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 THE 
 
 CLASSICS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 James Brown Scott 
 
 Member of the Institute of International Law 
 Secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
 
 De Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina Militari Libri III 
 
 By Balthazar Ayala 
 
 Jurisconsult and Judge Advocate General of the Royal Army in the Low Countries 
 
 Edited by John Westlake, LL. D., D. C. L., K. C. 
 
 Late IVhewell Professor of International Law in the University of Cambridge 
 Honorary President of the Institute of International Law 
 
 Vol. \. Reproduction of the First Edition, with Introduction 
 by John Westlake. 
 
 Vol. II. Translation of the Text, by John Pawley Bate, with 
 Translator's Note and Index of Citations.
 
 Original Edition Photographed by The University Press, Oxford 
 
 Photo-Reproduction by The Columbia Planograph Co., Washington 
 
 Typography by The Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore 
 
 2a
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The Carnegie Institution of Washington has undertaken the 
 republication of the leading classics of International Law and the 
 present volume, edited by the distinguished publicist Professor 
 John Westlake, is the second of a comprehensive series. 
 
 The grounds for including Ayala's treatise De Jure et Officiis 
 Bellicis et Disciplina Militari are sufficiently set forth by Pro- 
 fessor Westlake in his introduction. The original text is exceed- 
 ingly difficult to procure and has not hitherto been translated 
 into English. The photographic reproduction places the work 
 within the hands of scholars of any and all countries, and the 
 faithful and literary translation by Mr. John Pawley Bate makes 
 its mastery an easy matter to the English-speaking world. 
 
 One reason for republishing the classics of International Law 
 is the difficulty of procuring the texts in convenient form for 
 scientific study; the libraries in the United States have been 
 searched with the result that few of the earlier works were to be 
 found. Another reason is that some of the works selected for 
 republication have never been translated into English. The 
 American publicist is therefore at a disadvantage in consulting 
 works of admitted authority, and when found they are, as it were, 
 sealed books to all but trained Latinists. The specialist is thus 
 forced to rely upon summary statements and references to them 
 to be found in treatises on International Law, or is driven to 
 examine them in European Libraries, often a difficult task, while 
 the general reader is practically barred from the stores of knowl- 
 edge locked up in the earlier works on the Law of Nations. The 
 same difficulty exists in Latin America, Japan, and in a lesser 
 degree in many European countries. 
 
 Eminent publicists, European and American, who have been 
 consulted as to the usefulness of the plan to republish the Classics, 
 have indorsed the project and have pledged their personal co- 
 operation. The works to be included in the series have not only 
 
 30
 
 been approved but suggested by them, so that the undertaking is 
 international in scope, in selection, and in execution. 
 
 The underlying principle of selection has been to reissue those 
 works which can be said to have contributed either to the origin 
 or to the growth of International Law and the term classic has 
 been used in the broad rather than in the narrow sense, so that 
 no work will be omitted which can be said to have contributed to 
 the origin or growth of the Law of Nations. The masterpieces 
 of Grotius will naturally be the central point in the series, but 
 the works of his leading predecessors and successors will likewise 
 be included. The text of each author will be reproduced photo- 
 graphically, so as to lay the source before the reader without the 
 mistakes which might creep into a newly printed text. In the 
 case of the early authors the photographed text will be accom- 
 panied by a revised text whenever that course shall seem de- 
 sirable. An Introduction will be prefixed to each work, giving 
 the necessary biographical details and stating the importance of 
 the text and its place in International Law; tables of errata will 
 be added, and notes deemed necessary to clear up doubts and 
 ambiguities or to correct mistakes in the text will be supplied. 
 Variations in successive editions of the text published in the 
 author's lifetime will be noted, but little or nothing in the nature 
 of historical commentary will be furnished. 
 
 Each work will be accompanied by an English version made 
 expressly for the series by a competent translator. 
 
 It is hoped that the series will enable general readers as well as 
 specialists to trace International Law from its faint and uncon- 
 scious beginnings to its present ample proportions and to forecast 
 with some degree of certainty its future development into that law 
 which Mirabeau tells us will one day rule the world. 
 
 James Brown Scott, 
 
 General Editor. 
 
 Jraslilngton, D, C, September I, igi2. 
 
 Aa
 
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 iDi.XXXF.& .^t. XXXVI 
 
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 BALTHASAR AYALA I.CET SENATOR 
 REGIVS MACHLINIENSIS. 
 
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 Lln^Is^e , ct QhtarVs IVre ptrliVs erat . 
 
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 officio , seros oCCIdlt ante dies . 
 
 ///./ Jr UWrl Syniliiut 4neuri/i
 
 BALTHAZARIS AYALAE 
 
 I. C. et Exercitus Regii apud Belgas Supremi Juridici 
 De Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina Militari 
 
 Libri III 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 John Westlake, LL. D., Cambridge, K. C. 
 
 Late PFhewell Professor of International Law in the 
 University of Cambridge 
 
 Hon. D. C. L. Oxford, Hon. LL. D. Edinburgh 
 
 Late Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague 
 
 Late President of the Institute of International Law 
 
 Honorary President of the Institute of International Law 
 
 VOLUME ONE 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington 
 1912
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Volume I. 
 
 pages 
 
 1 . Preface, by General Editor 3^-4^ 
 
 2. Introduction, by John Westlake i-xxvii 
 
 3. Epistola Dedicatoria, Praefatio de Jure Belli, Enumeratio Capitum, 
 
 and de Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina Militari Libri III 1-226 
 
 4. Note on Corrections of the Text and Errors in the Marginal 
 
 References 227 
 
 The text here reproduced was photographed from a copy of the original 
 edition of 1582, belonging to the library at All Souls College, Oxford, and 
 loaned to the University Press for the purpose of photographing. 
 
 The portrait of Ayala given in this volume has been reproduced by photog- 
 raphy from one found in a volume of portraits of Belgian authors, published at 
 Antwerp in 1608, with the title Illustrium Galliae Belgicae Scriptorum hones et 
 Elogia: ex Musaeo Auberti Mirae Canonici Antwerp. 
 
 Volume 1 1. 
 
 pages 
 
 1. Translator's Note on Corrections of the Text, Errors in the Marginal 
 
 References and Mode of Citation adopted in the Translation; 
 
 and classified List of Authorities Ja-iOa 
 
 2. Translation of Epistola Dedicatoria, Praefatio de Jure Belli, Enum- 
 
 eratio Capitum, and de Jure et Officiis Bellicis et Disciplina 
 Militari Libri III i-xii and 3--46 
 
 3. Index of Citations 247-250 
 
 •7a
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ayala; and Book I, Chapter 1. 
 
 In a celebrated passage of the prolegomena or preface to his 
 great work, § 37, Grotius mentions a number of books which he 
 had seen, some by theologians and some by doctors of law, treat- 
 ing specially on the jus belli, an expression not adequately trans- 
 latable in any short English form. Besides the laws of war, that 
 is, the rules according to which it ought to be carried on, it in- 
 cludes all that relates to the place of war in a philosophical system 
 of human life and conduct. And these predecessors he condemns, 
 all of them because they had said so little on a very wide subject, 
 most of them also because they had mixed up in disorderly con- 
 fusion things belonging to natural, divine, state or canon law, or 
 to the received law of nations (jus gentium). He goes on in § 38 
 to name three others who had attempted to supply what was most 
 lacking in the first mentioned, the light thrown by history; but of 
 these he at once dismisses Faber as not having enunciated propo- 
 sitions to which his citations might applii, ^while the other two, 
 Balthazar Ayala and Albericus Gentilis, had referred the ex- 
 amples cited by them to certain propositions laid down by them. 
 Grotius then admits his indebtedness to the industry of Gentilis, 
 though he leaves readers to form their own judgment on the 
 doctrinal use to which Gentilis put his collections. Of Ayala he 
 only says — and, as we shall see, incorrectly — that he did not touch 
 the causes for which a war is called just or unjust. If these notices 
 do not amount to praise, at least they show that Grotius agreed 
 with general opinion in marking Ayala and Gentilis as his two 
 chief predecessors in what is now called international law. And 
 in any comparison of their merits Ayala claims our sympathy and
 
 11 
 
 our excuse for his shortcomings, as being the first in time. He 
 died in 1584, the year before the publication of Gentilis's first 
 book, de Legationibus libri tres. How early they both were in 
 relation to the development of thought on their subject will be 
 seen from the fact that it was not till 161 2, after the deaths of 
 both, that Suarez, the greatest of Grotius's predecessors in the 
 philosophy of law, published his Tractatus de Legibus et de Deo 
 Legtslatore. 
 
 Balthazar de Ayala was born a subject of the Emperor Charles 
 the Fifth, at Antwerp in 1548. His father, Don Diego de Ayala, 
 was a native of Burgos in Spain, and had obtained the rights 
 of citizenship at Antwerp in 1531-1532. His mother was the 
 daughter of Charles de Renialme, a licentiate in law and an 
 Alderman {echevin) of the same city in 1531, 1532 and 1534. 
 Thus Balthazar had ties with each of the principal parts of the 
 vast dominions of Charles and his son Philip, but he was essen- 
 tially a Netherlander {Beige). He had arrived at years of dis- 
 cretion when in the disturbances of 1566 the Netherlands began 
 to be convulsed by the struggle for civil and religious liberty, 
 and at years of manhood when in 1572 the insurrection was 
 placed on a firm footing through the seizure of the port of Brill 
 by the Sea-Beggars (gueux de la mer). But neither Balthazar 
 nor any of his family appears at all to have doubted which side 
 they should take. His brother Gregory was a member of the 
 Council of Brabant. His brother Philip was Spanish ambassador 
 at the court of Henry the Fourth of France, and afterwards held 
 an important place in the financial administration of the Nether- 
 lands under the Archduke Albert. His first cousin, Gabriel de 
 Ayala, doctor of medicine of the University of Louvain, became 
 the public medical officer (medecin pensionnaire) of the city of 
 Brussels, and published a volume of epigrams in Latin verse. A 
 relation, the Canon de Ayala, was a correspondent of Cardinal 
 Granvelle and was employed by the Netherland bishops as their 
 agent at Rome. Balthazar himself became a licentiate of law in 
 the University of Louvain, and we may conjecture that he spent 
 some time there in the acquisition of the learning of which his 
 book is full.
 
 Ill 
 
 The Netherlands military service was distinct from the Span- 
 ish, as might be expected from the fact that Charles the Fifth and 
 Philip the Second held the Netherlands — that is, the Burgundian 
 inheritance completed by the acquisitions made by Charles on 
 the defeat of the Schmalkaldic League — in a merely personal 
 union with the crown of Spain. In 1553 Charles created for the 
 military forces of the Netherlands two great officers, the auditor 
 and the captain of justice. The character of the former office 
 may be learnt from the commission of its first holder, Doctor 
 Stratius, in which it is said that " in order that we may be the 
 better able to keep our said army in good discipline and justice, 
 we have found it necessary to commission some scholarly person 
 (personnaige de lettres)^ learned and experienced in the matter 
 of justice, to be with our captain-general of our said army, and 
 under him to execute the office of auditor of the camp and give 
 him good advice and counsel in what shall concern justice ". The 
 term captain-general was combined with that of lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor to form the title of the king's representative in the Nether- 
 lands, as in Ayala's dedication of this book we find it applied to 
 the Prince of Parma in its Latin form of imperator. Thus the 
 auditor, as military judge and judicial adviser of the chief of the 
 army, held a position similar to that of the English judge-advo- 
 cate-general, and in one respect with more extensive attributes. 
 For while the rule in the Netherlands was that soldiers were 
 tried for common crimes, not depending on the quality of a 
 soldier, by the jurisdictions to which they were subject in their 
 civil capacity, an exception was made for foreign soldiers and 
 their servants who, if they did not fall under the special jurisdic- 
 tion existing for persons attached to the court, were tried for all 
 crimes by the military judge. Under this system the employment 
 of Spanish troops in the Netherlands must have made a consid- 
 erable addition to the duties of the auditor.* 
 
 To this military auditorship Ayala was appointed at the age 
 of thirty-two, doubtless in consequence at once of family interest 
 and of the reputation earned by his studies. The following 
 
 * Defacoz, Ancien Droit Belgique, t. i, pp. 80, 81 ; citing an ordinance of the Duke of Alba, 
 dated 5th July 1570.
 
 IV 
 
 minute of his commission, preserved in the state archives of the 
 kingdom of Belgium, is dated at Mons, 27th May 1580: 
 
 Philip etc. to all who shall see these presents sends greeting. Since 
 in order to guard, preserve and defend our countries on this side [the 
 Netherlands, as dlstiugtiished froin Spain, Naples etc.] from the enter- 
 prises and invasions of the Prince of Orange and other heretics his 
 adherents, and to recover the countries, towns and places which they 
 occupy unjustly and against all right, divine and human, we are now 
 preparing a camp, and an army of men of war both horse and foot, 
 under our very dear and well beloved good nephew the Prince of 
 Parma and Piacenza, lieutenant-governor and captain-general of these 
 countries; 
 
 And since in order that we may be so much the better able to keep 
 that army in good discipline and justice, we have found it very requisite 
 and necessary to commission some scholarly person, learned and experi- 
 enced in the matter of justice, to execute in It the office of judge-advocate- 
 general of the camp [// ivill he noticed that this paragraph has become 
 common form] ; 
 
 We make it known that, considering this and desiring to provide for 
 the advancement of the said justice and the maintenance of good mili- 
 tary discipline, and fully confiding in the sense, scholarship {literature) ^ 
 loyalty, diligence and experience of our well beloved Master Baltasar 
 d'Ayala, licentiate in the laws, we have, by the determination of our 
 said good nephew the Prince of Parma etc. retained, commissioned and 
 ordered, and do by these presents retain, commission and order him to 
 the said situation and office of judge-advocate-general of our said camp 
 and army, giving him full power and authority and special command- 
 ment to execute and perform that office, to give advice and counsel to 
 our aforesaid good nephew the Prince of Parma and others whom it 
 may concern in matters concerning justice, as he shall find to be accord- 
 ing to right and reason and conformable to our proclamations and 
 ordinances issued and to be issued thereanent, and for the rest to do well 
 and duly all that a good and loyal judge-advocate-general of the said 
 camp can and ought to do, and that is competent and belongs to the 
 matter; 
 
 At such wages and emoluments as by our further letters patent shall 
 be taxed and ordered on that behalf. 
 
 The minute then goes on to direct Ayala to take the appropriate 
 oath, which is to include a denial of all bribery for obtaining the 
 said office, always excepting the accustomed fees of the Sieur de 
 Hauteville, state and privy councillor, who on receiving the said 
 oath is to induct Ayala into his office.
 
 By a further order, dated at Mons, ist August 1580, there are 
 appointed for Ayala, by the month of thirty days, a hundred 
 florins for himself and sixteen each for a clerk, two Serjeants and 
 an executioner, for the whole of which hundred and sixty-four 
 florins Ayala is to give a receipt together with an attestation of 
 his having had the said officers in his service. 
 
 Three years later Ayala received an accession of power and 
 dignity. By an order dated at Tournai, 20th January 1583, the 
 Prince of Parma appointed him, on the death of Jehan aux 
 Truyes, a member of the great council and master of requests in 
 ordinary, his oath of office to be sworn before the president of that 
 council. But by another order, dated at Tournai, 4th April 1583, 
 reciting that the service of His Majesty, on which in his character 
 of auditor-general Ayala was then employed near the person of 
 the prince, did not permit his going to take the oath at Namur— to 
 which place the great council had been transferred from its usual 
 seat at Mechlin, in consequence of the occupation of the latter city 
 by the forces of the prince of Orange— he is permitted to swear 
 it before the president of the privy council, and is confirmed in 
 the receipt of the salary of his new offices notwithstanding his not 
 being resident at Namur to perform the duties of a member of 
 the great council. 
 
 It would indeed seem that the auditor-general had his place so 
 fixed at the side of the captain-general that he required a special 
 command to absent himself, in order to perform elsewhere even 
 duties appertaining to that office. Thus we find an order of the 
 prince directing all officials to assist Ayala in the execution of a 
 command which he had received to accompany the Count of 
 Reulx to Louvain, Aerschot, Liege, Maestricht and other places, 
 in order to enquire into the disorders committed by the troops 
 there in garrison, particularly the outrages which they had done 
 to the commissioners of musters, and to correct and chastise those 
 whom he should find guilty. Thus Ayala's public avocations 
 must not only have been engrossing, but also, as he followed the 
 headquarters of the army from place to place, must have kept 
 him at a distance from libraries. In the time which intervened 
 between his appointment and the dedication of his book, which is 
 dated from the camp before Tournai, 31st October 1581, he can
 
 VI 
 
 scarcely have done more than put in order the notes which he 
 had collected before his appointment, and the three years which 
 remained of his life did not allow him to render any further 
 service to legal literature. He died, Nys tells us, " at Alost, ist 
 September 1584, according to the authorities, but in August, if 
 we follow the text of his successor's commission, which is dated 
 the 20th of that month. He left a natural daughter, Barbe, who 
 married Henry Zoes, professor of law at Louvain, one of the good 
 Belgian jurists of the period, who died in 1627." * 
 
 The impression at once derived from reading the work of 
 Ayala is that it is not a treatise of w^hich the system and the parts 
 have been logically thought out, and of which the conclusions are 
 supported by the authorities cited, but a mass of authorities and 
 examples collected from all ages and sources, arranged under the 
 heads supplied by their tenour, and accompanied by the author's 
 determinations on those heads. The learning is ^rst and the 
 thought second. This however does not seem to be attributable 
 to any deficiency of the author, except in the sense that Ayala 
 certainly had not an original mind. His thought ran on the lines 
 which had been handed down for many ages, and demanded no 
 rearrangement of the traditional sign-posts by which its course 
 was marked out. It must be believed that his authorities had 
 been collected during the years which preceded his appointment 
 as judge-advocate-general, in view of a work to be carefully pre- 
 pared, and that when the press of official business interfered with 
 careful preparation he deemed it better to throw his materials 
 together into such form as he could speedily give them, than to 
 delay, and perhaps risk altogether, the publication of much that 
 was especially appropriate to the time. The want of final polish 
 in arrangement is thus easily accounted for and condoned, but 
 the nature of the author's mind stands out not the less clearly. 
 
 The question of Ayala's character is no less interesting than 
 that of his mind. Can we trace what it was in the times in which 
 he lived that most excited his grief or displeasure, and to which 
 
 * We must acknowledge our great indebtedness to the work of M. Ernest Njs, now a 
 professor at the university of Brussels and a member both of the Belgian court of appeal in 
 that city and of the permanent international court of arbitration at the Hague, Le droit de la 
 Guerre et les Precurseurs de Grotius, 1882, pp. 173-182. Besides other information we owe to 
 this source the ofRcial documents which we have translated or summarized.
 
 Vll 
 
 he most earnestly desired to bring some remedy? The answer 
 to this question may be learnt from the dedication and the preface, 
 which, though no doubt the last parts of the book to be written, 
 disclose for that reason the thoughts of which the abiding force 
 dwelt with the writer when the details of his subject had been 
 dismissed. Of Ayala's dedication to the Prince of Parma the 
 key-note is the necessity of maintaining ancient institutions, and of 
 his preface the key-note is the necessity of maintaining justice. 
 These, and not reason or humanity, were his dominant considera- 
 tions. His spirit was conservative and stern.' Against innovation 
 he would make a stand. In accordance with this bent we find that 
 the first of the three books into which his work is divided begins 
 with the statement that, as the Romans were in all things careful 
 to study law, they followed that habit in declaring war no less 
 than in the things of peace, and that their constant success in war 
 was the result of it. He then devotes the opening chapter to the 
 existence of the Roman fecials as a body to which the form of 
 commencing war was entrusted, the fixed law which they ob- 
 served with regard to that and to the other ceremonies relating to 
 war, and the Roman respect for such law.
 
 II. 
 
 Book I, Chapter 2. 
 
 We will now notice the most remarkable among the further 
 contents of the work here offered to the reader, in the order of 
 the text. 
 
 It will be well to premise that the three books into which it is 
 divided were evidently intended to bear titles corresponding to 
 the divisions implied in the general title — De Jure Belli, De 
 Officiis Bellicis, and De Disciplina Militari. In each book each 
 chapter except the first has a title of its own, while to the first 
 there is prefixed, in the case of the second and third books, the 
 special title of the book, De Officiis Bellicis or De Disciplina 
 Militari. In the case of the first book the title which occupies 
 the corresponding position is not, as it should have been by 
 analogy, De Jure Belli, but that which logically belongs to it 
 as expressing the substance of the chapter — De Ratione Belli 
 Indicendi aliisque Caerimoniis Bellicis quae antiquo jure feciali 
 proditae fuerunt. There is thus some confusion, which may have 
 been made either by Ayala in putting his papers together, or by 
 the printer, who may have been led to omit De Jure Belli as the 
 title of the first book because that form does not appear sepa- 
 rately in the general title of the work. 
 
 It must also be premised that the division of each chapter into 
 sections, quoted here as § § , is made by figures in the margin 
 which are not placed accurately opposite breaks in the context, 
 or even opposite the ends of sentences. Their length is variable, 
 and their origin is difficult to account for. 
 
 In the second chapter of the first book we are told at the outset 
 that in general peace is preferable even to a just war with the 
 devastation which accompanies it, but that a righteous war is 
 better than a dishonourable peace. That a war may be called 
 just, it must be declared and waged by the authority and com- 
 mand of the sovereign prince. A private person can not wage
 
 IX 
 
 it because he must resort to the courts of law for the defence of 
 his rights; but immediately, as if perceiving the inappropriate- 
 ness of that reason to a case where the opponent is not amenable 
 to a court of law, Ayala adds that a private person taking any 
 steps of the nature of war without the command of the prince is 
 guilty of laesa majestas by the lex Julia, the ground of which is 
 the lex regia, by which the people has transferred to the prince all 
 sovereignty over itself and all power. If, however, the cause is 
 great and necessary, the prince absent, and delay dangerous, war 
 may be waged even without his order, especially for defence, the 
 right of which is allowed to every one by the law of nature, which 
 includes in that permission not only vengeance but even expelling 
 the enemy from his own land if with less we can not be safe from 
 him. In such cases there will be a just war and the laws of war 
 will have place, because effects follow their causes, and booty will 
 become the property of the captors. 
 
 But even the prince ought not to wage war without a just and 
 necessary cause, and ought not to be influenced by any lust for 
 doing harm, for cruel revenge, or for domination: § lo. The 
 principal objects of just war are the defence of one's self and of 
 one's friends and allies, the recovery of what has been unjustly 
 taken away by violence, the vindication of injuries received, and, 
 if the injury has been done by private persons without public 
 authority, their surrender for punishment. The refusal of passage 
 through another's territory will justify war, for passage without 
 doing harm {transitus innoxtus) is free by the law of human 
 society. That the passage meant is that of a military expedition 
 against an enemy is shown by the example cited, that of the war 
 of the Israelites against the Amorites who had refused them a 
 passage to the promised land: §ii. Nothing more clearly marks 
 the rudimentary conception of neutrality entertained in the time 
 of the renaissance than the assertion of this right, which indeed 
 was still axiomatic to Grotius. But the most just of all causes 
 of war is given by rebels or seceders (rebelles et imperio defi- 
 ctentes), for they commit an injury against God, from whom all 
 power is derived: § § 12, 13. Yet since a rebel can not properly 
 be called an enemy, an armed contention with such is less prop- 
 erly called a war than an execution, and does not require the
 
 authority of the prince, but the order of a judge having jurisdic- 
 tion will be sufficient: § 14. This, however, is only true so far 
 as regards the measures taken for defence or for the enforcement 
 of jurisdiction. The further rights of war can only be exercised 
 against rebels when the authority of the prince has made the con- 
 test a true war, but even then the acts of the rebels, like those of 
 pirates and robbers, will not be covered by the laws of war, and 
 therefore they will not acquire the property of the things which 
 they capture and persons captured by them will not become 
 slaves: § 15. 
 
 It will be seen at once that here we are concerned with the 
 question which in consequence of the Netherlands insurrection 
 must have bulked largest in Ayala's thoughts. Accordingly he is 
 not content till he has submitted it to a further examination. 
 Ulpian had said that the parties in civil dissensions were not ene- 
 mies to one another, so that the laws of war relating to capture 
 and to postliminy should be in force between them, and that 
 therefore enslavement was not the consequence of capture on 
 either side. And the " ordinances of the kingdom of Spain," 
 an authority which must have touched Ayala more nearly, 
 ordered the sevenfold restitution of things captured in the course 
 of civil dissensions. These rules, he explains, as is shown by 
 Ulpian's use of the word " parties," hold when citizens are at 
 variance only with citizens, but those who contend against the 
 majesty of the state and aim at its destruction are deemed to be 
 enemies. 
 
 So Cicero considered that the Sempronian law, which made a 
 vote of the people necessary for the capital punishment of a 
 Roman citizen, did not prohibit him from putting Cethegus and 
 Lentulus, the fellow conspirators of Catiline, to death. And so 
 also the Romans habitually visited their subject allies, w^hen in- 
 surgent, with the extreme penalties of war: ^ 16. Indeed the 
 law of Solon, condemning to banishment Athenians who took 
 neither part on the occasion of a popular outbreak, had much to 
 recommend it, and in Ayala's own time the modest patience of 
 so many of the Netherlands people greatly aided the rebels: ^ 17. 
 
 But although the exercise of private judgment between con- 
 tending parties is admissible in a democracy or an aristocracy
 
 XI 
 
 when there are rival governments (scisso imperio) ^ in a monarchy 
 every good and wise subject will rank himself on the side of the 
 prince who lawfully enjoys the supreme power: § 19. For as 
 soon as it has been determined that the commonwealth shall be 
 administered by one person, to whom by the lex regia the people 
 have granted all rule and power over themselves, and who is 
 the common parent of all, there is the same duty to defend him 
 that there is to defend the country: § 20. Armed resistance to 
 him is parricidal and can never be justified: § 21. The prince 
 and the commonwealth are so connected that no one can be the 
 enemy of one without being the enemy of the other: §22. Re- 
 bellion against the prince is comparable to heresy, and a person 
 disobedient to him is called infidelis, the double meaning of 
 which term — faithless and infidel — is justified by the question 
 of St. Jerome, " how can a man be faithful in the matter of God 
 (in substantia Dei) who could not keep his faith to his lord in 
 the flesh?" To obey kings is ever the general pact of human 
 society, and w^hile good kings are sent by God, bad ones must be 
 endured and their misdeeds referred to his judgment: § 23. It 
 follows that although a usurper (tyrannus) who has seized the 
 throne by illegal violence may be lawfully killed by any one if 
 the usurpation can not otherwise be ended, it is not lawful for a 
 private person to kill, or for the people to reject or to revolt 
 against, one who is the prince by right of succession or election, 
 however cruelly or unjustly he may act : § 24. 
 
 It must be noticed with reference to this passage that on 15th 
 June 1580 the prince of Parma had issued the edict which set a 
 price on the head of the prince of Orange, and that on 26th July 
 1 58 1 the Dutch states-general had declared Philip to have for- 
 feited the sovereignty. Ayala must have written with these 
 recent facts expressly in view. He proceeds to declare that all 
 rule and power over the people are concentrated in the person of 
 the prince not only by the lex regla but by the ordinance of God : 
 § 26. But the pope, to whom both the spiritual and the temporal 
 swords have been committed on earth, may depose kings, while 
 popular power is worse than that of any single tyrant: § 27. 
 
 From the amplifications on state government into which the 
 mention of war against rebels has led him Ayala returns to the
 
 authority of the prince, but the order of a judge having jurisdic- 
 tion will be sufficient: § 14. This, however, is only true so far 
 as regards the measures taken for defence or for the enforcement 
 of jurisdiction. The further rights of war can only be exercised 
 against rebels when the authority of the prince has made the con- 
 test a true war, but even then the acts of the rebels, like those of 
 pirates and robbers, will not be covered by the laws of war, and 
 therefore they will not acquire the property of the things which 
 they capture and persons captured by them will not become 
 slaves: § 15. 
 
 It will be seen at once that here wc are concerned with the 
 question which in consequence of the Netherlands insurrection 
 must have bulked largest in Ayala's thoughts. Accordingly he is 
 not content till he has submitted it to a further examination. 
 Ulpian had said that the parties in civil dissensions were not ene- 
 mies to one another, so that the laws of war relating to capture 
 and to postliminy should be in force between them, and that 
 therefore enslavement was not the consequence of capture on 
 either side. And the " ordinances of the kingdom of Spain," 
 an authority which must have touched Ayala more nearly, 
 ordered the sevenfold restitution of things captured in the course 
 of civil dissensions. These rules, he explains, as is shown by 
 Ulpian's use of the word " parties," hold when citizens are at 
 variance only with citizens, but those who contend against the 
 majesty of the state and aim at its destruction are deemed to be 
 enemies. 
 
 So Cicero considered that the Sempronian law, which made a 
 vote of the people necessary for the capital punishment of a 
 Roman citizen, did not prohibit him from putting Cethegus and 
 Lentulus, the fellow conspirators of Catiline, to death. And so 
 also the Romans habitually visited their subject allies, when in- 
 surgent, with the extreme penalties of war: ^ 16. Indeed the 
 law of Solon, condemning to banishment Athenians who took 
 neither part on the occasion of a popular outbreak, had much to 
 recommend it, and in Ayala's own time the modest patience of 
 so many of the Netherlands people greatly aided the rebels: ^ 17. 
 
 But although the exercise of private judgment between con- 
 tending parties is admissible in a democracy or an aristocracy
 
 XI 
 
 when there are rival governments {scisso imperio)^ in a monarchy 
 every good and wise subject will rank himself on the side of the 
 prince who lawfully enjoys the supreme power: § 19. For as 
 soon as it has been determined that the commonwealth shall be 
 administered by one person, to whom by the lex regia the people 
 have granted all rule and power over themselves, and who is 
 the common parent of all, there is the same duty to defend him 
 that there is to defend the country: § 20. Armed resistance to 
 him is parricidal and can never be justified: § 21. The prince 
 and the commonwealth are so connected that no one can be the 
 enemy of one without being the enemy of the other: § 22. Re- 
 bellion against the prince is comparable to heresy, and a person 
 disobedient to him is called infidelis, the double meaning of 
 which term — faithless and infidel — is justified by the question 
 of St. Jerome, " how can a man be faithful in the matter of God 
 (in substantia Dei) who could not keep his faith to his lord in 
 the flesh?" To obey kings is ever the general pact of human 
 society, and while good kings are sent by God, bad ones must be 
 endured and their misdeeds referred to his judgment: § 23. It 
 follows that although a usurper (tyrannus) who has seized the 
 throne by illegal violence may be lawfully killed by any one if 
 the usurpation can not otherwise be ended, it is not lawful for a 
 private person to kill, or for the people to reject or to revolt 
 against, one who is the prince by right of succession or election, 
 however cruelly or unjustly he may act : § 24. 
 
 It must be noticed with reference to this passage that on 15th 
 June 1580 the prince of Parma had issued the edict which set a 
 price on the head of the prince of Orange, and that on 26th July 
 1581 the Dutch states-general had declared Philip to have for- 
 feited the sovereignty. Ayala must have written with these 
 recent facts expressly in view. He proceeds to declare that all 
 rule and power over the people are concentrated in the person of 
 the prince not only by the lex regia but by the ordinance of God : 
 § 26. But the pope, to whom both the spiritual and the temporal 
 swords have been committed on earth, may depose kings, while 
 popular power is worse than that of any single tyrant: § 27. 
 
 From the amplifications on state government Into which the 
 mention of war against rebels has led him Ayala returns to the
 
 Xll 
 
 just causes of war. It can not be waged against infidels merely 
 because they are such, for God, who makes his sun to rise on the 
 just and on the unjust, has not given the lordship over things to 
 the faithful alone but to all creatures endowed with reason : § 28. 
 Nor can the justice of war against infidels as such be deduced 
 from their refusal to obey the emperor, for although it is a com- 
 mon opinion that the emperor is the lord of all the world, yet the 
 most learned men, whose teaching is summed up by Covarruvias 
 and Ferdinand Vasquez, have proved the contrary: § 29. 
 
 Here it will be noted that Ayala's Spanish origin and sym- 
 pathies keep him on the side of the protest which Spain, France 
 and England, the homes of independent nationality, maintained 
 throughout the middle ages against the German and Italian doc- 
 trine of a world-emperor. The boundary of the authority which 
 the prelates of the Church, even the pope himself, have received, 
 is to be drawn between those who have never accepted Christian- 
 ity, with regard to whom St. Paul asked, " what have I to do with 
 them that are without? " and those who have once submitted to 
 the Christian faith but have fallen from it, against whom as here- 
 tics war can be justly made : § 29. Against infidels, however, war 
 can be made for the same causes as against any one else, also when 
 they hinder the Christian faith by blasphemy or false argument 
 (pravis persuasionibus) ; or when they hinder the preaching of 
 that faith, and so do an injustice to Christians, who have the right 
 of preaching the gospel throughout the world: § 30. 
 
 The causes of war which have been reviewed, Ayala next says, 
 are to be very carefully weighed by princes and kings, but if it 
 happens that these are led into war by greed the soldiers will not 
 be guilty, for they must obey their prince: § § 30, 31. But in 
 § 32 this is qualified by the reservation, " unless it is clearly estab- 
 lished that the war is unjust." The question thus raised was an 
 old one, and our author cites in his support Saint Augustine, who 
 begins with a pronouncement in the sense of the wide one first 
 made by Ayala, and proceeds to base it on grounds which are 
 scarcely satisfactory. He points out that in peace the soldier is 
 the subject even of a sacrilegious king, and that in war the com- 
 mands given him are either certainly not contrary to the law of
 
 Xlll 
 
 God or at least not certainly contrary to it, so that there is a 
 chance [fortasse) that the king may be guilty by reason of the 
 commands and the soldier innocent by reason of his servient posi- 
 tion. It is remarkable that Ayala does not go further into the 
 authorities, for they are interesting. In feudal times the duty of 
 allegiance to a lord had reinforced that drawn from simple civil 
 subjection. In the treatise entitled Feudorum Consuetudines, 
 which is commonly printed as an appendix to the Corpus Juris, 
 we read (lib. 2, tit. 28) that according to some the vassal must 
 always aid his lord, without any distinction of case, but that 
 according to Obertus de Orto and Gerardus Campagistus, whose 
 opinion the author of the treatise adopts, this in an unreasonable 
 war is only true for the lord's defence, and the vassal will not 
 lose his fief for refusing to aid the lord in an attack. Having 
 regard to the disputable reasonableness of most wars, and to the 
 possibility of representing an attack as a really defensive measure, 
 we can hardly doubt that the feudal liability, even as interpreted 
 by Obertus and Gerardus, would have a practical tendency in 
 favour of the claim of a pugnacious lord. We find therefore with- 
 out surprise that Thomas Aquinas does not so much as notice the 
 existence of a question, but says unreservedly that " a private 
 person who uses the sword under the authority of the prince or 
 judge does not take the sword, but uses a sword placed in his 
 hands by another": Summa Totius Theologia; secunda pars, 
 quaestio XL, art. I ; utrum bellare sit semper peccatum. 
 
 But the received opinion of the sixteenth century did not go 
 quite so far, for Nys quotes Franciscus de Victoria as laying down 
 that subjects must not take arms in a manifestly unjust war, but 
 that if the notables of the nation, consulted by the king, pronounce 
 in favour of the justice of the war, the classes below them may in 
 good conscience conform themselves to their decision.* Indeed 
 the increasing employment of hired soldiers, whose voluntary 
 engagement would deprive them of the excuse either of feudal 
 allegiance or of the duty of a simple subject, could scarcely fail 
 to inspire moralists with a hesitation which is perhaps reflected 
 by Ayala. Certainly, a little later, Suarez holds mercenaries to 
 
 * Les Origines du Droit International, p. 174.
 
 XIV 
 
 be strictly bound to enquire into the justice of the cause for which 
 they fight. t 
 
 At this point Ayala tells us that all he has so far said about just 
 causes of war relates rather to right and equity, and to the duty of 
 a good man, than to the legal effects of war; and he makes a sud- 
 den transit to the other sense of Justus, namely lawful by reason 
 of fulfilling certain legal requirements, as in the case of lawful 
 marriage, lawful age, and so forth. In that sense it is possible 
 for a war to be justum on both sides, and for a war declared 
 between persons capable of being enemies and not brigands to 
 entitle each side, however plainly unjust, to the rights of war, 
 such as postliminy and the enslavement of prisoners. This was 
 rightly maintained by Alciatus and Fulgosius, in opposition to 
 the received opinion based on the justice of the cause, which can 
 not exist on both sides: § § 33-35. Here then at last Ayala is 
 alive to the difference between the provinces of the legist and the 
 moralist in what concerns war. Had he recognised it earlier in 
 his work, he might have discussed more clearly the duty of a 
 soldier in an unjust war. But the time was not yet come, either 
 for him or for so much greater a man as was Aquinas, to think 
 adequately on a question involving the rights and duties of 
 conscience. 
 
 The short remainder of the second chapter is devoted to the 
 question of the expenses of war. The prince ought primarily to 
 bear them out of any revenues assigned to him by the people, but 
 if these are insufficient the whole kingdom must bear the burden, 
 and it can not be limited: § 37. The soldier ought to be paid: 
 § 38. And, serving for pay, he has no claim for his losses in the 
 war to be made good, as he would have were he not paid. But 
 if he has been summoned to fight in an unjust war, he will have 
 no right of action either for his pay or for his losses, because ^-.v 
 causa turpi nulla datur actio: § 40. Surely Ayala did not mean 
 that a prince or a commonwealth might plead in court the injus- 
 tice of his or its own war, as an answer to an action arising out of 
 it? It would rather seem that the veil obscuring the confines of 
 morality and law, which had been raised for a moment, had 
 
 t Nys, u. s., p. 175.
 
 XV 
 
 fallen again, and that Ayala had no clear view of the question 
 which he had raised. 
 
 Thus closes Ayala's second chapter, in which without much 
 arrangement he has disburdened his mind of the general matter 
 which he most desired to impress on his contemporaries, and has 
 left himself free to enter on the topics of detail which follow. It 
 should have shielded him from the imputation of neglecting the 
 just causes of war, by making which Grotius showed that even 
 his prodigious memory was not infallible.
 
 III. 
 
 Book I, Chapters 3-5. 
 
 The third chapter of the first book is devoted to Single Combat. 
 The admission of that subject into a book on war is a scholastic 
 feature, belonging rather to the time when war, as a public 
 national contest, had not been so far differentiated from fighting 
 in general as even Ayala had differentiated it in what we have 
 already passed under review. He condemns single combat on 
 the usual grounds, except as between soldiers on the opposite sides 
 of a regular war, by the order or with the consent of the general 
 ( § § 7, 8, 9) , or when the princes on both sides agree to refer their 
 differences to the combat of two or more selected champions 
 (§ § 10, 11), even in which case, however, Ayala deems it an 
 imprudent mode of seeking a decision, because, as Livy says, a 
 settlement which promises to be lasting is reached only when the 
 defeated party has contended with all his might (§ § 12, 13). 
 Either the notion, if Ayala really entertained it, that these excep- 
 tional cases could occur in the days of Philip the Second and the 
 Dutch Republic, or the apparently serious mention of them with- 
 out such a notion being entertained, further shows the merely 
 scholastic character of the chapter. 
 
 In the fourth chapter Ayala discusses reprisals. He condemns 
 them so far as affecting the person of any but the guilty party, 
 basing himself on the Deuteronomic precept, " the fathers shall 
 not be put to death for the children, neither shall the children 
 be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death 
 for his own sin ": § 3. And on the principle quoted from Ul- 
 pian in the Digest — lib. 9, t. 2, 1. 13 — that no one is lord over his 
 own limbs — dominus membrorum siioriim nemo videtur: § 6. 
 From that principle Ayala concludes that not even under a law 
 or statute, to which every one is presumed to have consented, can 
 any but the guilty party be affected by corporal penalties, though 
 he may be so by pecuniary ones. Of course the penance imposed
 
 XVI 1 
 
 by Saint Ambrose on the Emperor Theodosius is cited: ^ 7; and 
 the biblical examples to the contrary are pronounced to be beyond 
 human imitation: §4. 
 
 The right of reprisals on property exists because human law, 
 for the good of the commonwealth and the better repression of 
 offences, may punish by line, confiscation, diminution of honour 
 and the like, even those who have committed no offence; and so it 
 has often been enacted both in civil and in canon law, especially 
 for the sons and descendants of those who have sinned against 
 divine or human majesty: § 5. Hence a prince may authorise re- 
 prisals on property against a people who will neither redress the 
 injuries done by those whom they harbour, nor give up the guilty 
 to punishment. The practice rests on the same foundations, 
 divine, natural and civil, as war, and the authority of a sovereign 
 who has the right of declaring war is necessary for such reprisals : 
 § § 2, 10. The authority of a judge is not sufficient, and they no 
 longer take place between fellow subjects, whatever may once 
 have been the case at Athens or elsewhere: ^10. When reprisals 
 on property have been duly authorised, although the innocent can 
 not be personally attacked but only their goods taken, they may 
 be accidentally killed, because otherwise the reprisals could not 
 be executed. It is just as in war, neither the innocent nor women 
 and children can be killed of set purpose, yet they may be so by 
 accident, as when a city is besieged or bombarded, because war 
 could not otherwise be carried on: § 9. 
 
 The fifth chapter of the first book is devoted by Ayala to cap- 
 ture in war and to postliminy. It is characteristic of the looseness 
 of his style that, although the principles on which he considers the 
 lawfulness of capture to depend are glanced at in § § i and 2, they 
 are fully explained only when he comes in § 16 to the enslavement 
 of prisoners. His view is that in the primitive age, the golden 
 age as the heathen called it, all men were born free and were 
 deemed to be peers and equals, and all things were enjoyed in 
 common. This state of things he refers to jus natiirale, which he 
 says did not enact that men should be free, but slavery and prop- 
 erty were unknown, and its resulting silence about them left a 
 loophole for the later creation of those institutions. Evidently 
 then the ambiguous term jus in Ayala's ]us natiirale does not
 
 XVlll 
 
 mean law, but what might be called a right, in the sense of an 
 enjoyment which no one questioned. He goes on to say that in 
 later times, when, because of increasing wickedness, such a state 
 of things was found inconvenient, natural right reason, than 
 which nothing is more divine, dictated the institution of property, 
 and of war with capture and enslavement as the rights of war, 
 which thus by universal consent became the jus gentium. That 
 term, in which jus appears as law, Ayala uses in its classical sense 
 of the law in which the people of all nations are agreed and which 
 they apply in their respective communities — a fact, or supposed 
 fact, which carries with it as a consequence the application of 
 the same law to the mutual relations of those communities, in 
 other words its operation as what we call the law of nations. 
 
 The law of nations is thus accounted for as positive law, but to 
 what extent is it a righteous law? So far as concerns the laws of 
 war Ayala teaches that they are not wanting in an equity based on 
 the repression of injustice — § § i, i6 — and that they do not exist 
 in favour of brigands, pirates, or any one who is not a lawful 
 enemy: § i8. If the remark had been made that even within 
 those limits the laws of war may operate in favour of the unjust 
 party, we do not know what Ayala's answer would have been, but 
 probably he would have said that the just must at least be armed 
 with the means of repression, although the decrees of Providence 
 may sometimes deny them that efifect. And one limitation of the 
 rights given by the general laws of war is furnished by the ancient 
 and laudable custom — for Ayala does not put it higher than this — 
 that in a war between Christians those who are captured on either 
 side do not become slaves but are kept as freemen for ransom. 
 Even that limitation does not enure to the benefit of Christians 
 who fight for Saracens or infidels, or render them any kind of 
 aid, only although enslaved by capture they must not be sold to 
 any but Christians: § 19. 
 
 The law that the property In captured things passes to the 
 captor applies only to movables, for captured immovables, such 
 as land, become the public property of the victor commonwealth : 
 ^ 3. And even with regard to the enemy's movables, It is only 
 those that are acquired without a battle that belong to whosoever 
 has first gained possession of them: § 8. The losing owners of
 
 XIX 
 
 the booty acquired in battle are indeed deprived of their property 
 in it, but its disposition is subject to the prince's pleasure, unless 
 the proportional shares to be retained by him and to be assigned 
 to the others concerned are fixed by law, as the Spanish ordi- 
 nances fix them for land war, leaving to the prince's liberality 
 what he will allow to the others out of captures made in naval 
 war of which he bears the cost: §9. It is apparently because of 
 this difiference that Ayala mentions those ordinances as assimi- 
 lating captured ships of war to land rather than to movables in 
 general: § 3. Certain examples relating to booty and founded 
 on reason are cited with an evident intention of acting on them 
 in the performance of the author's duties. Such are that those 
 who guard the baggage are to share equally with those who fight: 
 § 6; that the troops are not to throw themselves on the booty till 
 the victory has been secured : § 1 1 ; that those who have not done 
 their duty shall lose their shares : § 13 ; that fraud in the division 
 of the spoil may be punished by fines in addition to the loss of the 
 shares: § 12; and that the troops may be ordered to sell the spoil 
 which they are allowed to acquire lest the army should be ham- 
 pered and seduced from duty by it: § 14. It is also laid down 
 that things entrusted to the care of a sacred institution but not 
 belonging to it, res sacro commendatae, are not immune from 
 capture if enemy's property : § 15. 
 
 In § § 20 to 24, Ayala deals with various questions about the 
 recovery of personal conditions by postliminy, and then intro- 
 duces some observations of which the leading purport appears to 
 be the treatment of prisoners. In § 25 we learn that women and 
 children are subject to capture and enslavement but must not be 
 put to death, and that enemies found in our country at the out- 
 break of war may be made prisoners but can no longer be enslaved 
 as formerly they were. Also that canon law forbids touching 
 priests, monks, lay brothers, travellers, merchants and country 
 people, but that the prohibition has been repealed by desuetude, 
 except, in Ayala's opinion, for ecclesiastics so far as they do not 
 meddle with affairs of war. No legal relief can be given against 
 a bargain which a captive has made for his ransom, because the 
 fear of death or servitude which was its motive was not inspired 
 as a means of extortion, but was a lawful fear arising out of his
 
 XX 
 
 situation: § 26. In § 27 we learn that prisoners and the fixing 
 and enjoyment of their ransom are now generally left to their 
 captors, except in the case of grandees whose ransom exceeds ten 
 thousand crowns. These by the ancient custom of Spain, France, 
 and England, belong to the prince. They must be admitted to 
 ransom unless there is reason to fear from them a renewal of the 
 war, for to spare them in that case would be an unjust mercy, as 
 Saint Ambrose says. Thus the Roman generals at the end of a 
 triumph put to death the leading captives, who had sown the 
 seeds of discord and were the authors of the war. But no killing 
 or harsh treatment of captives by private authority is allowed, 
 any more than by civil law it is allowed in the case of slaves ; and 
 a Spanish ordinance i*s to that efifect in the case of captives made 
 in a war between Christians, though not in a war between peoples 
 of diflferent religions: § 28. 
 
 We now come to various points about ransoms: § § 29 to 32; 
 and then return to postliminy. The ancient rule that on its being 
 recovered from the enemy land returns by postliminy to its former 
 owners is followed by the Spanish ordinances, subject to a proviso 
 for the case of governments, kingdoms, countries, and other major 
 proprietary rights, that usucapion does not run for them even 
 from the date of their recovery ; but minor proprietary rights will 
 be acquired by prescription against the former owner, not being 
 under age, in four years from the date of their recovery. And 
 if a subject loses his own castle by his own fault, and retakes it by 
 his own exertions, still the king will be entitled to claim it on its 
 recovery: § 33. It is easily seen what a field for the application 
 of these provisions must have been afforded by the constant border 
 warfare with the Moors, of which a frequent incident would be 
 the taking of Christian property by the latter and its retaking by 
 the former owner or by an adventurer. 
 
 In § 35 Ayala mentions and rejects a number of general state- 
 ments and distinctions made on postliminy by various writers. 
 His own position, as may be collected from § § 34 to 38, is that 
 the first question to be asked is whether a corporeal thing captured 
 by a lawful enemy, not by a pirate or robber, is one of those which 
 are capable of postliminy, such as land, ships, riding or baggage 
 animals, and men, whether free or slave. If it is not such, of
 
 XXI 
 
 which arms are an example, because they can not be lost by a 
 living man except through his fault, it is at once the captor's 
 booty. If it is such, the next question is whether the enemy has 
 secured at least a temporary possession of it, that is, in the com- 
 mon phrase, whether it has been brought intra praesidia. If this 
 has not happened before the thing is recovered, the property in 
 it has not been displaced, and the recoverer must restore it to its 
 owner, whether he recovered it by force of arms, by purchase, or 
 in any other way, except that if he recovered it by purchase the 
 owner must repay him its price. If, however, the thing has been 
 brought intra praesidia, its property has passed to the captor by 
 the laws of war, but on the recovery of the thing the property 
 will return to the former owner by postliminy. And if the re- 
 coverer was a fraudulent party to the capture, he will be liable to 
 the former owner not only for the restitution of the thing recov- 
 ered but also for what he might have saved from capture. In § 39 
 Ayala notes the Spanish ordinance which applied the question 
 whether booty had been brought intra praesidia to captures made 
 by pirates as well as to those made by an enemy, and can only 
 account for it by supposing that " its object may have been to 
 stimulate the troops in the pursuit of pirates and robbers, espe- 
 cially since it is legitimate to make provision for the public good 
 even at the cost of private persons, as Tacitus says that every great 
 example has some injustice to individuals which is compensated 
 by the public utility." In § 40 Ayala expresses a rather hesitating 
 opinion that a thing first stolen, then captured by an enemy and 
 lastly recovered, need not be restored to its former owner, the law 
 of war which changes the property prevailing over the civil rule 
 that the vice of theft, which clings to the thing stolen, is not 
 purged until the thing has returned to the owner's power; but he 
 is clear that equity prohibits suit against the possessor in such a 
 case unless the value can not be recovered from the thief or his 
 heir. 
 
 The closing § ^ of the chapter, 41 to 43, deal with the questions 
 whether incorporeal rights can be captured in war and trans- 
 ferred to the conqueror, and, if so, whether they are subject to 
 postliminy. On the first question Ayala decides in the affirm- 
 ative as to the incorporeal rights of a conquered community,
 
 XXI 1 
 
 because such rights are the creditor's property, and the property 
 of a conquered community passes to the conqueror together with 
 the persons forming the community. He can give laws to them, 
 and one who is in another's power can have nothing in his own 
 power. Therefore when Alexander had conquered Thebes he 
 was competent to receive from the Thessalians the hundred tal- 
 ents which they had borrowed from the Thebans, and if he had 
 done so, the Thebans, when their city was restored by Cassander, 
 would have had no claim against the Thessalians. 
 
 On the second question Ayala admits that there may be post- 
 liminy of an incorporeal right, and that, since Alexander had 
 merely assumed to remit the debt to the Thessalians, the restored 
 Thebans were entitled by postliminy to exact it from them, and 
 would have been so in whatever legal form the remission might 
 have been made. In that case there would have been law against 
 law, and the nature of the law of postliminy is to prevail over the 
 law of capture. If there had been payment to Alexander there 
 would have been law against fact, and " the law of postliminy 
 does not restore those things which have been removed by lawful 
 fact, for law has no supremacy over fact." But the incorporeal 
 rights of a private person pass to his captor only when he is made 
 a slave, who can have nothing of his own, and now that between 
 Christians a prisoner does not become a slave his incorporeal 
 rights adhere inseparably to him. 
 
 The question is quite diilferently regarded by Grotius. There 
 is, says that jurist, no postliminy of a debt, and the absolute right 
 which Alexander acquired by the conquest of Thebes made his 
 remission of their debt to the Thessalians as effectual in law as 
 their payment of it to him would have been. Moreover there was 
 no restoration of the Thebans, for their city had been dissolved by 
 the conquest, and the Thebes which Cassander set up again was 
 a new entity. De Jure Belli ac Pacts; 1. 3, c. 9, § 9.
 
 IV. 
 
 Book I, Chapters 6-9. 
 
 The sixth chapter is devoted to the subject of keeping faith 
 with an enemy, and is a tolerably full and, with one important 
 exception, a good discussion of that subject, with the connected 
 one of the law and ethics as to keeping promises made in civil life, 
 whether with or without the sanction of an oath. The exception 
 is that Ayala repudiates any duty of keeping faith with those 
 whom he regards as rebels. He has pointed out that pirates and 
 robbers, as being the common enemies of mankind, can not claim 
 the performance of the engagements which they may have it in 
 their power to extort: § 6. This he extends to rebels, as also 
 not being lawful enemies: § 7. And, " as a consequence," con- 
 ventions which have been extorted by a usurping force (per 
 tyrannidem) are not binding. In their case there has been no 
 consent, which is required in all contracts, for consent is vitiated 
 by unlawful force. It is doubted by most whether a prince is ever 
 bound by a contract with his subjects, but certainly if they have 
 wrung the contract from him by insurrection, which is in itself a 
 breach of their faith to him, they can not claim faith from him. 
 Nor can it be expected that those who have violated both divine 
 and human law, by taking arms against their common parent who 
 has received his power from God, will themselves keep their 
 word. 
 
 Again, subjects can not give the law to their prince; therefore 
 any promise by him to them is a voluntary one, which can never 
 be binding. The common doctrine of the canonists, that the 
 pope's hands are never bound, is based on these principles. And 
 if a prince is injured by a contract he has the same right as one 
 under age to be relieved from it: § 8. The rights of the crown 
 are inseparable from the crown, and as the prince can not lose 
 his sovereign power by a voluntary abdication, or alienate any 
 part of his kingdom, so he can not alienate any of those rights, nor
 
 XXIV 
 
 can they be lost by the longest term of prescription. The prince 
 is only a usufructuary, or at most holds his crown as a husband 
 holds his wife's dowry: §9. Bodin, seeing the insecurity of 
 any convention made by insurgents with their prince, advised 
 them not to be parties to such a convention, but to get some for- 
 eign prince to contract for them; but Ayala advises them rather 
 to return to their duty and seek the clemency of their prince: §11. 
 
 It is an interesting problem how historical characters such as 
 Charles I. of England, and many of their supporters no less, who 
 were not on the whole bad men, can have been morally blind on 
 that side of conscience which relates to political compacts with 
 subjects. The arguments which have been quoted in some detail 
 arc interesting as showing the question as they saw it. The base 
 of their position was the belief in a divine external order which, 
 where it is entertained, makes impossible secure political com- 
 promises af^fecting that order. The common humanity on which 
 the duty of keeping faith must be founded is not felt, by those who 
 identify themselves with a divine will to which they attribute 
 institutions, to exist between them and their opponents. 
 
 Except on the point which has been examined Ayala's standard 
 of faith was high. Faith must be kept towards a lawful enemy by 
 a private person as well as by the state or its representatives, and 
 Regulus did no more than his duty: § 2. Engagements must be 
 interpreted without quibbling on their letter: §4. Giving host- 
 ages does not permit a treaty to be broken, as if they were a substi- 
 tute for faith, the erroneous doctrine by which Bodin defended 
 the conduct of Francis I. If the French authorities whose con- 
 sent was necessary refused it to the treaty of Madrid, Francis 
 ought to have saved his personal faith by returning to captivity: 
 ^ 5. But even towards a lawful enemy faith is not to be kept if 
 that which was promised would offend God or be contrary to 
 good morals: § § 13, 14. All our actions ought to be referred to 
 the ground principles of justice; first, that no one be injured; 
 secondly, that the common utility be served: § 15. Breach of a 
 treaty by one party exempts the other, at his discretion, from the 
 duty of observing the same treaty, unless the broken clause is such 
 that it is not likely the contracting parties attached much im- 
 portance to it; but it does not authorise the breach of another
 
 XXV 
 
 treaty: § § 17, 20, 22. The rules of faith are the same for truces 
 as for treaties of peace or alliance: § 18. But it is usual and 
 right, though not a matter of law, that a slight breach of a truce 
 which will shortly expire should not be treated as ending it: § 19. 
 The perfidious character of an enemy, though often shown, does 
 not warrant a breach of faith towards him : § 21. 
 
 The seventh chapter begins with a distinction of treaties into 
 three kinds — those which end a war by the complete surrender of 
 the enemy, who thenceforward enjoys only such existence as the 
 conqueror allows him — those which end a war on terms, possibly 
 including the enemy's recognition of the conqueror's superiority 
 (ut is populus alterius populi majestatem conservet) — and those 
 which are concluded in time of peace, possibly including a similar 
 recognition by one party. But no use is made of the classification. 
 A general's commission, even when conferring plenipotentiary 
 power on him, does not enable him to conclude a peace, unless 
 thatpower is expressly given: §5. Truces for long terms, equiv- 
 alent to peace, fall under this rule, but not short truces: §6. It 
 will be remembered that in Ayala's time the Ottoman empire con- 
 cluded peace with non-Moslem powers only for terms of years. 
 In extreme necessity the prince may conclude a treaty not only 
 abandoning private property of his subjects which is in the 
 enemy's hands, but even taking other property from his subjects 
 and giving it to the enemy, for the common utility is to be pre- 
 ferred to that of individuals : § 7. It would rather seem, though 
 it is not clear, that Ayala did not consider that subjects were 
 entitled to compensation from the prince or the public treasury 
 for property so taken. When a prince dies who has concluded 
 treaties in the name of the commonwealth, they subsist both 
 against and in favour of his successor, whether taking as heir, by 
 a statute or by election ; unless where things annexed to the crown 
 have been alienated without the necessary consent of the people 
 or of the estates {citra populi vel ordtnum consensum, qui ad hoc 
 requiritur), or where the dignity and authority of the prmce 
 {nmjesfns principis) have been impaired, which could not have 
 been validly done to the prejudice even of the deceased: § 10. 
 The last reservation can not have been intended to apply to 
 treaties with foreign powers, since Ayala, as we have seen, ad-
 
 XXVI 
 
 mitted that a treaty either of his second or of his third kind might 
 include an admission of the superiority of one party. The pur- 
 port clearly is that no perpetually binding close can be given to a 
 civil war by an agreement limiting the prince's prerogatives, in 
 accordance with what Ayala has taught in the preceding chapter 
 about its not being a duty to keep faith with rebels. 
 
 The eighth is a commonplace chapter on lawful stratagem 
 and fraud in war, in which no principles are laid down by which 
 cases may be distinguished. 
 
 The ninth chapter is on the rights of ambassadors, and contains 
 nothing remarkable except Ayala's refusal of such rights to rebels 
 and to subjects who serve an enemy with treasonable intent. On 
 that ground he considers that the imperialists were within their 
 right in putting to death the subjects of Charles V. who were 
 commissioned by the king of France as ambassadors to the Grand 
 Turk, but he does not notice that, whatever their personal condi- 
 tion, they could have no rights against the emperor as ambas- 
 sadors from an enemy to a third power: § 5. The man of God 
 who was eaten by a lion for disobeying the divine order not to 
 accept meat or drink from Jeroboam, whose sin he had been sent 
 to denounce, is brought in as a warning to princes not to treat with 
 rebels and schismatics: ^ 6.
 
 V. 
 
 Books II and III. 
 
 The second and third books contain little or nothing that be- 
 longs to international law. Ayala's object in them seems to have 
 been to bring together all the maxims of policy or prudence which 
 he could find relating to war, whether apprehended, being waged, 
 or leaving questions behind it — whether again such maxims were 
 generally accepted or were debated. This must not be understood 
 only of maxims belonging to philosophy, statecraft, or adminis- 
 trative science; even strategy and tactics are not wholly outside 
 Ayala's purview, although he says comparatively little about 
 them, probably because in the then condition of military art 
 little of a general character had been said about them. The 
 merest technicalities of the military or naval profession are all 
 that he avoids. The authorities and examples are mostly taken 
 from classical or biblical antiquity, and next in frequency come 
 those of Spain, as where the extreme severity of the Spanish 
 ordinances for the case of the surrender of a castle is commented 
 on: book III, chapter i8, § § 2, 5. Of course the difference of 
 circumstances and institutions would render a large part of what 
 Ayala has thus collected inapplicable to the Low Countries in the 
 sixteenth century, but we shall probably not be wrong in thinking 
 that he, as a special devotee of learning, was haunted by a notion, 
 due to the adoption of Roman law in the German or Holy Roman 
 empire, that more practical use might be made of his vast collection 
 than it would now occur to any one to think possible. An instance 
 may be seen in book III, chapter 7, § 27, where he argues that the 
 privileges of Roman soldiers still belong to them, against what he 
 admits to be the general opinion, but claiming to have the most 
 learned on his side. A notable instance of an opinion ventured by 
 Ayala on his own authority, not supported by any citation of a 
 writer but only by examples, is that a man of some position (nobi- 
 lis) may act as a spy not only without discredit but even with glory, 
 when his motive is zeal for the public good ; though he admits that 
 to do so for pay would be discreditable to him : book III, c. 1 3, § 6. 
 
 J. WESTLAKE.
 
 BALTHAZA- 
 
 RIS AY AL^fi, I. C. ET 
 
 EXERCITVS REGII APVD 
 
 SELGAS SVPREMI IVRIDICI^ 
 
 DEIVREET OFFICIIS BEL- 
 
 LICISET DISCIPLINA MILITARI, 
 L I B R I III, 
 
 T^oft in multitudine exercitm viSloria Mi-y 
 fid de cdlo fvrtitudo est, t . Mach. 3 . 
 
 D V A C I, 
 
 Ex ofHcina loannis Bogardi Typogr, 
 
 xurati,fub BibIiisaureis,anno 
 
 M. XDt LXXXIIt
 
 SERENISSI- 
 
 MO PARM^ ET PLA- 
 
 CENTI^ PRINCIPr, 
 
 ALEXANDRO FARNESIO, 
 
 Regisapud Belgas Praefedo, & Im- 
 pcratori feliciffimo J Balthazar 
 Atala I.e. s* 
 
 / quiderepuilfcrU 
 pftre.y Princeps fi* 
 remfime^ad reipub^ 
 fahtcm c^ confer- 
 uatiomm prjtcipuk 
 fpe&are cenfent , vt 
 a&wnes mHra4yiu-^ 
 rd^drleges^advete* 
 rum mores , & wflltuta maiorum fdptw re^ 
 uocemiu. r cmpub. enim^ vtpicluram egregtar/ty 
 fed euAnefcentem vetn^atc , fi earn coioribus 
 iUdem^ quibuifutrat^ rcmuare mglextrimus^ 
 mc forr^tam^ nee extrema lineament a (et tiare : 
 & vt in corporihm himanis , fic quoque in 
 
 A 2 repub^
 
 B P I S T O L A 
 
 yepub, quotiik aggregatur diquti^cjuodcttva* 
 tione indiget : dr fentfce^it'thpfiUgibm watU" 
 re feu fit vtiia, qua, rcmfub. hauddiu (larepef" 
 mittunt' vnde Bnnij vtrfum^ quo dixit^ 
 Morib^antiquis res flat RomanajVirifq,-, 
 vclbreuitate^velveritate^ tanquAtn exoracuh 
 injUi, de rep. (^atuw cc/ifct C'tccro . Nam mqut viri , /^?- 
 quUy mjiita morata ciuitasfuijfet, m^ mores ^ 
 nifi ijv'trl frdfuiffcnt^autfundiirt , auttam 
 diu tenert fotui^ent tantam, dr tarn iufieia- 
 tt^ imferantem rempub, Itaque ^ mos spfe 
 pat rim prxp antes viros adhihebat , ^ vete' 
 rum morem , ac morum inll'titfta retimbartt 
 exce/ientes viri : qua ration e Romana refpubl^ 
 & creuit^ & fletit, Jmperium emm^tinqult 
 SalluHitiSf his artihm facderctinetur ^ qmhtu 
 innioparttim eli, vcrum^vbifrolahore^defi^ 
 dia.pro continentia^ dr aquitAte^ libido ^atque 
 fuperbia ifiuafere^ fort una Jimul cum morwn4 
 immutatur.qtwd & k^ polio oraculo fuo fgni- 
 fcajfe videtur^ quo^ con full us quando tandem 
 mMrum, d^ feditionum^qmbut C r acta mi- 
 fere affltgebatur , finis ejfet , refpondit , tkm 
 demum calamitatew Grxcidt ceffaturam, cum 
 ipfiHs aram , qu^ apud Delios trat cubic a , du^ 
 plica fj en t. quod Grdd facile arbitrati^cum al* 
 teram t ant am molem^ quanta prior erat , adie-» 
 cijfem^ neque tamen malum Umrifentinnt\ 
 
 dr nort
 
 DEDICATORIA, 
 
 & mn fat i^ rite oyacuIo fatisfaSium ex eo* 
 
 iem deointelligennt^tandm edo6ii a Flat one 
 
 & diu fhtlofofhis ^ cognouerunt non molent 
 
 molitexoraculo ^po/Imtsxquandame([e^^ fed 
 
 Analogtam cum Analogia , ^ ratiomm cum 
 
 TOtione comfomndam . at^ue it a fapier/tium 
 
 virorumprudentia^ & corifdio^advetcrunoY' 
 
 mam^ inptntaque maiorum rehiuconjlitutu 
 
 cmnihiAi^ fuo loco repojitis^ malum mite far e^ 
 
 & prtUina fdicitas rcdire coepit, Hinc qno^ 
 
 Horatimperciplens^ quantum calamit at urn- Caminj^i. 
 
 uexiffetcontemptarcUgio^ad Ror}2a/ios fcribit, "^' ^» 
 his verfibus\ 
 
 Deli<5la maiorum, immeritus lueSj 
 
 Romane, donee templa rcfeceris, 
 
 iEdeisque labenteisdeorum5& 
 
 Foeda nigro fimulacra fumo. 
 & qu£ fetjuuntur, quibu^ ofcndit^ quantum 
 dtgemrautrint Romani a fuis maiorthtis , ob 
 violatam rcl'tgiomm , c^ negle5ium veterum 
 morem. Ethuimreiprxdarum exemplumm- 
 his exhibet Romana hi(loria^vt dducide propO' 
 nitLiutu6^quicorrupti$ Romanorummoribits^ m,^^ 
 negU^a deorum religione^ dr iure oetium vio- 
 lator vrbem captam drp^ne ddetam a Galln 
 refert : qu£ rurfum Camillivirtute liber at a^ 
 Qultu ditcim nftituto , legtbta injlitutis^ ma- 
 iortanreuocaiis ^ devkUtor'thusiurlfgtntium 
 
 S J Jupplicio
 
 EPISTOlA 
 
 fupflicio pmfto^ mirum in modum creuiti ^ 
 tartdem totim orhis mperium adepta eB ; vt 
 merith did pcf/t , vrknt Romana multcante 
 peri fur amfutffe^mftperiiffet : autfaltem tfun" 
 (juam adiantum fajiigiujrs perueniuram» Ctt^ 
 iu4 exemplo Seremf, Princeps^ fpcrammfore^ 
 vt in A prt&dara viriute ^ dr mirain rtmu ge* 
 ridis dexterttAte & prouidetia^veri Deicultu 
 reftAurato^ & Maiejlate R egis^ qud diutno (^ 
 humamiun illi debet ur^ repnrata^diuinarum 
 hfmanaruwg^ rerum perturhaiio in Belgium 
 inue6ia jdiuimnuminis auxtlia^fedArt & tolti 
 diquando pofil , & totum Belgium friflwA 
 febcitati reddi.de quo did pot e It, id quod facts 
 Jv^thutp.s liter dde Ifraelitii hahentiVbtcunque ingrefi n 
 funt^fwearcu & figitta, & abfque fcuto df ^ 
 gladio^ Bern eorumpugnauitproeis^ d'vicigi 3, 
 Cr non fuit , qui infultaret populo iBi : nip j, 
 quando receftt a cultu Domini Deifui, ^jw- 5, 
 tiefcunqueautem prater ipfum Deum fuum^ ,, 
 alter nmcoluerunt^ datifuntinpradam^ ^ in „ 
 gUdium^ & in opprobrium. Forro cunkin ci- j, 
 uiii dr togata focietate ^ leges confiitutiones^y 
 fxpitis remuAYt, (^ ad vet er urn injittuta refe- 
 eari expediat^(qua de caufa etiamveteres illi 
 Romani cen fores ere autre , qui ^enfendts c/- 
 nium tnoribus , quifadle negligentia corrunt" 
 funtur^ antiquum decttSj^ dr mot urn tntegr'tta- 
 
 lemre»
 
 DEDICATORIa. 
 
 tern retimbant: ) tumfrofe^ii ommum maxi' 
 m'M hello tdfericonuemt, ebtfuhdalperc d* 
 atfdffocaHigationugenere^ dtjciplim milita'- 
 rUindiget . J^m, vt inquit Val, Max. vires 
 crmts con fi ant , tfUi^ vhi femtl a reSloitinen 
 defcmrunt^offre^urafuntynifioffrimantur^ 
 £t certe tantitm in difciplina mibiari pofitum 
 eflfVt eafoUretenu velnegU^a^maxima cU'- 
 des ilUt^ vel accept a flurimi exercittts cdlfvel 
 ferHAti J amplifimadeniqueimferiapartaveL 
 collapfa /fntivf m huius operisprogreffu latitat 
 oftendemu^, Ceterum cum belli gloria longe 
 maxima apud Romano i fuerit^ quifuumcon» 
 duorli^ fui parentem CMartemferebant , ad 
 eam^ fola difctpUna militari^quodprAcipuum 
 dec Hi c^ fiabiUmentum Romani imper^vocai 
 Valer, Max,)peruenerint^eadem^ labente fan-' 
 latimmagisac magts pfdcspkes iuerinty donee 
 tandem vna cmn virtute maiorum , d^ tmpC'» 
 rium c^gloriam amitterent: operdprecium me 
 fa^urumexijlimaui , (iper quos viros , quibus 
 arttbtis^ quo genere difciplindjantam in rebus 
 bellicis gloriam meruerint ( quatenus Jludio 
 iuris & hiHoriarumle^ione confequi potui) 
 proponerem . Ex quibus certe Uquebity eadem 
 ingenM hominum , quA nunc funt^ & oltm 
 fuiffe^' eofdem quoque cafus dr euentus reruns^ 
 qui ini)ki contwgunt^ & ohm euenijfs, vnde 
 
 a 4 non
 
 EPISTOIA 
 
 m» dtffcileeritei^ cjuiantiquadiligentereX' 
 pndtrit^ & perpe?i(o iudtcioexam'tnauerit^t 
 retroa&is ( tjuodprofrie faf tenth viri officmm 
 eli) prdfem'tatudicare futura frofficcre^df* 
 ex vet er urn exewplfs.propter cafuum fimilittt^ 
 d'tnem , conutnkntu remedia malis adhiberei 
 quthm neglects , i» eundetn lapidem [Apim 
 tmfingtmHi « Neque enim , vt Arijlides dice" 
 bat , in hello tarn Armis res magna geruntufy 
 quam prudent in dr confdw. Jtaque Xerxes^ 
 cuius exercitu & terra^ & marevix caper epo^ 
 lerat^ vnim Themipoclii induHria ptperatHS 
 fuit. & Komanis^nequtmultitudo^mquevi'» 
 res maiores^quam ampltftmu regniSy&ferC'- 
 cipmu Barbaris fuerunt -.fedprincipes cos fe- 
 cit feueritas inftitutorum , & or do militia^ 
 Vnde K^gamemnon non optahat , vt K^iack 
 ftmdes habere t decem/edvt Neftorts & Vlif» 
 fis : quorumcon(jlio& prude?3tianonduhitA' 
 bat qmn breui Troia per it ur a ejfet , & Sail»-' 
 fltm dtu quidem magnum inter mortales cey" 
 iamen fuijfe fcribit^ vine corporisy an virtute 
 animi^ res magis milit arts procederet :fed po* 
 flea periculo atquenegotitscompertumejje^ in 
 beHoflunmum ingenium poffc. Lttcullum vero 
 AcadecjKx/i. fcritfit Ctcero^ cum ef[etT\omaadLMithrida' 
 ttcum helium profecitis/einjiliUris plane r«- 
 dtsjegendisrshmgeflis^indtiflrtA & ingemo^ 
 
 tantum
 
 DEDICATORIA» 
 
 Untum imferamemin omnigenere belli eX'» 
 fiitiffe^ vt confepore & tuAitio Mithridaus^ 
 regis fojl Alexandrtimmaxmi omnibus ^quos 
 zffelegijfet^dttctbus pr^ferretur.^areprH- 
 deter AiphonfHs Aragomm rex , regatta plus 
 ?rearmii^anlibrisdebcret^refpondit. Ex libns 
 arma. , & armor u iurafe deMcijfe ; apert^pro- 
 fe([t4S^fedo^rmaommadeh€re. £ljififpc6iat 
 quod luUiniAnAmpenaor Alt ^ mdltaremrem in iuC.de 
 tamlegibwintutocoUocatameffe quam leges [if^'J"^' 
 armorumfrdifidio feruatas , & horum alter urn 
 dtermsauxiliofemper egui(fe. T^am [i recipe 
 zudkare volumus , non magis leges fwearmUy 
 quantarwafmelegibus&difcipima rempttb^ 
 njUunque florent'tfimam vUomodotucri pop- 
 funt . ^ud cum ita fint , Serenif. Prmceps^ 
 hum qudemcunque laborem rneum T. Celfi 
 mn mgratum fore confido ; mmuscerte exi* 
 guttm^ &fplendori tmmdlgnum\fedadpr£' 
 fentem rerumfiatum^ nift falloropportunum, 
 in quo recenfendo^graues fortaffe nimium^ & 
 feuerosccnforesmomtosvelim , eioiquod^^ 
 Idfius Max. Sl^Vabio Max.fl'to confdt di- 
 cebat, dtter'u? medio ardore belb, alturinpace 
 tranquillaarbitrandum ejfe» multa emm qu£ 
 in pacts otiovmdex difciplmaperfequttur^ in* 
 ter turbos & gladios veniam mercntur . T, 
 "vero Cel^Senm^. Princeps , hocquicquideB 
 
 a s velfiu*
 
 PR JE FATt O 
 
 velJIuJu vellaboris ^ dedicam : tumqttodmex 
 
 infer ejje putarem^ earn mnignorare^fudage" 
 
 rem^ & ijuafludia tra£iarem , dum apubUca 
 
 funSiiomhtis vacarem : turn (juad mUisarU 
 
 hdc nemim magis conutmn arbhrarer , i^uam 
 
 ttbttanto Imferatori, & difciplifidmilitaris 
 
 amantiftmo . Cutus axioms Oeus oftimus 
 
 maximus dirigat , eu^idemquc nobis quim 
 
 diutifimi feruct incolumem, E cafiris 
 
 antt Tornacum , fridie Kal, 7Hj>^ 
 
 uemb* I J ^ i^ 
 
 PRifiFATlO DE IVRE 
 
 BELLI. 
 
 Vkhr^ aPyndaro pkriq; 
 didum exiftimat, bellum 
 tyrannum efle, & legem 
 omnium rcginam . nihil 
 enimlegibus,qu£ediuini- 
 tus nobis datae funt , tarn conuarium, 
 quam vi agere ; quod proprium eft bel^ 
 luarum. & quemadmodum aquilae vn- 
 guis acumen, & leoni dentium afperi- 
 tas:fichominirationem (quamre^eL 
 C. animam legis efle voluerunt) datam 
 cfle: qua fola contedere & fe tueridcbet* 
 Vnde quamuisrempubJineiufticiageri 
 
 non
 
 DE IVRE BELLI. 
 
 nonpoffe, nihilqi taminimicumquam 
 iniufticiatn ciuitati, aLaelio (quern Ci- 
 cero de rcpub. difputantem contra Phi- 
 luminducit) abode (atisdifceptatum fir; 
 tamenbellum fine iniuria geri no pofle, 
 adbuc hodie multoru mentibus infedit. 
 totenim mala,tam magna^tam horrcda, 
 tamfeua, ex bellis, etiam quae iuftadi- 
 cuntur, & quidem neceffario oriri : vt 
 qui ilia omnia ad iufticiae normam redi- 
 gere conetur, nihil aliud agar , quam fi 
 cum ratione infaniac. Etenim prorfus 
 inutilem efle iufliciam : 8c id ius efle in 
 bello^quod eijqui plus poteft,vtiIccft:& 
 pro iure vires effe : hoc podffimum ar- 
 gumentoprobarenitebaturveteres , in* 
 iuftum(ciiicetcfle,& contra naturam.vt 
 homines hominibus dominantibus fer- 
 uianc : quod belli iure indudum fuit: 
 quam tamen iniufliciam nifi /equarur 
 imperioficiuitas, cuius magna eft refp. 
 non eam pofle prouinciis imperare. Sed 
 cerre tollenda eft ha?c opinio, funrenim 
 & belli, ficut & pacis iura : & in eos, qui 
 fquum pari non pofluntjnec rationcco- 
 hiberl, vis baud iniufta eft. lniquitase« 
 nim partis aduerfe, vt inquit D. Augu- ^J^* ^] 
 ftinus^iuilabella ingeric gereadafapieci, 
 
 imo
 
 PRJEFATIO 
 
 imo neceflaria. Iraque Dauid vir Deo 
 acceptiirimus,aliiq;viri(andiffimi,bclla 
 
 c.wofc.23.^.1 gef]erunt\&: Dcusipfepraecepitifraeli- 
 tis, vt Amorrseis, aliisque populisbella 
 
 Divt.z, inferrent . Dolcbit ergo fapiens , iufti 
 belli fibi exftitifle neceffitatem ; fufcipiet 
 tamen,communi reipub. vtilitati confu- 
 lenspotiusquam priuatorum rnecotra 
 praeccptumillud Platonis,dum partem 
 aliquamreipub.tuerivult^totum corpus 
 deferar. Nee protinus iniudum cenfen- 
 dumeftjquodiiiftobellovidijinferui- 
 tiitem olim redigerentur:irno idiuftiffi- 
 mu m elTejCx eo defendi poreft,qu6d rei- 
 pub. conueniat,vi puniantur ijjqui iniu- 
 ftumbellum gerunt, fed & quod tali bus 
 hominibus fit vtilis feruitus, dici poteft: 
 quiafcilicetimprobisauferturiniuriarii 
 licetia, & domiti fe melius habituri funr, 
 quam indomiti le habuerur. quales Afi« 
 incolas efTe, Agefilausdicere foletjbonos 
 
 vittMapoi>. fcilicetjfi feruiret,malos,fi libertatefrue- 
 rcntur. Quae ratio vtfirmaretur, Laelius 
 apud Ciceronem de republ.difputans, 
 fubdidit veluti a natura fumptu nobile 
 exemplum, & dixit; Cur igiturdeus ho* 
 mini ^animus corpori imperatjratio libi- 
 dini, ccterisque vitiofisaaimi partibus, 
 
 quod
 
 D£ IVRfi BBtLl» 
 
 If a «viva i>ci<i<&» 
 
 quod D.Auguftino mire probatur. Scd «ieVwtf.De? 
 & ex praecepio Dei Moyfes , Madianitis ^^'s»"/ 7- 
 prselio viftis » prsedam omnem tam ho- '«•31. 
 minum , quam pecoru inter fuosdhiifit. 
 6c Apoftolusmonetferuos, vtobediant aiB^Ufs, 
 dominisfuiSj&exanimoferuiant.Reda 
 itaq; ratio naturarapietibusinfita,coer- 
 cendam humanam improbitatemjbello, 
 captiuitatej & feruitutc fuafir, de quo a- 
 lio loco plura dicemus . Porro cadeni 
 ratio iufticiae, quae beilis gercndis nor- 
 mam praefcribit^dat eriam fuas leges ini- 
 litibus&exercituijquibusdifciplinami- 
 j, litaris ftabilitur: qua fcmel polluta, vt 
 J, Papyrij didlatoris verba apud Liuiu re- i'i>x 
 5, feram5& non iniIesceturionis,noncen- 
 5, turiotribunijiiontribunuslegati, non 
 J, legatusconfulis, nonmagifterequitum 
 J, djdatorispareat imperio : no edida im- 
 j, pcratoris obferuentur,- fine commeatu 
 3, vagi milites, in pacato,in hoftico errenr, 
 J, immemoresfacramenti, licentia fola fe 
 „ vbiveIintexau(florent: infrequentiade- 
 j, feranturfignatnequeconueniaturade- 
 j, didum,nccdifccrnaturinterdiu,node; 
 ^ aequo , iniquo loco ; iniuflu imperatoris 
 ,5 pugncnt, &nonfigna5nonordinesfer- 
 ,, uent, latrocinij modo csca&fortuira, 
 
 pro
 
 PRJEPATIO DB IVRE BELLI. 
 
 pro foJenni&facra militia crit. Vtenim ^ 
 in fidibus & cantu ^ ex diftindis fonis, 5c 
 difTimillimaruvocummoderaiionejCO- 
 cors tatnen concentus efficitur & con- 
 gruens.-ficcxfummiSj&mediis^&infi- 
 mis intericdis ordinibus , modcratum 
 ratione & difciplinaexercitil ('quodde 
 ciuitatediccbatScipio, qiicm Cicero de 
 rcpubl. difputantetn inducit) confenfu 
 diflrimillimorum concinere dicendu eft, 
 & quajharmoniaaMuficisdiciturinca- 
 tu , ea eft in exercitu concordia, ardiiffi- 
 mum & optimu difciplinse miiitaris vin- 
 culum rquae certe fine iufticia eflenon 
 poteft: quae ad quamcunqueremgeren- 
 dam eft neceflaria:& cuius,vt ait Cicero^ 
 tanta vis eft^vi nee illi quidem ^qui male- 
 ficio & fcelere pafcutur , poflint fine vlla 
 particulaiufticiaeviuere. Etha?cquidem 
 dixifte fufficiatjVt huius operis rationem 
 redderemus,& iis faiisfaccremus,qui iu- 
 ra belli (quibus reip. falus contmetur) 
 tanquam naturae & paci euangclicas 
 contraria, damnarcfunt 
 aufi. 
 
 LIBRI
 
 LIBRI PRIMI CAPITA. 
 
 r\ E ratione belliindicendi , aliisque cirimonjis belli- 
 ^ CIS, qu« antiquo iure feciali prodit* hiere, Cap« i . 
 De belJo iufto, & iuftis belli caufis. Cap.a, 
 
 Dc duello (cufingularicrrramine, _ Cap.j. 
 
 X>c pigncrationibus, quas vulgorrjjtc^alias VOcat. Cap. 4, 
 Dc bello captis,& iujc poftUminij. Cap.$. 
 
 De fide hofti feruanda. Cap.«. 
 
 Dc fordenbus & induciis. Cap./* 
 
 De infidiis & fraude hoftili» Cap. 8. 
 
 De iuie Icgatorum. ^p- 9» 
 
 DE ojSciis bellids» Cap,u 
 
 De imperatoic vel ducc exercitus. Cap.i. 
 
 Vnum nonplures exercitui piacfici dcbere , & cum pote- 
 ibte libera : eundemque conrinuum : oec eum qoem 
 priusofifeoderis ignoirini.iueafFcceris. Cap»)* 
 
 Vtrum leoitate 6c i^neuolentia , anverdfeueritate & (c* 
 nitia plu&ptoficietimpctatot. ^ Cap.4« 
 
 Tempotumiatiooeni pnecipu^ ic bello babenda* Cap.5«^ 
 
 Contcmio&sdc kntasde rebus bellicis deliberationesai*' 
 modum noxias t^t, praeiertirnvbifa^omagisquam 
 coninito opus eft. Cap. 6. 
 
 Dum res adhuc funt Jntegras , ne minimum quidem regi 
 vel reip. de maie Aate fua concedendiim eflc : & erraro 
 cos qui anogantiam boilium; modcAia & pacienria 
 Tinci pofleexiftimanf. Cap./. 
 
 An prajftet bcllum domicxcipcre , an vero in hoftilem a« 
 grum inferrc. Cap.a, 
 
 An praeflet initio przlij magnoclamore& cocitatocurfii 
 in hoftes pergere . an vero loco manere & hoftium im- 
 petum cxcipere. Cap.9, 
 
 Kon-ene confilij inuicem infenfos ciuilibusdiflTcnrioni- 
 bus hoAes Madiicordiafrctuminuadere. Cap. 10« 
 
 Kecellitatem pugnaodi magnoftudioimponeodamc(]e 
 miHtibus & hoilibus remirtendam. Cap.iu 
 
 In vidoria porinimum de pacecogirandum. Cap.i2« 
 
 Deuif^ishoflibus. qua potiiDmum cationepcfp^o^ P^c* 
 9ukuobtm«iipofliM| ^?'AL'
 
 INDEX CAPITVM» 
 
 Libri tert^ capita» 
 
 DE difciplina militari» Cap*i, 
 
 De officio legati , thbuni , & aliotum qui in jlitibus 
 
 prsfunt* Cap, 2* 
 
 De metaroribus , Hue menfbribus. Cap, 3. 
 
 De militibus, & qui militare poilunt. Cap.4« 
 
 De f^cramento militaii. Cap. 5* 
 
 De midione. Cap«6. 
 
 De priuilegiis milttum. Cap.j. 
 
 De iudiciis militaribus» Cap.8* 
 
 De poenis militum. Cap.9. 
 
 De contumacibus Sc ducum di£lonon parentibus.eosque 
 
 non protesentibus. Cap. 10« 
 
 De emaoronbus. Cap. 1 1 « 
 
 De defertotibus. Cap.iz. 
 
 De transfugis & proditoribus. Cap. 1 3 « 
 
 De feditiofis. Cap.14» 
 
 De lis qui inacie loco ccdunt aut vi£H fededunt« Cap«i/; 
 De lis qui artna alienanr, vel amittunt. Cap.i6« 
 
 De lis qui excubias deferur, vel minus 1efteagunt.Cap.17, 
 Deeoquiarcem .veloppidum, cuius pisfidio impoHtus 
 
 e([, amittit, vel hoitibusdedit. Cap.iS. 
 
 De fuTtis & aliis quibufdam deliftis militatibus. Cap.iQ. 
 Deptsmiis militum. Cap. 20« 
 
 Tre$hi Uhri nttiUt funt ai confctuaniam hoctenporeea' 
 lamttofo dtfcipUnam mthtarem, nee hatentalkftudqttoi 
 fdtiCathoUcte contranetftr.Stc cenfto iC.Notumb.l^il» 
 
 Mathias Lambrecht faciae Theol. 
 Licent'& Regius in alma vniueiC 
 Duacen. Catechifmi profeilbr. 
 
 DEIV-
 
 DEIVREET 
 
 OFFICIIS BELLICIS, 
 
 ETDISCIPLINA MILITARI, 
 
 LIBER PRIMVS. 
 
