the North by William the Lion, when he took possession of Orkney and Caithness. Skene however believes them to be of Gaelic origin and indigenous to Caithness. The old form of the name is Mac Aaiodh (Aoi) ' the son of Hugh,' or, as others say, ' the son of the Guest.' The history of this clan is fully detailed in Mackay's House and Clan of Mackay, Edinburgh, 1829. MAC KENNAN. MACKENNA. KENNA. Known corruptions of Mackin- non in Ulster. MACKENZIE. 'The son of Keneth.' The family boast of their descent from the great Anglo-Norman race of Fitz-Gerald in Ireland in the XII. cent. ; but Skene says they are of unquestionably Gaelic origin. A modem genealogist, espousing the former opinion, says that the Craig-Hall Mackenzies " were scions of the same parent stock with the house of Fitz-Gerald Earls of Desmond, and were seated on their patrimonial possessions in the district of MAC Kyle, on the south-westem frontier of Scot- land. Their relationship to the Fitz Geralds and their ownership of the lands of Craig, about A.D. II. JO. are both established by a deed which I have seen in the Coult- hart collection, sans date, but which from the caligraphy could not have been executed subsequently to the XII. centurj', wherein it appears that one David Mackenzie bor- rowed from his blood-relation, John, lord of Ducies and Desmond, two hundred marks, to assist in fortifying Craig Castle against the freebooters of those times." Knowles's Coulthart Genealogy. London, 1855. ]\IACKERELL. Walter the Deacon, a Domesday tenant-in-chief in Essex and Sutfolk, left two sons, one of whom was "Walter, surnamed Mascherell, a sobriquet, probably having reference to some pecu- liarity in his mode of eating. The omission of the S. and the hardening of CH, would form Macherel and Mackerell. MAC KERRELL. Ancient in Ayrshire, and presumed to be of Xorman origin. The variations are Kirriel, Kirel, and Kirrel ; and the surname also exists in Sweden. B. L.G. It seems to be the same as Caryll in England, the MAC having been MACKEY. See Mackay. IMACKIE. See Mackay. MAC KILLIGIX. Gael. Mac-GUle- Gaun. " The son of the Scrubby Fellow !"' This on the authority of an excellent Gaelic scholar. MAC KES'XOX. They are closely con- nected with the ^lacdonalds of the Isles, and have no historj- independent of that clan. Skene, ii. 259. Ultimately however they became a distinct clan. Burke (L.G.) derives them from Fingon. youngest son of Alpin, king of Scotland. The name Mactingon became afterwards Macfinden, and then Mackinnon. :^L\CKIXTOSH. See Macintosh. MAC KIRDY. The IM'Kurerdys were the principal possessors of the Isle of Bute at a very early period. B.L.G. JklACKLIN. 1. A corruption of Mac Lean, or of Mecklin in Belgium. 2. Dutch, te Mechelen; at or of Malines. MACKXYGHTE. From Knowles's Geuealog)- of Coulthart (privately printed 1855) this seems to be a local name. It is stated that the Macknyghtes of that Ilk, in the regality of Galloway, possessed the lands of Macknvghte fi-om the time of Uchtred de Macknyghte, A.D. IIU, to 1408. when an heiress conveyed the estate to the family of Ross. MACKRELL. MACKRn.L. See Mackerell. ]^IACKAV0RTH. A parish in Derby- shire, the residence of the family at an early period. 211 MAC JNIAC LACHLAX. The clan Lachlan or Maclachlan. possessed the barony of Strath- lachlan in Argyleshire. The patriarch of the family was Lachlan Mor, who lived in the XIII. cent. B.L.G. Traced to Gilchrist, grandson of Auradan, the common an- cestor of all the clans of tliis tribe. Skene. :MACLAIXE. See Maclean. MAC LAURIX. Gael. Mac Glon-in (pron. Mac-Lorin.) " The son of the blear- eyed, or of him who has oiie white eye!" MAC LEAN. Originally Macgillean. From a celebrated Highland warrior, Gil- lean-in-Tuiodh, or Gillean of the Battleaxe. B.L.G. Gaelic etymologists say,JVac-fl- gldlle-leathan — '"the son of the Broad Ladl" MAC LEXX'AX. Gael. Mac-Leannan. " The son of the Concubine." MAC LEOD. Leod, the patriarch of this Highland family, settled in Skye from the Isle of Man. BoswelTs Tour. Others have strenuously argued for a Norwegian des- cent ; but for this there is no authority. The clan Leod are of common descent with the Campbells, and, by marriage with a daugh- ter of Macraild. one of the Norwegian nobles of the Isles, they obtained great possessions in Skye. Skene, ii. 275. MAC LURE. Gael. Mac Lobhair (pron, Mac Lour). The son of the Leper. MAC MAHOX. Mahon is the old Irish for a bear, and some genealogists, apparently on the strength of this, derive the Mac Mahons from Walter Fitz-Urse {Uisi filius) one of the assassins of Thomas a Becket. MAC MAX^US. The son of Manus, Magnus, ' the great or renowned.' Arthur. MAC MATHAX". A branch of the Mac- kenzies formed the clan Mathan, who are descended from Mathan or Matthew, son of Keneth. The name is anglicized to Mathie- son. Skene, ii. 211. MAC ]MURXEY. Mac Moirne— an Ossianic hero. Ulster Joum. of Archteology, No. 2. MAC MURROUGH. Descendants of Murrough, father of Maelmordha, king of Leinster. O'Donovan. I.P.J., 3G5. MAC XAB. A branch of the Mac- kinnons. MACHXACHTAX. Their traditions derive them from Lochtay; but Skene is confident of their extraction from the tribe of Moray. MAC XA:\L\RA. Formerly styled INIic- Conmara. as being descendants of Cu-Mara, an Ii-ish chief of the X. cent. Cumara in Celtic means ' Hero of the Sea.' O'Donovan I.P.J. Another authority says: a great Irish family, claiming descent from Cas, king of Thomond, who flourished early in the fifth cent. The surname is derived from Con-Marra {heros marU) who died in 1099. MAG NAUGHTEX. See Macnachtan. MAC 212 ]SL\C XETLL. The house of Macneill or clan Xeill is one of the most ancient of the Western Highlands. Their chiefs, theM/s of Bara, ranked amongst the * Principesln- sularum.' who formed the council of state of the Lord of the Isles. They were di\-ided into the two great branches, Macneill of Gigha, and Macneill of Barra. the former settled in the south of Argyleshii-e, and the latter in Inverness-shire, places so remote from each other that they became prac- tically two distinct clans. B.L.G. MAC OMISH. Gael. Mac-Thomais, (pron. Omish.) The son of Thomas. MACOXOCHIE. A cadet of CampbeU, from Sir Xeil Campbell of Lochow (ancestor of the Duke of Argyle) whose descendant in the fourth degree assumed the name of Mac Conochie (Mac Duncan.) This name was limited to the heads of the family, the cadets being always Campbells. MAC PHERSOX. Kenneth Macpherson, who lived temp. Alex. III., was eldest son of Ewan, second son of Murdoch, Parson of Kingussie in Inverness-shire, and Captain of the clan Chattan. James Macpherson, the translator of Ossian, was bom at Kin- gussie. MAC QU AERIE. A clan; formerly owners of the isle of Uloa and part of Mull, [originally of the clan Alpine], but com- pelled to dependence on the Macdonalds, as Lords of the Isles. Their founder was the son of Guaire or Godfrey, brother of Fingo. ancestor of the Mackinnons. Skene, ii. 263. Gaelic etymologists say — Mac-Curraidh , (pron. Currai). " The son of the Giant.'" MAC QUEEX. A branch of the great clan Macdonald (Lords of the Isles.) This connection was recognised so lately as the year 1778, by Alexander, Lord Macdonald. The tribe or sub-clan were known as the clan Eevan. In the early part of the XV. cent., Rhoderic Dhu Eevan Mac Sweene. or Mac Queen, quitted the Isles on receiving the lands of Corrybrough, ^tc, from which period the familv have been annexed to the clan Chattan. B.L.G. MAC R AE. This ancient Highlandname, signifying the ' son of Eae,' or of Baih, i.e. " the fortunate one," has many orthogra- phies, of which Macray. Ulacraa, Macraw, M'Crie, and M'Cree are the chief. From the prevailing characteristic of the race they were called the Black Macraes. They are said to have come originally (into Scotland) from Ireland about the middle of the XIII. cent. They were allies of the Mackenzies, and a number of them fought under the Mackenzie banner at the battle of Largs. They seem never to have had a chieftain of their own. (Boswell's Tour to the Hebrides, edit. Carruthers, p. 107.) They were in considerable estimation in 1715, when there was a line of a song, '■'■And a the hrave M'Craas are coming ;"' but at the time of Dr. Johnson's visit to the Highlands they were but poorly off. '"At Auchnasheal," says Boswell, "'we MAD sat down on a green turf seat at the end of a house "We had a considerable circle about us, men, women, and children, all Macraes, Lord Seaforth's people. Xot one of them could speak English. I observed to Dr. .Johnson, it was much the same as being with a tribe of Indians." In allusion to this want of civilization, they have sometimes been called the WTLD MACRAWS. " Macrae and Macraw." ob- serves Mr. Chambers, " are but variations of the same name. This clan is said to be the most unmixed race in the Highlands, a circumstance which seems to be attended with quite a contrary effect from what might have been expected, the Macraes and Macraws being the handsomest and most athletic men beyond the Grampians^ Popular EhjTQes, ice, of Scotland, 1842. MACRAY. See Macrae. SLICRIE. See Macrae. MACREB. See Macrae. MACRAW. See Macrae. MAC SWEYN. A Hebrideau name— " certainly Norwegian, from Sueno, king of Norway." Boswell's Tour. MAC TEAR. A contraction of :MacAteer or Mac Anteer (in Irish, Mac an t'aoir.) " the son of a Carpenter." Ulster Journ. of Archaeology, No. 20. MAC TURK. Gael. Mac Tore. " The son of the Boar." IklADDERN. A parish in Cornwall. MADDERSOX. Perhaps a translation of the Welsh patron>-mic Ap Madre. Fil' Madur is found in H.E. co., Huntingdon. IMADDICK. The Welsh personal name Madoc. MADDISOX. See Madison. 2. A corrup- tion of Maddiston, a village in the parish of Muiravonside, co. Stirling. MADDOCK. MADDOX. Madoc an ancient Welsh personal name. One Ma- doch was a tenant in chief in Herefordshire at the making of Domesday. He was doubtless a Welshman by birth. ]\L\DDY. See Matthew. MADEHURST. A parish in Sussex. ]\IADELY. Parishes in Stafibrdshire and Shropshire. MADERSOX. See Madderson. MADGE. One of the many nicknames of Margaret. MADISOX. Probably Matty's, that is Matthew's, son. The MacUsons of the county of Durham were formerly known by the uncomplimentary epithet ot The Mad Madisoxs. MADLIX. Probably ilaudlin, Magda- len. See Female Christian Names. MADOCK. Madoc, the well-known Welsh baptismal name. MAI 213 M A I MADOX. The genitive form of [Madock. aiAGEOGHAX. The son of Eochagan, a celebrated chief of the O'Xeile family. See Eng. Surn. ii. CO. ]MAGGS. Probably one of the many nicknames of Margaret. See Female Christian Names. MAGGOT. II.R. Ajjparontly from Margaret. MAGILLAPATRICK. Descended from Gillapatriek, "the servant of St. Patrick," chief of Ossory. who was slain iu 995. O'Douovan in Irish Penny Journal. MAGXAVILLE. According to De Ger- ville, the commune of Magneville, t^vo leagues southward of Valognes, gave name to the ancient Earls of Essex of this sur- name. Mem. Soc. Antiq. Xormaudie, 1825. MAGXAY. :\Iost likely from one of the several places in Normandy called Magni. MAGXTJS. A well-known personal name, borne by many Scandinavian monarchs. MAGOOX. A corruption of Mac Gowan. ]\IAGOTSOX. The same as Magson. MAGSOX. Apparently one of the many derivatives of Meg, or Margaret. See Fe- male Christian Names. MAGUIRE. 1. The CO. Fermanagh was anciently the principality of the sept of Maguire, who held it for centuries after the English invasion. Lord Enniskillen was the chief of this race. B.L.G. 2. The son of Guaire, the Gaelic for Godfrey. Guaire was son of Alpin, king of Scotland. Arthur. MAHER. A modification of O Meagher or O'Maugher. An ancient Tipperary family. MAHOX. Descended according to tra- dition from the Mac Mahons, the ancient princes of Munster. At the first arrival of the English in Ireland, in the reign of Henry II., they had large possessions in that province, over which they ruled as hereditary chieftains. Courthope's Debi'ett. Mahon in Irish signifies a bear. MAHOXY. Anciently 0':Mahony, pow- erful chieftains in Munster, possessing large estates on the sea coast of Kerry and Cork. B.L.G. MAIBEX. St. Maiben is a parish in Cornwall. MAID. MAID:MAX. I cannot arrive at any satisfactorj' et}-molog)- for these names, though they may perhaps have some reference to the worship of the Virgin. iMAIDEX. A parish on the borders of Wilts and Somerset, better known as Maiden-Bradley. There is also a Maiden- Newton in CO. Dorset: and in Scotland various places bear this designation. But it would appear tliat tlie name was some- times used as a sobriquet, for in the H.K. we find one Adam Ic Maiden. MAIDMEXT. The name Maidman takes this form in the parish register of Gressage All-Saints. MAIGXY. Camden mentions this as a name introduced at the Conquest. Four places in Normandy are still called Magni. MAILER. 1. A farmer; one who has a very small piece of ground. Jamieson. A cot- tager who gets some waste land for a num- ber of years, rent-free, to improve it. Ibid. 2. Perhaps Maylor, a hundred in Flintshire. MAIX. MAIXE. MAYXE. From the French Province. MAIXWARIXG. In a MS. volume drawn up by Sir William Dugdale, and preserved at Over Peover, it is stated! that the name of this celebrated family has been spelt in the astonishing number of one hundred and thiif>/-one forms., in old records and more modem writings. Some of these may be cited as specimens : 1 . Mesnil- warin ; 2. Masnilwaren ; 3. Mensilwaren ; 4. Meisnilwaren ; 5. Meidneilwar : 6. Mei- nilwarin ; 7. Menilwarin : 8. Mesnilwarin ; 9. Mesnilgarin : 10. Meingarin ; 11. Maj-n- waringe; 12. Mainwayringe ; 13. Manwa- ringe: 14. Manwairing ; 15. Maynwaring : IG. Maynering : 17. Mannering : 18. Man- waring ; 19. Mainwariug; 20. Manwarren. The founder of the family in England was Randulphus de Mesnilwarin, who accom- panied William the Conqueror, and re- ceived from him Wanningham, Peover, and thirteen other lordships in Cheshire, together with one in Norfolk. His de- scendants spread into many branches in Cheshire, and other northern counties, and included many personages of eminence. For ample accounts of the family see Oraierods Cheshire. Inf. Eev. E. H. Main- waring Sladen. The name Mesnil-Warin signifies the Manor of Warin. — Mesnil, now written Mcnil, enters into many local names, about ninety of which are still found in the Itin. de la Normandie. Warin, Warine, or Gua- rine, was a common Christian name in Norman times ; but the particular person- age who gave name to Mesnil-Warin is lost in the mists of antiquity, and the place itself is not to be traced on the map of Normandy. MAIR. An ofiicer attending a sheriff for executions and arrests. Jamieson. Perhaps another form of Mayor. Mair. H.R. MAISEY. See INIacey. MAISH. MAISIIMAX. Local mispro- nunciations of Marsh and Marshman. MAISTER. The Maistors of Yorkshire have a tradition of descent from the family of Le Maistre in Brittany. The name is of course the O. Fr. Ic MtiUtrc, the Master. MAITLAXD. The Earl of Lauderdale's family were seated in the southern counties of Scotland as earl\- at least as the XIII. century. Their chief abode was Thirlstane in Berwickshire, but the name would ap- UAL pear to have been derived from a place in the parish of Invereslv, co. Edinburgh, called Magdalen Pans, by corruption Maitland Pans, from a chapel dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, which formerly stood there. This property continued in the family until 1710. MAJEXDIE. This famQy, of some an- tiquity in the province of Beam, quitted France in 1GG7, in consequence of the per- secution of those who professed the re- formed religion. The first settler in Eng- land was the Rev. Andrew Majendie, who fixed his residence in Devonshire about the year 1700. MAJOR. See imder Mauger. MAJORIBANKS. See Marjoribanks. MAKEPEACE. Doubtless a mediator, or as we now commonly say, a " peace- maker." The following similar surnames, now apparently extinct, are found in medi- eval records : Makejoy, Makeblisse, Make- blithe, Makehayt. MAKP^R. A parish of Cornwall, near to Plymouth. The fine seat of Mount Edge- combe is in this parish. MAKINS. MAKINSON. Supposed derivatives of the" personal name Mary. See Eng. Surn. i. 171. MALACHY. From the personal name, which was not directly derived, however, from the Hebrew prophet, but from Saint Malachy, archbishop of Armagh, who is said to have died in the arms of Saint Ber- nard, in 1148. There are many other in- stances of Christian saints bearing the'same names as the Worthies of the Old Testa- ment, and we have accordingly St. Asaph, St. David, St. Sampson, &c., &c. MALBY. Probably a corruption of Maltby. MALCOLM. Originally a personal name, signifying Maol-Cholumb, ' the Servant of Columba,' the famous saint of lona. So Maol-Jes, the true name of the old Earls of Strathern, means ' Servant of Jesus.' See cognate derivations under Gilchpist, Gos- patrick, &c. (See Anecdotes of Olave tlie Black, King of Man, by Johnstone, 1780.) " Ma vile means servant; therefore Malcolm (properly Mavile Columb) the servant of Columba ; Malbrigd, the servant of St. Bridget ; Malpatric, the servant of St. Patrick ; Malmory (Mavile Maria), the ser- vant of St. Mary." Ecclesiologist, April, 1849. This family represent "the clan Challum or Mac Galium, settled, according to the traditions of the country, from a very early period in Argyleshire." B.L.G. MALDEN. A parish in Surrey. MALEMEYNS. O. Fr. "bad hands," but whether in relation to manual de- formity, or to evil deeds, does not appear. The name is found temp. Edw. I. The similar name, Malebranche, "bad ann," is found at the same period. MAIJX. Probably from the town of Malines, in Belgium. 214 M A L IMALINES. Camden mentions this among names introduced here from the Netherlands, at the period of the Conquest. It must therefore be local, from the city of that name. MALKIX. A common diminutive of Mary. Halliwell. MALLAM. INIalham, a township in the W.R of Yorkshire. MALLARD. Local — and said to mean in Gaelic, " a high mound, hill, or emin- ence." Arthur. MALLESOX. Conjectured to be "the son of Mallet." See Mallet. MALLET. A name remarkable from its having withstood the innovations of ortho- graphy and nation, from the period when modern history is lost in obscurity. Its origin is undoubtedly Teutonic ; for we find it has arrived in England from two distinct sources, and is, strange to say, both Saxon and Norman. Of the former, the descend- ants are possibly extinct long ere this ; but their name appears in the Saxon Chronicle. And whilst the family tree has flourished with hardy vigour in its native Norway, from time immemorial to the present day, its Norman branch, constituting the great and distinguished house of Malet-de-Graville, which also occupies so prominent a place in the history of England, during the XL, XII., and XIII. centuries, and retaining the principle of undecayed vitality, has added lustre to the annals of France, by the great- ness and honours to which it attained, and by the benefits which its ser^-ices conferred on that country, from the early days of Eollo to the end of the XVI. century ; and of this, a branch also established itself in the island of Jersey, in the latter part of the reign of the Conqueror, and the name is still borne by one of the most ancient families in this "isle of long lineages," where it held a seigneurie. or lordship in capite, of the Dukes of Nonnandy, bearing its name. It is now represented by John Mallet, Esq., Robert Philip Mallet," Esq., and William Edmund Mallet, Esq., surviving sons of the late Rev. John Mallet, rector of his original ancestral parish of Grouville, in that island. This name is derived from the word mall, the northern noun for the ponderous iron mace, in the use of which the Norse-men were such dreaded and doughty adepts, and is most properly si^elt, in accordance with its derivative, with two L's, although written frequently with one only. — Contributed by W. E. Mallet, Esq. ]\IALLIXG. Parishes in Sussex and Kent. MALMESBURY. A town in Wilt- shire. M ALONE. One of the descendants of the house of O'Connor, Kings of Connaught, having received the tonsui-e in honour of Saint John, was called 3Iaol Eo'ni, "sacred or dedicated to John," which was after- wards corrupted to Malone. MALPAS. A town in Cheshire. MAN 215 MALSTER. A corruption of ^Maltster. MALTBY. Parishes and places in cos. York and Lincoln. MALTHUS. A corruption of Malt- house. MALTOX. Two parishes in York- .shire. ]MALTRA\T:RS. The name occurs in England temp. Henry I., and it was doubt- less introduced at the Nonuan Conquest, though the family were not ennobled until the reign of Edward III. It may be of local origin, and allusive to £ome " bad passage " or traject. MALTSTER. The occupation. MALVERX. Two parishes in co. ^Yor- cester. MALYOISOX. See Mauvesyn. iMALl'OX. There is a parish of St. Mel- lion in Cornwall. f^^ MAX. A very usual termination of English surnames, as Workman, Long- man, Newman, Potman, Waterman — which explain themselves. There are however some, of a local origin, which require a few remarks. In the XIII. &; XIY. centuries, many persons received family names, not from the designation, butfromthe sltuatio/i, of their residences. A plebeian, for instance, who dwelt at a grove, would be called William at the Grove, or more curtly. Wills, atte Grove. In the succeeding centuries the awk- ward attc, sometimes softened to A' was dropped, and the name became simply Grove, Grover, or Grove;«fl«. In lilce manner were formed Beckman from beck, Castleman from castle. Crouch- man from crouch, Lakeman from lake, Parkman from park, and many others. See ER. Man in 0. Fr. signifies Xorman. Kelham. And in Dutch de Man means ' the man,' heros. ^lAXATOX. A parish in Devonshire. MAXBY. A parish in co. Lincoln MAXDER. See Maunder. MAXDEVILLE. Goisfrid de M. was a Domesday chief-tenant in many counties. His descendants were the famous Earls of Essex, extinct in the XIII. century. From • a younger branch probably sprang the famous traveller, Sir John M. in the XIV. cent. In charters, De Magna Villa and De Mandavilla. Magneville is nearValognes in Noi-mandy, and there are two places called Mandeville, one near Louviers, and another in the arrondissement of Bayeux. ^LiXFRED. The old Teutonic personal name. MAXGLES. Apparently from the O. Germ, personal name Managold. MAXHOOD. A hundred in Sussex. MAXLEY. An estate in tlie parish of M A N Frodsham, co. Chester, where the family were resident from the time of Eoger Manley, who flourished in the reign of Henry IL, till the XVI. cent. The family are assumed to have been of Xorman origin, and the name is mentioned in Holinshed's list, though it was not adopted until many years after the Conquest. MAXX. This is a proper name of vast antiquity — the Maiini/s of the Teutonic mythology. Tacitus says of the Germans (cap. ii.) : They celebrate in their ancient hymns, Tuisco, the earth-bom, and his son Mannus, the originators and founders of their race : " Celebrant carminibus antiquis Tuistonem, terra editum, ct filium Mnnnuvi, originem gentis conditoresque." Hence, doubtless, our word man, homo. Once adopted as a personal name, it would naturally become a surname. In some cases, however, the name is derived from Le Man, a native of the province of Maine, analogous to Le Breton, Le Xorman. &:c. Po.ssibly also from the island in the Irish sea. See Man. iSIAXXAKAY. Perhaps a corruption of Manaccan, co. Cornwall. MAXXALL. Probably the same as Meraell. MAXXELL. Probably the same as MejTiell. MAXX^ERLS^G. A corruption of Main- waring. MAXXERS. According to Camden and other antiquaries, this noble family had their denomination from the A-illage of Mannor, near Lanchester, co. Durham. They were certainly influential in the northern counties, and Collins traces the name to a William de Manner, who flour- ished temp. William Paifus. The pedigree is deduced by him from Sir Robert de Manners, lord of Etal in Xorthumberland, several generations anterior to the reign of Henry III. MAXXERSOX. Probably a corruption of Manflerston, a place at Dunse in Scot- land. ]\IAX'XIX". See :SIanning. MAXXIXG. An ancient personal name, still seen in Manningham, Mannington, Manningtree, kc. Mr. Ferguson derives it from the 0. Xorse manningi, a brave or valiant man. ^klAX'X'IXGIIAM. A township in the W.R. of Yorkshire. MAXXIXGTOX. A parish in Xorfolk. MAXXOCK The family pretend to be of Danish original, and to have flourished in England under the Danish monarchs ; but the pedigree is traced only to temp, Edw. III. ]VLAXS. Probably Mantes, the Fr. city. MAXSBRIDGE. A hundred in Hamp- shire. MAE 216 MANSEL. " The Mansels inhabited Le Mans in France, and came over with WU- liam the Conqueror." Taylor's Roman de Eou. Talbofs Eng. Etym. But see Mansell and Maunsell. MANSELL. 1. The same as Maunsell. Mancel is without prefix in H.R. 2. Two parishes in Herefordshire bear this name. MAXSER or MAUNSER. A Xorman Christian name, latinized Manserus. MANSERGH. A chapelry in West- moreland. MAXSFIELD. A parish in co. Xotting- ham, the ancient abode of the family, temp. Henry II. Some families derive tliemselves from a German source. MAXSOX. From Man, an ancient per- sonal name. See Man and Mann. In Domesd. it is written Manessuna and Man- suna. AT A XT. The town of iMantes in France. MAXTELL. Turstinus Mantel occurs in the Domesd. of co. BucliS, as a tenant in chief. Probably a sobriquet, from the Fr. manteU, a " cloak-wearer." Mauutell. H.R. MAXTOX. Parishes in Lincoln and Rutlandshires. MAXUEL. An ancient personal name. MAXUS. The Celtic Mac Manus, sans Mac. MAXVELL. A corruption of Maude- ville. MAXWARIXG. See Mainwaring. MAPLES. An old Xorman feminine name. Ma helle, " my pretty one," is cor- rupted in the Channel Islands to Maple and Maples. MAPLESOX. The same as Mapleston. MAPLE STOX. Probably Mappleton, parishes in cos. Derby and York. MAPLEY. Mapperley, a township in Derbyshire. MARCH. A town in Cambridgeshire. Lc March is frequent in H.R. MARCHAM. A parish in Berks. ]\L\.RCHAXT. The old and more cor- rect spelling of Mercliant. Fr. marchaiul, MARCHBAXKS. A corruption of Marjoribanks, which is most vilely so pronoimced. MARCUS. The Latin form of Mark. MARCY. Probably from Marcei, a vil- lage near Argentan in Normandy. MARDEX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Here- ford. Kent, Wilts, Sussex, &c. AL^RDOX. The same as Marden. MARE. Scot. Great. MARES. Scot, from Fr. marais. A marsh. MAR MARGARET. A very common XIH. century surname. See Female Christian Names. MARGERISOX. MARJORISOX. See Female Christian Names. See also Geri- son. MARGERY. See Female Christian Names. MARGESSOX. Apparently a corrup- tion of Margerison, the son of Margaret ; but the Margessons of Offington, co. Sussex, are otherwise deduced, namely from Argen- son, a French family. John D"Argenson, living in li49. had two sons, one of whom fought at the battle of Pavia', in 1.324, and the other, Peter D'Argenson, was founder of the English branch. So says B.L.G. ; and it is added, that the Margetsons of Yorkshire sprang from that personage, which may well admit of question, for certainly D'Argenson and Margetson are not much alike. MARGETSOX. See Female Christian Names. MARGETTS. See Female Christian Names. MARGRAVE. Germ, marhgraf, an office and title of dignity, of common origin with marquis, or lord marclier — one who had charge of the frontier of the countr}'. :^L\RIXER. A sailor. Le Mariner. H.R. MARIOTT. Marietus seems to have been a personal name. In Domesd. one Alricus Marieti sune — Alric, the son of Mariet — occurs as an undertenant in many counties. See Ellis, Introd. ii. 10. De Gerville thinks it is a derivative of Mary. Eng. Sum. ii. 83. There is, however, a parish in Somerset called Merriott. See Marriott. MARJORIBAXKS. (Mis-pronounced JIarcJih(()tl:-:.) According to the genealogy of this disthiguished family, the Marjori- banks, or Majoribanks, were a branch of the Scottish Johnstones. The name is local, though I find no place now so called. The following account is from B.L.G. — " "^Vhen Walter, high steward of Scotland, and ancestor of the royal house of Stuart; espoused JIa/joris (Margaret) only daughter of Robert Bruce, and eventually heiress to the crown, the barony of Ratho was granted by the king as a marriage-portion to his daughter, by charter which is still extant, and these lands being subsequently denominated ' Terra de Marjorie-banks,' gave rise to the name of 3Iarjoribanks." MARK. :\IARKE. INLIRKES. iVLARKS. The Christian name. 1VLA.RKC0CK. A diminutive of Mark. See termination Cock. MARKET. 1. From residence at a marliet-place. 2. A contraction of Merca- tor, merchant. MAR 217 MAR MARKETMAN". An attendant at markets, or perhaps the toll-taker there. MARKIIAM. A village in Notting- hamshire, which was the residence and possession of this eminent family so early as the reign of King Henry II. MARKIN. A diminutive of Mark. ]\IARKLAXD. 1. Local ; but I find no place specifically so called. For the Anglo- Saxon system of marJis, see Kemble's Saxons in England. 2. In Scotland, a di- vision of land. Jamieson. MARKWICK. Possibly local; though, as it was spelt Mar-quicke, two centuries ago, it may have been a sobriquet, MARLAY. Perhaps from Morlaix, a town of Brittany. MARLBOROUGH. A town in Wilt- shire. MARLER. A digger of marl — analogous to Chalker.- Marl was formerly much'em- ployed as manure for land. Lc Marler. H.R. MARLEY. An estate in the parish of Battel, Sussex. MARLOW. A town and a parish in Buckinghamshire, and a township in Here- fordshire. MARMADUKE. An early personal name. MARMION. ]\L\RMIUN. A great feudal family sprung from Robert de Mar- raion, lord of Fontenay in Normandy, [which Fontenai does not appear, and there are at least eleven places so called] who came hither at the Conquest, and received from the Conqueror the castle and barony of Tamworth, co. Warwick. This personage also received the manor of Scrivelsby, co. Lincoln, in grand serjeanty, for performing the office of Champion at the coronation of the king. It is alleged thai the De Mar- mions had held the hereditary- office of champion to the Dukes of Xormandy an- terior to the Conquest. What is more certain is, that his successors, as long as the male issue continued, and after them the heritors of his blood, the Dymokes, held, and do hold, the fine old privilege of " riding, completely armed, on the day of the monarch's coronation, into Westminster Hall, there to challenge to combat any one who shall dare to oppose his title to the crown." The prefix Dc shows the local origin of the surname, but I find no place called Marmion, in Normandy. MARNER. Probably a contraction of Mariner ; there is, however, a place called Marnieres near Evreux in Normandy. MARNES. Possibly Mearns, a parish in CO. Renfrew. AL^RXEY. In 9th Edward III., Layer or Leyr-Marney, co. Essex, belonged to the famil}'. MARXHAM. A parish in co. Nott'ng- :MARQUIS. A sobriquet, probably of recent origin. MARR. a district of Aberdeenshire, which had its Earls as far back as the XI. century, and still gives the same title to the Erskines, although they have no pos- sessions there. Also a parish in Yorkshire. MARRIAN. See Maryon. IVLVRRIXER. See Mariner. MARRIOTT. A family tradition derives it from a town of the same name in Nor- mandy ; but no place in that province ap- proaching the sound or orthography is to be found. The name is, however, unquestion- ably French, and probably one of the many derivatives of the female name Mary. Mariette and Mariotte are still found as surnames in Normandy. See De Gerville, in Mem. Soc. Ant. Norm, for 1844. See also Mariott. IMARRIS. Fr. marais^ a marsh. MARROT. Probably the same as INIar- riott. MARRYAT. The same as Iklarriott. MARS. I. See under Morris for the possible origin of this name. There is, however, a place so called near Domfront in Normandy, from which the family may have originated. 2. The god of war. 3. The Fr. for the month of March. MARSDEN. Chapelries, &c., in cos. Lancaster and York. MARSH. Parishes in cos. Buckingham and Lincoln. The Kentish family appear to have been in that county from the XIV. cent. The latinization is De Marisco, and the medieval fonn is Ate-Mershe. The equivalent name Marais is common in France. 1^^ MARSH. A termination of various local surnames, imply ingT;^??^, low and marshy ground, as Hindmarsh, Salt- marsh, Titmarsh. MARSHALL. This word has doubled its meaning in a very singular fashion. Cotgrave says — " a marshall of a kingdoms or of a campe (an honourable place) ; also a black-smith ; also a farrier, horse-leech, or horse-smith ; also a harbinger." Richard- son gives theetymon, Fv.mares-chal; Dutch, maer, a horse, and xchalch, a servant, liter- ally "a servant who takes care of horses." By degrees the word acquired a more digni- fied meaning, and was applied to the "magis- ter equorum" or master of the cavalry, and other offices of state, some of which were not connected with horses, but with the management of gi-eat public affairs. Hence, under the ancicn reglnw, the Great Marshals of France, governors of provinces, &c., as well as the Earl-Marshal of England, the Lord Marischal of Scotland, kc. Hence the verb to 'marshal' is to arrange, either soldiers on a battle-field, or armorial coats in the field of heraldrj', besides other meanings. The surname though sometimes derived from ihe superior occupation or "honour- MAR able place," (as in the case of the old Earls of Pembroke, in whom the office of Mareschal or commander-in-chief vested hereditarily) is far too conunon to admit a doubt that it generally implies nothing more than farrier or shoeing-smith, in which sense it is still used in France. From a table given in Eng. Sum. ii. 163, it appears that in 1847-8 this surname stood sixtieth in the order of commonness in our family nomenclature. MARSHAM. The ^Slarshams of Xorfolk derive their name from the town so called in that countv, where John de M. resided temp. Edward I. B.L.G. ]\1ARSHMAN. See Marsh, and the ter- mination ilAJf. MARSOM. A corruption of Marsham. MARSOX. Not Martis filius, but a cor- ruption of Marston. MARSTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Chester, Hereford, Lincoln. Osford, Stattbrd, Warwick, Wilts, Somerset, Derby, Buck- ingham, Northampton, York, Leicester, Bechbi'd, Gloucester, >.tc. MARTEL. MARTELL. A very an- cient French surname, as Charles Martel, Geoifrey Martel. O. Fr. maTtel, a hammer; probably with reference to the martel-de- fer, the iron hammer or mace of medieval warfare. See Mallet, MARTEN. The Martens of Sussex are stated to have come from the " province of Aquitaine, in France, and lived there Anno 1386." Kent's Grammar of Heraldry, 1716. MARTER. See Martyr. MARTHEWS. The same as Matthews. MARTIN. ]\L1RTYX. From the per- sonal name, rendered illustrious by St. Martin, the apostol of the Gauls. Many places in Normandy were dedicated to him, and from one of these sprang the great family who came hither at the Conquest vmder the name of De Sancto Martino. Both as a personal designation, and a surname, it is very widely spread in all the countries of western Europe. At Paris it is amongst the very commonest of all family names, an- swering to our own Smith for frequency. Its derivatives are Martins and Martinson. Martineau is well naturalized here, and Martinelli, Martinez, Martini, and other foreign forms are becoming so. The name of the Saint was perhaps derived from the Latin maHlus. warlike. ]\LA.RTIXDALE. A chapelry of Barton, CO. Westmoreland. MARTINEAU. From the Italian Mar- tino. Talbofs English Etymol. But this is doubtful. The family were settled at Norwich in the reign of Elizabeth. MARTINS. See Martin. ]\IARTINSON. See Martin. MARTINYAST DE. The chateau of Martinvast lies in the canton of Octeville, a league from Cherbourg in Normandy. 218 MAS Richard, lord of this place, had lands co. Nottingham in the middle of the XII. cen- tury. Another branch held the chateau long after the disruption of Normandy. De Gerville in Mem. Soc. Antiq. Norm., 1825. I find the same family in Rutland- shire, temp. Edw. I. under the name of De Martivas. MARTON. The name of many parishes, townships, manors, &:c., in the northern counties, from the A- Sax. mere, a lake or pool, and tun, an enclosure or homestead. I believe that the only family now bearing the name are the Martons of Capernwray, CO. Lancaster, who claim lineal descent from Paganus de Marton, the Norman lord of E. and W. Marton in Craven,soon after the Conquest. MARTYN. See Martin. MARTYR. An old personal name. MARWOOD. Parishes, &c., in cos. Devon and Diu-ham. IVIARY. See Female Christian Names MARYATT. See Mariott. MARYON. De Gerville deduces it from the personal name Mary. See Eng. Surn. ii. 83, MASCALL. I believe that the Mascalls of Kent and Sussex were originally Mar- shalls. There is armorial evidence of this ; and in a document of the XVI. century before me, I find the name written Marscal, which is about midway between Mareschal and Mascall. MASCLE. See Mascl^ll. MASH, A provincial pronunciation of Marsh. MASHA:\I. a parish in Yorkshire. MASH:\L1N. The same as Marshman. MASKELL. See MascaU. MASON. 1 . The occupation. Le Mason, Le Masson, Le Masun. H.R. 2. A township in Northumberland. INIASSENGER. Another form of Mes- senger. MASSEY. See Massie. MASSIE. A great Cheshire family, of whom, from their niunerousness, the proverb, however uncomplimentary, runs — As MANY MASSIEs'aS ASSES. The founder of the family in England was Hamon Massie, a Norman, who accom- panied the Conqueror, and acquired Dun- ham in Cheshire, which has from that cir- cumstance ever since borne the sufiix of " Massey." From what part of Normandy that personage came is not perhaps known, but there are several places in the province from which, with about equal claims to probability, the name might be reasonably deduced ; viz. : Mace-sur-Orne, near Alen- 9on ; Macei, in the arrondissement of Av- rauches ; Marcei, in that of Argentan ; and Marcei, on the Broise, near the town of Avranches, the seat of an ancient barony. MAT 219 IMASSIXGBERD. A veiy old Lincoln- shire family, dating from temp. Henry III. with the present orthography, though in the XVII. cent, the final syllable was some- times written beard, in order to preserve the pronunciation — that syllable clearly having reference to the appendage of the masculine chin. The meaning of the other portion of the name is not so obvious, as no word re- sembling massing is found in early English or Anglo-Saxon. In some Teutonic dialects, however, that or a similar form means brass, and hence Massingberd may signify Brazen-heard, with reference to the personal peculiarity. Inf. Rev. F. C. Massingberd, M.A. See Beard. MASSIXGHAM. Two parishes in Nor- folk. MASTER. The social position ; to dis- tinguish the individual from another of the ] same Christian name, but in servile condi- tion. The equivalent Fr. name, Lemaitre, is very common. Or perhaps the Gaelic Mac Master, sans Mac. MASTERS. Apparently a Xorman local name. Eobt. de Mosters occurs in Domesd. :M ASTER SOX. A translation of the Gaelic Mac Master. MASTERMAX. Scot. A landlord. MATHER. MATHERS. Mathers is a village in the parish of St. Cyrus or Ec- cleseraig in Kincardineshire. :M ATHESOX. The son of Matthew. :\IATHEW. MATHEWS. See Mat- thew. The Welsh family of Mathew claim from the princes of Cardigan in the XL cent. B.L.G. From the Welsh house sprang the Mathews of Upton-Grey, and Alton. CO. Hants, and Stanstead, co. Sussex. The name is of coiu-se identical with Mat- thew. MATHEY. A common corruption of Matthew. MATHIAS. As Matthias. MATTHIE. See Matthew. :MATHIES0X. See Matthew. MATIX. ]\IATTIX. Probably corrup- tions of Martin. ^MATRIX. A diminutive of ^latthew. MATSOX. 1. See Matthew. 2. A parish in co. Gloucester. MATTERFACE. a vile corruption of a distinguished Xorman surname, " De Martinvast," originally from the neighbour- hood of Cherbourg. See Martinvast. :^L\TTHEW. This baptismal name, in- troduced here at the Conquest, has not only become a surname, but the parent of many others: to wit, Mathew, Matthews, Ma- thews, Matthewson, Matthie, Mathieson, Matson, Mayhew, Mayo, Matts, Matty, Maddy, Madison. MATTHEWMAX. " May possibly be from the A- Sax. ma f hie, modest. Old Xorse, mcBtamadr, vu' egregius." Ferguson. MAU MATTHEWSOX. See Matthew. MATTHIAS. The Christian name. ]\IATTIXSOX. Martin's son, or ilat- thew"s son. MATTOCK. MATTOCKS. See Mad- dock. :MATTS. a derivative of Matthew. MATTY. See Matthew. MAUDE. MAUD. A remarkable con- traction of De Monte Alto, De Montalt, or •' of the high mountain." The first of the family in England was Eustachius de Monte Alto, who came hither at the Conquest among the followers of Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. From him sprang the Biarons Montalt, whose elder line became extinct in the XR". cent. Many yoimger branches survive under the name of Maude, and one of them, Viscount Hawarden, std enjoys the second title of Baron Montalt. Ac- cording to Burke's Commoners, the name was originally derived from a place in Ital}'. MAUDLIXS. The son of JNlaudlin or Magdalen. See Female Christian Xames. MAUDUIT. See Mawditt. MAUFEE. La Mauffe is a place in the arrondissement of St. Lo, in Xormandy. The family were in Sussex at an early period. The name still exists as Morfee and Morphew. On adjacent tombstones at Woodchurch. co. Kent, it is spelt both Morfee and Morfeet. MAUGER. :\L\G0R. MAJOR. 3IAY0E. MATEE. Manger, archbishop of Eouen, uncle to William the Conqueror, in consequence of great irregularities, ab- dicated his see and settled in the island of Guernsey. There he met with a lady of great beauty called Gisella or Guille, with whom, without the sanction of the Church, he formed an intimacy that resulted in a numerous progeny, some of whom took their father's, others their mother's name. "Hence," observesa correspondent, '-GuiLles and Maugers are as plentiful as black- berries in the Channel Islands." From one of the family sprang Sir Matthias Mayer or Mayor, a -Jerseyman, and a soldier under Henrj- VII. who obtained a grant of arms and was lineal ancestor of R. Major, Esq., of Hurdsley, co. Hants, whose daughter Dorothy married Eichard, afterwards Lord Protector Cromwell. The Maugers were very prominent in the early history of the Channel Islands. MAUGHAX. Two parishes in CornwaU are called Mawgan. :NL\UL. See Maule. MAULE. \. This Scottish family were " originally of French extraction ; an an- cestor, Petrus de Maulia, A.D. 1076, gave large possessions to the Church." New- ton's Display of Heraldry, p. 159. 2. The family are of French origin, deriving their name from the lordship of Maule, near Paris. According to Dou- MAU 220 glas's Peerage of Scotland, Guarin de Maule, a younger son of Arnold, lord of Maule, accompanied William, Duke of Nor- mand}', to the Conquest of England. Eobert de Maule, his son, accompanied David I. into Scotland, and obtained from him a grant of lands in Lothian, and so founded the family in Scotland. His great- gi-andson, early in the XIII. cent., married the heiress of De Valoniis, lord of Panmure, and thus the family became known as Maule of Panmure. 3. Said to be the Gaelic mal, slow. ]yiAULEVERER. '' Mal-levorer, in Latin, Mains lepomrius or ' the Bad Hare- Hunter.' " A gentleman of this county (Yorkshire) being to slip a brace of grey- hounds to run for a great wager (Tradition is the author), so held them in the swinge, that they were more likely to strangle themselves than kill the hare ; whereupon this surname was trsed on his family. I doubt not but many of this extraction are since as dexterous in the criticisms of hunt- ing as any Nimrod whatsoever." Fuller's Worthies, iii. 453. In Domesday Book, however, under Essex, we find — " Terra Adami filii Dur- andi de Mails Operibus," which Peter le Neve, Norry king of arms, considers equi- valent to ' bad workman.' The truth is that the name is purely local — Maulevrier being an ancient viscounty in the arron- dissement of Yvetot in Normandy. MAULEY. The first mention of this name occurs shortly after the death of Richard I., when John, in order to clear his way to the throne, employed his esquire Peter "de ]\Iauley, a native of Poitou, to murder his nephew, Prince Arthur, for which service De Mauley recei\'ed great re- muneration in the West of England. In charters, the latinization of this name, De Malo Lacu, might be supposed to be no un- apt allusion to the '• bad lake or pool" of blood thus unrighteously shed by the founder of the race. MAULL. See Maule. MAUL0^T:L. An A.-Xorm. name, meaning, according to its latinization, (JIalus Lvjjellus) " the bad little wolf." MAUNDER. A beggar. O. E. maund, to beg. MAUNSELL. "The curious poetical historj' of this family preser\-ed in Collec- tanea" Topogr. et Geneal. claims one Saher, there written " Sier, the Si/er of ns all,'' as their ancestor ; he appears to have been the son of Ealph Maunsel, who was living in Buckinghamshire 14. Henry II. (1167)." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The name is understood to signify a native of Maine, a province of France. The Irish branch left England temp. Elizabeth. LIAURICE. The personal name Mau- ritius. MAUREWARD. An old A.-Norm. surname, siguifsing " bad look," probably with reference to a squint or some other deformity of countenance. MAY MAUTEXAXT. May refer to some forgotten act of infidelity on the part of its primitive owner. Eng. Surn. An old A.- Norm. name. ]\IAUYESYX". O. Fr. 7nal voisin, bad neighbour. This was one of the many un- complimentary surnames borne by Norman grandees. It was introduced at the Con- quest. Malus Yicinns occurring in the Domesday of Suffolk. At a later period the family gave the suffix to Ridware Mau- vesyn, co" Stafford, their place of residence. It is stated in Burke's Commoners that the name may be regarded as local, and that it was derived from a tower so called in the Isle of France ; but this is doubtful. See Eng. Sum., ii. 12. MAYOR. Lat., Mavortius, Mars. A name ascribed to Welsh heroes. MAW. MAWE. "The name Mac Coghlan is in Ireland beautified and abbre- viated into Maw ; the Mac Coghlan or head of the family was called the Maw ; and a district of King's County was knovn, with- in the memory of persons now living, by the appellation of the Maw's County." Southey"s Doctor. MAWBE Y. The name has been written De Mauteby, I\Iaultby, Mawteby, Maubie, Mawby, &c. It was assumed from the vil- lage of Mawtby, co. Norfolk, in or before the reign of Richard I. MAWDESLEY^. A township in Lanca- shire. MAWDITT. Apparently a modern cor- ruption of the old baronial name Mauduit. The latinization 3Iale conductus, or De Malo Cunductu, is not complimentary to the family. The name first appears in Domesd. William Malduith, chamberlain to William the Conqueror, was a tenant in chief in Hampshire, as was a Gimfred M. in Wilt- shire. IMAWLEY. See Mauley. MAAYRICE. See Morris. MAXE Y. A parish in co. Xorthampton. MAXFIELD. A shortened pronuncia- tion of Macclesfield, a town in Cheshire. MAXOX. See Maxton. MAXTOX. MAXTOXE. A parish in Roxburghshire. The Maxtones of Culto- quhey in Perthshire acquired that estate by charter in 1410. B.L.G. MAXWELL. A village in the parish of Kelso, CO. Roxburgh. Herbert de Macus- well or Maxwell, the ancestor of the house, had a son, Sir John de M., who was sheriff of Roxburghshire in 1203 and 1207. B.L.G. MAY'. Has certainly no connection with the month of flowers, as it is commonly written in records Le Mai. It may be the game as the 0. Scot, malck, A.-Sax. moeg, 0. Eng. mei, son-in-law, son, or generally, any relative. Le May is common in H.R. JVLA.YBIX. See Maiben. ME A MAYCOCK. Possibly a diminutive formed from the female name Mary. Ma)'koc is found temp. Edw. I. MAYDWELL. Local: " the well of the Maid," i.e. the Virgin Mary — a sacred well dedicated to that saint. MAYER. A mayor, chief officer of a municipality. Other countries liave the same surname ; e.g. Germ. Meier ; Du. Meyer ; Fr. Lemaire, &c. But see under Mauger. MAYFIELD. A parish in Sussex ; also several places in Scotland. MAYGER. See Major. MAYHEW. See Matthew. There are many Fil'Maheus in H.R. MAYLER. See Mailer. MAYLIN. SeeMalin. MAYMAN. Probably the superinten- dent of the sports of May-day. MAYNARD. An ancient personal name. MAYNE. See Maine. MAYXEY. The Mayneys, extinct baronets, claimed probable descent from a family of Norman-Conquest origin, who numbered among their members the chival- rous Sir Walter Manny, of the time of Edward III. The head of the family was created a baronet in 1641, and spent a fair estate in the cause of the Stuarts. His son, and heir to the title, " died of actual want in 1706, his brother, broken down by indi- gence, having previously committed suicide." Ext. Barts. The name was pro- bably derived from one of the places in Normandy called Magni, and it was some- times curiously corrupted to Money. MAYO. See Matthew and Mayow. MAYOR. The office. MAYOW. jNIAYHOW. Probably one of the many modifications of Matthew. This seems the more likely, because the Mayows of Cornwall originally wrote them- selves Mayhew. See C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. MAYPOWDER. Mappowder, a parish in Dorsetshire. MxiYSON". A mis-spelling of Mason. MEACHAM. ]Mitcham in Surrey ? MEAD. MEADE. MEADS. A-Sax. mcBd, what is mowed or cut down. A Meadow. Analogous to Meadows, Du Pre, &c. MEADE. (Ireland.) An anglicised form of the old Irish name Mcagh. The family of Lord Clanwilliam have been seated for many centuries in co. Cork. At Meadestown in that county there was for- merly a castle, built by the Meaghs or Meades. Smith's Hist, of Cork. MEADER. Perhaps a maker of methe- glin or mead. 221 MED MEADOWS. MEADOWES. MEA- DUS. See Mead. MEADS. A pluralizatlon of Mead. MEAD WAY. The Medway, a river of Kent. MEAKINS. See Meekins. MEAN. Perhaps from East or West Meon in Hampshire. At the time of the in- troduction of surnames the adjective mean, as referring to sordidncss of character, Avas unknown. See however Mein. MEARES. It is said that this name was originally De la Mere. B.L.G. MEARS. A parish in Northampton- shire. MEASAJVI. MEASOM. Measham, a parish in Derbyshire. MEASOR. O. Scot, meassotir, a mace- bearer — one who carries the mace before persons in authority — hodi^;, a macer. Jamieson. MEASURE. MEASURES. O. Fr. nuisure, which means either " an old de- cayed house, or wall, or ruiues of a build- ing," or "a quantitie of ground containing about foureOxe-gangs." Cotgrave. Masure, as a surname, still occurs in France. MEATYARD. Mete-rod, mete-imnd, and mete-yard are medievalisms for mea- suring sticks, and from the last the sur- name must in some way have been derived. MECCA. A local pronunciation of Met- calfe. MECHAM. See Meacham. MECHANT. Fr. Bad, wicked. MEDCALF. See Metcalfe. MEDES. The same as Meads. MEDHURST. Probably either Md- hurst or Madehurst, both parishes in Sussex. De Medhurst. H.E. co. Kent. MEDLAND. This name has a 'local' look ; but it appears to have been a bye, or additional, name borne at an early period. The Norman grandee, Robert de Beamnont, sometimes styled Meulant or Mellent, was called by the people of Lei- cester, his tenants. The Mi-dland. Mr. Thompson, in Winchester Vol. of Brit. Archajolog. Assoc, p. 73. That the name may still be local is shown by the occur- rence in the H.R. of a Walter de Mede- lond, or Medeland. jMEDLAR. Mr. Fergu.son thinks that this name con^esponds to the Germ, family name Madler, which is probably identical with the O. Genu. Madalhari ; but the oc- currence in H.R. of one Nich. le Medler rather tends to shew that the name was originally applied to some medieval busy- body. MEDLEY. Undoubtedly local— but I do not find the place. MEDLICOTT. MEDLICOTE. In all %jtMj^L , MijCAu^L MEI 222 probability local, although I have hereto- fore derived it from medley -coat, a coat of many or mixed coloiirs, a once favoiu'ite fashion. Eng. Sum. i. 205. MEDLOCK. Probably Matlock, co. Derby. A portion of ^lanchester is, how- ever, called Chorlton-upon-iledlock. MEDWARD. The keeper of a meadow. Le Medward. H.R. A-Sax. vued and jveard. MEDWIX. The baptismal name is said to occur so early as the second century, in the story of King Lucius and Pope Eleu- therius. In the unreformed calendar, the feast of St. Medwyn stands for .January 1. The saint was buried in Sccktland, in which country there is a river called Medwin, co. Lanark. MEECHING. The old and proper name of Newhaven, co. Sussex. MEEK. MEEKE. Ofa quiet, peaceful disposition. MEEKING. See ]Meekins. MEEKESTS. " De Meschines (from Bayeux in Normandy), Meskines, Mey- keynes, Meschin, Mekins, Meekins." This is Sir B. Burke's pedigree of the name as borne by the Irish family. MEER. Mere, a lake or shallow water. It is found in composition in many names of sheets of Avater, as Windermere, Butter- mere, Grasmere. There is, however, a Lin- colnshire parish so called. MEERES. SeeMears. MEES. A provincialism for meadows. IMEESOX. A parish in Shropshire, united with Bolas. It is stated to be a corruption of the A.-Xorm. name Malvoisin, or Mau- vesyn. It probably bore some A- Sax. de- signation in older times. On the acquisi- tion of it by the Norman family, they gaye their surname as a suffix, and the suffix in course of time supplanted the fonuer name, as in the case of Latimers in Buckingham- shire which was originally Iselhampsted, then Iselhampsted-Latimers, and finally Latimers. MEGGS. From Margaret. See Female Christian Names. MEGGY. A nurse-name of JMargaret. See Female Christian Names. IMEGRAW. An Ulster corruption of Magrath. MEGSON. See imder Gerison. IVIEIKLA^I. A softening of Mac Ilqu- hain. MEIKLE. O. Eng. and Scot. micMe, from A-Sax. vuicel, big, stout. MEIKLEJOHX. As Micklejohn. MEIN. Probably A.-Xorm. mesne : " a lord of a manour who holds of a superior lord." Bailey. MEISON. The following inscription MEP occurs beneath an old coat of arms. " Meiw)i de Com : Sahp, diet. Malvosine ex antiquo.'' This statement is doubtless true, since the A-Norman family of Malvoi- sin varied their name to ileauvesyn, Meison, Meeson, &c. See Shaw's Stafiforclshu-e. See Mauvesjm and Meeson. ISIELDRUM. A post -town and parish in Aberdeenshire. MELLER. The family of Meller or Myller of Dorsetshire are said to descend fi-om the miller of one of the abbots of Abbotsbury. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the Mellers became great pur- chasers " of abbey-lands in villages, and were remarkable for depopulating most of. them." Hutchins's Dorset, i. 497. MELLETT. Most likely the same as Mallet, the Norman surname. MELLISOX. See Malleson. MELLOR. Chapelries in cos. Derby and Lancaster. The former appears to have given name to an ancient family. MELON. Perhaps from the town of Melun, on the Seine, eleven leagues from Paris. MELROSE. A parish in Roxburghshire, containing the town of the same name, formerly renowned for its great monastery. ]\IELSON. Perhaps the same as Malleson. MELTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Leices- ter, Suffolk, York, Norfolk, and Lincoln. MEL^aL. See Melville. MELVILLE. A parish in the arron- dissement of Dieppe in Normandy, hodie Melleville. The patriarch of this family, long so influential in Scotland, was a Wil- liam de Malavill, a Domesd. tenant in Suffolk. INIEMBRAY. See under Mowbray. MEXDHAM. A parish on the borders of Norfolk and Suffolk. MEXZIES. The Menzies, though some- times considered a Highland clan, are of English origin. Their name was originally Mejmers, and as Skene observes, (Scot. Highl. ii. 310) "their arms, and the re- semblance of their name, distinctly point them out as a branch of the English family of Manners, and consequently their Nor- man origin is undoubted." 2. The name, according to ]\Ir. Arthur, has been va- riously written, "Maynoers, Meyners, then Menys, afterwards Meynes or Mengies, and nowMenzies." It is pronounced Mengyies or Mengies. In Gaelic the family are called MenairicJi. Their Jtabitaf is the Perthshire Highlands, where in 17f5 the clan could raise three hundred fighting men. jMEPHAM. Meopham, a parish in Kent. This is an ancient surname, being one of the few of the local class used in Saxon times. One ^Ifgar fet Meapahim is men- tioned by Mr. Kemble. MER IMERCATOR. The latinization of Mercer, a merchant or general dealer. This name and its English form, Le Mercer, are very common in H.R. JklERCER. I know not how this word came to be monopolized by the dealers in silk, as its true and original meaning is, a general dealer — a person who combines the trades of grocer, draper, hatter, clothier, druggist, stationer, haberdasher, undertaker, &c., &c., as many countrj- shopkeepers do to this day. In an old song against the Friars it is said : — " For thai Iiave nought to live by. They wandren here and there, And dele with divers inarcerye Right as thai pedlars were." Wri'jht's Political Poems and Son(;s. vol, i. 1859. MERCHANT. Like the Fr. Le Mar- chant, a general dealer. MERCY. Perhaps applied to a person who had performed this character in some mystery or miracle-play. Or it may be the same as Marcey. MEREDITH. An ancient Welsh per- sonal or baptismal name. IMERES. The same as Mears. MEREWETHER. See Merryweather. IMERIDAY. An Irish corruption of the Welsh Meredith. ]MERLN'GTOX. See Merrington. MERLE. Perhaps the same as Murrell. INIERLIX. The old personal name. JMERRELL. Probably the same as Mur- rell, Morell, which see. MIERRICK. IMERRICKS. MERRIX. See Mejrick. MERRIDEW. The same as :Meriday. MERRIFIELD. The site of Salisbury Cathedral is so called in medieval docu- ments, being a corruption of St. Marys Field. Proceedings of Arch. Instit. at Salisbury, p. 180. IMERROIAX. " The phrase meri/ men, applied to adherents or soldiers, may be merely expressive of their hilarity in the service of their chief. — A-Sax. mirifjc, cheerful." .Jamieson. "An old term used by a chief in addressing his soldiers ; My merry men.'' Ibid. But a correspondent tells me that, from time immemorial, at Marlborough, the Merrimans have occa- sionally written themselves Marmion, and this is probably the true source of the sur- name. MERRIOTT. A parish in Somersetshire. MERRIXGTOX. A parish in Durham. MERRITT. Probably the same as Mer- riott. MERRY. Gay and cheerful in disposition. MERRYMOWTH. From the expres- sion of that feature. This name is found in Bury Wills., i:c. Camd. Soc. 223 MET MERRYWEATHER. Formerly an idiomatic phrase for joy, pleasure, or delight. Halliw. Hence probably applied to a person of hilarious temperament. Fairweather and Fineweather are analogous surnames. MERSH. A local pronunciation of Marsh. MERSOM. Mersham, a parish in Kent. MERYYX. Probably a baptismal name, as we find in Domesday Merefin, ilers-en, Men-inus, &c., as tenants prior to the making of that record. See Mirfin. MERYOX. This family settled at Rye, CO. Sussex, in the latter part of the XVII. century, as French Protestant refugees. The original name Merignan, has passed through the several orthograplries of Miri- nian, Merian. and Meryon. Holloway"8 Eye, p. 583. ]MERYWEDYR.. An old spelling of Merryweather. See Eng. Sum. i. 36. MESXILTTARIXG. See :Mainwaring. MESSAGE. Probably from O. Fr. messager, a messenger. MESSEX^GER. One entrusted with a message : an ancient office, as Messengers of the Exchequer, Messengers of the King, &:c. It was the duty of the latter to wait upon the Secretary- of State, to carry des- patches, and to take state prisoners into custodv. BaUev. Le Messager is common in H.R. MESSER. Le Messor frequently occurs in medieval records for harvester, reaper, mower. In the S. it is a common corrup- tion of the surname Mercer. METCAI.FE. :\IEDCALF. A great Yorkshire family. In the third year of Queen Mary, Sir Christopher Metcalfe met "the judges at York, attended on with three hundred horsemen, all of his own name and kindred, well moimted and suit- ably attired. The Roman Fabii, the most populous tribe in that cit\-, could hardly have made so fair an appearance, insomuch that Master Camden gives the Metcalfes this character : Quae numerosissima totius Angliaj familia his temporibus censetur, (which at this time, viz.. Anno 1607, is counted the most numerous family of Eng- land.) Here I forbear mentioning of another, which perchance might vie with them, lest casually I minister matter of contest." Fuller's Worthies, iii. p. 4 J5. The origin of the name (probably local) is un- known. Dr. Whitaker fancifully derives it from Mec, a Saxon baptismal name, and halfjli. a low, watery, flat. Others consider it a compound of the Welsh Medd, a mead, and eaf, a cell or church. (Arthur.) Tra- dition, however, atiords a much more easy explanation of it. One John Strong having seized a mad bull by the nostrils with his left hand, killed the beast with his right, and being afterwards questioned on the subject of his prowess, modestly declared that he had simply met a calf. From that time he acquired the surname of MetcaU"! Another version of the story is that "two MET 224 MID men being in tlie woods togetlier at evening, seeing a four-footed animal coming towards them, one said, " Have you not heard of lions in these woods ?" The other replied that he had, but had never seen any such thing. The animal coming near, one ran away, while the other resolved to meet it ; which proving to be a red calf, he that met it got the name of Metcalfe, and he that ran awav that of Lightfoot !" (Ingledew's North-AUerton.) Horace Smith is therefore clearly wrong in the assertion that — " Mr. iletcalf ran off upon meeting a cow, With pale 3Ir. TiirnbiiU behind him !" METEYARD See Meatyard. ISIETHAM. A township in Yorkshire. A parish in Yorkshire. The same as Methven. A parish in Perthshire. The same as Metham. METHLEY. METHUEN, meth\t:x, METTAM. MEUX. a township in the parish of Waghen, east riding of Yorkshire, not far from Beverley, anciently remarkable for its Cistercian Abbey. ]\IEW. 1. This Isle of Wight name seems to be identical with Meux and Meaux, for- merly located there, and the arms corres- pond. 2. " An enclosure ; hence mens, the royal stables." Jamieson. The phrase " inewed up,'" in the sense of confined, seems to sanction this etymology. MEWBURX. Perhaps a corruption of Milburn, the mill-stream. There is, how- ever, some reason to suppose that it may originally have been Medburn, " the middle stream," or "the stream of the meadows." See Nicholson and Burn's Hist, of West- moreland and Cumberland, vol. i. p. 502. IMEWETT. Fr. muet. A dumb person. JSIEWS. 1. The same as Meux. 2. What we now call a mens is a stable, or place for the reception of horses ; but the word meant, in the days of falconry, a re- ceptacle for hawks. The Fr. inner signifies to moult, and a cage for moulting hawks was formerly called a mem. Halliw. The word was afterwards extended to mean the place where hawks were kept, and this, by a not uncommon change of signification, was transferred to a stable. MEYER. MEYERS. German meier, a steward, bailiff, tenant of a farm, or fanner. ]MEYXIL. Norm. Fr. mesnil, a manor- house. It was generally compounded with another word, as Mesnilwarin, the manor of Warin, Grentemesnil, the great manor. A great nimiber of places in Normandy still bear the prefix of Menil. The Meynells of Hore-Cross. co. Stafford, trace back to the reign of Hen. II.. in co. Derby. The Mey- nells of North Kilvington, co. York, were at Hilton in Cleveland from the XII. to the XYI. century. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. According to Nichols' Leicestershire, the former family are supposed to be des- cended from Hugh de Grente-Mesnil, the great Norman baron. B.L.G. MEYRICK. A AYelsh personal name formerly written Meuric, Meirric, or Meurig. It has been variously corrupted to Merrick, Merricks, Merrix, &c. MIALL. See Mighell. IMICHAEL. The personal name. MICHAELS. The genitive form of Michael. MICHELBORXE. An eminent, but now extinct, Sussex family. Local: "the great stream." MICHELL. See Mitchell. Gilbert de Aquila, otherwise called Magnus, and by the Saxons, Mncel, i.e., " the Great," flourished in the XL cent. From him one of the families of Michell are illegitimately descended. Eng. Sum. ii. 190. MICHELMORE. Local: "the great moor." MICHERSOX- The son of Michel or Michael. MICHESOX. The same as ]Micherson. MICKLE. Scot. Big, large of body. A. Sax. mucel. MICHIE. A nursename of Mchael. IVnCKLEBURGH. Local: "the great biu-g, or fortified place." MICKLEFIELD. Local: "the great field. INHCKLEJOHX. See John. I^nCKLETHWAITE. A township in the parish of Bingley, co. York, from which county the existing families of the name have sprung. MIDDLE. A parish in Shropshire. MIDDLEBROOK. Local: place un- known, or perhaps now known as Mil- brook. In this way, the manor and hamlet of Middleton, near Alfriston, co. Sussex, have been contracted to Milton-court and Milton-street. MIDDLEHOPE. Local: "the middle hope." See Hope. I^nDDLEMAST. ISODDLEMISS. See ]Middlemiss. A corruption of Michaelmas, which is so pronounced in some dialects. Other corrupted forms of the word, emploved as surnames, are Mid- dlemist and Middlemast. Probably from the person having been bom at that festival. So Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, &c. MIDDLE:MIST. See INIiddlemiss. MEDDLETOX. 'The middle tun' or enclosure — a verj^ common name of places. The Gazetteer nientions more than thirty parishes, chapelries, and townships, so called in S. Britain; but there are many minor localities and estates of this name (frequently several in a single county), and some of these are contracted to Milton. MIL MTODLEWOOD. Local: place un- known. MIDGLEY. A township in Yorkshire. MIDLAM. A contraction of iNKdclle- hara, the name of many localities in various counties and shires. MIDWINTER. Apparently identical with Christmas. Noel, ice, (which see,) since Robert of Gloucester, speaking of the coronation of William the Conqueror, which took place on Christmas Day. 10G6, says, that he was crowned -'amydewyntcr day.'' Afidn-inter-day seems to have been used as the antithesis of Jlklgumnx^f-day. See Sir H. Nicolas' Chronolog}- of Histor}\ Midewynter. H.R. MIERS. See Myers. MIGHELL. A medieval form of Michael. The pronunciation, though not the orthography, is employed by Butler : — " At Jlichoel's term had many a trial, Worse than the Dragon and St. 3fichael. Hudibras. pt. 3, canto 2. anLBAXK. :\riLLBANK. The name of many trivial localities in England and Scotland. MILBOURXE. MILBORXE. See Milburn for the etymology. Several places in the W. of England bear this name. MILBURX. Townships in Dumbar- tonshire, Northumberland, and Westmore- land. The Imp. Gazetteer of Scotl. defines JMlllbuni as "any brook driving a mill, or any locality washed by such brook, and taking name from it. Brooks and localities of the name of Millbum are very numer- ous in Scotland. — many of them "probably having received the name in the times of thirhge, when the mill of an estate or barony, together with the brook which drove it, was an object of local interest inferior only to the church and the manor house.'" MILD:\IAY. The family are traced to 1U7, and the name to Mildme. "\Miat the latter means, I have not been fortunate enough to guess. See however the guesses of Messrs. Ferguson and Arthur on the subject : — Ferguson. A- Sax. milde, and maij, a maiden : " The mild maiden." Arthur. A-Sax. milde, soft and tender, and denia. a judge ; "it was given to one of the early ancestors of the family, from his tempering the severity of the law with mercy." MILDRED. The personal name. See Female Christian Names. MiLEHAM. A parish in X'orfolk. ^nLE. From ^lilo, a not unusual per- sonal name among the Normans ; oftener. perhaps, a corruption of Michael, through Migliell. In some niral districts Michael- mas is commonly called Jlthmas. MILES. See Mile. MILESOX. The son of iMiles or ^lichael. 225 U I L MELESTOXE. From residence near one. MILEY. Perhaps a 'nursename' of Miles or Michael. MILGROVE. Probably the "middle grove." See Middlebrook. ;MILIIAM. Milium or Millom, a parish in Cumberland. MILICEXT. The female Christian name. The H.R. form is Fil'Milicent. MILK. " Certainly might be from Old Norse, mijlki, a rustic, one who milks. But upon the whole it is more probably a diminutive of Milo, Miley, Miles." Fer- guson. MILKER. A milk-man or dairy-man. Le Milkar. H.R. MILKSOP. A common surname in many spellings in the XIII. century. See H.R. MILL. The old Sussex family of this name originally wrote themselves At-Milne, i.e. ' at the mill.' See however under Mills. ]\nLLAR. The Scotch form of IMiUer. JSnLLARD. Mill-ward, the keeper of a mill, by the suppression of W. So Wood- ard from Woodward. MILLER. The occupation ; which has also ffiven rise to Attmill. Milner, ]Milne, Milnes. Mills. Milman, Millward. In H.R. Molendinarius, Le Molendinator, De Mo- lendino, ice. MILLGATE. Local :" the gate by the mill." ^ ^ INIILLICEXT. The personal designation. See Milicent. MILLIDGE. :Milwich, a parish in Staflbrdihire. MILLIGAX. OMilligan, an ancient Irish name. MILLIKEX. MILLnaX. Corrup- tions of Milligan. ]MILLIXER. The occupation of the ?«rt«-milliner in England, as well as the ex- istence of the word in English, is so recent, that I am disposed to consider this surname as a corruption of ililner. MILLIXGEX. A corruption of Milligan. :^^LLIXGTOX. a parish in Yorkshire, and a to\vnship in Cheshire. ]MILLIOX, which occurs in l6th Re- port of Regist. Gen., is probably a corruption of St. MelJion, co. Cornwall. jMILLIS. Probably the same as ]\Iiles. :MILLMAX. iSIILMAX. One who re- sided at or near a mill — a miller. MILLS. Perhaps from residence near mills, in some instances. I am rather dis- posed, however, to consider it the genitive of an abbreviated form of Michael (see Miles), and the occurrence of Millson seems to favour this derivation. But see Milson, which is 'lociil.' J>Uyi^eC^ . MIS 226 MILLSON. See^IiUs. MILL WARD. One who liad custody of a manorial or monastic mill. Le Meleward, XIII. century. See Ward. MILLWOOD. Local : "tlie wood by the mill." MILNE. MILNES. O. Eng. miln, melu, and mulne, a mill. The forms in H.R. are Atte Maine, Atte Mille, De Molendino, and there is also one Alexander deMolen- din' Aureo — "Alexander of the Golden Mill." There is a sept or clan of Milne in Rox- burghshire. MILNER. O. Eng. a miller. MILO. The personal name, common in Norman times. INIILSON. A parish in Shropshire. MILSTEAD. A parish in Kent. ]SnLTON. See under MIddleton. Twenty- four places called Milton are given in the Eng. Gazetteer, and the Ordnance Survey shows many more in various counties. nvu^k^ MINCHIN. Probably an old personal name of the A- Sax. period, whence the local names Minchinton and Minchinhampton. The Irish branch went over with ^\^illiam III., and almost all the owners of the name are said to be located in or about Moneygall, near Menagh, co. Tipperary. MINER. The occupation. MINET. French Protestant refugees, after the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes. MINN. MINNS. MINSON. MINKS. This series seems to point to Minn, (the same asMj-nn) as an ancient personal name. ]SIINNETT. SeeMinnltt. MINISTER. Lat. An attendant, ser- vitor. MINNITT. The family of IMInnItt of Anaghbeg, co. Tipperary, are of great an- tiquity. The name is found in cos. York, Suffolk, and Norfolk, dating from the XIII. cent. B.L.G. It is probably the same as the modern French Miuet. MINOR. Pei'haps a latinization ; but more likely a mis-spelling of ' Miner.' MINSHULL. A parish in Cheshire, and a township in the same county. MINSTER. The O. Eng. form of monas- terium, a monasteiy or great church, as York yiinster, Beverley minster, West- minster. MINTER. Probably the same as moneyer, an artificer of coins. In Saxon, Norman, and more recent times, every con- siderable town had its mint and its moneyer or Minter. MINT ON. Perhaps from Mindton In Shropshire. INIIRFIN. An ancient personal name. MISTER. INIinster— the N being elided in rapid pronunciation. • MOL MITCHAM. A parish In Surrey. I^nTCHELHILL. Local: "the gi-eat hill" — possibly a translation of the Fr. Grammont, grand mvnt. JVnTCHELL. The A-Sax. mycel, great, or mickle, would be a tolerably satisfactory etymon, and this may in some instances be the origin of the surname ; but I think in most cases it is derived from Michael, a very popular baptismal name in manj' countries, through its French form, Michel. This view is confirmed by the existence of the surname Mitchelson, mTCHELSON. See Mtchell. MITFORD. " Descended from Matthew, brother of John, who is said to have held the castle of Mitford in Northumberland, soon after the Conquest, and by whose only daughter and heiress it went to the Ber- trams. The ancestors of the present family appear to have been for man}' ages resident at Mitford, though the castle was not in their possession till it was granted with the manor by Charles II. to Robert Mitford, Esq." Shu-ley's Noble and Gentle Men. MIXWELL. Doubtless the same as Maxwell. MIZON. Doubtless IVIIsson, a parish In Nottinghamshire. MOAT. MOATE. MOATES. From residence at a moated enclosure. Many places so defended acquired the specific name of The Moat. Mote, without prefix, is found in the H.R. MOBERLEY. A parish In Cheshire, which gave name to the family in the XIII. century. MOCKETT. Said to be a diminutive of Maurice. MODE. Possibly connected with the A-Sax, m6d, disposition, mood, violence, force. MOEL. A Welsh word signifying bald. MOFFATT. A parish partly In Lanark- shire and partly in Dumfriesshire. MOHUN. Moyon, an ancient barony near St. Lo, in Normandy. William de Moiun, whose descendants varied their or- thography to Mohun, was a great tenant in chief in the western counties. Domesd. Hence Moon, and perhaps Munn. MOLE. A river of Surrey tributary to the Thames, and so called because in parts of its coiu'se it is subterraneous. "And siillen Jlole that nmnetli imtlemeatli." MOLEHUNT. A mole-catcher. A-Sax. moldo [pi-ear^)] and Jninta. Molehunte. MOLESWORTH. A parish In Hunt- ingdonshire. The family can be traced in early times to that county, and to Sir Walter de Molcsworth, one of Edward the First's Crusaders. B.L.G. MOLINES. The baronial family of De Molines, who became eminent under Edw MON 227 III., are stated in the Baronages to have de- rived their surname from the toyra so called in the Bourbonnois : but there may have been an earlier settlement from one of the numerous places in Normandy called Mou- lines or Moulins, from the molendbui or water-mills there existing. MOLLE Y. A corruption of Mulloy. MOLLIXG. A corruption of Mailing. MOLIXEUX. MOLYXEUX. This family came from Molineaux-sur-Seine. not far from Rouen, celebrated for the ruins of an ancient fortress popularly called the Castle of Robert le Diable, which was destroyed by John Sans-Terre. but re-built in 137S by the King of Navarre. Itin. de la Normandie. The noble family trace an unbroken male descent from "William de Molineux, lord of Sefton, co. Lancaster, oneof the followers of William the Conqueror. Courthope's Debrett. MOLLISOX. See Female Christian Names. MOLOXY. Malaunar. a manufacturing town near Rouen in Normandy. The spel- ling of the name in H.R. is Maloneye. MOLSOX. The son of MoU or [Mary. See Female Christian Names. MOLTOX. Two parishes in Devonshire- MOLYX'EUX. See Molineux. MOMPESSOX. Mont Pinson is a castle on the river Scie in Normandy, whence also probably the surname of Pinsent. MOXAHAX. Possibly from the Irish county, Monaghan. MOXBODDO. Domesday mentions one Manbodo as a tenant in Yorkshire. MOXCEUX. The great Xorman family, who gave the suflix to Hurst-Monceux, CO. Sussex, and to Compton-Monceux. co. Hants., derived their surname '• from a place in the i)arish of Gueron, in the dio- cese of Bayeux. and are stated by some authorities to have come over with the Conqueror."' Venables's Herstmonceux and its Lords. Lond. 1851. Fr. monceaux, heaps, monticuli. MOXCHEXSEY. Hubert de Monte- Canisio, was a tenant in chief in Sufi'olk at the making of Domesday. He also possessed lands in Kent, where one of the parishes of Boughton has the suffix Monchensey, or corruptly Monchelsea. from the family. Among the numerous Monts in Normandy, I find no place approaching this name in sound, but there is a Casini in the vicinity of St. Lo. MOXCK. See Monk. MOXCKTOX. See :^ronkton. MOXCRIEFF. Of that Ilk— a hill near Perth, reno^vned for its majestic panoramic view. MOXCUR. An ancient castle in the parish of Inchture, co. Perth, MON MOXDAY. See Times and Seasons. In H.R. Moneday. 1^^ MONEY, denominations of. How such names as Farthing, Halfpenny, Penny, Twopenny, Thickpenny, Mone)-pennv, Man}-])enny, Pennymore. Grote, Tester, Ducat, &c., became hereditarj- surnames, or even surnames at all, it is not very easy to determine. Perhaps most of them are corruptions of other words. Pound. .:Vngel, Noble, Mark, and Bodle, though denominations of money, are derived with much greater probability from other sources. [MOXEY. IMonnay, a place in Normandy, department of Ome. Hence the De Mony of the H.R. The Le Monev of those records is probably blundered from Le Moyne, the Monk. MOXGER. A-Sax. mancgere, originally a merchant of the highest class. J:ifric'3 mancgere is represented as trading in purple and silk, precious gems. gold. wine. oil. &c. Wrighfs Vocab. p. 8. The word has under- gone great degradation in 'costermonger.' •newsmonger,' &c. It stands alone as a surname, as well as in composition in Cheesemonger. Fellmonger, Woodmonger, Icemonger, Iremonger, and Ironmonger. IMOXIXGTOX. A township in Here- fordshire. MOXIXS. The old Kentish famUy of this name (baronets lGll-1678) claimed descent from '• Sir Symon de Mohto of the castle of Mayon in Normandy." 'l cannot find any place so called in that province. MOXK. A sobriquet of great antiquity. See ECCLESIASTICVX SURNAitES. MOXKHOUSE. From residence at a house belonging to some monastery, whence also the surname Monks. ]\IOXKLAXD. An ancient barony in Lanarkshire, and a place near Jedburgh. Also a parish in co. Hereford. MOXKS. See :\Ionkhouse. MOXKTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Devon, Durham, Kent, York, Wilts, Dorset Somerset, and Ayr. ' :M0XR0. The first of the family for wliom we have distinct authority, is George Monro of Fowlis in Scotland, mentioned in documents temp. Alexander II. MOXSELL. See Maunsell or Mansell. ]\IOXSEY. An old corrupt form of Monceaux, MOXSOX. It has been stated that Monson means the son of Mon or Mun. the nickname of Edmund, but this is not pro- bable. Lord Monson 's pedigree is traced to Lincolnshire, and the year 1378. Leland spells the name Mounson, which has a French or Norman aspect. MOXTACUTE. See Montague. MOXTAGUE. "That the "surname of this family," ob.?erves Collins, " was an. MON 228 ciently ■written in Latin, De ilonte Acuto, smd in old English, Montacute, is evident from Domesday Book and other records ; but the original name was Montagu, from the town of Montagu in Normandy ; of which name and family there are still remaining many persons of distinction in France."' The pati-iarch of the family in England was the great Domesday tenant, Drogo de Monte- acuto, who came hither in the retinue of Eobert Earl of Mortain, the Conqueror's half-brother. His descendants have been frequently ennobled in both early and mo- dern times. There are at present tlireei^laces in Xormandy called ilontaigu ; that from which our English family sprang would appear to be Montaigu-les-Bois, in the ar- rondissement of Coutances, of which M. Du Bois remarks : " Ses anciens seigneurs etaient fameux dans le moyen-age."' Itin. de la Xormandie, 516. The parish of Mont- acute, CO. Somerset, received its appellation fi-om this family, who, as tenants of the Norman Earls of Mortain, had possessions there. MOXTALT. See Maude. It is asserted by some genealogists that Eobert, one of the barons of Hugh Lupus. Earl of Chester, as- sumed the surname from his chief place of residence, an elevated spot in Flintshire, now called Mold. MOXTFICHET. Descended from Ro- bert Gernon, a gi-eat tenant in Domesday. His son, according to Morant, took this name from the castle of Stanstead, co. Essex, from the raised mount (mons Jiu.-us ?) which he there constructed. But there is, near Bayeux, a place called Montfiquet. MOXTEFIORE. Of recent settlement here fi'om Italy. The name is local, from monte, a hill, andfure, a flower or blossom — '• the blooming hUl." MOXTEITH. A parish in Perthshire. MONTFORD. A parish in Shropshire. MOXTFORT. Huah de Montfort, son of Thurstan de Bastenbergh, a Norman, accompanied the Conqueror in 1066, and obtained for his services more than one hundred loi'dships in Kent. Essex, Sutfolk, and Noi-folk. There are two places in Nor- mandy called Mont-Fort, situated respec- tively near Argentan, and near Pont-Aude- mer. The latter, a fortified town, bore the name anterior to 1030. Itin. de la Nor- mandie. The male line of this noble family became extinct in the XIII. cent. The Montforts, Earls of Leicester, were of a diti'erent origin, having sprung from Al- maric, natural son of Robert, Idng of France, from whom he received in gift the town of Montfort in France, and thence the sur- name. His descendant, Simon de Mont- fort, coming into this country, was made Earl of Leicester by King John, and his son of the same name was the great leader of the insurgent barons against Henry III. MOXTGO:\IERIE. Robert de Mont- gomery (or as the old mis-spelling genealo- gists had it, De Mumdegrumbie) appears to have accompanied Walter, the high stew- MOO ard, ancestor of the royal house of Stuart, from Wales into Scotland, where he ac- quired fi"om him the manor of Eglisham, CO. Renfrew, which still belongs to his lineal descendant, the Earl of Eglintoun. The origin of Eobert from the great Nor- man De Montgomerys cannot be doubted. MOX^TGOMERY. Mont-Gomerie is near Lisieux in Nonnandy. Its counts, says Dubois, '"jouent un role important dans I'histoire de Normandie." One of them, Eoger de M.. a kinsman of the Con- queror, accompanied him, and led the centre of his army at Hastings. In reward for his services, he was created Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury, and received manors in many counties. " From him the town and shire of Montgomery, in Wales, derive their name. MOXTMORRIS. See Morris. MOXTOLIEU. A distinguished family of Provence and Languedoc, so ancient, it is said, that St. Cyprian, who was made bishop of Marseillein 510, was a cadet of it. The present representative is the Marquis de Montolieu. The English branch des- cended from David M., Baron de St. Hypo- lite, who was driven out of France by the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes, and who entered the Dutch senice. and came into England in command of the life-guards of king William III. MOX^TRESOR. A family of Fr. origin and traced back to the year 1-1S6. Two centuries later, at the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes, a branch settled in Eng- land. MOXUMEXT. MOXEYMEXT. From residence near one. MOXYPEXXY. This Scottish name is traditionaUij derived from the acquisitive habits of the first owner, which won for him the sobriquet of '• mony a penny ;" but that it is local is proved by the prefix De, with which it is found in early records. The family were first in possession of Pit- milly, CO. Fife. About the year 1-150, cer- tain" lands in StMingshire were erected into the barony of Monypenny, and their owner began to stvle himself " de eodem." or " of that Ilk." ' Inf. Jos. Eobertson, Esq. The names Manipeni, Manypeny. and Mani- penyn are found in cos. Huntingdon, Cam- bridge and Bedford, in H.E. MOODIE. Gallant, com-ageous. Jamie- son. MOODY. SeeMoodie. Mody. H.R. MOOX. A corruption of Mohun. The Itin. dela Xormandie, speaking of the place fi-om whence the Mohuns derived their name (Moyon) says: '-Masseville appelle ce bourg 'Moon:" By a like crasis Bohun became Boon. MOOXE. See Moon. MOORBY. A parish in Lincolnshire. MOORE. From residence at a boggy heath or moor. The medieval forms are Atte Mor or More, De Mora, Ad Moram. MOR 229 MOR MOOREY. Local: "the moorish island." MOORHOUSE. Places in Cumberland, Durham. Sussex, &:c. MOORMAX. See Moore, and the termi- nation Max. MOORSOM. Probably Moorsham, a township in the N.E. of Yorkshire. MOORTOX. A chapelry in Gloucester- shire. MORDAX. 1. See Morden. 2. See Mordauut. MORDAUXT. According to the genea- losry of this family, printed temp. Charles II., their patriarch was Sir Osbert le ilor- daunt, who possessed Eadwell. co. Bedford, by the gift of his brother, who had received it from the Conqueror, for services rendered by himself and his father. Le Mordaunt — "the Biter " — is evidently a sobriquet allu- sive to some feat performed with the teeth. MORDAY. See Mordue. MORDEX. Parishes in cos. Cambridge and Dorset. MORDUE. " Mort-de-Dieu ;" Death of God I — an oath. Morday is apparentlj- the same name. Compare Pardew and Parday. MORE. 1. A parish in Shropshire. 2. See Moore. MOREFOT. Local: "the foot or ter- mination of the moor." MOREHOUSE. The same as Moor- house. MOREL. See Morell. :M0RELAXD. See Morland. MORELL. " The great grandfothers of Dr. Morell [LLD., who died at Bath in 1840] both paternally and maternally were Hu- guenots, who resided in the province of Champagne, in France. At the memorable era of the He vocation of the Edict of Xantes, these confessors were imprisoned, their goods confiscated, and there is reason to believe that they eventually suffered martyr- dom. Of one of them it is related, that during his imprisonment he was the means of confirming the faith of his fellow-prison- ers by his discourses, and that he was ac- customed to preach to the inhabitants of the town in which he was immured through the grating of his dungeon. Each of these admirable men left an infant son, whose respective names were Daniel Morel and Stephen Conte, and who, as it will presently appear, were the great-grandfathers of Dr. Morell. During a dreadful day of persecu- tion, when blood was streaming in the streets, and the Protestants were fleeing from the sword, two soldiers entered a house, and after having killed some of the inmates, seeing an infant lying in the cradle, one of them, with his sword, pierced it, and the blood gushed forth. — its life, however, was saved ; it was snatched up by some one, ■who remarked that 'flie hahe at hast n-as not a Pivtcstant, and it was taken and given to a Protestant woman, who had a little one of her own then hanging at her breast ; she took the child and became a mother to it : and these two boys, both fed upon the same boson^., grew up together to be men. One of them, — that one that nearly lost his life in the cradle, was Daniel Morell, and that woman's child was Stephen Conte. Some Protestants of distinction, who were emigrants to Holland, took charge of the orphans : and they, when they arrived at manhood, attached themselves to a regi- ment of Frencli refugees, which was raised about that time by the Prince of Orange, and which on his accession to the English throne, accompanied him to this countiy. In his service these young men passed over into Ireland, and married into Protestant families, who, like themselves, had been the victims of religious persecution. The foster brothers, who had been so nearly and wonderfully united in their infancy, saw themselves again united, in their age, in the persons of their children; for the son of Daniel Morell married the daughter of Stephen Contt-, and the issue of this marriage was the late Mr. Stephen Morell, the father of Dr. Morell." Sketch of Life and Character of Rev. J, Morell, L.L.D., by the Eev. T. E. Wreford, D.D., F.S.A.. But there were other and earlier importations of this name into England, the first on record being that of one Morel, who is mentioned in the Domesday of Norfolk. The word is a diminutive of the O. Fr. More, a Moor, and refers to darkness of complexion. MORETOX. 1. Parishes and places in COS. Oxon, Bucks, Chester, Dorset, Essex, Notts, Salop, Stafford, Gloucester, Devon, Berks, &:c. 2. An anglicized form of Mor- tain, a great baronial family founded in England by Eobert, Earl of Mortain, uterine brother of William the Conqueror, MOREY. The same as Moorey. MORFEE. See Maufee. ]\10RGAX. A Welsh personal name of high antiquity. The founder of the Pela- gian heresy, in the fourth century, was a true Wel.shman and a monk of Bangor. His name was Morgan, which signifies ' Of the Sea,' and this was correctly latinized Pela- gius. In Wales the surname often occurs with the prefix A2). In England an eminent ma- thematician writes himself Dc Morgan. The Morgans of Golden Grove, co. Flint, descend from Marchudd ap Cyuan, founder of the eighth nohle tribe of Nortli Wales and Powys ; though the settled name of Morgan was not assmned imtil the XVI. century. MORICE. See under Moms. JNIORIXG. In H.R. :Morin and Moryn. Perhaps from Morini, tlie ancient name of the district about Calais. A Deringus de Morinis founded the family of DerLng, of Kent. MORISOX. The son of Maurice. MORLAXD. A parish m Westmore- land. MOR 230 MORLEY. Parishes and places in cos. Derby, York, Norfolk, &c. MORPHET. Probably a corruption of Moffatt. MORRICE. See Morris. MORRTS. This common surname, -which is, and has been, variously written Morriss, Morres, Morice, Morrice, Maurice, Morys, Moris, Morrish, Morse; which gives rise to the patronymical forms Morrison, Morris- son, Morson ; and which is found associated with various prefixes, such as Fitz, Clan, Mount, De, &c., may be traced to various sources. " Of the English families of that name," observes Burke, "there are two classes, those of native, and those of foreign, extraction. The latter came over with the Conqueror. Of the former, the most an- cient are derived from Wales. One section of the foreign class had a Moorish origin, as indeed the name expresses, and crossed over from Africa to Europe by way of Spain, whence were introduced into England, and other European countries, the Morrice dancers, who were accustomed to perform various feats of dancing. From the same source is derived the name of Montmorency corrupted from De Monte Morisco, "of or from the Moorish Mountains," and thence abbreviated into .!/(;;■«. (?) [The Le Moreys of H.R. somewhat favours a Moorish origin.] "With respect to the second class of foreign origin, their name is stated to be a corruption^from Mars or Mavors, the god of War. This, as well as the preceding deri- vation, may appertain to many continental families, but it is in Wales that it most in- dubitably applies to the indigenous families who bear the name of Morris, of which the following derivation is given by a very emi- nent genealogist :" Mars, Mavors, Wallice, 'Mawr-rwyce,'and^«/'/Zice, 'Warlike, pow- erful,' is a title applied'to such of the ancient chieftains as were pre-eminent for valour, whose numerous descendants account for the present frequency of the name in Wales. To this, one of the mottoes borne by the family of Morris seems to have reference : 3Iarte et mari faveyitihus." Burke's Com- moners, vol. iv. p. 488. To these observations, which are in the main correct, I must add, that the personal name Maurice is still retained as a surname, and it may in numerous instances be the origin of Morris and similar family desig- nations. The Roman church honours St. Maurice on the 21st of September. It is possible also that in some cases our English Morris may be a corruption of the Fr. Du Mai-ais, Dumaresq., latinized De Marisco, and meaning, " of the marsh." MORRISS. See Morris. MORRISH. See Morris. MORRISSON. The son MORRISON of Maurice. INIORROW. A known corruption Mac Murrough. MORSE. MORSS. See Morris. of MOS MORSON. A contraction of Morison. MORTIMER. This name was latinized de MoHuo Mari, and hence the notion that the name was borrowed in crusading times from the Dead Sea in Palestine. The castle and barony of Mortemer lie in the arron- dissement of Neufchatel in Normandy, and of course remote from the sea ; but it appears that the expression moHu-a vmra* was some- times applied to stagnant waters by the Normans, and at Mortemer there was a small lake so designated. The patriarch of this family in England was Ralph de Mor- temer, who came in at the Conquest, and held immense possessions in many counties, the head of his barony being Wigmore Castle, CO. Hereford. * Mara is the low Latin for a mere, or shallow lake. MORTIMORE. See Mortimer. MORTLAKE. A parish in Surrey. MORTLOCK. The same as Mort- lake i MORTON. Parishes and places In cos. Derby, Lincoln, York, Warwick, Durham, Norfolk, Hereford, Northampton, &c. MORTRAM. A corruption of Mottram. MORVILLE. This parish, near Valognes in Normandy, gave its name, says De Ger- ville, to one of the Conquerors at Hastings, 10G6, whose descendants were long barons of England, Scotland, and Normandy. Mem. Soc. Antiq. Norm. 1825. MORWARD. A-Sax mor, a moor, and Qveard — a guardian. A keeper of a moor ; analogous to Hay ward. Le Morward. H.R. MORYS. See Morris. MOSBERY. Perhaps Mosborough, a township in Derbyshire. MOSE. MOASE. 1. A contraction of Moses. 2. A tributary of the Trent. 3. Moze, a parish in Kent. In H.R. there is a LeMose, denoting somequality, nationality, or occupation. MOSEDALE. The dale or valley of the Mose, a tributary of the river Trent 1 MOSELEY. Mosley, places in cos. Staf- ford, Worcester, and Lancaster. MOSES. A well-known Jewish sur- name. MOSEY. A ' nurse-name ' of Moses. MOSLEY. MOCELEY. Mosley, Is the name of chapelries in cos. Stafford, Worcester, and Lancaster. MOSS In the North a morass or bog, as Cliat Moss, CO. Lancaster. The " moss-troopers " of old times were so called because they inhabited the marsliy country of Liddisdale. Jamieson. In re- cent times many Jewish families called Moses have changed that appellation to Moss. MOSSENDEW. Fr. Maison-Dieu,"An hospitall or Spittle for the poor." Cotgrave. /Ti-^nscA^:. J €a/7vl^ MOU Several of our old cities and tovnis contain a ' God's House ' or ' Maison-Dieu.' " So many masendeues, hospj-tals, and spyttle howses, As your grace hath done yet sens the worlile be^an. Bale's Kywje Johan. MOSSiMAN. See Moss, and the termina- tion MAX. ]\IOSTYX. The fomily claim descent from the patriarchal Tudor Trevor, who is said to have been Earl of Hereford in the X. century. In the reign of Henry VIII. (whose aversion to the old patronj-mical surnames of the Welsh is well known) the head of the family, Thomas-ap-Richard-ap- Howell, &;c.. who carried a long pedigree in his legal name, at the advice of Rowland Lee, bishop of Lichfield, and lord-president of Wales, adopted the local surname of Moston or MostATi. from the chief seat of the famUy in Flintshire. The good bishop is said to have asked him, why he could not content himself " with one name — like a Cliris- tianJ" MOTE. See Moat. MOTLEY. A parti-coloured dress j^ro- bably originated this name. Domestic fools and jesters formerly wore it. It may however be local. MOTTE. MOTT. Several localities In Normandy bear the name of La Motte, sig- nifying a mound or hillock. La Motte and Delamotte have become naturalized in England. MOTTRAM. A parish and a township in CO. Chester. MOUATT. See Mowatt. MOUBRAY. See Mowbray. MOUL. MOULE. See Mould. MOULD. MOLD. I. Like Maude, a corruption of Montalt. See Montalt. MOULDER. A maker of moulds for casting metals. ISIOULSOX. The son of MoU or ^lary. MOULTRIE. A small river in Fifeshire, now called the Motray. MOUXSEY. A corruption of Monceux. The parish of Herstmonceux, co. Sussex, is in rustic parlance Herst, or rather Hors- Mounseys. MOUNT. See :MountaIn. Many slightly elevated spots in the South of England are known as " The Mount." MOUXTAGUE. The same as IMon- tague. MOUXTAIX. 1. From residence near one. In H.R. Supra Montem. 2. Monsieur de Montaigne, probably grandson, and cer- tainly heir to the estates, of Michael de Montaigne, the great French essayist, escaped from France at the Rev. of the Edict of Xantes, and settled in Norfolk. Jacob his son and successor anglicized the name to its present form. MOUXTCASTLE. A locality in Scot- land which I cannot identify. 231 MOY MOUXTJOY. Fr. Mont-joie, which Cotgrave defines as " a barrow, a little hill, or heape of stones, laved in or neare a high- way for the better discerning thereof, or in remembrance of some notable act performed, or accident befallen in that place ; also a goale to run at ; also (metaphorically) any heap."' A famous French war-cry in the middle ages was " .Vont-Joie St. Denis y and Montjoye is the title of the chief herald of France, corresponding to our Garter. Both the war-cry and the heraldic title doubtless refer to some victorj' which was commemorated by the casting up of a moimd of earth or a great heap of stones — a practice of the highest antiquity. A dis- trict of the parish of Battel, the scene of the Norman Conquest, is still known by the name of Mountjoy. According to Sir .John Maundeville an eminence near Jerusalem was formerly so called, because " it gevethe joy to pilgrj-mes hertes, because that there men seen first Jerusalem ... a fidl fair place and a delicyous." In charters the name was written indifferently De Monte Gaudii, and De Monte Jovis. MOL^^SLEY. Mowsley, a parish in co. Leicester. MOUTH. From residence near the mouth or outlet of a river. MOUTRIE. See Moultrie. MOW. Of that Ilk, now called Moll, in Roxburghshire. MOWATT. A Scottish corruption of the old baronial Montalt, or De Monte Alto. MOWBRAY. The ancient barony of Mowbray, called by Odericus Titalis Mol- hralum, was identical with the \'illage of Monbrai, in the canton of Perci, an ar- rondissement of St. Lo in Normandy. Robert de M. was Earl of Northumberland, but his estates passing to his cousin Nigel de Albini, the latter's son Roger, at the com- mand of Henry I., assumed the surname of Mowbray, and affixed it as a name of dis- tinction to one of his English fiefs — now Melton-Mowbray, co. Leicester. MOWER. The occupation. An Anglo- Saxon, soon after the Norman Conquest, ac- quired this name (Leofric the Mower) from his having overcome twenty men with a sc}'the. Wright's Essays. MOXOX. Moggie is a ' nurse-name ' of Margaret. Moggie"s son, would by crasis become Moxon. See Gerison. MOYCE. MOYES. MOIST. A pro- bable corruption of Moses, formerly written Moyses. A Moyses is foimd in the Domesd. of Somerset. MOYLE. Xot from TwwZe, as the family appear to have imagined when they as- sumed for arms, ' Gules, a moyle or mule passant Argent ;' but from a place in or con- tiguous to the parish of St. Minvor, co. Cornwall. D. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii. 67. ^lOYSEY. Probably Moses, anciently written Moyses. MUL 232 MOZLEY. SeeMosley. MUCH. Scot. Big of stature. MUCHMORE. 