B ^ 275 231 
 
 ES-WAX 
 
 «Eronomifa. um<s am iEonhtxmn into Momj). 
 
 J. DE?f^LEII, 
 
 President of eke Strassburg-Enzheim Bee-keepers' ..s>^ncki^. 
 Editor qt the ' Elsass-LothHiiger Bee-keeper r Author nf ' Honev 
 "»d Medicine,' and « Uonev avA Hr Fsp^ ' 
 
 TRANSLA.ED FROM THE GERMAN AND L^.iTED BY 
 
 T. W. COWAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. 
 
 Editov 0) ' Brithh Brc Journal,' the * BHti.sh Be^^.;eper!^' A'-'vrrr- * 
 
 tish Bee-ke 
 
 frlluslratfTJ* 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 W I ii '^^^^ HUCKLE, KINGS LANGLEY, HERTS. 
 
 PRICE THREEPENCE. 
 
[ 
 
 UNIVERSITY FARM 
 
 BEE 
 iCOUiCTK 
 
i 
 
 BEES -WAX: 
 
 ITS 
 
 iifrconomical ©seg antr (JTonber^ion into ifiloneB* 
 
 J. DENNLER, 
 
 President of the Strasshurg-F.nzlie'nn Bee-keepe)'s' Assocmtion ; 
 
 Editor of the ' Elsass-Lothringer Bce-heeper ;' Author of* Honey as Food 
 
 and Medicine,' and ' Honey and its Uses.' 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN AND EDITED BY 
 
 T. W. COWAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., &c. 
 
 Editor of * British Bee Journal,' the 'British Bee-keepers' Adviser,' 
 Author of * British Bee-Jceepers' Guide Look,' &c. 
 
 4nu!5traut!> 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 JOHN HUCKLE, KINGS LANGLEY, HERTS. 
 
 1889. 
 
 ^Y 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/beeswaxitseconomOOdennrich 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 Historical. 
 
 Bees-wax was known in ancient times. The Bible tells 
 us of a land flowing with milk and honey ; and where 
 there was honey, there must also have been wax. Pliny 
 speaks of white wax, and in the time of Dioscorides wax 
 was rolled into sheets according to a method described by 
 him. 
 
 At that time materials for lighting made from wax 
 fetched a high price ; they were used at divine service, 
 and the consumption which was at first comparatively 
 small, was afterwards increased by the spread of Christ- 
 ianity. The bleaching of wax was at that time carried on 
 as an independent trade, and one sees how extensive it 
 was by the fact that towards the end of the seventeenth 
 century there were in Hamburg alone fourteen bleaching- 
 houses for wax. It is certain tliat, with the exception of 
 oil and tallow, as also of the common torch, no other 
 material for lighting was known except wax, and this 
 could only be used by very rich people. 
 
 Even princes who allowed themselves this luxury (as 
 it was then held) were accounted extravagant. But, in 
 addition to tapers, wax was used in still larger quantities 
 for the manufacture of artificial flowers and fruits, 
 which were much used as ornaments for rooms, for arti- 
 ficial flowers made of woven fabrics were not then 
 known. 
 
 The Eef ormation dealt a heavy blow to the wax trade, 
 and consequently bee-keeping also suffered, from the fact 
 that the Evangelical Church did away with tapers at 
 divine service. 
 
 :i70^0K 
 
4 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 By the introduction of sugar bee-keeping was decreased 
 still more, and the production of wax was reduced to a. 
 minimum. As powerful competitors of wax, there 
 appeared in commerce wax obtained from various plants 
 and minerals, such as stearine, paraffine, ceresine, and 
 others, which still further lowered the price of bees- wax. 
 