 DE RATIONE BELLI INDICENDT, 
 
 ALUS Q^ E C^RIMONirS BELLICIS^ 
 
 qu2c antique iure feciali prodica: fuerunt. 
 
 / lus fecials^, 
 
 2 Collegium fmdlUrA, 
 
 ^ officium fecidiam. 
 
 jf Clarigatio, 
 
 5 Paterpatraim, 
 
 6 Tybarenornm fdes, 
 
 7 Verhaiuriifedalts^ 
 
 S Imujfu populi fosdus mrinon foteraU 
 
 p Sp Pojiumus hoHibw deditfis., 
 
 JO D editions formula. 
 
 I X OHancmt^ Numantin^ dedltus. 
 
 Q h PyT PRIMVM. 
 
 OMAN OS bellijfieut& pa- 
 ds iura pcrpenlb iudicio 
 femper ^ftitnafle, exeo- 
 ru hiftoriis licet cognof- 
 cere : ita vt mirum videri 
 non debeat, tain Felices cis fc mper con- 
 tigiffe bclloru cxitus : quippe qui arma 
 
 A nunquam
 
 De ivre et off. bhli. 
 nunquam nifi iuftis de caufis fumpfc- 
 aknti<juUat. rint, vtrcfcrt Dionyfius HalicarnafT.* 
 KotfMM.2, vfqueadco vt cum legati CampanorQ 
 (quos Samnites aduerfo prxlio frege- 
 rant, & ad petendumRoraaeauxilium 
 coegerant)in fenatum introdud^ijinul- 
 tis verbis docuifTent 5 qiiam vtilisforet 
 Rom. rebus Capan^Efocietatisacceffio, 
 petentesamicitiam inperpetuujin prx- 
 fensauxilium : nihil tamenaliudimpe- 
 trarunt a fenatu 5 quinon temere febel- 
 lisalicnis immifcerevolebat, quam vt 
 legari mitterenturad Samnitcs^precatu 
 ne qua vis Campanis fieret.ad qug prin- 
 ccps legationis a Capanis miflbs, quc- 
 admodum in madatisarceperatjQuan- 
 doquidem,inquit,noftratueriaduerfus 
 vimatqueiniuriam iufta vinonvultis, 
 veflraccrte defendetis. itaqjpopulum 
 Campanum , vrbeque Capuam, agros, 
 diuina, humanaque omnia in veffram 
 P. C. populiqueRom.ditionemdedi- 
 mus.quicquiddeindepatiemurdcditi- 
 tij veftri pafluri . Turn in fenatu iam fi- 
 ^ ^'^•7' desagivifajVtrefcrtLiuiuSj^^dedirosno 
 prodi , bellumque aduerfus Samnites 
 fu fceptu eft, quod fine iufto tituIo,Ro- 
 mani a Campanis in fc nunquam ver- 
 
 tiflent*
 
 Liber primvs* 2 
 
 tiflent. Similiter priufquam tertiumS: 
 vltimum belluiti Punicu fufciperctur, 
 diu multumque tata res agitata eft: atq; 
 interM.PorciumCatonem,&Scipio- 
 nemNaficam fenatusprincipes(quorQ 
 alterfapicntiflimiis vir in ciuitatc habe- 
 batur J alter optimus vir ctiam a fenatu 
 iudicatus erat) variis fenientiis certatil. 
 Cato fuadebac vc bcllum indiceretur 
 Carthaginiefibus^qui exercitum {pecie 
 contraMaflanifTam regemjreipfa, cotra 
 Romanoscoparatum in Htiibus habe-* 
 bant^Nafica cotradicente^ ex cuius fen- 
 tentia legates mitti Carthaginem pla- 
 cuit^qui fpecularentur quidagerent5ca-. 
 ftigato eorum fenatu , quod contra foe- 
 dus exercitum ^ & nauales materias ha- 
 berent. Sed Gifgo Amilcaris filius, ho- 
 mofeditioliis, ita (enatum bellum ad- 
 uerfus Romanos fuadendo concitauit, 
 vt legatifuga fibi confulcre coadi fint. 
 cumque tunc Cato non diutius bel - 
 lum differendumcenferet,Naficanon- 
 dumiuftamfibibeilandi cauiamvideri, 
 8c nihil temerc faciendum dicebat . kd 
 Catonisfcnientia peruicitj^c cum Car- 
 thaginienfibus, quod contra foedus na- 
 ues habercnt, & extra fines exercitum 
 
 A 2 cduxif-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BBtLi 
 
 eduxiffent, quodque MafTanifTae focio 
 
 aF2of./«&.49 armainiuliflent,bellumgeftum^ Ac 
 
 belli quidem aequitas^ vt inquit Cicc- 
 
 hoffckb.i. robjfandiffmc* fecial! populi Roma* i 
 
 ni iure perfcripta erat . ex quo intel- 
 
 ligi poieft , nullum helium fuifle iu- 
 
 ftum 5 nifi quod aut rebus repetitis ge- 
 
 reretur , aut denuciatum anteeflet, aut 
 
 indidum.quod ius Ancus Martius rex, 
 
 abantiqua gete iEquicoIis defcripfit . a 
 
 quo bellicae caeriraoniap, vt non gererc- 
 
 tur foliim , fed etiam indicerentur bella 
 
 aliquo ritu, primum Romanis, vti Li- 
 
 c //5.1. uius"teftatur/unt prodit^ dicetalij hoc 
 
 Numas Pompiliotribuantjaquofepti- 
 
 ma facrarum legum parte ^ collegium 
 
 dDmyfit( fecialium^inftituiumfuilfeallerunt*'. 2 
 
 Habcar.an- Officium * vero fcciallu (cuius fumma 3 
 
 tlT. '^'^ * fern per a pud Romanos fuit audoritas) 
 
 infummaerat:dareoperamneRomani 
 
 vlli foederatae ciuitati, iniuftumbellum 
 
 inferret; &de bellisjfoederibus, padio- 
 
 nibus5& iniuriiSjfociiSjaliisquc confce- 
 
 deratis getibusillatis cognofcere.quod 
 
 fi qua prior^contra foederis cod jtiones, 
 
 aliquid commififletjlegatos mittere,& 
 
 verbis primum ius fuum repctere5& res 
 
 fibidari ciaravoce poiccrc (quaeclari- 
 
 gatio
 
 Liber primvs. 3 
 
 4 gatio^difta) his verbis : louemego te- 
 5, ftem facio,fiegoimpieimufteque,ilIas 
 „ res dedier populo Romano, mihiquc 
 3j expofco, tunc patriot compotem nuni- 
 33 quamfinaseffe. Quodfidedignaretur 
 
 facerepoftulata, rcnuciata prius focic- 
 tate & amicitia (fi quaforteerat) poft 
 trigintademumdiesjquirolenesfu^re, 
 bellum indicere,captaq;,& hoftili mo- 
 do deuaftata, belli iurerepctere^ Fecia- 
 libuscerte prohibentibuSjautnon pro- 
 bantibus^neque confuli,nequc fenatui, 
 neq; populo 3 armain hoftes fumcre li» 
 
 5 cebar. Maximus * vero crat inter fecia- 
 Ies,quem Patrempatraium appellabat. 
 is autem crat, qui iiberos haberct, viuo 
 adhuc patrefuo S que fecialis, verbena ^ p^«<^ ^ 
 caput & frontcra cmgens, mdicedi bel- 
 li, aurpercutiendi foederis , principem 
 faciebat, Casterum (ciendum efl non 
 fuilTe neceffe, ipfi regi , cum quo fort^ 
 belligerandum erat , bellum indici , (cd 
 
 fatis erat , ad pra?fidium aliquod nun- 
 ciare. vt feciales confulti, primum cum 
 Philippo,& iterum cum Antiocho bel* 
 lum indicendum effct^decreuere . Bel- 
 lo autem legitime indido, fublatisco- 
 mertiis , militi arma capcrc , & copias 
 
 A 3 cogcrc
 
 De IVRE EY off. BELLt 
 
 cogerelicebat^adhoftcsducerejexcur- 
 fiones facere, prasdas agere, fines popu- 
 lar!, eosqueferrOjign iqjdeuaftarCjfru- 
 menta fiicciderCjCedificia incendere, at- 
 que omnia hoftiliter agere. Tybarenos 
 * tame adeoiuftosfuifle memorise pro- 6 
 ditupi eft , vt non prius cum hofte con- 
 grcderentur^quam diem, locum, & de- 
 certadi horam, ex fide per feciales hofti 
 denunciarent» quod& aveteribusillis 
 RomaniSjUonunquamfadumfuiflele- 
 gimusf Formulamvero, &ritum belli 
 a "Lib.u Et indicedi^antiquilTimum rcfert Liuius \ 
 GcUjfb,i6. Feciales itaque 3 fi qui illaram cotrafoe- 
 Tt'tKUaii- dusiniuriaquerebantur5caufameorura 
 car.AnhKa. cognofccbautj & coperto crimine/on* 
 *"**' ' *** tes comprehenfos laefis dedebant. iudi- 
 cabant item de legatorum iniuriis , qui 
 iure gentium fanc^ti fuere : atque ita, fi a 
 quouis populo , aut natione violati fo-' 
 rentjVt hi qui iura gentium temerevio- 
 lafTentjdedercntur, per feciales caueba- 
 hinUvk.T). tur. idqjctiam iure noftrocautum eft ^. 
 ixicgatimK X)abant quoque operam feciales ^vt fer- 
 uarentur coditiones foederis, pacem fa- 
 ciebant, & fi parum legitime fadlavide- 
 batur,irritara reddcbant. Non aliter ta- 
 men foedcra cum fociis , aut hoftibus 
 
 fancire.
 
 Liber primv*. 4 
 
 fincirCjaut padiones concipere pote- 
 rant,quam fi c6fulis,aut pr3etorisau(flo- 
 ritate,intercedentcS.C.iufruq;populi, 
 permijDfum foret* denique fi quid irape- 
 ratorcs, velducescontraiurifiuradi re- 
 ligionem peccaffenr, feciales cognofce- 
 7 bant,atqueexpiabant. Verba *autem 
 „ iurisfecialishaecerant rBelli^pacis^foe- 
 P, derum,induciarum5oratorum/eciales 
 indices ^unto^Ec quidem auftores foe- ^^J'^^^^*^ 
 deris, minus rite initi , per ipfos feciales ' '^' * 
 hoftibusdedebatur 5 vt hac ratione, po- 
 S pulus religionefolueretur.Iniuflli * ve- 
 ro populi Sc citra Senatus audtoritatc, 
 nihil fanciri poterat,quod populum te- 
 neret, & fine fecialibus , caerimoniaque 
 alia folemni, foedus fieri non poterat. 
 Vndc T. Veturius, & Sp, Poftumius 
 p confT.^quiajCum malcpugnatumapud 
 Caudiu efTet, legionibus Romanis fub 
 iugum miffis , pacem cum Samnitibus 
 iniufTu populijfenatusque fecerant,vnh 
 cum T. Numicio & Qli^milio Trib. 
 pleb. quodeoruquoq; audoritate pax 
 Caudina fadla erat , dediti funt hofti- 
 buSjVtpaxSamnitumrepudiaretur.at- 
 que huius deditionis ipfe Pofturoius, 
 quidedebatur , fuafor & auiSor fuit **. 
 
 A 4 Cuius
 
 De IVRE Ft OFF. BELL, 
 
 Cuius verba, vtrefert Liuius^haecfue- 
 rut : Dedamurpcrfeciales^nudi vindi- „ 
 qucjcxoluamus religionepopulum^fi „ 
 quaobligauimus: ne quiddiuini,hu- 3, 
 manive obftet , quo minus iuftu pium- 3, 
 quedcintcgroineaturbellum. Dcdi- ,, 
 tionis vero per feciales fadse formula „ 
 haec fuit * : Quandoquidcm hice homi- lo 
 nes iniufTu populi Romani, quiritum „ 
 foedus idum iri fpopoderunt , atque ob 
 cam rem noxam nocuerunt : ob cam 
 re , quo populus Komanus fcelereim- 
 pio fit folutuSjhofce homines vobis de- 
 do . Similiter multis annis poft * C. n 
 Mancinus Numantinis, quibufcum in- 
 a cicm of iuffu populi & citra fcnatus audorita- 
 fLjlL. ^^^^ foedus fecerat, deditus eft ^. 
 
 ^^** * DE BELLO IVSTO ET IVSTIS 
 
 BELLI CAVSIS, 
 
 1 Confertundaiurahelli» 
 
 2 Duo genera decertand't. 
 
 3 B ella fulapt€nda,vt m face vhatHr» 
 
 4 Ex hellu efiam iujiis multa mala or iri. 
 
 5 Bellum homHum turfi pad fraferen - 
 
 dum, 
 i Julia bella iure Gemium^ Cammm^ & 
 dtuino fcrjnt([k» 
 
 7 Jn
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. J 
 
 7 In iuHo hello rtquiritur AuSfmtOiTrlru- 
 
 8 K^fud Romanes klU pacu£ arbitrium 
 
 penes populum fuh* 
 P ^AndoqueiniuJlufrmcipisbeUumgeri 
 
 pofpL^» 
 
 J Inpxnam reheUionu ipfo iure incipitur. 
 
 J J \uflabelUcaufc. 
 
 12 Rehellto, 
 
 jj IniuriafaBaprmifi^cefeturfdlaDeo^ 
 
 J 4 Aliud rehellu j alma hofiis* 
 
 J s lura belli an conuemant rebelltbM» 
 
 x6 Cmlis di([enUo» 
 
 J/ Lex Solon IS. 
 
 J 8 In hello mn femper tutU non alien parti 
 
 feadiungerc^. 
 ip LMediaviaferkulofa» 
 2 ? rincipisAutloY it as femper fe^jiundA c*o- 
 
 tra rebelles^ 
 2 1 TQdla iufia caufa rehelUndi, 
 2 2 ^mdrefpubm 'vel patria. 
 2i Rebelito gramfimum crimen. 
 ■ 2 4 Tyr annus ocddi potejl • 
 2 s Legntmtu pr weeps tj/rannM diet nonpO' 
 
 ten, 
 
 26 Lex Reoia. 
 
 27 Pontifexex caufa pote^ regetn regnoprt* 
 
 A 5 iS Bel"
 
 Db IVR.E ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 2 8 Btllum aducrfw infideles An^& ^uate^ 
 
 ni^ tufium, 
 2p Jmperator non eft tottus mudi do/ninm. 
 J Hdreticis iuftum helium infertur, 
 ^ I CMditi non nocet miu/la beili caufa* 
 ^ 2 Militi Chrtftiamfhb imperatore fagan9 
 
 fermiffum militare, 
 3S Sluatenus regt tnfdeli parendum» 
 g4 luflum helium mamfine iufta caupu 
 SS An vtrimque he limn diet po^it iuftum* 
 
 3 6 PecumaneruusheU'h 
 
 ^ 7 Cutsis impenfis helium geri dcheat* 
 ^ 8 Tratani4s ft (cum Iteni comparahat. 
 $g lMos Calbrum, 
 
 40 Damnain hello accept a an refarcki d$* 
 beanh 
 
 Capvt secvndvm. 
 
 TN repub.bene conftituta maxime co- 
 
 tiofficM.i. -'^feruanda^eflciura belli docet Cicer,» ^ 
 
 in quo & furcipicndo,& gerendo5& de- 
 
 ponendo ius vt plurimum vakt & fi- 
 
 b cicerM.z dcs^ .quo fpcdat illa,qu3E de iure feciali 
 
 diitffbns^ diximus,Namcumfintduo*generade- z 
 
 certandi, vt idem ait : vnutn per difccp- 
 
 tationem,altermn per vim ; cumqj illud 
 
 proprium fit hominis , hoc belluarum; 
 
 confugiendura eftadpofterius^fi vti no 
 
 licet
 
 Liber primvs. 6 
 
 licet fuperiore . Quod etia indicafle vi- 
 dentur poetae , cum Chironem centau- 
 rum (cuius fupcriorem parte hominis, 
 infcriorem vero equi forma refcrre fin- 
 gunt) Achillis parfagogum coftitutum 
 tradunt: vt oftendercnt5bonum princi- 
 pcm non folum prudenria & confilio, 
 aliisque animi dotibus pra^ditum ^ fed 
 etiam viribus , & armis inftrudum efle 
 debere. ineosenimquia^quumpatino 
 poffuntj neq; ratione cohiberi^vis baud 
 iniufta eft. Sed vt Scipio dicere folet, 
 impcratoritidevtmedicus, ad malum 
 curandumvltimodemumloco ferrum 
 
 3 adhiberc debet ^ Quare fufcipienda * a p/**.«a^ 
 quidcm bella fun t, ob earn caufam vt fi- ^^ ' 
 
 nc iniuria in pace viuatur , & i ta vt nihil 
 aliud nifi pax quaefita videatu r ^. Qiao b c.mUai 
 fpcdat memorabilisilla Martiani C«- ^^**' 
 laris fententia: Donee liceretinpacevi- 
 uerc, no debere principearmafumere: 
 
 4 ciimtottantaquemalaexbellis *,etiam 
 quaeiuftadicuntur, oriantur. quorum 
 
 „ malorum^vtexclamatD.AuguftinusS ff '^;^ 
 „ multas & multiplices clades , diras & '*^'"'^'^ 
 J, duras neceifitates^fijVtdignu eft,eIoqui 
 5, velim, quanquam nequaquam ficut res 
 y, poftulat,poflinijquis eritprolix? difpu- 
 
 tationis
 
 Db Ivrb et off. bbll, 
 tationis modus ? Sed fipiens,inquiunt, >J 
 iufta bella gefturus eibquafi no^fife ho- ,» 
 minemmeminit, multo magis dolebit „ 
 iuftorum neceffitates fibi exftitiflcbel- » 
 lorum.quia nifi iufta efTcnt^gerendano » 
 efTent, ac per hoc (apienti nulla bcUaef- ,, 
 fent. iniquitas enim partis aduerfie iufta j, 
 bella in'gerit gerenda (apieti, imo & ne- » 
 ceflaria, qu« iniquitas homini vtique 5^ 
 doleda, quia hominum eft, etfi nulla ex ,5 
 ea bellandi neceilitas nafceretur, Hsec i- » 
 taque mala tarn magna , tarn horrendaj n 
 tam fa^ua quifquis cum dolore confide- » 
 rat^miferiamnecefleeft fateatur . quif- „ 
 quisautemvelpatitureafineanimido- ,> 
 lore^vel cogitat, multo vbique miferius 35, 
 ideo (e putat beatum > quia& humanii 9, 
 perditrenfumihfcille.SuntenimsYtin* „ 
 quit Liuius^quaeda belli iura^qua? vtfa- 
 cere , ita pati fas eft : vt fata exuri , dirui 
 teda^praedas hominum pecorumq^agi: 
 quae certe miferajicei non femper inoi- 
 gna,patienti funt. Paciitaque^qug nihil 
 fit habitura infidiaru , aut turpitudinis,, 
 ^off^uoM.i yi^i^ Cicero %fempereritcoAiIendum, 
 b vhtitfp.ii Ceterum^quauis, Vt idem ait ^5dulce fit 
 nomenpacis, & ip(a res tumiucunda, 
 tumlaiutaris. namneqipriuatosfocos, 
 
 ncquG
 
 Liber primvs. 7 
 
 jieque publicas leges , neque libertatis 
 iurachara habere poteftjquedifcordia?, 
 quemcaedesciuium, quern bell urn pu* 
 
 5 blicumdcledat: bellumtamen^honc- 
 flu, cxDemofthenis fentcntia,turpi pa- 
 cifempercftpra^ferendum, Etquidem 
 
 6 iufta^bellafuntiure gentium indida^: a l. «fcoc 
 & turn iure canonum^ ; turn eiiam iure ^^* -^^^ 
 diuinopcrmifla^. na& Dcusipfeprac- bc.?«/I'c. 
 cepit Ifraclitis. vt Amorra^is, aliisq: po - ^«'"i"'«- f 5 
 puhsbellum mferrcnt . vnde D.Au- w.,»^c.o/fw. 
 
 . euft.«Nolianquit.exiftimareneminem ''^^f^f-fpoi* 
 , Deo placere, qui armis bcllicis mini- cmLc.miiu 
 J ftrat.namDauidDeoacceptifllmu?,^ tare,2i^.i, 
 , Centurioillc, cuius fides diuino tefti- 'zT^^^JTz. 
 , monioextollitur,&alij(andiviriope- ^ oe.,ter.2. 
 , rammilitiaedederunt.Vtautembellum l/f,^;,';"'' 
 
 7 dicatur iuftum^debet imprimis * audto- 
 ritatea& mandato fummi principisjpc- 
 
 ncs quemefl belli pacisqiarbitriumjin- u.^mdcui- 
 dici.&fufcipif. Namad priuatum non ^^T'^^' 
 Ipeaatbcllummouere, cumiusluuin i6.iz.atra 
 iudicio perfequi poffit & debeat. violat '"''jf ^/^ 
 enimiusprincipis^quifineiurisauiflp- v.dieo^^i 
 ritate, manu reeiaiusfibidicit ^. Sed"**'/^*^- 
 nee vlli J inlciOj& inconlolto prmcipe, yt a,mo. v. 
 quorumlibet armorum mouendorum/'^'^^'^F"'- 
 copiatribuitur^. Eclegeluliamaiefta- 'Iei'mTu 
 
 tis te-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL, 
 
 tis tenetur,qui iniuflu principis bellum 
 gefTerit, deledumve habueritjautexer- 
 a L.3. D.ati citum comparauerita.Itaque Cato cen- 
 %/» ui. j[q[j^^ reuocandum exercitum , & Cxfa- 
 "'^^' remhoftibusdedcndum, qiiodiniuffii 
 bPiutar.i» populibcllil in Gallia gercrett>. Apud 
 cat.vticen. Romaiios* cnim pencspopulum.cuius 8 
 eratfummum impenum,bellipacisquc 
 arbitriu fuit, vt ex multis Liuij locis fa- 
 ns conftat. Itaque patresdecreuere,in- 
 c ituimi^. quitLiuiiis ^^vt tribunimilitumde hel- 
 lo indicendo Veietibus, primo quoque 
 dieadpopiilumferrent.itemPrcenefti- 
 nis ex S. C. populi iuflajbclium indi(5lu 
 ^\juiu*hh, eft**:&cx auaoritatepatrum populus 
 1«. Palaepolitanis bellum fieri iuffit : item 
 
 zUuiuiitb. VeftinisS&^quis^ Vndecirtnpopu- 
 fiimittiib '"^ on^J^c imperium in fe, poteftatcm- 
 ,9/""^' ' que,principilegeRegiacotulerit5,hoc 
 g /i. DM jj^jij ^ pacisq; aibitrium eft apud folum 
 €onji,t.^rMc. pj.^j^^-pgj^ . q^Q^ ita penes ipfumrefi- 
 
 det5& maieftaii principis cohaeret,vt ab 
 
 h Zati Bo eo diuelli non polTit h. & hoc ius reges 
 
 hbltaVu. Temper habuifle , indicat quoque hifto- 
 
 riaracra».NonnunquamtamenVV"^^ 9 
 »^'i'-f»- ex magna &nece(rariacaura, &fiprin- 
 
 ceps fitabfcnsjfitque periculu in niora, 
 etiam iniuflu principis bellum geri po- 
 tent:
 
 Liber primvs» 8aArg«w«rf« 
 
 terit^ipraefertim ex caufa defenfionis, \!u^',^itt 
 qua? iure naturae cuilibet conceditur^, fn^.^.^uod 
 Quo cafu non folum licebit propellere Z'^g^n^: 
 iniuriam/ed etiam vicifci *^3& hoftes fe- ^^it^mo. 
 dibus fuis pellere, fi aliter ab iis tu ti effe pr'^Z\ \% 
 nonpofTumus, nequeenimdiceduseft ^tbuortm.D^ 
 quis moderamen inculpatse rutelse ex- ^elT/"'"'' 
 cedere, qui id facir, fine quo periculum ^ l,vi >»«. 
 euitare non poteft : vt multis oftendit ^J^^^t 
 Marian. Socin.*^ Nepos^quiexiflimat ncvnjm. 
 iftud bcllum did iuHum, etia quoad ef- cw-^a^ 
 fedum^&iuri belli locum efle (effedius rain.mfnt^ 
 €niinexcaufiscolligiture.)idcoq; capta c^7c^*«wii 
 in hoc bello, fieri capientium .• & haec 23.V2. 
 multomagis obtincrc, ficurcbellibus ifff ^^* 
 resiit:quorumconatusnonioIumqui- ci.i.^.yu, 
 libet poteftjfed etiam tenetur cohibere, %\l2uJ^' 
 no exfpedato iuflu principis^ fi fit peri- u.minm^ 
 culum in mora.Si enim is.qui non pro- ''^''^l^j.^.j. 
 pelJitalocioiniuriam ^cum poteft, tam rtbtu. 
 eftin vitio, quam is qui facit^: quidde {^^- 3 •$•'»'''• 
 
 ... ^ • • -t J- J «^ D.<idi. Cor. 
 
 jniuria^qua^principint^dicendumeu? ntUefica.i. 
 10 pra^/ertim^cumijjquiquidcontraprin- fjo^tortuD. 
 cipis maieftate , & reipub, quietem ma- i'l!^/^! 
 cbihantufjipfbiurein poenam rebellio- <?*"»♦ ^- ^^» 
 nisincidatS, & quafi hoftes occidi pof- k c!^.X* 
 fint^5 vel captiui habcri '; vnde multo f »>«* «- 
 roagisbonaeorum capientium fient»^. j^tZcL,
 
 Db iVre et off. bell, 
 cftque inter cetera, qua? in Romanahi- 
 floria inuenire licet, prseclarum in banc 
 fententiam exemplum de L. Pinario, 
 i^nnseinSicilia pra^fedo praefidij ;qui 
 cumciuium rebcllionem,& defedione 
 ad Carthaginienfes prajfentiretj&libc- 
 rum no efTet legates ad Cdfulem Mar- 
 cellum^quauis baud procul eflet> mit- 
 tcre^ex improuifo magna caede ia(5la,cl- 
 uesomnes oppreffit. quo facinoreiEn- 
 naretentaeftjeiufquefadumMarcellus 
 non improbauit,& prsedam i^nnefium 
 a tkm hb, militibus conce/Tit^. Itaque Cicero lau- 
 34- * datfa(5tum 0<51auij CiEfaris^qui non ex- 
 fpedatofcnatusdecretOjbellum contra 
 Antonium fua fpontcfufceperat.dccer- 
 nendi enim tempus, vt illeait,nondum 
 vcnerat ; belli autem gerendi tetnpus fi 
 pra^termififler, videbat repub. opprefTa, 
 bcic?.pR8 nibildecerni pofTe *>. & fenatusquoque 
 bellum priuato confilio a Cas&re fulce- 
 ptum, audoritate publicacomproba- 
 c c»f.p/;i/.5 uitSSic quoq, Scipio Nafica maximara 
 laudem meruit,qui priuataaudoritatc, 
 le omnibus bonis ducem prgbens, Tib. 
 ?^. ^L'J^z.* Graccbu cum fcelcrata fadione oppref- 
 Apfian. de ' fit ^ .NccefTc eft enim,vt inquit Cicero, 
 Mum^iM. • j^ tantaperturbatione rerum,tempori- 
 
 bus
 
 Liber, primvs. 9 
 
 bus potius parere^quam moribus.&,vt 
 idemait^femper in pace, confuetudinij 
 inbello,vrilitaiiparendumeft.inquam 
 lententiaalio loco plura a nobis dicen- 
 tur*. Prgterea bellu non nifi ex iufta & ^^2•M^5. 
 ncceflaria caufageredumeft ^:&: abeffe ac.n0K.a3. 
 debet omnisnocendi cupiditas, vlcif- ^*'- 
 ccndi crudelitaSj& dominandi libido ^. b c f^a cuU 
 quo fpe(aant ilia qux iure fecialiapud M'^-^^-i-^ 
 Romanosfuereprodita. Nequefoliini 
 peceat, qui ex iniuftacaufabellumge- 
 rit: fedctiam opinionehunianapafTim 
 rcceptum eft5eum fere (cmpcrfuccum- 
 bere. Nam, vt inquic Propertius, 
 Irangit^ & AttoUit vires In mil'tu caufa, ^ ^ ^^^^^ 
 
 ^d mftiufia fubefi^excuiit armapudoK 23 . grw/?.2. 
 
 luftx vero belii^caufe pr^cipuae fun t ^^{X/./c. 
 11 hxi Defenfioproprijimperij^perfbna- ^«m.zj.f.o. 
 rum, amicorum, fociorum,&: rerum S J;^J,'f/jJ^] 
 addefenfionemenim ipfakxnaturalis fpoi. 
 ctiampriuatisauaoritateprseftat^. lu- 'l^}^^'^ 
 ftumergobellumjVt C. PontiusSam- iur.i.f»rem^ 
 nitiumduxdicebat, quibusneceffariu, ^J^^f^^'l 
 &:pia arma, quibus nulla nifi in armis ,ia^,*c.DM 
 fpcs relinquirur. Subeft quoque iufta ^•'^'Jf- 
 belli caufa, cum genturad recuperan- z^,^u<u.2. 
 das res sQUX per vim & iniulle ab hofti- ^- a«^/''«- 
 busdetinentur *: velvt miunae,veldani j^ ^.y-^^, 
 
 B illati 
 
 2.
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 
 illatiaudoresdedantur ad fupplicium, 
 
 fi forte non publico, fed priuato cofilio 
 
 aM.*fc/«- iniuriaillatafuerit\ quodeiiaiurefe- 
 
 ,^,',6.cap. cialicautum fuifTe fupcrius oftedimus. 
 
 9«*5?,2. Iraquc Dauid, monuo Saule, bellum 
 
 geflitcum Isbofeth, filioSaulis,quioc- 
 
 cupare nitebarur rcgnum Ifracl , quod 
 
 Dominus per Samuelem prophetatra- 
 
 b Rf2.2.c.2 diderat Dauidi ^ . & Romulus Albanis 
 
 belluintulit, quod dictator ecru Qui- 
 
 lius, nolktresraptasreftituere, nequc 
 
 c D/o«^/ raptorestradere'^.Eftpraptereaiuftabel- 
 
 HaUc,i,b,3. Iicaufa,vindi(5tainiuri3einiquiflimcil- 
 
 dc^Dominw lat^d, Sic Jegimus Dauidem regem in- 
 
 23^«*p.2. tulifTe bellum regi Ammonitarura^pro- 
 
 ai.9«<F?.8. pter derilos legates luose. Lt quidem 
 
 l^indZl' ^*^^^o"^ iniuri^ illat^,diceturctiam bcl- 
 
 /«^«r **" lumiuftum,fiquisprohibeaturtranfire 
 
 per alicuius prouinciam. modo trafitus 
 
 innoxius futurusfit : qui iurehumana! 
 
 f c. vit. 23. focietatis patere dcbet^ .Itaque Ifraelitf 
 
 g"*/?.*. jj^jiQ intuierunt regibus Amorr^orum, 
 
 g N«w.2. propternon concelfum tranfitu inno- 
 
 tJiTs.qZ xiumjinterraipfisa DeopermifTamS. 
 
 cap.farevos. luftiflimam * deniq; belli caufam habct 12 
 
 L'TJfilZ princeps, quiarmis perfeq u it ur rebel- 
 
 §. ^ut defi les,&abimperiodeficientesh.grauise- 
 
 ^'fV»Lt niminiuria infertur Deo, &pnncipi, 
 
 cum
 
 Liber primvs. to 
 
 cum eius imperio (ubditi refiftunt, noa 
 c(t enim poteftas, nifi a Deo : & qui re- 
 fiftitpoteftatijVt inquit Paulus% Dei n^dn^omn, 
 n ordinadoni rcfiftir : & iniuria * fada "^*'» 
 principi5cereturfa(ftaDeo:quiSamue- 
 lijaquopopulusaliumregempetebat, 
 dixit ; Non teabiecer«nt,fed me,nerc- 
 gnem fuper eos ^. Dauid autem belluin ^ «<^« « s. 
 geflit cum Seba fiiio Bochri, qui popu c Reg.2. c. 
 lumfoliicitauit, vt a Dauidead ipfum ^°' , 
 
 14 deficerct c, Sed cum rebellis^proprie nbdUi.i.ho. 
 hoftis dici non polfic , (nam aliud eft fi" ^f'"' 
 hoftis, aliud rebellis^'J verms eft, vt li cu d u« u.i6or. 
 fubditis rebellibus armiscertetur, non ■^^'"'^''*' 
 tarn dicamus efle bellum , quam execu- oiiZ 
 tionemiurildi6tionis.& perfecutionem y;"-'-^"^'» 
 
 1 If e XT J • • fuc. U quire- 
 
 rebellium . Vndeetiamnon entopijs jut^rt.oje 
 au(^toritatefummi principis/ed fufficiet 'y*'«^<^. 
 eius qui iurifdidionehabet ^.Hinciura jhtlm^*'^' 
 
 15 belli ^jCaptiuitaciSj&poflliminijjquae ^^-p^^imi- 
 hoftibustantumcoueniunts, non pof- d!'J!!17'»^'.' 
 fe rebellibus couenirc, confequ^s vide- ^ ^-thora, 
 tur: ficutnecpiratis&latronibus (qui iji^^.^. 
 hoftiumnumerononcotincnturjcon- ratn. d,Jc 
 ueniut ^. quod ita intelligi debet,vt ipfi "Cli.V, 
 iurc belli agerc non poffint : ideoq; do- «^- t,s}am.L[ 
 minium reru captarum non acquirut», ^ «"part//. 
 quod hoftibustatum tributumeft*^. in mmij', 
 
 S 2 ipfos 
 
 e in'io. ntc. 
 l.detc-
 
 De IVRE it off. BEtt. 
 
 jpfosvero iure belli faeuire^multoque 
 magisquam in hofles , licet : iuntenim 
 odio digni maiore, & no debet efle mc- 
 lioris coditionis rebcllis & latro, quam 
 zArgumeto Icgitlmus &r iuftus Hoftis ^ Quofpeda- 
 dl'2i»^'t.,tC re videtur quod bCicero fentit,non efle 
 ttrtji'.avK, mittendos legates ad Antonium , nee 
 'fM' y^rbfj rogandiimjfedcogendumarmis 
 efk recederc ab obfidione M utina? , co- 
 Jonice populi Rom. & oppugnarione 
 Br u ti imperatoris, confulis de(ignati,& 
 ciuisoptimi. non enim cum Annibale 
 rem efle hofte reipub. ad quern fenatus 
 dim legates milerat^vt a Sagun to rece- 
 deretjfed cumciue. Neque interefledi- 
 cebat, vtrum vrbem Romana Antonius 
 oppugnarct,an coloniam populi Rom. 
 praeddijcaufacollocatam. & alibi idem 
 c e^(i.6Mh, Ciceroad Plancum fcribens^dicitjCum 
 Antonianis, aquibus Brutus Muiinae 
 obfidebatur,pacem fieri no debere: Vo« 
 canseos foedlflimos Jatrones , qui aut 
 armispofinspacepeteredebercntiaur^ 
 fipugnantes eampoflularent, vidoria 
 pacem, non padione pariendam efle. 
 Prsetcreac urn a parte principis fin t om- 
 nia ilia, qua? ad iuflumbellumfunt ne* 
 ceflaria : nempe belli gerediius, & iufla 
 
 belli
 
 Liber primvs. ii 
 
 belli caura;apartever6rebellium,neq; D.^dLcoll 
 belli gercdi ius,quod foli principi com- dtfidlurro^ 
 petit,vt fuperiusoftedimus,ne()ueiufta fZ'h^/* 
 bellicaufa:cum nulla fit caufarebellan- bi.tramfu. 
 di, vtmoxdicemus; fequitur bellum,f^^"*^^^^;j* 
 quod cum rcbelhbus princeps gerit,iu- c g/o/t & 
 ftiUImum effe: ideoque iuri belli locum ^„^Xf ' 
 cflecontfarebelles,quitanquamhoftes c«»t. i»»». 
 occidi pol^unt^ vel capri (erui haberi *>^ '^"[I'l'^n^ 
 vndc eiiam multo magis bona eorum cmift^.v. 
 praedae cedents efFeftusenimcxcaufis '''^"' . , 
 
 « ,,. . . _. ,. ^c Barf, I»/. 
 
 colliguur **. Quod ita verum puto , u hona. d. j« 
 aufpiciisfummi principis bellum gera- ^^/*^^^'*^V 
 tur,aIioquiver6,quamuisdefenfiocui-«fcr^y?,t./^c/! 
 libetpcrroiilafir^&quifqueiurifdidio- '"f/C'^ ^ 
 nem fuam exercere poiut, tamen lura 
 
 tura. 
 
 belli nonaliter locum habebunt.quam ^^-^^p^P/- 
 auctaritate3& noramelummi prmci- pnatis, Dje 
 pis bellum geratur ^ alias enim bellum ^'«/""♦/ ^*» 
 dicinonpotelt . Bellum vero quod re- r>.ditcfi<im. 
 belles geruntjiniuftiflimum cfle c6 ftat: s ^c^^fcef 
 ideoque iure belli agere non po(runt,& pduihadi 
 captiabipfisnonfiuntlerui^. namcef-j?^«. d, rf* 
 fcnte caufaceflat cffedus S-& nemo ex T'im.c. 
 dolo fuo lucrari , aut aliis nocere de- '^eperMcor». 
 bet^Non obftat quod Vlpianus refp6- Tmliicjui, 
 16 dit\inciuilibusdiflentionibus*,quiin »»5«/ww§, 
 altcrutram parte difceflilTetir, vice ho- Z2f4Z. 
 
 B 3 Aium
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 ftiumnoneflc : corufcilicct,interquos 
 iuracaptiuitatis & poftliminij vigent: 
 ideoque captos hinc inde non fieri fer- 
 uos , & quod coftiturionibus rcgni Hi- 
 fpaniae, inciuilibusdifIentionibuscap- 
 ttR^rr.w.16 taiubeturcumfeptuploreditui^.Nam 
 ./»«r,2. 2^^^ locum habent, cum ciuesintcrfcfe 
 diflentiunt3& tumuhuantur ; nonaute 
 cum quid contra maicftatem imperij 
 machinatur.&inexitiumreipub.con- 
 «tt/rW tendunt ^ tuncenim hoftium numero 
 c L,4fni/?»o haberiincipiuntMtaqueVlpianusvfus 
 foM^t^^D.'^^e eft vocabulo partis, partes autem dici 
 cap.mnu.L. ait Clccro *^ , cum fcifla in duas partes 
 Tlijil^mii fcpub.ciues inter fe contenduntiqua? e- 
 ^.transf^g*, tlam fadiofies dicuntur a Caefare ^•bel- 
 i w/o.Ti lumvero, quod Antonms inferretrei- 
 iuiMatejh. pub. nonpartiucertamen^fcddefedio- 
 € Dct'ib' J^^n^apopulo Romano vocari debere. 
 Gallic ub.6. Hinc quoq; Cicero fdiflentit a Cxfarc, 
 fincatu.^. qui propter legem Semproniam, quae 
 iniuiTupopulidecapitcciuis Rom. iu- 
 dicari vetebat, non cefebat mortis pos- 
 nam irrogandam Cethego & Lentulo, 
 catilinaria? coniurationis fociis, ad quae 
 docet Cicero legem Semproniam.quae 
 deciuibusRomanisc6ftitutaeft,adeos, 
 quieflcntreipub.hoftes^quicciteciues 
 
 efle
 
 Liber primvj. 12 
 
 eflenullomodo po(Ient,n6 pertinere. 
 Sic ccrte beilo cum Latinis, Campanis, 
 FidenatibuSjHernicis, i£quis, Hetruf- 
 cis.aliisquepopuli Romani fociis^quos 
 fubditos, non participesimperijj fuifle 
 fitiscotlacexLiuioa, Appian.^& Dio- b i^LfJ! 
 nyr.HaI.<^deficietibus,& rebellatibuSj «^/i-i. 
 legimusvi<flosoIahoftiIiapaflbs fuiile, ^ ^^'5.a-4 
 &capta pr^dg cefiifle5acq;captosinfer- 
 uitureredadosninomultoduriuscum 
 iis aclu faifle , quam cum aliis hofhbus. 
 cenfcbant enim maxime ita rebellantes 
 iaofficiopoirecontincri, fiida(5lume& 
 ict,ne poilent rebellare. quamdiu enim 
 malis rclinqueretur malefaciedi facul- 
 tas^adfore&voluntatera.Atque ita Ca- 
 pua, quse per deditionem populi Rom. 
 fadta fuerat^, cum ad Poenos defeciflct, d iiuiw u.j 
 expugnaraaRomanis,lxx.pondoauri5 
 & argenti triamilliaex pra^daad quce- 
 /lores delata funtilxx.principes fenatus 
 interfc<fli:trecenti fermenobiles Cam- 
 pani in carcerem condiii , variis cafibus 
 interierunt : multitude alia Campano- 
 rum venundata:ager omnis & te<5ta pu • 
 blica populi Romani fadafuni'. Simi* c Uuimiie 
 Utcr cum Fidenatibus,quaf erat colonia 
 populi Romani, rcbellaniibusadum*. f immUA 
 
 B 4 i£nna
 
 De ivre bt off* bell. 
 ^nna quoquCjin Sicilia,vt fuperiusdi- 
 ximus, qusepraefidio Romanorum te- 
 nebatur,cum ad dcfcdionem fpcdarct, 
 
 a ikmhK cum magna cxdc ciuiumdireptafuit». 
 
 ^** eodem modo poftquam Galliainpro- 
 
 iiinciam effctred^da^cum Gallisrebel- 
 libusa6tum fuifTepaffiminueniasapud 
 Ca^farem. Porro in difTentionihus "^ci" 17 
 uilibus non inutilis futura vldeturlex 
 3olonis : qude,inter alias an tiquiilimas, 
 Athenisaxibusiigneis incila erat : qua 
 cauit^vt qui exorta feditione popular!, 
 & fciffa in duas partes ciuitate, ncutri fe 
 adiunxifTet^hicdomOjpatriajfortunisq,- 
 careretj exuI,extorrisq;efIet. Quod& 
 Phauorinus phiiofophus inter fratres 
 quoq; & amicos diflidentes fieri opor- 
 tere cenfuit : vt vtriulque partis aroici, 
 fi ad concordiam componedam parum 
 audoritatis habucrint, turn alter in al- 
 teram partem difcedat, &hac rationc 
 viam fibi ad viriufque concordiam mu- 
 
 hGtlihh.7, niant*>.Equidem banc lege hifcenoftris 
 temporibus vtiliflfimam fore cenleo, ad 
 hoc, vt exorta aliqua fadione raaloru, 
 protinus omnes bonicommunibusvi- 
 ribus eos opprimant, neque fe vna cum 
 repub.oppriinipatiatur:vt,prohdolor! 
 
 cum
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. IJ 
 
 cum magno reipubl. Chriftianae dctri- 
 iiicnto,& huius BelgijcuerfionepafTiiu 
 fieri videmus.dumenim boni niraia fua 
 modeftia , & patientia, malis conatibus 
 feditiofbrum ciuium concedcdo, fe pa- 
 ccm habituros confidunt, duriflimum 
 fibiferuitutisiuguminijcifit: quod po- 
 fteafruftraexcutereconantur. &fic,vt 
 cum bonorum iaduram aut vitaeperi- 
 culum pro rcpub. adire recu&ntjiiecefr 
 lario cum republ. percant • omne enim 
 malum nafcens^vt inquit Clc.faclle op- 
 primitur , inueteratum fit plcrumque 
 18 robuftius, Nequectiam*fempertutit 
 fimum erit, quod plerique arbitrantur, 
 non interponerefebello.fed fpedatore 
 belli) fortunarumqueaiienarum,euen« 
 turn finevUodifcrimine rerum fuarum 
 operiri, quodlegati Antiochi&i^to- 
 lorum^qui Romanos Gra^ciaexpcllerc 
 conabantur^Acha^is amicis Romanoru 
 perfuadcrenitebantur , petentes vt (aU 
 temneutripartifeadiungerent.namad 
 ca T. Quintius Proconful , nihil tarn a- 
 lienum a rebus Achasorum effe oftedit: 
 quippe 5 fiue gratia^ fiue dignitate, prae- 
 miumvidloris futures 3. Ariftenus quo- a tmmUh, 
 que praetor Achasorum , cum Romani '^* 
 
 B ; primum
 
 De IVRE ET OFFi BELL. 
 
 primum eorum amicitiamexpeterent, 
 & Philippusfalrenearmis inrereflenr, 
 poftularet, oratione ad fuos habira o- 
 ftendit, Romanos aut focios habendos, 
 
 at«;<M/.32 authofl:eS;mediam' viamnullamelle*: j^ 
 quo?, vt Pontius Samiusdiccbat^neque 
 amicos paratjiieque inimicos tollit.lta- 
 que Portius Cato, funimus vir, Popeio 
 & Cxfare infer fe contendentibuSjqua- 
 uis a faclionum auctoribus inultis in re- 
 bus caufareipub.diflentiretj&neutnus 
 mentem plane probaret ; tamcn bello 
 exortotnon fibi quiefcendum cxiftima-^ 
 uit^fedeas partes fecutusell, quse plus 
 afquitatis habere viderentur, Bruto etia 
 dehortante,cui prudenter refpondet; 
 Summttm Brute nefm c'tmUa hellafatemur^ 
 Sedqtwfata vocant^ virtw fecura jtqmmr. 
 Etceiera,quae carmine profequitur Lu- 
 
 bW,2. canus^. Sedha:cdeIiberatio,vtrius par- 
 tes 3equiorcs fint , in democratia vel ari- 
 ftocratia, fcifTo imperio, quod pluribus 
 commune eft,admitti poteftiinmonar- 
 chia vero , optimus & prudcntiffimus 
 quifque^principis *,apud quern fumma 20 
 imperii eft,audoritatcm fequetur^cotra 
 feditiofos & turbuientos ciues,& lubdi- 
 los . poftquam enim vifumeftreipub. 
 
 per
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. Jd. 
 
 pervnum confuli^icui lege regia popu. a /2. f «•- 
 lusomne imperium in fe, poteftatemq; "f'^^^'^ 
 concciTu i», quique eft communis om- Tl, Die 
 nium parens c: & cui diuina legeobe- '^'"'/'•* r»«c- 
 dire iubemur<* : cum , non lecusac pa- «^jv.rg,*^^ 
 triam5defendere& tueriquilibet debet. ^*/'""" *^ 
 Etquidem,vtinqLiitCicero,niillaiufta d P4i»La4 
 
 21 * caufa videri poteft aduerfus patriam ^«"w-»^ 
 arma capiendi.& Plato nefas eflc duxir, 
 vi vti contra patrem vel matrem,omniu 
 veto maxime contra patriam. Nulla au- 
 tenttaataimpietas, nullum tan turn fce« 
 lus, quod fit parricidio vindicandum ^ tOmntiM- 
 Parricida vero patriae vocat Cicero An- ^^.^8«. 
 tonium ; quod reipub. belluni inferreti 
 cuius certe Talus praefcrri debet faluti 
 
 32 patris^.Rempub.voco*:inquofandif- ^ ^-«'^we 
 limunomen patriae cotinen dixit Cor- e-ft^i^^b, 
 nificiusS; non folum ipfum , quod ab- ^"«^- L-^^- 
 furdum efTet. nam omne/olu viroforti t»ji,&'wr^, 
 patriaefi:; kd vt Cicero interprctarur, g^'iHere»^ 
 coetumciuium iuris confenfu , & vtili- ''^ ^*"' 
 tatis'communionefociatum. Quofpe. 
 dlat quod Ceforinusapud Appianum^ h i» bdh 
 legaris Carthaginienfium refpodit : ci- ^^"* 
 bitatemCai-thaginienfium, quamRo- 
 tnanipromiferanthberamfore, non in 
 muris & aedificiis confiftere; quae deiere 
 
 vellent.
 
 Dh tvre et off. bell, 
 vellent. Faiflionem vero optiraatum,& 
 feditionem, & confpirationcm populi 
 remp. did non poffe, idem Cicero afle* 
 rirjniuftus enim populus^quemtyran» 
 num vocatjnon poteft rempub. confti- 
 tuere. Narnvtmododiximus^quiho- 
 flilianimo aduerfus rempub.vel princi- 
 pemcftanimatus, ciim naturafit ciuis, 
 voluntate fit hoftis , diciturq; perdueU 
 a w/.Wc.D. lis i» :quo nomine hoftes appellari fo- 
 ad Ug, ij, lent *». Etquidem hapcduo ,princcps & 
 h u>*ofnot, relpub. itaconncxa lunt & copulata, vt 
 pJeKT^a. illiushoflis ncmoefle po(fit,quinetia 
 {^dj.vtiim, fithuius^&cconuerfo «-.Propatriavero 
 morij&cinostotosdcderCj&ineano- 
 ftra omnia ponere, &quafinosconfc-» 
 d ie le^ crarc dcbemus , vt inquit Cicer J & , vt 
 **•*♦ idem aitjlaudanduseft^qui mortem op- 
 petit pro repub. quique docetchariorS 
 cflTepatriam nobis, quam nofmetipfos. 
 Omnia itaque qua?agimus, nonad no- 
 ftramvtilitatem&commodum, fedad 
 patriae & principis (alurera conferre de- 
 bcmus. quo nomine Demarathus La- 
 cedgmonius,Ariftides,Phorion & The- 
 miftocles Athcniefesj Tarquinius Col- 
 latinus, Camillas &RutiIiusRomani, 
 maximamlaude meruerunt.-qui omnes 
 
 iniurias
 
 LiBBR PKXMVS* 15 
 
 ioiuriasapatria illatas, a^quiflimoani. 
 motuleiutj&nuilamvindidamjquam- 
 uisnodeedetfacultas^molitifunr.quin 
 ThemiftocleSj fumpto vcneno , mori 
 inaluit,quam Peifirum rcgi^aquoma- 
 gnishonoribus & pr^miis erat affe<5tuSj 
 opcram fuam ad bellum patria?, licet jn- 
 grata?,inferedum pra?fl:are.& Camillus^ 
 viroptimus, &depatria optimemeri- 
 tus, in exiliutn a(ftus, patria? in extremo 
 pericuIOjimmemoriniuria?,opem tulir, 
 eatnque hoftibus expulfis, reftaurauit. 
 23 Inobedientia^autem fubditorun}j& re- 
 beJIioin principemjgrauifTimum crime 
 habetur^^ haercfi comparatur »: & ino- a c/deJum: 
 bedicnsdicitur infiddis^. Quomodo 5.9«»^ /2 
 cnimjnquit D.Hieronymus^fideliscfle j}ia^°* ^ 
 poterit, in fubftantiaDci.quicarnali bcmiius. 
 Domino fidemadhjbere non potuitc, cc.jiapud^ 
 ideoqucobquantumuisgrauiaoneraa ^i-^'^^^^u 
 rcge/ubditisimpofitaj non licet rebel- 
 lare. nam melius eft omnia malapati, 
 quammalo confentire^^.&quamuiso- dotanec; 
 nus a fuperioreimpofirum fit difficile, i^'flSiil 
 nihilominus tamen fer^dum eftjA: pia^^'^.si 5*2. 
 deuotione tolerandumc, propter bo- ^c.inmm^ 
 numobedicnti^.generaleenimpadum rtamj^Mji, 
 eft locietatis humana?, obtemperare re- 
 gibus
 
 Db IVRE ET OVV. BELt. 
 
 ttcifMeon- gibusfuis^ Quarc quamuis Roboam, 
 tra.dtp.i, £|j^J ^ fucceflbr Salomonis , noller vel 
 minimum IfraelitiSjdciugoduriflimo 
 ipfis impofito per Salomone, minuere: 
 feddiceret^quod graui iiigo,a patre im- 
 pofito, grauiusfuperadderct ; idcoque 
 decemmbus Ifracl iadx a tribu ludaJ 
 h j.Rf^.12. & Beniamin,reli6to rege fuo- Hier oboa 
 feciffentregem^^non wmen exeo extra 
 culpam fuerut.nam indignatuseft Do- 
 miniisomnifemini Ifraelj &demoliuic 
 eos 5 & dedit cos in direptionem^^doiiec 
 abijcereteosafacie fua. quiafcilicetab 
 vnitatediffipatijalterumfibiregemco- 
 tcypr.hh.i ftituilTentS Similiter quamuis Nabu- 
 tttn.6,c,dc- chodonoforrexe(retinfiddis,& pluri- 
 Tidil'Xgl "la "^ala facerct'^5& ftatuam fuart aurca 
 adorari praeciperet, & eos^qui non ado- 
 ep4i«fi3. raHent,miiti in fornace ignis ardentis^; 
 tamcn dixit ei Daniel :Tu rex regu eSj& ,, 
 Dns casli regnum 5 & fortitudinc & ira* „ 
 f DomW,2. periu dedit tibi . & Dominusperpro- „ 
 phetamHieremiaaitiDediomnester- „ 
 rasiftas inmanu Nabuchodonofor re- ,, 
 gis Babilonis , ferui mei ; inluper & be- „ 
 ftias agridedi illi , & feruienr illi omnes ^^ 
 gentes,& filio eius, & filio fiiij eius: do- „ 
 nee vcnwt tempus terr^eiuSjSc ipfius,& ^^ 
 
 leruicnt
 
 LiBBR PRIMVS. iS 
 
 ;; fcruienteigetesmultg,&rcgesmagni*. a uien.27, 
 ^ EtprophetaBaruch: Orate,inquir,pro 
 3, vita Nabuchodonofor regis, & pro vita 
 „ Balthazarisfilij eius, vtfintdieseorum 
 3, ficutdiescselifupcr terra \ & Ezechiel ^^'^'^^-^ 
 prophcta grauiter inuehitur in Scde- 
 chiam regem ludae, accufanseiuspcrfi- 
 diam3& rebellionem cotra regem luum 
 Nabuchodonofor^. Sed & Dauidrex c*-^'»^''»* 
 Hebrseoru diuina audoritate defigna- 
 tus, tamen Saulem (qui per legem diui- 
 na!nregnoeratpriuatus)regnantem& 
 illi infenfum. Temper eft honoreregio 
 profecutuSj&ciimpofTeteunde, infpe- 
 luncam, in qua Jatebat , ingrelTum, folu 
 paruo negotio obtruncate , noluit , ne- 
 gans fe extcfurum manum inchriftum 
 Domini*^, iuffitquoque Dauid occidi «^^if*. 
 ilium, qui nutiabatfeoccidifTe Saulem, ^^*^^^* 
 inquicns: Quarenon timuifti mirtere 
 manum tuam in chriftu Dominie? Re- cR*»2.c.i 
 gesergo &' principes , fi boni funt, tan- 
 quam a Deo mirfi ad vindi<flam malo- 
 rum, laudem veto bonorum, vt inquit 
 Petrus f, fumma pictare coli dcbcnr i fin ^^0'i-(-^ 
 mali, patieter tolerari. principum enim 
 &regum peccara ferenda funt,& ad Dei 
 iudicium icijcicnda,cui placet inre/du 
 
 popu-
 
 De ivrb et off. bell. 
 populos jObipforOpeccataj iniquirate 
 principum affligi. nam,vt eft in iacris li" 
 9 io*«/».i4 tcris%Deus regnare facit hominem hy- 
 hAiphon.de pocritajpropterpeccatapopuli^. nulla 
 tl^'mZZ 2"^^"^ poteflas nifi a Dco^vt Paulus te- 
 fotehat, * ftatur %qui nos principibus obcdireiu- 
 c«^ Rorn.ij bet **. & Petrus.etiam dyfcolis dominisi 
 
 dadTit.3, ^ c Sf ' 1 J i_ - 
 
 t e^Ji.ucz nos parere vult''.& idem docet honora- 
 dos elTe rcges : cum tamen tunc nullus 
 adhuc rex Chrifti fidem acccpifTet , kd 
 omnes eflent infideles5& in Chriftianis 
 perfequendis crudeliffimi (ncque enim 
 Ncronis& Domitianij&aliorum cru- 
 delitatem tot fcriptoru literis celebra- 
 tam, quifquamignorat) iifdem tamcn 
 Chriftiani ex prsecepto Dei obediebati 
 quatenus nihil prcciperetur^quodDeii 
 offendereticui fcicbant magis obedien- 
 {Ador. I. dum, quam hominibus f. tx his certe* 24 
 liquet, quod quamuis tyranum,qui per 
 vim&illegitimc principatum occupa- 
 uir, fi tyrannis aliter tolli non poffir^oc- 
 cidcre cuilibet licicum fit : & per legem 
 Valeriam^facrumcfiet cum bonis caput 
 eius, qui confiiia regni occupandi in- 
 ^vkt.mvi- iirtetSiiIlumtamen, quiiurefucceflio- 
 p ^D^t^' nis^cledionifveprincepscft, quamuis 
 li»''iMi inique 6c cr udeiiici agat , priuato non 
 
 licere
 
 Liber primvs. 17 
 
 licere occidere^ neque populo cum rei j- 
 cere, vel ab eo deficere a.idque concilio a f*'»» •»» co 
 Conftantienfi^decifum eftiquoetiara '^rr^V- 
 hsereticideclaranturcontrariaefentetiae /"^M- ^w^ 
 
 35 aflertores^ legitimus*enimprinceps, '^erirr^ff. 
 quamuis crudelis & iniquus , tyrannus »«*. Doww. 
 
 26 dicinonpotefi:.cumquelege*rcgia,imo ^"^[^l^^*;^; 
 ex ordinatione Dei,omneimpcriuin & uH.i,art. C 
 poteftasprincipiinpopulu fit coUataj ^^|^^; ^, 
 ilium iudicarepopuIusnonpoteric.no can amtr^ 
 enira poteft inferior iudicio fuperiore ^^*_^^, 
 ligare **» Quo fpe^t quod propheta a t.infmon 
 ait^: Nunquidsloriabiturfecuriscdtra ^«•'''jj'-;^ 
 eum^quilecat mearautexaltabiturier- D,dtnap. 
 racotra eum^qui trahitean^?exquibus *''|v . ^^^ 
 luce clarius efle Nicolaus Papa refcrip- * 
 fit, non pofTequemquam , qui minoris 
 auftoritatiseft, cum quimaiorispote- 
 Ihtiseft, iudiciisfuisaddicerejautpro- 
 priisdcfinitionibusfubiugare^. Itaque n»<l.e,rtt- 
 rede M, Aurelius Imperator populo ^*"*"^' 
 magiftratum, magiftratui regem , rcgi 
 vero Deumiudicemconftiiutumdixit, 
 Etquidemfi princeps^quipoteftatcm a 
 Deohabet,indidacauia,neminem pu- 
 niceautcondenarc poteft g: qua au^o- g S^f^ 
 
 z' I 1.. . • II- rt paiioritiU da 
 
 mate lubditi j qui nulla po teftat em ac- cmfib, c n 
 ccpcruntjprincipem^cuiusin poteftate »^c. 
 
 C &im-
 
 De IVRB £T off» BEtti 
 
 & imperio funt , & cui obcdire iubetur, 
 fiio arbitrio expellerCjaut rcijcere potc- 
 runt ? cixtn ne ty rannus quide, legcSo- 
 lonis^indida cau/a occidi ponet;6c cum 
 iuri natural! repugnet, vt inferior ha- 
 beat impcrium in fuperiorem, & vtidc 
 fit accu/ator & iudex » Grauibus ergo 
 poeniscoerceturjCxprimocapitelegis 
 Iuli«, non folumquiprincipeoccidit, 
 fed etiam cuius opera,dolo malo^confi* 
 lium occidendi initum fuerit ^ vel quid 
 a L I. 0. ad contra maieftatem imperij machinatu^ • 
 l!*'*/!'^* ^^^^ fiquamcunqueinfamiam, quae- 
 toiittr** cunquc pericula^mortcm deniquc," res 
 ita poftulatj pro falutc principis , & pa- 
 triae fubire, iuradiuina, & humana co- 
 gun t,qua9 iu fta rcbellandi caufa effcpo- 
 teft? Quemadmodum enim videtnus in 
 corporehumano, omnia mebracapiti, 
 tanqua parti nobilion^obedire, qualia* 
 cunquetadem praecipiat, & pro eiu$ fa- 
 lute nullum recufare periculu : fie quo- 
 que fiibditi , qui Am t mebra rcipub. ia- 
 lutem principis, xjuireipubl. caput efi^ 
 proprio commodo prxferrcdcbenn & 
 huiusquoque fcnteti«aflertoresfuere, 
 qui inter Hebrxos pr^cipui habiti fiint, 
 Efffi vocatJ,id eft executorcs legis diui- 
 
 nse:qui
 
 LiBEK PRIMVS. 18 
 
 nx : qui reges & principes, qualefcuDq; 
 tand6 fin t^ fubditisinuiolabiles efle de- 
 berejdixcruntjtanquama DeomiCTos. 
 Nequequemquammoueritexemplum 
 Tarquinij Superbi , qui regno pulfiis 
 cftjpropter fua fcelera; turn quia no rex, 
 fed vcre tyrannus fuit : (non enim legi- 
 timc/ed per vim^nefario fcelere^ occifb 
 Tullio focero fuo , regnu adeptus eft *.) « dm».Ki/. 
 turn ctiamquia,vtI.C.ait5no quid Ro- \,ijediicet, 
 maefiat, fed quid legitime fieri dcbear, o,'deof. 
 fpedlandum eft ^ errant enim, vt inquit ^*-^* 
 Cicero , qui quod exemplo ficj id etiam 
 lure fieri putat. Ethaec quidemita pro- 
 cedunt, fi fummum imperium fitapud 
 vnum principem ; fin vero fit apud po- 
 pulumiVeloptimateSj certe hoccafii fi- 
 ne dubio Ucebitcum tyrano iure agere, 
 fi tempora permittat; fin minus, licebit 
 eum vi opprimere,& quauis ratione ty- 
 rannum e medio tollerc.Itaque fenatus 
 prioreviamfecutuseft in Nerone tol- 
 lendo: pofteriorem in Maximino.Scie- 
 dum eft enim Imperatores Romanos 
 non habuiffe fummum imperium, qua- 
 uis pleriqueidfibityrannice vfurpaue- 
 rintt.idque indicant hsec Suetonij ver- c Appumut 
 ba in Caligula; Paru abfuit,inquit,quin y'^'"'' '• 
 
 C 2 fpeciem
 
 De ivre bt off* bell* 
 
 fpeciem principatus in regnumcoucr* 
 
 terct.non enim erant imperatores aliud 
 
 quam principesjimperium veroerata- 
 
 t^ht'^i pudpopuluma. Regesvcroimpcrioa- 
 
 butentes^poteritfummusPontifeXjVa- 27 
 riis modis coercere ^ & copellerc vt ad- 
 b c.AimirtL miniftrent iiifticiam^geritenim vices 
 ^ratoftf. 23. £^^| .^ tcrris, a quo vtrumquegladium 
 accepir,fpiritualem& temporalem, ad 
 reipub. Chriftiansequietem, &confer- 
 tc,m>miM uationem^. Itaque NicolausPapaLo- 
 fandam.ex, tharium reprehcndit propter fua pec- 
 Jcw4io.rto. cata <^. & Gelazius Anaftafio minaba- 
 dmcfcdm, fur«Jnnocentiuseiusnominis primus, 
 2.^H«ai. Arcadiumlmperatorcm, eoquodfan- 
 Xr^i^n'c. ^^"mloannem Chryfoftomuefedcfua 
 fcduofm, pelli permiferat,excommunicauitf.Scd 
 «iJi.96. ^ fj Reip, Chriftianae omnino conuc- 
 niat, non (blutn coercere poterit , fed e- 
 tiamdeftituere. quemadmodumDeus 
 (cuius vicarius eft Pontifex)SauIein re- 
 gno priuauit , & Dauidem in locu eius 
 g lA'g.c.e furrogauitg.ficqueZachariasPontifex, 
 Childericum eius nominis tertiu Fran- 
 corum regem deftituitj^ Francosiurit 
 hfw/iw.is iurandireligione cxfoluitKlnnocetius 
 ^**' *^' quartusj Fredericum 1 1. Imperatorem, 
 propter fua fceJera primiim cxcommu- 
 
 nicauit^
 
 LlEER THIMVS. jp 
 
 iiicsuir,&cum*nihiIproficeret,indignu 
 imperio iudicauit,& fubditos a vinculo 
 iacramentiliberauita.& idem Innocc- ^ f^^^*'^ 
 tius, Lufiraniae regi5propter fuam negli- /l^Jr* iud, 
 gcntianij fratremipfiusComiteBenO' "*^* 
 nicnfem , collegam dedit K Hanc vero b c.^sdUs 
 poteftatem populo tribuere, vt nonuUi -^^,^1^^' "j" 
 volucrunt^^^non fbliim abfurdum eft, & latMhU!*' 
 iniquum, fedetiamadreipub. eucrfio- ^/n^**'^' 
 nem fpeCtat»non enim rexjiialiquantu- w,i.c.5.w, 
 lutn contra volutatcra populiimperat, .>o«^cto»7». 
 protmusiniquuSja tyrannusdiccndus ha.GiratdM 
 eft. nam iftaratione nulli fint reges. Ac ^»^*'- «^» 
 Moyfes ipfe iuftiffimus, & fapietiffimus ^f •^""^- '• 
 princeps , idem tyrannus iudicaretur: 
 quodomniafere iubcret^acprohiberet 
 contra populi volutatem * Sed ncc mo- 
 narchia, velregiapoteftas dicenda eft, 
 ciimarbitriopopulireipub.gubernatur 
 aregeiquoniam ftatus reipub^pendet a 
 populo. quo nihil ftultiusj nihil intern* 
 perantius.& cum in bonos cxarlerit,ni- 
 hilfuriofius. Multitudinis namque^vt 
 rede LiuiuSsCa eftnatura,vthumihter 
 fcruiat, autfuperbedominctur* &Xe* 
 nophonjidem imperator bonus ac Phi- 
 lofophus^popularem potentiam virtu- 
 tibusinimicameffe teftatur : ncc aliter 
 
 C 3 ftabi-
 
 De ivre et off* beli, 
 ftabiliri pofle , quam bonis om nibus e- 
 iedis. quod Seneca paucis verbis com- 
 plcxus eft : Quis enim , inquit, placere 
 poteft populo,ciii placet virtusf Sic cer^ 
 te legimus^apud Aihenienfes & Roma- 
 nos, longc praeiiantilTimos ciues, &dc 
 repubLoptimemeritosoftracifmOjexi- 
 lio,morte3perinuidiam5iniufteaftulta 
 & ingrata plebecula multatos fuifle . 
 PrasclareautemAnacharfisScytha, A- 
 thenienfium rempub. breui perituram 
 prsedixit : quod fapientes in ca conful- 
 tarcnt, ftulti vero iudicarent.videbate- 
 nimfenatum^reipub.cofiliajquibusni* 
 hilfandius effe debet ^ a populo petere; 
 id eftaftulto & infano^prudentiam.Nc- 
 que vero tarn abfurduraerat, quamnrs 
 abfurdiffimum, omnes omnium opes, 
 quam fummum imperium inter ciues 
 tt i. method, f quare:qu6d,vi rede Bodinus^opibus 
 hn, cap,6, quifque frui poteft • imperadi vero pru- 
 dentia paucilTimis eft a natura tributa. 
 Et quidem fi metuendus eft tyrannuSj 
 multo magis metuenda eft lyrannorum 
 multitudo. Qui au tern populate impe- 
 rium Ro. laudant, non fatis illorum hi- 
 ftorias legifle videntur^neq; perpendifle 
 calamitates tot feditionum , feceffionu, 
 
 conten-.
 
 Liber primvs. 20 
 
 contentionum, &bellorum ciuilium, 
 qusererapub.toticsafflixerunt. quoru 
 omnium certc,c6munioimpcrij,quod 
 exd^quo parciri difficile e(l, caufafuit, 
 (cd de his pluribus agere inflituti noftri 
 
 28 ratio non permittit.Vt ergo iu(las*belli 
 cauias profequamur , beliuaduerfus in- 
 fideies^ex cofolum quod infidelesAint, 
 ne quidem audtoritate im peratorls ^ vcl 
 furami Pontificisjndici poieftMnfide- %'"^*2f '^ 
 litasenim 00 priuatiniideles dominio '^a*crjM&% 
 quod habent iure gcntiura,nain non fi- «;»/'. *^*c. 
 delibus tantijm rerudominia,fedonnni ^n'g!' 
 jadonabilicreaturaedatafunt. Domini 
 cnimcftterraa ScplcnitudociuSjOrbis \^f;^X 
 terrarum.^& vniucrfi qui habitat in eo^, fn.& c.6,1» 
 &Dominu5falem fuu oriri fecit fu per 5Xc./rw4- 
 bonos&malos^. Itaquc quamuisNar tuMrtgAttr, 
 buchodonoforcflctinfideliSjtamendo- l.^^^/^f"^' 
 minus dedit illiregnum &imperiu jt vt e f» ibe la 
 mododiximus^&.haecfententia plerifij; ^"^*^f* 
 prQbatur,vtoftedit Couarruuias**. Scd _^;»./w^ 
 nccexcocapite bellum diceturiuftum ^ri""'^* 
 cucainfidchbus^quodputa imperatori 'ju^km I 
 
 20 ^tanquam totius mundi domino parerc f^^'t^t^- 
 recuientjCx receptimma mterpretu fen- maTrtmt.e- 
 tentia*» nam communcm hancopiniQ)- ff^!^^^'? 
 ncm fallam c{fcj& imperatorem n5 cfle ;^^' 
 
 C 4 totius 
 
 ttHt»-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtt. 
 
 totius mundi dominum, a viris dodiffi- 
 
 a CdfiK}},, misaperteoftenrumefl:a:quosrefert&: 
 
 '^% A^<^. fcquitur Couar^&Ferd. Vazq.c Vnde 
 
 a^tottains cx hac caut3 Hon potent imperator lu- 
 
 b tn d. Lfcc (tuni bellu inferre infidelibus , qui eius 
 
 T'^ft^/ imperiofubditinonfunt, fiquidcmne- 
 
 i*it. I i.czo mo punire potcft cum , quern no habec 
 
 ^L.l'u. D. infuapoteUate<*.Neciteexau6loritate^ 
 
 demnfomn. fummi Pont* poteHt dlci , iftud bellum 
 
 ^nfitm/m^ iuflum. nam is in infidelesiurifdicflionS 
 
 it.ettototit, non habct, nee temporalem , nee fpiri- 
 
 ^!'ap^^ tuale : nifiquatenuscaneceffariaeftad 
 
 (wr.* Chriftiana? reipub.quietem & vtilitate* 
 
 & ad ecclefiam non pertinet,punircin- 
 
 fideles, qui nunqua Chrifti fidem fufce- 
 
 e e4p.$. peruntjfecundil illud Pauliad Corint,© 
 
 Quid mihi de his qui foris funt, iudica- 
 
 re? Vbi Thomas dicitjpraelatosecclefiae 
 
 acccpiirepoteftatemtantumineos^qui 
 
 fc fidei Chriftiana? femel fubiecerunt. 
 
 vnde ha?reticis*5 qui a fide Chriftiana 30 
 
 defecerut,iuftumbellum infertur. Qua 
 
 H^'iunf' dc re pulchre Alphon.a Caft.f Contcn- 
 
 ^cMfp^.zi diturveroiufto bello cum infidelibus, 
 
 DD. ^i^c^, ^^ caufis5cx quibus cum aliis quibufcu- 
 
 cfHodfuper ' que bellum gerere licet g. tumetiamex 
 
 rttlT eo quod forte fidem Chriftianam blaf- 
 
 io,«r*f,8, * phemiis,prauisqueperluafionibusiin- 
 
 pcdiant.
 
 LlBER PRIMVS. ^ 21 
 
 pediant, atque item legis euangelicae li^ 
 beram prasdicationem : quia fit iniuria 
 Chriftianis , qui habent ius praedicandi 
 cuangcliJ5pervniuerfum orbcm. Et has 
 quidem iute belli gerendicaufae, per- 
 pefo iudicio principibus ac regibus (pe- 
 nes quos eft belli aud:oritas atque con- 
 filium^) funtxftimand?:quififortehu. ^^i^^t 
 31 manacupiditate bellum gerant * , non 
 nocebitmilitibus, qui obcdircdebent 
 principi. ItaqjinquitD.Auguftinus^i bazi.w- 
 „ Viriuftus. fi forte fubrcgehomineetia ^- f"»^- 
 3, facnlegomilitetjreiSepoteitillo lubete e.^mdni^^ 
 „ bcllare, ciuica? pads ordinem fcruas.cui "^* 
 j^quodiubetur, vclnoncffe contra I>Qi 
 3^ prf ceptum certum eft,vcl vtrum fit^ccr- 
 3, turn non eft; vtfortaflereum regem fa- 
 9, ciat iniquitas impcrandi; innocentcm 
 5> autem militem oftendatordo feruiedi. 
 32 Vnde & Chriftiano * militi etiam fub 
 imperatore pagano militare permifTum 
 eft. nam & lulianum Caefirem apoftata 
 milites Chriftianos habuifle legimus: 
 quibus ciim diceret, Producite acie pro 
 rcipub. defenfione,obcdiebar:Gum au- 
 tem diceret, producite acie in Chriftia- 
 nos , agnofcebant imperatorcm ca?li '^. ^ <^- ^«^^»«5 
 quos cum ide imperator donatiuo dato "-i*^)^- J • 
 
 C i adia'
 
 Db Ivi^e et ofp. bell» 
 
 ad facrificiadeorumgetilimn pclHcerc 
 
 tentaflet, donatiuoimperatori reddito, 
 
 chriltianilmu Iibernoieprofefros, cum 
 
 martyrijdefiderio J exaudloratos fuifle 
 
 a&t^j.5 tradunt^ LcgimusquoqucMarcii Au^ 
 
 c.i7.c«»/?w. relium AntoninumjChrillianoru,qui 
 
 fcj^fe^J57i^f"b^pft^"^^^^'>^"^P^f cibus(quibus u^ 
 
 aA'»4.io. pluuiam^hoftibusfulniinaa Deo imp©- 
 
 ^*^^* traruiit) bcIlumMarcoraanicutnjSar- 
 
 mati5,. Vandalis, Quadisdeuidis, con- 
 
 bpw.oro. fecifle^* £xquibusdocemurfubimpc« 
 
 i'^uh^' T^itorepagano, veietiam haBrerico^fub-* 
 
 ftt/.fc^/or. c". ditis licere militare, nifi liquido conftct 
 
 j.NfC'pA,/^ bclluni iniuftum efl^ . nam Deo magis 
 
 cA^i.i.c4/>. feruienduKijquam hominibu^ *^. Qua- 
 
 ^'^'^*^^- iiiscnim etiaminfideliregi *,& iniquo 
 
 !^/* ' parendu efle doceamur 4 ; taoven haoet " 
 
 dPtef.i.c.z. haecobedientiafuoslimitcs, vndc licet 
 
 filiislfraelpra^ccptumefleta Deo^vto^ 
 
 bedirentregiNabuchodonofor; tamen 
 
 cum idem rexiuffiffet, vt ftatuamfuam 
 
 auream ado rarent (quod prseceptum fi-^ 
 
 ne^excedebat poteftatis regi^) turn po- 
 
 riu5iiabuerunt, quioptimi erant inter 
 
 £Iio$ Ifracl,in fornacem ardentem con^ 
 
 ijci^quam ci praecepto regis obedire. 
 
 quorum volunt.ate fie Deus approba- 
 
 cDtf;».?. uit J vt illa^fosab igae confcruauerite. 
 
 Quo
 
 Liber PRiMVSt ^ 2% 
 
 Quo rpeftat quod Chriftusaitineua- 
 PcIioa:Reddite qu92 Cffirisfunt^Csefa- a uata^iz. 
 rii&quaeDei, Deo. quod& Paulus A- 
 poftolus^ pf anifTime expreflit , cum ait. hadKjm.n 
 Redditc omnib.debita, cui tributum, 
 tributum ; cui veaigal, vcdigal jcui n- ^^^^ 
 morctn^tiraoremjcuihonorem, hono-yo,;.^ 
 rem. Exfuperioribusquoquccolligere iz^-^. 
 licet , quod qu^ haaenusdeiuiUs bclU «L»/»ti*./. 
 caufisdiaafunt,magisad^quum&bo^ ^j^w.d^ 
 numj&viriboniofficium^quamadiu- ^ i„/.ct,«! 
 ris effeaus referri dcbent . ciira enim dnuoM^ 
 fumipistantum principibus, quiiupc- J^^. ^ , d, 
 riorcm non habent.beUigerendi ius fii;, >»^^ w^ 
 deajquitate caufe difceptare non con-7^^;^,j- 
 34 uenit • hinc certo modo iuftum * po- ^^"j;^^ $^;^^ 
 terit dici bellum , etfi non ex iufta cauf^ ^;„ L^all 
 geratur. iufti enim. varia* fun t fignifica- ^^l^*^- ^•'^ 
 tiones : vt annotauit Budseus^. neque g^'j^^^^, 
 femperaequitatem, &iufticiadefignar, «««ryj,. c. 
 fedaliquandoetiam pknitudinequan- ^^^^J^: 
 damfignificat.quofenfudicunturiufte Ki«/.2. d. 
 nuptiae*^, iuftum matrimoniumS iufta f^'^';^ 
 aetas ^^iufta perfona litem inftituendig, ToftUi.D, 
 iuftusfiUus^iuftalibertasi: coqueferr^ {^^;;^;;^;^ 
 fu iuftum prselium dixit Liuius^fimili^ uur.h.tjytet 
 ter iuftum bellumdicitur.quodpublice ^j-*^- "'^^ 
 
 legitimequegeriturabiis, quibellige- uk^,. 
 
 randi
 
 De :vRE 5T OPp« BBLl* 
 
 aw2.&of?w, randi ius Labent . Itaque VlpianusS 
 
 P,4.^;;i»t Hoftevnquit,funt,quibus publicepo- 
 
 pulus Roma, bcllum decreuit , vclipfi 
 
 populo Roma, ceceri veroiatrunculi, 
 
 vel prasdones appellan tur, Et Pompo^ 
 
 Vy^j:^' nius^: Hoftes^dicit/unt^quinobis^aut 
 
 quibus publice nos bdlu decreuimus: 
 
 ceteriver61atrones,aurpr3edonesfunr« 
 
 VndehocbellOjlicetnonexiufta caufi 
 
 geratUFjiura belli, captiuitatis 5? poftli- 
 
 minij jquae hoftibus c6ucniunt,Iocu ha- 
 
 bebu t, quod ex eo iatis probatur, quod 
 
 cum Romanino nifiiuftisex caufisbcl-r 
 
 lum mouercnt,quod iure feciali dilige- 
 
 c'Dh».\j4i tercautumerat^: tamenhofteseorumji 
 
 **'*• qui iuftam belli caufam habere non po- 
 
 tueruntjquf vtrinque iuftaeflenonpo-» 
 
 teft, capra hoc bello etiam iure Roma- 
 
 norum fibi acquirebant , & captos in 
 
 dipofiJimi. fcruitutemredigebant^ idqueverucft, 
 
 "tf '''"'^ etiamfi liquido conftarct de iniauitate 
 
 e7).ponu. hoftiu,quodPaulusI.C.ratisinaicat&, 
 
 minijjn^nn, ^^j^ ^jj . isjaturaliaequitateinduducfle* 
 
 vt qui per iniuriam ab cxtraneis dctine-^ 
 
 batur^is vbi in fines fuos rediiflet^prifti* 
 
 num ius fuu reciperct:iure fcilicet poft- 
 
 liminij. Ex quibus apparct, captumab 
 
 hoftibus etiam ex iniuftacaufabelium 
 
 gercn-
 
 LlBfiR PRIMVS* 23 
 
 gerentibus, fieri feruum» namalioqui 
 noneflec opusfidtionibus poftlioiinij: 
 ficut nee opus eft ^ eiim quis a latroni- 
 buscaptusfuitjciimnon fueritferflus*. H'J^"^^' 
 SufHcititaque^quod ad efifedusiuris^Sc dtun^m. l! 
 vtiura belli locum habeant^attinet^bel- ^*"J^^"jf: 
 lum geri ab iis , qui hoftium numero fx,jies*v.jl 
 funtdefiniti3& belligeradi ius habent ^^ f'*p*''&pop, 
 Quoienfu videturdefendipoffe Alcia- b^i^. ^j. 
 ti opinio *,& Fulgofij"*: qui vtrinque W^-"»^- <* 
 
 35 iuftum*bellumcflcpo(rcaflerunt,con- ^"'^^* 
 tra recepiam intcrpretum fententiam; '*'^«' ^»* 
 quxfiadiuftam belli caufam rekntur/J^^^'^Z^i] 
 «equi/fimaeft. cum enimhoftes contra- «'•»?. *»/. 
 rij /ibi fin t , contraria iura necefle eft ha- l^tt^TC 
 beant : 6c vna eademque belli caufa hinc ^»*** ^oJi 
 indeiuftaeftenopoteft. Ceterumcum ?/iS7c* 
 
 3<5pecuniam*neruura belli efle plerique Kofamua^ 
 cxiftimentCquofpeaatillud T. Quintij ^^^j^^'^^ 
 FlaminijjquiPhilippomeniAcha^orum ft^nm. jm, 
 prxtori, multisequitibus, acsrauisar- ^iV" ^'^' 
 maturae militibusinftrudto.pecunigau- «». gwr «i. 
 teminopi.rlludensananus cum dicebat ^^'[ff^vi- 
 nabere & crura, led ventre carere* nam yj/.a?*. 
 & corporis eo habiru praetor erats J ^rai^cVJ^* 
 
 37 quaerifoletjCuiusimpenfis^bellumgeri d inij.,» 
 aebeat, vtrum principis. an populi. ^iT"^*. 
 
 r:* 'A /'TV* *«.** t c Port, fo 4. 
 
 xit quidem ii Pnnceps reditus regales po^h, 
 
 babeat
 
 De ivre et off, beil, 
 
 habeat a ciuibus affignatos, certe ipfius 
 
 principis impcnfis bellutn geri debere 
 
 tiAn^Uni, pleriqueexiftimanta. quod maximaiii 
 
 tmjres.iKTtiir* rationcm habet. omnesenimomnino 
 
 text. G deo- • . . • 1 f .. -# 
 
 pa.fuOhc. pnncipatus,regna , imperia obpublica 
 h>fH.ini,ds. ipforumciuiumvtilitatem^nonobeo- 
 T<^f&Z ^^^ 4"^ reipub. prajfuntcommodajin- 
 zafiM.p, dudaefTejCommuni/requentiffimaque 
 cirTo*. philofophorum,&legumlatorum fen- 
 ne3,hM.& tentia prodirum eft. Itaque Cicero*»: 
 S^cl Omnino,inquit,quireipubl. prxfunt ,, 
 facrof.ecci, duoPlatonis prseceptateneant. vnum, 
 bcfj,cM,i. vtvtilitarcmciuiufictueantur,vtquic- 
 quid agan t, ad cam rcferan t obJiti com- 
 modorumruorum. alreruni,vttotum ^^ 
 corpus reipubl. curent, ne cum partem ^^ 
 aliquam tuentur , reliquasdeferant* vt ^^ 
 enim tutela^fic procuratio reipub^ad v- 
 tilitatem eorum ^qui commiffi funt, no ^^ 
 ad eorum quibus commifTa eft,gerenda 
 eft. Quamfenrentiamlateprolequitur 
 c ^iw/?. ii^ Ferdinand. Vazq/Si vero princeps ido- 
 fiy?.M/>.i,<t neosreditus no habet, totiusrcgniim- 
 d BaU.ini, penfis bellutn geri debet <^. Neque hie 
 ^L^'offif'n c^**^"^ tributi modus prsefcribi potelb 
 «»/ Bo<Zi namvtCleobuIusbelliduxJociisAthe- 
 nn^'da ^ nicnfium in bello cotra Philippum cer- 
 tam tributi ftimmam definiri poftulan- 
 
 tibus^
 
 LlB£K PRIMVS* 24 
 
 tibns 5 refpondic ,bellum finifi non po* 
 icdKdc hucfacit^quodcxlententia Ca- a vhUnti^ 
 tonisyinrepubl. beneconftitutadcl^et taDaju>fi^ 
 cfledomiinduftrk,£rariumopuletum, 
 tenues res priuatse : qui corruptiffimis 
 moribus vitiumcontrarium poruit,pu- 
 blice egeftarem , priuatim opulentiam* 
 vnde luxu& defidia ciuitas facile cor- 
 rumpitur , vt ex Salluftio refers & pro- 
 bat D. Auguft.*» Meminifle tamende- ^^'^'^^ 
 bent principcSj modcftifliini illius rc- 
 fponfiTiberij Csefiris^qui thefaurariis 
 onerandas tribute prouincias dicenri- 
 buSjrefponditjboni paftoris effe^todere 
 pecuSj& non deglubere* Memorabilis 
 38 quoque eft Traiani * fen ten tia : qui cor- 
 reptus abvxorePopeiaPlotinajquod 
 caiumniis fuorum procuratorum pro- 
 uinciae diuexaretur, deteftari coepii im- 
 probasexadiones, &infienivfuseftfi- 
 militudine, fifcum appelTans lienem. 
 ficuienim^crefcenteincorpcribusno- 
 ftris liene, anus reliqui tabefcunt : ita 
 turgente principis fi/co, marcefcun tee- 
 tera reipub. membra, & grauiter aegro- 
 tant*^.Exfuperioribusdeducitur^ciucm csu. kur, 
 non teneri propriis fumptibusprinci- ^'^•"'*'^^* 
 pemadbellumfequiifedftipediumilli 
 
 aprin-
 
 freu»dtt$aui 3 principe vel repubxonftitui dcberc** 
 «offtt . ^e a- 5 j tamen maxima vr^eat neceflltas, vt- 
 »e.M««/tf.^ pote pro defeniione reels, vel rcipubL 
 ^^dfltlTk ^"^"^^ tencntur ad hoc bellum concur- 
 lut.'oila. rcre^cuiufcunque (exus^vel conditionis 
 coufi. 254. fintjgrauibusque poenisex conftitutio- 
 i"{^'!iZkJe nihus regni Hifpaniae afficiuntur , qui 
 w/h$.4. Boe hoc bellum detredauerint ^0 Quo Ipe- 
 b^R^'^'S aat,qu6dmoreGallorum%initiubel- 39 
 5^.19 i>«r. lorumeratarmatum conciliij indicerci 
 I'c^far de 9"^ ^^g^ commuui omnes pubcresar* 
 hello xaiu.s mati conucnire confueuerant : & qui 
 L%fTial exhisnouilTimusconueniiret, in con- 
 D.deoperMb. fpc^tu. multitudinis omnibus cruciati- 
 Tfi^t^t busaflfedus,necabaturSVafallus quo- 
 niamvirAz quc fcudatarlus tcnctur dominum fuu 
 ^ti'm^i ^^ belloiuftOjCtiampropriisfumptibus 
 %d'!*JZ,' iuuare'^iSed an dana*,in quae quis belli 4^ 
 Luioui.if.om, C2u(^ fQf te incidit. rcfarciri debeat.que- 
 
 ^.fiqHHaiio, npoteit.EtcertejU quis proderenfione 
 wj*<^*2.D. reipub^fine ftipendio ad bellum iueric, 
 e A.^/i.ei videturdamnumilliexhac caufa illatii 
 i5»w.D. meritorepedideberc^ atmilitiquifti- 
 ttnf*^* pendium merctur , non refunduntur 
 fAr^u.i.2.§ damnabelloaccepta^•nifi quod ex con* 
 v7&Td, ftitutionibus regni Hifpania? ex praeda 
 de iad. forte fadaiftiufmodi dana refirciri fo- 
 tit^tf'lari, leant S. Etquidem ad iniuflum bellum 
 
 voca-
 
 Liber primvs. 24 . 
 
 vocatus, nequeadftipendia, ncquead ^er*&7}eql 
 damnarefarciendaadionehabet. nam ^-^' ^"'^'^^ 
 ex caufa turpi nulla datura(5tio.a L«£.^«5r$ 
 
 m turbit. D, 
 
 DE DVELLO SEV SINGVLARI tpidn.\nm^ 
 
 CERTAMINE. inc.ficHt, ^ 
 
 infra dciwe- 
 
 X Dueuum^uare prohmtumo mand^ 
 
 2 2) ucUum ex caufa tape farhA tllkitum, 
 
 ^ DueUiijfM antiquif^im^iS in Hif^ania» 
 
 ^ Duellumfuit in vfu apud quo f darn po* 
 pulos, 
 
 5 Confuetudo due Hi non valet, 
 
 6 Confuetudo duelli aliena a GrAcorum ^ 
 
 IR^manor. in^itutis. 
 