'Much,' great, and 'moi-e,' moor; the great moor — the name of some locality. MUCKLE. A- Sax. mucel great, big. A very ancient name. An eminent Anglo- Saxon nobleman, whose baptismal name was ^thelred, bore the additional designation of Mucel, and used the latter in legal docu- ments, thus : " Ego Mucel, dux, consensi." See Kemble on the Surnames, &c., of the A-Saxons. MitcMlis the more ordinary foi-m of the name in modern times. MUCKLESTOX. A parish in Shrop- shire. MUDD. The same as Mode. MUDDOCK. A corruption of the Welsh name Madoc. MUDIE. Mudy is an old Scotticism, employed by the poet Barbom-, for bold or courageous. MUFFITT. See Moffat. MUGGUIDGE. E\-idently local, and probably from the A-Sas. 7iiuceL great, and krieff, a ridge : " the great ridge." It is varied in orthography to Moggridge, Mocli- ridge, ]\Iockeridge, Muggeridge, &c. A small trader in Sussex writes Mt/ffridgie over his door, and announces Mvggcragc's ginger-beer in his window. MUIR. The Scottish form of Moor. It occurs in composition with several sur- names. ]\IULCASTER. This ancient family derive their name from the parish of Mul- caster, now corruptly written Muncaster, in Cumberland. " All the Mulcasters are des- cended from one David de Mulcaster, the son of Benedict Pennington, who lived in king John's time." It seems that the family of Pennington, who derived their name from the place so called in Lanca- shire, were possessors of Mulcaster from the earliest times, and that the surname of De Mulcaster was first assumed as here stated. See Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 5Go. B.L.G. however mentions a Kichard de M. as warder of the castle of Carlisle temp. William Eufus. MULE. The animal ; from stubbornness of disposition. MULHOLLAKD. The Irish Mulhol- lands (formerly Mulhollan) are a branch of the ancient sept of Maclallan in Argyleshu-e. B.L.G. MULL. A topographical expression, as the mull of Cantire. In other cases it may mean muhw, O. E. for mill. In Lancashire it is an abbre\'iated fonn of Molineux. " Our clergj'man prayed at church for Mary Mull some time ere he found out that she was a Molineux. He may well be said to have " made a mvll of it !" From a Lanca- shire correspondent. M U N MULLENAX. A corruption of Moli- neux. MULLEXER. A vulgar corruption of Molineux. MULLER. Germ. A miller. Naturalized fi-om Gei-many. MULLETT. A mullet Is a fish ; also a star-like charge of the heraldric shield ; also a spur ; but it is difficult to say how either of these things can have given rise to a surname. MULLIX. SeeMullins. MULLIXS. Moulins, a place in the de- partment of Orne, in Normandy. See Molines. MULLIS. Perhaps a corruption of Mullins, like Collis from Collins. IMULLNICKS. A barbarous corruption of Molineux. MULLOY. O'MULLOY. An ancient race, in whom vests hereditarily the honour of Standard-bearer to the King in Ireland — an honour confirmed so lately as the year 163-1. The present head of the famih- is said to be descended through more than foi'ti/ generatiom from O'Niall of the Nine Hostages, King of Ireland in the fourth century. B.L.G. MULNE. A provincialism for Mill. MULT ON. The founder of this ftmiily resided temp. Henry I. at Multon, co. Lin- coln, and from ilience derived his name. From him sprang the two baronial houses of this title. MUISIBY. A parish In Lincolnshire. MU:\IFORD. Mmidford, a parish in Norfolk. MUMMERY. 1. A probable corruption of Montmerry, a village in the department of Orne, in Normandy. 2. It may, how- ever, be the same as the baronial name Mowbray, which, originally Monbrai, be- came in the earh^ centuries after the Con- quest Munbray, ilumbray, Mombray, &c. MUNCASTER. A chapelry in Cum- berland. See Mulcaster. MUNCEY. The same as Monceux — an ancient corruption. Muncy. H.R. MUNCKTON. The same as Monkton. MUNDAY. From the day of the week. See Times and Seasons. MUNDEN. Parishes in co. Hertford. MUNDIE. See Mundy. MUNDY. Probably from the day of the week. The Mundys of Marheaton, co. Derby, who trace their pedigree to temp. Edward I., have a tradition of Nomian descent, from a place called the abbey of Moudaye. The Itin. de la Normandie, however, shews no place so designated. MUNGEY. A vile corruption of Mount- joy. Munjay, Munjoie. H.E. MUS MUXN. MUNNS. An abbreviation or nurse-name of Edmund. Camden. But more probably a corruption of the Norman Mohuu. A correspondent observes that " the name is quite common in Kent, and it has only of late years spread into other counties. I have now property that went b)' the name of Munn's three hundred years ago." MUNT. Possibly a corruption of the Fr. Du Mont, i.e. " of the hill." MURDOCH. Robert Fil' Murdac, and ' one Meurdoch ' occur in Domesday. MURE. 1. The northern form of iNloor. 2. Gael, mohr or more. Large in person. The family of Mure of Caldwell in Aj-rshire trace to the reign of King David II., 1329. The name has been varied to More, Muir, Moor, &c., and there are heraldric reasons for believing the Moores of Kent and those of Ireland to have had a common origin, MURPIIY. A common Irish personal name. MURRAY. The founder of the clan of Sutherland settled in the XII. cent, in the province of Murref, Moray, or Moravia, comprehending the modern counties of Murray or Elgin, and parts of Inverness and Bantf, whence the family for several genera- tions assumed the name of Murref or Dc Moravia, which they retained even after their occupation of Sudrland or Sutherland, and their elevation to that earldom. Ry- mer's Foedera, v. 554. 20. March, 13G7. They subsequently assumed the name of Suther- land. The people did the same ; and the names of Murray and Sutherland still dis- tinguish the bulk of the population near Dunrobin, although to a stranger this would scarcely appear obvious, through their sobriquets, Bain, white ; Gow, smith ; Roy, red. Sec. MURRELL. The same as Morell, which see. MURTON. Townships in cos. Cimaber- land, Westmoreland, Northumberland, and York. MUS. It is curious that though Mouse does not appear to be an English surname, its Latin form, Mus, is so. MUSARD. Hascoit or Ilasculfus Musard was a great Domesd. tenant in chief in the shires of Gloucester, Berks, Warwick, Derbj', &c. His principal seat was Miixarden CO. Gloucester. Qu : was that place named after its proprietor, as Hardres in Kent and one or two other places have been ? Cot- grave defines the word Miimrd thus : " a muser, di-eamer, or dreamy fellow ; one whom a little thing amuses, one that stands gazing at everything: also a pauser, lingerer, deferrer, delayer ; one that's long about a businesse ; a man of no dispatch." MUSGRAVE. There is much fabulous tradition respecting the origin of this an- cient family, as, that they came from Ger- many, where their ancestors were nnijff/ raves or lords-marchers — that one of thwu won 2 H 233 MYD the daughter of an Emperor {ivhich, or when is not specified) in the game of running at the ring, whence the annuU'tti in the Mus- grave slaield — that the family came hither at the Norman Conquest — and that they were «w.«-graves or guardiiins of the mmxes on the English border. The truth is, that the family originated at Musgrave in West- moreland, where the name is found so early as the reign of King John, about the year 1204. A descendant acquired Edenhall in Cuinberland, by marriage with a co-heireS3 of Stapleton in the XV. cent. See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. This fine old border race, from whom have sprung a barony, and three lines of baronets, possess a curious family relic called the Lucli of Edenhall, a painted drinking-glass, which was acquired in a sin- gular manner. " In the garden near the house [at Edenhall] is a well of excellent spring water, called St. Cuthbert's Well. The glass is supposed to have been a sacred chalice; but the legendary tale is, that the butler, going to draw water, surprised a company of fairies who were amusing them- selves upon the green near the well: he seized the glass which was standing upon its margin; they tried to recover it; but after an ineffectual struggle flew away, saying — ' If that glass either hveak or fall, Farewell the luck of Edenhall.' It is preserved with great care." Hutch- inson's Cumberland, i, 269. MUSGROVE. The same as IMusgrave. MUSKETT. The male sparrow-hawk. Analogous to Kite, Hawk, Falcon, &c. MUSSELWIIITE. A corruption of Musselthwaite. Local : see Thwaite. MUSSENDEN. Missenden, co. Buck- ingham, was anciently so written. Tlie family claim a Norman origin. MUSSON. Muston, a parish in York- shire. MUSTARD. Probably an abbreviation of Mustardmaker. MUSTARDI^IAKER. A North of Eng- land surname, which reminds us of ' Dur- him mustard.' In H.R. the name is Le Mustarder and Mustardman. MUSTERS. Perhaps the same as Masters. IklUSTOX. Parishes in cos. Leicester and York. MUTRIE. See Moultrie. MUTTER. " May perhaps be the same as the 0. Germ. Muathari." Ferguson. MUTTON. See Mytton. A iamily of this name are said to have possessed lands at Rusper, co. Sussex, almost from the time of the Conquest. MYALL. See Miall. MYCOCK. A diminutive of JMichael. MYDDLETON. See Middleton. MYDWYF. A midwilo. NAN s MYERS. See Meyer, Meyers. MYLNE. See Mine. MYNORS. The name is traceable to temp. Edward II. at Treago, co. Hereford, the present residence of the family. There is a tradition of the patriarch of the race having come from Normandy with the Conqueror, and Mynors occurs in one of the lists called the Battel Abbey KoU. B.L.G. MYRTLE. A corruption of Martel t NAP (q.v.) or of Murtle, an ancient barony in Aberdeenshire. MYTTON. The family of M. of Halston can boast of having represented Shrewsbury in Parliament twice, thrice, or four times, every century, from the XIV. to the XIX. They originally wrote themselves De Mut- ton. Nimrod's Memoirs of John Mytton, Esq. Mytton is in the N.R. of co. York, and there are Mittons in the counties of Lancaster, Stafford, and Worcester. Most of the existing gentry families of this name appear to have sprung from Shropshire. N. NaGLE. The same as Nangle. B.L.G. NAIL. SeeNale. NATLER. a maker of nails. The word is still in use in the iron districts. Halli- well defines it as a seller of nails. NAIRN. NAIRNE. A town in Scotland, capital of Nairnshire. NAISH. See Nash. The Naishes of Ballycullen, co. Limerick, have been seated there uninterruptedly from the time of king John, 1210. B.L.G. NALDER. NALDERS, Qy.: Atten- Alder — "at the alder tree." See Noakes, Nash, &c. NALE. Atten-Ale, i.e. "at the Alehouse." The tendency of the final N of the old pre- position to adhere to the noun, is shown imder Noakes, &c. JVale, in the sense of alehouse, is used by Chaucer. E^' NAM and NUj\I. Common termina- tions, especially in America, as Wor- nuni, Barnum, Clennam, Putnam, Var- num, Hannum — corruptions of local names in -Mm when an N precedes that desinence. ^^ NAN. In the Celtic of Cornwall, Nan signifies a valley, and is found in composition with many local names which have become surnames in that peninsula, as Nancothan, Nancarrow, Nance, Nanfan, Nankivell, Nansperian, Nanphant, Nanscoi'us, Nanscuke, Nans- ladron, Nanstalon, Nants, Nanscowan, Naugarthian, Naukevil, Nanscawen. NANCARROW. Two estates of this name, one in St. Michael Penkevil, and the other in St. Allen, co. Cornwall, for- merly belonged to the family of Nancarrow. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. NANCE. An estate in the parish of Illogan. CO Cornwall, which was, not many generations since, in the possession of the family. NANFAN. A Cornish family of some distinction, which produced, among other worthies, John Nauftxu, Esq., the first patron of Cardinal Wolsey, who had been his chaplain. The name is evidently local (See Nan) probably from Nanfan in the parish of Cury. NANGLE. The A.. Norm, family of De Angulo, or In Angulo (whence perhaps the English Corner), took their name from their barony of Angle, situated in a nook or angle, close to Milford Haven, and their residence there was called Nangle's Castle. Gilbert de Angulo, who accompanied Strongbow to the Conquest of Ii-eland in 1172, was the progenitor of the Irish Nan- gles. NANNY. I have been informed that this name is derived from Nannaw, in Wales, the original residence of the family. NAPER. Napery is table linen, includ- ing the ' nappe ' or napkin used in washing the hands, either before or after meals. In great establishments the Napier or Naper handed these napkins to the guests. One part of his duty, in the royal household, was, to baud over to the king's almoner the out- worn linen of the sovereign's table for dis- tribution to the poor. Ducange. Edinb. Rev. April, 1855. «, NAT NAPIER. An officer in the king's house- hold — the same as Naper, which see. A Scottish legend, however, assigns a widely different origin. In a great battle between the Scots and some enemy, whose nation is not specified, the former were on the point of losing the day, when one Donald, son of the then Earl of Lennox, seized a standard, and rallied the retreating soldiers. This act of prowess changed the positions of the com- batants, and resulted in the complete triumph of the Scots. The king on hearing of Donald's braverj-, declared that he had Na piek — no equal; commanded him to assume those words as a surname ; and gave him lands in Fife, and the lands of Gof- f ardor Goosford. This 'mighty pretty story,' though evidently invented to explain the name, was ct'iiijied to the heralds under the hand and seal of Sir Archibald Napier of Merchistoun, in 1G25. It is proper, however, to remark, that the Napiers sprang from the house of Lennox, and that their early mem- bers wrote themselves Lenox alias Napier ; and it is no derogation of the dignity of this illustrious family to suppose that an earl's son, their ancestor, should have held the office of Napier in the royal household. NAPPER. Another form of Xaper, which see. Le Naper, Le Nappere. H.R. NARBROW. Narborough, parishes in COS. Leicester and Norfolk. NARRAAVAY, Local: "at the narrow way." NASH. See prefix Atte or Atten. A man dwelling by an ash-tree would be called Aten Ash or Atten Ash. See H.R. Ate Nasse, Ad Nasse. On the suppression of the prefix, the N still adhered to the de- signation of the tree, and the name became Nash. By the same process we got Noakes, Nye. &c. It must not be forgotten, how- ever, that there are localities called Nash, in cos. Salop, Bucks, Monmouth, &c. Yet some of these were originally called Ash. The vill of Esse or Ash, co. Oxford, was corrupted to Nashe. temp. Richard II. Dunkins Oxfordshire i. 177. NAS:MYTII. A nail-smith or nail- maker. NASSAU. William Henry, son of Fred- erick de Nassau, natural son of Henry Fred- erick de Nassau, Prince of Orange, grand- father of King William III., accompanied the last-named personage to England in 1()88, and was afterwards advanced to the peerage, as Earl of Rochford. Another Henry de Nassau also accompanied William III., and his son was created Earl of Grant- ham. NAT. The nickname of Nathaniel. NATHAN. A very common family name with the Jews, to whom it is principally restricted. NATH,A:NIEL. The baptismal name. NATKINS. A diminutive of Nathaniel. "t_NATLAND. A chapelry in Westmore- land. 235 NES NATT. See Nat. '' NAYLOR. The same as Nailer. NEALE. NEAL. The Norman per- sonal name Nigel was sometimes softened to this form, and some of our Neales may be of Norman blood ; but I conceive that most of the families of the name have sprung from the O'Neills of Ireland. NEAME. O. Eng. neme. Uncle. NEATE. 1. A-Sax. neiit, Cattle, or a beast. 2. The xVnglo- Saxon personal name, rendered illustrious by St. Neot. NEAVE. NEAVES. Norm.-Fr. Le Nei-e, the nephew ; also spendthrift, like the Lat. nepos. See Le Neve, which is a very common H.R. name. NECK. Probably a topographical term, meaning an isthmus. NEEDHAM. 1. A market-town in Suffolk, and a parish in Norfolk. 2. Earl Kilmorey's family took their name from Needham, co. Derby, where they resided temp. Edw. III., and probably much eaiiier. NEEDLE. A trader's sign — appropriate to a tailor. "And Moses merchant-taOor at the Needle." Pasquin's Night Cap, 1612. NEEDLER. A needle maker. Le Ned- lere. H.R. " Hugh the Nedlere." Piers Plowman. NEELE. See Neale. Neel is unprefixed in H.R. NEEVES. See Neave. NEGRIS. "An Ionian named Negris, on becoming resident amongst us, anglicised his name to Black, and has left descend- ants who occupy a respectable position in society, without anything but their dark hair to indicate their close connection with the Veneto-Hellenic stock." Folks of Shields. NEGUS. A probable corruption of some local name ending in house. According to Malone, the mixture bearing this name was invented in the reign of Queen Anne, by Colonel Negus. Richardson. NEIGHBOUR. The social relation. The French have their Voisins, and the Germans their Nieburhs. NEIL. NEILL. See O'NeiU. NEILSON. The son of Neil, which see. NELME. NEL^NIES. From Atten- Ehuc. " At the Elm-tree." See Noakes, Nash, &c. NELSON. The son of Nigel. A Nor- man personal name. NELTHORPE. The baronet's family is traced to Kent in the XVI. cent. The name may be a corruption of Neithorpe, a parish in co. Oxford. NESBIT. NESBITT. Two townships in Northumberland, and another in Dur- ham, are so called, but the lauds which N E V 236 gave name to the Scotch and Irish Nesbitts are in Berwickshire. B.L.G. ^^ NESS. A-Sax. and Danish, ncps, Germ, nase, a nose ; also a promontoi-y, as Dengeness in Kent, and the Naze in Norway. This occurs as a termination in several names, as Longness, Thick- ness, Filtness, which may refer to some peculiarity in the noses of the original bearei-s. More probably, however, they are local. ^^ NETHER. An old English word im- plying ' lower ' or ' under,' descriptive of many localities, and foi-ming part of several surnames, as Netherclilie, Nether- sole, Nethershall. NETHERCOTE. A hamlet in co. North- ampton. NETHERMILL. Several places in Scotland are so called — " the lower mill." NETHER WOOD. Local: "the lower ■wood." NETTLE. The O. Germ, chnettili is re- ferred by Forstemann to the O, Germ. fi/ielit, knight or child. Ferguson. See Knight. Kg" NETTLE. A-Sax. )ietle,B, nettle. The growi:h of this weed has given names to manj^ places. See Gazetteer. I cannot identify the localities from which are derived the siu-names Nettlefield, Nettle- fold, and Nettleship. NETTLES. See Nettle. NETTLETON. Parishes in cos. Lin- coln and Wilts. NEVE. See Neave. NEVELL. See Neville. NEVETT. NEVATT. The same as Knyvett. NEVILLE. NEAT^IiL. In Latin, De Nova Villa, anglice, ' New-town.' There are two NeAilles, and at least eighteen Neu- villes in Normandy, but ft-om which of those localities this illustrious surname is derived there is no proof: and indeed the early genealogy of the family is obscure. Dugdale, upon the authority of certain genealogists, asserts that the patriarch of the race in England was Gilbert de Neville, Admiral to the Conqueror, but there is, as the historian of the family remarks, no mention of him in Domesday. Rowland, Family of Nevill, p. 6. The great grand- daughter of this Admiral, Isabel Neville, married one Robert Fitz-Maldred, who ac- cording to Roger Hoveden, was the lineal heir-male of Uchtred, Earl of Northumber- land, in the days of Edmund Ironside, and a descendant in the female line from King Ethelred. The representative of the Nor- thumbrian earls,Gospatrick,was established in his earldom by the Conqueror, but was afterwards compelled by Norman tyranny to fly into Scotland, where he became an- cestor of the Earls of Dunbar, and eventu- ally of the Nevilles of Raby. " The N E W Nevilles are thus a Saxon race with a Nor- man name." Quarterly Rev. vol. ciii. p. 32. NEVIN. NEVINS. NEVINSON. This series points to an early but forgotten personal name. NEW. NEWE. Norm.-Fr. A nephew. NEWALL. NEWELL. Probably Newhall, places in cos. Chester, York, Edinburgh, Forfar, Kincardine, Ross, &c., &c. NEWARK. A town in co. Notts, and places in the shires of Renfi-ew and Ajt. NEWBALD. A parish in Yorkshire. NEWBEGIN. See Newbiggin. NEWBERY. NEWBERRY. Corrup- tions of Newbury. NEWBIGGIN. NEWBIGGING. Big- ging, a word still in use in Scotl. and the N. of Engl., signifies a building — a house, as opposed to a cottage. Isl. hhjrjiug, structura. Jamieson. Hence the phrase ' new biggin ' was and is applied to any considerable edifice recently constructed. In England nine, and in Scotland ten localities, are specifically so named. NEWBOLD. 1. A name common to several places in cos. Derby, Leicester, Wor- cester, Cheshire, Warwick, &c. A- Sax. " the new habitation." 2. Nuboldus, a baptismal name, occurs in the Domesday of Wiltshire. NEWBON. See Newburn. NEWBORN. A corruption of New- burn. NEWBURGH. According to Dugdale, the founder of this family was Henry de Newburgh, so called from the castle of that name in Normandy, a younger son of Roger de Bellomonte, Earl of Mellent. He came in with the Conqueror, and was created Earl of Warwick. Neubourg, the place probably alluded to by Dugdale, is near Louviers. NEWBURN. Parishes and places in cos. Northumb., Fife, and Suffolk. (Newbouru). NEWBURY. A town in Berkshire. NEWBY. " The new habitation." Five or six places in Yorkshire, and others in Cumberland and Westmoreland, are so called. NEWCASTLE. Besides the great town of Newcastle-on-Tyne, and the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme, there are various parishes, &c., so called in cos. Glamorgan, Radnor, Salop, Carmarthen, Pembroke, &c. NEWCOMBE. See Newcome. NEWCO^ME. Neu-comes is defined by Halliwell, from Holinshed's Conq. of Ire- land, page 55, as ' strangers newly arrived;' but the family of this nnme, who trace back to Hugh Newcome, of Saltfleetby, co. Lin- coln, temp. Coeur de Lion are not jtairouts in this or any other sense. The name is doubtless the same as Newcombe, though NEW the locality from which that is derived is uot known. NEWCOMEK Perhaps the same as Newcome. Neucomen and Lc Newecu- mene. H.R. NEWDEGATE. A parish in Surrey, the habitation of the family as early as 14th King John, the first recorded ancestor being John de Niwudegate. The family were not extinct there till temp. Cliarles I. The Newdegates of Warwickshire are a younger branch. NEWDIGATE. See Newdegate. NEA^T:LL. SeeNewaU. NEWENTON. See Newington. KEWHAM. Townships in Northumber- land. NEWHOUSE. A name common to many localities. NEWIXGTON. Parishes and places in cos. Kent, Oxon. Gloucest., Surrey, Middle- sex, &;c. The name is common in E. Sussex, and is deduced from Sir Adam Newington of Ticehurst, 1481. NEWLAXD. Parishes and places in cos. Berks. Gloucester, Lancaster, Worcester, York, &c. NEWLIXG. Probably Xewlyu, a parish in Cornwall. NPIWMAN. Probably of the same origin asXewcome. as defined by Halliwell, which see. In Sussex documents of the XIII. cent, it is spelt Xieuweman, and latinized NoTus Homo. NEW:\IARCH. One Bernard, a compa- nion of the Conqueror, settled near Breck- nock, and founded a [jriory there, which be- came a cell to Battel Abbey. He came from the place in Normandj' now called Neuf-Marche, near Xeufchatel, and formerly JVovus Mercatus, or the "new market." Ord. Vitalis. NEWXHAM. An estate in and near Rotherfield, co. Sussex, which had owners of its own name in the XIV, cent. Also pa- rishes and places in cos. Gloucester, Herts, Kent, Hants, Worcester, Oxford, and War- wick. NEWPORT. Parishes and places in cos. Cornwall, Essex, Monmouth, Salop, Bucks, York, Fife, &;c. XEWSHA:\r. XEWSAM. XEWSOME. Newsham ; several townships in cos. Lan- caster, York, kc. ; Newsholme ; a to«-nship in Yorkshire. NEWSOX. Qu. : Nephew's son. See New. NEWSTEAD. Places In cos. Pvoxburgh, Northumberland, Lincoln, and Nottingham. The last-named is famous for its abbey, granted at the Dissolution to Sir John Byron, an ancestor of the Poet. NEWTON. " The new enclosure, or homestead " — a widely-spread surname of 237 N I C many local origins, there being, besides minor localities and farms, no less than 90 parishes, townships, and chapelrics in S. Britain so called, besides upwards of 50 in Scotland. The heraldric dictionaries assign nearly 40 coats to the name. The family of the great Philosopher is pretty satifactorily traced from the Newtons of Newton, co. Chester, in the XIII. cent. Sus- sex Arch. Coll. ix. 313. NIALL. An extremely ancient Irish personal name, whence O'Neil, O'Neill, and many of the Neales. NIBBS. Nib is a Fr. and O. Eno-. 'nursename' for Isabel, and hence Nibbs and Niblett. NIBLETT. See Nibbs. XICHOL. XICHOLS. See Xicholas. NICHOLAS. The Christian name. Hence the derivatives Nicliol, Nicholls, Nicholson, Nicholay, Nix, Nicks, Nickson, Nixon' Nickels, Nicol, Nickoll, Nickerson, Nickis- son, Nickinson. NICHOLAY. See Nicholas. This name in its present spelling occurs in H.R. NICHOLL. " The origin of the ancient family of Nicholl, ^\Titten at various periods Nychol, Nicol, Nicoll, Nicholls, and Nicholl, has been by antiquaries variously and largely treated on. It is stated that in the time of Edward the Confessor, one Nicholas dQMb\m,aHas Nigell or Nicholl, came over from Normandy, and was the common an- cestor of the Nicholl family. In co. Chester, Robert Fitz -Nigell flourished soon after the Conquest." B.L.G. The filial Fitz-Nichol was not unusual after the Conquest, and in some instances it became hereditary, as in the descendants of Robert Fitz-Harding, &c. See Atkins' Gloucestershire, p. 257. Although the majority of families called Nicholl, &c., doubtlessly derive their sur- name from the personal name Nicholas, it is quite likely that some obtain it from the city of Lincoln, which was denominated Nichole by the Normans. " To the last," says Sir Fr. Palgrave, " the Normans never could learn to say Lincoln; they never could get nearer than Nlncol or Nicole." Hist, of Normandy and of England, vol. i., p. 703. Even the Earls of Lincoln styled themselves Coutes de Nichole. NICHOLLS. See Nicholas. NICHOLSON. The son of Nicholas. Most families of this name trace to the counties of Northumberland and Cumber- land. It is not improbable that they are descended from the great Anglo-Nommn family of Fitz-Nigell or Nicholl. See Ni- choll. NICKEL. SeeNichol. NICKELS. See Nicholas. NICKERSON. A corruption of Nichol- son. N^CK1XS0X. The same as Xickissou. N C 238 NICKISSON. See Nicholas. NICKS. See Nicholas. NICKSON. See Nicholas. NICOL. 1. The patriarch of the NIcols, Macnicols, and Nicolsons, was Mackrycul or Gregall, lord of Assint, co. Sutherland, who flourished in the XII. cent. Skene thinks the clan Nicail of Gaelic origin, ii. 298. 2. See Nicholas. NICOLAS. The late Sir Harris Nicolas, the well-known antiquary and historian, descended from a Breton family who flour- ished in the XIII. and XIV. cent., one of whose members came into England at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled at Looe in Cornwall. NIGHT. A mis-spelling of Knight. NIGHTINGALE. From the bird- doubtless with reference to sweetness of song in the first bearer. NILL. The same as Knill. NIMMO. A Scottish surname derived from lands in co. Stirling. NISBET. NISBETT. Parishes, &c., in cos. Roxburgh, Berwick, and Hadding- ton. See Nesbitt. NIX. See Nicholas. NIXON. See Nicholas. NOAKES. NOKES. "At the Oak." See the prefix Atte, Atten. Aten Oke and Atten Oke were the original fomis. "When the preposition began to be dropped from this class of surnames, the final N in this instance adhered to the designation of the tree, and we obtained the form Noake, since vulgarly pluralized into Noakes. A-Noke was a transitional form. John A-Noke, who, with his constant antagonist, John Atte Style, was formerly as well known in our law courts as the redoubtable .John Doe and Richard Roe of later times, was nothing more than plain John Noakes ; and '"Jack Noakes and Tom Styles," the phrase by which we designate the ignohile rulgus, are lineal descendants of those litigious 'par- ties.' The surname Haynoke appears to be identical with A-Noke, while Boaks is pro- bably a crasis of " By Oaks." See the prefix By. See also the names Nye and Nash. Dean Trench has some appropriate remarks on the absorption of the article into the noun in some cases, but he does not seem to have remarked the correspond- ing adhesion of a part or the whole of a preposition, as in the cases above cited, as well as in Attwood, Agate, Twells, &c., &c. See Study of Works, ed. 1852, p. 1 18. See also Gloss, to Chaucer, edit. 1825. NOBLE. Refers either to the physical structure, or to the rank, of the primitive bearer. There is, besides several Le Nobles, one Agnes la Noble in H.R. NOCK. Probably identical with Noke or Noakes, which see. It is Noc, without prefix, in H.R. NOR NOCKOLD. Probably from Knockholt or Nockholt, a parish in Kent. NOEL. Fr. Christmas. Originally a baptismal name, from the person's ha\-ing been born on the day of that festival. William, the ancestor 'of all the English Noels, was living in the reign of Henry I., and was at that period lord of Ellenhall, co. Staflbrd. Shu-ley"s Noble and Gentle Men of England. Collins says that ' Noel,' and his wife Celestria, came into England at the Conquest, and that their son Robert was called Fitz-Noel, and hence the name and familj^ NOISE. See Noyes. NOKE. A parish in Oxfordshire. See, hov.-ever, Noakes. NOLAN. See O 'Nolan. NOLLEKINS. A nurse-name of Oliver, through Noll. NOLLEY. A nickname of Oliver. NOLLS. Noll is one of the several nicknames of Oliver. Cromwell was com- monlv known among his enemies as " Old Noll." NOLTE. A contraction of Atten Holte, i.e. " at the Holt," or grove. NONE. "A person so called was buried at Wymondham ; and as he gave nothing to the abbey, the following epitaph was made to his memory : — " Here lyeth None — one worse than none for ever thought ; And because None, of none to thee, Chi-ist, frfves nought." Dixon, p. 53. See Nunn and Nugent. NOON. Perhaps the same as Nimn. NORBURY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Chester, Derby, Surrey, Salop, Staflbrd, &c. NORCLIFFE. Local: "the northern cliflV NORCOTT. NORCUTT. A township in CO. Berks. NORDEN. Evidently from ' north ' and ' dean ' or ' den.' I doubt not that many places in Britain are so designated, though it is remarkable that the Gazetteers, both of England and Scotland, are devoid of ex- amples. NORFOLK. The comity. NORGATE. A contraction of North- gate. NORMAN. Northman or Norman was the generic name of the Norwegians. After the settlement of the Vihingv aud their fol- lowers in various parts of England. Scot- land, Neustria, &c., it was often assumed as a personal name. Many of the tenants in Domesday are called Norman and Nor- mannus. See Noimanby. NORMANBY. There ai-e four parishes, besides minor localities, bearing this desig- nation, viz : three in Lincolnshire, and one in the N. Riding of Yorkshne. From NOH Northman, or Norwegian, and ' by,' a habi- tation. " That Norwegians immigrated into England even in considerable numbers, both history and the frequently occurring nameof Normanby in the North of England, clearly show." Worsaae's Danes and Nor- wegians in England, p. 73. Mr. W. might have added that there are no less than eleven parishes called Norraanfo/?; but these are chieHy in the midland counties. Nor- manville in Normandy, and the name of that province itself, are derived from the same source. NORMAND. The same as Norman. NORM AX DY. From the province. NORMANVILLE. This Norman sur- name corresponds to our English Norman - ton. The Itineraire de la Normandie shews two places so called ; one near Yvetot, and the other in the arrondissement of Evreux. NORMANTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Derby, Lincoln, Rutland, York, Leicester, Nottingham, Sec. NORREYS. See Norris. NORRIS. Anciently written Le Noreis, Norres, Noreys, Sec, and in Latin charters, Noricus, Norensis, kc. It is widely spread both in Normandy and England, and may imply either Xot-th-countnjman or tJte Xor- ivegian. Ormerod"s Miscell. Palatina, p. 6. Gaimar applies the term to the Norwegians whom Harold defeated at Stamford Bridge. " Quinte jur apres reis Harold vint, Contre Xorreis bataille tint." Mon. Hist. Brit., 827. In the Liber de Antiq. Leg. it is stated, as a peculiar circumstance, that the Barons hostile to king John, though really from different parts of England, yet were all alike called Norenses or North-countrymen. In the second sense, the word is frequently employed to denote known natives of Nor- way. NORTH. SOUTH. EAST. WEST. Why surnames should have been borrowed from points of the compass, is not very readily explained : yet they do exist — all in excellent associations, and at least two of them in the Peerage. The probability is that the original bearers received their ap- pellatives from the fact of their having mi- grated to particular spots from particular du-ections ; e.g. if a Cornishman settled in Kent, he might be called West, and if a Northumbrian took up his abode in Hamp- shire, North would perhaps become his dis- tinctive epithet. See Points of the Com- pass. NORTHALL. A parish in co. Middle- sex, and a hamlet in co. Bucks. NORTHCOTE. A hamlet and estate in the parish of East Downe, co. Devon, which belonged to Galfridus, the lineal ancestor of this family, in the XII. cent. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. NORTHCOTT. See Northcote. NORTHCROFT. Local : see Croft. 239 NOU NORTHEDGE. See Edge. NORTHEN. A parish in Cheshire. NORTHEY. An extinct chapelry and " deserted village," near Pevensey, co. Sussex. It was anciently a member of the Cinque Ports. NORTHFIELD. A parish in co. Wor- cester. NORTHGATE. See under Eastgate. N0RTH:\IAN. a native of Norway. It is found in the same orthography in H.R. NORTHOVER. A parish in co. Somer- set. NORTHWAY. A township in co. Glou- cester. NORTHWOOD. A parish in the Isle of Wight, and a township in co. Salop. NORTON. The Gazetteer mentions be- tween forty and fifty parishes, townships. Sec, so called, and there are himdreds of farms and minor localities. The word means simply — the northern homestead or enclosure, and corresponds to Sutton, Easton, and Weston. The original name of Lord Grantley's family was Coigniers, until temp. Edw. II., when Roger C. married the heiress of Norton, of Norton, co. York, and their son took the maternal name. NORYALL. NOR YELL. I. Probably from Norville in the an-ondissement of Havre, in Normandy. 2. Nor^^al, a per- sonal name. NORWICH. From the city. The founder of the family was Geoffrey de Norwich, one of the barons in arms against King John. NORWOOD. Places in Middlesex, Surrey, &c. NOSWORTHY. See Wortuy. NOTBEAMB. A-Sax. hnut beam, a hazel tree, Apud Notebem, "at the nut- tree," is a Hundred Rolls surname. NOTCUTT. Probably a corruption of Northcote. So Breadcstt from Bradcote. NOTLEY. Two parishes in Essex ; also the site of a monastery in Buckingham- shire. NOTMAN. Note is a northern provin- cialism for neat or black cattle, and conse- quently Aof-man is identical, not with eowartl, as might appear, but with cow-hcrdl It is Noteman without prefix in H.R. NOTON. Perhaps Notton, a township in Yorkshire. NOTT. See Knott and Nutt. NOTTER. An old German personal name, Nothart. Ferguson. NOTTINGHAM. The chief town of the shire so named. NOUGHTON. Perhaps from Nowton or Newton, co. Suffolk. NUG •240 NYT NOURSE. O. Eng. nourice, Xurse. See Nurse. NOVISS. A novice, " a new beginner in anj' art or iDrofession ; a raw, unskilful, and inexperienced person." Bailey. KOWELL. ]. Probably the same as Noel. 2. The Nowels of Eede, now Xether- side, CO. York, deduce their pedigree from Adam de Nowell, who flourished there temp. Henry I. B.L.G. The presumption of a descent from the noble family of De Noailles in France, seems to have no other foundation than the similarity of sound. NOWLAND. A corruption of Nolan. NOX. The same as Knox. NO YE. SeeNoyes. NOTES. The family of Noyes of Wilt- shii-e and Susses have, time out of mind, borne the same arms as that of Xoye of Cornwall, to which the celebrated attorney- general of Charles I. belonged. There is a tradition that three brothers of the name came over from Nonnandy about the time of the Conquest, and settled in the coun- ties of Wilts, Hants, and Cornwall. The name is supposed to be derived from Noye or Noyon in Normandy, an- ciently called Noyon-sur-Audelle, but now Charleval, in the canton of Grainville ; but there are several localities in that province called Noyers, which may have an equal claim. The various spellings of the name are Noye, De Noye, De la Noye, Noise, Noys, Noyse. Inf. T. Herbert Noyes, Esq., junr. NUGENT. Gent, according to Salverte, is the ancient French word (of which gentil is a diminutive form) signifying the pleasant- ness of a place or person : and no, noe, non, or ?ione, designates a low meadow which is frequently inundated. No-gent or Nugent, he adds, is the name of many towns or vil- lages built on the banks of a river in a pleasant position, such as Nogent-sur- Seine, Nogent-sur-Mame. &c. Essai. ii. 284. The family are a branch of the great house of Belesme, being descended from Fulke de Belesme, Lord of Nogent le Eotrou, who accompanied William of Normandy and fought at the battle of Hastings. Some of his descendants assumed the surname of Nogent or Nugent, and two of them, Gilbert de Nugent and Hugh de Nugent, cousins, founded the name in Ireland temp. Henry II., they having accompanied Henry de Lacy's expedition against that country. They settled in Westmeath, on part of the estate held to this day by the representative of the family, the Marquis of "Westmeath. ^" NUM. See NAM. NUNN. An old A-Sax. personal name. One Nun was a kinsman of Ina, king of the West Saxons — Xun. Inoe in-ojjinqum. See Mon. Hist. Brit. 320, &c., &c. Anno 710. " Ine and Xun, his kinsman, fought against Cerent, king of the Welsh." Saxon Chronicle. But the surname may have originated from a lapse of a vowess, for we find in the H.E. not only one AUce la Nonne, but also " Eobertus filius ejus." NUNNES. Apparently a genitive form of Nunn. NURSE. Probably a foster-father. NURTON. The same as Norton. NUTHALL. A parish in Nottingham- shire. NUTKINS. A diminutive of Knut or Canute. Ferguson. NUTLEY. Places in Buckinghamshii-e and Sussex. NUT. NUTS. See Nutt. NUTT. Probably Knut, the Danish personal name, which we now improperly write in two syllables — Canute. See Knott. NUTTALL. The same as Nuthall. NUTTER, See under Nutting. NUTTING. Ferguson derives this name and Nutt .from Knut, or Canute, the Danish personal name ; and adds that the name of Knut was derived from a wen or tumour on his head. It is however worthy of remark, that the hazel, A-Sax. hnut-hedm, gave rise to several names of places, from some of which surnames have been derived, as Nut- field, Nuthall. Nutburst, Nutley, Nuthamp- stead. The names Nutter and Nuttman are also probably connected with this tree — signifying, perhaps, dealers in its fruit. NUTT]\IAN. See under Nutting. ! NYAS. Nias is a young hawk, and, me- taphorically, a boy. "Aifl^rZ, a niag i&vl- con." Cotgrave. NYE. The old form was Atten-Eye, " at the Island."' See Noakes. N YMAN. The Danish form of Newman. Ferguson. NYTI:MBER. a manor in Sussex. 241 OAT o. o. ', This, a very common prefix to Irish surnames, is the Celtic iia, grand- son, descendant. In England and other European countries, the noble and wealthy generally adopted their family names from their landed possessions, but in Ireland the names of .^cpts or tribes were uniformly borrowed from those of their ancient chiefs and ances- tors. Many of these names are trace- able up to the tenth century, and even earlier. The famous king Brian Boru, who fell at the battle of Clontarf, in 1014, '• published an edict, that the de- scendants of the heads of tribes and families then in power, should take name from them, either from the fathers or grandfathers, and that those names should become hereditary and fixed for ever." 0"Donovan in Ii'ish Pen. Joum. p. 332. In some instances, however, families who boasted of a distinguished ancestor of earlier date, assumed his name rather than that of the grand- father or father. Ibid. p. 305. "It is obvious also," adds the same learned writer, "from the authentic Irish annals, that there are many Irish sur- names now in use, which were adopted from ancestors who flourished long sub- sequently to the reign of BriUn." ' 0,' or rather ' Oy,' was used in the sense of gmmlfon by the Scottish Highlanders ; thus we read of a very old ladj" of Gaelic race, who (Argus like I) could boast of a hnndred Oyes ! Mac, or ' son ' was, and is, also exten- sively used in Ireland as a prefix, though not so much as in Scotland. Hence the well-known distich : — " Per >Iac atque 0, tu veros co.ffnoscis Hibemos, His duobus demptis, nnllus Hibemus adest." " By Mac and 0, yonll always know True Irislimen they say ; For if they lack both" and Mac, No Irishmen are they I" The Galwegians who prided themselves upon not being Irishmen, issued an order in 1.518. prohibiting the native septs from entering their town, declaring that "neither ne Mac shoulde strutte ne swagger through the streetes of Gal- way I" Hardiman's Galway. A vulgar error i^revails in Ireland, that while the Mac conveys no notion of high birth, the 0' is a mark of good family. In the province of Connaughtthe O' notifies the gentleman : the O'Con- nors, the OTlahertys, and the O'Mal- leys are somebodies, while their distant kinsmen, the Connors, the Flahertys, and the Malleys are nobodies ! Much the same notion prevails in France concerning the prefix De. In Ireland 2 I the 0' is never prefixed to any name de- rived from trade, with the single excep- tion, it appears, of O'Gowan, which is shnilar to our Smithson. Dr. 0'Donovan"s able articles in the Irish Penny Journal aflbrd much inte- resting information on this subject. I must add, in conclusion, that the list of surnames in 0' is far too long for trans- cription here, and therefore I must be content to give a few only. From an index to certain genealogical books at the PiOj-al Irish Academy, it appears that there are upwards of 2000 distinct Irish surnames with this prefix, and only 200 with that of Mac. Only three Scotch surnames begin with 0'. OADES. Probably the same as the Odo or Eudes of Xorman times. B^° OAK, as well as its A-Sax. parent Ac, (which see) enters into the compo- sition of several locaf surnames, such as Oakley, Oakfield, Oakden, Oakham, Holyoake. OAK. OAKES. From residence near a tree or trees of this species. See art. Noakes. There is however a parish called Oake in Somersetshire. Del Oke. H.R. OAKDEX. Local : see termination Den. This was probably a swine-pasture. OAKELY. " An ancient family, des- cended from Philip, who in the reign of Henry HI. was lord of Oakeley, in the parish of Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, from whence he assumed his name, and which has ever since been the inheritance of his descendants." Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. OAKEXBOTTOM. Local: "the bottom or vale where oaks grow." OAKE Y. Local : " the island where oak- trees grow.'" Okey without prefix is found in H.R. OAKHAM. The county-town of Kut- landshire. OAKLEY. Parishes, &c., in various counties. See Oakeley. OAKSFORD. Local : " the ford by the oaks ;" or possibly a corruption of Oxford. OARE. Perhaps a corruption of Ore, co. Sussex, or of Hoare. OASTLER. OSTLER. The keeper of a hostelry or inn. How the word became degraded from master to man is not appa- rent. OATES. See Oats. OCA 242 OATS. " Oats," says Mr. Ferguson, " I take to be a pluralism, and class it with Ott, Otte, Otto, and the corresponding German names Otte and Otto." OBBARD. A corruption of the corrup- tion Hubbard. O'BEIRXE. An ancient Irish family who have anglicized their name to Byron and Bruin ! O'BEOLAN. This was the patronymic or Gaelic name of the Earls of Ross, and we find, from the oldest Norse saga connected with Scotland, that a powerful chief of the North of Scotland called Beolan, married a daughter of Eollo, the founder of Nor- mandy. OBEY. Oby, an extinct parish, now joined with Ashby, co. Norfolk. O'BOHILLY. The name variously written O'Bohilly, O'Bohill. O'Boyle, is of early record in Ireland, and is found in the last-mentioned form so early as the year 1099, when Canlamrach O'Boyle was bishop of Armagh. D'Alton. O'BOLGER. An L-ish sept who dwelt in Wexford and Carlow. OBORNE. A parish in Dorsetshire. O'BRIEN. The O'Briens of Thomond took their name from the monarch Brian Boru, who was slain at the battle of Clon- tarf in 1014. 0"Donovan. O'BYRXE. "The OByrnes were the formidable chieftains of that last subjugated district of Ireland, now the county of Wiclc- low ; the present barony of Ballinacor and the Ranilogh were possessed exclusively by them, and they, with the O'Tooles, the territorial lords of the remainder of this county,maintained,for nearly four centuries, an unceasing war against Dublin and the English Pale." The surname first appears in 1119. D'Alton. O'CAHAK The O'Cahaus, formerly prevalent about Coleraine, have softened their name to O'Kane, Cain, and Kane. Ulst. Journ. of ArchajoL, No. 20. O'CAHANE. A family of great anti- quity, claiming descent "from the renowned Niall of the Nine Hostages, King of Ireland, who brought St. Patrick a captive from France to its shores. They constituted one of the most powerful families of ancient Dalaradia in Ulster, from whence passed out the emigrants who colonized Scotland, conquered the Picts, and established a kingdom there, wliich, in memory of their old home, was named Dali'iada. From them descended the line of Scottish Kings, the Stuarts." D'Alton. "SMiatever credit may attach to claims of such very high antiquity, there is no doubt that the name and family existed in the X. century, when Eogan O'Cahan was an abbot in the countv of Galway, A.D. 980. The family may have been king-descended and king-pro- ducing, but their claim to tlie progenitor- ship of the royal line of Stuart is unfounded, oco for the latter have been satisfactorily proved to be. of mingled Welsh, Saxon, and Norman blood, and their Gaelic or Irish extraction is a pure figment. See article Stuart. O'CAIN. A Highland clan, derived, ac- cording to the ancient sennachies, from co. Fermanagh, Ireland. But Skene considers it equivalent to Cathan or Chattan, a Gaelic name. O'CALLAGHAN. This ancient family derive their origin and their surname from Ceallachan Cathel, a famous king of Mun- ster in the tenth century. Their territory, according to Mr. D'Alton, was partly m cos. Louth and Mayo, but especially in Cork, where 50,000 acres of land on both sides of the Blackwater, and hence called Pobble - O'Callaghan, were occupied by them. O'CARROLL. This sept were established in Louth at an early date, and popularly styled Princes of Orgiel. They are men- tioned by the annalists before the date of Strongbow's invasion. D'Alton. O'CARY. The Four Masters record the sept of O'Cary as lords of Carbury, co. Kildare, from a very early period of Irish history. D'Alton. OCHILTREE. A parish in Ayrshire. OCHTERLONY. The family were an- cient in CO. Angus, and the name is local, though I do not obsers-e the place. Ifc^ OCK, a variation of A-Sax. ac, an oak. occurs in such local surnames as Ockwold, Ockley, Ockenden, Baldock, Charnock, Sinnock, Coppock. OCKEXDEN. An estate at Cuckfield, CO. Sussex, to which county the name seems mainly to be limited. O'CLERY. " A name," says Mr. D'Alton, " of the deepest historic interest in genea- logy. That sept had large possessions in Tyr-hugh, their chief seat being at Kilbar- ron, where still remain the ruins of their castle, situated on a rock over the shore of the Atlantic, near Ballyshannon. They were highly distinguished in the native literature, and became hereditary bards and historians of the O'Donnells, Princes of Tvrconnell." To this family appropriately belonged Michael O'Clery, the diligent col- lector of ancient manuscripts relating^ to Ireland, who in the early part of the XVII. century compiled the celebrated Annals of the Four Masters. D'Alton. OCKMORE. A hamlet and a hundred in CO. Glamorgan are called Ogmore. O'COLEMAX. The native annalists of Ireland notice, at a very early age, the sept of O'Coleman, and sometimes of Mac Col- man, the latter in the county of Louth, where the name is still of respectability. Mr. D'Alton's first mention of the surname is from the Four Masters under A.D. 1206. The name is so purely Saxon, that it would seem probable that the sept was ODE 243 D founded in early times bj' a naturalized Englishman. O'COMHAIL. (Pronounced O'Cooil.) Comhal was the father of Finn Mac Cool, the Ossianic hero. The name is anglicized to Coyle. Ulster Joum. of Archacol. No. 2. O'CONXELL. "From the district of Upper and Lower Connelloe, co. Limerick, the OX'onnells removed to Iveragh in the western extremity of Kerry, and remained there for a considerable period, until the re- bellion of 1641 transplanted them to the co. of Clare." B.L.G. In 7M, say the Four Masters, died Flan O'Connell, King of the Hy Falgians. In the X. century the deaths of two O'Connells. abbots of Devenish. are commemorated ; and it is singular that in that parish there are two townlands bearing the respective names of Bally-Connell and Glen-ti-Connell. At the memorable battle of Clonlarf, in 1014, the chief of the 0"Conuells was one of the leaders. D'Alton. O'COXXOR. The O'Connors of Con- naught spring from Conor or Concovar. who died in 971. 0"Donovan. The family were subdivided at an early period ; and the head of one branch assumed the epithet of the O'Connor Roe. or the " Iled-haired," while the other was known as the O'Connor Don, or the •• Brown -haired."' O'CROWLEY. The O'Crowleys were a sept of CO. Cork. Smith, in his history of that county, says that they were a cadet of the Mac Dermots of Moylurg. D'Alton. ODAM. An estate in Lambourne, co. Berks, bestowed on the family, it is sup- posed, by Bourchier, Baron Fitzwarine, to whom they would ajipear, from armorial evidence, to have been related. Odam or, as it is sometimes written, Odeham, is sy- nonj-mous with Woodham. ODAY. See Ody. ODBURYILE. OBCRYILLA. The Domesday form of Auberville. Roger de Odbur^ile held eighteen lordships in the counties of Essex and Suffolk ; his brother WiUiam held Berlai ; and Robert de O. was a tenant in chief in co. Somerset. The Itineraire de la Normandie shows six places called Auberville, but from which of these the family came to England is not, I be- lieve, ascertained. ODDY. Perhaps the same as Ody from Odo. In Oxfordshire, however, according to Halliwell, oddy means active, brisk — particularly in reference to old persons. O'DEA. An ancient sept who possessed the territory in co. Clare now kno\vn, as the parish of Dysart, and which of old had many castles. Xine of this name were slain at the battle of Moinmore, in 11.31. DAlton. ODELL. A parish in Bedfordshire, the seat of an ancient barony, written Wodhull, and by Xomian corruption AVahul. The great Domesday baron kno%vn as Walter Flandrensis, from his being a Fleming, held it, and his posterity were called De Wahnl Though not summoned to Parliament after Edw. I., they retained the title of Lords Wahul. until the extinction of the male line bv the death of Anthony Wodehull, temp. Henry VIII. O'DEMPSEY. The family were chiefs of Clan-Maoilughra (Glenmalira) a territory extending over part of King's and Queen's Cos. The sept O'Dymsj* are mentioned at an early period in the Chancery rolls. DAlton. ODEX. The Odin or Wodin of the Teu- tonic mj-thologj-, the father of the Gods and the progenitor of ancient kings. The name was in England at the time of the Conquest or before, for Odin appears as a Domesday tenant in Cheshire, and Odinus in Wiltshire. A Ric'Odyn is found in H.R. O'DE YLIX. A branch of the great house of O'Xeill. ODGEAR. ODGERS. Probably an old Scandinavian personal name. One Odgeir is found in the Landnamabok. ODIARXE. ' Hodiernus is found in the Xonar. Inq. (Sussex, p. 39C.) as a baptismal name : " Hodyern' Elys." A Hodierna Sackville also occurs temp. Wm. Con- queror. How an epithet signifying " Of this Day" came to be adopted as a name, it is hard to conjecture. ODIXG SELLS. The family came from the Xetherlands, at or soon after the Con- quest. Camden. O'DIYXT:. O'Duibhne is one of Ossian's heroes. ODLIXG. Mr. Ferguson derives it from the 0. Norse odlingr, a king or noble — an atheling. O'DOIX or O'DUIX. (Written and pronounced Dunn and Dovne.) Celt, donn, brown, or brown -haired : but perhaps iden- tical with O'Duibhne, an Ossianic hero. O'DOXELAX. This sept were chiefs of Clan-Bresail, co. Galway. They claim des- cent from Murrough Mullethan, King of Connaught, in the VIII. centur)'. They were accounted "Chief- Poets" (i.e. annalistfi) of that province. D"Alton. O'DOXXELLY. The first recorded an- cestor seems to be Giolla Mac Liag O'Don- gaile, chief of Ferdroma in Donegal, who fell in a patriotic resistance of the invasion by John de Courcy, 1177. Bally-Donnelly in Tyrone has its name from this sept. D"Alton. O'DOXOHOE. From Donogh, whose father Donnell fought at Clontarf, in 1014. 0"Donovan. O'DOXOGIIUE. An ancient sept in co. Cork, from which district they were expelled in the twelfth centurj- by the Mac Cartys and OMahonys. They then settled in Kerry, and held the country round Lough Lene and Killamey, and were divided into two lines, known as the ODonoghue More and the O'Donoghue Ross. DAlton. ODU 244 O'DOXOVAN. Some account of this family is given under Donovan, which see. The following additional particulars are from D'Alton :— " The O'Donovans were at a very early period chiefs of Cairbre-Aodbha, the present barony of Kenry, co. Limerick, where their chief castle was at Bruree. They after- wards moved southward, over the plains of Hy Figeinte, situated in the barony of Conilloe in the same county, and extending into Kerry."' ^Yhen driven thence by the Baron of Offaley, they appear to have lost some of their ancient importance on their settlement in O'Driscoll's country. It ap- pears, however, that in this, their Cork territory, they were lords of the extensive district of Clan-Cathail, and possessed the three castles of Castle Donovan, Banduff, and Eahine. O'DORCY. In Ireland this name is sometimes gallicised to D'Arcy. O'DOWD. From an ancestor who flourished in the Ylf. century. O'Donovan. The sept possessed a wide territory in cos. Mayo and Sligo. Their annals are fully displayed in Hardiman"s " Hy Fiacra," the name of this district. D"^Uton. O'DOWLIXG. A Queen's County sept. Some Irish families change this name to Delany ! O'DRISCOLL. " The ancient sept of O'DriscoU or Hederiscoll were settled at Carberry, with Bear and Bantry, in the county of Cork. They also possessed the island of Cape Clear, the territory about the Bay of Baltimore, and part of luveragh in Kerrj'. Within this ambit, they had castles in Dunashad and Dunalong near Baltimore, both of which were garrisoned by the Spaniards in the war of 1599: they had also a castle at Dunamore in Cape Clear island." D'Alton. Mr. D'Alton relates the following anec- dote illustrative of the animosity which subsisted between the native Irish and the English, in the early part of the XIY. cent., and of the tyranny to which the former were exposed. It also furnishes a weighty answer to the question, 'Whafs in a Name?' " In 1-310, a period when, as Sir John Davis ex- presses himself, 'the mere Irish were not only ac- coimted aliens, but enemies, and altogether out of the protection of the law, so as it was no capital offence to kill them,' a veiy remarkable trial took place at Limerick, before John Wogan, lord-justice of Ireland ; wherein a AViUiam Fitz-Roger being indicted for the murder of Roger de Cantelon, pleaded that he could not in law be guilty of murder in that instance, for that said Roger (the -s-ictim) was an Iinshman, and not of free blood ; that in verity said Roger vas of the cognomen o'" 0' Hederiscolh and not of the name of Cantelon; and the jmy found the facts to be so, uhereiipon the prisoner teas acquitted." O'DUFF. The O'Duffs were chiefs of Hy Cruinthain, a district extending round Duuamase in the Queen's County; and the name is of record in the Irish Chancery rolls from the days of Edw. III. D'Alton. O'DUGAX. From Dugan, an ancestor, whose son fought at Clontarf in 1014. O'Donovan. OFL O'DUIGENAN, The ftimlly were located at Kilronan, co. Roscommon. They were especially celebrated for their devotion to the history and literature of their country. D'Alton. O'DUIGIN. An ancient sept in co. Clare, lords of a district in the barony of TuUagh. D'Alton. ODWYER. The O'Dwyers were chiefs of Kilnamanagh co. Tipperary. ODY. The classical Otho, in its changed form of Odo, was a Xorman personal name. It was afterwards corrupted to Ody, and in course of time became hereditary. ODYEARXE. See Odiarne. O'FAGAX. See Fagan. Mr. D' Alton's account is, however, different from that there given. He says, that ''the family are by some considered of English descent." The name seems to have been well es- tablished in Meath in the XIII. century. O'FAHY. An ancient sept of the coimty of Galway. O'FALYE Y. The O'Falveys were chiefs of Cork, and hereditary Admirals of Des- mond. D'Alton. O'FERRALL, Mr. D'Alton charac- terizes them as an " illustrious sept," whose principality covered a large portion of the present county of Longford. They were great builders of castles, and founders of abbeys. The first actual record of the name seems to occur in the year 1141, when the aged chief, Gildas O'Ferral, departed this life. OFFER. See Offor. OFFICER. This surname is found at Edinburgh ; what particular office the founder of the family held does not aH>ear. OFFLEY. Parishes in cos. Hertford and Stafi'ord. OFFLOAV. A township in Stafford- shire. OFFOR. Apparently an ancient personal name. Ofi'ers occurs in Domesday, as a tenant prior to the survey. OFFORD. 1. Two parishes in co. Hun- tingdon are so called. 2. A Domesday personal name — Otierd. O'FIXX. Finn or Fionn is an old per- sonal name implying ' fair-haired.' O'FLAHERTY. Fhiithbheartach, an Irish chieftain of the X. century, acquired this designation, which signifies " lordly- deeded," "for his prowess, and handed it down to his posterity. O'Donovan. " This sept," says Mr. D'AUon, '• were originally settled in the barony of Clare, co. Galway, whence in the Xl'll. century they were driven to the western side of Lough Corrib, and were there styled Lords of lar or western Connaught. On the islands of that water they had many castles, traces of some of which still remain." D'Alton. OGL 245 ^p- " OF THAT ILK," literally "0/ that .^ame ;" a phrase applied in Scotland to persons whose surnames are identical with the names of their estates — a con- venient substitution. It was easier to write " John of Forbes of that Ilk" the vernacular of " Johannes de Forbes, dominus ejusdem," than " John of Forbes, of Forbes." For some centu- ries after the first adoption of surnames the '«/■' was retained, and hence two ' ofs ' were frequently found in the de- signation of one person. For example, "John of Forbes of Forbes," the head of a house originally surnamed from the ancestral estate, might have brothers or sons, founders of separate families, who would be called "John of Forbes of Pitsligo." "William of Forbes of Corse," and the like; yet still "John of Forbes of Forbes " would be the only one of that Ilk in the genealogy. In some cases, a spurious title "of that Ilk " was created by the vanity of upstarts, as when a man bearing a par- ticular surname gave that name to his newly-acquired lands, and thus shuffled himself into an appearance of ancient territorial association. Such phrases as " Mac-Xab of Mac-Nab," " Mac-Intosh of Mac-Intosh." are modern and absurd shams, intended to indicate chief-ship at the expense of accuracy and common sense. OGALLAGER. The native topo- graphers locate this sept in the baronies of Tyrhugh and Raphoe, co. Donegal, where they had castles at Lififord and Bally- shannon. DAlton. O'GARA. The ancient territorial lords of Moy-0"Gara and Coolavin, co. Sligo. The first recorded ancestor seems to be Roderic 0"Gara, who died in 1056. D'Alton. OGBORXE. Two parishes in Wilts are called Ogbourn. OGDEX. See Des. OGER. OGERS. An ancient personal name occurring in the Domesday of Lin- colnshire. OGG. "I dare not say that Ogg— from the ancient root of iifjhj — has no connection with the King of Bashan : but its imme- diate progenitor is an Old Norse Oegr, who might probably be as " ugly " a customer as the giant of the iron bed." Ferguson. OGILBY. See Ogle. OGILVIE. OGILYY. See Ogle. OGILWY. See Ogle. OGLAXDER. The tradition of the baronet's family is, that they came hither with the Conqueror, and settled at once in their present habitat, Nunwell in the Isle of Wight. I believe that they can prove re- sidence there bv authentic records from temp. Hen. III. 'M. de Gerville states, that the lord of Oglandres, a parish between Yalognes and Pont TAbbe, in Western Nor- OIIE mandy, was the person referred to in this tradition. He also informs us that another branch of the family continued to reside in the parish of Oglandres, and thence passed to the chateau of Pertot, in the department of the Orne. The present representative in France is the Marquis d'Orglandre. Mem. Soc. Autiq. Normandie, 1825. OGLE. The extinct peerage family (from whom springs the existing baronet), rose to eminence in the twelfth century, and derived their surname from the lordship of Oggil, CO. Northumberland : but Ogle appears also to be an A-Sax. or Danish personal name, as it occurs, in composition with topo- graphical expressions, in several family names, as Ogihie, Ogilwj-, Ogilby, and Oglesby, the residence of Ogle ; Oglethorpe, the village of Ogle, &;c. OGLEBY. See Ogle. OGLETHORPE. See Ogle. O'GOWAX. The Celtic gow, gowam, is Smith ; and to that form some of the Irish families have anglicized their name. OGRADY. In the genealogies of this family it is asserted, that they sprang from Conai-Eachluath, King of Munster in the fourth centurj-. The sept were located first in CO. Clare, and afterwards in co. Limerick. O'GRIFFES". :Mr. D'Alton says, that " a native sept of 0"Grifiin is traceable in the Annals of Ireland, while it would appear that the same name, Asithout the Milesian prefix, came early from Pembrokeshire into this country." The first O'Griffin named by Mr. D'Alton is in 1199; a Fitz-Grilfin is found in 1220; and a Mac-Griflin in 1257. O'HAGARTY. An Ulster sept, sub- feudatory to the O'Neill. D'Alton. O'HALY. The family were located in a large .tract of the baronv of Muskcrrv, co. Cork, called from them Pobble-O'Haly. The Four Masters record the death in 1309 of Dermod O'Healey, "the most eminent of the landed gentry of his time.' D'Alton. O'HAXLOX. This family were '• Tauists of a large territor}- within the present county of Armagh, and up to the time of James I. enjoyed the honour and office of hereditary Standard-Bearer of Ulster — a privilege which Sir William Eussell, when Lord Deputy, with due policy recognized ; as marching against O'Neill and the northern insurgents, he committed the royal standard (which the O'Mulloy had carried through the Pale) to Hugh OHanlon, who had theretofore submitted to the English government." D'Alton. O'HARA. A noble sept dating back at least to the year 1023, when the death of Donagh O'Hara is recorded by the Four Masters. Their territor}' comprised the present barony of Leney, with parts of those of Costello and Gallan. D'Alton. O'HEA. An ancient family of the county of Cork, whose chief residence was Agh- OKE 246 OLD cinilly castle, on a territory called from themPobble-O'Hea. D'Alton. O'HEHIR. See Haire. Mr. D'Alton mentions that the sept of O'Hehir were territorially located at Magh-Adhair, a part of Clare lying between Ennis and Tulla. He also states that an Aulaffe 0"Hehir was slain in 1094:, at the battle of Fenagh, ■while the Four Masters notice the death in 1099, of Donogh 0"Hehir, lord of Magh- Adhair. OHENXESY. The O'Hennesys were chiefs of Clan-Colgan in King's County, and of the territory now called the barony of Moygoish, co. Westmeath. O'HIFFERNAX. This sept possessed a territory about Corofin, co. Clare, called from them the Muintir-Ifernain, from which stock a branch was transplanted to the barony of Owny and Arra, co. Tipperary. Their war-cry was Ceart-na-suas-ABOE ; The cause of rir/Jit from above.' The name appears in Irish history so early as 10-17. DAlton. O'HOGAX. The OHogains are an an- cient sept in Tipperary, in the vicinity of Nenagh. The name occurs as early as the XIII. cent. DAlton. O'HORAN. A clan of Hy Maine, co. Galway. D'Alton. O'HURLY. The sept of O'Hierlehy or Hurley are said to have sprung from the same stock as the O'Briens of Thomond. Their territory extended on the borders of Tipperary, adjoining the Limerick district of the O'Briens, afterwards called Knock- long. In the English local records the name Hurle or Hurley is found prefixed with De ; but Mr. D'Alton considers the family unquestionably Milesian, OILEY. See Doyley. O'KANE. See O'Cahan. O'KEARNEY. The sept of O 'Kearney is placed, by O'Dugan's Topography of Ire- land, in that part of Westmeath that is called Tefiia ; but Ortelius's map places a clan of the name in co. Cork, and they also appear to have been territorial in co. Clare. The elder family of this name adopted the sobriquet of SionnacJt. or Fox, and by the English appellation one of the family was created Baron of Kilcoursey by Queen Elizabeth. The name occurs as O'Kerny in the XL, and as O'Cearney in the XII. cent. D'Alton. O'KEEFE. This ancient Munster sept de- rive " from Art Caemh — the last two letters being pronounced in Irish as F, or rather as V — who was himself the son of Fin- guine, King of Munster, whose death in 902 the Four Masters record, as they do that of Ceallach O'Caemh in 10G3." D'Alton. O'KEELEY, This sept were located in the county of Kilkenny. O'KELLY. By some genealogists the O'Kellys are considered as of a common stock with the Kellys of England: but they deduce themselves fi'om Cellacb, chief of Hy- Many, and fourteenth in descent from Maine Mor. The name O'Cellaigh or O'Kelly was first assumed by the grandson of that per- sonage in the tenth century. B.L.G. O'KEXXEDY. From a progenitor con- temporary with Brian Boru. O'Donovan. OKEOYER. This venerable and knightly family are lineal descendants of Oi-mus, ■who at the period of the Norman Conquest ■was lord of Okeover in Staflbrdshire, by grant of Xigel, abbot of Burton. During the long period of almost eight hundred vears, they have flourished uninterruptedly upon that" estate. See Shirley's Xoble an^ Gentle Men. O'KEVAN. From an ancestor who lived in the VII. century. O'Donovan. O'KIXSELLAGH. A numerous and territorial clan located in cos. Carlo w and Wexford. DAlton. OLD. 1. See remarks under Eld. 2. A parish in co. Northampton is so called. OLD ACRE. Local : " the old acre," i,e. field. OLDBUCK. Cervus longcBvus; perhaps originally applied to a robust, aged person. OLDBURY, Parishes and places in cos. Salop, Wai-Avick, Gloucester, &c. OLDGASTLE. A township in the parish of Malpas, co. Chester, and a parish in co. Monmouth. OLDERSHAW. Local : " the shaw of alders." OLDFIELD. Guy de Provence, who came to this country in the suite of Eleanor, on her marriage to King Henry III. in 1236, married Alice, sister of Sir Patrick de Hartwell, and with her obtained the manor and lands of Oldfield, co. Chester. Their grandson, Richard, was the first who assumed the name De Oldfield. B.L.G. OLDFREY, Perhaps the same as Alfrey. OLDHAM, A town in Lancashire. The name is sometimes plural ized to Oldhams. OLDIS. Perhaps the same as Aldous. OLDKXOW, Local: from old, and fino/ve, Scot, for a little hill or eminence. OLDMAN. May be equivalent to seiiex, but is more likely a corruption of Holman. OLDMEADOW. Local : place unknown. OLDMIXOX. A Ralph de Holdmixon occurs in co. Somerset, temp. Edw. I. H.R. OLDREY. Perhaps the A-Sax. Aldred. OLDRIDGE. A chapelry in the parish of St. Thomas-the-Apostle, co. Devon. OLDSOX. Might be taken as a corrup- tion of the ancient A-Sax. personal name Wulstan. sometimes written Olstan. were it not that we have the antithetical name Toungson. As it is, the two names may OMA 247 ■have been originally employed to dis- tinguish two brothers between whom there was considerable disparity of age. OLERENSHAW. This local name has quietly subsided into Kenshaw, and it is mostly so written. It is often still further corrupted into Rench and Wrench. Inf. Rev. J. Eastwood. OLIPHANT. Kelbam and Halliwell give oUfaunt, A.-Xonn., an elephant. " The scarlet cloth doth make the bull to feare ; The cuUour white the oUivant doth shiinne." Beloney's Strange Hislories. And Chaucer, in his Rime of Sire Thopas, says : — " There came a gret trcaunt ; His name was sire OUphaunt, A perilous man of dede." Tyrichitt. Tyrwhitt considers the word to mean Elephant, which he thinks a suitable name for a giant. It is remarkable, however, that in Anglo-Saxon olfend signifies a camel, and therefore that useful animal may, equally with the more ponderous brute, assert its claim to the honour of having sumamed this family. Some of the Oli- phants bear an elephanfs head as their crest ; but this may be a mere blunder, like that of the Moyles. whose coat is a vuile, whereas a ' moile' in medieval English sig- nifies, like the 'LvLtmjumentuni. any labour- ing beast, though especially a horse or mare, OLIVE. OLLIYE. The well-known baptismal or personal name, Olaf, borne by various Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish monarchs. In Domesday, a tenant in chief called Olaf occurs in Northamptonshire. OLIVER, Both as a baptismal name and a surname, was probably imported from France, where it was long associated with romantic literature. The Domesday of Devonshire presents us ^vith a tenant called Oliver, in the modern orthography. OLIVERSOX. The son of Oliver. OLIVIER. Fr. Olive-tree. The Oliviers of Potteme are of French extraction, being descended from an old family settled at Nay. B.L.G. OLLEY. Supposed to be a 'nurse-name' of Oliver, OLLIFF. See Olive. OLLIVER. See Oliver. OLXEY. A town in co. Buckingham. A Roger de Olnei occurs in the Domesday of that county, as an under-tenant. OLOREXSIIAW. See Olerenshaw. OLYFADER. A XIII. cent, surname, probably applied as a sobriquet to some one who frequently profaned the phrase " Holy Father.' O'LYXE. An ancient sept in co. Kerry. D'Alton. O'iNIADDEX. This sept were chiefs of what is now styled the Barony of Longford, CO. Galway, with a portion of the parish of Lusmagh in the King's County, this whole OMU territory being in the chronicles of the country called Silanchia, The annals of Ulster record the death of Matodhan, lord of Silanchia, in the year 1008, and from him it would appear the sept derived their distinctive name. D'Alton. O'MAHOXY. The O'Mahonys of Des- mond are named from Mahon, son of Kian, king of Desmond, who fell at Clon- tarfinlOH. O'Donovan. "The O'Ma- honys were powerful cliieftaius in Munster, and had extensive estates along the sea- coast of Cork and Kerry. Opposite Horse Island, oif the former county, was their castle of Rosbrin, boldly erected on a rock over the sea ; and its proprietor, availing himself of the natural advantage it pos- sessed, led a life of such successful piracy that Sir George Carew, when lord president, was obliged to destroy it," DAlton. O'MALLEY. An ancient family formerly written O'Malie, of Morshe Castle, co. Mayo. O'Malley is foolishly gallicised to De Mail- let. O'Donovan. O'MAXXIXG. The O'Mannings were a sept more especially located in the present barony of Tyaquin, co. Galway, where the castle of Clogher was their chief residence. D'Alton. OMAX. The same as Homan and Holraan. O^OIAXEY, A place in Hampshire. Ferguson. OMARCACHAIX. Is translated by some families to Ryder; by others it is anglicised to Markham, O'MEAGHER. This family were in ancient times lords of the ten-itory now known as the barony of Ikerrin, co. Tippe- rary. D'Alton. O'-MEARA. "A distinguished territorial sept in the barony of Upper Ormond, co. Tipperary : and the name of their principal residence, Tuaim-ui-Meara, is still retained in that of Toomavara within that district." D'Alton. O'MELAGHLIX. (Of Meath.) From Maelseachlainn or Malachy II. Monarch of Ireland, who died in 1022. O'Donovan. O:\IER. See under Homer. 0':M0L0XY. This family were chiefs of Cuiltonan, now known as the parish of Kiltonconlea, co, Clare. D'Alton. O'IMULLEX. "The O'Miillens were a Leinster sept, numerous in the coimties of Dublin, Meath, and Kildare. They were also known in Ulster as O'Mullan and Mac Mullen. " D'Alton. O'^IULLOY. Besides what is said under Mulloy, it may be stated, that the family were anciently lords of Fearcall. King's Co., a district extending over the existing baronies of Ballyboy, Ballycowen, and Eglish, with much of those of Geshil and Garrycastle. The first of the name mentioned by Mr. D'Alton. is Albin O'Mul- loy. Bishop of Fcams, who officiated with ONE 248 the Archbishops of Canterbury and Dublin, and with other prelates and nobles, at the coronation of King Richard Coeur-de-Lion in Westminster Abbey in September, 1189. O'MULMOGHERY. This ancient name is now always rendered Early, because mocli-i'irghe means ' early rising.' O'Dono- van. O'MURPHY. The name was anciently spelt O'Murroghoe. The sept extended it- self widely over Ireland. Very early after the introduction of surnames into that country, the death of Flaherty O'Murroghoe, chief of Cinel Breaghain, co. Donegal, is recorded in the Annals, under A.D. 1031. D'Alton. Among the lower orders in the South of Ensland the word murphy signifies a potatoe. Does this im- ply that some hearer of the surname introduced that now indispensable vegetable into England from the sister island? The potatoe was cultivated m Ireland lono- before it was known in this country. A century aa-(il-strange as the statement may appear to non- antiquarian readers— this esculent was scarcely known, at least in the south-eastern district. There is a tradition that potatoes were introduced mto East Sussex from Devonshire, by the vicar of my native parish (Cluddingly), the Rev. John Herring, who died so recently as 1776. O'NAUGHTOiSr. An ancient Irish sept of CO. Galway, located about the country now comprised in the baronies of Leitrim and Longford. D'Alton. O'NEILL. Of the very great antiquity of this distinguished name and family there can be no doubt. At what period the par- ticular ancestor from whom the surname is borrowed flourished, it is hard to say, although a. definite date is assigned to him by the Irish genealogists. According to them, he lived in the fourth century of the Christian Era, and was fifty-third in des- cent from the founder of his race, who ex- isted withiu about a century and a half of the Deluge ! How or when such statements came to be invented and received, I know not. That they are honestly believed by many Irishmen I do know. And it is not with any desire of disturbing family preju- dices and accepted traditions, much less of derogating from the high antiquity and distinguished historical associations of the O'Neills, but simply as a matter of literary and historical criticism, that I beg to de- mur to the following statements, set down in good faith, in a well-known publication of recent date. " The name and origin of the house of O'Neill are traced by Irish annalists to the prince-professor of learning, Nhd, A. M. 1800, son of Phenius Pharsa, King of Scy- thia, whose posterity arriving in Spain, 3Illesms, 21st in descent from Niul, became King of the northern provinces, and his widow Queen Scota, and sons, about 1200 years B.C., led a colony of ' Milesians' to Ire- land, where Heremon,the youngest, became the first monarch. " Niall the Great, 53rd in descent from Heremon, was King of Ireland, A.D. 388. He subdued the Picts and Britons, and after ravaging the coasts of Gaul, was as- sassinated on the banks of the Loire, near Boulogne (!) His army, on its return, ONO carried off, among other captives, St. Patrick, the patron Saint of L-eland. For upwards of 600 years aften\'ards, Niall's descendants exclusively occupied the throne of Ireland. Three kings of his posterity were named after him, viz. : Niall II., sur- named Frassach, who died 770 ; Niall III., surnamed Caille, drowned in the river Callan. A.D. 897 ; and Niall IV., surnamed Glundubh, " black knee," killed in battle by the Danes of Dublin, A.D. doi. Daniel Ardmach O'Neill, 46th monarch of the Hy-Niall race, grandson of Niall Glundubh, died 1064, and was succeeded by Malachy, a South Hy-Niall, who died in 1048. King Mortough Mac Neill died A.D. 1168, and was the last native monarch of Ireland of the Hy Nialls." B.L.G. Now few of the crowned heads and noblest houses of Europe trace their pedigree be- yond the eighth or ninth century — many not so far by hundreds of years. Neither is a higher antiquity assumed for them, even by their most flattering genealogists. With the Celtic ex-regal and noble families, however, a love for exaggerated pedigree seems to have been always prevalent, and the Welsh, the Irish, and the Scotch, are equally addicted to it. But whoever looks dispassionatelv at that great gulph of dark- ness, the period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the epoch of Charlemagne, say the sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries, and observes the obscurity which envelopes the history even of nations, will hesitate to accept as authentic, the minute family de- tails, and regular genealogical descents, pre- sented to his notice by the historians of many Celtic families. ONIOX. Sometimes a corruption of Unwyn, but oftener of the Welsh personal name Enion. In the register of East Grin stead, Sussex, in the first half of the XVII. century, the name is written indiffer- ently Ennion and Onion. Benion, Bunyan, and Pinyon are also corruptions of this fine old Cambro-British designation. The force of corruption could hardly go further than this twisting of a personal appellative, not only into a graveolent vegetable, but into that which either impedes the traveller in his walk, or gives the power of flight to an eagle ! See Bunyan and Pinion. ONLEY. Oneley a hamlet in Northamp- tonshire. O'NOLAN. Of this name Mr. D'Alton remarks : " The 0"Nolans were a sept of the laighest antiquity, especially in co. Car- low, where they gave name to the district of Fothart O'Nolan, within which, imme- diately after the English invasion, Hugh de Lacy erected one ofthose castles which his provident care designed to sentinel the Pale. A very interesting memoir of this sept is appended to the third volume of Sir Bernard Burke's Visitation of Scats and Arms. The native annals commemorate their achievements from the earliest in- troduction of surnames, and a succession of recorded inquisitions testifies the extent of their territory." ORG ONSLOW. The earl of Onslow's family " were seated at Onslow in Shropshire as far back as the time of Richard I., and pro- bably much earlier." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The punning "motto of this ancient house : Festina lente, On Slow ! is probably one of the happiest conceits of its kind. OXWHYX. A corruption, or an at- tempted refinement, of Unwyn. O'PHELAX. From Faolan, whose son Mothea was at Clontarf battle in 1014. 0"Donovan. The sept is recorded in the earliest annals of Ireland. "They were styled Princes of Desies, a territory comprising the greater part of the present county of Water- ford, with a portion of Tipperary." Malachy OThelan was their chief at the time of the Anglo-Xomian invasion, and his was the principal native force that, in co-operation with the Danes of Waterford. sought, but unsuccessfully, to hold that city against the new-comers. Malachy was taken prisoner, and condemned to die, but his life was spared at the intercession of Dermod Mac Murrough, who had on that day come down from Ferns to celebrate the mamage of his daughter with Strougbow. The sept having been afterwards expelled from their old homes, some, after a short sojourn in "Western Meath. crossed the Shannon into Connaught, where they spelt the name 0"Fallon ; and a district in Roscommon was known as OTallon's country."' D'Alton. OPIE. Seems indigenous to Cornwall. Opye occurs there in the XT. cent, and Oppie at a later date. O'QUIX. " This ancient sept is recog- nised in the native annals, from the earliest date of surnames : those of Ulster com- memorate, among the heroes who fell at Clontarf in 1014, XeUl O'Quin. Widely spreading over Ireland, this family held territorj- in Limerick, Clare, Longford, Westmeath, and Derry."" D"Alton. ORA^I. ]Mr. Ferguson derives it from an old German word signifying weak, but it is more probably local. A family of De Horeham in the XIY. century took their name from an estate so called at Waldron, CO. Sussex. Owram in Halifax, co. York, may possibly be the source. ORAXGE. A William de Orenge is a DomesHay tenant in co. Bucks. AVTience this '• William of Orange "' came. I cannot guess ; certainly not. I should say, from the district from which his great name- sake, some six hundred years later, origin- ally had his title, that being a small town and ancient principality in the South of France, about twenty miles from Avignon, and formerly a dependency of Holland. ORBISSOX. A known Lancashire cor- ruption of Osbaldiston. ORCHARD. Originally meant wyrt-yard (A-Sax.). an enclosure for the growth of wyrts or herbs, rather than of apple-trees, as at present. The original bearers of this name must therefore have been gardeners. 2 K 249 OKI ORDE, An ancient personal name. It was borne by a Somersetshire landowner before the making of Domesday. The fa- mily of Orde are of considerable antiquity, and have long held lands in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, formerly as tenants ;« capita under the Bishop. The first mentioned in the pedigree, is Simon de East Orde, who possessed Orde by the tenure alluded to in 1362. Tlie estate is at Newbiggin, co. Northumberland. The word Ord in Sufl'olk is topographical, and signifies a promontory. ORDERSOX. Possibly a corruption of Other "s son. See Otter. ORE. A parish near Hastings, co. Sussex, which had owners of the same name in the XrW century, if not earlier. OREAK. ORECK. Ferguson says, 0. Norse 6rikr, weak or poor. O'REGAX. A native sept of Meath. DAlton. O'REILLY. Tlie family claim descent " from Brian, the fourth Milesian king of Connaught. The name was derived from an ancestor called Ragallagh — by softened pronunciation Eeilly — who lived at the commencement of the eleventh century. His grandson Targaille, prince of East Brefnv, was the first who used the name of Ua Ragallagh or OReilly." B.L.G. ORFORD. A town and parish of Suffolk. ORG.\X. See mider Orgies. ORGAR. Ordgar, an A-Sax. personal name, whence doubtless Orgarswick, co. Kent. ORG ILL. From the well-known fortress of Jersey, called Mont-Orgueil ? ORGLES. The only meaning that I can attach to this word is organs, according to the definition of Halliwell, who cites from MS. Douce, 302, f 3, the line, " He con harpe, he con sjTig. his orgUs ben herd ful wyd." (?/_9eZ," German, an organ. Now Organ is also a well-recognised surname, and hence it would seem that the noblest of all musical instruments has lent its aid to swell our family nomenclature. In what way Orgies and Organ became family names it is hard to guess : perhaps the first bearers of them were medieval organists. ORIEL. In a learned dissertation on this architectural term, by the late William Hamper, Esq.. F.S.A., five different mean- ings are attached to it, viz : — "I. A pent-hou.se. II. A porch attached to any edifice. III. A detached gate-house. IV. An upper stor)'. V. A loft. "VX A gallery for Minstrels. Archajologia. xxiii., 106. The editor of the Glossary of Architec- ture is of opinion, that the bold hay-tvin- don-s still called "Oriels"' gave name to the ORO 250 various buildings, or parts of buildings, enumerated by Mr. Hamper. Oriel College, Oxford, was first founded by King Edward II., but Edward III. be- stowing on the provost and scholars " a large messuage then called La Oriole, " the community removed to it, leaving their old habitation of Tackley's Inn. " This large messuage," says Mr. Hamper, " must have been distinguished by some stately porch or vestibule of sufficient importance to give an appellation to the entire edifice." The original bearer of the surname was pi'obably a servitor in some college or great mansion. The name itself may rank with Gatehouse, Drawbridge, Kitchen, &c., which see. ORLEBAR. In the reign of Edw. IH. this name was spelt Orlehere. The family at Hiuwick, co. Bedford, are not known to have had any possessions in the neighbour- ing village of Orlingbury, which, however, has been conjectured to be the origin of the surname. ORME. A personal name not uncommon in Saxon and Norman times, and doubtless of Scandinavian origin. In the Old Norse, the generic name for serpents is orm. Some early landowners with this designation have impressed it upon the Ormsbys, Or- merod, Ormside, Ormes-Head, Ormskirk, in England, and upon Ormidale, the Ormis- tons, and Ormary, in Scotland. Domesday presents us with tenants called Orme in the counties of York and Lincoln, and in the former shire a personage so named held immediately from the crown. ORMEROD. See the observations under Royd and Eodd. " The first syllable Orme is a common Saxon and Norman name; the second syllable Rode, (pronounced Royde in Yorkshire) is correctly explained by Dr. Whitaker (Hist, of Whalley) as the preterite of " rid," — a ridding, clearing, or essart — lomis exseHus. It occurs in the neighbourhood of English forests and chases from Yorkshire to Devonshire. - - - - The import of the name, then, is the Rode of Orme, the land reclaimed by him or his predecessors, from the forest. - - - The local name was assumed in or before the reign of Henry III." Ormerod is in the parish of Whalley, co. Lancaster. — Orme- rod's Parentalia. ORMISTON. A parish in Haddington- shire, and a place in Roxburghshii-e. ORMSBY. Parishes, &c., in cos. York, Norfolk, Lincoln, &c. The family claim a Norman origin, and the extinct baronets' ancestors were for several centuries seated in Ireland. ORMSON. The son of Orme. See Orme. . ORMSTON. See Ormiston. ORMSTONE. See Ormiston. O'RONAX. The O'Ronans, or O'Ro- naynes, were a sept long settled in Munster and parts of Leiuster. At the time of the English invasion two of that name presided over Irish bishoprics. DAlton, osc O'ROURKE. The great antiquity of this sept is attested by the appearance of their name in the earliest Irish annalists, by whom they are styled Kings of West Brefny, a territory comprising what are now the county of Leitrim, the barony of Tul- laghagh, co. Cavan, and a part of that of Carbury, co. Sligo. Some of the race seem to have been Kings of Connaught. Tiernan O'Rourke was King of Brefny and Con- machne at the time of Strongbow's invasion. DAlton. ORPEN. "The family of Orpen or Erpen is of remote antiquity, and is stated to be derived from Erpen, a French noble of royal descent." Such is the statement in B.L.G., though the pedigree, as there given, does not go further back than the X'VI. cent. ORR. A parish in Kirkcudbrightshire, more usually written Urr. ORRED. Probably a corruption of some local name terminating in head. Ac- cording to B.L.G. the family have been for four hundred j^ears, " and probably for a much longer period," at Wirral, in Cheshire. ORRIN. A river in Ross-shire. ORRIS. A known corruption of Horace. ORROCK. A high basaltic hill in the parish of Burntisland, co. Fife. ORSO. An early Christian name — Urso ; whence Fitz-Urse. ORSOjST. a Yorkshire correspondent mentions an instance of a foundling, who by popular consent received the opprobrious name of Whoreson. A\Tien the poor fellow grew up and married, the clergyman con- siderately registered him as Horson, and when he had a child born to him, he chris- tened him Valentine, and bj^ this associa- tion the name at length quietly subsided into Orson. ORTOiST. A contraction of Overton. There are several places so called in cos. Northampton, Stafford, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Leicester, and Huntingdon. O'RYAN". This family were lords of Idrone, co. Carlow. The name was not unfrequently written O'Mulryan. O'Ryan, Prince of Idi-one, was slain in 1170, by Raymond le Gros, the avant-courier of Strongbow. D'Alton. OSBALDISTON. A township of Black- burn, CO Lancaster. OSBERN. See Osborn. OSBORN. OSBORNE. For a legend of the origin of this name, see Eng. Surn. ii. 3, -1. Osbernus, Osbern, Osborn, &c., are, however, variations of a A'ery common bap- tismal name. Several jjersons bearing it occur in Domesday, as tenants in chief in different counties. Ferguson derives it from the Norse, and interprets it "the divine bear!" OSCAR. The personal name. OTT OSEMAN. The same as Osmond. OSGOOD. An A-Sax. personal name. O'SHAXLEY. The O'Shanleys or, as they were more frequently called, the Mac Shanleys, existed as a sept of Leitrim from the XIII. cent. D 'Alton. O'SHAUGIINESSY. "The O'Shaiijrh- nessys were lords of a mountainous district dividing Galway from Clare. The sept is traced however, in the annals of otlier parts of the countrv." The surname first appears in 10()0. D'Alton. O'SHEE. The pedigree is traced to Odanus O'Shee, lord of the cantred of Tex- nane 0"8hee in Kerry, and lauds in Tip- perai-y, in the tenth century. B.L.G. O'SHEEXAN". A sept in the counties of Limerick and Cork. OSLER. Probably the same as Ostler. OSMAN. OSMAXT. The same as Osmond. OSMEXT. See Osmond. OSMER. An A-Sax. personal name occurring in Domesd. as Osmer and Osmar. OSMOXD. The A-Sax. personal name. OSMOTHERLY. This singular sur- name has long prevailed at Cliffe, in the neighbourhood of Rochester. There are two places so called ; one in the parish of Ulverstone, co. Lancaster ; the other in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In old docu- ments the latter is written Ogmonderley. OST. A host ; a medieval innkeeper. OSTELL. Norm. Fr. ostel, an hotel, inn, lodging, or town-residence. The old orthography is ostaijl or osteyl. OSTERMOOR. "I find,'' says Mr. Ferguson, " as a Danish Christian name, Ostmer, which corresponds with our sur- name Ostermoor, and I think means " eastern gull'" — a metaphorical expression for a sea-rover, from the East." OSWALD. An A-Sax. personal name. OSWALDKIRKE. OSWALKYRK. A parish in Yorkshire. OSAVIX. An A-Sax. personal name. OTHER. See Otter. OTLEY. Parishes in Yorkshire and Suffolk. OTOOLE. The O'Tooles, or Tuaghalls, claim an ancient Milesian descent from Cathaor More, King of Leinster, of the race of Laogaore, Monarch of Ireland, contem- porary with St. Patrick. At the time of the English invasion under Henry II., they held a great territory in co. Wicklow. From the Telegraph, Irish newspaper. OTT. OTTE. SeeOates. OTTER. A Scandinavian personal name of great antiquity, and common applica- tion. It is variously spelt Otter, Ohtcr, Other, Othyr, Ottyr, Oter, and in Domesday •251 U S book, Otre. In some one or other of these forms it occurs also in the Saxon Chronicle, the Annales Cambri.T, and the Dublin Annals. A lately-decyphered inscription on a cross in the Isle of Man reads — " Otr raised this cross to Fruki, his father." As a famil)^ name, it has existed from time im- memorial in the " Danish " or Northman counties of East Yorkshire, Nottingham, Lincoln and Derby, where there is almost a clan of Otters, though the name is rarely to be met with in other counties, and scarcely appears at all in the metropolis. Walter Fitz-Other, the celebrated castellan of Windsor, temp. William I., the reputed ancestor of the Fitzgeralds, Gerards, Wind- sors, and other great houses, was the son of Otherus, a great landowner under the Confessor, but whether the latter was of Norse descent does not appear ; there is, however, something like armorial evidence of the connection of the Otters with the ftxmilies alluded to. Ingram, in his trans- lation of the Saxon Chronicle, says that Otter was "originally ^ oM-liere or ^ ocht- here,' i.e. Terror of an Army." OTTERBOURNE. There are several localities called Otterbourne or Otterburn, in England and Scotland — " the burn fre- quented by Otters /" The most famous of these is Otterburn, co. Northumberland, the scene of the battle between Lords Percy and Douglas, commemorated in Cliery- Chaise, the best ballad of old English minstrelsy. OTTI^^ELL. An ancient personal name. Ottiwell, a natural son of the celebrated Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, was tutor to those unfortunate children of King Henry I., who perished at sea, in the Blanche-Nef, in 1120. This surname has been borne for several generations, as a Christian name, in a respectable northern family of Wood. Some j-ears ago a Mr. Ottiwell Wood ap- peared as a witness in a law-suit. His name being somewhat of a puzzle to the presiding judge, he was asked to spell it, which he did distichally, to the gi-eat amusement of the court, in manner follow- ing: — " double T, I, double U, E, Double L, double U, double 0, D !" OTTLEY. SeeOtley. OTTO. See Oates. OTWAY. Doubtless local, but I can- not find the place. OUDNY. "Of that Rk, in Scotland." Encycl. Herald. I cannot ascertain the locality. OUGHTON. Probably the same as Houghton. OUSELEY. Local: "the Meadow on the banks of the Ouse." The family are of considerable antiquity, and they were for- merly divided into many branches. The principal stock, or elder line, seem to have fixed themselves in Shropsliire. Courthope's Debrett. The baronet springs from Nor- thamptonshire. OWE OTJTHORK A person sent to call sub- jects to arms by the sound of horn. Den- ham. Jamieson defines Out-home as the horn blo^vn for summoning the lieges to attend the king mfeir of 7vere, i.e., upon any ■svarlike expedition. OUTLAW. A rebel. OUTRED. Doubtless the A- Sax. per- sonal name Utred or Ulitred. OUTAVAITE. The same as Owthwaite- OUVRY. The family are believed to have come into England at the Eevocation of the Edict of Xantes in 1G85. In the early part of the XYIII. century-, they were connected with the silk trade in Spitalfields. They married into the families of De Beau- voir and Garnault. whose ancestors were also Protestant refugees. Inf. Frederic Ouvry, Esq., F.S.A. OVEN. If the O be long, the name may be a corruption of Oving. a parish in Sus- sex. Mr. Ferguson, however, derives it from the 0. Xorse ovanr, inexperienced. OVEXDEX. OVEXDEAN. A parish in Sussex is called Ovingdean. OVER. Parishes and places in cos. Cambridge, Gloucester, Chester, &c. OVERBURY. A parish in Worcester- shire. OVERMAN. Du. The master of any guild or fraternity. In the X. of England, the superintendent of a coal pit. 0\Ti]RTOX. Parishes and places In cos. Hants, Chester, Lancaster, Flint, York, Wilts, Lanark, Eenfrew, Edinburgh, &c. OVERT. An extinct parish in Oxford- shire. OVINGTOX^. Parishes, &c., In cos. Essex, Norfolk, Northumberland, and Southamp- ton. OWDEX. Probably the same as Howden, or as Oden. OT\TEX. A personal name in Wales. Most of our Owens are from that princi- pality, but it is possible that a few may be of Saxon blood, for there is an Owine in the Domesday of Yorkshire, and a still earlier Owine occurs in the Codex Diplo- maticus. It is one of the most common of Welsh surnames. As I have elsewhere ob- served in this volume, the commonness of Welsh pati-onymics has tended to a great confusion of the ' gentle ' and the ' simple ' in Wales. There are thousands of Owens who bear that name simply because their grandfathers or perhaps their fathers bore it as a Cliristian name. In ancient families the patrynomic became a stationary family name about the times of Henrj^ VIII. and Queen Elizabeth. The Owens of Tedsmore Hall, Denbigh- shire, formerly of Llunllo, are descended from Howell Dha. and the Kings of South Wales, but the first of the family who wrote himself Owen, was Roland Owen, sheriff of Montgomeryshire in 1610. B.L.G, The 252 X E Owens of Glvnafon descend from Llywarch ap Bran, lord of ^lenai in Anglesea. founder of the second noble tribe of Xorth Wales and Powys. B.L.G. The Owens of Oriel- ton, CO. Pembroke, Barts., spring from Hova ap Kundhelw. a nobleman of Xorth Wales, who lived about the year 1130, and was one of the fifteen peers. Courthope's Debrett. i OAVEXS. From Owen. OWLE. The bird. OWLEGRAVE. Local: "the owl's grove." OWLER. In some northern dialects, the alder tree ; in the South, a smuggler. Kennett (quoted by Halliwell) says : " those who transport wool into France, contrary to the prohibition, are called oivlers ;" pro- bably on account of such transactions oc- curring in the night, the time when owls are abroad. OWTHWAITE.' Local : see Thwaite. OXBURGH. A parish In Norfolk. OXCLIFFE. A sub-township In Lanca- shire. OXEN. This singular (not to say plural) name is not easily to be accounted for. Is it Oxenham or Oxenden, deprived of its final syllable .' Mr. Ferguson's ex- planation, if not quite satisfactory and conclusive, is at least ingenious and note- worthy. '• Such a name as Oxen," says he, "must probably have been a surname. There is a Xorthman in the Landnamabok called Oxna-Thorir, ' Oxen-Thorir." most probably from the nmnber of oxen which he possessed. The surname is here a prefix, and Oxex-Thokir compares with our Apple-Johx — the one having been cele- bi'ated for his oxen, as the other for his apples." The comparison is faulty, for the original Mr. Apple-john did not get his name from his orchard, but was, doubtless, " a gentleman of Brutus' blood," an Ap- John of the Welsh principality. OXEXARD. Qu. : "oxen-herd?" OXEXBRIDGE. This knightly family are thus mentioned by Leland : " Oxen- bridge of Southsex (Sussex) is heire by descent to this Alard [of Winchelsea] and bearith his armes." They first resided at Oxenbridge in the parish of Iden, and took their name from that estate. They rose into importance in the early part of the fourteenth century. Cooper's Winchelsea. OXEXDEN. A parish and a hamlet In CO. Northampton are so called ; but the gentry family originated among the dens of Kent. The first known ancestor of the baronets is Solomon Oxenden, who flour- ished in the reign of Edw. III. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. OXENFORD. An old spelling of Ox- ford. " In twentj- manere coude he trip and dance, After the Scole of Oxenforde tho, And with liis legges casten to and fro." Chaucer, Milleres Tale. PAC 2.53 Saulf de Oxenford is found in Domesda}-, among the under-tenants of Berkshire. OXFORD. The city. OXLAD. Perhaps literally a herd-boy, or driver of oxen ; more probably, however, from a local source. See Oxlade. OXLADE. Local; from ox, and lade, a water-course. OXLEY. A manor in the parish of Bysshebury, co. Staflford. A-Sax. "' a pas- ture for oxen" — a name given to many tri- PAG vial localities. The surname is found chiefly in the counties of York. Kent, and Sussex. OXXEY. A hundred, a river-island, and a parish in Kent. OXSPRIXGE. A township in the West Kiding of Yorkshire, where the family an- ciently resided. OXTOX. Parishes &c., in cos. Xotting- ham, Chester, and York. OYLER. I suppose a dealer in oil, and other articles of the same sort — what is now called an oil-man. P. Pace, a provincialism for Easter, from the Lat. pascha. The analogous names Christmas, Pentecost, &c., occur as family designations. PACK. PACKE. Possibly from the Fr. Pdque, Easter. See Times and Seasons. But more likely from an ancient jjersonal name Pack or Peck, from which seem to be derived the local Packington, Peckham, Paxton, Packwood. ^>cc. Ferguson concurs in this view, and even goes so far as to derive the personal name from the A- Sax. paca. a deceiver. PACKARD. Doubtless a corruption of Picard. PACKER. Halliwell says, a person " employed in barrelling or jjaclihiff iq) herrings." In London, the occupation of the "packer-and-presser" is a well-known and lucrative one. Le Packere and Packare are in H.R. A less desirable derivation is from the A-Sax. j)(Pca, a cheat or deceiver. PACKET. 