 Germany/ has always produced a very much-prized 
 wax for technical, medicinal, and artistic uses ; so have 
 also the various Austrian provinces and Switzerland. 
 Turkey is said to produce the best of all known de- 
 scriptions of wax. Turkish wax is also the dearest ; 
 usually of a briglit orange colour. France produces a large 
 quantity of splendid wax. Closely following the French 
 comes the Spanish, in cakes of from 2 to o lbs. in weight. 
 Italy also produces large quantities of excellent wax. Of 
 the various kinds of wax other than European , the West 
 Indian, Egyptian, and Barbary wax are highly prized. 
 
 The Production of Wax. 
 Bee-keepers, and amongst them Swammerdam, Ma- 
 raldi, Reaumur, and others, were for a long time of 
 opinion that bees collected wax directly from flowerp. 
 (Swammerdam : Bihlia Natures ; Maraldi : Observations 
 sur les Aheilles ; Memoir es de VAcad. des Sciences ^ 1712 ; 
 Keaumur.* Histoire Nat. des Aheilles). But the experi- 
 ments of Hunter have shown that the bee by no means 
 plays so simple a part in the production of wax, for this 
 great anatomist, so long ago as the year 1702, gave a 
 description of the segments of the bee's abdomen, by 
 which the wax is separated into small scales {Fhilosojy/i. 
 Trans. J 1712^, an observation which Huber of Geneva 
 confirms in his Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles, 
 II., chap. 1. Already in 1684 Martin John had made 
 the same observation.* 
 
 * It is difficult to say who first discovered the scales of wax, 
 but they were noticed and described by Herman C. Hornbostel, 
 a Hanoverian pastor, in the Hamburg Library about 1745. A 
 German farmer, a member of the Lusatian bee society, also 
 noticed them in 1765, and this fact was communicated to Bonnet 
 by Willeim. In 1774 Thcrley mentioned them, and so did 
 Wil'dman in 1779.— T. W. C 
 
BEES-AVAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 5 
 
 Beeswax, tlien, is not found readj-made in nature, 
 but is produced in the bee's bod}^ ; it is like honey, 
 an organic production, and not a mechanical or technical 
 one. AVax is formed in the body of the working bee, 
 of fluid honey, and pollen. But it is not formed in- 
 voluntarily, as every well-nourished animal body forms 
 fat, but voluntarily, viz., when the bees wish to form it, 
 and when they have taken fluid honey, and pollen, in a 
 larger quantity than they need for their own bodily 
 nourishment, and the surplus is neither given as food to 
 
 Fig. 1. — Wax-scales on under side of abdomen. 
 
 the brood, the queen, or the drones, but is retained, 
 further digested, and allowed to pass into the blood- 
 vessels, in order to be organically, chemically distilled 
 there, and to exude as a kind of fatty matter by the seg- 
 ments of the abdomen. 
 
 The wax leaves the secreting glands in a fluid state, 
 and solidifies in the form of small transparent white 
 scales, five-cornered, shining like mother of pearl, in 
 size about two square millimetres, such as are found in 
 large numbers on the floor-boards of a strong colony 
 when comb building. 
 
 When the bees want to build comb, they hang 
 
6 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 together in the form of a biinch of grapes, by which a 
 certain amount of order is observed. The bees do not 
 hang irregularly one upon the other by the booklets of 
 their feet, but the whole bunch is formed by the bees 
 holding together in the form of a chain. The great heat 
 generated in the cluster of bees facilitates the separation 
 of the wax from their bodies (fig. 1). 
 
 Newly-built combs vary in colour from a light yellow 
 to an orange red. It is remarkable that a light yellow 
 wax comes from dark kinds of honey like, for instance, 
 heather honey, and a dark orange red wax from white 
 honey, as, for example, vetch honey. 
 
 This circumstance, which Mons. de Layens, a well- 
 known bee-keeper and author in France was the first to 
 notice, led this sagacious inquirer to think that the 
 colouring of the wax was probably due to pollen, 
 and this was chemically proved to be the case by Dr. A . 
 Von Planta, the famous Swiss chemist. 
 