 7 a uelttim cum ho He iictUtm, 
 
 S Dauid fmgutari pugna proBrauit Go- 
 
 hath. 
 p Singulart certamen magm momenti in 
 
 hello, 
 JO D uellononnuquam belli finis impoptus, 
 J I De pugna Horatiorunt cum Curiatijs, 
 J 2 Tion ejfe tut urn belli euentum duello re- 
 
 dimere. 
 IS DeCMetio Sujfetio. 
 
 Cap. tertivm, 
 'pVVelli vfum vtdeteftabilcm, &fa- 
 ••^bricanre diaboloindudu, fumma 
 tatione facri canones, & concilia patr u, 
 
 D variis
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 variis cenfuris & poenis , tarn in eos qui 
 decertant^quamcoSjquoruaudoritate, 
 & confilio^atqucetiam prasfentiaiftiuf- 
 modi certamina ineutur^ ftatutis exter- 
 minandum &abolendum effe ccnfiic- 
 aemonoma- runt ^. quod fcillcet* hocgenerccerta- ^ 
 cfc>*/».2.^.^ minisordoiudiciorum. &le2uomnis 
 de pur^. vw. aui^oriias^quae aaiones conltuuit^qui- 
 &tn lecUr. ^^ ^ vnicuiQue ius fuum in iiidicio pro- 
 tocu.iruun, ftqui licct, perucrfatur : &iniquumiitj 
 M'^9^ vt quis au(5loritate propria fibi ius di- 
 bL. exTiat. cat^.ideoenim lat^funt leges, &creati 
 D.^«o(fmer. magiflratus , vtlicituabillicitodifcer- 
 c/. I. D.dc nant5& ius fuum cuiquetribuant^^.tum 
 tuJi^&iur, etiam quodhac deccrtandirationeipfa 
 iufticia violetur.na quam plurimi^quo- 
 rum cau(aiure& arquitate optima erat, 
 flolidiffimideorumMartisarbitriopu- 
 d c. %«i/r. gnantes occubuere *^. prseterea quod 
 'ft^fXul* Deus tentari non debcar: quodfit,cum 
 ad manifeftationcm veritatis^vt plerun- 
 td.c.mono. quefit,duellum initur^ deniqueciim 
 ^rri'dTc/*.* homicidiudiuino&humano iurepro- 
 utdMi.fui. hibeatur,dueI]um,perquodplerunquc 
 adhomicidiumdeuenitur, efTe prohi- 
 bitum etiamdiccndum eft.cumenima- 
 liquid prohibetur , prohibitum etiam 
 cenfeturomneid,per quodeodeucni- 
 
 tur*
 
 Liber primvs. 25 
 
 a tura.Sunttamen*quiexifl:imet,excaufa zkrgummia 
 l^fe fama? hoc genus pugn^e iniri poffe: ^^Z'^*^''^^ 
 Quia^inquiutjCrudelis eft,quinegligit * . 
 famamfuamt»,famaenimc6modopr3e- , co^i'.''^ 
 ferendaeft *^, &: vitae asquiparatur d. fed />«« ««.«0«/* 
 eorum fententiam non probo. idcirco cli^;^'"^ 
 enim,vtinquit Imperatorejudiciorum-cm m.i.c^ 
 
 vigor, iurisquepublici tutelaeft in me- ^^/f^^X' 
 dio coftitura, ne qui/quam fibi ipfi per- y^^qutn. 
 mitterevaleatvltionem . &nonpoteft '^^"y^-»^-» «^* 
 dici honoris fuiprodigus, vel negliges, c Uuit.mta. 
 qui fuam , fuorumue iniuriam audlori- ^f' ^^*; ** 
 3 tatciudicisperiequitur. Porroconftar duupacau. 
 hoc ^enus puen^, tarn ad oftcntatione ^" *^ ''^""«• 
 virtutis,quamadcotroueriiasdeciden- e/«/.« /«.j. 
 das,antiquiffimum fuifTe , prsefertim in c>«ici«J-;. 
 Hifpania . nam cum Scipio Carthagine 
 nouam^advotafoluendadiisjmunusq; 
 gladiatorum , quod morriscaufa parris, 
 patruiqueparaueiat^rcdiiderjfpedacu- 
 5, lujinquit Liuius^ ,fuit non ex co genere ^ /*^.«- 
 j, horainum , ex quo laniftis comparare 
 ,, mos eft 5 feruorum deledu ac libertoru, 
 j5 qui venalem (anguinem habent:volun- 
 5, taria omnis & gratuira opera pugnan- 
 j, tiumfuit.namalij mifliaregulisfunt.ad 
 55 fpecimen infitaegentivirtutisoftentan- 
 „ ciuin:aiij , ipfiprofeffilepugnaiurosin 
 
 P 2 gratiam
 
 De ivre et off. eell. 
 gratiam ducis ; alios ^mulatio ad ccrta- ^^ 
 mciijVt prouocarentjprouocatiqihaud ^, 
 abnuercntjtraxitiquidaquasdiiceptan- ^, 
 do controuerfias finire ncquiuerat , aut ,, 
 noluerant^padi inter fe, vtvidoremres „ 
 fequeretur, ferrodecreucrunt. necob- ^^ 
 fcuri generis homines^icd clari^illuftref- ,, 
 que Corbis & Orfua patrueles fratres, ,, 
 de principatu ciuitatis, qua Ibe vocant, ,, 
 ambigentes, ferro fedecerraturospro- ,, 
 feflifunt.Corbismaior^tateerat.Orfu^ ^ 
 pater princepsproximefuerat, afratre j, 
 maiore poft morte eius principatu ac- ^ 
 cepto.ciim verbis Scipio difceptare vel- „ 
 let, ac fedare iras , negatumidambo di- „ 
 cere communibuscognatis, necaiium ,, 
 deorum hominumue^quam Martemfe ^, 
 iudicem habituros : roboremaiorjmi- ^, 
 nor Acre aetatis/erox. mortem in certa- ^, 
 minejquam alter alteriusimperiofubij- ^ 
 ceretur, prseopiantes, Ciim ab lanta ra- ^ 
 bie diriminequirentjinfignefpcdaculu „ 
 exercitui prxbuere , documentumquej „ 
 quantu cupiditas imperij malum inter „ 
 mortalesefler. Maiorvfuarraorum, & „ 
 aftu facile ftolidas vires minorisfupera- „ 
 uit . hadlenus Liuius.Et h^c qi^idcm de- 
 certandi ratio %etiam pollcrioribus le- 4 
 
 poribu^j
 
 Liber primvs, 25 
 
 poribus,adlitesdiriniendas,certisca(i* 
 bus,&legibusapudHirpanos (quauis 
 eandem iniquiflfima fcirentM permiffa f *^x^-8« 
 mit\ Apud Longobardos qnoq.^mo-brit.^. de 
 ribus receptum fuit,vtquoties coram ^f*^ /"»«•• 
 iudicedefe(flus quifpiam effct , aliquid- 
 ^uead plenam inrentionisfidem iudici 
 faciendam dceflet, duello certis cafibus 
 controuerfiadef^niretur^Conftituit& ciniik„g^ 
 Fredericusi^nobarbusimperator.vta- ^r?T^'T!^ 
 
 • • Jill !•» J Jeaefen.deb^ 
 
 liquando duello res decideretur *^ . Neq; « utdepurg, 
 
 a Longobardorum legibus Gallorum ZmVt'om 
 
 confuetudo multiimdiffidet , vt liquet d c'^i.dep'a- 
 
 exeorum legibus, quasSalicas vocant. "'^"^'^ :? 
 
 &exfl:atapudeosquoqueh3ec Philippi &\fimZ'. 
 
 „ confl:itutio:Siquisocculticriminis,ca- ^'^P-f^^- 
 
 ,, picalisque reus fit , atque ita de eo con- chraHumm^ 
 
 „ ftet,vtqu2eftioni fubijci pofIit,condem- fi't.dehred^ 
 
 ,, narinonpofnt.-isjarbitratuaccufatoris, Tdtar^!^. 
 
 duello experiatur. cuius conftitutionis gi><.i9f 
 
 meminit loann. Faber": camque refert ^a\^j^cmt\ 
 
 Guido Papas ^: qui adducitquoque, & innconc.m 
 
 interpretatur aliamquandam confthu- %[';to\ '/! 
 
 tionemimperialemdemododuclli, & admonii.vu 
 
 quarationeindicidebeatg.SoIetquoq;c.7X": 
 haec confuetudo duelli admodum fre- ^q^^^rtfert 
 
 quensefTe in Italia, praefertim pro con- Jr/j?*,!//???; 
 fcruatione honoris^, Vndemuhihanc /'.i.wp.40' 
 
 D 3 rem
 
 De ivrb et off. bell. 
 rem anxie tra(5tauerunt . vtpote quibus 
 decaulisduelluminireliceat : vterpro- 
 uocatoris^vel prouocati vices fuftineat: 
 quiadduellumadmittanturiquadode- 
 trcdariduellum poffit : quandooptio- 
 nenij quemvulgocampioncmvocant, 
 da re conceflli m fit :dc eledionc armoru 
 & loci : de iuramento calumnias a pug- 
 nantibus pra2flando:& fie de ceteris co- 
 trouerfiis.quseinhocgenerepugngin- 
 ciderefblent.Nonignorauerunttamen 
 viridodilTimihancconfuetudine^quip- 
 aii.CqM peiuricontrariam.non*valere*:pre(er- 5 
 
 ft Isiw. tern. * . \ /- V • • A " 
 
 lo^futLmn fi"i cum exprelse lurecanonico ut pro- 
 
 d>tbn,m.c,d<: hibita^cui ftandum eft in vtroqueforo, 
 
 ^\m>at de ^^"^^ agitUF dc pcccatob. (edquiadefa- 
 
 $ud c.ta-2. ^o (eruarifblet, pcrindedehuiufmodi 
 
 tL'^'!* '^"^* corruptela difputaucrCjatquefi valeret: 
 
 quia quae fadofiunt, quadoqueadcau- 
 
 cinmher.^. famiuiis trahuntUF '^^ Et quidem con- 
 
 i.o.decofij. ruetudoifta*,intcrciues,fbcios&com- 6 
 
 bibu. D.d^ miijtonesnngulari pugna cotrouerfias 
 
 manu.teTi^. decidendi , nonfoliimaChriftianisin- 
 
 tuToj.coT^ ft'fufis abhorret: fed etiam plurimum 
 
 abfuita vcteri rum Gr^corumjtum Ro- 
 
 manorum difciplinaj qui turpiffiraum 
 
 cenfebant, belli focios,quos oporteto- 
 
 pe mutuacaufam commune defendere, 
 
 ftuica,
 
 Liber primvs. 27 
 
 ftulta,vt fa^pe fitjac perniciofa ambitio- 
 nc,pugnare,aut velle fuas pnuatas con- 
 trouerfias ferro potius dirimi , quam 
 communibuslegibusdiiudicari . quod 
 a ratione admodum alienum eft . non 
 feciis quam fi duo Philofophi, aut lure- 
 confuld inter fe , vter do^tior fit, gladiis 
 decertent.Nequeenim de omnibus in- 
 iufticiae gencribus vllu turpiusaut ma- 
 ius elle poteft, quam vt imbecil lis ac te- 
 nuis^acceptainiuriajfitinfamiadignus, 
 nifi cum aduerlario, quatumcunque vi- 
 ribus praeftet, armis dec^rtauerit,ac vitii 
 periculis obiecerit : prsefertim cum na- 
 turaficcoparatum fit,vt qui minimum 
 rationis,pIurimum roboris habeant, vt . . 
 deScythisrefert Bodmus . Quacerte /,„7.^5. 
 ratione etiam fortiffimi viri/i cum bel- 
 luis^quje robore pra?ftant,conferantur, 
 iure infames fini . prius itaqj omnia ex- 
 periri^quam armis dcccrtare fapientem 
 y dccet. Ceterumquihocgenus*pugn^ 
 non caufa vindiOix, aut priuati odij, fed 
 pro bono publico fubeunt , extra culpa b /.i. §.qui 
 funt : cum etiam laudem mercanturb.. 'p^'^^J^ 
 Itaque fi quisiufTu, velfaltem confenfu ca^^„oi. *n i, 
 ducisCcumalioqui extra ordinem pug- /*^'v'^'''^- 
 
 narenonliceat) cum hoftepublico,nn- 
 
 D 4 gulari 
 
 mr*
 
 De IVRE Et OFF. BEII, 
 
 gularicertaminecongrediaturjnonf(V« 
 
 liim non peccat in leges5& ftatuta Pon- 
 
 tificum, icdexemploTorquatijCorui- 
 
 nij, Marcelli^ScipioniSj^miliani &a^ 
 
 liorum^maximarnindegloriam refcrrc 
 
 debet.eadeni enim ratio qug bellum iu^ 
 
 ftumadmittitiinquo pro patriae, velec- 
 
 clefia^ defenfione mori gloriofilfimum 
 
 a cow»»/»- eft^ih^cquoquecertaminandtaefTco- 
 
 ^^^l-'7'f ftendit.nam cum hoftc pugnare vtcun- 
 
 ^,5.KfgM, queinbello^noeft tentare Deum^quod 
 
 U'i'M.zu lexdiuinavetat, nechoftemtollerc,eft 
 
 homicidium patrare , naturae lege pro- 
 
 b c.miies,c. hibitumifed officio fungi bonimilitisK 
 
 gl^jf '^ VndenonminusMicuit Dauidi Phili- 8 
 
 ftfum Goliath fingularipugnaprofter- 
 
 nerc5quam fi hoc idem conferto mul- 
 
 <^/l\.c.\7 torum pra^liofecilTetSEtcertehaepu- 
 
 gn2e^,non parum fepead totiusbellie- 9 
 ^hb.s, uentumfaciunt. ItaqucLiuius**dcpu- 
 gna ilia Torquati cum Gallo tradtans: 
 Tanti, inquit, eadimicatioadvniuerfi 
 belli eucntum momentifuit, vt Gallo- 
 rum exercitus relidis trepide caftris, in 
 Tiburtem agrum , mox in Campaniam 
 trafierir. Similiter belIo(bciali,cum in- 
 gens Callus ex Gallicis auxiliis, qua? L. 
 Cluentius cum Sylla decertaturus af- 
 
 fumpfe'
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. a8 
 
 /iimpferat^procurrens, inuitaflet ad fin- 
 gulare certamcn, ex Romanisaliquem, 
 & euro paru^ ftatura? Numida confecif. 
 fct: territi Galliconfeftimterga verte- 
 runt:iamque turbata acie^nec aiij Clue- 
 tiani perftitcrunt, fed Nolamperfuge- 
 
 Jo runttrepide\Committuntur*quoque a A^f^an^do 
 nonnunquam iftiufaiodi ccrtamina, a ^«^*t««iJ.i, 
 fummis principibus : vel ab vno , aut 
 pluribus hinc indc a principibus pari 
 numeroele(5lis 5 quorum euentus bello 
 finem imponat.quod olim a Tullo Ho- 
 ftilio Romanorum rege^ & Mctio Suf- 
 fetiorege Albanorum fadum fuiflcJe- 
 gimus.quum enim pariroborefreque- 
 tibuspraeliisvtrimq;Comminuerentur, 
 miffoin compcdiumbello^vtinquitL, 
 
 ^^ Florus^'^Horatiis^Curiatiisque, trige- bW.i. c.a» 
 minis hinc atque inde frarribus, vtriuf- 
 que fatacommifTa funt, fblcmniprius 
 foedere inter vtrumqueregem , & vtru- 
 que populu percuflb, & legibus didis, 
 quibus vidi vidoribus dederentur S c limm hu 
 Quod genus pugna?non quidem illici- 
 tume(Iecefeo:nam&D. Thomas \ex- dzi.c^tufi: 
 aequansduellumiudiciofortis^iHicitum p^'*'*'^- 
 quidem e0e dkit^ fi fiat ad probation^, 
 vel reuclationem rei occultae; no autem 
 
 D 5 fifiat
 
 De Ivre et off. bell. 
 fiffataddiuifionem rcrurrij vel contro- 
 uerfisedefinitionemrqualefuitccrtame 
 DauidiscumPhiliftaeo^quodapproba- 
 tumfuic Deo . qaod cquidemadmireb 
 inter fummos principes: veleorum au- 
 doritatc, qui belli gerendi iushabent, 
 vt fcilicet beliorum calamicatcs vitetur. 
 Quocafiietiama Romanis potificibus 
 nonnunquamduellumcoceflum fuifle 
 legimus . itaque Carolus Andegaucn- 
 fis, &; Pctrus Tarraconenfis , cum de Si- 
 cilia diu bellura geffiflentj audloritate 
 Martini pontif.fingulariccrtamineco- 
 av»cfe Fro/. trouerfiamfinircdccreuerunt'.Sedhac 
 fardMA. f^tionecontrouerfiasdecidcndi^Ccuna 12 
 valde temerariumfit, fummam rerum 
 periculo vnius , aut alteriuscomittere) 
 nonomninotutam, nequeetiatnfem- 
 perbellofineimponercexiftimcquod 
 euentus pugnae trigcminorum fatis o- 
 ftendit^nam Metius SufFetius ^/ortuna ij 
 & euentum totius belli, & virtutcm fui 
 exercitus fortune aut virtuti Cuiatio- 
 rum committendojrcgnum & libertate 
 tarn propriam,quam fuorum,prp qua 
 tuenda multis annis contenderan t^mo- 
 mento amifit;& Romanis fortunae arbi- 
 trio (cuitemerefe fubieccrant) vidori- 
 
 buS;
 
 LlBER^ PRTMVSt 2^ 
 
 buSjnon omnino tuta vidioria fuit.nam 
 quamuis Mctius SufFetius vitStuSiproti- 
 nus k fuaquc omnia fubmittcret Ro- 
 manis: pofteatameinexpeditioneVc- 
 ientana.exfpedata occafionc,fu2B temc- 
 ritatis poenitens, Romanum exercitum 
 prodere conacus efl *. Quare vbi dc om- a imii»u,i 
 niumfalute & libertate, vcMe tota poC- 
 leffione agitur,non nifi tods viribusco- 
 tendendum eft. alias enim non folum 
 vidus temeritatcra fuam incu&bit , fed 
 necvidor omnino fecuruserit.eiuse- 
 nim animu5,vt inquit Liuius, in perpc- 
 tuum vindtur,cuiconfefIioexprcfla fit, 
 feneqjarte, ncquecafu,fed totis viribus 
 cominus collatis, iuftoacpio bellofu- 
 pcratum efle.Nequecredi poteft,vIIum 
 populumauthominemdenique (vtfe- 
 natus Romanorum incaufa Priuema- 
 tiumfcnfiOineaconditionCjCuiuseum 
 poeniteat, diutius quam necelfc fit ma- 
 
 DE PIGNERATIONIBVS, QVAS 
 
 REPRESALIAS VOCANT. 
 
 J Tigmrandi peteflsts antiquipma cofue- 
 
 tudint permfjpt^ 
 ^ Pigneratmesquomffdohodufermtffd. 
 
 S Con"
 
 De Ivre et off» bell. 
 J Confuetudopigneradi an ture probata fiL 
 
 4 Nonnuncjuam ex caufa etiam fine culpa 
 
 (juempumr't. 
 
 5 EtJam fme culpa pot ell tfues affiti pxm 
 
 honor um-^ non ettamfcenacorpoYAli. 
 <f P'tgnerationes adojfenfioncm ferfonari 
 
 innocentium tlltcitx. 
 7 D,A mbro[iH6 Theodofum imper. incre- 
 
 fuit* 
 S JEx qua caufa Jit condita L vindtcari ^ C. 
 
 de poen, 
 p In pignerat'tonibKs mnocentes ex accideti 
 
 ccc'tdi poffunt, 
 1 Pignerationes non alto modo licit a quam 
 
 quo bellum^ 
 
 Cap. qvartvm. 
 
 Plgnerandi poteftatem^jquam Gra?ci I 
 Androkp/iam vocant, antiquiflima 
 confuetLidine permifTam fuiffeconftat. 
 morisenimfuitantiquinfimi^vtquiho- 
 micidium perpetraffent , ^\ cum inex- 
 ternam vrbcm profugifTent, ad poenam 
 expofciti non dederenturiis^ ad quos 
 facinus admiffum pertinebat, ipfis vt 
 permitteretur pignerandi poteftas. £\c ,, 
 cnim fancitu fuifle legimus : fi quis vio- ,, 
 Icntamorteobierir, prohocgentilibus „ 
 
 &C0.
 
 LiBER PRIMVS* 30 
 
 j^ &:cognatis Androlepfiaefunto, quoad 
 ^ iudicium c^diSjpoenasque fubierint^vel 
 
 J, necisauiftorcsdediderint. androlepfia 
 
 3, ver6adtresvfque5neceoampliuseftOt 
 Qua? verba refcruntur a Dcmonhene 
 inorationcin Ariftogitonem, quiiftic 
 defendit^caufefortaffe inferuiens. An- 
 drolepfiamlegeefTepeririifram^nonco* 
 tra prof iigu fufcipientes , fed contra eos 
 demum, apudquos casdesfadafuifTet. 
 lulius vcro PoUuxeam permiflam fuif- 
 fe fcribit, etiam contra cos, qui homici- 
 dam profugum fufccpiflent 5 ncc cum 
 perentibusdedidiflentjnecadcriminis 
 poenam,necadvindidam:necipiiiufte 
 punirent : vt annotauit Budaeus^. Ad a inUatfa* 
 
 2 huncfancmodum*pignerationcs bar, ^^;|/JJ^* 
 quas reprefalias vocan 1 3 hodie permi c* 
 tunrur, vtfiquaex gentelatrones^aut 
 
 {)irata?,vel quicunque alij homicidiaja- 
 iaue fcelcra perpetrauerint, iniuriam 
 damniimue iniulerint : ncc cam paffi 
 potuerint obtinerc ab iis, quibus fcclc- 
 rumaudoresfubiiciuntur 3 vcl qui eos 
 fufceperint, vtiidemdedantur.velpoe- 
 nas luant, tuncliceatvtipigncrationi- 
 3 bus, Sedvtrumhaecconfueiudo*iurc 
 dcfendipoflit, controuerfumeft : prae- 
 
 fertim
 
 De IVRB ET OFF. EELt. 
 
 Qe.hiiLc. fertimexcOjquodiniquum fitj&aiu- 
 umua^>ie. {ticiaalienu, obalteriusculpam& cri- 
 cnmm.o.de mcn innoccnti pocnam mfiigia. nam 
 pcen Augq. poena fcquitur CI imlnis audorc ^ Scri- 
 b/ A/K«»«*. ptum eil, in(ontem & luilurn non occi- 
 ^'^'^nt^i des^^.&janimaqusepeccauerirjipfamo- 
 t.cju^funt.d. rietur. filiusnonportabit iniquitatem 
 Uijuzfi^a patris, 6<rpater non portabitiniquitate 
 Konlam, m nil), luiticia lulti luper eupfi cnt , & iHi- 
 f.dcjmt.ex pietasimpijfupcr eum^. &, nonocci- 
 h^e K zuo.. dentur patrcs pro nliis , nee nli) pro pa- 
 c.d.i^here. rentlbiis; fed vnufquifqucpropeccato 
 d ^{cchA%, ^Lio morietur *. Nihiloniiinus tamen^ 
 cDf«f.c.2+. quandoque ex caufaV^i^mfi culpa ab- 4. 
 ^;«tr;: ^t, quempunirl poire conflatf- Quo 
 fiier6vti,te fpedatlex ilia Exodig:Si animal homi- 
 ™!;.:; neocciderit.Iapidibusobruatur, quod 
 ib, gioff, 22 & lege D racon iSjlegiflatoris Atheniefis 
 ^VTpremi c^utum fuit.Simlliter pecus licet ratio- 
 c.yvghtf^c. necareatj & a culpa immune fit, cuipfa 
 mc hmufmo' foemina,qua2 fc ci commifcuir/ufpcndi 
 giof.tnc.z.de iubctur".nctalifiagitiocontammatum 
 connn.o-tit indignam refricet fa^fti memorial Pra?- 
 /e. 1.^4 terea puernatus Dauidiex lUicitocoi- 
 
 c.ecc 
 
 gc^p 21. tu,ob parentis crimen a Deoextindus 
 ^^-ll*'er^.^5 cft^& infantes Sodomseabfqjvllo pro- 
 (j'4ctn I . pj.JQ peccato , fimul cu adultis peccato- 
 loL/.c-ll ribusignc confumptifunti. vndc Deus 
 
 ipfe
 
 Liber primvs. 31 
 
 ipfcait :Egofum Deus2cIores,vifitans 
 iniquitatepatruinfilioSjVfqiadtertiam 
 &quartagencratione». Quxquidcdi- aExoAwo 
 uinaiudiciaquauis hominibus imitari 
 nonliceat, nifi quarenuscxmanifeftis 
 
 J caufisprocedutiideoq; nulla lege*,qua- 
 cunque ex caufa , quis debea t corporali 
 poena affici ob alterius crimen^: fqua b a«^^. 
 dc caulaetiainiqueab Arcadio & Ho- [j^^'''^^^ 
 norio impp/ didum cenfet Couarru- ttat,jreUtu 
 uias *^,eximperatoria lenitate, & indul- ^**^'^^'''^^^ 
 gentia le vitam concedere hluscorum, iuu,b.2.c.s, 
 quicrimcnlaefasmaieftatiscommiferat: ^^^l^'J^f, 
 ciim nulloiureillis vitam adimercpof- £«>/?. 
 fent)tamenexcaufis,& propter reipub. ^ -v-rwr^- 
 vtilitatem ; quoqj magis homines a de- 
 lidis compeicantur^bumana lex poterit 
 poena pecuniaria, publicationc bono- 
 rumjvel fimibjpunireetiaiUoSjqui non 
 deliqucrunt : & ita pailim legibus & ca- 
 nonibus flatutum eft:praefcrtim in filiis 
 & nepotibus eorum, qui crimen l^te 
 maieftatisdiuina? velhumanaecommi- 
 ferunt; quiafficiunturinfamia, &:ple- 
 ftuntur publicatione bonorum ^ quod eJ^.^«,7^«^ 
 praeclare legibus comparatumefTe dicit «'"Z''"'''^- 
 
 Xicero ^j vt charitas liberorum amicio- fintptji. ai 
 resparentesredderctreipub.quam fen- *"'"""' 
 
 centiam
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 
 fuTz'cZ ^^^^*^^^ ^^ E>» Auguftino& aliis, late 
 b ^.\of*pit profcquitur &difcutit Couarruuiasa. 
 \of*c,K,oo. Exquibus. nifallor, manifeftumeft* ^ 
 c.iMt^ii*'*. pignerationesiftaslicitasquiaecffc(vt 
 »»6. <T tht communi omnium confenfudeducitur 
 ^rancZc. ^x D. Auguftino ^,) fcd noii quoad of- 
 deQamb^c feufioncm perfonaruminnocetium, & 
 luli^eT.'^' qui nullam illati damni culpam contra- 
 saiinautbe. xcFunt ; vcrum boiiorum tantum c. 
 ITh&ohitg, Quemadmodum enim quis folo con- 
 uio.tnc.o- fenfu fepotefl: fubijcere damno bono- 
 fZ\anI!ob. f ""^3 "^" aurem membrorum , vel cor- 
 deReibu, VI poris^zficquoquelegevclftatuto, cui 
 7l!up!sT'' vnufquifque colentirc pra^fumitur, po- 
 c loivapon. teftquisexcaufa, licet fine culpa jatfici 
 w**^^ 2^* poena pecuniaria , no etiam corporal! % 
 ^'i.'hbtr'ho QuareiuftiflimeD.Ambrofius^Theo- 7 
 T J^c «i^ dofmm imperatorem increpuit, quod 
 tingit'.defent. mjlitequodam in tumultu occifo, iuilit 
 excom.Giojf, populum.vt Quifqueobuius eflet.caedi. 
 
 tnfijr. vt cap. i^». \ \ ' ....'.^ 
 
 cum homo, potuit Cttim impcrator mihris occiio- 
 zi<ju^ ^, rescapitcpunire: iniquever6,etiamex 
 
 e G/o/r. elf r / J • • • • - * - n 
 
 garn'mKub, caulakditionis , mnocentesoccidiiuP 
 c. dedtcut, fitf .pro quo delido culpam cum lacry- 
 q^i^i^am mis prof ellus imperator^publicam poe- 
 
 niten- 
 
 pajiimfiejumtur interpp. & commtndat baldjn l»vn.C.ntflit(s 
 pro pat. Akx.tn l.f<tpe, num io.D«de re tnd, Ange. Cr laf, tn §» 
 a(li9nei, w».68. ivfittM ^ftio.
 
 Liber primvs. gj 
 
 nltentiamin totius confpcdu ccclefiae 
 
 8 egit;& lege cauit%vt fi princeps ex ira- 
 cudia quem fcuerius puniri iubear:fen- 
 tentiaadtrigintadieslufpedatur^. Ce- af»^v«K&- 
 
 P terum quemadmodum in bcllo * non "''c^^lxS^ 
 licet ex profefTo innoceres occidere,% apudrbtfja^ 
 minas (cilicet, nee infantes : (licettame ''""^'*^« 
 exaccidenti,(ipura oppidum machinis, 
 vel tormentis bellicis concutiatur,cimi 
 aliterbellum gerinonpoflit.) ficquoq; 
 in hifccpignerationibus, quamuis in- 
 iioxijofFendi non poffint, fed tantum 
 bonaeorumcapereliceatipermittitta- 
 men conditio rei, vt ex accident! occi- 
 dantur : fiquidem alitcr pigncrationes 
 iftae exerceri non poflunt.Sciendu vero 
 10 *pignerationesiftasnon aliomodoefle 
 licitas, quam quo bellu iure diuino, na- 
 turali & ciuili licitum cenfetur . vnde 
 omnino requiritur aud^oritas fummi 
 Principis^qui belli indicedi ius habet **. ^ cx>omwui 
 a iudice autem concedi non poiTunt , & ''qjpti ^'* 
 inter ciueslocumnonhabent*^. quam- ^ ^'**^' "^^ 
 uisolimapud Atheniefespriuatocon- ''^uill^mlo- 
 filioandrolepfiaexcrcereliccret; multa ^'^ht.vtni 
 tamen conftituta non iurc ea vtenti; vi ^'**^*-^'" 
 €x PoUuccannotauit Bud"*. Itaquc & dinu^tfa, 
 hodieiuftacaufafubeffe debet. NempCi t^loll^] 
 
 E quod
 
 De IVRB ET off. BBLt. 
 
 quodille populus^contiaquem pigne* 
 rationes ift« conccdutur^ vindicare nc- 
 glexcritj quod afuisimprobefadueft^ 
 aiioquivero, fi iufta&veracaufadefir^ 
 
 nKdmve' conceflio pignerandi nuUius erit mo- 
 
 m.D.defd. mentia. 
 
 conwtjf, lib, 
 
 /.I. ^,h*c £)£ BELLO CAPTIS ET IVRE 
 
 t?'Z fOSTLIMINII. 
 
 J luBo hello CApafunt afunuum. 
 
 2 AlciAti oftn'to refrohata ^ qui iidt omfjU 
 
 bdla hodie ejje ciuilia, 
 4 D ifferentia inter res m chiles df tYnmo* 
 
 biles hello cap as ^ 
 
 4 Frada omnis Arhttrio due is ejl, mn miU* 
 
 turn» 
 
 5 Jmpratores pr^dam mrimnquAm tPtA^ 
 
 rarium tnferre foluu 
 
 6 Tionnunquam militihm diuidert, 
 
 7 Prad^farsdeheturetiaiiSy quinonfut» 
 
 ruminfrdio, 
 S Prdda mtlitibus nonnunquAm edicifcUty 
 
 & eorum Arhttrio fermittt, 
 g Trim I pi & duct dehetur fuA fvrtio ex 
 
 fradA, 
 J RomAni pArtempr^dx ciiu ventre fotttu 
 It ISlonnifideuiCitshofUhm & ftgmdato^ 
 
 adpr^dam difcurrcndum. 
 
 t2 In
 
 Liber primvs. 09 
 
 12 In ituifione fr^^fraudtm commvitttis 
 
 pttn'undm, 
 I J Fftgienti in hello non deheturpar^pr^dq, 
 i^ Inbepdi funt mtlites prdddm 'vende/e, 
 
 ve impediment i< grAneniur, 
 
 1 s 7(es f ACT'S non cedumpr&^A* 
 
 J ^ Natura ne^ an tnftituio howinumftrut-- 
 
 tiis fit mdii^d. 
 jf SeruittPi non tollit liber tat em naturae 
 
 iem 
 I S Nulla vu qu^fa^i ejl^f^ruitutem indu- 
 
 cit^ qua luris ell, 
 ip Captihodie inter Chrtfiianos no^j fiur)i 
 
 ferui^ nifimditent infiddihni, 
 
 20 In hello captui^ ^ ad fuos rcuzrfu^ p n* 
 
 (linam lihertatem reciftt. 
 
 2 1 NifiturAuertt fe rediturum ad hofles, 
 
 2 z Trans fuga non hahet foHlrfmntum^ ntfi 
 
 ft ferfffis. 
 2 } ^ui fe hojiihm dedunt , non hahent itu 
 
 foUliminijjiat armis viUi fint, 
 24- Controuerjia inter 'veteres in caufa Ua^ 
 
 cini, 
 2S In hello etiam mutter es capt pojfunt dr 
 
 fu2ri. 
 2 6 lujlo hello captu^ , tenet ur Ad precittmre- 
 
 demptionis^ quod promt fit. 
 2j CaftiHictmPiJint, 
 
 E 2 ^S frl'
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELt. 
 
 22 TfitMta Automate non licet captiufm 
 
 occidere, 
 2p Trtcium conutntionis^ de quo conueme^ 
 
 nondthetAiigeri» 
 S ^ ^S^f^^ f4/)//«^ foluit precium redemm 
 
 ptionlStqudremedta habeat, 
 ^ t Redemptio capUuorum fauorabilis, 
 J 2 7{egUgerJs redtmere caftiuum. 
 3 B K^gri redtuTft poJllim'tn'to» 
 3^ SS^ /^rrf/^r^^ rede ant poJllmtnio, 
 S s R^s femel ah ho^tbm capt^ , & abiifd^ 
 
 recuperate ^ anfint rejittuend^ priori 
 
 Domino» 
 S6 Res cfudfunt ho fl turn ^nonfuntin com-» 
 
 mercio^ mfiftnt eitts generis , qudpofi" 
 
 liminio redirepojfunt. 
 S / Vr^sda quandofit fa&a hojlium, 
 S S Cap a Apiratis nonfunt eorum : iieoqtte 
 
 recuperata , priori domino rcHitttendd 
 
 fit/it: 
 Bp Licet aliudconJlitutionihffsregmHilfd^ 
 
 patutum fit, 
 4.0 Res furtiua hello capta^ an priori dominO 
 
 rei/itfttdeheat, 
 4 J Res incorporates , an hello capipo^int 
 4 2 S^dHto inter Thehanos & 7 hejfalos. 
 4S ymuerfitainanperit^quamdiuvntufH* 
 
 fereji. 
 
 Cap#
 
 Liber primvs. jij 
 
 Cap. q^vintvm, 
 
 PRimiim iu(licia?munuseft5Vtinquit 
 Cicero^vtnecuiquisnoceatjnifila- a oj^m^u 
 ceditusiniuria.quajcaufaeftetiamiufti 
 belli fundamentumjVtfuperius late o- 
 ftendimus^. Qiiam Ciceronis fentcn- ^*-<^«** 
 tiam quamuis refutet Ladantius ^; vt chb.6.cAU 
 qua?duorum verbonim adiedionccor- 
 ruprafit : n6enimaddidcbui(Ie,nifila- 
 ceflitus iniuria : Socratem fecutus : qui 
 dicebatvltionemefleiniuftanijeoquod 
 malum inferreiniuftum fit; (ummuta- 
 men principemjqui non exanimi mor- 
 bo, fedexamorciudi, vthoftiuimpro- 
 bitatemcoercear, &fuosdefendat, ac- 
 ceptam iniuriam bello vindicat, extra 
 culpam effe omnino dicendum ejfl.non 
 cnimeft iniuriaj vtinquit Seneca, pati 
 I quod prior fcceris. Vnde dominiu^co- 
 rum, quse iuftobellocapimus, in nos 
 transfertur reftque hie iuftus modus ac- 
 
 3uirendi dominij <i. quod& Cicero in- ^ ^.^'"wm 
 ^^ icatjcum ait: Sunt autera priuata nulla B^^trhJ^'Z 
 „ natura^ fed aut veteri occupationc, vt rer^dtk,/. 
 5, qui quondam in vacuavenerunt:autvi* u{^t>thi'. 
 5, ^oria^vt qui bello potitifunt; aut lege, rc.D.dctuji, 
 5, aut paaione.conditione, forte ': idquc ,^;i,;;„'''- 
 iurcgcntiuminduftumcftf, &iurcdi- '/'y?.i. 
 
 E 3 uino,
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELl, 
 
 aR€g.?.<r.3o uino^canonico ^^&ciuili comproba- 
 ftUHm.cc, tumc. Cuius iuriS2equitas,non tarn ad 
 ^^•niauyt. fatisfaciendum eiquiiniuriamaccepit, 
 Aflf./fV's <=1^^"^ adcoercendam improbitate eo- 
 c.fima-i'* lum , qui iniufta bellagerunt,fpedare 
 {'"/r'll videtur:vtex D.Auguftinoin prefatio- 
 eati,*£abbo. nehuius opcris didume^:•NcqueAl- 
 •^^*^*^/ ',/'r! ciato^afTentior^, qui belJo inter Chri- 1 
 <u Laj,u4. /« Itianoscapta^nonnencapientium, hoc 
 naiHTaum.j- arguinenio probareconatur : qucxird- 
 fu^am.D.de licctomnes, qui morbe Romano eratj 
 ?^'/T1?'" ^^^*^"^"i conftiturione dues Romani 
 D.lJ^Jr! effedi iinte, vnde hodieomnes Chri- 
 fr^f- ftianos, populum Romanum efle , & 
 v.'dl(Ztl' Chfifti lege fratres^.-ideoque quainter 
 homitmm. eos mouentUF bella , plus quam ciuilia 
 fanKii"q7 ^^^'^ per confequens^iusbelii^quoca- 
 ptafiuntcapientium^interChriftianos, 
 ^ifcimm. locum non habere^. Quod fi verum eC- 
 ^enuam.^.tn fet^ nullum iuflum bcliu inter Chriftia- 
 ^^cl^ul, ' noseflepoiret • quod falfum cffc^ ex iis 
 hft*pra de qufaliolocodiximus^/atisconftat.vii- 
 ^cap.zf'' de & capta hoc bdio ficnt capientium. 
 nifiquodantiquifTimacofuetudinein- 
 trodudu eft inter Chriftianos, vtcapti 
 vtcunqueiuftobellojibcrtatemnona- 
 mitterent.de quo m ox diccmus.Neque 
 duile bellui did poteft , quod inter duos 
 
 fummos
 
 Liber primvj» 55 
 
 fummos principes 5aut populos liberos 
 geritur, nonenimfuntchies, quinon 
 iifdemiraperiiSjaciuffistenentur *^ fed a Lat<ho- 
 ctficumfubditis. &ciuibus rebellibus fe"""'*^^- 
 lit bellum 3 non protmus ceflabunt lura 
 belli, quibusdominiu eoru,quaeab ho- 
 ftibuscapimus, nobisacquirimus. nam 
 qui hodilianimo contra imperij maie- 
 flatem quid machinatur, ex due fit ho- 
 ftis*>. Iraq; multisrationibusdocet Ci- b i. mbuut. 
 cero, iuftu effe bellu 9 infcrretur Anto- '^«^.' -^^3* 
 niOjhoftireipub.injuituveroquodipie tr<wsfHgA,i>, 
 Antoniuseerebat:ideoq;iurabeIli,que '^^'^p^^- '. 
 hoitibus tantumconueniunt, ipfinon ^mdffc,Hnt\ 
 conucnire^quaderealibilatius tra&a- ^« ^ «/''* 
 uimus**;qu3ehucreferripoflunr,Porr6 T?Mtpf,.%. 
 3 illudquid6 verum* eft, dominium reru <* ^- «^* ^«^» 
 iufto bellocaptarujinvidoretrasferri; *''"^^*i'-^- 
 fed diftindionefa(5la inter res mobiles, 
 &immobiles, immobiliaenimjVtpote 
 agri, publicature. quauis olim no femel l^.te^pui- 
 agros bello captos, militibusob bene fif-^Jecapt, 
 nauata opera diuifos fuiffe legimus^ .id- ai'l^^r!^' 
 que a Romulo inftitutu fuit g. Alexader ^^mm. inm 
 aute Seuerus agros capiosab hoftibus, ^1'^^^^}!,^. 
 limitaneis ducibus, ac militibus dona- diretvend. 
 uit:itavteorue(rent,fiheredesquoqucf^|^";jJ^^; 
 iT\Uitaretjneq;adpriuatostrafcrrentur: /«tU. 
 
 E 4 atten-
 
 De IYRF ET off» SEIL. 
 
 attentiusilIosmilitaturosexiftimans,fi 
 a ae;.w fuaiuradefenderent^ Sed cum hi agri 
 li^t.^yita non militibus.fedprincipiacquiranrun 
 jolius pnncipisarbimo, quid de lis fieri 
 placet^rclinquetunexconftitutionibus 
 quoqueregniHifpanise, nonfoluma- 
 gri , fed ctiam nauesbellica^jbello forte 
 bR«xJ.i9. naualicaptse/egiacquiruntur^. Quod 
 ue>a6,^ar,z vcro ad reliquam prsedam return mobi- 
 Jium attinetj nee ea quidem milicibus 
 acquiri roIebat3& nedux quidem vllum 
 iusin earn habebat ; fed quseftoris erat 
 earn vendere, & pecuniam in a?rarium 
 referre. quod lege cautum fuifle tradit 
 c hb.j, Dion.Halic.<^& hac potiffimum decau- 
 fa Marcium Coriolanum , quod praeda 
 exVolfcismilitidiuifajhancIegemvio- 
 lafTet , a populo condemnatum fuifle. 
 coq- fpcftat , quod D. Ambrofiusdicit, 
 dilciplinammilitaredoccre, vtregifer- 
 uenturomniajexeplo Abraham, quicef- 
 d cap.dicat, fitomnempr3edamregiSodomorum<*. 
 zi.^jusji.^. PofteatamenapudRomanos, pra?dam 
 tifi<iuUpro omnemarbitrioducis^fuiflCjCertueftc. 4 
 "tllmtw^' i^qucexaliquot Liuij locis apertefatis 
 liquet. ItaquerefertjCum Phocenfes, 
 portisapertis, pac^i ne quid hoftilitcr 
 paierentufj feRomanisdedidiflent; & 
 
 nihilo-
 
 LiBER PRIMVS, 35 
 
 nihllominusmilitesaddiriprendatnvr- 
 bem di(currerenr,L.it milium reftiiifle, 
 & reuocaflc militcs^diccndOjCaptaSjiio 
 deditas vrbcs diripi : & in his tamen ar- 
 bitriumcfle impcratoris, no militum*. aLi'»»«^37 
 & alibi idem Liuius dicir , Camillu Ve- 
 iosobfidetem ,cumiamin manibusvi- 
 deret vi(5loriam,vrbcm opuleniiflimara 
 capj, tantumque pra?daj fore, quantum 
 noomnibusin vnumcollatisante bel- 
 lis fuiflet : ne quam mde aut militum 
 irain,ex malignitatepraedaepartitse: aut 
 inuidiam apud patrcs y ex prodiga largi- 
 tionc caperct:quid de praeda fieri place- 
 ret,ad fcnatum rcieciflcb. Solent autem b Uuiwis* 
 5 impcratores^nonnunquam pr^dam to- 
 tam , vcl partem eius in a?rariu per qua?- 
 ftores referrc ^ Itaq; L. Furrius praetor c o«r.?^f. 
 de Gallis triumphans , trecenta viginti ^7. 
 milliaaerisin a?rariu tulit : argenti clxx. 
 milliapondo**. Ingentemquoquevim dUumLn 
 auri& argenti M.Heluius& Q^Minu- 
 ciusex pra^da Hifpaniefi in a^ranum ru- 
 lerunt : 6cT. Quintius Philippodeui- 
 fto« :& longe maxima L.iEmilius Pau- * ^*''-3+ 
 lus, dcuidoPerfeof. &CamiIIoduce, fLw»7i#/,4j 
 fufis Falircis5caftris eorum captis^prxda 
 omnis ad qu^ftores reda<5ia clljcum ma- 
 
 E 5 gnami-
 
 De Ivre et off. bell, 
 . gnamilitumira; (edfeueritateimperij 
 vidijCadera virtutem & oderant.&mi- 
 
 ^ B,6, rabanrunvt inquitLiuiusa.apudquera 
 pafliminuenias plurimuauri&argenti 
 ex praedahoftium in asrarium reiatuin 
 fuifle.Nonnunquam imperatorcsVen- ^ 
 dere prsedam 3 &militibusdiuiderefo- 
 lentjdonatis ante alios iiSj quoru virtus 
 in bello maximeeniteret:habitaquoq; 
 ratione dignitatis cuiu(que, & ordinis^ 
 Sic lulius C^far in Gallia militibus,pro 
 laborc 3c toleratia(qui brumalibus die- 
 bus, itineribusdifficillimis, frigoribus 
 intolerandiSjftudiofiflimcpermanferat 
 in labore) ducenos feftertios: centurio- 
 nibus duo millia nummiim , praedsB no- 
 
 bAHyrJi mine condonandapoUicitus eft ^. &ex 
 
 heiGaiiM, prseda,quam L.i£milius PauIusPcrfeo 
 vi(5to fecerat , peditiin finguloscenteni 
 
 c imK^Us dati :duplex centurioniitriplex equiti ^. 
 M.Valerius Coruinus Samnitibusprj - 
 liovi(5lis5 &C. Junius Bouiano capto, 
 
 d Lw;w/.7, pragdam omnem militidederunt^^.&fe- 
 
 ^ natuspra?dam Epiriciuitatum, quxad 
 
 Perreadefecerant,exercitui dedit. Itaq» 
 
 figno ad diripicndas vrbes dato , tanta 
 
 c/*,4s. prxda fuit, inquit LiuiusS vtin equite 
 cccc.denarij, peditibus duccnidiuide- 
 
 rcntur.
 
 Liber primvs# 37- 
 
 rentur.& hxc prxdx diuifiOjetiamiurc 
 probata viderura,Ex facrisquoqi Uteris ^€.»inmis, 
 conftat, Dominum pr^cepiffc Moy fi,vt Jj^'^j*^;'^;': 
 ip{e& Eleazartolleretvniuerfampr^da, t^*c.4; 
 fadam ex Madianitis,quos Ifraeiit^de- toMijuZi 
 uiceranr, & ex sequo earn diiiiderent in- A«tt>, o. jg 
 
 tereos.quipugnaueranti&vtquinqua^^ftrff* 
 genmaparsdaretur Leuiiis, quiexcu- 19^20^^ 
 babatintabernaculis Domini ^ & Da- ^VZij;, 
 iiid, Amalaechitis praelio vidis , coUegit 
 omnempri]edani;Cumq;illijquiinpra?- 
 lio fuerant , peterent fibi tantum diuidi, 
 necquicquamdariiis^quicum illis noa 
 J fuerant : dixit Dauid *, a^quam partem 
 habituros^qui defcendifTent in prglium, 
 & qui remanfiflent ad (arcinas. quod 
 deinceps pro lege feruatum fuit in If- 
 rael^ idqueetiamconftitutionibusrc- «R*^-''«.3« 
 gniHifpanif decifumeft^^.Quofpcdat, d R^gX^s, 
 quod C.Fabius Ambuftus tnbunus mi- ^*^*^^i^'^ 
 Iitum , cum ad Auxur oppugnandum 
 accefliflet, collegis fuis , Cn. Corne- 
 lioCofro5 6<: Valerio Potito, cum par- 
 te exercitus ad deuaftandos fines , vt 
 diftinerent Volfcos , profc(5lis , capta 
 vrbe a proeda militem continuit , do- 
 nee collegse cum fuis cxercitibusvcni- 
 rent : ab illis quoque captum Auxur 
 
 didi-
 
 De Ivrb et off. bell. 
 
 diditansedejquicereros Volfcosa prf- 
 
 tt limsLi» Cic^io eius loci auertiffenta.Solcnt deni- 
 
 que impcratores*ad cxcitandos militu g 
 
 animos, nonnunquam totam prsedam 
 
 militibus ante coflidum edicere,&pati 
 
 habere quod cuique fors belli dediffet. 
 
 vti dc praeda Veiorum dccreuit (enatus, 
 
 exfententiaP.Licinijjgratiusidforedi- 
 
 cen tis, laetiusque^quod quifque fua ma- 
 
 nu ex hofte captum 3 domum retuliflet, 
 
 quamfi multiplex, alteriusarbitrioac- 
 
 cipcretiquamuis refragante App.Clau- 
 
 diojqui largitionem nouamjprodigam, 
 
 hLimMi$ inaequalemjinconfulramargucbat^. & 
 
 hzBcquidem quoad illa,qu£ in conflidu 
 
 &praslioacquiruntur. alioquivcrores 
 
 hoftiles, quae citracertamen ad quern - 
 
 cunque perueniunt , funt eius qui prius 
 
 ct.tramfu. pofTeflioncm naduseftS Ccterumetia 
 
 K'jotZV. pr^da militibus concefla 5 principi*ni- 9 
 
 i/»/>r»»#.D.«ic hilominusfuaportiodeberurd; qua? ex 
 
 dV.\'L'm^ conftitutionibus regni Hifpa. eft quin- 
 
 t4rt, d^n.i. ta pars prgdaee-.quandoq; tenia f:quan- 
 
 lAo'lt'.z. doquedimidia S. duci quoq; cxercitus, 
 
 fKf^.i.zo, ex iifdem conftitutionibus, debeturfe- 
 
 g/'.*9.f»>.26 ptima pars prasd^^quandoquedecima^. 
 
 /•2. * Sed &fi forte bellonauali, rex fuppedi- 
 
 5.&!'' ** tet naues cum armamcntis , & prajbeat 
 
 anno-
 
 Liber primvs, ^g 
 
 annonam5& Hipendia militibusac nau-. 
 tis : ex iifdcm conftitutionibus, pra?da 
 omnis,nonducisvel praefedi^fed regis, 
 cuiacquiritur,arbitrioeft. necquicqua 
 Diilites vel nauta? ex ea accipicnt, nifi 
 quidexliberalitate fua rex illis concef- 
 lerit^ alias veroreoifuaportioneprse- a Ke^.i^'i^ 
 ftita,reliquumprefe(5lus maris inter mi- '"• 
 lires^ acnautasdiuiderepoteft, exquo 
 feptima pars praefedlo maris debetur ^. b Kfg.i.io, 
 
 xo Solent* praeterea Romani, vt vidoria ^^'^^^* 
 potircntur, partem pra?da?diis fuis vo- 
 uere.itaqueCamillus,cumaddeledam 
 vrbem Veios pcrgcrct, decimam parte 
 pra^da? Pyrhico Apollini vouitc.Nequc ^ ^«^^tt^s, 
 
 l\ omittcndumcftdifciplina militari*fe- 
 ueriflime fuiffe cautum , vt non nifi dc- 
 uidis hofiibuSjCaftris eoru captis , arce 
 vel oppido omnino in poteftatem re- 
 dadisj ad prjrdam difcurrere liceret : & 
 ne tum quide , nifi abimpcratore figno 
 datOjVtmaximcanteconfliftum prarda 
 omnemmilitibusedixilTctinefciliceta-. 
 uiditate praeda?, vt plerunque folet , ho- 
 ftis e manibus clabatur, aut prselium rc- 
 ftauret:vtSamnitibusaccidit: qui cum 
 in nodemae^quo Marte cum Romanis 
 pugna(rentjtademauidi(atepra?da?,im- 
 
 pctum
 
 De iVRe et off. eell, 
 petum in impedimenta Romanorum 
 (quae procul ab armatis fine pr^efidio 
 fine munimento ftabant) facientes, 
 a Marco Fabio magiftroequitum, iuC. 
 fu Cornelij Arinnse didatoris diffip^- 
 ti , impeditique mifer^ ca'fi funt ^ 8c 
 
 sLmmlZ, vidloriam Romanis tradidcrunt^prse- 
 terca ita ferme euenit ^ vti App. Clau- 
 dius dicebat , vt fegnior fit pr^edator, 
 Vt quifque laboris periculique prseci - 
 puam petcre partem folet . Itaque Vcis 
 captis , quorum praedam fenatus mi - 
 Iiti conceiTerat , non taraen nifi per- 
 minii Camilli didatoris , ad praedam 
 
 bL«w«/.j, difcurrerc licuit b. ficut nee ad prar- 
 dam Epiri ciuitatum , qua? ad Perfea 
 defecerant , a fenatu exercitui datam , 
 
 tVumiA^ nifi figno ad diripiendas vrbes dato «* 
 Carthaginc quoque noua expugnata, 
 arce demum dcdita , figno dato , vidlo- 
 
 dii>/j»ff/.26 res ad praedam verfi funt «^» Atque ita 
 redle conftitutionibus rcgni Hifpanise 
 fcncitum eft , vt fi quis nondum de- 
 ui(5i:is hoftibus praeda* incumbat, par- 
 tem prasdae amittat , & duplum eius 
 auod praedatus fucrit ^ jiracftet , & in 
 eteriorem militiam detur . Et qui- 
 dem fi pracdantium culpa, hoftes pra?- 
 
 Uu/n
 
 Liber primv$* 3^ 
 
 Hum reftituerint j & vicerint , aut re- 
 gem occiderint, non kcixs quam fiip- 
 iiidadmififTentjpuninntura* Illequo- «R^^ij. 
 
 12 que qui in diuiuonc prseda? * fraudem ^r!^,*"**^* 
 committit , poena dupli y & amifTio- 
 
 ne partis prasdje , iifdcm conftitutio- 
 
 nibus plei^itur K Qui vero prsedaixi b Rej-W.?, 
 
 ab hoftibus captam furripuit, legepc- '"♦^s./'or,» 
 
 cuJatus teneri , 6c in quadruplum dam- 
 
 nari Modeftinus re(pondit ^* Sed nee d'aI*/*!!* 
 
 13 iilis *, qui in acie ftigerint , aut igna- i'«< ' 
 ui & fecordes fuerint , debetur pars 
 praedae . bM, wL fi quls fro redemft, C. 
 
 de donat. L^cmneMi6ium^ ^^quifrior^ D.di 
 re milit, reg.Hifp. lui.^ 20, tit ^2 6^far,2. 
 Itaque L. Quintius Cincinnatus did^a- 
 tor 5 ciim Lucium Minucium Confu- 
 km , & eius exercitum ab obfidione 
 iEquorum liberafTec , caftris hoftium 
 captisj plenis omnium rerum , praedam 
 omnemfuo tantum militideditjcon- 
 fularem exercitum , ipfumque confii- 
 lem increpans : Carebis^inquit, parte 
 prardae miles, ex eo hofle, cuipropc 
 praeda? fuifti : & tu L. Minuci, donee 
 confularem animum habere ina^idiS^ 
 legatus his legionibus pra?eris ^ . Sed ^ '^'»»^3» 
 
 14 & ciim nihil magis exercitum grauet% 
 
 neque
 
 De iVre et off, jeiu 
 ncquc corrumpat, quam impecfimen* 
 torum multitudo , difciplinae milicari 
 xnaxime conucnicnseritjiubere milites 
 prasdam omnem venderc , excmplo ?• 
 Decij : qui expugnatis aliquot oppidis 
 inSamnio^prafdamorone milites quam 
 primiim vendere coegit, nc impedime- 
 a imiuiii tis grauibusoncraretagmena.Sciedum 
 
 vero eft reslacras^pra^dae non cedere. ij 
 
 cum enim nuUiusfintjhoftileSjquajfolg 
 
 in prxda funt, did hon poflunt.quod c- 
 
 nim diuini iuris eft,vt inquit impcraror, 
 
 ^1 "if'"*' "ul'^us in bonis eft ^, & hominum po- 
 
 ZJrL.i^.* teftatinon funt fubie(5b. qui itaque hu- 
 
 dtmjuufiQ^ iufinodi quidrapuerit, facrilegij poena, 
 
 ex lege lulia, pro qualitatc perfonx • & 
 
 ciptcriitgii, rei conditionepunictur*^. Itaque Sci- 
 
 ^*< '**'*'' pio,dirutaCarthaginc3& praedamiliti 
 
 concefla, cum multis praemiis &donis 
 
 afficeret milites ^ eorum quifanum A- 
 
 poUinis fpoliarant & violarant, ratione 
 
 AKpftofuin nonhabuit**. Sed an facrilegium com- 
 
 M./w». mittatj qui rem priuatam in aedem facra 
 
 depofitamfurripuitjOlimcotroucrfum 
 
 cQ^.y. f^^i^e. Sed Antoninus &Seuerusa<5Uo- 
 
 Ciar, it in. nemfurti, non facrilegij dan relcripfe-» 
 
 fl'it^. D. ru"^ ^' ideoque hanc rem prxdas cedere 
 
 tiuuL^ti dicendumeft. Cicero tam^n in liiislc- 
 
 gibus.
 
 Liber primvs. 40 
 
 gibusa, inter rem facram,& (aero com- a ub.z.dete: 
 mendatam nondiftinguit. quod&ca -p***- 
 nonesnoftrifequuntur^.Quod vt vcru b^ e. «yw/- 
 iic inter ciuesjlioctamen noftrocafu no 5'*''*'7-^.4« 
 puto procedereiquia res facro comme- 
 data, certe facra did non poteft , quae in 
 nullius bonis eft c, cumitaqifitrespri- « '^•§''»«^«« 
 uati 5 & in alicuius bon is fit , & hoftilis, 
 campraedaecedereexiftimo.vtenim res 
 prsed^ fit, fufficit earn hoftilem efTe <^* d Uatttraie, 
 Porro quod dicimus iufto bello capta p^^^" f^;^ 
 fieri capientium: nofolum in rebus, fed tu^ rajom^ 
 etiamperfonisliberis, iure gentium & ^; hoiiet.& 
 ciuilireceptumfuit;vtmancipiafierent mom, D.dc 
 capientium, & ex perfonis res, qua? funt "f ^ ^ociv*- 
 indominioc, vndeferuitusorta^ Inter re.D.deu»Tf. 
 l6 Philofophosvcro quarrifolet*, natura f^^^i^t, 
 nean inftituto homin urn, hare perfona- i>,fitt, dett*re 
 rumdiuifio, inliberos&feruosprimu "*'r-'%"T 
 in mores perduCta lit : & Anftoteles na- n d'^.7* 
 turalemaitgilureconfulti ver6,contra g'»'**'^»"*- 
 naturamferuitutemindudam ,iurege- h ifermtuf, 
 tium efle affirmant ^^'iu re enimnaturali, »'*/^*^* '^**!^* 
 omnes homines ab initio liberos nafci, ''ZtZ^nlli, 
 & natura omnes a^qualeseffe *. quode- »»*?"•''< "^» 
 tiamCiccr.probatk. Nihil cnimvmum uZuodatti- 
 vni tarn fimile^inquit^tam par,quam in- net.b.derej^, 
 tcr nofmenpfos furaus. Id tamen fcru- r«if /e^.^it.! 
 
 F pulo
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 
 pulonon caret, cumiuranaturaliafint 
 
 immutabilia, & iuregentium tolli non 
 
 a ^.fedtu- poflinta.iniuftumquoquevideturj&a 
 
 wfa/w,«»£. naturaabhorrcre, vc homines homini- 
 
 bus leruiat, quamuisid fieri reipub.for- 
 
 tafle expediat. quo potiffimu argumen- 
 
 to 5 veteres quidam olim defendere co- 
 
 nati funt^id quod vulgo ferebatur, rem- 
 
 publicam fine iniullicia ftarc^augerique 
 
 non poffe : quorum difputationem luC- 
 
 hhUbritde cipicntcm Philuminducit Cicer.^ cui 
 
 '^ ' tamen optime ibidem fatisfecit La^lius, 
 
 vt in prsefatione huius operisdiximus: 
 
 vbi oftendimus, nonefleiniuftum, vt 
 
 c I mAmmtf. ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ fcrui» quibus adde, vt no- 
 
 fio'nei. D. de dum Hucdifloluamus , quodlibertasfit 
 
 d? tidi- quidemiuris naturalis,e6fcilicetqu6d 
 
 »»w. D. de ante conftitutionemiurisgetium^om- 
 
 'l^UKm nesliberinafcebanturc, & omnes ho- 
 
 *jt*,^^art'<,. mines pares, & aequales habebantur*^: 
 
 ^'^/i'T"^ non autem, quodiusriaturaleeadcrc 
 
 ^TZlLtl aJiquid pra^ceperit , aut feruitutem pro- 
 
 f^em.udeo. hibucrit ^ lus vero gentium, quod na- 
 
 ^^f4c^.r«. J^J.^J^J.3^iQI^econftitutum eft^sbella& 
 
 g §.tu6aHU feruitutes induxit K Reda enim ratio 
 
 ^ZTnari'. naturalis,quanihil diuiuiuscft^quaquc 
 
 t.exboctHre. prseftamus belluis, hominum crefccntc 
 
 ^ e,«/?. cr niaiifia^cocrcendamhumanamimpro- 
 
 * bitatem
 
 Liber pRiMvr* 41 
 
 bitatcm bello jcaptiuitatc , & feruitute 
 fuafit^. Similitcrcumiurenaturalijpri- ^c.sextoJie. 
 tnoillo ^&aureo , vtethnici vocabant^ as,''!/?"»^^ 
 ffculo, communiaeffent omnia, nequQ 
 cuiufquam quicquam propriumrpoftc- 
 rioribus tame %culis, quod communio 
 rerum viciata? naturae non conueniret, 
 ius gentium ex natural! ratione,domi- 
 nia, eoruque diftindionesconftituit^ ^J;^^J^, 
 Rerum itaqucomniumcommuniOjSe- &tHr, 
 qualitashominum, & omnium vnali- 
 bertaSjintegr^ dim natur^j&prim^ rei- 
 pub. Platonis magis^quam ferreo fecu- 
 lo conuenit.-ideoque iurc gentium non 
 probantur. Quamuis itaq; feruitusiute 
 natural], quo iure omnes homines li- 
 beri erant,& pares^Sc aequales habeban- 
 turc,fueritincognita: potuit tame iure cimammif. 
 gentium conftitui feruitus^ vtquecapti ^'7/'^;«^ 
 iuftobellofierentferui: pr^efcrtimcum u^ttodatn^ 
 id reipub. conueniatjad coercedoseos, 'I'^f''^''^* 
 quiiniuftabellagerur. vndceademra- 
 tio^quafbella permittit^etiam feruitute 
 conftitui fuafif.funtquc in banc fenten- 
 tiamprajclaraD./^uguftini verba ^,ciiai ddednit-Dei 
 n aif.Conditioferuitutisiureintelligitur ''^•'«•'^•'^* 
 35 impofitapeccatori. nomenitaqueiftud 
 3> culpa meruitjnon natura.& deinde f ub- 
 
 F 2 du:
 
 De IVRB ET OTV. BBLt. 
 
 dit : Nullusautcm natura^ in qua prius 
 
 Deus hominem condidit^feruuseft ho- 
 
 ininis, vel peccati;verum poenalisferui- 
 
 tusexlegeordinatur : quf nacurale or* 
 
 dinem conferuari iubet , perturbari ve- 
 
 tat. quia fi contra iliam legem non eflet 
 
 hdu 3 nihil cfletpoenaliferuitutecoer- 
 
 cendura . Itaque Apoftolus feruos mo- 
 
 nci fubditos dominis fuis effe deberc,& 
 
 IdTil^uil ^^ ^nin^o feruire a.& propter peccatu m, 
 
 ad Tnm^cz Chanaanferuuspronuciatuscft a Noc 
 
 bc^i'c^l patre^vtferuiretfratribusfuis*». Suadet 
 
 c Ad G4/.V tamenidem ApoftoluSjVt Dominiali- 
 
 ti'^^cokif. quiddeiurefuoremittant-.&inquibuf' 
 
 «/».4. ' damparesomneseilcdicit^.Sciendum 
 
 pJi^Tc^de 2u tern eft *,hacieruitutemperfonarum 17 
 
 bitdlfnna, ' tollere quidem libertatem ; (ed non ilia 
 
 ^Kmatmntf natutalem , quae in facicndo confiftit. 
 
 vtn, c-mr, na feruus , vt maximedominus lubear, 
 
 ^^mm*^ poteft nolleadirchereditatemd:fedil- 
 
 5e m^'mtl Iam,qu3eadiuris cffeduscft coHiparata, 
 
 g««/*»ii,D.«fc &iure gentium inuenta«. Sed necvlla 
 
 i7f»on/,wi- vis *5qu3efa(5ti eft,feruituteinducit,qu3e x8 
 
 iwm. ^.<pi. iuriseft. nam non nifiiufto bello capti, 
 
 S«^i2^'.' fi""^ '^J'u^* noetiam captia latronibas, 
 
 t\.mfnn.D, vel prf donibus,& iis^qui iufti hoftes no 
 
 t%uliZ Tunt f . Et quide inter ChriftianosMau- jp 
 
 a Lirowu , dabili , & aniiqua confuetudine intro- 
 
 duAum
 
 LlB£R PRIMVS. 42 
 
 du<5ium eft^vtcapti hinc inde^vtcunque ?^i7T.B4m. 
 iuftobello, nonfiercntfcrui : (cdliberi »»//'^f^'«D, 
 fcruarentur , donee foluan t prccium rc- datfTi ho- 
 demptionis,quod Grseci AtJrpo/ vocat*. P^f.^dever. 
 Romulus vcro^vtciuitatem fuam auge- S'^j"jfi 
 ret, &ex parua magnam faceret , bcllo ^ ^f^-nai. 
 captos necari , vcl etiam vcnundari ve- c c..f«,uor«- 
 tuit : fed in partem agri hoftilis colonos ''•*'" ^- "'^ '►- 
 Romanosmific&multispopulisdcui- tX^r^^H./. 
 dis ius ciuitatisdedit^. Si tamcn qui U.t't.zi.p, 
 ChriftianimilicentSaracenis,& infide- tit^f.'^ar^'z 
 libus contra Chriftianos, cifucauxiliu d rext.tig 
 quoquomodoprarbeantj capiia Chri- '^I'^dfc^j^n, 
 ftianisfientferui: inciduntquein cxco- ^f^'C4, i.pro'. 
 municationemipfoiurec. noenimiam fZl'.uJf. 
 Chriftianorum, fedinfidelium, quibus/#^«fn' D.^e 
 fe adiunxerunt.numero habcndi fiint^^ : "w '"•/'';^- 
 non tamenalii$,quam Chrmianisvedi de chnSi. 
 poterunt*. at verofibellumgeraturcu p"'' '^ '"^' 
 infidelibus» & paganis : certe hincinde f a-rj./.z./if. 
 capti, eiuseruntconditioniSj cuius fc- flf^/^^^^z 
 cundum ius ciuile capti ab hoftibus. id- gAtaJXl 
 quecoftitutionibusregni Hifpaniajde- l^^l^'r^'J/ 
 cifum videtur f .atque ita locus erit Icgis cW.c*"V.' 
 Cornelias & poftliminii fi^ionibus g. »« f J'«"''«- 
 Quam autem non conueniat, quamq; d^mfc^mar. 
 periculofum fit reipublica?, numerum wc/wm^»». 
 feruoruna augeri, indicant tot bellafer- e'.z'^^^iec" 
 
 F 3 uilia,^»»^
 
 De IVRB Et OFF. BELl, 
 
 uilia, coniurationesque feruorum, quae 
 rempubl. Romanam aliquoties afflixe- 
 runc 5 & in fammum difcrimen adduxe- 
 runt; vt late oftendir Bodinus a. Porro 
 t,/4?j1 ' ' libera? perfonae^in hello capta?5&: in fer- 20 
 uitu tern redadtse, fi ad fuos reuertantur, 
 quocunque modo poteftatem hofliuni 
 hi. nihil in^ euafcrinr,priftinalibertatemredpiijt^. 
 teren.D. it qucmadmodum fcra animalia^definunt 
 ^^*^* eius effe^qui cepit^vbi eius cuftodiam e- 
 c^ftnaw^ uaferini'^.Recuperantpr^tereaabhofti- 
 tcMjidcrtr, busreuerfiomne ius,quod captiuitate 
 r^um. D c/« amiierant:iureialicetpoltIiminij''.nifi 
 aj^rarMm, tamciurauerint * ferediturosad hoftcs, 21 
 tHtm.mprin, vcl non abitufos . quo caiu, ad fuos re- 
 vMca^tii», uerfi nonpofluntdicirediiiTepoftlimi- 
 nio. vt in caula Attilij Reguli , & illoru, 
 quos poft Canncnfem cladem iuratos 
 einipoTHi- ad fcnatum Hiifit Annibal^in caftraredi- 
 mnij. ^.vtf, ruroSjDifide captiuis redimendis impe- 
 »«x hX m tradent , refponfum eft «. non enim fatis 
 hb.9. tit.z9 eft, corporedomum rediifte, nifietiam 
 ^cffic^u*%7 niete, ^animofisreuerfus. vnde&illi, 
 f /. nMin. quieamentevenitjVtad hoftes reuerta- 
 cl^lti.^*''' ^"''> noneftpoftliminiumf. Transfuga 
 ^mLpojiU' quoque* nullum habet poftliminium. 22 
 Z'amfUg'J>\ namjVtaitPaulusSjqui maloconfilio,& 
 tUca^tmi, proditorisanimopatriarelinquit^ ho- 
 
 ftium
 
 Liber primvs. ^j 
 
 ftium numero eft habendus: fiuefoemi- 
 na, fiuemafculusfit, fiuefiliusfamilias, 
 fiue paterfamilias.Neque enim pater fi- 
 liumfamilias trasfugam poftliminio re- 
 tipit.quia pater fie ilium amifitjVt idem 
 Paulusait^quemadmodu patria,& quia 
 difciplina caftrorum antiquior fuitpa- 
 rentibus Romanis, quamcharitaslibe- 
 rorum \ Aliud taraen eft in feruo tranf- » dipom- 
 fuga, in quo Dominus habet poftlimi- Tm"* ' 
 nium:nefcilicct contrarium ius no tarn 
 fit feruo iniuriofum, quam domino da- 
 nofum^ Sciendum eftautem omnibus ^-^- ^*w»/- 
 hominibusefte poftliminium, cuiufcu- ^**^'* 
 que fexus , setatis, vel conditionis fint ^, «''• ^-t^J^l' 
 Milmbus vcro vt fit poftlimmium , do- 
 cere debentfebellocaptosfuiffe**. nam '^^"IfjJ* 
 25 illi* quiarmisvidli fe hoftibusdedunt, o.deremk 
 carent poftliminio c. Etenim apudRo- e /,/'o/?/.w- 
 manosignominioiimmum habitu tuit, f,tm.reg.injp, 
 non vi, fed per deditionem in poteftate /'^«'^.29. 
 hoftium venire. Itaquc fenatus odo ilia ^'*''^* 
 millia Romanorum^qui non quidem in 
 acie capti fuerant, fed incaftris relidi, 
 poft cladem Cannefem fe Annibali de- 
 diderant 5 poteftate fibifada, redimere 
 noluitivtfcilicetinfitum eflet Romanis ^ f,«,v,w 32 
 militibus^autvincere, autemori^. qua o«r.o/./.3. 
 
 E 4 dere
 
 De ivre by off. bell. 
 a y»,s-f.i5 derealiolocolatiusdiccdumerita.Sed 
 mili ti bello captOj & poflliminio reuer- 
 fo, non deberi ftipedia, & donatiua cius 
 teporis; quo a pud hoftes fuit^Antonin^ 
 ^ ^l^' ^'t Im p^refcnpfir^ «fi tamen expleto militie 
 *'* tempore, captusabhoftibusredeat, vt 
 veteranum reftituendum,& emerita re- 
 cini.i. §,it ciperc, ArriusM^nanderrefpodit'^.Sed 
 TLuotmne/. ^" ^j 5 quidecrctofenatus , vcliufTupo- 
 § ptfn.D.de puli per feciales hoftibus dediti eflenr, 
 re mU4» ^^ f^^^^ reucrfi priftinum ftatum recipe- 
 rent, inter Brutum & Scaeuolam varie 
 tradatum eft. eoque fpedat nobilis ilia 
 caufa Mancini % de quo cum ob pacem 24 
 minus legitime cum Numantinis fada, 
 ex S, C. hoftibusdeditus efletieumque 
 illi non accepiflent : anciuis Roraanus 
 maneret,quaefitum eft: quibuHam exi- 
 ftimantibus non manere.quareP.Ruti- 
 liuSjM. filius. trib.pleb. eum de fenatu, 
 in quern domumreuerfusintroire non 
 dubitaratjiufliteduci; quod eum ciucm 
 efte negaret.quia memoria fie eflet pro-» 
 ditum, que pater fuus,autpopulus ven- 
 didiflet, aut paterpatratus dcdidifkty ei 
 a cietr.deo' nullum eflc poftliminiu **• Neqjreferre 
 r«U: .1. videtur, quod hoftes eu non receperint. 
 naciuisefledefinit, quern ciuitasrepu- 
 
 diauir^
 
 LiBER PRIMVS» j^A 
 
 diauit^icetabhoftibusnofitacccptus». a Arxmefni 
 no fecus quam is, cui aqua & igni inter- '• ^-ifi *"' '. 
 dm eft, vel hoftis declaratus, vel in in- lX^:it 
 fuladeportatus eft Kcui fentetia? Mode- •*^g'» p^'f 
 fiinusaccedere videtur Squi refpondit, §^,!'a£t7* 
 hoftibusdeditu, Screuerrumjnifieffeta »»»»*.'•#:<& 
 Ms receptus,ciiienon efte.fcd Macinus, Zp^T**** 
 licetnonfueritacceptusabhoftibuSjCU <^»»i'lvM 
 ciuem mafiffealiis vifum fuit.quod etia ^*^'** 
 Ciceroni probatur**: deditu enim did ^^^Topic-tt 
 no poffe,qui non fitacccptus.nam neqj C^>^"" 
 donatione^neq; deditidncm fincaccep- 
 tioncintelligi^Poponiustame deMa- tUhfenH.D. 
 cino legem poftcalatam fuifte, vt efTet t^^!'c'^ 
 duisRomanus, fcribit^. vndevidetur I'^-j^^wi/, 
 adhuc locus efle refponfo Modeftini , e- f^^ ^^J/'J^ 
 tiam in eo,queni hoftes non acceperiit, ac^u/po/jif 
 vtfcilicet reuerfus. non alirer iitciuis, ^ •"'•'"/'•^- 
 quam u a luis receptus fit . nam alioqui 
 quid erat opus legem ferre de Madno? 
 25 Porro inbellonofolumviri^fedetiam 
 
 mulieres capi poffuntg.fic legimus vxo- g /.!./><*/"- 
 rem Darij,cum matre,totaquefamilia, ztifi^uj, 
 captam ab AIexandro:Sophonisbam v- wm»i?ffw.c. 
 7oremSyphads,aMafanifra: Cleopa- tt^^\Tft 
 tramab Augufto.maximam tamencle- <«. i.wmhtr. 
 mentia? fama fibi conciliauit Scipio per *^- '^'"^""^* 
 totamHifpaniam, quod capta Cartha- 
 
 F s ginc^
 
 De ivrb et Off. bell, 
 
 ginc, Allucio Celriberorum principij 
 
 fponfam fuam eximia formajquacapti- 
 
 a irnmlzs uam habebat, intadam gratis rcftitu it*. 
 
 Sed ncc pueriin bello tuti (lint , & capi 
 
 ^ '• '^ ^'T poffiint^ licet CamilluSjlaudabili exc- 
 
 vil^l&pi*' ploj nobiliflimos Falifcorum pueros, 
 
 piiij pater 4n quos ludimagifter ipforuin caftra Ca- 
 
 ^um^ToJde oiilH pcraftu pcrduxctat , nonacccpit: 
 
 capti», fed proditorem nudum , manibus poft 
 
 tergum religatisj caedendu,ac reducen- 
 
 dum Falifcispueristradidit, inquicns: 
 
 Nobis, qu3e pado fit humano , cum Fa- 
 
 lifcis focietas noa eft;quam ingcncrauit 
 
 naturajcftj eritque. funt & belli, ficu t & 
 
 pacis iura;arma habemus, non aduerfus 
 
 camaetatem^cuietiacaptisvrbibus.par- 
 
 citur:(ed aduerfus armatos. qua bcnefi- 
 
 centia prouocati Falifci fe fpote Roma- 
 
 cUmtti^, nis dediderunt ^ Cerrefaeuireinfoemi- 
 
 naSjVel pueros, admodum fcedu femper 
 
 habitumfuit : quos fcxusipfe, & artas, 
 
 periculisbellorum,& feuitia? vi(florum 
 
 eximit. itaq; lege diuina pra?ci pitur qui- 
 
 dem Ifraelitis, vt hoftesrefiftentes, & 
 
 pacem nolentesomnes occidant: fedvt 
 
 parcatmulieribus, & paruulis: quos ta- 
 
 men pra^dae cedere voluit,& in fcruitute 
 
 <jD«rf.c.20c redigi^. CanonesveroiubctparcipreC- 
 
 bitcris.
 
 LlBER PRIMVS. 45 
 
 biteris, monachis, coucrfiSjperegrinis, 
 mercatoribus3& rufticis a. fed hoc con- ^^-iMirt^ 
 trario vfu abrogatum cfle dicit Panor- ^^** 
 mitanus^. nontamen credo abrogatu, ^^^c.z. 
 quoadecclcfiafticos.inquosmanuuin- ccap.fi^is 
 iedioefl interdida , fub graui anathe- {"'''^^* '^•^ 
 rnatis poena', niii forte leingeratrebus dc.iiti.y^, 
 bellicis.quia priuilepiumamittir.quieo ^'•/^•"/'•y'*'* 
 abutifur^. fcitquoquc notatudignum,/«r. 
 quod inter duos populosbelloexorto, l^^j^^* 
 quiexhoftibusapudvtrumquepopulu ^<iw. 
 fuerintjcapipoffint .-licet in pace vene- ^ ^^„V!r 
 rint: nam & olim feruiefficicbanture. 'J^J. « 
 
 2(5 luftoautem bello captus\ quiprofua^"**^^^"?' 
 redempnone modcratu precium pro- fanormtt, in 
 itiifit, noneximiturabobIiffatione,cx c.\bba4.cou 
 eorortejquodvijmctuuedicatieidpre- u^», dehis 
 ciumpromififJe, namedidu pr^toris, 9"*^'- ^'}" 
 quopermetum gcitarelcinduntur, ad ,„^„.««.20, 
 cum metunijquiiurelicitoalicui infer- '^«««'/".do- 
 tur,non pertinet ^. Prasterea hic no tarn '^Z'^li'cli, 
 metus infertur , vt preciu promirtatur. '^'t. J'J^.5. 
 quam timor mortis iufte imminetis ifta Z'^iH^,'^, 
 promiffione aufertur : praefertim ciim «. 
 precium rcdemptionis , in locum ferui- fZlllurl] 
 tutis fucceflerit g. Quodauteadacqui- ojcpacfa. 
 
 27 fitionemcaptiuorumattinct^idequod t„l',l'*^o^ 
 de reliqua pr aeda rerum mobilium, qux dtnci.gcj}. 
 
 cftdu-
 
 De ivre et off. beh. 
 eft ducis arbitriOjdiccndum cft:& ita o- 
 a/nrf/j.Row. limobtinuifle teftatur Dionyf.Halic.a 
 *^' hodic vero plcrunquc captiui , vt & ce- 
 tera mobilia^conceduntur capientibus; 
 ni(i forte precium excedat fumma de- 
 cem millium coronatorum ^ vtputa fi 
 captus fit D ux 5 Comes, Baro , vel alius 
 tnagni nominis : quo cafu ex antiqua 
 confuetudine Hifpaniaj, Gallia? & An- 
 b Bar.<t B4/. glia?,eft principis ^. non tamen ilii redi- 
 M /. fuim& 11^^ J j facultasadimiturj qua? etiamduci 
 
 Siruim. 0. « I /1 . * I'll n • 
 
 neg.ie^. loa. hoftium capto cocedi debetjii m eo pa- 
 itKna, ine, ^jj pcrturbatio Don timeturc. nam, vt 
 
 j^V*Sw" inquit D. Auguftinus*^, ficut bcllanri, 
 
 h^Ht decif, & refiftenti vioientia redditur,ita vidlo- 
 
 ul&dtnl ^"s capto mi(cricordiaiadebetur.quare 
 
 26.par.2, bene maiorcs noftri hoc comparaue* 
 
 ll^.u*"^' rutjinquic Cicero «^vt neminem regcm, 
 
 dtnd.c.mb\ quearmiscepilTentjVita priuarent.quia 
 
 9^Hertn,u qy^^i nobis facultate fortuna dediffcty 
 
 iniquum erat in eorum fupplicio con- 
 
 fumcrc,quos eadem fortuna pauloante 
 
 in ampliffimo ftatu collocarat.ei vcr6,a 
 
 quo periculum reftauradi belli elTe pol^ 
 
 fet,noneft parcendumiqu^effetiniufta 
 
 U^wlliaz' mifericordia,vt inquit D. Ambrofius^ 
 
 8-itIiV *^ Quo fpeil^at, quod Ferrandus Diaco- 
 
 nus, dc officio pij & Chriftianiducis,ad 
 
 Rhegi-
 
 LiBBR PRIMVS. ^S 
 
 Rheginumduccmfcribens, inter Tepte 
 rcgulasinnocentise , quasduci militum 
 praefcribit^refcrtiNoliefTenimiuiuflus. 
 Fuit itaqueapud Romanos obferuatu, 
 Vt triumphas cu triuphali popa de foro 
 in capitolium deflcdcret, captiuos infi- 
 gnes,quifcminadi/cordiarum, & belli 
 au<5loi cs fuilTenr , in cuftodiam detrudi 
 iubcret, & exadla pompa neci daret^. » A/<?«.atA. 
 28 AIioquiver6priuataaudoritate*nemi- i'^'.^Til 
 ni captiuum occidere licet , nee ctiam 
 durius tradtare : ciim necolim quidem 
 licucrit,cum fieretfcrui. iusenim ciuilc 
 dominico imperio modum adhibes^ ita 
 demum necis poteftate domino tribuic 
 in fcruunijfiin facinoredeprehendatiin 
 quo rcpertum liberum occidere ius Cn\ aHfg^uf, 
 alias feruumdominus occidere no po- ^<*d>*i.i.qmi 
 teft, cuilcuistantumcoeraiopcrmiffa '^^iTtT. 
 cit^^i&exrcicrjpto DiuiPij^icruiscotra ^-de leg.i, 
 nimiam feuitiam,& intolerabilem iniu- ^';J^7>^* 
 riam dominorum prouifum eft **• cui di.z.Djehk 
 conuenit conftitutio regni Hifpania?, /"';t' /«if"' 
 quoad bello captos inter Chriftiaiios 
 hinc indc : non etiam inter eos , qui di« 
 uerfa? religion is dogmata fequuntur*. «^'^ '•»•''*• 
 2p Ceicrum fi captiuus* fcmelde precio ^*^'"^*'' 
 iedempuoni$ conuenit cum eo , cuius 
 
 capti-
 
 .» De IVRE ET off. BEIt. 
 