1. O. Fr. pasquier, pasquet, paecage, ice, signifying pastures. 2. Per- haps a hunchback. " II porte son pacquet; he cai-ries his load about with him ; said of one that is huch-backt." Cotgrave. Pasket. H.R. PACKHAM. A corruption of Peckham. PACKMAX. In various provincial dia- lects, a pedlar, whose bundle is called a pack. '• We do present Jane Frye to be a pickry, (pilferer) viz. for steyling of a pedler's jjac." Town records of Seaford, Sussex, temp. Queen Elizabeth. PACKWOOD. A parish in Warwick- shire. PACT. Either from Paci, near Evi-etix, (latinized in charters Paceium) or from Pace near Alen5on, both in Normandy. PADBURY. A parish in Buckingham- shire. PADDISOX. The same as Paterson, if not from Paddy, which see. PADDLE. Probably a corruption of either Padwell or Padhill, a local name. PADDOCK. 1. Paddoc, without prefix, is the H.R. form. It seems to be a personal name, and to have originated, in A-Sax. times, several names of places, such as Pad- dockswood, Padoxhurst, &c. 2. A small park or enclosure. PADDY. 1. Apparently an ancient per- sonal name, whence the patronTOiical Pad- dison. the local Padwick. "Paddington, Padiham. Padley, Padworth. &c. 2. Per- haps the common nickname of Patrick. PA.DGETT. See Paget. PADLEY. A township in Derbyshire. PADM AX. A pad is, in several dialects, an ambling horse. A padman was there- fore a man who had the care of such horses, and the name is analogous to Palfriman, Coltman, Horsman, Brockman, kc. PAG AX. Paganus was a Xorman per- sonal name, whence the modem Payne and Paine, as well as the more ancient Paganel and Pa}-nel. Pagan, however, exists at this dav among English surnames. See Kith Report of Registr. Gen. The history of tliis word is not a little remarkable : I shall give it in the words of Gibbon. PAG "nay?;, in the Doric dialect, so familiar to the Italians, signifies a fountain ; and the rural neighbourhood which frequented the same fountain derived the common appel- lation of ^^fli7?/s and j?fl/7««.*. 2. By an easy extension of the v;ovd. ptifjan and rural be- came srnon}-mous, and the meaner rustics acquired that name, which has been cor- rupted intopeasant in the modern languages of Europe. 3. The amazing increase of the military order introduced the necessity of a correlative term : and all the people who were not enlisted in the service of the prince were branded with the contemptuous epi- thet of Pagans. 4. The Christians were the soldiers of Christ; their adversaries, who refused his sacrament, or militarj- oath of baptism, might deserve the metaphorical name of Pagans ; and this popular reproach was introduced as early as the reign of Valentinian. A.D. 365, into Imperial laws and theological writings. 5. Christianity gradually filled the cities of the empire ; the old "religion in the time of Prudentius and Orosius retired and languished in ob- scure villages ; and the word j}aga)i. with its new signification, reverted to its primi- tive origin. 6. Since the worship of .Jupiter and his family has expired, the vacant title of Pagans has been successively applied to all the idolaters and polytheis'ts of the old and new world. 7. The Latin Christians bestowed it. without scruple, on their mortal enemies, the Mahometans : and the purest unitarians were branded with the unjust reproach of idolatry and paganism." De- cline and Fall. chap. xxi. ad finem. The historian quotes numerous authorities. Other remarks on this word may be found in Mill's Logic ; and Dean Trench, in his Study of Words, makes admirable use of the changes it has undergone. As a personal name, and a surname, Pagan and its derivatives were probably applied by way of sobriquet. Like Boor. Le Sauvage. and Wildman, they may have had some reference to the rusticity or rudeness of the original bearers — some Northmen prohably — who after the Conquest of Xeu- stria, and the baptism of their chieftain EoUo. still declined to become Christians, and remained wedded to their old Scandi- na\ian superstitions. William the Conqueror was assisted in his invasion, by several persons so desig- nated, and in Domesday Book we find among his tenants in capite, or chief holders of land, the names of Ralph Paganel and Edmund filius Pagani, i.e., Fitz-Payne. Indeed during the Norman dynasty, Pa- ganus was one of the most common names in England ; and it is to this cause that we must assign the great frequency of the name of Payne or Paine, in our family no- menclature. In times more recent than the Conquest, there have doubtless been various settlements of this widely spread name in England ; for example, the Paynes who settled in Norfolk in the XT. centurj-, claim descent from the ancient house of Paynel of Hambie, in the arrondissement of Coutances. The change from Paynel to Payne was made, it is supposed, in order to 254 PAL evade the vexatious laws then in force respecting aliens. Recent research has proved the identity of the names Paganus and Paganellus. and consequently of Payne and Paynel : for in a branch of the Pagnels or Paynels of Hambie. settled in Yorkshire, both appella- tives are frequently applied to the same in- dividual. Inf. J. Bertrand Payne, Esq. PAGDEX. See Des. PAGE. Properly a young male servant — a subordinate personal attendant of great men. It is curious that the Gr. Ilaic. the Lat. 2>uer. the Fr. garcon, and the Eng. hoy, signify equally 'boy' or 'servant:' and J^age, from whatever source derived, has the same double meaning. According to Cotgrave. a page is "a waiting or serving boy (in France, where he hath often good breeding, he ought to be a gentleman borne); thence also a tayler's boy, a ship boy." PAGET. The family may be Xorman, but the pedigree only goes back to a Lon- don civic official, temp. Henry VIII. The name seems to be a diminutive of page. PAKEMAJN". Qa. packman, a pedlar? PAKEXHA]\I. Lord Longford's family are traced to William de Pakenham of Pak- enham, co. SuSolk, temp. Edward I. PAKIXGTOX. This name was borne contemporaneously by three families, who wrote themselves De Pakington, from three several estates in the counties of Stafford, Warwick, and Leicester. It occurs as early as the reign of Henry I. PAICE. See Pace. PAILTHORPE. See Palethorpe. PALX. PATN'E. See under Paganus. PAIXTEPt. The occupation. H.R.Pictor. See PajTiter. PALXTES^G. The same as Painton. PAIXTOX. Paington, a parish in Devon- shire. PAIRPOIXT. See Plerpoint. PAISLEr. The Scotch town. PALAIRET. The family came into England at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. PALCOCK. A diminutive of Paul. See Cock. PALEOLOGUS. Jn the Church of Lan- dulph. CO. Cornwall, is a brass plate thus inscribed : — "Here Iveth the body of Theodore Paleolognis of Pesaro in Italyc, descend'ed from ye Imperjal Ijiie of ye last Christian Emperors of Greece, being the Sonne "of CamUio, ye sonne of Prosper, the sonne of Theodoro, the sonne of John, ye sonne of Thomas, second brother of Constantine Paleologus, the 8th of that name, and last of vt Irne j-t raj-ned in Constantinople until sub- dued bv theXurks, who married -n-t Marj-,ye daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in Souffolke, Gent, and had issue 5 children, Theodoro, John, Ferdin.indo, Maria, and Dorothy; and departed this life at Ch-fton, ye ilst of Jan. leSO." Tlie monument is surmoimted by the arms of the Eastern Empire. PAL 255 PAN From comparison of dates, kc, it appears that this descendant of the imperial line lived in the house, if not in the family, of Sir Nicholas Lower, who was then owner of the mansion of Clifton. His oftsprina: seem to have been completely anglicised. His son Theodore simply describes himself, in his will, dated 1G!)3, as }no)-ine>;aB.d his signa- ture is Theodore Paleologey. His sister Dorothy, who married an Arundell, is re- gistered as " Dorothea Paleologus, de stirpe Imperatorum." Other descendants went to the West Indies, where their posterity long continued. In Cornwall the Imperial race seem to have become " small by degrees and beautifully less;" so that it requires no great stretch of the imagination to believe, with the Rev. F. Y. J. Arundell, that " the imperial blood perhaps still flows in the bargemen of Cargreen 1" See Archceologia. vol. xviii. p. 83. PALETHORPE. A chapelry in Not- tinghamshire. PALEY. This was borne as a personal name, by a powerful Dane mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle as Pallig, A.D. 1101. PALFPtEY. 1. A riding horse. Palefray Palfrei. Palfrey, &c. H.R. 2. Mr. Ferguson thinks it maybe a baptismal name, derived from the old Germ. Baldfred, which is found so early as the VII. centurj'. PALFRDIAX. A keeY>eT of palfreys— perhaps of those belonging to the king. The forms of the surname in H.R. are Pal- freyman, Palfreur, and Palfridarius. PALGRA^^:. A parish in Suffolk. The derivation from the Germ, pfahgraf, a count-palatine, as given in Eng. Sum., is therefore erroneous. PALIXG. Probably Palling, a parish in Norfolk. PALK. The family are traced to Am- brook, CO. Devon, temp. Henrj- VII. The name is probably local. In Sussex, Pocock is sometimes corrupted to Palk. Some con- sider it a derivative of Paul, and the Palke of H.R. supports this opinion. PALLAXT. In Chichester and some other episcopal towms, the district surround- ing the bishop's palace (^palatium episcopi) is so called. PAI.LETT. The name Hippolytus is sometimes so corrupted in medieval manu- scripts. PALLIX. The same as Palling. P-AXLIXG. 1. A parish in Xor folk. 2. A personal name in H.R. PALLISER. Probably a man who made palisades or park fences, or had the care of them. PALMER. An incessant pilgrim— one who spent all his time in visiting holy shrines, whereas the ordinary pilgrim re- turned to his usual course of life as soon as his particularexpiatory journey was finished. See Scotfs Marniion, and Eng.Surn. i. 131. " Palmers, (a baculis palmarum) from the staff of the palm, which they used to bear when returning from the Holy War,'" says Richardson. " The faded palm-branch in his liand, Showed pilprim from the Holy Laitd" says Sir AValter, which is the more correct statement : for the Palmer was rather a de- votee than an ordinary Crusader. The dis- tinction between Pilgrim and Palmer was not always strictly observed. Thus in the medieval romance of " Horn " we find the expression " Palmer-pilgrim" applied to one individual. " En la sale est entre li panmer-pelerin." WvigM's Essays, i. 111. Palmarius, Palmer, Le Palmer. H.R. PALMES. "There appears no reason to doubt the antiquity of this family, said to be descended from Manfred Palmes, who lived in the reign of Stephen, and seated at Nab urn, co York, since the year 1220 by a match with the heiress of "Watterville." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The meaning of the name does not appear. PALSER. A contraction of Palliser. PAM, The name of one Ric. Pam occurs in H.R. An Austrian family of this name became naturalized here in the last cen- tury. PAMPHILOX. From pampilioru, a coat of various colours, formerly worn by do- mestic ser\-ants. The word was most likely a corruption of the Fr.jjaplUon, a butterfly, the gaudy hues of which were emulated by this motley costume. PAMPLIX^. The same as Pamphilon. PAX. Corresponds with an O. Germ, name Panno. Ferguson. PAXCEFOT. This name is spelt in such varying forms, that its true orthography and its right meaning appear to be unattainable. It is written Pauncefote, Pancevolt, Pance- fort, Poncefortt, Pancevot, and Pancefot. In charters it is latinized De Pede Planco, that is, " of the Splay-Foot," but for this rendering there appears to be no authorit3% The first of the name on record is Bernard Pancevolt, a Domesday tenant-in-chief in Hampshire. Geoffrey de Pauncevote was steward to the household of King John. PAXE. A corruption of Pauie. See Pagan. PAXGBORX. A name foiily applicable to even,' human being ; but as a surname it is doubtless derived from the parish called Pangbome, in Berkshire. P.YXKHURT or PEXKHURST. An estate in E. Sussex. PAXXACK. See Penneck. PAXXEL. See under Pagan, Paganel, of which this is an easy corruption. PAXXETT. In all probability a corrup- tion of the French pancticr. See under Panter. PAXXIER. Probably the same as the paniiicr-man. thus described by Bailey : PAR " One [in the Inns of Court] who winds a horn, or rings a bell, to call the gentlemen to dinner or supper, and provides mustard, pepper, and vinegar for the Hall." PAXT. A public fountain, cistern, or reservoir. North. A hollow declivity. West. Halliwell. PAXTER. The name of Paniter, Panter, or Panther, is derived fi'om the office of master-baker. '* In the court of France the Panitier was an officer of high consideration ; and in monasteries the Paniter would seem to have been charged with the distribution of bread to the poor — no doubt in virtue of his office of chief baker." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. i. p. 14. Pantler is synonymous. Cotgrave gives "PAXETIER, a j^ftntlery' and Gouldm. has "J. Pantler, panis custos, promus." E. Brunne, in his version of Langtoft's Chro- nicle, relates the death of King Edmund A.D. 947, by the hand of an outl&vf pant e- lere, who had formerlj- served in the royal pantene. The more common form of the two is panter, Fr. panetie?; Lat. pa/ie- taf-ivs. See more in Way's Promptorium Parv, p. 381. PAXTHER. Xot from the wild beast, but the same as Panter, which see. PAXTLER. See Panter. PAXTOX. A parish in Lincolnshire. PAXTRY. Paneterie, O. Fr., the place where bread was kept. The H.E. form is Dela Paneterie: i.e.,theofficer,who, in great houses, dealt out the bread for the household. PAPE. Apparently the French form of Pope. The name occurs in H.E. in the present orthograph}-. PAPILLOX. Fr., a butterfly— probably with reference to the gaudy costume of the original bearer of the name. The surname is found in England as early as the time of the Conqueror, in the records of the church of Durham ; and in subsequent reigns, it is not unfi-equent. The H.E. forms are Papi- lion, Papilioun, Papillun, &c. But the Pa- pillons of Kent and Sussex are of Huguenot origin, and are descendants of Anthony Pa- pillon, the friend of Erasmus, and one of the most eminent Protestants of France. His grandson, David Papillon, settled at Lubenham, co. Leicester, and was ancestor of the Papillons of Acrise. B.L.G. PAPPEXHEIM. The family came to England with George II. The name is local. PAPPRILL. Probably the same as Pep- perell or Peverell. PAPWORTH. Parishes in cos. Hunt- ingdon and Cambridge. P.IRADISE. Doubtless from a locality so named. PARAGREEX. PARRAGREX. Cor- ruptions of Peregrine. PARAMOUR. See Parramore. 256 PAE PARCEL. A probable corruption of ' Par C'lel! ' " By Heaven," an oath habi- tually employed lay the first bearer, and so becoming his sobriquet. PARDEE. ^Par Dieu^' a common medi- eval oath. See Pardew. " And for that licour is -so presiotis, That oft hath made me droiike as any mous, Therefor I will that ther it berj-d be,' My wrecchid body afore this god, parcU, ilighti Bachus that is myn owen lorde, Without variaunce to serve h-rm or discorde." MS. Raid. c. 86. (Halliw.) PARDEW. This is in all likelihood an oath — 'Par Dieu' — and may have ori- ginated in a similar manner with Bigod. of which, indeed, it may be a simple translation. The habit of profane swearing, so common in the middle ages, seems to have been an importation from Normandy. See Bigod. ■^'illiam the Conqueror, Eufus, and many of their successors, set a very bad example to their subjects in this respect ; and in the XII. century, Giraldus Cambrensis com- plains that — " there are some princes who at every word employ an enormous oath, foolishly and rashly presuming to swear by the death of God, by his eyes, his feet, his teeth, and irreverently strive to tear their God limb from limb." At a later period, this profanity was by no means limited to the noble, as a very slight ac- quaintance with Chaucer and other -(vriters of the time will show. Profane oaths abound in the Canterbury Tales, proving that in the XIT. century it was a great national vice. How bad a character our country- men had for it in the XV. century, is proved by the following incident at the trial of Joan of Arc. A French Avitness named Colette having used the name "Godon," was asked who Godon was, and replied that it was not the designation of any particular person, but a sobriquet aiiplied generally to the English, on account of their continual use of the exclamation, •• God damn it," Sharon Turner's Middle Ages, ii. 5.5.5. PARDIE. PARDY. The same as Pardew. PARDOE, PARDOW. See Pardew. PARDOX. Parton, a hamlet and a town- ship in Cumberland. PARE. Fr.j9ere, father. PAREXT. Probably intended in the Fr. sense of kinsman. A very early sur- name. Parent. H.E. PARFETT. PARFITT. A-Xorm. parfit, O.'E. 2)arf ait, perfect. PARGETTER, PARGITER. A plas- terer. The term ' pargeting ' is generally applied to the more ornamental kinds of plaster work. '^Parget, playster for wallys." Prompt. Parv. PAPHAM. Parishes in Suffolk and Sussex. PARIS. PARRIS. The French metro- polis. Many families so named must have settled in England. One Francis Parris, a PAE, Protestant refugee from Dieppe, settled at Rye in 1.-.72. Harl. MS. 15. 70. Tlie sur- name is common in Sussex. In H.R. there are many individuals called De Paris, and De Parjs. PARISH. This rather singular name may be thus accounted for. In many parts of the South of England, in country places, the word parish is used, not so much ■with reference to the parochial district, as to the village immediately adjacent to the church. Hence, at the period when ple- beian surnames began, two Johns or two Roberts, residing in the same ecclesiastical parochia, might be called respectively, John or Robert at Field, at Moor, at Hill, or what not — or John or Robert ''at the Parish." The family of this name formerly settled in Lincolnshire, consider it to be a modification of Paris, the Fr. metropolis. PARK. From residence near a park. Anciently At-Parke and A Parke. See, however, Peter. PARKE. 1. May be a derivative of Peter, and intermediate between that and Parkins: or, 2. local : either from one of the places called Pare in Xormandy, situ- ated respectively near Dieppe and Bernay : or from residence near some Enslish park, like the De la Parocke of the H^R. PARKEX. The same as Parkin. PARIvER. An officer who had the sur- veillance of a park for some royal or noble personage. Collins traces the Earl of Mac- clesfield's family to Thomas le Parker, temp. Edward III. The extinct baronet familv. Parker of Ratton, traced their pedigree to temp. Edward I. in Sussex. Le Parkere, Le Parker. Parcarius, &:c., H.R. Anschitil Parcher is a tenant-in-chief in CO. Somerset, Domesd. ; and the name may therefore have another etymology. PARKERSOX. The son of a Parker: so Wrightson, Smithson. &c.: perhaps, how- ever, a corruption of Parkinson. PARKES. May belong to the series, Park, Parkins, Perkins, Parkinson, &,c., from Peter, the Christian name : or may be local, from Pares, near Pont-l'Eveque, or Pares, near Alen9on, both in Xormand)'. PARKHOUSE. A house in or near some park. PARKHURST. A place in the Isle of Wight. PARKIX. PARKIXS. See Peter. PARKIXSOX. See Peter. PARKMAX. The same as Parker. PARKYX. See Peter. PARLOUR. Parele is a word used by Lydgate, signifj-ing 'to apparel;' and another medieval expression (from the Anglo-Norman) "■ apparaiV means to pro- vide, furnish, prepare, or equip. The ori- ginal bearer of the name may have had something to do with military appareling or equipments. •2 L 257 PAR PARMEXTER. PAR:\nTER. O Fr. '^ parmentier, a Taylor." Cotgr. The H.R. forms are Le Parmenter, Le Parmunter, Parminter, Parmuntarius. PARXALL. See Parnell. Y\ RXELL. O. Eng. Pernel, for Petro- nilla, a female name. In old times the word was used to designate "a lascivious woman, a confident girl." Bailey. See Female Christian Names. PARSALL. I. The same as Parcel. 2. a corruption of Purcell. PARSEY. A corruption of Percy. PARSLEY. A coi-ruption of Passelewe or Pashley. In the South of England the R XQ. parsley is dropped in pronunciation. The name was doubtless assimilated to the vegetable by an ignorant scribe. PARSLOW. Most likely the same as Passelewe. PARSOX. PARSOXS. May refer to the sacred office, in which case, see Eccle- siastical Sl-rxames. More probably, however, it is the same as Pearson, Pierson — the son of Peter. PARR. In Eng. Surn. i. 169, I ven- tured to derive this surname from Peter, and this, through the Fr. Pierre, is probably the true origin of it in some cases : but a correspondent (the Rev. Henry Parr) says : " it is derived from the manor of Parr in Lancashire, which is also a township, and of late years has become a chapelry. There all my ancestors were settled from the XIII. century, and there is sufficient reason for concluding, that every family bearing the name has branched out from the same parent stock." B.L.G. Nichols' Topo- grapher, iii. 353. PARRAGREX. Peregrine, the Christian name. PARRAMORE. If not local, may belong to the same class as Lover, Friend, Neigh- bour, &:c. PARRET. A river in co. Somerset is so called : but the name ma)- be a corruption of the Fr. Pierrot, a diminutive of Peter. PARRIXGTOX. Patrlngton, a parish in Yorkshire. PARRIS. See Paris. PARROCK. O. Eng. a park. De la Parocke is the form of the name in H.R. PARRO IT. May have been originally applied to a talkative person. So the clas- sical Psittacus, from ^irra*:;;. There is however ecjual probability of its having been derived from the river Parret, or from Pierrot, a French diminutive of Pierre, Peter. The surname has been varied to Parratt, Parrett, and Parritt. PARRY. Welsh, Ap-Harry, the son of Henry. The surname was not fixed before the XVI. century. Tiie Parrj's of Rhydo- lion, CO. Carnarvon, are of very ancient descent from Moreiddig o'r dyflfrj-n aur; PAT 258 while those of Noyadd Trefawr, co. Cardi- gan, derive their pedigree from Rhys Chwith, an esquire of the body to King Edward I., and a descendant of "the ancient Lords of Cardigan. B.L.G. PARTESTGTON. A township m Che- shire. PARTNER. An associate in any trade or labour. E.G. 16. PART OX. A township and a hamlet in Cumberland, and a parish in Kirkcudbright- shire. PARTRICK. A corruption of Patrick. PARTRIDGE. Possibly from the bird; but more likely from some locality termi- nating in -ELDGE. Partriche is, however, a H.E. surname. PASCALL. An Old Fr. baptismal name, Pascal, first imposed on children born at the season of PascJie or Easter, like Noel, Christmas, Pentecost, and others. It is commonly varied to Pascoe, Paskell, &c. PASCOE. PASCO. See Pascall. PASH. See Easter. PASK. See Easter. PASKALL. See Pascall. PASLEY. See Passelewe. PASMORE. Probably Peasmore, a parish in Berkshire. PASS. A narrow entrance ; an avenue. Johnson. A topographical term. PASSAGE. From residence at one. Del Passage. H.R. PASSELEWE. PASSELEU. After- wards Passeley, and now Pashley. Skinner derives it "a Fr.jjasse I'eau, sc. a tranando vel transeundo aquam," but a monkish writer, in some complimentary verses upon Piobert de Passeleu, the crafty ecclesiastic of Henry the Third's time, says : — " Nee enim quia transit SeAprceceUit aquam, cognomine credo notari— Mente quidem lenis, re dulcis, sanguine clams ; In tribus his prscellit aquam." The name, however, has nothing to do either with crossing, or excelling, water, but is probably derived from the manor now called Pasley or Pashley, in the parish of Ticehurst, co. Sussex. PASSENGER. A traveller. PASTON. Parishes in cos. Northampton and Norfolk, and a township in Northum- berland. The Pastons, originally of the place so called in Norfolk, are well known through the " Paston Letters," written in the XV. century, and containing most picturesque views of society at that period. PATCH. 1. Probably one of the modifica- tions of Peche. 2. From the occurrence of Patcliam, Patching, Patchway, &c., as names of places, it is probable that there was an early personal name Pach. or Patch. 3. A domestic fool or jester. PAT PATCHING. A parish in Sussex. PATE. A badger. Halliwell. PATEMAN. As pate is a northern pro- vincialism for a badger, the original Pate- man may have been a hunter of badgers, just as the patriarch of the Todmans was a catcher of foxes, and the ancestor of the Wontners, a captor of moles. See Todman,- and Wontner. PATEN. Probably the same as Paton and Peyton. PATER. 1. The latinization of the sur- name Father. 2. A town in Wales, now called Pembroke Dock. PATERNOSTER. ' Alice Paternoster, in the reign of Edward I., held lands in Pusey, CO. Berks., by the service of saying the Lord's Prayer, Pater noster qui es in ccelis, &c., five times a day. for the souls of the King's ancestors ; and it appears that Richard Paternoster, on succeeding to an estate in the same parish, instead of pay- ing a sum of money as a relief, said the Lord's Prayer thrice, before the Barons of the Exchequer, as John, his brother, had previously done. In the same reign, another, or the same, John Paternoster held a virgate of land in East Hendred, by the service of saying one Paternoster jjer diem. The land is stiU called Paternoster Bank. See Blount's Tenures. Lysons' Berks. PATERSON. See Patterson. PATESHALL. A parish in Northamp- tonshire. The family are ancient in that county, where Simon de Pateshali was sherifl', 6. Richard I. PATEY. Perhaps from the A-Sax. jxptiff, 2)ei:ig, crafty. PATIENCE. 1. A baptismal name for both sexes. A Saint Patient is honoured by the Roman church on the 11th of Sep- tember. 2. The remarks under Peace ap- ply to this name as well. PATIENT. See Patience. PATMAN. The same as Padman. PATON. See Paten. PATRICK. The personal name, borne by the patron saint of Ireland. It seems to have originated several other names which will be found below. Patric, Patrick, Patryk, &c., are the spellings in H.R., and the surname appears to have been common in the XIII. century. PATRICKSON. The son of Patrick. PATSON. The son of Patrick. PATTEN. According to B L.G., Richard Patten, son and heir of Richard Patten, was of Patine. or Patten, near Chelmsford, co. Essex, in 1119. From him the Pattens of Bank Hall, co. Lancaster, claim lineal des- cent, PATTENDEN. See Den. PATTERSON. Patrick's son. 4 PAY PATTISOX. The son of Patrick ? PAUL. PAULL. 1. A well-known Christian name. 2. A parish in Yorkshire, olim Paghill. PAULET. The patriarch of this noble family was Hercules, lord of Tournon in Picardy. who coming into England, temp. Henry I., and settling on the lordship of Paulet, CO. Hants, assumed his surname therefrom. Courthope's Debrett. Dugdale states, however, that the family borrowed their name from Paulet (now Pawlett) in Somersetshire, and he does not trace the pedisrree beyond Sir John Paulet, who died 2. Richard 11. PAULIX. Fr. Paulin. from the Latin Paulinus. PAUL.SOX. The son of Paul. PAULTOX. A parish in Somersetshire. PAL'SE. Pawson is understood to be Paul's son, and it is probable that Pause is a corruption of the genitive Pauls. PA^'ER. This older and more correct form oi pariour, a layer of pavements, still exists as a family name. PAY IX. An Italian gentleman named Pavini settled, two generations since, in Wales, and anglicised his surname by knock- ing out one of his Ts. Of this fact I am as- assured by a descendant, who facetiously conjectures that the name was originally derived a non pavendo! Pavin, as a sur- name in England, dates back, however, to the XIII. century. PA7I0UR. A paver of streets, &c. PAVISER. A soldier armed with a pavixe, or large Xorman shield. PAVYER. A paver, or, as it is now ri- diculously written, paviour. . PAW. A corruption of Paul. Hence Pawson. PAWLE. A mis-spelUng of Paul. PAWLETT. See Paulet. PAWSOX. The son of Paul, through Paw. PAXMAX. Probably a corruption of Packman, a hawker. PAXOX. Probably a corruption of Paxton. PAXTOX. " The family of Paxton came from the town of that name in Berwick- shire, where the ancestors were long resident as clerg}-men of the Presbjrterian kirk." B.L.G. PAXTOX. Great and Little Paxton are parishes in co. Huntingdon. PAYBODY. " Seems to be connected with the Danish paah/de. to command or enjoin :/>a«&Mri an edict."' Ferguson. See Peabody. PAYXE. See under Pagan. One of the greatest colonies of the Paj-nes is at East Grinstead, co. Sussex, where for se- 259 PEA veral centuries they have been very abund- ant. Some of the branches, for the sake of comparative distinction, call themselves Payner ! A correspondent observes : "Note how widely spread this name is. In the Biblio- theque Imperiale at Paris, Paganellus and Paganus stand indiflferently for Paynel ; and other forms of the name exist in France in Payen, Paen. Payn. Italy has its Pagana, and Portugal its Payana."' PAl'XTER. See Painter. According to Kelham, however, Paijntier de ray meant in Xorman times, Serjeant of the pantry to the king. See Panter. PAYS. Probably the same as Pace, Easter. PEABODY^ The same as Paybody. Dixon derives it from Pae-hoAy. '• one as handsome &?, a pae or peacock!" This is far-fetched enough for ordinary belief, but Mr. Arthur goes much further, in deducing the lineage of the name from one Boadie, a kinsman of Queen Boadicea, who escaped into "Wales, and there got the name of Pea, or mountain, prefixed to his name I ! PEACE. If not from the personification of Peace in some medieval drama, probably from a Christian name, like Faith. Charity, Honour. Ace. Pax. without prefix, is foimd m H.R. PEACEABLE. From the disposition of the first bearer. The same as Peche and PEACH. Peachey. PEACHEY. Doubtless the same as the baronial name Peche, latinized in charters De Peccato. That the latter was pronounced as a dissjllable. Peche, is shown by the painted glass in a window at Lullingstone, CO. Kent, where the arms of Sir John Peche are surrounded by branches of a peach-tree, f meted, and each peach, to complete the rebus, is inscribed with the letter E — Peach-e. See Stothard's Monumental Effigies. The modem arms of Peachey are evidently derived from those of Peche. PEACOCK. The bird. See Pocock. PEAK. A pointed hill, as the Peak in Derbyshire. PEAKE. The Peakes of Llewenny, co. Denbigh, have been seated there apparently from the XIX. century, and there is little doubt of their extraction from Thomas del Peke. to whom Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lin- coln, about the year ll^S-t. granted a burgage, &c., within the walls of Denbigh. As Llewen- nie was included within De Lacy's barony, it seems probable that it was granted at the same period. The family went into Wales in 1283, with King Edward I., doubt- less as feudatories of the De Lacys. Harl. M.S. 1933. See B.L.G. The etymology of the name is the same as that of Peak. PE.AL. The same as Peel. PEAR. l.Fr. Pierre, Peter. 2. Fr.;>ere, the father. 3. One of the several places in PEC 5 Normandy known as Paer and Pair. 4. The Fr. modification of tlae saintlj' name Paternus; " Sanctus Pateruus, vulgo Saint- Pair." Itin. de la Normandie. PEARCE. See Piers, from Peter. PEARCY. See Percy. PEARETH. This name seems to have been corrupted, in the XVI. century, from Penreth, originally De Penrith, in Cumber- land. See B.L.G., Peareth of Usworth, co. Durham. Camden, speaking of Penrith in his Britannia, says: "vulgo autem Perith dicitur." PEARHE AD. From a head of the shape of a pear. The late Louis- Philippe bore a sobriquet of this kind. Perheved. H.R. PEARL. The name may have been ap- plied metaphorically, like the baptismal Marguerite or Margaret, which signifies the same thing. PE ARMAN. A grower of pears. PEARS. PEARSE. See Peter. PEARSALL. An estate in co. Stafford, now written Pearshall or Pershall. The family are of Norman origin, having been founded, at the place referred to, by Robert, a follower of Robert of Staftbrd, early in the reign of the Conqueror. He was son of Gilbert, son of Richard, Count of Corbeil in Normandy. PEARSON. See Pierson. PEART. In various dialects signifies lively or brisk, and is so used by several old authors. In Sussex, " Peart and Lively " is a common appellation given to a pair of oxen. PEARTREE. Belongs to the same class as Appletree, Plumtree, &c. At Peretre is a good H.R. surname. PEASCOD. This name seems to belong to the same category as the old Roman Cicero, Piso, &c. Or it may have originated in the rustic customs described by Halli- well. PEASE. Anciently Peaths, a remarkable ravine or dean in Roxburghshire. PEaT. Is, I think, sometimes a diminu- tive or ' nurse-name ' of Peter, and some- times a local name, derived from the original bearer's residence on a pt'at, or moorish ground. The name in the latter sense is, therefore, analogous to Heath, Moss, Moor, &c. PEATIE. PEATTIE. Mr. Ferguson thinks jjcftif/, pet iff, A-Sax., crafty. PEBODY. SeePeabody. PECHE. An ancient baronial family, called in charters, De Peccato. They ap- pear as early as the reign of King Stephen, and they were doubtless of Norman extrac- tion. They were of prime importance in Kent, temp. Edw. I. PECHELL. This family were for many ages established at Moutauban in Langue- PEE doc, and held high offices of state. As Protestants, they assisted in placing Henri Quartre upon the throne, but upon the Re- vocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis Quatorze, M. Samuel Pechell and his lady, la Marquise Thierry de Sabonniers, became the objects of severe persecution. M. Pechell, after having suffered extreme penalties, was at length embarked like a common felon for the French plantations in the West Indies. Ultimately, however, he escaped to Jamaica, and thence went to Ireland, where he entered the army of William III. under Marshal Schomberg. Madame Pechell fled, in the first instance, to Geneva, but afterwards succeeded in joining her husband in Ireland, with their only son, Jacob, the direct ancestor of the present baronet. See Courthope's Debrett. The name Pechel was, however, known at a much earlier period in England, as it is found in the H.R. of temp. Edward I. The meaning of it does not appear. PECK. PECKE. As the latinization De Peccato is applied both to Peche and to Peck, the names may be identical. See Pack. PECKHAM. The ancient family so called, derived their name from the parish of Peckham in Kent. There are armorial grounds for supposing that they sprang from the family of St. Nicholas, as the lat- ter are presumed to have done from the Norman De Says. See Curios, of Heraldry, p. 300. Archbishop Peckham, who died in 1272, may be regarded as the founder of the fortunes of a family which ramified very widely, especially in Kent and Sussex. The member of it who made a deposition in the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor con- troversy, wrote himself James du Pecham. Roll, vol. ii. p. 135. Peccam is an older, and Packham a more recent, spelling. REDDER. In various English dialects signifies a Pedlar ; but it must not be re- garded as a corruption of that word ; a ped, in the eastern counties, means a species of i hamper without a lid, for the conveyance ' of fish, eggs, chicken, &c. ; and the person ' who traffics in such small articles is there- fore very properly styled a Pedder. See Halliwell. PEDDIE. Mr. Ferguson thinks that this word is a derivative of the old Norse ped, a mannikin or dwarf, and to the same origin he assigns Puddy, Peede, Put, Peddle, and several other not very intelligible ; laU PEDDLE. See Peddie. PEDLER. The same as Pedlar. PEDLAR. An itinerant dealer in wares. PEDRO. The Spanish form of Peter. PEEBLES. A town and parish, giving name to a Scottish shire. PEEDE. See Peddie. PEEK. PEEKE. See Peak. PEL 261 PEEL. A fortified farm-house. ""Within my recollection, almost everj' old house in the dales of Rede and Tyne was what is called a peel-house, built for securing the inhabitants and theircattlein moss-trooping times."' Arcliajologia .^liana i. 240. Many of these border houses are moated for better defence. ••The habitations of the church-feuars [those who held lands under a monastery] were not less primitive than their agricul- ture. In each village or town were several small towers, having battlements projecting over the side walls, and usually an advanced angle or two, with shot-holes for flanking the door-way, which was always defended by a strong door of oak, studded with nails, and often by an exterior grated door of iron. These small peel-houses were ordinarily in- habited by the principal feuars aud their families."" Su* W. Scott. The Monasteiy, vol i. chap. i. While traversing that ancient barrier, the Roman Wall, with my friend Dr. Bruce, its historian and illustrator, in 18Jo. 1 inci- dentally met with the name Harrj- o" the Peel, the bearer of which I ascertained to be Henry Wilson ; but as he happened to reside in a peel-house, he was known to most of his neighbours by the designation referred to. PEELING. An estate at Westham, co. Sussex. PEERLESS. Cnequalled : referring to character. PEERS. See Piers and Peter. PEET. See Peat. PEGG. PEGGS. See Pegge. PEGGE. See Female Christian Xames. This, however, is doubtful, for Peg, unpre- fixed. is found in H.R., as well as Pegg' and Peggi. PEGR AM. Possibly a corruption of Pil- grim, PEIL. PEILE. PEILL. See Peel. Jamieson has, '• Pele, Peyll, Peill, Peel, Paile, a j)lace of strength, a fortification." PEIRCE. See Piers. PEIRCEY. See Percy. PEIRIE. See Pirie. PEIRSE. See Piers. PEIRSOX. The son of Peter, through Piers. PELHAM. There are, in Hertfordshire, three parishes so denominated : namely, Pelham-Brent, Pelham-Stocking. and Pel- ham-Furneaux. From one of these the noble family originated, " where anciently" says Collins, "was a castle. It also appears that the pelicans, the arms of this family, were painted in the church of Pelham."' The De Pelhams were possessed of the estate, in the age immediately succeeding the Xorman Conquest, and there are strong probabilities of their having been descend- ants of one Ralph, who held the lordship in the time of Edward the Confessor. PEX PELL. A deep standing water, appa- rently another form of Pool. PELLATT. Said to be a corruption of the baptismal name Hii)polyte. The family of this name are of long standing in Sussex, occurring in the neighbourhood of Steyning in the XIII. cent. PELLEW. Lord Exmouth's family are of Cornish origin. The name seems to be a variation of Bellew, which see. PELLIXG. An old Sussex name, and probably indigenous to that county — per- haps the same as Peeling. PELLS. See Pell. PELTER. A dealer in pelts, peltry, or skins. PELTOX. Peldon, a parish in Essex. PEMBER. Perhaps Pembury, a parish in Kent. PEMBERTOX. A chapelry in Lanca- shire. PEMBRIDGE. A parish in Hereford- shire. PE:MBR0KE. The Welsh town. l^ PEX. See under CORXISH SCR- XAirES. PEXALMICKE . A barton and manor in the parish of Stithians, " which place gave name and original to an old family of gentlemen, from thence surnamed De Pen- almicke." Hals, in D. Gilbert's Corn- wall. PEXALUXA. A Cornish family. The name is local, but the place is not known. PEXC ARROW. An estate at Egles- Hayle in Cornwall, which had an "old famil\" of gentlemen"' of its own name as owners, down to the reign of Henry VII. Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornwall. PEXDAR. Seated at Trevider in Burian. co. Cornwall, for upwards of five centuries, and traditionally of the same family as Pendre. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. PEXDAR'^TES. An estate in the parish of Camborne in Cornwall, the seat of the family at an early period. PEXDE. ^cot.pende. An archway. PEXDEXXIS. A castle in Cornwall. PEXDER. See Pendre. PEXDERGAST. See Prendergast. PEXDLEBUR Y. A town.-^hipin Lanca- shire. PEXDLETOX. Two towusliips in Lan- cashire are so called. PEXDRE. An estate in St. Burian, co. Cornwall, which contiimed to be the chief abode of the family until temp. Henry VI. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. PEXDRELL. 'Trusty Dick' and his brothers, when they saved Charles II. in Boscobel Oak, hardly thought themselves worthy of the gallows ; yet their name cer- tainly implies as much — viz., pendereau PEN 262 which old Cotgrave defines as " a little crack-rope, young slip-string," a diminutive of O. Fr. yenclard, " a gallow-clapper, one for whom the gallowes longeth !" PENFOLD. A pound or pen for sheep and cattle, sometimes called a pin-fold or pound-fold — a manorial prison for trespass- ing animals. Atte Punfald. H.E. PENFOUND. This family, who are traced eight generations beyond the year 1620, derived their name from the estate of Penfound in Poundstock, co. Cornwall. They ruined themselves by their adherence to the Stuarts, from the time of Charles I. to " the fifteen," and Ambrose Penfound, who alienated the estate of his ancestors, died at Dartmouth about 1764. C. S. Gil- bert's Cornwall. PENGELLY. An estate in the parish of St. Neot in Cornwall, anciently the property of the family. PENH ALLOW. An estate inPhilleIgh, CO. Cornwall, where the family dwelt from temp. Edward III. till the middle of the XVIII. cent. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. PEN HELLICK. An estate in the parish of St. Clement's in Cornwall, where the elder line became extinct at an early period. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. PENHURST. A parish in Sussex, which belonged, in the XIV. century, to an armi- gerous family so called. PENISTAN. Penniston, a town and parish in Yorkshire. PENKEVIL. PENKIVIL. "The manor or barton of Penkevil St. Michael, co. Corn- wall, belonged, in tlie reign of Edward I., to the family of De Wen, from whom Hals supposes it to have passed in marriage to the Penkevils ; it is, however, quite as pro- bable that the property remained in the same family, they assuming a new name from the place of their abode. They flour- ished, says Hals, in genteel degree, till the reign of Queen Elizabeth." D. Gilbert's Cornwall, iii. 214. PENLEY. A chapelry in Flintshire. PENMAN. A scribe, a " ready-writer." PENN. Pen is a Celtic topographical word, signifying " a conical top, generally in a range of hills, as Penchrise-^^^w, Skelf- hill-/;fc'rt, (fee." Jamieson. But there are several parishes, &c., to which this signifi- cation does not apply, in the counties of Buckingham and Stafford. The family of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, derived their name, at an early period, from Penn, in the fonner county. PENNANT. A parish and a township in Montgomeryshire. The family are traced to the celebrated Tudor-Trevor, Lord of Hereford and Whittington. PENNECK. A Cornish name and family. Local : place unknown. PENNELL. Pennal, a parish in Meri- onethshire. PEN PENNEY. See Penny. PENNICK. See Penneck. PENNIGER. Certainly not the Latin penmger, having wings ; but probably from the French and English ^.ie«;io«, a standard or banner carried in war ; a standard-bearer. Apparently another form of i)enerarms, an ensign-bearer. One John Parient was esquire of the body, ^x\^ peneraHus, to King Richard II. Jacob's Law Diet. PENNINGTON. A parish and a town- ship in Lancashire, and a tything in Hamp- shire. Gamel de Pennington, who derived his name from the first-mentioned place, is said to have been seated at Mulcaster, co. Cum- berland, at the time of the Conquest. Courthope's Debrett. But Hutchinson goes much further, and finds the family there " soon after the Roman accession!" Cumberland, i. 56.5. In the time of King John, one branch of the family took the name of Mulcaster, from their residence. Mulcaster, now Muncaster, is still pos- sessed by a Pennington, ennobled as Baron Muncaster. Without according to this house the honour of a Roman antiquity, we may fairly claim for it a place amongst the most an- cient families of these realms, as it has main- tained an uninterrupted male descent for 800 years. The perpetuity of the name and family in all time to come, is guaranteed by a family relic, which may well be desig- nated an hei)--\oom. " Sir John de Pennington was steadily at- tached to the unfortunate Henry TL, and gave him a secret reception at Muncaster, in his flight from his enemies. In return, the King gave him a curiously-wrought glass cup, with this blessing to the famil)' : that they should ever prosper, and never want a male heir, so long as the}' should preserve it unbroken, which the superstition of those times imagined to carry good fortune, and called it the Luck of Muncastek. Of this glass the family are still possessed." Baronetage. PENNOCK. See Pinnock. PENNY. Probably local. Many places in Scotland are compounded with this word (whatever it may mean), as Penuycross, Pennycuick, Pennygown, Pennimuir, &;c. PENNYFATHER. A term of reproach applied to a miser or penurious person. Nash speaks of — " Carterly upstarts, that out-face to\^Tie and coiin- trey in their velvets, when Sir Rowland Russet-coat, their dad, goes sagging everie day in his round gas- cojTies of wliite cotton, and hath much adoo (poor pennie-father) to keep his unthrift elbowes in repara- tions." Pierce Pennilesse his Supplication to the Devil, 1592. Boyer defines ' un riche faquin ' as " a rich miser; a. pe/DuifatJter.'" Diet. 1783. Cotgrave englishes the 0. French proverb, Aidant despend chiche que large, (the miser matches the unthrift in expense,) by the couplet : — " The liberall doth spend his pelfe ; The penmifather wastes himself." The forms of the name in H.E. are Peni- fader and Peuifadir. PEN 263 PER PEXXTMAN. In old English and Scot- tish, penny was an indefinite designation of money, without respect to its value. See Jamieson. In the ^orth, penny-maifter was the treasurer of a town, society-, or corporate body, and there are similar expressions in j other languages : for instance, in Belgiimi, a , treasurer or receiver is known as penning- \ ma€.•«, and 0. Norse fan, a tra- veller — not, after all, a bad name for a nomade of Gipsy blood. PHY 266 PIC PHAROAH. The same as Pliaraoh. PHARRISEE. A sobriquet applied to a sanctimonious person. E.G. 16. PHAYER. See Pliaire. PHEASANT. The bird; unless, indeed, it may be a corruption of the Fr. paysaii, Eng. peasant. PHEBY. Phoebe. See Female Chris- tian Names. PHELIPS. A corruption of Philips. PHELP. PHELPS. See Philip, which was often written Phelype. PHILCOX. A diminutive of Philip. PHILniORE. See Filmore. PHILIP. The baptismal name. Like other scripture designations, this was in- troduced at the Xorman Conquest. In succeeding centuries it became the parent of several others, such as Philips, Phillips, Phillipps, Philipson, Philp, Philps, Phelp, Phelps, Phipp. Phipps, Phipson, Phippen, Phillot. Philpott, Philpotts, Philcox, Phi- lippo, Phillopson, Filkin, Philippe, &c. It is probable, however, that some of these forms, though derived from Philip origin- ally, have come to us in later times from continental nations. PHILIPPE. See Philip. PHILIPPO. See Philip. PHILIPSOX. PHILLIPSON. The son of Philip. The Philipsons of Thirlwall, CO. Northumberland, were a younger branch of the family of Thirlwall, descended from PldUp Thirlwall. Slogans of the N. of Eng. p. 26. PHILLniORE. See Filmore. PHILLLPPS. See Philip. PHILLIPS. See Philip. More than 200 traders of this name are found in the Lond. Direct. PHILLOPSON". A corruption of Phi- lipson. PHILLOT. See Philip. PHILP. PHILPS. See Philip. PHILPOTT. PHILPOTTS. See Philip. PHIN. A Gaelic personal name. Mac Phinn, or Mac Finn, is still found in the Highlands. PHIPP. PHIPPS. See Philip. PHIPPEN. See Philip. PHIPSON. See Philip. PHCENIX. Most likely from Fenwick, the fine old border family. The crest of that family is "a phcenLs; issuant from flames."' PHYSICK. Possibly from Lefisick, a place in St. Austell, co. Cornwall, by drop- ping the Lc. under the mistaken notion that it was the French particle, and then assi- milating the orthography to that of a well- known word. PIAZZA. It appears from the baptismal registers of the parish of St. Paul, Covent Garden, during the reigns of Charles II., James II., William III., and even later, that Piazza was a favourite name for parish children. These records abound with Peter Piazza, Paul Piazza, Mary Piazza, &c. They were probably foundlings, the name indicating the place of their exposure. PICARD. PICKARD. A native of Picardy. Pikard, Pikart. H.E. One of this name changed it, at the command of Edw. IV., to Kuddle, the place of his birth. Camden. PICKER. An old word for a pilferer, or petty thief. PICKERELL. A diminutive of pike, the fish. Pilcerel. H.R. PICKERING. A market town in the N. R. of Yorkshire. The name is widely spread over many counties, and there are about twenty coats assigned to it. PICKERSGILL. Local: "the gill or rivulet inhabited by pikes or pickerell ?" PICKERT. The same as Picard. PICKETT. A known corruption of Pigott. PICKFORD. I do not find this local name in the Gazetteer, but it is, no doubt, the same as Pitchford in Shropshire. In the Eotuli Hundredorum of the county the possessor of that estate, spelt Picheford, is styled Sir John de Picford (Domino Johanni de Picford.) PICKLE. PICKLES. Pikel and Pikele occur in H.R. as unprefixed surnames, with the origin of which I am unac- quainted. PICKMAN. L A pike-man; foot sol- dier. The arms contain pole-axes. 2. A man who draws up coals from a mine in ' picks ' or baskets. Cheshire. PICKNELL. PICKNOLL. Pucknoll, a parish in co. Dorset. PICKWICK. This name is no fabrica- tion of our great Novelist ; and indeed very few of his names, however happy, however ludicrous, are so. I have noticed a large proportion of them on actual signboards in his o\vn native county of Kent. At Folkes- ton there is, or at least, there recently was, a veritable Mark Tapley — one too who had been to America ! Although Pickwick does not occur in our Gazetteer, it appears that a localitv in Wiltshire formerly gave name to a family called De Pikewike. In the reign of Edward I., saith my record, one William de Pikewike, like his immortal namesake, found himself within the walls of a prison— I am sorry to say, for felony ; but as the oflence was compromised for eight shillings, we may presume that it was not a very enormous one. — Eotuli Hundredorum, vol. ii., page 273. PIE 267 PICK WORTH. Parishes in cos. Rutland and Lincoln. Three distinct coats assigned to the name are allusive, containing respec- tively mill-picks, pick-axes, and pikes I PICOT. See with Pigott. PICTOX. PICKTOX. Townships in cos. Chester and York. PIDCOCK. 1. Doubtless the diminutive of some Christian name — perhaps of Peter, thus : — Peter, Pete, Petecock, Pidcock. B.L.Gr. asserts that "the surname is derived from the armorial bearing of the family, a pied cock." As it happens, however, the cock is not pied, but simply parted per fesse, Or and Argent. 2. See Pidd. PIDD. Probably the A-Sax. personal ] name Peada. borne by the first Christian Kingof Mercia. From this seems to have sprung the patronymical Pidding, with its compounds in local names, such as Pid- dinghoe, Piddington. I do not see the name in the form of Pid in the XIV. cent, otherwise Pidcock and Piddock might be further derivatives. PIDDING. See Pidd. PIDDIXGTOX. Parishes in cos. Oxford and Xorthampton. PIDDLESDEX. A corruption of Pitles- den. It is sometime contracted to Piddle. PIDDOCK. See Pidd. PIERCEY. See Piercy. PIERCY. The same as Percy. PIERPOIXT. PIERREPOXT. Xot from Pierrepont, in the aiTondissement of Coutances, in Xormandj-, as stated by De Gerville, in Mem. .Soc. Antiq. Xorui., 1825; but from the castle of that name, on the southern borders of Picardy and diocese of Laon, which continued in the family down to the time of Richard I. That the name was introduced at the Conquest, is clear from Domesday Book, which mentions Robert and Godfrey de P. as holding of the cele- brated William de Warenne, several lord- ships in Sussex and Suffolk. Collins. The French genealogy of the family makes Robert one of the Conqueror's lieutenant- generals. He gave the suffix to Hurst- Pierpoint, co. Sussex. The name is imi- formly latinized by 'De Petro-Ponte.' and is equivalent to our indigenous Stanbridge, or Stonebridge. A later introduction of the name occurred after the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes. In 1687, John and Henry Pierrepoint ar- rived in London from Xormandy, aged re- spectively 20 and 19, and joined the English army as troopers, probably as officers. Inf. J. S. Bum, Esq. PIERS. PIERCE. Fr. Pierre, Peter. Piers Plowman, the well-known Dreamer of the Malvern Hills, was no other than ' Peter the Ploughman.' " Thorn TjTiker, and Betrvs Belle, Peyrs Potter, and Watt at the Well." Corentry Mysteries, XV. cent. PIL PIERSOX. The son of Piers or Peter. PIESSE. The family came into England soon after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and bore chiefly the Christian names of Louis and Charles. They have a tradi- tion that the name was derived from the order of knighthood, created in 1500 by Pope Pius IV., and called corruptly Pies or Piesse in Brittany, from which province the Piesses of England are believed to have come. PIG. See Pigg. PIGEON. PIDGEOX. The bird. The analogous surnames Columbus, Colombe, Dove, Taube, Dow, Doo, &c., are found in various languages. PIGG. See under Boar and Purcell. PIGMAX. 1. A dealer in pigs. See anec- dote in Eng. Surn. i., 39. 2. A seller of crockery. Jamieson. Quasi j)>ffffin-ma.n ; a piggin being a small vessel of wood or earth. 3. A corruption of pike-man. PIG GOT. See Pigot. PIGOT. PIGOTT. O. Fr. picote, the smaW-pos.: picote. pock-marked or freckled. This is Camden"s derivation, and I can find none that is less objectionable, for this widely diffused and very ancient name, to which our heraldric dictionaries assign above thirty different coats. The Pigotts of Edgmond, CO. Salop, sprang from Prestbury, co. Chester, in the XIV. century. Picot was, however, an ancient personal name. One Picot was a tenant in chief in Hampshire, and a Picot de Grentebrige held a similar position in Cambridgeshire. PIGRUM. A corruption of Pilgrim. PIKE. 1. Less likely from the fish than from the weapon, the bearer of which may have been so named. See Lance. 2. A pointed hill, as Langdale Pike. PIKEMAX. A soldier — one who carried a pike ; analogous to Spearman. PILBEAM. A species of tree which I cannot identify, probably so named from its suitableness for the shaft of a spear ; A- Sax. jjyl. I have not met with this name out .of the county of Sussex, where it is sometimes pronounced Pilbin. PILBIN. SeePilbeam. PILCHARD. Perhaps from the fish, upon the same principle as Herring, &c. ; but more likely a corruption of Pilcher, the occupation. PI LCHER. A pylck was a medieval gar- ment, made of fur (pcllis). The word is Chaucerian, and it also occurs in Caxton's Reynard the Fox. Reynard, having turned hermit, is represented as wearing •'^2l pylche and an heren sherte (a hair shirt) there- under." Cap. V. A Pilcher was a maker of the article. Pilcher, Pilchere. Le Pilecher. H.R. PILE. The same as Peel — a small tower. Halliwell. PIN 2G8 PILGRIM. A frequenter of holy shrines. See Pahner. Pilegrim, Pilgrym. H.R. PILKINGTON. A township in Lanca- shire, the possession of this "right ancient family, gentlemen of repute before the Con- quest." Fuller's Worthies. The estate re- mained in their hands, until Sir Thos. Pil- kington took part against Henry VII., and was killed, together with three other knights of his name and family, on the side of Richard III., at Bosworth Field. The Pil- kingtons of Yorkshire, and of Westmeath in Ireland, are cadets of this ancient and knightly house. See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. According to Fuller, the Saxon head of this family, at the Norman invasion, hid himself in a barn in the disguise of a thresher. " Hereupon," says our moiiliy historian, " partly alluding to the head of the flail (falling sometime on the one side, sometime on the other side); partly to himself, embracing the safest condition for the present, he gave for the motto of his arms, NOW thus, now thus." The crest of the family is a " Mower of parti- colours. Argent and Gules " (Shirley) ; but Kimber says, "a Piustick holding a Scythe, parted perfesse, Argent and Sable." This is also supposed to allude to some disguise after a decisive combat, said to be the battle of Hastings, but Mr. Shirley thinks the re- ference more likely to be to Bosworth Field. PILL 1. Probably the same as Peel. 2. Pylle, a parish in Somersetshire. 3. A small creek. See Leland, Itin. iii., 29. PILLAR. R.G., 16. H.R., Atte pilere, " at the pillar." PILOT. The occupation. PIIiSWORTH. A township in Lanca- shire. PILTON. Parishes in cos. Rutland, Somerset, Devon, and Northampton. PINCf^RNA. Low Latin for butler, or cup-bearer; qui vinum convivis miscet, a Grsec. irivtiv Kipva, Ducange. See Butler and Botiler. Walter Mapes, who wrote in the reign of Henry II., uses the word : — " Mill! sapit dulcius ^'inum In taberna, Quam quod aqua miscuit prsesulis pincerna." PINCH. PINCHES. PINCIIIN. This group probably have their origin in some ancient personal name. PINCHBECK. A parish in Lincolnshire. The surname Pincebeck is said to occur in that county in the XI. cent. See Eng. Surn. i. 27 ; though the document there quoted is of questionable authenticity. PINCKNEY. See Pinkney. PINCOMBE. See Combe. PINDAR. PINDER. To pind is to impound an animal, and a Pinder is a petty manorial officer, whose duty is to shut up strange cattle straying upon the common pasture. The Nominale M.S. has " Inclusor, a pynder." Halliw. Le Pinder. H.R. PINT PINE. From residence near a lofty tree of the species. PINFOLD. See Penfold. PINK. A northern provincialism signi- fying small. PINKERTON. We search in vain the Gazetteers of England and of Scotland, for any locality bearing this designation ; yet the surname is local, being a corruption of the Punchardon, or Pinchcrdon, of the so- called Battel Abbey Rollr and the Ponte- Cardon of Domesday Book, which is derived from the place now known asPont-Chardon, near Argentan, in Normandy. The name passed early into Scotland, and in Ragman Roll, A.D. 1296, it is written Pynkerton. It is uncommon in England, but more fre- quently to be met with in Scotland and in the North of Ireland, to which last-named country it was introduced by Scottish co- lonists. PINKNEY. The baronial family de- scended from Gilo de Pincheni, who lived in the reign of Henry I., and endowed the monks of St. Lucien in France with lands at Wedon, co. Northampton. The family doubtless came hither at the Conquest. The locality of Pincheni I cannot ascer- tain. PINK STONE. Doubtless Pinxton, a parish in Derbyshire. PINN. There are places called Pin in the several arrondissements of Mortagne, Argentan, and Lisieux, in Normandy. PINN ELL. Aubrey derives it from a certain 'pine-hill,' co. Wilts; but there was a Ralph Pinel, a Domesday tenant in capite, in cos. Essex and Suffolk. PINNER. 1. A parish in Middlesex. 2. A pin-maker ; whence Pinners' Hall in London. PINNICK. A corruption of Pinnock. PINNIGER. See Penniger. PINNOCK. Parishes in cos. Cornwall and Gloucester. There was a Cornish saint of this designation, who gave name to the parish of St. Pinnock. In the South of England, the little timber frameworks at the ends of an arch or drain are called ' pin- nocks.' Pinnoc, Pinoc, Pinok, &c. H.R. See Eng. Surn. 1. 80. PINSENT. Probably a corruption of the French name Pinson. The celebrated printer, Richard Pynson, temp. Henry VIII., was a Frenchman. PINSON. Probably the same as JNIont- Pinson, (Mompesson), by the disuse of the prefix. PINYON. From the Welsh Ap Enion, the son of Enion, a personal name. So Pritchard from Ap Richard, Richardson; Parry from Ap Harry, Harry's son. Some- times the lilial prefix is ab rather than ap, and thus Benyon and Bunyan result from the same personal name. PIT 269 riPARD. Ralph Pipard, who distin- guished himself in the Welsh and Scottish wars, is said to have heen a younger son of Kalph Fitz-Nicolas, temp. Heniy III. Kotherfield Pipard, and Clyve Pipard derive their suffixes from this family. The name appears to he Norm. Fr., and to signify a cheat or deceiver, from the xerhj/tiJer. PIPE. 1. A parish in Herefordshire. 2. A personal name in Domesday. PIPER. A player on a bag-pipe. Le Piper. H.E. Though this droning music was never so popular in England as among the Celts of Scotland and Ireland, it was much in vogue in Xorthumherland down to a late period. Chaucer's miller-pilgrim, though a Southron, was a piper : — " A baU.Jt; fj-^ some rustic rhj-mer. CLl- i^yru/Jtr POIXDEXTER. " This name does not signify ' the right hand,' as might easily be imagined, but is an old Norman name, signifying Spur the Steed, and analogous to Hotynir. It comes from two old words, which Wace often uses in the Roman de Rou: the first meaning 'to spur,' from the 'Latin put){/o: the second, "a steed or courser,' in French destrier, Ital. degft-iere." Talbot's English Etymologies. POIXT. 1. Probably a corruption of Poyntz. 2. It may signify a small promon- tory or headland, as Start Point, Goldstone Point, i:c. POIXTIXG. A toAvnship in Lincoln- shire. ^r POINTS OF THE COMPASS, Siir- names derived from. — When surnames were originally imposed, nothing is more natural than that individuals should have received names alluding to the situation of their actual residences, or the direction from which they had come to dwell in a particular place. Hence North, South. East, West, are well- known family names. Less common, but still acknowledged surnames, are Northern, Southeme. Eastern, Western. In like manner originated the quar- tettes. Norton. Sutton, Easton, Weston ; and Northgate, Southgate, Eastgate, Westgate. Sometimes the group will not ' go upon all fours :' for example, we have Northcote, Southcote, and Westcote, but I do not observe an East- cote : also Eastman. Westerman, North- man (Norman) but no Southman ; again, although Eastlake and Westlake appear. I ha^e searched in vain Ibr a lahe that is either boreal or meridional. It is not necessary to pursue the subject further in this place, but additional il- lustrations will be found under the res- pective heads in the Dictionarj". POLXTS. See Poyntz. POITEVIN. A native of the French province of Poitou. POITLEVIX. See Poitevin. ^g° POL. See under Corxish Svr- X-VilES. POLACK. A Polander. " He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice." Hamia. POLAXD. From the country. POLE. The Poles of Shute, co. Devon, baronets from 1(;2S, claim descent from the Cheshire family of Pole, or Poole, of Poole Hall, and bear the same arms. The first settler in Devon was Arthur Pole, who temp. Richard II. married a namesake, the heiress of Pole of Honiton. POLE, DE LA. A-Sax. p6l, and O Eng. pole, a pool. A common form of it. in records, is Ate-Pole, i.e., "at the pool," POL 272 afterwards softened to Pool, Poole, and Pooler. The Fr. De la was affected by the great merchant of Hull, who became an- cestor of the De la Poles, Earls of Suffolk. He flourished in the XIV. century, and his grandson, Michael, Edward the Third's " beloved merchant," is regarded by Hume, though perhaps erroneously, as the first person of that class who rose to social great- ness in England. POLEY. A place in Hertfordshire, where the family were resident in the year 1107. They removed into Suffolk in the reign of Edward III. or Richard II. POLHILL. See under Polwhele. In the ancient deeds of the Cornish family, the spellings Polwhele and Polhill are em- ployed indifferently. Nichol's Top. and Geneal., i. 180. The Polhills were certainly at Detling, co. Kent, in or before the reign of Edw. III. An old spelling of the family was Polley. POLK. 1. A contraction of Pollock, and sometimes of Pocock. 2. A pool. Halliw. POLKIXGHORNE. An estate in the parish of Gwinear, co. Cornwall, wliere the family were resident in the XIII. cent. C. S. Gilbert's Cornw. "From this place were denominated an old family of gentle- men surnamed Polkinhorne, who gave for their arms. Argent, three bars Sable." Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii. 142. POLLARD. This name, which occurs in the H.R. as Polard, as well as in its pre- sent orthography, is probably local. Ton- kin says, that the barton of Trelleigh in Redruth, co. Cornwall, was " the seat of that most ancient family of Pollard, from whence all the otliers of that name were descended." D. Gilbert's Cornwall, iii. 383. Whether this broad assertion would bear the test of genealogical investigation, I know not; certain it is. that the name is very widely spread, not alone in the West, but also in the East and North of England. In the county of Durham the owners of it acquired the family characteristic of the Politic Pollakds. POLLEN. As the name was written in the XVII. cent. Paiilyn, there can be little doubt that it is derived from the baptismal name Paulinus. POLLEY. A known variation of Pol- whele, or Polhill, which see. POLLING TON. A township in the parish of Snaith, in the W. R. of York- shire. POLLOCK. In Eng. Surnames, i. 169, I ventured to derive this name from Paul, of which it seemed to have been a diminu- tive. Its true derivation, however, appears to be from a place called Pollock in Ren- frewshire. The family were ' of that Ilk ' in the twelfth century. POLLOMOUNTER. See Polomonter. POLOMONTER. This singular sur- name, sometimes written Pollomounter, is PON derived from the lands so called, in St. Newlyn, co. Cornwall, which were possessed by the family down to the XVII. cent. POLSON. The son of Pol, i.e., Paul. POLTER. A dealer in poultry, hodia ]}cmlte)'er. POLWHELE. A manor in Cornwall, where, upon the authority of a distinguished member of the family, the late Rev. Rich. Polwhele, the historian of Cornwall, the family were seated before the Conquest, one Winus de Polhall having held it under the Confessor. From his descendant, Drogo de P., chamberlain to the Empress Maud, sprang the Polwheles of the West, and the Polhills of Kent and Sussex. Nichol's Top. and Geneal. i. 180. POMEROY. The parish of S. Sauveur de la Pommeraye, in the department of La Manche. Normandy, gave name to a great family mentioned in Domesday Book, and by Brompton : and they in turn conferred it upon Berry Pomeroy, co. Devon. Mem. Soc. Antiq. Norm. vol. vii. Ralph de Pomerei held 58 lordships at the time of the Survey, in the counties of Devon and Somerset. Kelham. Pommeraye, in 0. French, signifies an orchard. (Cotgrave), and De la Pomeraye is found in H.R. POMFRET. A corruption of Pontefract in Yorkshire, which was written in the XV, cent. Powndefraite. POND. From residence near one. Atte Pond, Ad le Pond, De Pond. H.R. It was sometimes changed to Ponder. PONDER. See Pond. Le Pondere. H.R. PONSONBY. The ancestors of this noHe family derive their name from the parish of Pousonby in Cumberland. Before the adoption of the surname, the}' are said to have been of Hale, in the same county. Still earlier, according to a family tradition, they were of noble rank in Picardy, the founder of the house in England having come over with the Conqueror, who ap- pointed him his Barber ! The three comis in the arms of Ponsonby are alleged in sujjport of this story, and if further evidence can possibly be desired, the cheveron that separates them may adumbrate the open razor, wherewithal the dread face of the mighty Conqueror was denuded of its manly appendage I PONT. Fr., a bridge. Herbrand de Pont-Audemer, at the time of Domesday Book, held in capite certain manors in Hampshire. Pont, with or without some suffix, and Dupont, have always been com- mon French surnames, of which there have doubtless been several importations into this country. One of tliese took place on ac- count of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and, in the year 1691, we find a French refugee family of Pont resident in London. In some cases the name has been anglicised to Bridge. PONTIFEX. Perhaps one of the XVI. centuiy latinizations. Briickenbauer, POll (Bridge-builder) is a well-known German surname. The name is derived, says Varro, '• a pontem faciendo, quia sublicius pons (a bridge of piles) a pontiticibus factus est primum, et restitutus sape." A sacred magistrate among the Romans ; a pontifl or high priest. Ainsworth. POODLE. Poiv or Poo is the name given to numerous sluggish or slow-runninjr streams in Scotland. (Gaz.) Hence Poodle may be Pow-dale, the valley of the Pow. POOKE. Du. />ooA, a poignard or dagger. See Sword. Longespee, kc. POOLE. POOL. See under Pole. The oldest family of this name, Poole of Poole, CO. Chester, were lords of that estate from an early period. The name was variously wTJtten. in the XIV. century, Pull, Poole, and De la Poole. POOLER. See Pole, and the termination ER. POORE. See Poer. POPE. A sobriquet. See Ecclesiastical SCRXAIIES. POPESOX. Probably a sobriquet. Thomas Popeson founded 10 scholarships in Emanuel Coll., Cambridge, in 1.5^1. POPHAM. " The first nobilitating of the Pophams. as it is saide. was by JIatilda Emperes. doughter to Henrj- the firste, and by Henry IL, her sunne." Leland's Itine- rary. The name is local, from Popham in Hampshire, where, as Mr. Shirley affirms. an ancestor. Gilbert de Popham, lived in the reign of King John ; and there the elder line continued till 17 Henry VI. The Somersetshire Pophams branched out of the Hampshire family, so early as temp. Ed- ward I. The Wiltshire branch is much lower on the tree, having sprung from the parent stock temp. Elizabeth. Xoble and Grentle Men of England, p. 206. POP J AY. An A-Xorman and Chauce- rian word for parrot, is popinjaij, or popbi- gaye. Medieval archers used to practice with the bow at an artificial parrot or popinjay : and shooting at the popinjay was a favourite holiday pastime. In Scotland the game itself was called papejay or pa- pinjay. See Strutfs Sports. This was probably a comj^limentary sobriquet applied to a good marksman with the long bow or the cross-bow. POPJOY. See Popjay. POPPLETOX. a parish and a chapelry in Yorkshire. PORCH. From residence in or near the entrance of some great building. At-Porch might become Porcher in some instances. One form in H.K. is Ad Portam Ecclesije, " at the church-porch." PORCHER. The family of Porcher left France at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled in South Carolina ; and a descendant established himself in England about the vear 1 7G8. Their ancestors, who 2 X 273 r R were long seated at Richebourg, on the banks of the Loire, were ennobled as Counts Porcher. " They are traced," according to B.L.G., " to a very ancient date, the origi- nator of the family being Simon le Porcher, hereditary grand huntsman to Hugli Capet, the founder of the French monarchy, from whose official duty of slaying the wounded hour the name is derived. ' Le Porcher signifies in O. Fr. " the swine-herd." and is a more probable origin of the name. PORKER. Xeither a young pig, nor a dealer in pork. In Domesday, the word sometime signifies a swineherd, but more usually a free occupier, who rented the pri- j vilege of feeding pigs in the woodlands, and sometimes paid his rent in kind. Ellis. ! Itrod. Domesd. i. 8it. In the H.R. the name is written Porcarius, Porkar, and Le Porker. PORRET. Porret is a place in the de- partment of La Manche, in Xomiandy. PORSOX. Perhaps from Paul, corrupted thus : Paulson, Pawson, Porson. PORT. Hugo de Port came into Eng- land at the Xorman Conquest, and held fifty-five lordships in the counties of Hants and Dorset, as tenant in capite. One of his descendants assumed the surname of Saint- John. A Hubert de Port was also a tenant in capite in Hampshire, at the mak- ing of Domesday Book. Kelham's Domes- day. Some families of this name may be indi- genous to England, ranking in the same category with Haven. Harbour, &c. ; or it may be the same as the Ad Portam, or Atte-Gate, of medieval records. PORTAL. The family are said to have been originally Spanish, and to have esta- blished themselves in Languedoc at the eud of the XL centur\-. Adopting, after souie centuries" residence in that province, the principles of the Huguenots, some of their members were compelled to leave France after the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes. The founder of the family in England was Henri Portal, who settled in Hampshire. B.L.G. PORTBURY. shire. PORTCH. The same as Porch. A parish in Somerset- PORTER. The keeper of a door. Lat. porta. The meaning was sometimes ex- tended, and implied a castellan, or keeper of a castle. Tliis was the case with the first of this name and family in Cornwall, who, in a dateless deed, of probably not later than the XIII. century, is styled Janitor de Trcmuton. He received a grant of lands from the Valletorts, then lords of Trematon, and those lands, situate just outside the venerable walls of that fine old feudal for- tress, are still possessed by his descendants, who have ever since resided in the imme- diate vicinity. See C. S. Gilbert s Cornw. H.R. Portarius. Le Porter. &c. I ^f^(X/U.-^ P S 274 PORTEUS. PORTEOUS. 1. A por- tcus is a Koman breviar}^ or priest's oflice- book. The surname may be classed witli Crucifix, Pix, &c. 2. In Scotland, a imi-teous is a " list of persons indicted to appear before the Justiciary ;" and poriuous roll is a phrase still used to denote the list of crimi- nal causes to be tried at the circuit courts. Jamieson. Hence the name may have originated from some office connected with such courts. The family of this name boast, that they have been seated at Hawk- shaw, in Peebles-shire, a whole Millennium ! PORTLOCK. A parish in Somerset- shire, more commonly called Porlock. PORTMAN. A civic officer, with duties similar to those of a modern mayoi-. The courts of this functionaiy were formerly called ihvtmnnnhnotes. Portreeve is synony- mous. The family of this name in Somer- setshire, appear to have been eminent so early as the reign of Edward I. See Burke's Extinct Baronets. PORTREVE. The chief magistrate of a town : apparently the synonym of mayor. Lambarde has the following account of the word, in his notice of Gravesend : — " GkaatlSEXDe, in Saxon Gerefesend; in Latine, Limes Praitorius. The originall cause of the name of this place lieth hidd in the usuall name of the officer lately created in the town. [Gravesend was in- corporated in the fourth year of Queen Elizabeth.] He is commonly called Port- reve. but the woord. aunciently and truly sounded, is Portgereve, that is to say, the Euler of the Towne. For Porte descending of the Latin woord port us, signifieth a Port- towne, and gereve, being derived of the Saxon verbe gereccan, to rule, was first called gerecfa. and then gerefa, and be- tokeueth a Euler. So that Porfrcre is the Euler of the Towne. and Greves-end is as much to say as the Limit, Bounde, or Precinct of such a rule or office." Peram- bulation of Kent, 157G. It may be obseiwed that the city of London was governed by a Portreeve, up to the period of the Conquest. Le Portereve. H.E. PORTSMOUTH. The great town in Hampshire. PORT WINE. A singular corruption of Poitevin, a native of Poitou in France. So early as the time of Edward I. the cor- ruption had proceeded as far as toPotewj-ne, a lady called Preciosa Potewyne occurring in H.E. POSNET. A posnett is a bag into which money is put — a net used as a purse. Jamieson. The name may have been acquired by the treasurer of some frater- nity. POST. A special messenger; a courier. Halliwell quotes the following anecdote : — " One night a clriinken fellow josled against a post, but the fellow thought somebody had josled him, and feU a beating the post till his fingers were broken. Says one to him, Fie ! what do you fight with a post? Is it a post? Why did lie not blow liis horn then?" OxordJests,Vi(^&. POU POSTE. See Post. POSTLE. POSTILL. A corruption of Apostle — analogous to Saint, Martyr, &c. POTHECARY. An apothecary. POTICARY. An old spelling of apothe- cary. POTIPHAR. For this name— Old French turned into older Egyptian — see Petifer. POTMAN. A potter. POTT. POTTS. The reason for the assumption of this nameisnotvery obvious; yet similar words have designated families of importance in other countries. For in- stance, there were in Flanders, in the XV. cent., a noble family of Pott, who bore a pot in their armorial coat. There was also an Italian house called the ' Little-Pots," (Pignatelli.) while a line of Spanish gran- dees rejoiced in the thrice-illustrious name of Padilla. or " Frying-pan !" Dixon. In the X. of England, potts is a topo- graphical term, implying deep circular hollows in the ground. This surname de- signates a Northumbrian clan. POTTER. Figulus— amaker ofpots. POTTICARY. See Poticary. POTTINGER. The old Scottish for an apothecary. Jamieson. In the Household Book of James V. of Scotland, one of the king's horses, set apart for carrying the drugs of the royal household, is jocosely known by this name : — " uno equo pharma- copile, vulgo le Pottinger:'' Archa^ologia, vol. xxii. POTTMAN. A potter. POTVIXE. A Poitevin, or native of Poitou. This name is found about Dover and Canterbury. POUCHMAKER. A maker of bags or pouches. POULETT. This name is identical with Paulet,but Mr. Shirley's account ditiers con- siderably from what has been stated under art. Paulet. He says : " Paulet, in the hun- dred of Xorth Petherton, co. Somerset, gave name to this historical family, the first on record being Sir "William de Paulet. who died in 1242. He was of Leigh in Devon- shire, which, with Eode, in Somersetshire, successively became the family seats. Hin- ton St. George, which came from the heiress of Denebaud in the reign of Henry VI., is noted bv Leland as "a right goodly manor place of fre stone, with two goodly high tourres, embattled in the ynner court, "which has ever since remained the seat of the elder branch of the family,'" now represented by Earl Poulett. Noble and Gentle Men of England. POULSON. The son of Poule or Paul. See Eng. Surn. i, POULTER. A dealer in poults or poul- try. The last syllable of poultere;', is a PO w modem vulgarism. The Poulters' Com- pany was incorporated by Henry VIII, POULTXEY. The same as Pulteney. POULTOX. Various parishes and places in COS. Lancaster, Cheshire, Wilts, &c. POUXCE. A corruption of Poyntz. POUXCEBY. POWXCEBY. Corrup- tions of Ponsonby. POUXD. From residence near a mano- rial pound : perhaps originally applied to the pinder. or pound-keei>er, himself. POUXDEX. The family were founded in Ireland by John Pounden. a native of Liege, about the year 1734. B.L.G. POUXDER. See Pinder. POUXTAIX. Puntain. H.R. Perhaps originally Pontianus. equivalent to Bridger. POUXTXEY. A corruption of Poultney, or Pulteney. POUPARD. More correctly Poupart. Fr. "An infant or young child: also a mea- cock or milksop." Cotgrave. POVEY. A Gloucestershire provincial- ism for an owl. Halliwell mentions a West- country proverb — WOKSE A>-D WOKSE, LIKE PX)\*EY"S FOOT. As in the case of most of these rustic wit- ticisms, we are not informed who Povey was, or where he lived. POW. POWE. In Scotland, a generic word, meaning a sluggish stream. POWELL. Ap-Howel — the son of Howel, a personal name common in Wales. The Powells of Xant Eos. co. Cardigan, are descended from Philip ap Howell, whose pedigree is traced to Edwin ap Grono, Lord of Tegaingl, founder of the XIII. noble tribe of Xorth Wales and Powys. The Powells of Brandlesome. co. Lancaster, spring from Walter Powell of BuckneU in Shropshire, temp. Elizabeth, who was of the posterity of Rhys ap Tudor, King of South Wales. B.L.G. There are many other families of undoubted antiquit}-. derived from the best ancestry of the principality, though the name of Powell is, in all cases, of comparatively late adoption. POWER. The surname variously written Le Poer, Power, Powre, Poore. a:c.. is of Norman origin. It has been illustrious in Ireland, from the time of .Strongbow"s inva- sion of that kingdom. Pvobert le Poer was engaged in his expedition, and received from Pembroke the teiTitory of Watertord, excepting only " the city and the cantred of the Ostraen or Danes, whom the invaders found settled there, and in good policy en- couraged as merchants." DAlton. The family were doubtless of Xorman extraction, but of their history, previously to the time of Henry II.. little seems to be known. The meaning of the name is obscure. POWIS. See Po^vys. POWLE. POWLES. Corruptions either of Powell or of Paul. 275 P R A POWLESLAXT). Local : " land belong- ing to St. Paul's .'" Or, perhaps, a corrup- tion of Powys-land, a great district of Wales. POWLETT. See Paulet. Collins says that Hercules, lord of Toumon. the ances- tor of the family, came hither from Picardy, with Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, third son of Henry II., and settled at Paw- let, CO. Somerset. POWXALL. A to\niship in Cheshire. POWXIXG. An ancient spelling of Povnings. POWTER. See Porter. POWYS. I. A castle in the county of Montgomery. 2. Poivys in Welsh signifies, the state of being at rest or stationary. Pughe"s Diet. POXOX. A corruption of Palk son. See Palkson, POYXDER. A bailiff; one who dis- trains. A Lancashire surname. Pound, to distrain. Jamieson. POYXDs-GS. A parish in Sussex, which was possessed by a great family, subse- quently ennobled, in the reign of Henr\- II. The first of the name recorded in the Baronage is Adam de Poynings. lord of Povnings, a benefactor to Lewes Priory. POYXTER. POIXTER. A point, in ancient costume, was a kind of tagged lace, and hence a Pointer may _ have been a maker of such articles.* Some of the Poynters, however, are of French origin, being descendants of Ambrose Pointier, of Arras, who settled here at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The armorials of this family Are pointedly allusive : the shield contains pointed piles : the crest is a hand holding a cross-fitchee, or pointed, to which the fore-finger points ; while the motto is Pense a pointer. POYXTZ. Walter filius Ponz, a tenant in chief at the time of the Norman survey, and Drogo. his brother, who held many manors in the counties of Wilts.. Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford, were sons of Walter Ponz, a noble Norman. From Drogo filius Ponz descended the family of Cliftbrd. Kelham's Domesday. POYZER. This name is almost peculiar to Derbyshire. To poise is to weigh, and the first of the family may have been a weigher of some commodity. PRALL. Cotgrave gives^reau, " a little medow. or medow adjoining to a house ," and Halliwell has, from the A.-Norm., prayeU. a little meadow. PRATER. A talkative man. PRATT. L A-.S. /)roef, cunning. Prat, as a surname, is verj- common in H.R. 2. Perhaps a contraction of Lat. pratum, meadow. See Pretty. * " To strain a point " is a common phrase, the literal meaning of which is understood by few. The above definition serves to explain it. PRE 27& PRATTMAN. See Pratt. 1. A cunning man. 2. The custodian of a meadow. PPvATY. See Pretty. PRAY. Probably from Fr. pre, a meadow, De la Preye. H.R. PREACHER. The profession. Predi- cator, Le Precheur. H.E. PRECIOUS. A correspondent sends me the following anecdote. — " Walldng through a town with a friend, I noticed the name of Precious. My friend said to me : ' You knew John Priesthouse — he was the father of this Precious": here the vulgar had corrupted the name, probably in ridicule of Priesthouse." It is remarkable how easily people in a humble condition of life will accept an alias, or adopt the cor- rupt pronunciation of their names by their illiterate neighbours: and if these things occur in the nineteenth century, it is no wonder that we have, among the multitude of surnames handed down to us from the thirteenth and fourteenth, many that baffle even etymological guess-work, and render a rationale impossible. the same PREECE. as Price. PREEDY. PREEX. PREIST. Welsh, Ap-l See Priddy. A- Sax. pren., a priest. The same as Priest. PREXDERGAST. Prendregast, a parish in Pembrokeshire, from whence went forth to the conquest of Ireland, with his neighbour, the famous Strongbow, Maurice de Prendergast, who received for his services ten knights' fees called Ferne- genelan. An early Prendergast, in the first half of the XIII. century, who was ac- counted as one of the Fideles of Ireland, had summons for the French and Scottish wars. See DAlton, p. 211. PREXTICE. PREXTIS. An appren- tice. |^° PEES-. A component syllable in se- veral local surnames, being a contraction of Priest's (A.S. preostes). as Presland, "the priest's land;" Preslej-, Pressley, Presslee, "the priest's meadow;" Pres- well, " the priest's well ;" Prested, "the priest's place," &c. Preston, Prescott, Prestwick, &c., belong to the same class. PRESCOTT. Parishes, &c., in cos. Lan- caster, Oxford, and Gloucester. De Prest- cot, H.R. CO. Oxon. PRESS. See Prest. The O.Fr. prest, ready, willing, is perhaps a likelier origin. Prest and Le Prest ai-e common H.E. sur- names. See Prest, below. PRESSMAX. Probably ' Priest-man,' an attendant upon a priest. PREST. 1 . Mr. Ferguson says : « Prest is the Old "i^ or se prest r: it is a little curious that the only man called Prest in the Di- rectory for 1857 is a priest." 2. O.Fr. ready. • FIJI PRESTAGE. PRESTIGE. A corrup- tion of Prestwich. PRESTOX. Besides the great Lan- cashire town, thirty-five parishes and places are named in the Gazetteer, and there are many others in various counties. The origin of the name, from j}reostes-t tin, 'the priest's enclosure or homestead ' is undoubted. The Prestons of Furness were traced to Richard de Preston, of Preston, co. "Westmoreland, temp. Henry II. PREST^^^CH. A parish in Lancashire. PRESTWICK. A township in Nor- thumberland. PRETIOUS. See Precious. PRETTEJOHX^. PRETTIJOHX. The same as Prettyjohn. PRETTOIAX. Pretty, besides its usually recognized meanings, has in Scot- land a variety of significations, as small, neat, mean or contemptible, handsome, polite and accomplished, brave and in- trepid. Jamiesou. The Messieurs Pretty- man have, therefore, excellent scope for guessing at the true character of the founder of their name. PRETTY, The earliest mention of this name is in the year 1192, when Engeran de Prajtis attests the grant of the chapel of Hope-cum-Tideswell, by John. Earl of Moreton, to the cathedral of Lichfield. Its subsequent forms have corresponded with the changes of spelling in the adjec- tive, thus: Praty. Pretie, Prettie, Pretty, In the XY. cent, the first of these was in use, and so Leland, born in that century, writes the adjective ; e. g. " a praty town." The name, however, has nothing to do with prettiness, but is derived from the Lat, prafi/m, a meadow. The Prett^-s of Scot- land and Ireland are of English origin. The name is also found in Italy and in Spain. In the latter countrJ^ the family bear for arms, " a green meadow, flowered proper." Inf. Edw. Pretty, Esq., F.S.A. PRETTYJOHX, See John, PREYOST, O.Fr., hodie prevdf, a Pro- vost. The Baronet's family settled in England, from Switzerland, in the last century. PREVO. O.Fr,, a Provost. PRE AY, Fr.preux. Brave, courageous, " Un preux chevalier" — a valiant knight, PREWBODY, I have met with this name in one county only — that county of extraordinary surnames, Cornwall. It ap- pears to be one of the compounds of Body, from the A-Sax. botia, a messenger. The first syllable may possibly be a contraction of preost, priest, and if so, the name may be interpreted, either as " priesfs mes- senger," or as " priestly messenger." PRICE. Welsh, Ap Rhys, the son of Ehys. As in the case of most other Welsh families, the settled surname is of recent adoption, even amongst the gentry, and it PRl P li is hard to distinguish, by the mere name, men of family from the ignobile vuhjus. The Prices of Castle-Madoc, co. Brecknock, spring from Bleddyn ap JIaenyrch, Lord of Brecon, temp. William Rufus ; and the Prices of Glangwillj-. co. Carmarthen, are descended, on the female side, through the Lloyds, from Rhodri Mawr. King of Wales. B.L.G. PRICHARD. See Pritchard. PRICKADVAXCE. Simon Prickad- vance was buried at Peasmarsh, co. Sussex, 17th August, KmS. Par. Keg. This re- markable name I have nowhere else met with, though it is, probabh", of good me- dieval origin. Topreke ov prick is a very common expression in Old English poetry, signifying to ride fast, to spur a horse, from prick, the ancient pointed spur, used before the introduction of rowels. " Prick ! Ad- vance 1" would therefore be a likely excla- mation, emploj-ed to urge forward a bodj' of horsemen, either in battle or the chase, and this was, in all probability, the origin of the name. Since I wrote the above, I have noticed, in H.E., the name Prikeavant. PRICKETT. L Possibly the same as Pritchard or Pritchett — the ch being hardened. See Piicketts. 2. From the animal. Richardson defines jmcket as " cenus trinus, a deer two years old, so called from the state of its horns (stimuli instar)."' The crest of the family is allu- sive, being '• a pricket tripping, proper." " If thou wilt come anil dwell with me at home, My sheepcot* shall be strewed %rith new greene rushes ; Weele haunt the trembling prickets, as they rome About the fields, along the hauthom bushes." Affectionate Shepheard, 1594. " And I say beside, that 'twas a pricket that the princess killed." Lore's Labour Lost, iv. 2. In Rotuli Hundredorum, the name is written Priket. PRIDDY. PRIDIE. PRIDDEY. PRI- DAY. Priddy, a parish in co. Somerset. The name has been rather fancifully derived from Prie-Dieu. PRIDE. The deadly sin ; a personation in some old ' mystery ' or miracle-play .' Pride, without any prefix, is found in H.R. PRIDEAUX. The castle of Prideaux, according to Tonkin (D. Gilbert's Cornwall, iii., ;"»(!), was " the seat of, and gave name to, a family which hath been very eminent both in this county and in Devonshire, and still flourisheth in both.'" '• Some would derive it," he says, "from a French original : pres d'cuux. near the waters, for the sea formerly flowed up as high as this place.'' " The ancient family of Prideaux trace their descent from Paganus, lord of Prideaux Castle, in Lu.xiiion, co. Cornwall, in the time of William I., where the family con- tinued till the latter part of the fourteenth century." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. PRIER. See Prior. PRIEST. See Ecclesiastical Surnames, PRIESTHOUSE. Local — from resi- dence at a mansion belonging to some ecclesiastic. There is a dwelling called Priesthawes, originally Priesthouse, near Pevensey, co. Sussex, and there were doubt- less many others in various districts. This surname has been cjueerly corrupted to Precious. PRIESTLEY. From a fomily MS. men- tioned in B.L.G. it appears that the ancient seat and inheritance of the family was in Soyland and Sowerby, in the parish of Halifax, co. York. PRIESTLY. Xot from the adjective, but probably from some locality so called : " the priest's ke or meadow." PRIME. Qu. Lat. primus— first, best, chief, as in the old French phrase. "Le j}?-inie de Chevaliers," defined by Cotgrave as " a prime Knight, the paragon or flower of Knights." The French surname De la Pryme has, however, the appearance of a heal origin. PRBIROSE. 1. The ancestors of Lord Roseberry derived their surname from the lands of Primrose in Fifeshire. Courthope's Debrett. 2. French Protestant refugees after the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes. In 1091, a M. de Primerose was clcrgjman of a French church in London, but whether he was in Goldsmith's mind as the prototype of his Vicar of Wakefield, I cannot say. PRIX. See Prynne. PRIXCE. A sobriquet, like Duke, Lord, &c. PRIXCEPS. A latinization of Prince. PRIXDLE. A small inclosure , a croft. PRIXGLE. The name of Pringle, or Hop-pringle, as it was usually written, is peculiar to the S. of Scotland. As to its etymologj-, antiquaries are agreed that it is a corruption of Pelerin or Pilgi'un, the pre- fix Hop being the equivalent of the AVelsh ap. Hop-Pringle may, therefore, mean the sou of some pilgrim of distinction ; and the escallop-shells in the arms of all the fami- lies of Pringle rather favour this opinion. B.L.G. The little silver coin called a pringle. formerly minted in Scotland, and of about the value of an English penny, may have derived its name from one of this family, as the bndle did its from Bothwell. PRIXSEP. A corruption of the Lat. pri/iceps, a prince. PRIOR. See Ecclesiastical Surnames. PRISE:MAX. One who had carried oE the prize in some athletic game. PRISLEY. A corruption of Priestley. PRITCHARD. Ap-Richard ; the son of Richard. See AP. PRITCHETT. A corruption of Pritch- ard. PRITTIE. See Pretty. PR IZ EM AX. See Priseman. PROBERT. See Robert. " Huul-UJc PllU 278 PROBUS. An ancient personal name, borne by a Cornish local saint (not in the Roman 'calendar), after whom the parish of St. Probus is named. PROBYN. See Robert. PROCTOR. PROCTER. PROCKTER. Lat. procurator. One who acts for another, or falies care of his interest. One who col- lected alms for lepers, or others unable to do it themselves. Halliwell. According to Kennett, beggars of any kind were called Proctors. This explains the curious inscrip- tion over Richard Watt's hospital at Ro- chester, founded in 1.579, which declares that " six poor travellers may receive lodg- ing, entertainment, and fourpence each, for one night, provided they are not Binjucs nor Proctors." PRODGER. Ap-Roger; the son of Roger. See AP. PROFIT. The same as Prophet. PROPERJOHN. See John. PROPERT. See Probert. PROPHET. Probably a sobriquet, ap- ])lied to one who pretended to more than or- dinary sagacity as to future events. PROSSER. Pros.'i is, according to Hal- liwell, a northern provincialism for ' talk, conversation.' Hence, perhaps, a pro.^ser means a talkative person, or, as we com- monly say, a ' proser.' PROUD. Fuller makes it a corruption of Prude. Worthies ii. 183. It would, therefore, mean sage, rather than arrogant. PROUDFOOT. If not a gross cor- ruption of some other name, may relate to the gait of the original bearer. Proudfot, Prudfot, &c., H.R. PROUDMAN. This name may possibly be taken in its literal meaning, though I am rather inclined to think it is a kind of clumsy translation of the O.Fr. Prud- homme. See that name, infra. PROUT. " Id est, Proud." Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornwall. A.Sax.^^ruf, proud. PRO VIS. A corruption of Provost. PROVOST. The mayor of a royal burgh ; the dean or president of a colle- giate church. Jamieson. PROWETT. Probably a diaeresis of Prout. PRUDAMES. A corruption of Prud- homme. PRUDDAH. See Prudhoe. PRUDENCE. A personal name borne by a saint of the Roman calendar, who was bishop ofTroyes, in France, and whose festival is on April 6. PRUDHOE. Two townships in the parish of Ovingham, co. Northumberland, are so designated. PRUDHOMME. An obsolete Fr. word, signifying " a good and true man ; a man PUN well versed in any art or trade." Sadler. In H.R. Prodhomme, Prodomme, Prodome, Prudhomme, &c. PRUJEAN. Fr. p7^eux, and Jean; ' Valiant John ' — a sobriquet, fomied like Grosjean, Prettj^ohn, &c. PRYCE. See Price. PRYNNE. A-Sax. pren, a priest. PUCKERING. The same as Pickering. PUDDICOMBB. See Combe. PUDDIXG. A sobriquet traceable to the XIII. century. "Will. Silvestre, hi' Silvestir Pudding de Holmstrete." occurs in 1230. N. and Q. v. 290. Pudding, Puddy'g. H.R. PUGH. Welsh, Ap-Hugh, the son of Hugh. See ap. PULBROOK. Perhaps a hardened pro- nunciation of Pulborough, a parish in Sussex. Or it may be some other locality, deriving its name from j)ool and hrooli. PULFORD. A parish in Cheshire. PULHAM. A town in Norfolk, and a parish in Dorset. PULL. An archaic form of Pool or Poole. PULLEN. I can find no better origin for this rather common surname, than the A.'Sorm. p)ille>/n, and Fr. j'onlain, a colt or foal ; or more generally, like the Lat. pullus, the young of everything. See Pulley. PULLER. PULLAR. A Norfolk pro- vincialism for a poultry-house. Fr. ^7«»Z<;, a hen. PULLEY. See Pullen. Pullain and 2)i(Uen are found in several early plays for poultry. Halliwell. Cotgrave has " poullaillcr, a poulter, or keeper of pul- laine," or chicken. PULLEYNE. A probable corruption of the personal name Paulinus. Puleyn. H.R. PULLIN. PULLING. See Pullen. PULLINGER. A corruption of Fr. ioulanfjer. a baker. PULLROSE. See Pluckrose. PULTENEY. The original name of the extinct noble family was De Clipstone, until Adam de Clipstone, acquiring the manor of Pulteney, co. Leicester, adopted the name of that place as his surname. PULTER. A dealer in fowls (poulcts);^ what is now corruptly called a ' poultercv. ' Le Poleter. H.R. PUINIPHREY. Welsh, Ap-Humphrey. The sou of Humphrey. See AP. PUNCH. This name is found in the Registrar General's list of oddities, and in the Rotuli Hundredorum of temp. Edward I. Its etymology has not occurred to me. PUNCHARD. A contraction of Puu- chardou? PUR PUXCHARDOK This name is tound in Holinshed's list, called the Roll of Battel Abbey, and there is no doubt that the introduction of the family into England took place at the Conquest, since Ponte- Cardon occurs in Domesday. They gave the suffix to Heanton-Punchardon, co. Devon. The name ^\-as probably derived from the place now called Pont-C'hardon. in the ar- rondisement of Argentan, in Xonnandy. PUXXETT. In Domesday we find one Eicardus Puunat, (Pugnator) the Cham- pion. Kelham. PUXSHOX. Very probably a contrac- tion of Punchardon, caused by rapid pro- nunciation. PUXT. A corruption of pont, Fr., a bridge. PUXTOX. Pointon, a township in Lin- colnshire. PUPiBROOK. Perhaps a corruption of Pui-brigiit, a parish in Surrey. PURCELL. A Xorman name of gi-eat anti>iuity. As it is not found prefixed by the territorial De, I think it must be re- ferred to a class of sobriquets very preva- lent among the early Xormans, and that it means Lat. : ^ iwj'cellus.' 