 Beeswax consists of two different substances. It is 
 a mixture of cerotic acid (cerin), which is soluble in 
 alcohol, and of myricine, which is only slightly soluble in 
 alcohol. Besides these constituents beeswax contains 
 organic colouring matter, also other organic matters, 
 which can be separated in the purifying. The colouring 
 matter is best removed by bleaching in clear sunshine. 
 Chemically pure wax is, when white, colourless and 
 tasteless, and in thin scales is very transparent, shows 
 a splintery fracture, and at 20°C. assumes that peculiar 
 Imeadable condition which is qualified by the descrip- 
 tion of being Svax-hke.' The melting point of wax 
 is very high, between 63° and 64°C., and this is 
 a good means of recognising the genuineness of the 
 production, together with the specific gravity, which 
 lies between 0-965 and 0-969. 
 
 The elaboration of wax not only makes great claims 
 on the vital powers of the bees, but also costs them, as 
 well as the bee-keeper, much honey. It has been calcu- 
 lated that for one pound of wax, from ten to fifteen 
 pounds of honey are required, without counting the loss 
 of time caused in the building. Von Berlepsch makes 
 
BEES- WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 7 
 
 the proportion from 13 to 1, Dr. Donhoff from 14 J to 1, 
 and Cowan estimates the production of wax at 20 to 1. 
 But 20 lbs. of honey are worth 20 shillings, while for 
 1 lb. of wax one gets only 2 shillings.* The intelligent 
 bee-keeper will see by these figures how valuable good 
 combs are. 
 
 It is to the interest of every bee-keeper to try and 
 protect his combs from the ravages of the wax-moths. 
 These moths, of which there is a large and a small 
 kind {Galleria cereana, Galleria alvearia) lay their eggs 
 in the combs, or in the debris of the bee-hives. It is the 
 larvse which hatch from these eggs that spin webs round 
 the comb and eat it. It is specially the large kind of 
 larvae that very much increase the difficulty of pre- 
 serving the combs. The right way to get rid of them, 
 or to kill them, consists in hanging up your frames of 
 comb in hermetically sealed boxes, and in warm weather 
 to burn a piece of sulphur in it every three or four weeks. 
 The ravages of the wax-moth may also be prevented 
 by hanging up the combs and exposing them to a current 
 of air. 
 
 Comb Foundation. 
 
 There came a time when the bees did not satisfy the 
 needs of the bee-keeper as regards accuracy in building 
 the rows of comb, and their habit of beginning to build 
 their comb on the edges and the sides gave some bee- 
 keepers the idea of providing the centre of the under side 
 of top bar with a sharply projecting strip of wood (Giebel- 
 hausen and Bottner). A line of wax was also recom- 
 mended (Dr. Honert). The bees were to build regularly 
 upon it. Sometimes they did, but more often they did 
 not. Tongs were also prepared which made impressions 
 of the cells on little pieces of wood (Wilde). 
 
 * Recent experiments of Mr. G. de Layens show that, under 
 certain ifavourable conditions, bees may only consnme 6*3 lbs. of 
 honey to produce 1 lb. of comb ; so that at least 10 to 16 lbs. of 
 honey may be reckoned as necessary under ordinary circum- 
 stances for the production of 1 lb. of comb. — T. W. C. 
 
^ BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 Otto Schulz writes {Histoid of Artificial Comb) that 
 these methods succeeded in inducing bees to build 
 straight by constant time-wasting manipulations, yet all 
 one's hopes were not realised, and the vexation was 
 especially great when the bee-keeper in the early spring 
 put in a frame provided with the impressions, and at 
 the beginning of the conrtruction perceived that princi- 
 pally drone-cells were being built. 
 