 ^*^ji3 p^r captiuus eft, nonpoteritpofteaaddu* 
 fon,,n amp. riorcm conditione aftringijCx eo forte, 
 
 .5.f^.6.i;» ^^^j isaquodetinetur, intellexitcap- 
 bmi.pof.L tiuum elTealicuiusnominis, &diujte: 
 Ts'^7ixt neque valebitpofteriorconuentio, fed 
 caphi fietredudioadpriorema, Quofpcdat 
 m*M.D!de ^^^^ Paulus rcfpondit^fi quis captuab 
 ««•^.^y?- hoftibusemat, &plunsaiij ius pigno- 
 t ^"^mTfld ris^quodin redemptu habctjCeiTcrit.-no 
 ««^. D. de eamquantitatem,fedprioremredeptus 
 ionat.inttr (Jebetb.Quiautcm pfo capto* abhoftl* 20 
 cot»arm.tn I. bus, vt libcr hcret^prccium redcptionis 
 riT'^a/e velfoluiijvelpromifir, nofolumhabct 
 V« 4.wX a(5tioncm negotiorum gcftorum ^ : fiue 
 c f. 2. ? ith^ iuftus fiue iniuftus fit hoftis , qui capti- 
 ^ntf^i^ uum cepit ^ : fed habet quoque rcdcm- 
 rmtrds.ife^ ptorius pignorisinrcdemptum^doncc 
 nl'it'^l foluat ^ : & edido dc libero homine ex- 
 jM »ir/?««we. hibendononaftringitur^nequercdem- 
 ^tljfgi^ ptus priftinum ftatu recipit , donee pre- 
 /tctui. D.de ciumredemptionisfolueritjVcl obtule- 
 fL^i 17 ritf.non erit tame feruus,nec olim crat, 
 i«'.<$./>?«H. cum feruitus paffim in vfu clletS: &fa- 
 mititfcf* uoreingenuitatis, poterit fucceflionis 
 ^TuAer iura vendicare, vt ex fucceflionc poflit 
 ^^' ^ '^ precium pro fe datum foIuereli:& filiu$ 
 
 g d.u. CM ei fiiccedet , etiam fi , antequam le luar, 
 fe^Tc raoriatur.imo morte^quafi iurcpigno-
 
 Liber primvs* 47 
 
 ris finite , abipfo redemptordibcratur 
 redemptus :ita vt nequeheres eius te- 
 ncaturadprecium redemptionis, neq^ 
 fideiufTora. Sed etfieaquxex pignori- a/.yr/wfrfri: 
 bus nafcijtur, pignoris vinculo obligari J^f;,'}^:^ 
 dicamus ^: imperatores tamen noluc-fifbm.DM 
 runtcos,qui poft redemptione nafcun- ft^^f£>, 
 tur, pignoris vinculo obligari*^. & hjEC dtft^mnb. 
 quidcm inliberisabhoftibuscaptis,& ^^i;^'{1 
 commcrcio redcmptis locuni hab6t; at depcpueutr, 
 feruiab hoftibuscaptij^ prccio rcdem- 
 ptijfiunt redimenris fcrui : fed oblato ei 
 prccio^quod deditjpoftliminio rcdiifle, 
 autrecepti efTe credunturd, Porro re- dim hdh: 
 31 demptiocaptiuorum*cfttam&uorabi. ^Jl^'^/Z' 
 lis, vt datum in banc caufenij quantum- ca^tm, 
 cunquefit, repetinonpoflit, necinfi- 
 nuationeopushabeatc. &quamuisin- ^t/v^p'^ 
 
 _ r *. J . redemptione, 
 
 certap perlona?, ne miles quidemquic- cdedo^t^ho, 
 quam relinqucrepoffitf: imperatores J.f^-^'*]*/^ 
 tamen pietatis caufa , & militum infor- '*'"^* ' ^* 
 tuniismoti^relidum in redemptionem 
 captiuorum, non obftate incertitudine ^ ^. ^ 
 perfonarum^valerc volueruntg: etiamfi %epir.etciirl 
 quis totum patrimonium relinquat^ Yf'^*'!''^ 
 Pietatis quoque caufe redepto captmo, c. deepijc.O', 
 vtpote fi mater filiumrcdemerit, dere- f^»^. 
 
 pctitioneprccij traftare non conucnit: 
 
 fed
 
 De ivre et off. beiu 
 3 1 liherca. fed praefumitur donatio^. & rcdimens 
 ^e^ptflin^. puellamluxuria^caufajVclillam proftx- 
 rrjf. Htip. I tuenSjperditpreciunij&puellaimpune 
 "parT/ ^^* ^^ ^^ tugere poteft *>. Negligcns vero 
 bifadtfine. rcdiiiiere * captiuum, noH lolumexhe- 3^ 
 Lt/'"'' ^^^^" poteft 5 fi fit ex liberis ; kd ctiam 
 lcge,proximisagnatis,vclherediDusin- 
 ftirutis^qui in redemptionecaptiui ne- 
 gligetes fuerCjdenegatur fucceillo.-qua: 
 tA9thmt,p applicaturecclefiae, expendenda in rc- 
 eftjccrcur, clemptionem captiuorum ^. Diximus 
 rex.Hiip.i.i, captisabhoftibus, ta liberis ^quamfer- 
 d'^^Topu.' uis5& tarn mafculis^quam feminiSjeflc 
 efairttex^' poftliminium. videamusnuncreliqua, 
 ^mtluii^m. quajpoftliminio redeutiquibuscogni- 
 /»«t, w pftnc. tisjintelligemus, quae fun t ea, quae poft- 
 */t!bjc/ft J"^inio carent. contrariorum enim ne- 
 i.&ibihur. gantium^vtinquitCicero^ijeaviseftjat- 
 f«L!|7*' quenatura^vtalteropofito, velcogni- 
 fuifis. D.de to^altcrumftatimrubraoueatur, velco- 
 tapttut^mi.fi gnofcature. Poftliminio iraqucredeut 
 mod.'vjmf.a. quoquc agri % corumquc vlusfruaus. 33 
 nrnt. i.intH. yp^^ cxDulfis hoftibus cx agHs , quos 
 derir.dmfio. ccpctat, dominia cofum 30 pnoresdo- 
 g c.;iw»«rf. rninosrcdire56<: vfumfVudum iurepoft- 
 1^";/";' liminij reftitui , Paulus rcfpondit ^^ 
 / lOBtram*. quod verum puto, nullo quantumuis 
 ^^/^tf"; longitcmporislapfuobftanteS. Itaque 
 
 Sagun-
 
 Liber primvs. ^g 
 
 Saguntum oppidum , quod lam 0(flauii 
 annum in poteftate hoftium fuerat,tan- 
 dem reccptUj cultoribus antiqiiis^quos 
 vis reliqueratbeilijreftitutumfuit*. & slw/w/.h 
 quidcm ex coftitutionibusregniHifp. 
 imperia, regna, comitatus , aiiaque do- 
 miniamaiora, abhoftibus reciiperata, 
 poftliminioredeQt, &neexeoquident 
 tempore, quo reciiperata funt, vfucapi 
 pofTunt. quoad alia vero dominia mi- 
 nora, fi quatuor annis dominus fiiuerir, 
 ex quo recepta funtjCrit locus pra?fcrip- 
 tioni, nifi dominus fit minor ''.iifdeque b r<x. h$» 
 coftitutionibus cautumeft, vtfiquisex ^a°zT*^^* 
 fnhdms arcemjlicet propfiam,rua culpa 
 amiferit: quamuis fua opera eandem re- 
 ceperit, regi tamen petenti eam tradere 
 34 debet^. Denique*nauibuslongis5& o- c re^-Wp*^- 
 nerariis, poftliminium efTe Marcellus ^^^; J'^''^^' 
 refpodit. qui equu quoque, & equa fre- 
 ni patiencem, poftliminio recipi voluit, 
 quod fine culpaequitis proriperefe po- 
 tueruf^.&idemquoqjteftaturCiceroe, ^ ^-^.D.dt 
 ciimait : Poftliminio redeunt ha^c, ho- "Cto/iv; 
 mo^nauiSjmuluSjClitellarius^equuSje- 
 quaqu^ frena recipere foiet. no autem 
 ide iuris eft in armisjqu^ poftliminio no 
 i^edeun t, quod no fine flagitio amittan- 
 
 G tur,-
 
 a JJ.z. De ivre it off. bell. 
 
 !*«^t*am. tur3. de quo alio loco plura diccmus^. 
 «w./. Exrupcrioribus(nifallor)maneteX' 
 
 Itmm't'tx- peditaillaqu3eftio,qu£varieadmodum 
 fiUfts. D,dc torfitfereomnesinterpp«vtrumfcilicet 
 Tl'r^um i.fi ^rcs femel ab hoftibus capt^ , & ab iifde 3) 
 amdLUuD. recuperata?, prioribusdoininisfintrc- 
 iViu"i^^ ftituendse, nccne quodalijaiunt,alij 
 tAart'.UHd.& negant,alij tcmerefecant5& fubfecant, 
 f^toZV.m ^ nequefibi^nequealiisfatisfaciut.funt 
 c.petcatio i^ enim qui difiinguunt inter res mobiles 
 aSZt; ^ immobiles5& hasreftitui fempcr *iil- 
 e Krgtt.i.ab lasnunquamexiftimantd.alijjquoadres 
 ^fttreu^rn immobilesj diftiiiguuntrurfus , fintnc 
 mbeh, ^J virtutebellicarecuperatae^quasnonrc- 
 cutifrur* D. ftituivolunt : anvero commerciorede- 
 Bitpa, »«/.!. ptae,quasoblatoredennptionisprecio, 
 ctV/litat r^fti^ucndss priori domino ccnfent «. 
 hco,'& ah) alij denique fine vlladiftindionc, tarn 
 j6eo (ttati mobiles omnes. quhmimmobilesres, 
 hofitb.z.cde reccptas, prion Domino omnmoreiti- 
 foTH.reu^rrf.i tueodas efTc dicuHt^. idque contra eui- 
 
 td quod a pud . /^ f .| 4 , , f^• 
 
 hojiei . D.dc dens reiponlum Labeonisg, qui ait : M 
 iiMLPof^o. quidbcllocaptum eft, inpra?daeft, nec 
 ^.uiYndr. poftliminio redit. & alibi ",- itademuab 
 Aic*,pjrrh\ hoftibus capia, & 3 Hoftris recupcrata, 
 tfmclZl, poftliminio redirerefpondit, fifintcius 
 m dx-peccat» gcnerisjqug poftliminio redire poffunt. 
 
 iuoi^D^dc qu^jw
 
 Liber ?rimvs. ^p 
 
 quam diftindione cti^ Marcellus pro- 
 bat *• Ncquevidentid quodimpp. re* aw /2. Die 
 fcripferunt'>,{eruosabho{libusrecupc-. '^p^^^- 
 ratoSjdominisfuis rcftituidebererideo hoplbHi.2^ 
 cfle 5 quod no folum in liberis perfonis, 
 fed etiam in fcruis fie poftliminium ^, cipofii k. 
 Quare etiam quod Odauenus refpon- '^''/^^t/lj! 
 ditd, id quod apud hofteseftjlegaripof- Kwn.ivk.o. 
 fe, & poftliminiij efTe.-de eo baud dubie "j^^^^^l .^ 
 intelligi debet, quod eius generis eft, vt 5««^ apu'dho 
 poftliminioredirepoffitjfecundum di- /^"•^♦'^'^^*'* 
 ftin(5lionem Labeonis^. Hisadde^quod dnd. i.vit. 
 36 quamuisre3,qua?funthoftium*,n6fint 
 
 incommerciofitaiTieneasres.quasho- ^^- ^^^i^o- 
 
 n n r- • • mo. i.D.it 
 
 ftesceperunt, u lint eius generis, qua? vtrbMig, 
 pofUiminium habent, vendi, Icgari, & g,,,-^^^^,, 
 quocunque modo alienari pofTe g. Qu 6 ^. vu. cumi, 
 fpedat, quodapud Liuium legimushr/^W'yj- 
 quod cum Annibal adquartu lapidem ,ti^'«od a^nk 
 Romamacceffiiret5& tati venditum efTe ^"Z'^"- 
 agrum audiffet 5 in quo caftra habebat, 
 quantianieaduentum eiusvalebat : ira 
 percitus, vocato prsecone, tabernasar- 
 gentarias, qua? in foro Romano erant, 
 vcndiiuffit.&certcagriquidemveditio 
 valuitj propter fpepoftliminij *:n6 vero \jf^^^"" 
 tabernarum^quenunquamfuerantho- 
 Itium , ncc crat m 11s pofthminium «^. ^^,^,^ 
 
 G 2 Nequc
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 Neqiiemouet^quodexL. Pomponius 
 D.deacq.rer. dom.adducitur^vbi cum 
 paftori meo lupi porcos eriperet, & hos 
 vicinse vill^e coJonus robuflis canibus 
 confecutuSjiupisexrorfifTet .-porcos co- 
 loninon eire^refponfumeft; fcdmeos 
 manere, quamdiua quouis recuperari 
 
 EolTcnt : fecus acfiferambeftiavicinus 
 actationemihiabftulifTct. qusefipo- 
 teftatem noftram euaferit, & ab alio ca- 
 piatur,ipfius fit. noninquam id mouet: 
 nam ibi^difertis verbis I. C. ait, porcos, 
 aliaqueanimaliamanrueta,qua?alupo 
 nobis eripiuntur, noflra manere, quam 
 hflifdfm ^^"^ccipi poffunt, quae erepta funta: 
 dudf^ * quemadraodum&ea,quasnaufrrgia a- 
 mittimus : vnde etia furti agi poffe dicit* 
 aliud aute ed in iis,qudz ab hoAibus no- 
 bis auferuntur, quorum dominium fta- 
 /oi^Tfj.D. timinhoftestranfirec6ftatt>,vnde po- 
 (kca^tiu, tiusdicendumeft^quod^quemadmodu 
 fcrx beftisc, vbi cuftodiain noftram eua- 
 fcrinrjdominium amittimus^^ e^ dem a 
 c<ij.Pam;»o. quouis pofteacaptx occupantis Hunt *^ 2 
 Tc'^^^Ztlfi. ^^ quoque captaab hoftibus, quorum 
 derer.dmf. dominiumftatim amittimus, eius fieri, 
 qui reccpitj nee priori domino reftitue- 
 da effe: nifi iint eius generis, qua? poftli- 
 
 minio
 
 Liber pkxmvs. 30 
 
 mmio rcdeunta, exquibusetiacorruit a i.vU.dm 
 corum fententia 5 qui fine diftindtione ^**^""* 
 omnes res mobiles, eorum fieri ^quieas 
 hoftibuseripuerunt,exiftimant: &eoru 
 quoque, qui inter res bellica virtute re- 
 ceptas,& commercioredemptas diftin- ^ ^ ^^ , 
 guendum putauerunt.Sit ergo ita con- fi^fpt*'*^*^ 
 Situtum^vtqu^ res poftliminiu habent^ ^rifwil*! 
 ex recuperate ad priorem dominum,& ubhjitb.z. 
 in priftinum ftatG redeant , fiue mobiles ^'^r/''^^^'^" 
 fint, fiue immobiles'^tfiueetiam virtute cptrtexuu. 
 bellicaj fiuecommercio, fiuequocunqj^^J-^^l'^jJ^ 
 alio raodo recuperentur*^.nifiqu6dea- ejt.D^deca- 
 rum, qu^ commercio fiint redemptae.ft,^-^*^ 
 precmm reitituatur'^. quae vero polth- ^utb.mod.ttt» 
 ininiocarent,praeda3cedunt«. llludta- ^^^'/^flf^i 
 27 men fciedum eft, prsedam^tum demum /?»6«*.^ 
 fieri hoftium 5 vt primiim intra praefidia ^/."»*«J^$ 
 delataeft^. vndefirecuperetur,antequa jxdtcl^tZ 
 intra prsefidia hoftiiifitdelata, omnino ^^^^rcaptm^ 
 priori domino refiituidebet:quianon- „«",/. '^^' 
 dumfaiflafuit hoftium,nequedefiitefle e ifi<iMib€i 
 eius, cuius fuit S. Et quide (1 ij, per quos ^^^^^^ 
 pr^afuitrecepta/raudulSterpaffi fint, fLpommi- 
 cam prius ab hoftibus auferri , & intra '^jl^^llt 
 praefidiaeorfiperferri , &eam perfequi ^.ponumm, 
 neglexerintcnon tantumtenebuturad gj^/^^'Ji 
 icftuutionem priori domino faciedam, fwoi/.wfno^ 
 
 G 3 eius
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 cius quod receperunt ; fed etiara eius^ 
 quodferuarepotuerunt, &corum cul- 
 pa amifTum ,dominopraeftandum erit, 
 vtconftiturionibus regni Hifpaniae op- 
 ^yx,i.26, timecautumefta.'&facitiexrJnL.Iu- 
 far.z.Rrg/, Hanus^. Porrohuicdiftindioni, litnc 
 J3■f/^9.^5• resabhoftibuscapta, &pernoftrosre- 
 m rend, ccpta , CIUS gencHS 5 quse poltliminium 
 habent : & ^ fitne fcrael in praefidia ho- 
 fliumdelata, necne^ nonfubiacentres 
 captse a piratis^,vcl latronibus5& iis qui 38 
 iuftihoftesnon funt. nam captaabiis, 
 c i.fnnesj, nunqua in dominium eorumtrafeuntc. 
 poJnZwtt. quarereceptajfinediftindtioneomnino 
 ^.apiratii, prioH domino^quidominio corum nu- 
 I'altTilZ' qy^mexcidit, funt reftituenda ^, hinc 
 mhus, Dje mjrum^cur conftitutio^regniHifpanisE 39 
 d^Uatfonts ^^^"cdiftinclionem : fueritne prsedare- 
 vJecaptM.' ccpta^femel intra prarfidia hoftiu delata, 
 necnc, probauerit^in hisrebus5non fo- 
 liimqucabhoftibuSjfedetiamquseapi- 
 eRe^.i 31. ratis nobis ablatse funt^rciim certe, fi 
 tu.zgpar.z, bonum& ajquum inrpiciamus, domi- 
 nium rerumcaptarum, nulla lege, ncq; 
 diuinajnequehumana^averisdominis, 
 in cum qui iuftushoflis non eft,tranfire 
 podlt , vnde rccuperatas huiufmodi res 
 oranino dominis rcftituendas efle , ipft 
 
 raiiOj
 
 Liber primvs. jj 
 
 ratio , & a?quitas fuadet • nifi forte pro- 
 pter vtilitate publicam,quo milites fmt 
 alacriores ad perfequendos latrones 6c 
 piratas,aliud ftatui conueniat, prg fertim 
 cum bono publico, etiam cum damno 
 priuatorUjConfulipoffit^ Quofpedatja Mmci»* 
 QUodTacitusait . omnemaenumexe- ^^•'^'«♦'<^-'« 
 plum, haberealiquidexiniquOj quod rat^m, ^. i. 
 contra iineulos vtilitate publicarepen- ^f*-'^''"^^ 
 ditur.alioqurcertemudiatis durum VI- fi#f.w6, 
 detur, Romaniautem^nofolumjficura 
 latronibus & piratis/ed etiam fi cum iii- 
 fto hofte res cflet, faepe ea, qucT in pra^da 
 forte fadla inueniebantur fuifTc fociorUj 
 vel ciuium,iubebant illis reftituiJtaque 
 Volfcis ad dedirionem copulfis , caftr i(^ 
 que eorum captis , pr^dse pars, (iia co- 
 gnofcentibus Latinis , atq; Hernicis fo- 
 ciis populi Romani , reddita funr ^. & ^ ^****"^ ^ +. 
 SutriniSjfociispopuIi Romani, vrbseo- 
 rum 5 quam per padionc Hetrufcis de- 
 diderar, quoddiutiusobfidionemferre 
 nonpoflent , eodemdie Camilloduce 
 recepta, inuiolata , integraqueab omni 
 clade belli,ante nodem reddita eft<^. Sic c lum u, 
 quoqueScipio captaCarthagine, quse 
 repletaerat ftatuis,donariisque Grscca- 
 niciscSiciliaadue(^is5edixit, vte (ingu- 
 
 G 4 lisvr-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtl. 
 
 lis vrbibus vcnircm^qui fuadinofccrent 
 a 9iut. i»a. &auferrcc \Scd iftudcertcexbenigni- 
 ^"^^* tatcimpcratorisjn cuius arbitrioomnc 
 pn-Edam efTc'docuiiDus^pendet.Verum, 
 vrrum resfurro'^alatronibus3& illegiti- 40 
 mis hoftibus erepta ^ qua? poftea in po- 
 teftatem corum, qui hoftium numero 
 continenturpcruenerit,a ciuibus com- 
 mercio , vel virtutebellica redeptafue- 
 rit;VTrum,inqua3hecres,priori domino 
 reftirui debear, merito dubites. Et qui- 
 hmi utro. dem lauolenus ^ y feruum furreptum , 
 «wf *'^^'^^* qw^n^uis poftea in manus hoftium ve- 
 nerit,abemptore vfucapi non pofTejre- 
 fpondit^ quia fcilicetverumefiet, cum 
 furreptum efTcjncque quod hoftiufuiF» 
 -fer3aut poflliminio rediifletjCi reiimpe- 
 tlimenro efle . quod in feruo admitto, 
 propter ius poftliminij :kd in aliis rebus 
 qu^ poflliminio carentjidfequi nonau- 
 fim. quia certumeft, banc rem fa(5tam 
 hoftium , atque ita dominum eiusdo- 
 minioexcidifTe.quidenimrcfert an do- 
 mino, an vero fiiri res fuerit erepta^mo- 
 doiuftobelloPNamquoddicimuSjVitiil 
 furti^quod rei cohseret.non purgari.nifi 
 cU.^^.«ci .j^ domini poteftatem reuertatur: 
 r^ca/,0. (quod lege Acmiamncitumfmt ) inter 
 
 ciues^
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. 52 
 
 ctueSjiion etiam inter hoftes locum ha- 
 bere exiftimo. vtenim resbellocapta 
 noftrafiatjfufficit rem hoftilem efle^ & a Lnaim^Vi, 
 haec fcntentia mihi videtur iuri confen- fJ^Zl^'oM 
 tanea. tamen non impedio , quo minus «g. w^^ 
 vnufquifquevtaturruoiudicio. nihilo- 
 minus fi placet, hanc rem furtiuam ma- 
 nere;iIludcertecequiirimumput05Vtno 
 aliter cum his poffefToribus agi poflit, 
 quam fi ipfe fur , vel ha?res foluendo no 
 funt^ Et hadtenus quidem de rebus bArpw»«*» 
 corporalibus, & perfonis tarn liberis , 'j*^^;^* 
 quam feruis belio captis,didum eft. fed 
 quasri poteftjVtrum etiam resincorpo- 
 
 41 rales* bellocapi pofTmt, &in vi<5iorem 
 transferri: &/ipoflinr;Vtriim fintpoft- 
 liminij,nec ne. Quo fpedat Hsilla,qux 
 
 42 fuit inter Thebanos * & Theffalos : de 
 
 qua Quintilian.^mentionemfacit.cum chK^x.io, 
 cnimThebas euertifTct Alexander, in- 
 uenit tabulas , quibus centum taJenta 
 mutuoThefTalisdcdifleThebanoscon- 
 tinebatur . has donauit Theftalis ; quod 
 eorum vfus cfTct comilitio. poftea refti- 
 tutia CafTandro^conucniunt Thebani 
 Theffalos. lis omnis ex ec^quodAlexa- 
 der eas Theffalis donaffe dicitur,pendet. 
 & certe non videtur potuiffe Alexin - 
 
 G 5 drum
 
 De IVRE Et OFF. BELL* 
 
 drum oligationcm iftam Theffalis do- 
 nandi animo remitterC) cum fit iuris, & 
 ita perfonaf cohajreatjVtab ea diuelli no 
 a?.j. & ii" poffita, praeterea ex eo, quod ius, quod 
 
 AccurtD.pro incorporaleeft, manu apprehend! non 
 £«riD.1 poiIit:idver6 tatum fieri vidoris^quod 
 pic^uo. ipfeceperit**, imo no diutius cfTe vido- 
 
 E/«riD.1 poiIit:idver6 tatum fieri vidoris^quod 
 pic^uo. ipfeceperit**, imo no diutius cfTe vido- 
 hJio iKde ris^quam quamdiu poiIidet:cum eodcm 
 "/'"«. ^•»*«^iure,quoiprecepit,abcoauferripofIit«^, 
 ZmJ!tn' &aliamquoque efle conditionem he- 
 pttMm.i$. rcdis conftat;aliam vidoris: quia ad illu 
 'fi. fi ^mi ius^,ad hunc res tranfii *". turn etiam ius 
 btiio. D. tit publici crediti tranfire in vidorem non 
 diTe^ecUru. potuiflTe, exeodefendipotcft,qu6did 
 D deptutyo. quod populus crcdidlt, ab omiiibusdc- 
 I'a.fi^d beatur^^ quamdiu quilibet fuperfuerit, 
 beiio. fit is totius fummae creditor : imo idem 
 populus dicendus fit , & eadem ciuitas: 
 criam fi nemo ex iis, qui tempore con- 
 traduserat/uperfit/ed alij fuccefierint: 
 (in i,propo. vtdiferte Alphenus refpondit^ ctenim 
 iud. cdd^i. popaliius,noneflfituminperlonis,Ied 
 Ty!r&i% ^^ vniuerfitatc; quae vniuerfitas*2eque 43 
 i«y*.D. dc reprefentatur perfuccefforeSjVtpereos, 
 ^*^-'» qui funt hodie.eoq; fenfu dicitur, quod 
 gr/tc-e. ^. vniuerfitas non moritur , nee definit, 
 'tl,\^y'^'^^ quamdiu velvnusfuperefts. Denique 
 Zm. ""*' ad propoficam fadi fpcciem,dici poteft, 
 
 non
 
 LiBER. primvs. ^ 5J 
 
 non in tabulis fuiffe ius, cumfcriptura 
 non fit de fubftantia contrai^us, fed ad- 
 hibeatur tatum ad probationeai ^.vnde J/;/^"^;^^, 
 .tabularumappreheiione5&donatione, ^nonfcj.fu»» 
 nullum ius fuiffe acquifitumAlexadro,;«-c-'ier^^^ 
 
 nequeThebanisademptum . C>eterum /«,„si,», 
 his non obftantibus, in propofita fadi 
 fpecie, verius videtur, ius publici credjti 
 in tabulis comprehenfum , in Alexan- 
 drumtranfiffe, atqjitapotuilfcAlcxan- 
 drumjObligationem lUam^qua Thelfali 
 Thebanis tenebantur^Theflalis remit- 
 tere. quod donatione tabularum fecifle 
 cenfetunciim enim iure belli,vi<5li in vi- 
 dtorispoteftatem &dominiutranfeant, 
 &poffic vidoriis, quemadmodu velit, 
 imperare ; non folum res corporales iis 
 adiraere poteft , fed etiam ea , qux funt 
 iuris, & leges pro arbitrio dare, & prio- 
 restollere. vbienim omnia ei^quiarmis 
 plus poteft 5 vtaitLiuius, deditafunt: bi.i.§.ii 
 Qux ex iis habere vidor.quibus multari TfP;'f'* 
 eosveht,ipiiusius atquearbitriumelt. damn^.^.u 
 fed^cumoblieaiiofitincreditorisdo- ^- ^^ P'^f* 
 minio^jprotinusiuscredJti, quodviai cjrhere.xd 
 habebat,invidorisdominium,vnacum ^^■'^"*d 
 viftistraut. nam quiin alicna poteltate ^^tute. o.de 
 eft, no poteft quicquam habere infua^ rrg.„,r, 
 
 Vnde
 
 Db Ivrb et Off. BBLt. 
 
 Vnde profedo videtur dominiu illius 
 
 obligationis, qua ThefTali Thebanis te- 
 
 nebanturjin Alexandrum tranfiffe.qui 
 
 cumeandem donandianimo Theffalis 
 
 remiferit : (nam tabulis donatis ccfetur 
 
 id, quod in tabulis cotinetur^donarum 
 
 9 1 1. Q,iz efle ^: dc creditor cautionem creditor! 
 
 ^"*** reddens, pacifcide non petendo intelli- 
 
 b 1.2. D.de gitur ^) ThefTalosab obligatione libe* 
 
 ^rJ'Trt ''^^^^ confequens eft. nifi dicamus^i 
 
 tiaadetJr'. Thcbanos reftitutione Caflandri, iure 
 
 xsu/.dom. poftliminijiuscreditirecuperaffe. nam 
 
 omnia, qusefuntiuris, poftquamquis 
 
 poftliminio rediit,perinde habentur,ac 
 
 ii nunquam in poteftate hoftium fuif^ 
 
 c iinheUo.§ fcnt ^. itaque dicemus, ciuitatem iure 
 
 todKtiu.ver. poftliminij reftitutam eademjeiufdem- 
 
 ci^ttidl ^'^ 4^^ ^^^^^ 5 ^ ftatus fingi, quo antea fue- 
 
 rat : vt de agrorum captorum, & libera- 
 
 dUfi C4{>ti- torum proprietate diximus *^, & eorun- 
 
 wf4. ^^cxpt»i. j^j^ v^ufru(5lu^qui iuris eftf.quo ctiani 
 
 e /« fiagtr. modo poitliminmm hngitur m locis la- 
 
 D. qmem.ti. cfis (Scrcligiofis ?. Si tamen in propofita 
 
 f»»alTi. hypothefi, forte TheflfaliAlexandro vi- 
 
 eorf. cr tn- ^Qvi , in qucm ius crediti tranfifle dixi- 
 
 "^ichnkca, musjfoluifrentrnonexiftimorhebanos 
 
 t) .ic/%. et per reftitutionem Caflandrijiure poftli- 
 
 fm^t.fune, ^ .^ • ^ ^- ^^ QT^^f^Vii fcmel cxftiniftum^rccu- 
 
 pcra-
 
 Liber primvs* 54 ^mkj^Xi 
 
 peraturos fuifle : vt in fimili fere fa^i ^^^^^^ . 
 ipeciCjiudkatum fuiflc tradit loan. Pa- g^.'^tmLu. 
 ponius^. folutioenimdebitefai5la fuit, ^^ptti^htni. 
 quaeobligationem toUit funditus ipfo ^TfauZ^c- 
 lurc b.&naturaliter.vt ait lurifconful^ ^**tM.fobi* 
 tus<^. naturale eftenimvnumquoaque/ow«,^ 
 diffolui, itavtcolligatumeft*^. lusaute ^^^^^hdum 
 poftliminijnonreftituiteajqug fai5lOj& 7eug!l^^' 
 naturaliter legitime fublatafunt*. non c^wte/to.§. 
 habent nam^^e ea^qug funt iuris5impe- «p^f * ^ 
 riuminea^quariunt fa^i^.Quofpedat, ^ i-fiyn***.^ 
 quodquauis ieruusne naturaliter qui- 1",^^!^ 
 demobligetur^itamefiquisproferuo, Z"»^- ^}'^^ 
 qui mutuum accepit, foluat^vel ipfe fer- £";^^'^j] 
 uusmanumifrus5fblutu repetinonpo- d* proponak, 
 teft ^: quiafcilicctfaaumfadorepedit. git^^^'. 
 eft enim apta & commoda proportio,& D.depead. u 
 analogiafa(5licumfadojnona?queiuris ^/rf"^!^' 
 cumfado»;fediuriscumiuremaximek. h UatHraU- 
 vndefiacceptilatione, padodenonpe- "J^J'-o'l 
 tcndo5chirographiredditione> quae 16- codth.iHdd, 
 ce minus cautionishabentjouimfolu- * ^'"T.^ 
 tio 'j> Iiberatio contigent , cum nullunj ne.tnfl.^b. 
 fa(5iura interuenerlt, iuscreditiadThe lYommlK 
 banos,iurepoftliniinijredire,dicedum dereg.,er. 
 videtur. neque enim his modis a:que ^H-**^''^i 
 toUiturobligatiOjVtlolutionejquaeob- deextfpt. & 
 ligationem tollit funditus ipfo iure »". j/"^'* *^* 
 
 neque m m/?.^»»^^ 
 
 med,toll.oUig,l.ftd etft Uief§,ctr(e,Pidep(tit,h(r<^t
 
 De iVRe et off. bell, 
 neque etiam militat eadem a^quitas , & 
 bona fides, quae non patitur^vt idem bis 
 a ijorafi^ foluatur^Etquide,fi hsetabulae.dequi- 
 wr, busagimus, abalioquopiaquamibm- 
 
 mo principe^qualis fuit AlexadeijCapt^ 
 fuiflent: equidemexiftimo nullum ius 
 illi acquiri potuilTe , per ea qux in con- 
 trariamfentetiamadduximusratqueita 
 non efle opus poftlirainij fidione ; ne 
 quide fi fint rabulse priuatialicuius cre- 
 dit!, nifi forte creditor eius, qui tabulas 
 habbtjCaptiuus fit : qui olim ficbat fer- 
 uus^qui njhllfuum habere poterat : fed 
 omnia cum ipfaperfona in dominium 
 hi acquiri- transfcrcbatur ^. Verumcumhodiein- 
 vjtc^.7J^'. ^er Chriftianos capti, non fiant ferui, a- 
 dom, liuddicendum videtur . cum enim per- 
 fonanontranfeatindominiucapientis: 
 ne quidem ius , quod perfonae ita cohae- 
 cU^&ibi retjVtabeadiucUinon poffitStranfire 
 Ac«.rt.D/>r. ^iccndum eft. 
 
 DE FIDE HOSTI SERVANDA, 
 
 / Fidem Romam maxim e coluerunt^ 
 
 2 Fides hoHi data , fmefuhlkc^ fiue priuA" 
 
 tm^ferttanda^ 
 5 BdiCiumquodmctfiscaufa, mnftrtinct 
 
 tidpdem hofiidatam^ 
 
 4 NulU
 
 Liber ^rimvs» ^ 
 
 4 7{uUa latebra , out adtmnk qiutrenia 
 
 ferturto, 
 
 5 ohfdesdaH^mliberent a fde frafiitA, 
 
 6 Iniu^ohoBiaftftfermnda fides, 
 
 7 Jura beffi non comimuntmuliu h' 
 
 S Conutntioms per tyranfiUem^ aut rebeU 
 lionem exprejfe^ non fermnda^ 
 
 g Trincefs ea^ quajfum iuris reg^y alkndre 
 non poteji, 
 
 X Summum mpertum inquiBus trdeffae 
 
 verfetur. 
 J I tJ^inme firmd funt conuenthnes ^qae 
 fiuntcum fuhditis rebcHihus. 
 
 X I Rebdles & latrones Armis , nonpA6iiont 
 
 fubmndi* 
 X3 lioBibus mn ftmftr fides fernanda, 
 /^ J ur amentum de re slUcita non eH fer* 
 
 HAndum. 
 // Fides a priuAto w pr^iudkium reipubL 
 
 data^ non e ^feruanda. 
 
 t6 TrdfiatnondarefidemdereilUata^quAm 
 datam fallerc^, 
 
 xj Hoflifide fdlenunonesi fcrtiAndafides. 
 X 8 IndutU An mAneAnt hojle eai vtolante. 
 X g IndutU etUm hngi temper ts ejfepojfunt* 
 Z Tidem frAngenti^fidem feruandAm non 
 ^Jfe, quomfd^ wtelltgendum. 
 
 21 Perf'
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 jiT Terfidlam Perfidia vldfcinonlkeu 
 ^2 Paaumdohmaloimtum^anferuadftm» 
 
 Cap. sextvm. 
 
 Fide nullam rem apud nortales tria- 
 iorem , aut fandiorem veteres Tem- 
 per exiftimaueruntjeamqueRomani in 
 capirolio , vicinara loui opt. max. eflc 
 voIuerunt:quafemeI data, nihil firmius 
 ^moa.httko fuit. Itaque Aulus Gellius% omnibus 
 hbzoMif^i* quidem populiim Romanumvirtutum 
 gcneribus colendis, exercendifque, ad 
 tatam amplitudinem perueniiTe tcribit: 
 fed omnium maxime, atque praecipue 
 fidcm coluiffe, fandaque habuifTe , tam 
 publicc quam priuatim . cuius rei ciim 
 permulta exftentargumetaj&teftimo- 
 nia, turn illud perquam memorabile; 
 quod inter eos ,& Perfeam pa(5lisindu- 
 tiis, ciimludi Circenfescelcbrarenturj 
 ingrefTihoftium duces curuli ccftami- 
 ne contenderint , & vidores coronaii 
 fint.Sed & cofulesclariflimos viros^po- 
 pulus Roma.confirmandjE fidei public^ 
 gratia, hoftibus dedidit^vt de Poftumio 
 <>T.c4/..i. & Mancino alibi diximus^.vnde Ptolo- 
 maeus -^gypti rex, agnita Roraanoruin 
 fide, populum Roixiananfanti filio, cui 
 
 regnum
 
 Liber primvs. 5^ 
 
 rcgntim debcbatur, tutorem teftamcto 
 reliquit.&certCjVtVlpianusaitjgraue 
 eft fidem fallere^ : &nihil fideihumanac a i, /. «. D, 
 tamcongruumeft, quam feruare , quae •^")'-^«- 
 placuerunt^» Porro nullum, vtinquit b^^uo.ii 
 Cicero sv^jnculum adaftringendamfi- ^V/c^Wj, 
 dem iureiurado maioresardius efle vo- 
 luerunr. id indicant leges in xij.tabulis: 
 indicant (acra ; indicant fcederajquibus 
 ctia cum hofte deuincitur fides . & qui- 
 dem Romani, cum belli, pacis^ueiura 
 religiofifTimefempercoluerint, tucer- 
 te, fi teporibus addudi, hofti quid pro- 
 nufiffent ^ in eo ipfo fidem fandiffime 
 fcruabanc. Itaque praeclareScx. Pom- 
 peius, magni P6peij.fihus,Ccoenantibus 
 apud eum in naui ad Puteolos Antonio 
 ficOdauiOjCumquibustuncfocietatem 
 inierat) Menodoro Pompeian;^ claflTis 
 piicfedo, per internuncium figniFcanti 
 tempusadcfle, quo parentis, &fratris 
 iniurias vlcifci poffet, & occafionearre- 
 pta.paternumfibiaflerereimperium: (e 
 cnimcuraturum ^nequifquaenauibus 
 euaderet: refpondit : Vtinam Menodo- 
 rus hocabfque me poffet perficere.nam 
 illipenuriumconuenire,nonPopeio'i. iul^Ti^* 
 3 ountautem quiexiiliment^oitiquide 
 
 H publice
 
 De ivre et off. bhll. 
 publicefidem datam feruandam cfTe^no 
 a jiart.eui^ etiaiTi caiTi , quseapriuatofit prasftita»* 
 rin"T'de quoru fententia niillis folidis argumen- 
 fan,zaz.m fis fulcitur5eftquecontra vetcrum cxc- 
 ZtL''!'& pJa, inftii;utaquemaiorum, &grauiffi- 
 <ic Wx.<j.*.3 moru Philofophorum fententia. quarn 
 b offcM.^. elegater profequitur Cicero *>, & Gell.c 
 c/.i.7.c.i8 jtaquequandocumiufto, legitimoque 
 ub.2o,caf.i i^Qfteresgcritur, non exiftimo debere 
 conditiones^padtionesbellicas & hofti- 
 leSjperturbari periurio^ctiam apriuatis 
 dptrt^tm jnitas^. namgraueeftfidemfalleree. & 
 t!^j}hmmu funtqu3edamofficia,vt inquit Cicero^, 
 §.rit. D.de ^fiam aducrfus cos feruandam aquibus 
 crDuareatu miuriam acceperis. eltquepr2eclaruni 
 tnLcinmn»- j^ hanc rem M. Attilij Reguli facinus, 
 ^aa. S«J qui primo bello punico captus a Poe- 
 tni.eaejina- njs, cum dccaptiiiis commutandis Ro- 
 T^M.coJr, mam mifTuseflet, iuraflTetquefereditu- 
 tnf^.u.d^rc rumiprimiimvtvenitjcaptiuosredden- 
 2./>4r.c.3 §, ^^^ -j^ fcnatu non cenruit;deindccum 
 c/.i. D. Jtretinerctur a propinquis & amicis,ad 
 nfecTr fupplicium redire maluit , quam fidem 
 g c.cJ of hofti datam fallereS.quod multis laudi- 
 Ha')Vc\ buscftertD.Auguftinus^ lacobusve- 
 hlauirua roiratus fuitSimeoni& Leuifiliisluis, 
 ''^•»^'*f-'8- quia violauerantpadum cum Sychimi- 
 iG«,./,34. lis ini turn uidcoquemorknsmaledixit 
 
 illi$.
 
 Liber primvs. 57 
 
 illis^. Neque rccipiendaefteorumfen- aCweAg. 
 tentia, qui exiftimarunt 5 quod per vim 
 hoftium eflet a6lum, ratum effe non de- 
 here . viro enim forti, vt inquit Cicero, 
 vis adhiberi nequit: & fides ^vt inquit 
 Seneca b.fanai/Timum humani pedoris ^ ^P^^-^9. 
 bonum , nulla nece/Titate ad fallendum 
 cogitur,nulIo corrupitur pr^mio. vnde 
 Cicero : Nulla res tantajinquir, exiftat, 
 vt pofTit mihi maiorem vim adhibere 
 5 metus,quamfides. Edidum^quoque 
 prsetorium , quo per metum geftajin in- 
 tegrum reflituuntur,ad eum metum, 
 q-ui iure licito , vtpote iuftobelio infer- 
 tur, nonpertinttc: nequeadpromifia ct«^c%irt 
 hoflibus fada, fedciuibus. Etquidem ^/j^^jZ 
 tan ti dim fuit iufiurandum^vt M.Pom- g«*o<l »1«. 
 ponius Tribu.pleb. cum diem dixifTet Ti/frc'^ 
 L. Manilio A. filio (quod paucos fibi 3. mc, c/W 
 dies ad didaturam ^erendam addidiffet, f'''^'''' '^''i 
 occrimmaretur, quodTituhiium, qui mv.cafifw 
 Torquatus poitea eftappellatus.ab ho- ^"'*' '" "^* 
 mmiDusrelegaflet, &:ruri habitareiui- 20 deexcef^t, 
 fillet) abadolefcentefilio.quiintelliee- ^^'"■"*'^'' 
 bat negotmm exhiberi patri, remotiSco/.-u/f j,/z.5 
 arbitris.ftridooladioiufiurandumdare ^^'7'- '" 
 coadus , fe patrem miffum efle faduru; ^.6. 
 quamuisnuUoiurecogipoflet : tamen 
 
 H 2 acaufa
 
 De lYRB IT OFF. BBlt* 
 
 acaufadcftiterit, Manliumquemiflum 
 ^cker.offc fcccntK ItaqucpulchreFerrandusdia- 
 w.j, Lmm ^Qj^yj^ adRheginumduccm, de officio 
 pij & veri Chriftiani ducis militum fcri- 
 bens, cenfet hoftcrHjVtcunque aniiquu, 
 & reip.infeftum,non effe falfa iuratione 
 feUcndum : ctiam fi vitaeius impediat, 
 mors profit pacu humanisenim diuina 
 femper funt praeponcnda , & vt Petrus 
 apoftoloru princeps dicebat , Deo ma- 
 h AOor^u gisferuicndum cft^quamhominibus^. 
 Quarc cum quibufcunqibellafufccpta 
 funt,vt idem Ferrandus ait,aut nulla fi- 
 de data,bello aut pace fada^inuiolata fi- 
 de iurifiurandirefp.fcruanda vel adiu- 
 uandacft. quidcnimproderiteumvin- 
 cere5quem diabolus vicit,vt vidori^ fpc 
 cp/44»,i4. falfiimiuraret?ProptereaPfalmiftasdu ,, 
 canit : Dominequishabitabitin taber- „ 
 naculotuo, aut quisrequiefcetin mote „ 
 fandotuo ^refpodetfibiipfiexperfona ,, 
 Deijtalibus verbis : Qui loquitur veri- ,, 
 tatem in corde fuo, qui non egit dolum ^ 
 in lin gua fiia^nec fecit proximo fuo ma- „ 
 lum. & opprobriu non accepitaducrfus „ 
 proximum-quiiurat proximo fuo & no „ 
 decipit. illeautem,vtideDiaconusait, ^ 
 iurat proximo fuo, & non dccipit, qui 
 
 quoa-
 
 Liber primvs. ^g 
 
 quodcunqueiurat lingua , impletope- 
 re. neque ^xiftimet quis,hoftemjCui iu- 
 rat, non debere proximum deputari. 
 propter hoc enim iurarur, vt proximus 
 deputetur: &, perfoeduspacis,ex hoflc 
 iitamicus. Maximum itaquenefas eft, 
 falfum iurare^&jfi altius confideres,ma- 
 ximeinutile, &damnorumimperaton, 
 vel duciexercitus. nam praecipuum di» 
 Iciplinae militaris vinculum eft , facra- 
 menti religio: quae fijCxemplo duciSjle- 
 uis seftimariincipiat, tarn apud hoftes, 
 quam apud milites, omnia mifcerijper- 
 turbarique necefle eft. neque etiam im- 
 perator fide data ab hofte tutus erit^neq; 
 fuosfidoshabebit. Quidquid proinde, 
 iuramcnto intercedentejadhibira inuo- 
 cationenominisDeiconfirmatur (fiue 
 inimico gratia, fiue reo venia, fiue raili- 
 tibus, re bcnegefta,praemia promittan- 
 tur)nulIiusvtilitatiscofideratione5nul- 
 liuspericuli formidine, debet fieri irri- 
 tum: fed fixus, & immutabilis fit fcrmo, 
 cuius fidei teftis fit adhibitus Deus, Ca- 
 4 uendum*praeterea, ne latebra quasratur 
 periurio5& calumnia quadani, & nimis 
 callida, & malitiofaiurisinterpretatio- 
 nejiurifiurandifidemviolemus. vtille^ 
 
 H 3 qui^
 
 De ivrb et off. bell. 
 
 qui, cum triginta dierum pada^effent 
 
 ACicer.ofjic. induti3e,nodu populabaturagros*. vt 
 
 '"^•^- Q^Fabius Labeo, quern nonnullitra- 
 
 dunt 5 ciim Antiocho prxlib vidlo , ex 
 
 foedere dimidiam partem nauium acci- 
 
 pere deberet, omnes medias fecuifle, vt 
 
 hvai.Max. regcm tota claffe priuaret^. 6c vtvnus 
 
 ^*7*^^M' exdccem,quos5poft Cannenfemclade, 
 
 iuratos ad lenatum mifit Annibal^in ca- 
 
 ftra redituros,nifi de redimedis captiuis 
 
 impetrafTcntiquijCumpaulopoftquam 
 
 cgreflTuserate caftris, rediiffet: Romaj 
 
 manfit. reditu enim in caftraliberatum 
 
 feefle iureiurandointerpretabatur : no 
 
 rede, fraus cnimdiftringir, vtinquit 
 
 Cicero^non difToluit periurium. itaque 
 
 decreuitfenatuSjVtilleveteratorj&cal- 
 
 lidus , vindus ad Annibalem deducere- 
 
 c cicer. of tur '. & hucreFerripofle videturrefpo- 
 
 ^j;'""^ fum Cenforini,fi Appianocredimus^: 
 
 d dtbeibptf qui legatis Carthaginienfium (qui que- 
 
 rcbantur, qu 6d con traiidemipfis data, 
 
 obfidibus rraditis , atq; omnibus armis, 
 
 adhuc Carthaginem delere vellet) re- 
 
 lpondit,per Carthaginem, quam libera 
 
 fore promiferant Romani , Carthagi- 
 
 nienfesintelligi , non vrbem & folum. 
 
 Ncque verum "^ eft id quod nonnulli ar- 5 
 
 bitrantur, 
 
 nt.
 
 Liber primvs. ^ ^g 
 
 bitrantur,obfidibusdatis,quempiaafi. 
 dedataliberari. quarationeBodinusa^a derepubd, 
 FrancifcumGallorum regem religione ^•^'«f.»- 
 foederis Madriciani, filiis obfidibusda- 
 tis , folutum fuiffe contendic : exemplo 
 pacis Caudinae, quam ideo irritam fa^a 
 aiferit , quod obfldcs dadciTent : idque 
 contra fidemhiftoria?. namipfePoftu- 
 mus conf. pads audor /eiitentiam ro- 
 gatus, ideo dixit populum Romanum 
 fponfionc , quart! iple cum Samnitibus 
 fecerat^non teneri,qu6d iniuflli populi 
 "faaaeffet.-ficenimaitiNcqueegoinfi. 
 ?'ciaseo,P.C.tamrponfiones,quamfoe- 
 3' dcrafandaefle, apudeos homines, a- 
 5> pud quos iuxta diuinas rjligiones, fides 
 3' humanacolitur: fediniufTu populi^ne- 
 5' go quicquam fanciri poffe, quod popu - 
 lum teneat . fe tamen feu turpi , feu ne- 
 cefTariafponfioneaftriaum affirmauu. ' 
 ideoquequopopulus religione libera- 
 retur5& pax Samnitum repudiaretur,vc 
 ipfe cum reliquis pacis audoribus de - 
 deretur, fuafor & audor fuit. ciim equi- 
 tes D c. obfldcs dati eOent, qui capite 
 luerent, fipadononftareturb, obfides bLr«/W9. 
 enim, quemadmodurafidpulTores , & c.cer..#.^3 
 pisnora.principaliobligationiaccedur, 
 
 H 4 quo
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 ciinfliM, de quodiligentiuscautum fitaduerfario*. 
 u!f:iZC &tantum abeft vtprincipalem obliga- 
 v.'lobh.c tioncmtoUant, vtfineeaconfifterene- 
 h^fitt^Ui queant^ noncnim magis pofTibilc eft, 
 reioUtx*'*Mt accefforium fine principali efle, quam 
 ^i!u4i'iL accidensfine iubicdo^inquoeftc. De- 
 frcJtnt. D. buit itaque Franciicus , d non publica, 
 dcpi^fw. Ki- quoad ea forte, in quibuspopuli& or- 
 cm.c,44. dinum conlenius rcquirebatur, laltcm 
 ^^'/"""dJc fualiberatafide, potiusin carccremre- 
 rrg.i^ /.i,D. dire, quam fidemdatam fallere : excplo 
 cofihfrdd, Poftumi, Mancini, Reguli , & aliorum. 
 eoquemagis^quod princeps, cui popu- 
 lus omne impcrium in fc , poteftatcmq; 
 d; I D ill conccfTit^Jj rcdlede ncgotiis ad remp. 
 cQBfht^rm, fpedantibuspacifcatiir,fiuepacem,fiue 
 quamcunquc conuetionemcumhofti- 
 cfc»mcnM- bus faciat ^.Rcdlius itaquc loancs Gal- 
 f^£h ' ^01'^ rex 5 in pr2cIio ab Angus captus, & 
 fidcdereuertcdodaradiminiiSjfi minus 
 pada implerentur.-ciim omnia pra'ftare 
 noh pofTct^quaPconucncranr , ad hofte 
 redire maluit,quam fidcm violare, cum 
 f^odmu* de wmen &ipfefiliumobfidemdedi(retf^ 
 rf/».w,i.c.8. Etha?cquidem,quapde fide hofti feruii- 
 dadiximus,inuioIabilitertenendafiint, 
 fi cum iufto & Icgitimo hofte res gera- 
 tufifin vcro quis metu forte compulfus, 
 
 abeo
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. ^o 
 
 ^ ab CO qui iuftus hoftis*non cftjfidem dc 
 precio redeinptionisfoluendo,vel fimi- 
 libus dederit^eum non aftringi^vt fidem 
 feruetjdiccndum cft^.idcoque fi pr^do- * J^^'^ 
 nibus, vt inquit Cicero^, padum proM.«»„y;^| 
 capite precium no attuleris, nulla fraus ^i^^^' ^ 
 erit : ne fi iuratus quidem id n5 feceris. t^fi-^poUk, 
 pirataenitnnoneft ex pcrduelliumnu- c,'w.t;j*, 
 mero definitus , fed communis hoftis 'D.icaftui 
 omnium : cum hoc nee fides efTe debet, 'jf 'f '/' ^* 
 neciuliurandum commune. &hmc eft, d «//oRtf. 
 quod latrones5& predones hoftium vo- ?^*^j^ '"^ 
 cabulo non contineridicatl.C.c Vnde «/.«ii. * 
 
 7 iura belli ^captiuitatis, &poftliminiJ5 f/*';*^^'V 
 qu:Bhoftibusrantumcoaueniunt<*3 no »»««.$ /iTJ! 
 pofTunt latronibus conuenire*. atque ^*'-^'^"/*- 
 ideocaptia piratis^a latronibuSjOmni- mbm . d. j» 
 no liberi permanent^. Cum itaqueiure ^^^*'"'>-^« 
 belli agerCjfibiqueacquirereiistantum ^dfiLna, 
 permiflumfit , qui iufti funt hoftesS: J^'^'^/^^J" 
 nulloiure ij qui nonfunthoftium nu^ TflrZle". 
 Iiierodefiniti,quibus iura belli no funt ^'^-^y-fi^^t 
 concefTajdehis^quf iuftistantum hofti- fJ^ut'Zdt 
 bus acquiruntur, pacifci, autad pacifce- "*''*^' ^: a^- 
 dummetuminfcrrc porerunt^ quarc umet.*'c^ 
 cdidlo praetoris, quo per mctuin gefta »''<^- aa*-<. 
 refcinduntur, locuserii^ imoipfbiure J;.?;«xu 
 non tcnebit^quicquid ex hac caufa adu c.wd. 
 
 H 5 vcl
 
 De ivre et ofFi bell, 
 
 a iqitimcar vcl promifTum fuerit »:nequeiuramcto 
 
 ccreD.p>d ftabilictur; Quiaquod nullum eft, con- 
 
 b iMoefi dii. firman no potelt ^ .& nullum vmculum 
 
 htkcMLegK conrineredicitur,iuramentumatrod,& 
 
 c c.ftrittnit, nefanda coadlione extortum ^ poterit 
 
 I.e. verHm, (^j^^ad maiorcm cautioncm abfolutio 
 
 d d.cpeme. pcti^quf faciieconcedidebet^^.Non OD- 
 
 "J^^&'liL ^^^ ^is quas diximus,qu6d leges pra?do- 
 
 de $termr. ni adioncm pignoratitiam depofiti , & 
 
 cijipifoore. commodati, tribuante. idenimverum 
 
 ifipredo.D, eft, fi cum alio contrahat, quamquilae- 
 
 iSififr7' ^"^ eft.quamuis enim pra^do fit^refpedu 
 
 do'j.'bonafi- eiuscuiremabftulit: tamen praedo noa 
 
 'ttfulKfh ^^' refpe(5lueius5 cum quo contraxit. 
 
 /•r.D.cow. quoniambona fides in contradibus as- 
 
 woiijtj »0« ftimanda eft, inter eos tantum,qui con- 
 
 itiisc.. traxerunt, nihil extrintecus aiiumpto s 
 
 u.ionafid& pQrr5 qjnodde latronibus,& praedoni- 
 
 di^^!*'^' bus diximus, idem&de rebellibusdi- 
 
 cendum eft: qui iufti hoftcG dici no poP. 
 
 g(J./,fco5l«. fiintS- namaliud eft hoftis^aliud rebel- 
 
 h ex.^ifn^ lis h. & iniquum eft,vt quis ex improbi- 
 
 rebtu. tatc fua lucrum fentiat». quamuis vcru 
 
 D:tl^'* fit 3 generali nomine, exvftiloquendi, 
 
 hoftes vocari omnes, contra quos arma 
 
 feruntur. Hisconfequenseft, conucn- 
 
 tiones illas*,qu^ per tyrannideracxtor- 8 
 
 quentur, feruadasnoneflfe. nequecnim 
 
 confen-
 
 LiBER PRIMVS. 6l 
 
 con(enfu(quiin omnibus contradibus a u.^.D^de 
 requiritur^) faautnvidetur, quod pet «^^»cira««. 
 vim exprimitur. ideoque ex hac caufa 
 geftum.nulliuseritmomentib. Itaque b j./.j^,,» 
 tyrannorum leges, non elle leges aocet ,^ ^^^^ ^^ 
 Cicero*^ : nequelegem Valeriam,quam "«/: Lfipjr 
 L. Valerius FJaccus inrerrex a fenatu cST^J-c 
 proditu?, dedi tuta con fulibusciui rate, nmet.cauf. 
 Carbonc & Mario interfe(5^is , armis '^Zn7!''^ 
 Syllaeoppreflarepub.tulitiVt Syllaper- c deU^bM 
 petuus didlator reipubl. conftituendse 
 caufa creareturi&qusecunqueis^autta- 
 quam conful, aut tanquam proconful ^ {„ orat.-i. 
 gefn(rer,rata eflent.quam omnium legu contra^us. 
 iniquiffimam , diffimiliimamque legis pMel'/"§\ 
 cfTe^idem Cicero oftendit^^.ldempror- /«/w. d. 
 fus de illisconuctionibus, quas iniuftus /«"c.i^ifrt^r! 
 populus, quem etiamtyrannumvocatM"»'^-»'^- 
 Cicero, perrcbellionemaprmcipeluo ^ ^/^^ q ^ 
 extorquet,dicendum erit.&quidemfia traf.pamrM 
 picrifque dubitatum eft , an princepsex ilT^e^Un 
 cotradtucumfubditisobligetur «:quid ntJcmjh.e. 
 deconuentionibus publicis dicendum il'itmT^»- 
 cft^quasfubditiperrebellionc, &rum- chor.c(»i{iUz. 
 roam perfidiamextorquetr'etenim cum If^ZlZ'.^ 
 rebelles eoipfo, quod in principcm in- «tb. & nh\t 
 furgunt, fidcm violet/ruftra fibi feruari ZZtT^. 
 fidempoftulant. dequo moxdiccmus. ub.ucap.9, 
 
 turn
 
 De Ivre et Off. bell. 
 turn etiani,quod foedusratum,quamfi* 
 dem fandam apud eos fore fperandum 
 cftjqui diuinijhumani^ue iuris violato- 
 reSjpcr fummum nefl*s & perfidiam,pa- 
 tria prodere non fu n t reucriti? au t quo- 
 in odo per Deumiurabunt, cuius ordi- 
 nation! ipfi refiftunt ?aut qua? conditio 
 paciseflepoteftjin qua ei,cum quo pace 
 a Ccf/.pfe/. facias,nihiIconcedipoteft*?Sed&cum 
 hj>p,i2, iniufti fint hoftes, iure belli agere non 
 pofTuntjVtmodooftendimus. nulla e- 
 nim, vt inquit Cicero, iufta caula videri 
 poteftaduerfuspatriamarmacapiendi: 
 & per confequens, aduerfus pnncipem ; 
 bAutJf.TK^i qui eft communis ommum parens *>: 
 IbJI'mfiZ quiquepoteftatem^quamhabet^a Deo 
 cpaubttad accepit^. Praptereaciimpopulusdere- 
 Km4n.c,ii busadremp. fpcdantibus , nequidem 
 cum extraneis pacifci poffit, quodfoli 
 dicMttenth' principi concefium eft ** : cui tota refpu- 
 ti^i^D^de biicacommifTaeftS & penes quern eft 
 cojiti'pnnap. bclIi , pacisque arbitrium^ multo mi- 
 f c. ^mdcui' j^yj principem ad iniquas conditiones 
 ^litmni,!. adigere poterit.princepsenim,cuiuseft 
 23. ^'«^•z- leges dare populo , non acciperc^, ciim 
 ^<L!itt^,nc, legibus folutus fit ^ , nuUis legibus a- 
 VT^'^^' ftringi poteft afuisfubditis ncmoenim, 
 ^*^*^ vt ait Vlpianus/ibiipfiimperare poteft, 
 
 &coa£ti
 
 &coaai, & cogentis officio fungi'- & S.S7afc. 
 nulla obligatioconfifterc poteft^quaea '^'^Jjf^ 
 voluntatc promittentis ftatum capit K b'/./ril^. 
 co6uc fpedat, quod Canonifta? paffim |^J^^"^^-^^* 
 traduntjPontificcmnunquam fibima- ^'Ire/pl,^ 
 nusligare. &hafcquidcmmultomagis «f«M.nM»o* 
 obtinebuntjfi princcps ex hoc c6 tradu thtn.hc^nm- 
 fitlaefus : qui vt minor reftituitur^. & fAWi.c.ae^- 
 omnium maxime,fimaieftati principis J"/p^^{,^J* 
 quiddetrahatur. fummi cnim princi- anen.ui.s* 
 9 pes*5quemadmodum nulla regni parte "^'i^^cean- 
 alienarcpoflunt**; (cuius funttatumv- oium^cde 
 fruduarij , vel dni : fed non fccus, quam "]'^^'^uih. 
 maritus eftdns dotis^ quaalienare non nHtn.Ucet,tn 
 poreft ^.)/icnecquidqua exiiSjquse ma- ^7'pe«o. «. 
 ieftari eoru coha:rent5& funt iuris regij. frane. d. dl 
 itaq; de fadto alicnata^ad ius priftinu re- {^^''^/''c/ie 
 uocaridebet,& fucccfTores ex hoc con- /nndt^atrim, 
 tradu no obliganturS.omnia cnim ilia, ^^•"•'•^^* 
 qug lunt luns regijjno funt in comerao, frod/. u^at, 
 fed corona? an nexaJra vtab ea feparari f-J^]\^-^' 
 
 ^ rr L ' r - • ^ de tutta.Umit* 
 
 nopolimt»^ : ncqjpcriplumpnncipea- nb.iz, 
 lienari^etiani ex cerrafentetia, vel motu ^ '• f'*'"/"'- 
 proprio '.eoque ipedat, quod Cams re- wwn«m. $. 
 iponditjCa qua? funt iuris diuini^velpu- ""^y;f^''* 
 blici^nuUiusin bonis eile'^.nequcctiam lJ?„pof!i^[ 
 
 hie i'^'""/»*'^'? 
 
 loan .|»roidt Ompha & alij.tjuos aUegat &fe(jHitur Carolu* Mo - *' j!' * ^ '^' *' 
 l*ntmmconfHHHd,V*rifietiJtKA.gloQ.'^,nn,2l.hart Uf.C-^n.& "«''^"^'■- **
 
 , De iVre et off. bell. 
 
 dereb.ecclno hicquicquam opcrabitur luramentuiti. 
 alien, cmtei prohibitio enim alicnationis.quceeft in 
 
 Uilo.de mre- * . ... ... r- 'ii* • 
 
 ^. rei condirionejracitjVtiitillicitum lura- 
 
 fji'* Tac rne"tu"ipoftc^a prceftitum^ &quidcm 
 /^.i7^tr./.! fi ilia, quse flint rcipub.vel regnijiieque 
 ^^'f'/'j'l' alienari^nequelongitcmporisprsefcri- 
 rrut.i Tz.^m prioneacquiripofrunt^rquomodoiila, 
 fim%ub. qu2e funt regime maiefiati in fignum fu- 
 Ctjam.DM prcma? potcltatis reieruara , ilii auferri 
 off.frtfid. porerunt, cum necfpontefcabdicando 
 v.roiHt.mar, pHncepsimperiu amittac ^" c^ & lipadtUj 
 e B^Jj«c I quo maritus pacifcitur ^neconucniatur 
 lr'!g.fl^u"l i" i^ quod facere poteft, fed in folidum : 
 cHtnniikeat. feruad oportere ncgat VIpianus , tan- 
 Mmfde^P^l- quam contra bonos mores fit : quippe 
 fcnpt. Anto, contra receptamreuerentiam 3 quae ma- 
 v::;:;I/;L! ritisexhibendaefl^^: quiddepado.quo 
 qmfmtfHt\ maicftasprincipi diuino& humane iu- 
 ^ic.ci^no redebitalgditur^dicendum eft?in quam 
 hceat : qmt fententiam multa amultis di(5la funt ^. 
 '^zo/ml &hinceft, quodfi quispriuatusvtatur 
 Row. if»/>er. titulis,velinfigniisrcgiis,capitcpleda- 
 ^^•'^'^'dfdT- tur,publicatis bonis f.&olim per legem 
 «^y; nf^npt. Valeriam facrum elTet cum bonis caput 
 i2,c.'vtm- eius^quiregnioccupandi confiliainiif- 
 Za^rTd!^ fetg. Hinc quoquedicit Bodinus^ pri- 
 g iHon.ual uilcgium concefTum a principe^vt liceat 
 ri«^ / J; condemnatum reIUtuere,aut a poena li- 
 ov/f. berare
 
 LiBHR PRIMVS. 6^ 
 
 berare, nuUius efle momenti. quia fcili- 
 cethocdependetamaicftateprincipis: 
 cuifolihoc licet^&Baldus'^dlCl^non y:',;;i2 
 DoffevUoteporepraefcribiiuriappella- 1. ant^dam- 
 diadrummilprincipcSporrofummum;;-;-^^^^^ 
 lo imperiu^vtreacannotauitBodmusd, ie5?».«.D,ds 
 precipue verfatur in (ummis magiftrati- f--^^^^^^^^ 
 bus crcandis, & officio cuiufq;dehnicn- ^«^ /j.ccc/. 
 do,in legibus iubedis, aut abrogadis, in ^--7-- 
 belloindicendo^acfinicndcincxtrcma apf^ret.c.^e 
 prouocatione ab omnibus magiftraii- P;^;^^^^';^ 
 bus Scinpoteftatcvitseacnecis. neque venkntfs.de 
 enimfiiudiccsruppliciaderccleratisru. '^-«-^^,^ 
 munt,proptcrea nccis ac vit^ ius habet: fo,j?«r.wf6. 
 cum legibus obftriai teneatur : nee me- 
 retes morte liberarc poffint; quod fum- 
 mi imperii eft:vbiclemcntiac6traleges 
 locu habet. Icaque.cxaais regibus^qui- 
 damdolebantmutatum reipub. (latum, 
 dicentcsregemhomineefTe, aquoim- 
 petres vbi lus , vbi iniuria opus fit : efle 
 gratia! locum, (Scbeneficio : Scirafci^ & 
 ignofcere poffe: leges vcr6,remfurdam^, 
 & inexorabilcm elTc : nihil laxamenti), 
 nihil venix habere ^ & Cicero veniam«^^^^-* 
 pro Ligario precatus a Capfare , Apud 
 35 iudices, inquit, nunquamegi hoc mo- 
 5> do ; Ignofcite, iudices, crrauit^ lapfus
 
 Db IVRB BT OFF» BEtt. 
 
 eft i non putauit; fi vnquam pofthac. ad 
 
 parenrem fie agi /bict : apud iudices, 
 
 Non fccitjnon cogitauitrfalfi tcftesjfal- 
 
 fum crimcn*Sunt itaque hsec,qusedixi- 
 
 tnuSy principis propria : qux ctiam po- 
 
 puJusRomanus,apud quemfumraum 
 
 imperjum fuit ^ ciim pleraq^ alia fenatui 
 
 committeretjiibireferuauit» vtmultis 
 
 l^^6. ^ocjs oftcndit Dion. Halic a. prsefertira 
 
 ' quodad magiftratuscreandijleges fere-» 
 
 di^ & bellum pacemquedecernendi po- 
 
 teftatem atiinet . prouocationctn vero, 
 
 & vitx neciTue poteftatem , populo per 
 
 hr>kn.}jaU. legem Valeriam tributam f uifTe coftat ^ 
 
 •uia^ub'.l] ^ ^3BC quidem , iureconfultorum opi- 
 
 vaiMax.1,4. nione^ita maieftati principis coha^renr^ 
 
 yLKvlh*. ^'tcumaliis communicari non pollinr. 
 
 fitbiuou, &fuperioribusaddunt, pignerandico- 
 
 cellionem ^ vedigalium uc tributorum, 
 
 nummiquepercutiendi potcftarem, & 
 
 alia nonnulla.ex quibus tame quaedam^ 
 
 etiamiis, quinofuntfummiprincipes, 
 
 <euido?ap£ tributavidemus<^.&de his omnibus la- 
 
 7mJr%\ teloan.Papti. Porr6Bodinus,propter^ 
 
 Uf.uft.uci ea*j qusehadcnusdK^afuntjdicitnullas 
 
 •i*!]^!*^« Gonuentionesminusfirmas efTcj&plus 
 
 r<M.i,c.v/r. cautionis opus habere ^ quamquasfa* 
 
 ciuntfubditircbellescumiuoprincipe. 
 
 ideo«
 
 Liber PRimvs- ^ ^4 
 ideo^ue fuadet rebcllibus, ne ipficon- 
 trahant: fed alius princepsextraneus,ac 
 vicinus^ pro eis . at ego fuaferifn, vt re- 
 deuntes in viam,humiliter vctiiam ora- 
 tes, poenitentia potiusclemctiim priri- 
 cipisdemcreantur.-quarn iniuftis & ini- 
 quis padtis animum irritent. nihil enim 
 magispungit principem, quampacird 
 eum fuisfubditis rebellibus , iifdem^ue 
 fidemferuarCk itaqucPhilippunijVtre- 
 feft Liuiusa^vnaresmaxim^angebac; aw.^9 
 qu6dcumlegesaRomanisvidoimpo-* 
 nerentur j feuiendi ius in Mdcedoncs, 
 quiinbelloaledefecerant, ^demptutn 
 erat . Cum ergo conuentiones ilia? non 
 fubfiftunt, per quas maieftas principis 
 imminuitur: quid deiisdicendum,per 
 quas Diuina Maieftas Iseditur (cui per 
 homines nulloeontradtUj longaquan- 
 tumuis longi temporis prsefcriptione^ 
 derogari poteft)in aperto eft.itaq; Thc- 
 miftociesad AtheniefeSj^ Catoad Ro- 
 manos dicebant^ homines nihil quic- 
 quameorumjquseDiuin^Maieftatide- 
 berentur,vfucapere pollc: neqile priua- 
 tosquicquameoru^quaeeffentreipub.l' ^^^;" ^ 
 ideoque Caius, eaqusefuntdiuini, Vel cata \ww^ 
 public! iuris, nullius in bonis effe re- 
 
 I fpondir* 
 
 &
 
 De IVRH ET off. BELt. 
 
 a mli.vje fpondita. & hue fpedat locus iilenobi* 
 h^L '^^ Ambrofij ^ vbide Valcntinianoim- 
 peratoreloquitur:Conuenior3in<juit53 ji 
 comitibus&tribuniSjVtBafflicas fieret j> 
 matura traditiojdicentibuSjimperatore ^^ 
 fuoiure vti, eo quod in poteftate eius j, 
 eflentomnia. refpondi, fiamepeteret, ,, 
 quodmeumelTetjideftjfundummeum, » 
 argcntum meum, ius huiufraodi meum >j 
 non refragaturum ; quanquam omnia, 3, 
 quaemeafuntjeiTentpaupcrumi veriim „ 
 eaqusediuina^inriperatorispoteftatino ,) 
 cflc fubieda. Ceterum, quamuis conue- 
 tiones cum latronibus,& rebellibus^ra-* 
 tasnon elTe docuerimus, tamcn prin- 
 ceps, quantum poteft^ab lis abftinere 
 debet: turn quod maieftati principisno 
 coueniatjtum quod quguismalapotius 
 toleranda funtjquam maloconfentien- 
 cf..w,32 dum ^, turpifTimum^autemiudicauere ^^ 
 5'«y»5- Romani^debello^pace^velindutiiscum 
 piratis, latronibus, vel rebellibus paciP- 
 ci. itaqueeos nunquam cum iis, quiim-» 
 perio Romano rubie(5i:i rebellarent, foe- 
 dere, aut padione rem compofuifTe) le- 
 gimus: quin potius non quicuere^antc-* 
 quam expugnando , aut in deditionem 
 accipiendOjOmncsiubigeretjvtLatinis^ 
 
 Campa*
 
 Li^ER PRiMVs. 6$ 
 
 Campanis, aliisque rebellantibus han 
 fuiflelcgimus. ideo^^uc Cicero afuade- a^^.«^t* 
 bat Planco,ne pacem componeret inter 
 D-Bratum & AntoniUm> vocans Anio* 
 nianos,foediffitnos!atroties:quiautar- 
 mispofitis pacem peteredebenr : autfi 
 pugnantesearo poftulant; vidoriapax, 
 non paaione parieda eft.& idem dicit ^», b p&%. 5, 
 ignorare iura belli, & cxempla maioru: 
 &C{md populi Romani maicftas, quid 
 fcnatus feueritas poftuIarer> qui legates 
 ad Antonium mittendoscenfercnt,noa 
 cnim verbis rogandum, kd armis cog6* 
 dumeffe. & idem vocat hoc bellumin- 
 cxpiabilejiiegans ideopaci locum effe*. c pWJ»i>iU« 
 Itaqjbello fociali^ c^m focij populi Ro- 
 mani fperantes^fe non foreampliusfub- 
 ditos, (cd imperii participes,bellum pa- 
 rareht, & icgatos Roma mitrerent que- 
 flum jfe no admitti ad ius ciuitatis, cum 
 tamen ipforum opera, & auxilio, longe 
 latequc imperium cxtediffent Romani: 
 adhaecfenatus feuere refpodit/e^donec 
 refipuiflcnt ^ nonaudituros legationes 
 eorum<** HincquoquecumTacfarinas d AppUnM 
 nobihs latro, eo arrogantiae venilTet, vc ^^'•«•«^•^'^•^ 
 legates adTiberium mitterct, fed cquc 
 Vitro fibi atqjexercitui fuo poftularet, 
 
 I X auc
 
 Dfi IVRE ET OFF, BELL* 
 
 autbellu inexpiabileminitaretur. Nor» 
 2iio»HiM,i alias magiSain^uit Tacitus Sfua,populi- ^ 
 que contumelia^Rom.indoluifTe Casla- j, 
 rem ferunt^quam quoddefertorj&pr^- „ 
 do, hoftiummoreageret. neSpartaco „ 
 quidem , pod cofularium exercituu cla- „ 
 des5multuni Iraliamvrenti^quanquam „ 
 Sertorij & Mithridads ingetibusbellis » 
 labaret refp. datum ^ vt pa5o in fide ac- a, 
 ciperetur: nedum pulcherrimo populi 53 
 Romaniilagitiojatro Tacfarinas, pace ^ 
 & conceilione redirocretur. haec ille. iis » 
 tamen, qui fe, citra padionemj fidei im-» 
 peratorum dederent, parci foler. itaque 
 FabiusMax.iEmilianus,Conoba?latro- 
 bA;^^»,je numducijquireeidediditjpepercit*».^ 
 *«</.Hi^. Auguftus Crocolae , infigni latroni in 
 Hilpania , cum magno in eius caput 
 propofito prsemiOjfefefponteofferretj 
 veniam deditj& prasmium exigenti,nu- 
 mcraii iufifit. ne fcilicetjfi eum fupplicio 
 affeciffet , vidcretur voluiffe fruftrari 
 promifTo praemio , vel decepifTc fiducia 
 c D»»»j.i6, ju^ij public! *^. Porro non folum C\ cum 
 
 rebellibus^vcliatronibus^&iisquiho-ij 
 ftium numero non funt definiti , resiu; 
 ied & fi cu hoftibus,& iisquiiuftobello 
 nobifcum contendunt agatur^on fcm- 
 
 per fi-
 
 Liber primvs^ 66 
 
 pcrfidcm(eruarcc6uenit :& inprimisj 
 fiquis iuraucrit, humana forte infirmi- 
 14 tate^lapfus/efadurumidjquod Deum, 
 perquem iurauit, pofTit ofFendere, non 
 faciet., quod iuraiiit. namiuramcntum 
 non debet effe vinculum iniquitatis ^; ^cinttra^ 
 &inmalis promififis fidcm feruarioon ^«*'22..y.4. 
 cxpedit^neque obligaturquifquam ex hdnmaiu^ 
 iuramcnto contra bonos mores prsefti- ^^"^^X"*'* 
 to ^» fed 5c qui rem illicitam facit , quia c c.noefloh: 
 iurauit,accumulat peccata peccatis^.Eft ^^^^ZT'^ 
 itaque contra officium nonnunquam^vt a cM» m*. 
 inquit D. Ambrofius % fidcm feruare. t;.^;^* 
 quod & Cicero fendt ^, & Seneca in e opi.i. 
 Hercule Oetseo, cilm ait: f #^&*.5, 
 
 Prdftare fateorfojfeme tAcHArn fdem^ 
 Si feeler e cArcAt : wterimfcelui eJifdes, 
 Nam^vt inquit D.Auguftinus, fi ad pec- 
 catum admittendum fides exhibeatur, 
 mirii eft^fi fides appellatur^. vnde longe g c^/^-^^^c- 
 iaftius fecit Dauid , qu^d non ftetit lu- "^"-^^-^ '^* 
 ram^nto^depverdendo Nabal,quam He- 
 rodes^qui propter iufiurandum,occidit 
 virum lan<5timmum l\ Merito quoque h c. enetis, 
 Cicero * Agamemnonis fa(^um repre- " 1»^'^^'*' 
 nedit: quicumdeuouilIetDianaejquod izqu.^, 
 in fuo regno pulchcrrimum naiumef-^'^*^"^-^* 
 fetjlphigeniani immolauit. promiifum 
 
 I 3 enim.
 
 De IVRE ET OFF* BEtL, 
 
 a kuthetuM enim, vt idem ait,potius non faciedum, 
 fal?t'Lr7/n ^"^^ ^^^ tetruoi facinus admittendu 
 bcmUndai:. fuif. quarationc etlam faciHus Gcdco- 
 tbiiZT^ nisnon probaturfuperiorifimiIe,quivt 
 b Giof mc. votum folucrctjephte filia imniolauit. 
 ;^1^'^^76«^^; Uliciras itaque rei iu(iurandum fcruari 
 c,fiyerc. de nondebet3& poeoa periurij,fiqua cft, ifi 
 a'valfon^'^i ^"^1 conucrtcnda eftjquiexegifiidquc 
 nutiAic.ad vcfum cftjCtfi tantutu agatui' dc pcccato 
 I paiiacfu^ veniali^ His confequenseft.quod fides 
 faam.^z. dataa pnaato , in pr^iudicium reipub. 15 
 c Lt^rifpn. velecclefiajjnonfitreruandac.quodve- 
 cjfc.tr ^ ge rum eit, 11 principahter deems praemdi- 
 rteraitt&r, I clo agatUf'^.quia propinQiia caufa infpi- 
 D depaa I. c* debet nonremota^. Itaque Themi- 
 yh Ddchu ftocIcsrncxHiumilTuSjCuniadXerxeni 
 
 ^ntoioffet ^^ contulifTet^ei^uc promififletfe Athe- 
 id.ini con. nienfibusbelluillacurumj&aregemo- 
 ^'"^^'■J^ neretur vt promifTa feruaret : quamuis 
 hcetmttUer.de graui iniuriaaffcdusa ciuibus,& huma- 
 hatinlt'it i^i^imeexceptusarege.-tame honeftius 
 c.tiu<tndoiic fibi vitaefinem imponere ratus, quam 
 i^deX' ar P^f^^* bellum inferre, epoto vencno, 
 f.4lSc.^" morte fibi confciuit ^. iuntque pra?clara 
 aanoftru.de \^ hancrein CClaudij verba^dum hor* 
 dtmei»,mi. tatuf App.Claudium, & rcUquosdecc- 
 ^. "# ^ uiros, 
 
 d l'liinjgentifm.& ibiDD.de ^aft. c.cjuaviuv.de faOjn6, 
 e /.yi iwAty. D.de rti^.amot^ f P^^i» Themifio',
 
 Liber primvs. 67 
 
 uiroSjVttyrannidcmdeponerenttnon 
 dcbere eos moucre,inquics,(] quas forte 
 padiones arcanas inter fe feciffentjfide- 
 quedediiTent, fponfores facientes deos: 
 docens has conucntiones feruatas im- 
 piasefle, vtaduerfum dues &parriam; 
 loIutasver6,piasfore. quoddij nogau- 
 dcnt,(e adhiberi ad rem turpem & iniu- 
 flama. Quadecaufaetiam Vlpianusre- aDw«.H4/, 
 Ipondit^maleficij &rcrum inhoneflaru *'^'-^*'"''» 
 nullam focietatem clTe b.Itaquenon fer- b m l qmi 
 uarefidem quandoquc iuftu eile docet ^**"^' ^-"'^ 
 Cicero . veliiti non reddcre depontum d;*.D.pr&foc, 
 furio/bjVcl hodi patriae, omnia enim^''-^'''^-^' 
 qua: agimus, referri debent ad funda- 
 meta iuflitiae: primum, vt ne cui nocea- 
 tur:dcinde,vtcommunivtiliratircruia- 
 tur.vndeetiamiurifiuradi temeriratem 
 reprehendunt poera^in Phaetontis Ta- 
 bula, & (alius ^ui^^Q doccnr , iufiiiradum 
 violaflCjquam iuueni imperiro (olis ha- 
 benaSjtotius naundi male, permiiifTe ^. ci Ou/iw 
 & hue facit, quod Paulus air, fipadum '"'"""''• 
 conuentum a re priuata rcmotu fitj non « ^^■f^^ntti 
 efle feruandum ': & Vlpianus f,qu6d i7„S!' ^' 
 generaliter^quoties padom a iurccom- f inUunfgh 
 muni remotum cft/eruari non debet^e- yaUter^'^je 
 ciam iuratum. nam maior eft au(5loritas p«^. 
 
 I 4 iuris.
 
 De ivre bt off. bell. 
 
 iuris,quamiuramenti. itaqiie iufiuran- 
 
 dum contra vim leguii),& audoritatem 
 
 jilr t ^""^ ' nulliuseft momenti \ & hinc eft, 
 
 yit. D. 'dcie\ quod in quolibet iuramento , cenfetur 
 
 ferV*i w ^xceptaluperiorisaudoritas^quoadea 
 
 j>det^e^i!a- qua? ad fupcrioris potcftatem fpcdant; 
 
 $ro.i,nond». ^^j pcf iufiufandum deroi^ari non po-' 
 
 ^, teit% noenimpoteitquispaciicideiis, 
 
 J^J'*'"'^'*'^ qua? non funt fui arbitrij . qua ratione 
 
 h^'denfmp, Gottfaluus , prorcxNeapoli, comitcm 
 
 €,yinwv, tu Yalentinum, quern infuamfidemacce* 
 
 peratjpolteajex mandato regis Ferdina- 
 
 di^ finevllaperfidix nota, incarcercm 
 
 c hodimet^ coniecit^^.hincquoqueeijquiiurauitjfe 
 
 wf. .i.f«8. Qj.^^j^i j^Qjj interfuturum^gratiam fc iu- 
 
 rifiurandifacere, imperatores Seuerus 
 d inivk.D, & Antonius refcripferunt *^, imo fi iu(^ 
 dtadmnr.^ iuranduHi fit contra reoip. ipfo iurerc- 
 
 miflumccnfeiuriexeoquodPauIusaft, 
 
 lege lulia ren)itn iufiurandum , de noa 
 einiadigere. conttahendis nuptiis^ fuitenim apud 
 t^^pat^ol'^'' Romanos conditio, vel promiHio, de 
 
 non contrahendis nuptiis tarn odiofa, 
 ^L\t^'toi vtateftametiSjaliisqueadibusomnino 
 L/edetfihoc', remoueretur5&pro non adie<5ta habe- 
 ^.vit.cHtni. jTQinj- f^ Licebit itaque priuata fide con- 
 V Tin",oJc tempta , publica» lecuntatis cura gerere. 
 wdMdcmdf. apud lapientes cnim, inquii Cornelius 
 
 Taci-»
 
 LiBER PKIMVS. 68 
 
 Tacitus, caffa habentur,qug nequedari, 
 ncqueaccipiralLiarep.po{Tunt.inquatn 
 fententiam exftant egregia verba Poftu- 
 mi) , quibus oftendit populum Roraa. 
 nontenerifponfione, quamcum Sara- 
 nitibus fecerat, conrranitentibus L. Li- 
 iiiOj&Q^McIioTrib. pleb. qui&ipfi 
 au^torespacis Caudinsefuerant: &, ne 
 hoftibusdcdcrentur^perfuaderecona- 
 bantur, populum Rom. religioneaftri- 
 16 dum efle ». Cctcrum longc tutius*, & a limtui^^ 
 laudabiliuseritjVtquisnonpcrmittatfe 
 villus periculi metuad.fidcmdadamde 
 re illicita impelli , quam datam fallere, 
 namiuransfefadurumremillicita,ipfb 
 fa(5io eft periurus ^: & quoduis malum b c./«tw- 
 potius tolcrandum eft^quam malo con- -JJ^"^^^^^^^^^ 
 (entiendum^ quonomincconftantiam t.dememr^ 
 Porii Caefariani militis , merito laudes: "*^* 
 qui pro CflanspariibusexcuDas,abci- ^^«aj. 
 pionispr^fjdiointerceptus,cu vno mo- 
 do faluseidaretur,fi(cfutunl5Cn.P6pei 
 militcaffirmafTet.itarefpoderenodubi- 
 tauitjTibiquide,Scipio,gratiasago.Ted 
 mihi vti ifta coditione vita*,n6 eft opus. 
 Parifiducia CMeuiusceturio Augufti, 
 cu Antoniano bellof^penueroexcelle- 
 tespugnasedidiflet^inprouifis hoftiu ia 
 
 I 5 [idiis
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtl. 
 
 fidijs circumiientuSj^c ad Antonium A- 
 
 Iexandriampcrdudus,inierrogatusque 
 
 quidnamdeeoftatuideberetilube mc, 
 
 inquit^iugulari ; quia necfalutis benefi- 
 
 cio 3 nee mortis lupplicio adduci pot 
 
 fum^vtCsefaris miles die dcfina;& tuus 
 
 cfTeincipiam . fed quoconftatiusvitam 
 
 Vol Hax ^<^"^^"^P'^^^<^f^ciliusimpetrauit. An- 
 
 Ai.j.c-p.s.' tonius enim virtuti eius incolumitate 
 
 b LmiiUh. conceffit^. &5nefinguIosreferam,vni- 
 
 h!>.6.cap,6. uerla Saguntus, Hilpaniae ciuitasopu- 
 
 "L.TUmM, Ictajmagnum^licettriftejfideierga Ro- 
 
 cl'^fer^mt. uianos monumcntum: ciim poftconti- 
 
 z.c.jicitt& nuam obfidionem, fcdiutius ab Anni- 
 
 infra.deture- it* rr n • 
 
 iJr.i.qi^ifide. bale tueri non poflet^neque Romanio- 
 D.i^tiM»/:/. pemferrent/pretisconditionibuspacis 
 If^D.te minus honeftiSjfefuaque omnia in ro- 
 ma.<mpt,Lfi gum coniecit potius, quama Romanis, 
 "jum^flefta. ^""^ qulbus focdus Inicrat , deficeret^ 
 I. cimpropo- Dcnique hofti fidem fallenti *, fides fer- 17 
 '^a^l^c'^ uanda non efl^etiam iurata ^: & tam pu- 
 frofin^Xfi blicac conucntionis^ quam priuatse ^i 
 
 dft^text. t' Fdlerefa/Ientem^fratidem^refefferefratid^^ 
 ^ *^^'^t ^xf^flo^ licet ludere queM£fu<K, 
 vkjemroit. GctteraHs cnim lex eft, omniu conucn- 
 id^'*"'' ^2 ^^onum,vt nemo illis ftare teneatur, nifi 
 f^K ^ ex aducrfo , qu^conuenerunt, pra^ften- 
 
 tur«
 
 LiBER PRIMYS« 6p 
 
 tur^ nam fruftra quisfidemabeoprae- ai./-c*« 
 
 ftari poftulat, cui fidem datamferuareSri'' 
 rccufat fe.atquedolofacit,qundmnsin l^hfj-^^ 
 aduerfarium valcre poftulat , quod m ic ,,J^,^ 
 nonadmittit: contra quern edidtoprae* i^.o.dt 
 toris cautum eft, vtquod quifqueiuris *«'*• 
 in alium ftatuitjipfe eo vtatur.nequedi- 
 cendus eft quis ex hac caufa fide violare: 
 fedpotiusex noua,eaderaqaeiuftiirima 
 caufa^nempe ruptae fidei,iure belli agere 
 cum hoftibus, diuini, humaniqueiuris 
 contemptoribus. qua de caufa Romani, 
 cum Sabinis , Latinis , Priuernatibus, 
 Voircis, Hernicis , Apulis, Samnitibus, ^ ^j^ ^^ 
 Hetrufcis3^quis,Carihaginienfibus,a- ? 5, 
 liisque quamplurimis.ruptis foederibus ^^^^^^ 
 bellageffere: & fenatus praedam Epiri ^>^'aimo-^ 
 ciuitatum , quae rupto federe ad Perfea f'/^;^ 
 defeccrant, muris earu dirutis,exercitui thmtntn. p, 
 dcditc. iuramentum enim non extendi- ^« ^^ '^^ 
 tur adea^quaepoftea accidunt :& noua iiuntjij>M 
 caufa fuperueniente^poteft quis noim- f'^'^^'f^* 
 plere,quodiurauii^, Qu6rpc<5tat,quod i,anaJ.^(u 
 Ciccro^docet: Tempore nonnuquam 'f"^**":^ 
 
 , rr * ♦ r ditraftf.l'tres 
 
 commutariomciumj itavtnon leruare fratres,D,Je 
 fidem,quandoqueiuftum fit: veluti non ^^ i-fi ^ 
 redderegladiumdepofitum furiofojvel ^* 
 hofti patriae . & in omni quoque iura- c #c.^.i, 
 
 mento
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELi. 
 