0. Fr.,j>orceI — a little pig. A Frenchman in our days considers ' cochon ' the most opprobrious of designations : but it was far other- wise in ancient times, as witness the ' pigs ' and ' old sows ' (Porci and Scrofje), emineut family names among the Eomans ; the French Legryce. Legriel, &c. : and our own indigenous Hogg, Pigg, Littlehog. "SVildbore, &c. The anns of the various branches of the family have boars' heads, allusive to the name. Comp. Lovel from Lupus. The Purcells came into Eng- land at the Conquest, and there is a tradi- tion of their descent from one Hugh. " the first of the followers of the Bastard Duke to set foot on the shore of Pevensey." This personage obtained some manors in Sussex, and a Geoft'rey Porcellus, of Surrey, is mentioned in a Pipe PioU of 1131. The family were planted in Ireland by Sir Hugh Purcell. who took part in the subju- gation of that country in the reign of Henrj- II., and married Beatrix, daughter of the celebrated Theobald Butler. '• This name," says Mr. D'Alton, "was early in- troduced into Munster, where it soon be- came so numerous that the rolls of licenses for protection and pardon in the year 1310, (in prudence then necessitated), included no less than thirteen adult Purcells ; while eight years previously. Hugh, Philip, Maurice, and Adam Purcell were of the Irish magnates summoned to the Scottish war In the reign of Elizabeth and James, the Purcells were seized of many castles and manors in Kilkenny.'' In charters, this name is frequently, and most absurdly, latinized De Porcellis" PURCHAS. See Purcha.se. PURCHASE. Many lands and tene- ments throughout England bear this de- 279 PUR siguation, and from some one or more of them we probably get the surname. PURCHES. See Purchase. PURDAY. SeePardew. PURDEW. The same as Pardew. PURDIE. See Pardew. PURDOM. The same as Prudhomme. PURDUE. See Pardew. PURDY. See Pardew. PURDAY. A probable corruption of Purdew. PURE. An ancient surname, one Edric Pure ha-v-ing held lands before the Conquest. Domesd. X-^ayi. jntre, sound. PUREFOY. O.Fr. pure foy, literally "pure faith." Originally applied to a j faithful ally or follower. The family were seated at Misterton, co. Leicester, in 1277. The motto bonie by one branch is '• Pure fuy est ma joie." PURIER. Perhaps Fr./>oi>/er, apear-tree. PURKESS. PURKISS. When William Eufus was shot in the Xew Forest, his body was conveyed to AVinchester in the cart of a poor coal-man or charcoal burner, whose name, according to tradition, was Purkess. '• He became the ancestor of a very nu- merous tribe, who have always lived near Stoney Cross, and some of whom may still be found at Minstead : — " And still — so runs our forest creed — nourish that pious yeoman's seed, E'en in the self-same spot ; One horse and cart their bttle store, Like their forefather's — neither more Nor less the children's lot." IT. S. Rose. They have never become richer or poorer since the day of the king's death." Mur- ray's Handbook of Hants. The family may be ancient, and the tra- dition true, but the name is certainly not older than the XIII. or XIY. century, being an obvious corruption of Perkins, through Perkiss. See Peter. PURXELL. Bumell. PURXEY. Probably the same as Burney. PURSEGLOVE. See Purslow. PURSELL. See Purcell. PURSER. A bearer of the purse — a treasurer. PURSEY. A corruption of Percy. PURSLOVE. A good name for a miser; but see Purslow. PURSLOW. A hundred in Shropshire. The name has been modified to Purslove, and Purseglove, and this last has been matter for a little legend which may be found in Eng. Sum. ii. 17. PURSSEY. A corruption — and how great a one I — of Percy. PURTOX. A pari.>^h in Wiltshire. "The Burtons ore descended from Eanulph do May be the same as PUT 280 PYW Perton, who, in the latter part of the reign of King John, and the beginning of Henry III., was settled at Perton. in the jDarish of Tettenhall, co. Stafiford."' B.L.G. PURVES. See Purvis. PURVIS. Ac(!ording to the account given in B.L.G., the Purvises of Darsliam, CO. Suffolk, originated from the family of Purvis "of that Ilk'' in Scotland. '"That Ilk," however, does not appear to be identified, although the name Purveys, or Pen-es, is found in ancient records of the Lowland counties. I think the name is more likely to be derived from the A- 'NoTm. j)e?Ti^, or jM)-rise, ■which Kelliam de- fines as, " the outer court of a palace or great house. . . . Such was the place in Palace- Yard, near Westminster Hall, mentioned by Fortescue, De Laud. Leg. Aug. col; and Dugdale also takes notice of the Pei-vyse of Farcies y PUSEY. Pusey, or Pewsey, a parish in Wiltshire, which belonged to the family in very early times. Camden thus mentions the antiquity of the race : — "From Kingston Lisle, the river Ock, just now mentioned, runs through Dench- worth and Pusey, the possession of a family of that surname, and held by a Horn, given to their ancestors by King Canutus the Dane;'" to which his editor adds : "Thus much the inscription implies ; but both the character and stUe thereof are modem, many hundreds of years after the Conquest ; so that of Avhat antiquit\- soever the Horn itself may be, the inscription must have been added long after the age of Canutus. Not but the tradition of Canutus's giving it may probably be very true, since there are so many instances of this kind in many parts of England ; and Ingulphus has expressly told us. that in those days it was common to make grants of lands by horns among other things." Gibson's Camden, i. 163. This relic is described and figured in Arch«ologia, iii. 13, from whence we gain the following particulars. The horn is that of an ox, of moderate size, ha^ang in the middle a ring of silver gUt, and neatly mounted on two hound's feet, which support the whole. The inscription on the ring, in Old English characters, is : — itung dSnotDti£ qcbc 2:apIIpam ^Scfiosc C^is I;ornc to I)oIac fin tTjo lontJ. Dr. Hickes states, that both the horn and manor were, in his time, possessed by Charles Pusey, Esq., who had recovered them in Chancery, before Lord Chancellor Jefferies, the horn itself being produced in court, and with universal admiration re- ceived, admitted, and proved (1) to be the identical bona by which, as by a charter, Canute had conveyed the manor of Pusey seven hundred years before.'' The inscrip- tion is, doubtless, of the XV. centurj', but it may have replaced an older one, and the possessorship of the estate from a very early period is indisputable. PUTLEY. A parish in Herefordshire. PUTNAM. Puttenham, parishes in cos. Hertford and Surrev. PUTXEY. A parish In Surrey. PUTT. 1. See Peddie. 2. O.Fr. a pit. De la Putte. H.E. PUTTICK. The same as Puttock. PUTTOCK. 1. Florence of Worcester mentions an Anglo-Saxon called Puttoc. 2. A kite : "metaphorically applied," says Halliwell, " to a greedy, ravenous feUow." Puttoc. H.E, PUZEY. See Pusey. PYATT. See Pyott. PYE. One of the many surnames de- rived from Hugh. Ap-Hugh has. in some parts of Wales, been corrupted to Pye. See anecdote in Eng. Surn. i. 180. It may, however, sometimes be derived from the bird, now called the J/a^f-pie, the first syl- lable of which is a puerile addition, like Tom and Eobin. in ' Tom Cat ' and ' Eobin Eedbreast.' Pye is the true 0. Eug. name of the bird, as found in medieval literature ; e.g. : " I had wonder at whom, And where, the Pye Icmed To leye the stikkes In which she layeth and hredeth. Ther nys wrighte, as I ween, Sholde wercke hir nestes to paye ; If any mason made a molde thereto, Much wonder it were." Piers Plotcman, p. 223. Let me go a little out of my way, in making use of an illustrative quotation, to remark, that this really poetical idea has been hit upon by a much more recent poet, who had probably never read the works of the Malvern Dreamer : " A bu-d's nest ; mark it well ^vithin, without, Ko tool had he that wrought, no knife to cut, Xo bodkin to insert, his little beak was all ; And yet how neatly finished ! What nice hand, With every implement and means of art, And twenty years' apprenticeship to boot, Could make me such another ! " ffiirdis. PYECROFT. Local: "the croft fre- quented by magpies." PYEFIXCH. A provincial name of the chaffinch. PYKE. See Pike. PYLE. The same as Peel. There is a Xorthumbrian clan of this surname. PY:M. The family of John Pym, the regicide, were of respectable antiquity in Somersetshire, being traced to Philip Fym, of Brymmore, co. Somerset, 12. Edward IV. The origin of the name is doubtful. PY]\L\X. A destroyer of magpies and other winged depredators ? Analogous to the modern "crow tender." Comp. Todman. PYXE. See Pine. Robt. and Jno. Pyne, Protestant refugees from Dieppe, landed at Eye, l.-)72. Harl. MS. lo. 70. PYOTT. An Eng. provincialism for a magpie. PYPARD. See Pipard. PYRKE. See Peter. PYWELL. Local: " the spring resorted to by magpies .'" QUA 281 QUA Q ^^ Quadrupeds, mmes of, n-Mrh have hf'come Surnames. The classifica- tion of my ingenious friend, Mr. Clark , runs thus : — "Bull, Cow, Bullock, Bear and Ram, Lyon, Tyger, Wolf, and Lamb ; Pigg, Fox, Ferrett, Buck, and Doe, Leppard, Panther, Hind, and Roe ; Camel, Catt, Colt, Calf, and Foal, Bruin, Badger, Beaver, Mole; Rabbit, Squirrel, Stagg, and Hare, Lamlikin, Stoat, Fitch, Steed, and Mare ; Griffin, Galloway, and Horse, Hunter — fleetest of the course ; Pussy, Cattle, Calver, Cony, Palfry, too, but not a Pon]] ; Wheeler, Leader, Gelding, Trotter, Wildbore, Nagg, Mouse, Mule, and Otter ; Roebuck, RejTiard, Stallion, Hogg, Cobb and Pointer — but no DogJ" As I have remarked in the article "Fishes," many of these names must not be taken au pied de la lettre, es- pecially those which express varieties of' the horse, as Hunter, Galloway, Cobb, Wheeler, Leader, Steed. We must also except (3tter, and Reynard, which are personal, or baptismal names ; and Hind, Badger, and Pointer, which are names of employments, and various others. Several seem to have been derived from Heraldry, and others were probably applied metaphorically, to denote the character, or some quality, of the original bearer. See observa- tions on this subject in English Sum., vol. i. p. 176. : QUAE. A Gaelic name, usually prefixed i by Mac. j QUAIFE. The family seem always to have been principally resident in EastSussex, and West Kent. Until within the last 150 years, the name has been spelt Coyf, and Coyfe, and tradition says, that the ancestor of the family came into England witli the Conqueror, and that, at the Battle of Hastings, he wore a hood instead of a hel- met ; uiule nomen. It is worthy of notice, that the name Caperoxin, the Old French for a hood, is found in the Roll of Battel Abbey, and also that the family have long resided near Battel, the scene of the ex- ploits of the presumed founder of the name. QUAIX. O. Eng. quaint, neat, elegant. QUAINT. See Quain. QUAINT AXCE. An acquaintance ; ana- logous to Friend, Neighbour, &c. | QUAINTON. A parish in Buckingham- ! shire, ' 2 QUAKELY. Mr. Ferguson derives it from 0. Norse queiklegr, excitable, inflam- mable. !®^ QUALITIES. Under this title, Mr. Clark, in his amusing list of Surnames, has arranged a goodly number of family designations, representing various pas- sions and abstract ideas, thus : — "Anger, Affection, and Amiss, Bane, Anguish, Bravery, and Bliss ; Cant, Concord, Comfort, Craft, and Crime, Hope, Joy, and Grief — subdued by time ; Faith, Fortune, Fancy, Force, and Fear, Experience, Danger, Evil, Care ; Choice, Courage, Gallantry, and Skill, Chance, Folly, Vigour, Want, and Will ; Grace, Honour, Justice, Worth, and Reason, Service and Treasure (but no Treason) ; Love, Truelove, Liberty, and Weal, Guile, Mercy, Wisdom, Wit. and Zeal ; Trash, Twaddle, Tattle, Thrift, and Trust, Height, Hatred, Hazard, Haste, and Rust; Pride, Prudence, Patience, Pain, and Pluck, Vice, Virtue, Villany, and Luck ; Youth, Motion, Tallent, Welfare, Need, Wrath, Furj', Thickness, Spite, and Speed ; Fudge, Foresight, Fitness, Forecast, State, Pomp, Service, Innocence, and Weight." It is extremely difficult to account for this class of names. A few of them may have been borrowed from the cha- racters who performed in the myatenes, miracle plays, and pageants, of the mid- dle ages (see Eng. Surn., vol. i. p. 228); but most of them are, I suspect, either cor- ruptions of other names, or words which are susceptible of a different interpre- tation. For instance. Anger, Hope, Worth, Wisdom, and others are local ; Bane and Thickness relate to personal characteristics ; Weight is a corruption of Wait, a minstrel, &c., &;c. QUARLES 1. O. E. quarel. A stone- quarrJ^ 2. An exfi'a-parochial district in the hundred of North Greenhoe, co. Nor- folk. QUARMAN. A (luavryman. QUARRELL. The bolt, or arrow, shot from a cross-bow was so called ; but the surname is evidently derived from O. Eng. quarel. a stone quarry, and is thus cognate with Pitt, Hole, &c. Quarel. H.R. QUARREOUR. A quarryman. Le Quareur. H.R. QUARRIE. The Gaelic Mac Quarrie, deprived of its prefix. QUARRTER. Eitlier a quarryman, or the quarry itself. Fr. carrUre. The Ad Quarer, andDe la Quarrereof the H.R. sup- port the latter derivation. QUARRY. From residence near one. R A B 282 QUARTERMAINE. QUARTER- MAN. See Quatremaine. QUATREMAINE. Fr. "four hands," which form the charge of the family shieki, though one would hardly venture to place the bearers of the name in the quadru- onanous or monkey tribe ! In France we find a family of Quatrebarbes, whose arms are likewise descriptive, being four beards ! Quatremayns, Quatremeyns, &c. H.R. QUAY. From residence near one. QUAYLE. An ancient family in the Isle of Man. B.L.G. QUEELTY. The same as Keelty. QUEEN. The Gaelic Mac Queen, sans Mac. QUEERAN. An old Scottish personal name — Queran. St. Queran, a Scotch Abbot, is honoured in the Koman calendar on Sept. 9. QUELCH. A northern guttural pro- nunciation of Welch or Welsh. QUENNEL. O. F. quesnel ; an oak tree. Quesnel is a well-known Fr. surname. QUENTIN. See St. Quentin. QUHITELAW. " Of that Dk," in Scotland. I cannot find the place, unless Whitelaw, on the Cheviots, is intended. QUICK. Lively, vivacious in disposition. QUICKE. See Quick. QUILLAN. "The Mac Quillans were lords of the territory of the Routes, in co. Antrim, holding their chief residence in the fine old sea-girt castle of Dunluce. They are considered to have been invaders, from Wales, on earlier inhabitants of the North." D'Alton. QUILLIAMS. A strongly aspirated form of Williams. Ferguson. QUILLISH, Mr. Ferguson considers RAB this an aspirated form of Willis, which is probable. QUILLY, Quilli, a place in the arron- dissement of Falaise, in Normandy. QUILSON. As both Quill and Quilson exist as surnames, Quil or Quill Avould appear to be an obsolete personal name. QUIETER. A maker of quilts. QUILTON". The Gaelic Mac Quilton, sans Mac. QUIN. An ancient Celtic personal name, found in Ireland as O'Quin, and in Scotland -as Mac Quin. See O'Quinn. QUINAN. An old personal name in Ireland. ^ QUINCE. The same as Quincy. QUINCY, DE. The name is in Holln- shed's list of the followers of William the Conqueror ; but I believe the family were of no importance in England until the reign of Henry II., when Saier de Quincy had a grant from the crown, of the manor of Bushby, co. Northampton. His -son, of the same name, was created Earl of Win- chester by King John. Of the locality of Quincy I am ignorant. In charters, the name was latinized De Quinciato, De Quinci, De Quency. QUINLAN. Probably an old Irish personal name. • QUINN. See Quin and O'Quinn. QUINTEN. See St. Quintin. QUINTIN. See St. Quintin. QUIN TON. A parish in Northampton- shire. QUIRKE. The O'Cuirces, or Mac Quirkes, were an ancient sept in Munster. D'Alton. QUOMMAN. The same as Quarman. R. RaAB. See Rabe. RABBIT. Perhaps from some fancied resemblance to that animal. RaieU is, however, an archaism for a war-horse ; thus in a MS. quoted by Halliwell : — " Then came the dewke Scgwyne ryght, Armed on a rabett wyght,— " i.e. on a strong charger. And — " Sir Guy bestrode a rabyghte, That was moche and lyghte." Babut is the form in H.R. RABE. Germ, rabe, a raven or crow. RABETT. See Rabbit. This ancient family, who have resided at Bramfield, co. Suffolk, for several centuries, claim a Nor- man descent. B.L.G. For the etymology see Rabbit. RABONE. The same as Rathbone. RABY. A township in Durham, famous for its castle; also another township in Cheshire. RAG RACE. In Yorkshire, a rivulet; in the South, a mill-stream ; also the meeting of two tides, as Portland Race. The H.R. Rice, without prefix, appears to point to some other origin. RACHEL. See Female Christian Names. RACINE. Fr. a root— a singular but illustrious surname in France. We have also the synonymous Radix, and Roots. RACK. This word, in our provincial dialects, and in Old English, has so many meanings, that it is difficult to decide on the probable origin of the name. Halliwell gives no less than seventeen distinct defini- tions of the word, and I could, if need were, add several more. RACKET. Camden, speaking of sur- names assumed from inn and traders' signs, mentions 'Robin at the Racket' as a name so derived. I know not what raclii't may imply, except that it is the garment thus described by Jamieson : '-A dress frock. Su. Gothic, rockc, Armorican, rohct, Fr. rochet, toga." RACKHAM. A hamlet in Sussex. RADCLIFFE. See Radclyffe. RADCLYFFE. A well-known family, '• who trace their descent to Richard R. of Radclitte Tower, near Bury, co. Lancaster, in the reign of Edward I." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. RADFORD. Villages and hamlets iu cos. Nottingham, Oxford, and Warwick. RADIX. See Racine. RADLEY. A parish in Berkshire. RAD:\IALL. See Radraell. RADMELL. RodmiU, co. Sussex— for- merly written Radmell. It had owners of its own name, called De Rademylde, in the XIV. cent. RADNOR. A town in Radnorshire. RAD WAY. A parish in Warwickshire. RAE. Either the Gaelic Mac Rae, de- prived of its prefix; or rae, the Scottish form of roe, a deer. Ba, probably with the latter meaning, is found in A-Sax. times, as a Christian name. RAEBURN. A stream in the parish of Eskdalemuir, co. Dumfries. RAFFLES. A place in the parish of Mouswald, in Durafries-shire. That parish contains five old border fortresses; the least dilapidated is that of Raffles. Gaz. 283 KAL RAFTER. A man who floats a raft of timber down a river / RAGGETT. Reigate, in Surrey, is locally so pronounced. RAGLAND. Raglan, a parish and castle in Monmouthshire. RAGLESS. Qu. recHe.?.?.?— devoid, not of rags— though Le Ragged is a H.R. sur- name — but oi recce (A-Sax)care, caution. RAGSDALE. Ragdale, a parish in Lei- cestershire. RAIKE. RAIKES. In Scotl. a /•a;ie, or mile, is the extent of a course, walk, or fish- ing ground, as sheep-raik, cattle-raik, &c. See Jamieson. RAILTON. Probably the same as Relton. RAIMENT. Doubtless a corruption of RajTuond. RAINBOW. Probably from an inn or trader's sign. RAINE. RAYNE. The northern fami- lies probably sprang from Rayne, co. Aber- deen ; the southern from Raine, co. Essex. RAINES. L An old spelling of the town of Rennes, in Brittany. 2. But the Raineses of Essex, Yorkshire, and Sussex, descend from Roger, a companion in arms of William the Conqueror, who rewarded him with lands at Rayne in Essex and else- where. Hence he and his posterity ac- quired the name of De Raines, or Raneis. Morant's Essex. RAINS. See Raines. RAINY. RAINEY. Fr. TEeKC, renatus, born-again, has been suggested as a pro- bable origin. See, however, Reynolds. RAISIN. Raisen is the name of three parishes, one of which comprises the town of Market Raisin, all in the county of Lin- coln. RAIT. The ancient family of Rait of Halgreen. co. Kincardine, derived their sur- name from the lands of Rate in Perthshire. B.L.G. There is a village in the last-named county called Rait. RAKE. See Raike. RALEIGH. An ancient Devonshire family, -who, according to Fuller, derived their name from " a well-known town " in that county. I cannot discover any town, or even village, so called, though the name is indissolubly connected with the shire, in the persons of the two famous Raleighs . — William, Bishop of ^^'incheste^, temp. Henry III., and the renowned, but unfor- tunate, Sir Walter, who were both born within its limits. In the Rotuli Hundredo- rum for the county of Somerset, there is a Warinus de Raleghe. RALFS. A derivative of Ralph. RALPH. The personal name Radulphus, introduced at the time of the Norman Con- quest. It has given rise to Relfe, Realf, Ralfs, Raw, Rawes, Rawson, Rason, Raw- lins, Rawlings, Rawlinson, Roaf, Rolfe, and other surnames. RALSTON. The Ralstons « of that Ilk" are descended from the Mac Duffs, Thanes or Earls of Fife, one of whom had a son Ralph. The latter, obtaining a grant of lands in Renfrewshire, called them after his own name, Ralphs-toune. In process of time, his descendants, continuing on the same estate, wrote themselves De Ralphs- KAN toune, or, by softened pronunciation, Ralston. See Crawfurd's Renfrewshire. See an ana- logous instance, in Fetberstonhaugh, of a place originally deriving its appellation from tbe personal name of its owner, and afterwards, with an addition, becoming the hereditary surname of his descendants. RAM. 1. From the animal, like Bull, Hart, &c. 2. Mr. Ferguson derives it from O.-High Germ., ram, 0.- Norse, ramr, strong, vigorous, which enters into the compounds Bertram, Ingram, k.c. H.R. Le Ram. RAMAGE. A.-Xorm. Wild. Halliwell. Jamieson de^nes rammaffe as rash, thought- less, furious. RAME. A Cornish family. The name is doubtless derived from the manor and parish of Rame. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. RAMM. See Ram. RAMRIDGE. Local : the former sylla- ble may be derived from the same source as the first in Ramsbotham. or Ramsbottom, which see ; the latter syllable is the anti- thesis of -BOTTOM. RAMSAY. This name is totally dis- tinct from that of Ramsey. The Earl of Dalhousie's family are said to be of German extraction. Tliey are traced from Simon de Ramsay of Dalhousie. in Lothian, temp. David 1. 1 UO. The lands of Ramsay are in Argyleshire. RAMSBOTHAM. RAMSBOTTOM. I am assured that this local surname is trace- able to the eleventh century. The locus in quo appears to be in the parish of Bury, CO. Lancaster, usually called Bomsboiiom. Bottom, I have already explained as a valley, or low ground, and the qualifying syllable is borrowed from the rhomx, 7-a>?ibs, or ramps, wild onions, whose botanical habitat is said to be localized to the place referred to, and to Ramsden in the same vicinity. RAMSDALE. Equivalent to Ramsbot- tom, which see. RAMSDEX. A hamlet in co. Oxon, and a place near Bury, co. Lancaster. Two parishes in Essex are called Ramsdon. RAMSEY. Parishes in Huntingdonshire and Essex. RAXD. I. A parish near "Wragby, in Lincolnshire. 2. A curt form of Randall or Randolf. RAXDALL. See Randolph. This name has been confounded with Rundle. See Rundle. RAXDOLF. RAXDOLPH. The bap- tismal name. It has given rise to many diminutives, as Randoll, Randall, Rankin, Ranecock, Rands. Ranson, Hankin, Hanks, Hankinson, Hankey, &c. RAXDOLL. See Randolf, and Rundle. RAXDS. See Randolf. 284 R A S RAXECOCK. A diminutive of Randolf- See Cock. RAXFORD. Rainford, a chapelry, co. Lancaster. RAXGER. A sworn officer, whose busi- ness it was, under the old forest laws, to per- form the duties mentioned in the following oath : — " Tlie Oath of a Hanger. " You shall well and truly execute the office of a Ranger, in the purlieus of W. upon the borders of the King's Forest of W. You shall re-chase and with your hounds drive back again, the wild beasts of the Forest, as often as they shall range out of the same Forest into your purlieus. You shall truly present all unlawful hunting, & hunters of wild beasts of venery and chase, as well within the pourallees (perambula- tions), as within the Forest, and those and all other offences you shall present at the next Court of Attachments or Swainmote which shall first happen. So help j'ou God." — Xdsoits Laws of Game. RAXKIX. I always considered this a diminutive of Randolf (see Hankin) ; but there is a tradition of descent from one John, son of a knight called Jacob de Rankine, burgomaster of Ghent, who married a daughter of the head of the house of Keith, and became progenitor of the Rankines, Rankins. Rankens, Rankings, and Rang- kings of Scotland, who are rather numerous in the West, and on the border. The tradi- tion is. however, dateless and vague. Inf. M. H. Rankin, Esq. RAXSCOMB. A place near Lewes, co. Sussex. RAXSOM. RAXSOME. From analo- gous corruptions, I should say, that this name was originally Ransham, though I find no place so called. Mr. Ferguson, with his accustomed facility, finds the etymon in the O.-Xorse ransamr, prredabundus, pira- tical. " What curious changes," says he, " the whirligig of time brings round. We take our money to tbe descendant of the old sea-robber to take care of for us — Ransom & Co., bankers. Pall Mall. Another Ran- some has turned his sword into a plough- share, and become famed as a maker of agricultural implements at Ipswich." RAXSOX. See Randolf. RAPER. An old spelling of Roper, which see. RAPHAEL. The designation of an archangel, which became, like Michael, a name of men. It is chiefly borne by Jews. RAPKIX. A contraction of Ralphkin, a dimunitive of Ralph. RAPP. Germ, rapp, quick, swift of foot. RAPSOX. A contraction of Ralphson, the son of Ralph. RASHLEIGH. "Rashleigh in the par- ish of Wemwortliy. in Devonshire, gave name to this ancient family, the elder line R A W 285 of which became extinct in the reij^ of Henry VII."' Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. RASTRICK. A chapelry in the parish of Halifax, co. York, where the family re- sided in 1250. See Watson's Hist, of Hali- fax. RAT. The animal : a sobriquet. Le Eat. H.R. RATCLIFF. RATCLIFFE. Parishes and places in cos. Xottingham. Leicester, and Middlesex. RATE. Has been explained as the Irish ralthe. arbiter, umpire. RATHBOXE. 1. An ancient personal name.' 2. A corruption of Eathboume (A-Sax.). a quick or rajjid stream. RATHERHAM. A corruption of Ro- therham. RATLIFF. A corruption of Ratcliffe. RATTLEBAG. I know not whether this odd surname still exists. It is common in old records, as Eatellebagg. It is proba- bly synonymous with the O.-Fr. claqueur. a leper or lazar, so called because he col- lected alms by means of a claqneite. clack- dish, or " rattle-trap." which answered the two-fold purpose of calling the attention of the charitable, and at the same time of warn- ing them against a too near approach to the unfortunate leper. RATTOX. An estate at Willingdon, co. Sussex, on which the family were resident in the XR'. century. RATTRAY. Derived from a barony of the same name in Perthshire. The first of the name on record is Alan de Ratherifl". who lived in the reisns of William the Lion and Alexander IL B.L.G. The family still reside at Craighall. in the parish of Eattray. RAYEX. A personal name derived from the bird, borne in the Danish standard. The Domesday of Leicestershire presents us with a tenant in chief called Eaven — a true Scandinavian, doubtless. Eafn still exists in Denmark as a personal name, and is borne as a surname by a distinguished pro- fessor and archaeologist of Copenhagen. RAYEXHILL. Local: "theHiU fi-e- quented by Eavens." RAYENS. The genitive form of Raven. RAYEXSCROFT. A township in Cheshire. RAYEXSFIELD. A parish in York- shire. De Eafnestield. H.E. of that county. RAYEXSIIOLT. Local : "the Holt fre- quented by Eavens." R A^TXSTOXE. Parishes in cos. Buck- ingham and Derby. RAW. 1. This name, and Rawes, are di- minutives of Ralph. 2. The northern form of Eow. Eowe. 3. A township in Northum- berland. R AWBOX'^E. A corruption of Rathbone. KAY RAWTLIFFE. Townships, &c., in cos. York and Lancaster — two in each. The ancient orthography seems to have been Rockliffe. RAWDOX. An estate in the parish of Guiseley, co. York, is " the original seat of this ancient family, which is traced toThor de Eawdon, whose son Serlo li\ed in the reign of Stephen. Rawdon remained the family residence till early in the seventeenth centurj-, when Sir George Eawdon. the then head of the house removed into the North of Ireland, and was seated at ^loira, in the county of Down, where the family princi- pally lived till the match with the heiress of Hastings in 17.52." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. RAW^ES. See Raw. RAWLEIGH. See Raleigh. RAA^'LEY. The same as Raleigh. RAWLIXGS. R IWLIXS. See Ralph. RAWLLN^SOX. See Ralph. RAWSOX". See Raw, and Ralph. RAWSTORXT:. This family designated by Burke. " ancient and worshipful," are stated to have been settled for centuries in Lancashire, though he only traces them to 37 Henry Till. The name would appear to be derived from Eawston in that countj-. RAY. The estate of GUI, in the parish of Bromfield. co. Cimiberland, belonged to the famih' of Reay, or Ray, from the time of William the Lion, king of Scotland, who died in 1214. Tradition says, that the ori- ginal Ray was a faithful adherent of the Scottish monarch, by whom he was greatly esteemed, for his extraordinary swiftness of foot in piu-suing the deer (which, like that of the Homeric hero. tzoIoq u}kvq Ax'XXfvc, exceeded that of most horsemen and dogs) and who gave him the estate. The tenure was by a pepper-corn rent, with the stipu- lation, that the name of William should be perpetuated in the family. This was strictly observed from generation to gene- ration, until the latter half of the last cen- tury, when the Mr. William Reay in pos- session gave to the ' hope of the house ' the name of John. From these Reays have sprung most, if not all. tlie Rays. Wreys, and Wrays, in England. John Ray, the naturalist, originally wrote himself Wray, and his ancestors, who but a generation or two before had emigrated from Cumber- land, spelt their name indifferently Wray or Wrey. The surname itself was probably borrowed from the sobriquet of William the Lion's fleet-footed vassal, Ra, or raa, being the A-Sax., and rae the Lowland Scottish for a roe. Hutchinson's Cumberland, 1 794, vol. ii. p. 302. Tlie fish called a ray was so named after the great naturalist. There are several Le Rays in H.R, RAYDEX. RAYDOX. Raydon, or Roydon. a parish in Suffolk, and Reydon, or Roydon, a parish in Norfolk RE A 2 RAYMENT. See Raiment. RAYMOND. An ancient Christian name — Raimundus. It was introduced at the Conquest, oi- soon after. The Irish Raymonds have been supposed to be descendants of RajTnond le Gros, the invader of Ireland, temp. Henry II., especially as they held possessions within the ancient territory of "The Clamnaurice." It appears, however, more likely that they sprang from the family of Raymond of Essex, and settled in the sister kingdom so latelv as the end of the reign of Elizabeth. SeeB.L.G. RAYNE. See Raine. RAYNER. An old personal name. Raynerus occurs as a Herefordshire tenant in ciipite in Domesday. Reyner and Fil' Reyner. H.R. RAYXES. See Raines. RAYNHAM. Rainham, a parish in Kent. REA, See Ray, and Rae. REACH. In the South, means a creek, and sometimes a part of a river more than usually straight. A Scottish family-name of the same orthography is pronounced as a dissyllable, with tlie ch hard, Re-acJi, and is referred to a Celtic origin. A gentleman dining in a mixed companj^ with one of the proprietors of tliis name, whom he only knew by his writings, naturally enough called him Mr. Reach {ch soft), and was corrected with the observation, that ch should be sounded like k. " I beg Mr. Re-acJi's pardon,'' promptly replied the offender, " and as he is presiding over the dessert, I'll just trouble him to send me a pe-acliT READ. READE. Red. See Reed and Reid. READER. In the archives of Norwich, reders and tylers occur in juxta-position ; wherefore it is probable that the employ- ment of the reder was that of thatching buildings with reeds. H.R. Le Reder, Le Redere. READING. A town in Berkshire. READINIAN. 1. See Redman. 2. Pos- sibly red, A-Sax. counsel, and man — a counsellor or adviser. 3. The A- Sax. per- sonal name Redmund. READ WIN. See Redwin. READY. One of a quick or willing dis- position. REALF. See Ralph. REARDEN. See Riordan. REARDON. See Riordan. REASON. Has probably no relation to that which distinguishes the man from the brute. It is perhaps a corruption of Reeve's-son — analogous to Stewai'dson, Cookson, &c. RE AY.' See under Ray. The Re ays of Scotland, however, more probably sprang 3 RED from Reay, a parish in the shires of Caith- ness and Sutherland. REBECK. REBBECK. A kind of an- cient violin — probably a trader's sign ; or perhaps local. See Beck. RECKLESS. A man of bold and rash disposition. RECORD. A known corruption of Rick- word. A Sussex family, in the XYIII. century, wrote themselves Record, alias Rickword. RECTOR. See Ecclesiastical Sur- >r.i:\iES. The Fitz-Rector of H.R. induces a suspicion of broken vows. Rector has, however, other and secular applications. REDDEN. REDDIN. 1. Corruptions of Reading, the Berkshire town. 2. A hamlet in Roxburghshire. REDDING. L From Reading, co. Berks, so pronounced. 2. From Redding, a village in Stirlingshire. REDDISH. Not sub-rufus, but a town- ship in the parish of Manchester. REDDY. The same as Ready. REDE. 1. The same as Read, Reed, Reid, &c. 2. The Redes of Suffolk are said to be derived from Brianus de Rede, who was living in the year 1139. REDFORD. The same as Radford. REDGRAVE. A parish in Suflfolk. REDHEAD. Perhaps from hair snd complexion ; more likely local, from places so called in Forfarshire and Orkney. The Redheved of H.R., however, supports the former hypothesis. Heved. A-Sax., the head. REDHOUSE. Local : place unknown. REDLEY. The same as Ridley. RED:MAIN. A joint township with Blindcrake, co. Cumberland. The name was latinized in charters as De Rubra Manu — " of the red hand." REDMAN. 1. Might be classed with Blackman, ^Miiteman, &c., in reference to complexion. 2. It is more likely identical with the Eadmannus or Badclienutre of Domesday. The persons so designated held under a certain tenure, chiefly of the servile kind. According to Dr. Nash, they were freemen who served on horseback. " Rad- cniht — equestris homo." Ellis, Introd. Domesd., i. 7i. See Roadnight. 3. The same as Redmain. 4. The same as Red- mund. REDMAYNE. See Redmain. REDMOND. An ancient personal name. " Alexander Redmond, the first of this family who bore that surname, was of the same stock as the Earl of Pembroke, whom he accompanied to L-eland in 1170." B.L.G. Redmond of Killoughter. REDMUND. The A-Sax. personal name. , REE REDPATH. A village in co. Berwick. REDVERS. Richard de R., a Domesday tenant in capita, was eldest son of Baldwin de Brion. Ellis' Introd. Domesd. REDWIX. An A-Sax. personal name. REDAVOOD. Local : place unknown, RED YEAR. "Red-ear"— a sobriquet? REECE. See Rees. REED. 1. Red — allusive to complexion or dress, probably the former. This is a common medieval spelling. " "\Maat be- tokeneth it whan the sonne gothe downe reed?" Palsgrave. Maundevile savs of the Red Sea : " that see is not more reed than another see." 2. Keed. a parish in Hertfordshire ; Reede, another in Suffolk. The Reeds of Cragg, co. Northumber- land, probably took their name from Redes- dale, in which they have been immemo- rially located, or rather from the river which gives name to that dale. On a mural monument in Elsdon church, erected in the year 1758, to the memory of Elrington Reed, the family are stated to have been re- sident in Redesdale for more than nine hundred ijear.i. This Sir Walter Scott calls an " incredible space "' of time, and so it is ; though the high antiquity of the family is unquestionable. See notes to Rokeby. In the H.R. Le Red, and La Red, are very common, as descriptive surnames, for both sexes. REEDIXG. The town of Reading, co. Berks. REEDS. A pluraUzation of Reed. REEKIE. An Edinburgh surname. It may be derived from one of the localities called Reeky Linn, or Reeking Linn ; but why not from ' Auld Reekie ' itself .' REES. A Welsh personal name, an- ciently Rhys, whence the modifications and derivatives. Rice. Price orPryce, (Ap-Rhys) Apreece. Reece. Preece. ice. Sir Elidir Dhu, who flourished temp. Richard I. (a descendant, according to the Welsh genealogies, of Coel Codevog, King of Britain), was the direct ancestor of the family of Rees of Killymaenllwyd, co. Carmarthen : and there are several other ancient families now called Rees in the Principality, although the stationarj' sur- name is of comparatively recent adoption. REEVE. The baUiff of a franchise or manor. A-Sax. gerefa. One of Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims is a Reeve, but the poet's account of his duties and pursuits reminds us more of a gi-eat man's farm- bailiff than of the official reeve. " His lorcles scheep, his meet, and his dayerie, His swyn, his hors. his stoor, and his pultrie, Was (w)hoUy in this Keeve's govemjiige." PnoLocrE, .599, &c. '• In auncient time," says honest old Lam- barde, '■ almost every manor had his Reve, whose authoritie was, not onlj' to levie the Lord's rents, to set to worke his ser- vaunts, and to husband his demca|pes to 287 REN his best profit and commoditie, but also to govern his tenants in peace, and to lead them foorth to war. when necessitie so re- quired. And although this name, and so much of the authoritie as remained was (after the comming in of the Xormanes) transferred to another, which the>' called Baj'life : yet in sundry places of the realme (especially in copiholde manors, where olde custome prevaileth) the woord Reve is yet wel inouarh understood." Perambulation of Kent, 1576. H.R. Le Reve. REEVES. A pluralization of Reeve, which see. REGAN. See O'Regan. REGISTER. A corruption of Rochester. Per contra, a Sussex peasant calls his bap- tismal register a rochester. REID. An old northern pronunciation of red. See Reed. See also Jamieson's Diet. REIGATE, A town in Surrey, where the family dwelt temp. Edward I. REIKIE. See Reekie. REILLY. An Irish personal name, usually prefixed with O'. REISS. A Russian. Aberdeen Regist., quoted by Jamieson. RELFE. See Ralph. RELPH. See Ralph. RELTOX. A manor so called, in the hundred of Pidre, co. Cornwall, is men- tioned in the Rotuli Himdredorum, temp. Edward I. REMMIXGTON. See Rimington. REXARD. The personal name Rei- nardus. REXDALL. REXDEL. REXDELL. REXDLE. Probably a mere variety of pronunciation of Eimdle, which see. REXDER. I have met with the ex- pression render, applied to a man who cleaves laths. See Cleaver. REXFREW. The Scottish town giving name to Renfrewshire. REXX. I. See Wren. H.R. DeRennes. 2. See Reynolds. REXXALS. See Reynolds. REXXER. O. E. renne is to run .- a runner. The Promptorium Par\ulorum latinizes rennare, as cursor : also as fugi- tivus, profugus, kc. REXXICK. See Renwick. REXXIE. REXXY. See Reynolds. REXXISOX. Sec Reynolds. REXOLDS. The same as Reynolds. REX SHAW. 1. Renishaw, a place in CO. Derby. 2. See Olerenshaw. REXTOX. A small town in Dumbar- tooblnre. REY EEN'^qCK. Anciently Ravenwick— a parish in Cumberland. REPIXGTOX. See Repton. REPTOX. A parish in Derbyshire, otherwise written Repinton. Hence the surnames Repington and Rippington, as well as Repton proper. RERESBY. The family of Reresby, or Reversby, were seated at Thribergh, co. York, or the neighbourhood, from the time of the Conqueror. Burke's Ext. Barts. RESKYMER. The family became ex- tinct in the XVII. century. They had resided for fourteen generations on their estate of Reskynier, in the parish of St. Mawgan, near Helston. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. RETFORD. A town in Xottingham- shire. REVELE Y. " The Reveleys, who trace their pedigree to the reign of Edward II., were originally seated at the manor-house of Reveley, on tlie northern bank of the river Breamish, at the south-eastern foot of Cheviot, and subsequently at Ancroft, in Northumberland." B.L.G. REYELL. The same as Revill. REYERE. Possibly Fr. riviere, a river. REYILL. Two places in Normandy bear the name of Reville ; one near Bernai, and the other in the arrondissement of Yalognes. The surname still exists in Normandy. REW. Rewe, a parish in Devonshire. REWE. A parish in Devonshire. REX. Possibly from one having played the part of a king in some miracle play. But more likely an abbreviated form of a familiar Christian name thus: — Richard. Rick, Ricks, Recks, Rex. In H.R. we have an Adam and a John Rex. REYXARD. See Reynolds. REYX^ARDSOX. See Reynold. REYXELL. See Reynolds. The Rey- nells of Ogwell, co. Devon, traced their pedigree to Sir Richard Reynell, of Pj-ttney, CO. Somerset, who flourished in the reigns of Henry II. and Richard I., and had the custody of the castles of Laxmceston and Exeter. B.L.G. RE YXER. Mr. Ferguson says : — " This is the same name as that of the famous Northern sea-king, Ragnar Lodbrok, wlio ravaged England in the ninth century, and, being taken prisoner by Ella, king of Nor- thumberland, was, as the legend goes, stung to death in a dungeon filled with serpents." Rcinhard and Reinardus seem to be varia- tions of the same name. H.R.Reynerand Fil' Reyner. REYXOLDS. From Rainhold, a Teu- tonic personal name of great anticpiity. Several tenants in chief "in Domesd. are called Rainaldus.— Reynell, Revnard. Rey- 288 RIG nardson. Rennals, with perhaps Renn, Rainey, Rennie, Renny. and Reunison, are modifications and diminutives. REYXOLDSOX. See Reynolds. RHEIMS. Camden mentions this as a surname introduced about the time of the Norman Conquest. It is probably derived from the city of France so called. RHEIXLAXDER One dwelling in Rheinland, or on the borders of the Rhine. The name appears to be naturalized here from Germany. RHIXD. The name occurs in the Char- tulary of Moray early in the XIII. cent., and it has been variously spelt Rhynd, Rhind, Rynd, and Rind. It is doubtless territorial, and derived either from the parish of Rhynd, co. Perth, or from the estate of Rhind, in Fifeshire. Inf. A. H. Rhind, Esq. F.S.A. RHODES. Xot from the Island, as stated in Eng. Sum. : but a corruption of Roadhouse or Rodehouse, as appears from the Par. Reg. of Eckington, co. Derby. Inf. Rev. J. Eastwood. RHYMER. A maker of verses, who, in the middle ages, sometimes united the functions of the poet and the prophet, after the manner of the ancient bards and seers. RHYS. The ancient Welsh personal name, now more commonly written Rees. RHBBOXS. Perhaps a corruption of Reuben, Reubens. RICARDO. David Ricardo, the cele- brated writer on political economy, born 1772, was the son of a Dutch merchant. The surname is probably synonymous with Richard. RICE. See Rees. RICH. More probably an abbreviation of Richard, than an epithet implying wealth. A Norman origin has been as- signed to this name, I know not upon what grounds. The extinct peerage family dated from a London mercer of the XV. cent. The Hampshire family, however, are said to have written themselves Le Rich in the XIV. century, and that form is found in H.R. In Sussex this name has been in some instances corrupted from Ridge. RICHARD. This baptismal name, be- sides becoming itself a surname, has given rise to many others ; viz., Richards. Richardson, Rich, Ritchie, Riches. Rick. Ricks, Rix, Rickson, Rixon, Ritson, Rickards, Ricket, Ricketts. From Dick and Hitchin, two ' nurse-names ' of Richard, we also derive Dix, Dicks. Dick- son. Dixon, Digons, Dickens, Dickius, Dickinson. Dickerson, Dickison ; and Hit- chins, Hitchinson, Hitchcock, Hitchcox. RICHARDS. See Richard. RICHARDSON. See Richard. RICHBELL. Apparently Richbold, a Teutonic personal name. RIC RICHER. The Xorman orthography of Richard. RICHES. The genitive of Rich, that is Richard ; the son of Richard. RICHMAX. Perhaps a corruption of Richmond. But see Rickman. RICHMOND. A place in thearrondisse- nient of Neufchatel in Normandy : also the famous castle of Richmond in the N. Riding of Yorkshire, built by the great Earl Alan, temp. Will. Conq.. for defence against the disinherited Englishmen and Danes — '■pro tuitione suorum contra infestationem Anglorum, tunc ubique exheriditatorum, similiter et Danorum : et nominavit dictum Castrum Rlchcmont, suo idiomate Gallico, quod sonat Latino dicltcm nwntcm, in edi- tion ac fortiori loco sui territorii situatum." Gale, Regist. Ellis's Domesd. Richmond, in 8urre3', anciently Sheen, was so called by Henry VII., on his building a palace there, after his own title of Earl of Rich- mond in Yorkshire. RICHTER. Germ. A magistrate. RICK. A common abbreviation of Ri- chard. RICKS. See Richard. RICKARD. RICKARDS. See Ri- chard. RICKETTS. " I will, while 'tis in my mind, insert this remarque ; viz., about 1G20, one Ricketts of Xewbury, perhaps corruptly from Ricards. a practitioner in physick, was excellent at the curing of children with swoln heads and small legges : and the disease being new, and without a name, he being so famous for the cure of it, they called the disease the ridtctts ; as the King's evill from the King's curing of it with his touch ; and now 'tis good sport to see how they vex their lexi- cons, and fetch it from the Greeli P«x«c. the back-bone."' Aubi-ey's Xat. Hist, of "Wilts, -ito.. p. 74. Dr. Johnson says the name was given by Dr. Glisson on the first appearance of the disease. Dr. Glisson was contemporary with, and probably known to, Mr. Ricketts. and therefore Aubrey's statement may be correct. He is most likely right, too, as to Ricketts being a corruption of Rickards. which, in its turn, is a corruption of Richards. RICK^IAX. Mr. Ferguson remarks : — " We have Richman and Rickman, cor- responding with a Gothic Richman. and an Old High Gei-man Ricman, quoted by Meidinger." I demur to the derivation of Richman, which is moi'e likely a corrup- tion of Richmond, the local name; but Rickman is doubtless of high Teutonic antiquit)-. It was certainly in England in Saxon times, when a Hertfordshire proprie- tor of this designation gave to his estate the name of Rickman's-Worth. In the Rotuli Hundredorum, Rikemund is found as a heritable name, and there is also one John fil'Rikeman. RICKS. See Rick. 2 p 289 RID RICKSOX. See Richard. RICKWORD. Apparently an old per- sonal name. Ricuard, Ricuardus, in Domesday. RIDDELL. Of that Ilk, in the parish of Lilliesleaf, co. Roxburgh. There is a tradition of great antiquity, ascending to the VII. or VIII. century. See Lay of the Last Minstrel, notes — but documentary evidence goes back to the XII. only. Richard Basset, justiciar of England, temp. Hen. I., married the lieiress of Rid- dell, and his eldest son assumed his mother's surname. Genealogists differ as to the extraction of the family. See Doug- las's Baronage. Betham's Baronetage, Nisbet's Heraldry, &c. RIDDIFORD. A probable corruption of Rutherford. RIDDING. A hamlet in Derbyshire. RIDDLE. See Riddell. RIDE. Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, was formerly so written. RIDEOUT. Possibly from redoubt, a military fortification. Fr. redtiit ; Ital. ri- dotto; Span, reduto. The H.R. Ridhut will, however, hardly bend to this etymo- logy. RIDER. A forest-oflScer, who, having a large district to supervise, was mounted, in contradistinction to the ivallier. See "Wal- ker. He was sometimes called a " riding- forester," and it was his duty to lead the King in his hunting. Nelson's Laws of Game. Rider is also local. In the Siege of Carlaverock, we are told — " William de Ridre was there, who in a blue banner bore crescents of gold." He is elsewhere called Ryther, and he probably took his name from the place so called in Yorkshire. Ryder, Lord Harrowby, claims from that source, and bears the ^ame arms with a slight addition. H.R. Le Ridere. RIDESDALE. Redesdale, co. Northum- berland. RIDGE. A parish in Herts. Many other minor localities are so called. The medieval form is Atte Rigge, whence Trigg. In the XVI. cent, it was commonly written A'Ridge. RIDGER. See Ridge, and the termina- tion ER. RIDGE"WAY. The extinct baronet family, created Lords Londonderry in Ire- land, traced their pedigree to G. Edw. IV., when Stephen Ridgeway was one of the stewards of the city of Exeter. There are two places in Devonshire called Ridgeway, one near Honiton, and the other near Ply- mouth, but from which of these the family sprang is unknown. In the early genera- tions, the family wrote themselves Ridge- way alias Peacock. RIDGMAX, See Ridge, and the termi- nation MAX. RIDGWAY. Sec Ridgeway. RIP RIDLER. 1. A dealer in wool is so called in Lincolnshire. 2. A malver of the peculiar kind of sieves called riddles. RIDLEY. Places in cos. Chester, Kent, and Northumberland. The baronet's fa- mily were seated at Willimoteswick, in the last-named shire, in 1481, and there, early in the XVI. cent., was born Nicholas Eidley, the martyr-bishop. See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. RIDPATH. SeeRedpath. RIE. O. Fr. A bank, or elevated spot. 290 A common medieval surname. RIGDEN. That this name originated among the dens of Kent, is quite certain, though I cannot find the locality. The family have long been connected, by landed possessions, with various parishes in that county. See Hasted. RIGG. RIGGE. RIGGS. Rigg is the medieval spelling of Ridge, which see, RIGMAIDEN". Two gentry families, settled respectively in cos. Lincoln and Lancaster, bore this remarkable name, which at the commencement of the present century was still extant. I can give no better etymology for the name than that I have already assigned in Eng. Surn. ; viz., " a romping girl." For the curious seal of George Rijgmayden, with a rebus, see Gent. Mag. 1833, 1. 305, RILEY, Probably derived from a place in Brittany, formerly called Eilley or Relay, the seat of an Abbey of Augus- tinians, in the diocese of Rennes. In the parish-registers of Newchurch, in Rossen- dale, CO. Lancaster, the name of the Rileys ■was almost uniformly spelt Rilaj', down to the middle of the XVIII. century. Inf. H. T. Riley, Esq. RILL. A small stream. RIMBAULT, The same as Rumbold ? RIMER, See Rymer. RIMINGTON. A township in York- shire. RING. Many old towns have, or have had, an open space or circus, where, in for- mer times, bull-baiting, and such-like bar- barous pastimes took place, and these are sometimes called Rings. RINGER. A skilful ringer of church bells would readily acquire this surname. See Bellringer. The surname Ringebell, or Ringbell, is found in the H.R. RIORDAN. An old Irish surname, variously written O'Rierdon, Reyrdon, Reardon, Rearden, &c. RIPER. 1. A corruption of De Ripariis, or Rivers. 2. Ilipio; a man from the sea shore, who sells fish in inland towns and villages. Cooper's Sussex Glossary. Brome calls these men rlj>j?ci:t. Travels, ed. 1700, p. 274. Halliwell derives the word from ROB rip, a basket, or pannier, used for carrying fish, and quotes from Havelok : — A stirte til liim with his rippe And bigan the fish to Idxipe." Le Ripier. H.R. RIPLEY. Places in Surrey, Derby, and Yorkshire. RIPPINGTON, See Repton. RIPPON. RIPPIN. Ripon in York- shire. RISBY. Riseby, a parish united with Roxby, CO. Lincoln. RISE. An eminence — the same as Rye or Rie. RISELEY. A parish in Bedfordshire. RISLEY. A chapelry in Derbyshire. RITCHIE, See Richard. RITH. O. Eng. erw^A, aford. See Eng. Surn. i. 71. RITSON. A northern corruption of Richardson. RIVER. From residence near one. O. Eng. Atte River ; Fr. De la Riviere. ^g" RR^ERS, SURNAMES DERIVED FROM. " Rivers," says Camden, " have imposed names to some men." He might more properly have said, to rnamj families. It is unnecessary to particularize them here, as they will be found under their respective heads. RIVINGTON. A chapelry in the parish of Bolton, CO. Lancaster. RIX. See Richard. RIXON. See Richard. ROACH. See Roche. ROADNIGHT. A-Sax. rad, and ctiig7it, a riding servitor, or attendant on horse- back. In feudal times, rodkniglits were " certain servitors, who held their lauds by serving their lords on horseback." Jacob's Law Diet. Spelman's Gloss. In Piers Ploughman we meet with ' redyng-kyng,' in the same sense. See Redman, ROADS, See Rhodes. ROAF. The personal name Ralph was sometimes so written, in the fifteenth century. ROAKE. Probably from St. Roche, the Confessor, whose festival was anciently ob- served on August IG. ROAN. A medieval spelling of Rouen, the capital of Normandy. An old poet, speaking of Richard Cceur de Lion, says : " Thv bowels only Carceol keeps ; Thv corse Font Everard ; But Roan hath keeping of thy heart, puissant Richard!" The heart of this chivalrous monarch was buried in the choir of Rouen Cathedral. ROB. A nickname of Robert. ROBARTES. The same as Roberts. E B 291 ROBB. See Robert. A Xortbern pro- nunciation. ROBBERDS. A coarse spelling of Roberts. ROBBIE. See Robert. ROBE. A contraction of Robert. ROBERT. A Teutonic personal name of great antiquity, which was introduced into England about the time of the Con- quest. As Rotbertus. it is frequently found in Domesday. Besides ha^-ing itself become a surname, it has given rise to a great many others, as — Roberts, Robarts, Robertson, Robins. Bobbins. Robinson. Robbie, Robi- son, Robeson, Robb. Robson. Roby. It has also taken the form of Fitz-Robert, and, in Wales, those of Ap-Robert and Ap- Robyn, now contracted to Probert and Probyn. Its nicknames are Dobb and Hobb, from the former of which we get Dobbs. Dobby, Dobbie, Dobson, Dabson, Dobbin. Dobbins, Dobinson ; and from the latter, Hobbs, Hobbes, Hobson, Hobbins, Hobkins, Hopkins, Hopkinson, and Hoby. ROBERTS. ROBARTS. See Robert. The family of Roberts of Glassenbuiy, CO. Kent, extinct baronets, according to a genealog}- in Harl. MSS., are de- scended from a William Rookherst, a Scotchman, who settled in Kent, in the third year of Henry L, and purchased lands at Goudhurst. which he called after his own name. This name he afterwards changed to Roobertes. which finally became Roberts. The tradition of descent from a Scotchman may be true or not, but that a North Briton gave name to a place in Kent called Rookherst, is a pure figment. The termination herst. or Tiurgt, is scarcely, if at all; known in Scotland, while the Weald of Kent, where the Robertses first appear, abounds with it. The truth, doubtless, is, that the locality called from Saxon times Rookherst, gave the name De Rookherst to its early possessors, and that one of them in later times — the son of a Robert — dropped his local sm-name, and assumed a patronymical one. ROBERTSOX. See Robert. A High- land clan bear this name. The Robert- sons of Struan, co. Perth, are unquestion- ably one of the oldest families in Scotland, descending both from the 3Iac Donalds, Lords of the Isles, and from the ancient Earls of Athol. The surname is derived from Robert, son of Duncan (de Atholia) who arrested the murderers of James I., and for that service received a royal charter, erecting his lands into a free barony, A.D. 1-t.jl. Alexander, his son, adopted the sur- name Robertson, which became persistent. ROBILLIARD. The name of a fief de- pendent on that of St. Ouen, in Jersey, so long the residence of the famous De Carterets. ROBIXS. ROBBEXS. Robyn is a medieval diminutive, or nick-name, of Robert, as in Robin Hood. Robin Good- fellow. It generally implies something ROC mischievous, and, in the South of England, ' ^Taat the Robin are you about .' ' and similar phi-ases, are still in use. ROBIXSOX. The son of Robin, or Robert. Before you could say Jack Robes'- sox, is a phrase implying a very brief space of time. It is "said to have originated from a very volatile gentleman of that ap- pellation, who would call upun his neigh- bours, and be gone before his name could be announced." Halliwell ; who shews, however, that it is not a thing of yesterday, by quoting from "an old play" : — " A warke it ys as easie to be doone, As tys to save, Jackel robys on." ROBISOX. ROBESOX^ See Robert. ROBOTTOM. See Bottom in the Supplement. ROBSOX^ See Robert. ROBY. See Robert. ROBYX'HOD. Thomas Robynhod was a dealer in wines and charcoal at Winchel- sea, in the year 1388. Cooper's Winchelsea, p. 205. Xot^-ithstanding that the historical scepticism of our days had almost banished the great outlaw from Bamsleydale and merrie Sherwood, into the shadowy regions of Teutonic mythology, or of medieval ro- mance, the Rev. Jos. Hunter has triumph- antly asserted his existence, in real flesh and blood, imder our second Edward, from documents of the greatest authenticity. See Critical and Historical Tracts, Xo. i, 1852. His name occurs, not once, but several times, in 1323-4 under the ortho- graphy above given : 'Bohjn Hod.' Argu- ments are unnecessary to prove how popular and real a personage the freebooter was in the national mind, in the succeeding cen- turies. His skill as an archer was every- where talked about and emulated, and here we have (within little more than a half- century after the date at which he flour- ished) a South of England tradesman as- suming both his names as a surname. "Wliether this has descended to modem times I am unable to ascertain ; but, how- ever this may be, it is certain that another of the Sherwood heroes has imprinted his name upon our family nomenclature in the shape of Litthjohn. and that at least two families so designated have taken the rank of gentry. See Burke's Armory. ROCHE. Roache, or Roche, a parish in Cornwall ; an abbey in Yorkshire : and a river in Lancashire. The first-named place was so called, according to Tonkin, from St. Roche, a Marsellaise saint : but it is more likely a provincial pronunciation of rocli, for in 12i»l it is called De Rupe. D. Gilbert's Comw., iii. 39G. The Cornish family of Roche, or De Rupe, were seated at Roch, in the reign of Richard I. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. ROCHESTER. The Kentish city. ROCHFORT. The Irish family settled in that countrj- at, or soon after, the Anglo- Xorman invasion. Their name was latin- R F 202 ized De Rupe Forti, "of the strong rock," which is doubtless its trae meaning. EOCK. A parish in Worcestershire, a chapel ry in Northumberland, and many other minor localities. EOCKCLIFFE. See Rawcliffe. There is, however, a parish so called in Cumber- land, fonnerly Rothclitie. The manor was anciently the possession of Eadulph de Brav, who gave it to William, the son of John de Ro'thcliff, in the sixth year of King John. Hutchinson's Cumberland. It is to be presumed that there wr> s )me family connection bet«-een the J lys and the Rothcliffes, and that John de R. had re- sided on the manor previously to this dona- tion. RODD, and RODE. A termination, the same as Royd, q.v. It is apparently an ancient participle of the verb to rid. RODD. A place near Leominster, co. Hereford, formerly the residence of the family. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. RODD AM. A to^vnship and estate in Northumberland, said to have been granted to an ancestor of the present proprietor by a charter of King Athelstan. B.L.G. RODDEX. A parish in Somersetshire. RODE. See Royd. RODES. This family claim from Gerard de Rodes, a feudal baron, whose caput baroniffi was Homcastle, co. Lincoln. He lived in the reisms of Henry II., Richard I., John, and Henry III. The place from which the name was assumed does not ap- pear. RODGERS, See Rogers. RODlNIAiSr. Probably the same as Red- man, which see. RODNEY. A place in co. Somerset, which was possessed by the family as early as the time of Stephen. The elder line became extinct in the XVII. century ; but Lord Rodney represents a younger branch. Peerage. RODOX. The Rodons claim to be a branch of the Rowdous of Rowdon in York- shire. B.L.G. RODRICK. A corruption of Roderic. ROE. From the animal— first applied to a swift runner. See Ray. ROEBUCK. From the animal. See Roe, and Ray. ROELEXT. The Xorman mode of spellins Rhuddlan, co. Flint. A Robert de Roelenl, of that place, is among the tenants in chief of Domesday. ROFF. See Rolfe. ROFFEY. Perhaps the same as RolT- way, from Roughway, which was some- times so pronounced. ROFFWAY. Perhaps Roughway, a place near Horsham, co. Sussex. R L ROFOOT. According to Yerstegan, swift- footed as a roe. " In foot : there are not many surnames that herein do finish, yet such" as there be have gotten such name of footmanship, as Harefoot, Rofoot, and the like, which were given for swiftness of running or going." Restitution, p. 320. ROGER. A personal name, unknown here before the Conquest. Many persons called Roger, and Rogerus, occur as ten- ants in Domesday. From it are formed Rotrers. Rodgers, Rogerson, &c., and from its nv'-.-!;, ne, Hodge.we get Hodges, Hodgson, Hoilukin, Hotckin, Hotchkins. Hotchkiss, Hodgkinson, Hoskins, Hodd, Hodson, Hud- son. 'The Norman patronymical form is Fitz- Roger, and the Welsh, Ap-Roger, now Prodger. ROGERS. See Roger. The family of Rogers of Home, in Shropshire, are a cadet of the Norbuiys of Norburj' in that county. In 7. Edward II., Borjer de Nor- bury, "son of Philip, and grandson of Roger de Norbury, had a grant of the estate of Home. His son took the name of Rogers, and his posterity under that appellation have ever since resided at Home. B.L.G. The family of Rogers, of Wisdome. co. Devon, baronets, claim to be descended from John Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, the first victim of the Marian persecu- tion. ROGERSOX. See Roger. ROKEBY. The Rokebys of Rokeby, in Yorkshire (the scene of Sir Walter Scott's celebrated poem), held that estate uninter- ruptedly from the era of the Conquest till the fall of Charles I. ROLAXD. See Rowland. ROLFE. The same as Rollo, Radulph, or Ralph. The great landholder. Goisfrid de Bee, son of Rollo, and grandson of Crispinus, baron of Bee, is styled in Domes- day "Filius RoK." ROLL AXD. The ancient personal name, variously written Eollo, Roland, Rowland, &c. In Domesday, RoUand and Rol- landus. ROLLE. The family of Lord Rolle rose upon the ruins of the monasteries in the XVI. century. The name may be local, but it seems more likely to be a modification of the Scandinavian "RoUo, especially as we have the genitive form Rolles, as well as the local Rollesby, RoUcston, &c. Camden places it among Christian names. ROLLES. See Rolle. ROLLESTOX. A parish in Stafford- shire, which in very early times, and for a long series of generations, belonged to the family. ROLLFUS. Probably a corruption of the personal name Ro(<^?())lphus, Rudolf. ROLLIXGS. The same as Rawlins or Rawlings. KOO 293 ROS ROLLISOX. A corruption of Ra-ivlin- son. E.OLLO. Local, in Scotland : place un- known. Lord Eollo's lineal ancestor was John de Rollo, who lived in the reign of King David II. Peerage. ROLPH. A corruption of Ralph. ROLTE. Of Huguenot extraction. John Rolte settled at Rye, from Dieppe, in 1572. Lansd. MS. 15, 7(5. ROMAINE. ROMAYXE. 1. Of or belonging to Rome. Le Roniayn. H.R. The family of the Rev. William Romaine, a distinguished divine of the last century-, were Huguenots, and came to England after the Revocation of the Edict of Xautes. 2. More probably, from one of the various places in France, called St. Remain. This saint, who was an early bishop of Rouen, is still honoured by the Roman church on the 9th of August. ROJtlAX. 1. Probably the same as Ro- mayne. 2. A place near E^Teux, in Xor- mandy. R0:MAXE. See Romaine. ROMARE. The first of this name on record is Gerald de Romare, feudal lord of Bolingbroke. co. Lincoln, whose son, William de Romare, was in lllS governor of Xewmarch. in Xormandy, and in arms against Hugh de Goumay, then in rebel- lion. RO^ME. A village in Ayrshire Is called Old Rome. ROOMER. A reamer, a wanderer ; per- haps a pilgrim. Perhaps a corruption of Romare. ROMILLY. The in-eat grandfather of the late Sir Samuel Romilly " had a pretty good landed estate at Montpellier in the south of France." His son. in the year 1701. being a Protestant, visited Geneva, for the sole pui-pose of receiving the sacra- ment, and, by the advice of the celebrated theologian, Saurin, instead of returning to Montpellier, set out for London, and thus at length established the family in England. Memoirs of Sir S. Romilly. vol. i., p. 2. The name may have been borrowed from the town of Romilly, in Savoy, near Greneva. ROMXEY. A town In Kent, anciently Romenel. A Robert de Eomenel is found in the Domesday of that county. ROXALD. ROXALDS. 1. A Scotch form of Reynold. 2. Gael. Ronnalt, a proper name, said to be compounded of ronn, foam, and alt, a brook or stream, and, therefore, probably local. ROXALDSOX. The son of Ronald or Reynold. ROOD. A crucifix accompanied by figures of St. John and the Virgin. Though generally placed in churches, over the chan- cel arch, they were doubtless occasionally placed out of doors, like ordinary- way-side crosses : and residence near one would ori- ginate the surname. Cognate surnames are Cross and Crouch. ROOKE. The bird. I have known this sobriquet applied to a very dark complex- ioned person. H.R. Le Poke. ROOKER. To rook Is to cheat. Teutonic rnchcn ; Su. Gothic rycha. A 'rookery' is a nest of dishonest peojile. Hence, I am afraid the original Mr. Eooker was not re- markable for his honestv. H.R. Le Roker. ROOM. ROOME. A place In the parish of Crail. in Fifeshire. ROOPER. The name was originally Fumeux. Richard Fumeux, a lineal de- scendant of Robert de Foumeux, of temp. Henry I., assumed the name of Roper in 1428, on his marriage with the heiress of Roper of Tumdiche, co. Derby. The name was corrupted to Rooper in the seventeenth century. ROOTES. Probably from Routes, or Routtes, a commune in the arrondissement of Tvetot, in Xormandy. ROPER. I doubt not from the trade of making ropes, especially since we have the analogous names, Corder, Stringer, Twjmer, &c., and Le Roper is common in old re- cords. But an exception from so plebeian an origin is claimed by one family thus denominated. " There" is a very ancient family of the Ropers in Cumberlaiul, who have lived immemorially near a quarry of red sj)ate there, from whence they first took the surname of Rubra Spatha." Wright's Court-Hand — where we find " Rouxcarrier, Roussir, Rooper, or Roper," latinized by De Rubra Spatha. Fuller places this family in another county. " The name of Roper in Derbyshire changed from Musard to Rubra- Spatha, Rospear, Rouspee, Rooper, Roiier."' Worthies i. 71. Lord Teynham's fiimily claim from William Roper, or Rosper, who lived in the reign of Henry III., and whose descendants were of St. Dunstan's. near Canterbury, temp. Edward III. The family have ever since been connected with Kent. See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. RORKE. The Irish O Rourke. 1^^ ROS. See imder CoRxrsH SrRXAsrES. ROSAGAX. A place in Cornwall, in which county the family resided temp. Edward VI. ROSBERT. According to Camden, this family came hither from the Netherlands, at or soon after the Conquest. ROSCARROCK. A manor in the parish of Endellion. co. Cornwall. The lirst of the family on record is Richard Roscarrock, who married a daughter of Gilfard, and was living at Roscarrock, at an advanced age, in the year 1300. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. ROSCOE. Possibly a corruption of Roscrowe. It is certainly a Cornish name. EOS ROSCORLA. Once a seat in the parish of St. Aust«ll, CO. Cornwall. "The seat of this ancient family has been pulled down. George Eoscorla, the present representative of this decaj^ed race, is a day-labourer at Eoche." Lysons' Cornwall. ROSCOW. See Roscoe. ROSCROWE. An estate in the parish of Gluvias, CO. Cornwall, which was pos- sessed by the family in the XIV. century, and became extinct temp. Henry VI. or before. In the reign of Henij VIII. the name was assumed by the family of Harry, who became extinct in the XVII. century. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. ROSCRUGE. An estate in the parish of St. Anthony, in Kerrier, co. Cornwall. It " gave name and original," says Hals, " to a family of gentlemen, now or lately in possession thereof." D. Gilbert's Corn- wall. ROSE. This common and very beautiful name is somewhat difficult to account for. I am inclined to think that it is often a substitution for Eoss. The rose, it is true, has in all ages been regarded as the " Queen of Flower-s," and as such has ever been associated with poetry and s}Tabo- lism : but how it became a surname, I can only conjecture, that it was from the device of the original bearer, whether that was displaved upon the patrician banner, or upon the ignoble sign-post. Salverte men- tions a noble fVimily of Poland, in the twelfth century, who are known to have adopted their surname of Eose from the charge of their shield ; and he adduces other instances of a similar practice. Essai, i. 240, Sec. The Eoses of Nairnshire, settled there from temp. Alexander III., originally wrote themselves De Eoos. Hugh Eose of Geddes, by marriage with the heiress of Byset, acquired the lands of Kilravock, and had a crown charter of the barony from King John Baliol. " From that period the estate has descended lineally to the present proprietor." B.L.G. The water-bowgets, borne by the ancient Lords De Eoos of Hamlake, are found in the arms of many families of Eoss and Eose, showing at least a presumed community of origin and name. In the H.E. we find De la Eose, the meaning of which is not clear. In the same records^Fir Eose is also met with ; so that Rose must have been a personal name. ROSEBOTTOM. Local ; " the bottom or valley where the sweet-briar rose abounds." The fragrant dell, ■Vyhere the eglantine doth dwell. ROSECREGG. A place in the parish of St. Anthony Meneage, co. Cornwall, m which parish the family were resident m 1820. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. ROSER. Probably the Fr. rosier. O. Eng. rosere. a rose-tree. See anecdote from Maundevile, Eng. Sum. i. 18o. 294 EOS ROSEWARIlsTE. An estate in Camborne, CO. Cornwall, formerly the residence of the family. ROSEWELL. See Roswell. ROSHER. The same as Rosier ? ROSIER. See Roser. ROSKELLY. See RoskiUy. RO SKILLY. An estate in St. Keverne, CO. Cornwall, anciently the residence of the family. R0SKY:MER. Another spelling of Res- kymev. ROSLIXG. A corruption of Roslyn, a village in co. Edinburgh. ROSOMAN. A corruption of Rosamond. See Female Christian Xames. ROSS. This surname is susceptible of several explanations. 1. In some cases it is undoubtedly of foreign local origin. In Domesday we find, in Kent, a tenant called Anschitil de Eos, and, in Buckinghamshire, another named Ansgotus de Eos. These probably came from Eos, a commune in the arrondissement of Caen, in Xormandy. 2. It is of British local origin. The great barons Eos, or Eoos, of Hamlake, co.Tork, sprang from one Peter, who, in the reign of Henry I., assumed his surname from his lordship of Eos, in Holderness. -Baronage. The Eosses of the South of Scotland appear to have sprung from the English family, and to have passed into Eenfrewshire,as the vassals of Eichard de Moreville in the XII. century, settling at Halkhead, co. Eenlrew, and at Dalton, co. Dumfries. 3. There are several to-^vns and villages in North and South Britain called Eoss, and these, as well as ross, a heath or morass, and ross. a promontory, may have a claim, i. The name seems sometimes to have had refer- ence to the colour or complexion of the first bearer, and to have been a modification of Le Eous. Eufus. or the Eed. The ancient familv of Eoss of Eenfrew. descending from Alysandre, who flourished at Eenfrew, so early as the reign of King David L, wrote themselves ''the Eoss of Eenfrew," appar- ently down to the XV. century. See Knowles's Genealogy of Coulthart, p. 10. 0. Mr. Ferguson claims the name as Teutonic, deriving it from 0. Sax., hros, 0. Norse, hros.9. &c., a horse. 6. Mr. Skene in=;inuates a claim on behalf of the Gaelic. " it is well known," says he, -that the sur- name of Eoss has always been rendered m^ Gaelic. Clan Annas, or Clan Gille Annas:' Scottish Highlanders, ii. 224. ROSSER. See Ross. A dweller upon a heath, or upon a promontory. ROSSITER. A corrupted pronunciation of Wroxeter, a parish in Shropshne, the ancient Eoman station of Vriconivm. ROSTIIORNE. This name, which ap- pears to be local, is now written Eawstone. B.L.G. EOU ROSWARXE. An estate In the parish of Camborne, co. Cornwall, which had an- ciently owners of the same name, who con- tinued in possession till the reign of James I., when the De Eoswame of that day sold it to Ezekiel Grosse, gent., attorney-at-law. Concerning this lawyer, ilr. Hals tells a queer story, to the effect that a ghost pointed out to him a great treasure in the mansion (hidden there doubtless by one of the Roswarnes) which he appropriated; butthe "phantasm or spectrum" so haunted him, that he was obliged to quit the place, which he sold to his clerk. .John Call — probably an ancestor of the baronet of that name and county. " See Davies Gil- bert's Cornwall, i. 162. ROSWELL. Said to be a corruption of the French Rosseville. It is therefore local, but I know not the place. Kent, in his Grammar of Heraldry, speaks of the Eev. Sam. RoseweU, of London, M.A., as •' de- scended from the Rosewells, of Somerset- shire, "Wiltshire, and Devon, who came in with the Conqueror." ROTHERY. Said to be a corruption of the personal name Eoderic. ROTHMAuX. An old personal name, occurring in the genealogy of the East- Anglian kings, in the form of Hjothmund. ROTHSCHILD. Whatever may have been the origin of this name, its component parts are the German for •• red shield," and it is not improbable that it was originally assumed, in chivaLric times, by one who chose to carry a weapon of that colour. There are several instances of some pecu- liarity in the weapons of ancient warriors having given rise to sobriquets, and even to transmissible or family names, such as Longespee. Strongbow, Fortescue, Bro^-n- Bword. We have also an authenticated instance of an • armiger ' who chose to bear his ensigns with the single tincture Gules. or red. In the curious heraldric poem on the Siege of Carlaverock, A.D. 1300, one of the commanders is descril>ed as bearing, not indeed a shield, but a banner, entirely red : — "Mais Ecrmexioxs de la Brecte La baxiere eut tocte rocgecte. R0TH\\T:LL. I. Parishes In cos. Korthampton, Lincoln, and York. 2. The family are presumed to be of Dutch extraction. The ancestor of the Kothwells of Meath accompanied William III. to Ire- land. B.L.G. ROTTEX. ROTTEXHERYIXG. These opprobrious names occur in the archives of Hull, in the XIV. century. ROTHERH.AM. A town In Yorkshire. ROUGH. Has probably no reference to want of polish. It is more likely to be local, and derived from residence near a rough, that is, a place overgrown with bushes, or a rough uneven ground. ROUGHHEAD. An Edinbur-h sur- 295 ROW name. It is possibly local, signifying " the rough or rugged promontory." ROUGHLY. Local : "the rough lea, or pasture." ROUGHTOX. Parishes in Xorfolk and Lincoln. ROUXD. In some places, the open space anciently used for the inhuman sport of bull-baiting is still called ' the Round f and residence near such a spot would originate the surname. ROUXDELL. See under Rundle. The Eoundells of Screven, in Yorkshire, have possessed Screven ever since the earlv part of the XV. century, the first recorded pro- genitor being John Eoundell. of that place. 3. Henry VL "WTiitakers Craven. ROUXTHWAITE. Local: seeTnwAiTE. ROUPEL. 1. Fr. " roupille, soj^e de petite casaque, a short coat of old." Boyer. 2. Fr. " ronjpeau, a little heron which' haunteth rocks [unde nomen] and hath a peake of feathers falling backwards on the hinder part of his head." Cotgrave. The sur- name was doubtless a sobriquet allusive either to the dress or the gait of the first bearer of it. ROUPELL. The family are " orldnally from Hesse Cassell, wliere they flourished in great local importance for centuries." The name still exists there as Eiippell. The first who settled in England was Captain Eoupell. an oflicer in William IIL's guards, who accompanied that monarch from Holland in 1G88. B.L.G. ROURK. ROURKE. See O'Rourke. ROUS. The O.Fr. rous. from Latin rufus^ red, has originated the names Eous, Rouse, Rowse, and the diminutive Rowsell, whence also in many cases Russell, although the last has sometimes a local source. The name occurs in the collection of names called the Roll of Battel Abbey, and there is no doubt of its early Xorman origin. ^ The cognate Leroux is stiJ' a common sur- name in Xormandy. The ancestor of the family is said to have been Ralfjh le Rufus, or Eous. who came hither with t)ie Con- queror. From hmi descended the noble family (Stradbroke) settled in Suffolk from temp. Edward III., and the Rouses of Cornwall and Devon. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. The senior line was Eous of Mod- bur}-, CO. Devon ; and the next branch, that of Edmerston, sprang from Sir Eobert le Eous, a knight-banneret under Edward the Black Prmce. B.L.G. ROUSE. See Rous. ROUSHAM. A parish In Oxfordshire. ROUTH. A parish In the E. Riding of Yorkshire. ROUTLEDGE. A local name, common in Cumberland. I do not find the place. ROWAX. A place in the parish of Ca- noubie. co. Dumfries. EOY 296 ROWBOTHAM. As Rowbottom. ROWBOTTOM. See Bottom, in the Supplement. ROWCLIFFE. A oorruption of Rock- cliffe, a parish in Cumberland. ROWDOX. Probably the same as Raw- don, ROWE. ROW. 1. A street, or rather a series of detached houses, standing on one side only of the highway. 2. There is a parish in Dumbartonshire so called. 3. Gaelic, I'hu, Scot. ro)v, signifies a low, small, narrow peninsula. Gaz. Scotl. Rowe, without any prefix, is found in H.R. ROWELL. A hamlet of Hawling, co. Gloucester. ROWLAXD. 1. A common personal name, particularly in Wales. Hence Row- lands, and Rowlandson. 2. A township of Bakewell, co. Derby. ROWLAXDS. See Rowland. ROWLAXDSOX. See Rowland. ROWLES. See RoUe. ROWLEY. The family claim to be of Saxon blood, but the name is traced only to temp. Edward II., when Randolph de Rowley was seated at Camiichan, co. Chester. Lord Langford's family settled in Ireland, temp. James I. There are parishes of Rowley in Yorkshire and Staffordshire. ROWXTREE. The rowan-tree is the mountain-ash, and the name may there- fore be congenerous with Oak, Ash, kc. ROWSE. See Rous. ROAVSELL. See Rous. ROWTOX. Townships in cos. Chester, Shropshire, &c. ROXBERRY. Probably the same as Roxburgh. ROXBOROUGH. ROXBROUGH. The same as Roxburgh. ROXBURGH. The Scottish town, capital of the shire so called. ROXBY. A parish in Lincolnshire, and a chapelry in Yorkshire. The Yorkshire surname was formerly spelt Rooksby, and occasionally Rokeby. B.L.G. ROY. Has no relation to the Fr. roi. It is Gaelic, and signifies the red-haired ; and, as such, it has often been used as a sobriquet, down almost to our own times, m conjunction with, or to supersede, a family name. ROYALL. See Ryall, j^g^ROYD, a common termination of names of places in the Xorth of England, signifying a clearing in a forest, in legal phrase, a roda ovasmii. ^'Itode k/ndis used in this sense in modem German, in which the verb rodeti means to clear; hence, near the Hartz forest, Elbin- EUG gerode, Blacherode, and Osterode. The combination of the syllable rod, rode, or royd, with some other term, or with the name of an original settler, has no doubt given to particular localities such de- signations as Huntrovd. Ormerod. &c., &c." [Coucher Book of ^Tialley Abbey; Gloss.] In Lancashire and Yorkshire, the adjunct sometimes refers to the early proprietor, as in Monkroyd, Mar- tinrode, kc. ; sometimes to the trees ridded or cleared, as in Oakenrode, Ac- royd, HoUinrode, Holroyd, &c. ; some- times to other characteristics. Notes and Queries, v., 571. ROYELL. The same as Royle. ROYER. This name, in its present or- thography, is found in H.R. ROYLE. Perhaps Ryall, a township in Northumberland. ROYSTOX. Parishes in Cambridgeshire and YorksMi-e. RUBY. Probably local; see termination BY. RUDD. Probably the same as Rodd. RUDDER. A corruption of Rutter. RUDDERFORTH. See Rutherfurd. RUDDIFORD. See Rutherfurd. RUDDEMAX. A man of middy com- plexion ; analogous to Blackman, White- man, ice. RUDDLE. A member of the family of Picard changed his name to Ruddle, at the instance of King Edward IV., the latter being the designation of his birth-place. Blore's Monument. Rem. I do not find the locality. RUDDY. Of red or sanguine complex- ion. RUDGE. An early member of this family was John de Eugge, of Seysdon, co. Staft'ord, who was living. 17. Edward II. Shaw's Staflbrdshire. Eudge and Ridge ap- pear to be identical in meaning. The sm:- name is doubtless derived from a township in Shropshire so called. RUDA^^CK. A Sussex name, probably derived from Rudgwick in that county. RUE. 1. The French De la Rue, deprived of its prefix. 2. Eewe, a parish in Devon- shire. RUEL. See Rule. RUFF. The same as Rough. RUFIXE. This name was introduced into England by Dr. James Rufine.a student of Leyden in 1G71. who came to this coun- tiy at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and married Elizabeth, daughter of — Yoims, Esq.. of Bradfield Hall, co. Suflblk. RUFUS. The retained latLnization of Le Rou. RUGBY. A town in Warwickshire. EUN EUGELEY. A parish in Staffordshire, anciently the seat of the family. RUGGLES. 1. This coarsely plebeian name may be from a "noble Norman source," Bugles being the designation of a village in the department of Eure. '2. An- ciently Eoggyle and Euggle. It has been conjectured that the family sprang from the De Rugeleys of Staffordshire: but this is improbable. RULE . Perhaps from the Roxburghshire ri-s-ulet: but more probably the A.-Xorman personal name Raoul. "The H.R. Ruel favours the latter derivation. RULER. A man in command of a body of workmen. RUM. " Rum." says :Mr. Ferguson, " I take to be from 0. Xorse rumr, vir immanis, gigas — one who might trulj- be called a "rum customer." Hence may indeed be the origin of our word rum for queer, which appears indigenous to some of our northern dialects, and which I doubt, therefore, being a cant phrase." Rum is also an old per- sonal name mentioned by Xennius : Rum map Urbgen. Mon. Hist." Brit., p. 76. RUMBALL, RUMBELL, and perhaps RUMCELLO. Tlie same as Rumbold. RUMBLE. See Rumbold. RUMBOLD. RU:HBOL. Relnbald, a Teutonic name of great antiquity, whence Rumbolds-Wyke, co. Sussex. Reinbald, Eumbaidus, Rumoldus, ice. occur in Domes- day. RUM:MEXS. Rumun, an O. Norse personal name. Ferguson. RUMMER Y. A corruption of Romare ? ROISEY. Romsey, a town in Hamp- shire. RL'XCIIMAX. Jamieson defines i-unchie as 'raw-boned.' Hence probably this sur- name, and Eunciman. RUXCLSLIX. See Runchman. RUXDELL. SeeRundle. RL'XDLE. A branch of the great ba- ronial house of Cobham. of Kent, adopted this name from their residence at a place so called, in the parish of Shorne in that county. Hasted says : " Randall, for- merly called Eoundall and Rundale. is a manor in this parish, which, though at present of little repute, was anciently of some note, as being one of the seats of the noble family of Cobham, where they are said to have resided before they removed to Cobham Hall." In the XIII. century, John de Cobham gave Rundale to his second son Henry, and his descendants were variously written Roundale, Rundel, Roundall. and Eundella, and so lately as 8 Henry VI. the then proprietor of the estate was styled Lord Thomas de Cobham, aZ/a^Rundella, Knight. The elder or Kentisli line of the Cobharas terminated in an heiress, and she married Sir John Oldcastle, who was summoned to Parliament in right of his wife, as Baron 2 Q 297 R U S Cobham. in UOO. and who afterwards be- came famous as the leader of the Lollards ; but it is more than likely that the blood of that ancient race yet flows in the Bundles of the West of England. In the reigns of Ed- ward II., Edward III., and Henry IV., the De Cobhams held lands in Devonshire, Corn- wall, and Somersetshire, and some of their connections doubtless planted the family and name of Rondell or Rundle in those counties. Mr. C. S. Gilbert says : " Hole in St. Xeot. the seat of John Rundle, gent., has long been the residence of the family, [seven generations]. The surname of this family, which is known to be of great an- tiquity in Cornwall, is supposed by some to be an abbreviation of the name of Arundell ; this, however, appears to be a matter of doubt. The name has been differently spelt, as Rundle. Randall, and Rendall. There are several branches still resident in the neighbourhood of Looe and Liskeard. A branch of Randall who resided at or near Looe, assumed the name of ilorth or Murth, (so written in Talland Church) but retained the arms of Randall." Hist. Corn- wall, ii. 9i6. RUSBRIDGE. I find no English locality so called. The name is probably derived from the town of Eousbrugge in Belgium. RUSBRIDGER. A native of Rousbrugge, in Belgium : analogous to Dantziger, Ham- burgher, ice. See termination ER. RUSCOE. The same as Roscoe. RUSH. A provincialism for 'subtle'; probably corrupted from the Fr. ruse. RUSH ALL. Parishes in cos. Xorfolk, Stafford, and Wilts. RUSHBROOK. A parish in Suffolk. De Russhebroc occurs in the H.R. of that county. RUSHBURY. A parish in Shropshire. RUSHOUT. According to a pedigree, duly certified by the French heraldic authori- ties in the year 1G52, Lord Xorthwicks ancestor was Thibaut Rushaut, a noble English knight (noble chevalier Anglois), who settled in France at the commencement of the fourteenth century. His posterity were Lords and Marquises of Gamaches, one of whom was of the number of the five Protestant nobles who escaped the massacre of St. Bartholomew, in consideration of being related to Catherine de Medicis. His son settled in Flanders, and his de- scendant, John Rushout, a native of Rous- selaer in that country, settled in England, and died in 10.53. His son, James Rushout, was created a baronet at the Restoration of Charles II. RUSHTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Xorthampton, Chester, Stafford, and Dorset. RUSK. See Ruskin. RUSK IX. A diminutive of some per- sonal name, perhaps of Rusk, which is found in Lond. Directory. RUSS. A Russian. SAB KUSSELL. The Duke of Bedford claims from the lords of Rose], an ancient fief in the neighbourhood of Cherbourg in Nor- mandy, who were a younger branch of the barons of Briquebec. Hugh de Rosel, a benefactor of the abbey of Caen, " accom- panied the Conqueror to England, and was rewarded with possessions in co. Dorset, the principal of which were Kingston, after- wards called Kingston-Russell and Berwick, the latter of which is still in possession of the family." Parry's Hist, of Woburn, p. 66. EUSTON. Parishes in Yorkshire and Norfolk. RUTH. 1. See Female Christian Names. 2. More probably the same as Routh. RUTHERFORD. See Rutherfurd. RUTHERFURD. An extinct parish in CO. Roxburgh. This ancient family have a tradition that their founder, a man of dis- tinction on the Border, having conducted Ruther, King of the Scots, safely through the river Tweed, on an expedition against the South, at a place called from that event, Rutherfurd, the monarch rewarded his faithful guide with lands adjacent to the place, afterwards known as the barony of Rutherfurd. The authentic history of the family commences with Robert, Dominus de Rutherfurd, witness to a charter of David I., in 1140. The family continued to reside at Rutherfurd until the last cen- tui"y, and the present head of the house, though resident at Edgerston, still writes himself Rutherfurd of that Ilk. RUTLAND. From the county. RUTLEDGE. The same as Routledge. RUTSON. In Cumberland and West- moreland, this is the usual corruption of Richardson, RUTTER. Germ, ritter ? A rider or trooper ; also a veteran soldier. According to Halliwell " the term was usually aijplied to a fine, dashing, boasting gallant ; one so fashionable as to speak much in foreign languages;" though the application of it in that sense is not very obvious. »8 SAC RUTTERFORD. See Rutherfurd. RUVIE. RUVY. A Scottish corres- pondent remarks : "I was struck with the name of Ruvy or Ruvie, and on enquiring of the parish clergyman, I found that the family name had been Macgillivray ! But for this assurance, one would at once think Ruthven a much likelier origin." RYALL. A township in Stamfordham parish, co. Northumberland. RYAN. See O'Ryan. RYCROFT. Local: "the rye-croft," an enclosure where rye was cultivated. RYDE. A town in the Isle of Wight. RYDER. See Rider. Le Rydar, Le Eydere. H.R. RYDON. The same as Roydon or Roy- ton. RYE. A town in Sussex. La Rie, mean- ing a bank, is a very common name of localities in Normandy. RYGATE. Reigate, a town in Surrey. RYLE. Two townships in Whittinghani parish, Northumberland, are so called. RYMAN. L Rye is an elevated grotmd. Lat. rljia, Fr. 7'ive. The Ryman resided on such an eminence. 2, A corruption of the IDcrsonal name Raymond. RYMER. Doubtless a person skilled in making verses, like the far-famed Scotch- man, Thomas the Rhymer. King Henry III. kept a court poet, or poet-laureate, called Master Henry the Versifier, and paid him one hundred shillings per annum for his poesy. Still earlier, Henry I. had a bard who wrote laudatory verses about his master, and was called Walo Yersificator. Warton's Hist, of English Poetry, vol. i. p. 47. These old court-poets were called ArcMjmetce. RYND. See Rhynd. RYTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Durham, Salop, Warwick, York, &c. RYVES. The same as Reeves. s. loABBAGE. A coiTuption of Savage. SABBE. See Sabine. SABINE. SABIN. Originally Sabinus, a Roman personal name, implying a des- cent from the Sabine nation. 'Sabina, its feminine, is still used as a baptismal name. Sabbe, an old family in Norfolk, probably corrupted their name from this. H.R. Sabin, Sabyn. SACHEVERELL. A name of uncer- tain meaning. It can hardly come from sacherrrel, which, according to Halliwell, means the iron door or blower of a stove. SAD As it is sometimes written Sachervill, it was probably taken from some place in Normandy. The nearest approach to it I can find is Sachenvilla, now Sacquenville, near Evreux. In records it is latinized Be salt It Capdlce, ' goat's leap ' or ' goat's wood,' and the crest is a goat. In the H. R. it is written Saucheverel, without prefix, and there is one Nichs. Sans Cheverel, which, if it has any meaning, would seem to be Nicholas, without the Little Goat. SA.CK. A loose garment — a word still in use. There was an ancient fraternity called 'fratres saccati,' or sac-friars, from the coarse sackcloth garment which they wore. "Et eodem tempore (1257) novus ordo apparuit Londini, qui, quia saccis incedebant induti, Fratres Saccati voca- bantur." Matthew Paris. See Archaso- logia, iii. 129. SACKER. 1. A maker of sacks or loose garments. 2. See Sack. SACKVILLE. A place in Normandy, now called Sauqueville, near the river Scie, in the dei)artment of the Lower Seine, about seven miles from Dieppe. Collins says, that the family were lords of the town and seigniory " long before the Conquest." The name was variously written De Salchevilla, Salkavilla, Saccavilla, &c. According to genealogists, the first of the family in England was Herbrand de Salchevilla, who came in with the Conqueror, while his kinsman, Jourdain de S., was Sewer of England under the same monarch. At the commencement of the XIII. century, another Jourdain de S. founded the colle- giate church of Sauqueville, which remained ' une des plus belles de la contre ' until the year 182.5, when it was pulled down by a neighbouring proprietor, who used its materials for building a cotton-mill. Cochet, Les Eglises de Dieppe (Egl. Kurales), p. 89, where a most interesting account of the church is given. It is added : " At the sight of a profanation so awful, the good inhabitants of Sauqueville revolted against the demolishers. There was a riot ; an armed force was obliged to interfere, and these sons of the Crusaders were sent to prison for resisting a Ufinl order!" This act of Vandalism deprived both Norman and English antiquaries of what might be re- garded as an historical monument, since its founder, Jourdain de Sauqueville, was one of the bravest defenders of King John and his Norman dependencies against the French. A railway now traverses the dese- crated churchyard of Sauqueville. SADD. O. Eng. sadde; not sad, wretched, in the modern sense, but grave, serious. Two centuries ago any thing dull or heavy was so called, as sad colour, sad bread, &;c. " A sad man in whom is no pride, Right a discrete confessor as I trow ; His name was called Sir John Doclow." M.S. Bawl. c. 8G. (Halliw). H.R. Sad. SADDINGTON. A parish in Leicester- shire. 299 SAI SADELER. The same as Sadler. SADLEIR. The same as Sadler. SADLER. A saddler. SAER. See Sayer. SAFFERY. See Savory. SAGtE. Probably a translation of Le Sa^e, still a very common French surname. It has reference to the wisdom and pru- dence of the original bearer. IF/.w, as an English surname, is a precise analogue. Le Sage. H.K. SAGGERS. Probably the same as Segar, in a genitive form. SAIL. See Sale. SAINSBURY. Probably from Saint- bury, a parish in co. Gloucester, ^i' SAINT. A common prefix to sur- names of Norman origin, as St. Aubyn, St. Amand, St. -Barbe, St. Clere, St. George, St. Germaine, St. John, St. Leger. IMany places in Normandy, and elsewhere, had formerly no other name than that of the Saint to whom the Church was dedicated, and from such places these surnames have been derived. SAINT ALBYN. The same, originally, as St. Aubyn. SAINT AMAND. From St. Amand- des-hautes-terres, near Louviers, or St. Amand-les-Valettes, near St. Lo. in Nor- mandy. The baronial family traced to Almaric de St. Amand, lord of Liskeard, co. Cornwall, temp. Henry III. SAINT ANDRE, or ANDREW. St. Andre-la-foret is near Evreux ; St. Andre- sur-Cailli, near Rouen. SAINT ARNOLD. Four places in Normandy bear this name (St. Arnoult). SAINT AUBYN. According to Leland, the family of St. Albiu (St. Aubyn) took their surname from a town in Brittany so called, and settled in Somersetshire soon after the Conquest. C. S. Gilljert's Corn- wall. Manger de St. Aubyn held the manor of Mattingho, co. Devon, in the reign of Henry III.; but the pedigree commences only temp. Henry IV., with Sir Guy St. Aubyn of Clowance in Cornwall, which has ever since been the seat of the fiimily. Courthope's Debrett. SAINT BARBE. The Norman origin of this family is undoubted, and the name occurs in Leland's rhyming and alliterative list of the Conqueror's followers : — A bourg and two villages in Normandy bear the name of St. Barbe, better known in the Roman Calendar as St. Barbara, whose coif and veil were among the relics preserved at Glastonbury, with which establish- ment the family were connected,, holding of it the manor of Brent St. Barbe, before the reign of Edw. I. The name is thought to be peculiar to the existing family, and S A I 300 not to be found in Normandy, though Barbe is well-known there. Synibarbe is a corruption of this ancient name. SAINT CLAIR. SAINT CLERE. This name, usually corrupted to Sinclair, is of French origin, and springs from the great family De Sancto Claro, in France. The noble Scottish families of this surname are descended from Sir William St. Clair, or Sinclair, who was lord of Rosslyn, &c., in Mid-Lothian, by grant of King Alexan- der I. Three places called St. Clair occur in the Itin. de la Normandie, in the arron- dissements, severally, of St. Lo, Havre, and Tvetot. The widely-spread importance of this family is shewn by the fact that about twenty coats of arms are assigned to the name. Richard de Sent Cler occurs in the Domesday of Norfolk. SAINT CROIX. (See De St. Croix.) ' The Holy Cross.' " OUcrosse est en Engleiz, Ke Saint Croix est en Franceiz." Roman de Hvit. SAINT ELOY. Ste. Eloi is in the ar- rondissement of Andeli in Normandy. Chaucer's Prioress used to swear by this saint : — " That of her smylyng was ful symple and coy ; Hire grettest oath was but by seynt (E) ley." Canterb. Tales, Prologue, 120. SAINT GEORGE. This illustrious family came originally from La Marclie de Limousin, in France, and derived their name from the barony of St. George, near Limoges, where, upon the authority of an old inscribed church bell, recast in 16S7, they were seated in A.D. 888 — though this may well be questioned. Baldwin de St. George came hither with the Conqueror and became ancestor of the St. Georges of Hat- field St. George, and of other places in England aud Ireland. Other branches re- mained in France, and few names have been more distinguished in that country, throughout a series of ages, than that of St. George. Inf. J. Bertraud Payne, Esq. " St. George for England .'" would al- most seem to be a mistake, since the great majority of persons so called are Irish- men. SAINT GERMYN. St. Germain has given his name to at least twelve places in Normandy. See Itin. de la Normandie. SAINT HILL. Berry assigns eight coats to this surname. Who the saint was, I cannot ascertain. SAINT HILARY. One parish in Corn- wall, and several in Normandy, are dedi- cated to this well-known French Saint, and known by his name. SAINT JERMYN. See St. Germyn. SAINT JOHN. Several parishes in Normandy bear the name of this saint. The family were in England very soon after, if not at, the Conquest, being de- scended, in the male line, from the great Domesday baron, Hugh dePort. William, son of Adam de Port, took the name of St. SAI John in the XII. cent, on his marriage with the heiress of the powerful Norman family, so called. This surname is vilely corrupted in pronunciation to Singen. A boy, not aware of this, once read the open- ing lines of Pope's Essay on Man in manner following : — " Awake my St. Jbhn— leave all meaner thmgs, To low ambi?(0«— and the pride of kings ! " SAINT LAWRENCE. This family (the Earl of Howth's) claim to have been barons by tenure of Howth, in Ireland, ever since the conquest of that kingdom by King Henry II,, the ancestor having as- sisted in Strongbow's invasion. He was doubtless of Norman extraction, and he may have come either from St. Lawrent, near Bayeux, or from the place of the same name near Yvetot. SAINT LEGER. The St. Legers came from Caen in Normandy (Chron. of Battel Abbey, p. 59), and a family tradition as- serts that the patriarch, Robert, was not only present at William's invasion in 10G6, but actually supported him with his hand as he quitted the ship ! There are six places bearing this name mentioned in the Itin. de la Normandie. Its latinization is De Sancto Leodegario — its corruption, Sellbujer. SAINT LIS. The originator of this family in England was Simon de St. Lis, a participator in the Norman Conquest, William is said to have offered him in marriage to his niece Judith, widow of Waltheof, a great Saxon earl, whom he had deposed and beheaded. The lady refused him ' because he halted in one leg,' and so he courted and won her elder daughter Maud ! He was afterwards raised to the Earldoms of Huntingdon and Northampton. See the whole story in Dugdale's Baron- age. The ordinary corruption of the name is Senlis or Senlez. SAINT LO. SAINT LOE. SAINT LOW. Often corrupted to Senlow and Sentlow. There are three places called St. Loup in Normandy, situated respectively in the arrondissements of Lisieux, Baj'eux, and Avranches. As the surname is latin- ized in charters as De Sancto Laudo, it is probably the origin of Laud. SAINT MARTIN. St. Martin, the mi- litary saint of France (etymologically descended from Mars) was greatly honoured in Normandy, no less than twenty-five places bearing his name being given in the Itineraire de la Norm. The family were important in England, temp. Henry II. SAINT MAUR Camden and Dugdale agree that the noble house of Seymour (St. Maur) " entered England with William the Conqueror, or soon after," and the former says, what is doubtless true, that their name was derived from a place in Normandy ; but the Itin. Norm, furnishes no clue to the locality. Ancient forms are De Sancto Mauro, Semor, k.Q. See Sey- mour. SAI SAINT :^IICHAEL. Several places in England and Normandy bear this name. In Scotland it was sometimes written St. Michill. and St. Mitchell. SAINT NICHOLAS. Several places both in Normandy and England are so called. SAINT 0:MER. A well-known town in the Pas de Calais ; also a village near Falaise in Normandy. SAINT OWEN. The Itiu. de la Nor- mandie mentions ten localities bearing the name of this saint, with different suffixes. (St. Ouen). SAINT PAUL. One William de St. Paul attended ^Villiam the Conqueror in the invasion of England, and was rewarded with a wife, the daughter of Simon, son of Thorn (a refractory Saxon) and part of his lands in Yorkshire. See Thierry's Norm. Conq. He probably came fi-om the village of St. Paul-sur-Rile, near Pont- Audemer, in Normandy. In 17G8, Robert Paul, Esq., of Ewart, in Northimiberland, from a supposed descent from the Norman family, obtained an act of parliament em- powering him to assume the word Saint, as a prefix to his former surname. This is perhaps a unic^ue instance of parliamentary canonization. SALXT PETER. See Saint Pierre. SAINT PHILIBERT. Four parishes in Normandy bear the name of this Nor- man saint, but I am not aware that it is known from ^vhich of them the great Anglo-Norman baronial family sprang. SAINT POL. See St. Paul. SAINT PIERRE. SAINT PETER. Most likely from St. Pierre-sur-Dive, near Lisieux, the site of the great Abbey. There are, however, some ten other parishes and places in Normandy so called. SAINT QUINTIN. St. Quintin is the chief-town of Lower Picardy, from whence Sir Hubert de St. Quintin is said to have come, at the Norman invasion. Domesday, however, mentions Hugh de St. Quintin, as a tenant in capite in the* counties of Dorset and Essex. His grandson erected the castle of St. Quintin in Wales. SAINT SAVER. SANZAYER. Pro bably St. Severus. The southern suburb of Rouen, and other places in Normandy, are so called. SAINT SAVIOUR. Four places called St. Saveur occur in the Itin. de la Norman- die. SAINT VALORY. SAINT WALERY. From St. Talery-sur-Somme in Picardy, or St. Valery-en-Caux, in Normandy. In Domesday, Walter de St. Walerie appears as a tenant in capite in Middlesex, and he had lands in Sussex, while Kanulf de St. Walerie had several lordships in Lincoln- shire. 