/St PV6p /6& 4 m ~ m 3 d 1 ■< ■ ^ 1 O I I— 1 — < 1 1 -< I THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES T ET this Book called To- litical Arithmetic!^ which was long fince Writ by Sir William Tety deceafed, be Printed. Given at the Court at Whitehall the jth Jay of Novemtv 1690. Nottingham* By Sir W I L LI AM fucb as may heft agree frith yoar bafly ExaU 1144770 A Dedication. Exaltation to this Throne; I prefume to offer, what my Father long jince writ, to /hew the weight and importance of the Englifh Crown. It was by him filled Poli- tical Arithmetick , in as much as things of Govern- ment, and of no lefs concern and extent , than the Glory of the Prince, and the hap- pinefs and greatnefs of the People, are by the Ordina- ry Rules of Arithmetick, brought into a fort of Demon* (jtration. He was allowed by all, to be the fayentor of this Method of hjlru&ion ; where the A Dedication. the perplexed and intricate ways oftbeJVorld, are explain d by a very mean peice of Science^ and had not the T>o&rins of this Eflay offended France, they had long fence feen the light , and had found Fol- lowers, as well as improve- ments before this time, to the advantage perhaps of Man- kind. ^But this has been referved to the felicity of Your Ma- jefty's Reign, and to the expectation which the Learned have therein ; and if while in this, I do fome honor to the Memory of a good Father, I can A Dedication. can alfo pay Service, and form Teftirnony of my Zed and Reverence to fo great a King, it will he the utmojl tdmbi- tion of SIR, Your Majeft/sMoft Dutiful and Moft Obedient Subjeft, Shclborne. PREFACE FOrafmuch as Men, who are in a decaying Condition, or who have but an ill opinion of their own Concernments, inftead of being (as Ibme think) the more induftrious to rcfift the Evils they apprehend, do contrariwiie be- come the more languid and inef- fe&ual in all their Endeavours, nei- ther caring to attempt or profo- cuteeven the probable means of their relief. Upon this Confidera- tion, as a Member of the Com- mon-Wealth, next to knowing the precife Truth in what condi- tion the common Intereft ftands, I would in all doubtful Cafes think a the Preface. the beft, and confequently not de- fparr, withoutftrong and manifcft Reafons, carefully examining what- ever tends to leffen my hopes of the publick Welfare. I have therefore thought fit to examin the following Periwailons, which I find too currant in the Wotld, and too much to have af- fected the Minds of fome, to the prejudice of all. vi%. tjx far* That the Rents of Lands are concern, generally fall'n ; that therefore, and ^ffMcftoi many other Reafons, the whole England. Kingdom grows every day poorer and poorer ; that formerly it a- bounded with Gold, but now there is a great icarcity both of Gold and Silver; that there is no Trade nor Employment for the People, and yet that the Land is under-peopled ; that Taxes have been many and great b Treface. great 5 that Ireland and the Planta- tions in America and other Addi- tions to the Crown, are a Burthen to England ; that Scotland is of no Advantage ; that Trade in gene- ral doth lamentably decay 5 that the Hollanders are at our heels, in the race of Naval Power ; the French grow too faft upon both, and ap- »ear fo rich and potent, that it is »ut their Clemency that they do not devour their Neighbors ; and finally, that the Church and State of England, are in the fame dan- ger with the Trade of England; with many other difmal Sugge- ftions, which I had rather itifle than repeat. Tis true, the Expence of foreign J^ r j Al Commodities hath of late been too <&* of great ; much of our Plate, had it Enslan remain'd Money, would have bet* a 2 ter Treface. tcr fcrved Trade $ too many Mat- ters have been regulated by Laws, which Nature, long Cuftorn, and general Confent, ought only to have governed ; the Slaughter and Deftru&ion of Men by the late Civil Wars and Plague have been great; the Fire at London, and Difafter at Chatham, have begot- ten Opinions in the Vulgus of the World to our Prejudice; theNon- conformifts increafe$ the People of Ireland think long of their Set- tlement , the Engli(h there appre- hend themfelves to be Aliens, and are forced to feek a Trade with Foreigners, which they might as well maintain with their own Re- lations in England. But notwith- ftanding all this (the like whereof -fixbn- was always in all Places), the frevt- Buildings of London grow great England, and glorious r > the dmerican Planta- tions Treface. tions employ four Hundred Sail of Ships ; Actions in the Eajl- India Company are near double the prin- cipal Money ,• thofe who can give good Security, may have Money under the Statute-Intereft ; Materials for building (even Oaken-Timber) are little the dearer, lbme cheaper for the rebuilding of London ,• the Exchange feerns as full of Mer- chants as formerly j no more Beg- gars in the Streets, nor executed for Thieves, than heretofore ; the Number of Coaches, and Splen- dor of Equipage exceeding former Times j the publique Theatres ve- ry magnificent; the King has a greater Navy, and ftronger Guards than before our Calamities ; the Clergy rich, and the Cathedrals in repair; much Land has been im- proved, and the Price of Food to reafonable, as that Men refuie a 3 to ^Preface to have it cheaper, by admitting of lrifh Cattle ,• And in brief, no Man needs to want that will take moderate pains. That fome are poorer than others, ever was and ever will be: And that many are naturally querulous and envious, is an Evil as old as the World. Thefe general Obfervations, and that Men eat, and drink, and laugh as they ufe to do, have encou- raged me to try if I could alfo comfort others, being fatisfied my felf, that the Inter eft and Affairs of England are in no deplorable Condition. the ah- The Method I take to do this, tbor's Me- ■ r* i f • /i j t hod and is not yet very ulual; for lnltead ^Arg U . °f L1 ^ n g on ty comparative and fu- perlative Words, and incelledual Arguments, 1 have taken the courfe (as a Specimen of the Political A- rithmetick Treface. rithmetick I have long aimed at) to exprels my felf in Terms of Thmber, Weight, or Meajure; to life only Arguments of Senfe, and to confider only fuch Caufes, as have vifible Foundations in Na- ture; leaving thofe that depend upon the mutable Minds, Opi- nions, Appetites, and Paffions of particular Men, to the Confider- ation of others : Really profeffing my felf as unable to fpeak fatis- fa&orily upon thofe Grounds (if they may be call'd Grounds), as to foretel the caft of a Dye j to play well at Tennis, Billiards, or Bowles, (without long practice,) by virtue of the moft elaborate Conceptions that ever have been written De frojeBilibus <& Miffllt- bus, or of the Angles of Incidence and Rcfle&ion. Now ticns. Treface. Them. Now the Obfervations or Po- ture of r . &» P(j/i- Jitions exprefled bv Number, Weight, tions and 1-irV 1 • 1 ¥ i 5^o> and Meajure, upon Which I bot- tom the enfuing Difcourfes, are either true, or not apparently falfe, and which if they are not al- ready true, certain, and evident, yet may be made fo by the So- vereign Power, Nam id certum eft quod certum reddi poteft, and if they are falfe, not ib falfe as to de- ftroy the Argument they are brought for ,• but at worft are fuf- ficient as Suppofitions to flhew the way to that Knowledge I aim at. And I have withal for the prefent confined my felf to the Ten prin- cipal Conclufions hereafter parti- cularly handled, which if they (nail be judged material, and worthy of a better DitcuUlon, I hope all ingenious and candid Perfons will re£tifie the Errors, Defects, and Im- Treface. Imperfections , which probably may be found in any of the Po- fitions, upon which thefe Ratioci- nations were grounded. Nor would it misbecome Authority it felf, to clear the Truth of thofe Matters which private Endeavours cannot reach to. The THE Principal Conclulions OF THIS TREATISE ARE, CHAP. I. That aftnaU Country, and few People, may by their Situ- ation, Trade, and Polity, be equiva- lent in Wealth and Strength, to a far greater People, and Territory. And particularly , How conveniences for Shipping, and Water Carriage, do ntofi Eminently , and Fundamentally, conduce thereunto. Pag. i Chap. II. That j one kind 'of Taxes, and Public k Levies, may rather increafe than diminifh the Common-Wealth. P^ 55 Chap, ERRATA. PAge 7. line 25. read the Rent, p. 8. L 21. v. a part. p. 20. 1. 3. r./or c/tfrfp. p. 11. L 14. r. toW, njar/L p 26. 1. 7. r. that Church, p. 31. 1. 7. r. ^rfr/y f rofit. 1 18. r. W £*?/>* value, p. 47. I.4. r. /»/*> thoufand, 1.28. r. fixtcen thoufand. p. 49. 1. 13: v.the fatd half together, p. 52. 1. 6. r.Jhould bring, p. 59. 1. 24. r. they coafi. p 72. 1. 8. r. or above, p. 91. 1. 9. r. Exotics* p. 95-L *3- r. paying for. Chaf £_*■] fejHfed thereof, can refill the Invafion of Five Hundred ; and" bad Land may be improved and made good ; Bog may by draining be made Meadow 3 Heath- land may (as in Flanders) be made to bear Flax and Glover grafs, fo as to ad- vance in value from one to an Hun- dred ; The fame Land being built upon, may centuple the Rent which it yielded as Pafture; one Man is more nimble or flrong, and more patient of labor than another ; one Man by Art may do as much work, as many without it; wz. one Man with a Mill can grind as much Corn, as twenty can pound in a Mor- tar ; one Printer can make as many Co- pies, as an Hundred Men can write by hand ; one Horfe can carry upon Wheels, as much as Five upon their Backs; and in a Boat, -or upon Ice, as Twenty : So that f fay again, this fird point of" this general Pofition, needs little or no proof. But the fecond and more material part of this Conclu- fion is , that this difference in Land and People, arifes principally from their Situation, Trade, and Policy. To m To clear this, I fhall compare Hoi- ACompa- land and Zealand,, with the Kingdom r £™ m ° d - of France, viz. Holland and Zealand do a nd %ea- not contain above one Million of En- iandmih glijh Acres, whereas the Kingdom of France contains above 80. Now the Original and Primitive dif- ference holds proportion as Land to Land, for it is hard to fay, that when thefe places were firft planted, whether an Acre in France was better than the like quantity in Holland and Zealand ; nor is there any reafon to fuppofe, but that therefore upon the firft Plantation, the number of Planters was in propor- tion to the quantity of Land ; where- fore, if the People are not in the lame proportion as the Land, the fame muft be attributed to the Scituation of the Land, and to the Trade and Policy of the People fuperftrudted thereupon. The next thing to be fhevvn is, that Holland and Zealand at this day, is not only an eightieth part as rich and flrong as France, but that it hath ad- vanced to one third or thereabouts, which I think will appear upon the Ballancc of the following particulars, viz. B % A? to That the As to the Wealth of France, a cer Lands ot tain Map of that Kingdom, fet forth fre*to the ^ mo x ^47* reprefents it to be fifteen Lands of Millions, whereof fix did belong to the Hoi i an J a _ Church, the Author thereof (as I fup- ™ n d%% P°fe) meaning the Rents of the Lands to i in only: And the Author of a moft Ju- vatae. dicious difcourfe of Husbandry (fup- pofed to be Sir Richard Wefton,) doth from reafon and experience (hew, that Lands in the Netherlands, by bearing Flax, Turneps, Clover- grafs, Madder, &c. will eafily yield 10/. per Acre ; fo as the Territories of Holland and Zealand , mould by his account yield at lead Ten Millions per annum, yet I do not believe the fame to be fo much, nor France fo little as abovefaid, but rather, that one bears to the other as about 7, or 8 to 1. TheBuild- The People of Jrnjlerdam, are one Am(hr~ tmrcl °^ thofe in Farjs 0T London, which dam are two Cities differ not in People a twen- about half tjetjj p art f rom eacn ot her, as hathap- tothofe 6 pearcd by the Bills of Burials and it Paris. Chriftnings for each. But the value of the Buildings in Amfierdam y may well be half that of Paris, by reafon of the Foundations, Grafts, .and Bridges, which in in Amfierdam are more numerous and chargeable than at Paris. Moreover The Hon- the Habitations of the poorcft People JjJJ m in Holland and Zealand, are twice or bove five thrice as good as thofe of France ; but tim « the the People of the one to the People of Sjjjfc jjf the other, being but as thirteen to one, HoiUnd the value of the houfing mull be as /Si^*" about five to one. The value of the Shipping of Europe, The ship- being about two Millions of Tuns, I gj« o{ fuppofe the Englijh have Five Hundred timeTtha? Thoufand, the Dutch Nine Hundred of France. Thoufand, the French an Hundred Thoufand, the Hamburgers, and the Subjects of Denmark, Sweden, and the Town of Danfick two Hundred and Fifty Thoufand, and Spain, Portugal , Italy, &c two Hundred and Fifty Thoufand } fo as the Shipping in our cafe of France to that of Holland and Zealand, is about one to nine, which reckoned as great and fmall, new and old, one with another at 8 /. per Tun, makes the worth to be as Eight Hundred Thoufand Pounds, to Seven Millions, and two Hundred Thoufand Pounds. T a h r -£°™f The Hollanders Capital in the Eafl S/°"nd India Company, is worth above Three France in B 3 Millions, thcZ "^' $ C*3 Millions, where the French a$ yet have little or nothing. The ex- The va ^ ue °f tne Goods exported portations out of France into all Parts, are fup- °^dH T P ^ Quadruple to what is fent to En- Ld is as g/™d alone ; and confequently in all ai to 5. about Five Millions, but what is ex- ported out* of Holland into England is worth Three Millions; and what is exported thence into all the World be- fides, is fextuple to the fame. The Re- The Monies Yearly raifed by the venues of King of France, as the fame appears by France. the Book j nt i cu i e d (The State of France) Dedicated to the King, Printed Anno 1 669. and fet forth feveral times by Authority, is 81000000 of Prench Li- vers, which is about 6% Millions of Pounds Sterling, of which fumm the Author fays, that one fifth patt was abated for non-valuers or Infblvencies,fo (as I fuppofe^ not above Five Millions were effectually raifed : But whereas fome fay, that the King of France raifed Eleven Millions as the f of the effects of France \ I humbly affirm, that all the Land and Sea Forces, all the Build- ings and Entertainments, which we have heard by common Fame, to have been fet 1*1 fet forth and made in any of thefe feven laft Years, needed not to have cod Six Millions Sterling ; wherefore, I fuppofe he hath not raifed more, especially fince there were one fifth Infolvencies, when the Tax was at that pitch. But Hol- land 'and Zealand, paying 6y of the ioo. T h e xax« paid by all the United Provinces, and paid by the City of Amflerdam paying 27 oi Wo// ' and the faid 6 7 ; It follows that if Amfter-* aimuL dam hath paid 4000 /. Flemiih per diem, or about 1400000 /. per annum, or 800000 /. Sterling ; that ail Holland and Zealand , have paid 2100000 /. per annum: Now the reafons why I think they pay fo much, are thefe, viz. 1. The Author of the State of the Netherlands faith fo. 2. Excife of Vidual at Amjlerdam, feems above half the Original value of the fame, viz. Ground Corn pays 20 Stivers the Bufhel, or 63 Gilders the Laft; Beer 113 Stivers the Barrel, Houfing f of Rent, Fruit 5 of what it coft ; other Commodities 7, «, 9$ A ; Salt adlib'ttuw, all weighed Goods pay befides the Pre- mises a vaft fumm 5 now if the expence of the People of Amjlerdam at a medj- B 4 um, [8] um, and without Excife were 8 /. per annum, whereas in England 'tis 7 /. then if all the feveral Imports above named, raife it Five Pound more , there being 160000 Souls in Amfterdam, the fumm of 800000 /. Sterling per annum will thereby be raifed. 3. Though the expence of each head, fhould be 13 /. per annum ; 'tis well known that there be lew in Amfterdam, who do not earn much more than the faid expence. 