 The carpenter, Mehring, of Frankenthal in the 
 Palatinate, was the first to conceive the idea of con- 
 •structing a pair of plates of wood on which were 
 <mgraved the impressions of the bases of the cells, with 
 which he pressed out of wax-sheets the first foundations 
 of the comb. Diimmler in Homburg, Kunz in Jagendorf , 
 Sand in Gundau, Peter Jacob in Fraubrunnen in Switzer- 
 land, perfected the ingenious discovery, and soon furnished 
 very useful foundations. But it was Otto Schulz, of 
 Buckow, who, later on, brought the artificial combs to a 
 perfection hitherto unattained.* Since then he ha^ 
 never been unfaithful to his principles, viz. : to furnish 
 a i^erfect product at a low in'ice and in large quantities. 
 That this undertaking has grown in the hands of the 
 ^ Bee-lord ' (literally the bee-village-magistrate), as our 
 manufacturer is called in the bee-world, is to be seen by 
 the fact that his business increases every year, and that, 
 in 1885, he produced and despatched about 18,000 kilo- 
 grammes (a kilogramme =2^ lbs.).t Competition was 
 not wanting. Comb foundation manufactories have shot 
 up like mushrooms from the ground in the two last de- 
 
 * Some of the best machines have been made in America, and 
 Mr. Root was one of the first in that country to popularise the 
 use of foundation, and to construct a practical machine for its 
 production. Amongst the most popular machines the best are, 
 the Vandervoort, Dunham, and Root, but none of these excel 
 those made in England by A. Godman. — T. W. C. 
 
 t These figures have been considerably exceeded by Messrs. 
 Dadant & Son, who in 1887 produced and sold 67,831 lbs. of 
 comb foundation, notwithstanding that the season was a bad one 
 in America. — T. W. C. 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 9 
 
 cades. Of those best known we may mention in Germany, 
 Friedrich in Griefswald, Hermann Bruder in Waldshut 
 (Baden), A. Herlikofer in Gmiind ( Wiirtemberg), 
 Adam Wendler in Aschaffenburg (Bavaria), Weyell and 
 Breidecker in Sauer-Schwafbenheim (in Kbenish Hesse), 
 Voight in Bahn (Pomerania). In Austrian Hungary, 
 Anton John Wagner in Vienna, Joseph Ludwig, the 
 Master Carpenter of Moravian Bee-keepers' Union in 
 Briinn; in Sioitzerland, Siegwart in Altdorf (Uri), 
 Hermann Brogle in Siesseln ; in England, Messrs. 
 Abbott of Southall, London ; * in America, Ch. Dadant 
 of Hamilton (Illinois). 
 
 Fig. 2. — Rietsche Foundation Presser. 
 
 By the recent improvement of the presser, bee-keepers 
 are enabled to press for themselves the foundations they 
 require, instead of selling their wax at ridiculously low 
 prices. Eietsche in Bieberach (Baden) supplies such 
 presses. Fig. 2, as well as Hermann Greve, in Neu-Braden- 
 burg (Mecklenburg), and Ihring and Fahrenholz,in Berlin. 
 The Italian hand-presser, Fig. 8, of Guazzoni, who also 
 
 * Besides Messrs. Abbott in England there are Messrs. Blow, 
 Neighbour, Baldwin, Howard, and Stothard, who manufacture 
 comb foundation — T W. C. 
 
 a2 
 
10 
 
 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 invented the wax-smelter, Fig. 4, is a very practical ap- 
 pliance. Of course in the home manufacture of foundation 
 
 3 
 
 Cl5 
 
 one must not expect first-class goods, for every trade needs 
 long practice, and a bee-keeper will .seldom attain per- 
 
BBE8-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 11 
 
 fection if he has only to produce the foundation he 
 requires for his own use. 
 
 Fig. 4.— Guazzoni's Wax Smelter. 
 
12 
 
 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 Wax Extraction. 
 
 By the invention of the moveable comb hive 'and 
 honey extractor the production of wax has sunk to the 
 minimum. The bee-keeper who uses moveable comb, 
 hives only allows liis bees to build such combs as may 
 be required for brood and honey. The combs designed 
 for the latter never wear out, and can be used not only 
 ten, twenty, or fifty, but even fifty plus fifty years and 
 more, as the damage caused by the extracting is always 
 repaired by the bees. Brood-comb, on the contrary, must 
 from time to time be melted down and replaced by new. 
 