301 SAL SAKER. SACRE. The peregrine falcon ; also a piece of ordnance named after it. " The cannon, blunderbiiss, and sater, He was th' inventor of and maker." Hudibras I. ii. 335. SALCOCK. A diminutive of Saul. See termination COCK. SALE. SALES. A-Sax. sel, sele, &c. French, sallf, a hall. " Between 1332 and 1348, the name borne by the famous knight commemorated by Froissart, and who was killed by the insurgents near Norwich, in 1381, is severally written De la Sale. De Salle, De Aula. De la Saule, De Halle, Saul, and Halle." Notes and Queries, v. 291. The North Wilts family of Hale of Bradford also wrote themselves De Aula and De la Sale. " Halle, alias De la Sale, dwellith in a pretty stone house at the ea.st end of the town, on the right bank of Avon: a man of £100 lands by the year : an ancient gentleman since the time of Edward I." Leland's Itinerary. SALEMAN. An attendant in a hall. See Sale, and Salmon. SALERNE. Two places In the arron- dissement of Bernai, in Normandy, bear this name. The surname is found in Sussex in the XIII. and XIV. centuries. SALISBURY. SALUSBURY. Edward de Sarisberie, sometimes called Edward Vicecomes, was a great tenant in chief in Wiltshire and other counties, at the makmg of Domesday. He was a younger son of Walter de Evreux (Devereux) — one of the few instances, in those early times, of a Norman family with a Saxon name. See Hutchins' Dorset. Ellis's Introd. Domesd. The baronet's family are descended from Adam de Salusburj', who is said to have been captain of the castle of Denbigh, at a period little subsequent to the Nonuan Conquest, inasmuch as his great-grandson, John Salusburj" of Llewenny, co. Denbigh, died 18. Edward I. Courthope's Debrett. SALKELD. The family so called, very influential in Cumberland in the XIV. cen- tury, probably derived their name from either Great or Little Salkeld, in that county. SALMON. This name, thoutrh identical with the designation of a well-known fish, probably originated from another source. The manor of Salmons in Caterham, co. Surrey, is known to have belonged temp. Edw. III. to Roger Saleman. Brayiey's Surrey, iv. 189. Now srl, A-Sax. and salle, Ft. signify a hall, and nahnian would con- sequently be the attendant or keeper of a hall. The name under this orthography is common in the Himdred Rolls. SALMOND. The family settled at Waterfoot, co. Cumberland, are of French origin, one of their jrncestors having fled to this countrj- during the persecutions of the Huguenots. B.L.G. SAL 302 SALO^ION. A well-known Jewish sur- name, but not confined to that race. A conspicuous personage of medieval romance is so called. Its earliest mention in Eng- land is in Domesday. A Salomouson oc- curs in the Lond. Direct. SALOMONS. A Jewish family long connected with London. The name is clearly a modification of Solomon. SALOMOXSON. See Salomon. SALT. This surname is very common in Staffordshire, in wliich county there is a village so called. In 1166, it is written Selte. Lib. Nig. Scacc. In the reign of Henry III. Ivo de Saut held one knight's fee in Saut. of the Barony of Staftord. Subsequently Hugh de Salt held Salt of Philip de Chetwynd. From this tenure, and from the resemblance of the arms, it is probable that Salt was a cadet of Chet- w}Tid. In the Visitations of Staffordshire there are pedigrees of this family, from whom descend Thomas Salt, Esq., jun., M.P. for Stafford, and William Salt, Esq., F.S.A. SALTER. A maker of salt— a business of great importance in the middle ages, when the produce of the land was almost entirely consumed on the spot, and immense quantities of victuals of all kinds had to be salted, in order that they might be kept the whole year round. Wright's Vocab. p. 9. SALTIEE. One of the ' ordinaries' of heraldry. More probably however from the Fr. sautcuf, a jumper. SALTMARSHE. 1. See under Sau- niarez. 2. A township in co. York, the ancient possession of the family, and still their property and residence. The first of the name mentioned by Burke is William Saltmarsh, latinized De Sal so Marisco, witness to a grant of Richard Strongbow in the XII. century ; and Sir Peter Saltmarsh was one of the knights of the shire for co. York, 17. Edward II. B.L.G. SALTAVELL. A 'brine spring;' a local name, probably in Cheshire. SALUSBURY. See Salisbury. SALVAGE. An older orthography of Savage, which see. SALVAINE. See Salvin. SALVIN. The Durham family are descended from Sir Osbert Silvayne, of Norton Woodhouse, in the forest of Sher- wood, who flourished 29. Henry III. Mr. Shirley says, that some of the name (which he supposes to be derived from that >:ilva, or forest), were seated at Norton before the year 1140. Noble and Gentle Men of Eng- land. This name was latinized De Salicosa Vena. SALAVEY. About the reign of Henry III., William Salwey was lord of Leacroft, a hamlet in Staffordshire. From liim descend the Shropshire family. SAN SAIMAXD. St. Amado, according to Camden. I should rather say St. Amand. SAjMBOURNE. a hamlet in co. War- wick. SA]MBROOK. Probably local, and cor- rupted — "the sandy brook." SAMKIX. See Samuel. SAMMES. See Samuel. SAIMPIERE. A corruption of St. Pierre, St. Peter. Camden. SAMPKIN. See Samuel. SAMPOL. A corruption of St. Pol, St. Paul. Camden. SA^IPSOX. Not from the Hebrew worthy, but the son of Sam, or Samuel, the P being inserted, as in Thompson. Simp- son, Jempson, &c., for strength and euphony. SAMS. See Samuel. SAMSON. See Sampson. SAMUEL. A surname, pretty equally shared by Jews and Christians. It has given rise to Samuels, Sams, Samson, Samjason, Samkin, Sampkin, Sammes, and perhaps Samwell — but this last may be local. f A. u ': ■ .' SAMUELS. See Samuel. SAMWELL. See Samuel. SANCTUARY. Several monasteries had an ambit or surrounding space, where criminals might take refuge from imme- diate or impending danger, as the Sanc- tuary at Westminster. A person resident in a place so privileged, though no criminal, would readily acquire the name of Thomas, or John, at the Sanctuary. gjg" SAND. A component syllable of many local surnames, as Sandham, Sandby, Sandcroft, Sandiland. It im- plies a sandy district. SANDALL. Two parishes and a town- ship in Yorkshire are so called. SAND ALLS. See Sandall. SAND BACH. A town in Cheshire. SANDER: See Alexander. SANDERCOCK. A diminutive of San- der, Alexander. See termination cock. SANDERS. SANDERSON. The son of Alexander — Saucer being the common nickname of that appellation. SANDFORD. "A family of acknow- ledged antiquity, whose ancestor " Thomas' was certainly seated at Sandford [in the parish of Prees, co. Salop] soon after the Conquest, and which has ever since re- mained their principal seat." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. Parishes in Devon, Somerset, Oxford, &c., are likewise so called. SANDIIOE. A township in Northum- berland, and a place in Yorkshire. SAN SAXDIE. " The abbreviation of Alex- ander. Hence the English seem to have formed their ludicrous national designation of San- ne)/ for a Scotsman." Jamieson. SANDIESON". See Alexander, and Sandie. SANDIFORD. An elegant suburb of Glasgow. SAXDILANDS. The surname of Lord Torpichen is traced to Sir James Saudi- lands, who flourished in the reign of King David II. The name is clearly local, hut I do not find the place. SANDISOX. See Sanderson. SANDS. SAXDES. From residence on a sandy tract, whether near the sea or otherwise. SANDY. A parish in Bedfordshire. SAXD YS. An archaic spelling of Sands, and pronounced like that name. Although the nohle family. Barons Sandys of the Vine, did not attain that rank until the time of Henry Till., they were amongst the most intluential gentrr of Hampshire in 6. Richard 11. SANFORD. See Sandford. SANGER. Pure Anglo-Saxon for ' singer.' " Cantor,, sanffere." Wright's Yocab. p. 72. SAN6MAN. A-Sax. sang, a song, and mail. A singer, or chorister. SANGSTER. A-Sax. saugistre, a fe- male singer, the feminine of Sanger. " Cantrix, mngystre.'' Wright's Vocab. For the mode in which ' songster ' became applicable to the male sex, see under STEK. SANGWINE. Perhaps from disposition, but more likely the name of some saint corrupted to this form. The Scots had a St. Guinoch, and the Welsh a St. Gwenog. SANKEY. "The Sankeys descend from a Lancashire family of considerable anti- quity. The first upon record is Galfridus de Sankey, who held the lands of Sankey Magna and Sankey Parv-a in Lancashire, in the reign of King John."' B.L.G. SANSO^L St. Sansone, sometimes called St. Sampson, archbishop of Dol, founded a monaster}- near Rouen (Pentale monas- terium in agro Rotomagensi) and after hav- ing performed a miracle, by ejecting a ser- pent from a certain cave, left his name to the place (eidem loco nonien suum reliquit). Mahillon Annal. Bened. adann. 65.5 et 831. From that place this family derived their name. The first who bore it in England was Ralph de St. Sansone, brother to Thomas, first Xorman Archbishop of York, who with him had been educated at the charge of Odo, half-brother of the Con- queror. Being described by the Chroni- clers as, '■ de nobilissima Xormannorum prosapia " it has been conjectured that he was a scion of the ducal house. He was Probably the same as 303 SAT chaplain to William, and was created Baron of Dover, and, in lODD, Bishop of Worcester. In Domesday he is styled De S. Sansone, and Sanson clericus. His son Thomas (for the canons relating to the celibacy of the clergy were at this period very loosely observed) became Archbishop of York, and another son, Richard, was Bishop of Bayeux. From these ecclesias- tics and their collateral relatives descended a numerous progeny, who varied the orthography of the name to Sansonus, Sansonius, Saunsum, Sansome, De S, Sampsone, Samson, &:c.. kc, and settled in many counties of England, and in Scotland. Inf. John Sansom, Esq. SANTANDER. A corruption of St. Andrew. SAPHIN. Salvine. SAPSFORD. A corruption of Saw- bridgeworth, co. Herts. SAPWELL. A corruption of Sopewell, CO. Hertford, over the convent of which Dame Juliana Berners, the well-known authoress of the Boke of St. Albans, pre- sided. SAPYE. A parish in co. Hereford: another in co. Worcester, now Sapey. SARASIN. A Saracen — probablv one who had embraced Christianity during the Crusades, and settled in Western Europe. It may be mentioned, that Saladin was an English surname, temp. Edward I. H.R. SARAH. See Female Christian Names. In H.R. the forms are Sarra, Fil' Sarr, &c. SARDINL4. This name, doubtless from the island so called, existed at Edinburf'h in 1825. SARE. See Sayers. SAREL. SARRELL. Probably the same as Searle. SARJEAXT. SARGEXT. O.Fr. from Lat. Spelman says a serjeant-at-law is so called because servie/is ad legem. We have also serjeants-at-arms, serjeants-at-mace, kc. Cotgrave makes a scrgcnt, " a footman or souldier that serves on foot."' Gibbon, on the contrary, applies the word to " all horsemen who were not knights." Richard- son. SARL. The same as Searle. SARSFIELD. The first of the family of Sarsfield wlio settled id Ireland, is said to have been Thomas de S., •' chief banner- bearer' to King Henry II., A. D. 1172. The name is unquestionably English, and local. SARSOX. Perhaps tlie son of Saer. See Sayer. SATCHELL. A small sack or bag. Probably an ancient trader's sign. ^,-55=s=: universitv^ SAY a SATCHER. A maker of satchels or small bags. A.-Norin. sacliel, Fr. sacliet, a little bag. SATTERLEY. A parish m Devon- shire. SATTERTHWAITE. A chapehy in Lancashire. SAULL. SAUL. See Sale. An under- tenant, Saul, is however mentioned in Domesday, and Saul is a parish in co. Gloucester. SAUMAREZ. Lord De Saumarez is descended from a very ancient and respect- able family in the island of Jersey. The original family name was De Sausmarcz, which continues to be used by the eldest branch of the family. James, the first peer (1831) was grandson of Matthew de Saumarez, lord of the seignory of Saumarez in Guernsey, in the last century. The fiefs called Saumarez, in that island and in Jersey, are on low lands near the sea, whence the name, which signifies " salt- marsh," and is latinized in charters, De Salso Marisco. SAUNDER. See Alexander. SAUNDERS. 1. One of the derivatives of Alexander. 2. The family of this name in CO. Wicklow, pretend that their ances- tor came into England about the year 1270, and that he sprang " from Robert, Lordof Innspruck, who was second brother of Rodolph, Count of Hapsburgh, and sub- sequently Emperor." The founder of the family in Ireland was a follower of Crom- well. B.L.G. SAUNDERSON. See Alexander. This seems to be one of the instances, in which a cadet of a family, bearing a territorial surname, assumed a patronymical one, so contrary to modern ideas of dignity. TliQ Saundersons of co. Cavan are descended from Alexander de Bedick of Waslington, CO. Durham, whose son, James de Bedick, used the alias of Saunderson, from his father's Christian name. His descendants settled in the shires of Nottingham and Lincoln, and it is from the latter county that the Saundersons just mentioned derive themselves. See B.L.G. SAUNZ. From the well-known town of Sens, eighty-four miles S.E. of Paris. SAVAGE. Camden says, that this sur- name was introduced into England by a personage in the train of Isabella of France, queen of Edward II. There were, how- ever, earlier settlements of families so named ; for a knight of this designation founded the Savages in Ireland immediately upon De Courcy's invasion, temp. Henry II. Le Sauvage was a sobriquet of early times, both in Normandy and England, which implied, perhaps, a roughness of manners, like our indigenous Wild. In ancient deeds the common latinization is Salvagius. SAVENIE. Ralph de Savenie, or Sa- vigni, occurs in the Domesday of Suffolk. I SAY The Itin. de la Normandie shows three places called Savigni. SAVERY. SAVORY. An early per- sonal name, latinized Savarlcus. Safrei, Saffrey. H.E. S A VILE. One of the most illustrious families of the E. Riding of Yorkshire, where they are said to have existed in the XII. cent. In the thirteenth they were certainly flourishing in those parts. Some writers have fancifully ascribed to them an Italian origin. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The name is probably Norman, and it seems to be represented in Holinshed's list by Sent Vile. SAW. Probably Shaw. SAWARD, An ancient Teutonic per- sonal name. A- Sax. sre, the sea, andwm/r/, a keeper — the Guardian of the Sea ; a fit name for a great naval commander ; indeed it was an official, as well as a personal name, and was applied to the high-admiral of Saxon times. It is latinized Siwardus. Tlie hamlets of Sewardstone, in Essex, and Sewardesley, in Northamptonshire, seem to have been so designated from ancient pro- prietors of this name. SAWKINS. Perhaps a duninutive of Saul. SAWLE. See Sale. SAWNSEY. Perhaps from Sansei, near Criuil, in Normandy. See Chron. Battel Abbey, p. GO. SAWYER. SAWYERS. The occupa- tion. SAX. A-Sax. seax or sex, a dagger or short sword. SAXBY. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Leicester. SAXELBY. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Leicester. SAXON. This name does not denote an Anglo-Saxon, in contradistinction to a Norman origin : it was probably given to a settler from Saxony in more recent times. Or, it may possibly be a corruption of sex- ton, which is so pronounced in the West of England, or of Saxton, a local name. SAXTON. 1. A sacristan or sexton — the lowest official in a church. 2. A parish in the West Riding of Yorkshire. H.R. De Saxton. SAY. The first of this name mentioned by Dugdale, is Picot de Say, who, in the time of the Conqueror, was one of the principal personages in Shropshire, under Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrews- bury. Though the pedigree is incomplete, he was, no doubt, the progenitor of the great family of Say, which gave birth to Geoffrey de Say, one of the twenty-five barons of Magna Charta, and many other eminent persons. The barony became abeyant in 1382, and still so remains. The name appears to have been derived from the commune of Sai, near Argentan, in SCA Normand}'. Among many Be Says in the Hundred Rolls, are a few Le Says, indicat- ing some employment, which I am unable to explain. SAYER, whence SAYERS. An assayer of metals. Also an Anglo-Norman ' per- sonal name, as Saher de Quincy, the famous Earl of Winchester. Sayer and Sayere in the Hund. Rolls, without the prefix le, seem to give the latter derivation the preference. With regard to the former, Kelham observes, that " when Domesday was compiled, tliere was always a fire read}' in the Exchequer, and if they lilced not the allay of the money, they burnt it, and then weighed it." Hence the exi^ression in Domesday, ' Lib. LVI arsas et pensatas' — .5GIb. burnt and weighed. — Kelham's Domesday, p. 1.57. The Sayer would there- fore be a crown officer who assayed the precious metals. The Sayers of Essex were existing, ac- cording to B.L.G., temp. Edw. II. SAYLOR. This surname is very rare indeed. This is not a little singular, con- sidering the commonness of the employ- ment. In the Hundred Rolls we have it in the forms of Le Sailliur, Le Saylliur, and Le Saler. SAYRE. See Sayer. SCALES. Hardwin de Scalers came in with William the Conqueror, and was an- cestor of the noble family of Eschalers, or Scales, who continued in the male line till 36. Henry VL Kelham's Domesday. The name began to be spelt De Scales about the time of Henry III, It was latinized De Scalariis. SCAMBLER. " A bold intruder upon one's generosity or table." Such is the definition of the word by Dr. Johnson, who considers it to be Scottish. SCAMMELL. Scamells is an old Scot- tish word for shambles. Jamieson. SCANLAN. The Mac Scanlans were a sept of Louth, from whom the ancient locality of Bally-Mac-Scanlan took its name. The surname was sometimes written O'Scanlan. The first of the family men- tioned by D'Alton is Patrick O'Scanlan, who was made Archbishop of Armagh in the year ll'Gl. SCARBOROUGH. A town in York- shire. SCARBOROW. A corruption of Scar- borough. SCARBROW. A corruption of Scar- borough. SCARDEVILLE. Old, or Norman French possesses many words beginning with Es. In the process of modification, we generally drop the E and retain the iS', while the modem French drop the S and retain the E. Thus, the old word extranger (Lat. extraneus) is on our side of the Channel ' stranger,' on the other side ' etranger.' So I suspect that this surname 2 R 305 S C H is derived from Ecardenville, in the depart- ment of Eure, in Normandy — the iV having been either dropped in the surname, or added in the local appellation. But the word has undergone still greater changes, having been anglicized to Skarfield, and denwnizcd to Scare-devil I Eng. Surn. ii. 34. SCARLSBRTCK. A township in Lanca- shire, in early times the seat of the family. The heiress married Eccleston of Eccleston, who assumed tlie surname, and the estate of Scarisbrick is now in his possession. See Eccleston. SCARLETT. Dr. Richardson observes, that scarlet was fomierly used as an epithet of red ; thus Chaucer's—" Hosen of scarlet rede," and Spenser's — " Robe of scarlet red." The surname was probably applied as a sobriquet to one who aftected this colour for his costume. So Blue, Purple, &c. Scarlet without prefix, in H.R. A per- sonage of this name was elected M.P. for Lincoln in 1307, in the short parliament which sat for eighteen days at Carlisle, during the war of King Edward L with the Scots. An ancient Tuscan family, who bore the name of Scarlatti were exiled in the thirteenth century by the Guelphs, for being Ghibellines. Their arms are diflerent, but it is a rather curious fact, that the Eng- lish Scarletts bear as their crest, a Tuscan column supported by lions' jambs. See Notes and Queries, March 17, 18G0. SCARMAN. A scar is a bleak, exposed situation, or a cliff. The original Scarman probably dwelt in such a locality. SCATHLOCK. A correspondent ob- serves, that this is a Shei-wood Forest name, and that the " Robin Hood names " still linger in forest districts. Scathelock, Scatheloc. H.R. SCATTERGOOD. LA corruption of some local name terminating in n-ood ? 2. A friend suggests " spendthrift." In H.R. Schatregod. Tlie antithetical surname Sparegood (in H.R. Spargod), does not seem to have survived. SCAWEN. " The name Scawen is local, and signifies a place where sliawan or elder trees grow, and is derived from the Japhctical Greek, ffKoiiufi, sambachus, ebulus, the elder-tree, who suitable to his name, gives for his arms, ' Argent, a scawen. or elder-tree, Vert.' " Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornwall, ii. 67. SCHARP. The same as Sharpe. SCHNEIDER. Germ. A tailor. SCHOLAR. This surnamj occurs in Encyc. Herald. SCHOMBERG. Frederick Schomberg, a descendant of a noble family in Germany, accompanied William III. to England in 1688, and was ultimately created Duke of Schomberg. SCHREIBER. German. A writer or clerk. The ancestor of the English family SCO 306 Jut, vrbtfo .U(]^ (Sclireiber of Henhurst, co. Kent) was John Charles Schreiber, son of Carl Schreiber, of an ancient family of Durlach in Suabia, who settled in London about the year 1721. B.L.G. SCHULZE. SCHULTZ. From Ger- many. Germ, schulze, a bailiff in a vil- lage. SCHUSTER. Germ. A shoemaker. SCHWARS. SCHWARTZ. From Germany. Germ., black. SCLATER. 1. The Sclaters of Hoddlng- ton, CO. Hants, claim to have borrowed their name from the parish of Slaughter, or Schlauter in Gloucestershire, " where they were lords of the manor for upwards of three hundred years.'' B.L.G. 2. Another form of Slater. The unnecessary C has sometimes of late been resumed. SCOBELL. According to Hals, this name, in the old Cornish language, signi- fies the broom-plant, and therefore takes its place, etymologically, with the illustrious Plantagene't. The family, whose original MMtat was the couuties'of Cornwall and Devon, have flourished, for a long series of generations, in knightly and gentle degree, in that part of England, and have written their name Scobbahull, Scobhull. Scobbel, Scobhill, Scoble, &c. The first of the name on record is Thomas de Scobbahull, sheriff of Devonshire, in 1291. B.L.G. Scovell is not, as it might seem, a modi- fication of this surname. SCOBLE. See Scobell. SCOLEMASTER. Schoolmaster. A John Scolemaster is mentioned in the In- quisitiones ad quod Damnum, temp. Henry A^., and a Thomas Scolmayster in the Eotul. Orig. temp. Edw. III., but I have not met with the surname in later times. SCOLOIGE (or Mac Scologie). The name belongs to Fermanagh, Ireland. It is usually anglicized Farmer, 'scolog" being Irish for husbandman, or farmer. Notes and Queries, v. 501. SCOOX. Probably Scone in Perthshire, the ancient coronation-place of the Scot- tish kings, once a city, now a pitiful vil- lage of 18 houses. " So thanks to all at once, and to each one, Whom we invite to see us crown'd at Scone." Macbeth. SCOONES. A pluralized form of Scoon ? SCORE. 1. A corruption of skmver, which Halliwell defines as a jurat, but whose functions seem to have been more like those of "commissioners of sewers." A-Sax. Sceawere; a beholder, spectator, spy. Bosworth. Skawers are mentioned in connection with Pevensey Marsh in the XV. century, and Dugdale uses the word in his History of Imbanking, printed in l)e(7?'f, Win- spear, Shakeshaft, Shake^aunce, Hackstaflf, Briselance, and Bruselance, Wagstafie, Bickerstaffe, Hurlbat, Draweswerde (Draw- sword), and Cutlemace (' Cut the club or mace '), Hackblock, &c. The name Shakspeare is still compara- tively common in South Staffordshire. SHALLOW. A fordable place in a river. The name ranks therefore with Ford, and has no connection with what was in Shakspeare's mind when he intro- duced the well-known Justice that bore "the dozen white louses" in his "old coat." SHAND. Said to be a corruption of De Champ or Deschamps. In Scotland it was anciently written Schand, and latinized Schandffius. It is of course of French origin, though of earlier importation than the Rev. of the Ed. of Nantes, 1C85, as asserted in Notes & Qu., 2nd Series No. 106. Philibert de Shaunde was created Earl of Bath in 1485 ; but nothing is known of him except that he was a native of Brittany. Ext. Peerage. The name is common in the shires of Aberdeen and Banff. Inf. C. F, Shand, Esq. SHANDOS. See Chandos. H^ SHANE. Said to be a corruption of the Fr. Duchesne, equivalent to Oakes, Noakes, &c. SHANK. Shank, in Scotland, is a topo- graphical word, meaning the projecting point of a bill. The family existed in early times in Mid-Lothian, the founder being Murdoch Schank, who is said to have discovered, and taken charge of, the body of Alexander III., King of Scotland, who met his death Avhile hunting in 128G. For this service, Robert Bruce presented him with the lands of Castlerigg. B.L.G. SHANNON. Probably 7iot from the great Irish river, though I cannot substi- tute any better origin. SHE SHAPCOTT. Sheep-cote. The name of an estate, the locality of which I do not know. SHARD. An opening in a wood. York- shire. Halliw. SHARLAND. Shirland, a parish in co. Derby. SHARMAN. See Sherman. SHAROOD. See Sherwood. SHARPP:. sharp. From natural disposition — a keen, active, acute person. H.R. Scharp. SHARPLES. A township in Bolton, co. Lancaster, corrupted to Sharpless. SHARRATT. See Sherwood, and Sherard. SHARWOOD. See Sherwood. ^^ SHAW. Very common ijer se, and also as a termination. It means a small wood, from A-Sax. scua, a shade, a place shadowed or sheltered by trees. " In somer when the shaices be shejTie, And leves be large and long ; It is full mery in feyre foreste, To here the foulys song." M.S. quoted by HalUwell. Several parishes and places bear this appellation, and to it we owe a consider- able number of local surnames ; e.g., Abershaw, Bagshaw, Cockshaw, Hen- shaw, Bradshaw, Langshaw, Eldershaw, Renshaw, &c. SHAVEALL. A barber-ous corruption of some local name terminating in HALL. SHAYLER. See Shailer. SHAYLOR. See Shailer. SHEA. See O'Shee. SHEARER. In Scotland, a reaper; in England, one who shears sheep. SHEARGOLD. Shere, or pure, gold. See remarks under Gold. SHEAR^IAN. See Sherman. SHEARS. A mis-spelt pluralization of Shire. SHEARSMITH. See under Smith. SHEATH. A fountain of salt water. Halliwell. SHEATH ER. A maker of sheaths or scabbards. SHEBBEARE. A parish in Devonshire. SHEE. SeeOShee. SHEEHAN". The O'Sheehans were a sept in the counties of Cork and Limerick. D'Alton. SHEEHY. Probably the same as Shee- han. SHEEL. See Shiell. SHEENE. SHEEX. 1. The original name of Richmond, co. Surrey. 2. A- Sax. scinaii to shine, whence 0. Eng. slieiie, 311 SHE bright, shining — a word frequently em- ployed by our old poets. SIIEEPE Y. Sheppey, an insulated divi- sion of Kent. SHEEPSHANKS. Probably a sobriquet, alluding to badly-fonned legs. The late Whittle Sheepshanks, Esq., was an emi- nent farmer ; and it is related of him, that having once made a purchase at a northern fair, the seller asked him for a reference for payment, and Mr. S. replied : " WTiy don't you know me ? I thought everybody here- abouts knew Whittle Sheepshanks." Upon which the other, fearing a hoax, rejoined : " Hoot, mon, wha ever heard o' a sheep- shank, wi' a whittle, (pocket-knife) to't?" — and actually declined the transaction. The worthy gentleman soon afterwards took the name of Yorke by royal sign-manual, and " Thus was the winter of his discontent," (If he had any on the subject) — " Made glorious summer by the name of Yorke !" SHEERMAN. See Sherman. SHEFFIELD. A town in Yorkshire. The Sheffields, extinct Dukes of Bucking- ham, attained importance as early as the reign of Henry III. The first recorded an- cestor is Sir Robert de Shefi&eld. SHEIL. See Sheill. SHEILL. The O'Sheills were an ancient clan in the county of Antrun. D'Alton. SHELDON. A parish in Warwickshire, in ancient times the seat of the family. SHELDRAKE. SHELDRICK. A sea- fowl, nearly resembling a duck. Gloss, of Heraldry. The family bear three in their arms. H.R. Le Sceldrake, Sceyldrake. SHELF. 1. A township of Halifax, co. York. 2. Mr. Ferguson thinks from a Teutonic hero called Scelf or Scylf, the pre- sumed founder of the Scylfingas, a Scandi- navian tribe. SHELF ANGER. A parish in Norfolk, where the family had possessions temp. Edward I. SHELFORD. Two parishes in Cam- bridgeshire, and another in Nottingham- shire. SHELL. A hamlet in the parish of Himbledon, co. Worcester. SHELLEY. Genealogists assert that the Shelleys " came out of France with William the Conqueror." Senile, Shevele, or Sheuile, is found in the lists called the Roll of Battel Abl)ey. Horsfield's Lewes, ii. ^ 17(J. But independently of the fact that there are several places in England called Shelley, (in Suffolk, Essex, Yorkshire, &:c.) there is no authenticated, or even imaginary, pedigree which ascends beyond the XIV. century. There Avas formerly near Horsham, in Sussex, (the great haVxtat oi W\\'& family) a park called Shelley, from which they doubtless assumed their name. J(yk^rc^^^- .er^.^-^ SHE 312 SHELTON, Paristes, &c., in cos. Bed- ford, Norfolk, Xottingham, and Stafford. SHEXTOX. A claapelry in co. Leices- ter. SHEPHERD. The occupation. As a surname it is often variously mis-spelt, as Shepard. Shephard. Shepheard, Sheppard, Shepperd. The H.E. forms of this name are Pastor and Le Pastur. SHEPHERDSBUSH. The name of a foundling discovered at the place so called in Middfesex. See Eng. Surn. ii. 19. SHEPHOUSE. '• Sheep-house," a local name. SHEPPERSOX. The son of the Shep- herd. So Wrightson, Smithson, i:c. SHERARD. SHERRARD. " Our antiquaries agree that Schirrard, who was resident in England, and held great pos- sessions in the counties of Cheshire and Lancashu-e, temp. William Conq.. is Imeal ancestor to the present Earl of Har- horough."' CoUins's Peerage, edit. 1768, T. 38. Said to have been of Thornton, m Cheshire, in the XIII. cent., but the pedi- gree is proved only to "William Sherard, who died in 1304. Shirley's Noble and Gentle IMen. SHERBORX^E. Parishes, &c., in cos. Dorset, Gloucester, Warwick, Hants, &.C. There are also Sherburnes in cos. Durham and York. SHERER. See Shearer, and Shearman, SHERGOLD. See Sheargold. SHERIFF. SHERRIFF. From the office. A-Sax..*fi;--<7mifa,i.e., "shire-reeve."' The Domesday equivalent is ricecomes, which implies the deputy or substitute of a count, whose jurisdiction extended over a shire or county. SHERIX. Sherwiu, by the suppression ofW. SHERIXGTOX'. A parish in co. Wilts, and a manor in Selmeston, co. Sussex, which had owners of the same name in the XIV. cent. SHERLEY. See Shirley. SHERLOCK. Having shere, or clear locks.' The family were of importance in Ireland from the time of the Tudors. Ortelius's map locates them in the barony of Middlethird, co. Wexford. D'Alton. SHERMAX. SHEREMAX. At Xor- wich. one who shears worsted, fustians, Lc, an employment once known as • sherman- craft.' Eng. Sum. i. 108. The word has another distinct meaning. " Even at this dav. in Norfolk, a person born out of the coimtv is called a Shireman. i.e., bom in some one of the shires or counties of England." Archffiologia. xix. IG. But a more digni- fied oridn mav be assigned : in Domesday- book the Judge of the County-court (a veiy important office in Norman times) was SHI called a Seirman. i.e., Shireman. The A- Sax. scirmann is defined by Bosworth as " a man who superintends, shireman, pro- vincial, an overseer, governor, provost, bailiff of a hundred." The parish of Sher- manbury, in Sussex, must have taken its name, in Saxon times, from one who bore either the name or the office, or both. SHER RELL. A corruption of Shersvell. SHERRIX, The same as Sherin. SHERRIN"G. 1. The same as Sherin. 2. Shering. a parish in Essex. SHERRY. Perhaps a corruption of Sheriff", or of Sherwin. c-'.^r'-^n/ SHERSTOX. Two parishes in Wilt- shire are so called. SHERVILL. A corruption of Sherwell. -^ SHERWELL. A parish in Devonshire. SHERWIX. An ancient personal name. H.E. Scherewind. ScherewATid, kc. SHER'^^'OOD. A well-known forest in Nottinghamshire, the scene of the adven- tures of Eobin Hood and his companions. SHETHER. See Sheather. SHE WARD, The same as Saward and Seward. SHEWELL. See SeweU. SHIEL. See Sheill, and Shield. SHIELD. The primary meaning of this word is a covering or defence, whether against the weapons of an adversarj-, or against the inclemency of the weather. A- Sax. scyMan, tegere, protegere; to cover, to protect. Richardson. As a surname, it is local, from s-hieh a temporary hut for shep- herds or labourers of any kind ; afterwards applied to more permanent habitations, and even to villages and towns. SHIELDS. X'orth and South Shields, COS. Northumberland and Durham. SHEELL. See Sheill. SHIFFXER. The baronet's family settled in London in the last century from Eussia. It is probable that they were of German origin. The German sc'hafner is sj-nonymous with the Norman -French Le Dispenser, and signifies manager or steward, {dispensator), from scTiaffen, to effect, pro- cure. SHILDRAKE. Sheldrake, an O.-Eng. name for a certain aquatic fowl, but of what species I cannot ascertain. SHILDRICK. See Shildrake. SKILL. A place near Grimsby, co. Lin- coln. SHILLCOCK. Possibly from shrill- cock, or sJilrl-cock, a provincial name of the throstle. SHILLIBEER. One William Scilleber lived in Yorkshire, temp. Edward I. H.E., and was doubtless an ancestor of the Shil- SHI libeers. No probable etymology of the name has occurred to me. SHILLIXG. Schelin, Schelinus, a Domesday personal name. SHILLIXGFORD. Parishes in Devon- shire and Berkshire. SHILSTOXE. Perhaps ShiUingstone, a parish in Dorsetshire. SHIX. A river of Sutherlandshire. SHIXAX. Originally OShanahan, a sept descended from Lorcan. King of Mun- 'stcr, and grandfather of Brian Boru, and hence a branch of the Dalcassians. Ac- cording to the Annals of the Four Masters, at the great battle of Moinmor in Des- mond, fought in 11.51, seven of the O'Shanahans were slain. DAlton. SHIXGFIELD. Shinfield or Shining- field, a parish in Berkshire. SHIXGLER. A mechanic who covered roofs with oaken tiles. Many church spires are so covered at this day : and formerly roofs, both of churches and houses, were shingled, as they are in North America at the present time. The occupation sub- sisted in Sussex, as a distinct trade, in the XVII. century. The name may, however. have a different origin, for shingling is an important process in the manufacture of iron. See Ray's Proverbs and Words, edit. 17(j8. app. SHIXGLETOX. The same as Singleton, SHIXKFIELD. The same as Shing- field. SHIXX. See Shin. SHIXXER. " An hose, a nether stocke, a shinner." Nomenclator, 1585. Halliwell. See Hosier. SHIP. Probably an inn or trader's sign. SHIPLEY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Sussex, Derby, Northumberland, York, ke. SHIPMAX. A mariner. This word is used in the authorized version of the Bible. SHIPPEX. A-Sax. scipetL, a stall or stable. A cow-house is still so called in the North. The French equivalent is Bouverie. " Whi is not thi table sett in the cow-stalle ; And whi etist thou not in thi s/iipun as well as inthinhalle ." M.S. Digby 41. (Hallitrell.) SHIPSTER. A-Sax. .^cip, and steora, a steerer. A ship-steerer, guide, pilot, or ruler. In the curious list of names given in Cocke Lorrelles Bote we read : — " Gogle-eyed Tomson, shepster of Lyn." SHIPSTOX. A parish in Worcester- shire, on the river Stour. SHIPTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Salop. York, Oxford. Bucks, Gloucester, &c. SHIPWASH. A corruption of " sheep- 2 S 313 SHI I wash " — a place where sheep are cleansed I preparatory to shearing. i SHIPWAY. Probably from Shepway, j one of the lathes, or great divisions, of the county of Kent. SHIPWRIGHT. See under Wright. H.R. Le Schipwryte. SHIRE. O. Eng. shere, clear, pure, transparent. j SHIRECLIFFE. This local surname I has undergone, I am told, 55 changes and ! corruptions of spelling, the most common of which are Shirtliff, Shertley, and Shirt- cliffe. SHIREFF. A corruption of Sheriff. SHIRLEY. This ancient family trace, without Jiiatiis. to Sasuualo, or Sewallis, whose name, says Dugdale, " argues him to be of the old English stock," and who is mentioned in Domesday as mesne lord of Eatington, co. Warwick, under Henry de Ferrers. This, the oldest knightly family of that county, resided at Eatington until the reign of Edward III., though in the meantime, in the twelfth century, they adopted their surname from their manor of Shirley in Derbyshire. Eatington has never been alienated, and it is. at this day, one of the residences of the existing repre- sentative of the family, Evel}-n Philip Shirley, Esq., M.P. See Stemmata Shir- leiana, 1811 ; and Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The Sherleijs of Wiston, Preston, &c., co. Sussex (from whom sprang the remarkable " Three Brothers ") were a younger branch of the Warwickshire family. The Shurleys of Isfield, CO. Sussex, though connected by marriage with the Sherleys, were of a dif- ferent stock. SHIREMARKS. Giles at Shiremarks lived in IJrSi at Warnham, co. Sussex, a border parish to Surrey. See Cartwright's Rape of Bramber. The ' shiremarks ' were doubtless boundary stones between the two counties. SHIRMAX. See Sherman. SHIRREFF. A corruption of Sheriff. SHIRRY. See Sherry. SHIRT. May be derived from the gar- ment, like Cloake. Mautell, &c.. though this does not seem very probable. A Mr. Shirt of Kensington, feeling him- self under-valued by bearing the name of this under garment, some years ago altered it to Hirst, whereupon a punster might fairly have called him Mr. Ex-change. There was a ilr. Abraham Shurt in Aine- rica in 1626, to whom Mr. Bowditch refers^ in the dedication of his humorous work, Suffolk Surnames : — " To the Memory of A. SHURT, ' the Father of American Conveyancing,' whose Name is associated alike with my daily Toilet, and my daily Occuvation." SHO 314 SHU SHOE. Probably an ancient A-Sax. name, whence the designations of the places called Shoobrooke, Shoby, Shoebury, &c. SHOEBOTHAM. Local : " the bottom or vale in which there is a shaw." See Shaw, and Bottom. SHOESI^nTH. See Shoosmith. SHOEWRIGHT. A-Sax. sceo-imjrht, a shoemaker. See Wright. This artificer also made leathern flasks, bags, and purses. Wright's Vocab, p. 9. SHOOBRICK. SHOOBRIDGE. SHU- BRICK. Evidently a local name. See Shoe. The final bvich is a corruption of the A-Sax. brig, a bridge. SHOOLBRED. A corruption of Shul- bred in W. Sussex, formerly noted for its priory. SHOOSMITH. A maker of horse-shoes, a farrier. Let me remark here, the impro- priety of the common acceptation of the word farrier, which in country places is applied to a person who practices medicine for the equine race, and for domestic quadrupeds in general. In the last genera- tion, most villages had a ' horse-farrier and cow-leech,' (See under Leech) with an oval sign-board over his door to that efi'ect ; at present such a practitioner has a brass plate with ' veterinary-surgeon ' inscribed thereon. But originally, and correctly, the farrier was a man who provided horses with shoes (fers a cheval) i.e., a slwe-smith. In rural districts, the farrier or shoe-smith, forgetting the maxim, NE sutor ultra CKEPIDAM, exceeded his function, and took care of the liealth of horses, and at length handed over the feet of his charge to tlie village blacksmith, to whom they primally and of right belonged, though meanwhile he continued to be called a farrier — the original meaning of the word being totally lost sight of. SHOPPEE. Supposed to be a corrup- tion of the French surname Chapuis. SHORDITCH. Shoreditch, a part of London. SHORE. The sea-side, or the margin of a river or lake. SHORES. See Shore. SHOREDICHE. See Shoreditch. SHOREDITCH. Doubtless from the district of eastern London so designated. SHOREHAM. A town in Sussex, and a parish in Kent. SHORT. From diminutive stature. It bears the same orthography in H.R. SHORTALL. This name is of record in Ireland from temp. Edward II. It is pro- bably of English origin. SHORTER. Possibly the same as Shottor. SHORTHOSE. In the reign of Charles II. there were a family of this name who claimed direct descent from Prince Robert Curthose. Notes and Queries, December 5, 1857. SHORTREED. A Selkirkshire famUy. The name is probably local. SHOTBOLT. Seems to refer to archery. The last syllable may, however, be a corrup- tion of ' bold,' a topographical term. SHOTLANDER. German, Schotlander, a Scotchman. During the middle ages Scotchmen often fought the battles of the German princes. SHOTLENDER. See Shotlander. SHOTT. Perhaps a corruption of Shotts, a parish in co. Lanark. SHOTTER. A contraction of Shotover, CO. Oxford. SHOTTON Three places in co. Dur- ham are so designated. SHOUBRIDGE. See Shoobridge. SHOULDERS. Probably a sobriquet applied to a high-shouldered man. SHOVEL. Possibly a corruption of Fr. clwval, horse. SHOVELLER. A man who used the implement in his work. SHOWERS. Mr. Ferguson says A-Sax. scoere, a " shoer," or maker of shoes. SHOWLER. The same as Shoveller-a shovel in several dialects being called a slwwl, " AVholl dig his grave ? I saya the Owl ; With my spade and showl, I'll dig his grave." Cock Robin. SHREEVE. Shrieve, the O. Eng. spell- ing of Sherifi". SHREWSBURY. The chief town of Shropshire. SHUBRICK. See Shoobrick. SHUCKBURGH. " William de Sucke- berge is presumed to be the first who as- sumed the name, from Shuckborough- Supe- rior in Warwickshire ; he was living in the third of John." The lineal descent of the earlier members of the family is, however, obscure ; and the connected pedigree ascends no higher than the first year of Edward III. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. Baker's Northamptonshire. SHUFFELL. SHUFFLE. See Bottom* in the Supplement. It may, however, be a corruption of Sheffield. SHUFFLEBOTHAM. SHUFFLE- BOTTOM. My former explanation by " Shaw-field bottom " is hardly tenable. See Bottom* in the Supplement. SHULDHAM. Shouldham Hall, co. Suffolk, was the seat of this family so early as 34 Henry III., when Sir William de Shuldham was resident there. The Shuld- hams of Ireland settled in that country, in cu. Cork, early in the XVIII. century. SIK 315 SHURLEY. See under Shirley. SHUTE. A parish in Devonshire, which was the residence of the family in the last century. SHUTER. Lat. sutor, and O.Eng. suter, a shoemaker. SHUTT. SeeShule. SIBBALD. An ancient baptismal name. In the Domesday of Northamptonshire a Sibaldus occurs as tenant in chief. As a surname it is found in Scotland in the XII. century. B.L.G. SIBBALDSCOT. Local: "the cote or cottage of Sibaldus." SIBEL. See Sibbald. SIBSON. Apparently the son of Sibbald. SIBTHORPE. A parish in Nottingham- shire. A Robert and a William de Sibetorp occur in the Domesday of that county, and the name is found in connection with Sib- thorpe down to the XIV. century. The family of the late Colonel Sibtborpe appear to have been associated with Laneham, in the same county, from the year 13'J5, but there is no direct proof of their descent from the Domesday family, which is, how- ever, probable. See B.L.Gr. SICILY. An Edinburgh surname, which is derived, probably not from the Italian island, but from the female Christian name, Cicely or Caecilia. SICKELMORE. A corruption of syca- more, the tree. Cognate with Oak, Ash, &c. SICKLEMORE. See Sickelmore. ^^ SIDE. A topographical expression, implying the side of a hill, stream, &;c. Hence Whiteside, Silverside, &c. SIDEBETIIAM. A particularly genteel refinement of Sidebottom. SIDEBOTTO^I. A compound of Bottom, which see, in the Supplement. SIDGWICK. The same as Sedgwick. SIDNEY. See Sydney. SIDWELL. An ancient personal name. A church at Exeter is dedicated to St. Sid- well. SLEVEWRIGHT. A maker of sieves. SIFTON. The same as Sefton. SIGGERS. A-Sax. sigra ; Old Xorse, sigarr, a conqueror. Ferguson. SIGGURS. See Segar. Possibly from the town of Segur in Poitou. SIGMUND. An ancient German and Scandinavian name. SIKE. SeeSykes. SIKELFOT. This name occurs in records of Lewes Priory, XIII. century. Either ' sicklefoot ' from some remarkable ' splay,' or O.Eng. sUi£r, that is, sure, foot. SIKES. See Sykes. SIM SILAS. The personal name. SILBY. Sileby, a parish in Leicester- shire. SILCOCK. A diminutive of Silas. SILK. A parish in Lincolnshire, with the suffix of Willoughby. SILLER. Of recent introduction from German}'. A corruption of Schiller. SILLIFANT. This Devonshire family, originally written Sullivan, were derived from the SuUivans of Ireland, and settled in England in the year 161 L SILLIMAN. The A-Sax. syl, or sul, a plough, is retained in the Wiltshire provin- cialism sylla. Hence Silliman is probably ploughman. SILLY. SILLEY. John Silly, gent., of St. Wenn, altered his name from Ceely to Silly. D. Gilbert's Cornwall, iii. 237; a truly silly deed, especially for a lawyer to have executed. SILVANUS. Sylvanus, the personal name, SILVER. Probably an old personal name. It corresj^onds with the Germ. Silber. Ferguson. SILVERLOCK. Doubtless from the hoary head of tlie first bearer of the name. So Blacklock, Whitelock, &c. SILVERSIDE. A place in the Lake district is so called. Ferguson. SILVERSPOON. Probably a trader's sign. SILVERSTONE. A parish in co. Northami^ton. SILVERTON. A parish in Devon- shire. SILVESTER. An ancient personal name. Tlie Roman Calendar has three saints so designated. In Domesday there is a Hugo Silvestris, an epithet synony- mous with the more modern Dubois and Attwood. SIM. See Simon. SIMBERB. A corruption of St. Barbe. SIMCO. SIMCOE. A modern refine- ment of Simcock. SIMCOCK. SIMCOX. See Simon. SIjNIEON. The personal name. SIMES. See Simon. SIMMONS. SIMMON DS. This name is generally understood to be a derivative of Simon ; but it may have come from the Domesday name Simund, which is distinct from Simon. A family of Simmons who have been resident for three centuries and a half at Seaford, co. Sussex, have evi- dently corrupted their appellative from Seaman ; and it has gone through the fol- lowing phases since the year l'>i>3: — Seman, Seaman, Seamans.Semons, Simons, Simonds, Simmouds, Symonds, Symmonds, SIN aud Simmons. The name Seman is of very frequent occurrence in the records of the Cinque Ports, and other places on the Kent and Sussex coast, in the XIII., XIV., and subsequent centuries. It has doubtless had many distinct origins from many an " ancient mariner " of that region. In the year 1294. the ship •' De la Bochere," of Winchelsea, was commanded by Benedict Seman. who doubtless obtained his name from his occupation. See Cooper's Win- chelsea, p. 55. SIMMS. See Simon. SIMON". A Christian name of Xorman introduction, and formerly of much more frequent use than at present. Itself a surname, it has become the parent of many others, particularly of Sim, Sims, Simes, Simsou and Simpson, Simkin and Simp- kin, Simpkins. Simpkinson. Simcock, Sim- cox, Simco, and Simcoe ; also of the forms in T, as Symouds, Symondson, Sympson, Symm, Syms, and Symes, with perhaps Sykes and Sikes, and sometimes of Simond, Simonds, Simmons, and Simmonds. SIMOXD. SIMONDS. See Simon. SIMKIN. SIMKINS. See Simon. SIMPKINSON. See Simon. SIMPLE. From condition ; a plebeian, as opposed to a gentleman. See Semple. H.R. Le Simple. SIMPSON. 1. A Buckinohamshire parish. 2. The son of Simon. The Simp- sons of Knaresborough deduce their line- age from the time of Edward the Confessor, and from Archil, a Saxon thane, living in that reign, and in the reign of the Con- queror. Among his other possessions was the manor of Clint in Yorkshire, where his posterity resided in the XIII. and XIV. centuries, writing themselves De Clynt. The name of Simpson (or Simon's son) was adopted from Symon. son of William de Clynt, who was living in the year 1300. See B.L.G. However contrary to our modern notions of good taste, there are several other instances of families having disused a territorial surname in favour of a patronymical one. SIMS. See Simon. SIMSON.-The son of Sim. that is Simon. The Scottish family of Simson, Spusouu, or Symson, of Brunton, have been established in Fifeshire from the commencement of the XV. century. B.L.G. SINCLAIR, A corruption of Saint Clair or Saint Clere. SINCLER. A Scottish corruption of Saint Clair. SINDEN. Perhaps a corruption of Sinjen or St. John. See however dex. SINDERBY. A township in Yorkshire. SING. From an account of this family in the Bridgnorth Journal, Sept. 8, 1855, it appears that they originated from " John 310 SIZ Millington, commonly called Singer, alias Synge," a canon or prebendary of the church of St. Mary Magdalen, Bridgnorth, who married after the Refonuation, and became progenitor of the Synges or Sings, still resident in that town. SINGER. Doubtless from vocal skill. SINGERMAN. The same as Singer, the iinal syllable being redundant, as in Tuckerman, Fisherman, Sec. SINGLEDAY. See Doubleday. SINGLETON. A parish in Sussex, and a chapelry in Lancashire. The latter was long possessed by a very ancient family. SINKINS. The same as Simpkins, a diminutive of Simon. SINKLER. As vile a corruption of Sin- clair, as Sinclair is of Saint Clair. Two London pork-butchers in 1852 bore the name. SINNOCK. A corruption of Sevenoaks, CO. Kent. For the story of Sir William Sennock or Sevenoke, see Lambarde's Peramb. p. 520, and Eng. Surn. ii. 119. See also Snooks in this Dictionary. The H.R. present us with a Sinoch, demanding another etymolog)^ SINNOT. See Synnot. SIRED. An A-Sax. personal name. SIRETT. See Sired. SIRR. Mr. Ferguson deduces the curious names Sirr and Siree from the Icelandic .s'lra, a priest. SISLEY. A mis-spelling of Cicely, the female Christian name. SISSON. A corruption of Siston, a parish in Gloucestershire. SISSONS. A phiralization of Sisson. SISTERSON. Analogous to Le Neve, New, Brothers, &c. SITTON. A corruption of Seton or Seaton. SITWELL. 1. According to B.L.G. the Sitwells of the North of England were descended from Seawald or Seadwald, and through him from Ida, Saxon King of Northumberland. 2. See Sidwell. See Siveyer, and SIYEWRIGHT. Wright. SIYEYER. A maker of sieves, whence also Sivewright. SIYIL. A mis-spelling of civil, courteous. SrVVARD. The A-Sax. personal name. SIX. Ferguson says A-Sax. sear, a dagger or short sword. SIXSMITHS. See under Smith. SIZAR. SeeSizer. SIZER. A scholar of the lowest degree at Cambridge — a servitor. Bailey. SKI 317 SLA SKAIFE. Scaif is a northern provin- cialism for timid or fearful. H.R. Skayf. SKARFIELD. A corruption of Scarde- ville. SKEEX. See Skene. SKEFFIXGTOX. The ancestors of the baronet were proprietors of Skeffington, CO. Leicester, and seated there as earlj" as the reign of Richard I. SKEGG. As we find the genitive Skeggs, and the local names Skegby and Skegness, I think this must have been an old Scandi- navian personal name. SKEGGS. See Skegg. Skeggi, in Old Norse, signifies bearded. SKELL. '• A well in the Old Xorthern English.' Camden. SKELTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Cumberland, Yorkshire, &:c. The Skeltons of the former county date back to temp. Edw. II. Hutchinson's Cumberland. SKEXE. " The Skenes obtained this name for killing a very big and fierce wolf, at a hunting in company with the king, in Stocket forest in Athole" ; having killed the wolf with a dagger or sJtene.'' Buchanan's Ancient Scottish Surnames. A valued correspondent observes : — "This dagger story is not true. The name is local, and the lands of Skene or Schene bore that name when in possession of the Dur^vards, before they were possessed by the family who took their name from them. These lands are in Aberdeenshire, and now belong to the Earl of Fife, who inherits them through a female ancestor." SKERRAT. SKERRITT. See Skerrett. SKERRETT. Of Galway origin, and one of the thirteen tribes of that town. The name was originally Huscared. Robert Huscared or Scared held lands in Con- naught under Richard de Burgo in 1242. B.L.G. SKERRY. A sea-girt rock, or rocky islet. SKID MORE. A wretch ed corruption of Scudamore. SKILL. Most likely the same as Skell. SKILLER. Perhaps from Skill or SkeU, as Weller from Well, ice. SKIXXER. A dealer in skins. The Skinners' Company in London received their charter of incorporation so early as the first year of Edward III. This name was commonly latinized Pelliparius. SKIPPER. A-Sax. scipere, a sailor. The word is now applied to the commander of a ship. SKIPWITH. A parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire. The first who as- sumed the name was Patrick de Skipwith, who flourished in the reign of Henry I. He was the second son of Robert" de Estoteville, or Stuteville, baron of Cotting- ham in the reign of William the Conqueror. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. SKIP\VORTH. Altered from Skipwith about the year 172."). B.L.G. SKITT. " Some time since, a man named James Eat (i.e., Christopher), took a house near mine. He was always called James Kitt — his house got the name of '• Skitfs ■■ — and the family are now all written Skitt.'" From a Lancashire corre- spondent. SKOXE. A mis-spelling of Scone, in Perthshire, once a royal city, but now a village of eighteen houses. SKRIXE. The Skrines of Warleigh, co. Somerset, have a tradition that they are descended from one Don Eskrino. a fol- lower of Philip of Spain, when he came into England to marrj- Queen Mar}*. It is added that he remained in England, and obtained from Philip permission to bear the arnis of Spain. This account, which does not carrj- much probability with it, is, however, somewhat supported by the arms borne by the family, which are: "Azure, in the dexter chief and sinister base points, a fan-er Argent : in the sinister chief and dexter base points, a lwn-ramj)ant Ermine, ducally crowned Or " — certainly a remark- able resemblance to the ensigns of Castile and Leon. SKRYMSHIRE. The same as Scrym, geour. SKUDDER. In O. Scottish to scud is to quaff. Hence, probably, the first Mr. Scud- der was addicted to potations. SKULL. Mr. Ferguson fetches this name from 0. Xorse skule, signifying a pro- tector. SKY. 1. The Scottish island, Skye. 2. Ferguson says. Danish ski/, shy. SKYP. May be the A-Sax. scip, a ship. SLACK. 1. A-Sax. slaec, slack, remiss, idle, lazy. A Norfolk correspondent says : •• I knew a man whose real name was Harris, who, from his extreme laziness, always went by the name of Slack."' 2. A topographical word thus variously defined by Jamieson : "i. An opening in the higher part of a hill or mountain, where it becomes less steep, and forms a sort of pass. ii. A gap or narrow pass between two hills or mountains, iii. A morass." SLADE. This word has been variously defined as a valley, a hollow, a den, a hanging wood, a plain, a breadth of green land in fields and plantations, kc. See Eng. Sum. i. 83. The form of the surname in H.R. is De la Slade. SLADDEX. SLADDOX. SeeSladen. SLADEX. This family, seated on the coast of Kent in the early part of the XVII. centurj-, and hardly found elsewhere until within the XIX.. are presumed to have come from the town of Schleiden in the government of Aix-la-Chapelle in Rhenish Prussia. John Sleidan, the historian of SLI the Reformation in Germany, a native of that town, was deputed to the English court by the German reformers in 1545, and it is probable that others of his name and religion afterwards sought a home in this country. Sladden, Sladdon, and Slod- den, may be variations of the name ; and this seems the more probable, inasmuch as the continental town is pronounced as if written with two d's. There seems, how- ever, to be no recognized kindred between the Sladens and the Sladdens. The name of Schleiden is still well known in Germany. A Thos. de Slayden was mayor of Winchester in 1222. Milner. SLADER. From residence at a slade, whatever that may be. See Slade, and the termination er. SLANEY. Rodolphe de Slanie or Slane, who lived in the reign of Henry I., is sup- posed to have come into England from Bohemia in the train of the Empress Maud. B.L.G. SLAPE. Slippery, smooth ; hence, meta- phorically, crafty. Halliwell. SLATE. An Edinburgh surname. Per- haps from Sleat, a parish of Inverness- shire. 2. Slait or slate, slovenly and dirty. Jamieson. SLATER. From the occupation, which dates in England from early times, though much increased within the last century or two. Le Sclattere, Sclatiere, &c. H.R. SLATOR. The same as Slater. SLATTER. SLATYER. Provincial corruptions of Slater. Slate is often pro- nounced slata; and one of the forms of the name in the H.E. is Sclatter. SLAUGHTER. There are two parishes, as well as a hundred, so designated in Gloucestershire. SLAYMAKER. A maker of slays, an instrument belonging to a loom. SLEAP. Probably from Sleep, a hamlet in the parish of St. Peter, at St. Albans, co. Herts. SLEE. The same as Sly. Hence Slee- man signifies " a sly or cunning one." Slimmon is apparently a corruption of Sleeman. SLEEMAN. See Slee. SLEEP. A hamlet in the parish of St. Peter, liberty of St. Albans, co. Hertford. SLEIGH. See Sly. SLEMMON. The same as Slimmon. SLIMMOK See Slee. SLIGHT. 1. Thin and tall; a personal quality. 2. Worthless ; as " He's a slight lad that." — Jamieson ; who derives it from sUcM, Islandic, slaegd, fraus, dolus. SLI]\L Slender in person. SLINGSBY. A parish in Yorkshire. SLIPPER. 1. A svford-slyper, a cutler, 318 SMA one whose principal work was to whet swords. Acts James VI. Teutonic slip- pen, acuere. Belgic slype?; a whetter. Jamieson. 2. One who wishes to sneak away for fear of detection. Ibid. 3. One who is tawdry and slovenly in dress. Ibid. — all under the word sli/per. SLIPSHOE. Perhaps slipshod, a sobri- quet. SLOAN E. In Scotland, a sloati is a covetous person — " a greedy sloan." Jamie- son. SLOCOMBE. See Combe. SLOMAISr. A Jewish disguise of the personal name Soloman. SLOPER. A slop Is a kind of cloak or mantle, also a buskin or boot much used in the XV. cent.— hence Sloper. Eng. Surn. i. 112. SLOSE. The family were " of that Ilk " in Scotland. I cannot discover the place. SLOUGH. A town In Buckinghamshire, well-known to railway travellers. SLOW. Quick being a surname, this might naturally be regarded as its antithesis ; but it is not so, as it has a local meaning. Its medieval forms are De la Slo, Ad le Slow, or De la Slou. H.E. Its meaning appears to be A-Sax. slog, 0. Eng. slog/ie, a bog or muddy pit — a slough. SLOWBURN. Local: "the sluggish rivulet." SLOWMAN. 1. A man of saturnine temperament. 2. The same as Sloman. 3. More probably from Slow. See Slow and the termination MAN. SLUCE. A sluice, or outlet for water. Several places are specifically called " the sluice." SLY. The epithet sly did not primarily imply anything dishonourable; though like ' crafty ' and ' cunning,' it has since come to be taken in a bad sense. Though . the family did not " come in with Richard Conqueror," the Tinker is quite right in asserting that " the Slysare >w rogues." (Taming of the Shrew. Induct.) for as Mr. C. Knight observes, " the Slys or Sleighs were skilful men — cunning of hand. We are informed," he adds, " that Sly was anciently a common name in Shakspeare's own town." SLYBODY. Slytbody occurs In Sussex in the XIII. century. It has been inter- preted by the tailors' phrase, " long in the fork," though it more probably means slight, or meagre in person. Four centuries later, it occurs in the same county as Sly- body ; but this form reminds us more of a moral characteristic. SMALE. An archaic spelling of Small. S^IALL. Diminutive In person— equiva- lent to Little, Petit, &c. SMALBYHYND. John Smalbyhind oc- -■X trU.-iHcjj^ ^^L - SMI curs in good company, and evidently not ashamed of his name, in deeds temp. Rich. II., 1379. It is not probable that he Avas of Dutch extraction. SMALLBACK. Possibly local : " the small beck or stream." SMALL BOXES. This name occurs in the records of Leicester in the XIII. cent., and in the Lond. Direct, of the XIX. It probably refers to osseous slenderness. SMALLEY. O. Xorse, small, a shep- herd. Ferguson. SAL1LL^LA.X. A person of diminutive stature. H.R. Smaleman. SMALLWOOD. A township in the parish of Astbury, co. Cheshire. SMALL WRITER. Apparently a trans- lation of the old name Petyclerk. See Clark. The H.R. forms are Smal writer and Smalwyritere. SMART. Quick, active. Smert, pro- bably a Saxou, is mentioned in Domesday, and hence it was doubtless a personal name. Smart appears without prefix in H.R., as also does Smartknave, i.e. '"Quick or handy senant." SMEATON. A parish and a township of Yorkshire. SMEE. A mis-pronunciation of Smeeth. SMEED. See Smeeth. S:MEETH. a parish in Kent is specifi- cally so called. In Norfolk any flat plain bears this name. A- Sax. smaeth. SMEETOX. A township in Leicester- shire. SMELLIE. May be from the A-Sax. smel, another form of Small. Ferguson. SMELT. A-Sax. mild, gentle. A priest mentioned in the Codex Diplomaticus bore this appropriate name. H.R. Smelt, Smelte. SMERDOX. Possibly Smarden, a parish in Kent. SMETHURST. Local. See Smeeth, and Hurst. " The wood of the plain." SMILES. This, I learn, is a modern in- vention, the original name haAnng been Smellie. SMIJTH. In their desire to get away from the common, plebeian, and non-des- criptive Smith, many people have, within the present century, Smyth'd and Smythed themselves. One family (and that a baronefs of ICfil) go farther, and smidge themselves into Smijth. We look into a baronetage of to-day, and we are told that one John Smijth, tlie founder of the house, was high sheriff of Essex and Hertford in the reign of Henry VIII. : but on turning to Kimber, published in 1771, we find no trace whatever of a Smijth, the baronet of the period being written Smyth, while by going three generations farther back we arrive at plain Smith ! It is difficult to 319 S M I guess how the IJ came to supplant the Y, a change offensive alike to eye and ear. A facetious friend suggests that the Mr. Smith of the ' transition ' period, haAing substituted y for ( was so much delighted, that he sought still further to decorate his name by adding a tittle to each stroke of the y, thus producing the ij of the existing Smijth ! S^IITH. In entering upon the illustra- tion of this surname. I feel almost over- come with the magnitude of my subject. Closely connected as it is with the personal identity of thousands upon thousands of my countrj-men, enjoying as it does the proud pre-eminence of being the commonest of all English surnames, and associated as it must be with statistics, with anecdote, with archceology, with varieties of ortho- graphy, the name of Smith is a topic which requires no common handling. Wiy, it demands a separate essay, a dissertation, a volume, to do it anything like justice ! Nay, I am not quite sure that a new science to be designated Smithology would not prove quite as instructive as many existing ologies, while it would have the merit of being perhaps more amusing ; assuredly it would come home both to " the business and bosoms " of a vast section of English- men. And I might go further afield and trace out the history of smith-craft from the days of Tubal-Cain — expatiate upon the labours of Vulcan, of Icarus, of Way- land Smith, and of St, Dunstan — show how men lived in the Iron Age — bring in the classical Fabri, and Fabricii, the Schmidts of Germany, the LefeATes of France, the Fabbroni of Italy, and the Growans of Scot- land, as members of this might}' race — and deal largely in irony and " smith's- work in general." But space forbids, and I must be as brief as possible. Let us first ham- mer out the archceology of the subject. The word .wfM. then, is A-Sax. from smitan, to smite — originally, " any one who strikes or smites with a hammer, an artificer, a carpenter, smith, workman." Bosworth. So general was the application of the word, that in the Saxon Chronicle we find the expression " mighty war-smiths " applied to valorous soldiers, and the great enemy of mankind is called " hell-smith," though this phrase, being also ajtplied to Vulcan, has probably a direct reference to " smith- ery " in the modem sense. One Avho worked in iron was called ircn-smith, an iron- smith. In later times. Smith was applied more specifically to a worker in metals, while tnjrhta, Wright, was the name given to artificers in wood and other materials. See Wright. Besides Smiths simple, we have Smith- som (the heritors of the thrice noble name of Percy) to whom the Gaelic Mac Gotvans correspond, as well as the Smithmam and Gros-.4. Difference. More More Xo. of the Xo. of the Smiths Joxeses Sum. of Sum. of than than Trs. SiuTH. JosES. JosESES. Smiths. 18-38 14,891 14,414 477 — 1839 14,905 15,096 — 191 1840 15,483 16,256 — 773 l&U 1-5,237 15,539 — 302 1842 15,315 15,437 — 122 1843 15,841 15,5-54 287 — 1844 16,203 15,9-32 271 — 1845 16,6-33 16,676 — 43 1846 17,299 17,177 122 — 1847 16,917 17,296 — 379 1848 17,313 16,9-58 3-55 — 1849 18,091 17,677 414 -- 18-50 17,405 17,1-35 270 — 1851 18,1-56 17,-525 631 — 18-52 18,564 17,649 915 — 1853 18,775 17,926 849 — 1854 19,009 18,653 3-56 — shop. Smeeth, on the other hand, is a local surname from a parish in Kent. " We all know Smith, and we have a frreat regard for him. A most excellent fellow is Smith, but such a l*roteus. Think of Smith, and twenty individuals are presented to your mind's eye at once. Smith the soldier ; Smith the sailor ; Smith the conntr}--clercy- man ; Smith the engineer in the Russian senice ; Smith with whom you made acquaintance at Naples ; Smith that never" goes out of London ; Smith of Cnnvrlr Castle, North Wales ; and your old college friend Smith. There is something nebulous in the very name. The learned Jesuit, Matthew Wilson, who could not be concealed under the assumed name of Edward Knott, found an effectual incognito as Nic. Smith. Is there, then, no way in which a man bear- ing the name of Smith may possess individuaUty and identitj-? Surely it rests with the parents, Mr. and 5Irs. Smith ; and the place where the object may best be secured is the baptismal font. If the name of Smith be no identification, at least let the sponsorial name be distinctive. Beware of John and William ; a man might as well be anoynmous at once as John Smith or WiUiam Smith. Rather select such names as are of more rare occurrence. Let it be I>rotheroe Smith, Aquila Smith, Egerton Smith. In short, Horace, Svdney, Harry, Albert, Rowland, Herbert, Frank, Hugh,' Lawrence, Caleb, Adam ; all ans^ver the purpose of specification ; each identifies Smith. Tet while securing individuality avoid peculiaritj- : Seth Smith is a combination which breaks the teeth." Thos. Boys in N. and Q., Aug. 20, 1S59. According to another correspondent of X. and Q., Oct. 15, 1859, there is a German societA- at Albany, U. S., in which the Smiths are so numerous that they are dis- tinguished by descriptive epithets and phrases, in the following manner : — " Big Smit. Little Smit. Smit from de hUl. Smit from de holler. Smit mit de store. Smit de blacksmit. Smit mit de lager bier shop. Smit without any " vrow." Smit wot wants a " vrow." Smit mit one leg. Smit mit two legs. Smit mit de pigs. Smit mit de pig head. Smit mit de pig feet. Smit mit de brick-yard. Smit mit de jtink-shop. Smit mit de bolognas. Smit mit one eye. Smit mit two eyes. Smit mit de bone-picker. Smit mit two " vrows." Smit mit de swill-cart. Smit mit de segar stumps. Smit mit peach pits. Smit mit de whiskers. Smit mit de red hair. Smit mit no hair. Suit." SillTHERS. Smither, from a distich in the ' Anturs of Arther ' cited by Halli- well, appears to mean light, active. " Gawan was smyther and smerte, Owte of his sterruppus he sterte." SMITHSOX. The son of a smith. So Cookson, Wrightson, &;c. SMOOKER. A provincial pronunciation of Smoker. " At Preston, before the pass- ing of the Reform Bill in 1832. every per- son who had a cottage with a chimney, and used the latter, had a vote, and was called a Smoker." Halliwell. SMOOTIOIAX. A flatterer. S:^rYTH. An old orthography of Smith. ,^o*jCu^ SNO 322 SMYTHE. An old form of Smith. SNARE. 1. Possibly from the Snar, a small river of Lanarkshire. 2. A-Sax. snear, agile or strong. SN ASH ALL. A corruption of seneschal, a steward. SNEAD. 1. "A sndd or smed of land betokens a piece of ground within defined limits, but without enclosures; public woods and pasture grounds, whose boun- daries are fixed by notcbes on trees and stakes." Leo's A-Sax. Nomenclature. The expression, a s)ieath of land, occurs in a Norfolk document dated 1699. 2. Perhaps the same as Sneyd. SNEED. See Snead. SNEEZUM. A corruption of Snetisham, a parish in Norfolk. SNELGAR. Probably an old personal name from the A-Sax. snell, swift or brave, and (jar, a spear. SNELGROVE. Local : " the grove that grows quickly or strongly ? " See Snell. SNELL. A-Sax. snell, quick, active, bold, brave. Snelling and Snelson are its patronymics. Both were in use before the (J on quest. SNELLING. See Snell. Snellinc is found in Domesday, as a previous tenant. SNELSON. 1. See SneU. 2. A town- ship in Cheshire. SNEPP. Qy. Snape, a parish in Suffolk, and a township in Yorkshire. SNEYD. A parish in Shropshire, and a hamlet in the parish of Tunstall, co. Stafford. From the latter the family designated " the noble race of Sneyds, of great worship and account," derive their origin. They were seated there temp. Henry III. By marriage with the heiress of Tunstall they acquired other lands in that parish, and for two generations they were called Sneyd alias Tunstall. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The arms of this family are a " curiosity of heraldry," being partly of the allusive kind, and consisting of a scythe and a fleur-de-lis. The pun is in the handle of the scythe, provincially called a snead (A- Sax. sufed.) The fleur-de-lis is traditionally said to have been added to the coat by Richard de Tunstall, alias Sneyd, after the battle of Poictiers; but I should rather consider it to have been part of the original device, and to have an allegorical reference to the mortality of man — " the flower of the field," which " in the evening is cut down and withereth." SNODGRASS. " Trimmed, or smooth, grass :" a local name. SNOOKS. " This name, so generally associated with vulgarity, is only a corrup- tion or contraction of Sevenoaks." The Kentish town is usually pronounced SOL Se'noaks, and " the further contraction, coupled with the phonetic spelling of for- mer days, easily passed into S' nooks. Messrs. Sharp and Harrison, solicitors, of Southampton, had in their possession a series of deeds in which all the modes of spelling occur from Sevenoakes down to S'uokes, in connection with a family now known as Snooks." Notes and Queries, vol. V. p. 438. A Sussex family, in the early part of the last century, bore the name of Snooke. Sevenoke, the early ortho- graphy of the town, has also been modified to Sinnock and Cennick. SNOW. " Snow is the same name as that of an old, perhaps a mythical, king of Denmark. Some old German names are compounded with it ; and perhaps Snow- ball may be of similar origin — bald or ball, bold." Ferguson. I am disposed, how- ever, to refer Snowball to the same class as Peppercorn, Pluckrose, Pullrose, &c., as derived from old feudal tenures. Blount records the holding of certain lands by the payment of " one red rose at Christmas, and one snon-ball at Midsimwier," which in the old unluxurious days, before conser- vatories and ice-houses were invented, must have caused the tenant many an anxious thought as to the means of " rais- ing his rent." SNOWBALL. See with Snow. SNOWDON. SNOAYDEN. This ra- ther common surname is not likely to have been derived from the famous Welsh moun- tain. It is probably the name of some English locality. SNOWSHILL. A parish in co. Glou- cester. SOA]\I. Soham, one of the three parishes in Suflblk so called. SOAMES. A pluralization of Soam. SOAR. A river of Leicestershire. SOBER. Of grave and sedate charac- ter. SOCKETT. An alias for the parish of Playden, co. Sussex. SOCKMAN. The socheman or soche- manmis, so frequently occurring in Domes- day, was an inferior land-owner, who had possessions in the soke or franchise of a great baron. Nichols' Leicestersh. At Wal- cote, CO. Lincoln, a Sockman held his lands by the tenure of ploughing with two oxen. Ellis, Introd. Domesd. SODBN. See Sudden. SOLE. 1. Two small rivers in Scotland are so called. 2. Sola and Sol were Ger- man names of the VIII. and IX. centuries. Ferguson. One Sol was a tenant in Here- fordshire before the making of Domes- day. SOLO^ION. SOLOMONS. The per- sonal name. As a surname it is principally confined to the Jews. SON 323 SOLTAU. George WUliam Soltau, Esq., who was naturalized by Act of Par- liament, 17. George III., was son of Martin- William Soltau. burgomaster of Bergedorf. B.L.G. SOMERBY. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Leicester. SOMERFIELD. See Somerville. SOMERS. Appears to be the genitive form of some Teutonic personal name, from which many local names have origi- nated ; as Somerby, Somei-shall, Somerford, Somercoates, kc. SOMERSET. This is one of the few instances of a surname having been bor- rowed from a title. Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset (great-grandson of John of Gaunt), who was beheaded in 1463. for his adherence to the cause of King Henry YI., left issue a natural son. Sir Charles Somerset. Knight of the Garter. He was elevated to the peerage, and his lineal des- cendant, Henry Marquis of Worcester, was created Duke of Beaufort in 1082. Thus, in the same blood, the surname and the title have changed places, and instead of Beau- fort. Duke of Somerset, we have Somerset, Duke of Beaufort. SOMERSHALL. A parish in Derby- shire. SOMERVAIL. A corruption of Somer- ville. SOMERVELL. A corruption of Somer- ville. SOMERYILLE. The progenitor of the noble family was Walter de Somerville, lord of Wichnor, izc, in Staffordshire, and of Aston-Somers'ille, in Gloucestershire, who came into England with William the Con- queror, and left two sons who became an- cestors respectively of the English and of the Scottish Somer\'illes. Peerage. This name has been anglicized to Somerfield. SOMMERLAT. An ancient personal name, very rarely met with as a surname. (There is one bearer of it in the London Directory for 1859.) It occurs in Domes- day as Summerled, and the owner was a holder of lands prior to the Sur\-ey. Somerled, Tliane of Argyle, and King of the Isles, the founder of the clan Mac- donald, flourished in the XII. centurj'. SOMNER. A summoner, or apparitor, attached to a court of law. For a lively picture of a sompnour, see Chaucer, Pro- logue to Cant. Tales, quoted in Eng. Sum. i. 129. t^' SOX. An exceedingly common ter- i mination in English family nomencla- I ture. A popular, l)ut very erroneous, I notion prevails, that it indicates a Da- i nish extraction. I am astonished to | find Worsaae in his Danes in England (page 80) asserting, that "the ending xoii or sen (a son) is quite peculiar to the countries of Scandinavia, whence it was j brought over to England by the Scandi- I SOP navian Conquests;" and further, that such endings ''never appear in Saxon names." It is true that the usual prac- tice amongthe Anglo-Saxons was to affix the word ing, implying offspring or pro- geny, to the proper name of the father, but it is equally true that such names as Leofwine Boudansunu (the son of Boudan), Alwinus Idessone (the son of Ida) occur among that people. Eng. Surn. i. 23, 30. Such names as Adam- son, Jackson, &:c., quoted by Worsaae, did not become hereditary, if they were even known at all, before the XIII. cen- tury, two or three hundred years after the importation of the Scandinavian element. I do not deny that Ericson, Hardingson, and other similar names of Danish original, existed in England in the XL century — perhaps earlier — but they were not hereditary until long after- wards, and any attempt to shew that the hundreds of thousands of Englishmen whose names terminate in Sox, are of Danish or Norwegian blood, must there- fore be futile. To explain the existence of such names as those last quoted in our modem family nomenclature, I would observe : I. That personal or Christian names when once introduced into this country, were very likely to become perpetuated by the spirit of imi- tation among persons who were stran- gers in blood to the introducers, as well as among their own descendants : wit- ness such names as Frederick, Lewis, Albert, in comparatively recent times. II. "\MDen, in process of time, hereditary surnames began to prevail throughout Christendom, many assumed thQ pati-o- nymical form, and in England Sox was the affix employed. So prevalent was this fashion in the 'SJN. century, that there was scarcely any Christian name in use that did not become a surname by this addition, whether such name was of Saxon, French, Flemish, or Da- nish birth. Xo evidence as to race, then, can be adduced from this termination. "WTiile our ancestors were thus making the personal names of heads of families with the affix sox persistent and gen- eric appellatives, the same process was going on in other countries. The O's and Macs in Ireland and Scotland, the sohns of Germany, the sem of Sweden, &;c., may be mentioned as examples. As I have elsewhere stated, "the ter- mination son is found in most languages of Gothic origin."' See the articles O', Mac, Fitz, Ap. Sometimes this termination was af- fixed to the title, occupation, or condition of the father, and not to his personal name; as Dukeson, Cookson, Clarkson, Smithson, Wrightson, Hindson, Stew- ardson, SONGSTER. From the vocal accom- plishment. See Sangster. SOPER. A soap-boiler, A maker of this article is still called a soaper in Aber- deenshire. Jamieson. sou 324 SOPPET. A known corruption of Sop- worth. SOPWITH. A corruption of Sopworth, a parish in Wiltshire. SORE. SOREL. " A stag of four years old is called a sore, and of three a sorel ; and so named from their colour." It has been explained as suh-riifus. nearly, or approaching to, red. Eichardson. SOREL. An ancient French name, borne by the celebrated Agnes Sorel, mistress to king Charles YII. See Sore. SORRELL. See Sorel. SORTAIX. Soartin, or Soartinus, is found in the Domesday of Hampshire; but the few existing Englishmen of the name descend from ancestors who settled in England after the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes. 1685, and are of the same family as M. Sortin, one of the ministers of Louis XVI.. who was beheaded in the French Revolution. The surname Sartain occurs in America. SOTCHER. Lazj, effeminate. Jamie- son. SOTHCOTT. See Southcote. SOTHEBY. Probably Sotby, a parish in Lincolnshire. SOTHERAX. A corruption of Sother- ton, a parish in Suffolk. SOUL. SOULE. Not improbably from Soulle. a town and river in the department of La Manche in Normandy. SOULBY. A cliapelry in Westmore- land. SOUXTING. Sompting, co. Sussex, a place remarkable for its "^Saxon church, is so pronounced. SOUR. 1. Ill-tempered. 2. Camden places it among rivers. Le Sour. H.R. SOUTER. SOUTAR. A-Sax. sutere, from Lat. siitor. A shoemaker. Still in use in Scotland. SOUTH. See under Xorth. SOUTHALL. A village in Middlesex. SOUTHAM. A town in co. Warwick, and a hamlet in co. Gloucester. SOUTHCOMB. From records in the possession of the family, they appear to have sprung from the Combes, or De la Combes, of Somersetshire. B.L.G. SOUTHCOTE. Southcot, a tjthing near Reading, co. Berks. SOUTHDEAX. Local : " the southern valley." SOUTHER DEX. k manor in Kent, in or near Boughton Malherbe. Hasted, v. 405. SOUTHERWOOD. Local : the "south- ernwood." SOUTHGATE. See under Eastgate. In the records of Leicester, a person is SPE described as " Walter fil' Galf. ext. Portam de Sud" — ' Walter son of Geoffrev beyond the South Gate.' XII. cent. SOUTHWELL. The family are of great antiquity in Nottinghamshire, where they were lords of Southwell, till the reign of Henry YI. They afterwards settled in Nor- folk and Suffolk, whence the ancestor of the Viscount Southwell removed to Ire- land temp. James I. Peerage. SOUTHWOOD. A parish in Xorfolk. SOWERBY. Parishes, &c., in cos. Cum- berland, York, Westmoreland, &c. SOWLE. See Soul. SOWTER. See Souter. SOWfOX. A parish in co. Devon. SPADER. A digger and delver. SPAIX. SPAYXE. May have had several distinct origins, from as many early settlers. The Essex family of His- paine, or Spayne, were descendants of Alured Hispanieusis, or De Ispania, who at the Domesday survey was a tenant in chief in various counties. Morant's Essex, ii., p. 3G3. SPALDIXG. A parish in co. Lincoln. SPAXKIE. Sprightly; frisking; dash- ing ; gaudy. Jamieson. SPARHAM. A parish in Norfolk. SPARK. SPARKE. SPARKES. SPARKS. I think the foi-mer two must represent an old pei-sonal name — the latter two its genitive form. Sparkford and Sparkenhoe, names of places, may be from the same source. SPARLIXG. Germ, spcrling, a sparrow. SPARROW. The bird. The Sparrows of Gosfield, CO. Essex, trace their pedigree to William Sparrow, of West Harling, co. Norfolk, temp. Edward IIL B.L.G. SPARROWHAWK. An ancient name of frequent occurrence in medieval records. As a personal name it was common at the epoch of the Conquest, there being several Domesday tenants so called, in the Saxon form of Sparhavoc. SPARSHOT. Sparsholt, parishes In Berkshire and Hampshire. SPARY. See Sperry. SPAWFORTH. See Spofforth. SPEAK. SPEAKE. 1 . Speke, a town- ship in Lancashire. 2. See Speke. SPEAR. From the weapon ; like Sword, Pike, &c. SPEARMAXL A soldier ; one who car- ried a spear — the ' lancer' of the medieval period. The word was in use at the time of the introduction of the authorized version cf the Bible. "The sjjea>'s were heavy-armed cavalry." Halliwell. SPE 325 SPI The Spearmans of Northumberland were a petty clan, retainers of the Percys. See Bowman. 2. B.L.G. mentions " the Spearmans of Dunnington, in Salop," as " seated there since the Conquest, and said to be de- scended from the old Lords of Aspramont." SPEARSMITH. See imder Smith. SPEECHLY. SPEECHLEY. Si^etch- ley, a parish in Worcestershire. SPEED. SPEEDY. Probably have reference to the swiftness of the original bearers. SPEEPt. See Spear. SPEKE. The Spekes of Somersetshire descend from Richard le Espek, who lived in the reign of Henry II. Wem- worthy and Brampton, in Devonshire, were the original seats, but temp. Henry VI. Sir John Speke married the heiress of Beauchamp. and so obtained Whitelacking- ton, CO. Somerset, which continued to be the abode of his male descendants for eleven generations. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. I am unable to explain Le Espek. SPELLER. Doubtless the same as Spel- man. SPELMAX. Camdeu says, "a learned man ;" but more probably either a man who works by sj}eUs, or turns, with another, or a worker of spells or charms. See Eng. Sum., i. 113. SPEXCE. 1. The same as Spens. 2. A yard or enclosure. SPEXCER. In the eighteenth year of William the Conqueror lived Eobertus Dispensator, otherwise called Le Despencer, because he was steward to the king. In the reign of Henry I. there were a William le Despencer and a Thurstan Dispencer, but whether these last were only successors in office, or actual descendants of Robert is not known, and the like uncertainty pre- vails as to subsequent bearers of the name. The unpopular spencers of the time of Edward II. are traced by genealogists only to the reign of Henry III., though they may have been of much older date. Earl Spencer's family " claim a collateral de- scent from the baronial house, a claim ■which, without being irreconcileable perhaps with the early pedigrees of that family, admits of very grave doubts and con- siderable difficulties." Shirlev's Noble and Gentle Men. The Earl's pedigree is. how- ever, clearly traced to the reign of Henry VI. in Northamptonshire. The author of the Faery Queen boasted that he belonged to this familj% though " the precise link of genealogical connexion cannot now perhaps be ascertained." Baker's Northamptonshire. SPEXS. Jamieson gives the following definitions of Sjfens. 1. The place where provisions are kept. 2. The clerk of a kitchen. In the latter sense it is emploved by Wj'ntoun. It is an ancient surname in Scotland. The Spenses of Lathallan trace continuously to the year 1296. "The Count de Spens, who ranked among the first of the Swedish nobility, and was generalissimo of their forces, sprang from this family. ' B.L.G. SPEXSER. A more correct orthography of Spencer. SPERLIXG. Descended from Henry Sperling, a German Count of ancient family, who settled at Chigwell, co. Essex, in the last centurj'. Germ, speiiing, a sparrow. SPERRY. An ancient Christian name. The Domesd. of Stafl'ordshire has a Sperri among the tenants in chief. SPETTIGUE. A Cornish local name ; place unknown. SPICER. O. Fr. espicier. What we now call a grocer, because, inter alia, he deals in figs (grossi), the French call an Spicier, or spicer, because he sells spices, &c. SPICKERXELL. A corruption of Spi- gurnell. SPIDER. The insect; a sobriquet. SPIGURXELL. Low Latin spigurnellus, "the sealer of the king's writs; from the A-Sax. spifur?-an, to inclose or shut up." Jacnb. Galfridus Spiguruell took his sur- name from this office in the reign of Henry IIL SPILLER. The same as Spillman. SPILLMAX. 1. May be the same as Spelman. 2. Perhaps' either a maker of laths or of spindles, gpill being a provin- cialism for both those articles. SPLLSBURY. Spelsbury, a parish in Oxfordshire. SPIXDLER. A maker of spindles, an implement used in making thread. SPIXK. In England the chaffinch ; in Scotland the goldtiuch. SPIXKE. A chaffinch; a goldfinch. SPIXKS. See Spink. SPIXXER. The occupation. SPIXXEY. A thicket ; a small planta- tion. Halliwell. Evidently the same as the Latin fipinetitm, a bushy place, or patch of thorns. The name is probably only another form of Thome, anciently latinized " De Spineto." In Buckinghamshire, however, spinney means a brook. SPIRE. SPIRES. A city in Germany. SPIRIT. The records of the Registrar- General show us the names of Ghost and Spirit. They were most probablv sobriquets. Mr. Ferguson, however, derives the latter from the A-Sax. .iptinva, a sparrow. SPITAL. A contraction of honpital, a lazar-house, or asylum for the poor, of which there were man}-, upon a religious basis, in the middle ages. Many hamlets both m England and Scotland are so called SPR 326 SPITTAL. See Spital. SPITTLE. Spital, a contraction of hos- pital ; a commou name of localities. SPITTLEHOUSE. See Spital. SPOFFORD. See Spofforth. SPOFFORTH. Gamelbar de Spofford held lands at Spoftbrd, or Spoflorth, a parish near Wetherby, co. York. Domes- da}'. The present family of Spofforth are authentically traceable to within a few miles of that place. B.L.G. SPOONER. A maker of spoons. A less desirable derivation is from A-Sax. sjiOnere, an enticer or seducer, from spanan, to allure. SPORLE. A parish in Norfolk. SPOTTISWOODE. The name is derived from the barony of Spottiswoode. The family were benefactors to the Abbeys of Melrose and Kelso in early times. The immediate ancestor of Spottiswoode, still " of that Ilk," was Robert de Spottiswood, who was born in the reign of King Alexan- der III., and died in that of Robert Bruce. B.L.G. Spottiswood is in the parish of Gordon, co. Berwick. SPRATLEY. Probably Sproatley, a parish in Yorkshire. SPRATT. The fish, analogous to Her- ring, &c. SPRECKLEY. The same as Spratley. SPRIGNELL. A corruption of Spigur- nell, which see. SPRING. See Times and Seasons. SPRINGER. A sobriquet relating to the elasticity of the first bearer. SPRINGETT. As this Kent and Sussex name is often spelt Springate, it is probably local, although I do not find any place so designated. SPRINGLE. Perhaps Springkell, a place at Kirkpatrick-Fleming, co. Dum- fries. SPRINGTHORPB. A parish In Lin- colnshire. SPROSTON. A township in Cheshire, in which county the family still reside. SPROTT. SPROAT. One Sprot, perhaps a Dane, was a holder of lands in cos. Derby and York before the making of Domesday. A- Sax. spreot, a spear or pike ; also a germ, sprout, or sprig of anything. Comp. hast ilia in the double sense of spears and sprouts in Virg. --En. iii. 37, &c. SPROUT. Probably the same as Sprott, which see. SPRY. " The name of Spry, Sprey, Spray, is Cornish, and signifies a sprout, branch, sprig, or slip of any matter or thing." Hals, in D. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. 29, — a very wide etymology. In the dialect of Somerset, and in the United States, ' spry ' means nimble, active, smart. ST A FROM THE PYES AND THE SPRYES, GOOD LORD DELIVER US. According to Hals, (as above, iii. 449) these two families "turned decimators and sequestrators upon the lands and revenues of the royalist laity and clergy of this county, to that degree of hurt and damage that it occasioned the making of this short Litany, not yet forgotten in Cornwall." SPRYNGE. See Spring. SPURAWAY. The remarks under ' Prickadvance,' form a sufficient illustra- tion, if indeed the name be not of local origin. See Spurway. Osbert Sj/ir-Jiard occurs as the name of a person in a medieval record. N. and Q., Jan. 24, 1857. SPURLING. Germ. Sperling, a sparrow. SPURR. From residence at the spur, or declivity, of a hill. SPURRELL. Probably from the parish of Sporle, CO. Norfolk. SPURRETT. Probably the same as Spirit. SPURRIER. The occupation ; a maker of spurs. SPURAVAY. 1. An estate in co. Devon, long possessed by the family. 2. A-Sax. sparica, a sparrow. Ferguson. SQUIRE. SQUIRES. The attendant of a knight ; also a chief servitor or mes- senger of an Abbey. Chron. Battel Abbey, p. 217. See Arminger. SQUIRREL. The animal. Probably the sobriquet of an active person. ^^ ST. For names compounded with the word Saint, see under SAINT. STABBACK. Probably local— the second syllable being hecli, a stream. STABLE. 1. A personal name men- tioned in Domesday. 2. More likely to relate to stability of mind than to associa- tion with horses. 3. A corruption of Staple. STABLEFORD. Stapleford, parishes, &c., in COS. Cambridge, Herts, Leicester, Lincoln, &c. STABLER. One who had the care of establcs, an O. Fr. word of extensive mean- ing, defined by Cotgrave, as " a stable, an osterie, an ostellerie, also a sheep-house or fould." In H.R. the word appears in the forms of Le Stabler and De Stabulo. Sta- hularyus is found in the sense of hostler in M.S. Digby, 113. Bodl. Lib., Oxon. STAGE. A corruption either of Eustace, or of Statius. It is probably of continental origin, as the final E is sometimes accented, and from Stace we get Stacey. STACEKYN. A diminutive of Stace. STACEY. See Stace. STACY. See Stace. STACK. A precipitous rock. Jamie- S T A 327 STAFF. The Roman family of the Scipioaes derived their name from the filial piety of a person who used to lead about his aged father, who was blind, and thus by metaphor became his staff (scipio.) Whether the English family can boast of a like honourable origin I know not. STAFFORD. The founder of this family in England was Robert, a younger son of Roger de Toeuei, standard-bearer of Normandy, whose name appears in Domes- day as owner of 131 lordships in Stafford- shire and other counties. The Conqueror appointed him governor of the castle of Stafford, from which he assumed a new surname. From him descended the Dukes of Buckingham and several other noble houses. STAGG. The animal — perhaps applied to a fleet runner. See Ray. STAGMAX. A keeper of deer ; ana- logous to Hartman, Hindman, &c. STAIXBANK. Local : " the stony bank." STAIXBURX. Places in cos. Cumber- land and York. STAIXER. One who colours or paints. The London Painters and Stainers were united into one company in 1502. STAIXES. A town in Middlesex. STAIXFORTH. Two townships in Yorkshire are so denominated. STAIXS. See Staines. , STAIXTOX. Parishes &c., in cos. Lincoln, Westmoreland, York, Durham, &c. STAIR. A parish in Ayrshire, which gives title to I)alr}'mple, Earl of Stair. STALKER. 1. A huntsman. 2. One who illegally kills deer. Jamieson. STALLARD. The same as Staller. STALLER. (A-Sax. stalre). iMaster of the horse ; constable ; standard-bearer. Regni vexillifer. Ellis's Domesd. i. 92. STALLIOX. The animal. Hengist, the A-Saxon invader's name, doubtless meant the same thing — hengst, a stallion. STALLMAX. The keeper of a stall in any fair or market, who paid the impost known, in municipal law, as stallage. STALMAX. 1. Probably synonymous with dxilh'r. 2. A-Sax. steallerc, a governor or steward of a palace. 3. See Stallman. STAJMFORD. A town in Lincolnshire, and places in cos. Northumberland, York, &c. STA^IMER. A stammerer. " Balbus, stamur." AVright's Yocab., p. 75. STA^OIERS. See Stammer. STAMP. Probably from Estampes, now Etampes, in the department of Seine et Oise. It is sometimes written Stempe. At STA Boxgrove, co. Sussex, where the family have resided for three centuries, the earlier entries of the name are Stempe, and the later ones Stamp. STAMPER. Probably some mechanical emplo3nnent. STAXBOROUGH. A hundred in Devonshire. STAXBRIDGE. Places in Sussex, Bed- fordshire, &c. The heiress of Stanbridge, of Stanbridge. in the former county (parish of Slinfold), married Cowper, ancestor of Earl Cowper, in tlie XV. century. STAXBROUGH. See Stanborough. STAXBURY. Local : " the fort or de- fence of stone." STAXCOMBE. See Coiibe. STAXDEX. See Den. STAXDEYEX. Of similar meaning to Standfast. STAX"DER"V^^CK. A parish in Somer- setshire. STAX^DFAST. Apparently refers to the possession of good feet. STAXDIXG. The same as Standen. STAXDISH. A parish in Lancashire, the ancient heritage of the family. The earliest recorded ancestor seems to be Thurstan de Standish. wbose name appears in deeds dated G. Henry III. This distin- guished family continued to flourish on the lands from which they derived their name until the year 1807. when the last male heir died, and the estate passed to his si.ster's son, a Strickland, who assumed the Standish name. STAXDLEY. A corruption of Stanley. STAXES. See Staines. STAXFIELD. A parish in X^orfolk. STAXFORD. Parishes and places in cos. Beds, Berks, Northampton, Worcester, Essex, Notts, Sussex, Sec. STAX^GER. 1. A thatcher. X'orth. 2. From O. Fr. Maiuj (stagnum) a pond. In the same manner as Lakeprodu.ced Laker, and Pond gave rise to Ponder, istang may have originated Stanger. STAXGMAR. An ancient Scandinavian baptismal name. STAXHOPE. The first recorded ancestor of this knightly and noble fa- mily is Walter de Stanhope, whose son Richard died in 1338, or the following year. The name is derived from Stanhope, near Darlington, co. Durham, their ancient re- sidence. See Lord Stanhope's ' Notices of the Stanhopes.' 8vo. 1855. STAXLEY. , Adam de Aldithley or Audeley, lord of Stanley, co. Chester, had two sons; 1. Liulph, ancestor of the great house of Audeley ; and 2. Adam, whose son William obtained the lands of Stanlegh from his cousin Adam de Audeley, and ST A 328 thence assumed the surname, in the reign of King John. Mr. Shirley remarks of the Stanleys : "As few families have acted a more prominent part in history, so few can trace a more satisfactory pedigree." Noble and Gentle Men. STANMER. A parish in Sussex. STANXAH. St. Anna ? STANXARD. An old baptismal name. Two tenants in chief bearing it are found in Domesday. STAXXEY. STAXXICH. The manor of Stanney or Staney, in the parish of Stoke near Chester (according to Ormerod the Stanei of Domesday,) gave its name to this family, who were its ou-ners from the reign of Richard I. to that of Edward III., when it passed with an heiress to the Bun- hurys. The Stanneys of the adjacent county of Salop, who were connected with the parish of Oswestry in the XV. and XVI. centuries, were doubtless of the same stock. STAXXUS. The Irish family of this name deduce their pedigree from William Stauehouse of Carbolgie, who received a patent of naturalization as a Scotch settler in Ulster in 1618. The name is identical with the English Stonehouse. STAXSFELD. A township in Yorkshire. The family are said to have " descended from a follower of the Conqueror who set- tled there.-' B.L.G. STAXSFIELD. A parish in Suffolk, and a to-i\-nship in Yorkshire. STAXTOX. Parishes, &c., in many coun- ties are so called. STAXTILLE. See StanweU. STAXWAY. Parishes in cos. Essex and Gloucester. STAXVILLE. See Stanwell. STAXWELL. A parish in Middlesex. STAPLE, Parishes, &c. in cos. Kent, Somerset, and Sussex. STAPLER. A staple (Dutch stapel,) means a mart or emporium, and in old times a " merchant of the staple " signified a trader of importance. In course of time, however, the word stapler was monopo- lized by the dealer in wool, and it is now only heard in the compound "wool-stapler." Drayton, in his Polyolbion, commends Leicester — " for her wool, whose staple doth excel. And seems to overmatch the golden Phi-ygian fell." STAPLES. Said to be derived from Estaples, now Etaples, a small seaport of France about eleven miles from Boulogne. STAPLETOX. This ancient family de- rived their name from the lordship of Stapleton on the river Tees, in the bishop- ric of Durham. They sprang from Xi- cholas de Stapleton, 17. King John, whose son, the warlike Sir Miles, was created Baron Stapleton in 1313. The Irish Sta- STA pletons spring from Sir .John Stapleton, a scion of the Yorkshire family, who went to Ireland temp. Henry II. and received a grant of lands from King John. Court- hope's Debrett. STAPLEY. Stapley is a township in Cheshire, where an ancient family of this name resided at an early period. The Stapley s of Sussex, extinct baronets, claimed descent from them, but it is more probable that they were indigenous to the southern county, where, in the neighbourhood of Battel (and near the hundred of Staple) a family of Staplehithe are found in the XIV. and XV. centuries. STAR. STARR. Perhaps from the sign of an inn ; but more likely from an ancient personal name written in Domesd. Ster and Sterr. It is Star without prefix in H.R. STARBUCK. Li O.Xorse, boliki means " vir grandis, corpore et animo." Hence storbocki froui stdr. great, '" vir imperiosus." Ferguson. STARK. STARKE. O. Eng. Stout, strong, unyielding. STARKIE. STARKLY. Probably the same as Stark. STARKMAX. See Stark. The forms of the name in H.R. are Starcman and Starckeman. STARLIXG. 