4. If Holland and Zealand pay p. an. zi 0000c /. then all the Provinces to- gether, muft pay about 3000000 /. lefs than which fumm per annum, perhaps is not fuificient to have maintained the Naval War with England, 71000 Land Forces, befides all other the ordinary Charges of their Government, where- of the Church is there apart : To con- clude, it feems from the PremifleSjthat all France doth not raife above thrice as much from the publick charge, as Hol- land and Zealand alone do. TheDiffc- 5-. Intereft: of Money in France , is intereftbe- 7 ^ P er Cent ' ^ Ut m ^°^ an ^ ^ carce na ^ tweenHol. (o much. 8c France. 6. The [?] 6. The Countries of Holland and Zealand; confuting as it were of Iflands guarded with the Sea, Shipping, and Marines, is defenfible at one fourth of the charge , that a plain open Country is, and where the feat of War may be both Winter and Summer ; whereas in the others, little can be done but in the Summer only. 7. But above all the particulars hi The fu- therto confidered , that of fuperlucra-{* rluc / a " tion ought chiefly to be taken in 3 fortween if a Prince have never fo many Subjects, F ™ w ' and his Country be never fo good, yet ° ' if either through floth, or extravagant expences, or Oppreflion and Injuftice , whatever is gained (hall be fpent as faft as gotten, that State muft be account- ed poor ; wherefore let it be confider- ed, how much or how many times ra- ther, Holland and Zealand, are now a- bove what they were 100 years ago, which we muft alfo do of France : Now if France hath fcarce doubled its Wealth and Power, and that the other have de- cupled theirs ; I (hall give the prefe- rence to the latter, even although the io increafcd by the one, (hould not ex- ceed the one half gained by the other, becaufe [to] becaufe one has a ftore for Nine Years, the other but for" one. To conclude, upoa the whole it feems, that chough France be in People to Hoi- land and Zealand as 1 5 to I, and in quantity of good Land, as 80 to one* yet is not 1 } times richer and ilronger, much lefs 80 times, nor much above thnce, which was tc be proved. Having thus difpatched the two firft Thecmfes Branches of the fir fl Principal conciu- of thedif- fion ; it follows, to {hew that this dif- betwccn ierence or " Improvement in Wealth and France Strength , arifes from the Situation , and Holl. Trade, and Policy of the places refpe- ctively, and in parti ular from Conve- niences for Shipping and Water Car- riage. Many Writing on this Subject do fo magnifie the Hollanders as if they were more , and all other Nations lefs than Men (as to the matters of Trade and Policy) making them Angels,and others Fools, Brutes, and Sots, as to thofe particulars; whereas I take the Foun- dation of their atchievements to lie ori- ginally in the Situation of the Coun- try, whereby they do things inimitable by others, and have advantages whereof others are incapable. Firft, C " ] Firft,The Soil of Holland and Zealand The rea- is low Land, Rich and Fertile; where- j^ ^ h y by it is able to feed many Men, and Abetter fo as that Men may live near each o- than ther, for their mutual atfiftance in Trade, £ " r d fe tho I fay, that a Thoufand Acres, that can ofthefkne feed iooq Souis, is better than ioooo Ren£ > a " d Acres of no more efFe£t, for the follow- q°e n e t "i y ing reafons, viz. why noli i. Suppofe fome great Fabrick were j? be " er w in Building by a Thoufand Men, fliail not much more time be fpared if they iived all upon a Thoufand Acres, then if they were forced to live upon ten times as large a Scope of Land. x. The charge of the cure of their Souls, and the Miniflry would be far greater m one cafe than in the other 3 as alfo of mutual defence in cafe of In- vafion, and even of Thieves and Rob- bers : Moreover -the charge of the ad- miniftration of Juflice would be much eafier, where Witnefles and Parties may be eafily Summoned, Attendance Iels expenfive, when Mens Actions would be better known, when wrongs and in- juries could not be covered, as in thin peopled places they are. Laftly, Laftly, thofe who live in Solitary places, muft be their own Soldiers, Di- vines, Phyficians, and Lawyers, and muft have their Houfes flored with neceflary Provifions (like a Ship going upon a long Voyage,) to the great waft, and needlefs expence of fuch Provifions; the value of this firft convenience to the Dutch, I reckon or eftimate to be about iooooo /. per annum. The ad- 2ly, Holland is a Level Country, fo vantages as m an y part thereof, a Windmill may kvd a'nd te f ct U P» and b y itS bein S moift and windmills vaporous, there is always wind ftirring of HoJi. over j t> by w hich advantage the labot of many thoufand Hands is faved, for- afmuch as a Mill made by one Man in half a Year, will do as much Labor, as Four Men for Five Years together. This advantage is greater or lefs, where em- ployment or eafe of Labour is fo ; but in Holland 'tis eminently great, and the worth of this conveniency is near an Thc '£" Hundred and Fifty Thoufand Pounds. Hoii.dcm- ^ly. There is much more to begain- commer". ed by Manufa&ure than Husbandry , SofS.and by Merchandize than Manufacture; &zej/.upon h u t Holland and Zealand, being feated the Mourns ' o of three at the mouths oi three long great Ri- grcatlUvcr, C>3] vers, and pafiing through Rich Coun- tries, do keep all the Inhabitants upon the fides of thofe Rivers but as Huf- bandmen, whilft themfelves are the Ma- nufa&ors of their Commodities , and do difpence them into all Parts of the World, making returns for the fame, at what prices almoft they pleafe them- felves ; and in fhort, they keep the Keys of Trade of thofe Countries , through which the faid Rivers pafs 5 the value of this third conveniency, I fuppofe to be 200000/. 4ly. In Holland and Zealand, there Nearnefe is fcarce any place of work, or bufinefs to nayi s a - one Mile diftant from a Navigable Wa. t b ^ # Wa ~ ter, and the charge of Water carriage is generally but f , or i* part of Land carriage ; Wherefore if there be as much Trade there as in France, then the Hol- landers can out fell the French f * of all the expence, of all Travelling Poftage and carriage whatfoever, which even in England \ take to be 300000 /. /. an. where the very Poftage of Letters,cofts the People perhaps 50000 1, per annum, though Farmed at much lefs, and all other Labour of Horfes,and Porters, at lead fix times as much ; The value of this C'4 3 this conveniency I eftimate to be above Three Hundred Thouiand pounds per annum. The de- 5- The defenfiblenefs of the Coun- fcnfibie; try, by r^afon of its Situation in the Holland. ^ ea u P on *fl an ds, an ^ m the Marfhes, Impaflible ground Diked and Trenched, efpecially conftdering how that place is aimed at for its Wealth ; I fay the charge of defending that Country ,is cafier than if it were a plain Champion, at leaft 200000 /. per annum. Harbour- 6. Holland is fo confiderable for keep'- Jj?S ° f ing Ships in Harbour with fmall expence at fmall of Men , and ground Tackle, that it expence. faves per annum 200000 /. of what mud be fpent in France. Now if all thefe natural advantages do amount to .above one Million per annurii Profits, and that the Trade of all Europe, nay of the whole World, with which our Europeans do Trade, is not above 45 Millions />, an* and if A of the value be £ of the Pro- fir, it is plain that the Hollander may Command and Govern the whole Trade. Advanta- 7. Thofe who have their Situation ges from thus towards the Sea, and abound with ,fhing * Fiih at home, and having alfo the com- mand mand of Shipping, have by confequence the Fiftiing Trade, whereof that of Her- ring alone, brings more yearly Profit to the Hollanders than the Trade of the Weft Indies to Spain, or of the Eaft to themfelves, as many have affirmed, being as the fame fay viis & modis of above three Millions per annum Profit. 8. It is not to be doubted, but thofe Advan - who have the Trade of Shipping and ^fvai * Fiftiing, will fecure themfelves of the Provjfi- Trade of Timber for Ships, Boats, Mafts, ons * and Cask ; of Hemp for Cordage, Sails, and Nets;. of Salt, of Iron; as alfo of Pitch , Tar , Rofin , Brimftone, Oil, and Tallow, as neceflary Appurtenances to Shipping and Filhing. 9. Thofe who predominate in Ship- Fitnefifor ping, and Fiftiing, have more occafions Univerfai than others to frequent all parts of the World, and to obferve what is wanting or redundant every where, and what each People can do, and what they de- fire, and confequently to be the Fafrors, and Carriers tor the whole World of Trade. Upon which, ground they bring all Native Commodities to be Manufactured at home, and carry the fame back, even to that Country in which which they grew, all which we fee. For, do they not work the Sugars of the Weft -Indies? The Timber and Iron of the Baltick > The Hemp of Rujjia > The Lead, Tin, and Wooll of England? The Quick-filver and Silk of Italy ? The Yarns, and Dying Stuffs of l'urkey 9 &cc. To be fhort, in ail the ancient States, and Empires, thole who had the Ship- ping, had the Wealth, and if % per Qe nt. in the price of Commodities, be per- haps ioper Cent, in the gain : it is ma- nifeft that they who can in forty rive Millions, underfel others by one Milli- on, (upon accompt of natural, and in- trinfick advantages only) may eafily have the Trade of the World without, fuch Angelical Wits and judgments, as fome attribute to the Hollanders. Having thus done with their Situa- tion, I come now to their Trade. Artificial ft lS commonly feen, that each Coun- advan- try flouriiheth in the Manufacture of its ^ges of own ^j at j ve Commodities, viz. Eng- land for woollen Manufacture, France for Paper, Luicland for Iron Ware, Portugal for Confeclures, Italy for Silks ; upon which Principle it follows, that Holland andZ^Wmuftflourifh moft in [ '7 3 in the Trade of Shipping, and (o • be- come Carriers and Fa&ors of the whole World of Trade, Now the advantages of the Shipping Trade are as follow- eth, viz. Husbandmen, Seamen, Soldiers, Ar- Husband tizans and Merchants, are the very Pil- ™™ y f£~ lars of any Common- Wealth ; all the die«' Ar- other great Profeflions, do rife out of w Zd " s ' and the infirmities, and mifcarriages of thefe ; arfthe v5 now the Seaman is three of thefe four, ry pillars For every Seaman of induftry and in- of a Com " - I *.7 1 m0n - genuity, is not only a Navigator, but a wealth, Merchant, and alfo a Soldier; not be- »nda_Sea- caufe he hath often occafion to fight, Sreeof and handle Arms ; but becaufe he is them. familiarized with hardlhip and hazards, extending to Life and Limbs; for Training and Drilling is a imall part of Soldiery, in refpect of this laft men- tioned Qualification; the one being quickly and prefently learned, the other not without many years moil painful experience : wherefore to have the occa- fion of abounding in Seamen, is a vaft conveniency. 2. The Husbandman of England earns but about 4 s. per Week, but the Seamen have as good as 11 ;. in Wages, C Viflw- C 18 ] Victuals (and as it were houfing) &ith other accommodations, fo as a Seaman t uSkn" is in c ^^ tnree Husband menjwherefore to U three there is little Ploughing, and Sowing of Husband- Corn in Holland and Zealand^ or breed- axtL ing of young Cattle : but their Land is improved by building* Houfes, Ships, Engines, Dikes, Wharfs, Gardens of pleafure, extraordinary Flowers and Fruits ; for Dairy and feeding of Cattle, for Rape, Flax, Madder, &c. The Foundations of feveral advantageous Manufactures. 3. Whereas the Employment of other Men is confined to their own Country, that of Seamen is free to the whole World ; fo as where Trade may (as they call it) be dead here or there, now and then, it is certain that fome where or other in the World , Trade is always quick enough, and Provisions are al- ways plentiful, the benefit whereof, thofe who command the Shipping enjoy, and they only. silver , 4. The great and ultimate effect of kweis.Tre Trade is not Wealth at large, but par- Universal ticularly abundance of Silver, Gold, Wealth, and Jewels, which are not periftiable, nor fo mutable as other Commodities, but but are Wealth at ail times, and all places : Whereas abundance of Wine t Corn, Fowls, Flefh, ®*. are Riches but hie & nunc, foas the raifmg cf fuch Commodities, and the following of fuch Trade, which does (lore the Country with GoId,Silver Jewels,®*, is profitable before others. But the Labour of Seamen, and Freight of Ships, is always of the nature of an Exported Commodity, the overplus whereof, above what is Im- ported, brings home mony, ®c. $. Thofe who have the command of Reafons the Sea Trade , may Work at eafier JJJJJ? Freight with more profit, than others at den Sail greater: for as Cloth muft 1 be cheaper for k fs made, when one Cards, another Spins, Frel 8 ht * another Weaves, another Draws, ano- ther'Drefles, another Prefles and Packs ; than when all the Operations above- mentioned, were clumfily performed by the fame hand ; fo thofe who command the Trade of Shipping, can build long flight Ships for carrying Mafts, Fir- Timber, Boards, Balks,®*. Andfhort ones for Lead, Iron, Stones, ®c One fort of VefTels to Trade at Ports where they need never lie a ground, others where they mull jump upon the Sand C 2 twice twice every twelve hours 5 One fort of Veflels, and way of manning in time of Peace, and cheap grots Goods, ano- ther for War and precious Commodities ; One fort of Veflels for the turbulent Sea, another for Inland Waters and Ri- vers ; One fort of Veflels, and Rigging, where hade is requifite for the Maiden- head of a Market, another where f or t part of the time makes no matter. One fort of Mailing and Rigging for long Voyages, another for Coafling. One fort of Veflels for Fifhing, another for Trade; One fort for War for this or that Country, another for Burthen only. Some for Oars, fome for Poles, fome for Sails, and fome for draught by Men or Horfes, fome for the Northern Navigations amoogft Ice, and fome for the South againft Worms, &c. And this I take to be the chief of feveral Reafons, why the Hollanders can go at lefs Freight than their Neighbours, viz. becaufe they can afford a particu- lar fort of Veflels for each particular Trade. I have lhewn how Situation hath given them Shipping, and how Shipping hath given them in effeclr all other Trade, C »* 3 Trade, and how Foreign Traffick muft give them as much Manufa&ure as they can manage themfelves, and as for the overplus, make the reft of the World but as Workmen to their Shops. It The pwr. now remains to ihew the effects of their j£J HoU Policy, fuperftru&ed upon thefe na- tural advantages, and not as fome think upon the excefs of their Under- Handings. I have omitted to mention the Hol- landers were one hundred years fince, a poor and oppreflfed People, living in a Country naturally cold and unplca- (ant : and were withal perfecuted for their Heterodoxy in Religion. From hence it neceifarily follows, that this People muft Labour hard, and fet all hands to Work: Rich and Poor, Young and Old, muft ftudy the Art of Number, Weight, and Meafure$ muft fare hard, provide for Impotcnts, and for Orphans, out of hope to make profit by their Labours: muft punifh the Lazy by Labour, and not by cripling them: I fay, all thefe particulars, faid to be the fubtile excogitations of the Hollanders, feemtome, but what could not almoft ha,ve been otherwife. C 3 Liber- C " 3 Liberty of Confciencc , Regiftry of Conveyances, fmall Cuftoms, Banks, Lumbards, and Law Merchant, rife all from the fame Spring , and tend to the fame Sea; as for lownefsof Incereft, it is alfo a necefiary effect of all the premises, and not the Fruit of their con- trivance. Wherefore we (hall only fhew in par- ticular the efficacy of each, and iirft of Liberty of Confcience ; but before I enter upon thefe, I mall mention a Pra- ctice almoft forgotten, (whether it re- ferred! to Trade or Policy is not mate- Under- rial,) which is, the Hollanders under- cfShi 8 s ma ^ in g» anc * filing fuch of their Ship- ping, as carry cheap and grofs Goods, and whofe Sale doth not depend much upon Seafon. It is to be noted, that of two equal and like Veflels , if one fpreads one thoufand fix hundred Yards of like Canvafe, and the other two thoufand five hundred, their fpeed is but as four to five, fo as one brings home the fame Timber in four days, as the other will in five. Now if we confider that al- though thofc Ships be but four or five days under Sail, that they are perhaps thirty C*3 ] thirty upon the Voyage ; fo as the one is but 3*0 part longer upon the whole Voyage than the other , though one fifth longer under Sail. Now if Mafts, Yards, Rigging, Cables, and Ancho do all depend upon the quantity and extent of the Sails, and confequentiy hands alfo ; it follows that the one Vef fel, goes at one third lels charge, lofing but one thirtieth of the time , and of what depends thereupon. I now come to the firft Policy of the Dutch , viz. Liberty of Confcience ; Liberty of which I conceive they grant upon thefe Confci - grounds. CBut keeping up always afheRea- Force to maintain the Common Peace,) fops there- i. They themfelves broke with Spaing ln . HoU • j ) - r ■ r i *~*t ' land. to avoid tne impoiition of the Clergy. 