 An apiary of twenty to thirty frame hives will only 
 
 Fig. 6. — Solar Wax-extractor. 
 
 yield very small quantities of wax. It is therefore all 
 the more necessary carefully to collect all refuse wax 
 in order to melt it down. The most suitable apparatus 
 for this is the solar wax-extractor, which consists of a 
 little wooden box with a moveable glass cover (see 
 Fig. 5). Inside there is an inclined sheet of tin (marked 
 by dotted fines), upon which the combs to be melted are 
 laid. 
 
 If the extractor is placed in a very sunny place the 
 wax melts and flows into the little tin trough, which is 
 placed under the tin plate at i in illustration. The refuse 
 remaining is taken away when the molten wax ceases 
 to flow. 
 
 Those who wish to melt small quantities of wax with- 
 out an extractor should put them in a loose bag, place a 
 few laths in a copper, so that the bag shall not touch 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 13 
 
 the bottom, weight it with a stone, pour water over it, 
 and then let the mass hoil. The wax melts, rises to 
 the surface of the water, and is taken off after it has be- 
 come cold. For large quantities the wax- press (see fig. C) 
 
 Fig. 6.— Wax Press. 
 
 is suitable, and is used by the Heath bee-keepers in 
 northern Germany. The illustration is so exact that it 
 needs little description to make one understand the 
 handling of it. 
 
 The bar B presses the block of wood A upon the bag 
 containing the wax, and this flows with the water into 
 
14 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 . the pail E. As soon as the latter is full, the tap is opened ^ 
 the water then flows into the basin F, and is put back 
 into the wax-kettle, that the wax may remain boilings 
 which would not happen if cold water were added. 
 When the pressing is finished the water is allowed to 
 run away. 
 
 In order to free the so-called raw wax, obtained in 
 this way, from any impurities which it may still 
 contain, it is melted once more in a copper half-filled 
 with water, well stirred for a few minutes, and then 
 left for about two hours over a moderate fire, not being 
 allowed to boil. When the kettle is taken off the fire^ 
 the scum is taken off and the cake of wax allowed to get 
 hard. The impurities in the wax have now partly sunk 
 to the bottom of the kettle and are partly attached to 
 the under side of the cake, from which they are scraped 
 with a knife. Many bee-keepers repeat this melting 
 a second time, and thus are able to get a better and purer 
 wax. 
 
 The Adulteration and Analysis of Wax. 
 
 It does not redound to the credit of the present age 
 that it is often called the century of adulteration, but 
 this is not to be wondered at. The evil spirit of adultera- 
 tion has crept into all branches of handicraft, so that now 
 the adjective ^ pure' can be applied to only very few 
 articles of commerce. Of late attempts have been made 
 to supplant the honey of our bees by any available sub- 
 stitutes, and it is no better with regard to wax. 
 Tallow, stearin, vegetable wax, earth wax (ozokerit), 
 and other inferior kinds of wax are mixed with bees-wax, 
 and are sold as such in the trade. 
 
 * The adulterations of wax,' writes Dr. A. von Planta, 
 ' are so difficult to detect, that it is scarcely practicable 
 for those who are not experts. Pure bees-wax melts aji 
 QS°'6 0. I have tried the melting point of twenty-five 
 such pure specimens of bees-wax obtained from different 
 countries, and it entirely agreed with that stated above.' 
 ]3ut since adulteration has been effected with earth-wax, 
 paraffine, and animal fats, the melting point does not 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 15 
 
 provide sufficient evidence. Otherwise this method 
 would have furnished a good test for those who are not 
 experts. 
 