1. An ancient baptismal name in use before the Conquest, as we have Starliuc, ^d Starlingus in Domesday. 2. Perhaps from the bird, like Raven, Rook, Crow, &c. 3. It may be a corruption of Stirling, the local name, or of Easterling. H.R. StarljTig, Sterlyng. STARXE. STARXES. The same as Steme. START. A place in Devonshire. STARTUP. 1. A kind of boot or leg- covering ; a writer in Gent. Mag., June 182i, says, " gaiters laced down before." Gerard Legh, in his Accidence of Armory, mentions the startup as part of the habi- liments of a Herald. In a compotus of the priory of Bicester, co. Oxon, dated 29. Edward III., among charges for saddlery and other horseman's gear, bought for the use of the Prior, are these entries : " One pair of sta >-tuj}s,x^id." and " in reparation of the Prior's staHujJS, vid." Dunkin's Oxfordshire, ii. 221, 222. Drayton (Eclogue ix.) says : — " When not a shepherd any thing that could. But greaz'd Ms start-ups black as autumn sloe." In " Thynne's Debate," as cited by HaUi- well, we read : — " A paj-re of startuppes had he on his feete, That lased were up to the small of the legge ; Homelie they were, and easier than meete, And m their soles full many a wooden pegge." This surname, which I have met with in Sussex only, was most likely applied, in the first instance, to some person who rendered himself conspicuous among his neighbours by wearing the rough high- STE topped boots so desiguated. I may re- mark, that the fourth line of my last quotation shows that the use of pegged soles for boots, recently introduced into this country from America, is no modern invention. STATON. A corruption of Stainton, STAUXDROP. A corruption of Stain- drop, a parish in Dui-ham. STAUNTON". Parishes in cos. Notting- ham, Durham, Worcester, Hereford, and Leicester, bear this name. The family of Staunton of Staunton, in the first-named shire, " can be regularly traced from the time of the Conqueror, and there is no doubt of their having been settled in Not- tinghamshire, in the time of Edward the Confessor." B.L.G. In the XVIII. century the elder male line failed, and the heiress married Charlton, whose descendants have subsequently assumed the ancient name. B.L.G. " An ancient house, traced to the Conquest." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. In Ireland this name dates from the earliest days after the English invasion. The names of Milo and Henry de Staunton are mentioned in A.D. 1200, as disputing concerning the patronage of the Church of Monraohenock, in Wicklow, with the Bishop of Glendaloch, Milo then being lord of the manor. D'Alton. STAVELEY. Parishes and places in cos. Derby, Lancaster, Westmoreland, and York, are so designated. STAVERT. Formerly written Staward, i.e. stall-n-ard. The family were old re- tainers of the Douglases. Folks of Shields. STAWELL. A chapelry in Somerset- shire. A family of considerable antiquity so surnamed resided in that county. B.L.G. STAYNER. See Stainer. STEABBEN. A corruption of Stephen. STEAD. A-Sax. stcede, a stead, station, or place. Halliw. says, ' a farm house and offices.' A Steadman was therefore a far- mer, or perhaps a farm-bailiff. 1^" STEAD. A common element in local names and surnames, as in Stedham, Binstead, Wickstead, Hampstead, Fel- sted, &c. See Stead, above. STEADMAN. See Stead. STE AN E. A parish in Northampton- shire. STEARMAN. See Sturman. STEARN. STEARNS. See Sterne. STEBBING. A parish in Essex. STEDDY. May relate to steadiness of character ; but is derivable with far greater probability from St. Edith, thus— Stedith, Stedi, Steddy. So Stydolph, from St. Edolph. STEDTIAM. A parish in Sussex. STEDMAN. Sec Stead. 2 V 329 STE STEED. Steed and Steednian may cor- respond with Palfrey and Palfrimau, Colt and Coltman, Brock and Brockman ; but are more likely identical with Stead and Steadman. STEED:\IAN. See Steed. STEEL. STEELE. A northern pro- nunciation of stile. In Scotl. the spur of a hill. STEEN. See Stephen. STEENSON. See Stephen. STEEPLE. From residence In the vicinity of one. STEERE. The animal. In Sussex It is pluralized to Steers. H.R. Le Ster. STEERS. See Steere. STEFF. See Stephen. STEGGALL. Mr. Ferguson remarks : " As dee)- oi'iginally meant any wild animal, so staff seems to have meant the male of any animal, from Old Norse steffgr, ' the male of various beasts and birds.' Hence stag in the North of England signifies a young horse, [in the South, a boar,] and steg, a gander. The terms seem to have been applied respectively to the deer and the stag par excellence. Steggall seems to be a diminutive of stag." STEINMAN. This family existed at St. Gall, in Switzerland, more than four centu- ries ago as " Steiuman, called Bingasser." The first settler in England was the great- grandfather of Mr. G. S. Steinman (a name ■well recognized in our antiquarian litera- ture), who with his son came to England in 1771. STEMBRIDGE. A corruption of Stan- bridge. STEMPE. The same as Stamp. STEMSON. The son of Stephen. STENHOUSE. A corruption of Stone- house. STENLAKE. Standlake, a parish in Oxfordshire. STENNETT. A diminutive of Stephen. STENNING. A surname principally confined to Sussex. All the pei"sons bear- ing it, so far as my knowledge goes, trace themselves to the vicinity of Steyning in that county, which is locally pronounced like the surname. STENSON. The son of Stephen. STEPHEN. This scripture name, like many others, was not introduced here until the Norman Con<|ucst. after which we find it in the form of Fitz-Stepheu. It occupies a large place among our surnames in the usual genitive forms of Stephens, Stevens, Steevens, Stephenson, Stevenson, &c. A nicked or abbreviated form furnishes us with our Steen, Steenson, Stimson, Stimp- son, Stinson, Stibbs ; perhaps also Stubbs, Stefi", Stiff, and Stennett, Tiffany and STE 330 Tiffin, from Stephanus, belong to the same category. STEPHENS. See Stephen. STEPHENSON. See Stephen. STEPHYN. An old spelling of vStephen. The family of Stephens, of Tregenna, co. Cornwall, were of St. Ives in that county, temp. Edward IV., under this orthography. STEPTOE. Probably refers to gait. Kg" STER. An Anglo-Saxon termmation, denoting some feminine occupation, as ER does a masculine one, as spinner, spinster. Many of the surnames with this desinence shew the change of Eng- lish customs in regard to the employ- ments of women within the past few centuries : forexample, brewing, baking, and weaving were formerly feminine labours, and consequently Brewster, Baxter, Webster mean the n-oman (not the man) who brews, bakes, or weaves. How these femininewords became trans- ferred to the other gender, so as to be- come hereditary as surnames, is ex- plained by Mr. Poulson, in his Beverlac, p. 128. — " '\Mien men began to invade those departments of industry by which women used to earn an honest liveli- hood, they retained the feminine appel- lation for some time, as men-midwives and men-milliners now do; but after- wards masculine words drove the femi- nine ones out of the language, as men had driven the women out of the employ- ments." See moreinEng. Sum., i. lU. STEPtCOCK. Perhaps a diminutive of Stephen. STERE. See Steere. STERLING. " Esterling, a name given to those Gei-manswho are said to have been the tirst that brought the art of refining silver into England. Called Esterlings, as having come from the East." Jamieson. See also Eichardson. Hence, metaphori- cally, sterling signifies anything pure or un- alloyed. STERNE. From the natural disposition of the first bearer. STERNHOLD. May have some refer- ence to the steering of a ship, but is more probably a corruption, by crasis, of Saint Arnold. STERRY. 1. Sturry, a parish in Kent. 2. An old personal name — in Domesday Stari. STEUART. The Steuarts of AUanton, CO. Lanark (Barts.). are lineally descended from Alexander, sixth lord High Steward of Scotland, great grandfather of King Eobert II., the first pi'ince of the Stuart line. Courthope's Debrett. STEVENSON. See Stephen. STEVENS. STEEVENS. Stephen's; the son of Stephen. STEWARD. The office. See Stewart and Stuart. STO STEWARDSON. The son of the Steward. So Hindson, Cookson, &c. STEWART. See Siuart. STIBBS. See Stephen. STICK. An Edinburgh surname. It may have been originally applied to a verger or stafi'-bearer, like ' Gold-stick,' ' Silver-stick,' &c. STICKLAND. A corruption of Strick- land. STICKNEY. A parish in Lincolnshire. STIFF. See Stephen. STIGGINS. Doubtless Stigandus, Stl- gand, the ancient baptismal name. A dig- nified Archbishop, and Mrs. Weller's red- nosed pastor, then, enjoyed at least a name in common ! STIGGSON. The son of Stigand. See' Stiggins. STILE. See Style. STILL. Stille was a tenant prior to Domesday. This must therefore have been a personal or baptismal name. STILLINGFLEET. A parish in York- shire, the original abode of the family. STILLMAN. Probably the same as Styleman. STILWELL. SeeWeU. STIMSON. STIMPSON. See Stephen. STINCHC0:MBE. a parish in Glouces- tershire. STINSON. See Stephen. STIRLING. From the town of Stirling, which gives name to the Scottish shire, anciently written Stryvelin. The family are of great antiquity, being deduced from Walter de Stryvelin, who appears as witness to a charter of Prince Henry, son of King David I., in the XII. century. Courthope's Debrett. Foiu* baronetcies have been ac- corded to this family. STIVENS. A corruption of Stephens. STOBBS. See Stubbs. STOCK. 1. The stock of a tree seems a very unlikely origin for a family name, yet Zouch and Curzon seem analogous, as does the Fr. Eacine. not to mention the English Roots. 2. Parishes, &c., in cos. Worcester, Essex, Somerset, Dorset, and York. STOCKBRIDGE. A parish in Hamp- shire. STOCKEN. See Stocking. STOCKER. In the West of England, to stock means to root up. and a stucher is a man employed to fell or grub up trees. Halliwell. Stocker, without prefix, is found in H.R. STOCKHAM. A township m Cheshire. STOCKING. Local. De Stocking. H.E. I cannot find the place. ta-aei/Jitf - '^ Zc-v'tx^ STO STOCKLEY. Two parishes in Devon- shire, and a parish in Durham, are so de- signated. STOCKMAX. Perhaps the same as Stocker. STOCKS. See Stock. STOCKTOX. Towns, parishes, &c., in COS. Durham. Chester, Norfolk, Warwick, ^\'ilts. Worcester. York, and Salop. STOCKWELL. A division of the parish of Lambeth, co. Surrey. STODART. See Stotherd. STODDARD. See Stotherd. STODDART. See Stotherd. STODHARD. STODHART. See Stotherd. STOKER. One who has charge of a furnace. STOKES. A pluralization of Stoke. STOKOE. A place in Xorthumberland. STOLYOX. Probably a provincial form of stallion, a horse. See Stallion. STOXE. A very common local surname. There are towns, parishes, kc, so called in COS. Stalibrd, Buckingham, Gloucester, Kent, Worcester, kc. STOXEBRIDGE. A name applied to man)' minor localities. STOXECUTTER. The occupation. STOXEHAM. Two parishes in Hamp- shire, and a hamlet in Sussex. STOXEHEWER. A quarryman. STOXEMAX. Probably a stone-mason, or a quarrjTnan. STOXESTREET. I know of no locality so called : but, as the name has been spelt Stanistreet, may it not be derived from the celebrated Roman road thus designated, which ran from Eeguum (Chichester) to London ? This seems the more probable as the Stonestreets appear to have origi- nated in the county of Sussex, at no great distance from that road. Analogous ori- gins for family names from Roman work.s, may be found under Dykes, Thirlwall, and Watling. De Stonstret. H.R. co. Kent. STOXEX. Perhaps Stanwix, co. Cum- berland. STOXEY. Possibly from Loch Stoney in Forfarshire. STOXHAM. Three parishes in Suffolk are so designated. STOXOR. An estate in Oxfordshire, thus mentioned by Leland : " Stonor is a 3 miles out of Henley. Ther is a fayre parke. and a warren of connes, and fayre woods. The mansion place standithe cly- minge on a hille, and hath 2 courtes buyldyd withe tymbar, brike, andflynte; Sir Walter Stonor, now pocessor of it, hathe augmentyd 331 STO and strengthed the howse. The Stonors hath longe had it in possessyon." To this Mr. Shirley adds that, " the family have the reputation of being very ancient, and may certainly be traced to the twelfth century as resident at Stonor." Noble and Gentle Jlen. STOOL. A provincial pronunciation of Stowell. STORE. SeeStorr. STORER. Storer is a common surname in Germany, and means " a disturber ;" but our Storers are probably indigenous and conservators, rather than breakers, of the peace, for two officers of the manor of AVhittlesea in the Isle of Ely, elected every year, are called Storers. STOREY. 1. See Story. 2. Said to be the same name with Storer. B.L.G. STORK. The bird. STORM. Corresponds with the Old German personal name Sturm. Ferguson. STORR. A-Sax. and O. Xorse star, great, vast. STORTOX. The same as Stourton. STORY. The Scandinavian Stori. See Storr. Stori and Storius occur before the making of Domesday. Thej' were probably of Danish blood, STOTHARD. See Stotherd. STOTHERD. Stot is a northernism for ox ; and hence Stotherd is evidently " ox- herd." This explains the group Stodart, Stoddart, Stoddard, Stodhart, Stothard, kc. The pronunciations Stoth-erd, Stoth- ard, are a ' genteel ' innovation. STOTT. A northern provincialism for the ox. STOUR. 1. From one of the rivers so called. 2. See Stower. STOURTOX. This family, now repre- sented by Charles Stourton. eighteenth Baron Stourton (created 14-17) were seated at Stourton, co. Wilts, soon after the Nor- man Conquest. The arms of the family. Sable, a bend Or, betiveen six fountains Proper, are thus accounted for by Leland : '• The Ryver of Stour risith ther of six fountaines or springes, whereof three be on the north side of the Parke, hard within the pale : the other three be north also, but without the Parke; the Lord Stourton gyvefh these si-x Fountaynes yn his amies." See Noble and Gentle Men. STOUT. Valiant, courageous. STOUT WELL. A corruption of Stute- ville, as old as the XIIL century. ST0AT:L. STOVELL. a likely cor- ruption of the Norman Stuetville, orEstoute- ville. STOTIX. Stoven, a parish in Suffolk. STOW. STOWE. Parishes, &c., in cos. Selkirk, Lincoln, Salop, Huntingdon, STR Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Oxford, Glouces- ter, Buckingham, Stafford, Northampton, &c. STOWELL. Places In cos. Gloucester, Somerset, and Wilts bear the name of Stowel. STOWER. Three parishes in Dorset- shire are so called. STOWERS. A pluralization of Stower. STRACEY. The baronets Strachey and Stracey both derive from the county of Essex, in the sixteenth century, and bear similar arms. The names are probably identical, and derived from a local source. STRACHAN. A parish in Kincardine- shire. STRACHEY. See Stracey. STRADLEY. A corruption of Strad- ling ? STRADLIXG. This surname was latinized Easterlingus, and it seems to be a corruption of E starling, a name given to the inhabitants of any country eastward of England, especially to those of the Hanse Towns. See Sterling. STRAFFORD. A corruption either of one of the Stratfords, or of Strafforth, co. York. STRAHAN. See Strachan. STRAIGHT. Erect in person. STRAITH. Probably the Celtic topo- graphical word strat/t, meaning " the con- joint vallejr of two confluent streams," or, more loosely, any band or level of low ground between two ridges of hill or moun- tain. Gaz. Scotl. The word is speciflcally applied to a parish in Inverness-shire. STRAITON. A parish in"^ Ayrshire. STRAKER. 1. One of the many mean- ings which the Scottish word straik pos- sesses, is " engagement on the field of battle." Jamieson. Hence Straker may be equivalent to combatant or soldier. 2. A ranger of planks on a ship's side. Folks of Shields. STRAXD. The sea-shore, or the bank of a river. STRAXG. An archaic and Xorthern form of Strong. STRANGE. According to some genea- logists this family first appear in England at certain jousts of arms, which took place at Peverell's Castle, in the Peak of Derby- shire. There were present on the occasion Owen, Prince of Wales, a Scottish Prince, and two sons of the Duke of Brittany, one of whom, from his foreign birth, was called Guido le Strange, and became jirogenitor of the various baronial houses of L'Estrange and Strange. " This race of Le Strange continued for many descents in the dignity of lords barons, in Latine records called JExtranei, for that they were strangers, brought hither by King Henry the Second, 332 STR Weever's Funerall in the year 1148." Monuments, p. 530. STRAXGEMAN. A stranger ; a settler from any other locality. STRAXGER. The same as Strange- man. STRAXGWAYES. A corruption of Strangwish, near Manchester, which was possessed by the family in the XIV. cen- tury. STRAXGWISH. See Strangwayes. STRANG \VYCH. Yerstegan mentions this name as " coming belike of a strong iryc, hold, or fortress." Restitution, p. 329. It is doubtless the same as Strang- wish or Strangways. STRAUBEXZEE. The family derive from Philip-William-Casimir A^an Strau- benzee, a captain in the Dutch Guards, who came to England about 171:0, and was naturalized by Act of Parliament. STRATFORD. Parishes, &c., in cos. Suffolk, Warwick, Wilts, Essex, Bucking- ham, &c. STRATHEARX. A large district of Perthshire. STRATTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Cornwall, Dorset, Gloucester, Norfolk, Sufiolk, Hants, Somerset, Wilts, &c. STRAW. From the occupation of a thatcher. That which was a sobriquet of the well-known insurgent of temp. Richard II., has since become a settled family name. STREATFEILD. The pedigree of the Streatfeilds of Chiddingstone, co. Kent, is traced to the early part of the XVI. century. The name has been fancifully derived from Lat. De Strata Villa, " the prostrate house," an ill-omened etymology, ■which the family do not deserve. It has also been fetched from the German Streit- feld, " the field of contention or of battle ;" "but the origin is doubtless English, and local. There may be several places of this name: I know only of one, which is a ' borough ' of the manor of Eobertsbridge, in East Sussex, called in a document before me. of temp. Elizabeth. Stretfelde : and this locality is within a few miles of that which has been, for three centuries and a half, the chief habitat of the name. A gentleman of this family sends me the following remarks on the orthography of the last syllable of the name : " It is so spelt," he says, " in many names, as Hat- feild, Feilder, Feilding, Bifeild, Owldefeild. It ac- cords w-ith a i-ule of English orthography, that when the tn-o vowels come together in a word, sound like E, and are preceded by a consonant, that the E or the 1, whichever is nearest in the alphabet to this con- sonant, comes first. There are many exceptions to this law ; fieldis, one ; hut feild is according to the law." STREET. 1. Parishes and places so called in cos. Sussex, Somerset, Kent, &c. 2. A public road or highway. Analogous to the Fr. De la Rue. the Italian Strada, &c. In H.R. De, De la, and Atte Strete. STR 333 lu some parts of England an\- small ham- let is called a street. STREETEX. A common prouiinciation of Stretton. STREETER. From residence by a high- war. The Fr. De la Rue is an exact synonym. STREETS. A pluralization of Street. STRELLEY. '■ Strelly, anciently Strel- legh. CO. Xottingham. gave name and resi- dence to the knightly family of the Strel- leys, one of the oldest and mo.st famous in the county." B.L.G. STRICKLAXD. "Descended fi-om Walter de Stirkland. Knight, so called from the pasture ground of the young cattle called stirls or steers, in the parish of Morland, in the county of "We.stmore- land, who was living in the reign of Henry III.'' Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. STRIXG. Perhaps a contraction of Stringer. Mr. Bowditch informs us that ttro daughters of Mr. String, of S. Carolina, lately eloped with one person (1857.) Thus was made good the proverbial remark — " Tivo Strings to one Beau''' STRIXGER. In the days of archery, a maker of bow-strings. Xares's Glossary. STRIPLIXG. This name seems to be- long to the same class as Youngman, Junius. &c. STRm:NS. Doubtless a corruption of Scrivens. STRODE. 1. The family are said to have been descended from the ancient Dukes ot Brittany, and to have been founded in England by Warinus, lord of Strode, in Dorsetshire, who adopted the surname De la Strode. B.L.G. 2. The name is derived from Strode in the parish of Ermington, CO. Devon, which was in the possession of Adam de Strode, the first recorded ancestor, in the reign of Henry III. In that of Henry IV., the head of the house, married the heire.ss of Xewenham of Xewenham, which has ever since been the seat of the family. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. STROXG. The physical quality; like the French Le Fort. STROXGBOW. This illustrious sobri- quet of the mighty Earl of Pembroke did not die with him, for in the next century ■we find one Ranulph Strongbowe living in Essex. H.R. temp. Edward I. STROXGITH'ARM. " Strong-in-the Arm ;" apparently a variation of Armstrong. There is a similar French surname — Fortinbras. STROXGMAX. One who excelled in muscular exploits. STROOD. A town in Kent. STROUD. A town in Gloucestershire. STRYPE. The ancestor of the historian was Gherardt Van Strype, a member of the Dutch church in London in 15G7. STU STUART. The descent of the royal Stuarts from Banquo, Thane of Lochaber, the victim of King Macbeth, and their native Gaelic origin, are altogether \ision- aiy. The truth appears to be this. Alan, the son of Flaald, a man of whose paternal ancestry and nation nothing is clearly known, and who died very early in the XII. cent., was the common parent of William Fitz-Alan, ancestor of the Earls of Arundel, and of Walter Fitz-Alan, Sten-ard of Scotland, whose great-grandson, Alexander, assumed Stuart as his surname, and was the ancestor of the royal race of that dynasty. From the latter of these sons springs Queen Victoria, and from the former, her Majesty's highest temporal sub- ject, the Duke of Norfolk, premier peer of the realm. "Whatever may have been the male ancestry of Flaald, it is certain that he was descended on his mother's side from the old Princes of Wales and from the ancient Saxon Earls of Mercia. See Rev. R. W. Eyton, in Arch. Joum., Dec, LS.5G. STUBBS. 1. See Stephen. 2. KstahoT stub is a provincial word for the stump of a tree left in forest clearings. Such a clearing would for a time acquire the appellation of " the Stubbs," and residence near it would originate the surname. STUXT. A-Sax. Blunt, stupid, fooUsh. In Lincolnshire and other districts, the word has undergone a change, and means sulky, obstinate — sometimes fierce and angry. Halliw. See Eng. Sum. STURDEE. STURDY. Stout, vigor- ous. STURGEOX. The fish. STURMAX. Stirman or Stermannus occurs in Domesday as the designation of an official. Edric Stirman was, temp. Edw. Confessor, commander of the land and sea forces of the bishop of Worcester, for the king's ser^'ice. {Stermannus navis episcopi. et ductor exercitus ejusdem epis- copi, ad sers'icium regis). Heming Chartul. quoted in Ellis's Introd. ii. 89. There was also a king's Stirman. A-Sax. steoran, to steer, rule, govern. STURT. Probably from Stert, a chapelrv in the parish of Erchfont, co. Wilts. ' vSTUTEVILLE. The founder of this family came into England with the Con- queror. His son, Robert de Stuteville, who besides this territorial surname, had the sobriquet of Fronteboef, or " bullock's face," fought against Henry I. at Tener- chebrai, and was taken prisoner. From a younger son of this personage descend the Skipwiths. The elder line failed in the XIII. century. Banks's Baronage. The name is taken from Estouteville, now Etoutteville, in the arrondissemeut of Yvetot, in Xormandy, and formerly, in charters, Estotevilla. STUTFTELD. A corruption of Stute- ville. SUL STrDOLPH. A coutraction of .St. Edolph. STYLE. Richardson says—" steps raised to pass over," which is perhaps as good a definition as could be given in so small a number of woi-ds ; but the styles which are ' passages over a fence so contrived as that cattle cannot make use of them ' — as the word might be more elaborately defined — differ nearly as much inter se in diftereut districts, as do the styles of different authors. There is, however, no doubt that the surname, whether it originated in Sus- sex, in Cornwall, or in Northumberland, (whose thruff-stone styles I shall never forget) was derived from the residence of the first bearer near such a barrier. In the middle ages, the phrase " John at Style " was in common use to denote a plebeian, and it still survives in a slightly altered form in the saying, " Jack Xoakes and Tom Styles." See Xoakes. H.R. Ate Stile. De la Stile. STYLEMAN". See Style, and the ter- mination MAN", STYLES, See Style. SUCH, An old orthography of Zouch, SUCKBITCH, This name, borne by more than one respectable family in the West of England, might be supposed to be derived from some legend analogous to that of Romulus and Remus. The earliest form of it, Solteq'ic, however, excludes such an origin. See Notes and Queries, v. 425. SUCKLING, Probably local, H,R. Sucklin, and Suckling, without prefix, SUCKS:\UTH, See under Smith, SUDDEN. A known corruption of Southdean, through Soudean, SUDLEY. SUDELEY. A parish in Gloucestershire, whose castle was the prin- cipal seat of the familj*, until their extinc- tion in the elder male line in the XIV, century. They sprang from one Harold, said to have been an illegitimate son of King Harold, although Dugdale asserts that he was the son of Ralph, Earl of Here- ford. He left two sons, John, who adopted the name of De Sudeley, and Robert, who settled at the castle of Ewyas, co. Hereford, and assumed that of De Ewyas, SUETT. Suet was an under-tenant be- fore the making of Domesday, SUGAR. 1. A corruption of Segar, which see. 2. Mr. Ferguson thinks it is a corruption of A-Sax. sigra, a victor. SUGDEN. See termination Den. SUGGATE. A provincial corruption of Southgate. SULLEN. From disposition. SULLIVAN. Br the hand of Sul- livan, is an Irish oath, which is considered 334 sus of the most obligatory character. Accord- to an ancient rhj^me, there is — " Nulla manus Tarn liberalis Atque generalis Atque universalis Quam Sullivanus." —Cioker's Fairy Legends. So much for the generous character of the family — now for the origin of the name, as kindly communicated by a correspondent, I must premise that the surname was for- merly, and is still, often prefixed by 0' — shewing that Sullivan is an ancient baptismal name, " To the house of the chief who became the stock whence the present family of O'Sullivan descend, came a one-eyed Druid, who was also a bard, from Albany. He was named Levawn, Eochy, the chieftain, received him cordially as was his wont. Strange to say, he, like his guest, had but one eye. 1r\lien the Druid departed from the castle, he declined all the noble gifts his host pressed upon him, but demanded from his entertainer the present of his only eye. Eochy, im- pelled by a generosity that had never said Nay to a request, at once tore it from its socket, and bestowed it upon his unnatural guest. There chanced, however, to be a holy man living with the outraged Eochy ; who, in- dignant at such ingratitude, pra5'ed fer- vently that the Druid's eye might depart from its place, and, together with his own, become the property of Eochy. His appeal to Heaven was heard — the Chief became miraculously possessed of two eyes, and the Druid departed for ever blind. Hence this peerless host and his posteritj- have carried this unparalleled instance of mag- nanimity to all time in their name, Sitil- Levawn — Levawn's eye 1 " SUMMER. See Times and Seasons, SUMMERBEE, See Somerby. SUMPTION. This very remarkable name appears to be a coutraction of " As- sumption " (i.e., of the Virgin Mary), the church festival, and to be cognate with Pentecost, Christmas, Easter, &c. SUNDAY, See Times and Seasons, SUNNER, A Lancashire corruption of Sumner or Somner, SURREY. See Counties, names of, SURTEES. An ancient Durham family, Barons of the Palatinate, who took their name from residence Super Tysam. Sur Tees, Upon the river Tees, their chief seat being Dinsdale. The male line became extinct at an early period, and the younger branches fell into comparative decay, until within the last few generations, when by success in commercial and professional life, and by alliances, the ancient fortunes of the family were revived, and Dinsdale has been repurchased by the representative of the name. SUSANS. 1. Suzanne-sur-Senelle, near Coutanccs, or Suzanne-sur-Vire, near St. Lo, in Normandy. 2. See Female Christian Names. vkxJby^' na.l habitat SWE of the name. The Swaj-nsons were located at Briggeholme, in the parish of Giggles- wick, early in the XII. century, and they remained in that district until the middle of the XYIII. Early in the XIL century Adam Fitz-Swain or Swainson, was lord of Hornby Castle. " You have the advan- tage (says the Rev. Jos. Hunter, addressing one of the family.) of ha^ing had a line of ancestors living in a good position in the count)' where Sweyn, the son of Alaric, and Adam, the son of Sweyn. had such large possessions.'' Beatson"s Polit. Index, i. 4. Inf. Rev. Edw. C. Swaynson, M.A., the existing representative of the family. SWALE. A river of Yorkshire. SWALLOW. 1. A parish in Lincoln- shire. 2. iletaphorically applied to a per- son s%vift of foot, like the Fr. Hirondelle. SWAN. SWANN. 1. Perhaps the same as Swaine. 2. The bird was famous in old heroic times, both as a dainty of the table, and as an heraldric badge. Edw. III. used to swear by it. See Curios. Herald. 154. One Bartholomew le Swan occurs in the archives of Battel Abbey. 3. Sn-dn, A-Sax., a herdsman or pastoral servant. SWANBOROUGH. A hundred, and an estate, near Lewes, Sussex. SWANN ELL. 1. Ferguson considers it a diminutive of Swan. The corresponding name Suanila is found in Germany so early as the YII. century. 2. Perhaps from s>va?i, and hah, ' swan-necked,' a compli- mentary epithet sometimes applied to Anglo-Saxon ladies. SW.ANTON. Three parishes in Norfolk are so called. SWATTON. A parish in Lincolnshire (Swaton). SWAYNSON. See Swainson. SWAYSLAND. This name was written in East Sussex, in the XYI. centur\', Swaynesland. See Swain. SWEAR. Scottish. Lazy, indolent. Jamieson. SWEATMAN. SWEETMAN. Swet- man occurs on A-Sax. coins as the name of a money er ; and before and at the making of Domesday, there existed a certain Saxon freeman called Suetman and Suetmanus. SWEDEN. From the countrj'. SWEDENBANK. Possibly a corrup- tion of Swinton-Bank, an estate in the parish of Peebles, in Scotland. ST^'EEN'Y. See Mac Sweeny. SWEET. 1. See Suett. 2. Probably an A-Sax. personal name, haWng reference to character. Sweeting and Sweetlove seem to belong to the same class. Ferg. SWEET APPLE. Doubtless either a gross corruption or a sobriquet. Near Godalming in Sun-ey. this delightful name is counteriKjised by that of Bittcr2)lum. SWI g SWEETING. An old A-Sax. personal name ; a patronymic of Sweet, which see. In Domesday, Sueting, Suetingus, &c. SWEETLOVE. See Sweet. SWEETMAN. See Swetman. SWEETSER. SWEETSUR. A native of Switzerland was formerly called a Switzer ; especially one of the hired guards ; a mercenary soldier. The Switzcrs were generally fat men, and hence the distich quoted by Cotgrave : — " A Switzer's bellie and a drunkard's face, Are no true signes of penitential! grace." SWEPER. The man who managed the swepe, an engine of war for casting stones, more usually called a balista or mangonel. and much in use before the invention of gunjjowder. SWEPSTONE. Sweepstone, 'co. Lei- cester. SWETENHAM. SWETNAM. See Swettenham. SWETMAN. An A-Sax. personal name. SWETTENHAM. The family are said to have been seated at Swettenham, in Cheshire, before the Conquest, and there the male succession continued till 1788. The name is still borne by a descendant of the female line, who is owner of Swetten- ham. SWIFT. From speed of foot. Swift and Swyft, as also Celer, are found in H.R. SWILLINGTON. A place in the West Riding of Yorkshire. To this family be- longed Adam de Swillington, who had summons to Parliament as a Baron, 3. December, 1326. 1^" SWIN. SWINE. ASax.s7n«, apig. This is the initial syllable of many names of places, and of families bor- rowed from them, and points to those early days when the wild boar roamed over our great forests. Among other surnames may be cited Swinburn, Swineston, Swynford, Swinnerton, Swinshead, Swindale, Swindon, Swin- stead, Swinfen, Swinton. SWINBURNE. A township in the parish of Chollertou, co. Northumberland, which was possessed by the first recorded ancestor, John, father of Sir William rle Swinburne, who was living in 1 278, and of Alan Swinburne, rector of Wbitfield, who purchased Capheaton (the present abode of the family) from Sir Thomas Fenwick in 1274. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. Sir William de Swinburne, just mentioned, held Chollerton under the Umfreville family, and the arms of the Swinburnes are evidently derived from those of Umfre- ville. SWINDELLS. A corruption oi swine- dale, the valley of swine ; or it may be the same as Swindle. Swindale is a chapelry in tlie hundred of Shap, co. Westmore- land. 3 SWY SWINDLE. R.G. 16. I. According to Halliwell, swindle is a provincialism used in the North for spindle. 2. Perhaps a cor- ruption of Swindale, co. Westmoreland. SWINDLER. R.G. 16. A maker of spindles. See Swindle. SWINEHAM. A place near Battel Abbey, Sussex. SWINESHEAD. Does not refer to the " pig-headedness " of the race, but to their ancient residence in Lincolnshire, famous in old times for its Abbey, and the disaster of king John. SWINESTEAD. A parish in co. Lin- coln. SWINFEN. A hamlet in the parish of Wreford, co. Stafford, where the " very ancient family " mentioned in Boswell's Life of Johnson were seated in early times. SWINFORD. Parishes in cos. Leicester and Stafford. SWINGLER. Probably a flax-dresser. See Halliwell, under ' swingle.' SWINNERTON. A parish in co. Staf- ford. SWINSON. A contraction of Swain- son. SWINTON. 1. Two townships and a chapelry in Yorkshire. 2. The Swintons of Swinton Bank, co. Peebles, derive their origin from the barony of Swinton in Ber- wickshire, and from a Saxon proprietor called Edulphus de Swinton, who flourished in the reigns of Macbeth and Malcolm Canmore. B.L.G. The family, who con- tinue to write themselves ' of that Ilk,' have numbered some distinguished mili- tary men, among whom stands conspicuous Sir John Swinton, who, at the battle of Beauge in France, killed the Duke of Clarence, brother of King Henry V. " And S\Tinton placed the lance in rest, That humbled erst the sparkling crest Of Clarence's Plantagenet." Lay of the Last Minstrel. SAVIRE. SWYER. Swyre, co. Dor- set. S WITHIN. A well-known Anglo-Sax. personal name, rendered illustrious by St. Swithin, bishop of Winchester, who died A.D. 862. SWONNELL. See Swannell. SWORD. From the weapon. It has several compounds, as Brownsword, Green- sword, Longsword, &c. SWORDER. A sword-player, or a juggler with swords. For a description of this medieval pastime, see Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, Edit. 1834. p. 259. SWYNFEN. See Swinfen. SWYNNERTON. An ancient knightly family of Staffordshire, descended from Sir Roger de Swyimerton, who was lord of the manor of Swyimerton, 34. Edward I. TAB SYDENHAM. Parishes in Kent, Devon, and Oxfordshire. SYDXEY. The founder of this family in England was Sir William Sydney, Chamberlain of King Henry II., who came from Anjou with that monarch, and was buried at Lewes Priory in 11 S8. Baronage. The name is said to be a corruption of St. Denis. SYDSERF. Said to be "of that Ilk;" but the Gazetteer of Scotland mentions no such place, SYER. I. Perhaps the same as Sayer. 2. Possibly the 0. French sieilr, a sawyer, or sometimes a reaper. H.R. Le Syer and Fil. Syer. SYKES. May be a nickname for Simon, like Gilkes for Gilbert. Hicks for Isaac, &c. It may, however, be local, as a sike in some dialects means a small rill, spring, or water- fall. SYLVESTER, name. 337 TAI An ancient personal SYLVIUS. The classical personal name. SYMBARBE. See St. Barbe. SYME. A nickname of Simon, whence Symes. SYMES. See Simon. SYMM. See Simon. SYMOXDSOX. See Simon. SYMONS. SYMOXDS. See Simon. SY.MPSOX. See Simon. SYMS. See Simon. SYXXOT. " Descended from an ancient and honourable stock, of Xorman extrac- tion. The)' were possessed of lands in Ire- land from the time of the Invasion, and in the count}' where they first found footing." D' Alton. In the year 136-5 the name was ■written Synath. The account in B.L.G. derives them from a Marquis of Lusignan, whose descendants came into England, at or soon after, the Xorman Conquest. T. X AAFE. Lord Taafe's ancestors were a Welsh family, who settled in Ireland at the English invasion. In 1287 flourished Sir Nicholas Taafe, whose son, John Taafe, was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh. D'Alton. TABARD. A kind of medieval coat, which still forms part of the costume of the Heralds. It was adopted for an inn sign in the fourteenth century, and was the de- notement of the famous tavern in South- wark, from which Cliaucer's unmortal Pil- grims set forth for Canterbury. "Byfel that in a seasoun on a clay, In Southwcrk at the Tabbard as I lay, Redy to wenden on my pilgrimage To Canterbury with devout corage," TABBERER. Taburer. H.R. TABBY. Supposed to be a corruption of At- Abbey, from residence near a monas- tery. Compare Trill, Tash, Teeth, &c. TABER. See Tabor. 2 w See under Tabor. Le TABERXACLE. Perhaps a corruption of Tabernator, the latinized form of Taver- ner. See H.R. TABOIS. See Talboys. TABOR. A contraction of tabourer, one who plays on a small drum. " Would I could see this labourer." " I saw a shole of shepherds out go, Before them yode a lustj- tabrere. That to the merrj- hornpipe plaid, Whereto they danced." —Spemer. TACKLEY. A parish in Oxfordshire, where the family were resident temp. Edward I. De Tackele, De Takeleye, &c. H.R. TADLOO. Tadlow, co. Cambridge. De Tadelowe, H.R., in that shire. The Gaelic Mac Taggart, TAGGART. sans Mac. TAILBOYS. See Talboys. T A L 338 TAILBUSH. SeeTalboys. TAILOR. From the trade. It is much more frequently written Taylor. The forms in H.R. are Le Taillur, Le Tailur, Le Talyur. TAILYOUR. An old Scotch ortho- graphy of Tailor. TAIT. Teit was a personal name in Norway in the XI. cent. See the Heims- kringla. The name is sometimes varied to Taitt, Taite and Tate. TALBOT. This illustrious family trace, sine hiatu, to the great Domesday tenant, Eichard Talebot. Mr. Shirley, in his Noble and Gentle Men, remarks, that " no family in England are more connected with the history of our country than this noble race; few are more highly allied. The Marches of Wales appear to have been the original seat ; afterwards we find the Tal- bots in Shropshire, in Staffordshire, and lastly in Yorkshire." In Ireland the settlement of a branch of the family is coeval with the English rule, Henry II. having granted Malahide to Richard Talbot, whose lineal descendant. Lord Talbot, wi-ites himself " of Malahide" to this day. This name is not territorial, being never prefixed with De. I have never seen any attempt to explain it. A talbot in heraldry is a hunting-dog, but of the history of the word I know nothing. Dr. Johnson defines it as " a hound," and says, though incor- rectly, that " it is borne by the house of Talbot in their arinx.''' Concerning the Talbot, Legh speaks thus : " Isidore wryteth, that these houndes pursue the foote of pray, by sent of ye same, or els by ye bloud thereof, whether it be by night or daye. But I referre the judgment of that to them that love venison so well as will jeopardie a joynt for buck or doe. This hounde is enemy to the Catte." Accedens of Armorv, edit. 15G2. fo. 96. d. TALBOYS. Fr. taille-bois, literally " cut-wood," analogous to Taillefer (cut- iron), allusive probably to some manual feat. See Bush. The surname occurs fre- quently in Domesday. Ivo Tailgebosch, lord of Holland, co. Lincoln, married Lucia, sister of the Saxou Earls Edwin and Morcar ; and Ralph and Ivo Tailgebosc, Tallebosc, &c., were tenants in Bedfordshire. Other corruptions of this name are Tail- boys, Tabois, and Tailbusli. TALKER. First applied, probably, to a loquacious person. TALL. From statm-e, like Long, Short, &c. TALLACK. A Cornish surname, found at Penryn and at St. Austell, and also at Norwich, where a branch settled about 1750. A place near Penryn is called Tal- lack's Style. The name is doubtless Celtic, and local. There is a place in Brecknock- shire called Talach-Ddu. TALLBOYS. See Talboyg. TAN TALLIS. O. Fr. taillis, " a copse, grove, underwood ; such wood as is felled or lopped every seven or eight years." Cotgrave. It may be regarded as the Fr. equivalent of the English Shaw. TALLMAN. Allusive to height of sta- ture. TALMACHE. TALLEMACHE. See Tollemache. TALMAGE. TALMADGE. See Tollemache. TALVAS. Fr. " tallevas, a large, mas- sive, and old-fashioned targuet (shield) having in the bottome of it a pike, whereby, when need was, it was stucke into the ground." Cotgrave. TAME. An Oxfordshire name, probably from the river Thame. Alured de Tame occurs in Domesday. The armorials of this family, a dragon and a lion combatant, can hardly have been adopted upon the canting or allusive principle. TAMLYN. See Thomas. TAMMADGE. See Tollemache. TAMPKINS. A northern form of Tomp- kins. TAMPLIN. See Thomas. TAMPSETT. A northern form of Tompsett. TAMYS. An old spelling of Thames, from which river the name is probably derived. TANCOCK. Possibly Dancock, a dimi- nutive of Daniel. TANCRED. " At a very early period, and probably not long after the Conquest, the ancestors of this family were seated at Boroughbridge (co. York), which appears to have been ever since one of the residences of the house of Tancred." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The surname is clearly Norman, being derived from the personal name Tancredus. TANFIELD. Places in cos. Durham, York, &c. TANKARD. A vulgar corruption, as old as the XIII. cent., of the high-sound- ing, chivalrous, Tancred. H.R. TANKERVILLE. An ancient barony in the arrondissement of Havre in Nor- mandy, called in records Tancredi rilln, " the vill of Tancred," and, at the present day, Tancarville. The ancient barons of Tancarville were hereditary chamberlains to the Dukes of Normandy. The progenitor of this noble house, so illustrious both in Normandy and England, was Ralph de Tancarville, founder of the great abbey of St. Georges de Bocherville, and chamber- lain and preceptor of William the Conqueror, who in a charter, preserved by Mabillon, calls him " Radulphus, meus magister. auheque et camera^ princeps." See Daw- son Turner "s Normandy, ii. 4. ^- or THE ' UNIVERSITY Of TAR TANK A contraction of St. Anne. So Tooley from St. Olave. At Fersfield, co. Norfolk, there is a St. Anne's Well, which is vulgarly known as Tann's Well. Blome- field's Norf. i. 70. TANXER. A well-known occupation. In H.R. Tannour, Le Tannur, Tannator, LeTanur, Sec. TANSLEY. A township in co. Derby. TANSWELL. The fomily can trace only to 1588, in the county of Dorset. From a James Tanswell born at Buckland- Newton in that shire, descend the Tans- wells, the Taswells, and the Tazewells of England and of Virginia, U.S. There is a faint tradition of a French extraction, but I think the nanae is clearly of English origin. Tanswell appears to be a contrac- tion of St. Anne's Well. St. Anne was a great patroness of wells, and there are many in different parts of England which bear her name. See under Tann. Other orthographies of the name are Tarzwell, Tarswell, Tasewell, &c. TANTOX. Taunton, co. Somerset. TAPLADY. See Lady. TAPLEY. Perhaps Taplow, co. Bucks, or Tarporley, co. Chester. TAPLIN. See Thomas. TAPPEXDEX. An ancient Kentish famil}', long resident at Sittiugbourne, but originally of Tappenden, otherwise Toppen- den, in the parish of Smarden. Hasted's Kent, vii. 47!». TAPPER. 1 he masculine of Tapster, which see. In the N. of England an inn- keeper is still so designated. Le Tapper. H.K. TAPSTER. Originally the woman (see ster) — afterwards any person, who had the care of the tap in an inn. A Shakspearean word. TARBOTTOX. (Corruptly Tarbottom ) Probably Tarbolton, a parish in Ayrshire. TARBOX. See Torbock. TARDY. An ancient French family, who embracing the doctrines of the Refor- mation, suffered much persecution, both in the XVI. and XVII. centuries. They re- sided for many generations at La Trem- blade, in the province of Santonge. The first settler in Ireland was Monsieur Elie Tardy, who took up his residence at Dublin about 1700. B.L.G. TARES. Analogous to Peascod. It may be regarded as the English equivalent of Cicero. Vetch is also an English sur- name. TARGETT. One of the numerous sur- names borrowed from Archery. TARLETOX. A chapelry in Lancashire, parish of Croston. TARRAXT. Several places in Dorset- shire are so called. TAY TARRTXG. Two parishes in Sussex are so called. TARSAVELL. The same as Tanswell. TARZWELL. See Tanswell. TASEWELL. See Tanswell. TASH. Said to be a contraction of At Ash, from residence near a remarkable tree of that kind. So Trill, Teeth, &c. TASKER. A labourer who receives his wages in kind for a certain task. Jamieson. In England, a thrasher or a reaper. In the Nominale MS. XV. cent, it is rendered triturator. Halliw. Tasker and Le Taskur. H.R. TASALIN. O. Dutch, tas, a purse or pouch, and man. The great navigator of the Southern Ocean so called, gave his name to Tasmania. TASSELL. A contraction of Tattersal ? TATE. Tata, an A-Sax. personal name. See also Tait. TATESHALL. Xow Tattershall, co. Lincoln. William the Conqueror bestowed this and other lands upon one of his fol- lowers called Eudo, from whom descended Robert de Tatesliall, who built Tattershall castle, and whose son was created Baron Tateshall in 1295. TATIIAM. A parish in co. Lancaster. TATTEX.- A corruption of Tatton. TATTERSALL. See Tateshall. TATTERSHALL. See Tateshall. TATXELL. Probably Tattenhall, a parish in co. Chester. TATTOX. A township in Cheshire, which was the residence of this family in the XII. century. TATUIM. See Tatham, of which it is a phonetic form. TAUXTOX. A town in Somersetshire. B.L.G. traces the Tauntons of Oxfordshire to John de Tantone', who had two sons : Richard, the progenitor of the family, and John, who was abbot of Glastonbury, 2. Edward I. TAVERXER. TAVEXER. The keeper of a tavern or inn. H.R. Le Taver- ner. " Ryght as off a lavernere, The greene buschc that Iiangeth out, Is a sygne, it is no dowte, Outward ffolkys ffor to telle, That ^ritliin is wync to selle." MS. Colt. Tib. A. vii. TAWELL. Local : " the well, or source, of the Tay?" TAWSE. In S<:otland, a whip, a school- master's ferula, or any other instrument of correction — but wherefore a surname ? T A YLEURE. A ' genteel ' form of Tay- lor. See anecdote in Eng. Surn. TAYLOE. An American refinement upon Taylor. Folks of Shields. "f^julijj^ TEL TAYLOR. TAYLER. The well-known trade — sai-tor. The common uess of the oc- cupation has led to the frequency of the surname, which, according to the XVI. Keport of the Regist. Gen., 1856, stands fourth in the list of the most common family names in England and Wales, giving precedence only to Smith, Jones, and Wil- liams. Allomng for the great preponder- ance of the Joneses and Williamses in Wales, where surnames are so few, Taylor may fairly challenge the right of standing next to Smith for nuraerosity in Engkmd, the state of the poll for hirths, deaths, and marriages, within a given short period, being — For Smith, 33,557. For Taylor, 16,775. A really ancient and respectable family of Taylor, who apparently trace to Shadoc- hurst, CO. Kent, and the middle of the XIV. century, absurdly attempt to deduce them- selves, though with more than one hiatus valde defendus, from " Baron Taillefer, who accompanied William the Conqueror in his invasion of Great Britain ! " B.L.G. The H.R. forms are Le Taylir, Le Tayller, Le Tayllour. Le Tayllur, taylour, Taylur, &c. ; and there is one Alicia la Taylurese. TEAR. The Gaelic Mac Tear, deprived of its prefix. TEALE. 1. Possibly from the bird, like Gander, Swan, &c. 2. The Scottish teil, a busy-body; a mean fellow. Jamieson. The word in this sense is sometimes written teal. 3. Tell, the birch tree. Halliwell. TEASDALE. See Teesdale. TEBUTT. A possible corruption of Theobald. H.R. Tebbolt, Tebawd, &c. TEDD. A niirsename of Edward. TEDNAMBURY. A corruption of St. Edmund's Bury, co. Suffolk. See Chaun- cey's Hertfordshire, p. 353. TEED. Perhaps a nickname of Edward, more commonlj^ pronounced Ted. TEESDALE. Doubtless from the ' dale ' or valley of the Tees, co. Durham. Comp. Surtees. TEETH. May be a sobriquet, like the Roman Dentatus, but is more likely a con- traction of At Heath, from residence upon one. TEGG. A sheep in its second year. ,Halliwell quotes from Florio — " A teg or sheepe with a little head, and wool! under its belly." The word is also applied by Palsgrave to a young deer in its second year. Comp. Prickett. TELFER. Fr. taille-fer. A name of great anti(iuity. The exploits of the noble jouglere Taillefer at the battle of Hastings are well-known. William, Count of Angoulesme, in a battle against the North- men, engaged their king Storis, and with one stroke of his sword Duri^slma, forged by the great Waylaud Smith, cut in two his body and cuirass. Hence he acquired the 340 T E M sobriquet of Taillefer, or ^^ cut irony In the XVI. cent, the name in Scotland was written Tailzefer. TELFORD. I find no locality so called. Thomas Telford, the great engineer, used to say — " When I was ignorant of Latin, I did not suspect that Telfer, my true name, might be translated, " I bear arms," [Tela fero ?'\ and. thinking it unmeaning, adopted Telford." See Telfer. TELLIER. O. Fr. teller, a linen-weaver. Nic. le Tellier and his familj', Protestants from Dieppe, landed at Rye in 1572. Lansd. MSS. 15. 70. TELLVrRIGHT. The patriarch of this name probably followed the trade of the great Apostol. Tcld is the A-Sax. for a tent or tabernacle, and teldn-yrhta for a tent maker. It frequently occurs in medieval English. " AUe that stode on ilk a syde Had joye to see Clement ryde B^'foretlie Sowdan's telde." MS. Lincoln, A. i. 17. {ffalliweU). TEMES. An old spelling of the river Thames. TEMPERLEY. The same as Timper- ley. TEMPEST. This family, who are doubt- less of Norman origin, are traced to Roger Tempest, temp. Henry I., who held three carucates and two oxgangs of land in the Shipton Fee, co. York. The name is diffi- cult to account for : it may have reference to some storm which the first bearer en- countered. Perhaps Cotgrave's definition of tempestc may help us to its real import : " stormed, blustered, tossed, vexed: hurried, harried, taken or overtalien 7vlth, broken or oveiflirotvne by, a tempest." TEMPLAR. See Temple. TEMPLE. The preceptories or priories of the Knights-Templars were often called Temples, as Temple-Bruer, Temple-News- ham, &c., and even manorial residences and estates, belonging to them, obtained the same dignified appellation. The tenant or bailiff of such a property was sometimes known by the surname At-Temple, or Templeman ; for example at Sompting, co. Sussex, where this order possessed lands, Peter at Temple is named in the Xona Re- turn of 1311. In the previous century, De Temple, Du Temple, Le Templer, &;c., oc- cur in H.R. " This family of Temple are said to be descended from Leofric, Earl of Chester, who died in 1057, leaving issue Algar, Earl of Mercia and the East Angles, and a son Henry, who, in the reign of Henry I., ob- tained from Robert, Earl of Leicester, a grant of the manor of Temple, co. Leices- ter, from whence his descendants assumed their name." Courthope's Debrett. TEMPLEMAN. See Temple. Le Temijleman. H.R. TEMPLER. Another form of Temple- man, or At Temple. THA TEMPLETON. A parish in Devon, and a village in Pembrokeshire. TEN. Ferguson considers this name identical with the 0. Germ. Tenno, and the mod. Germ. Tanno. TENDER. An attendant. In the Eastern Counties a waiter at an inn is so called. TENISON. According to D Alton's History of Ireland, quoted in B.L.G., the Tenysous or Teuisons are of English ex- traction, and the name is supposed to be the same as Tynesende in the H.E. of Oxfordshire. TENNANT. TENNENT. A tenaiit— one who holds lauds under another. TENNELL. An O. Germ, personal name, Tenil. Ferguson. TENNYSON. See Tenison. TEPPER. See Tipper. TERRELL. See Tyrrel. TERN. A tern, or tarn, is a small lake. TERREWEST. ? Fr. terre, and ouest, the western land or estate. TERRY. Not ' the tearful one ' as some etymologists have it, but a corruption of Theodoric, the personal name, like the Fr, Thierry. In H.R. Terri and Terry are without prefix. TESTAR. See Tester. TESTER. This word has several dis- tinct meanings. As a surname it is pro- bably derived from the baptismal Testard, which is found in a Pipe Koll of the year 1131. Hozier, Aun. de la France, deduces it from Guillaume " Teste-hardie," Duke of Burgundy, early in the XI. century. Testard. H.R. TESTIMONY. A XIII. century sur- name. Testimonie. H.R. TEVERSIIAM. A parish in Cambridge- shire. TEWKESBURY. A town in co. Gloucester. T HACKER. A provincialism for Thatcher. It is used in this sense by va- rious old writers. " The original meaning of the word ' thack ' is straw or rushes, our Saxon ancestors using no other cover- ing for their houses. Afterwards it was extended to slate and tiles ; and he who covered a building, either with these or the more ancient materials, was called a thacltcr orthatcher." Hallamshire Glossary, p. 102. THACKERAY. From Thacker ; so Vicary from Vicar. THACKERY. THACKWRAY. See Thackeray. THACKWELL. Clearly local, and may, I think, be a contraction of " At the Oak Well," (A-Sax. ac, oak,) from the resi- dence of the original bearer of the surname. THAIN. THAINE. "A thane was 341 T II I (in like manner as the earl) not probably a title of dignity, but of service, so called in the Saxon of thoihm (scrcire,) and in Latin minister, a miiiintrando." Spelman. The A-Sax. lliegn isecjuivalent to a servant or servitor. Three London traders bear this ancient and honourable name. H.R. Le Theyn. TIIAMPSETT. See Thomas. THANKFUL. A sobriquet applied to one who made great show of gratitude? This was a common baptismal name in Puritan times. THARP. In some districts Thorpe is so corrupted ; and in Hampshire persons named Sibthorp are called Tharp. THATCHER. The occupation, See under Thacker. In the Hundred Rolls, Le Thechare, Thacchere ; also the Norm. French forms, Le Coverur, Le Covurtur, &c. THEARLE. Perhaps a mis-spelling of Thorold. THELWALL. A chapelry and town- ship in Cheshire. THELLUSSON. Lord Rendlesham's family are of noble French extraction, and traced to 1328, when Frederick de Thellusson, called Baron St. Sajjliorin, from his estate near Lyons, accompanied Philip VI. of France into Flanders. His descendants remained in France until the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572, when they took refuge at Geneva, from whence, about the middle of the last century, came Peter Thellusson, who. in 17!)7, made that monstrous will which has enriched the lawyers and astonished Christendom. THEOBALD. The personal name ; from which have also arisen the following sur- names : Theobalds, Tibbald, Tipple, Tip- kins, Tippet, Tippets, Tibbats, Tibbets, Tibbs, Tubb, Tubbs, Tubby. THEOBALDS. See Theobald. THEODORE. The well-known personal name. THEROULDE. A French refugee family. The name is identical with Thorold. THESIGER. The family came from Dresden about a century since. The ortho- graphy has been much altered. THICK. Refers, probably, to physical structure. See Tooke. THICKBROOM. Probably local : " a place where the broom-plant nourishes abundantly." De Tikebrom. U.K., co. Suf- folk. TIIICKE. See under Tooke. THICKNESSE. Nese, or nesse, is O. Eng. for nose, from A-Sax. nese ; and this name therefore probably I'efers to the thick nose of the original bearer. THIERRY. This is the modern French form of Theodoric, and the inuuediato an- cestor of the common family name Terry. T H 342 Thiery has become naturalized among us. Inthe chancel of Hintou-Blewett, co. Somer- set, is an inscription commemorative of several generations of a family bearing it. It begins thus : " In memory of Louis Thiery, who was born in France, and (being perse- cuted for true religion) came over to this free and happy kingdom about the year of our Lord 1650, and was buried under this stone about the year 1G80," On a tomb- stone in the church-yard, however, his death his fixed in the year 1665. From a communication to Notes and Queries, vol. XL, by Rev. C. W. Bingham, who adds : " In my boyhood, and probably it may still be so, there were some of the family who were farmers, and, I think, small proprie- tors, though their name was universally corrupted into Carey.'''' THILL. By crasis from " At the Hill." THIMBLEBY. A parish in Lincoln- shire, and a township in Yorkshire. THIN. See Thynne. THIRKLE. A contraction of Thur- kettle. THIRTELL. See Thurtell. THIRLWALL. THIRLEWALL. Thirlewall Castle, now a picturesque ruin in Northumberland, near Gilsland Spa, was the residence of the family in early times. Thirlwall is on, and derives its name from, the celebrated Roman Wall, which at this point was thirled or bored through (A- Sax. tliijrllan). Some have imagined that the barrier was here breached, but it seems more probable that i\\Qthirlwa?, designedly and originally in the construction of the wall, for the passage of the impetuous little river Tipple. A gentleman of this family gave evidence in the celebrated Scrope and Grosvenor controversy, about the right of bearing the coat, Azure, a bend Or, he being, as he averred, the son of a Thirlewall who had attained the great age of seven score and five years ! See Nicolas' Scrope and Grosvenor Cont., ii. 427. THIRLWAY. A modification of Thirl- wall. THISTLE. Probably borrowed from heraldry, like Rose, Lis, &c. THISELTON. Thistleton, a parish in Rutlandshire. THISTLETHWAITE. See Thwaite. THISTLEWOOD. Local : " the wood abounding with thistles." THOM. See Thomas. THOMAS. The Christian name. Though not used here prior to the Noi-m. Conquest, this has become one of the commonest of baptismal appellatives and surnames. It has also been a most abundant source of derivatives and nicknames, represented in our family nomenclature by Thomason, Thomerson, Thomson, Thompson, Tomp- son, Thom, Thorns, Toms, Thomaset, TIIO Thonisett, Tomset, Tompsett, Tomkin, Tompkins, Tomkinson, Thompkisson, Thomlin, Tomlin, Tomlins, Thomlinson, Tomlinson. In the North, A commonly re- places 0, and hence Thampsett, Tampsett, Tamlyn, Tamplin, and probably Taplin. Some of the Welsh families of Thomas are of antiquity, though the surname is, in all cases, of comparatively recent as- sumption : e. g. : Thomas of Gellyweruen, CO. Carmarthen, descends from Sir Hugh Treherne, one of the Welsh kuiglits who accompanied the Black Prince to the battle of Poictiers : some members of this family have recently exchanged the name for Treherne. Thomas of Llwyn Madoc, co. Brecknock, traces his pedigree up to that prolific source of noble and gentle blood, Elystan Glodrydd, Prince of Fferllys ; and Thomas of Welfield, co. Radnor, springs from the same princely origin, THOMASETT. See Thomas. THOMASON. See Thomas. THOMERSON. See Thomas. THOMLIN. See Thomas. THOMLINSON. See Thomas. THOMPKISSON. See Thomas. THOMPSON. See Thomas. There are, however, parishes in cos. Norfolk and Dorset so called. Almost 300 London traders bear this name, which, according to the Registrar-General, stands twenty- first in the roll of common surnames, being rarer than Edwards, and more common than White. See Prelim. Dissertation. THOJklS. See Thomas. THOMSETT. See Thomas. THOMSON. See Thomas. THORBURNE. See Thurbarn. THORESBY. North and South Thores- by are parishes in Lincolnshire. The family claim a Saxon origin, being derived from Gospatrick, lord of Thoresby, who was living at the time of the Conquest. Kg" THORNE. A component syllable of numerous local surnames, implying that thorn trees flourished in the localities ; as Silverthorne, Thorncroft, Hawthorne, Thornhill, Thornbury, Thornford, Thorn - wick, &c. Some of these may, however, be com- pounds of Thorne, a personal name. See next Article, 2. THORN. THORNE. Parishes and places in cos. York, Somerset, and Northum- berland. There are also many trivial localities so called, in many counties. In A-Sax. charters, tliorn-trees frequently oc- cur as boundary-marks, which from the great longevity of the tree is quite natural; and the word enters into the composition of numerous place-names. In medieval writ- ings the surname Thorn is latinized De Spineto, spinetum being equivalent to " a bushy place," or thicket of thorns and THO 343 THO brambles, anglice a Sjiinney, whence that surname. * There have doubtless been several fami- lies of this name. The most important one were the Noi-man Thorns of Thorn-Falcon, and Thorn St. Margaret, in Somersetshire, who held under Drogo, of the castle of Dunster, and gave lands to Taunton Priory. Domesd. From them seem to have branched off the Thorns of Devon, Yorkshire, Kent, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Northamp- tonshire, k,c. At Minster, in the Isle of Thanet, co. Kent, one of the ancient abodes of the family, on a tomb of one of the female members, of about the date of Edw. I., is this legend : — " ICI GIST EdILE DE ThORNE, QUE FUST d'xa del E spina." (Here lies Edila de Thorne, who was the Lady of the Thorne.) Hasted. In a list of persons who gave lands and slaves to Meaux Abbey, co. York (Cott. MS. Vitell, Cvj, and referring to cire. A.D. 1300) is this entry: "Walter, son of Peter de Spineto (Thorn) gave us, with his own body to be buried in our house, one ox-gang of land at Hornsburton, and Henry, the son of Simon the tenant, and all his belong- ings." — " Walterus filius Petri de Spineto dedit nobis, cum corpore suo apud nos sepeliendo, unam bovatam terre in Horns- burtone, et Henricum filium Symonis ipsam tenentem cum sequela sua." The last who used the latinized name was Sir Guy de Spineto, lord of Coughton, whose heiress married Throgmorton. This personage was sometimes gallicized to Sir Guy de la Spine. John Thome, abbot of Reading, a member of this family, who became histo- rical from the fact of Henry VIII.'s having starved him into a good appetite, and charged him a hundred pounds for the operation, used the motto — S.EPE GREAT PULCHRA3 ASPERA SPINA ROSAS. His kinsmen, Robert and Nicholas, bene- factors to Bristol, were painted by Holbein, and the corporation, in gratitude, placed over the picture of the latter the vnscrlp- tural legend : Ex SPixis UVAS collegi- Mus — "We have gathered grapes from Thorns .'" The motto over Sir Robert, the father, is — " Spina vocor, superest tribuatur gloria danti QuM bona pauperibus Spina dat esse Deo." Inf. William Thorn, Esq., M.D. 2. Thoi'ne is sometimes derived from an A-Sax. personal name. An individual called Simon, the son of Thorne, was lord of the manors of North Allerton and Tod- wick (Elreton and Todeswick)in Yorkshire, at the time of the Conquest. These manors William seized, and gave them, together with Simon's daughters, in marriage to three of his followers — one of the young ladies being assigned to Hmnphrey, his * It appears that, in some covmties, a spinney means any rough gro^vth, however extensive, of underwood and bushes of wliatever kind; but there can be no doubt that the word origmally had the signification here attributed to it. man-at-arms; another to Raoul, called Tortes-mains ; and the third to an esquire, Giiillaume de St. Paul. Thierry's Norm. Co^iq. TIIORLEY. Parishes in Hertfordshire and Hampshire. THORNBURY. Parishes and places in COS. Devon, Gloucester, Hereford, &:c. THORINGTON, THORRINGTON. Parishes in Suffolk and Essex. THORXES. " The name is local, from Thorues in the parish of Shenstone, in the county of Stafford, where Robert, son of Roger de la Thorne, was resident early in the fourteenth century." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. THORXEYCROFT. See Thornicroft. THORXICROFT. An estate in the hundred of Macclesfield, co. Chester. Thornicroft Hall was the seat of the family for fully 500 years. See Ormerod's Cheshire. THORNTHWAITE. Places in cos. York and Cumberland. TIIORNHILL. A parish in Yorkshire. The family, who were there seated until the elder line ended in an heiress, 4.";. Edw. III., traced their descent from Gemeber, a noble Saxon, who possessed large tracts of land before the Conquest. B.L.G. " Descended from the Thorn hills of Thornhill, in the Peak of Derbyshire, where they were seated as early as the seventh of Edward I." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men, (Thornhill of Stanton). THORNTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Bucks, Durham. Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, York, Chester, and Northumber- land. Yorkshire abounds with places so called. Thorne appears to have been an old Anglo-Saxon personal name ; and hence Thornton may mean the homestead of Thorne. THORXWELL. Thornville, a township in CO. York. THOROLD. A Teutonic personal name of great antiquity, which has given rise to a family name ver}' widely spread, and much varied in spelling and pronunciation, the principal forms being Thorold,Turrold, Tyrell, Torel, Turrell, Tonrelle, Torill, Tourle, Ttirl, &c., &c., &c. It comes to us from Normandy, where Turold was one of the preceptors of William the Conqueror, and his Grand-Constable at the thne of the Conquest. The name of TuROLD occurs upon the Bayeux Tapestry, designating one of the ambassadors dispatched by the Nor- man Duke to Guy, Earl of Ponthieu, and it is supposed that the Turold there repre- sented was the Grand-Constable. Dawson Turner's Tour in Normandy, ii. 104. This celebrated man gave his name to the town of which he was lord and founder, viz., Burgus Thoroldi, now Bourgtheroude, a few miles S.W. of Rouen. In Domesday, we find a Gilbert filius Turoldi among the tenants in chief of the counties of Wor- THO cester, Hereford, Cambridge, and Warwick ; while an Ilbert filius Turoldi, held a like position in the second named shire. \\Taether these were sons of the Grand-Constable does not appear. This seems probable, though as there are many tenants called Turold in that record, it is not positively certain. Under Essex, appears one Walterus Tirelde, who is by some supposed to be the Walter Tirel who shot Rufus. Morant's Essex, i. 2-i4. But Thorold was also a distinguished name among the Old Norse and the Anglo- Saxons. Thorold of Buclceuhale was sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1051. See Eng. Surn. i. 27. The Thorolds of Marston, in this shire, baronets, claim descent from that personage. For this Mr. Shirley thinks there is no evidence or authority, although he admits the " very great anti- quity " of the family, dating to the reign of Henry I. Noble and Gentle Men. THOROUGHGOOD. Not so good as it seems, however ; for it has no reference to moral excellence. Turgod is a Domes- day baptismal appellation, and Thurgood a Danish name, which has probably been improved (') to this orthograjAy. See however, Thorowgood. THOROWGOOD. From the Encyclop. Herald, it appears that a family of Thorow- good, resident at a place so called in Hert- fordshire, obtained a grant of arms so recently as the last century. THORP. See Thorpe. The Thorps of Ryton, CO. Durham, are said to be des- cended from Robert Thorpe, of Thorpe, near Wellwyke, in Holderness, who flourished in the reign of King John. B.L.G. |^° THORPE. THORP. A common local surname, there being numerous parishes in England so designated, besides an infinite number of smaller districts. As a termination it is like- wise very common, as in Althorpe. Sib- thorpe, Calthorpe, Westhorpe. A- Sax. and old Danish, thorp. Germ. dorf. Worsaae defines it as "a collection of houses separated from some principal estate — a village." It was in use, as an English word, in the XVI. century. An old translation of Fortescue, De Leg. Ang. speaks of England being " so filled and replenished with landed menne, that therein so small a tliorpe cannot be found wherein dwelleth not a knight, or an esquire, or such a householder as is called a frankleiu." Throp is a cor- rupted form, whence the surnames Mil- throp, Wintliropp, &c. THOUSANDPOUND. A thirteenth- century surname. The French have Centlivre (' hundred pounds ') — the Dutch Hondertmark (' hundred marks '), worth five of the Twentimarc of the H.R.; and at New York there is a Mr. Milledollar whom Dixon estimates at a thousand dollars (SIOOO) — but that is of com'se his nominal value only. 344 THU THRASHER. The occupation. THREDDER. A spinner of thread. Analogous to Roper, Corder, &c. THRELKELD. A chapelrj in Grey- stoke parish, co. Cumberland, in which county the De Threlkelds flourished in the XIV. century, and probalily earlier. THRESHER. See Thrasher. THREXTON. A village in Norfolk. The common people of that county have some difficulty in pronouning the th, and hence this local surname is frequently cor- rupted to Trackson and even to Traction ! THROCKMORTON. An estate in the parish of Fladbury, co. Worcester, where John de Trockemerton, the supposed an- cestor of the family, was living about the year 1200. From this John descended, through many generations, another John Throkmerton, who, according to L eland, was "the first setter up of his name to any worship in Throkmerton village, the which was at thattyme neither of his inheritance or purchase, but as a thing taken of the sete (see) of Wicestre in farm; bycause [wherefore] he bore the name of the lorde- ship and village." He became under- treasurer of England about temj). Henry V. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. f^W' THROP. A termination — the same as Thorpe, which see. THROSSEL. The throstle, a bird. THROWER. The masculine of throiv- ster, a woman that throws or winds silk or thread. A-Sax. tJirmvan, to wind or twist. THRUPP. A-Sax. throp. Primarily, a meeting of cross-ways, afterwards a village, because villages usually spring up in such spots. See Tliorpe. In Wright and Halli- well's " Reliquiffi AntiquEe," vol. ii. G8, we read : " There stode a throipe of site delitable, In whiche that pore folke of that vill.age Hadden here testis and here herborage." The -sdllage of Thorpe in Oxfordshire is pronounced Thrupp by the countr}- people. THRUSH. The bird. THUNDER. An alias of Thor, the Jupiter-Tonans of Northern mythology, in A-Sax. Tinnier, Thinior, or Thunder; whence our day of the week ' Thunres- daeg,' now contracted to Thursday. The name of the god became a personal name of men ; e. g. Roger of Windover, under A.D. G54, mentions an Anglo-Saxon called Thuner, whom he styles a " limb of the deA'il." Ferguson. On the South Downs near Brighton is a tumulus traditionally known as Thunder's Barrow, probably the grave of a Teutonic chieftain. Thunder's Hill, at Chiddingly, co. Sussex, derives its name from a family who dwelt there in the XVII. century. THURBARN. THURBERN. Thur- bernus, Thurbern, Turbernus, Turbem, and numerous other modifications, are found in Domesday, generally in association with T H W S4o tenants who had held prior to the Conquest. It ai)pears to be derived from the Northern mj-thology, and to signify 'the sonof Thor, or of the Thunderer.' THURGAR. In Essex, the same as Thurgood, or Thoroughgood. TIB THURKETTLE. An ancient Scandi- navian name, which Grimm fancifully derives from the famous lu'ttle, that Thor captured from Hymir, the giant, as a brew- ing-pot for the gods! THURLBY. Parishes, Src, in co. Lin- coln. THURLO W. Great and Little Thurlow are parishes m Suft'ojk. Lord Thurlow's family are traced to the adjoining county of Norfolk, at the beginning of the XV. century. TIIURNELL. The same as ThornhiU. THURXHAM. A township in co. Lan- caster. THURSBY. See Thoresby. THURSDAY. See Times asd Seasons. THURSFIELD. A chapelry in Staf- fordshire. THURSTOX. LA parish in Suffolk. 2.Li some cases, perhaps, from the Teutonic name Turstin, which is found in Domesday as the designation of persons both Xorman and Saxon. One Turstauus is there des- cribed a^ ' machinator ' — probably a mili- tary engineer. THURTELL. A corruption of Thui- kettle. ^g" THWAITE. A variety of opinions as to the meaning of this termination has been entertained. In Eng. Sum. I de- fined it, upon the authority of an intelli- gent correspondent, as " land reclaimed fi-om a wood or forest;" while "a rough marshy ground,"' and "a pasture," were also suggested. According to Yerstegan the pluralized variation, Thwaytes, sig- nifies a feller of wood. A correspondent of the Gentleman's Magazine, August, 18.j(>. makes it '• a set of farm buildings." I think the origin of the word must be looked for in the A-Sax. verb thiveotan, to cut down, and that it means an open space cleared in a forest. I find this opinion supported by Halliwell, who de- defines it as "land which was once covered with wood, brought into pas- ture or tillage.'' It is, therefore, nearly or quite sraonjTiious with JRoyd, which see. The pretix seems sometimes to re- fer to the name of the settler who effected the clearing, as in Adamthwaite, Simonthwaite, Godderthwaite ; some- times to the trees, &c., cleared, as in Thornthwaite, Linethwaite, Ha- thornthwaite, Brackenthwaite, (thorns, limes, hawthorns, brakes or fern): some- times to the size or situation ofih&assaii, as in Micklethwaito. Lowthwaite, Cross- 2 X thwaite ; and sometimes to less intelli- gible causes. The termination prevails in the counties of Cumberland, West- moreland, and North Lancashire. The following surnames, of which it is a component syllabic, are still found in that part of England : — Adamthwaite Hathomthwaite Applethwaite Husthwaite whence Huthwaite Applewhite Lewthwaite Brackenthwaite Linethwaite Brathwaite Lowthwaite Blathwaite Micklethwaite Brauthwaite Murthwaite Brewthwaite Orthwaite Cornthwaite Satterthwaite Copperthwaite Simonthwaite whence Stanthwaite Copperwheat Thackthwaite Cowperthwaite Thistlethwaite Crossthwaite Thornthwaite Dowthwaite Waberthwaite Godderthwaite Some of the localities can be identi- fied, but for the most part the surnames have survived the local designations from which they were adopted. THWAITES. See Thwaite. THWAYTES. See Thwaite. THYXX^E. The family of Thynne are a branch of the ancient house of Botfield or Botevile. The origin of this surname is very singular. About the reign of Edward IV. the elder branch of the Boteviles or Botfields of Stretton in Shropshire, where the family had flourished from the XIII. century, began, for some unexplained rea- son, to write themselves De le Inn, De la Inne, and Of the Inne : and this last form, in a generation or two, settled down into Thynne. Mr. Ralph Bigland, Somerset Herald, affirms that the alias originated with John de Bottevile, who resided at one of the Inns of Court, and from thence was named John of th" Inne, otherwise Thynne. But the historian of the family remarks, that there is no evidence that the person re- ferred to ever dwelt at any of the inns of court, though it is certain that " he lived in the family house at Church-Stretton, and that he was familiarly known as John o' th' Inne, which, abbreviated, became Thynne, though John de la Inne de Botfelde, was his usual appellation." It appears that this mansion was anciently called The Inn, and hence the name. From this elder branch of the Botfeldes sprang the Thj-nnes (Mar- quis of Bath) and from the younger branch came the family of Botfield. See Stemmata Botevilliana. By Beriah Botfield, Esq., M.P., &c. London. 4to. \So^. ^ The name of Thynne had, howeve^ a much more ancient existence. The Rotul. Hund. mention one Tljomas Thynne, imder the hundred of Norton, co. Northampton, as living temp. Henry III. (vol. ii. p. 12.) The surname in this instance probably re- lated to meagreness of person. TIBBALD. See Theobald. TIG 346 TIBBATS. TIBBETS. See Theo- bald. TIBBS. See Theobald. TIBETOT. The baronial family traced to the first year of Henry III. to Henry de Tibetot. They were doubtless of Norman extraction, but I do not find any place so called on the map of Normandy. TICEHURST. A parish in Sussex, for- merly Tyshurst. TICHBORNE. Tichbourne in Hamp- shire, has, from a jjeriod of unknown anti- quity, probably before the Conquest, been in the possession of a family wlio derived their name fi-om it. They have a remark- able tradition, that a female ancestor, Mabella de Lymerston, wife of Sir Eoger de T., in the XII. century, obtained from her husband as much land as she could creep round on hands and knees while a firebrand continued burning. She thus encircled several acres, with the annual value of which she founded a dole of l,i)00 loaves. This continued to be delivered on Lady-day, till the end of the last century, when a commutation was made, and the amount is now paid in money to the poor of the parish. The land so obtained is still known by the name of the " Crawles!" An ancient prophecy affirms, that the for- tunes of this venerable family will fail, should any of the lady Mabel's posterity attempt to divert the charity. TICHBOURXE. See Tichborne. TICKELL. TICKLE. Probably Tick- hill, a town and parish in Yorkshire. TICKLEPENN Y. A place near Grimsby, CO. Lincoln. TICKNOR. TICKXER. Dutch teehenoM); a drawer or designer. Fergu- son. TIDCOMBE, A parish in Wiltshire. ^ . TIDD. A Magister Thomas de Tid fS-Ctylfi^tuUc occurs in the H.R. of Cambridgeshire, 'y / 7 temp. Edward I. The name is therefore local. TIDEY. See Tidy. TIDMARSH. A parish in Berkshire. TIDSWELL. Tideswell, a parish in Derbyshire. A De Tideswell in that county, is found in H.R. TIDY. In the absence of any more re- condite etymology, I presume that this name, and Tidjnnan, refer to neatness of dress in the original bearers. TIDYMAN. See Tidy. TIERNEY. St. Tigernath, or Tierney, was an Irish saint of the sixth century, and third bishop of Clogher. TIFFANY. See Stephen. TIFFIN. See Stephen. TIGAR. The same as Tisjci. 7«ui? TIM TIGER. Probably an inn or trader's sign. TIGHE. 1. Apparently a personal and saintly name. There is a manor of Saint Tygh, in Cuckfield, co. Sussex. 2. Sir B. Burke says, that the name was derived from a village so called in Rutland- shire, in the immediate vicinity of which, at Carlby, co. Lincoln, the ancestors of Tighe of Woodstock, co. Kilkenny, were long seated. B.L.G. TILBURY. Three parishes in Essex bear this name. TILDESLEY. A chapelry in Lancashire, at an early period the residence of the family. See Ormerods Miscel. Palat. p. 2G. TILEMAN. The same as Tiler, or as Tillman. Tileman. H.R. TILER. The occupation — a layer of tiles. Le Tilere. H.R. TILLEY. 1. Tilly is a town or village in the dejjartment of Calvados in Nor- mandy; and there is a second place so called in the department of Eure. Tilly, Tillo. Hund. Rolls. 2. A ' nursename ' of William. TILLIE. See TUley. TILLY. See TiUey. TILLMAN. A husbandman. " Because there were so fewe tijlmen, the erde lay un- filled." Capgrave's Chron. sub A.D. 1349. TILLOT. TILLOTSON. See William. TILL. See William. Sometimes perhaps a contraction of At-Hill. TILNEY. Three parishes in Norfolk bear this name. TILSON. See William. TIM. A nickname of Timothy. TIMBERLAKE. I cannot agree with Mr. Talbot (See Engl. Etym.) that this name is a mistake for " timber-leg," a man with a wooden leg ! It is clearly of the local class, and the final syllable is the same as that in Hoylake, Shiplake, &;c. TENIBS. See Timothy. I fear that my brother F.S.A., who knows so many things " not generally known." will object to this etymology, but it is the best I can do for him. TIMBURY. Probably the same as Timsbury, parishes in cos. Somerset and Southampton. TIMES. Probably the same as Tims, a diminutive of Timothy. ^f" TIMES AND SEASONS. Among the multifarious designations which have a jilace in our family nomenclature, there are few, which if taken literally, itwould be so difficult to account for, as those that are identical with the names of the seasons of the year, months, and other parts of time. In this article, however, I shall attempt to explain many of these TIM by showing their probable derivation from other sources. To begin, we have Spring, Summer, and Winter, — but no Autumn. In Eng. Surn., i. 210, I have suggested that Fall, (the name given to that season in America and in some of our provincial dialects,) may be the missing correlative ; but on further re- flection, I am convinced that the four surnames. Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter, have nothing to do with the periods which they seem to represent. Spring is of the same class as Wells, La Fon- taine. cVC. — source, origo. Summer is a corruption either of Somner, an officer in the ecclesiastical courts, or Sommer, a Grerman personal name. Fall is proba- bly the northern fald or fauM. an en- closure ; while Winter is a personal A- Saxon name, rendered somewhat fami- liar as the designation of one of the companions of " Hereward the Saxon." Ferguson, following Grimm, supposes that Summer and Winter are derived from personifications of the two seasons in Northern mythology. Such names as Christmas, with its kindred Yule and Xoel ; Easter, with its congenerous Paschall. Pask, and Pash ; Pentecost ; Middlemis (for Michaelmas ;) and Sumption (for As- sumption.) may have been conferred, in the first instance, upon infants born at those respective festivals, and may have grown afterwards, according to the practice of medieval times, into Sur- names. The same origin may be at- tributed to surnames borrowed from the days of the week — Sunday, Monday or Munday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday — but will hardly apply to those that look like the denominations of months, as June, July, Januarj-^ March, May, August, which are, in their respective places, shown to be derived from totally different sources. (See Supplement.) A third group of surnames of similar appearance — Day, Weekes, ilattin and Dawn. Evening and Vesper, Xoone and Morrow — may here be noticed. Day is explained in its proper place, and has no connection with did. Neither has Weekes anything in common with hehdomada. Mattin may be either a corruption of Martin, or a derivative of Matthew; and Da^^"n is perhaps Daunay somewhat curtailed of its proportions, or a mispronunciation of Dome, a Gloucestershire hamlet. Evening and Vesper are not so easily disposed of, though the former from its termination has a • local ' appearance, while the lat- ter may possibly be the name of some forgotten trade or occupation. Xoone I give up in despair; but Morrow is probably the Celtic patronymic Mac- Morough, deprived of its Mac. Upon the whole, I feel that this group of family names is the most difficult that I have had to deal with. I have doubt- less fallen into misapprehensions ; yet I am convinced that no amount of inge- nuity or research could satisfactorily 347 TIP elucidate it. See Eng. Sum., i. 216, et seq. TIME SLOW. Timeslow occurs in the XIV. century, and in the XIX. It is pro- bably local. TLMM. TIMMS. See Timothy. TIMMINGS. See Timothy. TIM:MIXS. a diminutive of Timothy. TIMOTHY. The baptismal name, whence the derivatives Timm, Tims, Timms, Timbs, Timmings, Timson, Timp- son, Timpkins. TIMPERLEY. A township in Cheshire. TIMPKIXS. See Timothy. TIMPSOX. The son of Timothy. TIMSOX^ See Timothy. TIXDAL. TIXDALL. See Tindale. TIXDALE. An extensive ward or dis- trict of Xorthumberland. which includes the Dale of the Tyne. The great Border family so called had their chief seat at Langley, near Haydon Bridge, and were styled in charters of temp. Henry II. Barons of Tynedale and Langley Castle. TIXKER. The occupation. Tincker H.R. TLN'SLAY. See Tinsley. TIXSLEY. A chapelry in the parish of Rotherham, co. York. TIXSOX. An abbreviated form ol Stinson. Stephenson. TIXTEX. A place in the parish of St. Tudy, CO. Cornwall, possessed by the family until the XIV. century, when the heiress married Carminow. TIPKIXS. Perhaps a diminutive of Theobald. TIPLADY. See Lady. TIPPLE. A corruption of Theobald. TIPLER. In modern times a 'tippler' means a man who indulges freely in strong drmk; and 'tipple," as a substantive, is applied to any intoxicating beverage ; thus in Poor Robin's Abuanack — " Tou may make pretty tipple if so you've a mind't, With hops and with malt for a pemiy a pint ; And that's cheaper than you can buy." Formerly however, a tippler was a seller, rather than a consumer, of such articles. In the records of the corporation of Seaford, CO. Sussex, 3Gth Elizabeth, two townsmen are presented at the quarter sessions as common tipplers (communes tlpulatores,) who have broken the assize of bread and beer, and are fined 2s. 6d. The same year one Symon CoUingham, of Sefi"orde, is licensed as a Tipler, and enters into recognizances for the good governance of his house, and for abstaining from the use of unlawful games " duringe the time of his tiplinge." Similar entries occur in the records of Bos- ton, in which town the surname of Tj-pler was established in the earlier part of the T I T 348 XVI. century. In the corporation archives of Warwick is preserved "The note of such Typlers and alehouse-kepers as the justices of peax have returned to me this Michil- mas session. Thies underwriten were re- turnyd by Sir Thomas Lucy and Humphrey Peto, esquire." March, 15. Eliz. See Halliwell's Life of Shakspeare, p. 126. Tipeler, H.R. TIPPER. To ' tip ' is an old word ap- plied to the mounting of drinking-horns, cups, &c., with metals. Bailey. A tq^per was therefore an artizan so employed. Its forms in the Hundred EoUs are Tippere and Le Tipper. The peculiar, but excellent, ale, called tipper, derives its name from its first brewer, Mr. Thomas Tipper, of New- haven, CO. Sussex, who fiourished less than a century since. The peculiarity of this beverage arises from its being brewed from bi-ackish water, which is obtainable from one well only ; and all attempts to imitate the flavour have hitherto failed. TIPPET. TIPPETS. See Theobald. TIPPING. The family of Tipping, an- ciently Typpynge, derived their surname from a vill or hamlet in the township of Clayton-le-Dale, co. Lancaster. The mansion called Tipping Hall was their seat temp. Edward III., and probably much earlier. B.L.G. TIPSTAFF. " So named from the staflf which they carry, tipp'd with silver. An oificer who takes into custody such per- sons as are committed by a court of judi- cature." Bailey. TIPTOFT. A corruption of Tibetot. It took place in the XV. century. Sir Paganus, a younger son of John, the second Lord Tibetot. had a son Sir John, who wrote himself Tiptoft, and was summoned to parliament as a Baron by Henry IV. TIPTON. A parish in Staffordshire. TIREBUCK. May relate to some feat of the chase, but is more likely a corrup- ruption of Torbock, a Lancashire local sur- name. See Torbock. TIREMAN. See Tyerman. TISDALE. See Teesdale. TISDALL. A corruption of Teesdale, the dale or valley of the river Tees. TITCHBOURNE. See Tichbourne. TITCHEXOR. A West Sussex family of this name reside in the neighbourhood of the village of Itchenor ; hence it is pro- bable that the name was originally either At-Itchenor or D'ltchenor. TITE. 1. The French orthography of Titus. 2. An Oxfordshire provincialism (now obsolete) for a spring of water. Halli- well. TITHERIDGE. Until lately, this name, which was formerly connected with the county of Southampton, was spelt Tythe- ridge. From the termination ridgc it is clearly loca% lut I cannot find the place. T L TITI.EY. A parish in Herefordshire, TITTLE. Probably local, the last syl- lable being a corruption of hill. TITUS. The personal name. TOBIAS. The personal name. TOBIN. See Tobyn. TOBITT. The personal name. TOBUTT, May be a corruption of Tal- bot. At Newdigate, co. Surrey, this name eventuall}' became Tobit. TOBY. The nickname of Tobias. TOBYN. The Irish fomily are believed to be descended from the A. Noi-m. St. Aubyns— the name having formerly been spelt St. Tobin, and then Tobyn. The name is of record in Ireland from the time of Edward the Third. It was es- pecially established in the county of Tip- perar>-. D'Alton. A writer in the Quarterly . Review for April, 18G0, speaking of the desire manifested by some of the English settlers in Ireland to be thoroughly hibernicized, mentions that the Fitz-Ui-ses became Mac-Mahons, and the St. Aubyns Dobbin, or Tobyn." TODD. TOD. An archaic and provin- cial name of the fox. The expression "wily tod" occurs in the writings of Wickliffe, and the word is made use of by B. Jonson. Before fox-hunting became a fashionable sport, and when churchwar- dens, acting under the Statute of 24. Hen. VIII., were accustomed to pay " xijd. for the head of every foxe," a class of men gained a precarious livelihood by hunting foxes and lesser vermin, and obtained the designations Todhunter and Todman, both of which have become well-known sur- names. TODHUNTER. See under Todd. TODMAN. See under Todd. ^g° TOFT. A local termination. A. Sax. tofte, a little home field, or homestead. Bosworth. A piece of ground where there hath been a house. Camden. Open ground ; a plain ; a hill. Halli- well. " He hath neither toft nor croft," was an old proverbial saying, to signify that a man had no lauded possessions. TOKE. The Tokes of Godington, co. Kent, claim descent from Robert de Toke, who was present with Henry III. at the battle of Northampton. In the XR". & XV. cent, the family were seated at Bere, and the Tokes of Godington, a younger branch, date from about temp. Henry VI. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. See Tooke. TOKER. See under Tuckerman. TOLCARNE. There are several places so called in Cornwall. The family are sup- posed to have originated at Tolcarne, in the parish of Camborne. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TOLER. See Toller. TON 349 TOO TOLL. I. A grove of lofty trees; a holt. 2. Toli, an A-Sax. personal name. TOLLEMACHE. In his preface to Orosius, Dr. Bosworth states, that the family were among '■ the first Engle or Angles that settled among the Sudfolk in East Anglia." On their manor-house at Bentley, near Ipswich, there is, or was, the following distich : — " Before the Normans into Esci.ant> came, BeSTLET was my seat, and TolXEJtACHE MY NAME." The Et)-mology of the name is said to be A-Sax. "fa/, a counting or reckoning; and viaca, a consort, companion, fellow ; as a fellow of a college — a manager of the ac- counts of the realm. Hence tallies of the Exchequer." Dr. Bosworth in N. &; Q., May 15, lSo8. A family tradition, however, derives it from tollmach, "tolling of the bell,"" but does not tell us to what language that word belongs. TOLLER. 1. Two parishes in Dorset- shire are so named. 2. A-Sax. tollere, a publican, or taker of tolls and taxes. Hal- liwell quotes an old poem in Harl. MS., 2260, to the effect that the— " ToUers oflBee it is Ul; For they take toll oft against skill."' that is, contrary to reason. TOLMAN. TOLEMAX. The same as Toller. TOLY. A contraction of Saint Olave. See Tooley. TOM. The ' nurse-name ' of Thomas. TOMBLER. A tumbler or posttu-e- master. TOMBLESON. A corruption of Thom- linson. See, however, under Tombs. TOMBS. Ferguson derives this surname, and Tombleson, from an old Hfgh German root, tiiom, equivalent to A. -Saxon d6m., judgment; but as he puts them in juxta- position with Thoms, Thomson, Tomkin, and other known derivatives of" Thomas." his etjrmologj' is not to be ^accepted. If this name is pronounced Tombs, it is no doubt the genitive of Tom. TOMKIN. See Thomas. TOMKIXSON. See Thomas. TOMLIXSON. See Thomas. TOMPKINS. See Thomas. TOMPSETT. See Thomas. TOMPSOX. See Thomas. TO:\IS. See Thomas. TOMSETT. See Thomas, gg^ TON. One of the commonest termi- nations of names of places, and by con- sequence, of local surnames. " In Ford, in Ham, in I^y, in Ton, The most of English Surnames run." Out of 1,200 names of places in the first two volumes of Kemble"s A-Sax. Charters, 137 have this termination, or ll.-t per cent, but, with certain allow- able deductions, Leo makes the pro- portion 13.5 per cent., or about one- eighth : and these occur principally in the South of England. The A-Sax. tiiii signifies an inclosed space, the area of which may be either small or large, from a cottage-homestead up to a walled to7vn, which latter is indeed the same word. TOXGE. Parishes and places in cos. Kent, York, Salop, Lancaster, and Leicester. TOXGLTE. 1. A parish in Sutherland- shire. 2. Tong or Tonge, parishes, &c., in Kent, Yorkshire, Salop, Lancashire, and Leicestershire. TOXI. Doubtless from Toeni, a com- mune in the arrondissement of Louviers, inXormand}", latinized in the XI. century Toenium. Ralph de Todeni or Toni, son of Roger de Toenio, standard-bearer of Normandy, was at the battle of Hastings. In Domesday he appears as tenant in chief in several counties, the head of his barony being Flamstead in Hertfordshire. Robert and Berenger de Todeni, doubtless near kinsmen of Ralph, are also found among the tenants in chief in the great record. The family were ennobled, and became ex- tinct, in one person, the Lord Robert de Toni, temp. Edward I. Upon Robert de Todeni the Conqueror bestowed the lord- ship of Belvoir, co. Leicester, where h« built the castle, afterwards so famous, and made it the head of his barony. His son and heir, William, took the name of De Albini, with the addition of Brito, "to distinguish himself," says Kelham, "from William de Albini, chief butler of the realm." TOXKIX. A diminutive of the diminu- tive Tony, from Anthony ? TOXSOX. Tony's son, the son of Anthou}'. TOXSOR. 1. A latinization of Barber. The name Barbitonsor, "beard-shaver," is found in H.R. 2. One Durandus Tonsor was a Domesday tenant in chief. TOXY. See Toni. TOOGOOD. Can hardly refer to super- excellence of character. The old spelling Towgood is almost conclusive against such derivation. The last syllable maybe a cor- ruption of wood. TOOKE. A name of doubtful origin, because the several etymons which have been suggested are of nearly equal proba- bility. I. The Be prefixed to the name Tuke, or Touke. of the midland counties points to a local origin, and that family are said to have sprung from the Sieur de Touque, whose ancient barony in Nor- mandy (arrondis.scment of Pont TEveque) was written in charters Touqua. I do not find Domesd. authority for this, though I do find in that ancient record (II) as land- owners, prior to its compilation, persons bearing the baptismal names of Toe, Tocho, Tochi, and Toka, as well as the patronymic 1 form, Godric Tokeson. III. It may be from M^ <7a^ /7^a^t^\ TOK At-Hoke or At-Hook, imjjiying the resi- dence of the first bearer on an elevated spot. See Hoolv. IV. But this is less likely — it has been suggested that it is of O. English origin, and signifies thick. If it be so, Tuck was no inappropriate name for the well-known friar. Gent. Mag., June, 1840. The surname is found spelled in 17 different ways. One of the most ancient is Toke, as preserved in the Godington family for many centuries. The Tookes of Hurs- ton Clays, co. Sussex, of London, Herts, Dorset, &c., proven descendants of that house, have employed this orthography from the XVI. century. TOOLE. See O'Toole. TOOLEY. A crasis of St. Olave. Tooley Street in Southwark is so called from its proximity to the church of St. Olave. TOOMER. 1. From St. Omer. So Tooley from St. Olave ; Tanswell from St. Anne's Well, &c. 2. The process of taking wool from the card is called iooming, and hence possibly the name may be the desig- nation of that employment. TOON. See Tune. TOOT. Mr. Ferguson considers this identical with an A- Sax. jDersonal name, Tota or Totta. TOOTAL. Perhaps the same as Tot- hill. TOOTH. This name probably has refer- ence to some peculiarity in the teeth of the original bearer. The Romans had their Dento and Dentatus, most likely on the same account. TOOTHACHER. Germ, todtenacher, field of the dead, a burying ground ; ana- logous to our indigenous name Church- yard. TOOVEY. See Tovey. TOP. See Topp. TOPCOAT. Doubtless local : see Cott or Cote. TOPLADY. See Lady. TOPP. An elevated spot is known in some dialects as a toj), and is used antithe- tically to bottom, which see. Residence on such a spot would originate the surname. TORBOCK. An estate in Lancashire, which had possessors of its own name in early times. They were of common ances- try with the distinguished house of Lathom of Lathom, being descendants of Richard, brother of Sir Robert Fitz-Henry, founder of Burscough Priory. See Latham. The name is, I think, extinct, that is, in its ancient and true orthography, though it appears to survive in plebeian life, and in the grotesque forms of Tirebuck and Tar- box. TOREL. See Thorold. The scribes of the middle ages understood this name to signify Fr. tourelle, the little tower, or 350 T U turret, and accordingly latinized it by De Parva Turri. The heralds, on the other hand, read it as taurcau, a bull, and hence the bulls' heads in the arms. TORILL. See Thorold. TORKIXGTON. A township in Cheshire, formerly the property of the family. TORR. In the W. of England, a craggy eminence, or more generally a hill. Places specifically so called are tor-Abbey, Tor- Brjvan, and Tor-Quay, all in Devonshire De la Tor is the H.R. form. TORRY. An Edinburgh surname. In some parts of Scotland ionj is a term ex- pressive of great indignation or contempt. Jamieson. TOSH. A known abbreviation of Mac Intosh. " Old Molly Tosh, who long kept the Red Lion in Churchway, North Shields, became Mary Macintosh on her tombstone, where she lies sound asleep with a bundle of manuscript correspondence under her head." Folks of Shields. TOSHACH. A chief or thane. Gael. Probably a modification of Mac Intosh. TOTHILL. " A Tote-hill is an emi- nence from whence there is a good look- out." Cheshire. Archa3ologia, xix. 39. .. "Totehyll,montaignette." Palsgrave, 1530, JV — an evident derivative of the A-Sax. verb \J fotian, to elevate or lift. TOTTENHAM. A parish in Middle- sex. TOUCH. This name jirobably comes to us from the Fr. De la Touche. A toiic/te is thus defined by Cotgrave — '' A hoult, a little thicke grove or tuft of high trees, es- pecially such a one as is neere a house, and serves to beautifie it, or as a marke for it." TOUCHET. A parish in the arrondisse- ment of Mortain in Normandy, latinized Tuschetum. From that place no doubt proceeded the great A. Norm, family, after- wards ennobled as Barons Audley. In the alliterative copy of the so-called Battel- Abbey Roll, Tuchet and Truchelle oc- cur in association, which is quantum valeat evidence of the Norman origin of the name. It is stated, however, that, at a later period, one Orme, who from his musical talents acquired the cognomen of " the Harper," was the first bearer of the name, and that he was sometimes called ' Citharista ' or ^' Touch -it .'" See Sir P. Leycester's Tabley MSS., quoted in Ormerod's Cheshire iii. 23. TOUGH. Sturdy ; capable of endur- ance. TOURELL. See Thorold. TOURLE. See Thorold. TOURNAY. A town in Artois. Gosfrid Tornai occurs in the Domesday of Lincoln- shire. TOUSSAINT. (O. Fr. tousaintz) a name TOW 351 given to a person bom on the festival of All Saints : analogous to Christmas, Noel, Pentecost, ice. TOVEY. Tovus, otherwise Tovi, came to England with the Conqueror, and acquired several manors in Norfolk. The name is found in Domesday as Tovi or ToNius. TOWER. TOWERS. From residence in or near a tower. TOWES. TOWS. Said to be from St. Osyth. Comp. Toomer, Tooley, &c. TOAVGOOD. See Toogood. TOWX. TOWXE. A-Sax. tun, an en- closure, homestead. At-Town would become Towner. In Cornwall a farm-yard is still called a ''town-place.'" Your ancient Towner was not, therefore, what his name sounds to modern ears, but a thorough rustic. TOWXELEY. An estate in Lancashire, which belonged to this ancient and distin- guished family, whose pedigree is mid to be traced to the time of King Alfred, and to Spartlingus, first Dean of Whalley, who flourished about the year 89(>. The line of this personage terminated with an heiress, Cecilia of Towneley, in the XIV. century, who married John del Legh, and conveyed the estate to his family. He died in or about 1330, and his great-grandson resumed the ancient surname of Towneley. John del Legh was a cadet of the great Cheshire family of that name. B.L.G. Towneley Hall is still the seat of this race, who may well challenge comparison in point of venerable antiquity with any family in England. TOWNER. See Town. TOWXSEND. TOWXSHEXD. TOWNEND. "The town's end,'" from residence there. The forms in the Hun- dred Rolls, are Ate-Touneshend, Ate-Tunes- end, Ate-tunishende, ice. The analogous name Attestreteshend — " at the street's end" — is found in the same rolls, as are also Ad Caput Villa?. Ad Finem Villte, and Bynethetouu, i.e.. "beneath the town.'" This surname, though of essentially plebeian origin, emerged from the ignnhUe vitlffUJ^ at an early period after its adoption, being traced to the year 1377, in gentle degree at Snoring Magna, co. Nortblk. In 1398, the ancestor of the Marquis Townshend was at Rainham, the present seat of the family. Leland speaking of the head of the house, in his day, says : " the grandfather of Townsende now living, was a mean man of suhxtance.'' Mr. Shirley calls this a 'de- famatory account,' and so it may be re- garded, if taken in the sense of a wealthy miser; but the old Itinerarian doubtless means a person of moderate fortune, which is no disparagement. See Noble and Gen- tle Men. TOWSEY. 