2. Diflenters of this kind, are for the mod part, thinking, fober, and patient Men, and fuch as believe that Labour and Induflry is their Duty towards God. (How erroneous foever their Opinions be.) 3. Thefe People be- lieving the Juftice of God, and feeing the molt Licentious pcrfons, to enjoy molt of the World, and its beft things, will never venture to be of the fame Religion, and Profcffion with Voluptu- C 4 arics f C J 4 ] aries, and Men of extreme Wealth and Power, who they think have their Por- tion in this World. 4. They cannot but know, That no Man can believe what himfelf pleafes, and to force- Men to fay they believe what they do not, is vain, abfurd, and with- out Honor to God. 5. The Hollanders knowing themfelves not to be an Infallible Church, and that others had the fame Scripture for Guides as themfelves, and withal the fame In- tereft to fave their Souls, did not think fit to make this matter their bufinefsj not more than to take Bonds of the Seamen they employ, not to cad away their own Ships and Lives. 6. The Hollanders obferve thac in France and Spain, (cfpecially the latter) the Churchmen are about one hundred for one, to what they ufe or need; the principal care of whom is to pre- ferve Uniformity, and this they take to be a fuperfluous charge. 7-They obferve where mod indcavours have been ufed to keep Uniformity , there Heterodoxy hath moft abounded. 8. They believe that if 4 of the People were Heterodox, and that if that [*5 ] that whole quarter fhould by Miracle be removed, that within a Imali time i of the remainder would again become Heterodox fome way or other, it being natural for Men to differ in Opinion in matters above Senfe and Reafon : and for thofe who have lefs Wealth, to think they have the more Wit and Un- derftanding, efpecially of the things of God, which they think chiefly belong to the Poor. 9. They think the cafe of the Pri- mitive Chriftians, as it is reprefented in the Acts of the Apoftles, looks like that of the prefent DuTenters, ([ mean ex- ternally. ) Moreover it is to be obfcrved that Trade doth not (as fome think) bell TheTrade flourifh under Popular Governments, but^o^j, rather that Trade is moft vigoroufly chiefly carried on, in every State and Govern jJSXf ment, by the Heterodox part of thetcrodox fame, and fuch as profefs Opinions dif- pa^y- fercnt from what are publickly efta- blifhed : (that is to fay) in India where the Mahometan Religion is Authorized, there the Banians are the moft confider- able Merchants. In the Turkijh Empire the Jew, and Chriftians. At Venice, Naples, Legorn, Genoua, and Us bone, Jews C *6 3 Jews, and Non-Papift Mcrchant-Stran- gcrs : but to be ihorc, in that part of Europe , where the Roman Catholick Religion, now hath, or lately hath had Eftabiimment$ there three quarters of the whole Trade, is in the hands of wch as have feparated from the Church (that is to fay) the Inhabitants oiEng- land, Scotland^ and Ireland, as alfo thole of the Vnited Provinces, with Denmark, Sueden, and Norway, together with the Subjects of the German Proteftant Princes, and the Hans Towns, do at this day poflefs three quarters of the Trade of the World 3 and even in France it felf, the Hugonots are proportionably far the greateft Traders ; Nor is it to be denied but that in Ireland, where the faid Roman Religion is not Authorized, there the Profeftbrs thereof have a great part of the Trade. From whence it All the follows that Trade is not flxt to any Papifts Species of Religion as fuch } but rather Seamen of as before hath been faid to the Hetrodox arSce part of the whole, the truth whereof fufficient appears alfo in all the particular Towns the^ine °^ g reate ft Trade in England-, nor do I of Eng- find reafon to believe, that the Roman hnds Catholick Seamen in the whole World, fleet. arQ [17] arc fufficient to Man effe&ually a Fleet equal to what the King of England now hath ; but the Non-papift Seamen, can do above thrice as much. Wherefore he whom this latter Party doth affectio- nately own to be their Head, cannot probably be wronged in his Sea-con- cernments by the other ; from whence it follows, that for the advancement of Trade, (if that be a fufScient reafon) Indulgence mult be granted in matters of Opinion ; though licentious actings as even in Holland^ be restrained by force. The fecond Policy or help to Trade Fj < rm T - ufed by the Hollanders, is fecuring the ties to Titles to Lands and Houfes j for al- |- ands and though Lands and Houfes may be cal- Jed Terra Firma & res immofalis, yet the Title unto them is no more certain, than it pleafcs the Lawyers and Autho- rity to make them ; wherefore the Hol- landers do by Registries, and other ways of Aflurance make the Title as immova- ble as the Lands, for there can be no incouragement to Induftry, where there is no aflurance of what (hall be gotten by it ; and where by fraud and corrup- tion, one Man may take away with eafe and by a trick, and in a moment what C *» 3 what another has gotten by many Years extreme labour and pains. Of the in- There hath been much difcourfe, a- troducing bout introducing of Regiftries into En- bto 1 ^? &^"^> tne Lawyers for the mod part gland. object againft it, alledging that Titles of Land in England are fuificiently fe- cure already ; wherefore omitting the confiderations of fmall and oblique rea- fons pro & contra , it were good that enquiry were made from the Officers of feveral Courts, to what fumm or value Purchafers have been damnified for this laft ten Years, by fuch fraudulent con- veyances as Regiftries would have pre- vented 3 the tenth part whereof at a Medium, is the annual lofs which the People fuftain for want of them, and then computation is to be made of the annual charge of Regiftring fuch extraor- dinary Conveyances, as would fecure the Title of Lands ; now by comparing thefe two fumms, the Queftionfo much agitated may be determined ; though fome think that though few are actuals ly damnified, yet that all are hindered by fear and deterred from Dealing. The Banks Their thirdPolicy is their Bank,the ufe of Holland whereof is to encreafe Mony, or rather to make t*?3 make a (mail fumm equivalent in Trade to a greater, for the effe&ing whereof thefe things are to be confidered. i. How much Money will drive the Trade of the Nation. 2. How much current Mo- ney there is adtually in the Nation. 3. How much Money will ferve to make all payments of under 50 /. or any other more convenient fumm throughout the Year. 4. For what fumm the keepers of the Bank are unquestionable Security : If all thefe four particulars be well known, then it may alfo be known, how much of the ready Money above mentioned may fafely and profitably be lodged in the Bank, and to how much ready current Money the faid depofited Money is equivalent. As for example, fuppofe a Hund.thouf. Pounds will drive the Trade of the Nation, & fuppofe there be but Sixty thoufand Pounds of ready Money in the fame ; fuppofe alfo that Twenty thouf. Pounds will drive on and anfwcr all Payments made of under 50 /. In this cafe Forty of the Sixty being put into the Bank , will be equivalent to Eighty, which eighty and twenty kept out of the Bank do make up an Hun- dred, (that is to fay) enough to drive the [j°3 the Trade as was propofed ; where note that the Bank keepers muft be refpon- fible for double the fumm intrufted with them, and muft have power to levy up- on the general, what they happen to loofc unto particular Men. Upon which grounds, the Bank may freely make ufe of the received Forty thoufand Pounds, whereby the fa'id fumm , with the like fumm in Credit makes Eighty thoufand Pounds , and With the Twenty referved an Hundred. The Hoi- I might here add many more particu- landcrsve j arSj ^ ut t, e j n g t h c fame as have alrea- HusbTnd- fappofe the price of Wheat be 5 s. or 60 pence the Bufhel ; now if the Rent of the Land whereon it grows, be the third Sheaf ; then of the 60 d. 20 d. is for the Land^ and 40 d. for the Hus- bandman ; But if the Husbandmans Wages, mould rife one eighth part, or from 8 d. to 9 d. per Diem, then the Hus- bandmans ihare in the Bulhel of Wheat, rifes from 40 d. to 45 d. And confequent- ]y the Rent of the Land muft fall from 2.0 d. to 15 d. for we fuppofe the price of the Wheat flill remains the fame : Es- pecially fince we cannot raife it, for if wedid attempt it,CornwouId be brought in to us, (as into Holland) from Foreign Parts, where the State of Husbandry was not changed. And thus I have done with the firft principal Conclufion, that, A fmall Ter- ritory, and even a few People, may by Situation, Trade, and Policy, he made equivalent to a greater ; and that conve- nience for Shipping, and Water-carriage, do mojl eminently and fundamentally con- duce thereunto. Chap. C jj] Chap. II. That forne kind of Taxes and Tublick Levies , may rather increafe than diminiih the Wealth of the King- dom. IF the Money or other EfFe&s, levyed whatfliift from the People by way of Tax, j^ ^ were deftroyed and annihilated ; then hand is 'tis clear, that fuch Levies would dimi- profitable riifti the Commonwealth : Or if the fame ornot * were exported out of the Kingdom with- out any return at all , then the cafe would be alfo the fame or worfe : But if what is levyed as aforefaid, be on- ly transferred from one hand to another, then we are only to confider whether the faid Money or Commodities , are taken from an improving hand , and given to an ill Husband, or vice verfa : As for example, fuppofe that Money by way of Tax, be taken from one who fpendeth the fame in fuperfluous eating and drinking 3 and delivered to another D z who C3 I fay , that even in this cafe, the Com monweajfb hath fome little advantage ; becaufe Cloaths do noc altogether perifh fo foon as Meats and Drinks : But if the fame be fpent in Furniture of Houfes , the advantage is yet a little more ; if in Building of Houfes, yet more; if in improving of Lands; working of Mines, Fifiingj &c. yet more ; but mod of all, in bringing Gold and Silver into the Country : Becaufe thofe things are not only not perifhable, but are efteemed for Wealth at all times, and every where : Whereas other Com- modities which are perifhable, or whofe value depends upon the Faihion ; or which are contingently fcarce and plen- tiful, are wealth, but^ro hie & nunc % as fhali be elfewhere faid. In [37] In the next place if the People of any Taxing of Country, who have not already a full " e £ e "°fa S employment , fhould be enjoyned or to the Taxed to work upon fuch Commodities Common- as are Imported from abroad; I fay, weatl * that fuch a Tax, alfo doth improve the Commonwealth. Moreover , if Perfons who live by T he tax * begging, cheating, dealing, gaming, bor- ™ d f ers ° f rowing without intention of reftoring ; who by thofe ways do get from the credulous and careiefs, more than is fufficient for the fubfiftence of fuch Per- fons , I fay, that although the State mould have no prefent employment for fuch Perfons, and confequently fhould be forced to bear the whole charge of their lively hood ; yet it were more for the publick profit to give all fuch Per- fons, a regular and competent allowance by Publick Tax; than to fuffer them to fpend extravagantly, at the only charge of careiefs, credulous, and good natu- red People : And to expofe the Com- monwealth to the lofs ot io many able Men, whofe lives are taken away, for the crimes which ill Difcipline doth oc* cafion. D * On C?8] On the contrary, If the Stocks of la- borious and ingenious Men, who are not only beautifying the Country where they live by elegant Dyet, Apparrel, Furniture ', Houfwg, pleafant Gardens, Orchards , and Public k Edifices, &c. But are alfo increafing the 6old 9 Silver, and Jewels of the Country by Trade and Arms ; I fay, if the Stock of thefe Men fhould be diminiflied by a Tax, and transferred to fuch as do nothing at all, but eat and drink, Jing, play, and dance ; nay to fuch as fludy the Metaphyfuks , or other needlefs Specu- lation ; or elfe employ themfelves in any other way, which produce no material thing, or things of real ufe and value in the Commonwealth : In this cafe, the Wealth of the Publick will be diminifli- ed: Otherwife than as fuch exerciles,are recreations and refrefhments of the mind; and which being moderately ufed, do qualifle and difpofe Men to what in it felf is more confiderable. Wherefore upon the whole matter, to know whether a Tax will do good or harm : The State of the People and their em ploy ments,muft be well known ; (that is to fay,) what part of the Peo- ple C?9] pie are unfit for Labour by their Infan- cy or Impotency 5 and alfo what part are exempt from the fame, by reafon of their Wealth, Funttion, or Dignities 5 or by reafon of their charge and employ- ments ; otherwife than in governing, directing and preferving thofe, who are appointed to Labour and Arts. 2. In the next place computation muft be made, what part of thofe who are fit for Labour and Arts as aforefaid, are able to perform the work of the Na- tion in its prefent State and Meafure. 