 There remains, therefore, no other way "but to take 
 the wax to a chemist, who will find out the quantity 
 of cerotic acid and the non-volatile fatty acids, and such 
 an analysis will provide a much safer criterion with 
 regard to the adulteration. 
 
 The following simple tests, however, have often been 
 found useful : — (a.) When wax is chewed there should 
 be no unpleasant taste, and it should not stick to the 
 teeth. If wax is adulterated with other ingredients the 
 taste alone will detect them. If it sticks to the teeth the 
 admixture of resin can be assumed. (6.) Pure beeswax 
 from that adulterated is also determined by first bump- 
 ing quickly on a hot iron plate a small bit of beeswax 
 which is known to be pure. The smell given off is 
 noticed. Then the piece of wax to be examined is 
 burnt in the same way. If it contains ceresine a 
 disagreeable, fatty, white smoke is given off, which 
 differs the more from the smell of wax the more ceresine 
 there is mixed with it. This is a simple way of testing 
 the purity of purchased comb foundation. 
 
 The Employment of Wax for Economical 
 pubposes. 
 
 Beeswax, on account of its illuminating powers, is used 
 for the manufacture of candles and wax-tapers. Also, 
 on account of its tenacity and flexibility, firmness and 
 high melting point, it is indispensable in the great in- 
 dustry of making wax figures and for modelling. Wax 
 renders us important services also in house-keeping. In 
 the following we have some useful recipes : — 
 
 (a.) Seiving Wax. 
 
 The beeswax is made up into little round balls and 
 gives stiffness and smoothness to sewing thread. 
 
16 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 (6.) Grafting Wax. 
 Melt together one part of yellow wax, two parts of 
 rosin, one part of turpentine, and a little lard. Let it 
 get cool, and roll the mass out on a slab into sticks. 
 This is the warm-melting grafting wax. At the present 
 time cold grafting wax, recommended by Dr. Lucas, 
 is often used, and this is prepared from rosin and spirit. 
 
 (c.) Furniture Polish, 
 Melt two parts of wax, and stir into it, after it is 
 taken off the fire, one part of turpentine. 
 
 {d.) Wax Floor Polish. 
 Mix 200 grammes of potash and 200 grammes of 
 water, heat to boiling point, and gradually add while 
 stirring 400 grammes of yellow wax. After this has 
 been boiled up again, pour in 900 grammes of water, 
 and heat until a milky fluid results. This is useful for 
 polishing furniture and floors. {Fls.-Loth. Bee-keeper,) 
 
 (e.) Waterj)7'oof Packing Pajjer. 
 Take twenty-four parts of blue soap and four parts of 
 white soap, fifteen parts of wax, and boil in 120 parts 
 of water. Dip the packing paper into it, let it well 
 soak, and hang up over a string to dry. 
 
 (/.) Leather Grease. 
 For the preparation of this, mix 1 J lbs. of pure yellow 
 wax in IJ lbs. of oil of turpentine, 1^ lbs. of castor oil, 
 12 J lbs. of linseed oil, and 1| lbs. of tar, and let the 
 whole be thoroughly well mixed. By occasional appli- 
 cations from time to time (about every six months) 
 harness is protected by this grease from the influence of 
 air, heat, perspiration, and all moisture. 
 
 (g.) Wax JDuhbing for snaking Boots Waterproof 
 Is prepared by melting together 6J parts of yellow wax, 
 2t3^ parts of mutton fat, 6J parts of thick turpentine, 
 6 J parts of olive oil, and 13 parts of lard, and stirring 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 17 
 
 into this 5 parts of well-heated lampblack. The mass 
 is then poured into little wooden boxes. The dubbing is 
 warmed and rubbed in with the fingers. The hard 
 leather is softened, and becomes perfectly water-proof. 
 
 (h.) Removinfj Cracks in Horses' Hoofs. 
 
 Wax and honey in equal parts are melted together 
 over a slow fire, and thoroughly mixed. It is used 
 in this way : the hoof having been thoroughly cleansed 
 with tepid water the above mixture is well rubbed 
 in with a brush. After several applications the fissures 
 and cracks disappear, and the hoof regains its softness. 
 