1. By crasis, from St. Osyth. Camden's Remains. So St. Olave became Tolve or Toolev (as Tooley Street in Southw4rk). St. Ebbe. Tahbe. &c. 2. Torhaps the old Fr, surname Touccy. TEA TOWSON. Perhaps the Fr. Toussaints, All-Saints' Day, or, as it was anciently called, All-Hallowtide. See Times and Seasons. TOWZER. The occupation. To towse, or teaxe, is to clear the fibre of wool from entanglements. TOZER. The same as Towzer. TRACKSON. See Threxton. TRACTIOX. A known corruption of Threxton, which see. TRACY. This famous Xorman family borrowed their surname from Traci-Boccage in the arrondissement of Caen, called in documents of the XL cent. Traceium. They came hither at the Conquest, and were subsequently lords of Barnstaple, in Devonshire. The parishes, ice, of Wool- combe-Tracy, Bovi-Tracy, Minet-Tracy, Bradford-Tracy, ice, in Devonshire, derived their suflLxes from this family. Fuller's "Worthies, i., ooS. The male line failed at an early period, but the heiress married John de Sudley, whose son WilUam adopted the maternal surname. This personage has by some genealogists been considered one of the four assassins of Thomas-a-Becket, though others stoutly deny it, and assert that there were other William de Tracys living contemporaneously with him. "Who- ever the assassin was, a curse was said to attach to him and to his seed for ever, namely, that wherever he or they went, by land or sea, the wind should blow in a di- rection opposite to that of their course. Hence the well-known traditional couplet — " All the Tracts, Ha\t; the Wind is their Faces." In Kent, the name Tresse is considered to be identical with Tracy. TRADER. 'John the Trader," to dis- tinguish him from 'John the Farmer,' or the like. ^^ TRADES. Surnames derived frarn. The following is Mr. Clark's list : — " Barber, Brazier, Mason and Builder, Carrier, Carter, Carver and Gilder ; Dancer, Drover, Dresser and Dyer, Cartwright, Clothier, Caner and Crier ; Arrowsmith, Arkwright, Agent and Butler, Carpenter, Chandler, Cooper and Cutler ; Bathmaker, Butcher, Brewer and Broker, Cardmaker, Carman. Corderand Coker; Bellringer, Bellman. Bowman and Blacker, Paviour, Pedlar, Painter and Packer ; Currier, Collier, Chanter and Cropper, Huntsman, Hosier, Hacker and Hopper ; Boatwright, Baker, Binder and Brazier, Grocer, Gouger, Grinder and Glazier ; Merriman. ^Mercer, ^Merchant and Miller, Banker, Chapman, Cutter and Killer ; Fidler, Farmer, Joiner and Stringer, Gardener, Goldsmith. Tapper and Ringer ; Horseman. Hooker. Barker and Peeler, Fr_\-man, Fowler, Drajwr and Dealer : Plo«Tight. Packman, Paver and Plater, Traveller. Tapster. Thatcher and Slater ; Peddlar. Pitman, Pincher and Potter, Tuiuer, Trimmer, Tanner and Trotter : TEA Shoveller. Swindler, Steiner and Smoker, Saddler, Shearer, Salter and Stoker ; Fleshman, Foreman, Fuller and Fyler, Taverner, Taylor, Tasker and Tyler : Dairyman. Doctor, Drawer and Dredger, Herdsman, Hawker, Hewer and Hedger ; Quarrier. Quilter, Ehymer and Eeader, Bowmaker, Scriveneri^Presser and Pleader ; Pressman, Plumer, Poet and Pinner, Staymaker, Sheppard, Glover and Skinner , Tuner, Threader, Bridger and Archer, Tirer, Thrower, Loader and Marcher ; Girdler, Stamper. Keeper and Xailer. Easper, Trainer, Baster and Sailer : Warrener, "Workman, Wehber and Whiter, ■\Mieel Wright, Watchman, Roper and "Writer. This list of names we might extend, And fifty more at least append ; ISTay — if inclined, we could recite "em Thus, one by one, ad infinitum.'' TRAFFORD. An estate in the parish of Eccles, CO. Lancaster, where the ances- tors of the family are said to have been es- tablished before the Xorman Conquest. The pedigree in Baines's Lancashire deduces them from Ealph de Tratford, who died about 1050. This Ralph may have been a real personage, and an ancestor of the Traffords. but he was certainly no De Trafford before the Conquest. Mr. Shirley remarks that " on the whole, it may be as- sumed that the antiquity of this family is exaggerated, though the name no doubt was derived from the locality at an early period." Noble and Gentle Men. TRAHERXE. See Treherne. TRAIL. TRAILL. This X. of Eng- land family claim to be of Norse extraction, and say that their name signifies TroUe or Troll, the devil ! TRA^; G:MAR. a Brighton name, ap- parently the same as that which existed there as Trenchemer in 1296, (Sussex Arch. Coll. ii. 295) the ch having hardened into g. The original application may have been to a mariner — one who cuts the TRANT. This family, of Danish ex- traction, are, on Ortelius's map, located in the Barony of Corkaguiuny, co. Kerry. D'Altou. TRAXTER. A word of uncertain origin, sismifving. according to Bailey, a " sort oflishennan;" but Halliwell says that it is in various dialects, a carrier. TRAPPER. A man who takes game, and other wild animals, by various traps or contrivances. In this sense the word is still used in America. TRAQUAIR. A parish in Peebles- shire. TRASH. O. French, a bunch of grapes — perhaps an inn sign. TRAVELLER. A man who has visited foreign countries. TRAVERS. Fr. traverse, a cross path 352 T R E or foot-road leading from one village to another. TRAYNOR. The Ossianic hero, Fiun Mac-Cool, was grandson of Trenmor or Treanmhar (pron. Treanwar) whence per- haps the surnames Treanor, Traynor. and, as Mr. Mac-Grady thinks. Mac Creanor. ^i° TEE. See under CORXISH SCE- TREACHER. O. E. trechoure, a cheat. Richardson says : " One who tricks . . . cozens, cheats, beguiles, deceives." TREACY. See Tracy. TREASURER. The office. The name is an ancient one, being found in its Latin form of Thesaurius among the tenants in chief of Domesday. TREBARFOOT. An estate in the parish of Poundstock, co. Cornwall, the ancient seat of the family, until the ex- tinction of the elder line in IGoO. They bore for arms three bears' feet. TREBARTHA. A place In the parish of Northill, co. Cornwall, where the family flourished from the reign of Edward I. to that of Henry YII. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. TREBECK. Probably a corruption of Troutbeck. A Dominus Thomas de Trebec occurs in Shropshire, temp. Henry HI. H.E. TREBLECOCK. A place In Cornwall— Trebilcock. TREBY. A manor In Cornwall, now called Trebigh, in the parish of St. Eve. It was anciently possessed by the family. D. Gilbert's Cornwall, i. 112. TRECARXE. The family were anciently of Trecarne in Cornwall. The heiress married Glynn of Glynn in that county. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREDCROFT. An old Sussex name. Local : place unknown. TREDENHAM. An ancient Cornish family who resided at Tredenham in the parish of Probus. There are strong reasons for believing them to have been an ofl'shoot of the baronial family of Dinham of Corn- wall and Devon. The prefix Tre in the Cornish tongue signifies, like the Saxon tiiii, an enclosure, or fenced estate. It is, therefore, quite possible that a cadet of Dinham or Denham (as the name was sometimes called) may have given the name of Tre-Denham, or " Denham's estate " to his lands, and that afterwards his descendants took their surname from those lands in the ordinary way. A re- markable confii-mation of this notion is, that both families bear in their coat annour fusils (which are far fi-om common in heraldry)— the noble family carrying them in f esse, and the gentle one in lend. See C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. I TEE TREDIXXICK. An estate in the parish of St. Breock, where the family dwelt up to the extinction of the elder male line, before the year 1531. Lysons' Cornwall. TREE. See Attree in Supplement. TREFFRY. This name is derived from the manor of Tretfry, in the parish of Lanhj^drock, where it is traced to a very early period. The family afterwards re- moved to Fowev. where was born the gal- lant Sir John Treffr)-, who, lighting under the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, took the French royal standard, for which he was created a knight banneret, and had, as an augmentation of his arms. theFleurs- de-lys of France. In the next century some French marauders (whether in revenge of the national disgrace or not, does not ap- pear) attacked Place House, the residence of the family at Fowey. but met a repulse at the hands of a lady, the Mistress Treffry of the period. Leland says : — " The Frenchmen divers times assailed Fowey, and last, most notably, about Henry VI. tvme, when the wife of Thomas Trevry, with her men, repelled the French out of her house, in her husbandes absence, whereupon Thomas Trevry builded a right fair and strongly embattled tower in his house." TREFUSIS. This ancient family have been seated from time immemorial at Tre- fusis, in the parish of Milor, co. Cornwall. The pedigree is traced four generations before the year 1292. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. TREGAGLE. The name of this family ■was taken from their place of residence. Tregagle, in the parish of Probus, which that prince of etymologists, Hals, informs us signifies " the town of gagling geese, or the filthy town!" D. Gilberfs Corn- wall. To this family belonged John Tre- gagle, an arbitrary magistrate and local tyrant, of the days of the Stuarts, whose ghost yet haunts the wilds of Cornwall. " One of this family, ha%ing become unpo- pular," says Ml-. Davies Gilbert, "the tradi- tions respecting a mythological personage have been applied to him. The object of these tales of unknown antiquity was, like Orestes, continually pursued by an aveng- ing being, from whom he could find refuge only from time to time by flying to the cell or chapel on Roach Rock : till at last his fate was changed into the performance of | a task, to exhaust the water from Dozmere, with an implement less adapted, if possible, for its appropriate work, than were the colanders given to the daughter of Danaus : Hocc' ut opinor, id est, aevo florcnte pnellas, Quod memorant, laticem pertusum congerere in vas. Quod tamen expleri nuLa ratione potestur. " Tregagle is provided simply with a limpet shell, having a hole bored through it : and with this he is said to labour with- out intermission ; in drj' seasons flattering himself that he has made some progress to- wards the end of his work ; but when rain commences, and the ' omnis eflusus labor ' 2 Y 353 TEE becomes apparent, he is believed to roar so loudly, in utter despair, as to be heard from Dartmoor Forest to the Land's End." TREGARRICK. A place in the parish of Roche. CO. Cornwall, formerly the seat of the family, whereof John tregarrick was M.P. for Truro, 7. Richard II. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREGARTHLAJ^. A place in the parish of Gorran, co. Cornwall, where the family were seated temp. Edward I., or earlier. C. S. Gilberfs Cornwall. TREGARTHYX. See Tregarthian. TREGEARE. A place in the parish of Crowan, co. Cornwall. The family were resident there so lately as 1 732. Eichard Tregeare, of Tregeare, was sheriff of the county in 170i. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREGENDER. A place in the parish of Ludgvan. co. Cornwall, which the family formerly possessed. TREGEXXA. An estate in St. Ives, CO. Cornwall, where the family resided until about the reign of Charles I. TREGERE. See Tregeare. TREGLIX. Lands so caUed in the parish of St. Eue, in Cornwall, are supposed to have given name to this family. C. S. Gilberfs Cornwall. TREGODDICK. An estate in South Petherwin. co. Cornwall, the ancient inhe- ritance of the family, who are supposed to have become extinct temp. Charles I. TREGOXWELL. The name of this ancient family was derived from their seat so designated, in the parish of Crantock, CO. Cornwall. Pollen, in his Description of Cornish Men and Manners, speaks of them as having "builded many places" and possessed "many lands and manors before the Xorman Conquest." C. S. Gil- berfs Cornwall. The pedigree is traced only to the latter part of the XIY. century. Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. TREGOTHXAX. From lauds so called in Cornwall. The elder male line became extinct in the XIV. centviry. C. S. Gilberfs Cornwall. TREGO YE. From an estate in Corn- wall so designated. The family of Tregoye or Tregoyes ranked amongst the nobles of England, at the accession of William the Conqueror. Carew's Survey of Cornwall. TREGOZ. A local name ; but I do not know the place from which it was taken. The first recorded ancestor of the family, who were ennobled in three liranches, was "William de Tregoz, who, in the fifth year of King Stephen, had the lands of William Peverell, of London, in fai-m. His descend- ants were much coimected with the county of Sussex. TREHAXE. An estate in the parish of Probus, CO. Cornwall, the early residence of the family. TRE 3^ TREHAWKE. A place in the parisli of Menheniot, co. Cornwall. The last Cornish- man of the name died at Liskeard in 1790. C. S. Gilberfs Cornwall. TREHERNE. An ancient Welsh per- sonal name, as Trahern ap Caradoc, Prince of North Wales, 1073. TRELAWNY. Two manors so called exist in Cornwall, and are situated respect- ively in the parishes of Alteruon and Pelynt. "The former," says Mr. Shirley, " was the original seat of the Trela\^Tiys, probably before the Conquest, and here they remained till the extinction of the elder branch in the reign of Henry YI. The latter was purchased from Queen Elizabeth by Sir John Trelawny, the head of a younger line of the family, in the year 1600^" and it is still the seat of the baronet, who now represents the male line of this venerable house. See Noble and Gentle Men of England. TREMAYNE. An estate in the parish of St. Martin, co. Cornwall. The pedigree is traced to Perys de Tremayne of Tremayne, in the reign of Edward III. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. TREMEXHEERE. " The family name of Tremenheere is derived from lands so named in the parish of Ludgvan, of which Nicholas de Tremenheere was seised before the reign of Edward I." C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREMERE. An estate in Lanivet parish, co. Corpwall. The elder line failed in the XIV. century. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. The surname Trimmer may be a corruption of this name. TRENCH. From La Tranche, a town in Poitou, the possession of the family in early times. After the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Frederick de la Tranche, or Treuche, a Protestant nobleman, sought refuge from persecution on English ground, and settled in Northumberland in the year 1574. Thence his descendants passed over into Ireland, where they still flourish in the enjoyment of two peerages, the Earl- dom of Clancarty, and the Barony of Ash- town. We find an indigenous family of Trench in Norfolk, temp. Edward I. H.R. TREXCHARD. Baldwin de Ripariis, Earl of Devon, granted Hordhill, in the Isle of Wight, to the ancestor of this family, Paganus Trenchard, temp. Henry I. The name is most probably derived from the O. Fr. trenclio; to can'e ; and it may refer to the occupation of the original bearer, either as a carver of viands, or as owner of a trenchant blade in war. TRENCREEK. An estate at St. Creed, CO. Cornwall, the residence of the family, who became extinct in the male line in 1594, Avhen the four co-heiresses married Carminowe, Penwarne, Polwhele, and Mo- hun. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREND LE. A tything in the parish of of Pitminster, co. Somerset, TRE TREXGOFF. Lands in the parish of Warleggon, co. Cornwall, are so called. The family became extinct about the year 1 720. A younger branch settled at Nance in the parish of lUogan, and thereupon wrote themselves Nance, alias Trengoff. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREXGOVE. See under Goff. TREXOWITH. An estate in the parish of Probus, CO. Cornwall, where dwelt, in 12. Edward III., Michael de Trenowith, one of the knights of that shire. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREXOWTH. See Trenowith. TREXT. The great midland river. TREXWITH. The original name of this family was Baillie. Thomas Baillie, the first recorded ancestor, was living 45. Edward III. His son, Henry Baillie, ob- taining from the Duchy of Cornwall, a grant of the manor and barton of Trenwith, near St. Ives, began to write himself De Trenwith. The male line became extinct in 1796. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TRESCOTT. A hamlet in Stafibrdshire . TRESILLIAX. Two places in Corn- wall are so designated ; one in the parish of Newlyn, and the other in Merther. The distinguished Sir Piobert Tresillian, lord chief justice of the King's bench, who fell a victim to the resentment of the barons, at Tyburn, in 1388, was of this family. C, S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TRESITHXEY. An estate in the parish of St. Columb, CO., Cornwall, anciently the possession of the famil)'. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TRESS. TRESSE. "The name of Tress, or Tresse, is supposed to be the same as that of Tracey, and to have been altered by vulgar corruption and the succession of time ; if so, the family of Tresse, so long settled at West Mailing and OflTiam, might very probably be a branch of the family of Tracie, possessors of the manor which still bears their name at Newington, near Sit- tingbourne, in the reign of Henry III." Hasted's Kent, 8vo., vol. iv., p. 535. TRETHAKE. An ancient Cornish family, deri\'ing the name either from Trethake in St. Clear, or Trethake in Lanteglos. " We know not how the great- ness of this family ended, or when it be- came extinct, but a poor man of the same name died lately at East Looe, very aged." C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TRETHEWY. A Cornish family. The village of Trethewy or Trethevy is in the parish of South Petherwin. TRETHURFFE. According to tradi- tion this family were resident at Trethurflfe, in Ladock, co. Cornwall, before the Norman Conquest. The elder line ended with John Tretliurffe, who was knight of that shire in the Parliament of 15. Henry VI. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. T^i^J^:^ tCr: ^"^^^ T R E 355 TRI TRE VAXIOX. This important and ex- tensive family derive their name from Tre- vanion. in the parish of Carhaves in Corn- wall, their seat in the reign of Edward II., and probably much earlier. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREVARTHIAN. The manor of Tre- varthian. in the parish of Newlyn. near I Truro, " is undoubtedly the spot that gave origin to this family, who in former times ranked among the most distinguished names that have been known in the county of Cornwall." C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. ' TREVERBYX. A manor in the parish ' of St. Austell, which was the seat of the j family as early as the Xorman Conquest. Walter Trever'byn was sheriff of Cornwall ] in 1223. The elder male line became ex- tinct in the XIV. century. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREVELTAX. An estate in the parish of St. Veep near Fowey, in Cornwall, where dwelt in the reign of Edward I., Nicholas de Trevelyan, whose ancestors had possessed the property from a still earlier period. See Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. Xettlecombe. co. Somerset, became their seat in the XV. century, and Wallmg- ton. CO. Northumberland, (acquired with the heiress of Calverley of Calverley,) in theXVQI. TREVIADOS. An estate in the parish of Constantine, co. Cornwall, where the family resided temp. Edward III. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREVILLE. A Cornish surname derived from one of the several places so called in that peninsula. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREVILLIOX. A corruption of Trevelyan. TREVISA. A place in Cornwall, si- tuated in St. Endor. This family, who became extinct about the end of the XVII. century, produced -lohn Trevisa, who, at an interval of about half a century from John Wickliffe's translation, made a version of the Bible into Encjlish. and died at the age of 8G, in 1470. D. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREYISSA. See Trevisa. TREVOR. The Welsh heralds derive the Trevors from Eourd Wiedick, father of Eignian Yothe, which Eignian held the lands of Gaercinion in Powysland. and was grandfather to Kariodoc, Earl of Hereford, early in the sixth century. The first who bore this name was the famous Tudor Trevor, Earl of Hereford, Kariodoc's grandson. Surnames were not hereditary in Wales before the reign of Henry VIII., this being the single exception that I have ob- served. The first person who adopted Trevor as a settled family name, was .John ap Edward ap David, who died in 1494. None of his immediate ancestors had borne the baptismal name of Trevor; and it is therefore likely that he adopted it from the most illustrious of his ancestors, the renownetl Earl of Hereford, The great families of ilostj-n and Jenkyn are of the same family as the Trevors, and bear the same arms. TREVROXCK. " Allan Trevronck was living in great respectability at Trevronck, in the reign of Edward UI." C. S. Gil- bert's Cornwall. TREWEEK. 1. Trewick, a township in Northumberland. 2. See Treweeke. TREWEEKE. A 'barton,' and manor in Cornwall. D. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREWIXXARD. An estate in the parish of St. Erth, co. Cornwall. The earliest recorded ancestor seems to be William de Trewinnard. a knight of the shire, 28. Edward IH. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. TREWOLLA. The family were of Trewolla. in Gorran parish, seven genera- tions before 1620. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. TREWOOFE. An estate in Burian, co. Cornwall, the inheritance of the family in the XV. centurv. C. S. Gilbert's Corn- wall. TREWREX. The family were seated at Driff in the parish of Sancreed. in the year 1340. C. S. Gilbert's Cornwall. It is doubtless a Tre of Cornish growth. TREA^TTTHEXICK. A manor in Cor- nelly, co. Cornwall, is so called. TRIGG. TRIGGS. See Ridge. The Trig and Trigges of the H.E. are, however, in favour of a derivation from a personal name. TRIGGER. 1. I knew this name, at Alfriston, co. Sussex, corrupted from the local name Trigwell. 2. A correspondent informs me that this is a rather common name at Madeley. co. Salop, where it is understood to signify an employment. A Trigger is one who cuts small watercourses, locally called trlgi, in meadows capable of irrigation. The name is therefore analo- gous to Ditcher. TRIGWELL. Probably a corruption of Tregonwell. This name is sometimes further corrupted to Trigger. TRILL. 1. A rill is a small stream, a rivulet. A man whose habitation stood near one would acquire the name of Atte- Rill. which would easily shorten into Trill. 2. There must have been a locality so called, as a John de Tril occurs in H.R. co. Devon. TRIM:\IER. See Tremere. TRIXG. A parish in Hertfordshire. TRIPP. The family trace by deeds to temp. Hen. VIII. in co. Somerset ; hut tra- dition derives them from the illustrious race of Howard, and accounts for the name, and the " scaling ladder" in their arms, by the following wTetched little anecdote, inscribed beneath an old family ' achieve- ment ' : — /-foyiC. TRO 3.5fi " This atchievemcnt was given unto my Lord Howard's 5th Son, at j^e Seige of Bullogne : King Harrj' ye 5th being there ask'd how they took ye Town and Castle. Howard answered, I Tripp'd up the Walls. Saith his Majesty : Tnjrp shall he thy name, and 710 lonf/er Hon-anl ; and Honrd. him with ye scaling Ladder for his Bend !" The name is found in the Kotuli Hundredorum — some century and a half before the siege alluded to — as Trippe. TRIST. 1. Fr. triste, "sad, pensive, grieved, heavie, discontented, melancho- licke, wofull, dolefull, sorrowfull : also grave, austere, sowre, harsh." Cotgrave. The name is traced in the pedigree to about the year 1370. B.L.G. 2. A nickname of Tristram. TRISTOX. Tristan, Tristram, which TRISTRAM. An ancient personal TRITTON". Probably from Treeton, curtly so pronounced ; a parish in co. York. TRIVET. Trivetus, an old personal name. Trivet, H.R. TROAKE. TROKES. Probably the same as Trocke. TROBRIDGE. The same as Trow- bridge. TROCKE. Said to have been introduced into Ireland at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. A .John Trocke, whose tomb bears date early in the XVIII. century, lies buried in the centre of the nave of St. Andeon's church, Dublin. The family tra- dition is, that the name is of German ex- traction ; if so, it may be derived from the Germ, trochen, equivalent to our indigenous surname Dry. Some branches of the family, however, spell it Troke, which almost iden- tifies it with Troki, the Polish town and province. TROLL. A demon or giant. O. Norse troll. Ferguson. The" noble fainily of Trolle bore a demon in their arms, in com- memoration of an ancestor having hilled one ! TROLLOPE. A name of uncertain de- rivation. A long-standing tradition in the family makes it Troh Loiips, in consequence of some marvellous exploit performed by an early progenitor against the wolves which then infested Lincolnshire; but as the name has been spelt Trowlop, Trolop, and Trol7(o/v, I have little doubt of its be- longing to the local class, although the place from which it was assumed has been forgotten. See Hope. The family of the baronet are ancient in Lincolnshire. TROOP. Troup, a place in the parish of Fortingal, co. Perth. TROTT. LSeeTrotman. 2. Mr. Fer- guson deduces it from the German traut, dear ; Low German, drud, dear, beloved. TROTMAN. A trot in Old Scotch means an expedition by horsemen ; a raid. TRU See Jamieson. Hence the surnames Trott, Trotter, and Trotman, probably belonging to Border warfare and pillage. Troteman. H.E. TROTTER. See Trotman. TROTTON. A parish in Sussex. TROUBLEFIELD. A corruption of Turberville. TROUT. Possibly from tbe fish. TROUTBECK. A chapelry in the parish of Windermere, co. Westmoreland, anciently the estate of the family, who in later times became eminent in Cheshire. See Done. TROW. "Trow, Troy, and Try," says Mr. Ferguson, " are different forms of True; as old Frieslandic, trone, trobre; German treu.''' TROWELL. A parish in Xottingham- shire. TROWER. To trow, an obsolescent verb, is to believe, trust ; from the A-Sax. tre6n-ktn; and Ferguson makes Trower synonymous with believer, religious man, or Christian. TROY. L See Trow. 2. Perhaps from Troyes in France. TRUEBODY. See under Body. TRUELOVE. From the Scandinavian '^ troe lof," bound in law; a bondsman. Ulst. Journ. Arch. No. 2. Trewelove. H.R. TRUMAN. TRUEMAN. A man of truth or integrity. Treweman H.R. TRUGEON. An occasional spelling of Tregian. TRULL. A parish in co. Somerset. TRULY. Truleigh, or Truly, is a manor in the parish of Edburton, co. Sussex. TRUMBULL. A corruption of Turn- bull. TRUNDLE. See Trendle. TRUSSEL. An ancient Norman family, located, in the reign of Henry I., in War- wickshire. The baronage mentions, as of this family, Richard Trussel, who fell at the battle of Evesham, temp. Henry III. The 0. French trumsel signifies, saj'S Cot- grave, ''a fardle, bundle, or bunch," and this name may possibly have originated with a hunchback. TRUSCOTT. See Trescott. TRUSSER. L Probably a maker of trusses, padded jackets so called, which were worn under a coat of mail to prevent abraision of the skin. 2. A man who makes hay into trusses or bundles of a given weight. TRUSTRAM. Has nothing to do with putting confidence in Aries, astrologically or otherwise, but is a simple corruption of Tristram, a name renowned in chivalrous fable. ^(j^jJCu^tJU^ ^ 7tiA^A^eXL TUC ;3o7 TUL TRUSTY. A man to be relied on; a faithful adherent. B^ TRY. A common termination of local names, as Allstrj', Oswestry, Ingestrie. A-Sax. ttroiv, a tree. Most of the places so designated anciently possessed some tree, remarkable either for its age or size, or from some striking event as- sociated with it. The veneration in which individual trees were held, in the patriarchal and Druidical ages, is well known. TRYE. The family are of French ex- traction ; and the name is said to be derived from a town in Normandy, so called ; but I cannot find any such locality. " In the XIII. and XIV. centuries, theTryes ranked among the highest orders of the French nobility : we find temp. Edward II. Matthew de Try, Marshal of France, ren- dering homage to that monarch for lands in Ponthieu, and in 3. Henry IV. Sir Jas. de Try was taken prisoner and brought to England." B.L.G. The family of Trye of Leckhampton, co. Gloucester, are traced to Eawlin Try, who lived in the reign of Richard it. and married an heiress of Berkeley, with whom he had the manor of Alkington in Berkeley. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. 2. See Trow. TRYOX. The founder of this family in England was Peter Tryon, who fled from the persecution of the Duke of Alva, temp. Queen Elizabeth. His famil}-, who had long flourished in the Netherlands, were so rich, that the emigrant contrived to bring with him to England sixty thousand pounds sterling; a very large sum in those days. His second son was created a baronet in 1620. TUBB. TUBBS. See Theobald. TUBBY. See Theobald. TUBMAN. In the Court of Exchequer the Tubman is, next the Postman, the senior counsel without the Bar. TUCK. See Tooke. TUCKER. The O. English for fuller. In some places fulling-mills are still called " tuck-mills." The trade was so designated in the XVII. century. " I, Nicholas Dor- man, of the parrishe of Woorthe, in the countye of Sussex, Tuclter." Will proved at Lewes, 1600. TUCKERMAX. I cannot better eluci- date this name than by giving the following account, received from a learned and well- known Transatlantic bearer of it, writing from Cambridge, U.S., in 1853 : — " It is a Devonshire name, which I have traced in the hundreds of Coleridge and Stanborough, where it is still extant, to the reign of Henry VI., A.D. Ii45. It appears to run through the same series of changes with Toke and Toker, and it was first spelled Tokerman. I have always supposed that it originated, like Toker, from the old Devonshire provincialism toke or tuck, (A-Sax. teogati) meaning to beat in a full- ing mill. I do not weU understand what is the meaning of Tokerman, as distinct from Toker ; and I have the same difficulty as to Fisherman and Fisher, Singerman and Singer, Dykerman and Dyker, and others." TUDHOE. A place in Xorthumber- land. TUDOR. The Welsli form of Theodore. The surname of an English dynasty, de- scended from Edmund Tudor, a Welsh gentleman of ancient blood. In the Domesday of Shropshire we have, as sub- tenant of Roger, Earl of Shrewsbury, " Tuder, quidam Walensis " — a certain Welshman called Tudor. TUFXELL. In the XVII. century this name was spelt Tufnaile, and I am there- fore rather inclined to take it an piecl de la lettre (or rather at the end of the finger) and to consider " tough nail " as its ety- mon. TUFTOX. " From Tufton, a manor in the parish of Northiam, in the county of Sussex, is deduced the name of the ancient family of the Earls of Thanet." It was originally written De Toketon. The estate remained in the possession of the family until the close of the XVIII. century. The earliest known ancestor is Elphege de Toketon, wlio flourished six generations prior to 1346, which would probably place him in the latter half of the XII. centurj-. It is asserted by several genealogists, that Toketon or Tufton, the locality from which the name was borrowed, is at Eainham in Kent. Eainham was certainly the residence of the family after they forsook their Sussex abode ; but the mistake seems to have arisen from the existence of a field of sixteen acres called Tufton's in that parish. For the conflicting evidence on this subject, see Pocock"s Memorials of the Family of Tuf- ton. 8vo. 1800. The change of spelling from Toketon to Tufton took place in the XR'. century. One of the first persons who employed the latter orthography was Sir Lewis de Tufton, a commander in the second battalion of the EngUsh army at the battle of Cresci. TUGWELL. Though borne by dentists, shoemakers, &c., this name has no connec- tion with tugging. It is clearly local. TUITE. This surname is local, and probably of Norman-Conquest importation into England. It was introduced into Ire- land at Strongbow's invasion. Richard de \ Tuite, who engaged in that expedition, ob- I tained from his leader fair possessions in Teffia. and was made a palatine peer by the ] title of Baron of Moyashill. He was killed in 12n, by the fall of a tower in Athlone. ' D Alton. TUKE. See Tooke. , TULLY. TULLEY. Has no connec- I tion with the Roman orator. It is probably a corruption of St. Olave. St. 0]ave"s j Well, near Lewes, is now called Tulley"s \ Well. In like manner Tooley Street in Southwark is a corruption of St. Olaves ' Street. TUR TULLOCH. Gael, tulach, a hillock. There are places specifically so called in the shires of Perth, Eoss, Aberdeen, &c. TUNNARD. An ancient Lincolnshire family. In 1333 the name occurs as Tonnehyrd, and in 1381 as Tunherd. The last syllable looks like the A-Sax. liyrd, a keeper or herdsman, while the former may be tiai, any enclosure, village, town, &c. In this case, the name may siguif}' the ' town- herd,' or herdsman, one to whom was en- trusted the care of the common herd of a town or village, a well-known office or em- plo3rment in the middle ages. TUNE. Has no reference to musical accomplishments. It is the A-Sax. tiin, an inclosure. See Ton. TUNSTALL. Townstall, a parish in Devonshire. TUPMAN. A tup is, in some dialects, a ram; a tvpman may therefore mean a breeder of rams. TUPPER. Appears in its original form as Toppfer — a name well-known in the literature of Germuny and France. The family, widely scattered in the religious troubles of the XVI, cent., having "lost all" under Charles V,, as obstinate Lutherans, were called Tont-perd in P'rance, and, by corruption, Toupard in the Nether- lands ; while in Guernsey and England, and among the Puritan fathers of America, the name assumed the fonn so familiar to the public as the designation of the author of" Proverbial Philosophy." The principal branch went to Guernsey in 1548. TUPPIN. TUPPEN. A corruption of the personal name Turpiu. In Sussex we find a Henry Turpin, who was engaged in the Crusades ; and from him the numerous Tuppens of the South-Down district pro- bably spring. See Abbrev. Placit. temp. John. pp. 26, 30. Inf. W. S. Ellis, Esq. TURBERVILLE. This ancient Norman surname was latinized De Turbida Villa, and oddly enough anglicized Troubleficld — neither the one nor the other very compli- mentarj' to the bearers of it. The treason of Sir Thomas Turberville in attempting to betray king Edward I. into the hands of the French monarch (for which he was hanged in London) brought upon him cer- tain condemnatory verses from a contem- porary poet : — " Turiat tranquilla clam, Thomas Turhlda villa, 4-c. Our things now in tranqiiillitie Thorn. Tnrbrill troubleth privilie." (Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent. Wingham). The family were eminent in Brecknock- shire from the time of William Rufus. No locality in Normandy, at present, bears a name resembling Turberville. TTTRBYFIELD. A monstrous corrup- tion of Turberville. TURBOT. See Turbutt. TURBUTT. The family, probably of Norman origin, were in Yorkshire so early 358 TUR as the reign of Richard I. B.L.G. Tur- bert is a personal name occurring in Domes- day. TURCHETIL. A Normanized form of Thurkettle. TURFFREY. Perhaps a corruption of Treffry. TURKE. More probably a 'nurse-name of Turchetil, than a native of Turkey. We have, however, the analogous surname Saracen. TURLE. SeeThorold. TUPtNBULL. Probably local. A tra- dition has, however, been made to fit the name. It seems that king Robert Bruce; being once upon a time in Stirling park, was attacked by a ferocious bull. A brave fellow, called Ruel, came to the rescue ; turned the hill; and got not only the king's thanks, but the lands of Bedrule, and a new surname. It appears certain, however, that a champion of great stature called Turnbull fought under king David Bruce, at the battle of Halidon, and was killed there. Nisbet's Heraldry. The analogous name Chacelyon is found in Essex, temp. Hen. VI. KnatchbuU may also belong to this class. TURNER. The occupation. One of the most common of surnames — " out of all proportion," Mr, Ferguson alleges, " to the number of joersons engaged in the trade " of the lathe. " We tind it in fact," he continues, " as a name before the Con- quest — a grant to the monastery of Croy- land, in 1051, being signed, among others, by a Turnerus Capellanus, The Icelandic has tiirnera, turnamentum agere ; tvrnarl, a filter — which may probably shew the origin of the name. As, however, the Turner in question was a bishop's chaplain, his " tilting " must have been only theolo- gical. But the name may probably have been bapti.smal, and perhaps of Norman introduction." p. 336. Le Turnur, Le Tur- ner. H.R. See Turnour below. TURNEY. The same as Tournay. De Turnai. H.R. TURNOR. A ' genteel ' modification of Turner, and of recent date. TURNOUR. Those who dislike the plebeian tournure of Turner have contrived to turn it into Turnour. To justify this twist, they allege that they " came in with the Conqueror," leaving behind them the Tour Noire, or black castle, from which, as its proprietors, they had derived their sur- name. However this may be, both the Map and the Itinerary of Normandy fail to indicate that redoubtable fortress. A far more probable origin is totirncour, the Noitu. French for one who took part in a tourna- ment. In the celebrated Scrope and Gros- venor controversy respecting the right of bearing Azure, a bend Or, temp. Richard II. Sir William de Aton testifies, that Monsire le Scrope was, in his time, " le plus fort TouRNEOUK de tout notre pays " Ju^^i-kxl^r^. T WI — ' the bravest tourxey-er of all our country ;'he testifies, moreover, that he al- ways wore the blue with the golden bend, as did his kinsman, Geoflfiy le Scrope, when he four/u'd at the tournament of North- ampton. TURRELL. See Thorold. TURROLD. See Thorold. TURTLE. 1. A common surname in co. Antrim, supposed to be anglicized from the old tribe Hy Tuirtre (Tuirtre). 2. The name is ancient in England. It appears to be corrupted from Thurketil or Thur- kettle, thus: Thurkel, Turkil, Turtel, Turtle. See H.R. TURTOX. 1. A chapelrj in co. Lan- caster. 2. At Chesterfield, after many generations of Treeton, or Treton, (from Treeton, a parish between that town and Sheffield) the name turns up in the parish register as Turton. TUR^T:LE. The Itineraire de la Xor- mandie shows ten places called Tourville, but from which of these at, or soon after, the Conquest, the family came, does not ap- pear. Early under the Norman rule the name is conspicuous among the landholders of Warwick and Leicestershire. Ralph Tur\-ile was a benefactor to the abbey of Leicester in 1297. Their principal seat was Xormanton - Turvile, co. Leicester, where the elder line became extinct in 1776. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. TUSLER. To tussle is a provincial word for to struggle or wrestle ; hence a Tusler may mean a ^Testier. TWELLS. See WeUs. TWELVETREES. From some locality tri\ially so denominated. So Sevenoaks in Kent, Five-Ashes in Sussex, &c. Quatre- fages (four beeches) is a corresponding Fr. surname. TWE.MLOW. A township in Cheshire. TWEXTYMAX. Li the XIV. century the officer who had command of twenty armed men was called a riatcnarhis ; and of this word I take Twentyman to be a trans- lation. TWICE AD AY. Probably has reference to some habit of the original bearer. TWIXER. A spinner of twine. Ana- logous to Roper, Corder, Thredder, &c. TWIXIXG. shire. TWISDEX. The Twisdens, baronets of Kit 1(5, are a branch of the Twysdens, baronets of 1611. The first baronet of the younger line altered the spelling, to distin- guish between the two houses. See Twysden. T^yISS. O. Scotch tn-yss, from O. Fr. tomu, means a girdle or sash. Jamieson. One of the many surnames borrowed from costume. TAVITTEX. In the S. of Endaud, a A parish in Gloucester- 359 T Y N narrow alley, passage, or entry. Atte Twytene occurs in Sussex in 1296." TWOPEXXY. This designation may have been given as a sobriquet to some small trader, from his usual cry, " Two a penny ;" certain it is that Fourapenny was, in the XIV. century, an orthodox family name in Norfolk. ' Simon Fourapeni.' Papers of Norfolk Archsol. Soc. iv. 253. Turnepeni is a H.R. surname. Twopenny has, however, been noticed as a corruption of Tupigny. a Flemish surname. Edinb. Rev., April, ISoo. TWOPOTTS. Probably the sobriquet of a toper. TWYSDEN. This name is derived from Twysden, or Twysenden-Borough, an estate in the parish of Goudhurst, co. Kent, now more usually called Burr's Farm, where Adam de Twysden resided in the reign of Edward L His descendants sold it in the reign of Henry YL At Sand- hurst, in the same county, there is another Twysden, also said to have been a seat of the family, temp. Edward I. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. TYE. A topographical word of uncer- tain origin. It generally means a small piece of common land close to a village, as Telscombe Tye, a few miles from Brighton. TYERMAX. TIREM.AN". A dealer in dresses and all kinds of ornamental clothing. Halliwell. T1''LER. The occupation — a layer of tiles. The H.R. forms are Tegulator, Tilere, &;c. TYLOR. A ' genteel ' form of Tyler. TYXDALE. Adam de Tyndale, baron of Langley Castle, in South Tyne-dale, co. Northumberland, temp. Henry II., des- cended from a family who held Langley, temp. Henry I., by the service of a knight's fee. Few families have adhered less steadily than this to a particular estate or county. In the line of its present male representa- tive we trace residence, successively, in the counties of Northumberland, Northampton, Norfolk, Worcester, Gloucester, Wiltshire, Somerset, and Hampshire. See B.L.G. TYXDALL. SeeTindale. TYXE. The great northern river. TYXKER. The occupation. One William de Tyneker, however, occurs in H.R. in Huntingdonshire. TYXTE. The family are traditionally said to be an offshoot of the noble house of Arundell. In Eng. Surn. I have quoted the legendary anecdote of the founder hav- ing distinguished himself at the battle of Ascalon under Richard Coeur de Lion, and of his having had his white surcoat dyed with Saracen blood — '• tynctus cruore Saraceno," (Burke's Commoners, vol. iv.) —whence the surname Tynte. I think this etymology must have suggested itself to some one as a dernier ressoii. I confess that it baffles my own ekill. UGH UMF TYRTVHITT. According to Wotton's Baronetage, the family ai-e traced to a Sir Hercules Tyrwhitt, who flourished in the reign of Henry I. They were raised to eminence by Sir Eobert Tyrvrhitt, Justice of the Common Pleas and the King"s Bench, in the reign of Henry IV. _ Their chief abode was Kettleby, co. Lincoln, Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. The arms of the family, Gules, three Tijrn-ldts (or lapwings), Or, are of course allusive, and from them, doubtless, arose the silly legend about Sir Hercules Tyrwhitfs having been rescued from im- pending death by the pee-wit cry of a flock of lapwings. See Eng. Sum. ii. 13. Cam- den cites this among curious local surnames ; and according to a document quoted in Burke's Commoners, 1. 583, the lands of Tyrwhitt are in Northumberland. TYSSEX. Of Flemish origin, and resi- dent at Ghent, and afterwards at Flushing, in Holland, about the commencement of the XVII. cent. Daniel Tyssen, of the latter town, married Apollouia Ptidley, a grand-niece of Nicholas Ridlej% bishop of London, who sufl'ered in the Marian perse- cution. By her he had a son. who settled in London, and was naturalized by Act of Parliament in 1689. TYSON. Gilbert Tison, a Norman of distinction, was a tenant in chief at the making of Domesday. TYTHERIDGE. See Titheridge. TYTLER. The Scottish family of this name are stated to be a younger branch of the noble house of Seton. The ancestor is said to have fled into France temp. James IV., in consequence of his having slain a gentleman in a sudden quarrel at a hunting match, and there to have adopted, for con- cealment, the name of Tytler. His two sons, bearing the same name, returned to Scotland with Queen 3Iary. B.L.G. The statement appears very improbable; and the etymology of the alias, if such it be, is un- known. Le Titteler occurs in H.E., and Jamieson, gives Titlar as a tattler, or talka- tive person. TYTTERY. This family, with those of Tyzack and Henzey, were French Protes- tant refugees, who, towards the end of XVI. century, settled in cos. Stafford and Wor- cester, and introduced the broad-glass manufacture into England. N. and Q., 18-50. TYZACKE. See under Tyttery. u. Ui I DALL. Local : " the dale where yew-trees grow ?" UDELL. See Udall. UDXY. UDNEY. A parish in Aber- deenshire, still in possession of the family. UFFELL. Mr. Ferguson suggests that this is a diminutive of Uffa, an A- Sax. personal name. UFFORD. " Of this family," says Sir W. Dugdale, " which afterwards arrived to great honour, I have not seen anything memorable until 53. Henry III., when Robert, a younger son of John de Peyton, of Peyton in the county of Suffolk, assum- ing his surname from the lordship of Uft'ord, in that shire, became Robert de Ufford." His son of the same name was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1308, and his grandson, also a Eobert de Uflbrd, was created Earl of Suft'olk. UGHTRED. An ancient personal name. Eobert Ughtred of Yorkshire flourished 28. Edward I., and was father of Thomas I'ghtred, summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1343. UGLY. LT"gley, a parish in Essex, con- cerning which there runs a proverb : — " Ugley church, Ugley steeple, uciley parsox, uoley people." ULLATHORXE. Doubtless local, and, as I think, in Scotland, where places called Ulladale, Ullahouse, Ullapool, &c., are found. ULMER. An ancient personal name, occurring in Domesday in the variousforms of Ulmarus, Ulmerus, and Llmar. ULPH. The Scandinavian form of Wolf. UMFRA\^LLE. The founder of this noble family in England was Robert de Umfraville, otherwise called •• Robert with the Beard," lord of Tour and Vian, He is i vy UXT 361 named in Leland's so-called Roll of Battel Abbey. " Marney et Maundeville, Vipont et Dmfreville." To him the Conqueror, in the 10th year of his reign, gave the forest, valley, and lordship of Redesdale in Northumberland, to hold by the service of defending that part of the realm for ever against enemies and wolves, n-ith the Sivord n-hich King mUiam had iy his side ivhen he entered Northumberland. His descendant, Gilbert de U., was ennobled by Edward I. " This family declined from its high estate at no very distant period from its source, but it only became extinct in the male line within living memory. Its last representative but one kept a chandler's shop at Newcastle, and, falling into difficulties, accepted the office of keeper of St. Nicholas" Workhouse, in the same city, where he died, leaving a widow, with a son and daughter, in abso- lute destitution. The late Duke of Northum- berland allowed the widow a pension, and procured a midsliipman's appointment for the son. who obtained the rank of captain, but died without issue."' Quarterly Review, AprU, ISfiO. The name seems to be derived from one of the several places in Normandy now called Amfreville. but in some instances originally Onfreville, that is, Hunfredl villa, the vill or abode of Humphrej'. U^IXEY. A corruption of Omraaney. UMPELBY. UMPLEBY. See Uppleby. UMPHRASTOUN. Stated In Encycl. Herald. To be " of that Hk," in Scotland. That nk is not to be found in the Gazetteer. UXCLE. Analogous to Father, Brother, Cousin, kc. Johannes le Uncle. H.R, UNDERCLIFF. From residence under a cliff: or from the village of that name in the Isle of Wight. In the H.R. it is spelt Hunderclys't. UXDEPvDO^VX, Nearly synonymous with Underbill. UXDERHAY. Local : " under the hedge ? " See Hay. UXDERIIILL. Local ; from residence at the foot of, or under, a hill. UXDERWOOD. A township in Derby- shire. In H.R. it is latinized Sub-Bosco. L^XDRELL. See Underbill. UXETT. The family have a tradition of a Norman-Conquest origin. At an early period they branched into two lines, one of which settled in Staffordshire, and the other in Herefordshire. B.L.G. UXIACKE. The family are traditionally descended from the Fitz-Geralds. springing from the Desmond branch of that mighty house. The following is said to be the origin of the name : — " In the skirmishes which were constantly taking place between the rival houses of Fitz-Gerald and Butler, a service attended with great danger being 2 z UPW necessary to be done, and the commander, hesitating whom to employ, an individual was pointed out. and recommended to him, with the remark : Uniciis ext, meaning, '" He is the only person to undertake this service." These two words became not only the family motto, but also the sur- name of the descendants of that unique individual ! B.L.G. The family have long been connected with the counties of Cork and Waterford. UXITE. Probably the same as Unett. UXKETEL. UXKITTLE. Ancient forms of Anchitel. UXTHAXK. There is a township of this name in the county of Cumberland, and another in Northumberland. UXWYX. Apparently an old personal name, the same as Onwen, a manumitted serf, mentioned in Cod. Dijil. 971. Mr. Ferguson thinks the meaning of it to be, either A-Sax. vnivine, enemy, the reverse of ivine, friend; or vmvinn, unconquerable. H.R. Unwine. Unwyne. UPCHER. Probably Upchurch, a parish in Kent. UPCOT. Local : " the high or upper cottage."' H.R. Uppecote. UPHAM. A parish in Hampshire. UPHILL. A parish in Somersetshire. UPJOHX. A corruption of the Welsh Ap-.John. UPPERTOX. A place near Petworth, another at Eastbourne — both in Sussex. UPPLEBY. A Lincolnshire family. The surname has been variously written De Epulbie, Upplebaie, and Appleby, which last is supposed to be the most cor- rect foi-m. One of the places called Appleby is situated in Lincolnshire. UPRICHARD. The Irish coiTuption of Ap Richard. UPSALL. Two townships in Yorkshire are so called. UPSHIRE. A hamlet in Essex. The surname is commonly spelt Upsher. UPTHOMAS. A corruption of Ap- Thomas. UPTOX. There are many places in va- rious counties called Upton ; and there are doubtless several distinct origins for the surname. The most distinguished familj-, the ancestors of the Viscounts Templetown, originated at Uppeton, or Upton, an exten- sive manor branching into several parishes of East Cornwall, where .John de Upton, grandfather of Hamelj-n de Upton, who was partv to a deed executed in 1218, flou- rished in the XII. centurj-. See C. S. Gil- bert"s Cornwall, i. 4G2. UPWARD. Local : " the upper ward, or district." UPWARDS. A pluralization of Up- ward. U R R 362 URBT. The same as Irby. URE. 1. A Yorkshire river. 2. Eur occurs as a personal name in Domesday ; and an early Scandinavian gave his name to Ureby, or Ewerby, in Lincolnshire. 3. The baronial family of Eure took their name, in the XIII. century, from the lord- ship of Eure or Evre, in Buckingham- shire. A gentleman of this name having deserted a lady to whom he had been affianced, Douglas Jerrold re- marked, that he could not have thought that Ure would have proved a base un, UREN. The same as Urwyn. URIDGE. An East Sussex name. It is found in that district temp. Edward II., in the form of De Eweregge. Sussex Arch. Coll. xii. 25. URLING. Mr. Ferguson considers this identical with the Danish Erling, signify- ing industrious. URQUHART. There are places called Urquhart in the shires of Moray, Inver- ness, and Eoss. The family are traced to Galleroch de Urchart, who lived temp. Alexander II. His descendants were here- ditary sheriffs of Cromarty. Sir Thomas Urquhart. who flourished in the middle of the XYII. century, drew up his pedigree, which is one of the finest pieces of fictitious genealogy in existence, commencing with Adam, from whom he makes himself the liundred andfivty-third in descent. The local origin of the sur- name he ignores, and deri^■es it from Ourq- hartos, " i. e., the fortunate and well-be- loved," who was fifth in descent from Noah, and married the Queen of the Ama- zons! Another of his ancestors was the intimate friend of Nimrod, the mighty hunter; another married that daughter of Pharaoh who found Moses in the bulrushes ; while another espoused a daughter of Bac- chus ! Dixon on Surnames, edit. 1855. URRIE. See Urry. URRY. 1 . There is a parish called Urray on the borders of Inverness and Ross- shires. 2. Mr. Ferguson derives it from the O. Norse vrri, a dog ; and asks, " Has this anything to do with our word nwnj ? UTT Urri, a dog, would be in A-Sax. nurri.^'' This etymology appears to me preferable to Dr. Richardson's. URSOX. A translation of the A.-Norm. Fitz-Urse, rendered historical as the name borne by one of the assassins of Thomas- a-Becket. Urso and Urso Vicecomes are Domesday names. URSWICK. A parish In Lancashire, in which county the family were resident at an early date. URWICK. Probably the same as Urs- wick. URWYN. Apparently an ancient per- sonal name. URYN. The same as Urwyn. B^^ US. A termination of several sur- names, being a contraction of house ; for example — Loftus is Lofthouse Duffus ,, Dovehouse Bacchus ,, Bakehouse Stonnus „ Stonehouse, &:c. USBORNE. Perhaps a corruption of Ousebourne. USHER. Fr. huissier. An official at- tendant on great persons, and in dignified courts of law, &c. USSHER. This family, of which the ce- lebrated Archbishop of Armagh was a member, settled in Ireland temp. King John; and the patriarch of the race is said to have adopted the surname in consequence of his having held the ofiice of wisher to that monarch. B.L.G. UTLAW. An old spelling of Outlaw. UTTERMARE. Ft. D-outre mer, 'from beyond the sea,' a foreigner — foreign, that is, in regard to France, from which country the name seems to have been imported. It appears to be almost entirely limited to the county of Somerset. UTTIXG. A baptismal name. Utting de Cresswell was witness to a deed temp. King John. Gent. Mag. Oct. 1832. Ut- tyng appears as a surname in H.R. VAX 363 VAS Y. VaCHER. Old Eug. vachery, from Fr. racherle, is a cow-house, or, in a more ex- tended sense, a dairj-. There are several minor places and farms in various parts of England called, in old deeds. La Vacherie. This surname is probably either a contrac- tion of vachery, or an obsolete word mean- ing a person who superintended one — a cow- keeper. YACY. The same as Yesey. YADE. Probably from the old latini- zation of Ford — De Yado. YAIR. Probably the same as Yere. YAISEY. YAIZEY. The same as Yesey. YALAXCE. YALLAXCE. A place on the confines of Poitou, in France, gave name to William de Valence, who was son of Hugh le Brun. Earl of March, and Isabel, widow of King John. He came into Eng- land in 1247. by the invitation of his uterine brother. King Heniy III., and was father of the renowned AyLmer de Valence, temp. Edward I. YALE. A valley, a low ground. John- son designates this a poetical word. YALEXTIXE. The baptismal name. This surname is sometimes corrupted in the South to Follington. H.R. Valentyn. YALET. A^ILLET. An attendant upon a great man. In ro}'al households there were valetti ad corona m, " Valets of the Crown." See Jacobs Law Diet. YALLEXTIXE. See Yalentine. YAELER. Pierre Yaller, a Protestant refugee from Rouen, landed at Eye in 1572. Lansd. MS. lo. 70. YALLETORT. In the time of William Kufus flourished Reginald de Valletort ; and in 33. Henry II. Roger de Valletort was lord of Trematon Castle, co. Cornwall, from whom sprang the barons of this name. Baronage. The name is local, and signifies '• the curved valley." In charters it is usually latinized De Valle Torta. YALLIXGS. The oldest traceable speU- ing of this name is Valeyns, which is pro- bably identical with Valance. YALPY. From the Italian family of Volpi, so long, and even at the present day, located at Como, whence the Norman branch came with the returning chieftains in the early Italian wars. The surname is synony- mous with our Fox — voljfe, cidpcis. Inf. J. Bertrand Payne, Esq. 1^" VAX. A prefix to Dutch family names, many of which have become naturalized in England, as Vanburgh, Vandeput, Vansittart. Vanneck, Van%\-ilder, &c. Like the French de. and the old Eng- lish ATTE, it implies residence in a place : thus Hendrik Van der Veld sig- nifies Henry at the Field ; Dirk Van der Bogart, Theodore of the Orchard ; Rykert Van Buren. Richard of Buren, a town in Holland, i:c. So very common is this prefix in Holland, that,' in speak- ing of a person's family name, they caU it his Va>" : as in the phrase : " Ik weet zj-n Van niet." — I don't know his Sur- name. YAXACKER. The extinct baronet's family, of Dutch extraction, were London merchants, in the former half of the XVII. century. YAXTDEPUT. Henry Yandeput^ a member of an ancient family in the Xether- lands, fled from Antwerp in 1.5G8, to avoid the persecution of the Protestants by the Duke of Alva, and settled in England. From him descended the baronets. The name is svnouymous with the English At- Well, Weils, or Weller. YAXE. Collins shews that the two peer- age families of Vane and Fane are of the same origin. See Fane. The arms consist of the same tinctures and charges, viz. : — Azure, three gauntlets, 6^/-, but the gauntlets of the Vanes are for the left hand, while those of the Fanes are dexter or right hand ones. YAXXECK. An ancient Dutch family. The founder of the English branch was Sir Joshua Vanneck, of Hevenham Hall, CO. Suliblk, who was created a Baronet in 17.51, and whose son was elevated to the peerage as Lord Huntingfield, in 1796. YAXSITTART. Lord Bexley is des- cended from an ancient German family, who traditionally derived their name from Sit- tart. a town in the Duchy of Juliers. The first settler in England was Peter Vansit- tart. who came from Dantzick about 1675, and became an eminent Russia merchant. A^IRDOX. YARDEX. See Yerdon. YARLEY. ^'erley, a parish in Essex. YARXEY. The same as Yerney. YARXn.A.M. A'ernham-Deanis aparish in Hampshire. YASEY. The same as Yesey. YASSALL. In the feudal system, a Vassal was one who held under another ; more general!}-, one who was subject to an under-tenant or mesne lord. Hence the word became, in time, almost synonymous with slave. \ « 'CLuAjL«JXi^>\, V A U 364 VAUGHAX. Welsh vychan, little in stature ; answering to Petit, Basset, Little, &c. A personal name of great antiquity. In the more eminent families, the Ap was disused in the XVI. and XVII. centuries. The Vaughans of Burlton Hall, co. Salop, deduce themselves from the renowned Tudor Trevor, the common patriarch of so many nohle and gentle families in the prin- cipality. The Vaughans of Penmaen spring from Seissyllt, lord of Jlathavarn, in the XrV. century, through Jenkin Vychan, Esquire of the body to King Henry VII., whose son John, adopted the settled name of Vychan or Vaughan. The Vaughans of Court Field, co. Monmouth, were of good antiquity before the adoption of the settled surname, in the XVI. cent. B.L.G. VAUTORT. The same as Valletort. VAUX. 1. It is said that the illustrious family of Vaux derived their surname from a district in Normandy : which is very pro- bable, there being seven or eight places in that province still so designated. It is fur- ther asserted that so early as A.D. 794, a branch of the family, bearing the surname of Beaux, Baux, or Vaux, were settled in Provence ; which cannot be correct, as heri- table family names were not introduced imtil long after that date. There is, how- ever, no doubt of the influence of the Vauxes in the South of France, and in Italy, at a remote period. A tomb erected in IGlo, in the church of St. Clair at Naples, by Hieronymus de Vaux, contains the bones of divers of the females of his ancestry, namely : — Antonia de Vaux, Queen of Sicily. Isabella de Vaux, Queen of Naples. Cecilia de Vaiix, Countess of Savoy. Sibella de Vaux, Princess of Piedmont. Maria de Vaux, Dauphiness of Vienne. Isabella de Vaux, Despotess of Servia. The English family spring from Bertrand de Vaux, who was living in 929, and was a favourite of Robert I., Duke of Normandy, the Conqueror's grandfather. Harold de Vaux, Lord of Vaux, attended "William I. at the Conquest, and was accompanied by his three sons, Hubert, Eanulph, and Robert. From Hubert sprang the great house of Vaux, or De Vallibus, of Cumber- land; and fi-om Robert came the Barons Vaux, of Harrowden, co. Northampton. The heiress of the elder line of this Robert married, in 1553, Thomas Brougham, Lord of Brougham, co. Westmoreland, and hence the title of Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux. 2. The O. French form of De Vallibus, of the origin of which, as a surname, we have this account in Denton's Cumberland MSB., under the barony of Gilsland : " This great barony was given by the Earl Eanulph Meschines to one Hubertus, to be holden of him by two knights' fees and cornage : lie was called De Vallibus, or Vaulx, from the dales or Vallies, whereof that country is full. The French word Vaulx (pro- nounced Vaux) became thence a surname to him and his posterity there, and to divers other families that took their be- YEN ginning from the younger brothers of this house." Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 47. VAVASOUR. A dignity of somewhat doubtful origin and import. Sir John Feme regards it as the equivalent of Ban- neret. " These Vavasours," says he, " were called by an ancient English lawyer (Brac- ton), Viri magna; dignitatis : men of great dignitye. And this worde Vavasor he in- terpreteth to be this : Vas sortitum ad va- letudinem, a man chosen for his valour and prowesse, placinge them above the dignitye of knighthood." Blazon of Gen- trie, p. 102. Vavasores Regis, who occur in Domesday Book, " are much the same with Liberi homines Regis." Selden's Titles of Honour, p. G25. Chaucer, in his descrip- tion of the Frankelein, or great freeholder, says, there — " Was no wher swlche a worthy Vavasour." See more in Halliwell, and in Eng. Sum. in voc. The Vavasours of Yorkshire have held their estate uninterruptedly from Mauger, the founder of their race, who was one of the Conqueror's vavasores, except a short time in the reign of Henry III., when it is said to have been pledged to a Jew for £3.50. " It is observed of this family," says Fuller, "that they never married an heir, or buried their wives." Worthies of Eng. iii. 454. The male line has failed since Fuller's days, and more than once the estate has been carried to other families by a sole-heiress, whose husband has, how- ever, adopted the ancient surname. VAVASSEUR. See Vavasour. VAWDREY. The name of Vaudrai, or Vaudrey, is derived from a place so called in France, where the Sieurs de Vaudrai continued to flourish until the reign of Louis XIV. Between the years 1153 and 1181, Hugh Kevelioc, Earl of Chester, granted to Sir Claud de Vaudrai lands in Altrincham, and elsewhere in that countj' ; and from him the existing Vawdreys of Cheshire are presumed .to have sprung. B.L.G. VEAL. VEALE. 1. In old records Le Veal. 0. Fr., •' the calf." 2. In some cases probably from 0. Fr. Le Viel, " the old," to distinguish the individual from a 5'ounger man of the same baptismal name. H.R." The form Viel is still found in Lond. Direct. 'VEAR. See De Vere. VECK. Probably the same as the Le Vecke of the H.R. Fr. L'Eveque, "the bishop." VEXABLES. The progenitor of the great Cheshire family was a tenant under Hugh Lupus, temp. William I., whom he had probably accompanied to the Conquest of England'. The name is local, from Venables, a parish in the arrondissement of Louviers, in Normandy. VENELL. Low Lat. veiiella, a passage or lane. It is still used in Scotland in that I < « i.A . 'V42,^aJ<£r% \ VER sense. H.R. En la Veuele, De la Yenele, In Venella, &c. VENESS. 1. See Venus. 2. Yenice, the Italian city .' VENN. Ven-Ottery is a parish in Devonshire. VEXXELL. See Yenell. VEXXER. The same as Yenour. VEXOUR. O. Fr. A hunter. Le Venour. Le Venur. H.R. VEXTRIS. Yentiu-as is a not uncommon surname in Italy; and it may be found among the doctors of the canon law in England, in the middle ages. A place in the arrondiosement of Montague, in Xor- mandy, is called La Yentrouse. VEXUS. De Yenuse occm-s as a sur- name, 31. Edw. I. — Steph. ile Yenuse miles. This name, by the suppression of the ter- ritorial de. and the final f, would become identical with the designation of the god- dess of beauty. The locality of Yenuse is unknown. VERDOX. Bertram de Yerdun, the' progenitor of this distinguished race, came in with the Conqueror, and was lord of Fameham-Royal, co. Bucks, which he held in chief in 1087, by the serjeanty of pro- viding a glove for the King's right hand, on the day of his coronation, and of sup- porting his right hand while he held the royal sceptre. Yerdun is a town in the N.E. of France, department of Jleuse; and it has been suggested that the family were derived from the Counts or Yiscounts of Yerdun. Yide L'Art de Yeritier les Dates, xiii. 44-1. Sussex Arch. Coll. s. (38. The Irish Yerdons are descended from Bertram Yerdon. who accomj^anied Prince (afterwards King) John, to that countr\-. in 1184, and was appointed Seneschal of the English Pale. D'Alton. VERE, DE. The old pedigree of the De Veres began with a distinguished Roman, Lucius Verm ! 1 (See Quarterly Review, April, 1860.) The parish and chateau of Ver, in the canton of Gu\Tay, department of La Manche in Normandy, are stated by de Gerville (Mem. Soc. Ant. Xormandie, 182.5) to have been the habitation of Aubrey de Yere. who was at the Conquest, and of Robert de Yere, who, in 1135, conveyed the body of King Henry L to England. But in Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire there is an elaborate pedi- gree of the De Veres, which makes the first Alberic or Aubrey de Yere, son of Alphonsus surnamed de Veer, from a town so called, in the island of \Yalcheren in Holland. In some instances, especially in Scotland, this ancient surname has been corrupted to Were and Weir. A most eloquent lamentation over the decay of ancient families was pronounced on the judgment seat. In the year 1020, the death of Henry de Yere, Earl of Oxford, gave rise to a contest between Robert de Vere, claiming as heir male of the body of 365 V E R Aubrey de Vere, and Lord Willoughby of Eresby, claiming as heir-gtneral of the last Earl. Chief Justice Crewe spoke thus : — " This great and weighty cause, incom- parable to any other that hatli happened at any time, requires great deliberation, and solid and mature judgment to determine it ; and I wish that all the Judges of Eng- land had heard it (being a fit case for all) to the end we altogether might have given our humble advice to your Lordships herein. Here is represented to your Lordships certamen honoris, and, as I may well say, illufitris honoris, illustrious honour. I heard a great peer of this realm, and a learned, say, when he lived, there was no king in Christendom had such a subject as Oxford. He came in with the Conqueror, Earl of Gwyues : shortly after the Conquest made Great Chamberlain of England, above five hundred years ago, by Henry I., the Con- queror's son, brother to Rufus ; by Maud, the Empress, Earl of Oxford ; confirmed and approved by Henry II., Alberico com it i, so Earl before. This great honour, this high and noble dignitj-. hath continued ever since in the remarkable surname of De Yere. by so many ages, descents, and generations, as no other kingdom can pro- duce such a peer in one and the self-same name and title. I find in all this length of time but two attainders of this noble family, and those in stormy and tempestuous times, when the government was unsettled and the kingdom in competition. I have laboured to make a covenant with myself that afl'ection may not press upon judgment, for I suppose there is no man that hath any apprehension of gentry or nobleness, but his afl'ection stands to the continuance of so noble a name and house, and would take hold of a twig or a twine-thread to uphold it. And yet Time hath his revolutions; there must be a period and an end to all temporal things— /('/n'^ rerum, an end of names and dignities, and whatsoever is terrene; and why not of De Vere ? Ihr n-liere is Bohun? Wliere 1% Mon-iray? Jlliere is Jlortimcr? ^ay, which is more and most of all, ivhere is Plantagcnet ? They are entombed in the urns and sepul- chres of mortality. And yet let the name and dignity of De Vere stand so long as it pleaseth God I" — Jones's Rep., 101. The decision was in favour of the male heir. On the death of his son, in 1702, without issue, the line became extinct. — Quarterly Review, April 1860. VERGIL. The classical personal name — Yirgilius. VERITY. Probably a character in some old " Morality." See Vice. VERXEY. From Yernai, a parish in the arrondissement of Bayeux, latinized in charters, temp. Hen. I., as Vernacnm. YERXOX. William de Vernon was lord and owner of the town and district of Vernon sur Seine, in the arrondissement of Louviers in 10-32. His eldest son, Richard, accompanied William the Conqueror to England in 1006, and was one of the seven VIC barons created by tbe kinglet, Hugh Lupus, the Conqueror's nephew, in his county- palatine of Chester. A Walter de Vernon was also a tenant in chief in co. Bucks, at the time of the Domesday survey. VERRALL. This name, abundant in East Sussex, and rarely found out of it, may be a corruption of Firle, a parish near Lewes — sometimes in old documents written Ferle, and usually pronounced as a dissyllable. YERREY. See Yerrv. VERRY. Said to be a 'nursename' of Everard. VERTUE. An old spelling of Yirtue. YESEY. Robert de V'ecl assisted William I. at the Conquest of England, and was rewarded with great estates in the counties of Northampton, Leicester, Warwick, and Lincoln. Ivo or John de Veschi was his near kinsman, and from him, in the female line, descended Lord Vesey. Kelham's Domesdaj'. A branch of the famih', in the Irish peerage, bear the title of Yiscount de Yesci. VESK. A contraction of the Old Fr. evesque, a bishop. VESPER. See Times and Seasons. VESSEY. SeeYesey. YETCH. See Tares. YEZEY. SeeYesey. YIBERT. A Teutonic personal name — Uibert. Cod. Dipl. No. 523. YICAR. See Ecclesiasticax Surnames. VICARS. Descended from the family of Don Ticaro. a Spanish cavalier, who came to England in the suite of Queen Catharine of Arragon, and settled in Ireland early in the XVI. century. Mem. of Capt. Hedley Vicars, 1857. VICARY. YICKERY Lat. vicarius, a vicar, or rather a curate. " Quod a lewed vicorii, I am a curator of lioly kirke." Piers Ploughman, ii. p. 420. "Sire preest, quod he, art thou a Vicary? Or art thou a Person ? say soth by thy fay," (Chaucer. Persones Prologue.) —In modem parlance ; " Are you only a curate, or are you a rector ?" The name is sometimes local. De Vi- carie. H.R. VICE. Halliwell says- " The buffoon of our early drama."' When the '• l\Iysteries" ceased to be played for the amusement of our medieval ancestors, a kind of perfor- mances succeeded, which were known as Moralities. In these the dialogue was sus- tained by allegorical characters, " such as Good Doctrine, Charity, Faith, Prudence, Discretion, Death, and the like, and their discourses were of a serious cast." Tlie foil to all these excellent personages was the Vice or Iniquity, Avho usually personified some evil propensity, and kept up a run- ning tire of wit at the expense of the rest. 366 V 1 L He was attired in comical costume and caiTied a wooden sword. Stubs, in his Anatomic of Abuses, 1595, asks: " ^Mio will call him a wise man who playeth the part of a Foole or a Vice?" See Strutt's Sports and Pastimes. Ben Johnson thus alludes to this character : " But the old Vice Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit Of mimicry, gets th' opinion of a wit." Several London traders bear this remark- able name. YICKARE. See Vicar. YICKERMAN. ? Homo vicarms—a. man who acts for another ; a substitute. YICKERS. See Vicars. \T:CKERY. See Vicary. VICKRESS. The same as Vickridge. VICKRIDGE. Perhaps a corruption of r lea rage — from residence at or near one. VICTOR. The personal name. VIDAL. French Protestant refugees, after the Eevocation of the Edict of Nantes, 16S5. The parent stock were, not many j-ears since, resident at Montauban. The family seem to have ranged from the South . of France to the North of Spain, and there are many of the name in Spanish America. The arms borne by the late Rt. Rev. 0. E. Vidal, Bishop of Sierra Leone, and his immediate ancestors, indicate a Spanish rather than a French, origin. VIDLER. A West of England pronun- ciation of Fiddler. \T:EL. See Veal. A^IGERS See Vigor. YIGXOLES. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Jacques Louis Vignolles (a descendant of Francois la Hire, Baron of Vignoles, and seigneur of Causabon, 1550), took refuge in Holland, from whence he accompanied King William III. to Eng- land, and afterwards settled in Ireland. The name is probably a corruption, either of Fr. rif/noble, a vineyard, or 0. Fr. riff- nokt, a vine-dresser. VIGOR. St. Vigor was a saint of con- siderable reputation in Normandy, and gave his name to several places iu that province, from one of which the English family are conjectured to have sprung. VIGORS. The genitive form of Vigor. VILE. Probably a corruption of the I'r. La Ville. VILLARS. The same as Yilliers. YILLEBOIS. This local Fr. surname, naturalized in Lincolnshire, is there pro- nounced Veal-Boy ! YILLERS. See Yilliers. YILLIERS. The family are said to have come into England with the Conqueror, which is probable. There are at present six places in Normandy so called, besides a larger number called Villers, one of the hun£- ■^^ c \ VIP numerous ■ways in ■which the surname is spelled. The Earl of Jersey's family trace to Alexander de Yilliers, lord of Brokesby, CO. Lancaster, early in the XIII. century. Sir Richard de Villars ■^va5 a Crusader ' under Edward I., and hence the cross and I escallop shells in the coat-armour of his I descendants. VIXALL. Fynagh, Fjnha'we, and Vj- nagh. are ancient modes of spelling the name of the estate now called Vine-Hall, in the parish of Watlington. co. Sussex, ■which was possessed by 1:he family in the XIV. cent. That estate gave name to the VjTiehalls, afterwards of Kingston, near Lewes, who. as Vinalls, in 1(J37, ob- tained a grant of arms. Harl. MS. 1144. Sussex Arch. Coll. ix. 75. YIXCE. A ' nurse-name ' of Vincent. YIXCEXT. The ■well-known personal name. The oldest family of Vincent trace from Miles Vincent, who was owner of lands at Swinford, co. Leicester, 10. Edward II. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. VIXCER. Perhaps a modification of Vincent. VIXCETT. A common corruption of Vincent. VIXE. O. Eng. a vineyard — a name common to many places in the South of England. In Xorman times, the culture of the ■rine was a considerable branch of industry, and many great houses, es- pecially monasteries, had their vineyards. See Archceologia, vols. i. and iii., and Ellis. Introd. Domesd. i. 121, YIXES. See Vine. VrN"EHALL, See Vinall, VIXER, One who had the care of a vineyard, A Walterus Vinitor, or ■vine- dresser, occurs in Domesday, under co. Surrey. Le Vinour, Le VynoV. H.R. VIXK. A west-country form of Fink. VIXSOX. VIXSUX. Corruptions of Vincent. VIXTER. Probably a contraction of rbutor, a vine-dresser, or of vintner, a dealer in wine. From one of these sources it is probable that Winter is sometimes by corruption derived. Le Vineter. H.R. See Viner. VIPOX. See Vipont. VIPOXT. (Latinized ' De Veteri Ponte,' — of the Old Bridge.) There are several places in Xormandy called Vieupont: and the great Anglo-Norman family so desig- 367 YYY nated came from Vipont, near Lisieux. Sussex Arch. Coll. ii. 77. VIRGIX. This name, with Virgoe (Lat. Virgo). Verge (Fr. rierge), Virgint (Irish corruption), seems to relate to the cultus of St. Mary. A personage named Virgin is, or lately was. High- Admiral of Sweden. VIRGIXT. See Virgin. VIRGOE. See Virgin. VIRTUE. Perhaps from a personifica- tion in some " Morality " or drama. See Vice. VITTY. Decent, proper, handsome. West. Halliwell. VIVASH. A Devizes correspondent ■writes : — '• Vivash, a name still of some distinction in this neighbourhood, betrays the western pronunciation of Five Ashes." I should prefer deducing it from the Fr. vivace, which Cotgrave defines as " livelie, lustie, strong, vigorous ; nimble, active, quicke : full of life, mettall, spirit; also of long life."' VIZARD, Possibly the same as Wishart. VODDEX. Mr. Ferguson derives it from Woden, Odin, the Teutonic divinity. VOGAX. A tything in the parish of Chippenham, co, Wilts" VOSS, Yos, a Dutch and Low Germ, form of Fox, VOWELL. Voel, an ancient personal name in Wales, The following is related of the eccentric Dr. Barton, Warden of Merton College, Oson. A friend told him that Dr. Vowel was dead. " Vcncel dead !" said he ; " let ns he thankful 'tis neither Tnor //" From an Oxford newspaper. VOWLER. A West of England pro- nunciation of Fowler. VOWLES. Mr. Ferguson thinks that this name corresponds with the German and Dutch vogel, a fowl. VULLIAMY, Perhaps from ViUamee, a place in Brittany, YYSE. YYZE. The rustic pronuncia- tion of Devizes, co. Wilts. Devizes occurs as a surname about 1046. YY\'IAX. The ancient Latin personal name. The Vyvians of Truro are derived by certain genealogists from one Vivianus Annius, a Roman general, son-in-law to Domitius Corbulo ! Quarterly Bev. CII. p. 304. The pedigree recognized by the heralds begins only in the XIII. century, with Sir Vyel Vyvyan, knight. WAD WAI w. Wage. The vernacular form of the Latin Eustacius. It is best known as the personal name of the celebrated author of the Koman de Eou, w-ho flourished in the XII. century, at which time it had not become a surname. Wright's Biog. Brit. Anglo-Xorm. period. 206. At a later date the name was variously written Vaice, Wasse, AVass, &c. It existed in Jersey until the XVI. century, and it is not now' extinct in England. " One of the name was traditionally the perfection of a cynic — in fact an insular Diogenes; whence in Jersey-French the word signifies to snarl, as'in the phrase. " Ce chien wasse." Inf. J. B. Pa}Tie, Esq. WACEY. Perhaps the same as Vacey. WACKETT. Probably the same as Waggett. WADD. Wad, the name of a hero of romance. Jamieson. See Wade. WADDEL. Perhaps a personal name. Wadel and Wadhels occur in Domesday. Also local : the same as Odell. De Wad- halle. H.R. WADDILOVE. The personal name written in Domesday Wadel and Wadhels, is also varied to Wadelo, which may be the source of this surname. WADDIXG. Perhaps the patronymical form of the A-Sax. Wade. Waddington, Waddingham, Waddingworth, &c.. as names of places, seem to be derived from this source. According to Mr. D" Alton the name is of record in Ireland, from temp. Edward III. WADDIXGTOX. A parish in Lincoln- shire, and a chapelry in Yorkshire. WADDY. Probably the same as Wad- dmg. WADE. 1. Verstegan says, "Wade, of his dwelling at a meadow;" and others make it synom-mous with Ford — a water that may be n-aded. H.R. De Wade, and De la Wade. 2. It is also a personal name. Wade was one of the heroes of Scandi- navian mythology, and became the subject of a medieval romance, often referred to in Chaucer and other writers, but now lost. "It appears," saj-s Mr. Wright, "to have related a long series of wild adventures which Wade encountered in his boat, named Guingelot." Wrighfs Cant. Tales, ii. 93. A Wade or Wada, probably a Saxon, is named in Domesday, as having heldjands previously to the Survey. WADESON. The son of Wade, which see. WADHURST. A parish in Sussex. WADKIN". See Watkin. WADLAND. A corruption of Wood- land. WADLAW. See Wardlaw. WADLEY. A hamlet near Farringdon, CO. Berks. WADSWORTH. A township in York- shire, where the family resided in early times. WAGE:\IAN. See Wager. WAGER. Wageoure is used by the Scot, poet Barbour, for a mercenary soldier — one who fights for a ' wage ' or hire. Hence also Wageman. WAGG. 1. Perhaps A-Sax.wae^, away. 2. Perhaps the same name as Waga, which occurs in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. AVAGGETT. A corruption of some local surname terminating in gate. WAGHORX. Horn is a common ter- mination, and the name may be local. In Scotland, a mythical person bears this ap- pellation, and he is said to have been cro^vned king of liars. Hence people guilty of extravagant lying are said to be — " As FALSE AS Waghorn, and he ivas nineteen times falser than the JDeil I " Jamieson. WAGNER. Germ, wagner, a wheel- wright or cartwright. Xaturalized from Germany. WAGSTAFF. Applied to one who could brandish or 7i-ag a staff with effect. It belongs to the same class as Shakeshaft, Longstaffe, Shakspeare, &c., and is the most common of that class. It is curious to observe, among the archives of Stratford- upon-Avon, record of proceedings between Richard Wagxtajf and John Sliahespere — the latter being the poefs father. See Halliwell's Life of Shakspeare, p. -IL H.R. Waggestaff, Wagestaf. WAHULL. See Odell. WAIGHT. The same as Wait. WAIXFLEET. A town in Lincolnshire. WAINMAX. The driver of a wain or wagon. WAIXWRIGHT. (A -Sax. n-cen.) Wahi is an old, but nearly obsolete, word for wagon. In Sussex, a shed in which wagons stand is called a wain-house or ' wen-hus,' and in some parts of England a wagoner is called a wain-man, whence the surname Wenman. Nor must we forget the constellation, Charles's Wain. A Waiuwright was therefore synonymous with WAL 369 Cartwright and Wheelwright, also English surnames, and signified a builder of wagons. WAISTELL. See Wastel. WAIT. WAITE. In the Prompt. Parv. a watchman ; but more generally un- derstood to be a minstrel, especially one who performs in the night. See Halliwell, and Jamieson. Le Wayte. H.R. WAITHMAX. A hunter. Teutoni , neyd-inaii. venator, auceps. Jamieson. WAKE. Much discrepancy exists among genealogists as to the origin of this name and family. The baronet's family claim from Hugh Wac, lord of Wilesford. co. Lincoln, temp. Henr^- I., whose line ended with that Lord Wake, whose sister and heiress married Edmund of Woodstock, a younger son of Edward I. From other au- thorities it would appear that they spring from Hereward le Wake, who flourished under the Confessor. Archbishop Wake, who wrote a short account of his ancestry, disowns theXorman derivation, and thinks the name Le Wake, or the Watchful, a title given to Hereward, to describe his character as a skilful military commander. See X. and Q., 2nd S. -vi. passim. The name Wake occurs in some copies of the so-called Battel- Abbey Roll. WAKEFIELD. A large town in York- shire. WAKELEY. See Wakley. WAKELIX. WAKELIXG. L Wal- chelinus, a Domesday personal name. Walclin. H.R. 2. See Wakley. WAKKISOX. A Lancashire cornijition of Watkinson. WAKLEY. 1. Wakeley, an extra-paro- chial liberty, co. Hertford. 2.' Mr. Ferguson classes this name with Weakley, Wakeley, Weaklin. and Wakeling, as denoting want of physical power. WAKEMAX. A- Sax. waec-maru, a watchman. According to Bailey "s Diet, the chief officer of Ripon was anciently called the ?frt^<'Wfl7i; but this is incorrect. The Wakeman was an inferior functionary, whose duty was to blow a cow's horn every night at nine o'clock ; and if between such blowing and sun-rise, any burglary took place, it was made good at the pubKc charge. WALBERTOX''. A parish in co. Sussex, where the family were resident temp. Edward I. WALBY. A township in Cumberland. WALCOT. WALCOTT. There are parishes. &c., called Walcot. in cos. Lei- cester, Lincoln, Somerset, and Worcester, and a Walcott in co. Xorfolk. An eminent family derive their surname from Walcot, a manor in the parish of Lydbury, co. Salop. The first recorded progenitor is Roger de Walcot, 12.55. His descendant, in the sixth generation, was John Walcot. of 3a WAL whom the family pedigree relates, " that playing at chess with King Henry V., he gave him the check-mate with the rooke, whereupon the King changed his arms from the cross with fleur-de-lis, and gave him the rooke for a remembrance." AMiat evi- dence there may be for this statement, I know not, though it certainly appears from the roll of arms of temp. Richard II. that the coat borne by John de Walcote was Argent, on a cross patonce Azure, fire fieurs-de-l'is Or; while that now borne by the family is, Argent, a chevron bet wee ti three chess-roohs Ermine. See Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. According to B.L.G. the Walcots are paternally descended from an ancient Welsh tribe, one of whose members mar- ried the Walcot heiress. AVALDEGRAVE. This ancient family, who have been seated in many counties, were originally of Waldegrave, now Wal- grave. in Xortliamptonshire The pedigree is traced to John, son of Warin de Wal- grave, sheriff of London, in 1205. Leland speaks of the family thus : '• As far as I can gather of young Walgreve of the Courte, the eldest house of the Walgreves cummith out of the Town of Xorthampton, or ther about, and there j-et remaineth in Xorthamptonshire a man of landes of that name." See Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. WALDEX. Parishes, &e., in cos. Essex, Hertford, York, &c. WALDIE. This family, long settled near Kelso, co. Roxburgh, have at different times written themselves Waitho, Watho, Waltho. and Waldie. The etymology is unknown. Mr. Ferguson makes it 'the same as the Scandinavian name Yaldi. WALDO. The leader of those early Protestants, the Vaudois, or Waldenses. was Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, who, in the XII. centurj-, denied transubstantia- tion, and translated the Gospels into French. Peter Waldo. Esq.. the author of a Commentary on the Liturgy of the Church of England (1731—1803), is said to have been a lineal descendant of his illustrious namesake. WALDROX\ L A parish in Sussex. 2. The personal name Waleran, common in Xorman times. WALDYOGEL. German, a wood- haunting bird, a wood-fowl. This is pro- bably a name of recent importation from Germany. WALDY. The same as Waldie. WALE. A local surname, traced in Irish records to the XIV. century. John de AVale was advanced, in 1348, to the see of Ardfert. D'Alton. WALES. 1. From the country — like Ireland, Scotland, kc. 2. From a parish so called in co. York. WALESBY. A parish in Xottlugham- (^^{iuJ%*,A£K.*t\Ji, W A L 370 shire, in which county the family resided, temp. Edward I. WALFORD. Places in co. Hereford, &c. WALKER. 1. A-Sax. ?i-ea?cer-e, a fuller. In the N. of England, fullers' earth is called " walker's clay," and a fulling-mill a "walk-mill." In Scotland, to ivalh. or wauli, still means to full cloth. 2. A forest officer appointed to ivalli about a certain space of ground committed to his care. Nelson's Laws of Game. This ranks among numerous surnames, there being about 250 traders in London who bear it. WALKINGTOX. A parish in York- shire. WALL. See Walls, to which it is ordi- narily pluralized. WALLACE. Though resembling, very closely, the Walleys and Wallis of English family nomenclature, this surname may have a distinct origin. It appears to have been anciently a personal name. Galgacus, the celebrated Caledonian chief, who op- posed the arms of Agricola, has been identified by Baxter -n-ith Gwallog, a British name, and this has been suggested as the original form of the modem Wal- lace. See Gentleman's Mag. March, 1856, p. 218. WALLAS. See Wallace. WALLEN. The same as Walwyn. WALLER. The A-Sax. iceallan means to spring up or boil ; and a nrallere is one who bolls— a boiler. At the present day the persons who rake the salt out of the leads at the salt-works at Xantwich, are called 7valk')'s. Halliwell. Hence the name was ancientlv latinized Salinator. In the North, a Walk')- is a builder of walls. The Italian surname Muratori, and the French lilurier. correspond with the latter sense. H.R. Le "Waller and Le Wallur. WALLIXGER. See Waller. In a docu- ment of 35. Eliz. ivalUnges are mentioned in the sense of boiling-houses for salt, at Northwich. See N. and Q. July 10, 1858. Hence a 'Wallinger' is probably a salt- boiler, WALLINGTON. Parishes and places in Hertfordshire, Norfolk, Sui-rey, and Northumberland. WALLIS. Welsh -a native of Wales. Its form, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, was the Norman-French Le Waleis, Le Waleys, &c., corresponding with the Le Franceis, L'Angleys. &c., of the same date. The Scottish Wallace is, perhaps, identical ; but see that article. A totally different origin is. however, assigned to the name in "The Folks of Shields," where it is asserted that "the name of Walles, Wallis, Waleys, Wallase, or Wal- lace, is specifically derived from Valles, now Yaux, situated near Erie or Yaire, in the Beauvoisin, in France, the manor and castle of which belonged to Ealph de Valles, about the period of the Norman Conquest. The name, however (it is added) has a WAL generic acceptation. Philip de Valois, King of France, is termed Le Valeys in old writings ; the scattered descendants of the Waldenses or Yaudois bore the same dis- tinctive title; and the famous Scottish patriot wrote his name Walles and Wallese. One of the three judges itinerant appointed in 1176, for the northern counties, was Robert de Walles. The castle and vill of Yalles or Walles is stated to have belonged to Sir Richard de Walles, in 1187 A branch of the family settled at Burgh Wallis, between Doncaster and Pontefract, probably in the reign of Henry III." It appears to me that the writer confounds the local De Walles (De Yallibus, or Yaux), with the patrial Le Waleys, though the families and names are essentially distinct. WALLOP. " The true and original name of this family," says Mr. Shirley, is Barton— Peter de Barton, lord of West Barton, in Hampshire, having married Alice, only daughter and heiress of Su- Robert de Wallop, who died in the eleventh year of Edward I. His great-grandson. Richard, assumed the name of Wallop, and was one of the knights of the shire in the second of Edward III. Over and Nether Wallop [co. Hants] so called, says Camden, ' from Well-hop, that is, a pretty well in the side of a hill,' continued, till the reign of Henry Y., the principal seat, when Mar- garet deYaloynes brought into the family the manor of Farley, afterwards called Farley-Wallop, which has since been the usual residence of the Wallops." Noble and Gentle Men. AY ALLS. I. From residence hard by, or upon, a town wall. The forms in the XIII, and XIY, centuries were Atte-Wall, Super le Wal, De la Walle, &c, 2. It was also an old personal name, spelt in Domesday Walle. See also under Wallis. WALLWORTH, Walworth, a suburb of London. WALMESLEY. A chapelry in Lan- cashire. WALPOLE. " Walpole, in ]\Iershland, CO. Nortblk. gave name to this historical family, and here Joceline de Walpole was living in the reign of Stephen. Reginald de Walpole, in the time of Henry I., seems to have been a lineal ancestor of the house. He was father of Richard, who married Emma, daughter of Walter de Howton. or Houghton, which at a very early period be- came the family seat." Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. WALROND. This ancient family were seated at Bradfield, in Uficulm, co. Devon, temp. Henrj- III. Noble and Gentle Men. The orisiinal deed of transfer of Bradfelde from Fulke Paynel, Lord of Bampton, to one Walerande". an ancestor, temp. King John, is still in the possession of the family. It would appear from B.I/G. that the family were resident there before the date of that grant, under the name De Bradfelle. viz., in 1154: and thatof Waleran or Walrond was assumed early in the reign J WAN 371 WAR of King Jolin. Waleran is an ancient personal name, which was introduced here at the Conquest. WALSH. WALSHE. A native of Wales. WALSHAM. Parishes in cos. Norfolk and Suffolk. The baronet's family spring from the latter county, having anciently been lords of the manor of Walsham. The name De Walsham was fii'st assumed by a cadet of the noble house of Ufford, temp. Edward III. WALSIXGHA:\I. Great and Little Walsiughani are parishes in Norfolk. WALTER. A personal name of Teutonic origin, but not introduced here until the Conquest. Walterus is common among the Domesday tenants. It has become the parent of several surnames, particularly Walters, Waterson, FitzWalter, Watt, Watts, Watson, Watkins, Watkinson, Wat- cock. WALTERS. See Walter. WALTHAM. Parishes and places in Essex, Kent. Lincoln, Berks, Sussex, Hants, Leicester, ice, are so called. WALTON. The English Gazetteer mentions more than thirty parishes and places so called ; and there are one or two others in Scotland. "NVALWYN. An A- Sax. personal name. In the H.R. it occurs as a surname — Walwayn. WAMPULL. Camden mentions this among surnames derived from rivers ; but I find no river so called. WAXSBROUGH. Wednesbury, co. Stafford .' WAXSEY. This name is traditionally derived from a to^Ti in Normandy called Taney, the locality of which I cannot dis- cover. The Norman origin of the family is indisputable. Hugh de Waunci came over at. or immediately after, the Conquest, and settled at Barsham, co. Norfolk, which manor he held under William, Earl of Warenne. He seems to have been in high favour with the Earl, in many of whose charters and deeds the name of Hugh de W. stands first. The name is still retained in France ; a M. Yaucy was recently a member of the chamber of deputies. In England it has taken the various forms of Wauncey, Wancey, Wancie, Wanci, and Auntsey. The parish of Cleeve-Ancy. in Wiltshire, is supposed to derive its suffix fi-om the family. The modern pronuncia- tion is ' Waunzey ;' but formerly, in Wilt- shire, it was ' Wansey.' Inf. Wm. Wansey, Esq., F.S.A. WAXT. A provincialism for the mole. Perhaps originally applied to a person of iDuIevm in ing disposition. WAXTOX. A Robertas Lascivus oc- curs in Domesda^^ and the surname Wanton is still by no means uncommon. WAPS. See "Wasp. WAPSHOTT. At Almner's Barns near Chertsey, co. Surrey, a yeoman family so called, resided within the last few years. They had a tradition that the fann was granted by Alfred the Great to their ancestor, Eeginald Wapshott, the king's armour-bearer, and that the Wapshotts had been in uninterrupted possession from that time ! Another version of the story makes King Alfred's grantee, a n-arrener. There is no doubt of the great antiquity of this plebeian line, though it is rather more than we are compelled to believe, that sur- names were hereditary in the IX. cent., and that Eeginald was an English baptismal name in those early days. The Testa de Nevil, compiled in the reign of Henry III., will probably assist in the elucidation of this name. From that record we learn that Hubert and Ralph de HojjjJeslwH held lands at Beckhampton, in Hampshire, by the serjeanty of keeping the King's harriers. Now Hoppeshort would easily corrupt itself into Wapshott, while the warrener of the tradition and the hound-keeper of the authentic record, may easily be reconciled. All we have to do. then, is to make a deduction of four centuries from the date, and to lay the venue in another county; and we are pro- bably not far from the truth. I am afraid that these Hoppeshorts were not very correct people, if we may accept the evidence of Blount's Tenures, where we read that the Hoppeshorts of Eoehampton held that manor by the service " custo- diendi sex damicellas (sciP meretrices) ad usum Dom. Regis" (12. Edw. I.) Perhaps, however, Blount's parenthetical gloss may be a misapprehension, and the six creatm-es to be kept were ******* of a more honest description — in short female dogs of the chase. AVARBOYS. As the surname Warware seems " to mean what it says," it might appear that '^arhnjs has a belligerent sig- nification ; but this is not the case, as it is a simple corruption of Verbois, a place near Rouen. WARBURTOX. A parish in Cheshire gave name to this ancient family, who are a branch of the great house of Button of that county. Warburton was acquired by the Buttons as early as temp. Henry IL, but it was not until the reign of Edward I., or II., that this territorial surname was assumed by Sir Peter de Button. This worthy knight was the grandson of Sir Geoffrey de Button, a Crusader, to whom the Warburton crest, "a Saracen's head," alludes. " The crest which is still borne by the Warburtons refers to the Holy Land, and was probably gained by some heroic exploit in the expedition." Ormerod's Cheshire. In tlie Ilarl. MS. 139 (p. Gs.) it is stated that, "This Galfrid lived in 1244. He was servynge his prynce, and van- quyshed a Sarrazin in combate— tlien begynnynge to seale with a Sarrazin's head." B.L.G. WAR WARCUP. A parish in Westmoreland. ^*" WARD. A guard or keeper. Besides standing simply, as one of our com- monest surnames — 187 traders bearing it occur in the Lond. Direct, of 1852 — it forms the termination of several others, as Aylward, Durward, Hayward, Ken- ward, Milward, Woodward, &c. (which see). Comp. Warden, Warder, Gard, and Guard. The extinct Doveward was probably a keeper of the manorial pigeons — a Columharius. WARDE. See Ward. WARDEDIEU. WARDEDU. It is asserted that the progenitor of this family " was a cadet of the family of Monceux, lords of Herst-Monceux, who becoming, in the XIII. century, a ward of the Earl of Eu (to whom the manor of Bodiam, of which he was proprietor, was feudally subject) assumed the surname of Ward d'Ou, which he transmitted to his descend- ants ; but as the name is usually found witli the territorial prefix De, this state- ment may well be questioned." Bodiam and its Lords, p. 10. The first of the family on record is William de Wardedieu, who flourished under Henry III. WARDEN". 