3. I: is to be confidered, whether A jndg- the remainder can make all or any part 5Xt ta°e« of thofe Commodities, which are Im- are advan- ported from abroad ; which of them,geou$. and how much in particular: The re- mainder of which fort of People ( if any be) may fafely and without poffi- ble prejudice to the Commonwealth,bc employed in Arts and Exercifes of plea- fure and ornament ; the grcatefl where- of is the Improvement of natural know- ledge. Having thus in general illuftrated this point, which I think needs no other proof but illuftration ; I come next to intimate that no part of Europe hath D 4 paid C4o] paid fo much by way of Tax, and pub- lick contribution, as Holland and Zea- land for this laft ico Years i and yet no Country hath in the Tame time, in- creafed their Wealth comparably to them : And it is manifeft, they have fol- lowed the general confiderations. above- mentioned; for they Tax Meats and Drinks moft heavily of al! ; to reftrain the excefiive expence of thofe things, which 24 hours doth ("as to the ufeof Man, J wholly annihilate ; and they are more favourable to Commodities of greater duration. Nor do they Tax according to what Men gain, but in extraordinary cafes ; but al ways according to what Men fpend: And moll of al!,according to what they fpend need Jelly , and without profpeel: of return. Upon which grounds, their Cufloms upon Goods Imported and Ex- ported, are generally low ; as if they in- tended by them, only to kasp an ac- count of their Foreign Trade; and to l^ui^w retaliate upon their Neighbour States, bable that . • 1 r 1 11 1 • n Holland the prejudices done them, by their Pro- *nd En- hibitions and Impofitions. f row! ^ Ic is further co be obferved, that fince ncher un- the Year 1636, the Taxes and Publick dec taxes. Levies [4! ] Levies made in England^ Scotland, and Ireland, have been proaigioufly greater than at any time heretofore ; and yec the faid Kingdoms have increafed in their Wealth and Strength, for thefe lafl Forty Years, as fhali hereafter be fhewn. It is faid that the King of France, at prefent doth Levy the .Fifth Part of his ^ of Peoples Wealth ; and yet great Often- Princes ration is made of the Prefent Riches Revenu «- and Screngrh of that Kingdom. Now great care muft be had in diflinguifb- ing between the Wealth of the People, and that of an abfolute Monarch; who taketh from the People, where, when, and in what proportion he pleafeth. Moreover, the Subjects of two Monarchs may be equally Rich, and yet one Mo- narch may be double as Rich as the other ; viz. If one take the tenth pare of the Peoples Subftance to his own dif. pofe, and the other but the zoth. nay the Monarch of a poorer People, may appear more fplendid and glorious, than that of a Richer ; which perhaps may be fomewhat the cafe of France , as hereafter ihall be examined. As an in- ftance and application of what hath been faid, C 41 3 faid, I conceive that in Ireland where- in are about 1200 Thoufand People, That ire-wd near 300 Thoufand Smokes or land may Hearths ; It were more tolerable for the advantT People, and more profitable for the geoufly King ; that each Head paid 3 s. worth taxed by a f FJ ax# tnan tnac eacn f mo ke fhould Wax. m P av 2 s ' in Silver ; And that for the following reafons. 1. Ireland being under peopled, and Land , and Cattle being very cheap ; there being every where flore of Fifh and Fowl ; the ground yielding excellent Roots (and particularly that bread-like root Potatoes ) and withal they being able to perform their Husbandry, with fuch harnefs and tackling, as each Man can make with his own hands; and liv- ing in fuch Houfes as almoft every Man can build ; and every Houfe-wife being a Spinner and Dyer of Wool and Yarn, they can live and fubfift after their pre. fent fafhion, without the ufe of Gold or Silver Money 5 and can fupply them- fclves with the neceflaries above nam- ed, without labouring x . Hours per diem : Now it hath been found, that by reafon of Infolvencies arifing, rather from the ufelefsnefs than want of Mo- ney ney among thefe poor People; that from 300 Thoufahd Hearths, which* thould have yielded 30 Thoufand Pound per annum ; not 15 Thoufand Pound of Mo- ney could be Levyed : Whereas it is eafily imagined, that four or five Peo- ple dwelling in that Cottage , which hath but one fmoke ; could eafily have planted a ground-plot of about 40 foot fquare with Flax ; or the 50 part, of an Acre ; for fo much ground will bear eight or ten Shillings worth of that Commodity ; and the Rent of fo much ground, in few places amounts to a pen- ny per annum. Nor is there any skill requifite to this practice, wherewith the Country is not already familiar. Now as for a Market for the Flax ; there is Imported into Holland it felf, over and above what that Country produces ; as much Flax, as is there fold for between Eightfcore and Two Hundred Thou- fand Pound ; and into England and Ire- land is Imported as much Linnen Cloth made of Flax , and there fpent, as is worth above 5 a Million of Money. As fhall hereafter be fhewn. Wherefore having (hewn, that Silver Money is ufelefs to the poor People of Ireland, [44] Ireland-, that half the Hearth Money could not be raifed by reafon thereof; that the People are not a fifth part em- ployed ; that the People and Land- of Ireland, are competently qualified for Flax ; That one Penny-worth of Land, will produce Ten Shillings worth of the fame; and that there is Market enough and enough, for above an Hundred Thoufand Pounds worth; I conceive my Proportion fufficiently proved ; at leaft to fet forwards and promote a practice, which both the prefent Law and Inter- eft of the Country doth require : Efpe- cially, fince if all the Flax fo produced lhould yield nothing, yet there is no- thing loft; the fame time having been worfe fpent before. Upon the fame grounds, the like Tax of 2 s. per Head, may be raifed with the like advantage upon the People of England; which will amount to Six HundredThoufand Pound per annum ; to be paid in Flax, Manufa- ctured, into all the forts of Linnens, Threds, Tapes, and Laces; which we now receive from France, Flanders, Hol- land, and Germany, the value whereof doth far exceed the fumra laft mentioned, as hath appeared by the examination of particulars. If C45] It is obferved by Clothiers,and others, Dutlwput who employ great numbers of poor "P 01 ] re " , r , J °, ,-s r . dundant people, that when Corn is extremely commo- plentiful, that the Labour of the poor Cities may is proportionably dear: And fcarce to J^ j^" be had at all (fo licentious are they who labour only to eat, or rather to drink.) Wherefore when fo many Acres fown with Corn , as do ufually produce a fufficient ftore for the Nation, lhali preduce perhaps double to what is ex- pected or neceflary ; it feems not un- reasonable that this common blefling of God, mould be applied, to the com- mon good of ail people, reprefented by their Sovereign; much rather than the fame fhould be abufed, by the vile and brutifli part of mankind, to the preju- dice of the Common- Wealth: And con- fequently, that fuch furplulage of Corn, fhould be fent to publick Store-houfes ; from thence to be difpofed of, to the bed advantage of the Publick. Now if the Corn fpent in England, at five millings per Bufhel Wheat, and two (hillings fix pence Barley, be worth ten Millions Communihm annis; it fol- lows that in years of great plenty, when the laid Grains are one third part cheaper ; cheaper ; that a vaft advantage might accrue to the Common-Wealth, which now is fpent in over- feeding of the People, in quantity or quality; and fo indifpofing them to their ufual La- bour, The like may be faid of Sugar, To- lacco, and Pepper; which cuftom hath now made neceflary to all forts of peo- ple ; and which the over planting of them, hath made unreafonably cheap : I fay it is not abfurd, that the Publick fliould be advantaged by this extraordi- nary plenty. That an Excife fhould be laid up- on Corrants alfo , is not unreafonable ; not only for this, but for other reafons alfo. of a Tax The way of the prelent Militia or 5lJ i £ t ^ and Trained-Bands, is a, gentle Tax upon and by the Country ; becaufe it is only a few two other ^ays Labour in the year, of a few Men ZSikf in refpecx of the whole ; ufing their own goods, that is their own Arms. Now if there be three Millions of Males in England, tjiere be above two hundred thoufond of them, who are between the age of fixteen and thirty, unmar- ried perfons; and who live by their Labour [47] Labour and Serviee, for of fo many or thereabouts, the prefent Militia con- Ms. Now if an hundred and five thoufand of thefe, were Armed, and Trayned, as Foot ; and fifty thoufand as Horfe ; (Horfe being of fpecial advantage in Iflands) the (aid Porces at Land, with thirty thoufand Men at Sea $ would by Gods ordinary blefling, defend this Na- tion, being an Ifland, againfl any Force in view: But the charge of .Arming, Difciplining , and Rendezvoufing all thefe Men, twice, or thrice a year; would be a very gentle Tax , Levyed by the people themfelves, and paid to themfelves. Moreover if out of the faid number f part were felefred, of fuch as are more than ordinarily fie and difpofed for War, and to be Exer- cifed, and r\endezvoufed fourteen or fifteen times per annum ; the charge thereof being but a fortnights Pay in the year, would be alfo a very gentle Tax. Laftly, If out of this lafl mentioned number, f again 'fhould be fele&ed, making about twelve thoufandFoot, and near fix thoufand Horfe, to be Exercifed, and [483 and Rendezvoufed forty days in the year ; I fay that the charge of all thefe three Militias , allowing the latter fix weeks Pay per annum ; would not coft above one hundred and twenty thoufand pound per annum ; which I take to be an eafie burthen, for fo great a be- nefit. Forfup- Forafmuch as the prefent Navy of &J™Z^ England requires thirty fix thoufand Merchants Men to Man it ; and for that the Eng- withSea- #^ Trade of Shipping, requires about men * forty eight thoufand Men, to manage it alfo; it follows, that to perform both well, there ought to be about feventy two thoufand Men, (and not eighty four thoufand)competently qualified for thefe Services: For want whereof we fee, that it is a long while, before a Royal Navy can be manned ; which till it be, is of no effectual ufe, but lies at charge. And we fee likewifc upon thefe occafions, that Merchants are put to great flraights, and inconveniences ; and do pay excef- five rates for the carrying on their Trade. Now if twenty four thoufand able bodyed Tradefmen , were by fix thoufand of them per annum, brought up and fitted for Sea-Service ; and for their C 49 3 their incouragement allowed xo j. pet annum for every year they bad been at Sea, even when they Hay at home, not exceeding 6 /. for thofe, who have fervcd fix years or upward 5 ir follows, that about 71000 I. at the medium of 3 I, per Man, would Salatiate the whole number of twenty four thoufand , and fo , forafmuch as half the Seamen , which mannage the Merchants Trade, are fuppofed to be always in Harbour 1 , and are about twenty four thoufand Men, together with the laid half of the Auxit tiaries laft mentioned, would upon all emergencies, Man out the whole Royal Navy with thirty fix thoufand, and leaving to the Merchants twelve thou, fand of the abler Auxiliaries, to per- form their bufineis in Harbour, till others come home from Sea 3 and thus thirty fix thoufand, twenty four thou* fand, and twelve thoufand, make the fcventy two thoufand above mentioned: I (ay that more than this fum of 73000 /. is fruitlefly fpent, and over paid by the Merchants , whenfoever a great Fleet is to be fitted out. Now thefe whom I call Auxiliary Seamen, are fuch as hava another Trade befides, wherewith £ to Cj°3 to maintain themfelves, when they are not employed at Sea ; and the charge of maintaining them, though 72000 /. per annum, I take to be little or nothing, for the reaibns above mentioned , and confequently an eafie Tax to the people, becaufe Leavyed by, and paid to them- felves. a Herring As we propounded that Ireland fcotlS fll0Uid bC TaXed With FlaX ' afld E "&' land by JJnnen , and other Manufa- cture of the fame 9 I conceive that Scotland alfo might be Taxed as much, to be paid in Herrings , as Ireland in Flax : Now the three Taxes (viz.) of Flax, Linnen, and Herrings, and the maintainance of the triple Militia, and of the Auxilliary Seamen above-men- tioned, do all five of them together, a- mount to one Million of mony, the railing whereof is not a Million fpenr, but gain unto the Common Wealth, unlefs it can be made appear, that by reafon of all, or any of them, the Ex- portation of Woollen Manufactures , Lead, and Tin, are leflened; or of fuch Commodities, as our own Baft and Weft India Trade do produce, foraf- much as I conceive, that the Exporta- tion [5« 3 tion of thefe laft mentioned Commodi- ties , is the Touch-fione whereby the Wealth of England is tryed, and the Fulfe wherby the Health of the King- dom may be difcerned. p Chap. III. That France cannot by reafon of natural, and perpetual Impediments^ be more powerful at Sea, than the Englifh, er Hollanders now are, or may be. Ower at Sea c^nfifts chiefly ofThequa- Men, able to fight at Sea, and that ^.« ° f in fuch Shipping, as is moft proper for fo^ccfe. the Seas wherein they ferve ; and thofe fence of arc in thefe Northern Seas, Ships from En l lamd - between three hundred to one thoufand three hundred Tuns ; and of thole fuch as draw much Water, and have a deep Latch in the Sea, in order to keep a good Wind , and not to fall to Lee- ward, a matter of vaft advantage in Sea Service : Wherefore it is to be ex- amined, i. Whether the King of France^, hath Ports in the Northern Seas (where E 2 he [5*3 he hath mod pccafion for his Fleets of War, in any contcfts with England} able to receive the Veflels above-mentioned, in all Weathers, both in Winter and Summer Seafon. For if the King of France , would bring to Sea an equal number of fighting-Men, with the Etig- lift and Hollanders,, in (mall floaty Lee- ward VeflelSj he would certainly be of the weaker fide. For a Veflel of one thoufandTuns manned with fivehundred Men, fighting with five VefTels of two hundred Tuns, each manned with one hundred Men apiece, {hall in common reafon have the better offenfively, and defend vely ; ibrafmuch as the great Ship can carry fuch Ordnance, as can reach the fmall ones at a far greater diftance, than thofe can reach , or at leaft hurt the other 5 and can batter, and fink at a diftance, when fmall ones can fcarce peirce. Moreover it is more difficult for Men out of a fmall VefTel, to enter a tali Ship, then for Men from a higher place, to leap down into a lower ; nor is fmall fhot fo effectual upon a tall Ship, as vice ve rfa. And L )j J And as for Veflels drawing much water, aad consequently keeping a good Wind, they can take or leave Leeward VefTels, at plcafure, and fecure them- felves from being boarded by them : Moreover the windward Ship , has a fairer mark at a Leeward Ship, than vice verfa , and can place her (hot up- on fuch parts of the Leeward Veffel, as upon the next Tack will be under water. Now then the King of France, having no Poits able to receive large wind- ward Veflels, between Dunkirk and VJhant t what other Ships he can bring into thofe Seas, will not be confiderable. As for the wide Ocean, which his Har- bours of Brejty and Charente, do look into; it affbrdeth him no advantage upon an Enemy ; there being fo great a Lacitude of engaging or not, even when the Parties are in fight of each other. Wherefore, although the King of France were immenfely rich, and could build what Ships he pleafed, both for number, and quality ; yet if he have not Ports to receive, and ftielter, that fort and fize of Shipping, which is fit for his purpofe ; the (aid Riches will in this £ 3 cafe C54] cafe be fruiclefs , and a mere expence without any return, or profit. Some will fay that other Nations cannot build [o good Ships as the Englijb'-, I do indeed hope they cannot; but becaufe it feems too poifible, that they may fooneror later, by Practice and Ex- perience; I fhall not make ufe of that Argument , having bound my felf to ihew,that the impediments of France, (as to this purpofc) are natural, and per- petual. Ships, and Guns do not fight of themfelves, but Men who act and manage them ; wherefore it is more material to ifiew; That the King of France, neither hath, nor can have Men fufflcient, to Man a Fleet, of equal itrength to that of the King of Eng- land, (viz*) The qua- The King of Englands Navy, confifts locations c a b ouc feventv thoufand Tuns of of iiearnen OI . i i " - t - r for de- shipping, which requires thirty fix fence. thoufand Men to Man it ; thefe Men be- ing luppofed to be divided into eight parts, I conceive that one eighth part, muft be perfons of great Experience, and Reputation, in Sea Service : ano- ther eighth part muft be fuch as have ufed the Seafeven years and upwards; half [55] half of them, or f parts more, mud be fuch as have ufed the Sea above a twelve- month, viz. two, three, four, five, or fix years, allowing but one quarter of the whole Complements, to be fuch as never were at Sea at all, or at moftbut one Voyage, or upon one Expedition; fo that at a medium I reckon, that the whole Fleet muft be Men of three or fopr