 . mentointelligiturh^ecconditiOjfiinihi 
 a. clj^* feruata fides fuerit a.- vel nifi per aduerfa-. 
 mok.cfiatt rium fteterit, quo minus pada feruen- 
 
 vanj.qt*£ro, nirc taci'ta padti remiflio*' : & is qui prior 
 
 ^;^* o, conrrauenir, folds fidemfregirfe ccnfe- 
 
 b/.ciw^o- turd ;itavt fequentis faduadviolatio- 
 
 ^f^n^'*^ nem referri nequeat^. Quo fpeclat con- 
 
 cccotiftni*- tentio ilia Romulicum Cluilio Alba^ 
 
 Tuulma "o^u"^ di<5tatore , vter fcilicet prior co- 
 
 $.1. & tbi ditionibus foederis non ftetiflet j eum e- 
 
 ^Tudcfcm. jjjj^ folum foederis violati reum effe^. 
 
 ftbcodttione, vnde priorem quoque belli caufam ma- 
 
 ^* tlit"Sc ^^^^ dicendu eft. nam fi in eo fides vio- 
 
 tejia. /.V^ letur, cuius contemplatione con tragus 
 
 pattr. §. ih- inituseft, corruitconuentio , & onnia 
 
 u^.z* * in priftinum ftatu redeuntS. Icaque VI- 
 
 fDicn.mi, pianusair.non teneri a(5lione pro focio, 
 
 g uimu.c. qui ideo locierati renunciauit,quia con- 
 
 depaa. Mter djtio quo^dam^qua focietas erat coita, ei 
 
 rSf^lt non prseftatur K & idem integram dicit 
 
 nas.cMpac, maucre inofficiofi teftamenti caufam ^ fi 
 
 D^*!2^lT fides ab hercdetranfaaioninonprsefta- 
 
 h/./Jcooie- tur*.reciprocatioenim obligationis^v- 
 
 «^f.D.pn» trinque vinculum inijcit,& itaquidem, 
 
 iinlfiinni- vt alter ex fu a parte non teneatur^ fiex 
 
 fjrtaw/wK, acluerfojlliquodconuenitjnon prsefta- 
 
 rcJ?^. tur* idciueverumefljfiucconucntiom 
 
 poena
 
 Liber primvs. 70 ^aj^quan, 
 
 poena fit adiedta, fine non : neque poena f^^^ ^' 
 debetura:&etiam(ineceffariacau(aita« b Ahat.ai 
 peditusaduerfariuSjfidcm nonferuetK ichmfropa. 
 quamuis enim impedimentum a mora Q,itpaa. 
 feu poena excurct<^:ad producendam ta- 5 ^fi^ji^ 
 men adione fans momcnti non nabcr, ^i^. d. «<£ /. 
 idemeritj fivel in minima re fidemfer- R'jx'm^. 
 uareneglexerif--. m7i tamen tarn Icuis rf,;^^;^^^: 
 momentircsfit.vtnofitverifimilejCius ^^-^ focati. 
 vtrinque magna rationem habitafuif- J.^aXcrfe 
 fef.ln tantum quoquc ex parte fuajquit '*»^ ^•«a»»-»'* 
 que adfideidatse obferuationetenetur, cs^ll^^b. 
 vtetiamfiipfa promifTioniscaufaceflk- 3.A/c.n»»«7. 
 retj nihilomJnus dui et h^c obligation, ]^l^^^, 
 Quod/inon conftet, vter prior fidem ««t^^- o.^'e 
 datamviolauerit^mutuacompeiatione T^J'^Xie 
 vterque a poena con tragus abfoluedus i^mn^. 
 eft^ foktenimdici, inter pariadelida n^,'^^ 
 compenfationi locum elTe *. vnde rece- inde. d Je«, 
 ptum eft^Iicere litigatori malitia aduer- ^'[^if^^^i^^ 
 farij fui^malitiarepellere*^: & cornicum. d Jire/cmi 
 oculos, quod aiunt5Configere. quod in- ^^^'^j^, 
 telligedum eft , dum tamen bonam cau - tm.\kfttn. 
 famhabeat^ &fraudcnonvtatur. qu^ '\['^'^-?* 
 mcrimmisnotamtraleat: quale eft ral- kxiofme^ 
 fum ftellionatus,& id genus fimile "". Et «p^'««-»^"f* 
 bsEcquidem plerilque probanturm pa- deem.ia6. 
 ^opacisvelfoederis^nonetiamindutia- ^ ci>«>»^«'. 
 
 rum, m Bwf. »»*.' 
 
 3,ckr*g./«r, \kktJn Um^rofQtKti.CM tranfaif»
 
 TlVhteAoatu pg j^re jy OFF. BELL. 
 
 ^Hu'.c^d. rum^jquasinuiolabiliter feruadaseflcj iS 
 Angd.c^. etiam hofte fidem earum falknte. cen- 
 cwf.LZi/ dr fen^ • quorum lententiam vt faniorem> 
 duo socyn* . & ^equioic, amplcxos fuifle camera? im- 
 l'!^^^B^Ut perialisafTeffores, refcrt Mynfingerus, 
 ntmiu.par.i &addit rationctn diiierfitatis , quacria 
 %!c^!!^Z ccteri innituntur : quod fdlicet finito 
 cb/er.y, & indiitiarum tempore^quisfe vlci^'ipoC- 
 Pccjoowi/. ijj^ ^y^ ^^^^^ ratio ncquefatis idonca, 
 
 hifoWimi' prfffertim in bello : (vbi , Vt inquit Li- 
 iu*D.*r^4- uiuSjfiinoccafionismometOjCuiusprf- 5, 
 ftm.QeiUtb. teruolatoportunitaSjCundatuspaululu „ 
 l^uLx^h- fuerisjtiequicquam moxomifTumque- ,5 
 *»m/^*. f raris)neqU€ctiamiure probata vidctur. 
 ^^"^J^-^^ cum cnim inter pacem&indutias, hoc 
 L^Bjmt'. tantuminterfit, quod ilia perpctuafit, 
 fhH^'T'% b3ever6ad tcmpus^:&tempusobliga- 
 verAo'r.oA/»^. tioocm Hequcaugcat, neque minuat*^ : 
 dc nomt.de quemadmodum pax alterutrofide fal- 
 mt. c. >it. d, lente corruit; ita & mdutias dillolui co- 
 ^TfJ^"^' ^equens videtur: cum vtrobique eadem 
 Ij^rci^: fuKfit ratio mempc ruptc fideid^ nemo 
 reiw!nd.i.n6 exruodoIo5veldeli<5tolucrari5autaliis 
 
 Zt'o'l nocere debcate. eftque in banc rera,nifl 
 ry>,u.m:Lu fallor, elcgans refponium Pauli ^ : qui, 
 tjfjjt'. cum proponeretur inter locatore fundi 
 tr^xcr^ &condudorcconuenille,neintratem- 
 «."Ur^'; poralocationis condudor expelleretur, 
 tai^ adie^a
 
 Liber primvs» ji 
 
 adiedapoena;nihilominus tamen^fico- 
 dudor biennij continui penfionem no 
 folueret^ fine metu poena^cum cxpelli 
 poffe ref ponditjetiam fi nihil de folutio- 
 ne penfionum in ftipulationc pcenali 
 expreflumeffet.quibuscerteargumeiis 
 moueor^vt potius inclinem in fententia 
 corum, qui exiflimauerunt idem iuris 
 efleiniudiciis, quod in pace vel foede- 
 IP rea.praerertimcumindutiaj^etiamlongi a p-*». 1^»». 
 temporis efle pollint^. Jcgimus enim Aic*at, Beu^ 
 Veientibus a Romulo in centum ^ & a ^*"*- ^*»**^»- 
 Seruio Tullio in xl.& in totidem annos ^^«..c^^. 
 L.Furic^&C. Maniioconfull.indutias «^>.7.p*«;* 
 datasfume*^. o^cumpopuIoCa^riti, m ut.p^.ytiu 
 cetum annos indutiasfad^asfijifTe pro- ?• 
 ditueft**» Voifinienfibusverobellofef- ^^^^i '*' 
 fis, in viginti annos induti^datae funt^. zumMii.u 
 TarquinienfeSjmetucompuIfija Decio ^uuiwi.j, 
 conf.inxl.annosindutiaspetieref. JE- Qintt***i.s^ 
 quiodoannorum indutiasimpetraue- ^^"'"**^-»' 
 runtSiHetruriecapitajVol/inijjPcrufia, gi.i«w«/.4, 
 & Aretium5cum paccm peterent, indu- 
 tias in xl. annos obtinuerunt\ vndele- ^^'y"**'*" 
 gimus quoque violatione indutiarum 
 fquevtfbederiSjRomanis^quiiura belli 
 religiofi film e fern per conferuariit, cau- 
 fam belli fuiffe. atqueitacum Samniti- 
 
 bus^
 
 Dh IVRB Er OFF, BELL. 
 
 bus, quibus bicnnij indutias dztx fuere^ i8 
 eodemannoruptis indutiis, bcllatum 
 
 a Uvrnt /.9. eft*.& contra Hetrulcos,qui paccm foe- 
 dusque a Romanispetentes,indutias in 
 triginia annos impetraucratjpaulo port 
 indutiarum fide violata rebcllantes , k^ 
 liciter res geftacib&eode anno, inquit 
 
 b IA.9. * Liuius t, cum reliqiiis Hetrufcorum ad 
 Perufiam, qu^ & ipfa indutiarum fidcm 
 ruperat, Fabius conf nee dubia, nee dit 
 ficili vi(^oriadimicauit5& ipfum oppi- 
 dum(nam admoeniavidoraccefEt)ce- 
 piffet, ni legati dedetes vrbem exiffcnn 
 
 cfift.It. & idem Liuius alio loco 'refert^HetruC- 
 cis (quod cum pax negara, & indutias 
 biennij data? e(renr,ac aduerfus indutias 
 pararent bcllum) a Roman is bellumil- 
 larum fuiffe. his accedit^quodmaiorfo- 
 leteflercligio foederis, vbi precationc 
 res tranfigebatur^quam indutiarumjal-» 
 teriufue (ponfionisudeoqueiniufTu po-» 
 puli, nee fine fecialibus, caerimoniaquc 
 
 dijdwi9. alia folemni foedus fieri nonpoterat*** 
 indutias vero , aliasque fponfiones, fine 
 fecialibus,aiusquerolemnitatibus.fepc 
 a belli ducibus , iniuffu populi fadas 
 fuiflelegimus: vt proximo capitelatius 
 oftendimus* atqui nihil quicquam fa- 
 
 croian«
 
 Liber primvs. ^ 72 
 
 Cro&ndhim cflepotuit, inquit Cicero, 
 nifi quod plebs populfifque finxiflet, & 
 quod au t gcncre ipfo , aut obteftationc 
 legis^aut pcena?, cum caput eius,qui co- 
 tra facit confecratur > facratum efTet ». ^tnorat.pn 
 cum itaque foedus, quod fan(5lius eft, /.ctm.ki/. 
 altcro fallen le rumpatur, multomagis 
 induti^.Nontamenimprobandifuntij, 
 quiindutiarum tempore^quauis iniuria 
 prouocati^ab omnivindida abftinent; 
 inaximefideleui,&exiguiteporisprae- 
 iudicio agatur^vt omne violatas fideide- 
 decuSjfit penes hoftcm : kd id vfu 6)Cc6' 
 fuetudincporius rcccptum , quam iure 
 probatumafTcrit Alexand^^.cuiconue- badKckm 
 nirevidetur^quodScipioCquamuisnon ^epi!' ^* 
 modo indutiaru fides rupta efleta Car- 
 thaginienfibus* fcdetiamiusgcntiuin 
 IegatisruisvioIatum)ramefe nihil, nee 
 inftitutis populi Romani , nee fuis mo- 
 ribus indignum fadurumdicens : lega- 
 tes ho(lium,quieodem tempore Roma 
 ad eum venerant, inuiolatos dimirit'', cl»wjw/,jo 
 quo nomine Scipio maximam laudem 
 meruit: licet ^fivereiudicarevolumus, 
 nulIo non iure legatis Carthaginienfiu 
 parcercdebuitjVtmaximcduplicifcele- 
 fCjVtrefert Liuius,omnino ruptg eflenc 
 
 K indutid?4
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BEtt. 
 
 indutise • ea enim decaufa Scipioni ad 
 
 bellum redire^quod fecitjfine vlla perfi- 
 
 dia? nota licuit ? non autem hoftium le- 
 
 gatos l^dcre > qui citra vllam pads , vel 
 
 indutiarumcoucntionenijetiaminipfo 
 
 aidorc belli fiint inuiolabiles > & fandi 
 
 ^IvU.'DM *^r^ gctium'.ncquerefertjquodhoftes 
 
 te^iomb, prius indutias fregcrint, & legates ho- 
 
 Aium violauerinc . nam , quod dixioius 
 
 fidemfrangenti*noneflendemieruan- 20 
 
 dam 3 ad vnam, eandemque conuentio- 
 
 nem referendu eft > cuius fides ruptacft: 
 
 &adeaquae vna, eademqucfponfione 
 
 hAhcander comprehenfafunt ^: & in promiffioni* 
 
 lJ»rcfrfe bus,.quarum altera alterius caufafada 
 
 paaj/tito, eftc.connexorum enim vnum idemquc 
 
 D^tr* cftiudiciu<i. fecusver6eftinfeparatis^ 
 
 c Aiciat, ad vndefiquisin vnamlegecommittit,al- 
 
 ^Z/T ^erius leois beneficio non cxuitur ; 6^ 
 
 d ctr^yiato, heres in primis tabulis inftitutus, «in 
 
 ^7%;']^^.fecundis fubftitutus : poteft repudiata 
 
 tLt^.DJevi hereditateex primis tabuliSjadire ex fe- 
 
 cr-ui^nn^^cundishereditatem^ Q"are in belief ai 
 
 «fc v«/g, c^ etiam n cu m perfido & rcedifrago noltc 
 
 I'^K xt% fir, & qui remel,iterum,& fepius fide 
 
 fefellit , viciffim fidem fallerc non licetx 
 
 nifiper hoftemftet, quo minus couen- 
 
 torum fides fer uetur : vtfuperius often- 
 
 dimu5i
 
 Liber primvs. y^ 
 
 climiis : alioqui vero perfidiam perfidia 
 vlcifcifemper turpilfimum fuit.quo no- 
 mine Lucullus maieaudiuit , qui Lufii- 
 tanos 5 rupiis foederibus bella gerentes^ 
 contra iurifiurandi fidcm^dolo circutn- 
 lientos5per fummaimmaniratem om- 
 nes trucidauit J barbaros imitatus 5 nul- 
 la Romanse dignitatis ratione habitat L/.h1)!^ 
 &Ser. Galba a Libonc trib. plcb. pxo b.v«/.Mrfx, 
 roftrisaccufatusfuit, quodLufiranoru cui^!jg„, 
 magnara raanum ruptis pa<ftis rebella- UH.§.fr£tor, 
 tium, interpofitafidc, praetor in Hi/pa- 1*^^^«!!' 
 22 nia interemiiTet **. Denique padum * 4 i.&ei^i- 
 quoque foederis, pads5veiindutiarum, {^^^a.* 
 dolo maloinitum^nuliiuseritmometi. ^.uDMtm- 
 padaenini conuenta dolo malo irrita, "^lj.s/anio. 
 iion tuetur praetor '^ : & dolus dans cau- neCJetrsr. 
 iamcontraduibonae fidei,facit contra- sc Ve?.**'' 
 dum ipfo iure nullum «J.quod ita verum ni./«m!c. 
 eft,vt tameinarbitrioeiuspermitcaturj fj^'^'^r^ 
 qui deccptus eft^velit nee ne padis ftari: credttoribM. 
 alter verb qui dolumadmifitjaudiendus*^-'^^''^^ 
 no efl^. nemo enim ex dolo fuo lucrari, ^i. aMoffi-> 
 autaliis nocere debet f: & propter mala «f ^»-.». 
 
 r \ \ ' 1 • n decond.empt, 
 
 hdem altenus contralientium , potelt i.uiia,m.§, 
 cotraduspendereexarbitrio alteriusg. t^^^riti^ 
 Legiraus tamenin facris littens^auod tmft.i.cndi' 
 lofue. licctdolocircuuentusa Gabao- tor.^.u«v*$
 
 De ivre et off. beli. 
 nitis,6«:deprchenraeorumfraude(qu6d 
 cum finitimi eflent,& e terra jquas a Do- 
 mino Ifraelitis promifTa erat^aduenas fc, 
 &elonginquaterraefre5CommcntitieP» 
 fent^vtpaccm ab Ifraelitis irapctrarem) 
 tamen pacem5quam dedcrat^reuocanda 
 non efle cenfuit : ne dum alienam perfi- 
 a loy&e C.9. djam redargueret/uam folueret^. kdyVt 
 '^^i'^* inquitD.Ambrof.b Vetereibidedoio, 
 hof/icM.3, noniuriiperitorumformulam , fed pa- 
 triarcharumfentetiam^fcripturadiuina 
 cxpreffitrquaenonadpoliticam neceffi* 
 tatem,(ed ad plenitudinem pcrfe(5tionis 
 Chriftianx pertinet. fed & lofuequoq^, 
 quamuisGabaonitasliberarctdemanu 
 filioru Ifi-ael^ncocciderenturjmaledixic 
 tamen eis, propter fraude ipforum , dc- 
 cloj&ectfjHj crcuitque vt inferuirent cudi populo^* 
 
 DEFOEDERIBVS £T IN- 
 
 DVT I IS. 
 
 / TrU feeder um genera^ 
 
 2 lM ate Hat em comiter coffferuarejn f(g^ 
 
 dtribtis add't folitu^quam vim habeat. 
 $ R omani nunquam cum ho fie armatofoe^ 
 
 dm facer e foUti, 
 4 Slutd Inter foedui&ffifionem inter ftt* 
 $ Bux belli facem cum koHe^ imujfufrtH^ 
 
 dp IS facer c non pteft. 
 
 6 ^n
 
 Liber primvs, 7^ 
 
 4 An dux hc/li^fcutfAcem^ & iniutiasfa* 
 
 cere prohiUatur, 
 / Princefs utrkm vulitati< pubUucAuft 
 
 poteh pr'iuatis quid detraher^^ . 
 i Tr weeps ajlriSiu^ Ugibm mtutd» 
 p Reges quatenus fmt domini mnium. 
 19 An prmceps teneatur ex feeder e i6io cum 
 
 frmcipCy cutfuccept, 
 
 Capvt septimvm. 
 
 QVod ad foEdera, quibus hofti fidem 
 ,obftringimus,attinet5fciendum eft 
 I tria^fuiile olim foederu genera , quibus 
 incegre pacifccrecur amicitias ciuitates, 
 regesque: vtdifcrtc Menippus Antio- 
 chi legatus , Romam de pace tniflus , T. 
 QuintiocQndi(reruita.vnum3Cumbel-aLWK»/«44 
 lo vidis dicerentur leges, vbienim om- 
 nia ei, qui armis plus polTet , deditaef- 
 fcnt j qua? exiis habere vidor, quibus 
 inultari eos vellet, ipfius ius atque arbi- 
 triuerat.6e talefbedus fuit,quod i£ne^, 
 dcferta Troia, pacemdeprecanti , ab A- 
 chxis, quieumiiiiequebantur, datum 
 fuit: his coditiQnibuSjVti€neas& foci), 
 cum fuis rebus quas in fugaexportaue* 
 rant, intra certutempusagroTroiano 
 cxcedcrent J cafteliis in poteftatem A- 
 K 3 chasorum
 
 De ivre et off. bblu 
 a VknM^!, chscoru m traditis ^ : & quod Roman! ca 
 ^bq.s^oma, ^quisfeccrunt^hislegibus: -^quorum 
 populij faluis Puis agris, Romanoru fub- 
 diti fun to iRomanis nihil mittQto^prse- 
 ter auxilia, quoties accira fuennt,eaque 
 hDion.nai. fumptuproprio^. Talcetiafoedusfuit, 
 wX'^°'"* quod Apuli a Romanis impetrarunt. 
 nonenim a?quo fosdere, vt inquit Li- 
 cW.9. uius*^: fed vt in ditionepopuli Roman! 
 effent, conuenit. eiufderaquoqucgc- 
 neriseft foedus, quo Philippus ex om- 
 nibus Graecf^ciuitatibus prf fidiadedu- 
 cere iuflus eft , naues & elephanres tra- 
 dere^mille lalcntum populo Rom.dare, 
 extra Macedonian fines bellum , iniuflii 
 diiuimi^i Senatus gerere prohibitus^.&quo An- 
 tiochus , cum omnis Ailacrs Taurum 
 monte Romanis cefTit^naues ornamen- 
 taque tradidit^duodecim milliatalenta 
 atticainduodecimannospcfionibusa?- 
 -^ia«^/48 quiSjRomanisdedite, Alterum feeder ii 
 genus fuitjCum pares bellOjiequo foede- 
 re in pace atque amicitia veniret , quale 
 inter Romulum & Tatium Sabinorum 
 regem iaum fuiile legimus . cum enim 
 iam tertio , ^quo Marte, fed maxima v- 
 trinque accepta cladejaciecertaflenc^in- 
 tercedentibus Romanoru vxoribus^Sa- 
 
 bini
 
 LiBKR PRIMVJt 75 
 
 bini generis (propter quasbellGexor- 
 tum eratjfoederejquam praeliobelloh- 
 nem imponerepotius habuerunt : con- 
 uenitqiVt Romulus & Tatiuspari po- 
 teftate honorc^uc in vrbe regnarent, 6c 
 vt Sabinis ins ciuitatis Romanae dare- 
 tur*. Soletauteminhocfoedcredccl- aD»»,Htfi!, 
 ptiuisreddeodis, vrbibus tradendis, & «»R*3»^^.a» 
 iimilibusaequis conditionibastrafigibw hUmbeBoM 
 ita4ueinter Oaauiura Caerarem^AntO' ^^f^^^ 
 nium , ^ Pompeium conuenit> vt pace <apa)t» 
 terramari^uereddita, negotiatoresli* 
 betecommeare omniloco poflentiPo- 
 peius ex omnibus Italia? locis praefidia 
 aeducerep feruos fiigitiuosino ampHus 
 adraitterctjSafdiniajjSiciliaejCorficasq;, 
 & ceteris^quas tunc habebat,infulis im- 
 peraretj he prasterea Pcloponnefum ac- 
 ciperet;Caefer & Antonius reliqua poP 
 fiderent ^. & huius generis quoquc e(Ie c Appia». a 
 videtur foedqSjquo i£toIis pax data fuic ^'^•^«"^•'»'i« 
 a Romanis, his conditionibus : Impc- 
 rium,maieftatemque P. R. gens u^tolo- 
 rumconferuato, fine dole malo; hoftes 
 cofdem habeto , quos P. R. armaque in 
 COS ferto , belluinque pariter gerito ^, Uiuitam 
 quamuis enim aequum focdus iftud dici 
 nonpoteft stamen verum eft, non tan- 
 
 K 4 quam
 
 De IVRE ET off. BElt, 
 
 quamvi(5^is leges didas,nequequicqua 
 ademptum , fed fuislegibus liberos reli- 
 
 v'ttttM ^os^ Tcrtium porrofoederum genus 
 ' fuit^ciim qui hoftes nunquamfuerat,ad 
 amicitiamrocialifoedere inter feiunge- 
 damcoibant : ij nequedicerejnequeac- 
 cipere leges fo lent : (idenimvidoris& 
 vidi erat;)red cerris coditionibus vtrin-» 
 que amicitiam & focieratem inibant: 
 quale fuit foedus , quod Latinus cum 
 i£nea fecit, Troianis in agri partem ad- 
 mifTiSjpadtus^vteflentilliinbellOjquod 
 cum Rutiloparabant/ocij: vtquevtriq; 
 
 b Dion.Hai. altcros pro viribus inuicem iuuarcnt ^* 
 
 a^^u.B.m. ^ ^^^ referri potcft foedus , quo cum 
 LatiniSjPoftumio Cominio & Sp. Caf- 
 (io confl'. inftaurata eft amicitia . quam- 
 uis enim confteteosantea fuiflefubdi- 
 
 c Ub.i.&^. tos Rom.imperio^ex Dion. Hal *^. tame 
 propter fidelem operam, qua Romanis 
 nauauerant,pofteafocialifoedereiun(5li 
 funt,his verbis: Romanis & Latinorum 
 populis omnibus mutua pax efto J dum 
 caelum & terra ftationem eandem obti- 
 nent :& neutrialterisbelluminferant, 
 aut aliunde hoftes inducat : nee bellum 
 inferentibusjiter tutu pr^beantj^ bello 
 infeftatis, ope ferant totis viribus : prae- 
 
 damque
 
 LiBER ?RIMVS. «7^ 
 
 damque & fpolia ex aequo diuidant,Sed 
 iidem Latini poftea fsepius rebellantesj 
 tandem a Camilloperdomitifunt, &m 
 poteftatem populi Romani redadi.Hu^ 
 ius vero foederis genus dici quoque po- 
 teft 5 ciim prouincia , vcl ciuitas aliqua 
 tutelar & protedionialicuius principis 
 cxtranei fe rubijcit , aut regno velrei- 
 publ.certis legibusaccedit^.navtPro- ^inoiuhu: 
 cuIusrefpondit^Jiberpopuluseft-.fiue ^^' •" 'j* 
 aequo foedcre m amicitia venit , iiue foe- fim<u.D.de 
 derecomprehefum eft , vt is populusal- ^'^ "'^. ^r"**^- 
 2. terms populimaieltateni^comiter con- soc»«.isi^m, 
 feruaret. hocenimadiicitur, vtintelli- «nci'6./».i. 
 gatur alterum populum (uperiore cflej d^i,,^. 
 non vtintelligatur altera nonellelibe- 
 rum. & ita quoque banc claufulam; ma- 
 ieftatemcomiterconferuare,infoederi- 
 busadiici folitainterprctatur Cicero ^. ci«ow/^ 
 & hoc quidem tertiumfoederum genus 
 duplex dici potcft.aut enim initurcaufa 
 defenfionis tantum; autdcfenfionis& 
 cffenfioniSjVtdicunt: ideft, tamadar- 
 cendumjquarninferendumbellum.id- 
 que vel contra quofcunque,vt foederati 
 eofdcminimicos, amicosque habeant; 
 vcl cumquorundam exceptione. His 
 addi polTunt ilia foedera , quae tantum 
 
 K 5 com-
 
 De Ivrh et Off. eeli, 
 
 commercij caufa ineutur, vtlibere mer- 
 
 catores vitro citroque commeare pof. 
 
 fint^qux ctia cum hoftihus efle poflunr. 
 
 fuittamenRomanisconflitutUjVtnun- 
 
 quam cum hofte armatoconditionem 
 
 foederis acciperent: ncq; cumaliquibus 
 
 pacato imperio vti folen tjuifi omnia di- 
 
 uina & humana tradidifTent, & prsefidiu 
 
 accepiflent , aut denique focietate aut 
 
 foedere aftridi eflent . femper enim po- 
 
 pulus Romanusdiligentercauit, nevi- 
 
 a xxanMaU ^erctur hoftiu metu imperata facere a. 
 
 ^'^' itaque Sp- CafTiQs conf. legatis Herni- 
 
 corum pace petentibus refpondit^prius 
 
 iliis facienda, quaBvi(^os& fubiugatos 
 
 deceret , atque ita demum petendam a- 
 
 hDionMai. miciiiam ^&T.Largiusconf.Fidenati- 
 
 m,Kfl,iti^^z bus indutias petentibus, I'efpondit, dc- 
 
 ponendaeffearma, portasque aperien- 
 
 das, atque turn demu impetraturos coL 
 
 loquium : alioquinecpacerr,necindu- 
 
 tias^nec quicquam humanum^modera- 
 
 c Dw».iw. turn que fperandu ds a populo Roma,*^ 
 
 *>»t*^Mi,s SicquoquecumPyrrhus, Albino conC 
 
 cum magna csede fugato, magnis copiis 
 
 audtofuo exercitu , admirans virtutem 
 
 Romanorura , quodnuUam raentione 
 
 pacis facercat, prior,licct; vi(ftor,pacein 
 
 peteret
 
 LiBER PRIMVS, -yy 
 
 peteret a^quilTiinis conditionibus^ libe- 
 rationem captiuorum, & auxiliumad 
 fubigendam Italia populo Romano of- 
 ferens : pro his nihil aliud^quamTaren- 
 tinis fecuriratem^ fibiamicitiam poftu- 
 lans: ex fentetia App.CIaudij Cxci viri 
 amplilHmi, refponrumeft, vtiPyrrhus 
 Italia exccderct, tumque /i e re fua vide- 
 retur, deamicitia ac/bcietate verba fa- 
 cerct: quoad vero inarmis eflet, popuiu 
 Romanum aduerfus eum belhgeratu- 
 rum^etiam fi mille Albinos pugna fupe* 
 raflet». Similiter y£tolispacem peten- f^p^/^^'J^* 
 cibus, M.FuIuiusconf.refpondit,^to- mJL.8,c^ 
 I0S5 nifi incrmes, depaceagentesnon '^-^^M^i 
 auditurumfe.'armailHspriuscquosque "' * 
 omncs tradendos efle : deindemille ta- 
 IcntumargcntiP.R.dandu^. Vermina? bUwi^M 
 quoque Syphacis filij legatis , per quos 
 petebatjVt rex fbciusquej& amicus a fe- 
 natu appellaretur/efponfum eftjpacem 
 illipriuspetendam a populo Rom. eiTe, 
 quamvtrex, fociusque, & amicusap- 
 pellarcturc Porrononfemperfoedere, ctw'w^st 
 fedetiam per fponfionem nonnunqua 
 ha? conuentiones fieri folent. quidaute 
 
 4 fnterhaecdtiointcrfit^indicant ha?cT. 
 
 » Liuij verba "^cConfuIes profeif^iad Pon- dw.7, 
 
 tium
 
 De Ivrb et Off» bell. 
 tium in colloquium, cum defoederevi- ^ 
 ftor agitarct , negatunt iniufTu popuU ^^ 
 foedus fieri pofTe, nee fine fecialibus^cae- ^y 
 rinioniaquealiarolemni.itaquc5nonvt „ 
 vulgo creditur, Claudiusq; fcribit, foe- ,, 
 derepax Caudina, fedpcrfponfioncm ,, 
 fadlaefl. quidenimfponforibus in foe- ^^ 
 dereopusc(rct,aut obfidibus:vbi preca- ,, 
 tione res tranfigitur? per quern populu ,, 
 fit 5 quo minus legibus didis ftetur , vt „ 
 cum ita lupiter fcriatjquemadmodum a ,> 
 fecialibusporcusferiatur. fpopondere „ 
 confules, praefedti, legati , quaeftorcs , ,, 
 tribuni militum, nominaque omnium, „ 
 qui fpoponderunt^exftant: vbi fi foedere „ 
 resadaefTet, pra^terquam duorumfe- „ 
 cialium non exftarent:& propternecef- ,, 
 fariam foederis dilationem , obfidesetia ,, 
 DC. equitesimperatiiqui capite luerent, „ 
 fi paais non ftaretur, Ceterum ficut 3, 
 fummi principis eft arma mouere, bellu 
 gerere, exercitum cogere , & deledum 
 a!.}.D.*J/. habere^ficecontrariofoedera,&indu- 
 ui.mst.d,xi tiaspacifci cum hofte, fummi quoquc 
 /-p^4.fc».y/o jj^p^j.|j ^^ . vtfuperiore capite oftendi- 
 
 mus.itaqueaducibusbelUscitraprin- % 
 cipis, autpopuUconfenfum, cuius no- 
 mine & aufpiciis bellura geritur , pax 
 
 confti*>
 
 Liber primvs» y% 
 
 conftitui non poteft.quod olim lure fe- 
 ciali, &poftealege lulia dc prouinciis, 
 &Icge Cornelia Maieftatisfuitcautu^. »cvi»Pifj. 
 iniuBu cnim populi, aut citra fenatus 
 audoritatem (cuius poteftas omnis in 
 principemeftcollatab) nihil fanciripo b/.i. da 
 terat^quodpopulumreneretc. Etqui- ^*^-^"^' 
 dtm , fi in ciuilibusac forcnfibus nego- o/bo/*, 
 tiiSjprocurator^qui vcl generali madato 
 ad adione conftituitur, tranfigendi de- 
 cidendique negotij facultatem non ha- 
 bet**: con(equenseft , cum qui bellige- d umaniato 
 jrandi caula excrcirui prsepofitus eft, pa- g^^raii. /, 
 ccm cum hoftibus faciedo , muneris fui ^Z!!1'^d. 
 fines excedere. quod in re militari maxi- ^^ ^wato, 
 mevitio^umfemperhabitumfuit^ qua e 1.3, $.« 
 quidcmobcaufam, pacemCaudinama ^<^«».£>.'^'« 
 T, Vcturio,& Sp. Poftumio,cum Sam- "^^'^ 
 nitibusfadam 3&foedusaC. Mancino, 
 ciim Numantinis idum , fenatus ratum 
 nonhabuit:ficutnec Camiliusdidator 
 padionem illam 5 qua inter Sulpitium 
 quondam tribunum militum , & Bren- 
 num Gallorumregulumconuenerar^vt 
 Galli, acceptis millepondo auri a Ro- 
 maniSjObfidionemrelinqucrentjUegas 
 cam paftionem ratam efTe^qua? poftqua 
 ipfedidatorcreatusefTet^iniufTu fuoab 
 
 inferio-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF, BBLL. 
 
 ai«»w2*.4 infcrioris iuris magiftratu fada cflet'» 
 penes didaiore enim fum ma potcftas c- 
 ^ K*'^'* ^^^^* ^ Salluftius, inter Auluexercjtus 
 ^^ • ^'^* Roman! duce^&IugurthaNumidarum 
 regemfa(5ta;Senatus,inquit3Vtiparerat> 
 decreuit, fuo, atq; populi iniufliijnullu 
 potuifTe foedus fieri. Ex quibus conftar, 
 neminilicere5iniufruprincipis5citra cri- 
 me la^fse maieftatis cu hoftepacifci:cum 
 c lami'tio' hoc fit fiimml principis «. qua potiffimu 
 w^.D^de ratione^LudouicUjduce Aureliancfem, 
 ^tu'npM.j iure csefum fuifle cxiftimat Bodinus**.* 
 quod fcilicetiniuflu regis Galliaefoedus 
 iniiflet cum duce Lancaftri,quare etiam 
 chiUon. DuarenOj quemalijfequuntur^saflen- 
 wmwoi»»». ^jj.| j^Qj^ poffum : qui banc fententiam 
 
 f tffgmenio veram elTe putat, in eOjCui ducendi tan- 
 h prooirator tum exercltus/egendiquccura comifla 
 t^.SZfro- eft : noautemineOjCuiplenalibcra^ue 
 curatonb.etL rcfum omniu poteftascfl; concefli: que 
 5l «„« w^ etiam ius pacemcum hofle faciendi ha- 
 
 aui q 
 
 tit ytce etiam lus pacem( 
 
 rtit.etfitB4r. berevult^.quodnonadmitto. Namea 
 ^^t/til: qu2efiint iuris publici, &rcgij,reparata 
 <fe/«-x 3. habet a iure priuato caufam g , &: cu pri- 
 l!m/&'i^r. uatiscomunicari non poflunt : vtftipe- 
 /. conuentto. rlorecapitcdocuimus.vndCjquantum- 
 rl'i!hrtco-' ^""^J plena,& libera duci rcrum omniu 
 n^LiA.i.c. I potellas fit permiffa^pacis tame facied^, 
 
 &cum
 
 LiBER PRIMVS, ng 
 
 &aimhofte facultatenon intelligico» 
 ccffamaibitror.naeajquaefuntiurisre* 
 gij,n6 vcniut fub quibufeunq; generali- 
 bus verbistfed dcmu fi fpeciaiiter, &r ex- 
 prefteconcedantur^ & quide hoccafu, ^ ,^^ ^^^ ^ 
 imperatori vel duci fanciendf pacis po- «• cap. ^uoi 
 teftateexprefsecocefTa:^ fit extra ordi- ^'j^fg'^l; 
 nem.-necmandatumegrcdipoteritjnec & »» i.i^V 
 alteri madare: quia non habet earn iure fi^^^^**^- 
 inagiftratus& imperii > ^^^ nudam hgis maJTefi^i!!^ 
 adionem: ideoq; nihil pro fuo impcrio ^^* ^^**/* 
 agit> vtinquitlulianusl», fed proeo,cu- lig.ZnZ 
 ius mandatum accepit. nam vt iam fepe '"^A**^- f^*»- 
 dixjmus, IUS belli &pacisapudrummu ^.i.^iofs. 
 principem refidet, & m alium transferri /"«**«*«»'■• 
 non poteft. ficque nimiru confules Ro- TtJj^Tew^ 
 mani, penes quos eratfummaaudori- ff* ^ 
 
 '. * til- «J- -1- in l.etji pr,g 
 
 tas, exercitu acceptOjbelli quide geredi tor.Djeof, 
 
 Eoteftatem habuerunt ; vtq;profupar- ^t^cuimad^ 
 itrio laceflerent^aut inuaderent hofte, '■Z^"*"-''^''' 
 acmilitarem difciplinam fua voluntate 
 regeret; bellum auteindicere^autfinire, 
 nifiex fenatus audoritate, & iuffupo- 
 pulinonpotuerut.iraq;5inquitLiuius% ^ ^*^'^°* 
 dedeuit fenatus 5 iubentepopuloj vtP. 
 Scipio, ex decclegatorumfentetiajpa- 
 cem cu populoCarthaginiefi,quibus ie- 
 gibuseivideretur/accrct:&T.Qiuntio 
 
 liberum
 
 De IVRH tr OFF. BHLt. 
 
 liberutn arbitriu pads ac belli cum Phi- 
 > til ^4i^i lippo permifTum eft a. ite Hetrufcis pax 
 data eftj ijs legibus^qux L.i£miIio conH 
 viderenturjoptimae : & -^quisjex arbi- 
 hnonMai. trio QJFabij confulisK idquefepiusa 
 2'rt..;.R(,m4. Romanisfadum fuifTelegimus.' fcicbat 
 enim , ncminem imperatorc verms a^Iti- 
 mare poflc^qua mcnte pax peterctur, & 
 quo ftatu resefienr. Enimuerodeindu- 
 tiis* idc quod de pace,plcrisque refpon- ^ 
 c <:J /, «"• dendum placuit *= : licetcontrarium fen- 
 J!Z(u'^* fcrit Bartol.nam & hie a praefcripto ma- 
 ** * dati , ficut in fuperiore cafu , rcceditur: 
 quandoquide in ciuilibus negotiis^pro- 
 curatori tempus ad foluendum dare, no 
 minus quamtranfigere cum aduerfario 
 a I .fwRo. interdidum (it ^. quod equide admitto, 
 m€.^,caiu, fidelongiteporisindutiisagatur, qu32 
 n,trbtn;obhx. Hon tam ceflationem pugna^cocedere, 
 iwif«* fff quam bellofincm imponere videntur: 
 ..amnctio. ^^^^ fummi impcrij cft.idcoquc iftiuf^ 
 
 modiiridutias nunquam a confulibus, 
 aliisqueRomanoruimperatoribus; fed 
 a fcnatu^populoque Romano conccflas 
 fuifTc legimus. itaqjSamnitesvidi^pro 
 foedere,quod petebant,biennij indutias 
 Vmm /.9. impetrarunt « , Similiter Veientibus , 
 Volfmienfibus ,/£quis,aliisquc quam- 
 
 plurimis, 
 
 Mwn*
 
 Liber primvs. 8o 
 
 plurimiSijinannosaliquotafenatu^ & 
 papuloinduti^datgfuntaallasveroin-ai^w''^'-^' 
 dutias,quas in breue^Sc in prsefens tepus '^"^^'^^ "^* 
 fiunt5nc hoftes inuicem fe laceflant, (de 
 quibusPaulusloduiturb) cumbello fi- ^>w^/'o^«-' 
 nemnoitimponant (nambellumanct} ^p^,^^ 
 pagna ccflac *^) duces cum hofte facere ^oeUmi.u 
 poilc, exifli mo : pra^fertim fi temporis '^''^'*^* 
 ratio, velaliqua neceflfitas, vel vtiliras id 
 fieri fuadet. imperioenim ducidelato, 
 pro fuo arbitrio laceHere , & inuadcrc 
 hoftempoteft)& omnia ea, qua^adbel- 
 lumfpe^antadminiftrare.folentitaque 
 Romani duces ^ hoftibuspacem pofiu- 
 lantibus , propria au(5lorirate indutias 
 concedereidum Romamlcgati adpacS 
 petendammitterentur. Itaque Scipio 
 Carthaginicnfibus in trcs menfesindu- 
 tiascoceflit: vt interim perlegaros Ro- 
 ma? depaceagerent"^. Libo quoqae3& diimul,^ 
 Bibulus Pompeianarum partium , qui 
 cumcIafTeerarad OricumjCumfummis 
 anguftiis rerum neceilariaram preme- 
 rentur,& velle fe de maximis rebus cum 
 Cae^re loquidicerent, vtdecompofi- 
 tioncaduri videretur: interim indutias 
 aM.Acilio&StatioMurcOjlegatisCas- 
 faris (quorum alter oppidi muris, alter 
 
 L prae-
 
 De IYRE feT OFF. BELL, 
 
 pr^iidiis terreftribuspraeerat) impetra- 
 runr. magnum enim, quod adferebant, 
 videbatur5& Csefarcm id fummefciebat 
 
 a ctfav de cuperea. Leges quoque pacisipfi duces 
 dicerelolent.-qu^liaccipcrenturabho- 
 flibus, indutiasconcedcbant 5 dum de 
 pace legatis fuis RomamifTis, infenatu 
 agerent. vt Scipio cum Carthaginienfi- 
 
 htittiati^o bus fecundo fecit ^: eodemqueaudorCj 
 L.Scipio frater, Antiocho deui(5to con- 
 ditiones pacis tulit5permifitque vt lega- 
 
 cUwmL^j tosde pace Roma mitteret^.&T.Quin- 
 tiusNabidijIaceda^moniorumtyranno, 
 fexmenfiumindutias dedit, vtinterim 
 coditiones pacis, quasilliprsefcripferar, 
 
 d Lt«r«i/.44 ^ fep3ju confirmarentur ^. & ide Quin- 
 
 tius, Philippo indutiis induosraenfes 
 datis, vt de conditionibus pacis,de qui- 
 businteripfosadlum erat, Romam le- 
 etw/w^.42 gatosmitteret5permifit^roletqifenatus 
 plcrunque^confilio ducis,pacem ab ho- 
 ftibuspetitam^darevelnegarejvtmodo 
 diximus.ali j vero populi non tantamfa- 
 cultatem fuis ducibus conceflerunt. Le- 
 gimusitaque, ciim inter Agidemlace- 
 dxmoniorum regemj&TrafybuliJ, AI- 
 ciphronemque Argiuorum duces pad^ 
 cffent quattuor mefium indutif /adum 
 
 fuifle>
 
 LlSER PRIMVS. 8r 
 
 fuifle J auftore Alcibiade, vteas Argiui 
 ratas non habeicnt, & Laccdasmonios 
 quoque easirritas fecifTe : quoseam ob 
 caufam adeo in regem fuum indignatos 
 fuifTe fcribit Thucydidcs , vt lege lata, 
 duodecim confilianos ei adhibuerint, 
 fine quorum confilio , neque indUtias , 
 ncquequodciique foeduscum hoftibus 
 ferircpoflet. reges autem Laceda^mo- 
 niorum^nullum Imperium hdbuifTe^ne- 
 que fuiffe fui arbitrijj&tis conftat ^, Sed a Dion.viac, 
 cum princepSjCui populusomneimpe- ^l^'^'J,'^fl^ 
 riuminfepoteftaremqueconGenit^jde m^.c. ' 
 negotiisadremp.fpedantibus.redeat- ^ ^*v^** 
 que vciliter pacifcatur , nue pacem, nue 
 aliud quodcunque foedus cum hoftibus 
 faciatc : quserut lurisinterpretes, an pa- <^ ^-comkUd' 
 cem cum hoftibus faciedo , priuatorum ^^^; ^' '^ 
 7 damna^&iniurias, ob caufam belli ac- 
 ceptaSjpoflitremitterejVeletiambona 
 ciuium hoftibus concedcrc^.&quidem dini.in^. 
 quod ad resbellocaptasattinet, dubiu "^'l^;*'"-^ 
 no ell. cum etiam nne vlla prmcipis pa- z^wnexM 
 aione^iurebelli/adsB fint hoftium.ide- ftf^,: 
 queaicendumeudeauisdamnis,&in- V4t9 ,««/?. 
 iuriis iure beUi illatis. quod ad alia vero, J^^^- ^'^''* 
 qusenon funt hoftibus acquifita, velab 
 miuftis hoftibus ablata: fialitcrcomuni 
 L 2 omnium
 
 De ivre et off* bell. 
 
 omnium faluti confuli non poffitjetiara 
 
 illaciuibusadimi, & hoftibus conccdi 
 
 poterunt. communis enim vtilitasfin- 
 
 a Authmt, pulorumcommodo praefcrri debet*. & 
 
 com.itiegj. vtaitPliniusb, oportetpriuatisvnliia- 
 
 *'^bT' ^* ^i^^^pul^^^^^^Sjmortalibusgternasantc- 
 
 foa^,L.ymc. ^^^^^ • Q"^ fpcdat quod Tacitus ait : 
 
 ^.peny^ucje Omnc magnum cxcmplum habere ali- 
 
 htpljiM^^l quid ex iniquo,quod contra fingulos v- 
 
 tilitate publica rependitur. Itaque Tra- 
 
 fybulus , cum ciuitate Athcnienfem tri- 
 
 ginta tyrannorum fguitialiberaflct,plc- 
 
 bifcitum interpofuit, ncquapra?terita- 
 
 rum rerummentiofieret:quf maforum 
 
 ohVmio ^cLfJinTicf, abipfis vocitata, con- 
 
 cufTum&labentemciuitatisftatum, in 
 
 c Vfl?.Mw, priftinum habitum rcuocauit ^. quod & 
 
 *^"**"^*** Cicero aliquandoRomfjpublic^quieti 
 
 a p/».v/>/».i. confulere volenSjfequcndueflecenfuit^*. 
 
 Sed hoctum maxime necefTarium elle 
 
 conftar,cum occupata per injuria bona, 
 
 logotemporisfpatio pofTcflafunt; quae 
 
 fia poflefToribus auferantur, reftituan- 
 
 turquedominisjmultaconcutijpertur- 
 
 bariquefit nccefle.vt infpecienonabfi- 
 
 mili^cofultusa PlinioTraianusimpcr. 
 
 e w.io, e. prudentiffimerefcripfit^. alioquicerte 
 
 l»^.f H. nifi ex maxima neccfliiate,& pro magno 
 
 reipub*
 
 Liber primvj. 83 
 
 reipubl. bono noa licet principi bona 
 ciuium ip/]sadiroere:quodiuri natural! 
 &diuinorcpugnat*. Etenim quamuis a /. imw^c 
 8 princeps*legibusfolutus fit ^;lege tame ^^^'^ ^jj*^ 
 natura?,vtPyndarusdiccbat,oranesre- yi],riiM/«* * 
 ges, & omnes principes tencntur : & vt ^ ?"» ^ * 
 fnaximelargafitprincipispoteftas, ta- Vi'pmct^. 
 menadeaqufiniuftafuntjnon extendi- D.deitg.i;«. 
 tur. eoq; fpedatjquod Plinius ad Traia- 
 numfcribit*^: Vt,inquit,felicitatiseft; cwP^wfgj^r* 
 pofTequantum velis , ficmagnitudinis, 
 vellcquatumpoffis.vnderefcriptaprin- 
 cipumitaintelligidcbetjVtfineincom- 
 modoaheriusprocedant^. &non valet a /. 2. f /» 
 jJIa re/cfipta , qua? ius alterius tollunt ^ «/"^f^ Z""*'^ 
 Qua ratione donatio ducatusMediola- C/oc."lS, 
 nenfisabimperatoreMaximilianOjLu- ^«/«^'Z"'»- c, 
 douico XII, Gallorum regi fada, caufa o^C ""^' 
 belli fuit, propterius quod Sfortixin e'-^- ^-^* 
 cundemducatumpraetcndebant : quod J^,>/""^' 
 imperatornonintelligitur voluiffedo- 
 nare, nee potuit ^ quamuis enim re^es ^/'f'^ ^''; 
 
 1. \ . . * . w , *^ , din.de reb.l.x 
 
 p dicanturdominiomnium, hoc quoad f.,y,.9, ^ 
 maieftate, &imperium debet intelligi, %J-*nrema- 
 non quoad proprietatem & polleilio- vtJid.cnoia 
 nenij quae eft fingulorum S. quodelega- ft.Dde^cq, 
 terSenecaexpreiTit^^ciimait : Ad regcs 'hhb'"'. ^,^. 
 po^eftas omnium pertinetj adfingulos (tyihtnef. 
 L 3 proprie-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELl, 
 
 proprietas : & paulo pofli Omnia rex 
 imperio poiScktjfinguIidoniinio ; om- 
 nia funt in imperio Csefaris^in pacrimo- 
 nio propria. Quare Aratutn Sicyonium 
 a offcMKi, iurclaudatumfuifTerefert Cicero'*: qui 
 cumoppreffo Niocle tyranno patriam 
 liberafletrquajquinquagintaannisaty- 
 rannistenebaturj&plurimosexulesre- 
 ftituifletjquorum bona alij poffcderant, 
 & tarn logo fpatio multa hereditatibus, 
 multaemptionibus, multa dotibusde- 
 tineri^atque fine iniuria neque poffeflb- 
 ribusadimi^neq; his non fatisfierijquo- 
 rum illafuerant videret.-grandi pecunia 
 a rege Ptolomaeo iuuatus , adliibui t fibi 
 in confilium quindecim principeSj cum 
 quibuscaufascognouit^&eorumquia- 
 lienadetinebant, &corumquifuaami- 
 ferant : perfecitquc seftimandis poffef- 
 fionibuSjVtperfuaderetaliis^vtpecuniS 
 accipere mallent& po flefToribus cede- 
 rent;aiiis vt comodius putarent,nume- 
 rari fibi quod tanti efTer, quamfuumre- 
 cuperare. itaqjperfedumeft, vtomnes 
 conftituta concordia/me querela dece- 
 derent. Similiter Brutus &Cafrius5p6ft 
 necem CaefarisCquadoquidem acf^aeius 
 ratahaberic rep. vifumerat) veteribus 
 
 poffef-
 
 Liber primvs, S^ 
 
 pofleflbribus,quibusSyIla & Cgfarbel- 
 lis ciuilibusaeros ademerat, (altero prc- 
 cium ex publica pccunia numerari de-. 
 bereccnfebant : quo & illi^ fatisfadum, 
 &aliis fecurior efTet pofleffio '. Porro a A^^ian. «fe 
 10 qu^ritur an mortuoprincipeVuii^ ^uo ^«''•"«♦''V'-z. 
 foedusi(flueft,mancatfoeduscum prin- 
 cipequifucceflit. & quidcm, quamuis 
 quoad alios contradus, diftinguendum 
 videatur : fucccflerit ne tanquam hercs, 
 qui ex fado defun(5li tenetur ^ ; an vero b uti a «^ 
 ex ftatuto, vel per ele(flionem , qui fadu ^^' ?• '^^ "^ 
 derundi non prasftat ; perfbnalis enim 
 obligatio no manatad fucceflbrem^ nifi p;^^''J„^^*^ 
 hereditaria c :etiam fiquisexprefse pro- empu.i.^.fi 
 mifcritpro fe^ac ruccefToribusfuisd. ta- ^!^" ^ff' 
 men quoad foedera5aliaiqueconuentio-c.(ie/;«..«^. 
 nes publicaSjquae non nomine proprio, %'f'^'*'^l''* 
 fed reip.ineuntur(qua? «eque reprsefen- *v7rbor,'obhg, 
 tatur per fiicceflbres, vt per eos qui funt ^ '• P'^^"'; 
 nodie*^) pnncipem omninoexcotrac^u ,«</♦. 
 defundi teneri dicendum efl,&' foedera- J '^**- '^^Z:'"*'- 
 tosfoedereaftridosmaneref.Nonitaqj dd. c.gJ,« 
 fuiclegitima caufa rebellandi Veienti- «*»^'^ i^.^.x 
 bus,& FidenatibuSjregnanteTuIIo Ho- ini",Zi%] 
 ftiliOjUeque Latinis,regnateTarquinio ^.decouHtu 
 Prifco, qui poft Anciobitu fcreligione c'r^^^J^rX 
 foederis folutosexiftimabat:neque He- 'vk«/.w, 
 
 L 4 trufcis,
 
 Db IVRE Er OPF. B£Lt. 
 
 trufcis, quidefundoTarquinio Phsco, 
 cuius imperio fefubmiferantjnolebanc 
 ^T)Un.}jai aniplius ftarc conditionibus foederis^. 
 a-»t.Rj>m.i.j, & iure Romani Perfeo bellu intulerunt, 
 ^^' quilegatisipforu, fbeduscum Philippo 
 patre idum, ad fe nihil pertinere refpo- 
 bLwiJH/^j dit^.Sitame pcri(tiufmodifoedusrcfp# 
 enormiter fit Isefa, fucceflbrc non teneri 
 <cyn. & plerifquevifumeft*^. quod admitto,fi 
 ^v7x!'ci hacconuentione quidcxiis, qua^regis 
 dcconji.pnn, coronsc funt annexa, fit alienarum,citra 
 ^Mnltn^d populi vel ordinum confenfum , qui ad 
 a c.i>w, hoc requiritur^ :vel fi maieftas principis 
 mntti'i. fit imminuta,quodin prsiudiciumde- 
 12.9.'. I, L^^ fundifieri non potuit^, &ne abinitio 
 ^^rJfiub's ^"idem iftiufmodi conuentiones vllo 
 t^Mo, modo fubfiftere potuerunt f.Ex his co- 
 c^r^..t.ft. ft^f^omnium firmifrimaeffeilla foedera^ 
 fAwT.c.4. quse inter vtrumquercgem, &ytrumqj 
 populumhincindeincutur.quofpetot 
 quod Hernici, iegatisRomanorumex- 
 poftulantibus deiniuriis & latrociniis, 
 refponderunt , fibinunquamfoedusin- 
 terceffiflecum Ron3.popiiLo:quodaute 
 cum regeidtumefletTarauiniOjiamfi- 
 g D.'.» H4i. nim exiftimare , morte ipfius & exilic S. 
 »4.8, ■ Itaq; Eduardoeiusnoniinis quarto regi 
 Angliae,regno pulfo,cumexfoedereau- 
 
 xilium
 
 LiBER PHIMVS. 2 A 
 
 xiliuffl regis Galliae imploraret^refpon* 
 fum fuit, antique foederevtrumque re- 
 gcm, & vtrumque populum vtrinqug 
 obftridtosefleiatquc ita pulfo Eduardo, 
 foedusmancrecum populo, &regequi 
 regnabata. Latini vero, cum Tarquinij a nf^^^ 
 in exilium adi Romanisbellfiinferrent, ^"^-^r^f-U 
 Vtrifqueauxilianegauerunt, qu6dreli« '^'^* 
 gione vetarentur, tarn contra Tarqui- 
 nios 3 quam cotra R omanos bdlnm ge- 
 rere : quandoquidem ex aequo vtrifquc 
 foedcre iundi eirent b, b d»<.».k4. 
 
 PE INSIDIIS ET FRAVDE 
 
 H O S T I L I, 
 
 2 Bontis doim quis, 
 
 3 Stratagemata imperatori Uudem pariui, 
 
 4 Romani veteres omnes fraudes ajfernAti 
 
 funt* 
 
 5 Veteres mnnunquam fola opmom fyn^ 
 cerafidei plusprofecere^ qukm armis* 
 
 -AP. OCTAVVM. 
 
 /^ Vm quis bellum fafceperir, inquit 
 ^^ D. Auguftinus *^5 vtrum apcrte pu- a mc.nom^ 
 I gneturjanexinfidiis^^ad iuftitiam nihil "*^'^"'*' 
 3 attinet;& bonum dolum* (quod pro /b- ^**^ '** 
 
 L 5 lertia
 
 Db ivre et Off. bell. 
 
 lertia accipieban t veteres ) dicit effe VI- 
 
 pianus , cum quis aduerfus hoftem , la-» 
 
 loV^^^jUi fronemuequidmachinatura. itaqj op- 
 
 XJo, ' ' *timusimperatorLylander dicebatj vbi 
 
 leonina pellis deficeret, vulpinameffe 
 
 b p^.w A- afliiendam^& poetaefinxeruntjHercu* 
 
 f"/'** lem Neme^i leonis pellem pro armis 
 
 habuifle, &(agittastin(5tasfellc &fan- 
 
 guine Hydrse Lernsec. quo indicant bo- 
 
 num imperatorem calliditatem fimul 
 
 cum fortitudine coniungere debere:eo- 
 
 que (pedtat illud Virgilianum: 
 
 I)olu4 an virtue ^ quis tn hoHe requirat. 
 Quae fententia vera eft , quatcnus fides 
 cf.»»oK.23. ^o^ violetur*^. neque enim Dionyfio 
 3M.1. tyranno fimiles efle debcmus , qui dice- 
 bat pueros talis , viros iureiurando fal- 
 w/tfrt'*'^*'^' ^^^dos effe *^ : aut Perfas imitari , quibus 
 fides didis fadisque nulla erat, nifi qua- 
 e i«»/im./.i2. tenusexpediret^ aIioquiver6& lofue 
 hoftibus fuiSjipfo audlore Deo, infidias 
 f lo/ie 8. flruxiffe legitur ^. & Pittaci Mitylenei 
 (qui vnus ex fepte fapientibus fuir) ftra- 
 tagema laudatur, qui cum Phry none A- 
 theniefiuni duce certaturus, cui in cafli- 
 de pifcis imagucula erat, rete in ftadium 
 detulit5& exclamans fe pifce petere,eum 
 retiinuoluitjficquefe extricare nefcien- 
 
 tcm,
 
 LiBBR PKIMVS. 85 
 
 tem5Confecit. Re(^e itaq; A^efilausdi- 
 ccbatjimpium quidem elte fidem daum 
 violarcj hoftcsautemdecipere, noniu^ 
 ftum mods efie , fed fuaue etiam^ & lu- 
 crofiim a. Cambyfes veroa Cyro apud a pw.ibA- 
 Xenophontem interrogatus, qua potif- ^°^^* 
 fimumrationevincendum efTet/efpon- 
 dit, fividoriacupitur, quacunquearte 
 Capiendi funt hoftes, occultis infidiis, 
 doloj fraudeque fallendij & furto & ra- 
 pinis exhauriendi . fie oportunum ali- 
 quando mendacinm imperatoriSjVido- 
 riam dedit ; vt illud Valcrij Leuini , qui 
 exclamauic Pyrrhumafeinteremptum 
 efle,cum militis cuiufdam c^dc gladium 
 cruentum haberet : quofadum eftjVt E- 
 pirot^ confternatijin caftra quam prima 
 pauidiacflentesfcreciperent. Similiter 
 T. Quintiusconf.cumVolfcispugnaSj 
 gradumreferentibusfuis, falubri men- 
 dacio fiigerehoftes a cornu altero cla- 
 mitans, concitauitaci^ & impetu fado, 
 dum fe putat vincerejViccre K Quas qui- b Hmusi.z, 
 J demftratagemata* maxima imperatori 
 laudem & gloriam dare folent, Hac autc 
 cauendi&fallendiarte, Philippus Ma- 
 cedo infignis habitus fuit jgaudcbat etc- 
 nim longe magis, decepto per dolum 
 
 hofte.
 
 De Ivre bt off. bell. 
 hofte, quamapertoMartefuperato :Vt 
 qui diceret, vi^loriam perdolum &cal* 
 liditatem finefuorum cladefemper efle? 
 iilam autem , qua? collatisfignisfieret, 
 nunquam fine cruore. Poeniquoquc, 
 inter quos Annibal darus exftitit , & 
 Craeciplurimumhifce calliditatis& FaU 
 lendiartibus gloriatifunt.quod impro- 
 bandum non effetj nifi etiam fidem tarn 
 facile violafTent. atveteresilliRomani* 4 
 omnes has fraudes & fallaciasafpernati 
 funtjS: non nifi vera virtute,& apcrta vi, 
 Romanisqueartibus,vtillidiccbat5vin- 
 ccre voluerunt . fed pofterioribus tcm- 
 poribus Romani, fpretahae maiorum 
 fuorum fententia, fallendi^decipiendiq; 
 ardbu^ fibi , rei^ue publico? confulerc 
 potius habueruni.itaque Q.Martius,& 
 A. AttiliuSj quilegatiad PerfenMace- 
 doaum regem mifli crant, reucrfi, nulla 
 remagisin fenaru gloriati funr, quam 
 decepco per indutias, & fpe pacis hofte: 
 adeo enim apparatibus belli fuifle in- 
 ftrudumJpfisnuUaparara re, vt omnia 
 oportunaloca pra^occupari ante ab eo 
 potuerint, quam exercitus in Graeciani 
 traijceretur : (patio autem indutiarum 
 fumpto, vcturum ilium nihiloparatio- 
 
 rcm:
 
 LiBER PRIMVS, 2S 
 
 rem : Romanos omnibus inftrudiores 
 rebus coepturosbellum» hacc , vt refert 
 Liuius^, vti fumma rationc a(fia, magna ^ ^^ 
 parsfenatusapprobabat.vetcresautcmj * ^ 
 quibus hasG noua minus placebant fa- 
 pientia morisandqui memores ^ ncga- 
 bant fc inealegatione romanasagnof- 
 cereartcs : non perinfidias, 8c no^urna 
 praelia, nee /imulatam fugam, improui* 
 losque in incautum hoftem reditus^nec 
 vtaftumagisquam vera virtutegloria- 
 rentufj bellamaioresgefififle; indicere 
 prius^quamgererefolitosbellaidcnun- 
 ciareetiam; interdum locum finire, in 
 quodimicaturieffent. eademfideindi- 
 catum Pyrrhomedicum vitx eius infi- 
 diantem: eademFalifcis vindum iradi- 
 tum proditorem filiorum regis.hgc Ro- 
 manaefTe^nonverfutiarumPunicarum, 
 neque callidiratis Gr^ cse^apud quos fal- 
 lere hofle , quam vi fuperarc, glorio/ius 
 fuit . interdum in praefens rempus plus 
 proficidolo , quam virtute , (cd eius de- 
 mum animum in perpetuum vincijCui 
 confeffio e^prefTa efTet , k neque arte, 
 nequecafu/ed collatis cominusviribus, 
 iuftoac piobelloeilefuperatos. Ha^c^vt 
 inquit Liuius^(eniores,(juoru fententia 
 
 accepta
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BElt. 
 DE IVRE LEGATORVR 
 
 r Legati inuiolahiUs. 
 
 2 Legatum hoH'mm Jul fans dedi hofiibfCi 
 folet. 
 
 3 Legati Ugationis munui excedere mn 
 fo^ttnt, 
 
 4 lui UgAtermn hoflibm ta?jtum conuenih 
 
 5 R chillis^ etiam ft intmere legations fun» 
 gatur^mn efl inuiolabilis. 
 
 6 iS^d nhilles legatos miner e , makftatl 
 fr'tncifis nonconuenit. 
 
 7 Jn legatis fpeCianda prudentia & cU-» 
 gnitd^. 
 
 S Nonnuquarn mulkribffs legatiohes com* 
 mijfa» 
 
 Capvt NONVM. 
 
 Egati apud *omnes gentes femper 1 
 
 tuti, &inuiolabilcsfuerunt5 quod 
 
 hlvU,i>Ae iure gentium indu(5lumcft^•& a Roma- 
 
 ^^^u^Mfi, nisfanaididi^a fagminibus^quxlegad 
 
 i^ populi Romani ferre folent: ficui Jegati 
 
 Graecorum ferebant eajqu^ x,>i|3ux,e/a, vo- 
 
 \ymi.finni. cantur,vt rcfcFt Marcianus^Jra^uequi 
 
 p..fc«r.ai- j^g^juj^ hoflium pulfafTet % autiniuria ^ 
 
 c li.vu. D. affeciflet , dcdi hoflibus folet ^ : quod & 
 
 i^k^atfo, jurefeciali cautum fuifTe diximus . Sic 
 
 M. M milio Lepido , C. Flaminio conff. 
 
 L. Minucius Myriibus ,& L. Manlius, 
 
 quod
 
 Liber primvs. 2j 
 
 quod Carthaginienfium legatis manus 
 inruIerantjiuffuM. Claudij pr.vrbis,per 
 fecialesjtraditi funt \cq2lus,8c CanhagU 
 nemauedia. & Q.Fabius&Cn,Apro- umitttliS 
 tiiusi€dilitii,qu6dIegaros,abvrbeA- 
 polloniaj Romam miffos y orta conten- 
 tione 5 pulfalTent , continuo per feciales 
 deditirunt^& quidemnifidederenturj t, vai.Max, 
 qui legates vioIafTent, vcl d publico c6- ^^.6.c.«5. 
 filio id fadum efTctj bellum legitime in- 
 ferrifokt. ItaqiFidenatibus atroxbel- 
 lumillatum a Romanis, quod legatos 
 eorum interfeciflent , iuflu Tolumtnij 
 regis Veientium, ad quern defecerant '^ : ^ n^f^ i^i 
 &lllyricisob legatos (ecuripercuffos'** d/j/o.w,/. 
 Sed &Dauid intuUt bellum regi Am- ^"^•^* 
 monitari5,propter derifos legatos fuos'^j eRej.i.czo 
 iniuria cnim fada legatiSjCenfctur fada 
 principi vel reipub.cuius legarione fun- 
 guntur f. Sed etfi bello fubiro exorto, fcaccufatio. 
 quiapudvtrumque populum inueniu- ^^e^.z^'Jo 
 tur, ex hoftibus lerui emciantur,licet in 
 pace veneiint §: tamen legatos liberos gi,inMo.^ 
 tnanere, Pomponius refpondit : idque »-D''^"'»i"'« 
 iuri gentium conuenire^. Ethseccerte hinUvk.D^ 
 fumma ratione legatis tributa funt : vt ''«^''"'"'t 
 eflentj qui vitro citroquCjde coditioni- 
 buspacis, foederis J indutiarum, tutoa* 
 
 M gere
 
 De IVRH ET off* BELI4 
 
 gere poffent :qui fepe paruo labor^jina* 
 ximas controuerflas tollut. Itaque Ko* 
 manij cum belli pacisque iurajtumpo- 
 ti/Iimumius kgatonim inuiolabiieeflc 
 voluerunt: vfqueadeOjVt Scipio Aphri- 
 canus, ciim onufta multis , & illuftribus 
 viris Carthaginienfium nauem^in fuam 
 potcftatemredegiffec, inuiolatam eain 
 dimiferit: quia fe legates ad eum mifTos 
 dicebant: quauis manifeftum eflet,illos 
 vitandi periculi gratia,falfum legationis 
 nomen amplexos fuifTeifed maluit Sci- 
 pio Romani imperatoris potius dece- 
 ptam fidem , quam fruftra imploratam 
 
 L^i r*** ^"^^^^" ^- ^^^ ^^^ Tarquinij,iam regno 
 pulfij Romalegati veniffent, res ablatas 
 repetitum , occulteque cum nobilibus 
 adolefcentibus , de rege reducendo tra- 
 darenf.redetedajquanquamvificflent 
 commidfTe^vrhoftiumloco habcretur, 
 
 b i<i,2. valuit tamen^vt ait Liuius b,ius getium. 
 Similiter cum Volfci mififfent aliquos 
 exploratores, fpecielegatorum in caftra 
 Romanorum,qui explorarenteorunu- 
 merum , & apparatum belli : quamuis 
 conuidos &: cofeflbs^tamen Poftumius 
 didator, a concitata ad feriendum mul- 
 titudinejincolumes feruauit^inani lega- 
 tionis
 
 Liber primvs* S8 
 
 tionisnomini tantum tribuensmeiclli- 
 cet daretur hoftibus aliquis honeftus 
 belli praetextus, firaulaturis legates vio- 
 latoSjContrams gentium a. quotamen ar)io».M. 
 excmplo non putarem legates fimilia *«*«R«*''*»« 
 molienresj omnino iuretutosefle, cum 
 
 3 legati nihil extra iegationis munus*a* 
 gerepoffint*».Iureitaqj Galii,ciim Clu- hiPoMUu.u 
 finosinuafiflentjVidiffentqueFabiosIc- i^''^^^^*»»»^» 
 gates Romanorum (quiadeos miffie- 
 
 rant , vt petercnt ne Clufinos fbcios of- 
 fenderent)poftexequutamlegationem, 
 arreptis armis contra ius gentium, cum 
 Clufinisinacieverfintes, miffisRoma 
 legatis fuis^queftu iniurias^poftulatum- 
 que^ vt pro lure gentium violatOj Fabij 
 dederenturrcumnoimpetraffent ; imo 
 de quorum pcena agebatur , tribunes 
 militum in (equentem annum creates 
 audircntrflagrantes ira^ob henore vitro 
 habitumviolatoribus iuris humani>e- 
 lufamque legatienem .-omifTis Clufinis> 
 Romam redta perrexeru nt , & Romanis 
 aciead Alliamfufis^vrbemceperunt & 
 deuaftarunt.quf calamitaSjVt inquit Li- 
 uius^jRomanisfuperuenitjObvioIatum « '»^.54 
 ius gentium. Porrofciendumeft, hoc 
 
 4 iU5 legator um^qucmadmodum & reli- 
 
 M 2 quaiu-
 
 De ivre et off. BHll» 
 
 qua iura belli, hoftibustantiim conuc* 
 
 nirejHon ciiam latronibusjrebellibusja- 
 
 liisque, qui hoftium numcro non con» 
 
 d!'!ami'^' ^^"^"f^r*- qu2 de re alio loco diximus 
 
 fta!'Djevcr. fupra^. vndc Cicerocrcprehenditjquod 
 
 b^c'z 6 ^^"^"^^^"but^"^ ^ffct legato Antonij» 
 
 c pL%.8.* cui portas vrbis patere ius non erat ; & 
 
 cidem reditu mad Antonium prohiberi 
 
 deberecenfebat.lure quoque Theodo- 
 
 fius imperator^legatum tyrannicuiufda 
 
 fibi rebelliSjin carcerem coniec:t:& Ca- 
 
 rolus V. imper.legatos duels Mediola- 
 
 nenfis fibi fubditi5& bellum machinatis 
 
 d refertzo' carcerecoclufit^^. fednecciues^necfub- 
 
 iinAtrtfU did*, qui uialo confiliOj& proditorisa- 5 
 
 nimo apud hoftes fijnt , quos hoftiiilo- 
 etni.popH' ^^ haberi voluit Paulus*:etiamfi mu- 
 Trwtmn. ^. ncre legationisfungantur, iuregetium 
 ^l^clfiM^' tutierunt.quamuisenim loco hoftium 
 f 1, At beiio habcantur, non tamen iure, quo hoftes 
 'jfhop%^.' vtuntufjvtalibi oftcndimus^.runtenim 
 uanda. rebelles , & iniufti hoftes, neque fc vlla 
 g i.vit,p.dM ratione , principis fui iurifdi<5Uoni , & 
 fac, I. mtrca. poteftati,quae vbique locorum lubduos 
 torts, c. de tenet 3 e^iioiere po/Tunt K non magis, 
 ^^^!Z^l quim Barbarius Philippus fcruus^qui 
 Ttl'Vi ^^^ Romae praetor fa<5luseflct^& a do« 
 •/^*r* ' ininOp(juicumperfequcbatur,infcrui- 
 
 uitem
 
 LlEER PRIMVS. 8p 
 
 tutem vindicarctur, preciofe redemit: 
 vt ex Suida refertBodinus'.qua rationc a itb,i.cap,6 
 ctiamiurcca?fividentur, a Csfarianis^ 
 Rangonus & Fregofa , Caroli v. imper. 
 filbditi 5 legati regis Gallise ad Turcam : 
 quamuis iniulTu Cxfaris id fadlum fit* 
 
 ^ Ad rcbelles^ vero legates mitterejmaie- 
 /lati principisnullomodo couenitjta- 
 que Cicero reftitit, quantum potu it, ne 
 legati mitteretur ad Antoniunijreipub, 
 bellutn inferentem.non enim verbis ro- 
 gandum,(edcogendum armisrquodno 
 cumhofte, fed cum ciuc reseffet *>. Sc ^^^^^^* 
 quide Deus ipfe adeodeteftatuseft re- <«^6. '^'^ 
 belles , & fchifmaticos , vt cum homo 
 DeimiilusefletadHieroboam ('ad que 
 decern tribus Ifracl relido rege fuo de- 
 fecerantjiquieipeccatafuaexprobraret; 
 panem apud illos edere , & aq ua bibere 
 vetaretur. ^^cum non cuftodi(ret5& c6- 
 tra praeceptu domini prandilTet^vitione 
 diuina,in reditu a leonenecatusfuerit'. c R^^.rj.r. 
 neque folum indignu eft maieftati prin- ^|"'^''*'7 f • 
 cipis, legatosad fiibditos rebel les mit- 
 tere^fedetiam minimetutum eft. non e- 
 nimfperandum eft. iura gentium fand-a 
 foreapudeoSjquiiuradiuina& huma- 
 
 7 na contemnunt . Ceterum in legatis * 
 
 M 3 maxime
 
 De IVRE Bt OFF. BELt^ 
 
 maxime fpe<5^anda eft prudetia & dignl- 
 tas.Carthaginienfesenimcum Romain 
 de pace legates mififlent , non impetra- 
 uerunt : quod iuuenes, & nulliusdigni- 
 tatislegatimiffiefTent , & qui per astatS 
 nonmeminirtefedicerentjeaquse fupe- 
 rioribus foederibus ada efTent : quade 
 caufa ctia fufpcdi habiti5& punica frau-- 
 deeledi putabatur: qui veterem pacem 
 repeterent, cuius ipfi non meminiflent. 
 tandem vero , cum iam maxime attritis 
 rebus Carthaginienfium , Hannonem 
 Magnum & Afdrubalem Hasdumjaliof- 
 que aetate dignitateque confpe(5tos ad 
 pacem petendam Romamitterent.-tum 
 demu Carthaginiefes vere,& exanirao 
 de pace agere dixerunt Romani , quare 
 a timui / 30 & pacem dedcrunt ». Scitum quoque il- 
 ApputMei. iudCatonis,dele2atisRomanoru mif- 
 fis ad componedam pacem mter Nico- 
 medem & Prufiam : quorum vnus faxo 
 quondam in caput percuiTus, foedas ci- 
 catrices praeferebat : alius laborabatpe- 
 dibus : tertiusvfqueadftultitiafimplex 
 habebatur; ita vt Cato inillam legatio- 
 nem cauillaretur , cam nee mentem ha- 
 b Appia. it berc5nec pedes, nee caputs Inlegato 
 hdLmhrtA, qyQQug nonunquam prodeft grauitas, 
 
 &rei-
 
 Liber primvj. pQ 
 
 & reipub.caufafeueritas: exemplo C* 
 Popilij: cui cum Antiochusvenietide- 
 xtram porrigeret,tabellasei Popilius S. 
 C, (quoiubebatur, vt rex bello, quo 
 Ptolema^umlaceffebatjabftincretjcon- 
 tincntes tradidit. qiiibus perledis, ciim 
 fecumamicis conrLdtatuium,quid fa- 
 ciendum fibi cfTet, Antiochusdiceret; 
 Popilius, pro cetera afperitate animi, 
 virga.quaminmanuhabebat, circum- 
 fcripfit regem, ac, Priufquam hinc dccc- 
 das (inquit) redde refponfum fenatui, 
 quod feram, quo tam violcnto imperio 
 obftupefadus rex , cum parumper hseli- 
 fitafletjfaciam (inquit) quodcenfetfe- 
 natus :ac turn demum Popilius dcxtram 
 regi 5 tanquam focio atque amico por- 
 rexita. Nonnunquam veroetiammu- at/W«/.4s 
 8 lieribus% cum maximofrudu & reipu- V'»'^^'**./»^- 
 blicsB vtilitatCj legationes comife funt. ''"^''^' 
 itaque regnan te Romulo , bello Sabino 
 S.C. faclu fuit, quo Sabinis mulieribus, 
 filios Roma? habetibus/acultas data eft, 
 relidisapud viros filiis^Icgationem ob- 
 eundi apud Sabinos : cuius legationis 
 princeps fuit Herfiiia. quae pacem com- 
 pofuerunt inter Romulum , & Tatium 
 Sabinoru regem. qua de caufaaregibus 
 
 M 4 magni
 
 De ivre et oft. bell. 
 
 atbo».H4/, magni honoresillisconceffi ^unt^Prf- 
 
 €m,Ka.itb.z ^^^^^ ^v^^ Marcius Coriolanus jiniquo 
 
 cxilio multatus, ad vindicandam iniu- 
 
 riam , fufisaccaefis aliquot exercitibus 
 
 Romanorum ^ad ipfa moeniavrbisac- 
 
 ce/TifTet , & nequelegatiadeumdeprc- 
 
 candumiffi, neqifacerdotescuminfulis 
 
 quicquam proficerent: Veturia mater, 
 
 Volumniam vxoreclus cum liberis fe- 
 
 cu m trahens ^ filiu m prccibus fuis , & la* 
 
 hvaiMax. crymisexpugnauit,& cxarmauit^. atq; 
 
 LMorZ^A, ^^^> vtinquit liuius% quamarmisviri 
 
 caf.zz. defendere vrbem non potuerunt, mu^ 
 
 cub.i, lieresprecibusjlacrymisq.defenderunt» 
 
 Populus quoq; Romanus Mutiam, ma# 
 
 trem Pompeij^ minis adegit, vt legatio- 
 
 nemadeumfufciperet ; quainftigante, 
 
 vna cum lulia vxore , foedus inter Pom- 
 
 peiumjAntoniumj&Odauium Ca?(a- 
 
 d \ppianje ^^^ percufTum eft*^. eflque mcmora- 
 
 beUocwiM.i bile, quod de Celtislegimus, quicon* 
 
 fulrationibus de bello , & pace mulieres 
 
 fuasadhibebant, & lires cumfociis or- 
 
 tas,earum opedifcutiebanf.ex eo,qu6d 
 
 quondam , ciim e graui , & implacabili 
 
 difcordia , in bellum ciuile incidident, 
 
 mulieresinter media arma progreflT? co- 
 
 trouerfias omnes miraquadamdexteri- 
 
 tate
 
 Liber primvs. pj 
 
 tatecompofuerant : & concordiam fta* 
 biliuerant . vnde in fuo ctiam foedere, 
 quodcumAnnibalcpcrcufTerunt, fcri- 
 ptum fuit:fi Cek« haberent^quo nomi- 
 ne Carthaginienfesaccuiaientjiudiciu 
 fore Carthaginien^um ducumac prae- 
 fedorum in Hifpania: /i vero Carthagi- 
 nienfesCeltisaliquidobijcerent^caufe 
 cognitionem fore penes Celtarum mu- 
 lieres -• Ceterum prudenter M. Cato a pkt, h 
 cenfuitjnonefrepubliceaudiendostres '■^"**"^« 
 oratores Athenienfium , Carneadem, 
 Critholaum,^ Diogenem: quod fciret 
 eos tantiim valere eloquentia, vt 
 quscunquevellent, perfua- 
 
 derepofrent,tam;Equa, ^^^^.^^ 
 
 quam imqua.'' Momjt. itf. 
 
 Ctpl. lib^ 22, 
 
 M 5 DE
 
 DE IVRE ET OFFICI IS 
 
 BELLICIS, ET DISCIPLINA M.I- 
 LITAR I, 
 
 Liber secvndvs* 
 DE OFFICIIS BELLICIS> 
 
 J 'Non m(i ex iufla can fa helium geredam* 
 
 2 D omwAndi cupidttas mult a mala (ecum 
 
 adfert^ 
 
 3 Adhellum mn nifi rtece^ario ventidum, 
 
 4 Honnunquam vi6lona fins amittitur^ 
 
 quam acquiritur, 
 
 5 Secunda moderat e , aduerfa former fe^ 
 
 rtnda* 
 $ R omnni neque vt Bores infolefcerc^necjuc 
 
 vi6li deprimi folent, 
 7 Duo pracepta Platonis ad off da bellka 
 
 maxim e fpe&ant, 
 S V'trfortis nihil pro fua , omnia pro com - 
 
 muni vt Hit ate faciei , 
 $ ^acunqut rat tone patrid confuledum. 
 
 1 LMori pro repuhlica gloriofu?n . 
 
 11 2{jn funtdamnandt ^qmin hello feobj^ 
 
 liunt morttsfericulo^ 
 
 12 fro
 
 Db TVRE BT off. BELt. 
 