 Uses of Wax in Medicine. 
 
 («.) Remedies for Couyhs, Expectoration j Tlrysipelas. 
 
 Breathe the vapour of wax which is melted on 
 a hot iron or a brazier of charcoal. 
 
 (<5.) Healing Salve, 
 
 Honey, oil, and wax melted together are made into a 
 salve which hastens the healing of old wounds and ulcers. 
 
 (c.) Marigoldflower Plasters for Wounds. 
 From marigold flowers a plaster can be made by 
 bruising' the flowers and the stalks and mixing them with 
 as much lard as will cover them, allowing the mass to 
 boil over a moderate fire for an hour, and then squeezing 
 it through a cloth. The liquid that is pressed out is put 
 on the fire again, and as much yellow wax added as will 
 make ,it of the consistency of a plaster. If less wax is 
 used, marigold flower salve is obtained. Both prepara- 
 tions are useful for all kinds of wounds. 
 
 (d.) Remedy for Diarrhoea. 
 In France the following remedy is frequently found of 
 
18 BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 
 
 use: — Scoop out the core of a quince, fill it with hot 
 wax, and let it roast gently and for a long time by the fire. 
 This is eaten fasting for three consecutive mornings. 
 
 (e.) Salve for Wounds after Removal of Warts, 
 
 Prepare a salve of white wax and fresh unsalted butter 
 in equal parts, and mix a little white wine with it. 
 
 {f.) Salve for Burns, 
 
 A mixture of w^ax and linseed oil makes an excellent 
 plaster for burns. Stahl's burn-salve is made of equal 
 parts of butter and yellow wax. 
 
 (jg.) Corn Plaster, 
 
 For corns a good plaster is made of wax, tallow, and 
 a little verdigris. 
 
 (/^.) Tooth-sto2'>ping, 
 
 Tooth-stopping is prepared by melting 3 parts of pure 
 white wax with 3^ parts of mastic, adding a few drops 
 of oil of peppermint, and making it into pills on a 
 marble slab. The hollow teeth are filled with these so 
 that food may not lodge in them and irritate the 
 nerves. 
 
 {i.) Wax Salve for Skin Diseases, 
 
 5 parts of white wax, o parts of spermaceti, 5 parts 
 of sweet almond oil, are melted together in an enamelled 
 saucepan, poured out into little paper boxes, and when 
 cold are cut up into small tablets. 
 
 Cosmetic Specialties. 
 
 (a.) Glycerine Wax Balsam, 
 2 parts of white wax, 2 parts of spermaceti, 8 parts 
 of sweet almond oil, 4 parts of glycerine, ^ part of attar 
 
BEES-WAX AND ITS ECONOMICAL USES. 19 
 
 of roses, are carefully melted too;ether in an enamelled 
 saucepan over a slow fire, stirred until cold, and put 
 into glass jars. 
 
 (b.) Creme Celeste. 
 
 1| parts of white wax, 3 parts of spermaceti, 3 parts 
 of sweet almond oil, are melted together in a porcelain 
 dish over a water bath, and when cold 2 parts of rose 
 water are stirred in. 
 
 (e.) Cold Cream 
 
 Is usM to keep the skin delicate and soft. It is pre- 
 pared by rubbing together in a water bath 1 part of 
 white wax, 2 parts of spermaceti, 8 parts of sweet 
 almond oil, and 5 parts of rose water. 
 
 {d.) Cosmetique. 
 
 Melt in a porcelain dish over a water bath 500 
 grammes of yellow wax, and 125 grammes of white 
 soap, take it from the fire, let it cool, and before 
 the mass has set stir in 5 grammes of bergamot and 
 1 gramme of Peruvian balsam. It is rolled into 
 small sticks on a glass or marble slab, and these are 
 covered with paper. 
 
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