years growth, one with another. Fournier, a late judicious Writer, make- TheNum- ing it his bufinefs to perfuade the ^ er of . World, how considerable the King of France. France was, or might be at Sea, in the ninety fecond and ninety third pages of his Hydrography, faith, That there was one place in Britany > which had fur- niftied the King with one thoufand four hundred Seamen, and that perhaps the whole Sea-Coaft of France , might have furnifhed him with fifteen times as many : Now fuppofing his whole Al- legation were true, yet the faid number amounts but to twenty one thoufand 5 ail which, if the whole Trade of Ship- ping in France were quite and clean abandoned , would not by above a third, Man out a Fleet equivalent, to that of the King of England : And if E 4 the [5*3 the Trade were but barely kept a- live, there would not be one third part Men enough, to Man the faid Fleet. But if the Shipping Trade of France, be not above a quarter as great as that of England, and that one third part of the fame, namely the Fifhing Trade to the Banks of Newfoundland, is not peculiar, nor fixt to the French -, then I fay that if the King of England (having power to Prefs Men) cannot under two or three months time Man his Fleet; then the King of France, with Jefs than a quarter of the fame help, can never do it at all ; for in France (as fhall elfewhere be fhewn) there are not above one hundred and fifty thou- fand Tun of Trading VefJels, and con- fequently not above fifteen thoufand Seamen, reckoning a Man to every ten Tun. As it has been fhewn that the King of France, cannot at prefent Man fuch a Fleet, as is above defcribed, we come next to fhew that he never can, being under natural, and perpetual Impediments: viz. i. If there be but fifteen thoufand Seamen in all France, to manage its Trade , it is not to be fuppofed, C 57] fuppofed , that the faid Trade fhould be extinguilbed, nor that it mould fpare above five of the faid fifteen thousand towards manning the Fleet which re- quires thirty five thoufand. Now the deficient thirty thoufand T jj e ™*J* mud be fupplied , one of thefe four J^S^ ways, either, firft by taking in Land muft in- men, of which fort there muft not be creafeSca " above ten thoufand, fince the Seamen will never be contented, without being the major part, nor do they heartily wh ? ^e*. TL II r J li men d "~ wiln well to Landmen at all, or rejoyce nke Land- even at thofe Succcfles, of which the m en - Landmen can claim any ihare ; thinking it hard that themfelves, who are bred to miferable , painful, and dangerous Employments, (and yet profitable to the Commonwealth) mould at a time when booty and purchafe is to be gotten, be clogged or hindered, by any con- junction with Landmen, or forced to admit thofe, to an equal fhare with themfelves. 2. The Seamen which we fuppofe twenty thoufand, muft beihad, that is hired from other Nations, which cannot be without tempting them with fo much Wages , as exceeds what is given Cj8] given by Merchants, and withal to coun- The dan- terpoife the danger of being hanged WngUfh by tneir own Prince, and allowed no Seamen Quarter if they are taken; the trou- Sn lr thc ^ e °^ conveying themfelves away, Vrcnch. when Reftraints and Prohibitions are up- on them ; and aifo the infamy of having been Apoftates, to their own Coun- try, and Caufe : I fay their Wages muft be more than double, to what their own Prince gives them , and their af- furance muft be very great, that they lhall not be at long run abufed or flighted by thofe who employed them ; (as hating the Traitor, although they love the Treafon.) I fay moreover, that thofe who will be thus tempted away, muft be of the bafeft, and lewd- eft fort of Seamen, and fuch as have not enough of Honour and Conlci- cnce, to qualifie them for any Truft, How Men or gallant Performance. 3. Another learn to be wav t0 increafe Seamen, is to put great j^, 'numbers of Landmen upon Ships of War, in order to their being Seamen ; but this courfe cannot be effectual, not only for the above mentioned Antipa- thy, between Landmen, and Seamen; but C 19 1 but alfo, becaufe it is feen, that Men ac Sea do not apply tbemfeives to La- bour and Pra&ice, without more ne- ceflity than happens in over-manned Shipping. For where there are fifty Men in a Veflel. that ten can fuffici- ently Navigate , the fupernumerary forty will improve little : But where there ihall be of ten but one or two fupernumeraries , there neceflity will often call upon every Man to {et his hand to the Work , which mull: be well done at the peril of their own lives. Moreover Seamen fhifting Veflels al- mofl every fix or twelve months, do fometimes Sail in fmall Barks, fome- times in mid ling Ships, and /ome times in great Veffels of Defence ; fometimes in Lighters, fometimes in Hoighs, fome? times in Ketches, fometimes in three Mailed Ships, fometimes they go to the Southward , lometimes to the North- ward, fometimes the Coaft, fometimes they crofs the Ocean; by all which variety of Service, they do in time compleat themfelves, in every Part, and Circumflance of their Faculty : Whereas thofe who go out for a Sum- mer, [<*°3 mer, in a Man of War, have not that variety of Pra&ice, nor a direcT: necef- fity of doing any thing at all. Befides it is three or four years at a medium, wherein a Seaman muft be made; neither can there be lefs than three Seamen, to make a fourth, of a Landman : Confequendy the fifteen thoufand Seamen of France , can in* ctcafe but five thoufand Seamen in three or four years, and unlefs their Trade Ihould increafe with their Seamen in proportion, the King muft be foreed to bear the charge of this improvement, out of the Publick Stock, which is in- tolerable. So as the Queftioii which whether now remains, is, whether the Shipping the Ship- Trade of France is Hke to increafe ? Up- Seof on wmcn accompt it is to be confi- Franceis dered, l. That France is fufficiently like toin-ftored , with all kind of Neceflaries within it k\{$ as with Corn , Cattle, Wwe> Salt, Linnen Cloth, Paper, Silk, Fruits, &c. So as they need little Ship- ping, to Import more Commodities of Weight, or Bulk; neither is there any thing of Bulk Exported out of France, but Wine s, and Salt 5 the weight where- of [6x ] of is under one hundred thoufand Tun per annum, yielding not employ- ment to above twenty five thoufand Tun of Shipping, and thefe are for the moft part Dutch, and Englijh, who are not only already in Pofleflion of the faid Trade , but alfo are better fitted to maintain it, than the French are, or perhaps ever can be : And that for the following Rcafons. (viz.) i. Becaufe the French cannot Victual to cheap as w JJ ft" the Englifi, and Dutch, nor Sail with cannot. fo few Hands, x. The French for want of good Coafts and Harbours, cannot keep their Ships in Port, under dou- ble the Charge that the Englijh and Hollander! can. 3. by reafon of Pau- city, and diftance of their Ports, one from another, their Seamen and Tradef- . men relating to Shipping, cannot Cor- refpond with, and Afiift one another, fo eafily, cheaply, and advantageoufly, as in other places. Wherefore if their Shipping Trade, is not likely to in- creafe within themfelves , and much lefs to increafe, by their beating out the Englijh, and Hollanders, from be- ing the Carriers of the World ; it fol- lows C^3 lows , that their Seamen will not be increafed, by the increafe of their faid Trade : Wherefore, and for that they are not like to be increafed, by any of the feveral ways above fpecified, and for that their Ports are not fit to receive Ships of Burthen, and Qua- lity , fit for their purpofe ; and that by reafon of the lefs fitnefs of their Ports, than that of their Neighbours 5 I conceive, that what was propounded, hath been competently proved. The afore-named Feumiet in the ninety fecond and ninety third pages of his Hydrography , hath laboured to prove the contrary of all this, unto which I refer the Reader : Not think- ing his Arguments of any weight at all, in the prefent cafe. Nor indeed doth he make his Companions , with the Englijh ox Hollanders, but with the Spaniards , who, nor the Grand Seignior, (the latter of whom hath great- advantages, to be powerful at Sea than the King of France) could ever attain to any illuftrious greatnefs in Naval Power : Having often attempt- ed, but never* fucceeded in the fame. Nor [ amon s che man y ufefui Territo- truths, and obfervations he hath fee ricso J £ «- down; delivers the Propcrtion.betwcen France. tne Territories cf England and France, to be as Thirty to Eighty two; the which if it be true, then England, Scot- land, and Ireland, with the Iflands un- to them belonging will,taken all together, be near as big as France. Tho I ought to take all advantages for proving the Paradox in hand ; yet I had rather grant that England, Scotland, and Irtj* land, with the Iflands before mentioned; together with the Planted parts of New- foundland, New-England, New-Nether- land, Virginia, Mary- Land .Carolina, Ja- maica, Burmoudas, Barbadoes, and ail the [<*5] the reft oi the Carrilby Iflands, With what the King hath in Afia and Africa, do net contain fo much Territory as France^ and what planted Land the King of France hath alfo in America. And if any Man will be Heterodox in behalf of the French Interefl ; I would be con- tented againft my knowledge and judg- ment, to allow the Ring of Frances Ter- ritories, to be a feventh, fixth, or even a fifth greater, than thofe of the King of England*, believing that both Princes have more Land, than they do employ to its utmoft ufe. And here I beg leave, (among theAPropo- feveral matters which I intend for fen ,]ti . on tor ous,) to interpofe a jocular, and perhaps Td™d& ridiculous digreflion , and which I in- the High- deed defire Men to look upon, rather !f nds , of , t> r» r I • Scotland. as a Dream or Relvery, than a ratio- nal Propofition ; the which is, that if all the moveables and People of Ireland^ and of the Highlands of Scotland, were transported into the reft of Great Brit- tain', that then the King and his Sub- jects, would thereby become more Rich and Strong, both offenfively and defen- ftvely, than now they are. f >ris C^3 Tis true, I have heard many Wife Men fay, when they were bewailing the vaft lofles of the Engfifa in pre- venting and fupprefling Rebellions in Ireland, and considering how little pro- fit hath returned, either to the King or Subjects of England, for their Five Hun* dred Years doing and differing in that Country; I fay, I have heard Wife Men (in fuch their Melancholies) wifh, that (the People of Ireland being faved) Ifland were funk under Water : Now it troubles me, that the Diftemperof my own mind in this point, carries me to dream, that the benefit of thofe wifhes, may practically be obtained , without finking that vaft Mountainous Ifland un- der Water, which I take to be fome- what difficult , For although Dutch En- gineers may drain its Bogs ; yet I know no Artifts that could fink its Moun- tains. If Ingenious and Learned Men (among whom I reckon Sir The. More, and Des Cartes') have difputed, That we who think our felves awake, are or may be really in a Dream ; and fince the greateft abfurdities of Dreams, are but a Prepofterous and Tumultuary contexture of realities ; I will crave the umbrage C^3 Umbrage of thefegieat Men Iaft named, to fay ibmething for this wild concep- tion, with fubmufion to the better judg- ment of all thofe that can prove them- felves awake. If there were but one Man living in England, then the benefit of the whole Territory, could be but the livelyhood of that one Man : But if another Man were added, the rent or benefit of the fame would be double, if two, triple ; and fo forward until fo many Men were Planted in it, as the whole Territory could afford Food unto: For if a Man would know, what any Land is worth, the true and natural Queftion muft be, How many Men will it feed ? How many Men are there to be fed ? But to (peak more practically, Land of the fame quantity and quality in England, is ge- nerally worth four or five times as much as in /r*2W;and but one quarter,or third of what it is worth in Holland '5 becaufe England is four or five times better Pec^ pled than Ireland^ and but a quarter to well as Holland. And moreover „ where the Rent of Land is advanced by reafon of Multitude of People; there the number of Years purchafe,for which F x the the Inheritance may be fold, is alfo ad- vanced, though perhaps not in the very fame Proportion ? for ic s: per annum in Ireland, may be worth but 8 /. and in England where Titles are very fure, a- bove 20 I in Holland above io /. I fuppofe,that in Inland and the High- Lands in Scotland, there may be about one Million and Eight hundred thoufand People, or about a fifth part of what is in all the three Kingdoms: Where- fore the firft Queftion will be, whether England t Wales y and the Low- Lands of Scotland, cannot afford Food, fthat is to fay) Corn, Fijb, Flejh, and Fowl, to a fifth part more People, than are at the prefent planted upon it, with the fame Labour that the faid fifth part do now take where they are? For if fo, then what is propounded is naturally poffible. x. It is to be enquired, What the value of the immovables (which upon fuch removal mud be left behind) are worth ? For if they be worth le(s, than the advancement of the price of Land in England will amount unto ; then the Propofal is to be confidered. 3, If the Relit! Lands, and the immov- ables left behind upon them, may be fold fold for Money ; or if no other Nation fhall dare meddle with them, without paying well for them ; and if the Na- tion who fhall be admitted, fhall be lefs able to prejudice and annoy the Tran- fplantees into England 'then before; then I conceive that the whole propofal will be a pleafant and a profitable Dream indeed. As to the firft point , whether En- T . hat , £ ": gland and the Low-Lands of Scotland ^{^ can maintain a fifth part more People lands of than they now do (that is to fay) Nine ^[^ Millions of Souls in all > For anfwer ^ th e c e thereunto , I firft fay, that the faid People of Territories of England, and the Low- f?