 12 Tro patrU fduteUcet fatnm vclfilium 
 
 JS In htllo non eli fufcifkneta defenfo e»* 
 rum^ cjUA commode defends nonpojfunt* 
 
 14 Non tern er e defer enda^ qua hofiium tm^ 
 
 fetumferre pojfunt, 
 
 15 'N^n n'miumfduiendum tn vt^os^ 
 
 Capvt primvm. 
 
 aA^Sftjg^ Vm primum iuftici^B munus 
 
 officM.u ^^^^5 fit, vtinquit Cicero 85 necui 
 
 ^^^^ quis noceat , nifi laceffitus 
 
 ^^^^^ iniuria: adofliciabellicain 
 
 primis rpedat\vt non nifi ex iufta caufa i 
 
 bellu geratur , ne ius hu manae focietatis 
 
 violetur: & abfit omnis dominandi cu- 
 
 piditas^qu» non folum cum iufticia pu- 
 
 gnat , fed folet etiam fecuadferre multa 
 
 incoraoda^namjVtinquit Liuiu$,nulla ^ 
 
 magnaciuitasquiefcerepoteft r fi foris 
 
 hofte non habet^domi inuenit: vtprae- 
 
 ualida corpora ab externis caufis tuta 
 
 videntur , fed fuis ipla viribus oneratur; 
 
 & vt legati Darij Alexandre dicebant, 
 
 periculofumeft praegraue impcrium: & 
 
 b ^^u4 difficile continere^qux caperc non poP 
 
 c.rr./,/>.4. ficb^quareD.Auguft^ Quemadmodu 
 
 7>6.3.«ao. (inquit)in corporibus hommum,iatms
 
 Liber sicvndvs» pj 
 
 eftmodicamftatutara cumfanitate ha- 
 bere, quam ad molemaliquamgigan- 
 team pcrpetuis afflidionibus perueni- 
 re: nee dim pcrueneris quiefcerc; fed 
 quanto grauioribus membris, tato ma- 
 ioribus agitari malis; fie imperium par- 
 uum&quietum, praeftat magno & in- 
 quieto. quodindicafTequoquevidetur 
 Calanus Indus, in philofophise ftudiis 
 magni nominis : qui ad Alexandrum 
 Magnum veniens , bubulam pellem ari- 
 dam5in medium coniecit,cbambuIanP- 
 que eius extrema pedibus premebat : 
 pclliscumad vnam tantum partem cal- 
 caretur, reliquis inaltum attollebatur. 
 eo fado 5 media deinceps firmus inflitir, 
 atque ita peilis vndique immota con- 
 quieuit. taliexemplo Alexadrum com- 
 monens, ne in longinquis locis tempus 
 tereret^fed imperii medium tueretur.ita 
 enim in eius finibus quietura omnia*, a h ritdA" 
 idqueetiam Laccdsmoniorum exepio ''^*^* 
 fetis docemur: qui ciim terra marique v- 
 niuerfae Graeciae imperarent , tantaque 
 'iamdominandicupiditateflagrarent,vc 
 Afiamomnemfiioimperio fubigercaf- 
 iFedarent :tantum ex ea re inuidi^^atque 
 odij contraxerunt, V t & imperium, & Ji- 
 
 bertatem
 
 De IVRB ET OFF. BELL, 
 
 bertatem amiferint. Prudcnteritaque 
 
 1 heopompus , Spartanorum rex , cum 
 
 primus Spartse regibusEphorosadiun- 
 
 xifler^exprobrantivxorijquodfiliisre- 
 
 gnum minus^quamaccepifiet, relidu- 
 
 rusefTet.-rcfpondit, tantoidmaiusefle 
 
 ^Tiut, ad relidurum, quanto firmius a^ & hanc 
 
 friaop^erttd, quoqucfentctiam comprobafle videtur 
 
 ar matus Annibal , cum ad Scipioneait: 
 
 Optimum fuerat , earn patribus noftris 
 
 mcntemdatamadiisefle, vtvos Italiae, 
 
 nos African imperio contetiefTemus: ita 
 
 aliena appetiuimus , vtde noftris dimi- 
 
 b XMiiuiio careraus b. Cum itaque in omnibus ne- 
 
 coffttM.u got"s,vtinquit Cicero ^,tum prglertim 
 
 inbellOjpriufquaaggrediare^adhibenda 
 
 eft pra^paratiodiligenSj & percipienda 
 
 cogitatione futura : & aliquando ant^ 
 
 conftitucndum, quidaccidere poffitjin 
 
 vtramquc partem , & quid agendum fity 
 
 ciim quid euenerit : neccommitti^dum 
 
 aliquidjVt aliquandodicendum fit,Non 
 
 putaram:quam Iphicrates turpiffimara 
 
 ifUd^ina- effcvoceimperatorisdicebat^. Etqui- 
 
 ^^^* dem5Vtadfecandum& vrendumedici*, j 
 
 fie nos ad bellararo inuitiq; veniemus, 
 
 ncc vnquam, nifi neceflario , fi nulla re- 
 
 perietur alia medicina, exeplo Augufti : 
 
 qui ad-
 
 LiBBR 5ECVNDVS. p^ 
 
 quiadmodu bella omnia execratuseft, 
 & no nifi ex maxima caufa vnquam hel- 
 ium alicui genti indixit. iadantis enim 
 ingenij, & leuiflimi eflfe dicebat ^ardorc 
 triumphandi, &:oblaureamcoronamj 
 in difcrimen , per incertos euentus ccr- 
 taminum,fccuritatem ciuium praecipi- 
 tarc. Bellum quoque non fufcipiedumj 
 viCi maior emolumentifpes,quam dani 
 metusoftendatur. alioquivero^vt Ar- 
 chidamus Eleos inconfiderate bellum 
 mouenteSjmonuitjbonum erit quiefce* 
 rea.nam vt idem Auguftus dicebat, mi- aP/<v»4 
 nimacommpdanon minimo (edtantes ^A^«^ 
 difcriminejfimilesfunthamoaureopit 
 cantibus, cuius abrupti amiffique detri- 
 mentUanullocapturselucropcnfaiipo- 
 teft^. quarenoneritconfultum iis, qui ^ '^''"»- «• 
 inopesfuntjbelluminferre* Cuius rei "^**^* 
 exeplo efle poteft Sefbftris rex ^gypti^ 
 qui primum Scythis belluintulit,mifris 
 prius legatis^qui lioftibus paredi legem 
 dicerent. quibus Scythae refponderunt, 
 fe mirari tam opulenti populi rege, fto- 
 lide aduerfiis inopes occupare bellum, 
 ciim magis domi fuerit illi timendura, 
 quod beUi certamen anceps, prsemia vi- 
 ^orisB nulla, damna manit'efta eflent, 
 
 iguur
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 
 igiturnonexrpecflaturosScythas, vtad 
 fe veniatifr: cum tato fibi in hofte plura 
 
 concupifcedafintjVltfoqueprodituros 
 obuiam ; quod & fecerunt, & regem in 
 a ittjHn.hb.z fugam verterunt^Expctenda eft itaque 
 magisdeccrnendi ratio, quam decerta- 
 di fortirudo : & prius omnia expcriri, 
 quamarmiscertarefapienredecet. qua- 
 le Sparianoru mos iurelaudari poteft, 
 qui ante hoftium congrefTum, Araori 
 facra faciebant : & reges Lacedsemonij, 
 antequam fignainferrcnt,Mufis immo- 
 labant, Clementise & Amicitias , nori 
 Marti ; fatiusducetes paCtione hoftium 
 animos, & pace incruenta conciliate, 
 quam praelij fubirealeam. fed vbi tcpus, 
 neceffitasque poftulat , decertandu ma* 
 nu erit, & honeftum bellum,ex Demo- 
 fthenis fententia/cm per turpi paci prae- 
 fcrendumerit.prudenterquoqueSpar* 
 tana ciuitas , feucriflimis Licurgi legi- 
 bus obtemperans , aliquandiu ciuium 
 fuorum oculos a contemplanda Afia re- 
 traxit, ne illecebris eius capti, ad delica* 
 tius vit^ genus prolaberentur.quod eos 
 non fruftra timuiflfedux ipforum Pau- 
 fenias fatisoftendit: qui magnis rebus 
 gcftis , vt primum fc Afiae moribus per-
 
 LtBER SBCVNDVS* pj 
 
 mifit , fortitudinem fuam effcminato 
 eiuscultUjVtaitValer. Max*. emolUre zU.z.ca^A 
 nodeirubuiri Fititaqueplerumque^vt 
 
 4 plus iftiufmodi vidoriisamitratur^jqua 
 qua?ratur> vteademAfiateftiseft; quse 
 fadaRomanorum^camopibusfuis, e- 
 tiamvitia Romamtranftuiic^. Eftvero ^ r«/?*'>./.36 
 fords animi, quale in bello requirimus, 
 fccuda moderate, ad uerfafortiter ferre: 
 
 J non perturbari in rebus afperis , nee tu- 
 rn ultuantemde gfadudeijci, vtdiciturj 
 fed pr^fentis animi vticonfiliomecara- 
 tionedifcedere, fed in omnifortunaeu- 
 dem animuni gerere. & is dem Q vir ttity 
 vtinquitLiuius, cuius animunecpro- 
 fpera fortuna flatu fuoefferet, nee ad- 
 uerfainfringet : qualis Camillusdefcri- 
 
 j, bitur , cum ait ; Nee mihi di(ftarura ani- 
 
 jj mosfecir,nequcexiliumademit.ex{lat- 
 que in banc rem memorabilia Roma- 
 norumexempIa,vtdubiumfit,anadmi' 
 rabilioresin aduerfis 5 an vero in fccudis 
 rebus Romanifuerint. de quibus fer- 
 
 6 tur*,Neque,fi vincercntur,animosiIlis 
 minui folerejnequejfi vincerentXecudis 
 rebus infolefcere*^. Itaque Albino con- cujiinJn 
 fule,exercitu aPyrrhocxfo , & clade 
 Cannenfi acccpta, quse certe graui/Tima 
 
 N fuir.
 
 De IYRE ET OFt* BEtt. 
 
 fuit 5 iam tertiu vi^is ab Annibale: nulla 
 vel minima quideabiedianimi fignae* 
 dita: nulla metio pads Romse fuii:quin 
 potius magno animo de bello reftaura- 
 do cogitatum, & odo millia captiuoru, 
 quod per deditionem,& finepugna^in 
 poteftateAnnibalis venifrent5cum par- 
 uo poflent redimi, non placuit. fed odo 
 millia iuuenum validiorumexfcruitiis 
 empta, publice armatafunt. Hie miles, 
 a iib.22, vt inquit Liuius a, magis placuit , cum 
 precio minorc redimedi captiuoscopia 
 fierer. Similiter Romanispra^lioeque- 
 ftri vidis a Perfeo Macedonia rege, cum 
 Perfeus confilio amicorum/uadetium, 
 vtfecundafortunainconditione hone- 
 to pacis vteretur potius^quam fpe vana 
 euedus, incafum irreuocabilefe daret, 
 ad P. Licinium conl. legates mififfet: 
 quipacem iifdem conditionibus pete- 
 rentiquibusPhilippodataeratrfummo- 
 tisarbitris,cumconrultarent,vicitRo- 
 manaconftanriain confilio, inquit Li- 
 fe h$,^2, uius ^ : & refponderi placuit, ita pacem 
 dari, fide fumma rerum liberum fenatui 
 permittat rex,de fe, deque vniucrfa Ma- 
 cedoniaftatuedi ius: vidi vidonbuseas 
 leges, quae vidispraefcribifolcntjftatue- 
 
 tCSf
 
 LiBBR SECVNDVS. p^ 
 
 tes. itanamquetum tnoseratjinaduer- 
 fisvultumfecundaefortunggerere:tno* 
 derari animos in fecundis. cui fimile eft 
 fadutn Marcellij qui exercitu fuo pridie 
 fufojfugatoque, poftridie giauiterin- 
 crepitis inilitibus, in acie prodiir; quod 
 cum nunciatum efTet Annibali , cum ea 
 nimirum (inquit) hofte res eft , qui nee 
 bonam , nee malam forrunam ferre po- 
 
 teftifeuvicitjferociterinftatvidtisifeu 
 viduseft, inftaurat cum vidoribus cer- 
 tamen Marcellus vero magna vidorfa 
 potitusefta. itaq- Pyrrhus,fufisaliquofc aLw^U/ 
 Romanorum €xercitibus,cum videret, 
 corum qui fuperefTenc in reparando ex- 
 ercitu fedinatione : Video me (inquit) 
 plane herculis fydere creatum,cui quafi 
 ab angue Lernseo^tot csefa hoftiu capita 
 de fanguine fuo renafcuntur^.qug certe b i.j^hrKsM 
 animi magnitudo, &conftantia Roma- i^ji-^om,u 
 norum tannim potuit , vt Pyrrhum/*^'*^' 
 quamuisvi<flore,&magniscopiis audio 
 eius exercitu, priorem ad pacem peten- 
 
 damcopulerir.cuijicetiequiffimascon- 
 ditioncs pacis petedi^audlore Ap.CIau- 
 dio carco refpoderi placuit, vti rex I talia 
 excederetitum^ficrefuavideretuijdea' 
 roicitia ac fociciate verba faceret.quoad 
 
 N 2 vero
 
 De ivre et off. beli. 
 vero in armis effet, populum Rom. ad- 
 uerfuseum belligcraturum, etiafimille 
 a ?iHt, m Albinos pugna (uperafTct a. Et quidcnij 
 ^^ho» quemadmodum rebus aduerfis , non fa- 
 cile Romanorum animos confternari 
 folerefuperioribusexeplisoftendimus: 
 ficnecprorperisinfolcfcereargumento 
 fit, quod Scipio Africanus Antiocho 
 vido,pacem petenti refpondit: Roman! „ 
 (inquit) eofdeinomnifortunaanimos ,5 
 gelTimus, germiusque : neque eos fe- ,, 
 cund^rescxtuleruntincqueaduerfaemi- 3, 
 nuerunt. eiusreijVtaliosomittamjAn- ,3 
 nibalem veftrum vobis darem teftem, „ 
 nifivosipfosdarepoflem. poftquaHel- „ 
 lefpontum traiecimuSjprivifquamcaftra „ 
 rcgia,priurquamaciemvideremus,cum „ 
 communis MarSj&incertusbellieuen- y^ 
 tuseffer^de pace vobis agcntibus, quas ,, 
 paribus fcrebamusconditioneSjealdem „ 
 b imiuU-; nunc vidores vidis ferimus ^. eftq,pro- 
 fe66hapcanimiaequabilitas,& modera- 
 tion non folum magno viro digna: (nam 
 vt Varro fcribit, fapiens & bonum ferre 
 debet modice ^ & malum fortiter , ac le- 
 niter) fed (bletetiam pier uque in rebus 
 gerendis , maximi efle momenti . ferme 
 erJm fit, vt fccundae res negligentiam 
 
 creent. 
 
 99
 
 Liber sbcvndvs, py 
 
 creen t. qua fiducia L»Marcius exftinftis 
 Scipionibus,'cum reliquiis exercituum^ 
 milltes hortatus ^ bina caftra Poenorum 
 in Hifpania.vbi omnia negleda & foluta^ 
 inuenit : vna no(5l:e inuafit, & cepit, ho- 
 ftibuscgfisa Amyntas^verocumpraBlio ^Uumin 
 fuperior, Mgyptios Memphixn ,quam 
 obficlebar,compLilifrer,& fuos ad popu- 
 ladumagroseduxifTet.-abhoftibuSjeru- 
 prionefada, quodvidtores palantes& 
 vidoriae fiducia incaut OS viderentjCura 
 omnibus fuis ad internecionem csefiis 
 eft ^. Prudenter itaque Q. Fabius Max. l^^''^^'' 
 dicebar , fe magis profpero Minucij col- 
 legse, quamaduer(bcuentu,aliquidti- 
 mere mali: neceum feritenda fefellit, 
 nam fecundis rebus elarus collega , te- 
 mere cum hofteconflixir, & fe cum e- 
 xercitu in euides periculum coiecit: fed 
 aFabioferuatusfuitc.Sic quoqueciim cLwtw/.ja 
 Teretius Varro conf.homo temerarius, 
 in prohibendis praedaroribus , tumul- 
 tuarioquodam pra^Iio fuperiorfuifTet: 
 baud a^gre Annibal id damnii paflTus eft; 
 quin potius crcdebat, velut inefcatam 
 temeritatem ferocisconfulis > & nouo- 
 rum militum^vtcerteaccidit.namftoli- 
 daillorum temeritate^necquicauam re- 
 
 N 3 lu(5lantc
 
 De IVRB Bt OFI'. BBtt. 
 
 luftate coUcga L.JEmiVio Paulo^ clades 
 ilia Canngfis Romanis illataeft.& idem 
 Varro,queniadmodum ante cladem fe* 
 rox, itacladcacceptahumilis^nimirum 
 nudado cladem, Campanorum animos 
 zVmtuizz a Romanis auertita.Eftitaqueviro for- 
 mfinex- ^'^ fj maxlme enitendum, non foiiim vt n5 
 
 tollaturfecundis;eoq;magis5quodple- 
 ruquc melius malamjquambonamfor- 
 tunam ferre polTumus.vnde Epamincn- 
 daSj LeudricavidoriapotituSp poftri- 
 die proceiritfqualiduSjSr humilis^foli- 
 tus alias vn(5lo corpore , & vultu fereno 
 viden ; inquiens/e^quodanimoclatior 
 pridie fuifletj immoderatumilludgau- 
 hviut. ina. dium caftigare^'.&prudeterPhilippus^ 
 ^"^^' cum Athenienfes,quibusfe aliquot ci- 
 uitates Grseci^ iunxerant,magno pr^lio 
 viciiret^iravicitjVtvidtoremncmofenti- 
 ret : & ita inter tacitamlaeticiam,&do- 
 loremhoftiumiemperauit, vtnequea- 
 pud fuos exuhafTe , neq; a pud vidos in-r 
 fultaffe videretur:cum tame ilia viftoria 
 Philippe vniuerfae Grxc'ix imperium 
 c jHjiinM, dederit *^ , Porro ad officia bcllica , vcl 
 maximefpe<5tant duo ilia praeceptaPla- 
 tonis "" : quae iis , quireipubl. pr^fiJturi 7 
 
 funt»
 
 LlEER SECVNDVS. pg 
 
 funtjprajfcribunturivnumjVtvtilitatem 
 ciuiumfictueantur, ytquidquidagant, 
 ad cam refcrant , obiiti commodorutn 
 fuorum : alterum , vt totum corpus rei- 
 publicfcurent:nedum partem aliquam 
 tuentur,reliquasdererat.vtenimtutela, 
 fie procuracio reipubl. ad vtiiitacem eo- 
 rum, quicommifrifunt, nonadeorum 
 qijjbuscommina, gerendaeft*. Quare a ^'c^offc, 
 8 cauendumeritviroforti^vt Cicero ait, ^^**' 
 ne pro fua vtilitate potius bella gerat, & 
 periculis fefe ofFerat , quam pro vtilitate 
 communi, nam animi magnitudo, quae 
 cernitur in periculis, Sclaboribus^fi iu- 
 fticia vacat, pugnatque non Ibium pro 
 falute communi 3 (edprofuis comodis, 
 in vitio cft.Siquidem rede Stoici^forti- 
 tudinem virtutem efle dicunt , pugnan- 
 tem pro «quitate: nihilquc honeftum 
 c(repoiIe,quodiufticiavacat. Animus 
 itaque paratus ad pcriculum , vt idem 
 Cicero aifjfi fua cupiditate^non vtilitate 
 comuni impellitur in pericula : audaci^E 
 potius nomen habebit,quam fortuudi- 
 nis. Vnde Callicatridas Lacedaemonio- 
 rumduXjmeritoreprehefus: qui cla(iJ5», 
 qua priuata? gloriae ia(5luram facerema- 
 luit:atqueitem CleombrotuSj qui inui- 
 
 N 4 diam
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 diam timens, temere cum Epaminonda 
 conflixir. quato redius Q^Fabius Max. 
 qui fuum imperium minui per vanitate 
 populi maluitjquam fecundafama male 
 rem gerere. idem L*i£milium Paulum, 
 ad bellum conira Annibalem cum C, 
 Teretio VarronecoIIega,temerario ho- 
 minejproficircentemmonenSjVtfedcdo 
 cum Annibalc bellum gereret, neque 
 temere cum hofle confligeret : ita allo- 
 cutuseft: Refiftesaute,inquitjaduerrus ,> 
 famam , rumoresque hominum , fi fatis » 
 firmusfteterisifite, neque coliegsevana » 
 gloria, neque tua falia fama mouerit . a j, 
 veritatelaborare, iusfaepeaiuntjextin- ,5 
 guinuquam.glonamquifprcuit,veram „ 
 habebit. /iue timidum pro cauto : tardu ,> 
 pro confidcrato : imbellem pro perito ,> 
 belli voccntiomniaaudentemcontenet 55 
 a lifHidizi Annibalinihiltemereagetemmetuet^ ,3 
 Exftat quoque in banc fententiam pr^e- 
 clara LentuJi principis viri oratio, Ro- 
 raanis ad furcas Caudinasinclufis, &a 
 Samnitibuslegationcacceptajnon alias 
 conditiones pacis efTe, quam fi inermes 
 cumfingulisveftimetisfub iugura mit- 
 terenujr : in hsec verba : Patrcm meum, J 
 inquitjconfuks, fepe audiui memoran- „ 
 
 tem.
 
 LlB£R SECVNDVS. pp 
 
 7, temjfeincapitoliovnumnonfuiffeau- 
 „ (5lorefenatui, redimendasauroaGalHs 
 5, ciuitatis, quandonecfoflavalloquCjab 
 ,j ignauiffimo ad opera ac muniendu ho- 
 5, ftCjClaufi cflent: & erumperCjfi non fine 
 35 periculo magno^tamen finecei ta perni- 
 „ ciepoflcnt. quod fi,vt i His, decurrere ex 
 55 capitolioarmatisin hoftemlicuit (quo 
 35 fcepe modo obfeiTi in obfidenteserupe* 
 ,5 runi}itanobisaequoautiniquo loco di- 
 ,j inicanditantummodocum hoftccopia 
 35 eflet: non mihi paterni animi indoles in 
 55 coniiuodandodeefTet. Equidem morte 
 ,5 pro patria praeclaram efle fateor , & me 
 3, vel dcuouere pro populo Rom.legioni- 
 3, busque , vel in medios me committerc 
 3, hoftes paratus fum.fcd hie patria video, 
 35 hie quicquid Romanar. legionumeft.* 
 3, quafiprofcipfisadmorte ruercvolunt: 
 3, quid habent quod morte fua fcruent? 
 3, teda vrbiSjdicat aliquis, & moenia, & ea 
 35 turbaaquavrbsincolitur. imoherchle 
 35 produntureamagisomnia, deletohoc 
 35 exercitunon feruanrur^ quis enim ilia 
 ,5 tuebitur?imbecillisvideiicet& inermis 
 3> multitudo? tarn hercle, quam aGallorii 
 ,5 impetudefendit. ana Veijs exercitum 
 ,5 Caoiiilumqueducem imploiabunt?hic 
 
 N 5 omnis
 
 De IVRE ET OFF, EEtL. 
 
 omnis fpesjopesque funtiquab feruado, Jj 
 patriam feruamusi dedendoad necem, ^, 
 patriam dcferimus ac prodimus,at foeda yy 
 atque ignominiofa dcditio eft. fed ea „ 
 charicas patriae eft, vt cam ignominiaea, „ 
 quam oiorce noftra, fi opus /it , fcrue- ,, 
 mus. fubeaturergoifta, quantacunque » 
 eft, indigniras, & pareaturneceftitati, ,> 
 7iJjn'mi9, quam ne dij quidcm fuperant^. Qua- 5,^ 
 cunque igitur ratione patriae & reipub.* 9 
 conmlcre debemus,& pro ea dcfendea- 
 da,nullam infamiam,nec ipfam quoque 
 mortem, fi res ita poftulat, recufiredc- 
 bemus.fed^vt inquit Plato:Si patria ma- 
 darit verberari te,fiue in vincula conijci, 
 fiue in praelium miferit^ad vulncra acci- 
 picnda,mortemquefubcundam: obe- 
 diendum eft omnino , & neque tergl- 
 uerfandum,nequefugiendum eritifed & 
 in bello, & in iudicio,& prorfus vbique, 
 ea quae refpub. vel patria iufterit,racien- 
 da funt . quaecunque enim a nobis ge- 
 runtur,non ad noftram vtilitatem & c6- 
 modum, fed ad patriae falu tern conferre 
 v-w^* " debemus ^. mori autem pro patria*jgIo- 10 
 c /. Luo a- riofiflimum Temper habitumfuit^Jta^j 
 Ztm! ^' cxclaraat Cicero ^\ O fortunata mors, „ 
 dpw»p^i/} quae naturfdebitajpro patria eft potiffi- „ 
 
 mum
 
 Liber secyndvis. loo 
 
 miim reddita.turpiffimum vero eft^ciim 
 poflis cum fumma virtute & honore, 
 pro pairiainterirerraalle perdedecus& 
 ignauiamviuerea. Qui vero pro defen- ^j^'J^'*''^ 
 fioneecclefisemoritur, caelefte regnum '* "** 
 ,, confequiturb. eoque fpc^au quod Ci- ^ *•<""« '^ 
 cero ait ^ : lUi igitur, quos caeciautis,eiia cap,omnti,yt^ 
 
 5. &- 
 
 ,, ad inferos poenam parricidi j lucnt : vos f,^- 9* 
 ,, vero, qui extremum fpintumin gloria tu,2s.par.z, 
 ^j cfFudiftis, piorutn eftisfedem & locum c p/^i^^h. 
 conr€cutL& quidem Cimbroru antiqui 
 militeSjadeo gioriofumduxerunt pro 
 repub.moriivt nonexiftimarcntjuin in 
 bello morerentur,fe felices^quafi ad fine 
 vitx non perfeuerates.vnde inacie gau- 
 dio exultabant^tanquam gloriose^fic fe- 
 liciter vita cxceflTuri , lamentabantur in 
 morboj quafi turpiter, & miferabiliter 
 perituri «^, Itaque non ftatim mortalis ^ vaiMaK, 
 II criminisdamnandiYunt duces belli, vel ^•*'«^^^ 
 milites,qui vt vi(floria potiatur/e maxi- 
 mocommittunt praelij^f conflidtuspe- 
 riculOjexquocertioreftmorSjquime- 
 uafio.namjVt inquitD. Auguft.< Non eUh.zi.am- 
 culpatur in bello, quod morianturqua- ^1^7.^'«^! 
 doque morituri,hoc enim reprehederc, otipatur, 23, 
 eftmagistimidorum,quam religioforu. ^*** 
 quauiscnimnuUiliceatfibiipfi mortem 
 
 confcif-
 
 De XVRH ET off. BELt, 
 
 confcifcere; (quocafii mortale crimen 
 i cHoniicet, contrahitur*)licet tainen,exiuftacaufaj 
 Vt^'^^deamt' vcluti propatrig,aut CathoUcaeccclefi^ 
 Vo'lIx'!2o defcnfione, fe mortis vel maximo peri- 
 ^*^' culo obijcere. itaque Eleazarum^virura 
 
 fortiffimum,apeccatodefendic, &lau- 
 baeo^c./.!. dibuseffcrtAmbrofius^.-quifupererai- 
 MMo* nentcm ceteris elephantem , lorica ve- 
 
 ftitum regia , arbitratus quod in eo rex 
 chuchab.i, cfftt^ interfecit, &a cadentebeftiaop- 
 d/.t^nimc. preiTus eft ^ Pro patriae quoquefalute*, ^^ 
 derehg. & fi qujs patrem occidcrit , vcl filium, nou 
 •^f* /^ foi^^ fipje fcelere erit, fed etiam pr^mio 
 c CK<f. o/. afficiendus.^. quod ita verum puto^fi res 
 fmiveiuti. omnino ad perniciem patriae fpeaabit, 
 D. de mfl. a- neque filius monendo^ neque minitado 
 !rc:ltr;. quicquam profecerit,vtpatrem abin- 
 diutr.*i*i,oo, ftitutoauerteret. patriae enim lalutem 
 mlVonsL anteponet faluti patris, ex frequetiffima 
 inaddttton, Philofophorum iententia^quQd ctiani 
 feJiZlai ^"^^ probatur ^: quicquid dicat Bodi- 
 art.-if^ciiint nus^ : qui conttarium fenfit, & temere 
 Z'y!Vf^dl reprehenditiurisinterpretes. Praedare 
 '^.Z.mV etiam Fuluium fcnatoris filium , ad Ca- 
 ^d^repM. tilinam proficifcetemj retraftumexiti- 
 h sM'*^ nere luffit parens necari K qui vcro pa- 
 h cotH Caul. J j.j^ prodit, criminis laefae maieftatis reus 
 adluimi, eft». Ccterum^quodadfecundumPla- 
 
 tonis
 
 LiBBR SECVNDVf. lot 
 
 tonis praffceptum attinet: illud itiaximi 
 cauendum5ne5dum fingulas partes tueri 
 voJumus, totum corpus reipub, in peri- 
 culum trahamus* Quare in bello no te- 
 13 mer^fufcipienda^eft defenfiofociarum 
 vrbiu,aIiorum4ue oppidorum^quse c6- 
 modedefendi non poffunt : praeflatque 
 ilia deferta hoftibus relinquere, quam 
 nccquicquadefendedo, defumma reru 
 in difcrime venire ^aut etia fama? pericu- 
 lumfacereiquseplerunque latius^ infla- 
 tiusq;,qUam res eft^percrebrefcerc fblet, 
 &faepe ad vniuerfi belli euentu, maximi 
 efle momenti* itaq; fainam bellu gerere 
 aiunr,& parua moineta,in rpe5metumqj 
 impellere animos. Qua de caufa Philip-» 
 pusMacedonurex,aRomanispr^Iiovi- 
 dtuSjVrbes focias, alia^; oppida^ quae de- 
 fcnderenopoterat^incenditacvaftauit: 
 homineSjqui/equipo{rent,exciuir:rerii 
 fuaru,quas polTentjferendarum /ecu do- 
 minis ius fiebat : cetera militis pra?da e- 
 tat.qugquidefacietiPhilippoacerbae- 
 tStjfed e terra mox futura hofliu^corpo- 
 Ta^alteeriperevolebat^inquoSueuo- a immi.n* 
 rum mor6 imitatus videtur^qui cu bellu 
 ipfis inferretur^cofilio habitOjnucios in 
 omnespartesdimittebatjVtideoppidis 
 
 demi-
 
 De xvre et off. bell, 
 demigrarcntilibcroSjVxores, (uaq; om- 
 nia in filuas dcponerent : atque omneSj 
 quiarmafcrrepoflent, in vnum locum 
 ^ctfiiheL conuenirent^.SimilirationeVerfinge- 
 ^«//./»6.4. £Qf ix^ nouis rebus ftudens ^ & Gallos ad 
 defe(^ioneni a Romanis follicitans , Bi- 
 turigibus perfuafit , vt oppida incendc- 
 rcnt^qua? non munitione, &loci natura 
 abomnielTentpeTiculotuta: nefuiscf- 
 fentad detre(5landam militiam recepta- 
 cula : neque Romanis propofita ad co- 
 piam commeatus^ prxdamquetollen- 
 bK..j^.de dam''. Cauendumtamenomninoerit, 
 heiiQGaUt.y ncquid horum crudcliter , autauariiia? 
 caufafiat. namcum Annibal,qu6dneq; 
 omnes Italia.' populos , qui fe iili con- 
 iunxerant, tenere praefidiis, nifi vellet in 
 multas paruasque partes carpereexerci- 
 turn 5 quod minime turn expediebat ^ 
 pofTet : neque,dedudis pra?fidiis, fpei li- 
 bcram^vel obnoxiam rimoris fociorum 
 relinquere fidem.- preceps in auaritiam, 
 & crudelitatem ad fpolianda, quae tueri 
 nequibat 5 inclinaflet : quamf'oedumid 
 kUb,zt, confiliumeiTet , inquit LiuiusS exiius 
 docuit. nonenira indigna patientium 
 modoabalienabanturanimi, Ccd cete- 
 rorumetiam : quippe adplures exera- 
 
 plum^
 
 LiBBR SECVNDVS. 102 
 
 plum>quamcalamitas pertinebat. C6- 
 fultius vero Romani > qui accepta Can-» 
 nenfi cladc^ & circumfpedis omnibus 
 imperii fuiviribus,l6ginquisfociisprx- 
 fidium implorantibus, non quidem mi- 
 ferunt, quod vires non fuppeterent , fed 
 cofulere fibi feipfos iufTeruntinihil cru- 
 dele in illos exercentes ^. Solertcr vero « ^ftiwUi 
 M.Porcius Cato conf.in Hifpania bellu 
 gerensjciim legati ab Ilergetum regulo 
 Biligafteadeumvenirent,qucrentesca- 
 ftella fuaoppugnari,nec fpem vllam cffc 
 refiftendi , nifi praefidio Romanus miles 
 elTet, &conrulemancepscuraagitaret: 
 noIJedcfererefocios/nolleminuereex- 
 ercirum : quod aut moram (ibi ad dimi- 
 candum, aut in dimicando periculum 
 afferre pofTet , & ftatuiffetnon minuere 
 cxercitum^ne interim hoftes quid in fer- 
 renrignominiae-.rociisfpemproreofte- 
 dendamcenfuicifaepevanaprovcrisma- 
 ximein bclio valuifle: & credentemfe 
 aliquidauxilij habere, perindeatqjha- 
 beret.-ipfafiducia^&fperandOj&auden- 
 dofcjuatum. Itaquelegatisrefponditj 
 quanquam vereretur^ne iuas vires^aliis 
 cascommodando ,minueret : tamen il- 
 
 lof um, teporis, &periculi^ magis quam 
 
 fui
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BtLL, 
 
 fill, rationem habere: & denunciari ttii- 
 litu parti tcrtise ex omnibus cohortibus 
 iubec, vtcibum, quern in nauesimpo- 
 nant,maturecoquatj nauesque in diem 
 tertium expediri prsecepit* legati non 
 ante profedi, quamimpofitosinnaues 
 milites viderunt,id pro hauddubioiam 
 nuriciantes,non fuos modo/ed etia ho- 
 ftes 5 fama Roman i auxilij aduentantis 
 impleuerunt.conful vero^vbi faiis quod 
 in fpecicm fuit, oftentatil effet, reuocari 
 ex nauibus milites iuffit.qua ratione ib^ 
 ciis/peauxilij^ad obfidionem ferendam 
 animum dedit,hoftemque ab obfidione 
 deterruit: & ipfe integris viribusad ho- 
 ftem profe(5tus,prgclara vi6loria potitus 
 bii<»wi/.34 efta^ Porroquemadmodunon eftfufci^ 
 
 piendatemeredefenfio'^eorUjquae tueri 14 
 non potes : fie nee facile deferendafuntj 
 qua? hoftium impctum excipere& fran- 
 
 fiac pofTunt.in quo Antiochus turpiter 
 apfusfuit, qui prglio nauali a Rotnanis 
 vidus, quia poflefTione maris pulfuSjIo- 
 ginqua tueri diffidebatfepofrerprsefidiu 
 ab Lyfimachia, ne opprimeretur ibi a 
 RomaniSjdeduciprauo, vt res ipfa po- 
 ftea docuitjCofilio iuflit.non enim tueri 
 folura Lyfimachia a prime impetu R o* 
 
 manorum
 
 LiBfiR SECVNDVS. lOJ 
 
 manoru m facile erat, fed obfidionem e- 
 tiam per totara hiemem tolcrare,& ob- 
 fidentes quoquc ad vltimam inopia ad- 
 ducere5extrahetidotempusa. Inter ce- aiiww/.jr 
 tera denicjue officia bellica rcfert Cice- ^p^'^Mth 
 15 ro**,ne(3euiatur*rupramoduinvi(5los. /o'ff.cMbj, 
 cum nihil laudabilius fir^nihil magno & 
 prsclaro viro dignius placabilitatc, & 
 dementia, & 
 
 Parcere iemHu^ (^ Meffarefuperkos. 
 Parcendum itaque multitudini5& ij qui 
 in impcratorum fidem cofugiunt (qua- 
 uis murum aries percufTerit j vtinquit 
 Cicero) recipiendi, & aud^ores tantum 
 turbarupuniendi-nam^vcinquitaudtor 
 ^ adHeren*^.viri fortiseft,quidcvidoria *:tii>,^, 
 J, contendunt, cos hoftespurare^qui vidi 
 jj (unt^eos homines iudicare: vt poffit bel- 
 ^y lumfortitudominuereipacem humani- 
 53 tasaugcre. Deeuertcndisautem, diri- 
 piendisque vrbibus valdc illud confide- 
 tandum monet Cicero,ne quid temerc, 
 nequidcrudeliterfiat. ItaqueM.Mar- 
 ceilusmaximam cofccutus eft laudem: 
 qui antequam Syracafas vrbem opiile" 
 tiffimam^prgda^pro concionemilitibus ^ rtfirt d, 
 cdiceretjfleuit,ediaoquecauit,nequis^T'/"'- 
 corpus liberum violaret <>*& Scipio^qui cr^^.e, 
 
 O capta
 
 De IYRB ET off. BBtl* 
 
 capta Carthagine , quserepletaerat fta* 
 tuis, donariisque Gr^canicis, ex Sicilia 
 aduedis5edixit,vte fingulis vrbibus ve- 
 nirentjquidinorcerent/uaqueauferret:^ 
 & nihil quicquam fuorum quemquam 
 paflus eftjVel liberum, vel feruu de prae- 
 da accipere , nee emere quidem, aliis di- 
 
 a PKw<j- rcptioni vacantibus*. C.Caefarquoquc 
 
 ^^^* dicere folet, nihil fibi gratius efle, quam 
 multitudini parcereiisqueTrebonio le- 
 gato, Maffiliam oppugnanti,per litteras 
 magnopere mandauit, ne per vim oppi- 
 dum expugnari pateretur : ne grauius 
 permoti milites , & defedionisodio,& 
 cotemptione fui, & diutino laborejOm- 
 nespuberesinterficerent.-quodfefadlu- 
 
 b c*Ai-(fc jQj minitabantur^. Eftitaqueclemetia, 
 non lolum magno viro digna, ledlolet 
 etiam plerumq ue efle fruduofi , 6c glo- 
 riofa . quofpedat illud Philippi patris 
 Alexand.Magni, qui fuadetibus quibuf- 
 dam^viacerbeinAthenienfesftaiuerct: 
 abfurde eosfentire dixit^qui tot^tantaq; 
 gloriaecaufaagentem^actolerantem^iu- 
 
 ^ u!*^ ** *" Berent gloriae theatruoi cuertere^Spar* 
 
 • tani quoquCjCum Athenienfesaddedi- 
 
 tionemcompuliflent 5 & quidem cenfe- 
 
 rent,infcftiffimam vrberai cum ipfo no^ 
 
 mine
 
 Liber secvndvs. 104 
 
 mine abolendam : negarunt fe permiffu- 
 ro5j vteduobus Graeciasoculis, vnuse- 
 rueretur''*& Macedonum regesacicde- 1^1^*^;^''^, 
 bcUare folitos fcribit Liuius^ jvrbibus bitb'.n. 
 parcere^quantum pofTent: quo opulen- 
 tius imperium habcrct.nam de quorum 
 pofle{fionedimicetur,tolIente nihil fibi 
 prater bellum relinquerCjquod confiiiu 
 cflePItaque tertium Romuli inftitutum 
 fuifle fcribit Diony fius Halicarnafl^us', ^/^"'' ^"^* 
 ne captas belle vrbes funditus euerre- 
 rent: fed belloruiusefle fcribit Liaius^^, ^^*^* 
 vt vidi vi(5toribus cum bona pace domi- 
 nentur,& imperent.Non alienum vide- 
 tur, prudetemadmonitionem Belifarij, 
 qua Totilamadiruenda Roma auertit, 
 hie fubijcere . cum enim Totila vrbem 
 Vi(5tor ingrelTus , earn omnino folo ae- 
 quareconftituiflet: monuiteum Bclifa- 
 rius per literas , ne quid temere faceret^ 
 nam, inquit , alteru eduobus necefTario 
 eueniet: aut vidus in hoc bello fuccum- 
 besjautannuentefortunafuperabis. fi 
 vidor euafcris , Romamc^ue deleueris, 
 T16 alienam, fed tuam perdtdens; /in fer* 
 iiaueris/egiam certe omnium pulcher- 
 Jrimamvatque ditiffimam feruaueris : fia 
 vcro a nobis deuiftus fueris , feruata vr- 
 
 O ^ be,at-
 
 De IVRB ET OFf. BStl, 
 
 be^atque incolumi^gratiasunmortafcsa 
 vidoreexfped^are dcbcs; fed ea diruta, 
 nulla humanitate contra teagctur . 6c 
 hisliterismotus Totila a diruendavrbe 
 are/frtPeft^ideftitit^SimilidilcmmatejprincipisA- 
 ^atj^' wufini cfFeratum animum cmoUiuerut 
 pbnM.6. epe nonnulli praeftantes viri huius Acadc- 
 ^rocopic, mia? Louanienfis : cum enim in expedi^ 
 none ilia nefanda contra patriam^ anno 
 lalutis €13^ ID. Lxxii^ciuitatcmLoua- 
 nienfem defticutam prsHdio , cum vali- 
 dirtimoexcrcitu oppugnarer, & videret 
 viri prudentiffimi , fe vim hoftium ferrc 
 non pofle : quamuis turpe effetpacifci 
 cum nefariOj & iniufto hofte, ne tamen 
 videret diuina, humanaque omnia vie* 
 lari: templa profanari:academiam logfe 
 prfftantiCfimamdeuaftariafceleftiflimis 
 hoftibus: maluerunt neceffitaticedetcs, 
 hxc omnia oblatocerto pecuniae precio 
 Tcdimcre,quam ciudelitatem hoftisex- 
 periri . cumque ille non contentus rc- 
 demptionisprecio,e6 impudentia?vc- 
 nifret^vtetiamiufiurandum, quodcitra 
 crimen Ixfx maieftatis jlli praeflarinon 
 poterat.a ciuibus Louanienfibusexige* 
 ret : iidem illi viri, qui mori mduiflenti 
 qu^mtatofcelcrefeadAringeie hacra*- 
 
 tione
 
 Liber sbcvndvj. 105 
 
 tione hoftis impudentiam reprefTerutj 
 dicentes : Aut in hoc praelio, quod tibi 
 rcftatcum regioexcrcitu , cui Dux Al- 
 banus praseratjV^nceSi aut vinceris : fi vi- 
 ccris , nihil certe negotij tibi erit nobif- 
 cumiqurvelirauSjnolimus^in tua pote- 
 ftatecrimus. fin vero vidus fueris 3 (vt 
 dubia eft fortuna belli) non eftcurvclis 
 nosindignationemincurrere, & Regis, 
 & Ducis Albani , atque ita Regis maie- 
 ftate ill3efa,& padlionc neceflaria, nequc 
 turpi^maximaprudentiareipubLconfti- 
 luerunt. Eft tamen ita probanda mafiie- 
 tudo, atque clemetia, vt adhibeatur rei- 
 pub. caufa feueritas, praefertim fi fie om- 
 nino reipubl, conueniat . qua decauia 
 Romani Numantiara & Carthaginem 
 funditus fuftulcrunt : quamuis Scipio 
 Naficapontifexmax. nolebat a?mulam 
 imperij Romani Carthaginem dirui , & 
 decernenti vt dirueretur, contradicebat 
 Catoni , timens infirmis animis hoftem 
 fecuritatemj&jtaquampupillisciuibus 
 idoneum tutorem, neceftarium videns 
 cffetimorem ; neceumfentetiafefelUt. 
 cxeoenim tempore coepit Romana ci ^deckut.vo 
 uitasotio &luxu diffluere* qua de re A;^/,?ie^ 
 pulchreD.Auguft*.& Samuel quoque ben.p>^c 
 
 O 3 fatis
 
 De IVRH Bt OFF. BBLL, 
 
 fatis oftendit populo, Deu excitafle ho- 
 
 ftes contra Ifraelitas , vt eos in officio 
 
 a Kegum I. continereta. folent enim homines,cura 
 
 cap.iz.ttiu- ad externa bcllafuperfunt vires 5iisabu- 
 
 duhc.z.i,& ti^ inter femetipfos certando : quaebella 
 
 longeexitiofiflimafunt.PrgcIareitaque 
 
 Spartani5qui,ciim rex ipforum pollice- 
 
 retur, fedelerurum vrbem, quse illis ne- 
 
 gotium exhibuerat, non permiferunt, 
 
 b vhu ina- inquicntestNolidelerecotem virtutis\ 
 
 P'2^' Porro tempore belli, fi fie reipubl.expe- 
 
 diat, non foliim hofiium ,redetiam ct* 
 
 uiumsedes^ad moeniacoftitutaejCxqui- 
 
 \hd^!.^n- bus incendiu,velinfidiaj timeri pofTunt, 
 
 *at. L^dtf. profterniacdiruipofre,etiamnullofO'- 
 
 %\^ubuc°^ Uitoprecio, legibusftatutumcft»*' 
 
 DE IMPERATORE VEL DVCE 
 
 EXERCITVS» 
 
 J TQhd YAYim ferfe&o imperatcrc^ • 
 2 Imferatoris nomtn quihus communis • 
 S Prajlat habere bonum duccm , ^uam bo- 
 ms mlites. 
 
 4 ^UA At Ate eligendi duces» 
 
 5 L eges annates R omanorum. 
 
 ($ ^uatuor in imferatore requiru 
 
 7 VirtutesimferAtoru. 
 
 S Imferator non toner k cum hofie cifligeu
 
 LiBEa SECVNDVS. lO^ 
 
 g Trsjldt ingmto fuperare quam gladio, 
 
 1 Cauiu4 mferatorfrAfcreftdH6 audaci, 
 
 1 1 Hojlt^ refrumentaria prohihendtts. 
 iz Ab'tnceftn non facile difcedendum, 
 
 tS Conjlatia & pducta imperatorts in hetto, 
 14 CMditum animiartu confiilium variii 
 
 modu confirmandi, 
 t $ Exercttm tncommoda. ttgenda . 
 1 6 Optimus imperator qui maximi cegnitas 
 
 habetreshofiium, 
 J 7 Non temere trans fugu credendum, 
 I $ ImperAtw ad omnia afperafe ducemffA- 
 
 beau 
 ip Jmperatorcaute verfari debet mferictdts* 
 20 Confilium Antigoni. 
 2r 2lon fdum kUandi virtus^ fed ettam d- 
 
 Us virt/ttesqudrende in imperatore. 
 ti Jmferatm liber um arbitrium permit* 
 
 tendum, 
 2s Carthagtnienfes afperi in duces belli. 
 
 .APVT SECVNDVM, 
 
 SI bellum geredum eft , in primis cer- 
 te videndum , quern exercitui prxfi- 
 ciamuSjtaniienim efleexercitum>quati 
 impcratorem vere proditumeftrnihil^; 
 rarius inueniri polTe perfedo impcra- 
 K tore'^*quod aome olim commune erat 
 
 O 4 iis,qui
 
 De IVRE ET off. 3EtL, 
 
 tis, qui exercitui * ad certum tepus prae« ^ 
 eflcnt: quamuis poftea Csefarjqucm alij 
 fecutifunt , fummum principaturaade* 
 ptus , perpetuum imperaioris nomen 
 » AppUH.in fumpferit^. Itaque Philippus Macedo 
 ^Mrw Row. ^j^iy^ifarifeaiebatjquodAtheniefcsfin- 
 iinn.ib'ir gulisannisnouosimperaroreseligerct: 
 cum ipfein omni vita, non nifivnum 
 ducembonum Permenionainuenifler. 
 & idemdicebatjpra^ftatiorem efleexer- 
 citum*ceruoruimperanteleone, quam S 
 Iconumduccceruo.atqueitaC. Caefar, 
 cum irct in Hifpaniam cotra Petreium, 
 dicebatfenonmagnieumfacere, qu64 
 iret adexercitumfincduce.&CFabri- 
 cius, cum audiret Romanes a Pyrrho 
 vidos:non(inquit)Epirotaf Romanes, 
 b vht, /«4. fed Pyrrhus vicit K Et certe excmplo 
 p.ph. Marcij Coriolani fadsapparet ^ducibus 
 fuperioremj quam exerciturem Roma- 
 c hSa* ^^^ fuilTe, inquit Liuius c.y olfcienim, 
 fcmper antea vidi, a Romanis; Coriola- 
 no duce,viaoresexftitere.Hinc Epicra* 
 tes de re militari di(rcrens,ait cxercitum 
 efre,quafi quodda animal hominiperfi- 
 mile.cuius caput fit imperator:acies in- 
 ftru(^j pci^us^ac thorax : pedites, ma* 
 nus ; cquitesautcm J pedes : & ficutin 
 
 corpore
 
 Liber sbcvndvs. 107 
 
 corporc conturbato, commotoque ca- 
 pitc, membra rcliqua nullum omcium 
 prgfiarepoflunt: fie perturbato impera- 
 tore,exercitusomnisiluduet,periclite- 
 tur,acpcreatneceffeeft. Et,mortuo A- 
 lexandro, cxercitumeiusvagantem > & 
 in feipfum impingentem,LeoAhenes fi- 
 mileni dixit Ciclopieffe: quiamifToo» 
 culo, vfquequaque manusintendebat, 
 nullumadcertumfcopum dire(5tus; ica 
 fublatoduce , magnitudinem exercitus 
 incertis motibus agitari : atqueadeo fi- 
 cut animadeferente, cadauera non Tub- 
 fiftuntjUon coha?renti(eddiiIipantur, & 
 didbluuntur : ica exercitum Alcxandri, 
 CO mortuo palpitare, concuti , atque jc- 
 ftuare^ Etquidem,quodiffidliusbelIu ^^haMfor. 
 inftat, eo maioricuraelaborandum cft^ Z'^a^JI^'^ 
 vt fuperiorem ; fin minus, parem impe- «/mw©,*. 
 ratorem hoftium duciqua^ramus. nam 
 quilibetnautarum^veftorumque^vt Q, 
 Fabiusdicebac, tranquillo mariguber- 
 nare potcft : vbifa?uaortatcmpeftasef^, 
 ac turbato mari rapitur veto nauis , rum 
 viro & gubernatore opus eft*». Quarc hummiz^ 
 4 Plato ante trigcfimum a?tatis annum*, 
 ncminem militia pra^ficiendumftatuit: 
 ctiamfilpedtatasvirtutiseflTct, &aliqua 
 
 O 5 inili*
 
 Db IVRE ET off, BEIt. 
 
 militari gloria illuftris.Hanc setatelegi* 
 uma beilicis muneribusarbitrati quo- 
 quefunt Athenienfes: tatnetfihuic legi 
 aliquandoderogatu fit: & prxcipueAl- 
 cibiadis gratia 3 qui adeo gratus fuir pa« 
 pulo in adolefcetia, vt omniuni ciUiUm 
 oculos^quoties in publicum prodircr, 
 infeconuerteret:nemoquceiparAthc- 
 uis ccnferetur* is ante setatem bello Sy- 
 racufano pra^fedusfuit ; cui tamen duo 
 longe maiores natu coUega? daci funr, 
 Nicias&Lyfimachus,vttutiusreipubl, 
 confuleret. Romaniveroetiafuas leges 
 annales^habuere, quibusgrandiorsetas 5 
 (quod adolefcentiae temeritatem vere- 
 rentur) ad confulatum , aliosquc magi- 
 ftratus conftituta fuit . veteres tamen il- 
 los admodum antiques leges annales 
 s p% 5, non habuifledicit Cicero^quas multis 
 poft annis attulit ambitio , vt gradus cf- 
 fet petitionis inter acquales5quo fa(5ium 
 cft,vt idem Cicero ait,vt fgpe magna in- 
 doles virtutiSjpriufquareipub. prodefle 
 potuiflet^exftinda fit. At antiqui illi,ab 
 cxcelleti cximiaque virtute progreffum 
 aetatiseKfpe^iari nondebereexiftiman- 
 tes5nuna a^tatiSjnec generis quoque^auc 
 conditionis cuiufquam ratione nabita: 
 
 fed
 
 Liber secvndvs, ^ io8 
 
 fed Virtu tis cuiufque veri jeftimatores: 
 vt quifquemaxime virtute excel]uit,ita 
 quemquead honores proucxerunt : vt 
 conftatexDionyflO^ Etquidem^vtait J^^|*^**^ 
 jj Cicero b,Rulli,DeciJ5Coruini.inultiq; h'^Lu^.^, 
 j^ alij : recentiorcautcmemoriafuperior 
 jj AphricanuSj T.FlaminiuSjadmodum a- 
 jj dolefcenteSjConfulesfadi^ratasres gef- 
 5^/crunt,vtpopuliRomaniimperiumau- 
 ^j xcrint,nomenornauerint. Alexander 
 ^, ver 6 Magnus, cum ab ineunte seta te res 
 jj maximas gerere coepiffet, nonnetcrtio 
 jj & trigefimo anno mortem obiit?quas 
 3j eft astas Romanis legibus decern annis 
 „ minor,quam confularis.ex quo5Vt idem 
 aitjiudicari poteft^virtutis e(fe, qua a?ta- 
 tis curfiim ceJeriorem . Valerius porro 
 Coruinus, vigefimo tertioa^ta tis anno 
 conful creatus, dicebatconfulatum efle 
 praemiumvirtutisjnonfanguinis. &L. 
 Quintius Cincinnatus, pauper admo* 
 dum, quattuor tantum iugerumagrum 
 poffidensjeundemque fuis manibus co- 
 lens, abaratro ad didtaturam capefTenda 
 Roma accerfitus eft : qui vnica fpespo- 
 puliRom.fuit.quodoper^ precium efle 
 audiredicitLiuiuss iis, qui omnia prx c w.j, 
 diuiiiishumanafpernunt: neq; honori 
 
 magno
 
 De IVRE EY OFF. BELL. 
 
 magno locum^neque virtuti putat efle, 
 nifi vbi effuse affluant opes. Attilium 
 quoque, quiadcumaccerfenduma fe- 
 natu miili.erant , ad imperium populi 
 Romanifufcipiendura^feminafpargen- 
 teraviderunt ; fedilla^ruftico opcreat- 
 trita? manus, falutem publicamilabili- 
 uerunt, & ingentes hoftium copias pef^ 
 a vaU.Max, (um dcderut*. Porro in fummo impera- 
 i, .4. «/.4. torc^quattuorhasresefTeoporterejexi- 6 
 b pro lege flimat Cicero^ ;fcien tia rei militaris^vir- 
 tutenijaudloriratetnj&felicitatcm : vir* 
 tutesautem iraperatoris^prsecipuashas 7 
 efle :laboremin negodisjfortitudinem 
 in periculiSjinduftriam in agendo, cele- 
 ritatem inconficiendo,confiliuin pro- 
 uidendo.nihil tamen quicquam magna 
 laude dignumj fine vfu,& exercitationc 
 confequetur. nam quemadraodum in 
 ceteris artibus, fie quoque in arte impe - 
 ratoria triafpcdantur; natura,do^rina, 
 & vfus» natura ingenio^dodrina fcien- 
 tia, vfusfrudludiiudicanduseft. Cete» 
 rum cum nufquam minus, quam in bel- 
 le euentus relpondeant:ideo^uemaxi< 
 mx cuique fortune minimi crcdcndura 
 fit, vt Annibai Scipioni dicebat ; omni- 
 DO cauedum erit imperatori| ne temer^ 
 
 cum
 
 Liber secvndvs* lo^ 
 
 8 cumhoftcconfligat*5&aleambellirub- 
 eat, fed cauia potius cum rattone^quam 
 profperaexcafu fcquatur : & cum ratio 
 ducatjiionfortunajquaefallaxcftj&par» 
 uis momentis magnas rerumcommu- 
 tationescfficin Itaq; Cxfarem legimus, 
 €xtf emo vitae tempore cundatlorem ad 
 dimicadum fadum: quo fepiusviciflet, 
 hoc minus expericdos cafus exiftimas: 
 nequefetantum acquifiturumvidoriaj 
 quantum auferre calamitaspoflet^ Et ^^ff^M^- 
 quideficutfclicitasrerumgcftarum, vt *'*^'^''^*''* 
 inquit Ca?lar, exercitus beneuoletiam: 
 Gc res aduerfse, odia conciliant . quarc 
 confultius, tutius, & gloriofiusquoque 
 p erit imperatori , vbicunq; poterit, inge- 
 nio & ratione hoftefuperarCjCX Periclis 
 (ententia, quamgladio« vtenimmulto 
 maiora funt opera animi , quam corpo- 
 ris, vtait Cicero; Gcex res, quas profe- 
 quimuringeniojgratioresfunt, quaitl 
 ilia? quas vinbus.^eria /ignificaflevide- 
 tur Laccdf monij.-apud quosdux^q, for- 
 titcrdimicafrer,&cructoMarte,magna- 
 que hoftium clade viciflet^troptei loco 
 gallQ.-quiverodeditionej&padOiindu- 
 ftriafuajnecnimiscruetavidloriapoti- 
 tuSjbelUmala vitafletjboue immolabat. 
 
 Dion
 
 De IVRE EY off. BELt# 
 
 Dion quoqjinlibrisfuiSj qui de regno 
 infcribuntur , dicit longe maiora gcri 
 paucorum confilio , quam multitudine, 
 aut viribus»quod etia Homerus indicate 
 cum Agamemnonem inducitaflerentej 
 fe longe facilius pofle rem Troianam c- 
 uertere^fi decern Neflores^aut Vliffcsin 
 cofilio haberer,quam fi totidem Aiaces, 
 & Achilles fortiter dimicantes.quo /pe- 
 ^nt ilia verba Vliffis ad Aiaccm , apud 
 a Hftamer^, Ouidium :a {cundh 
 
 '*' ^ufppe manu fortes , mcfunt iihi Martefe» 
 
 Con f Hits cejfere mtis tibi dexter a hello 
 V til is : ingeniii eli f eget moder amine noslrt^. 
 Tu vires fine metegerts^mihicurafuturi efii 
 Tupttgnarefotes', fugnandi temfora mecum 
 Eligit Atrtdes\ tutantumcorforcfrodes^ 
 I^os ammo:quanto^ rati if ut temferat^anteit 
 Rtmigu offciu : quanto eH dux milite matori 
 Tatumegotifupero: nee noincorporenoBro 
 Te6lorafunt potior A manu\ ingor onu in iHts* 
 Et cetera ^ quae carmme profequitur O- 
 uidius : vbi dicit armaAchillisj dequi- 
 bus cum Aiace contedebat Vliffes^uae-» 
 <!Jucdigniori erant ptopofitijln praemiil 
 VliffitributafuiiTc. nonitaquctantuixi 
 in viribus corporis, & lacertisfortitudi* 
 nis gloria eft:fcd magisiii virtutcanimi\ 
 
 vtin-
 
 LlBfiR SICVNDVS. no 
 
 vtinquitAmbrofius%Vndcquoquegi^a<fcotf:i.i, 
 gantcs , dc quibus in facris littcris, qua- 
 uis viribus & corpore praeftarent : quo- 
 niam non habuerunt fapientiam, perie- 
 runt propter fiiam infipientiam .contra bB^micibcd 
 vero de vjro {apiente fcriptum eft: Sur- 
 55 rexit filius fen (atus, & propter ilium de- 
 „ iecit omnem potentiam inimicorum*^4 ctcde/x^f 
 
 10 Caucus ergo imperator , & prudens ^ ex 
 Euripidis fen tentia, audaci & temerario 
 prafferendus eft, confilio enim (apienti, 
 vt idem dicebat, magna militum manus 
 vinci poteft. fic Xerxes, qui tot hominu 
 miilia contra Grascos duxerac > vnius 
 Thcmiftoclis induftria fuperatus fuit* 
 QuarcAriftidesdfcebatj non armis lb- 
 lum contra hoftcs^fedconfilio in priniis 
 vtcnduefle. nam cum confilio, & indu- 
 ftria fuperiores euadere pofTumuSjquid 
 opus eft pericula ftircipere?Hinc rei mi- 
 litaris periti , in eo pra?cipuamimpera- 
 
 11 torislaudemconftituunt^j fiearatione 
 bellugcrat, qua ipfe, & exercitus,quam 
 commodiffime re frumentaria, aqua, li- 
 gno 3 pabulo vtatur; hoftis vero iis om- 
 nibus prohibeatur: & inopia^fi fieri po- 
 teft, addeditionem compellatur : & vc 
 tnaxime k tuto dimicare poftc CKidi" 
 
 meta
 
 De IVRE EY OFF. BEtl» 
 
 niet>taraetutiusarbitretur^ob(effisviisJ 
 comeatuinterclufojfinevulnerevido- 
 ria potiri. qUse ratio lulio Csefari, fum- 
 mo imperatori maxime probabatur: 
 cui erat propofitunij vt non nifi coa^us 
 praflium committeret cum Afranio , & 
 Peireio,Pompeianarum partium, nam 
 in cam fpem venerat,fe fine pugna, & fi- 
 ne vulnerefiiorum, remcoficerepoflc: 
 quod re frumentaria aduerfariosinter^ 
 clufifTet :cur etia fccundo prglio aliquos 
 ex fuisamitteret , Tecum penfitans : cur 
 vulncrari pateretur optime meritosde 
 femilites: curdenique fortunam peri- 
 clitareturipraereriimcum non miniis et 
 fctimperatorisconfiliofuperare^quam 
 giadio. & ladem omnium rerum inopia 
 coados aduerfarios , ad deditionem c6- 
 a c^ithei pulit\8f hac ratione facile fuiflct Pom- 
 rmUM.u peio, Caffarem ad Pharlalum egeftatc 
 omnium rerum opprimere^ vt propo- 
 fueratmifiafuis Dirachina vidtoria Cla- 
 ris , (eapropofitodimoueripaffustuiA 
 b A/»^4i».iie fet i>. Fabius autcm Max. ex hoc genere 
 lidMrnijA^z belli gerendi, fummamlaudem meruit, 
 ctia iplius hoflis Annibalis teftimonio, 
 qui dicebat , fe magis anon pugnantc 
 Fabio; quam a pugnante Marceilo ti- 
 
 merci
 
 LOER SECVNDVS. Ht 
 
 mercJ»: neceutnlententiafefellit. nam 
 Fabius fuis artibus eo iam Annibaleiri 
 fedendo redegerat , vt rion folum nihil 
 ex raptis in diem comeatibus fuperaret, 
 fed ne vnde raperct qiiidem , quicquam 
 rcliqui eflet , omni vndiquefruraento, 
 pofteaquam ager parum tutus erat, in 
 vrbesmunitas conuedo, vt vix decern 
 dierum, quod com pertu poftea eft, fru- 
 mentumfupcrefTet, Hifpanoruobino- 
 piara tranfitio pai-ata Fuerit^fi maturi tas 
 tcmporum expedatafuiffet : quamTe- 
 renrius VarroconCfua temeritate im- 
 pediuit; cuiusaduentu Annibaljin hifce 
 difficultatibus conftitutus, quauis parte 
 dimidia audas hoftiii copias cernebar, 
 mire gaudebar,fperans, id quod accidir, 
 fortunam prxpofteroingenio & teme- 
 ritaticonfulismateriamdaturam: cuius 
 culpa ingens illaclades CannenfisRo- 
 manisillatafuit^. hocquoqueconfilio aLwwi.ii 
 C. Sulpitio didatori aduerfus Gallos, 
 neutiquam placebat , quando nulla co- 
 geret res/ortunasfe comitterejaduerfus 
 hoftem^quem tempus deteriore in dies, 
 & locus alienus faceret, finepraeparato 
 commeatu, fine firmo munimento mo- 
 rante : ^ hoc iis animis corporibusque» 
 
 P quorum
 
 De IVRE Et OFF. BELt, 
 
 quorum omnis in impetu vis effet; par* 
 aiVmrnLy, uacademlanguefcere moraa. Alexader 
 vero cum LeucadJam obfideret, pafTus 
 eft ex finitimis locis omnes eo confugc- 
 rejVtcitiusalimenta^qiisehabebatjCon- 
 fumcrentur; quibus cofumptis^facilera 
 vidoriam confecutus eft. & Antigonus 
 vaftatis Athenienfium agris , fementis 
 tempore dcceffit , & quod reliquum ha* 
 bebantfrumenti, iniationesfparlb, re- 
 uerfus nouo vere adultam fegetem pro- 
 triuit>& ad famem redadtos AthenieieSj 
 in fiiam volutatem pertraxitVndeprae- 
 cepti Cabyfis meminifte debemus , quo 
 Cyrumfiliummonuit,nunquamex/pe* 
 dandam efle egeftatemj& in reru copia^ 
 maximedeinopiacogitandum. fepius 
 cnim vidcmus exercitum confumi pe- 
 nuriajquampugna: S^^vtaitVegetius, 
 ferro fceuior eft fames. ltaq;5Vtdiximus, 
 hifce artibus prarcipue fuperandi func 
 hoftcs, ncquetcmerein acie verfandiij 
 nifi vbi tempus neccHitasquepoftuIat: 
 cxemplo Scipionis,qui in Numantinos 
 mifTus, cumvidiffct coniun(^acumin- 
 fania hoftium tcmeritatem ^ dicebat fe 
 tempore redimere hoftium temeritate, 
 6^ quod loco lapientio? cft^aliena operiri 
 
 ftttki*
 
 Liber sbcvhdvs. ttz 
 
 ftultitiam. bonumenim imperatorenij 
 itidem vt medicum , ad malum curandu 
 vltimodemumloco ferru adhibcre de- 
 bere: nihilominus tamenfuo tempore 
 adortusNumantinosfudita. HisafTcrl- ^^J^^*' ^'^' 
 hi pofTe videtur confilium Sertorij , qui 
 profcripdone Syllana dux Lufitanoru 
 fieri coadlus > cumeos oratione fledere 
 nonpoflet, ne cum vniuerfa Romano- 
 rum acieconfligerent: duos in cofpe(5ta 
 eorum conftituitequos .♦ alrefum vali- 
 di(Timum,alterum infirmiffimum :ac de- 
 inde validi cauda ab imbecillo fcne pau- 
 latimcarpiiinfirmiaiuueneeximiarum 
 virium vniuerfam conuelliiufTit: fubij- 
 ciens , equi caudse confimilem elTe R o- 
 manorum exercitu,cuius partes aliquis 
 aggredics opprimcre poiTit j vniuerlum 
 conatus profternere , celerius tradiderit 
 vidoriam, quam occupauerit. quo cxe- 
 plo Sertorius barbaros, quos ratione 
 fledere non poterat , in fuam fentetiam 
 pertraxit^. Porroquemadmodumnon bvaisiax 
 temerc fortuna tentadaeft, & ardua fuf- ''^-^* "^'^ 
 12 cipiendaificab inceptis"^ non facile dit 
 cedendum eft^exemplo Marcelli-cum e- 
 nim multa, fuccedentes temere moeni- 
 bus J in oppugnatione Cafilini, Roma- 
 
 P 2 nimi-
 
 De ivre et off» bfll. 
 ni milires acciperet vulnera^neque /atfs 
 coeptis fuccederet: & Fabius omittenda 
 rem paruam, ac iuxta magnis difficilem, 
 &abrcedendumindecenferctj quod res 
 inaioresinftarent;Marcellus,multa ma- 
 gnis ducibusficut non aggrcdienda, ita 
 fcmel aggrefTa non dimittenda cfle di-» 
 cendo, quia magna famse momenta, in 
 vtramque partem fierent ;, tenuit ne in- 
 ^tmmU4. ceptoabiretura. Quarelaudandiquoqj 
 Cxfms milites , quicitoin obfidione 
 AuaricijOmnium rerum difficultate affi- 
 cerentur,& Csefarobinopiamfcdimif- 
 furum oppugnatione diceret; vniuerfi 
 ab eo,ne infeda re difcederet,petebant.* 
 hoc feignominif loco laturoSjii incepta 
 hQ&f.ieU. oppu§nationemrelinquercntjdicedot>« 
 S'tUM.7, famaiiqu idem bella flare meritofummi 
 ducesexiltimauere, & euitijqui recede- 
 bar,fugerecredi. Vndccum inreliquis 
 jebus , turn priefertim in bello coftantia 
 * atque fiducia imperatoris plurimum 13 
 praeftant5& l^pead vniuerfi belli euentu 
 maximifuntmomenti» cuius reifpecio- 
 fa exempla nobis praebent Romanij& in 
 primis, quod Cannenfi clade, exhauftis 
 imperij viribus, fuppleroentu^xercitus 
 in Hifpaniammittercaufij fccerunt ne 
 
 hofti-
 
 Liber sbcvndvj. 115 
 
 hoftilium locus caftroru, turn tnaxim^ 
 Capenam portam armis Annibale pul- 
 fante^minoris vcniret,quam fi Pceni ilia 
 nonobtinuifTent. Itafegerere, inquit 
 Val. Max 3, quid aliud eft,quain faeuien- a w.j^c/. 
 tern forrunam in adiutoriu fui pudore 
 vid^amconucrtere? Quo rpe<aar, quod 
 C^fardiccbar.fi non omnia fecunda ce- 
 derenr/ortunam eife induftria fubleua- 
 dam. ParifiduciaScipio Aphricanus, 
 Ipeculatores AnnibaliSjin caftris fuis de- 
 prehenfos, necfupplicioafFedt, tiecdc 
 confiliis& vifibus Poenorum percuda- 
 tusefl: fedtradiroseostribunismilitu, 
 iufTosq; omiflb metu vifere omnia, per 
 caftrajquo vcliet, duci iuflic : percun(Sta- 
 tusque fatin percommode omnia ex- 
 ploraffent,datis qui profequerentur re- 
 troad Annibaledimifit. quo tarn pleno 
 fiduciae fpiritu Scipio prius animos ho- 
 ftium, vt inquit Val, Maxim ^. quam ar- b //i>3.<.7« 
 macontudiirnam Annibal maxime ho- 
 ftiSjfiducia perculfus , protinus nudum 
 ad Sdpionem mifit , vc colloquendi fe- 
 cum poteftatem faceret , aequiorem im- 
 petrari pofle pacg ntusfi integer,quam 
 fi vidus peteret c. Porro fummi duces <= ^-""'«^.30 
 fadle percipienteSj quantum haberet in 
 
 P 3 feboni
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtl, 
 
 fe boni conftantia , atque fiducia, fblent 
 ante confli<^um magno (ludio illud a- 
 gcre*, quomaximeconfidentefibired- ^ 
 derent excrcitum , & militum animos 
 confirmarent , quod variis modis facie- 
 bant. Valerius Coruinusdidator,cum 
 Samnitibus bellum gerens , priufquara 
 Cgnum pugnf proponeret, leuibus cer- 
 taminibus,tcntandihoftiscau&,aliquot 
 dies moratus eft , ne (cilicet nouum bcU 
 
 a ikim 1.7, lym fqos^nouusque hoftis terreret *• Q^. 
 FabiusconfuljdecertaturuscumHetru- 
 fcis , quo animus militum multitudinq 
 territus reftitueretur, Samnitium bella, 
 qu^ magna felicitate confecerant^extol- 
 lebat,eleuabat Hetrufcos, nee hofte ho^ 
 fii^nec multitudinem multitudinicom- 
 parandameffeaiebatiprsetereateluraa- 
 liudoccultumfcituros in tempore, in- 
 tereataceri opuseiTe : quibus ambagi- 
 bus prodi fimulabat hoftes^^ fuos mirii 
 
 himmi9. inmodum confirmabat**. inquocertc 
 folertia Fabij meriro laudanda, & ab im- 
 peratonbus imitanda eft . communi e- 
 
 c iebeiciHU, "^^ fi^ v"^^ "^^" '"^ 5 ^^ CiEfar dicebat % 
 
 ''^.2. * vtinuifislatitantibus, atqueincognitis 
 
 rebus magis confidamus, vehementiuC 
 
 que exterrcamur. &, vtinquit Liuius, 
 
 fa?pe
 
 Liber secwdvj. J14 
 
 fepevana pro veris maxim e in bellova- 
 lucrunt • Vetercs quoq; ad confirmaa- 
 dos militum animos , caufam religionis 
 peridoneam cenfebant.quo fpedlat om- 
 nia aufpicia&oracu la ^ qua? fi forte ad^ 
 uerfi quid figni facere viderentufjfblcnt 
 nonnunquam imperatores , folerti qua- 
 daminterpretatione,inbonumvertere, 
 vtmilitibus timorcm eximerenr, cuius 
 I'd exftant innumera exempla. Et qui- 
 dem, quemadmodum multaadconfir- 
 mandos militum animos facienda funt» 
 (ic quoque magno ftudio^illa qua? metu 
 15 inferre pofTent^^aut militil animos qua- 
 cunqueratione alienare, fupprimenda 
 funt. nam,vt Casfir dicebat,vti corporis 
 vulnera, ita exercitus incommoda tege- 
 da funt: ne ea nudando5militibus timor 
 addatur, &hoftibusaudaciacrefcat. in 
 quo,iureTcrentiusVarro repreheden- 
 dus videtur.nam cum accepta clade Ca- 
 nenfi^Campanilegatosadeum Venufia. 
 mififlent, quo cum paucis, ac fcmiarmi- 
 busveneratiitaauxitrcrumfuarumfui^ 
 quecontemptum,nimisdetegendocIa- 
 dem,nudadoquejVt qui prius xgre ferre 
 fe^aduerfialiquidaccidiffeRomanisnu- 
 ciafTent^pollicitiqueefTentj omnia quae 
 
 P 4 adbel-
 
 15e IVRB Et OFPt BHLt. 
 
 ddbellum opus eflent: reqerfis donmm 
 ]pgatis(quicxcontepmconrulis>&cius 
 oratione^qusedefpcratione rem omnia 
 continebar, quafideletuviderctur no- 
 rncnRomanoruni,rcferebant) omncs 
 ad defe(5lioneni fpedarent:confifi fe to-» 
 tius Italiaeinipenopotiripofre,atq;ira 
 
 zUuiwUz foeduscum Annibalefeccrunta^ Simili-» 
 ter PhilippusMacedonumreXjimpru-» 
 denti confilio , aliquid ad charitate fuot 
 ium3& vtpromptiusproeopericuluni 
 adirent,rarusprofe(Surumfe5fieqMitu, 
 quiceciderantinleuiquodaprfliocum 
 Romanis , fepeliedorum curani habuiJP 
 fet: afferrieosincaftraiuffit, vtconfpir 
 ceretur ab omnibus funcris honos. nam 
 quod promptiores adfubeundam om-' 
 nem dimicationem putabat faduru , id 
 metum pigritiamqucincuflit. quienim 
 haftis,ragittisque, fif rara lanceis vulne- 
 
 \i UKiu T^^ ^2<^^ vidiflent , inquit Liuius b,cum 
 Grascis, Illyricisque pugnare afTueti; 
 poftquamgladio Hifpanicnfidetrucata 
 corpora^brachiis abfcinis,aut tota cerui- 
 cedefcdajdiuifaacorporecapitajpaten^ 
 tiaque vifcera, & foeditatem aliam vul-» 
 ner um videriltraduerfus qua: telajquoi^ 
 4ue virospugnadum efler^pauidi vulgg 
 
 ccrnc-
 
 Liber shcvndvs. 115 
 
 cernebant. ltaqueHomani,ciimP.Ru-, 
 tilij Lupiconf. bellofodalica^fi, cada-* 
 uere, & aliorum nonpaucorum nobU 
 lium,in vrbcm relato, viderct populutn 
 cofpedlaculocommoucri & tcrreri : S. 
 C.dccreuerunt, vtexindemortuorum 
 in hello corpora^ibi humarenturjvbicu- 
 que cecidifTcntrneob eorum confpedu 
 reliqui fegniorcs ad militiam jSerent* 
 quoddecretummoxcognitu,&hoftes 
 imitatifunta, Ceterum Chabrias Athe- f f^pp^f^^^ 
 nienuum dux, optimum huncimpera- 
 torem efle dicebat , qui maxime co- 
 t6 gnitas haberet res ^ hoftium ^ : quarum b vi„t. wo,- 
 certeignorationc multosfugatosexcr- /»A 
 citus, &defummarerumnon femcl in 
 periculumventumfuillelegimus^ Iraq; 
 Caffius a Cacfarianis in fuo cornu vi- 
 dusj&caftriscxutus, credensBrutum - 
 quoquc fuperatUjqui in fuo cornu vice- 
 rat,quafi defperatis rebus^fibi ipfi morce 
 conlciuit. Similicrrore>cum inter Ro- 
 inanos& Volfcos magno prcelio certa- 
 rctur, & nox incertos diremifTet ; tantus 
 abimprudentia euentus vtraquecaftra 
 tenuit timor,vt reli(5lis iauciis,& magna 
 parteimpedimetorum, ambo pro vidis 
 cxercitus fe in montes proximos recipe-- 
 
 P 5 rcnr.
 
 De IVRE ET OFF, BELL. 
 
 a Mmii.^ rent a. & Curio legatus Csefans , bello 
 ciuili, temere crcdens perf ugis, qui 1 u^ 
 bam regem (quiPompeio cumniagnis 
 copiisauxiliovenerat) reuocaiumnni- 
 timo bello , & Suburram eius praefedtii^ 
 cum mediocribus copiis miffum afferc- 
 rent ; praelium temerecommifit^&vna 
 cum exercitu a copiis regis circumuen- 
 bcefMbeh tus5adinternecionem ca^fus eft^, Vndc 
 ^»**^*^* cum vitio naturae, vt ait Ca^far, qua? vo^ 
 lumus3& crcdimus Ubeter5& quae fcnti- 
 inus ipfi, reliquosfcntire fperamus,non 
 temerc transfugis^Sc exploratoribus*fi- ^7 
 dcm habere debemus, in quo Galloru 
 ci.hti!«iai morcmidera Ca?far^rcprehendit : qui 
 «w ^«^ quibufcunque rumoribus^Sc auditioni- 
 bus permoti, de fummis fa?pe rebus co- 
 filiaincunt, quorum eoseveftigio pae- 
 nitcre necefle eft : cum incertis rumori- 
 bus (eruiant, & plerique ad eorum vo* 
 luntatem fidta refpondeant^ Quare ex- 
 pedite vt illi 5 qui cum imperio lunt, vbi 
 duriora qugdam occurrunt, fpeculatum 
 ipfi prodcant : exemploMarcelli,quiad 
 collegamdicebat; Quin imus ipfi cutn 
 equitibus paucis exploratum : fubie^ta 
 enim res oculiSjCertiusdabiiconfiiium^ 
 Omnium autem maxime proderitim- 
 
 pcrator.
 
 Liber. sECVNDVSi n5 
 
 x8 perator% fiad omnia quxafpcra atquc 
 ardua funt, fe ducem prxbeat. fi quide- 
 nim iniungere inferiori veils, id prius 
 in te,ac tuos fi ipte iuris ftatueris/acilius 
 o;nnes obediences habeas. Imirariitaqi 
 debet quilibet bonus imperator/ortem 
 & ftrennuum ducem,populo Ifraelitico 
 diuinitusexcitatum & datum, Gedeo- 
 ncm^fuositaalloquente: Quod me vi- 
 deritis facere,id vos quoque facite,a ca- 
 pita enim5Vt inquit Seneca,bona va Ictu* 
 do tranfit in reliqua membra, funtquc 
 in banc rem praeclara Valerij Coruini 
 J, verba inquientis : Cum gloria belli, ac 
 35 virtutefuaquemquefretos5ire inaciem 
 3, dcbcre 5 turn etiam intueri , cuius dudu 
 3, aufpicioq; ineunda pugna fit:vtrum qui 
 „ audienduSjduntaxat magnificus adhor- 
 3, tatorfitjVerbistatiimferox^operum mi' 
 35 litariu expers :an qui & ipfe tela tradare, 
 3, procedcre ante figna, verfari in media 
 35 molepugnas fciat. fada mea , non dida, 
 3, vos milites fequivolo, ncc difciplinam 
 33 modo 3 fed exeplum etiam a me petcrc, 
 33 qui hacdextra n:\ihitresc6ruiatuS5 fum- 
 33 mamquelaudepeperi *.Sicccrte CCa?- a VuiiMir* 
 fir inordinata aciem fepe rcfHtuitjObfi- 
 ftens fugienubuS;,rciincnsque finguios, 
 
 & con-
 
 De IVRE El* OFF, BELL. 
 
 & con tortis faucibus conucrtens in ho- 
 as«rfw,w ftcma. Itaqueancipitiilloprasliojquo 
 c^A- cum iurtiore Pompeio in Hifpaniacon- 
 flixit, fuis prse pauore rrcpide pugnanti- 
 bus, cum res eflet inmaximodifcrimi- 
 ne, & niiiilexhortationibusproficeret; 
 arreptocuiufdam clypeo, increpitisque 
 militibus, procurritinhoftem, dicens: 
 Nunc &mihi finis vitsB eritj& vobis mi« 3^ 
 litia?. quo fado pudori cedente metu^a- 
 ciem reftiruit, ducentis telis in clypeo 
 b Api>uiH.de acceptis ^. In quo tamen maxime indu- 
 heU,cmiu, ftriamimpcratoris*requiro, vtfuaqui' ^9 
 dem alacritate militil animosadquod- 
 uis periculum (ubeundu paratiores red- 
 dat: nontcmere tamen periculofeleex- 
 ponat : pra^ferrim ad quern fumma re- 
 rum Tpedat: nifi maxima neceflitate id 
 exigence, &cum detotius belli euentu 
 3gitur.multasenimvrbeseuerfas,plures 
 fufos fugatosque exercitus, imperato- 
 rum temeraria morte legimus . Itaquc 
 morsP^ScipionisinHifpania^dumlefe 
 nimium hoftium telis offert , vt hoftes 
 baud dubieprovidloribus, &Romani 
 c VrnmUi^ pro vidis eflcnt^effecit ^ & vulnus Cn. 
 Scipionisad Mundam vincetibus egre- 
 gie Roraanis, feddefaiuteimperatoris 
 
 folli*
 
 LiBER SECVNDVS* UJ 
 
 follicitis pauorem iniecit5& baud dubi^ 
 &pra?cIaraevidoriaeimpedimeto fuita^ ^thrimia^ 
 Sic quoque cum Annibal inSagutiop* 
 pugnationejdummurum incautiusfu- 
 bit,vulneratuscadcretj tantacircacum 
 fugaatquetrepidatiofuir, vt nonmul- 
 tiimabe/Iet, quin opera ac vines defe- 
 rerentur*'. Sic cum Epaminonda,dum biw«jUi 
 nonducis tantum, verum etiamforiit 
 fimi miliris officio fungitur , vires quo- 
 quereipubl.Thebanae ceciderunt, nam 
 vtinquitluftinuscj/icuti telo fiprimam cm.6, 
 aciem perfrcgerisjreliquo ferro vim no- 
 cendi fuftuleris ; fie illo velut mucronc 
 teliablato duce Thebanorum , reipubl. 
 vircshebetat^funtrvtnonramilJuami- 
 fifle, quam cum illo interiifle omncs vi- 
 res Thcbanoru viderentur. Nonitaque 
 nimiufidanr faliaci fortunas principes, 
 ncquectiamclypeo louis : Tub quo eos 
 ver/ari dixit Homerus : kd in periculis 
 fufcipiendiSjVt inquit Cicero d, con fue- d officjA,u 
 tudoimitandamedicorum^ quiJeuitcr 
 jegrotantes leuitercurant, grauioribus 
 autc morbis periculofas curationesad- 
 hiberecoguntur.Hucfpedareviderur, 
 quodiEmiiiusPaulusdiccbat, cuvido 
 Perlcoprogratulationeviiaorifcouiuia 
 
 celc-
 
 De IVRH ET OFF. BELL, 
 
 celebrarct ; eiufdem fci lice tefle pen tia?^ 
 exercitum hoftibus valde terribilem , & 
 amicis conuiuium valde iucundum red- 
 a vu. ina dere^ Et Scipio African.cumeum qui- 
 ^'^^' dam parum pugnaeem dicerent; Impe- 
 ratorem me mater , non bellatorem pe- 
 perit^refpondit: vt oftenderet^vincendi 
 rationem in vniiis potius fcientia& in- 
 genio,quam in multorum viribus & ar- 
 tnis cflTe * non enim cxdcm militares5& 
 imperatoria^ artes funt* Prseterea impc- 
 rator,vel potius fummusprinceps'^^me- 20 
 minirte debet cofilij Antigoni : quifseua 
 tempeftate iadtatus, ciim in eadem naue 
 fecumfuosomneshabuiflet: praecepifle 
 liberis dicitur, vt & ipfi meminifrenrj& 
 ita pofteris proderentme quis cum tota 
 gente fimul in rebus dubiis periclitari 
 auderet. cuius praecepti memor Philip- 
 pus, Romanisbellumillaturus^duos/i^ 
 mul filios in aleam eius^qui proponere- 
 turcafuSjComittcrenoIuit :itaquenia- 
 ioremfccumduxit; minoremadcufto- 
 ^liaimiio diam regni remifit in Macedonia b;pru- 
 dentes patresfamilias imitatus,qui f oliti 
 funt ,non omnem vnum in locum pecU-» 
 niam reponere, ne fichafmate^ineediOj 
 aut bello forie periret, vniucrfa ctiatn 
 
 interi-
 
 LiBER SECVNDVS. u8 
 
 interiret hominis fubftatia, quo fpe^t 
 iadarum inter agricolasadagium, cuius 
 admonet Celfusa;Pecuniannepeculio ^inificU- 
 fragilemcffe. quern locum pulchrecx- ST^tM.^* 
 plicat Corrafius ^. Porro no foliim bel- ^ McrUa», 
 21 landivirtus^vtinquitCicero%infuni- «;.T^'^'*'** 
 mo & perfcdo imperatore quasreda eft, c ^» ''<?« 
 fedmultaffuntarteseximighuiusadmi- "^" * 
 niftrae, comitesquevirtutis. Inprimis 
 autemrequiriturineo, quialiis impe- 
 rarevuItjVtfibij&cupiditatibusfuisim- 
 pcrare poirit5& imperium^quod in alios 
 exercere vult, omnium grauiffimc & fe- 
 ueriflime in feipfum exerceat . neque e- 
 nim poteft exercitum continere is im- 
 perator^qui feipfum non continet: neq; 
 feuerus cde in iudicando , qui alios in fe 
 fcueros effe iudices non vult . refrenet 
 ergo libidines 5 fpernatvoluptates, ira- 
 cundiam teneat, coerceatauaritiam , & 
 ceteras animi labcs repellar.cui quidcm 
 ita affe^o > vt inquit Cicerot^, qu*e vim d »» Pam- 
 habere maximam dicitur , pra^fertim in ''*"'' 
 bello/ortunaipfaceditiqufjficutfapies 
 
 Eoeta dixit, fuiscuiqucfungitur mori- 
 us; quemadmodum deM.Porcio Ca- 
 tonc traditur, viro omnibus virtutibus 
 praedito , tantam in eo vim animi inge- 
 
 niique
 
 Db IVRS ET OFF. BEIL. 
 
 nii^uc fuiffc: vt qoocunque loco natus 
 cfler> fortunatn fibi ipfe fadurus viderc- 
 tuFj tarn in rebus bellicis , qu^mciuili- 
 at«wl.39 bus^&nontemerecreditum fuit,feli» 
 ciorem futurumAIexadram Magnum^ 
 fi vicifTctfuperbianijatque ira^1,malain- 
 ui(5la5aliaqueanimivitia:^edqucmPer- 
 fa^um arma non fregerunt, vitia vicc- 
 l,Qjffci.car runt^ Agefilaus verofummusdux, di- 
 t«Mtih,64 cebat 5 malle fe vincere malas cupidita- 
 tes, quam maximam hoftium vrbemca* 
 pere. melius enimcffejfuam ipfiuscon- 
 feruarelibertatem, quam aliis eamadi* 
 cVha,ma- merec^ & Scipio ex capta Carthaginc 
 ^^*' non maiorem gloriam meruit ^ quam 
 quod captiua adeo eximia forma inter 
 ccteras, vtquacunqueincederet, con- 
 uerteret in fe omnium ocuIos,inuiolata 
 & intadam fponfo Allucio rcftituerir^ 
 iVuksUc precio redemptionis illiindot^dato**. 
 & idem Scipio,c6ciliata fibi clemcntix, 
 & continentias fama plus in Hifpania 
 profecit, quam inuidtis Romanorii ar- 
 mis. Itaque cum poctae monitra ab Her- 
 culedomita,& lyrannos occifbs fingOr, 
 indicant bonum imperatorem ^ cuius 
 exemplum nobis Herculem proponOt, 
 corruptosanimiaffe^usicdpnmcxcde- 
 
 berc#
 
 LiBHR SECVNDVS. Up 
 
 22 bere. Ceterumimperioalicuidelato% 
 confultum erit, liberum illide fumma 
 rerum ftatuendi arbitrium permittere, 
 cxemplofenatuSjpopuliqueRom. qui 
 omnium rcrumarbitrium^quod ad hel- 
 ium attinet, impcratori permittebat. & 
 vtrufcdendo^andimicandoremgerere, 
 hocvelillud oppidu oppugnare vifum 
 cfTetjipfiUs iudicio relinquebant, nequc 
 quicquam fibi ref^ruabat , quam au(5lo- 
 ritatem noUi belli indicedi , aut foederis 
 ianciendi cum hofte: quse fummi impe- 
 rii efle alio loco oftendimusMtaque Q. a 7,H.uc.6, 
 Fabiusconf. inHetrufcosmifTus, vtfo- 
 ciisSurrinis^quos Hetrufci obfidebant, 
 opem ferret , Hetrufcis prselio fufis , fu- 
 gatisque , inconfuho fenatu , per filuam 
 CiminiamhoftesperfecutuSjinHetru- 
 riam bellum tranftulit ^& Cn. Manlius ^ ^^^^^-9* 
 conf Antiochodeuido, Gallogra?cis, 
 quod AntiochumauxiliisiuuifTentjfine 
 fenatus au<5toritate, & iniulTu populi, 
 bellum intulit ; & nee quicquam crimi- 
 nantibuscumlegatis, qui cum eo fue- 
 rantjtriumphasinvrbcminueduseft*^. cLw»i$/.3s 
 Similiter Caefar , cui Gallia prouincia 
 obtigerat , Germanis Gallia cxpulfis 
 Rhenum ttafiuit^vt cum Sicambns bel- 
 
 Q^ lumge-
 
 De ivre et off. beli» 
 
 lutn gereret, quod jllos,qui fibi Gallia?- 
 
 que bellum intulerat ^ &: in fines Sicam- 
 
 brorumfereccperanfjdcderenollcnt;^ 
 
 in Britanniam quoque exercitum tran- 
 
 ftulifjquod omnibus fere galiicis bclIiSj 
 
 hoflibus Roraanoiu inde lubminiftrata 
 
 auxilia intelligebat : haecqUe omnia ex 
 
 ^Csfarde fuotantum arbitrio fecit ^ Cn.autem 
 
 hia,^ai,iib.^ Pompeio bellum aduerfus pirataslegc 
 
 Cabinia in triennium ita mandatu fuit, 
 
 vtrotomari, quod eft intra columnas 
 
 Herculis,& in maritimisprouinciisjvfq; 
 
 adquadringentefimumamari ftadium, 
 
 poteftatcm haberet imperandi regibus, 
 
 prxfidibuSjCiuitatibuSjVt fe omnibus ad 
 
 eius belli adminiftrationem neceffariis 
 
 hPiuiun iuuatet^.& QJ^abioMax.didatoriper- 
 
 tge^nX^' mifflim fuit,vt omnia faceret^vt e re pu- 
 
 j«tf». tn Ui, blicaduceret. & T^Quintioconf.liberu 
 
 ^M- airbitnumpacis, ac belli cum Philippo 
 
 c Ltumlii p^rn^i^um fuit*^.in quo meriio pruden- 
 
 tiam (cnatus populique Rom. laudes. 
 
 nam qui ex alieno meiu , voJuntateque 
 
 pendet , nihil magnum pra^ftare poteft. 
 