1. A guardian or superin- tendent, as still in use in ' churchwarden,' 'way-warden,' 'Lord-warden of the Cinque Ports,' &c. 2. Parishes and places in Kent, Northumberland, Bedford, North- ampton, Durham, &c. The pear known among our ancestors as the warden-pear derived its name from Warden Abbey, co. Bedford. 3. An A- Sax. personal name. One Weric Werden held lands in co. Herts before the making of Domesday. WARDER. Gustos, keeper ; especially a door-keeper — still in use. WAR DEUX. Another spelling of Wardedieu. WARDLAW. An ancient parish, merged in that of Kirk-hill, co. Inver- ness. WARDLE, WARDELL, &c. Wardle or Wardhall,a township in Cheshire. One Ric. de Wardle occurs in the H.R. of Lin- colnsliire. WARDLEY. A parish in co. Rutland. WARDOU. See Wardedieu. WARDROBE. The same as Ward- roper. WARDROPER. WARDROP. The keeper of the ivardrohe. (0. F. garde- robe). " Wardroper, vestiarius." Prompt. Parv. A considerable office in royal and noble households. The H.R. form is Thorn' de la Warderobe. WARDROPPER. See Wardroper. WARE. A town in co. Herts; also an old orthography of weir, a dam in a river. See Weir and Wear. WAREDRAPER. R. G. 16. A cor- ruption of Wardroper, which see. 372 WAR WAREHAM. A town in Dorsetshire. WARHAM. A parish in Norfolk. WARING. The Warings, of Warings- town, CO. Devon, are descended from John Waring, who settled in Ireland temp. James I. According to B.L.G., the patriarch of the family was Miles de Guerin, who came to England with William the Conqueror. WARK. A parish in Northumberland. AYARLEY. Parishes and places in Essex and Yorkshire. WARLOCK. A wizard; one in compact with the Devil. The H.R. shew us a Cam- bridgeshire tenant bearing the ill-omened name " Nic. Warloc." WARMAN. May mean a soldier ; but is as probably Wermund, an ancient Saxon name occurring in the genealogy of the kings of Mercia. WARMINGTON. Parishes in cos. War- wick and Northampton are so called. WARMOLL. Perhaps a corruption of Warmwell, co. Dorset. AVARNE. Acurt pronunciation of AVar- ren. AYARNEFORD. A parish in Hamp- shire. AVARNER. 1. An ancient bajitismal name, written in Domesday Warnerus and Warnerius. 2. Sometimes a corruption of Warrener. " The n-anier is hardy and fell." Halliwell. H.R. Le Warner. WARNETT. Probably the same as Garnet, or Gernet, by the substitution of AV for G. AVARR. AVARRE. War appears to be an obsolete topographical word, of uncer- tain meaning. It was formerly prefixed by the particles De la, as in the ancient family De la Warr, whose heiress married, in the XV. cent.. West, the lineal ancestor of the Earl De la Warr. AVARREN. AVilllam de Warene, or Warrena, who married Gundrada, a daugh- ter of William the Conqueror, received great possessions in Sussex, ISurrey, Norfolk, Suf- folk, &c., and became progenitor of the Earls of AVarenne and Surrey. His chief seat, anterior to the Conquest, was at Bel- lencombre, a small town in the arrondisse- ment of Dieppe, in Normandy, on the little river Varenne. By this name the town itself was anciently known, until upon the erection of a fortress upon an artificial mound, or bellus cumvlus, it received, from that circumstance, the appellation of Bel- lencombre. Arch. Journ., iii., 6. The Norman de AVarennes were doubtless pro- genitors of many existing families of AVarren ; but it must not be forgotten that the surname may have a totally different source, namely, warren — which Bailey de- fines as, " a franchize or place privileged by the king for keeping conies, hares, part- ridges, pheasants, &c.;" though the phrase is now more commonly applied to a colony WAS of rabbits. Thirdly, Warren, or W'arinus, is an old baptismal uame whence Fitz- Warine. WARREXDER. Probably a corruption of Warrener. WARREXER. The keeper of a warren for rabbits. " Tlie icarriner knows There are rabbit.s in breeding." Cobbe's Prophecies, 1614. (Halliw.) WARRIER. A warrior. WARRIXGTOX. A town in Lanca- shire, and a hamlet in Buckinghamshire, are so denominated. WARTER. The Warters of Shropshire, who assert a Saxon origin, derive their name from the parish of Warter, co. York. Some branches have varied the orthography to Wartyr, Watur, Water, and Walter. Burke's L.G. WARTX^ABY. A chapelry in co. Lei- cester. "VVARTOX. A parish and a chapel rj in CO. Lancaster, and a township in Northum- berland. WARWICK. L Turchil de Warwick, son of Alwine, was a tenant in capite at the making of Domesday. He was of Saxon race. See Arden. 2. A parish in Cumber- land, anciently -vvritten Warthwick. One Odard, owner of the estate in the XII. century, was grandfather of John de Warthwyke, who lived temp. Richard Coeur de Lion, and the descendants of the latter, in the direct male line, possessed the estate do^\-n to the XVIII. century. See Hutchinson's Cumberland, i. 1.54. WAR WICKER. A native of Warwick ? WASCOE. The ancient name of the province of Gascony was Vascovia, or Wascovia. This name is therefore equiva- lent to Gascon. WASE. SeeWace. WASHBOURX. WASHBURX. Washbourne, co. Worcester, gave name to this family, and was their seat until 1582. A Walter de Wasseburne occurs in the H.Pi. of CO. Devon, temp. Edward I. WASHER. A purifier of linen. See under Whisker. AYASHDs^GTOX. Parishes in Durham and Sussex, and a village in Perthshire, are so called. The ancestors of George Wash- ington, the American patriot, are presumed to have been the old gentry stock seated in Northamptonshire, and previously in Lancashire (Shirley's Stcmviata Sit irlc tana, p. 130.); but the county from which the first assumer of the name sprang, is unknown. The following ingenious and almost poetical passage from Mr. Ferguson (pp. 115, IIG), is worthy of quotation, though the deriva- tion of the heritable surname Washington from an Anglo-Saxon called Wass, and his Wassings. is clearly untenable. The first De Washington — whenever and wherever he flourished — was more likely a Norman, 373 WAT who had settled upon the conquered soil, than a descendant of Wass, who had colonized the spot centuries before the Conquest. " Tlie Anglo-Saxon name of Washington In Sussex was Wassingatiin, the town of the Wass-ings, i. e., sons or descendants of Wass. Thus, by two steps back, from Washington, wc come to Wass, and tlie name of Wass still stands in the London Directory. But who was Wass ? It is a little curious that the only t\vo of that name, whom I have been able to meet with in Anglo-Saxon times, both occur in a charter of mammiission (Cod. Dipl. No. 971.) to which one of them was a witness, and the other the father of a ^v^tness. Wasa and Wassing were Old German names, and Grimm refers to wasjan, pollere, A-Sax. hwas. Old Norse, hvass, keen, bold. Hence probably the name of the illustrious Gustavus Wasa, king of Sweden. Thus I have connected the name of Washington inth a familv, probably more or less distinguished, of A-Sax. times— I have shown that one of that family, and the son of another, stood godfathers to an ancient act of freedom— I have pro- posed a not unworthy etjTnon for the name— and I have suggested that it may be the same as that of another distinguished champion of his countr)''3 freedom." WASP. A sobriquet applied to a choleric or spiteful person. Waps (A-Sax. n-ceps, a wasp), is also found as a surname. WASS. 1. See Wace. 2. See under Washington. WASTELL. A fine kind of bread. O. Fr. gastel, ga^teati. Bread used with the wassail-bowl. Jamieson. Chaucer's Prioress fed her hounds with Wa.stel brede. Its adoption as a surname is not readily explained. See, however, Whitbread, and Simnel, in the Supplement. The name in H.R. is Wastel without prefix. WAT. A ' nurse-name ' of AValter. WATCOCK. See Walter. WATER. From residence near some large pond, river, or the like. In the XIII. and XIY. centuries, the name was written Atte- Water, By-the-Water, &c. WATERFALL. A parish in Stafl[brd- shire. WATERHOUSE. Local, in Lincoln- shire. The first recorded ancestor is Sir Gil- bert Waterhouse, or Ab Aquie Domo, who was of Kirton in that shire, temp. Henry IIL B.L.G. WATERMAX. A ferryman. See, how- ever, Waters, and the termination jian. WATERS. In some dialects, the word water is applied to lakes and rivers, as Ulls- water, Derwent-water, Black-water. Upon the adoption of surnames by the common people, a person who resided near such a place would be called William or John Atte-Water, still retained in Attwater; but on the omission of the preposition in the XV. century, tlie name was pluralized to Waters. The latinizations are De Aqua and Ad Aquam. See Water. WATERSOX. See Walter. WATERTOX. According to B.L.G. the family claim a Norman origin, although the first ancestor mentioned is Rayner de Waterton, lord of the manor of Waterton, CO. Lincohi, temp. Henry III. In the reign WAY of Richard II., the elder line being extinct, a younger son married Catherine Burghe, heiress to the estate of Walton, co. York, " which has since continued the residence of this ancient knightly lineage." Shir- ley's Noble and Gentle Men. WATFORD. AVHATFORD. A town in CO. Herts, and a parish in co. North- ampton. WATKIXS. See Walter. WATKINSOX. See AValter. WATLING. This name may have been taken from the celebrated Roman Road, the Watling Street, which led from Dover to London, and thence to Chester, North Wales, and Cumberland. Comp. Dykes, Stonestreet, and Thirlwall, as surnames derived from Roman works. In the middle ages, so famous was this via, that the Milky Way of the heavens was sometimes known by the same designation : — " Lo, quod he, cast up thyne eye, See yonder lo, the galaxie, The which men clepe the milky way, For it is white ; and some, parfay, " Callen it Watlisg Streete." Chaucer. Mouse of Fame. ii. 437. WATLIXGTON. A parish in Sussex. WATSON. See Walter. WATT. WATTS. 1. See Walter. 2. The family of Watts of Hawkesdale Hall, CO. Cumberland, deduce themselves from Sir John le Fleming, lord of Wath, on Dearn, co. York, who died U. Edw. II. His second son Raynier assumed the terri- torial name De Wath, and his descendants gradually corrupted that designation to its present form. In temp. Edward III. it was De Wath or Wathes; temp. Henry VI., Wattys ; temp. Henry VII., Wattes ; temp. Charles I., and subsequently, Watts. See B.L.G. WAUCHOPE. This family derive their name from the district of Wauchopedale, CO. Dumfries. They were long hereditary baillies of Mid-Lothian. The first of the name mentioned by Burke is Robert Wau- chope, A.D. 1387. WAUGH. 1. A Scottish pronunciation of wall. 2. In Lancashire, ;ra' or n-au is a well, and there are many places in that county called the " wa' (or wan) head," meaning the source of running water. 3. A corruption of Walugh, perhaps the same as the Gaelic Christian name Woloe. The Waughs of Help, co. Roxburgh, held those lands from the XIII. to the XVII. cent. WAWN. The provincial pronunciation of the parish of Waghen, in Yorkshire. WAY. Way, via, a road, seems an unsa- tisfactory origin. In the Rotul. Hund. there is mention, however, of one Hugo in Via. (Vol. ii. p. 331.) The name is found in North Devon, temp. Henry VII. ; and in that district the termination ivai/ is of fre- quent occurrence in the names of farms, homesteads, and the like, without any re- ference to, or connection with, roads. The 374 W E A mullets hauriant in the arms of one family have been supposed to be allusive to the river Wey, co. Dorset, in which mullets are abundant. Ate-Wey is one of the forms in H.R. It may be an old baptismal designation, as Wege or Weghe is found in Domesd. as the name of a tenant anterior to the Survey. WAYLAND. 1. Waylandc is an ar- chaism for valiant. 2. A hundred in Nor- folk is so called. 3. Vadund, or Wayland, is a Scandinavian personal name of great antiquity. "Wayland Smith," the Vulcan of the North, is well known in the legen- dary history of the middle ages. All that could be collected concerning him, is found in Singer's interesting volume under this title. Lond. 1847. WAYLEX. This name is spelt in a va- riety of ways in the parish register of St. James', Devizes. It is doubtless a corrup- tion of Wayland, a name sometimes oc- curring in that neighbourhood in the public records. The Irish name \\lielan is pro- nounced in the same manner as Wa)-len, adding the aspirate ; but it is of course to- tally distinct in origin. Inf. James Waylen, Esq. WA.Y]\IAN. Dutch, weyman, a hunter; one who chases stags and deer (betes fauves) with dogs. Marin's Diet. WAYMARK. See Wymark. WAYNFLEET. See Wainfleet. WAYRE. See Ware, Weir, &c. WAYT. WAYTE. See Wait. WEAKLEY. Probably local, and not referring to want of physical robustness. WEAKLIN. SeeWakley. WEALE. Probably a very old Teutonic personal name. Wela and Welo were Old German names of the VIII. and IX. cen- turies. " The etymon of it (and not an in- appropriate one) may be the A- Sax. n-cla, wealth, happiness, prosperity." Ferguson. WEALL. SeeWeale. WEALTHY. Prosperous, rich. WEAR. An old spelling of u-e/r, a fish- ing dam. Bailey. WEARG. See Werge. WEATHERALL. See WethereU. WEATHERBY. Wetherby, a town in Yorkshire. WEATHERDEX. A parish in Suffolk. WEATHERHEAD. 1. Local: "the bleak promoutory ?" 2. Perhaps a corrup- tion of Wetherherd. WEATHERHOG. "After a lamb has been weaned, until shorn of its first fleece, it is a hor/g ... a tup-hogg, ewe-hogg, ov ivethcrhogg." N. & Q., May 29, 1856, in an article on the popular names of live stock in Scotland. Halliwell has this rather odd definition : " Wetherhog, a male WEE 375 or heder hog. Also a surname in the county," (i. e., Lincolnshire). WEA^TER. The occupation. H.R. Textor. TVEBB. WEBBE. A- Sax. webba, a weaver. H.R. Le Webbe. " My wife was a vebbe. And wollen cloth made." Piers Ploieman, i. 89. Above 140 traders of this name occur in the Lond. Direct. WEBBER. See Weber. "VVTBER. Germ., a weaver. The indi- genous Webber means the same thing. WEBLEY. Weobley, a town in Here- fordshire. WEBSTER. A-Sax. u-ebbestre, a female weaver. See the termination ster. The following lines appear to imply a difference between the Webster and the Weaver, ac- cording to the material wrought : — " Baksteres and brewest€res, And bochiers manye, WoUen icebbesters, And tceveres of lynnen." Piers Plotcnutn, i. 14. The baronets family claim from John Webster, of Bolsover, co. Derby, whose ancestor is said to have come over from Flanders, temp. Eichard II. B.fe.G. WEDDERBURX. This ancient sur- name is derived from the lands of Wedder- bume, in Berwickshire. The head of the family in 129G was Walter de Wedderbum, who swore fealty in that year to Edward I. ■S^^:DGWOOD. a smaU hamlet in Staf- fordshire gave name to the ancestors of Wedgwood, the eminent potter. "WT^DLAKE. Mr. Ferguson derives this name, and Wedlock, from an Old Ger- man personal name Widolaic. WEDLOCK. The same as Wedlake. WEEDING. The same as Weedon. WEEDOX. An estate in co. Bucks, possessed by the family temp. Hen. III. Also two parishes in Northamptonshire. WEEKES. WEEKS. The same as Wick, which see. One of the greatest Jiaiitats of this name was the neighbourhood of Hastings, though the precise locality from which it was derived is unkno^\-n. Gualterus Diaconus, the ancestor of the family of De Hastings, lords of the barony of Hastings, held a knight's fee in Wikes at the making of Domesdav. Ellis. Introd. i. i-21. Wikes, Wyke, Wykes, Wix. Wickes, tec, seem to be mere orthographical varia- tions. WEELEY. A parish in Essex. WEEMS. A fortalice in the parish of Eescobie, in Forfarshire, called the castle of Weems, once of considerable importance, has now disappeared. MT:EMYS. See Wemvss. See Waithman, and WEL WEEVER. 1. A township in Cheshire. 2. See Weaver. WEGG. See Wagg. WEIGHT. See wlght. WEIGHTMAX, Wightman. WEIGHTOX. A parish in Yorkshire. WEIR. The Weirs of Lesmahago, Black- wood, kc, in Lanarkshire, claim descent from the great baronial family of De Vere, having been founded in Scotland by Bal- tredus de Yere, in the reign of Malcolm lY., about the middle of the twelfth cen- tury. From documents quoted in Cham- bers' Caledonia, it appears that the name Tere, or Weir, was by no means uncommon among the Xorman settlers in Scotland, in that century. It is, however, probable, that some fami- lies of this name derive it from residence at a 7reir, or fishing-dam, in a river. The Hundred Rolls' form. At- Were, strengthens this etymologj". WELBAXK. Possibly a corruption of Welbeck. a liberty in Xottinghamshire. A parish in Xorfolk — WELBORX. Welborne. WELBY. "Of great antiquity in the county of Lincoln, being descended from John, Lord of Castleton, who was living in the time of William the Conqueror, and is said to have assisted Robert de Todeni, Baron of Belvoir, in the defence of his castle." Courthope's Debrett. The name would appear to have been derived from the Lincolnshire parish so called ; and there Sir William Welby, •' who heads their well-authenticated pedigree, un- doubtedly possessed property between 1307 and 1327. The manor of Frieston, with Poynton Hall, also in Lincolnshire, was held in chief by Sir Thomas Welby, a still earlier ancestor, of Kins: Henrv III., in 1216." Shirley's Xoble and Gentle Men. WELCH. WELCHMAX. A native of Wales. These names are probably of rather recent origin, the older forms being Le Waleys, Wallis, kc. WELD. "Founded," says Mr. Shirley, "by William Weld, sheriff of London in 1 3.')2." His posterity were seated at Eaton, CO. Chester, till the reign of Charles II. Lulworth, CO. Dorset, was purchased in 1041. Noble and Gentle Men. An old tradition deduces the family from one Edric Sylvaticus, or "the Wild;" but the name is far more probabl_v derived from the residence of its first bearer in some n-aM, n-eald, or wood. He may have been properly designated 'Sylvaticus," without any necessary inference that he was a " n-ild man of the woods." "S\T:LD0X. Great and Little Weldon are parishes in co. Northampton. The name is of record in Ireland from temp. Richard IL D'Alton. WEL WELFARE. Probably from Wifare, or rather Wulpher, a personal name, occurring in Domesday. WELFORD. Parishes In cos. Northami> ton, Berks, and Gloucester. WELHAM. A parish in co. Leicester, and a hamlet in co. Nottingham. ^W WELL. The termination of numerous surnames of the local class, as Bedwell, Creswell, Faxwell, Harewell, Sitwell, Trigwell, Tugwell. In some few known instances it is a corruption of vllle, and consequently of Norman or French origin ; thus Boswell was anciently Bosville; Fretwell, Frescheville ; Col- Avell, Colville, &c. But in the great majority the termination ' means what it says'— namely, >?i.9, ori//o. Verstegan says:— "Our ancestors, according to the different issue of waters, did dif- ferently term them Sundry coming to possess places which were near unto Wells of especial note, having gotten thereby the name of such or such a Well, became after them so to be called; as Staniwell, of his dwelling at a well so named, of the stoniness thereof; Moswell, of a well where much moss did grow." Restit., p. 327. This is not strictly correct. Sjjrings and Wells gave names in many instances to places, and families adopted them from those places. Sometimes when a well bore no particular name, a cottager or small proprietor resident near at hand would get the name of Atte Welle, or De la Welle, afterwards shortened and corrupted to Wells. Both Weller and Wellman, are from the same source. Li days when pumps, to say nothing of ' water-works,' were unknown, a public well was of great importance in every village, and hence the commonness of the name of Wells and its congeners. Attwells, and its contraction Tvvells, with Wellspring, occur in the Lond. Direct. Many wells, as has been already inti- mated, bore some characteristic epithet, as Blackwell, Whitewell, Greenwell, Coldwell, and others which are men- tioned in their proper places. Three others with still more expressive epithets, which have also become sur- names, I cannot identify in the Gazetteer, viz. :— Stilwell, Leapingwell, Loudwell. Other languages have surnames of the same kind. Thus Fr. Du Puy, Dupuis, De la Fontaine; Dutch, Van der Put; Ital. Pozzi. The common latinization is De Fon- tibus. WELLADVICE. I found this name in the register of Charlton, near Woolwich. It is doubtless a corruption of ' well-ad- vised,' a prudent, cautious person. WELLAND. A parish In AVorcester- shii-e. 376 WEM WELLARD. The same as Willard. WELLBY. SeeWelby. WELLBELOVED. A compliment to the excellence of the patriarch of the race. I have noticed at Dieppe, in Normandy, its synonyme in Blenayme. WELLBORN. Does not relate to good birth, but to some locality called Well- bourn— a stream running from a well. WELLBOURNE. Welborne, a parish in Norfolk. WELLDON. SeeWeldon. WELLDONE. See Weldon. WELLER. See Well, and the termina- tion ER. WELLESLEY. This great family, "terque quaterque beati"— (if having three or four titles in the peerage may be so construed)— derive their existing name from a locality called Welesley, in Somer- setshire, which county, centuries later, sup- phed to the hero of a hundred fights the title of Duke of Wellington. But the an- cient patronymic of the race is Collej^ Cowley, or Colly, and their ancestor settled in Ireland in the reign of King Henry VIII from the county of Rutland. The maternal ancestor, whose descendant took the name of Wesley, or Wellesley, in the earlier part of the XVIII. century, was standard- bearer to King Henry II. in 1172, and re- ceived large grants in the counties of Meath and Kildare. The old name of the family was Wesley, and Wellesley is only a com- paratively recent resumption of the original surname. John Wesley, the founder of the Methodists, is said to have been of the same stock. WELLING. Ferguson considers this to be the patronymic of a personal name Well. But there is a De Wellynge in H e' CO. Norfolk. WELLINGTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Salop, Somerset, Hereford, and Northum- berland. WELLMAN. SeeWelman. WELLOCK. See Whellock. WELLS. 1. Towns In cos. Somerset and Norfolk. 2. A pluralization of Well, which see. WELLSPRING. See Well. WELINIAN. Probably "well-man." See Well, and the termination HAK. WELSH. WELSHMAN. See AVelch, Welchman. WELSTED. Local : "the pLace of the well." WELTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. North- ampton, York, Northumberland, and Lincoln. WEMYSS. AparishinFifeshlre. This ancient family are still " of that Ilk," Wemyss Castle, a large and magnificent building, being the abode of the head of the family. More accounts than one are given of the origin of the family of Wemyss ; but all agree as to tlieir being derived from Macduff, Maorraor of Fife, in the reign of Malcolm Canmore. They are therefore one of the very few Lowland families who, through the male line, can claim kindred with Celtic blood. The lands now forming the parish of Wemyss are said to have been part of the estate of Macduff, Shakspeare's well-known Thane of Fife. According to Sibbald, Gillimichael, the third in descent from Macduff, had a son named Hugo, who obtained these lands from his father. . . The present pro- prietor of the estate, J. H. E. Wemyss, Esq., is twenty-sixth in direct descent from Hugo, the son of Gillimichael." Gaz. Scotl. Another statement makes the originator of the family Micliael de Wemyss, second son of Duncan, liftli Earl of Fife, who died in 11G.5. The Earl of Wemyss descends from a j'ounger son. At Wemyss Castle is preserved with great care a silver basin, which was given in 1290 by the King of Xorway to Sir Michael Wemyss, on the occasion of that personage and Sir Michael Scott, of Bal- wearie, appearing at the Norwegian court, as ambassadors from Scotland to bring home the Princess Margaret. WENBAN. A corruption of Wimborne, CO. Dorset. WEXBORN'E. A corruption of AVim- borne, co. Dorset. WEXHAM. Wenham Hall, co. Suffolk, was the seat of the family at an early period. The Wenhams of Sussex settled there from the former county in the XV. century. WEXLOCK. A town in Shropshire, where the family flourished temp. Edwd. I. H.B. WENMAN. A-Sax. zvan, wagon, and tnayi. A wagoner. See under Wainwright. WENSLEY. A famous dale in York- shire, and a township in co. Derby. "WENTAVORTII. A chapelry in the parish of Wath-upon-Dearn, co. York. The estate is said to have been in tlae pos- session of the family before the Norman Conquest. The name is written in Domes- day, Winterwade, and in the XIII. century it was changed to Wyntword. The male line continued at Wentworth until the ex- tinction of the earldom of Strafford in the XVIII. century ; and the existing Went- worth, of Wentworth Castle, is descended from the family on the female side. Reginald de Wintrewade, or Wentworth, was contemporary with the compilation of Domesday. WERE. See Weir. WERGE. The same as "Worge. It was formerly written Wearg, Wirge, &;c. WERK. Some work or building. 377 WES WESLEY. Mr. Ferguson derives this name from the Old Norse vcalegr, miser- able ; but there can be no doubt whatever of its local origin, from one of the places called Westley, in cos. Cambridge, Suffolk, Salop, and elsewhere ; though the family of John Wesley, the founder of the ism that bears his name, was of common origin with the AVellesleys. Wellesley is indeed a recent resumption of the original name. I believe that Lord Momington, father of the late Duke of Wellington, wrote himself Wesley in his earlier years. WEST. See imder North. The noble family (Earl Delawarr), traced by Collins to temp. Edw. II., at that period wrote themselves De West; not, it appears, from any place so called, but from their large possessions in the West of England. Mr. Shirley observes that, "the Wests are remarkable, not so much for the an- tiquity of the family, as for the early period at which they attained the honour of the peerage. Sir Thomas West, the first re- corded ancestor, died 17. Edward IL, having married the heiress of Cantilupe, and thus become possessed of lands in Devonshire and Warwickshire. His grandson, Thomas, married the heiress of De la Warr, and thus became connected with Sussex. Few families had broader lands." Noble and Gentle Men. WESTALL. Probably Westhall, co. Suffolk. WESTBROOK. Berks. A ty thing WESTBURY. Parishes and places in COS. Wilts, Bucks, Gloucester, Salop, Hants, Somerset, &c. WESTBY. A township in Lancashire. The family assert a Saxon descent, and say that they were settled in the hundred of Amounderness, in tliat county, before the Conquest ; but the first member of the family mentioned in the pedigree is Gilbert de Westby, sheriff' of Lancashire in 1233. WESTCOTT. WESTCOTE. Parishes, &c., in Gloucester, Berks, Bucks, &c. WESTENRA. Lord Rossmore's family spring from a very ancient race in Holland. They were naturalized in Ireland temp. Charles II. Peerage. WESTERDALE. A parisli in York- shire. WESTERMAN. 'Western man' — a native of the West. WESTERN. See Points of the Com- pass. WESTERTON. A township in Durham. WESTGATE. See under Eastgate. De Westgate. H.R. WESTHORPE. A parish in Suflblk. WESTLAKE. See Points of the Com- pass. WET WESTLEY. Parishes, Re, in cos. Cambridge, Suffolk, and Salop. WESTMACOTT. 1. This "was pro- bably the A- Sax. term for a banker or money-lender, from ivoestm, interest or usury, and scot or sceat, money. For examples of the compound word, Westm- sceat, see Bosworth's Diet." Talbot's Eng- lish Etymologies. 2. Westmancoate, a hamlet in co. Worcester. WESTMARLAND. From the county, Westmoreland. WESTjyiORE. Local: "the western moor." WESTMORELAN. From Westmore- land. WESTON. The English gazetteers give about fifty parishes and hamlets of this name, which signifies simply ' the western enclosure,' and corresponds with Easton. Norton, and Sutton. From divers of these, some of the families of Weston have sprung ; but the widely-spread Westons of Surrey and Sussex are descended from the house of De Wistoneston, or Wiston, of Wiston, CO. Sussex. Weston also occurs as a per- sonal name in the YIII. century — "Alfred, the son of Weston." Wright's Biog. Brit. A-Sax. period, p. 2G8. WESTOYER. A district in the New Forest, co. Hants. WESTPHAL. A native of Westphalia, in Germany. WESTPHALING. The same as West- phal. WESTRON. The same as Western. WESTROPP. The family claim from John Westropp, son and heir of Edward Westropp. temp. King John. They settled in Ireland in the XYII. centur)'. B.L.G. does not indicate the locality in which they originated, but the name is obviously local, and signifies, like Westhorpe, "the western village." WESTRUPP. See Westropp. WESTWOOU. Parishes in cos. Wor- cester and Wilts. WETHERDEX. A parish in Suffolk. H.R. CO. Norfolk, temp. Edward I. WETHERELL. WETHERALL. WETHEUILL. Almost all the families of this name trace to the county of Dur- ham, and there is little doubt of their derivation from Wetheral, co. Cumberland, remarkable for its priory. WETHERFIELD. Wethersfield, a parish in Essex. WETHERHERD. A shepherd— one who took care of wether-sheep. This name is ancient, occurring temp. Edward I. WETHERLEY. A hundred in Cam- bridgeshire. WETTEN. See Wettou. 378 WHE WETTENHALL. A township In Che- shire. WETTON. A parish in Staffordshire. WEYER. See Weaver. WEY. Rivers in Surrey and Dorset- shire. WEYLAND. An ancient Norfolk family, " whose name implies wet land," says B.L.G. ; though I should call it a simple variation of Wayland. The Weylands had large possessions in Norfolk, temp. Ed- ward I. WEYMOUTH. A town in co. Dorset. WHALE. 1. See Wale. 2. A sobriquet allusive to largeness of person. Whale- bell}' is a recognized surname. WHALEBELLY. See AVhale. WHALEBONE. The hundred in which Brighton, co. Sussex, lies, is called Whales- bone, corruptly from Well's-bourne — from a stream which formerly traversed it, and had its source at Patcham Well. WHALEY. See Whalley. WHALLEY. A great parish in York- shire, where the ancestors of the baronet resided in the last century. Courthope's Debrett. WHARTON. Townships in Cheshire and Westmoi'eland. WHARRAIM. Two parishes in York- shire are so designated. WHATELE Y. A chapelry in the parish of Cuddesden, co. Oxford, more usually written Wheatley. WHATLEY. A parish In Somerset- shire. WHATMAN. An ancient baptismal name. A Wateman de London occurs in Domesday, as a previous tenant ; and the name is otherwise spelt Whateman and Hwateman. In the middle ages, the family dwelt in Kent, near Romney and Hawk- hurst, and left much land to monastic es- tablishments. According to B.L.G. the Whatmans ranked " amongst the inde- pendent yeomen of Kent." We must bear in mind that, in old times, that phrase designated a very wealthy and influential class of persons. Hence the oft-quoted proverb : — " A Knight of Cales, a Gentleman of Wales, And a Laird of the North Gountre'e ; A Yeoman of Kent with his yearly rent, Will buy them out all three." Filler's Worthies, ii. 121. WHEAL. A Cornish word (huelj signifying a mine. WHEATCROFT. Local : " the enclo- sure where wheat grows." WHEATLEY. Parishes and places in cos. Oxon, Lancaster, Nottingham, &c. WHEATSTONE. See Whetstone. WHEEL. Wheal (hielj Is the Cornish word for a mine, as Wheal Mary, Wheal WHI Jewell, Wheal Fortune, &c. The first bearer of the surname probably resided near some tin or lead mine. WHEELDOX. Perhaps Wheelton, a township in Lancashire. WHEELER. In many dialects signifies wheelwright. This English surname has undergone a singular change in Normandy. M. de Gerville says : " The name of Honelleur which means ' charron ' [cart- wright] in English, is as common, at least in the Cotentin, as that of Carron or Char- ron. I imagine that it was introduced into Normandy during the thirty-two years' occupation of this country by the English. The English orthography is very dift'erent from ours, namely, ^^lled^r : it literally signifies a maker of wheels." Memoires Soc. Antiq. Normandie, 18-44. WHEELTOX. A township in Lan- cashire. WHEELWRIGHT. Originally a maker of wheels onl}' — afterwards, as at present, one who constructs wagons, carts, and other carriages. We have the cognate names Wainwright, Cartwright, kc. WHELDON. See Weldon. WHELER. See Wheeler. WHELLOCK. A corruption of Whee- lock, CO. Chester. WHELOCK. Wheelock, a township in Cheshire. WHETSTOXE. A parish in co. Leices- ter, and a hamlet in the parish of Tides- well, CO. Derby. WHETTOX. SeeWetton. WHEWELL. ^liewell Grange in Staftbrdshire, sometimes written Hevrell, is known in history as the place where some of the conspirators of the Powder Plot took refuge in 1605. It has been remarked of this name, that it is moir easily n-Justled than sjJoJien ! The initial W is, however, rarely pronounced. WHIBLEY. From Weobley, a town in Herefordshire. WHICHCOTE. The baronet's family spring from William de Whichcote, of Whichcote in Shropshire, who was living in l2')o. A marriage with the heiress of Tyrwhitt removed the family into Norfolk temp. Edward IV. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. WHICKER. Sec Wicker. WHIDDIXGTOX. Widdington, a parish in Essex, and a township in York- shire. WHILE. Probably a corruption of Wild. WHIMPER. Perhaps from Quimper, a large town in Brittany. In early names of French origin, W anil Qu are sometimes convertible. 379 W 11 I WHIXES. 1. A hamlet in Forfarshire. 2. Perhaps tlie genitive form of Wine, an A-Sa.\. baptismal name. WIIIPHAM. Perhaps a contraction of Whippingham, in the Isle of Wight. WHIPPY. The name probably of some locality. WHIRLPEXXY. One Ralph Whirle- peni occurs in H.E. Qu : was he a gambler 1 WHISHAW. An estate in the parish of Cambusnethan in Lanarkshire. WHISKER. WHISKERS. As we have in our nomenclature a great number of names evidently referring to shape, complexion, the beard, and other personal characteristics, this name might, prima FACIE, appear to have originated from the facial ornaments of the gentleman who first assumed or bore it; but if we look into the history of the 7roi-d, we shall find it very insufficient in point of antiquity to warrant such a conclusion. The fact seems to be, that until quite a receijt period — long posterior to the assumption of surnames — the n-hislu'); as now understood, was re- garded as a mere adjunct or tributary of the beard. Indeed, there was no necessity for any distinction until the absurd and unnatural practice of shaving came into vogue. Long after that epoch — to wit, in the days of Dr. Sam. Johnson — the word n'hislter meant, not the hair of the cheek, but " the hair growing upon the upper lip; the mustachio." (Diet.) Now, the lexi- cographer derives n-hi~^lter from 'whisk,' " a small besom or brush," which the facial whisker of our time sufficiently resembles, when unaccompanied by the chin-beard. But the true origin of the name has nothing to do with a face, be the same hirsute or smooth, but refers to the honest and neces- sary occupation of the wash-tub ; for Dr. Bosworth informs us that tvcesccre signifies, in modern English, 'a washer,' a man or woman as the case (or gender rather) might be, who cleansed dirty linen. Tiiis origin is supported by the more modern surnames "Washer and Lavender ; though perhaps the ante-Domesday personal name Wisgar, or AViscar, may have a better claim. AVHISLER. See Whistler. AVIIIST. Possiblj from Uist, one of the Hebrides. WHISTLER. A man much addicted to whistling would readily acquire this name. WHISTOX. Parishes and places in cos. Lancaster, Northampton, Staftbrd, York- shire, and Worcester are so called, and from one or other of them tlie surname is probably derived, though Mr. Ferguson considers it to be the A-Sax. personal name Wistan. AVHITAKER. 1. "The Whitakers of High Whitaker, an old-established family, were originally Whitacres of Whitacre, in the vills of Padiham and Simonstone." Folks of Shields, p. 22. 2. Two parishes ClAJta-**f «y. WHI 380 \y HI in Warwickshire are so called. 3. Mr. Ferguson considers it to be the same name as Wihtgar. borne by a nephew of Cerdic, King of the West Saxons. WHITBREAD. WHITEBREAD. The letter r is very apt to change places with the vowel preceding or following it ; thus, the 0. Eng. hrid has become bird, and firth, an estuary, is, among Southrons, ff'tih. In like manner, the last syllable of this word was perhaps originally herd, that is, beai-d. Thus Whitebread would be a sobriquet, like Silverlock, Redhead, &c. See, however, ' Blancpain.' Witbred occurs in the Hundred Rolls; and in 11. Edward I. we meet with the names Will. Milkanbred, and Walter, son of Will. Milk and bred! N. & Q.. Jan. 2i. 1857. The notorious murderer, Eugene Aram, heroized by a modern novelist, was usher, in 1744, to the Rev. Mr. Painblanc, in Piccadilly. WHITBY. A town in Yorkshire. WHITCHER. 1. A corruiition of "WTiitchurch. 2. See Wicher. WHITCHURCH. See Whitechurch. WHITCOMBE. Parishes in cos. Dorset and Gloucester. WHITE. Of light or fair complexion, corresponding with the Fr. Le Blond, the Gaelic Bane, the Ital. Biondi, the Dutch De Witt, the Germ. Weiss, and the old classical Candidus, Chlorus, &c. The Lond. Direct, shews almost 300 traders of this name. In the H.E. it is latinized Albus. J. Yonge Akerman, Esq., late Sec, S. A., has suggested to me, that the name is far too common to allow of the supposition that it is derived solely from complexion, especially since the antithetical Black bears no proportion for numerousness — occurring in the above-mentioned repertory of names in the proportion of only one to ten. The Browns might be called in as allies of the Blacks, when the scale would be turned in favour of the dark complexion ; yet still I think Mr. Akerman is correct in the sup- position that the name White is sometimes derived, not from A-Sax. hwit (albus), but from lircita, a sharpener, swordsmith, or armourer, and one Thurcil Hwita. men- tioned in a document of the time of Canute (Codex Dipl.), might be cited on that side, as well as in proof of the great antiquity of the surname. Kisbet says : " As for the antiquity of the name, Sir James Daliymple observes one Viniet Albus, wit- ness in a charter of King Edgar to the church of Durham, who perhaps may be the first of the surname of "White." WHITECHURCH. Parishes called Whitchurch exist in cos. Buckingham, Devon, Glamorgan, Hereford, Oxford^ Pembroke, Salop, Somerset, Hants, and Warwick. WHITEFOOT. Wight or icicM is O. Eng. and Scot, for powerful and active. Hence the name would signify a person strong and swift of foot. WHITEFORD. « The fii-st of this family." says Nisbet, " was Walter d® Whiteford, who, for his good services don^ at the battle of the Largs, in the reign o King Alexander III., under the command of Alexander Seneschal, High-Steward of Scotland, got from him the lands of White- foord near Paisly, in the shire of Ren- frew."' AVHITEGIFT. See AVhitgift. AVHITEHALL. This name, more an- ciently written TMiitehaugh, appears to have been derived from a place so called in Staffordshire. WHITEHEAD. 1. This common sur- name is doubtless derived from the hoary locks of its original 4)earer. The Annals of the Four Masters mention an Irishman of distinction who was known as " Col- gan of the White Head," fi-om this per- sonal peculiarity. The Fr. Blancheteste is synonymous. 2. Local: ''the white pro- montory." WHITEHILL. YiUages, &c., in cos. Edinburgh, Kincardine, Banff, and Lanark. WHITEHORX. A town and parish in CO. Wigton. now wi-itten without *the E. AVHITEHORSE. Camden, speaking of surnames derived from signs of inns and houses, mentions " George at the White- horse" as an individual living near his own times, who had been so called from his sign. The Henry Blaunchival (Fr. blanc chevaTyoiihe H.R. probably took his name from the colour of his horse. WHITEHOUSE. A village in the parish of Tough, co. Aberdeen. WHITELAW. One of the Cheviot hills is so called. " Several of this name are mentioned in the Ragman Roll : and in the reign of King James III. one Archi- bald Whitelaw was an eminent prelate, and secretary of state to that king." Nisbet. WHITELEGG. Has no reference to crural whiteness, but is the modern form of a very ancient personal name, Wihtlsg, which is found in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. WHITELEY. See Whitley. WHITELOCK. WHITLOCK. From the relate locks of the primitive bearer. Comp. Silverlock, Blacklock, &c. WHITEMAN. Possibly the antithesis of Blackman ; but more probably the same as Wightman. WHITER. 1. One who whittles. Jamieson. 2. A bleacher? WHITESIDES. Probably from some personal peculiarity. In the H.R. of temp. Edw. I. there is a " Ricardus Blawnc- Coste." Whitside also occurs there. WHITFELD. See Whitfield, for locali- ties. The Whitfelds of Kent and Sussex descend from William de Whitfeld, or Whit- field, of Whitfield Hall, in Korthumher- land, who flourished in the XIY. century. -^V^l W II I 381 AVHITFIELD. WHITEFIELD. Parishes and places in cos. Derbj-, Kent, Northampton, and Northumberland. WHITFORD. A parish in Flintshire. WPIITGIFT. A parish in Yorkshire. WHITGREAVE. Whitgreave, a town- ship in Statibrdshire, irave name to this family. In the reign of Henry III., Robert WTiitgreave, the first recorded ancestor, re- sided at Burton, near Stafford. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. For a grant of arms from Humphrey, Earl of Stafford, to Robert Whitgreve, 20. Henry \1. see Camden's Remains, Edit. 1657. The arms are based on those of Stafford ; and an " augmentation " re- cently acquired, " a rose within a wreath of oak" re- fers to Thomas Whitgreave's having sheltered Chas. n. after the battle of Worcester. WHITHAIR. From the white hair of the first of the name. Corap. Whitelock, Farrar, Blount. Blacklock. Sec. "WHITIXG. The patronymical form of White. Comp. Browning. WHITLEY. Townships, hamlets, &c., in cos. Northumberland, Berks, Somerset, Salop, Chester, and York. | WHITMILL. A corruption either of ifhite mill, or of rvheat mill. | WHITMORE. The family were seated at | \\Tiitmore, or Whittimere, in the parish of j Claverley, co. Salop, in the reign of Henry 1 III. From them sprang the Whitmores of Apley, who raised themselves to import- ance by commerce in the reign of Eliza- | beth. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. i The "Whitmores of Cheshire do not appear to have had any connection with this family, though the Heralds have assigned to them arms of a similar character, with ' a crest allusive to the springing of a young i shoot out of an old stock. Blakeway's | Sherifl's of Shropshire. WHITXE Y. A parish in Herefordshire. WHITSTER. This name looks like the feminine of Whiter. See termination STER. If so, it should mean a Ijleacher ; but Halliwell says, that it is an eastern provincialism for a whitesmith. WHITTAKER. See Whitaker. WHITTEN. See Whitton. WHITTEMORE. The same as Whit- more. WHITTIXGHAM. A parish in Nor- thumberland, a township in Lancashire, and a parish in Haddingtonshire. WHITTINGTOX. Parishes and town- ships in COS. Stafford, Worcester, Salop, Lancaster, Gloucester, Derby, &;c. "WHITTLE. There are five townships bearing this singular name, two of which are in Lancashire, two in Northumberland, and one in Derbyshire. AVHITTOCK. 1. Perhaps local, from ' white' and ' oak.' 2. Wittich, an ancient WIC personal name, attributed to a Teutonic mythical personage. 3. Mr. Ferguson makes it a diminutive of White. "WHITTON. There arc parishes, &(t., so called in cos. Lincoln, Durham, Here- ford, Northumberland, Salop, Suffolk, &c, WIIITTY. Considered by Ferguson as a diminutive of White. WIIITWELL. There are places so called in cos. Derby, Norfolk, Rutland, Hants, York, and Durham. WIIITWORTH. Chapelriesin Durham and Lancashire. The Whitworths of co. Durham were de- scendants of the Shaftos of Northumber- land. Slogans of the North of England, p. xvii. WHOWALL. Probably the same as Whewell. WHYATT. See Wyatt. WHYMARK. See Wymark. WHYTALL. See Whitehall. WHYTE. The Scottish form of White. The Whytes. anciently free barons in the shires of Fife, Perth, &c., are said to have sprung from the noble family of Le Blanc in France. B.L.G. WHYTEHEAD. See Whitehead. AVHYTOCK. See "VMiittock. WIATT. See Wyatt. WICH. WICHE. SeeWyche. WICHER. A ivyck is a salt spring, and a dweller near such a spring would, in the XIII. or XI"V. century, readily acquire the surname De La Wyche, At Wych, or Wycher. See termination ek. |^° WICK. This syllable is found in many names of places, and consequently in many local surnames; as Inderwick, Markwick, Strcdwick, Padwick, Rud- wick, Wickham, Wicksteed, Wickfield. It is the A-Sax. n-fc or n-ijc, and is of a very wide signification, implying dwelling-place, mansion, borough, vil- lage, street (Lat. ricits, with which it is doubtless connected), monastery, castle, camp or military station, bay, creek, &c. In local nomenclature, however, it ge- nerally implies a habitation, or a vil- lage, and sometimes, according to Prof. Leo, marshland. Several parishes in England and Scotland are designated by this word without any qualifying addition. Week and Wyke arc other forms of it. WICK. Places so called are found in cos. Worcester, Sussex, Somerset, Caithness, &c., &c. WICKEN. Parishes in cos. Cambridge, Northampton, and Essex. WICKENS. (Wilkins.) See AVilliam. WICKENDEN. See termination den. \>jLilj/ <-cJU. WID WICKER. 1. See Wick, and the termi- nation ER. 2. A-Sax. wicca, a wizard. WICKESON. A corruption of Wilkin- son. See William. WICKERSON. A corruption of Wil- kinson. So Dickerson from Dickinson. WICKHAM. Parishes and places in cos. Suffolk, Kent, Gloucester, Essex, Hants, Berks, Lincoln, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. WICKINGr. May be the same as Wick- ens, i. e., Wilkius, from William. But Domesday shews us a Wikingus before the Conquest — perhaps a descendant of one of the Northman Vikingr, or sea-kings. This is rendered exceedingly probable by Bosworth's definition of Wiclng or wiceng, which is "a heathen pirate," or "viking;" and the phrase " nnclng-sceatha" was the ordinary name of a pirate or sea-robber. See also Sharon Turner's Hist. Aug.- Sax. iv. 10, note. Hence the Wickings and Wickenses may be descendants, not of some vulgar William of the fourteenth century, but of a great Northman sea-king of the eighth or ninth ! WICKLIFFE. See Wycliffe. WICKS. See Weekes. WICKSTED. An ancient family in Cheshire, who resided on the manor of Wicksted, and took their name from it. See B.L.G. WICKSTEED. See Wicksted. WICKWAR. A parish in Gloucester- shire. WIDDOWSON. WIDDERSON. WIDDESON. SeeWidowson. WIDDRINGTON. An ancient Border family, said to have been settled at Wid- drington Castle, co. Northumberland, before the Conquest. They figure largely in the feuds between the English and the Scots, as well as in the cause of the Stuart family from the time of Charles I. down to 1715 ; and this latter partizanship, though it brought them a coronet, ultimately robbed them of their lands. What schoolboy is there who has not lamented over what may truly be called the bootless zeal of one of this house, who fought at the Battle of Chevy-Chace ? "For WiddrinRton needs must I wayle, As one in doleful dumpes ; Jor when his legs were smitten off, He fought upon his stumpes 1" WIDEIIOSE. A sobriquet allusive to the cut of the garment. One Ric. Wyd- hose is found in H.R. WIDFORD. 1. Parishes in Essex, Gloucester, and Hertford. 2. An A-Sax. personal name. WIDGINGTON. Perhaps the same as Widdington. WIDICOMBE. WIDDICOMBE. Wid- decombe, a parish in Devonshire. 382 WIDMER. shire. WIDOWS. WIG A parish in Noltingham- A genitive form of Wide. WIDOWSON, Not the son of a widow, as it might seem, but the son of Guido, or Wido, a Norman personal name. At the time of the great Survey, William Filius Widonis, literally " William Wido's-son," was a tenant in chief in the counties of Wilts, Gloucester, and Somerset. WIDVILLE. Earl Rivers in the XV. cent, was probably descended from Hugo de Widvile or Witvile, a Domesday tenant in capite. WIGAN. A town in Lancashire. WIGG. An old personal name. Wig occurs in the ancestry of Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, and Wiga is found in the Domesday of Yorkshire. Hence perhaps Wigson, Wigget, Wiggin, &c. WIGGETT. SeeWigg. WIGGIN. See Wigg. WIGGINS. See Wigg. WIGGINGTON. Parishes, &c., in cos. Herts, Oxon, Stafford, and York. WIGGLES. An ancient personal name, corresponding with a Frisian name still existing as Wiggele. Ferguson. Wiggles- worth, in Yorkshire, means the estate of AViggle. WIGGLESWORTH. A township in Yorkshire. WIGGS. The genitive form of Wigg. WIGHT. L The A-Sax. loiht i^eans a man, a creature, any thing ; and the O. Eng, n-ight, still retained in the phrase " luckless wight," has a similar significa- tion. Another and more usual meaning of the word, is swift or active, as in the illus- trative quotation of Halliwell : — " Y schalle gyf the two greyhownd.ys, As wyght as any roo" — that is, " as swift as any roe." The Scot- tish form of the word is n-iclit, which Jamieson defines as, strong, powerful, active, clever ; denoting strength of mind, or fertility of invention. 2. The Isle of Wight may possibly put in a claim in some cases. WIGHTMAN. A strong, active, or clever man. See Wight. WIGHTON. A parish in Norfolk. WIGIITWICK. A hamlet in Stafford- shire, where this ancient family resided. WIGLEY. A hamlet in the parish of Eliug, CO. Hants. WIGMORE. A parish of Hereford- shire. WIGNELL. Wiggenhall is the name of several parishes in Norfolk. WIGRAM. Has a ' local ' appearance, and I do not find any personal name re- sembling it ; yet in recent times, the ^lct^.<->* - ?«<, MOrvJU^^ WIL baronet's family, who, as Bristol merchants, can trace themselves so far back as 1712, have changed their patronymic to Fitz- Wygram, and obtained a grant of support- ers to their arms ! WIGSELL. Wigsell, anciently Wigsale, an estate in the parish of Salehurst, co. Sussex. WIG SON". 1 . A corruption of Wilkinson, through Wickison ? 2. See Wigg. WIKES. SeeWeekes. ^TLBAR. SeeWUdbore. WILBERFORCE. Professor Pott, in his Die Familiennamen, associates this celebrated name with the Germ. Starke, and the Fr. La Force; but it is a simple corruption of Wilberfoss, a township in E. Yorkshire, where the family were settled from the early Xorman reigns — tradition- ally from the Conquest — until the middle of the XVI. cent. Even so lately as about a century ago, the name still lingered in the parish and township. The earliest recorded individual of the name is Ilgerus de Wil- berfosse, who flourished under Henry II. WILBRAHAM. An estate in Cheshire. The earliest recorded ancestor is Richard de Wilburgham of Wilburgham,in Cheshire, who was living -13. Henry III. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. The family were settled there about the time of Henry II. B.L.G. Professor Pott rather absurdly deduces the name, so clearly accounted for, from a union of the English and Hebrew personal names, "William and Abraham ! WILBURGHAM. See Wilbraham. WILBURGHFOSS. An old orthography of Wilberforce. WILBY. Parishes in Norfolk, Xorth- ampton, and Suffolk. WILCHER. A queer corruption of Wiltshire. WILCOCK. WILCOCKS. See WU- liam. WILCOCKES. See William. WILCOCKSOX. See William. WILCOX. ^V^ILCOXOX. See Wil- liam. WILD. WILDE. I. Rude, uncultivated, rustic ; like the Fr. Le Sauvage. It may rank among the earliest of our surnames — one Ulric Wilde being a Domesday tenant. 2. A hamlet in Berkshire. WILDBORE. Doubtless the animal— a wild boar. The early, or Anglo-Saxon, form of the word is preser^-ed in tlie sur- name Wilbar (pronounced Wilebar) from n-ild, and bar, a boar. See art. Boar. WILDEGOS. WILDGOOSE. See Goose. WILDEX. A parish in Bedfordshire. WILDISH. The Weald of Sussex is commonly called ' The Wild,' and its 383 WIL denizens, however harmless and civil, are known on the South Downs, and other neighbouring localities, as " WMlsh men."' WILDMAX. ]. Equivalent to Wild. 2. See Woodhouse. 3. Perhaps a native of the Wild or Weald of Sussex. WILDRAKE. Certainly not a "wild rake," but probably a provincial word for some species of water-fowl. WILDS. A pluralization of Wild. WILDSMITH. Probably a corruption of n-eld-smxih. ' To weld ' is defined in Bailey's Dictionary as "to forge iron." WILEMAX. See Wildman. WILES. Apparently an old personal name. It occurs temp. Edward I. as a sur- name without prefix. H.R. T\T:LF0RD. a parish in Xottingham- shire. WILGOS. WILLGOSS. The same as Wyldgos, or Wildgoose. WILKERSOX. A corruption of Wil- kinson. WILKIE. See William. ^^^LKIX. WILKIXS. WILKINSOX. See William. WILKOT. From William. WILKS. WILKES. See William. WILL. The ' nurse-name' of William. WILLAX. Perhaps WUlen, a parish in Buckinghamshire. WILLAMEXT. See Willlment. WILLARD. This family, whose chief habitat is, and has been from the XIII. century. East Sussex and Kent, have a tradition of Xorman descent. The name, it is said, was originally Yiliard. I see no evidence of this ; and indeed the Saxon, or at least pre-Xorman, origin of both name and family is indubitable. Wielard, or Wilard, was a personal name, and it is found in the names of manv places, as Wylerdsley, Wyllardssey, Wil'lardbv. Wil- lardesham, Willardestone, &c. In Domes- day we find the forms Wielardus, Wilardus, Wluard, Wlmiard, and Wlward. The last- mentioned occurs in Kent, the county from which the numerous Willards of America deduce themselves. For many speculations on the origin of the name and family, see Willard Memoir, by Joseph Willard, Esq 8vo. Boston, U.S., 18.J8. WILLBOURX. An Old German name, Wilbern. WILLCOCK. ^^^LCOCKE. WILL- COCKS. See William. WILLE. See William. WILLEINIEXT. The tradition of the family is, that they were originally from French Flanders, and fled hither, either from the Duke of Alva's persecution, or after the Revocation of the Edict of Xantes. WIL 384 The Norwich branch of the famih' still carry on the manufacture of crape and similar fabrics, which were first introduced into that city from the Low Countries. Inf. Thos. Willement, Esq.,_F.S.A. The surname appears, like Willemin, Guillemin, and other Fr. family names, to be a modi- fication of William. WILLER, An old personal name; O. Germ. Wilheri ; Mod. Germ. Wilier. Fer- guson. WILLET. WILLOTT. WILLATS. See William. WILLIAM. I have not met with this as a surname, but it has become the^wrerrf of a greater number of surnames than any other baptismal appellation. The follow- ing are the chief derivatives : — Fitz-Wil- liam, Mac-William. Ap-William, Williams, Williamson. Wills, Willes, Wilks, Wilkes, Wilkin, Wilkins, Wilkie, Wilkinson, AVickens, Wickeson, Wickerson. Willson and Wilson, Willcock and Wilcocke. Will- cocks. Woolcock. Wilcox. Wilcockson, Wilcoxon. Willet. Willott. AYillatts. Wil- mot. Willmott, Willomat. Willv and Willey, Wille, Willis. Also Bill, Bilson, and Bill- son. An old provincial nickname of Wil- liam is Till,— whence Tilson, Tillott. Tillot- son. Tilly, and Tillie. Guilliam, Gilliam, Guillim, Gillett, Gillott, and Gilliat are also from this fecund source, as well as nume- rous continental surnames, which, though found in our directories, can hardly as yet be reckoned as naturalized amongst us. This Christian name has produced many offshoots in France. M. de Gerville re- marks : "Of Guilleaume, or Yilleaume, we have formed Guillot, Guillotte, Guillard, Villot, Villard, Guillemin, Villemain, Guil- lemette, Guilmard, Guilmot, Guilmoto, and Guillemino." Mem. See. Ant. Xormandie, WILLIAMS. See William. Owing to the numerousness of this name in the Prin- cipality, it stands third in the list of com- mon surnames in England and Wales. Within a limited period the entries of births, deaths, and marriages, in the books of the Registrar- General were, for Smith, 33,557: for Jones, 33,341: and for Wil- liams, 21,936. As in the case of Jones, Powell, Price, and other very common Welsh surnames, this usually plebeian patronymic is borne by several families of ancient lineage. For example, the Williamses of Llangibby Castle, CO. Monmouth, although they adopted the settled surname only in the reign of Henry YIIL, are of really ancient date, though their descent from the re- doul)table Brychan Brecheiniog, Lord of Brecknock, in the days of King Arthur, is rather more than we are bound to accept. WILLIAMSON. See William. WILLIMETT. See Williment. WILLINGDOX. A parish in Sussex. WILLINGALE. A parish in Essex. W I ^I WILLINGTOX. Parishes, Src, in cos. Bedford, Chester, Derby, Durham, Flint, Northumberland, Warwick, &c. John de Willington of Willington. co. Derby, lived at, or immediately after, the time of the Conquest, and from him descended the baronial family of that name in the XIV. century. See B.L.G. WILLIS. See William. WILLMAN. O. Germ. Williman ; mod. Germ. Willmann ; a personal name. Fergu- son. WILL3HER. SeeWUlmore. WILLMORE. Probably the same as the German personal name Wilmar, for- merly written Willimar. WILLOCK. A diminutive of William. WILLOTT. The same as Willett. WILLOUGHBY. Lord Middleton's family spring from Sir William de Wil- loughby, Lord of Willoughby, co. Lincoln, in the reign of Edward I. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. In a genealogy of the family drawn up temp. Elizabeth. Sir John de Willoughbj-, a Norman knight, is said to have held that estate by gift of William the Conqueror. In 54. Henry III. Sir William de Willoughby went to the Holy Land with Prince Edward. Ext. Peerage. WILLOWS. From residence near trees of this kind. " In the Willows " is a XIV. century surname. The H.R. latinization is In Sallicibus. WILLS. "\ATLLES. See WUliam. WILLSON. See William. WILLTON. See Wilton. WILL YAMS. The same as Williams. WILLY. WILLEY. See William. WIL:M0RE. See Willmore. AYILMOT. WILLMOTT. WILLO- MAT. See William. WILMSIIURST. Local, and doubtless derived from some manor or estate in Kent or Sussex. (See Eng. Surn. ii. 30.) It is corrupted to Wimhurst. Wjinpshurst, and even (colloquially) to Wimpsutt. WILSHER. WILSHERE. Corrup- tions of Wiltshire. WILSOX. See William. The Wilsons of Broomhead resided there, under this name, from temp. Edward I. till the XVIIL century. B.L.G. WILTON. A town in Wiltshire. WILTSHIRE. From the county. WILYE. WILEY. A parish in Wilt- shire. WIjMBLE. An A- Sax. personal name, Winebald. WIMBOLL. See Wimble. WI:MBURN. Another spelling of Wiin- borne, parishes, &c., in Dorsetshire. TN'IXDSOR. Sir Andrew Windsor, who was made a knight-banneret at the battle of the Spurs, in 1513, and who was ennobled as Lord Windsor, was a lineal descendant of Walter Fitz-Other. Castellan of Wind- sor, in the reign of WiUiam the Conqueror, the common ancestor of the Fitz-Geralds, Carews, Gerards, and many other distin- guished families. See Fitz-Gerald. "VVIXFARTHIXG. A parish in Xorfolk. Thomas de Wynneferthj-n. H.R. WINFIELD. Probably the same as Wingfield. WING. Parishes in the shires of Buck- ingham and Rutland. "WIXGATE. A chapelry in co. Dur- ham. WIXGET. See Wingate. WIXGFIELD. "The Wingfields of Wingfield and Letheringham, both in Sulfolk, a distinguished family of the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries, are traced nearly to the Conquest, tliougli tliey do not appear to have lieen lords of the manor or castle of Wingfield before the reign of Edward II.' Shirley's Noble and Gentle W 1 N 385 WDIBUSII. Wiuibish, a parish in Essex. WIMIIURST. See Wilmshurst. ^MMPLER. See Wympler. WLMPSUTT. See Wilmshurst. WIXBOLT. From Winebald, an A- Sax. personal name. WIXCH. 1. From one of the two parishes, East and West Winch, co. Nor- folk. 2. A corrupt nickname of Vincent. See Finch. WIXCHELSEA. An ancient town in Sussex. 'VMXCKLE. WIXCKLES. See Winkle. The latter form may, however, be identical with the personal name Win- ceslaus. WIXDER. 1. Townships in Westmore- land and Cumberland are so called. 2. Probablv a winder or twister of thread. Le Wiudere. H.R. WIXDELL. See Windle. WES'DLE. A township in Lancashire. WIXDOW. Windo, an old German persoual name. WIXDCS. The termination us is usually a contraction of house: thus Malthus stands for Malthouse. Woodus for Wood- house, Loftus for Lofthouse, ice. By ana- logy, Windus would stand for Windhouse — probably a residence in an exposed situa- tion. WIXDUST. See Windus. WIXDMILL. From residence near WIN Men. A parish in Suffolk possessed by a distinguished family temp. Edw. III. B.L.G. Latinized in charters Ala Canipi. WIXGIIA.AI. A parisli in Kent. WIXGRAVE. A parish in Bucking- hamshire. WIXGROA'E. The same as Wingrave. WIXKLE. 1. Wincle, a township and chapelry in Cheshire. 2. Dutch, winkcl, a shop, workshop, or laboratory. Hence perhaps Winkelman, a surname of recent introduction into England, may mean shopman or workman. Wincel, as occur- ring in Aldwinkle, Winchelsea, Winchel- comb, may possibly, however, betheA-Sax. for a corner. WIXKLEY. WIXCKLEY. There is a parish so called in Devonshire, but the family appear to have originated at Winck- ley Hall, an estate in the township of Aighton, parish of Mitton, co. Lancaster. In the Coucher-Book of the neiglibouring abbey of ^^^lalley, the name of Robert de Wj-nkedelegh occurs in 4. Edward I., and the family continued to reside at Winckley until the XYII. century. The name ap- pears in Lincolnshire about the middle of the XVI. centurj-, and there is a tradition that the Winkleys of that county are descended from one of the Lancashire house, who, during some civil or religious commotion, narrowly escaped with his life, and took refuge there. The name has been variously written De Wj-nkedelegh, Wynkley, Winckley, and Winkley. ^Vith regard to the first orthographv, it is cu- rious to observe that, in the Coucher-Book referred to, the apparently unnecessary middle syllable de occurs in several local surnames. For instance Dinckley is written De Dynkedelegh, and what is now Worsley, De Workedelegh. Whether this syllable belongs etjTnologically to the names, or is a caprice of the scribe, I know not. WIXKSLEY. A place in Yorkshii-e. WIXKWORTH. Perhaps a corruption of Wentworth. WIXMEX. Winemen, an A-Sax. per- sonal name. Cod. Dipl. No. 853. ^T:X^nLL. See Windmill. WIXX^. See Wynne. WE^XEY. Whinney, a place in Xor- thumberland. WIXXIXGTOX. An ancient family of '•that seed-plot of gentry," Cheshire. The paternal name was De C'roxton, but in the reign of Edward I., Robert, son of Lidulfus de Croxton. marrying the heiress of Win- niugtou of Winnington, took the surname of his wife's family. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men. WIXPEXX Y. May relate to the acqui- sitive habits of the founder of the family. It may. however, be local. There is a parish of Wm-farthing in Norfolk. WIXSER. A corruption of Windsor. WIS 386 WIXSKELL. Winsklll, a township in Cumberland, united with Hunsonby. WIXSLO^Y. A parish in Buckingham- shire, and a township in Herefordshire. WIXSOR. See Windsor. WIXSPEAR. Belongs to the same class as Shakspeare. Breakspeare, Wagstaffe, &e. WrN-STANLEY. A township in the parish of Wigan. co. Lancaster, where the family are found temp. Henry III. WIXSTOX. 1. Parishes, &c., in cos. Durham, Glouc, Pembroke, and Suffolk. 2. Winstan, an A- Sax. personal name oc- curring in Domesday. WINTER. See Times and Seasons. Also see Yinter. WIXTERBORX. A corruption of one of the many places called Winterbourne, in Dorset and other western counties. WIXTERBOTTOM. ^^^XTERBOT- HAM. See BoTTOil in Supplement. " The Wiaterbottoms are a time-honoured stock inditrenous to Saddleworth." Folks of Shields, p. 22. WIXTERBOURXE. Properly a tor- rent which runs only in the rainy season of winter. Many localities in the West and other parts of' England are so called. WIXTERTOX. Parishes in cos. Lincoln and Norfolk. WIXTOX. Townships in Yorkshire and Westmoreland. The citj' of Winchester is sometimes so called, from its latinization Wintonia. WISBERRY. Probably Wisborough, a parish in Sussex. WISDEX. See termination dex. AVISDOM. The name of a place in the parish of Cornwood in Devonshire. See anecdote under Hele. WISE. A man of judgment and wisdom. So the Lat. Prudens, the Fr. Le Sage, &c. Among many Le ^Vyses in the H.R., we have one Julia la Wyse. WISE:\IAX. A conjuror. HalliweU. This was once a regular profession. Sir Francis Palgrave observes : '-In parlia- mentary documents, we find ' Xigromaun- cer" attached to a man's name as an addi- tion of lawful calling, not so frequently, indeed, as ' Smith' or ' Baker', j-et evidently without any idea of concealment or absur- dity. And the details preserved concern- ing these respectable practitioners all tend to show, that their vocation was tolerably lucrative and successful, provided the indi- vidual who tried the profession possessed the proper qualifications.'' Merchant and Friar, 2nd Edit, p. 217. The occupation has subsisted until quite recent times. So lately as 1819 we are told: "Impostors who feed and live on the superstitions of the lower orders are still to be found in Yorkshire. These are called WIT ' Wise Men,' and are believed to possess the most extraordinary power in remedy- ing all diseases incidental to the brute creation, as well as the human race, to discover lost or stolen property, and to foretell future events. One of these wretches was a few years ago living at Stokesley, in the Xorth Riding of Yorkshire : his name was John Wrightson, and he called himself ' the seventh son of a seventh son,' and professed ostensibly the trade of a cow- doctor. To this fellow, people whose edu- cation, it might have been expected, would have raised them above such weakness, ' flocked ; many to ascertain the thief when they had lost any of their property : others for him to cure themselves or their cattle of some indescribable complaint. Another class visited him to know their future for- tunes ; and some to get him to save them from being balloted into the militia ; all of which he professed himself able to ac- complish. AU the diseases which he was sought to remedy he invariably imputed to witchcraft, and although he gave drugs which have been known to do good, yet be always enjoined some incantation to be ob- served, Avithout which he declared they could never be cured ; this was sometimes an act of the most wanton barbarity, as that of roasting a game-cock alive. &:c. The charges of this man were always extrava- gant ; and such was the confidence in his skill and knowledge, that he had only to name any person as a witch, and the public indignation was sure to be directed against the poor unoffending creature, for the re- mainder of her life." Brand's Popular Antiq. Edit. Ellis, iii. 2,\. The name may, however, have a more reputable origin, as a synonyme of ivissere, 0. English for ' teacher' — from the A- Sax. n-man or ivissiati, to instruct, to inform, to shew. " Be thou our helpe, be thou our socoure, And like a prophete to wissen us." Ziid^ate. The forms in the H.R. are Wisman, Wys- man, and Wyseman. WISH. Kemble and Ferguson derive this name from the Teutonic mythology — Wish being one of the names of Odin : but it is most clearly local. A JvisJi, in topo- graphy, is, "a damp meadow, or marsh, or lowland in a nook formed by the sinuosity of a river or stream, and so some- times overflowed with water." Cooper's Sussex Glossary. WISHART. Perhaps the old personal name Guiscard. This seems lilcely, from the mediate form Wiscard in H.R. WISKAR. WISKER. See Whisker. WISTOXXESTOX. The ancient or- thography of Wiston, CO. Sussex, which had proprietors so called in very early Norman times. WITCHER. See Wicher. WITCHURCH. See Whitchurch. WITFORD. Qy. Whiteford ? WOL f£W WITH. A local termination occurring in such names as Sopwitb, Skipwith, Beckwitli. Worsaae derives it from the Danish, and says it means a forest. It is more likely identical with irorfk, which see. '\^^TIIAM. Parishes and places in cos. Essex and Lincoln. WITHE RDEX. Probably Withernden, a manor in and near Ticehurst, co. Sussex. WITHERICK. Probably the O. Germ, personal name Widerich. WITHERS. Wither occurs in Domesd. as a tenant prior to that census. Widder- son may be a patronvmical form. H.R. Wyther. WTTHYCOMBE. Parishes in Somerset and Devon. WITT. "\Miite, from complexion. Alwin Albus, otherwise Wit, occurs in Domesday, as also do Uuit and Unite. A-Sax. hwit. WITTIXGHA:\r. Two parishes in Berkshire are called Wittenham. WITTOX. Parishes, &c., in cos. Chester, Huntingdon. Lancaster. Norfolk, York, Durham, and Northumberland. WITTY. Clever, sagacious, was the meaning of this word in ancient times. WIX. SeeWeekes, WODEHOUSE. " This family is very antient, for tliey were Gentlemen of good rank in the time of King John, as it ap- peareth by many antient Grants and Evi- dences of theirs, which I have scene." Peacham"s Compleat Gentleman, edit. 16G1, p. 235. The name is derived from the lands of Woodhouse or Wodehouse. at Sil- field, CO. Norfolk. The first of the name mentioned in the Baronetages is Sir Con- stantine de Wodehouse, who married Isabel, daughter and heiress of Botetourt, at the beginning of the reign of Henry I. WODGER. Ferguson derives it from Wudga, a personal name in the A-Sax. mythology. WODSWORTH. A gentleman of this name being addressed as Sir. Wordsworth, it was obser\-ed that he was non verho dUfnm— not Wordsworth! There is little doubt, however, that this name is a corrup- tion of the other. WOLD. An unwooded hill. WOLF. WOLFE. WOLFF. ITirough- out the middle ages the wolf was regarded with a sort of mysterious awe, from his as- sociation with the unseen world — perhaps in the first instance in consefjuence of his constant attendance on Woden. The serai- mythology of those times invested this cruel beast with many remarkable attri- butes, some of which are still remembered in our nursery literature. Hence many of the old pagan personal names, which des- cended to Christian times, allude to him ; and his name is largely compounded with 387 W L our local nomenclature, a source in later times of family names. Grimm has col- lected a large number of Old Genu, proper names compounded with irolf in his 'Deutsche Grammatik,' and it would be equally easy to do the same for the English, and other languages. In France a St. Lou. or Lupus, succeeded a St. Ursus in the see of Troyes in the Y. cent., and there were several church digni- taries under Charlemagne who were called Lupus. The kinglet Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, is well-known as the kinsman and chief subject of the Conqueror. Lupellus, the diminutive, became softened into Lovell and Lovett, still to be found as English surnames ; and there are some curious compounds of the word. Pel-de- leu, for instance — rvolfsskin — is an ancient family name mentioned by Ducange, and both Yis-de-Lew and Viso Lupi — n-olfs face, occur in Domesday — the former as a tenant-in-chief in Berkshire. In the EoU of Arms of temp. Edward II., Sir William Videlou bears three wolves" heads. Fosbroke mentions a man whose sur- name represents him as " worse than a wolf — Archembaldus Pejor-Lupo. See Wolfhvmt in this Diet, as a surname derived from a useful employment. See also Pott, p. 665, Eng. Sum. i. 187. and Edinb. Rev. vol. CHL p. 369. Woolf and Woolfe are common, surnames among naturalized German Jews in this countrj-. WOLFHOXGLES. " At- Wolfhongles " occurs as a surname in H.R. Hangles is a Northern provincialism for a kind of crane for hanging a pot over the fire, from the A-Sax. Jionglan, to hang. XivoIf-JtongUs was probably a place where wolves had been hung in terrorem. According to Saxo Grammaticus, it was the practice to hang a wolf with a pan-icide, and in Scandinavia and Germany wolves and dogs were fre- quently hung with criminals. Rorarius. a XVI. cent. MTiter, states, that he once saw two wolves hung from a gibbet in the forest between Cologne and Juliers, as an example to other wolves. N. and Q.. April 23, 1859. WOLFHUXT. A-Sax. u-olf and hunta, wolf-hunter. A family of this name held lands in Derbyshire, by the service of keep- ing the Forest of the Peak clear of wolves. Archreol. Assoc. Journal, vii. 107. Nothing can be more erroneous than the popular opinion that King Edgar succeeded, by the peculiar impost of wolves' heads, which he levied upon his Welsh tributaries, in ex- terminating this villanous quadruped. That it existed at the time of the Nonnan Conquest, and even so late as the reign of Edward I., is evident from the following authorities. The Carmen de Bello Has- tingensi (v. 571) states that William the Conqueror left the dead bodies of the Eng- lish upon the battle-field, to Ije devoured " by worms, and n-olres, and birds, and dogs ■' — (vermibus, atque lujns, avil.us, canibusque voranda.) In the year 1851 many skulls of wolves were taken out of a disused medieval well at Pevenfiey Castle, 66'<*"K^>t.<»ji,'D ITS James Sarah Ann Ann Ebenezer Fanny Judith Michael Charles Rebecca Fanny Jonas Barney Edwin Industry Thomas Charles Uriah Jemima George Kate James Thomas Sarah Ann Ernest Lucy John Sarah Sarah Joseph John QuUly Walter Jamea Marian George James James William Francis Mary Tryphena Emily Thomas John Screen Stair Tank Oven Stove Cowl Sink Drain Flue Gable Eaves WaU Tile Safe Doorbar Staple Moulding COXCOMITAXTS, Warrior Arms Armour Sword Rapier Dagger Pike Battle Lance Spear Carbine Gun Cannon BuUett Ball SheU Mortar Guard Staff Corps Allies Private Troop Picket Rear Rank File Shield Gauntlet Standard Banner Pillage Booty Archer Bow Arrow Breach Trench Camp Campaign Foe Convoy Conquer Conquest Dirk Buckler MOODS, TEMPER.VMEXT, &C. John Jane Eli Eleanor Edward Eliza James Eat Eatwell Chew Cram Swallow Nice Savory Cheer Thankfull Joy Solomon Laugh George Jest Anthony Gay Emma Merrv Alfred Jolly Marv Charter Edith Witty Ralp'h Riddle Elizabeth Rail Elijah Fable Martha Mock James Letter Caroline Dance Hannah Card Ann Reel Francis Revel POINTS OF COMPASS. Industry Ball Rosa East Charles Rout Reuben West Mary Ride Job North Margaret Riding Alfred South George Gallop Edward Northeast George Canter Emma Northern Paraiiice Hunt Jane Southern John Race Jessie Western Rachel Course Joseph Southward George Sport Mary By south Charles Chase Sophia Covey IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, COMMO Agnes Cool DITIES, &C. Selina Colder Harriet Bundle Rhoda Goldman Edward Parcel Elizabeth Chillman Laura Bale Alfred Chillmaid Matthew Batch Mary Freeze John Pack Lucy Thaw George Bunch Susan Heat Thomas Drop Deborah Burn Affability Box True Case MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Nancy Coop Walter Buglehorn Sarah Crate David Fiddle Ann Frame Thomas Fife John Hoop Juliana Horn Ann Maund Sarah Pipe Sarah Basket J. Sweet Organ Thomas Barrel Emily Tabor James Tub Drum Richard Hoe Catherine Timbrel Mary Roller EUen Harp Terrier Shears Charley Rake EPOCHS OF LIFE, (EC. Sarah Tool Sophia Birth George Awl Dorcas Death James Axe Alfred I\Iarriage Wedlock Ann Pitchfork WaUace Leah Saw Julia Born John Auger Charles Die Charles Gimlet John Life John Hammer ' Thomas Plane SHAPES, i'C. John MaUet Jane Square Llewellyn Mattock Lucretia Round Emma Shovel Ellen Cone Walter Rule Charles Globe Emma Plumb Elizabeth Angle Mary Hone James Circus Martha Blades Dinah Circuit Agnes Cleaver Christopher Nail REL.VTIXG TO BOOKS, &C. Joseph Tack James Chart Alfred Hook James Deed Rachel Crank Thomas Reams Zippora Crook Charles Book Miry Clamp Edward Leaf Cornelius Wedge German Page Mary Wheel Ann Sheet Ann Pulley Robert Press Keturah Winch Israel Print William Dredge William Quire Bmdless Woof Timothy Quill Clara Shuttle Louisa Parchment Noah Lever Ursula Pen Bernard Scales Ann Ruler Sidney Wire Alfred Write Philip Bar Julia Inkpen Joseph Bolt Simon Ledger Mary Spike Hinge Larman Register Amelia Thomas Record Catherine Punch Charles Annals Frederick Bellows 434 ADDENDUM. Harriet Fender Adam Van Sarah Pipe Benjamin Irons Anthony Wain Harriet Ring Mary Tongs Mary Sleigh Aquila Sheath Herbert Candle Kezia Sledge Mary Stump Alfred Wick Matilda Spokes Louisa Stake Ann Matches Anna Whip Louisa Skates Mary Fuel Abigail Reins Alexander Smut Coke Bridelia Bridle Betty Train Coal Mary Spurs Emily Vizard Mary Pitcher Charles Stirrup Sarah Guise Susannah Kettle Susan Trace Martin Verge Hannah Pot Strap Sarah Vane Aaron Bowl Joseph Timber Job Hartshorn Edmund Goblet Edwin Plank John Lye Francis Tankard Beam George Ley Glass Vile Board Virginia Lees WUliam Ewer Thomas Inchboard Nancy Leak Lewis Bason Ann Bench Henry Must Sarah Vase William Log- Ann Mash James Vial Betsv Pott Jasper Bottle Elizabeth Rail CHARACTERISTICS, ifec Edward Mary Churn Sarah Judith James Thomas Edgar Caroline Pipkm Mangle Churn Knife Forks Clock Dial Bedding Sheet James John Charles Milton Arthur Ann George Marrum Jane Veneer Plaster Mortar Chip Dye Furnace Link Spark Rocket Helen Sarah Julia James John George Louisa Emma Alma James James Ellen Eliza Louisa Ann Robert Joseph Clai-e Peter Sophia Charles IMargaret Ann Robert David Alice Catherine Henry William Jolm Samuel Pout Regular Owner Wealthy Fatherly Hardincat Late Loon Loop Mood Nest Core Greedy Kersey Knocker Kindly Link Mote Open Rant Reason Summons Sweet Awe Blacking Bladder Comfort Bundle Divan Dupe Drought Lancelot Ann Bolster Pillow James Harriet Squib Rope Charles Eobert Ellen Curtain Couch Cushion Lewis Sophia Ann Ropeyarn Line Cable Joseph George Eliza Theresa Elizabeth Brush Comb Razor Sponge Towels Jane Ann Joseph Mary Mai-tha Halter Twist Twine Tape Cord William Elisha German Thomas Zilla Elizabeth Henry James Alfi-ed Ann Ann IMary Napkin Lock Key Keylock Bell Dumbell Needle Bodkin Hook Eye Locket Reel Rag Fanny Bishop Rhoda James John Jlary Mary Alice Edward Ruth George Lucy Thomas Tow Kemp Tackle Chain Netting Skein Whitethread Tether Shackle Fetters Snare Hay Straw Remnant Scraps Chaff Bran QUALITIES, &C. Janet Cage James Malt Thomas Carnal Thomas Clout Charles Grist Elizabeth Household Alens Castor John Buckler John Anguish Barber Counter James Bow L. Dunn Vile Lovedv Caddy Marian Arrow Albert Evil Victoria Doll John Shield Ann Grief EUzabeth Toy Fanny Dagger Anna Fear Ladle Peter Dart Albert Anger Ann Trav Thomas Dirk Emily ChurUsh Esther Leather Mark Target Esther Base Robert Hides Dorothy Corner Faith Cross John Skins Nicholas Cranny Ann Daft James Felts Harris Badge Richard Folly John Cork Louis Ticket Emma Fickle Ellen Glue Miles Mace Timothy Fretwell Eve Gas Sarah Club Emma Frail Alice Feather Joseph Crutch Maiy Silly William Rosin Naomi Cane John Curse Hannah Tortoiseshell Jemima Staff William Badman Thomas Whalebone Hannah Stick Daniel Boast Hornbuckle John Wand Nancy Muff George Shell Ruth Painting Mary Bore John Carriage John Picture Alice Crimp Jonathan Cart Edward Pallet Timothy Dolt Arthm- Dray Israel Print Thomas Drudge ^Ok lifli Ellen Dudgeon Thomas Dodge Henry Dread Hannah Grim George Guile Ann Grime Bridget Hussey Marv Idle Judith Jealous Robert Muddle Samuel Meddle Job Heartless Hosanna Flitter Ann Maudlin Sarah Mar John Pert Longs taff Proud James Pry Rake Charley- Rebecca Rob William Sawney Ann Quaint Fanny Sly Sanspareil Scamp Mary Strange Ellen Shirk Catherine ShaUow Elizabeth Wildish Marv Truckle Charles Vice Samuel Vague Henry Vain Frances Wight Loveless Wild James Lawless Samuel Curt Harriot Self Priscilla Rouse Mary Pride IMary Mourn Harriet Care George Bare Alfred Denial Mary End CLOTHI>-G AXD ORX.VME>-TS Benjamin Garment Louisa Raiment Reuben Bonnet Edwin Hood Catherine Hat Thomas Cap Jane Tippet Mark Collar Robert Cape Sarah Ruffle Rebecca Shirt James Gown WilUam Shawl Susan Scarf Thomas Sash Kesia Band Charles Girdle Cloake Mantle Harry Nancv Mu£E Alfred Cloak EUzabeth Sandal Solomon Curl Elizabeth Tress Robert Plume Elizabeth Feather George Patten Edward Beads Ann Locket James Busk Robert Coat George Jacket Neesom Vest Lydia Hose 3 I AUV Elizabeth Stocking Thomas Portwine Cresence Boot Robert Cape Louisa Shoe David Negus Louisa Gaiter John Spirit Sidney Stock Elizabeth Whiskey Bridget Slipper Richard Gin Emma Buckle Jemima Hollands Philip Brace Maria Shrub Cecilia Belt Catlierine Punch Zachariah Button John Bottle of Beer Thomas Pocket Joyce Porter Emily Pouch Dorcas Stout Rosetta Crutch EUzabeth Porter beer Anna Silk Susanna E.^'gbeer Wort Rowland Cotton Kezia George TifEany Sarah Spruce Nathaniel Blond Brown Mead James Border Joan Perry Thirst Eliza Lace John Emily Lawn Jacob Tableporter Anne Ribbons James Ether Robert Poplin Patience Diaper COLOURS. Robert Braid George Blue Benjamin List John Red John Robes Fanny Orange Emily Wool James Yellow Robert Plush Faith Hope Mary Tape Charity Green Joseph Cardinal William Blues Rhoda Wardrobe John Violet William Purple Pink DISEASES AND THEIR CON- James COJIIT.^JXTS. John Malady Emily Harriet Rose Scarlet John Fever Louisa Deeprose Phillis Palsev Maria Lake Charles Gout" Michael Ruddy Josiah Fits Florence Greenish Mary Splayfoot Bob Seagreen Charlotte Puish Elizabeth Roan Louisa Boils Henry Buff Henry Hiccups Roxanna Gray Harriet Cramp James Dun Thomas Flux Belly Brown Mary Rickets Ann NutbroAvn Croat Stone Simon Chesnut William Gravel Mark Lavender Elizabeth Piles Cooper Cherry Henry Whitlow James Peach John Corns Aaron Lemon Sam Hurt Charlotte Sable Maria Sore Jessie Black Solomon Pain T.illa White Deborah Burn Frances Gash TITLES , &c. Sarah Wale Mary Title Thomas Chap Cort^ King Alexander Glanders Ann Queen Theophilus Spavin 1 Alfred Prince Charles Leper Lvdia Nobles Henry Pill Marshall Duke John Balsam Portland Duchess Alfred Bolus Richard Marquis Earl Charles Phvsick Peter Louisa Pkster Henry Count George Glister Katurah Baron John Lancet Leah Lord Frederick Pestle Heurv Born Noble Robert Jonas Mortar Kill WiUikm Ann jVIargrave Dev Thomas Cure Eli Knight LIQUORS. 1 Edgar Arthur Squire Tliane Rosina Wines Anna Templar Alfred Wine Fred Jlonarch Robert Port Bessie Royal Crown John Sherry Charlotte Hewlett Claret Thomas Throne Jean Leon Champagne Albert Rex 435 6 ADDENDUM. Sabra State John Mist William Christmasdajf Ernest Rank Judith Frost Clara Easter Daniel Court J. Frost Hoar -— William Lent -— Elizabeth Chancellor Mary Freeze Philadelphj a Pentecost Lavinia Chamberlain Janet Thaw William Lammas Bridget Herbert Judge Law Rachel Ebenezer Sleet Hail i COMMERCE, &C. Joseph Justice John Hailstorm dementia Trader Bell Small Counsellor Ann Hailstone Tom Buy Sarah Serjeant Editha Snow Charles Sell Julia Breeze Joseph Buyer )NET, WEIGHTS, & MEASURES.] Jonas Gale Seller Margaret Coin Margaret Wind Mary SeUing Deborah Cash Hannah Rain Edgar Price Jemima Money Eliza Showers ^lary Cost Johanna Guinea Sarah Storm Emma Charge William Pound Thomas Tempest Alice Fare Charlotte Crown Lucy Thunder Amos Barter Thomas HaUcrown Ellen Lightning Mary Purchase Charles Shilling Cecily Rainbow Rose l^y Patrick Sixpence Edwin Sunshine Matthew Fee Joanna Penny J. Squires Dawn Sarah Gain George Halfi>enny Bridget Morn Jane FLues Issachar Farthing Overman Day Martha Ransom WUliam Twopenny Time of Da-y Ellen Bonus Martin Mark Ann Morning Francis Rent Capon Noble Martin Noon Crinclday Rate Elizabeth Tester Mathews Evening Enos Bond Agnes Ducat Thirza Night Harriet Check Sarah Guilder Gallop Sampson Moon Sarah Bills James Real Eliza Star WiUiam Stamps Edward Weight Laurence Stars John Share Matthew- Measures Sebras Manyweathers John Surety Elizabeth Anker John Thrift Selina Butt FIGURES, itC. Charlotte Sale Joseph Bushel Elizabeth Cypher Emily Salvage Rosa Pipe Aaron Unit Thomas Sample Jane Gallon Emma Ace George Scrip William Firkin Richard Deuce John Loan Louisa Measure Ann Tray Charles Borrow Isaac Gill Carolme Two James Pottle Martha Twelves PARTICIPLES AND ^-ERBS. Laura Peck Sarah Eighteen Rebecca Boltmg Ann Milestone William Score Amelia Bending Charles Mile Thomas Twentyman John Shearing Charles Acres EUen Forty ' Emily Boiling Maria Cubit David Gross Harriet Buzzing Frederick Furlong Jabez Million Michael Bristling Elizabeth Yard Eliza Billion Ann Curling Eichard Ell Rose Even Sarah Cooling Josiah Lich Henry Odd Maria Chewing IsabeUa Inches Vincent Pair Charles Cutting Edith Foot Abram Double Fanny Dunnmg Christopher Nail James Diving Ann Pole TIMES AND SEASONS. Mary Daring James Rood Mary Season Robert Fanning Matthew Perch Henry Spring Jabez Gambling Francis Rod Jane Summer Ann Gilding William Pace Gilbert Winter John Harrowing Mary Weigh John Januarv Ann Hooting Croat Stone Harriet March Emma Hopping Robert Wey Rose May Ann Healing William Tod Ann June Sarah Hunting Thomas Load Richard July Christiana Lowing Alpha Last Hannah Monday George Moulding Jemima Truss Phillis Friday Hannah Makmg William Pound Samuel Saturday Maria Nodding Thomas Reams Overman Day Ruth Paint mg William Quire Thirza Night Mary Pealing Amos Barrel Maria Dailv Sarah Panting John Boll Ann Halfiiight Henry Pointing Eliza Tons Sophia ^lorrow Martha Patching Charity Weeks Samuel Picking THE WEATHER, &C. Martin Weekly William Pinching Joseph Element Walter Yearly Margaret Ridmg Godfrey Air Alice Halfyear George RoUmg Robert Cloud Emma Feveryear Mary Rustmg Alice Dew Emma Longyear Mary Raving Richard Fog Mary Twoyearold Lydia Rowing Robert Sky Daniel Chi-istmas Hannah Rising Mlm IfelMM^ ADDENDUM. 437 James Mary £nos Mary- Elizabeth Sarah John Mary Jacob Lawrence Henry Jane Louisa Charles William Eustace Robert Emma William Mary Ann Richard Mary Samuel Robert John Selina Louisa Ann Catharine Matthew- Henry Kate John Terrier Frederick Alice Thomas James Fanny Charity Dorcas Leonard James John John Philip Elizabeth George Leah Mary John Marv David James Ann Mahala Slaving Selling Standing Scolding Swearing Suckling Skinning Telling Wailing Winning Weaving Sings Pinches Blows Stamps Bounds Stumbles Swindles Winks Peeps Squints Shakes Waits Walks Smiles Stammers Chatters Skates Wanders Judges Measures Etches Helps Skins Shears Bellows Catch Caught Call Came Hide Seek Gave Took Keep Went Found Look Saw See Gaze Lear Ogle Peer Stare Wmk ADJECTIVES, &C Francis Dinah Lucy Honor Charlotte Ann John Ann Sarah Sarah Alfred Edith Emma John Charles Gertrude Peter Eleanor Berdilia John Sarah Sturdy Hardy Lusty Doughty Haughty Burley Lofty Heavy Daintv Weakly JoUv Wit'ty Merry Musty Tidy Weary Worthv Eeadv ' Pretty Lovely Luckv James Happy James Hasty Jolm Handy William Gorv Aimy Giddy Susan Dowdy Richard Bully Thomas Easy Lydia Friendly Maria Busy Dan Bandy Reuben Bright Ann Clear Eliza Fair Philip Light Robert Dark George Darker Michael Fairer Emily Grand Alexander Great William Glorious H. Magnus Little | Jewson Large Sophia SmaU Ellen Soar Sabiiia High Rachel Height John Lofty Fanny Low Latter Lower Philip Light Ann Heavy Edward Weight James Wide Jonas Broad George Strait Giddy Thick Abraham Long Silas Short Emily Shorter Agnes Tall Ann Loose Caroline Slack William Supple Alfred Stretch Ezra Tight Ann Stfe Edward Hard Hannibal Rough John Brittle Charlotte Crisp H. Giddy Thick Miriam Blunt Tempest Sharp Lydia Keen Susannah Sever James Jagged John Slim Metcalf Slight George Slender SaUey Spare Jacob Lean Emma Delicate Walter Gaunt Cecilia Haggard Walker Faint Zaccur Worn Mary Tremble Dinah Meek Zelia Humble Beatrice Tame Edith Crouch Lucv Craven Hugh Coward John Fears George Fail Jacob Funk Mary Flee Martha Fright Mary Flight Gertrude George Thomas William Charles Julia Elizabeth Charles Judith Elizabeth Weary Neat' Smart Spruce Tidy Trim Beau Dandy Trollop Tatters SINGUL.VR OCCUPATIONS, (fec. Martha Isaac Seth George Isabella Elizabeth Mary Robert Ann Joseph Moses Rhoda Elizabeth Elizabeth Enoch James James Nathan Thomas Martha Maria Arscott David Catmore MUCH John Selma Charles Sai-ah Ann Louisa Peter Sarah Eliza Neighbour Ann Robert Sarah Sarah Robert Mary Joseph John Eleanor Harry Eliza Pincher Springer Gamester Tippler Sitter Swearer Smiter Wooer Mcdler Smoker Clever Bragger Bouncer Croaker Belcher Bruiser Hanger Snapper Laugher Leader Lover Maker Partner Stranger ADO ! Freak Fray Fuss Pother Row Rout Scuffle Spree Fudge Gammon Mummery Cant Lmgo Tattle Twaddle Chaff Scandal Quirk Sully Ruse Gossip THE \ Joseph Elizabeth Francis Nicholas John George JoshHa Victor Kate Elizabeth Mary Edwin Susy Margaret Robert William M iriam Angelina Charles OICE, &c. Voice Tone Melody Silence Music Tune Sujg Sang Carol Bass Ask Say Speak Spake Shout Yell Howl Clack Purr 438 ADDENDUM. W/ ,^//;»/yv^ b< fC Jane Mutter William Grumble Margaret Croak Louisa Screech Franz Hum Catherine Stutter Thomas Stammer Betty Titter Husey Heard John Belch Florence Gape Bark Frank Bray Harriet Ring Benjamin Rumble Emma Giggle ACTS, MOTIONS, &C. Jessie Sleep Catherine Doze Mary Nap Maria Nodding Mary Wake Eeuben Strong Sarah Strength Matthew Stout Bridget Bold Thomas BlufE Charlotte Bravery William Gallant Priscilla Danger James Courage James Gallantry Ealph Judith Hale Daunt Bernard Dare Luke Fearnot David Power George Rash Eliza Reckless Hiram Steady Helen Motion Margaret Hop Sarah Skip Peter Jump George Start Peter Dart William Sprang Martha Bound Doretta Rush Ann Walk Sarah Waddle Susan Dash Elias Glide Jonathan Stamp Joseph Step Leonard Stride Harriet Wade Tamar Gait Clement Fell John Trip GAMBLING, &C. Walter Game Phoebe Gamble Ellen Gambling Thomas Swindle Cornelia Chance Matilda Hazard Joseph Faro Ann Sleight A. Godly Luck Edward Raffle Rebecca Billiards Jlary Skittles Priscilla Cue Emma Chess Charles Die Thomas Dice Elizabeth Trick Lucy Trump Harold Damper Peter Wager Mary Winner RIVERS. Lydia Rivers QUALITIES, VERBS, &C. Rebecca Tare Clement Rich Michael Boyne James Wealthy Noah Cam Harry Richer Caroline Dee Jabez Riches Eliza Derwent Emma Richman Arthur Dart Hannah Poor Eliza Medway Caroline Want Iram Hull Francis Need Julia Shannon Mary Mean Alice Tav Anna Stern Elizabeth Trent William Huff Sarah Tyne James Wrath Selina Tweed Ellen Tiff Emma Humber William Wroth Hannah Severn Faith Cross Eliza Tees Mary Taimt Rebecca Thame Martha Cavil Charlotte Nile Ann Pester Patrick Rhiae Constance Goad Jeremiah Don Maria Spurn Rhodia Jordan John Quarrel Peggy Pinch MOUNTAINS. John Pinchus Alfred Mountain Thomas Tickle Margaret Snowdon James Tingle Arthur Alps Thomas Smart Samuel Hurt NATIONALITIES, &C. Charles Pain Talitha Cumi People Elizabeth Shove Ann Tribe Royall Pull Job English Emma Kick Ellen Irish James Crack Trebilcock Cornish David Beat Thomas Kentish Ann Maul Peter Welsh Kate Knock James Scotchman Joseph Blow John Indian Mary Batter Thersa German Susan Crush Master David Norman John Douse Jerry Saxon Carne Pick Peter Roman Aaron Cleave Ebenezer French Harry Clench Cornelius Dutch Charles Hack Susanna Briton William Strip Maria Hollander William Wrench William Dutchman Edward Stripe Strike Jacob Jew Gertrude Elizabeth Jewess Honora Burk Luke Potts Pole Hannah Stick Phoebe Dane Jlargaret Fury Rebecca Turk Giles Savage Ralph Moor William Strangleman Clement CafEre Emma Stuck Giles Savage Catherine Stab David Wildman Susan Duel Edward Pagan Ralph Slay Blary Heathen James Slain Sarah Christian Aljram Kill Martha Morman Hannah Slaughter Catherine Baptist Thomas Spite IMalice George RELATIONSHIPS AND CONDI Sarah Fleet TIONS IN LIFE. Ralph Swift Agloie Parent James Haste Dear Offspring Marv Hurry Fanny Kmdred Robert Quick Thomas Kinsman Charlotte Brisk William Stranger Ann Speed Jeremiah Friend John Slow Ellen Neighbour Sarah Tarry aiary Brotherhood Walter Delay Hannah Folk Elizabeth Saunter Joseph Folks Emma Moist George Fathers Chai-lotte Dry Jane Mothers Eva Damp Richard Uncle ADDENDUM. 4. Hannah Uncles Horatio Collier Drewry Ostler PhilUs Daughters Thomas Coalman Samuel Waiter Amy Widows INIiriam Dyer Mary Boots Sarah Cousin James Stainer Samuel Seaman Pilate Cousins Solomon Tanner Charles Mariner Lois Brothers Kate Currier Naomi Waterman Samuel Sire Peter Skinner Zaccheus Ferryman Samuel Daddy Caroline Flesher Elizabeth Boatman John Husband IMoses Butcher Caroline Mate Ellen Man Hough N. Baker Isaac Purser Vincent Male Molly Miller Elizabeth Skipper William IManhood Joseph Bellman Susannah Boatwright Sarah Bachelor Robert Ringer Ann Diver Jonathan Gent Philip Bellringer Esther Minion Charles Oldman Edward Sweeper Henry Miser INIartin NeAvman Sarah Washer Fanny Roue Agnes Youngman Elizabeth Clothier Joseph Corsair Mary Youngson William Tailor Everatt JIajor Julia Dame Caroline Hatter Lucy Officer James Spouse Joseph Hosier William Commander Thirza Bride Onesimus Glover Ebenezer Farmer Sarah Virgin Martha Mercer David Gardener HenrA' Wench Alice Milliner Monica Shepherd Mary Maid Rhoda Draper Thomas Ploughman Elizabeth Maiden Seth Weaver Henry IMower Newborn Child George Carder John Thresher Sarah Children Aaron Thrower Charles Shearer Martin Littlechild Anne Trimmer Arthur Woodman Henry Boy Herbert Carter Sarah Ranger Horace Boys Tom Carrier John Warrener Mary Littleboy Margaret Carman Jane Forester Maria Oddboy Luke Driver James Herdsman Kate Stripling Isabella Stoker Jacob Hind Abel Bastard Lucy Brazier Jesse Swain Thomas Heir Thomas Staymaker Martin Grazier Sarah Ward Thomas Ploughwright Thomas Drover William Orphan John Brewer Robert Hedger Thomas Foundling Eliza Malster Mary Hewer George Godson Lucina Tapster Alfred Yeoman Michael Twin Roger Roper Oswald Hunter Emma Brat Peter Fisher Ann Huntsman Hannah Baby Reuben Pinner Kesiali Fowler Susan Girl Eliza Bathmaker James Falconer William Sisterson Carter Barber Zadock Barker Laura Masters William Broker Martha Provost Jabez Cartwright Richard Mayor OCCUPATIONS EMPLOYMENTS, Edwin WainwTiirht Elizabeth Sheriff AND OFFICES. Kerenhappuch Wheelwright Ann Alderman Betty Workman Jettery Chandler Ralph Citizen Amy Richard Foreman Lea Cooper Phoebe Freeman Builder James Cryer Leah Burgess Hezekiah Mason Dinah Stamper Eliza Constable Tom Carpenter Ralph Fuller Ann Gailor Benjamin Sawyer Luke Sadler Joseph Watchman Sarah Joiner Kersey Potter Alfred Warder Dolly Slater Joseph Paviour Edward Warden Hodges Thatcher Elijah Packer Lavinia Chamberlain Mary Tiler Jasper Fletcher William Marshal Alice Hodman Thomas Moulder Aaron Usher Jonas Turner Joseph Fidler John Scrivener Joseph Painter Ihi^happy Harper Maria Clerk Elizabeth Glazier Etlward Plaver Mary Scholar Laban Plumber Thomas Bugler Rosanna Herald Sabina Carver Luke Dancer Ann Courtier Sarah Gilder Louisa Piper Isaac Pothecary Susan Printer Eliel Singer Ralph Proctor Joseph Binder Sarah Servant Mary Chymist Alfred Goldsmith Isabella Steward Amos Cupper Edwin Ironmonger Uriah Butler Charles Artist Samuel Cutler Emma Coachman Josiah Merchant Eli Nailer Peter Footman Sarah Traveller Mary Plater Varlet James Pilgrim Comfort Smith Francis Lackey Charles Rover Cordelia Siioesmith Long Page Cleophas Rider George Farrier Agnes Nurse Fanny ISIessenger Ben Tinker Martha Dresser William Agent Sarah Hawker Bathsheba Cook Elizabeth Bard Coom Pedlar Ellen Scullion Charles Poet Fred Chapman Joyce Porter Anne Reader WiUiam Miuer Eliza Groom Mary Rhymer 440 ADDENDUM. Maria Boxer Elizabeth Joachim Timothy Theophilus Rhoda Witch Aspasia Anthony Bezaleel Thomas Amy Wizard Jane Arthur l\Iarv Timothy Rose Harlot Joachim Adolphus Cudlip Valentine James Gamester Richard Albert Ann Vincent Solomon Teacher Amelia Ambrose Ann William Abraham Amos Sufifolk Walter PEKSONAL NA5IES. William Augustus Catherine Betty Albert Eden Gracious Abrahams Bessy Biddy Paradise Bett Boniface Ann Madge Sophia Adam Ann Bardolph George Moll Lucy Eve Emma Baptist Thomas Nell Eose Cain Walter Benedict Frances Poll Robert Abel Mary Bertram Eliza Patty Aaron Moses Benjamin Benjamin Henry Polly Mark Aaron Jabez Charles James Amy Austin Abraham Laura Christopher Edwin Ann Mary Israel David Clement George Annie Job Jacob Emma Colm Sarah Blanch David Absalom Louisa Cornelius James Caroline James Elisha Anthony Constantine Anthony Charlotte Emmanuel Enoch Ann Duns tan Stopher Charity George Boaz Rebecca Douglas Martha Constance Fanny Ruth John Edmond Emma Catharine Joseph George Leah Thomas Edward Roseanna Columbine Hagar Anna Edmund Eleanor Eleanor Nicholas Job Elizabeth Ebenezer Segar Elizabeth William Japheth Rees Emanuel Ann Ellen Laura Jeremiah John Eustace Thomas Esther Coleman Jael Harriet Eugene Richiu-d Eva WilUam Noah John Edgar Ann Ellinor John Pharaoh Emma Edwin Emma Florence Charles Potipher William Frank Selina Frances Judah Solomon Alfred Ferdinand Kate Fannv Emma Jesse Mary Medium Frederick Selina Flora" Jenkin David Francis Ann Grace David Saul Jane Felix Elizabeth Helen John Shadrach Emanuel Gideon Margaret Hannah Daniel Daniel King George Eliza Hester Anne Lot Prudence Gerard Sugar Jane Isaiah Isaiah Uriah Guy Martha Janet William Joshua David Henry \;7illiam Kathleen Richard Jehu Mary Hugo Herbert Marv Lucv Evelina Elias John Margery Mercy Maria Sampson Theodore Jaques Joseph Marie Bessy Sarah Balaam Joseph Jasper Ann Maud Goliah Sarah Jesse Fanny Margery Mary Gomer George Josiah Victor Nancy Lawrence Dives Job James Esther Prudence Lazarus Frances Julian Lavinia Rose John Zachariah Alxma Jago John Rachel Thomas Zebedee Ann Jacks Fanny Sarah Thomas Jude Caroline Jerome Ann Susan Edward Gabriel Appleby Joseph Simmy Bensusan Sarah Bartholomew William Jonas Maria Phcebe Ann Mathias Margaret Jonathan Edwin Xerxes Charles Herod Mary Ludwig Charles Bacchus David Matthew Alma Lewis William Cupid Martin Mark William Louis Isabella Venus Norcliflfe Luke Elijah Manuel Thomas INIars fB John Mahala INIartin Amos Charon Bobby Harriet Maurice Richai-d Daphne Emily Tommy Peter Michael John Hector John Charley Andrew Oliver Morgan Ajax Henrv Jackev Saint Paul William Priam Elizabeth Paddy John Peter Daniel Cajsar Roger Harrv Elsie Philip Camillus Brutus William Tobv Evan Robert Maria Plato Mary Robin Rees Roderick Alfred Cato Magdalene Jack Nicholas Victor Daniel Titus Tamsine Ben Leveson Randolph Victoria Fabian Sampson John Bill Owen Rowland James Hannibal Dick John Ralph Samuel Scipio Mary Elizabeth Tom John Richard Eliza Livv Will David Samuel Vincenzo Themistocle Tom Dan Emily Sidney Anthony Damon Rebecca Rob Sarah Simon Edgar Crispin William Teddy Peter Stephen Tom Dominey Elizabeth Alfred Charles Theobald John Rufus Mary Josiah Joseph Theodore Treasure Tudor ADDENDUM. Ann Luther William Sweetapple John Demetrius John Codling Catherine Phoenix Harriet Pippin Mark Currant THIXGS C03IEST1BLE A^D 1 AViUiam Gourd POTABLE. 1 Ann Medlar James Food Samuel Pears Inkerman Dinner George Tea E