$%£ Land of Scotland, contain about Thir & Ireland. ty Six Millions of Acres, that is tour Acres for every Head, Man, Woman, and Child ; but the United Provinces do not allow above one Acre and r, and England it felf refcinding Wales, hath but three Acres to every Head. according to the prefent Scate of Til lage and Husbandry. Now if we con- fidcr that England having but three Acres to a Head as aforefaid, doth fo abound in Viduals, as that it maketh Laws againft the Importation of Cattle^ F 3 Flefc [7o] Flefc and Fi[h from abroad ; and that the draining of Fens, improving of For- refis, incloung of Commons, Sowing of St. Foyne and Cloverirafs, be grumbled againft by Landlords \ as the way to deprefs the price of Viftuals ; then it plainly follows, that lefe than three Acres improved as it may be, willferve the turn , and confequently that four will wffice abundantly. I could here fet down the very number of Acres, that would bear Bread and Drink, Corn, together with Flefh, Butter^ and Cheefe, fufficicne to victual Nine Millions of Perfons, as chey are Victualled in Ships, and regular Families ; but ihall onl; r fay in general} thatTwelve Millions of Acres, viz. f of 36 Millions, will do it, fuppo- fing that Roots, Fruits, Fowl, and Fijh, riwt the and the ordinary profit of Lead, Tift, nThe Iron-Mines, and Woods , would piece iwtted up any defed, that may be feared. -andsand As to the fecond, I fay, that the Ik"goods Land and Houfing in Ireland, and the md charge High-Lands of Scotland, at the prefent 'hnta- Market rates » are noc wortn Thirteen Mnrare. Millions of Money; nor would the a&u- not worth al charge of making the Tranfplantation »n7 prqpofaUmount to four Millions more : So C7l 3 So then the Question will be, whether the benefit expected from this tranfplan- tation, will exceed Seventeen Millions ? To which I £ay, that the advantage will probably be near four times the lad mentioned fumm , or about Sixty nine Millions, Three Hundred thoufand Pounds. For if the Rent of all En- gland and Wales, and the Low-Lands of Scotland , be about Nine Millions per annum ; and if the fifth part of the People be fuperadded, unto the prefent Inhabitants of thofe Countries; then the Rent will amount unto Ten Miili- ons 8000 /. and the number of Years purchafe, will rife from feventeen and f, to a Fifth part more, which is twen- ty one. So as the Land which is now worth but Nine Millions per annnm, at feventeen i Years purchafe, making If 7 Millions and f,will then be worth Ten Millions Eight Hundred thoufand Pounds, at Twenty one Years purchafe ; viz* Two Hundred Twenty Six Millions, and Eight Hundred thoufand Poinds, that is Sixty nine Millions, and l.iree Hundred thoufand Pounds more than it was before. F 4 And [7*3 Thatthofe And it any Prince willing toinlarge who pur- his Territories , will give any thing w ihaii more tnan Six * Millions or half the weaken prefent value for the (aid relinquilhed t fa cmfelv « Land, which are eftimated to be worth Thirteen Millions; then the whole pro- fit, will be above Seventy Five Milli- ons, and Eight Hundred 600 /. Above four times the Iofs, as the fame was above computed. But if ?ny Man fball object, that it will be dangerous unto England, that Ireland fhould be in the Hands of any other Nation * I anfwer in (hort, that that Nation, whoever mall purehafe it (being divided by means of the faid purehafe,) (hall not be more able to annoy England than now in its united condition. Nor is Irelandmatet England, than France and Flanders. Now if any Man mall defire a more clear explanation, how, and by what means, the Rents of Lands mall rife by this clofer cohabitation of People above defcribed ? I anfwer, chat the advantage will arife in tranfplancing about Eighteen Hundred thoufand People , from the poor ^nd miferable Trade of Husban- dry t to more beneficial Handicrafts : For when the fuperaddition is made, a ve- ry En 3 ry little addition of Husbandry to the fame Lands will produce a fifth part more of Food,and confequently the addi- tional hands,earning but 40 s. per annum fas they may very well do, nay to 8 /. per annum ) at fome other Trade ; the Superlucration will be above Three Millions and Six Hundred thoufand Pounds per annum, which at Twenty Years purchafe is Seventy Millions. Moreover, as the Inhabicants of Cities and Towns, fpend more Commodities, and make greater confumptiotis, than thofe who live in wild thin peopled Countries; So when England fhall be thicker peopled, in the manner before defenbed, the very fame People wall then fpend more, than when they liv- ed more fordidly and inurbanely , and further afunder, and more out of the fight, obfervation, and emulation of each other ; every Man defiring to put on better Apparel when he appears in Company, than when he has no occa- That the fion to be ktn. difference I further add, that the charge of the brtwecn Government, Cwil, Mtliury, and Ec &1^s ckfiaftical, Woufd be more cheap, /a/f, Territory and effectual in this condition of ctp/er isnc * m *' tcriaL CO [74] co-habitation than otherwife, as not only reafon , but the example of the United Provinces doth demon- Urate. But to lee this Whole digreffion pals for a mere Dream, I fuppofe 'twill ierve to prove, that in cafe the King of En- glands Territories, Ihould be a little lefs than thole of the King of France^ that for almuch as neither of them are over- peopled, that the difference is not ma- terial to the Queftion in hand ; where- fore fuppofing the King of Frances ad- vantages, to be little or nothing in this point of Territory ; we come next to examine and compare, the number of Subjects which each of thefe Monarchs doth govern. The Book called the State of France, maketh that Kingdom to confift of Twenty Seven thoufand Parimcs ; and anorher Book written by a fubftan- tial Author, who profefledly inquires into the State of the Church and Church- men of France , fets it down as an ex- traordinary cafe, that a Farijh in France mould have Six Hundred Souls; where- fore I fuppofe that the faid Author (who hath fo well examined the mat- teO try] car) is not of opinion that every Pa- riih, one with another, hath above Five Hundred ; by which reckoning the whole People of France, are about Thirteen Millions and a half; Now the People of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the iilands adjoyning, by compu- tation from the numbers of Parishes ; which commonly have more People in Protectant Churches , than in Popiih Countries ; as alio from the Hearth- money, Pole-money, and Excife, do amount toabout Nine Millions and ». There are in New England, about 16000 Men muftered in Arms 5 about 24000 able to bear Arms ; and conse- quently about 150000 in all: And I fee no reafon why in all this and the other Plantations of Afia , Africa, and America, there fhould not be half Tht of a Million in all. But this laft I leave £3?K* to every Mans conjecture ; and confe &&*«. quently, I fuppofe, that the King of Ssfg^ England harh about Ten Millions of ££'<§&*. 5ubje£b, uhivii Terrarum Orbis ; and ™«j£ the King of France about Thirteen and V juSTfe. a £ as aforefaid. STtiV™ Although it be very material to know r '*"" oao °- the number of Subjects belonging to each Prince, [7*3 Prince, yet When the Queftion is con- cerning their Wealth and Strength ; It is alfo material to examin, how many of them do get more than they f^end, and how many lefs. In order whereunto it is to be confi- dered, that in the King of England? Dominions, there are not Twenty thou- fand Church-men ; But in France, as the aforementioned Author of theirs doth aver, (who fets down the particular number of each Religious Order) there are about Two Hundred and Seventy thoufand 5 viz. Two Hundred and Fifty thoufond more than we thinkare necefla- ry, (that is to fay) Two Hundred and Fifty Thoufand withdrawn out of the World. Now the faid number of adult and able bodied Pertbns, are equivalent to about double the fame number, of the promifcuous Mafs of Mankind. And the fame Author fays, that the fame Religious Perfons, do fpend one with another about 18 d. per diem > which is triple even to what a labouring Man requires. Wherefore the faid Two Hundred and Fifty thoufand Church-men (living as they do) makes the King oi Trance s Thirteen C77] Thirteen Millions and a half, to be lefs than Thirteen : Now if Ten Men can* defend themfefves as well in Iflands, as Thirteen can upon the Continent ; then the faid Ten being not concerned to increafe their Territory by the Inva- fion of others, are as effectual as the Thirteen in point of Strength alfo ; wherefore that there are more Superlu- crators in the Engli/h, than the French Dominions, we fay as followeth. There be in England* Scotland, Ire- The mul- land 9 and the Kings other Territories x ^^ above Forty Thoufand Seamen ; in ctofeflln France not above a quarter fo many j the k. of but one Seaman earnethas much as three ? r *™£ s common Husbandmen; wherefore this themui- difference in Seamen , addeth to the * itu ^ of account of the King of England's Sub- vafMe^*" je&s, is an advantage equivalent to Sixty domcreafe Thoufand Husbandmen. £,! W s There are in England, Scotland, and subje&s.* Ireland, and all other the King of Eng- land's Territories Six Hundred thoufand Tun of Shipping, worth about four Millions and a £ of Money 5 and the annual charge of maintaining the Ship- ping of England, by new Buildings and Reparations , is about f part of the fame lr*2 feme fumm ; which is the Wages of one Hundred and Fifty thoufand Hus- bandmen, but is not the Wages of above | part of fo many Artifanr as are em- ployed, upon Shipping of all (brts ; viz. Shiprights, Calkfrs, Joyners, Carvers, Painters , Block-makers , Rope makers, Mafi- makers, Smiths of feveral forts ; Flagmakers, Cempafs-makers, Brewers, Bakers, and all other fort of Victuallers; all forts of Tradefmen relating to Guns, and Gunners ftores. Wherefore there being four times more of thefe Artifans in England, &c. than in France', they further add to the account of the King of England** Subjects, the equivalent of The K. ofEighty Thoufand Husbandmen more. EmlfTuts The Sea-line of England, Scotland, S2Tin anc * Inte***' a^ tnc adjacent Iflands, sife£ buds about Three thoufand Eight hundred 11 Mite Miles ; according to which length, and T^i e a ~the whole content of Acres, the iaid WatentheLand would be an Oblong, or Paralle- jwI tog**" 1 Figure of Three thoufand Eight 6 5 . hundred Miles long, and about Twenty four Miles broad; and coniequently, every part of England, Scotland, and Ireland, is one with another, but Twelve Miles from the Sea : Whereas France containing, but about one Thoufand Miles l79l Miles of Sea line, is by the like method or computation, about Sixty Five Miles from the Sea fide ; and confidering the paucity of Ports, in comparifonofwhat are in the King of England's Dominions, as good as Seventy Miles diftant from a Port : Upon which grounds it is dear, that England can be fupplied, with all grofs and bulkey commodities of Fo- reign growth and Manufacture, at far cheaper rates than France can be, viz. at about 4 s. per cent, cheaper ; the Land carriage for the difference of the di- ftance between England and France from a Port, being fo much or near there- abouts. Now to what advantage this conveniency amounteth, r upon the Im- portation and Exportation of Bulkey Commodities, cannot be lefs than the Labour of one Million of People, &c. meaning by bulkey Commodities all forts of Timber, Plank , and Staves for Cask.% z\UIron 9 Lead, Stones, Bricks, and Tyles for building ; alitor*, Sak» and Drinks; nM.Fle/h and Fijh, and in- deed all Other Commodities, wherein the gain and lofs of 45. per Cent, is confiderable 5 where note that the like Wines ace fold in th; inner parts of France E*>3 France for four or Five Pound a Tiin, Thedecay which near the Ports yield 7 /. More- fa e*?J£ over u P on tms Principal, the decay of i* no very Timber in England is no very formi- formida- b jetted , that the The E f ™ f - fplendor and magnificencies of the King o^iSng, of France, appearing greater than thofe ofFrance y oi England, chat the Wealth of France™**™ muft be proportionably greater, than G t the that of England; but that doth not fol- greater low, forafmuch as the apparent great- ^PropS. nefsofthe King, doth depend upon the Quota pars of the Peoples Wealth which he levyeth from them ; for fuppofing of the People to be equally Rich, if one of the Sovereigns levy a fifth part, and another a fifteenth, the one feems actu- ally thrice as Rich as the other, where- as potentially, they are but equaL Having thus difcourfed of the 7Vr- Compaq ritory, People, Superlucration, and De-^£} fenciblenefs of both Dominions, and in reign fome meafure of their Trade, fo far as Trade of wehadoccafion to mention Ships > Ship- an "| 4 " ping, and nearnefs to Ports ; we come Frame . next to inlarge a little further, upon the Trade of each. O Some Some have efh'mated, that there are not above Three hundred Millions of People in the whole World. Whether that be fo or no, is not very material to be known; but I have fair grounds to conjecture , and would be glad to know it more certainly, that there are not above Eighty Millions, with whom the Englijb and Dutch have Commerce; no Europeans that I know of, Trading directly nor indirectly, where they do not 3 fo as the whole Commercial World, or World of Trade, confifteth of about Eighty Millions of Souls, as aforefaid. And I further eftimate, that the va- lue of all Commodities yearly exchan- ged amongft them, doth not exceed the value o£ Forty Five Millions: Now the Wealth of every Nation , confiding chiefly, in the fhare which they have in the Foreign Trade with the whole Commercial World , rather than in the Domeftick Trade , of ordinary Meat, Drink, and Cloaths, &c. which bring- ing in little Gold, Silver, "jewels, and other Vniverjal Wealth % we are to confider, whether the Subjetts of the King of England, Head for Head, have not a greater fhare. than thofe of France. To C«j3 To which purpofe it hath been con- fidercd, that the Manufactures of Wool, yearly exported out of England, into feveral parts of the World, viz. Alt forts of Cloth, Serges, Stuffs, Cottons, Bayes, Sayes, Frize, perpetuantfs ; as alto Stockings, Caps, Rugs, ®c. Ex- ported out of England, Scotland, and Ireland, do amount unto Five Millions per annum. The value of Lead, Tytm, and Coals, to be Five hundred thoufand pounds. The value of all Cloaths, Houjbold- ftuff, &t. carried into America, Two hundred thoufand pounds. The value of Silver, and Gold, taken from the Spaniards Sixty thou- fand pounds. The value of Sugar, Indico, Tobacco, Cotton, and Caccao, brought from the Southward parts of America Six hundred thoufand pounds. The value of the Fijh, Pipefiaves, Mafts, Bever, ($c. brought from New- England, and the Northern parts of America , Two Hundred Thoufand pounds. The value of the Wool, Butter, Hides, 7 allow, Beef, Herring, Pitchers, G % and E 84] and Salmon, exported out of Ireland, Eight hundred thoufand pounds. The value of the Coals , Salt, Lin- nen, Tarn, Herrings , Pitchers, Salmon, Lin n en-Cloth, and lam, brought out of Scotland, and Ireland \ $00000 /. The value of Saltpeter , Pepper , Callicoes, Diamonds, Drugs, and Silks, brought out of the Ea/t-hdies, above what was fpent in England; Eight hun- dred thoufand pounds. The value of the Slaves, brought out of Africa, to ferve in our American Plan- tations Twenty thoufand pounds ; which with the Freight of Englifh Shipping, Trading into Foreign parts, being above a Million and a £ , makes in all Ten Millions one Hundred and Eighty thou* fand pounds. Which computation is fufficiently juftified by the Cuftoms of the Three Kingdoms, whofe intrinfick value axe thought to be near a Million per annum, *viz. Six hundred thoufand pounds, paya- ble to the King ; loo thoufand Pounds, for the charges of Collecting, ®c. Two hundred thoufand pounds fmuckled by the M Tenants, and one Hundred thou- iand pounds gained by the Farmers ; accord- [8? 3 according to common Opinion, and Mens Sayings : And this agrees alfo With that proportion, or part of the whole Trade of the World, which I have eftimated the Subjects of the King of England to be poffefled of, viz. of about Ten of Forty Five Millions. But the value of the French Com- modities, brought into England, (not- withstanding fome currant eftimates, ) are not above one Million Two hun- dred thoufand founds per annum ; and the value of all they export into all the World befides, not above Three or Four times as much ; which compu- tation alfo agreeth well enough, with the account we have of the Cuftoms of France ; fo as France not exporting above i the value of what England doth ; and for that all the Commodi- ties of France (except Wines^ Brandy, Paper , and the firft patterns and fa- fhions for Cloaths , and Furniture (of which France is the Mint) are imitable by the Englifi; and having withal more People than England ; it follows that the People of England, &c. have Head for Head, thrice as much Foreign Trade as the People of France $ and about G 3 Two Two parts of Nine of the Trade of the whole Commercial Worlds and about Two parts in Seven of all the Ship- ping : Notwithftanding all which it is not to be denied , that the King and fome great Men of France^ appear more Rich and Splendid, than thofe of the like Quality in England ; all which arifes rather from the nature of their Government, than from the Iotrinfick and Natural caufes of Wealth and Power. Chap. C «7] Chap. V. That the Impediments 0/Englandsgr^/- nejs, are but contingent and remov- able, TH E firft Impediment of Englands Tne dilu- grcatnefs is, that the Territo nion of ries thereunto belonging, are too for^T^. afunder , and divided by the Sea into England many feveral //lands and Countries r is an inl- and I may fay, into fo many Kingdoms, ^ d ^ ent ' and feveral Governments, (viz.