 Difficile quoque fuifietfenatui 5 ea quae 
 
 ocuJisfubiedanon funt/uoiudicioad- 
 
 miniftrare : & vbi caftralocanda effent, 
 
 fcire : quae loca prsefidiis occupanda : 
 
 quando
 
 Liber secvndvs. 120 
 
 quando cum hofteconfligendum.-qua- 
 do quiefcendu effet^prf fcribere : & e ter- 
 ra^quod aiutjgubernareipraefertim cum 
 pundo teporis, vtinquitLiuius, cuius 
 praJteruolatopportunitaSj fi cundarus 
 paululu fueris5nequicqua mox amifTam 
 queraris. Porroquomaiorianimo, & 
 omnibus curis libero ^ad fiimmarerum 
 imperatores confulere poflent^ ne metu 
 fupplicij a rcgcfendadeterrerenturife- 
 natus^populusq; Romanus/e forte ma- 
 le gefta, fortunatantum belli incufans, 
 nunquamcrudelius quicquain eosfta- 
 tuit-.necvnquamatrociorineoSjquite' 
 mcritate,atq->infcitia,exercitusami(i{set, 
 fuitjquavtpecuniaeosmultaret.capite 
 anquifitum ob rem bello male gefta , de 
 imperatoreferenunquafuit : ipfamca-' 
 lamitatcfatispoenasefleexiftimantes,^ 
 laude fruftrari ♦ cuius rei cxcpio funt M* 
 SergiuSj& P. Virginias tribuni militum 
 cofularipoteftatcbello contra Veieres* 
 na cum forte hoftesea regione^quaM* 
 Sergius prceerat, caftra ador ti eflenr: nee 
 feia Romaniab hoftibustueripoflenr^ 
 & fola fpes efTet , fi a maioribus caftris 
 fubueniretur , quibus Virginius prsre- 
 ratpriuatim Sergio inuifus & infcftus: 
 
 0^2 noluit
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtt. 
 
 noluit Virginius collegae auxilium fub- 
 mittere,nifipeteret:&Sergius,ncc]uam 
 opem viderctur ab inimico petiifle5vin- 
 ciabhofte, quamvincere per due ma- 
 luit:ita vt huius pertinaciam arrogantia 
 alterius aequaret :quo fadu e(l5Vt milites 
 diu in medio csefi j podremo defertis 
 munitionibus pcrpauci in maiora ca- 
 ftra, pars maxima arq J ipfe Sergius Ro- 
 mam pertenderetivbiada vtriufqicaufa 
 infenatUj&apudpopuIumdiedidtajta- 
 tum denis miliibus a^ris grauis rei dam- 
 
 a tmimL^* Had funt ^ Similiter M*Poftumius tri-* 
 bunus militum cofulari poteftate^quod 
 ad Veios eius opera male pugnatu effetj 
 decem quoque miliibus grauis a^ris : & 
 C. Sempronius conf. ob ignominiam 
 Volfcici belli , quindecim miliibus seris 
 
 himmU* damnati funt*». folum inuenio deCn* 
 Fuluio pr^torejobexercitum in Apulia 
 amifTum (cum omnibus probrisonera^ 
 retur, & iurari multidicerenifuga? pa- 
 UorJsqueinitium a pra^rore ortum, ab 
 eo delcnos tniliiesjciim baud vanum ti- 
 moremducis crederent, terga dedifTe) 
 capite anqu)fitum fuilTeiqui priufquam 
 dies comitiorum adeflct,exulatum Tar- 
 
 QUmtnUii quiniosabiiiS Muhijveroannisante,
 
 Liber secvndvj. 121 
 
 Sp^Seruilius, vt confulatu abiit^reus ca- 
 pitis fuir,a tnb.pleb.die dida,qu6d He- 
 trufcos in caftra fugientes audacms qua 
 prudentius pcrfecutus , robur iuuentu- 
 tis arnifiiTet.fed cum id indignifTime fer- 
 renc patricij, rem nonferendam didi- 
 tantes, cosqui/eprorepubiicaimpigre 
 hoftibusobijciant ,fifortuna minus fa- 
 uear, ignaui^accufiriabiis quinunqua 
 inaciefteterint: tarumpotueruntapud 
 populum , vt omnium calcuJis reus ab- 
 folueretur: oftendetes nonefTeerepub. 
 damnari duces ob infortunium a, Atqui nDianUai. 
 in C. Tcrentium Varroncmconfulem, ""'^^'^^^-"^ 
 CUIUS temcritate , inconfulto collega L. 
 iEmilio Paulo clades ilia Cannefis Ro- 
 manis illata eft , ex qua relidto exercitu, 
 & collega fortitcr mortuo profugir , no 
 fblum non eft animaducrfum ob rem 
 malegeftam^fedetiamextantacladerc- 
 deuntiobuiam icum frequenter eft, & 
 gratia^ada^jquodderepubl. nondefpe- 
 ra(ret:cui, fiCarthaginienfiumdu(5bor 
 fuidet 5 nihil recufandum fupplidj fo- 
 23 ret^. Fuere enim * Carthagmienfes in biiV/»iUa> 
 militi^ negoriis ram afperi,vt imperato- 
 res,quiprauoc6/ilio5qaamuisprofpero 
 cuenturemgefTiffent, in crucem tolle- 
 
 (^ 3 rent;
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 rent : quod bene gefTerant, deorum im- 
 mortalium adiutorio,quod male admi- 
 a vaieMax. fcrant^ipforumculpaeimputantes^lta- 
 ub.2, cap.y. que Mago infignis Carthaginienfium 
 twm itb.3s innperator, qui primus omnium impe- 
 rium Poenorum ordinata difciplina mi- 
 litariconftituir , viresque ciuiratis non 
 mmusbellandiartequamvirtutefirma- 
 b iujiin.i.i9 uitt>5 obrem malegeftam contra Syra- 
 cufanos, mctu fupplicij feipfum interfe- 
 cit : quo non contenti Carthaginienfes, 
 cviut.invi. morrui corpus in crucem fuftulerunt*^. 
 ttTmoieonrf Sciendum autem banc laxamj& largam 
 de fumma rerum libere confulendi po- 
 tef^atem,imperatori tributam, in magi- 
 ftroequirum, tribuno , vel alio qui im- 
 peratore inferior eft^admodumrcftri^a 
 d jMoffic. fuifTe: vtfuolocodicemus^^.&quidem, 
 M.3. quan tumuis libera permittatur duci re^ 
 c in I credi j.jjj^ omnium , ex arbitrio fuo admini- 
 Dm^nZT/ ftratio: nihilominus, (lquidfraudulen- 
 f /. »« perfo t^r fecerir, de eo tenebitur. nam plene 
 TaZlrX'de quidcm^vt inquic Scaeuola/ed quatenus 
 regtur,ihic res cx bouafidcagenda eft , mandatum 
 ro!ff«n%: cenfetur^ & quod^n arbitrium alius 
 ifimie^e.D. confertur/cmperadboni vmarbitriuiu 
 
 detuJ:t\ referendum eft*^ 
 
 pro focio^ S E
 
 LitER SECVNDVS. 722 
 
 SEQVVNTVR P R O p O- 
 
 S I T I O N E S Qjr AE D A M BEL- 
 UGA, ETCAVTIONES IMPERATO- 
 
 ri«jVeterumexemplis flabilitae. 
 
 Vnum non plures exercitui praefici debere, 
 cum poteftateljbera,eundemcp ctinuum, 
 nee eum quern priusofFenderis, ignomi- 
 niaiie afFeceris. 
 
 I 
 
 Tlurlum tmperium hello inutile^, 
 2 ^^ando di&ator creari [olitm apud IRo - 
 ) Dilator is poteBod. {nt^of, 
 
 4 Non m(t confe6io bellofuccejfor mpsrA» 
 
 tori m'ttttndus, 
 
 5 Momrchkopiimdireipukftatm » 
 
 6 Perkulofum turn qttem offenderis fum» 
 
 Md rerumprsficerc^, 
 
 Capvt tertivm. 
 
 QVattuor tribuni militum confulari 
 ^poteftaie Romaecreari, quorum 
 tresdeleduhabitoprofedi funt Veios, 
 documentofuere,inquitLiuius%quam a /»4,4, 
 I plurium imperium * belio inutile efTet: 
 tendendo ad fua quifque confilia , ciim 
 aliudalij videretur,apcrueruntad occa- 
 (ioncm locii hoftirincerra namqiaciejfi- 
 gnualiisdari , rcceptui aliis cani iubeti- 
 buSjinuafere opportune Veietes,&:infu- 
 gaegere.Cofimilitcr L;^milius Paul', 
 
 0^4 acTe^
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 ac Terentius Varro aduerfus Annibale: 
 ncc ira pridem Germanorum principcs 
 aduerfus Carolum v.magno fuo damno 
 expert] fun 1 3 nihil a pluribusrcdeim- 
 perari pofle. Itaque Grseci & Romani*, 2 
 cum graue helium, autfeditiociuilis re- 
 publican! perturbaret: ad vnius didato- 
 hsaut Archi^autHarmoftaeimperium, 
 velut ad facram anchoram confugiebar. 
 vndc Romanisa VeicntibusvidisiMoe- 
 
 9 lih.i* Aa ciuitatejinquitLiuius^vinciinfuetaj 
 addidtatorem creandum recurfum eft, 
 &alibi,TumuItuanteRoma?plebe5Cuni 
 res ad maximam feditionem /pedarer, 
 
 b ub,6, trepidi patreSjinquit Liuius J>,ad duo vl- 
 tima auxilia, fummum imperiura, fum- 
 mumque ad ciuem decurrunt^didarore 
 dici placet: dicitur M. Furius Camillus» 
 Item Flaminio cum maxima parte exer- 
 citus ad Trafymenum CcefojCum magna 
 trepidatioRomaeeflet, adremcdiumia 
 
 c itt.3.2. diudefiderarum5inquitLiuius*^3necad- 
 hibitum adidatorcm dicendum ciuitas 
 confugir.&vtidenirefert^5CumPra?ne- 
 ftini difcordia Romanorum freti , ra- 
 primagminefado , pcruaftatisagris ad 
 portam Collinam fignainferrent,Ro- 
 mani afcditioneadbellumverfi, dida- 
 
 torem 
 
 d lib.i6.
 
 Liber secvndvs» 115 
 
 toremT.Quintium Cincinnatumcrea- 
 uere: quod vbiauditum eft (tantuseius 
 magiftratus terror erat) fimul holies a 
 moenibus rece(rere,& iuniores Romani 
 ad edidu fine detredatione conuencre, 
 Itaque nontemcrecredirum eft, quod 
 Liuiusfenfit^Gallosvrbem Romanon a c^.j, 
 capture. fuifTe^fi^queadmodumaduer- 
 fus Fidenatem ac Veientem hoftem , a- 
 liosquefinitimos populos,vltinia expc- 
 ricnsauxiliajinultistepeftatibusciuitas 
 fecerat:did:atoremdixi(ret,contrainufi- 
 tatum, & inauditu hoftem, ah Oceano, 
 terrarumquc vltimis oris bellum cien- 
 3 tern . Didator vero ^optima lege crea- 
 tuSjflimmum impcriumbellijpacis, poe- 
 narum ac praemioru fineprouocatione 
 habebat : vt liber impedi mentis omni- 
 bus melius ad fummam rcrum cofulere 
 pofTet^. QuarationeT.Quintio,& A- ^^of^-i^f» 
 grippa Furio cofulib. in ^quos & Vol- DlaccAi^*,^^ 
 (cos profe(!^is, cumduocofulcsinexer- 
 citu Romano paripoteftateefrcnt,quod 
 (aluberrimum in adminiftratione reru 
 magnaru eft,inquit Liuius^jfumma im- c a^.j. 
 perij, concedente Agrippa, penes colle- 
 gam erat, Similiter Ariftides , fummus 
 yir^ & Athenicnfium imperator belle 
 
 Q^ 5 Mara-
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 Marothonfo, cum plures imperatores 
 more Athehienfium creati elfenr , pari 
 poceftate, Milciadi collegse^vt folus im- 
 pcraretjConcefHtjatquereliquiscolle- 
 giSjVtidemfacerent^aiKflortuit, idquc 
 confilium conftat fublatis contennQni- 
 bus, gloriofiflimam de Medis vidoriam 
 a viutMA' Arhenienlibus peperifTe*. Quam au- 
 ''^"'^ tem expcdiat , duci exercitus liberam 
 derumma rerum cofulendipoteftarem 
 perm i ttere, fu periore ca pi te oftedim us . 
 Porro cum minime conueniat, inter- 
 rumpi tenorem^rerum,inquibuspera- 4 
 gendiscontinuatioipfaefficaciffimaeft; 
 non nifi confedobellofuccciTorem im- 
 peratori mitti expedit. nam inter tra* 
 ditionem imperij , nouiiatemque fuc- 
 cefToris : qui nofcendis prius , quaraa- 
 gendis rebus imbuendus fit: fsepe bene 
 gerendae rei occafiones intercidunt. 
 Quare FabiusMax. monuit populum, 
 Vt magno iudicio confiiles crearent,qui 
 portent efle pares Annibali 2 Nam, in- ,, 
 quit, cum , qui eft fummus in ciuirate ,, 
 dux, eundemelegerimus, tumrepente ,, 
 ledus in annum , aduerfus veterem & „ 
 perpetuum imperarore comparabitur, „ 
 nullis neque temporis,neque iurisin- „ 
 
 clufum
 
 Liber secvndys. 124 
 
 „ clufum anguftiis , quo minus Ita om- 
 5, niagerat, adminiftretque , vt tcmpo- 
 3, ra poftulabunt belli : nobis in appara- 
 5, tu ipfo 5 ac rantum inchoantibus res an- 
 ,3 nus circumagitur ^. Vnde etiam Li- aLw.w/.2f 
 uius^^jCum Romanos duces cum Ale- hub.o^ 
 xandro comparat , co mirabiliorcs il- 
 los quam Alexandrum , aut quemquam 
 alium regem facitj quod denes vicenof- 
 que dies quidam didaturam jnemo plus 
 quam annum confulatumgcflit: ab tri- 
 bune pleb^ deledlus impediti funt : pofl 
 tcmpus ad bella ierunt : ante tempus 
 comitiorum caufa reuocati funt: in ipfo 
 conaturerumcircumegitfeannus:col- 
 lega? nunc temeritas , nunc prauitas im- 
 pedimentoautdamno fuit : male rebus 
 geflis 5 rebus alterius fuccefTum eft : ty- 
 ronem , aut male imbutum difciplina e- 
 xercitum acceperunt . At hcrcle re- 
 ges (inquit) non liberi foliim impedi- 
 metis omnibus, feddomini rerum tem- 
 porumque , trahunt confiliis cunda, 
 non fequuntur.prserereafupraha^c om- 
 nia incommoda , quam aiborem quii 
 Gonferuit , ab ea legere alium fi u<flum 
 indignum videtur. vc Qu. FabiusMax. 
 dicebatjpecens Hetruriam,exrraordine 
 
 prouin-
 
 De ivbe by off. bell, 
 prouinciam fibi dari ; qui apcruiflct Ci- 
 miniam filuam, viamque per deuios fal- 
 ^Ummlio tus Romano bellofcci(Tet% Ethisqui- 
 demarguinenriS)& excmplis^mulium 
 iuaatur fententia eorum , qui monar- 
 chiam*& regiam poteftarem vniuerfe 5 
 narur^ congrueniem^optimum reipub. 
 flatumconftiruerunt. Quareetiam Si- 
 bylla carminibus fuis auguraca dicitur 
 reipub. R o manse falutem in regno pofi- 
 tam eirt:3& ciues aliter fcrqari non pofle, 
 quam fi regcm habercnt. Nam vt Tibe- 
 rius dicebat, fieri non poteft^vt rcfpubl. 
 bene conftituta , quod vnum tantiim eft 
 corpus, plura capitahabeat, Ceterum, 
 periculofifTimum quoque erit *, eum 6 
 queofFcnderiSjVclignominiaaffcccris, 
 (umm^ rerum pr^ficere.cuius reiexem* 
 plQe(repotc(lM.Liuius:quicuex con- 
 iulatapopuli iudicio damnarus, igno- 
 miniam xgre ferbns, in rus migraflfet, & 
 odtauo poll damnationem annojn vrbe 
 redudus,iterumconrulfa(5tuse(ret: me- 
 moriae proditum eit, plenum adhuc ira 
 in ciues M. Liuium, adbellumprofici- 
 fcentem contra Annibalem, moneti Q. 
 Fabio , ne priufquam genus hominuni 
 cognofccret, temeremanum cofereret, 
 
 refpoH'*
 
 LlBBR SECVNDVS» jjj 
 
 rcfpondifle^ vbiprimumhoftiuaginen 
 
 con/pexiflet , pugnaturum : cumquc 
 
 qua?refetur, quaecaufafeftinandi effet: 
 
 Autcxhofteegregiatti gloriam, inquir, 
 
 autexciuibus vi<5tis gaudium meritum 
 
 cene^ctfinon honeftum capiama.Simi- ztmitu\tj 
 
 liter HarpaguSjCum AftyagesMedoium 
 
 rexilliinfeftus -in virioncm feruari nc- 
 
 poris Cyrijfiliumeius interfecinct.epu- 
 
 landumque patri tradidiflet; ad tcmpus 
 
 diffitnulatodolore^ odium regis in vin- 
 
 didf occafionemdiftulit: & pofleacum 
 
 Cyrus Aftyagi bellu inferret , & Aftya- 
 
 gesfummam belli Harpago comififfet: 
 
 exeroitum acceptunij ftatim Cyroper 
 
 dedi tione tradidi r^Sc regis crudelitatem 
 
 perfidia defcdionis vltus fuit.^ t ishmKx 
 
 Vtrum letiitate & beneuolenria : an ver6 (e- 
 ueritate& feuitiaplus proficiet imperator. 
 
 / Thulium ammalmaior carte tra^fadumj 
 
 ijuam homo» 
 2 Sctpio humamtate^ Anmhdcruhelttate^ 
 
 farem in rebm bcUicis glorkm confi- 
 
 cuti funt, 
 J {Manlius feueritate ^ Valerius temgrn- 
 
 tate mdites in officio continuerunt. 
 i' Canindum m mmia knit as pariat con^ 
 
 UmptHin^
 
 Db IVRB ET off. BEIL. 
 
 Umpum^ neque mmiafeuitia odium^ 
 $ Jn fftncipe requiritur hemuoUmia. 
 
 6 7^/f foteB amor cum timore mi f cert, 
 
 7 Jmperator apud fuos milites flm fro- 
 
 fciet comitate^ quam morum affC' 
 
 ritatc^i 
 S Homo benejicio & bemuokntiaimitari 
 
 cupit. 
 g ObfequiomiUgamur imperia, 
 1 Beneuolentia ctiam apud hojles multum 
 
 poteB. 
 
 Cap^ qvartvm* 
 
 NOn foliitn belladi virtutem in fum- 
 mOjac perfedo imperatore quaere- 
 dam efle alibi diximus : fed multas alias 
 efle artes eximias , huius adminiftras ^ 
 comitesque virtutis . & quidem ^ cum 
 nullum (it animarjVf ktifn Seneca^ma- 1 
 lore arte tra<5tandum,quam homorqug- 
 ri folet 3 vtriim in imperatore rcquira- 
 tur magis afperitas & fseuitia ; an vero 
 humanitas, & beneuolentia . qua de re 
 in vtramque partem innumera pofTent 
 adduci exemplar & inprimis fefe offc- 
 runt Annibal, & Scipio*, furamiduceSj 3 
 Gui diuerfiffimis ingeniis , longe diuer- 
 nore raodo , ac ratio ne , parem ex rebus 
 
 belU-
 
 LiSBR SECVNDVS, J26 
 
 bellicis gloriam reportauere. hie enim 
 in Hifpaniam miifus ^ innatafibi huma- 
 nitate, & bcneuolentia , non folum mi- 
 litum aninfos fibi deuinxit : fed eiiam 
 conciliata ckmentia? fama ^ totam Hi- 
 fpaniam Romanae ditionis fecit: ille co- 
 tra, magna violentia , cr udelitate , & ra- 
 pina Iraliamdeuaftauit, & omnespo- 
 puli Italise J omnia fere oppidaadcum 
 defeccre litavtjqucmadmodum Hifpa- 
 nia, beneuolentia Scipionisjficlialiaj 
 timore Annibalis fubadia fuerit. Simi- 
 le exemplum habemus in ManlioTor- 
 3 quai0 5& VaIerio*Coruino, qui pari 
 virtute & gloria vixere Romas : difpa- 
 ri lamen ingeniOj&rationeproceden- 
 di. Manliusenim ferox natura, maxi- 
 ma feuerus in difciplina militari fuit : 
 Valerius veto omni genere humanita- 
 tis , & beneuolenti^e milites profecutus 
 eft . vfquc adeo , vt ad milites in officio 
 continendos , ille filium vidorem, & 
 fpeciofa fpolia referentem , quod eius 
 iniuflu pugnafleicuhofte^virgiscaefum 
 fecuri percu(rcrit:hic vero neminem vel 
 offenderit quide. attamen pro tarn diffi- 
 xnilirationeagendi^nondiffimil^frudQ 
 
 & gloriam rctulere.nullaenim vnquam 
 
 iiedicio
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 ieditio inter vtriufque ducis milites or- 
 tafuit ; nuquam vlluspugnamdetreffla- 
 uicaut dido minus obediens fuit; & v- 
 terque maximas resgcffit.Manliusitaq; 
 fuafeucritate & imperio(isedi6tis5dirci- 
 plinam militarem mirumin modu fta- 
 biliuit: Valerius vero^tatum in militari 
 difciplinaferuanSj innata (ibi humani- 
 tate&lenitatemilitumanimosflexirj& 
 obedientiflimos habuit;& fi quos forte 
 legum , &di(ciplina* contemptorespu-* 
 niebat , non hoc ini peratoris feueritati, 
 fed conftitutioni legu afTcribebant.non 
 cnim vbi imperio , vbi lege agi poterar, 
 volebat. & hsecexcmplapropofitaquse- 
 ftioncm fatis dubiam relinquunt.Porro 
 illud certe^magno iudiciOjVtramuis via 4 
 fequamur5cauendutn : nenimialenitas 
 pariatcontemptum ; quod Scipionie- 
 uenit : inter cuius milites maxima Ccdi' 
 tio mota eft in Hifpania: nequenimia 
 feuitia odium exciter: quod Annibali 
 accidit : qui crudeliter dc auare fpoliado 
 ea, quae tueri nequibat, vt vafta hofti re- 
 linqueret, omniumanimosafeabalie- 
 nauit,nequcindignapatientiummod6, 
 fed ceterorum etiam : quippeadplures 
 •s«« exemplum,vt inquit Liuius % quam ca- 
 
 lamitas
 
 Liber secvndvs* uy 
 
 kmitas perdnebat, Ceterum qui de in- 
 J ftitutione principis ♦ fcripferC) potius 
 Valeriuni) & Scipionem imitadospro, 
 ponuntj&humaniptemjbeneuolentiaj 
 & fimiles virtutcs in principe requirut: 
 vtdeCyrofcripficXenophon. maluse- 
 
 6 nimcuiios'^^vtinqiiit Cicero a ^diutur- zoffcM.2, 
 nitaris metus^ contraquebeneuolentia 
 
 ,) fideliseft, veladperpetuitatem, &Prae-. 
 
 ,5 textatusapudMacrobiu ^, Qui colitur. b sat^r.ub.i 
 
 ,3 inquit^etiamamatur; nonpoteftamor ''^* 
 cum timore mifceri.vnde putas arroga- 
 tiifimum illud manafle prouerbiujquod 
 iadatur : Totide nobis hoftes cfTc, quot 
 
 5 feruos^non habemusilloshoftesifedfa- 
 cimusjcum illis ruperbifTimi, contume- 
 liofiffimijCrudelillimi fumus, Itaq,- prse- 
 
 „ clare Ennius. 
 ^em metuunt^ oderunt-^ 
 ^uem qnifque odtt^ perijfe expetit . 
 Etmultoru odiis nullas opes pofTeob* 
 fiftere, interitu C. Csfans oftendit Ci- 
 cero*=. atquehancfentcntiam, etiamin coffcU^, 
 
 7 Impcratore'' confirmat exemplum Ap- 
 pijClaudij,&T.Quintijconfr. Appius 
 cnim in Volfcos mifTus, vexando faruo 
 impcrio cxercitum , hoc fua acerbitate 
 cffecitjVtmilites omnia fegniterjociose, 
 
 R ncgli-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BEtl. 
 
 negligenter , contumaciter agerent : & 
 eosnecpudor, necmetuscoerceret^o- 
 dio confulis exacerbatis omniu animis: 
 vlqueadeo vtRomanus exercitus ina- 
 ciemprodudtus^nonfolum vincereno- 
 luerit, fedvinci voIuerit> 8c turpi fuga 
 perieritcaftra* Quintius vero in Vol- 
 (cosmifTus J naturalenior, comitate & 
 bcneficiis animos militum fibi conci- 
 lians , pra^da omni militi data , & laudes 
 addens , quibus baud minus quam pras* 
 mio gaudent militum animi , rebus e« 
 ^ikiMiih.i gregie gcftis, in vrbem rediita. item 
 lo^n, H«/. (^a?fo Pabius conf. in Veientes miffiis^ 
 *^* cum prajter ccteras imperatorias artes^ 
 quas parando5gerendoque bello edidc'- 
 rat plurimas, ita inftruxiflct acie,vt folo 
 cquitatu emifTo , exercitum hoftiu fun- 
 dcretjinfequi fufos^pede^ odio confulis, 
 propter morumafperitatem 3 noluit5& 
 iniuflfu figna retuJit: nee huic tarn pcfli- 
 b hh^2, l^^ii exempio, inquit Liuius^jremedia „ 
 vlla ab imperatore quaefita funt ; adeo 5^ 
 excelletibusingeniiscitiusdefueritars, „ 
 quaciuemregant^quam quahoftemfu- „ 
 perent. Similiter L. Papyrius didator^ 
 ob fa^uitiamjqua M. Fabium magiftrum 
 equitum (quod eius iniuilu quauis pro-
 
 Liber secvndvs. 128 
 
 Ipere pugnauerat cum hofte)conftantet 
 adfiippliciumpopofceratj nequemiU^ 
 tibus gratus fuit,neque hoftibus terribU 
 lisjquam tamen maximam imperatoris 
 laudemeflecefetAgefilaus. itaquecum 
 hoftesadcaflra Papyri j accefli(rent;tan- 
 tum momenti in vno viro Papy do erat, 
 inquit Liuius% vt fi duels confilia fauor ^ iii,,t, 
 fubfecutus militum foret5debelIari eo 
 die cum SamnitibuspotuifTc pro haud 
 dubio proditum fit : ita inftruxerat acie 
 loco ac fubfidiis , ita omni arte beJlica 
 firmaucrat; fedceflatumamilite, acde 
 induftria, vtobtre(5taretutlaudibus du^ 
 CIS, impedita vidoriafuit. verumfenfit 
 peritus dux , quse res vidorise obftaret: 
 temperandumingenium fuum efTc, & 
 feueritatem mifcendam comitati:atque 
 ita maxima dexteritate, fauciorum prae- 
 cipuecuramfufcipies, tantum profecit, 
 vt mededis corporibus, animi prius mi- 
 iitum imperatori conciliarentur : & re- 
 fedo exercitu , cum hofte congreflus^ 
 haud dubia fpe fua militumque, fudit 
 fugauitque Samnites. Eft Itaquecomi- 
 8 tatecondienda*grauiras,nam vtiapien- 
 teraXenophontefcriptum eft: cum tri- 
 busprjcipue rebus ad obtemper andum 
 
 R 2 addu-'
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 adducantur alia animalia^cibis abiedio- 
 ^a 3 delinimentis erc(5tiora ^ verbcribus 
 contumacia:homo5quod eft animal ge- 
 nerofiffimumj neque minis, nequc fup* 
 pliciiscogivultj fed beneficio&bene- 
 uoletia inuitari cupit. Cum enim bruta 
 (e vi trahi finanr, riomo non nifi rationc 
 feduci patitur.Nihilominus tamefcien- 9 
 dum eftjregumjducumqueclemetiam, 
 vt Alexander Magnus dicebat, non in 
 ipforum modo^fedetiaminilloru, qui 
 parent, ingeniisfitamefle : obfequio e- 
 nim mitigantur imperia. vbi vero reuc- 
 rentia excelTit anirais , & fumma imis 
 confundimusjvi opus eft, vtvim repel- 
 
 acLCar«./.s lamus'. Ccterumbcneuolentia^&hu- ic 
 manitas, no foliim apud milites & dues 
 prodeft, fed etiamapudhoftesnofemel 
 plus potuit, quam inuidaRomanorum 
 arma,vtexemploScipionisiamofterum 
 cft.& facit quoque exemplum Camilli, 
 cum Falifcosobfideretjquialioquidiu- 
 ^urnusvidebaturfuturus labor, nififua 
 beneficcntia, tradens proditoremfilio- 
 ru m regis, ipfos ad deditionem pellexit 
 
 bLw»flij/,.j. /eti>.Fabricij quoque liberalitaSjCumin- 
 /idiantem vitae Pyrrhi medicum, ipfi in- 
 dicaret , regis animum fregit & vicit*
 
 Liber secvndvs. rsp 
 
 Humanitas itaque , vt inquit Valerius 
 Maximus^vincitiram^proftcrnitodiu, a hb,s,c4.^ 
 hoftilemque fanguinc hoftilibus lacry-. 
 mis permifcet^ 
 
 Temporum rationeni prxcipue in 
 bello habendam. 
 
 / i^liter tn heflo^aliter in pace agendum. 
 i In face confuettidini^n belto vtilitati pa • 
 
 rendufn, 
 J SententiaFahijMax, de Alt Into iranf- 
 
 4 Manelltis L, Branttum benepcwfwt con- 
 
 ciliare^ qukm foena cohibere mduit, 
 
 5 Sciplo 2^fica ^friuato c(tnfilio conuocatii 
 
 bonis y Gracchum of pre fit, 
 
 4 Odimius Cdfarfuafponte bellum intulit 
 
 Antonio. 
 7 Silent leges inter arma, 
 
 5 Neceptas ex iUicito facit licit um. 
 
 p Non dtcitur fen contra legem , quodvr^ 
 
 gente necefitate ft. 
 JO Exoccafombus belli ratio commutanda, 
 1 1 Vabins natura cun^ator non tudicio. 
 
 Q 
 
 Cap. 9VINTVM, 
 
 Vi deofficiis (cripfere,in omnibus 
 a(Sionibus maximam teporumra- 
 R 3 tionem
 
 De ivrb et off. bell. 
 tjoncm habendam ccnfuerunt, prxfer- 
 tim in iis, qua? in cafu confiflunt. vnde, 
 Vt Q^. F^rbius Max. Q; Fabio Max. filio 
 coniuli djccbat, alitcr in medio ardorc 
 belli *^alitcr in pacetranquillaarbitran- i 
 dum, & agenda eft- in pace cnim liberc, 
 proutxquitas & iuftitiadid:at5Conrule- 
 duni cft5& Icgibus infiftcndum:in bello 
 autcm,& turbulentis temporibus, ordi-? 
 nariishifceremediis^irritanturf^pema- 
 gis, & accenduntur bella & leditiones, 
 quamfedantur* Yndefitplerunque^vt 
 leges qusein pace latx fun t(nifi forte ea? 
 qua! perpetual vtilitatiscaufa in aeternu 
 lat^fini) bellumabroget; quacinbcllo 
 a /.vi»,f'«;,^ paxa. vtinnauisadminiftrationealiain 
 Cdecadu. fccunda^vt inquit Liuius,alia in aducrfa 
 tern peftatevfui fun t. Itaq; maioresno- 
 b pro lege ftri inquit Cicero ^^ Temper in pace con- 
 ^*"'^' fneiudini*, in bello vtilitati paruerunt; 2 
 lemper ad nouos cafus temporum no^ 
 uorum cofiliorum rationesaccommo- 
 cniii^.iu darut.&alibi^:Necefre eftjinquit^in ta^ 
 tacpncurfatione periurbationum acre- 
 rum, temporibuspotiusparere, quam 
 moribus. Quarationc (>.Fabius Max^" 
 pater^ Claffium Altiniu Arpinatem (qui 
 clam node in caftra Romana venerat, 
 
 promit- 

 
 Liber secvndvj. yjo 
 
 promittensfifibipr^mioforetjfeArpos 
 proditurum effe) noluit pro transfuga 
 verberari necarique > quod aliis videba- 
 tur , quia pod Cannenlem cladem, tan- 
 quam cum fortuna fide ftare oporteret, 
 ad Annibalem defecifTet , traxifletque 
 ad defedionem Arpos ; & turn poftea* 
 quara res Romana , contra fpem votaq; 
 cius , veluti rcfurgcrct, noua refcri pro-i 
 ditionem. documcntumenim ftatuio- 
 portere cenfebat Fabius , fi quis refipif* 
 Ccret^&antiquara focietate refpiceret, 
 nam fiabireaRomanis liceretjrediread 
 eosnonb'cerer, cuidubiumeflet, quiu 
 breui defertaabfociis Romana res , fce- 
 deribus Punicis omnia in Italia iunda 
 vifura eflet. non tamen fidei quicquam 
 Altinio habendum cefebat^ fed mediam 
 coniecutuscofilij viam , nequeeumpro 
 hofte^neque pro fbciohabedum*. Item nUmtiKz^ 
 ij. cum in maximo difcrimine Nola effet*. 
 quam non tarn fiducia fui pr^fidijjquam 
 volurate principum Marcellus habebat, 
 plebead defedlionem fpe(5tate, qu3e plu- 
 rimu timebatur, & ante omnes L.Bran- 
 tius iuuenis acer ^ quern confenfus atte- 
 tataedefec^lionisjac metus a pr3etore Ro- 
 inanOiniincadproditionempatriajjnfic 
 R 4 adtranf-
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 adtransfugiendumftimulabati&Mar- 
 celluseumaut poena cohibcndunijaut 
 beneficio conciliandum viderct : fibiaf- 
 fumpri(re,quamhon:iademifle,fortem 
 ac(lrenuummaluitfocium,accitumque 
 ad fe.ira comitate riia,additis etiam praf- 
 miis/erocisiuiienisanimumemolliuit, 
 vt nemo inde fociorum^rem Romanam 
 fortius ac fidclius iuuerit. De ceteris 
 vero Nolanis proditionis rcis Marcel- 
 lus3Annibaledcmumpraeliovi(5lo,clau- 
 aL/».w/,23 fis portis quseftionem habuita, Ethuc 
 quoque fpedarevidetur, quoddeSci- 
 pione Naficaproditumefl:'^. nam cum 5 
 Tib. Gracchus , in tribunatu profufis 
 largitionibus , fauore populi occupato, 
 rempub. opprelTam teneret, palamque 
 diditaretjinteremptofenatUjOmniapcr 
 plcbemagi debere,^ confentientibus 
 cundiSjVtcofularmisrempub.tueretur, 
 Mucins Scaeuola conful negaret fe vi 
 quicquam efle adurum : tum Scipio Na- 
 fica: Quoniam5inquit5conrul5dum iuris 
 ordine requitur5idagit,vtcum omnibus 
 Icgibus Romanum imperium corruat: 
 egomet priuatus voluntati veftrae me 
 ducem offcro : & fublata dextraprocla- 
 mauit: Quirerapub/aluameflevolunr, 
 
 mefe-
 
 Liber secvndvs. iji 
 
 mc fequantur : eaquc voce, cun(5htione 
 bonorum ciuium difcufla , Gracchutn 
 cum ftelerata fadione, quasmerebatur 
 poenas foluere coegit^. Hinc quoque ^^'*^ w^*, 
 ^ Cicero ^ laudat Odauiu ^ Csefarem,qui \pl]aTi* 
 nonexfpedatofenatusdecreto, bellum ^e^"««^/»6.i 
 contra Antonium fuafpotefufccperat. "^^'^* 
 Decernendienimtempus^vtilleaitjno- 
 dum veneratibelli autem gerendi tepus, 
 
 fiprgtermi/ifret,videbatrepub.oppre(ra 
 nihil pofledecerni. Silentergo nonun- 
 
 7 quam leges^in ter arma, nee fe exfpediari 
 finunt : cumeiquiexfpedare velir, ante 
 poena luendafit^quam iuftarepetenda^ « Ck^po^ 
 Eoquefpeaat, quod de C.Mario prodi- ^'^"'• 
 turn eft, qui cum duas cohortcs Camer- 
 tium^quod mira virtutevim Cimbroru 
 in aciefuftinuiffcnt , aduerfusconditio- 
 neni foederis, ciuitate donafTet : excufa- 
 uitfadumdicendojnterarmorumftre- 
 pitum^verba fciuris ciuilis exaudire no 
 potuifle. eratenimidtempus,quoma- 
 gis defenderc , quam audire Jegcs opor- 
 tebat^^-Etcerteneceffitasfajpefacitlici. a v^/m-*». 
 
 8 tum%quodaIioquiefretillicitum Mta- f;^,/:,, 
 queclade Cannenfi afflidis Romanoru d/cofc^M. 
 viribus,e6resdeduaaeft,vtMJurtij di- +;*;;^'(^^^ 
 ftatoris opera, fpolia hoflium affixa te- fiuliji/Jn. 
 
 R 5 phs,
 
 De Ivre et off, bell, 
 pliSjdeorum numini confecrata, inftru» 
 mentamilitiae futura, conuelleientur: 
 ac prsetextatipueriarma inducrent ;ad- 
 di(^orum etiam , & capi tali crimine da- 
 natorum , atque feruorum aliquot mil- 
 lia (qum ad id tern pus capite cenfos ha- 
 bere milites faftidierant) confcriberen* 
 aiiM.w.23 tura. Quae fi per feafpicianrufjVtinquic 
 bhb,y.cap.6 VaLMaximus V^iquid ruborishabent: 
 fi autem adiundt is neceflitatis viribus, 
 ponderentur , feuiiia? temporisconue- 
 nientia remedia videbuntur. nam vt ide 
 ait : Cedendum fortunapeft, vbi nifi tu- 
 tiora eligantur confilia/pcciofa fequen- 
 ti concidcndum eft. Sicquoque C.Ma- 
 riOj&Cn. Carbone confL bellociuili 
 cum Sylla diffidentibus : quo tempore 
 non reipubl. vidoria quaerebatur, fed 
 pra^miu vidorisereseratpublicaiSC,'*^ 
 aureaarq;argenteatemploruornameia, 
 qu^ Numa Popilius folenibus deorufa^ 
 cris dicauerat,ne militibus ftipendia de- 
 cffentjConflatafunt^tantafuit in fumma 
 egeftate honoris publici ratio, non aute 
 patru confcriptorum voluntas,vt inquit 
 c w.7.tep.<5 Valerius Max^^.fed tua teterrima necefli- 
 tas, trucuknca manus illi confulto ftylii 
 impreflit.Neqi etiam didcur fieri contra 
 
 legem,
 
 Liber sbcvndvs. 15a 
 
 9 legem^quodvrgenteneceiTitate fit, & 
 fuadete vtilitate publica.Supremo enim 
 iure, quod luppiter fanxit5Vi inquit Ci- 
 cero »jOmnia quae reipub.falutariafunt, a pw%,s. 
 legitima&iuftahabentur. ItaqjScipio 
 Africanus, cum ad necefTarium reipub^ 
 vfum^pecunia ex ^rario jpmi opus effet.- 
 idq; quseftores , quia lex obftare videre- 
 tur^aperire non auderetjprotinus claues 
 popofcitjpatefadoqiserario lege vtilita'- 
 ticederecoegit^.&Lacedgmonijjnecet ^^'»'- ^^^** 
 fitati leges pofthabere coadi , dixifle fe- *'* "^*^* 
 rutur: Dormiat leges hodie^ Hincno- if^^''^ 
 nulliexiftimat, fi fubitu&improuifum '^*°"^* 
 bellu timeturjvel alias ex maxima necet. 
 fitatc, teneriecclefiaadcontributione.d d Ah.Panor, 
 Ceteru etiam 9 ad ipfam belli admi- X'l^'wrl^' 
 niftrationeattinetjvel maxirae impera- 
 torijVel duci exercitus, tepori feruiendu 
 10 eft*^& ex occafionibusjbelli ratio comu- 
 tanda eft ^ & nuc impetu quodam & ala- 
 critateanimifcrocitertcporisbeneficio 
 Vtedo: nunccundando & fededo, caute 
 res geri debet, quod quia difficile eft^rc- 
 pugnante natura, cum non omnia cide, 
 vt inquit LiuiuSjdij dederint,magna cu- 
 ra&dilig5tia, vt ingenium tempori ac- 
 comodemus,cnitendum:nequelempcr 
 
 exem-
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 exemploFabij bellumtrahamus; neque 
 exemplo Marcelli , Scipionis , & alioru, 
 ftudio pugnadi facile pra^lium commit- 
 tamus . Nam Fabius'^naturacundator, n 
 non iudicio,temporis beneficio tantam 
 in rebus bdlicis gloria meruit : qui im- 
 petum hoftis Annibalisbeliicofi , & ali- 
 quot vidoriis ferocis, cum praelio facile 
 vincinonpofTet, afflidis Romanorum 
 vinbuSjfededo fregit.fcd idem naturam 
 (ecutus, non tempus etiam reftauratis 
 Romanorum viribus, in eadem fentetia 
 pcrftitir , & Scipioni Africam prouin- 
 ciam (ibidecernipetenti, cotradicebat: 
 cum camcn ca fola ratio effct trahendi ex 
 Italia Annibalem , vt cuentus docuit : & 
 Scipioficotempore,quoFabiusin An- 
 nibalcra miifus fuiflet , verifimiliter ni- 
 mioftudiopugna2,exemplo Flaminij3& 
 aliorum, qui Fabium pra^cefftrant, rem 
 Romanamampliusafflixiflet. adeodif- 
 ficilc eft ingcnium & naturam mutare. 
 Qua ratione Monarchiseprxferrcfolet 
 liberam rempub.in quainueniasdiuer- 
 fiffima ingenia temporibus apta. Cete- 
 rumquam plurium imperiumbclloin- 
 if'^yrd c,3. Utile (itjaiio loco obiter oftendimus,^ 
 
 Conten-
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 LlBER SECVNDVS. JJJ 
 
 Contentiofas & lentas de rebus bellicis dcli- 
 berationesadmodum noxias efle j prsef^r- 
 tim vbi fadto , magis qu^m confulto opus 
 eft. 
 
 Sdluberrimuw in confultatiomltis , vt 
 
 omms vnum femiant. 
 Tardd & leudeliherai'tones ferniciopt^ 
 Jnrebm afperi^ fortipma confiltAtutip- 
 
 (ima funt, 
 4 Tr^icUrum Sciponls f acinus. 
 
 Cap^ sextvm. 
 
 /^^VM in omnibus dcIiberationibus& 
 ^--'conrultationibuSjtum prajfertim in 
 J bellicis/aJuberrimumeftVt vnum om- 
 ncsfentiantjnequedifTentionc&pcrti- 
 nacia(qua? plerumquerem in fummum 
 difcrimendeducerefolent) bonaconfi- 
 Jia corrumpantur. Quod Appollonides 
 principum vnus , Syracufanis , mortuo 
 Hieronymo Syracufarum tyranno^ma- 
 Jcimaque inter COS ortadiflcn/ionejaliis 
 Carthaginicnfium , aliis Romanorum 
 amicitiam expetentibus , in tanta per- 
 turbationcrerum.cumnonprocula/c- 
 diiione res efTct, oratione faiurari , vt in 
 tali tempore difertc oflendiffe videtur, 
 5, inquiens.-Nccrpemralutis,necpernicie 
 ,, propiorevnquam ciuitatum vlii i\x\^^: 
 
 fi enim
 
 De IVRB BT OFF. BELL. 
 
 fi cnim vnoanimoomncs, velad Ro-^, 
 nianos, veladCarthaginienfcsinclina- ,, 
 rent J nullius ciuitatis ftatum fortuna- „ 
 tiorem gratioremque fore : ft alios alio „ 
 trahat res , non inter Poenos Romanof- „ 
 <Jue helium atrocius fore 5 quam inter 3, 
 ipfosSyracufanosrcum intra eofdcmu- „ 
 ros,pars vnaqugq; fuos exercitus,fua ar- ,, 
 majfuoshabitura fit duces. Itaqjvtvnu „ 
 omnesfentiat^fiimmavi agendum efle: ,, 
 vtra focietas fit vtilior, longe minoris a- 3, 
 
 a Lw«/;,24. j^o rem momenti confultationc efic ». ,, 
 Porro quemadmodum contentiofe ha?, 
 fie & tardae & lentae *deliberationcs per- 2 
 niciofiffima? efle folent^pr^fertim in hel- 
 lo, vbi non femel confilium, alioqui per 
 fe tutum 5 & faluhre , mora temerarium 
 &infoeIix factum fuifle legimus. cuius 
 rei documento fuere Lanuuinijqui cum 
 deliberando tempus terunt , Latinis vi- 
 dlis demum auxilium ferre coeperunr. 
 itaque cum iam portis prima figna & 
 pars agminisefletegreiTa : & nuncio al- 
 latode clade Latinorum, couerfisfignis 
 retro in vrbem redirent^praetorem co- 
 rum Miloniumdixiffeferunt, propau- „ 
 lulavia^magnam mercedeRomaniseflc jj 
 
 htmM.t, foluendatn^.pocueratautemLanuuinlj ^^ 
 
 vel
 
 LiBBR SECVNDVS. ^ I34 
 
 Velquicfc^ndoRomanorum amidtiam 
 conferuarc, vel fuo tempore auxiliufe- 
 rendo Latinis , coniun(^is viribus fupe- 
 riores effe. Et hue facere videiur > quod 
 Latinis ad defcdionem a Romanisfpe- 
 dantibus, & decern principibus corum 
 RomameuocatiSjCofultantibusquidad 
 ca,quf Tecum adum in credercntjrefpo- 
 den pfaceret: Anm'usprsecoreorumdi- 
 ,j cebait:Quanquaipreego(inquit)retuli^ 
 jj quid refponderiplaceret: tame magisad 
 jj fummam rcrum noftraru pertinerc ar- 
 j5 bitrorjquid agendum nobis>quam quid 
 5, loquendumfit:facileeffeexplicatisco- 
 .j filiisjaccommodare rebus verba*. Nul- ^thMtS, 
 lus itaque cundtationi locus eft, vt in- 
 quit Tacitus, in eo confilio , quod non 
 poteft laudari^nifi pera6lum.&in rebus 
 
 3 afperis, fictenuibus^^vtinquit Liuius, 
 fortifrimaquseqjConfiliatutilTiraafunt: 
 quia fi in occanonis momenio , cuius 
 pr^ tcruolat opportuniras^cudatus pau- 
 lulumfueris, nequicqua moxomiflam 
 queraris . Vndc C. Csefar, audacia & 
 magna facinora facienda , non delibe- 
 randa efle dicebat . cftquc in banc remi 
 
 4 prseclarum P. Cornelij Scipionis*faci- 
 ms» nam cum poU Canneniem cladem, 
 
 ij qui
 
 De IVRB ET OtV, BELL, 
 
 i;qui CannufiumperfugerantjadAp* 
 Claudium Pulchrum, & P. Cornelium 
 Scipioncmtribunosmilitum^fumtnara 
 imperii detuli(rent5& iisconfultantibus 
 derummarerum5P.Philusc6rularisviri 
 filius, nequicquam eos confultare nun- 
 ciaret, perditam fpem fouere,defpcrata 
 effe rempub. nobiles iuucnes quofdam, 
 quorum princepseflet L. CaeciliusMe- 
 tellus, mare ac naues fpedare, vtdeferta 
 Italia ad regum aliquem confugerent: 
 cumque tam malo nuncio omnes flu- 
 perent, & qui aderant concilium con- 
 uocandum cenferent , ncgabat confilij 
 rem effe Scipio iuuenis fatalis illius bel- 
 li: audendumatque agendum,noncon- 
 fultandum , in tanto malo effe : irent Te- 
 cum armati, qui rempub.faluam vellet: 
 nufquam verius^quam vbieacogitaren- 
 turahoftiumcaftraeffe.pergitdeindeire 
 fequenbus paucisin hofpitiumMetelli, 
 & cum concilium ibi iuuenum , de qui- 
 bus allatum erat^inueniffc^ftrido fuper 
 capita confultantiumgladio : Exmeia- 3, 
 nimifententiajinquit, iuro,vtegorem- ,, 
 pub. nondeferam, nequealium ciuem „ 
 Romanum delerere patiar : fi fcies fallo, ,, 
 turn meluppiieropt.max.domum,far. „ 
 
 miliaro^
 
 Liber secvndvs. 135 
 
 miliani, remque meam, peflimo leto at 
 j5 fkias.In h^c verba C.C?cili iurcsexpo- 
 „ ftulo, ceteriquequiadeftis :qui noniu- 
 5, rauerit , in hunc gladium ftridtum efle 
 fciat. haud fecus pauidi, quam fi vidore 
 Annibalem cernerent, iurant omnes, 
 cuflodiedosque femetipfos contra An- 
 nibalem Scipioni tradunt^* Quod certe a UuMat 
 facinus maiorem Scipioni gloria pepe- 
 rir,quam omnes poftea a(5ti ab eo tnum- 
 phi, Nonitaquecundatione opus eft, 
 vt inquit Tacitus , vbi pernicioffor eft 
 quies , quam temcritas . quod omnium 
 maximeindifcordiisciuilibus & rebel- 
 lionibus locum habet : inquibus^vtide 
 Tacitusait , nihil feftinacione tutius , & 
 itiagis fado qudm cofulto opus eft* Om- 
 neenim malum nafcens^vt inquit Cice- 
 ro i>,agens de bello Antonio quampri-- b Mpp4s* 
 miiminferendo, facile opprimitur, in- 
 ueteratumfitplerumquerobuftius.atq; 
 ita Csefar, Gallis belli confiliarcnouan- 
 tibus,coniurationesque facietibus, ma- 
 gnisitineribus, repente omnibus locis 
 occurrit , nee dabat vlii ciuitati fpacium 
 dealienaporius, quamdedomefticala- 
 Iwtecogficandi .- quaceleritate, &;fideles 
 animos retiiicbat,&dubitanccs terror^, 
 
 S adcon^
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BEtt» 
 
 adconditioncspacisadducebat, & ma- 
 xima facilitate Gallorum conatus com- 
 a ci/.r de pcfcult a. Quarc vt cft in prouerbiojte- 
 btigaiM.i. pusnofTedebemiis: nevtin infelicibus 
 coniiliiseuenirefo let, optima videatur, 
 vtinquit Tacitus,quorum tempus cffu- 
 git^&inutilicundationeagenditepora 
 confumantur. 
 
 Diim res adhuc funt integr^e, ne minimum 
 quidemregi, velreipiibl.de maieftate fua 
 concedendum efle: 6c errare eos qui arro- 
 gantia hollium, modeftia 6c patientia vinci 
 pofTe exiltimant- 
 
 1 R egtim njakfias vbi citfit labi^facile pra" 
 
 c'lf'itatnr, 
 
 2 Ho sit non facile ^uU concede fidum. 
 
 3 Prdsiat hello vi^ium cedere regno^ quint 
 
 finecertamw^^, 
 
 4 VatientU dr modejiia hoBes jiunt ferO' 
 
 ctorcs. 
 
 5 CM alts ohuiam eundum in temfore^ ♦ 
 <r ApologHs de cam. 
 
 7 Malis conatihus hoHium nuncjUAm beltt 
 
 metti concedendum» 
 2 Afologtu de lupo^fafioribm & can'tbtis* 
 
 Cap. septimvm* 
 Ihil quicqua verius profed6,quam 
 quod Scipio Africanus Antiocho 
 
 dicebar^ 
 
 n:
 
 Liber secvmdts. i^S 
 
 dicebat, monens neconditionespacis, 
 quas dabat ^ refpucrcr : regum fcilicet 
 X maieftatem*difficiliusab fummo fafti- 
 gio ad medium trahi, quam a mediisad 
 ima pr2Ecipitari\ Quaredum resadhuc a ikXij 
 funt integr^jtum rcges vel refpubl. fccii 
 repuraredebenr, quicquidde maieftate 
 
 2 fua ceflerint *, cum co fimul de fumma 
 rerumpericlitandumefre; quod lis qui- 
 bus ceflerint, animumad pUira confe- 
 quenda accendant; acfuis ad eadefen- 
 dendaadimanr,& omnibus contemptui 
 cfle incipianr. Praeftat itaque pro fortu- 
 
 3 na *3 dignitateque, vt viro forti dignum 
 c/l, quodcunque belli cafus tulerit^qua- 
 diu aliqua fpes in armis eft , pati , quam 
 fingula concedendojfine belIo,tora poP 
 feffione: cxcidere, & id de quo corendi- 
 turbello^jOmnibus nequicquam letatiSj 
 amitterepotiuseftjquammetubellico- 
 cedere» itacnimbelIo&pacequa?ritur, 
 vtinquit Liuius^5 vt inter omnes con- b/ii.j4, 
 ueniar^nec quicquam rurpius efTe^quam 
 finecerraminece(ri(reregno,necpr^cla- 
 
 rius quicquam , quam prodignitateac 
 maieftate omnem fortunam expertum 
 efle. eoque magis, quod ita natura com- 
 paratumfic> vt quorum arrogantia pa- 
 
 S 2 tiencia
 
 De ivre et off. bell» 
 tientia''& modcftia vincercarbitramurj a 
 ferociores nobis plerunque reddamus; 
 quod pulchre oftenditur cxempio Lati- 
 norum. nam cum Latini vnacum Cam- 
 panisbellum Samnitibus inferrent , & 
 Samnitiumlegati Roma mifTi in Tenatu 
 quefti efTent, eadem fe foederatospati, 
 quashoftcselTentpaffi, &precibusmfi- 
 mis peteret, vt Latinos^Campanosque, 
 quiiubditione populi Romani efTenr, 
 pro imperio arcerent Samniti agro , fin 
 imperiumabnuerenr^armiscoerccrenr, 
 & aduerfus haec anceps rcfponfumdatii 
 efTet.-quiafatcri pigebat5in poteftatefua 
 Latinos iam non cfTcj timerentque ne 
 arguendo abalienarent : Campanorum 
 vero aliam conditionem efle, qui non 
 foedere/ed per dedirionem in fidem ve- 
 niflcnt : itaqueCampanoSjfeuvellent, 
 feu nollet, quieturos: in fcedere Latino 
 nihil efle, quo bellarecum quibusvel- 
 Icnt , prohiberentur . Refponfum hoc, 
 A iih.i. inquic Liuius% ficut dubios Samnitcs, 
 quidnam fadurum populum Romanu 
 cenferent, dimifit : itaCawpanosuietu 
 abalicnauit: Latinos, veluti nihil iam 
 conceden tibus Romanis 5 ferociores fe- 
 ci t. i taque per /pecie adueriu$ Samnites
 
 Liber secvndvj. ^yj 
 
 belli parandi > crebra concilia indlcetes, 
 omnibus cofultationibus inter fe prin- 
 cipcs Roraanum coquebant bellum : ad 
 quod Annius praetor hac oratione eos 
 35 accendit:Siquando5inquit,vnc|uacon- 
 w fociandi imperij , vfurpandse Jibertatis 
 35 rempus optaftis: en hoc tempusadeft, & 
 33 virtuteve[tr^j& Dcumbenignitatevo- 
 3? bisdatum.tentaftispatientiamrnegado 
 33 miJitem, quisdubitatexarfifTeeoSjCum 
 3> plus ducentorum annorum morem fol- 
 jjueremus? pertulerunt lamenhuncdo- 
 53 lorem: bellumnoftro nomine cum Pe- 
 33 lignis geiTimus^qui ne noilrorum quide 
 33 finium per nos tuendorum ius antea da- 
 33 bant, nihilintercefferunt. Sidicinosia 
 33 iidem acceptor, Carapanos ab fe ad nos 
 53 defciflc, excrcitus nos parare aduerfus 
 33 Samnites/oederatos fuosaudiuerut^nec 
 33 moueruntfeab vrbe. vndeha?cillistata 
 33 modeftia^nifi a confcientia virium fuaru 
 33 & noftrarum ? AtqueitaRomanis turn 
 anceps cum Latinis bellum fuit^ quod 
 nimiapatietia Romanorum , qua fe bel- 
 lum euitaturosfperabat, infeftiffimunx 
 fiiit ; cum aiioqui, fi primis conatibus 
 Latinorum obftitiffenti paruo negotio 
 eosin officio contincre potuiffent. non 
 
 S 3 itaque
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 itaque Romani modeftia fuaeuirauerOt 
 bcllum, feddiftuleruntmagno Latino* 
 rum coinmodo , in tempus ^quo hoftcs 
 omnibus rebus pararioresadbellumcf 
 /ent. Prsecipicndaigiturfuntcogitatio- 
 ncfuturaj&aliquandoanteconftituen- 
 dum, quid accidere poiTitinvtramque 
 partcm,& quid agendum fitjatqueante- 
 quam eueniat*,obuiam eundum^neque - 
 exfpedadum donee obruaris, & malum 
 in dies crercat,& incurabile fiatjquod in 
 morbis etiam prgcipiunt medici, Itaque 
 Regulusquidamin Gallia, Commano 
 Segorcgiorum regi dixit, &affirmauit 
 Maffi Jiam (quam Senanus^cui Comma- 
 nus fuccerterat, Gra?cisc6dendamcon^ 
 ccfTerat) aliquando exitio finiiimis po- 
 pulis futuram, opprimendam ergo in 
 ipfoortu^nemoxvalidioripfumobrue- 
 ret,ruafit:fubnedcnshancfabuIam;Ca- 
 nem aliquando"^ partu grauidam, locum 5 
 a paftore precario petiifle , in quo pare- 
 ret: quo obrento, iterato petiifle, vt fibi 
 educare eodem loco catulos liccret : ad 
 poftremum adultiscatulis, fulram do- 
 medico praefidio, proprietatem loci fibi 
 vendicaile. nonaliter Maffilien/es. in- 
 cjuienSjqui nunc inquilini videantur, ' 
 
 quan-
 
 Liber secvndvj, xjS 
 
 quandoque dominos regionu futures \ a i«/?»»./.4j 
 Si itaque bellum timetur , praeftat im pa- 
 ratos hoftesinuadere5quam belli inprf - 
 fcntiaruineuitandicaufajlogeinfeftius 
 bellum in fiiturumexcipere. neq; enim 
 ^ malis conatibus*' hoflium vnquam belli 
 metu conceded um efl:. nam hac ratione 
 non tarn euitatur bell u , quamcum ma- 
 jcimo incommode differtur.& fepeetia 
 te bellum oftendedo , potius pacem ha- 
 biturumconfidas, quamhoftiumarro- 
 gantiaBjarmispofitis, concedendo. quo 
 nontamfedaturferociahoftium, quam 
 irritarur & alitur. Quo fpe<aat quod Ci- 
 ceroait^, fuadens fenatui, ne pacem fa- b pfe%,7, 
 Cerent cum Antonio: Cauete perdeos 
 immortaleSjP.C.nefpepraefentispacis, 
 perpetuam pacem amittatis. Prudcntcr 
 itaque Romani , Philippo, atque Antio- 
 cho occulte bellum molientibus 3 primi 
 vitro bellum intulcrunt, &in Gr^ciam 
 bellum transferrc, quam in Italia cxci- 
 pere maluerunt . eoq^fpe^ftat, quod Ve- 
 getiusait: Qui pace dcfideratjpraeparet 
 bellum : & quod Manlius Capitolinus 
 dicebat:Oftendite modo bellum,pacem 
 habebitis: videatvosparatosadvimjius 
 ipfi remittent, Salutarisenim feueritas, 
 
 S 4 vtin-
 
 De IVRE Ef OFF. BELL. 
 
 Vt inquit Cicero , vincit inane fpeciem 
 clemetise.QuodficlementesefTevolue- 
 nmus,nunquamdeeruntbellaciuilia.& 
 nepiftMh.io vtidem alio loco ait^rHoftibusnonali* 
 ter pax dari debet (de bello ciuili agcns) 
 quam fi armis pofitiseam petat:finaute 
 pugnantes earn poftulent , vi(5loria pax, 
 nonpadionepariendaeft. Quofpedat 
 quodMimus ait : Ignofcerehumanum, 
 vbi pudet, cui ignofcitur: alioqui vero 
 veterem ferendo iniuriam inuitas noua* 
 & hue etiam referri pofTe videtur apolo- 
 gus ille a Demofthene prolatus . nam 
 cum Alexander Macedo , Tub praetextu 
 quodam libertatis,magnam Gr^ci^ par- 
 tem inuafiffet, &Athenas obfideret, ex- 
 eufaretque fe no ea faccre, vt libertatem 
 eis eriperet, vrbemueinferuitutemre- 
 digeret: led quod decern eorum ciues in- 
 fenfos haberet,quieum continue male- 
 di^'is incelTeret: proinde fi pauci illide- 
 deretur , fore vt ab obfidione decederet, 
 populumque a bello &fame liberaret: 
 pofcebat vero in primis Demofthenem, 
 & nouem itidem alios ciues praeftantiCi 
 fimos : cumqiancepsefTetfenatus, mul- 
 tique acclamarent multitudini potius, 
 quam paucis effeconfulendum : formi- 
 
 darent'
 
 Liber secvijdvs» ijp 
 
 darcntque pauci illi , qui ad fupplicium 
 
 pofccbantur,vixque fari auderent^qu 6d 
 
 eorum interitu reliqui omnes pacem ac 
 
 libertatemfperarent : ventum fuiffet in 
 
 fententiavtdederentur,nifiDcmofthe- 
 
 nes huiufmodi fabella regis dolQ & in- 
 
 85, fidiasapcruifler. Lupus aliquando^jin'- 
 
 35 quit 5 pafloribus, quorum diligentiam 
 
 55 deciperecupiebatjperfuafitj vt fecum in 
 
 M amicitiam conuenirent , eaconditione, 
 
 3) vt canes qui fibi infenfierant, &caulas 
 
 « inimicitiarum praebebant, obfides tra- 
 
 }) dercntur.audiuntpaftoreSjCanesqueob 
 
 55 fidem feruanda? pads traduntur, qui o- 
 
 9, uiumdiligentiffimicuftodes erant.tunc 
 
 55 Lupusadempta formidine,omnepecus 
 
 M prolacietate & libidine lacerat,ac deuo- 
 
 55 rat5& paftoresipfoslaniat. Sicetiam in- 
 
 praefentiarum , inquit , viri Athenienfes 
 
 Alexander facit: qui omnes iilos, qui in 
 
 eius conatus concionantur^quique eius 
 
 infidiaspanduntjdepofcit, quofacilius 
 
 vrbem cuftodibus fpoliata iriuadere ac 
 
 diripere poffit.^ « p'»'*'"'. '» 
 
 vitaDmofi, 
 An pr2Eftetbellum domi excipere, an ver6 in 
 hoftilem agrum inferre. 
 
 / Sapmis fententia, 
 
 2 S^IabijiJMAX. fententU.
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 $ Athenknfibtii fdkiorA bsllafuere domt 
 
 4 Tabid A de Antreo, 
 
 5 Muhtimanimi additpatrU affe^ins. 
 
 6 \^guhocies cum domt obfidtommferrc 
 
 mnpoffet, tame AfricA helium iniuUt^ 
 
 7 ConfiUum Anntbdis. 
 S SententtA Agidis, 
 
 p Confdium Hieronts Syr acu far urn regHs^ 
 19 Aliter farts, diter domi bella tra^arL 
 J I I4dior mtles eictra fatriatn^ 
 12 ¥ abij exemf turn vide ^ 
 
 Ca?^ octavvm, 
 
 FVii hxc qu3eftio varie admodum a- 
 gitataarummisducibusjmultisin V- 
 tramque partem addudis argumentis 8c 
 exemplis : vt vtra fententiafequendafir, 
 non facile dixerisifuitque in (enatuRo- 
 tnanorum olim magna hac derecoten- 
 tio , inter Q. Fabium Max. & P. Scipio- 
 nem , qui Africam prouinciamfibide- 
 cernipetebat : non alirerafTerensfTnem 
 belli cum Annibalefore^jquamfiexer- i 
 citus in Africam deportaretu v^Sc eo bcl- 
 lura ex Italia auerteretur: referens quale 
 efletjvltro metum inferrehofti, & ab fe 
 remoto periculo, alium in difcrimen ad- 
 
 ducere.^
 
 Liber secvndvs. 140 
 
 ducere : idqiCxemplo ipfius Annibalis: 
 ^multumintereflejalienos popular! fi- 
 nes janproprios vriexcindique videas* 
 plusenimanimiefleinferetipericulum, 
 quampropulfanti; turn etiam ad digni- 
 tatem populi Romania famamquc apud 
 regesgentesqueexternaspertinere,non 
 addefendendam modo Italiam ,. fed ad 
 inferenda etiam Afric^earma videri Ro- 
 manisanimum effe: caftraqueKomana 
 potiusefle^fi Carthaginis portisimmi* 
 nerent, quara Roman! iterum vallum 
 hoftium exmoenibus fuisviderent : A- 
 frica efTet reliqui belli fedes, illic terror 
 fugaque, populatio agrorum , defedio 
 fociorum, cetera belli clades. Contra ca 
 Fabius* Annibalem redo itinere Italia 
 prius expellendum , quam per circuitus 
 in Africam trahendum cenfebat : idquc 
 natura prius cffe^ tua cum defenderis, a- 
 liena ire oppugnatum , & pacem prius 
 in Italia optandam, quam bellum in A- 
 frica; &vt ipfis prius decederet timor, 
 quam aliis inferrctur ; vbi no portus vi- 
 lusclaffi Romance apertus , non ciuitas 
 focia , non rex amicus , non confiftendi 
 vfquamlocus,nonprocedendi:quacun- 
 quecircurafpcxcris, hoftiiia omnia atqj 
 
 infefta:
 
 De Ivre et off. bell, 
 infefta: aliter quoque Carthaginienfes 
 moenia patria?, templa DeuiTijaras & fo- 
 cos dcfenfuros^quara Hifpaniam defcn- 
 derant :vbi Annibal eflet,ibi caput atque 
 arcem illius belli efle : quern in Africam 
 tradum propinqua Carthago , & xota 
 focia Africa potentiorero armis virisque 
 a Lw./nzS. faceret^. Etpro Fabio quoque facitexe- 
 plum Athenienfioin^jqui quoad domi 5 
 bella.geflerunt , vLdores femper exftite- 
 runt : fed magna claiTe in Siciliam trant 
 iriifra,vnanaualipugnaflorenteiiireni* 
 pub. fuam in perpetuumafflixerunt. fa- 
 cie quoque quod deAnt^o^Lybi^ re- 4 
 gefertur.-quiabHercule^gyptiOjdum 
 in fedibus fuis bellum gelTit, fuperari n5 
 potuit: fraude vero HerculiSjCxtra fines 
 fuos tradlus, caefus fuit, & vitam cum 
 regno amifit* quod fecit locum fabula?, 
 quae fingit Antseum Neptuni e Terra R- 
 lium fuiffe , robore & fortitudine ne- 
 inini cedentem : cuius membra quories 
 laborc defe6ta edenr, tadu Terra? matris 
 fuae recreabantur : quem Hercules cum 
 eo pugnans, medium complexus^quod 
 aliter fuperari non pollet , € terra fubla- 
 bLMr4 ie ^^^ > aftridum pec^ori expirare coe- 
 &e/.flw/.i^.+ git^ Thomyris quoque Scytarum re- 
 
 gina^
 
 LlBER SECVMDV5* J^t 
 
 ginajiiequaquam Cyri aduentu tcrrita, 
 maluit aduentum cius operiri , quam 
 obuiara ire , feliciorem fibi pugnam in- 
 tra regni fiii tcrminos futuram rata ^ vbi 
 Cyrum in anguftias pertra(5ium ex in- 
 fidiis cum ducentis millibus Perfarum 
 trucidauit a . Item Laccd^emoniis a - * it/Jw.^.»» 
 lia bella aducrfusfinitimos gcrentibus^ 
 cum Thebani Epaminonda duce, oc- 
 cupandae vrbis eorum fpem cepiflent, 
 tacitiq; Laccdsemona proficifcerentur : 
 nonampl.iuscentum iameffoetae a?tati$ 
 viri5quidomi maaferant^aducrfus quin- 
 decim millia militum pugnae fefe obtu- 
 lerunt. tantum animorum viriumque 
 patriae & penatum confpedtus fubmini- 
 ftrat*5 tan toque prae(efttia,quam recor- 
 dationefuiraaiores(pirituslargitur,in- 
 quitluft.^ na cum viderentj intra quf,& b w.<s, 
 proquibusftaretjautvincendufibi^aut 
 moriendumcenfuerunt.Ethucfp^dare 
 videturconfiliu T. Quintij Flaminij eoC 
 quo Achaeos bellum inferre Zacyntho 
 molientes , monuit, ne inftar teftudinis 
 (quf vbi colJe<5la in fuu tegmeeft^tuta ad 
 omnes idus eftivbi exerit aliquas partes, 
 quodcuqinudauit,obnoxiuatq;infirmu 
 habet)prolato extra Pdopoacsucapite, 
 
 peri-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 atiu.iih.i6. periculofefeexponereta. ProScipione 
 
 fJ!>h''^^' ^^^^ ^^^^^ \P^ euentus belli, quo Anni- 
 balem (qui tredecimannis in Italia im- 
 pune helium gcfTerat) tradum in Africa 
 fuperauit , & praeclara vidoria potitus 
 efto Similiter Agathocles tyranus %ciim 
 Poeni Syracufas obfidione cinxifTcntj & 
 fe(e nee viribus parem, nee ad obfidion^ 
 feredam inftrudum videret : mirapror- 
 fusaudaciaCvtquifuatueri nonpotcrat, 
 impugnarctalienaj bellumin Africam 
 tranftulir, ^caftraquinrolapideaCar- 
 thagine pofuit : & Hannone Pcenorum 
 duce fuperato , vaftata Africa, plurimas 
 &nobiliirimasvrbes3amicitiarum iura 
 non fide^fed fucceifu ponderates, a Poe- 
 
 hiuftM.22 nisdeficienteSjadfepellexit^.Facitqub- 
 que pro Scipione cofilium Annibalis% 
 quo cum ipfe primum in Italia pertre- 
 decimannos cum maxima gloria bcllu 
 geflit; tum etiam Antiocho confilia vo- 
 lutanti de Romano bello, audor fuit^vt 
 in Italia bellum gererct: Italiam & mili- 
 tes,&commcatum pr^bituramcxterno 
 hofti:in Italia Romanos, fuis opibus, 
 fuis viribus , fuis armis vinci pofle : fi ni- 
 hil ibimoueatur,liceretq;popuIo Rom. 
 viribus &copiis Italise, extra Italia bel- 
 lum g€*
 
 Liber secvndvs. 142 
 
 lum gerercj ncque regem, ncque getem 
 vUampareRomanisfore^. & hxccjuo-a Li/Ot.j^ 
 quefuitfcntetiaAgidis Lacedaemonio- 
 S rum regis ^ quidicebat ^tolis intra fi- 
 nes fuos bellum inferendum, necpcr- 
 inittendum,vtPeloponneficIauftrain- 
 traren i^. Idem con fili urn poflcedemC. bPZttf,;v»>^ 
 Flaminij,exercitusqueRomaniadTra-''' ^^' *** 
 fymenum, popuIoRomanodedit Hie- 
 9 ro Syracufaru rex"^5amicus populi Rom. 
 vtfcilicet prcetor,cui Sicilia prouincia 
 eucniflet , claffem in Africam traijcerer, 
 vt hoftes in terra fua bellum habcrenr, 
 minusque laxametidaretur iis , ad auxi- 
 lia Annibalifubmittenda^ Hocquoq; cUu.u.zi 
 confilio fenatus populusque Rom . Ma- 
 cedonicum bellum indixitjperfuadente 
 Seruio Sulpitio conf. cui Macedonia 
 prouincia euenerat; quipopulo^vt ro- 
 gationem de bello Macedonico indice- 
 do iuberent> his rationibus fuafit : non 
 hocagi, vtrum bellum , an pacem habc- 
 rent Romani (neque id liberum iis per- 
 iniiTurum Philippum,qui terra marique - 
 ingens bellum molirctur) (cd vtrum in 
 Macedoniam legioncs tranfportaret,an 
 hoftesin Italiaacciperent. Hocquatum 
 interefletjPunico proximo bello exper- 
 
 tosclTe,
 
 Dh IVRE ET OFF. BEl,t. 
 
 tos efTe. quis enim dubitarct,quin fi Sa- 
 gudnisobfeffisfidem Romanorumim- 
 ploratibus impigre tuliflent opem jficu t 
 patres ipfbrum Mamcrtinis tulerantjto- 
 tum in Hifpaniam aucrfuribellum fuit 
 fcnt : quod cundando cum magna cladc 
 Romanorumin Italia acceperunt. Nee 
 illud quidem dubium efle , quin Philip- 
 pum pa(5tum iam per legatos5literasque 
 cum Annibale, in Italia traijcere, miflb 
 cumclafTe Leuino, qui vltraei bellum 
 inferret in Macedonia, continuiffent* 
 multo magis florentcm Italiam , multo 
 magis integras res , feluis tot ducibus, 
 laluis tot cxercitibus , quos Punicum 
 pofteabelluabfumpfit, aggreffumPyr-^ 
 rhum^tamen cocuiirifle5& vi^torem pro* 
 peadipfamvrbemRomamvenifle :neG 
 Taren tinos modo , oraque illam Italia?, 
 quam maiorcm Gr^ciam vocant , fed c- 
 tiam Lucanos , & Brutios , & Samnites 
 ab ipfis defecirfciquar quoque, fi Philip- 
 pus in Italiam tranfmiflurus elTet^ quie- 
 tura,aut manfura in fide non effe.-quem- 
 admodum nee bello Punico manferut. 
 fi piguiflaRomanos in Africam traij- 
 cere , etiamnum tunc in Italia Annibale 
 futurura fuiire,&: Carthaginiefes hoftes 
 
 babl<
 
 Liber, secvndvj. 14J 
 
 habituros.potiusigiture(re5Vt Macedo- 
 nia 5 quam Italia bellum haberet , ho- 
 ftjum vrbes agrosque ferro & igni vafta- 
 ri: expertosiamefTe^forisipfis, quam 
 dofnifeliciorapotentioraq; armae{rc^ * ^'"-'^'J^* 
 Exquibuscerre conftat, id quod Aga- 
 
 10 thodcsquoque dice bat: AIiterforis*;a- 
 liter domi bclla cradari : domi ca fola 
 auxilia efTe, qua? patria? vires fubmini- 
 ftrent: foris hoftem etiam fuis viribus 
 vinci . His adde , qu 6d melior procul 
 
 ii a domo futurus fit miles ^, vbi nullum 
 eft refugium , & neceffitas pugnandi 
 imminet. qua ratione Annibal inHi- 
 Ipania bellum gerens , Afrieam Hifpa- 
 jiorum praefidiofirmauit : & proeofup- 
 piementum ipfe ex Africa petiit^. Sed «>^"»'^*'<* 
 &c tanto audacius , foriiusque pugna - 
 turus eft miles in hoftiliagro, quanto 
 maior fpes, maiorque animus inferen- 
 tis eft bellum, quam arcentis. hucac- 
 cedit, quod hoftes deuidi , extra fines 
 fuos , facile reftaurare bellum poffint, 
 & fines fuos tueri: vbi fi domifu^ho- 
 ftes fupcraueris 5 nuUo fpacio recrean- 
 didato, facile eos opprimere poffis,& 
 bello finem imponere. quod Annibali 
 vi(5kori ad Cannas non difficile fuiffet , 
 
 T fiviao^
 
 De IVRB ET OFF* BELLt 
 
 fi Victoria & bencficio fortunae vfus All A 
 fcv & fitis conftat moram tantum (uam 
 ^ tm.uiAt ftlutivrbiatq;imperio Romano fuiffea» 
 Et his quidem argumends , & exemplis 
 in medium prolatiSj vnicuiqueliberum 
 hacdere conftituendi relinquimus ar- 
 bitrium, illudtamcnetiamatqueetiam 
 penfitandum eftjfi de bello inferedOjVel 
 cxcipiendoconfultetur^anfacilisfitac- 
 ccflusin fineshoftjum^anarcibus mu* 
 niti, an plani campi^ anloca montuola, 
 vbi infidiae timeri poflenr, an cum hofte 
 armato & bellicofoi an vero inermi & 
 imbelli, & cuius vis omnis in pecunia 
 confiftat,rcsfit:qui fuis viribus domi fu^ 
 facile fuperari poterit^exemplo Caitha- 
 ginienfium : (ecusfi cum hofte armato^ 
 & bcllicofb 5 cui domi omnia ad bellum 
 pararafuht,qua!e^fuereRomani5resfit. 
 Ccterum ^i cum hofte bdlicofo & vin- 
 cercfolitbdomitusebellandum erit, no 
 inutile videbiturFabij excplum fequi*, 12 
 qui Annibale iam ahquot vidoriis fe- 
 rocem , ciim (acWh ccrtamine vinci noa 
 poffe videret jfedendofregit, & vincere 
 Annibalem prohibuit, viab aliiis vinei 
 pofTet : {axis cito incipi vi^oriam rarus, 
 vbi prouifum foret ne vincerct : qua ra^ 
 
 tione
 
 LiBEK 5ECVKDV$. I44 
 
 .tioneimperium Romanum multis da- 
 dibusaffliaum reftituit. Suntque pras- 
 clara in banc fententiam eiuldem Fabij 
 verba5qaibus L.TEmilium Paulum con- 
 tra Annibalcm cuntem ita afFatus eft.- 
 3, Vtia ratio belli gercndiaduerfus Anni- 
 55baIemeft,quaegogcfri,ncceuentusmo- 
 55 do hoc docet : ftultoruiftemagiftereft: 
 35 fedcgdem ratio quae fuirifuturaque^do- 
 35 necreseademanebunt,imtnutabdiseft. 
 5, in Italia bellum gerimus, in fedeac folo 
 55 aaftro,omniacircaciuiumacfociorum 
 ,5 (iint '.armiSjViris^equiSjComjeatibusiu- 
 3, uantiuuabuntque.idiamfideidocume- 
 j, turn, in aduerfis rebus noftris dederunt. 
 .5 Meliores> prudentiores,con[}antiores, 
 35 nostempusdiesquefacit* Annibalcon- 
 33 tra,inaliena,inhoftiliterra,inter omnia 
 33 inimica infeftaque, procul a domOjpro- 
 33 cul a patria, neque illi terra, neque mari 
 5, eftpax.-nullseeumvrbescxcipiuntjnulla 
 33 moeniaj nihil vfquam fui videt. in diem 
 33 rapto viuitj partem vix tertiam exerci- 
 3j tuseiushabct, quemlberumamnetra- 
 33 iecit: plures fames quam ferrum abfum- 
 3, pfitinec his paucis iam vidu fuppeditat, 
 jj Dubitasergoquineumfedendofupera- 
 „ turifumus,quifcne(catindies?non co- 
 
 T z meatus
 
 9» 
 
 De ivre et otv, bell. 
 iiieatuS)nonfupplementum,non pecu- „ 
 
 a iwM.iz niamhabeata? Etcerteeo Annibalem 
 tunc redadum fuifle conftat , vt nuilo 
 negotiofuperaripoiuifTet, nifitemeri- 
 tas Teretij Varronisoccafionemrei be- 
 ne gerenda? hofli prsebuiflet. Simili ra- 
 tione Cn. Sulpidus didator, aduerfus 
 Gallosin Italia bcllum trahebat , nolens 
 fccommitterefortun^aduerfushoftem) 
 quem tempusdeteriorem in dies & lo- 
 cus faceret ; fine prseparato commeatu, 
 fine firmo munimento morantem : ad 
 hoc iisanimis corporibusque , quorum 
 omnisinimpetuviscflet, paruaeadem 
 
 b littdth.y^ languefcere morab. 
 
 An prseftet initio praelij magno clainore, & 
 concitato Curfu in holies pergere; an ver6 
 loco manere, & hoftium impetum exci- 
 pere. 
 
 / Leuifima quAque in hello nonftunquam 
 
 WAgni momentifunt, 
 z Samnites & Gall/ prime imfetuferocest 
 ^ Tah'tm fuflinutt impetu hojiium cr vtctt^ 
 
 4 D ecim impetum faciendo in hoHem vi" 
 
 6iui fuit, 
 
 5 Tabtf exemplum fecutui T, VeturiUd* 
 
 6 A'Cornekm CoJJu4 dt£}ator hoHikm im- 
 
 petum ixapicnUo vicis, 
 
 7. W^
 
 Liber secvndvs, j/^^ 
 
 f Cdfarrefriihmdti covftUttm Pompe^^ ^ui 
 
 fudtxerattfun ^ vtimpctum C Afar is 
 
 exciferent, 
 8 iMos Gallorum c^ Cermamrum initia 
 
 p Syri ex cUmore indkium fumehant de 
 
 futura vtLioria. vel cUdc^ , 
 / Cyri confdium^ 
 
 Cap* nonvm, 
 
 1 TN bello nihil tarn leue eft"^, quod noa 
 A magnae interdum rci momentu faciat. 
 cuius nobis lidemfaciuntQ.Fabius 5 & 
 P. Decius coniT. hello contra Samnites 
 ^Hetrufcos. inftrud^enimacie, itavt 
 Fabius aduerfus Samnitesindextrocor- 
 nu>& Decius aduerfus Gallos in (iniftro 
 cornu cofiftcretj baud fimilis pugna, in- 
 quit Liuius^, indextro Iseuoque cornu a w.io, 
 fuit. Romani apud Fabium arcebat ma-^ 
 gis, quam inferebant pugnam, exrrahe- 
 bantqj in quam maxime lerum diei cer- 
 tamen : quia ita pcrfuafuni erat duci , & 
 
 ^ Sanires & Gallos *primo impetufero- 
 ces efle, quofuftinerifatisfit : longiore 
 certamine fenfim refidere Samnitium a-^ 
 nimos: Gallorum quideetiam corpora 
 intoleratiflima laborisatq; aeftusfluere, 
 
 T 3 prima-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtl. 
 
 prlmaque eorura prselia plus quam vi- 
 rocumj poftrema minus quam femina- 
 rumefTc. mid tern pus igitur, quo vinci 
 folebat hoftis , quam inregerri mas vires 
 militi feruabat Fabius *. Fcrocior Dc- J 
 cius3& aerate & vigore animi, quantum- 
 cunqi viriumhabuir, certamine primo 
 effudit*, impetum faciendo in hoftemr 4 
 quodilli nobeneceflTit: nam fuimilites, 
 primo coflidtu in fugam a<5^i funt, & dit 
 fipati : quos cum nulla vifuftincrepoP- 
 fctj vtmortefuaeam, quam per victoria 
 confequi non poterat gloriam^fibi para- 
 retjCxcmplo P. Decij patris/e legioneH. 
 quehoftium proexercitu populi Rom^ 
 quiritumdeuouit: &quac6nferti(fima 
 cernebat Gallorum aciem,concitamtc*' 
 quum 5 inferensque (e ipfe infeftistelis, 
 inrerfedluseft; & Romani amifTbduce^ 
 qua? res terrori alias efle folet , fiftere fu- 
 gam^ac nouam dc integro inftaurarcpu- 
 gnam coeperunt : quibus cum fuperoe- 
 riiflent fubfidia ex nouiffima acie iuITu 
 Fabij ad prsefidium college miffi,vidoria 
 potiti funt . Et Fabij excmplumfecutus 
 T. Vetufius cof/ in VoHcos miffuSjCum 
 addimicandum hoftesacieexciuifTet, 5t 
 multitudinealiquantulum Volfcifupe- 
 
 rarent:
 
 Liber secvndvs. r^^ 
 
 rarent; nee promouitademjoccclamo* 
 
 rem reddi paflus cft/ed defixis pilis ftare 
 
 fuosiuflit: vbiad manuvcniflethoftis, 
 
 turn cohortes tota vi gladiis rem gere- 
 
 rent : in quo genere pugnae Mars eft a- 
 
 trociffimus. Volfci curfu & clamore fcf^ 
 
 G, cum fe velut ftupentibus metu intu- 
 
 liffenc Romanis , poftquam imprefTione 
 
 fenfereex aduerfo fa(5iam,& ante oculos 
 
 micare gladios,haud fecus quam fi in in- 
 
 fidiasincidiflent, turbati vcrterut terga, 
 
 & ne ad fugam quidem fatis viriura fuit: 
 
 quia curfu in pra?Iiumicrant. Romani 
 
 contra quia principio pugnas quieti fte- 
 
 terantjVigentescorporibuSjfacileadepti 
 
 feffoSj&caftraimpetu ceperut,& caftris 
 
 cxutum hoftem,Velitras perfecuti, vno 
 
 agmine vidiores cum vi(ftis irrupere ^ a t/«>\2. 
 