*) there greatnefi be Three diftinct LegiOacive Powers in Thediffe- Etgland, Scotland, and Ireland-, the J] e " tur ^ fil " which inftead of uniting together, do another often crofs one anothers Intereft ; put- im P edl " ting Bars and Impediments upon one anothers Trades , not only as if they were Foreigners to each other, but fome- T^ C °J°- times as Enemies, longing -l The Iflands of Jerfey and Gemfey, t0 , En- and the Ifle of Man.* are under Jufifdi-^ inu a . £tions different from rhofc , cither of tion to England, Scotland, or Ireland. the Km ' G 4 3 The pire * [88] g. The Government of New- England (both Civil and Ecdefiaftical) doth fo differ from that of His Majeities other Dominions, that 'tis hard to fay what may be the confequence of it. And the Government of the other Plantations, doth alfo differ very much from any of the reft ; although there be not naturally fubftantial reafons from the Situation, Trade, and Condition of the People, why there mould be fuch dif- ferences. From ail which it comes to pals, that fmall divided remote Governments, being feldom able to defend themfelves, the Burthen of protecting of them all, muft lye upon the chief King4om England', and fo all the fmaller Kingdoms and Dominions, inftead of being Addi- tions, are really Dimunitions ; but the fame is remedied by making Two fuch Grand Councils, as may equally repre- fent die whole Empire, one to becho- fen by the King, the other by the Peo- ple. The Wealth of a King is Three- fold, one is the Wealth of his Subjects, the fecond is the Quota pars of his Subjects Wealth, given him for the pub- lick Defence , Honour » and Ornament of [8?] of the People, and to manage fuch un- dertaking for the Common Good, as no one or a few private Men, are fuf- ficientfor. The third fort are the Quota, of the laft mention Huota /tars, which the King may dilpofe of, as his own per- fonai inclination, and difcretion fhail di- rect him ; without account. Now it is mod manifeft, that the afore mentioned diftances, and differencies, of Kingdoms, and Jurifdi&ions, are great impedi- ments to all the faid feveral forrs of Wealth, as may be feen in the follow- ing particulars. Fir ft in cafe of War with Foreign Nations, England com- monly beareth the whole burthen, and charge, whereby many in England net utterly undone. Secondly, England fometimes Prohi- biting the Commodities of Ireland, and Scotland^ as of late it did the Cattle, Flefh, and Fijh, of Ireland; did not only make Food, and confequently La- lour, dearer in England \ but alfo hath forced the People of Ireland, to fetch thefe Commodities from France , MoU land, and other places, which before was fold them from England , to the C 9<> 3 the great prejudice of both Nations. Thirdly, It occafions an unneceflary trouble, and charge, in Collecting of Cufloms, upon Commodities parting between the feveral Nations. Fourthly , It is a damage to our Earhadoes^ and other American Trades, that the Goods which might pafs thence immediately, to feveral parts of the World , and to be fold at moderate Rates, mud firft come into England, and there pay Duties, and afterwards (if at all) pafs into thofe Countries, whither they might have gone imme- diatly. Fifthly, The Iflands of Jerfey and Gernfey, are proce&ed at the charge of England^ neverthelefs the Labour, and Induftry, of that People (which is ve- ry great) redounds molt to the profit of the French. Sixthly, In New-England , there are vaft numbers of able bodyed Englijh- men, employed chiefly in Husbandry, and in the meaneft part of it, (which is breeding of Cattle) whereas Ireland would have contained all thofe per- fons, and at worft would have afforded them Lands on better terms, than they have [?• ] have them in America , if not fome other better Trade withal, than now they can have. Seventhly, The Inhabitants of the other Plantations, although they do in- deed Plant Commodities, which will not grow fo well in England ; yet grafping at more Land, than will fuf- nce to produce the faid Exotiics in a fufficienc quantity to fcv i the whole World, they do therein but diftra6t, and confound, the effect of their own Indeavours. Eighthly, There is no doubt that the fame People, far and wide difperfed, mud fpend more upon their Govern- ment, and Protection, than the lame living compa&ly, and when they have no occafion to depend upon the Wind, Weathcr,and all the Accidents of the Sea. A fecond Impediment to the great- The diflfe- nefeoi Exgland t is the different Under- rent Un- flanding of feveral Material Points, viz. f n crft * f d " Of the Kings Prerogative, Privileges p^roga- of Parliament, the obfcure differences tive, and between Law and Equity ; as alfo be- ©f SS- tween Civil and Ecclefiaftical Jurisdicti- mentXaw and E- quity, Civil and EcekGaftical j the Supream Legiilature of Ire* land, die. ons; C ?* 3 ons $ Doubts whether the Kingdom of England, hath power over the King- dom of Ireland, befides the wonderful Paradox, that Englishmen, Lawfully fent to fupprefs Rebellions in Ireland, mould after having effected the fame, (be as it were J Disfranchifed, and iofe that Intereft in the Legislative Power, which they §ad in England, and pay Cuftoms as Foreigners for all they fpend in Ireland, whither they were fent, for the Honor and Benefit of England. Want of The third Impediment is, That Ireland UnionVor Dein g a Conquered Country, and con- want of taining not the tenth part as many andtnnf ^"fi Natives, as there are Engl/jh in piantati- both Kingdoms, That natural and firm on - Union is not made, between the two Peoples, by Tranfplantations, and pro- portionable mixture, fo as there may be but a tenth part, of the Irijb in Ire- land, and the fame proportion in Eng- land-^ whereby the necelTity of main- taining an Army in Ireland, at the ex* penc€, of a quatter of all the Rents of -, that Kingdom may be taken away. The un- _,, 9 i w j« - Vl equal in- The fourth Impediment is, That conveni- Taxes in England are not Levied upon thocTof : ^ e e *p eNce > but upon the whoe E* taxing. Jtate 3 t9ll ftate; not upon Lands, Stock, and La- hour, but chiefly upon Land alone; and chat not by any equal, and indif- ferent Standard, but the cafual predo- minancy, of Parties^ and Faclions : and moreover that thefe Taxes are not Levied with the lead trouble, and charge, but let out to Farmers, who al- fo let them from one to another with- out explicit knowledge of what they do; but fo as in conclufion, the poor People pay twice as much as the King receives. The fifth Impediment is the ine- inequality quality of Shire j, Diocefes, Parifhes, j^S"' Church- Livings, and other Precincts, as Pariftes,' alfo the Reprefentation of the People in Member* Parliament; all which do hinder the of ^t1?I Operations of Authority in the fame manner, as a Wheel irregulary made, and excentrically hung 5 neither moves fo eafily , nor performs its Work fo truely, as if the fame were duely framed and poifed. Sixthly , Whether it be an Impedi- ment, that the power of making War, and raifing Mony be not in the fame Hand , much may be laid ; but I .leave it to thofe, who may more pro- perly [?4] perly meddle with Fundamental Laws. None of thefe Impediments are Na- tural, but did arife as the irregularity of Buildings do, by being built, pare at one time, and part at another; and by the changing of the ftate of things, from what they were at the refpective times, when the Practices we complain of, were firft admitted, and jperhaps, are but the warpings of time, from the rectitude of the firft Inftitution. As thefe Impediments are contin- gent, fo they are alfo removeable ; for may not the Land of fuperfluous Ter- ritories be fold, and the People with their moveables brought away ? May not the Englifb in the America Planta- tions (who Plant Tobacco, Sugar, &c.) compute what Land will ferve their turn, and then contract their Habitati- ons to that proportion, both for quan- tity and quality > as for the People of New-England^ I can but wifh they were Tranfplanted into Old England, or Ire- land (according to Propofals of their own, made within this twenty years) although they were allowed more liber- ty of Confciencc, than they allow one another. May May. not the three Kingdoms be Uni- ted into one, and equally reprefented in Parliament ? Might not the feveral Spe- cies of the Kings Subjects, be equally mixt in their Habitations? Might not the Parishes, and other Precincts be better equalized > Might not Jurifdi&i- ons, and pretences of Power, be de- termined and ascertained ? Might not the Taxes be equally applotted, and di- rectly applied to their ultimate ufe? Might not Diflenters in Religion be indulged, they paying a competent Force to keep the Publkk Peace ? I Humbly venture to fay, all thefe things may be done, if it be fo thought fit by the Sovereign Power, becaufe the like hath often been done already, at feveral Places and Times. Chap. Cstf] Chap. VI. That the Tower and Wealth of England hath increafed this lafl forty years. ManfTer- TT is not much to be doubted, but havebeen * ^ iat ^ ie Territories under the Kings added to Dominions have increafed -, Forafmuch England as New-England, Virginia, Barhadoes, bout'forty and J antatc ^ » Tangier , and Bumbay, years, and have fince that time, been either ad- many in> d ec i t0 j^js Majefties Territories, or im- ments proved from a Defart condition , to a- made. bound with People, Buildings, Ship- ping, and the Production of many ufe- ful Commodities. And as for the Land of England, Scotland, and Ireland, as it is not iefs in quantity, than it was forty years fince; fo it is manifeft that by reafon of the Dreyning of Fens, water- ing of dry Grounds, improying of For- refls, and Commons^ making of Hea- thy and Barren Grounds^ to bear Saint* foyne , and Clovergrafs ; meliorating , and multiplying feveral forts of Fruits, and I 97 ] and Garden-Stuffe , making fome Ri- vers Navigable, &c. I fay it is mani- feft, that the Land in its prefent Con- dition , is able to bear more Provifion, and Commodities , than it was forty years ago. Secondly, Although the People in England, Scotland, and Ireland^ which have extraordinarily perifhed by the Plague, and Sword , within this laft forty years, do amount to about three hundred thoufand , above what have dyed in the ordinary way ; yet the ordinary increafe by Generation of ten Millions, which doubles in two hundred years, as hath been fhewn by the Ob iervators upon the Bills of Mortality, may in forty years (which is a fifth part of the fame time) have increafed t part of the whole number, or two Millions. Where note by the way, that the acceffion of Negroes to the Ameri- can Plantations (being all Men of great Labour and little Expence) is not in- confiderable ; befides it is hoped that New-England^ where few or no Women are Barren, and mod have many Chil- dren, and where People live long, and healthfully, hath produced an increafe H of C?8] of as many People," as were deftroyed in the late Tumults in Ireland. The hou- a s f or H ou jj„g f t hc Streets of Lon- London d° n i* ^ fpeaks it , I conceive it is doubled in double in value in that City, to what value. - t wa§ £ or ^ y ears f mce . an£ j f or Houfing in the Country, they have in- creafed, at Newcaftle, Tarmouth, Nor- wich, Exeter, Port/mouth, Cowes, Dub- lin, Kingfaile, Londonderry, and Cole- raine in Ireland, far beyond the propor- tion of what I can learn have been di- lapidated in other places. For in Ire- land where the ruin was greateft, the Houfing (taking all together) is now more valuable than forty years ago, nor is this to be donbted, (ince Houfing is now more fplendid, than in thofc days, and the number of Dwellers is increafed, by near f part ; as in the laft Paragraph is fet fort. The ship- a s for Shipping, his Majeftics Navy much^iZ * s now tr ipl e > or quadruple, to what it creafed was forty years fince, and before the with the Sovereign was Built; the Shipping tWf! Trading to Newcaftle , which are now about eighty thoufand Tuns, could not be then above a quarter of that quan- tity. Firft, Becaufe the City of London, is I 99 3 is doubled, z. Becaufe the ufe of Coals is alfo at leaft doubled, becaufe they were heretofore feldom ufed in Cham- bers, as now they are, nor were there fo many Bricks burned with them as of late, nor did the Country on both fides the Thames, make ufe of them as now. Befides there are employed in the Guinny and American Trade ^ above forty thoufand Tun of Shipping per annum ; which Trade in thofe days was incon- fiderable. The quantity of Wines Im- ported was not near fo much as now ; and to be ftiort, the Cuftoms upon Im- ported, and Exported Commodities, did not then yield a third part of the prefent value ; which mews that not only Shipping, but Trade it felf hath increafed, fomewhat near that propor- tion. As to Mony, the Intereft thereof was intereft of Within this fifty years, at 10 /. per Cent. M° n J a " c J a f i c , i bated near forty years ago, at o /. and now at 6 /. ^lf. no thanks to any Laws which have been made to that purpofe, forafmuch as thofe who can give good fecurity, may now have it at lefs : But the na- tural fall of Intereft, is the effect ot the increafe of Mony. H x More- Moreover if rented Lands, and Houfe s, have increafed ; and if Trade hath in- creafed alfo , it is certain that mony which payeth thofe Rents, and driveth on Trade, muft have increafed alfo. Laftly, I leave it to the confideration of all Obfervers, whether the number, and fplendor of Coaches, Equipage, and Hoitfbold Fueniture, hath not increafed, fince that time; to fay nothing of the Poftage of Letters, which have in- crealed from one to twenty, which ar- gues the increafe of Bufmefs, and Ne- Mony and gotiation. I might add that his Ma- thePub- jefties Revenue is near tripled, and lenufin- therefore the means to pay, and bear created, the fame, have increafed alfo. Chap. c 101 Chap. VII. That one tenth part of the whole Ex- pence, of the King of England's Sub- jefts , is fuficient to maintain ten thoufand Foot, forty thoufand Horfe, and forty thoufand Men at Sea ; and defray all other Charges of the Govern- ment,- both Ordinary and Extraordi- nary , if the fame were regularly Taxed, and Raifed. P** M^^ O clear this Point, we are to find An efl -»- out, what is the middle expence [jj|! ^ edl -_ of each H*ad in the Kings Dominions^ um ofEx- between the higheft and the lowed ; pen h C u of . to which I fay it is not probably \ek,tn Eng- than the expence of a Labourer, who tand. earneth about 8 d. a day ; for the Wages of fuch a Man is 4 s. per week with- out Victuals, or z s. with it 5 where- fore the value of his Victuals is 2 j, per week, or 5 /. 4 s. per annum : Now the value of Clothes cannoc be lefs than the Wages given to the pooreft Maid- H 3 Servant [ »«* 3 Servant in the Country, which is 30 J* per annum, nor can the charge of all other Neceflaries, be leis than 6 s. per annum more ; wherefore the whole charge is 7/. It is not likely that this Difcourfe will fall into the hands of any that live at 7 / per annum , and therefore fuch will wonder at this fuppofition : But if they confider how much the number of the Poor, and their Children, is greater than that of the Rich; although the perfonal ex pence of fome Rich Men, fhould be twenty times more than that of a Labourer ; yet the expence of the Labonrer above mentioned, may well e- nough (land for the Standard of the Ex- pence , of the whole mafs of Mankind. Now if the expence of each Man, one with another, be 7 L per annum, and if the number of the Kings Subjects, be ten Millions, then the tenth part of the whole expence, will be {even Mil- lions; but about five Millions, or a ve* ry little more, will amount to one years pay for one hundred thoufand Foot, forty thoufand Horfe, and forty thou- sand Men at Sea , Winter and Sum- mer; which can rarely be neceflary. And And the ordinary charge of the Govern- ment , in times of deep, and ferene Peace, was not 600000 /. per annum. Where a People thrive, there the in- come is greater than the expence, and consequently the tenth part of the ex- pence is not a tenth part of the in- come ; now for Men to pay a tenth of their expence, in a time of the greateft: exegency (for fuch it muft be when fo great Forces are requifitej can be no hardihip, much lefe a deplorable con- dition, for to bear the tenth part, a Man needs fpend but a twentieth part lefs, and labour a twentieth part more, or half an hour per diem extraordinary, both which within Common Experience are very tolerable ; there being very few in England, who do not ear by a twen- tieth parr more than does them good ; and what mifery were it, in Head of wearing Cloth of 20 s. per Yard, to be cuueented with that of i 9 5. few Men having skill enough to difcern the dif- ference. Memorandum, That all this while I fuppofe, that all of thefe ten Millions of People, are obedient to their Sove- reign, and within the reach of hrs power ; H 4 for C »«>4 ] for as things arc otherwife, fo the Cal- culation muft be varied. Chap. VIII. That there are fpare Hands enough a* mong the King of England's Subjetts, to earn two Millions per annum more than they now do ; and that there are alfo Employments* ready, proper, and fufficient, for that purpofe. TO prove this Point we muft en- quire, how much all the People could earn, if the were difpofed, or ne- ceffitated to labour, and had Work whereupon to employ themfelves; and compare that fumm, which that of the Total expence above mentioned ; de- ducting the Rents, and Profits of their Land, and Stock, which properly fpeak- ing, favethfomuch Labour. Now the proceed of the faid Lands, and Stock in the Countries, is about three parts of feven , of the whole expence ; fo as where the expence is feventy Millions 5 the C »oj 3 the Rent of the Land, and the Profit of all the Perfonal Eftate, Intereft of mo- ny, &c. muft be about thirty Millions ; and confequeruly, the value of the La- bour forty Millions , that is 4 /. per Head. But it is to be noted, That about a quarter of the Mafs ot Mankind , are Children* Males, and Females, under feven years old, from whom little Labour is to be expected. It is alfo to be noted, That about another tenth part of the whole People, are fuch as by reafon of their great FJlates, Titles, Dignities., Offices , and Profeffions , are exempt from that kind of Labour we now fpeak of; their bufinefs being, or ought to be, to Govern, Regulate, and Diretl, the Labours, and Aclions of ethers. So that of ten Millions, there may be about fix Millions and an half, which (if need require) might actually Labour : And of thefe fome might earn 3 s.per week, fome 5 s. and fome 7 s. That is all of them might earn 5 s. per week at a Medium one with another ; or at leafl 10/. per annum, (allowing for ficknefs, and other accidents ;) whereby the whole might earn fixty five Millions per annum, that is [ io6 2 is twenty five more than the ex- pence. The Author of the State of England, fays that the Children of Norwich, be- tween fix and fixtcen years old, do earn 12000/. per annum , more than they fpend. Now forafmuch as the People of Norwich, are a three hundredth part of all the People of England, as appears by the Accompts of the Hearth mony ; and about a five hundredth part, of all the Kings Subje&s throughout the World 5 it follows that all his Majefties Subjects, between fix and fixteen years old, might earn five Millions per annum more than they fpend. Again, forafmuch as the number of People, above fixteen years old , are double the number, of thofe between fix and fixteen; and that each of the Men can earn double to each of the Children ; it is plain that if the Men and Children every where did do as they do in Norwich, they might earn twenty five Millions per ann. morethan they fpend ; which eftimate grounded upon matter of Fact and Experience , agrees with the former. Although Although as hath been proved, the People of England do thrive, and that it is pofiible they might Superlucrate twenty five Millions per annum ; yet it is manifeft that they do not, nor twenty three, which is lefe by the two Millions herein meant ; for if they did Superlu- crate twenty three Millions, then in about five or fix years time, the whole Stock, and Pcrfonal Eftate of the .Na- tion would be doubled, which I wifti were true, but find no manner of reafon to believe; wherefore if they can Su- perlucrate twenty five , but do not actually Superlucrate twenty three, nor twenty, nor ten , nor perhaps five, I have then proved what was propounded ; viz. That there are fpare Hands among the Kings Subjects, to earn two Millions more than they do. But to fpeak a little more particu- larly concerning this matter : Ic is to be noted that fince the Fire of London, there was earned in four years by Tradefmen, (relating to Building onlyj the fumm of four Millions ; viz, one Million per annum, without leflening any other fort of Work, Labour, or Manufacture, which was ufually done in any C 108 ] any other four years before the faid occa- fion. But if the Tradefmert relating to Building only, and fuch of them only as wrought in and about London, could do one Million worth of Work extraordi- nary; I think that from thence, and from what hath been faid before, all the reft of the fpare Hands , might very well double the fame, which is as much as was propounded. Now if there were fpare Hands to Superlucrate Millions of Millions, they fignifie nothing unlefs there were Em- ployment for them ; and may as well follow their Pleafures, and Speculati- ons, as Labour to no purpofe; there- fore the more material Point is, to prove that there is two Millions worth of. Work to be done, which at prefent the King's Subjects do neglecT:. For the proof of this there needs lit- tle more to be done, than to compute j. How much mony is paid, by the King of England's SubjecTs, to Foreigners for Freights of Shipping. 2. How much the Hollanders gain by their Fifhing Trade, pradrifed upon our Seas. J. What the value is of all the Commodities, Im- ported into, and fpent in England; which might [ l0 9 ] might by diligence be produced , and Manufactured here. To make fhort of this matter, upon perufal of the mod Authentick Accompts, relating to thefe feveral particulars, I affirm that the fame amounteth to above five Millions, whereas I propounded but two Milli- ons. For a further proof whereof Mr. Sa- muel Fortry in his ingenious Difcourfe of Trade,exhibits the particulars, where- in it appears, that the Goods Imported out of France only, amount yearly to two Millions fix hundred thoufand pounds. And I affirm, That the Wine, Paper , Corke, Jlozen, Capers, and a few other Commodities, which England cannot produce, do not amount to one fifth part of the faid fumm. From whence it follows, that (if Mr. Fortry hath not erred ) the two Millions here men- tioned, may arife from France alone; and confequently five or fix Millions, from all the three Heads lafl above fpecified. Chap. C"0] Chap. IX. That there is Matty fufficient to drive the trade of the Nation. Since his Majefties happy Reftanrati* on, it was thought fit to cail in, and new Coin the mony, which was made in the times of Vfurpation. Now it was obferved by the general confent of Caihiers, that chefaid mony (being by frequent Revolutions well mixed with old) was about a feventh part thereof; and that the faid mony being called in, was about 800000 /. and con- fequently the whole five Millions fix hundred thoufand pound. Whereby it is probable that ( fome allowance being given for hoarded mony) the whole Cafh of England was then about fix Millions, which I conceive is fufficient to drive the Trade of England , not doubling but the reft of his Majefties Dominions have the like means to do the fame reflectively. If If there be fix Millions of Souls in England, and that each fpendeth 7/. per annum , than the whole expence is forty two Millions , or about eight hundred thoufand pound per week ; and confequently, if every Man did pay his expence weekly , and that the mony could circulate within the compafs of a week, then lefs than one Million would anfwer the ends propofed. But forafmuch as the Rents of the Lands in England (which are paid half yearly) are eight Millions per annum , there muft be four Millions to pay them. And forafmuch as the Rent of the Houfing of England, paid quarterly, are worth about four Millions per ann. there needs but one Million to pay the (aid Rents; wherefore fix Millions be- ing enough to make good the three forts of Circulations above mentioned, I conceive what was propofed, is com- petently proved , at leaft until fome- thing better be held forth to the con- trary. Chap. [«.*] Chap. X. That the King of England 1 * Subjetls^ have Stock competent and conveni- ent, to drive the 'trade of the whole Commercial World. NOW for the further incouragement of Trade, as we have fhewn that there is mony enough in England to manage the Affairs thereof; fo we (hall now offer to confederation , whether there be not a competent, and conveni- ent Stock to drive the Trade of the whole Commercial World. To which purpofe it is to be remembred, That all the Commodities, yearly Exported out of every part of the lad: mentioned World , may be bought for forty five Millions; and that the Shipping em- ployed in the fame World, are not worth above fifteeen Millions more, and con- fequently, that fixty Millions at moft, would drive the whole Trade above mentioned, without any truft at all. ut C"j 3 but forafmuch as the growers of Com- modities, do commonly truft them to fuch Merchants or Factors, as are worth but fuch a part of the full value of their Commodities, as may poflibly be loft upon the fale of them, whereas gain is rather to be expected ; it follows that lefs than a Stock of fixty Millions, nay lefs than half of the fame fumm, is fuf- ficient to drive the Trade above menti- oned : It being well known that any Tradefman of good Reputation worth 500 /. will be trufted with above 1000 /. worth of Commodities : Wherefore lefs than thirty Millions, will fuffice for the faid purpofe; of which fumm, the £ put their younger Sons to Mer- I chandize; C"4] chandize, they will fee it reafonable, as they incteafe in the number of Mer- chants, (o to increafe the magnitude of Trade, and confequently to increafe Stock ; which may effectually be done, by inbanking twenty Millions worth of Land , not being above a fixth or feventh of the whole Territory of Eng- land; (that is to fay) by making a Fond of fuch value, to be fecurity for all Commodities , bought and fold upon the accompt of that Vniverfal Trade here .mentioned. And thus it having appeared, that England having in it, as much Land, like Holland and Zealand, as the faid two Provinces do thcmfelves contain, with abundance of other Land, not in- convenient for Trade ; and that there are fpare Hands enough, to earn many Mil- lions of mony, more than they now do t and that there is alfo Employment to earn feveral Millions, (even from the Confumption of England it felf ) it fol- lows from thence, and from what hath been faid in the laft Paragraph, about inlarging of Stock, both of Mony, and Land; that it is not impoflible, nay a very feafible matter, for the King of England's England's Subjects, to gain the Vnfoer- fal Trade of the whole Commercial World, Nor is it unfeafonable to intimate this matter, forafmuch as the younger Brothers, of the good Families of Eng- land^ cannot otherwife be provided for, fo as to live according to their Birth and Breeding : For if the Lands of England are worth eight Millions per annum, then there be at • a medium about ten thoufand Families, of about 800 /. per annum ; in each of which, one with ano ther, we may fuppofe there is a younger Brother, whom lefs than two or 300/. per annum will not maintain fuitablc to his Relations : Now I fay that neither the Offices at Court, nor Commands in our ordinary Army and Navy, nor Church Preferments; nor the ufual Gains by the Profeflion of the Law, and Phy- fick; nor the Employments under No- blemen, and Prelates ; will, all of them put together, furnifh livelyhoods of a- bove 300 /. per annum, to three thouland of the faid ten thoufand younger Bro- thers : wherefore it remains that Trade alone muft fupply the reft. But if the faid feven thouland Gentlemen, be ap- plyed to Trade, without increafing of I 1 Trade; Trade ; or if we hope toincreafe Trade* without increafing of Stock, which for ought appears is only to be done, by imbanking a due proportion of Lands, and Mony ; we mull neceflariiy be difappointed. Where note, that felling of Lands to Foreigners for Gold and Silver, would inlarge the Stnck of the Kingdom : Whereas doing the fame be- tween one another, doth effect nothing. Fcr he that turneth all his Land into Mony, difpofes himfelf for Trades and he that parteth with his Mony for Land, doth the contrary : But to fell Land to Foreigners, increafeth both Mony and People,and confequently Trade. Where- fore it is to be thought, that when the Laws denying Strangers to Purchafe, and not permitting them to Trade, without paying extraordinary Duties, were made ; that then , the publick State of things, and Intereft of the Na- tion, were far different from what they now are. Haying handled thefe ten Principal CoridufwnSt I might go on with others, ad infinitum ; But what hath been al- ready faid , I look upon as fufficient, /or to fhew what I mean by Political Arithmetkk j Arithmetick ; and to ihew the ufes of knowing the true ftate of the People, Land, Stock, Trade, &c. a. That the King's Subje&s are not in fobad a condi- tion, as difconrented Men would make them. 3. To ihew the great effect of Vntty, inAuftry, and obedience, in order to the Common Safety, and each Man's particular happinefs. FINIS. Advertifement AdvertifemmU THE Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations Unlocked, a new Difcovery of the- Conftruction of all Equations howfoever affe&ed, not ex- ceeding the fourth Degree, (viz.)oi Li- nears, Quadratics, Cubics, Biquadra- tics ; and the finding of all their Roots, as well Falfe as True, without the ufe of Mefolabe, Trife&ion of Angles; without Reduction, Depreffion, or any other previous preparations of Equati- ons by a Circle, and any (and that but one only) Parable. And this by one only General Rule, than which a more Sim- ple, more Perfect, more General, more eafie to be underftood, or more fit for Practice, cannot be devifed, or wiflied for. Fortified with Demonflrations, Illuftrated with Figures to Each Equati- on, and Exemplified with Numeral E^ quations (according to all the varieties of Cafes) adapted to each Figure. Some Some IBOOJ^S lately Printed for Robert Gavel. ROwan Forgeries in the Councils, during the flrft four Centuries, together with an Appendix concerning the Forgeries and Errors in f the Annals of Baronius. By Thomas Comber, D. D. Praecentor of Tork. A Schoiaftical Hiflory of the Primitive and general ufe of Liturgies in the Chri- flian Church, together with an Anfwet to Mr. David Ciarkjons late Difcourfe concerning Liturgies , in two Parts in o£tavo. By Thomas Comber , D. D. Seafonable Refle&ions on a late Pam- phlet, Entituled, A Hiftory of Paffive Obedience fince the Reformation, where- in the true Notion of Paffive Obedience is fetled and (ecured from the maliti- ous Interpretations of ill defigning Men. The Golden Rule, or the Royal Law of Equity Explained. A Sermon Preached before the Court of Aldermen, and City of London, at (7*//