 6 Similiter A.CorneIius Co{rusdi(5lator% 
 
 aciedecertaturus cum Volfcis, quorum 
 
 ingenseratexercitus, milires fuositaaf^ 
 
 ^, farusert: : Noftra vidoria eft milices , fi 
 
 J, quiddij vatesqueeorum in futurum vi- 
 
 j, dent, itaque vt decet certf fpei plenos^Sc 
 
 J, cum imparibus manus conferturos pi- 
 
 5j lisante pedes pofitis, gladiis tantum de- 
 
 j, xtrasarmemus: necprocurfari quidem 
 
 „ ab acic velim , fed obnixos vos ftabili 
 
 T 4 gradu
 
 De IVRE ET OFF^BEtt, 
 
 gradu impetum hoftium cxciperc : vbx 
 jllivanainiecerintmiffilia.&effufiftan-'' 
 tibus vobis feintulerint , tu m micet gla- 
 dij 5 & vcniat in mentem vnicuique deos 
 e(re,c]uiRomanumadiuuent,deosqui 
 fecundis auibusin praclium miferinr* 6c 
 fie vt prseccperat pugnant , nee dux le- ^ 
 a Lm,iib,€^ gioneSjOec fortunafefellitduce*. Hoc 
 quoque confilioPompeius, prscJio de- 
 certaturus cum Csefare ad Pharfalu ^fuis 
 pra?dixerat,vt Csefaris impetum excipe- 
 rent5neuefeloco niouerent, aciemque 
 eiusdiftrahipaterentur;idq;admOnitu 
 C.Triarij feciffe dieitur, vt primus ex- 
 curfiis, visque militum infringeretur, a» 
 ciesquediilenderetur: leuiusqueeafura 
 pila fperabatj in loco retcntis militibus, 
 quanifiipfi immiffis telis occurriflent: 
 fimul fore 3 vtduplicatocurfu , Csefaris 
 militescxaminaicnturj&laffitudineco-i 
 ficerentur:quod Cgefari tamen nulloco- 
 filiofadtumvidebatur*; proptereaquod y 
 eft quxdamanimiincitatiOj atqueala- 
 critasnaturalitcr innata omnibus, qujc 
 ftudio pugnx inccnditur : hanc non rc- 
 primcre/cdaugereimperatorcsdeberc, 
 nequefruftraantiquitusinftitutumeflc, 
 n figna vndique concincrent j clamo- 
 
 remque
 
 Liber secvndvs* t^y 
 
 tcmc[uc vniuerfi tollcrent : quibus re- 
 bus & hoftcs terreri , & fuos incitari exi- 
 
 8 ftiraaueruf'.Sic Gallic Gerinani*,<jub ^i c^fjuuL 
 bus inconfulta ira & furor erai^fi quado 6*^^.i, 
 cum hoflecongrcdi pararentjdiflbno 5c 
 
 truci caniu, quern harritum vocabantj 
 cum vlulatu & tripudiis fcuta quatien* 
 tes, prx lium inibanr, ex quo futura? pu- 
 gna? fortunam augurabantur. Similiter 
 
 9 Syri^primocongrefTu , Solcm venerati, 
 cum claffico figno dato pugnam inirenr, 
 primo occurfu ad ardorem cxcitandum, 
 ardentilfimo clamoreconcurrebant^ & 
 figna inferebant : qui fi confona voce 
 cditus , neque impar , varius , vel dift 
 fbnus foret , baud dubie fatis animo- 
 rum ad ccrtamen efle , & futuram vi(5lo- 
 riamfpondebant. nam is crat index vo- 
 luntatis & animi cuiufque : d vcrp cx- 
 citatior crebriorque ab hofte fublatus 
 eSct : quo eucntus pra:lij cafurus fo- 
 retj, indicium baud dubie praebebat. 
 
 Quo fpcdat quod Liuius ^ refert, in- bW,4, 
 
 caute , inconfulteque a C . Sempro - 
 
 nio confule pra^Iium commifTum cum 
 
 3, Volfcis : Clamorjinquit, indicium pri- 
 
 35 mum fuit , quo res inclinatura cffet , 
 
 „ exciiatior crebriorque ab hofte fubla- 
 
 T 5 tus:
 
 De IVRE ET off, BELl» 
 
 tus: abRomanisdiflbnuSjimparjfegnis, 3^ 
 fepe iteratus incerto clamorc prodidit 3^ 
 pauorem aniniorum.Cyri verb confiliu „ 
 fuit*5 vt fi hoftes tumultuofius irrueret, 10 
 taciti milites impetum exciperent ; (in 
 aute taciturni , clamore & ftrepit j acies 
 ^KUx.ahA- inuaderenta. Plurimumcerterefert,v- 
 ^T'l°**f trumcumtyronibus>& militia? in fuctis, 
 ^' * ' * qui facile inufitato clamore, & impref- 
 fionecommoueripoflint, anvero cum 
 veteranis & bello aiTuetis, qui non facile 
 terreri folent, res fit» 
 
 Non eflfeconfflij, inuicem infenfbsciuilibus 
 di(Ien(ionibus holies ^ ibla diicordia fretum 
 inuadere. 
 
 1 Seiitio remp, dhqui £Hrmmx mortalem 
 
 fac'tU 
 
 2 ToutniA feditioms hojiium. 
 
 S HqHcs di^enttentcs nonfunt inuaiendl^ 
 
 Cap. decimym. 
 
 /r» Ternam efle magnara rempub/ nifi l 
 ^^ciues inter femetipfos feditionibus 
 faeuiant : id vnum venenum , earn labem 
 ciuitatibus opuletis repcrtara,vt mapna 
 imperia mortaliaeflent, nonremcreab 
 antiquis crediium eft^cuiusreicxemplo 
 
 effc
 
 Liber sbcvndvs, i^S 
 
 cffe poteft Romana refp. quae tam diu 
 
 imperium totius orbis tenuit, donee ci- 
 
 uiJibus, &inteftinisbellis , fuis viribus 
 
 confumpta , & ad nihilum redada c% 
 
 Vnde (blent prudentesduces foucre fe- 
 
 i ditioneshoftiunr^jfiquandopoflentrve 
 
 hac rationcincruenta vi(5i:oria , hoftiuni 
 
 viribus ponri poflent.Quo cofilio Mar- 
 
 cius Coriolanus,vi(5torad vrbc pergens, 
 
 cumagrum Romanuni popularetur, a 
 
 Patriciorum agris abftincri iuffit, quo 
 
 Ulosfufpcdos plebeiis redderet, &dif* 
 
 cordiamciuium iamante natamincita- 
 
 ret». Et Annibalcum videret QiFabiu a rivw.i, 
 
 fblerticundatione illi VKftoriam pra:ri- ^*^' "'^' 
 
 pere, quibellumrarione, non fortuna 
 
 gereret : quo nomine conteraptuierat 
 
 Romanis5& timidus didus, ad augenda 
 
 Fabij inuidiam ab agro ipfius omnc vim 
 
 hoftilem abftineriiuffit, omnibus circa 
 
 folo aequatis , vt occuiti alicuius padi ea 
 
 merccs videri poflet \ Quam inuidiam huttM.u, 
 
 vt euitaret Fabius , fertur agros illos 
 
 vendidiffej&preciuminredemptionem 
 
 captiuorumconuertifle : Periclem imi- 
 
 tatus, cuius agros in populationecete- 
 
 roruin Spartaniinta(5los reliquerat, fpe^ 
 
 nntcs acquirere k illipofle,am pericu lu 
 
 ex in-
 
 Db IvaE tr OFF, BELL* 
 
 €x inuidia,aut ex fufpicione proditionis 
 infamiaiquodante perfpiciens Pericles, 
 & futuru populo praedixcrat, ad in uidi« 
 impetum declinandu : agros ipfos dono 
 reipub, dedcrat, atque ha vnde periculii 
 quse/itum fuerat , ibi maximam gioriam 
 
 qIkWvJ.3, inuenit^. Porronon eritconfuitumfe- 
 diiiofos hoftes *, Tola difcordise fiducia j 
 inuadere. Naexternus timor, vtinqiiit 
 Liuius, optimum concordiae vinculum., 
 Itaque ciim Prseneftinijexdilcordia Rch 
 manorum ^occafionem fibidari rati, ra^ 
 ptimagmine fafto peruaftatis protinus 
 agris,ad porta Collinam figna inferret: 
 ingensque in vrbe,trepidatio eiret:con- 
 clamatum ad armajConcurfumqiin mu- 
 ros atque portas eft: tandemquc ab fedi- 
 tioneadbellumverfi,didatoreT.Quia- 
 tium Cincinnatum creauere. quod vbi 
 auditumeft(tantuseius magiftratus ter- 
 ror erat) fimulhoftesa moenibus reccA 
 lere,& iuniores Romani ad edi<5i;um finq 
 
 b VH,uh,6, detrc<3:atione conuenere ^, ciuiliaenim 
 certamina terror externuscohiber,Sic- 
 que cum Caefar Britannisbellu inferret, 
 fummam imperii belUque adminiftradi 
 Britanni communi confilio permiferut 
 Caffinellauno^cui cum reliquis ciuitati- 
 
 bus
 
 Liber secvndvs. j^^ 
 
 bus continentia bella interceflerantrfed 
 aduetu Caefaris permoii, eum toti bello 
 imperioq; prgfecerunt^ Similiter Veic- ^^f^^ 
 ti beIlo,Cn.ManIio , & M. Fabio conjQT. ^ ' ^^* 
 cum ciuilibus difTenfionibus cxafpera- 
 tismilirumanimis/onfulcscaftrisfetc* 
 Dcrent, nee praelio rem committereau- 
 derent i quod arma militi non crederct: 
 & his freti hofteS;>omnibus modis lacet 
 ferentad pugnam Romanos,probrain- 
 gerentes , 8c Romanis infultantes : Ro- 
 ixianusnon vltra contumeliam patipo- 
 tuit ; cumque externa & domeftica o- 
 dia certarent in anirais , tandem fiipc- 
 rabant externa : adeo fupcrbe infblen- 
 terquehoftis illudcbat. itaque acie in- 
 ftruda, irritatisinhoflem, &fibiinui- 
 ccm reconciliatis militumanimis, non 
 alic ante bello , inquit Liuius^, infe- b»A 
 fliorRomanuspraslium iniit. cum fife 
 continuifJent hofles, propriis ipfbrum 
 viribus , & fiio militc facile Romanos 
 fuperare potuifTcnt : vt cxempio funt 
 JEqui dc Vclfci : inter quosagrum Ro- 
 manum ingrefios ex certamine Vol- 
 fcijiEquiueimperatorem coniundo c* 
 iercitui darent , feditio deinde airox, 
 pr^lium ortum, &inuicemhoftesper- 
 
 nicxofb
 
 Dfi IVR E ET OFF. BEtU 
 
 niciofo (& pertinaci certaminc fe con- 
 fecerunt , & Romanis vidonam tradi- 
 a «TA/iS.i. derunt^. Prudenter itaquc Scorio Da- 
 /ii».8« corum dux, cum Iciret ciuilibus armis 
 diilineri populum Ro.nontatncnocca- 
 fione inde arreptalaccfTendumarbitra- 
 baturjprofpiciensexterno beJlo intefti- 
 numplerumquereftinguir&fuoruma- 
 himos^qui ftudio pugna^ardebatjlepide 
 tepreffir,reprehenditque : canes fiquide 
 duosipfisinrpe(5lantibuscommifit ; iif- 
 que moxacriter pugnatibus, lupum in- 
 geffitiquem canes^omifTa protinus inter 
 Ic ira 3 communem hoftem alacriter in- 
 hoii-^^' uadentesconfecere.^ 
 
 dig. left, an- 
 
 Necefsitatem pugnaudi magno ftudio impo- 
 nendam militibus efle, 6c hoftibus remit- 
 tendain. 
 
 / Vis necefitatls. 
 
 2 Milites necefitate ad art ami copellendi, 
 
 S Fug£ [fecks ommhm modis adimeda mi' 
 
 4 Necefitas -pugnandt hojlihtis remitteda. 
 
 5 Bofiib$t4 afertendavta^quafugidnU 
 
 Cap. vhdbcimvm» 
 
 QVantafitvisneceflitatis*, a Philo- 1 
 fophis abund^ fatis difceptacura eft, 
 
 qui
 
 LiBER SECVNDVS. JJO 
 
 qui ex neccffitate omnia fieri conten - 
 dunt ♦ ItaqueThales inrcrrogatus quid 
 validiffimum elTet, refponditneceflitas: 
 eamenimfblafuperari non pofle.Cuius 
 vi acvirtutecognita, & quantum cum 
 in reliquis omnibus aifiionibus, tu prae- 
 cipuein bello pofTet^quatumanimiad- 
 deretjConfiderantesrummiduccSjfbknc 
 hoc ftudiose agcre, vt militesfuos ne^ 
 2 ceflitateaftringeretadcertamen*. nam, 
 vtinquit Q. Curtius^ncceffitasantcra- 
 tionem eft^maxime in bello. Atqjita Q* 
 Pabius didator, cum per aliquot dieSj 
 poftancipirempugnacumSamnitibus, 
 cotinuifletfuos intra vallum^obleffi ma- 
 gis quamobfidentismodo, (ignum rc- 
 pentepugnaepropofiiit; &efficaciusra- 
 tus ad accendendos virorum fortium a- 
 nimoSj nullam alibi 3 quam in femeriplb 
 cuiquamreIidamfpcm,deC.Fabioma- 
 giftrocquitum, nouoqueexercitu, qui 
 Romaaduenerat,militem cclauitj^ tan- 
 quam nulla nifiin eruptione (pes cflctj 
 locorumanguftias, &commeatusino- 
 piani, militibus expofuit: &nifiquam 
 vi<floria patefacerenr , viam nullam ha- 
 bere : caftra quoque, ne infeda vidoria^ 
 ficutpriftino die jinea fc rcciperen t, in- 
 
 cendi
 
 De IVRE ET OFT. BELL, 
 
 cendi iufTitiarmis niunimenta^non mu- 
 nimentisarma tutaefledebere inquies» 
 itaque orationedidatoris, qujeneceffi- 
 taris index eratj accenfimilitesjibantin 
 hoftem: &rerpe6^usiprc ardeniium ca- 
 ftrorum haud paruum crat irritamctura 
 
 hV»M,9' ad vidoriam*. Sic quoqueM. Fortius 
 Cato in Hifpania bcUum getcs^circum- 
 dudo exercitu, procul a nauibus fuis ca- 
 ftrisque^vbifpem nifiinvirtute haberct, 
 inter medios hoftes praelium commifit, 
 hacexhortationevfusadfuos: Nufqua jj 
 nifiinvirtutefpeseftmilites; & ego fe- jj 
 dulo neeffet feci . inter caftra noftra & :j 
 nos^medij hoftes^Sc a tergo hoftiu agger > > 
 eft. quodpulcherrimum, idem tutifll- j^ 
 
 b t«««^.34 mum 5 in viriutefpem pofitam habere ^4 >$ 
 Et Annibal fuperatis Alpibus,cum P. 
 Scipionedimicaturus^necefTitatempu- 
 gnandifuisexporuit,inquiens : Dextra 5^ 
 Iseuaqiieduo mariaclaudunt.-nullam ne „ 
 ad effugium quidcm nauem habemus: „ 
 circa Padusamnis, maiorac viokntior ^ 
 Rhodano:a tergo alpes vrgent,vix inte- „ 
 gris vobis ac vigcntibus tranfitae.hic vo- „ 
 bis vincendum, aut moriendum milites „ 
 eft,vbi primum hofti occurriftis; &eade „ 
 fortuna, quj neceflitatem pugnandiim- „ 
 
 poluit^
 
 Liber secvndvs. ijj 
 
 yy pofuit, prsmiavobiseavi(5loribuspro- 
 5, pafuit, quibus ampliora homines ne a 
 J, aiis quidemimmortalibusoptarelolet* 
 55 DuosconfiileshuiusannijVnumin A^ 
 ^ fricam jalterum in Hifpaniam Romani 
 ^5 mifere: nihil vfquam nobis relidlum eft, 
 „ nifi quod armis vindicauerimus^ iUis ti- 
 j, midis&ignauis licet efte, quircceptutn 
 55 habent 3 quos fuus ager^ quos fua terra, 
 y^ per tuta,per pacata itinera/ugientesac- 
 j,, cipient : vobisnecefTceft^fortibusvifis 
 5, cflc, & omnibus inter vidoriam mor- 
 5, temucccrtadefperationcabruptis, aut 
 55 vincere,autfifbrtunamutabit,in prselio 
 35 potius,quam in fuga mortem oppctere. 
 3, Si hocbenefixQ omnibus, deftinatum- 
 5, queinanimoeftj iterumdicam vidfHs- 
 Nullum incitamentum ad vincendum, 
 inquitLiuius% hominiadiis immonsL-^nB j,, 
 hbusacriusdatueft. Item Vedius Mef^ 
 fins VoJ/corum dux,cum videret fuos in 
 medio circumuen tos a R omanis^eos in- 
 3, crepansciara voce; Hie perituri^ inquit, 
 
 3,vostelishoftiumeftis,indefen/i,inulti? 
 5» quid igitur arma habetis? aut quid vitro 
 « bellum intuliftis , in otio tumultuofi, in 
 0, bellofegnes? Quid hicftatibusfpeieft? 
 9i andeumaliquemprotedufum vos, ra-i 
 
 Y pturum-
 
 De ivre et off. bell» 
 pturumque huic putatis^ferro via facie- „ 
 daeft.hacquame progrcflumvidetis,a- „ 
 gite,qui vifuridomoSjparent€S>coniu- ^, 
 ges^Iiberoseftisriremecum.nonmurus,^ 
 nee vallum , fed armatiarmatis obftantj „ 
 virtute pares, neceflitate^qusevltimum ^y 
 
 a iw.w.4»ac maximum telumeft^fuperioreseftis^ ^ 
 Porro vt neceffitatem militibus impo- 
 nerent fummi duces , folet variis modis, 
 fugaefpemadimere*. itaque Caefarpri- j 
 miim iuo , deinde omnium e confpe^u 
 remotisequis, vca^quato omniuni peri-* 
 culoXpem fugg toUeretjCohortatus fuos 
 
 hc^MhtU praelium coramifit cum Heluetiis^.idq; 
 
 ^ai,ub,\, 2pu^ Germanosfrequeflsfuir. Agatho- 
 cles tyrannus cumin Africa traiecifler, 
 omnes naucs confcntiente exercituin- 
 cendiiuffir:vtomnes(ciretauxiliofugae 
 adempt05autvincendum,autmoriendu 
 
 c i»n»./.2». efle^ . Aftyages Medorum rex cum Cyro 
 & Perfrs praeliodecerrans, pugnantibus 
 fuis partem exercitus a tergopofuit, & 
 in tcrgiuerfantes ferroagijVt in hoftcs 
 iufrit:acruisdenunciari,nivincerent,n6 
 minus fortes etiam poft terga inuentu- 
 roSjquamafronteviros: atqueingens 
 ex necefliratejpugnandi animus militi- 
 
 di^«;.x, busacce/Tu^^.EifuiiapudRomanosfre- 
 
 quens,
 
 Liber secvndvs. 152 
 
 quens, vt fugientes pro hoftibus caedi 
 
 iuberentur ; profaitque fepius falubte 
 
 confiliu , quod in magna cofternatione, 
 
 abfcillis rebus, acdefperata falutCjaRo- 
 
 manis faditatumlegimus: vtdifpofitis 
 
 equitu turmisante munimenta/ugicn- 
 
 tcs temcre ex praslio ad caftra , pro hofte 
 
 haberent,- illosque ftri(^isgladiis inua- 
 
 derent> vtnon minus a tergo, quama 
 
 fronteinfeftasaciesviderec.H^cvltima 
 
 de/perationonnunquamrailituanimos 
 
 itaincendit, vtinclinatas, & turpi fuga 
 
 profligatas acies plerumque repararit : 
 
 tantoque ardore pugna fueritreftituta, 
 
 vtmilites ancipiti coa<5ii metu ,vi6toria 
 
 ex hoftium manibus fepe eripuerint* 
 
 Ceterum eadem ratio^quse neccffitatera 
 
 pugnandi militibus imponcnda fuadet, 
 
 4 eandcm hoftibus remitrendam^^efTe o- 
 
 /lendir. fit enim plerumque, vtdefpera- 
 
 tio in virrutemconucrtatur^ fecundunl 
 
 illud Maronis, 
 
 Vna fdiu vi^is nulLim fperare falutem, 
 Itaquebcllo Vcienti^cumhoftesexpr^- 
 lio fubtradisfubfidiisad caftra Romana 
 oppugnanda iuiffenr , & Cn. Manlius 
 coful eue(5tus in caftra , ad omnes portas 
 milite oppofito, hoftibus viaclaufiflet: 
 
 V 2 haec
 
 De ivre et off* beli. 
 h^c dclperatio hoftibus rabiem magis 
 quamaudaciamaccenditiitavtcaffoco- 
 lulc, vishoftium ampiiusfuftincrinon 
 poffct, & adextremaventumforet, ni 
 legati patcfecilTent vna porta hoftibus 
 a L»v.;it,2. viam,quacrumperenta. Quaremerito 
 u.g. * Scipionisfentetialaudatafuitjqui viam 
 hoftibus,qua fugerent^efle muniendam 
 diccbat*. Quanto enim plus fpei, vr in- 
 quit Tacitus, tanto minor ad refiftedum 
 animus erit: nam ignauiam quoque nc- 
 cefTitas acui tj^ (kpe de^eratio fpci cau- 
 fieft: autfaltem,vt Q. Curtiusair, ma- 
 gnum ad honefle morienduincitamen- 
 turn . Vnde prudenter Themiflodes, 
 Grxcis volentibus Xerxis prselio vidi 
 tran/itum impedire , ipfumque regcm 
 cumexercituintercludere,timensnein- 
 terclufi holies defperationem in virtute 
 verterent , & iter quod aliterno paterct, 
 ferro patefacerent , cum vincereceteros 
 confiliononpofretjperferuumXerxem 
 monuit5Vt maturatafugajtranfitum oc- 
 bi«J7w.U cuparet^. Prudenter quoque M.Furius 
 CamillusdidatorjCum Veios oppugna- 
 ret, &cunicuIoper Veientanam arcera 
 ado, per que elcdos milites immifcrat, 
 vrbem fuis militibusimplefletp& omni- 
 bus
 
 Liber secvndvj, jr^ 
 
 bus locis pugnaretur, mulra lam edita 
 
 csEdejquofaciliusvrbcpotirccur^necef* 
 fitatcdefendendihoftibus remifTa, cdi- 
 cere per pra?cones iuffir^vt ab inermi ab- 
 ftineretUx*-: quofadumeft, vt finis fan- 
 guiniseHetj&dediinermesinciperenta. aL«,w.5. 
 Similiter cum Fregelia? Colonia , nee o- 
 
 pinatoaduentuSamnitiumjnodeoccu- 
 pata c/Ter , & Fregeliani pugnam aliqua 
 diua?quam (quod pro aris&focis dimi- 
 caretur, & ex tcdis adiuuaret imbellis 
 mulritudo) fuftinuifknt ; frausdeinde 
 rem inclinauit, inquit Liuius *^, quia vo- ^ /,^ 
 ccm prxconis audiri pa/Ti funt , incolu- ' '^* 
 mem abiturum^qui arraa pofuiflet: eaq; 
 foesremifita certamine animos & pad 
 «marmaiaaaricoepra. Eodemafiu C. 
 Fabius Ambuftus^in Auxuris oppugna- 
 tione, cum vrbe capta^ magna adhuc re- 
 fiflentiu(quia ccdentibus nihil fpeierat) 
 pugna eflet , pronunciari repenre iuffir, 
 ne quisprajterarmatosviolaretur, reli- 
 quam omnem mulcitudinem volunta- 
 riam exuitarmis ; qua ratione fzcilivi' 
 ^oria potitus eft S Simili modo ciim <^ t;^./,^.^, 
 Sutrium ex fociis populi Rom. eodem 
 dic,quo ab Hetrufcis oppugnarum erar, 
 Camillusexiraprouiforecepifret,& paC- 
 
 V 3 fimtru-
 
 De IVRE ET off. BBLl. 
 
 fim trucidatis Hetrufcis portas claudl 
 iufrifler,rpefug3eadempta,reftitutum& 
 accenfumdcfperatione hoftium pra^liu 
 a//i.<5. fuilTerefertLiuiiis^nipr^conespervr- 
 bcmdimifTi, poniarma, &parciinermi 
 iuffifTent , nee praeter armatos quequarn 
 violari.tum vero etiam,quibus animi in 
 fpe vltimaobftinatiad decertadum fuc- 
 rant, poftquam data fpes vitseeft, iadlarc 
 paflTifnarma, inermesque, quodtutius 
 fortunafeceratjfehoftiofferre. Caefar 
 quoque prselio Pharfalico inclinata lam 
 <acie Potnpeij , prudentiffimo confilio, 
 nehofles rurfum inftaurarent ordines, 
 quoque facilius vidtoria potiri poflet,di« 
 mifliscircumquaquepraeconibuSjCdixit 
 fuis, vr ciuibus parccrent3& in Tola feui- 
 rent auxilia:(imulque vidores vidis oc- 
 currentcs , iubebantftarcfecuros, quo 
 fadoha^cvox, S ta fee urus 5 Pompeianis 
 coepitefTeprotefTera : itaque Csefar vi- 
 hApputH^e (ftoriamobtinuitb. hucfpeaarevidetur, 
 bdoMi.hi» quodLycurgusfuisprsecepit, vtfipra?- 
 lio hoftes fudifTent acviqiflent^tantifpcr 
 modoinfequerenturfugientes.dumvi- 
 doriam ftabilirent.deinde ftatim fe reci- 
 perent: nomodoquiagrsecanicumnon 
 cffet, cedentes intcrficere , fed & vrilis 
 
 haec
 
 Liber secvndvs. r^^ 
 
 hxc cffct ratio, hoftes enim, fi fcirent ce^ 
 dentibus parcijrepugnantes occidi/uga 
 pugna vtiliorcm fibiarbitraturos.* Llh^'*^ * 
 
 In viftoria potiisimum de pace cogitandum, 
 
 J (JH elitu tndam , qua, m bonamfortunam 
 fare pojfumti^, 
 
 2 7{jc fecundx ^mcaimrf^trti mmocU" 
 
 rateferencU. 
 S In vi^orU paei pudendum, 
 4 In hello nihil miferm vi^ortA^ 
 
 .AP. DVODECIMVM. 
 
 I TTaprofe(5t6naruracomparatumeft*5 
 A vt melius malamjquam bonam fortu- 
 namferrepoflimus. etcnim, vtinquit 
 Tacitus, fecundae res acrioribus ftimulis 
 animumexplorantjquamaduerfe: quia 
 miferiae tolerantur, felicitate corrumpi- 
 inur. quod cognofbens Abdolominus c 
 ftirpequidem regia , fed inops admodu, 
 & pauper, a Sidonibus permiffu Alexa- 
 drirexconftitutus, rogatus ab AJexan- 
 drb , qua patientia inopiam tulifTct , re- 
 foondit: Vtinam eodem regnu pati pof- 
 fim'>. &huiusquoque reicxempio eft l>Q^c«r/i»9 
 ipfc Alexander Magnus , qui priufquam *** 
 iefortunaanitnoeiusinfudinet^orieme 
 
 V 4 -cam
 
 De IVRE ET off. BBLt« 
 
 earn moderate & prudenter tulit ;ad vl- 
 timum vero raagnirudinem eius no tu- 
 
 iJ^^*^ lit^ Fitenim plerunque, vtrebuspro- 
 fperisinfolefcat animus humanus,vtia 
 nee alios ferrc pofTit, nee fe . vbi tamen 
 maximae ciiiq; fortunae minime creden- 
 duin fit :cum quid vefpcrferetjincertum 
 (it, Vnde vt aduerfas res *jfic fecudas im- ^ 
 moderate ferre maximae leuitatis eft . dc 
 rede prf cipcrc videntur,qui monent^vt 
 quanto fuperiores fimus^ tanto nos fub- 
 mifliusgeramus* Sicutienimequos^vt 
 
 hoffcM'U ^^^ Cicero^,proptcr crebras contentio- 
 nespr^liorumferocitateexultantes,do- 
 mitoribus tradere (blent , vt his facilio- 
 ribus poflint vti : fie homines fecundis 
 rebus efFrenatos, fibiqj praefidentes^tan- 
 quam in gyru rationis , & dodrinsc duci 
 oportet: vtpercipiant rerum humanaru 
 imbeciliitatemjvarietatemquefortunse, 
 nam non ftatuendo tandem felicitati 
 modum, nee cohibcndo eiFcrentem (e 
 fortunam,quanto quis altius elatus fue- 
 rit,eo foedius corruet* Itaq; in vidoria*, 5 
 quajalioquiinfolcns&fuperbacft, po- 
 tiflimumpaciftudendum: nequeexfpe- 
 dandum, donee (vt DemadesdeAthe- 
 nien. intempeftiuo bcUigerandi ftudio 
 
 dcditis
 
 LlB£R SECVNDVS. I^J 
 
 deditisdicebat) atratieadera petercco- 
 gamur^nufquamcnimminus^quamin a vhtM^ 
 bello euentus refpondet . Quare ciim "**•*»^ 
 Magonucius vidoria? Annibalis ad Ca- 
 naSjCafthaginemveniflet , &lenatu ei 
 dato,res fratris in Italia amplifTimis ver- 
 bis extolleret, & quo propior fpes belli 
 perficiendieflet^eo magisomnifpeiu- 
 uandum Annibaieeflediceret: his nihil 
 morus HannOj que femper belli fufcepti 
 aduerfus Romanos pa^nituit^prudenter 
 monuit, vt in fecundis rebus fortuna vti 
 vellent, & de pace potius^quam de bello 
 5, cogitarentrNam^inquit,!! prsetermittas 
 5, hoc tertipus^quo magisdarequamacci- 
 „ pere poflumusvideripaceraj vereorne 
 J, haec quoque laetitia luxuriet nobis , & 
 5, vanaeuadat^ cuius fententia tunc tern- b iu,jih.t% 
 poris /pretajpoftea fed Icro nequicquam 
 afenatulaudatafuit: cum eo adadief- 
 icnt^ vt quasdare potuifTent coditiones 
 pacis', poftea fibi dari peten tibus , denc- 
 gat^fuerint: & eoftatueflent, quode 
 JLatinis refer t Liuius^ vtneque pacem, 
 nequebellum ftrrepoflent, qui flatus 
 rerum omnium miferrimusefl. Ideme- 
 uenit Antiocho3Cui(iam Romanisin A* 
 fiam contra ipfum tranfuedis) de pace 
 
 V 5 compo*
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELt. 
 
 componendaagenti , rcfpondrt Scipio, 
 hoc prius faciendum fuifle; non iam,vbi 
 vittt. ina- frenum/eflbremqi rex accepiffet \ Non 
 &]r!ut ^^ Ataque fapientis, pacem certain , quae 
 W3; * * in vi<5loris manu fit , fallaci fpe incertae 
 vi(5tori3e, quas in fortuna? manu Cn^ redi- 
 merc. Quare Hafdrubal HoedusCar- 
 thagini^fium legat'^cQ de pace in fenatu 
 Romf ageretjdicebat^raro fimul homi- 
 nibus bonam fortunam,bonamque me- 
 tem darijSc populum Rom. eo inui(5tuni 
 efle, quodinfecundisrebuslaperet, & 
 confulere meminiflet:fiin (ecudis rebus 
 bonam quoque mentem donarent dij, 
 non foliim iea quae eueniflent • fed etiam 
 eaquseeuenire portent, reputaremus.Et 
 he^f^.fam, Qcero ^ ad Marccllum fctibens : Licet^ 
 w.+-i'!/?.3»inquit5 omnia fintmifera in bellis^mife- 
 rius tamen nihil, quam ipfa vi<5toria*: 4 
 qua? etiam Ci ad meliores venir, tamen 
 COS ipfos ferociores impotentioresque 
 reddit : vt etiam Ci natura tales non rmr5 
 neceffitate tamen tales effecogarur^ Ita- 
 que C^far memor huius impotenti^ hu- 
 manianimi, hocvnumeflctempus, de 
 pace agendi cum Pom peioinquit^dum 
 fibivterquecofideret, & pares ambovi- 
 deretur : fi vero alteri pauluium tribuif- 
 
 fetfor-
 
 Liber secvndvs. 1^6 
 
 (et fortunajnon efle vfurum conditioni- 
 buspacis eum, qui fuperior viderctur, 
 nequeforcasqua parte cdntentum, qui 
 fe omnia habiturum confideret.^ > c^fMM. 
 
 Dcuidlis hoftibus,qua potiftimum ratione 
 perpetuapacequietiobtineri pofsint. 
 
 / Nojf mtmr v'lrtm fart a tueri^ quxm ac* 
 
 quinrc^» 
 2 Confillum Herennij Vontijde Romams ad 
 
 F ureas Caudinasimlufs, 
 ^ Sententia Camilli de Latin U vi&is. 
 4 ludicium fmattu de Priuernatibta adJe^ 
 
 dit'tomm coacili, 
 $ M» C atoms fentefjtia In rtbdlantes. 
 Romam mn fermiferunt focits fine Ro* 
 
 mamdtice helium gtnre. 
 7 Uqs dcduundtcoloMos, 
 
 CaPVT XII !• 
 
 ' f^ Vm non minor fit virtus % quam 
 ^^ qugrereparta tiieri:& vid:oriarc(^e 
 vtijquamvincerc, (navtredeOuidius: 
 CafusineTtillu^ hie erit art is oft^:) 
 
 ideoqjbellageramuSjVtinpaceviuamus: 
 deui(^is hoftibus tota cofultatio efle dc- 
 bet,quapotiffimum ratione in perpetuii 
 arebellandoeoscontineamus. Quide- 
 nim profuit Pyrrhojin deuincendis ho- 
 
 Aibus
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 ftibus rnagnu fuifle , ciim acqui/i ta tueri 
 
 nonpotuerititanto melius ftudcbatac- 
 
 a ltW.i.2s. quirereimperia,quam rctinere a.quam- 
 
 obremcollatusfuit ab Antigonoindo- 
 
 6to lufori 5 qui cum & inulta & feliciter 
 
 cdat, iistamennefciatvti. inquamrem 
 
 longevtili/TimumcenfeoconfiliumHe- 
 
 rennij Pontij*C.Ponrij patris.namciini i 
 
 SamniteSjduceC Pontio^ Romanes 
 
 fraude ad furcas Caudinas inter duos 
 
 faltus pertraxiflent , & inopes confilij ia 
 
 tarn ktis rebus Herenium Pontiucon- 
 
 fiilendumccnfcrentjconfultus a nuncio 
 
 filijHerenniuSjCefuitomncsindequam 
 
 primuminuiolatos dimitrendos. qua: 
 
 vbi fpretafententiaeflet, &itcrumite- 
 
 rumque eodem remeante nuncio con- 
 
 fuleretur,ccnfuit ad vnumomnes inter- 
 
 ficiendos : indicanspriorecofilio^quod 
 
 optimum duceret, cum potetiflimo pa- 
 
 pulo, per ingcns bcncficium perpetuam 
 
 firmare pacem amiciriamque: alteroia 
 
 multas states , quibus amiffis duobus e- 
 
 xercitibus , baud facile receptura vires 
 
 RomanareselTct^beilumdifferrertertiu 
 
 nullum confilium cffcSc cum filius^alij- 
 
 que principes pcrcudlando exquireret, 
 
 quid fi media via confilium caperetur,vt 
 
 &dimit*
 
 LiBER SECVNDVS, Ijy 
 
 &diniitterenturincolumes , 8c leges lis 
 55 iurc belli vidis imponerentur : Ifta, in-» 
 jj quit, fcntetia ea eft,quae neq; amicos pa- 
 ii rat^nequeinimicostoUi, feruaremodo 
 fi quos ignominia irritaucris • ea eft Ro- 
 »} mana ges, qua? vidla quiefcere nefcit ; vi- 
 J, ueifen]^inpe<5loribusiIloru5 quidquid 
 3, ifthucprasfensneceffitasiniunxeritj ne- 
 „ que eos ante multiplices poenas expeti- 
 53 tas a vobis quiefcere finet. At neutra fen- 
 teniia acceptafuit : fed Romanis fubiu- 
 gummiffisj pax ilia Caudinafadafuit: 
 quapoftcafpreta a fenatu, quod minus 
 ritefada eflet, deditispacisaudoribus: 
 & Samnitibus pro fuper ba pace infcftit 
 fimumcernetibusrenatum beilunijom- 
 nia qua! inde venerunt, non in animis 
 falum , fed prope in oculis erant : 8c 
 jfero nequicquam laudata fenis Pontij 
 vtraque confilia : inter qua? fc inedia 
 lapfos vidoriae podeffionem pace in- 
 ccrta mutafle, & beneficij & maleficij 
 occafioneomifia, pugnaturcscum lis, 
 quos potuerant in perpetuum vel ini- 
 micos tollere , vel amicos facere a . a UhM.^. 
 prudentius vero Romani . nam ciim 
 3 Camillus '^vidis & perdomitis Lati- 
 ni$ ^ ad fcnatum quid de m ileri pla- 
 
 ccret.
 
 De IVRE ET OFF, BEll. 
 
 ceret^referrct, italocutus fuiffeferturi ^j 
 Reliquaconfultatio eft jquoniam rebel- „ 
 lando ficpius nosfoUicitahtl at!ni,quo- „ 
 nam modo perpetua pace quietos ob - ,, 
 tineamus. Dij immortales itavospo- ,j 
 tentcshuius confilij fecerunt, vtfitLa- ^^ 
 tium 5 deinde an non fit, in veftra manu ,, 
 pofuerint. Itaque pacem vobis^quod ad ^, 
 Latinos attinet :parare in perpetuil, vcl „ 
 fa^uiendovelignofcedopotcftis. Vultis ^^ 
 crudeliter confulere in deditos vidof- ,, 
 que? licet delereomne Latium, & vaftas ,, 
 indc (blitudines facere, vnde fociali e- ^^ 
 gregioexerciiu, per multabella magna- „ 
 que fa?pe vC\ eftis.Vuliis exemplo maio- ,, 
 rum,augere rem Romanam^vidos in ci- „ 
 uitaiem accipiendo ? materia crefcendi „ 
 perfummam gloriam fuppcditat,Certe „ 
 idfirmiffimum!ongeimperiumeft,quo „ 
 obedientes gaudenr. fed maturate opus „ 
 cft,quicquidfi:atuerc placet. Totpopu- „ 
 los inter ipemmetumqifufpenfos ani- ,, 
 mo habctis: & veftram itaque dciiscura „ 
 quam primum ablolui , & illoru animos ,, 
 dum cxfpedatione ftupet,feu bcneficio, ,, 
 feu poena prxoccuparioportet.haecille^ 
 cuius relationem de fumma rerum fena- 
 tus laudans , fed quod aliorum caufa alia
 
 LlBER SECVNDVS. ^58 
 
 efletjita expediri poffe confilium dicere, 
 vtpro mcrito cuiufque ftatuerctur^rela- 
 tione habita dc fingulis populis. Quo 
 fa<5loexdccrctofenatus,aliisduitasda- 
 ta, ficraque fua reddita: aliis ciuitas qua 
 habebant feruata , crimenquc rebellio- 
 nisa publica fraude in paucos au^orcs 
 Verfum: aliis muri deie(5lij& alio habita- 
 ri iu/Ti ^. Eft quoquc i n banc rem memo- a Utti hb,9 
 rabile iudicium fenatus de Priuernati- 
 4 bus*, quibus addeditionemcoadiSj 3c 
 ex fenatus decreto dirutis Priuerni mu- 
 ris> Vitrubioque eoru ducenecatOjCum 
 fociiscius noxa?;cum Placius conHquid 
 de rcliqua multitudine fieri placeret, ad 
 fenatumreferret.'vnusexPriuernaribus 
 legatis^magis conditionis , in qua natus 
 eflet 5 quam praefentis neceflitatis me- 
 mor , in tcrrogatus a quodam ex fenato- 
 ribus , quam poena meritos Priuernates 
 cenfcret : eam inquit 5quam merentur, 
 qui felibertatedignoscenfenr. cuius fe- 
 roci refpofocum infeftosfados viderec 
 conful eos , qui Priuernatium caufara 
 impugnabanr, vt ipfe benignainterro- 
 gationemitiusrefpofumeliceret: Quid 
 fi poena, inquit, remitrimusvobis,qua* 
 km no$ pacem vobxicu habicuros fpe- 
 
 remus?
 
 De IVRfi ET OT-V, BEtl, 
 
 remus? fibonamdederitis^inquitj&fi- 
 dam, & perpetuam ; fi malam, haud diu- 
 turnam. Qiiibus verbis concitatisnon- 
 nullorutn animis, pars tamen melior fe- 
 natus ad meliora refponfa trahere, & di- 
 cere , viri & liberi vocem audi tarn : nee 
 credi poflejvllum populunijaut homine 
 denique,ineac6ditione,;cuiuseumpae- 
 nitear> diutius quam necelTe fit, manfti- 
 rura :ibi pacem eflefidamjvbi voluntari) 
 pacatirunt;nequeeoioco,vbireruitute 
 efTe velint>fidem fperandani effe. Itaque 
 ex audoritaie patrum latum ad populii 
 
 siUtuhb.s, eft 3 vt Priuernatibus ciuitas daretura. 
 M. vero Cato* ita maxime rebellantes j 
 contineri in officio pofle cenfebar , fi ef- 
 fedlum cflet^nepofTent rebellare. itaque 
 arma omnibus cis Iberum Hifpanis a- 
 demitj vna die muris omnium dirutis: 
 quam rem adeo xgrc paiTi funr, vt multi 
 mortem fibimetipfis confcifcerent: fe- 
 rox gens nullam vitam rati fine armis 
 
 b Dk.W.34 efTe K In quo Cato videtur fecutus exe- 
 plum Cyri , qui Lydis iterum rebellan- 
 tibus arma & equos|ademit, iufTitq; cau* 
 ponias, ludicras artes, & lenocinia e- 
 xercere . Qua ratione effeminati molli- 
 tic, priftinam virtutem perdiderunt , & 
 
 quos
 
 Liber secvndvs. j^^ 
 
 qilosante Cyruminuidos bellaeffece- 
 rant, in luxuriam lapfos ocium atque 
 dcMafuperauit^. Annibalautem Sa- 
 guntocapto,(ignodatOjOmnespuberes a UT{i».t i; 
 interfici iuflit.quod imperiumcrudele, 
 vt inquit Liuius ^, ceterum prope nccef- \>Ub,ioi 
 /ariumcognituminipfoeuentueft* cui 
 cnim parci potuit ex iis , qui aut inclu/i 
 cum coniugibuSsacliberisdomos fuper 
 feipfbs concremauet-unt,aut armatj nul- 
 lum ante finem pugrtfiquam moricntes 
 feceruntc^Quo fpedare videtur Agefiiai 
 di(5lum5difEciIe efle mifereri fimui & (a- 
 pere*^. Hocquoque confilio Romanis^ c PuunA: 
 vtomnem rebellandi occafionem fbciis t¥>- 
 6 adimerent, non placebat*, focios fine 
 Romano duce exercituque propriis vi- 
 ribus confilioque bella gcrere^. Vnde dDio^.n^h 
 cum JEqui Latinum agruminuafifTentj ^^.». 
 &oraiores Latinorum afenatu pereret, 
 VI aut mitrerent fubfidium , aut (eipfos 
 tuedorumfiniu caufa caperearmafine- 
 retitutiusvifum eft defendiinermes La- 
 tinos, quam pati retradarcarma*i Mos c uv» h'^ 
 quoq; vetuftus erat Romanis , cum quo 
 nee foederc, nee acquis legibuse»Tet ami- 
 citia , non prius imperio in eum ranqua 
 pacatum vti^quam omnia diuina huma- 
 
 X naqiK
 
 OS41 
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 naque dediflcc j obfides accepti, arma a- 
 dempta, prasfidia vrbibus impofitafo- 
 a Li7i.W.8. rent^.FuitprgtcreamosRomanis^nunc 
 hosnuncillosltaliaepopulosfubiugan- 
 do, parte agri mulrare *, in cumquc co- 7 
 Joniasdpcere: aut in iam ante condita 
 oppida nouos colonos fui generis af- 
 fcribere. hae colonia? tanquam prsefidia, 
 bDiou.Htfi. partis belloprouinciisimponebanturK 
 A'^dfldi, i^^<l"^ prouide Sy lla^licet tyrannice^ar- 
 JutbA. ' misoppreffarepubl, eos,quorum opera 
 in eo bello vfus fuerat , colonosdeduxit 
 inagros&oppidaeorum, quiilli refti- 
 terant: qui opportunis locisdifpofitijin 
 ipfius poteftate continerent Italiajtranf 
 latis ad eos veterum poflTefrorum prse- 
 diis: quo beneficioeos per totam vitani 
 habuit obnoxios , & dominationem fua 
 mirumin modum ftabiliuit. cumenim 
 res fuasjuifi adis Sylle ratis,tueri nequi- 
 rent^propugnatores eius dignitatis fue- 
 runietiampoftilliusobitum.nequeilli, 
 quorum arccSjmoenia, pecunias,immu- 
 nitatesluftulerat, propter inopiam no- 
 c Api>ufi.de cere poterant*^^ Pcrfco autem vi<5lo , & 
 btiamiM.i jviacedonibusIiberisefTc iufTis, regis a- 
 mico*i,purpuratosque,ducesexercituu 
 praefedos nauium aut pra^lidiorum ,a- 
 
 liosque
 
 Liber secvndvs. x6o 
 
 liosque miniftros omnes , regi feruire 
 humiliter,aliisque fuperbe imperare af- 
 fuetos, Macedonia excederc Romani,5: 
 in Italiam migrarc iulTerunt : ne forte 
 quid noui in Macedonia molircnmr». * ^**^Ms^ 
 Hue rpe(5ta(re videtur Lycurgus inlegi- 
 busfuis^quas Rciras vocant, quibusve- 
 tuit fepius corra eoldem bellum gerere: 
 neijbellandirationemdifcerentjtaque 
 Agefilao continentercu Thebanisbeila 
 gercnte, & in pugna quadam vulnerato^ 
 Antalcidatn eidixiflTeferunt: Pulchrani 
 a Thebanis mercedem reportas , quos 
 nefcientespugnaredocuifti.namreuera 
 narratur,nunquam bellicofiores fuifTe 
 Thebanos, quam tuiii tempons,ob cre- 
 bras Lacedasmoniorumaduerfuseos 
 expeditiones^. fortuna enim belli, ^^J/^'*'" ^" 
 vtinquit Q.Curtiiis,arcem 
 vidos quoque docet. 
 
 X 2 DE
 
 * 
 
 «I
 
 i5i 
 
 DE IVRE ET OFFICIIS 
 
 BELLICIS, ET DISCIPLINA MI^ 
 
 LXTARI, Lib ER TERT I VS. 
 
 DE DISCIPLINA MILITARI. 
 
 / 
 
 DifcipUna militAru ntagm eli momenta 
 2 Tyrones dr imbelUs difciplma militari 
 
 fiant bclltcoft, 
 S CafuariA delkUperdiderufJt t^nmbalis 
 exercitum, dioqui 'muiCium, 
 
 4 NegU^A velretenu difciplin^militaris 
 
 tellimonlunt, 
 $ Mulkres caflra fequi turpe, 
 
 Cur a recidendorum'tmpedimcntorum^ 
 
 7 Mult Mariani. 
 
 5 Extrc'tUi^ vnde nomen habeat, 
 $ Leges mtliiares, 
 
 J Trta curare dehent mdites. 
 CM Hit (iris difcipUna* 
 
 J I 
 
 Cap, p ri m V m. 
 
 Vantum momcnti^indifci- 
 plinamilitaripofiru fit, do- 
 cec nos hiftoriae, & ipfa quo- 
 ddianaexperientia. &certe 
 nulla alia re populum Rom. fibi orbem 
 terrarum fubegifTc, nifiarmorumexer- 
 citationejdifciplinacaftrorum, vfuque 
 
 X 3 militiaf.
 
 De ivre et off. bell* 
 tvegetisifde militia , fatis conftata.id^; pulchreex* 
 t.r.rrmit.h.1 pj.^(|-jj Quintilianus^cum ait; Si vere „ 
 
 htft. exiftimemus^imperium populi Rom. ad 3, 
 hinmiUt, hancdiemmiiitaridifciplinaftetit.non >> 
 cnim nobisaut multitudo maior^quam ,5 
 Cimbris tautmaioresopes^quamlocu- 3, 
 pletiffimis regnisiautmoFtisconteptus „ 
 facilior, quam plerifqjbarbaris, caufam „ 
 Vir^non habentibus.principes nosfacit „ 
 feueritasinftitutorUjOrdomiiidaejamor,, 
 quidam iabons»quotidianaeexercitatio- „ 
 nes,a{ridna belli meditatio.VndeValeri» ,5 
 c ifk2.e.7. Maxc.pr*edpuumdecuS)&ftabilimentu 
 Romani imperij, difciplinse militarfs te- 
 naciflfimum vinculu fuiflc dicit:in cuius 
 finu ferenusjtranquillusquebeatae pads 
 ftatusacquiefcit.Etquidemplurescxer- 
 citusferuorum^^tyronum, &imbelliu, 2 
 Tola difciplina & imperio inui(5los , & 
 bellicofiilimosfaAos fuifTeJegimus : & 
 econtra, plurimos exercitus vcteranoru 
 militum^inuidosalioqui, folalicentia, 
 omnibus vitiis, ncglecla difciplina mili- 
 fari , corruptos & confumptosfuiffe, & 
 (ongeantcpcriiflejquamh'oftemvidif- 
 fent. cuius reifide facit TullusHoftilius 
 Romanorum rex, qui Romanes qua- 
 dragintaiamannos inocioagentcs, a4 
 
 bellura
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. x^2 
 
 bellum exciuit, & belli experrcs, Tola di- 
 fciplinaoptimosmilites reddidit'. & T» ^ imjtb.i. 
 Sempronius Gracchus , cum ei feruo- 
 rum exercitus datus elTet, brcui effecit 
 excrcitatione & ordine militis , vt ne- 
 mo eorum generis ac (anguinis fuime- 
 mor in acie efTec , praefidio fociis, ho- 
 ftibus terror! cfTent K Sic quoque Pe- b im.iA.z^ 
 lopidas & Epaminondas, liberatis The- 
 bis 5 a feruitute Spartanorum , facile 
 eosinftitutis militaribus ex imbellibus 
 optimos militeseffccerunt : ita vt non 
 folum pares effen t Spartan is, fedetiam 
 fuperiores . Scipio vero i£milianus, 
 optimus impcrator , & qui imperato- 
 rias artesopiime callebat, vtNuman- 
 iinx vrbis magnos fpirirusfuperiorum 
 ducum culpa nutritoscontundcretjCol- 
 lapfam militise difciplinam , vt primum 
 caftra intrauit , eie^^isduobus millibus 
 fcortorum , & omnibus iis qua? volu- 
 ptatiscaufa comparata eranr, reftituifle 
 fertur. quaratione acremillam & ani- 
 mofam Numantiam,incendiis exuftam, 
 ruinisque proftratam, folo jequauit. 
 itavtneglcdae militaris difciplinaeiudi- 
 cium^vtaitValefiusMax^^-Mancinimi- <^ ^.2,^7. 
 fcrabilis deditio, feruata? merces^Scipio- 
 
 X 4 nisfpc-
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 nis fpeciofiffimus triuraphus exftiterit, 
 quern fecutusMetellus , cumexercitum 
 in Africa lugurthinobello , nimia Sp, 
 AlbiniindulgentiacorruptuaccepifTcr, 
 difciplinam militarem in (latum fuum 
 redcgit : & cdido primum adiumenta 
 ignauiarfuftulifTedicitur : atque prsecla- 
 a vakriH* rascx Hofte vidoHas adeptus cfl: ^. Et 
 MW»6.2, ^^jpiQy^fricanuspoftcrior.confulin A- 
 fricammiiTus, videnscormptam difci- 
 plinam militumfub Pifoneafluctorunj 
 ocio , rapinis & auaritia^, & nunquam fe 
 deuidurum hoftes , ni fuos in poteftate 
 haberet : caftigatis graui oratione mili^ 
 tibus,omnibusque5quinonmilitar€nr, 
 exadis, difciplina militari ftabilitajpo- 
 tentemillam Carthaginem Rom.impe- 
 b A/>p..ieW. riJG^mulaeuertit^. Annibalis vcroexcr- 
 r"» citum,aducrrus omnia humana mala fe- 
 peacdiudurantem, bonis inexpcrtum 
 atque infuetumjquem nulla maJivicerat 
 vis, perdidere nimia bona ac voluptates 
 immodicx CapuanaB^.Somnusenim,6^ 3 
 vinum^&epul^Afcorta, balneaque,& 
 ociumcofuetudincindicsblandius, ita 
 encruauerant corpora, animosque, in- 
 quit Liuius^vtmagisdeindeprasteritae 
 vidorix cos^quam prgfentes tutarentur 
 
 vires;
 
 Liber tertivs, i5j 
 
 vircsrmaiusqueidpcccatumducisapud 
 peritos artitnmnilitarium habitUjquam 
 quodnoncx Cannenfiacie protinus ad 
 vrbem Romaduxiflet: ilia enim cunda- 
 tio diftulifle vidorlz videri potuit : hie 
 error vires ademiffe ad vincend u m , Itaq^ 
 hercle, velut fi cum alioexercitua Ca- 
 pua exiflet, nihil vfquam pnftinae difci- 
 plinae tenuit. nam &: redierunt pleriquc 
 Icortisimpliciti: &vbi primum fubpeU 
 libus habericoepcifunt, viaque& aUus 
 militaris laborexcepitjtyronum modo, 
 corporibus animisque deficiebant : & 
 deinde per omne aeftiuorum tempus, 
 magna pars finecommeatuabfignisdi^ 
 labebantur, neque alise latcbra? , quam 
 Capua defertoribus erat^ Iraq; M.Mar- 
 cellusinaciemcopiis fuis edu(5iis apud 
 Nolas J vt fuorum militum animos eri- 
 geretjhoftiexprobrabat Capuam Anni- 
 ball Cannas faifCc. ibivirtutebcllicam, 
 ibimilitarem difciplinam , ibi prxteriti 
 temporis famam , ibi futuri extindam: 
 atqueitapracliocommiflb hoftcs fudit. 
 & quemadmodum Annibaiis exercitui 
 Capua, fie militibus Aiexandri Babylo- 
 nia plurimumnocuitj&dilciplinam mi- 
 litarcmadmodumcorrupit:vfqueadco, 
 
 X 5 vtAle-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 vt Alexandrumaddifcnmina, qua?po- 
 fteafequebatur, hauddubicdebiliorem 
 futurumfuilTe, (ihoftemhabuinfet, fcri- 
 aW,5. bar Q.Curtiusa. Er vtbreuiterdicam, 
 nullum maiusnegle(fla?5 velrerentaedi* 
 fciplmae miluahs teftimonium* habere 4 
 pofTumus^quamdeRomanis : qui cum 
 ante iuftici^ opinione, ac belli gloria 
 omnes popuios fuperarcnt : poftea la- 
 benre difciplina , ab omnibus fuperati 
 funt. ItaqueCatoapudSalluftiumiNo- „ 
 lite , inquit, exiftimare, maiores noftros ,, 
 armis rcmpubl.exparuamagnafecifTe. „ 
 fiitaresefTet^multopulchernmameam ,, 
 haberemus: quippe fociorumatque ci- „ 
 uium, praetereaarmorum, atqueequo- ^^ 
 rum malornobiscopia, quam illis eft* „ 
 fcdaliafuere, qua^illos magnosfecere, „ 
 aux nobis nulla funt : domi induftria, ^, 
 forisiuftumimperium, animus in con- „ 
 fulendo iibcr, ncque deh6lo, neque Jibi- ^, 
 diniobnoxius. prohisnoshabcmuslu- ^^ 
 xuriam,atq;auaritiam: publiccegcftate- „ 
 priuatimopuletiam; laudamusdiuitias; ,j 
 fequimur inertia; inter bonos& males ,, 
 difcrime nullum eft. omnia virtutis pr^- ,, 
 miaambitiopoftidet. Scite vero Fabri- „ 
 cius,legat^ad Pyrrhu profc6tus,cu apud 
 
 eum
 
 LlBEU TERTIVS» I^^ 
 
 cum Cyneam Theflalum narratem au- 
 difletjquendam Atheniefemclarum fa- 
 pientia,fuadere, ne quid aliud homines, 
 quam voluptatis caufa facerent : pro 
 monftroeam vocemaccepit, continuo- 
 que Pyrrho & Samnitibus hoftibus ifta 
 fapientiamdeprecatus efta. Prudenter 3V4/.m<i«. 
 
 quoque S partana ciuitas , diu ciuiu fuo- ''^* *' ^'*^*^' 
 rum oculosab Afifafpedu retraxit,quia 
 indeomnesmanaredelicias, ccrta cor- 
 poris & animi venena perniciofiflima 
 cognofcebat ,& plus fimilibusvidoriis 
 ^mitti5quambeIIoquxrib. Hincquoq; hvai.Max, 
 5 mulierescaftra*fcquiapud maiores ma- ^^•^•^•^« 
 ximseturpitudinis fuir, & fcueriflTima? a- 
 nimaduerfionis.&militivxpremvelfa- 
 miliamapudfe habere nonconceditur, 
 nificumveniaprincipisc. Etnequidem ^ i.quicm- 
 
 . . . * ^1 •!■ •!• -J l"^- Caere 
 
 inproumciavxoreduceremihtuicuitd. J,,,^ /,i ,2 
 Sed & procofulteneturdedelidis vxo- dietficotra. 
 ris, quamfecuminproumciamduxit^ ,,,,^^;^,^^ 
 Mehus quoque efledicit Vlpianus f, vt »»[>*. 
 procoful fine vxore in prouinciam pro- ^,!>^,^^'J, 
 ficifcatur. idqueSeuerusCsecinaapud ofprovonf. 
 Tacitum 5 cenfuit ; inclTc enim dicebat f',}^'^^'' 
 muhei-umcomitatui, quaepacem luxu, gA^^^a^ 
 bellum formidinemorcntur5& Roma- 
 num agme ad fimiliiudincm barbari in- 
 
 celTus
 
 Dfi IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 cefTusconuertant. Olimquoqueexco^ 
 ftiturione Conftantini,abiedtarum mu- 
 lierum coniundiones jquibufdam mili- 
 tibus intcrdicebantur. quod taracn im- 
 perator luftinianus correxit^concedens 
 militibuSjVtquafcunquevellcnt, modo 
 ^tiuth,vtu- ingenuasvxoresduccrenta.Praecipuee- 
 cMtmat vei jj^m ad difciplinam militarcm fpedat* 
 induLanter. cuTa fccidendofum impedimentorum, 
 i^caugtto. quibus maxime agmen grauari folet. 
 * ^'^/'^- Yncle Philippus Maccdo , ciim primuni 
 exercitumconfcriberctjVehiculorutnv- 
 fuminterdixit : equitibusnon amplius, 
 quam fingulos calones habere permifit, 
 peditibusvcro denis fingulos, qui mo* 
 las & funesferrent . Scipioculcitras ha- 
 beri prohibuir , primusque ipfe culcitra 
 foenea vfuseft : milites initinereafinos, 
 aut mulos inequitare vetuit^dicens parij 
 abeohominein bello exfpedandu efle, 
 bA/>;w«,ie quifuis pedibusirenonpofTet^. CMa- 
 hu.Hifg. j.j^5 recidedorum impedimentoru gra- 
 tia , vafa & cibaria militum in fafciculos 
 aptata furcis impofuit/ub quibus & ha- 
 bile onus, & facile effet : vnde&inpro- 
 c Ke^.iihA. uerbiumtradunijMuli Mariani^adque 
 tj^ilpsl &confl:itutionibus i^egni Hifpanix cau- 
 ^6.2. * turn eft^ Quo fpcdtare videtur Cicero'*, 
 
 cum
 
 Liber tbrtivs, r6$ 
 
 8 „ ciimait : Noftriexercitus* vndenomen 
 
 3, habcntvidesrdcinde qui labor,quantus 
 
 „ agminis : ferrcplusdimidiatimenfisci- 
 
 J, baria> ferre fi quid ad vfutn velint , ferre 
 
 j, vallum, namfcurunijgladium^galeam, 
 
 i5 inonerenoftri militcs non plusnume- 
 
 y, rant, quam humeros , lacertos, manus* 
 
 ii armaenimmembramilitisdicunt: quae 
 
 )5 quidemjinquitjitaferuntaptejVtfivfus 
 
 j5 foret^abieiftis oneribus,cxpeditisarmis, 
 
 >j vtmembris pugnarepoflent» Alexander 
 
 vero cijtn graue fpoliis apparatuque lu- 
 
 xuria? agme vix moueretur, totius exer- 
 
 citus (arcinis, exceptis admodum neceP 
 
 iariis,conferreiuffis5primufuisfacerub- 
 
 dita^cetcras incendi prstcepit ^ vt poiius 
 
 farcinarum, quamdifciplina? iadtura fie- 
 
 rct^4 Praeterea quod ad miliiarem difci- a q^nrtiM 
 
 plinamattinetj lege militari cautu fuit, '^* 
 
 9 ne*lixa?permixti cuequitibusvagetur, 
 
 neue frumentum publice datum miles 
 
 vendat , aur praedas pccorum vel manci- 
 
 piorum vino commuter,ncue gregarius 
 
 miles in acie^vel in caftris feruum aut iu- 
 
 mcntum habeat, ncu quis , vbi tribunus 
 
 militumfuiflet ^ pofteaordinumdudor 
 
 cffet, ncquequiordincsduxifTct, miles 
 
 pofteafieret. ItaquerefcrtLiuius^Vo- ^'•^•^ 
 
 leronem
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 leroncm quendam de plcbe hominem, 
 qui fupcrioribus expeditionibus ordi- 
 nes diixiflet^inter gregarios affcriptum^ 
 recufafTe militia : quia negaret^ eo quod 
 ordines duxiflerjfe militem fieri debere^ 
 aT>ion.uah nullam ignominiam in militia meritu^* 
 ^•9. Miles quoque qui Tuo tempore annona 
 b'forhj?tmi. nonexegiffet, eafraudabatur^ Docen- 
 '"**" tj*,//^ *^ dos etiam milites monebat Cato 3 vt fe- 
 ttoM.'i'z. " roces aduerfus hoftes effent 5 humani er- 
 gaciues acfocios: timidiadiniuriasiri' 
 ferendas^prompti vero ad vindidam :vt- 
 que nihil magis cuperent,quam laudcm 
 & gloriamadipifci. Seduloquoqiolim 
 cauebatur , vt primum vinculum militu 
 putarent facramenti religionem, fecun- 
 dum /ingulorum amorem^ velut inex- 
 plicabilem nexum, tertium deferedi ne- 
 fas. L.itmiliusPaulusdicebatjVnuim- 
 peratorem inexercitu prouidere& co- 
 fulere^quid agendum fir^debere^nuc per 
 fe,nunccumiisquosaduocaueritinco- 
 filium ; qui non fint aduocati, eis nee 
 palam , nee fecretoiadare confilia fiia: 
 militem h^c tria curare debere* : corpus, lo 
 vt quam validifTimum , & perniciofiffi- 
 mum habeat:armaapta:cibum paratum 
 adfubitaimperia : ceterafcirede fejdiis 
 
 immor- 
 
 i
 
 Liber tertivs. i66 
 
 immortalibus & imperatori fuo cur^ ef- 
 fe debere. in quo exercitu coful & impc- 
 rator rumoribus vulgi circuagereturjibi 
 nihil falu tare effe^ Nam ,vt inquitTaci- aLw,w.44 
 tus, tarn nefcirequaedam milircs,quam 
 fcircoportet. hafcducum audloritas^fic 
 rigordifciplina? habet, vi multa per cen- 
 turioncs tnbunosq, tantum iuberi ex- 
 pediat Parcndo quoq,potius.quam im- 
 periaduculcifcitandOjresmilirarescon-. 
 tineiur: & foi liflimus in ipfo difcrimine 
 cxerciiuseft5quiantedircrimcquiet/lfi- 
 mus. Itaque Caefarapud Auaricu reme- 
 ritatem, cupiditatemq; militumrepre- 
 hedit.quodfibiipfiiudicaffentjquopro- 
 cedendu,autquidagenduvideretur:ne- 
 quefigno receptui dato coftitifTent , ne- 
 quea tribunis milieu, legatisq;retineri 
 potuifset : & quaropere corn animi ma- 
 gnitudinc fe admirari dicebat,^ non ca- 
 (iroru munitiones , no ahinido montis, 
 no murus oppidi tardare potuifret:tato- 
 perelicentiaarrogariamqjreprehedere, 
 ^ pl^ fe.qua imperatore^de vi(5loriaatq; 
 exitu reru fentireexiftimafset:nec minus 
 leinmilitemodeftia,&:continentia,qua 
 Virtuteatq; animi magnirudinedcfide- iCi/.Mii. 
 rare^Ccteruex{latapudflauulVopifcu gaiit^.?. 
 
 Aure-
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 
 Aureliani Cajfarisepiftola adtribunum 
 quendam:quadifciplinamilitaris*bre- ii 
 uitcr perftringiturjin hsec verba : Sivis 55 
 tribunus effe, imofivisviuere, manus „ 
 militum cotine : nemo pullum alienum 3, 
 rapiat, ouem nemo cotingat^ vuam nul- 3, 
 lus auferatjoleum^faljlignum nemo exi- 5, 
 gat, annona fua contentus fit, depra?da ,, 
 hoftium 5 n5 de lacrymis prouinGialium „ 
 habeat: armaterfafint,ferramentafan- 5, 
 nata,calciamenta fortfa, veftis noua.ve- 3, 
 terem veftem excludat^ftip^dium in oal- ,, 
 teo non in popina habeat, torquem bra- ,> 
 chialem&annulumapponatjequumfa-,, 
 ginarium fuum defricet, animal non ve- „ 
 dat,mulum centuriatum comiter curct, „ 
 alter alteri qiiafi feruus oblequatur , a „ 
 medicis gratis curetur, arufpicibus nihil 3, 
 dent,in hofpitiis cafte fe gerant, qui lite „ 
 feceritjvapulct. haecille. Sed&quome- a 
 lius milites in officio contineantUr,pr2e- 
 cipitur praefidibus prouinciarujper quas 
 fit militum tranfitus^vt in parato habeat 
 vnde cxercitus ali pofTit , fine querela 
 proumcialium : &expenfe eo nomine 
 fada? imputantur tributo j quod forte 
 principidebetur : milites quoquc iube- 
 turiiscibariiscontenti cffe , qua^infiri- 
 
 giilis
 
 Liber tertivs, 157 
 
 guHsinucniunturlocis, nccalia exigere 
 poflunt^: quod&coftitutionibusGai- l^J^^^t 
 lise ftatutum eft. «Xior 
 
 De ofHcio legati , tribuni & aliorum qui mi- 
 litibuspracfunt. 
 
 1 Prxcifua milit'td mama apud Rom. 
 
 2 Legati quL 
 
 5 Alt A legati partes^ alia tmpcratOYis, 
 
 4 Mandati pnes in hello mn licet excedere* 
 J Vtfum ex noua rei bene gerendA occaponB 
 a mandate recedi pofit, 
 
 6 Officium regent is txercitum. 
 
 7 Commeatmparce dandus milttihu4. 
 
 8 CM ilites pro merit is promouendt funt, 
 
 p Tribuni mtlttum in^iperium habucrunt in 
 milites^iisdemquevitesprAferrilolent, 
 
 J Tnbunorum munus. 
 
 1 1 Falfum numerum miluum refer ens quo* 
 modopuniatur. 
 
 C A P V T 11* 
 
 Qv^ pr^cipiiarLierintoIimapudRo* 
 manos*militije munia, fads indi- 
 catha?cPapyrijdi6latoris verba a Liuio 
 55 prolata*»,cumait;Nonmilescenturic)- Vhh,%. 
 n nis, non centurio tribuni , non rribunus 
 „ legati,non legatusconfulis, no magifter 
 
 Y equitum
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 cquitumdidatorispareatimperio: non 3, 
 cdida imperatorum obferuentur. De 35 
 officio auieimperatoris feu ducis exer- 
 cituSj^d eius poteftate alibi diximus.Le- 
 gativeroerant'^comites expeditionis& ^ 
 adiutores negotiorum ^ qui confulibus, 
 &impcratoribusdecernebatur, vt ip(b- 
 rum vices gererent , &corum cofilio res 
 adminiftrarent. confiliorum quoquCj^ 
 fortium fadtorum, ac meritae virtu tis & 
 ignauia? cuiufque, qua cura, qua fide, & 
 diligentia , quaq;dirciplinamilitari du- 
 ces exercitui & caftris praeefTent , fi quid 
 fidum vanumque , aut parum integra 
 veritateafFerrent,locupletiffimiteftese- 
 rant legati. quoru etiam audoritas, tam 
 inadminiftrandaprouincia, quam du- 
 cendo excrcitu,acieque inftruenda tanti 
 fuit,vtabfenribus,velimpeditisconfulf- 
 bus velimperarore^fummam imperii te- 
 a Akxah A. nereut^Porro illud conftat,alias effe le- 
 '^/i*"" *^ gati*partes,atqueimperatoris,vtaitC^- 3 
 bdeMLc^ far Salter omnia ad praefcriptum agere, 
 «'♦^.j. alter libere ad fummam rerum cofulerc 
 dcbet.IdeoqueCacfardicebatSylla?5quc 
 decedens caftris pra?fecerat , confiliura 
 non reprehendendumvideri, quifuos 
 longius Pompcianos perfcquentes re- 
 
 uocauit:
 
 Liber TERTivf. r^g 
 
 uocauit rguamuis tamen plcrique exifti - 
 marent, nacriusinfequi voluifter, bellii 
 eo die potuifTefiniri.Sy Ha enim a Csefa- 
 recaftristantum relidus , liberatis fuis, 
 hoc contentus fuit, neque prselio decer- 
 tarcvoluit. Siraili ratione Q.Titurius 
 Sabinus, legatus Caefaris, bcllo Gallico 
 caftrislecontinuitjhoftibusiamadvanii 
 caftrorumaccedentibus: quod cum tata 
 mukitudine hoftium, prajfertim eo ab- 
 fente, qui fummam imperij tenerer, nifi 
 asquo loco,aut opportunitatealiqua da- 
 ta, legatodimicadum non exiftimareta. a OAr de 
 Et quidc quemadmodu Romani in im- ^^^if^^-^^-s* 
 peratores (quibus libera defum ma reru 
 confulendippreftatcmconcedcbant) re 
 male geftajremifli admodum fuere, vta- 
 liolocodidumeftificimperijfpreti vel 
 non (eruati5inlegatoSjtribunos5& alios 
 imperatorc inferiores , afperi vindices 
 4 exftiterut.Mandati enim fines exccdere* 
 ini'e milirari vitiofiflfimum (emper ha- 
 bitumfuit, &capitevindicatum3etiam 
 re bene geftaK Quapotiffimu ratione, b /.?, ^.u 
 & veteri inftituto vicit cotentio Papyrij ^'""-ff- "^ 
 
 J , r J ' mint. 
 
 didatoris,poicetis Q. Fabium magiftru 
 equitumadfuppiiciumjquddcotraeius 
 imperiumexerdtumeduxilfer.quarnuis 
 
 Y 2 " fufis 
 
 mmu
 
 De ivre et opp. bill, 
 fufis Sanitibus in caftra redierat ; inter- 
 cedenteetiampjro Fabio populo Rom« 
 tribunisqueplebis: quibus tandem ora- 
 tione Papyri) vlCtis , & ad preces 6c ob- 
 teftatione vcrfis^vt (ibi poena mniagiftri 
 equitumremittcret, didator conceffir, 
 teftatus tamen , non noxa? eximi Qj Fa- 
 bium 5 qui contra edidum impcratoris 
 pugnaffet, fed noxa? damnatum donari 
 populo Rom. donari tribunitia? pote- 
 ftati, precarium, noniuftumauxilium 
 ferenti; fibi fufficereviciflediiciplinam 
 militarem & imperij maieftatemjquae in 
 a Liu.ith.2, difcrimine fuerata. Sunt tamen qui exi- 
 ftiraent,fi noua occafio rei bene^geredas $ 
 offeraturjrecedia mandato pofTe^fi puta 
 repentinus aliquis cafus felicem fuccef^ 
 fum&pa?necertam vidloriam pollicea- 
 h Argumtnto tuTi DC oblata diuittitus rci bene geredas 
 '/'''3""' occafio amittatur b. quod tamen fcru- 
 LatTfei^M pulo non caret, pr^fertim fi alicui Papy- 
 wc.i.«/.r4 rio, Manlio, vel Poftumio^hominibus 
 c/cfZdflln. duris & inexorabilibus ratio reddenda 
 coi.idemau). fit : qui cxiflimauerunt cotrumpi atquc 
 ^^f^^-^'jodifToluiofficiumomneimper^^^^ 
 & Koch;u adid5quodfacereiu(ruseft,noobfequio 
 ZsM.^'cJi: debiro, fedconfiliononconfideratore- 
 >• fpondet, £tenim diligenter cuftodiendi 
 
 func
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. y^p 
 
 funt fines m3ndati>& nihil contra facie- 
 dum ^ft, ettamfi eo fafio videri poflit res 
 euentura profperius , exq; vtilitate eius, 
 quiidtibinegotium mandauit^.fuitque a^<%?'^^ 
 ha&c quaeflio etiam a philofbphis varic^'^ *'*' 
 tradUta^. Papyrijcertefeueritas^aliosa ^ jj"'* ^* 
 rebenegerenda.occaiione oblata deter- wp.ij. 
 ruit: atque ita M.Valerio legato^quica- 
 ftris praeerat, abfente Papyrio , in oculis 
 cxempiuerat Q^FabiuSjinquitLiuius^, ^ ^^»** 
 n&quam vim hoftium magis^quam tru- 
 cemididatorisiram timeret ; itaquefru- 
 mentatores cum circumueci ex infidiis, 
 cxCi loco iniquo effent , creditum vulgo 
 eft, flibueniri eis a legato potui{re,ni tri- 
 
 ^ ftiaedi(ftaexhorruif]fet. Porroolficium* 
 regentis exercitum , non fblum in dada, 
 vtMarcianusrefponditjfed etiam in ob- 
 fcruanda difciplinaconfi(!ic.&qui mili- 
 
 7 tibns praeeft , auam parciflime^iis com- 
 ineatum dare aebet : vfque adeo^ vt neq; 
 pi(catum,neaue venatum liceat militem 
 mfttere.'quodindifciplina Augufticau- 
 tumfuit*'. Etquidem.vtmaxime omnia ^J-'^ff'"';^' 
 tutaiinc»no pmribusquam tngmtatri- mo cd.n 
 bunuscomnoeatum dare poteft.fi pluri- ""'^*^'^ '^ 
 bus datus fuerit,eorum ftipendia in fifcu 
 deferuntur : iubeturque tribunus , qui 
 y 3 commea-
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 
 commeatumdeditjillamilitibusrefun- 
 
 a ihhemw, dere, vlrra poenam amiffionis cinguli*. 
 
 mndath.c. Tempore vero expeditionis, velhoitis 
 
 dBcrog mil, imminetis. nullioraninoafignisabefle 
 
 b /. I. c.dt iicetj&capitale eritcommeatumdare^^ 
 
 cm^u.iz, Adeo autem odiofum eft,a fignisabefle, 
 
 vtmileSjquiincommeatu agit, nonvi- 
 
 mi'itlf'"^'^' deaiur reipub.caufaabefle ^Non poteft 
 
 pra?terea is, qui exercitui praeeft, milites 
 
 anumerisadaliosnumerosprolibidine 
 
 ^transferre, nifivtilitatis publica? caufa 8 
 
 princeps conceflerit. Nam vt ait impe- 
 
 d inicontra fatoH, honoHs augmentUTn,non amW- 
 
 py.>t,cam c, tione, fed laboread vnumquemque co- 
 de re milit- • . o i i • « 
 
 r»y.i2. uenit peruenire : & non debet quis ad 
 dignitatem ftifFragio^ fedlaboribusatq; 
 
 eUi.&2, ordine numerorum prouehi*^. Is namq; 
 
 c.dtof^mug. ceterosdebetantecederc,quemftipen- 
 
 ii.z. c.de dialongiora, vel labor anteirefecerit^. 
 
 prxf.pr^t.A' itaque Q.Metellusconful^quauis nulla 
 lege impediretur^quin filium contuber- 
 nalem perpetuum haberet,maluittam6 
 eum in ordine merere. & egregio ftrata- 
 gematevfusfuifle Theogenes Athenic- 
 fis dicitur,qui cum exercitum Megaram 
 duceretj petetibus militibusordinesrc- 
 f pondit, ibi fe daturum ; deinde equites 
 prapmifit.eosque hoftium fpccie impetii 
 
 in fuos
 
 Liber tertivs. jjq 
 
 in fuos retorquereiuffit.quo fa^^o^quos 
 turn habebat tanquam ad hoftium oc- 
 cutfutn pra2paratos,permifit ita ordinari 
 aciem,vt quo quifque voluiflet loco c6* 
 fifterct : & cum inertiflimus quifque re* 
 tro fe dediflet, ftrenui aucem in frontcm 
 profiluiflent, vt quemqueinuenitftan- 
 tem,itaad ordines militise prouexit. Vc- 
 teri quoque inftituto ad tribunatu ne- 
 mo admitti poterat, nifipriusalamdu- 
 xiflet : neque alara ducere nifi cohort! 
 pr^efuiflet. fuitqueantiqui moris^vt mi- 
 les in caftris ad centurionem , centurio 
 ad tribunum manefalutatum iret, &ad 
 edidum praefto eflet . Hadrianus vero 
 C«far5virosaetatisexa<ag,& fumm^ pru- 
 detias, dodos 9tate& vfuad tribunatura 
 cuexit, vetuitqueedido , ne iraberbis a- 
 dolefcens tribunusfieret. & Alexander 
 Macedo tanti tribunos & ceturiones fe- 
 cit, vt neminem , nifi fexagenarium , or- 
 dines ducere permiferit, conftattamen 
 & olim nonunquam in indignos,imo in 
 impuberes has dignitates collatas fuif- 
 fea. Fuit quoque lege militaricau turn, ^f/^^;'f 
 ne quis vbi tribunus fuiffet, poflea ordi- ««-*«'". if "« 
 numduaorefTet. namque centurio, de- ""^'7, % 
 curio, &ordinumdudortribuno infe- ttji,m,iit. 
 
 Y 4 riores
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELt. 
 
 rioreserant. id tamennon infauorem 
 tribunorum,(ecl in odium P.Salonij,qui 
 alcernisfereannis& tribunus militum, 
 & primus centurio erat ad poftulatione 
 coniuratorum militum, legefacrata mi- 
 ?/'^-7« Jitaricautumfuiire,audor eft Liuius». 
 Ac licet tribunis 5 militum ceniuriones 
 & decuriones fubfint,ipfitamenlegati 
 imperio parent. Porro tribunes militu, 
 quicaftris&legionibuspraserant*, im- 9 
 perium inmilites habuiffe, peruulgatu 
 eft : iisque non virgas,vt confuli aut pra?- 
 tori/ed ad terrorem audaci^jVites lido^ 
 res prgferebant:contumacesque milites 
 Romaninonvirgis, fcdvitibuspercen- 
 turioncs i externos vcro fuftibus plede-» 
 bant.qu^ poena minus infamabat^quam 
 hfitnM.i^ qusealicloreefletillata^. Sciendumeft 
 '"^*- camcn,nonlicuifte tribunis in caput ci- 
 uis Romani anmiaduertere5nequcalte- 
 c ^.iiiudi- riusquidemilitis^vt alio loco dicemus^ 
 s,^n„htart pyjj quoqucpriki moris, vtquuprin- 
 ceps ad tribunatum quepiameueheret, 
 gladium illi in manu daret : quo fignifi- 
 cabatur in milites iure militari habere 
 imperium . Praecipuum vero tribunoriJ 
 munusTuit,caftrorum&exercituscu- 10 
 ramgerere5nefinemunimento,finecu- 
 
 ftodiis
 
 Liber tertivs, lyi 
 
 ftodiisfint : peruigilesexcubiasiubere, 
 nc quid occult^ hoftes moliri poflTint: 
 milites in caftris haberedido audientcs, 
 & intentos imperio , ad exercitationes 
 ducerc , in ftationes mittere, claues por- 
 tarum fufcipere, vigilias circumire , fru- 
 mentationibus comilitonum intcrefle, 
 frumentum probare,mcforum fraudem 
 coercere, querelas militumaudire,eo. 
 rumquedehdta, feeundumfua? auctori* 
 tatis modum caftigare , valetudinarios 
 infpicere , fauciorum curam gcrerc, in 
 primisque milites ad folenni iufiuran- 
 dumadigere^ Praetereaatribunis, fiue ^loffchm. 
 in hoftes ducerc/mecaftra metari , fiue |> ^effZH! 
 in prima acic,& frontelocarijaut in fub- 
 fidijs ponijVel in ftationes, & vigilias ire 
 conueniret, teflerara milites petcbant: 
 ipfi ver 6 ab imperatore,quod dari opor- 
 tebat(ignum,a(rumebanr.Militcsquoq; 
 inconfli<5^upra?liorum fingulos& vni* 
 uerfbs hortari,et monere, atq; in ceflTan- 
 tesanimaduertere tribunipropriil mu- 
 nuserat. miffionem quoque militibus 
 perfundlis militia, ficaufam probarent, 
 exaudoritate &iuffu confulumdabat: 
 propria vero audoritate hoc faceretri- 
 bunis non licuit . Itaque Q^. Fuluius 
 
 Y 5 Flaccus
 
 Dfi IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 Flaccuscenfbr , Fuluium fratreni, quod 
 
 cohortem legionis,inqua tribunuserat, 
 
 iniuflfuconfulis mifTam fecerat, fenatu 
 
 a yaiM4x, mouit ^. Denique ducibus , tribunis & 
 
 Lii^/^fsi! centurionibus olim praecipuecuradum 
 
 ' erat,in Iocisvbiaeftiuahabebant,cogcre 
 
 tyrones milites, cum primum merere 
 
 coepiffent ftipendia, per turmas hinc in- 
 
 de crebro concurrere, decurrere, clama- 
 
 re,locum tenere, imperium facere, iufla 
 
 cxequi , feque inorbem coUigere, cu- 
 
 neum facere , & phalangcm , & fequi fi- 
 
 gna , & pati taedium ^asftus ac vigiliasaf^ 
 
 fuefcerent: ne fine confilio, fine imperio 
 
 in hoftestenderent, ne pulfiloco cede- 
 
 rent,& vt in acie quifque agnofceret or- 
 
 dines fuos, ita vt vfii quotidiano , non 
 
 minus ipfi fibiprasfcriberent5quidfa(5lo 
 
 opusforet, nechocincitantevllo, nee 
 
 imperantequoquamabaliisdifcederet. 
 
 Quae difciplina pr^ecipua Iphicrati tra- 
 
 ditur, vt fine ducis opera, milites ita in- 
 
 ftitueret in acie confiftere, vt peritiffime 
 
 difpofiti videretur. Cetcrumtribunus*, n 
 
 vcl centurio , vel alius , qui refert falfum 
 
 b/.T;/f.^.;>n) numerum militum, ftipendia interci- 
 
 ^dTo{f"*r% piens,condemnatur in quadruplum , & 
 
 Afric, dignitatepriuatur^:exconftitutionibus 
 
 vero
 
 Liber tertivs- 172 
 
 vero Gallia? capite punitur . Item lege ^ ^ 
 Iuliarcpctundarumtenetur,qui obmi- ^ i.^wl; 
 litem Icgendum mittendiimue pecuniai^'«<%.i«'. 
 acceperit':ideoqueexiIio,veletiam gra- ffii^^. 
 uiuspunirifolet^ & tyrocinijcaufada- <$ m« /, 
 tum,repeti poteft,tanquam datu ob tur- ^^^';^-^-^^ 
 pern caufam*^ . Porro qui occafione tran- c /. 3. c. <& 
 fitus, ab vrbibusvelprsediisperconcuf. ^jlf/i'^""^- 
 fionemquidaccipitjteneturinduplQd^ d A»/f».rfe 
 qui vero prouinciam nudauit , folet eo ^Xfo."'*'^' 
 remittij&quadruplureftituereiuberi*. c L. c.ai 
 
 r>E METATORIBVS SIVE MEN- ^^^^''^'''^'^' 
 
 SORI BVS. 
 
 T <ji4etatores fue men fores (juL 
 
 2 HoffttiAquomodo defigntntur milttibpu. 
 
 3 e^iliberi ftnt a moUHia accifiendi ho" 
 
 ffitio. 
 ^ Solum hofpitiummilmbft4 concede ndum, 
 S Metatorum qm abhoffitihus pcumam 
 
 Accifiunt^fosna, 
 
 C A P VT III. 
 
 MEtatorcs , flue menfores ^, non fo- 
 lum illididi^qui caftrisponendis, 
 tentoriis ac tabernaculis collocandis lo- 
 cum deliguntjac metaspra^ffniunt : qua 
 dere pulchre Polybius^: fed etiam qui f^/eRow.w 
 hofpitio cxcipiendis militibus , m vr- „,rt.^v,„. 
 bibus domos defignaturi prsecedunt, timu.i.c.^ 
 
 ^noras
 
 De ivre et off, bell, 
 & notas praefigur^diedo nomine eius, 
 qui in quaquedomohofpitio accipien- 
 duseft; quasquidekreaufusfuerir^vt 
 ^ii^Cde folfireuscodemnatura, Porroexrelcri- 
 metat, 0- E pjQ imperatoru Arcadij & Honorij*>>do- 
 htnu, c, mo in tres partes diuifa/tertia pars mi- ^ 
 •^ litideputatafuit : ita tamenvtdominus 
 
 primam habereteligendifacultatem/e- 
 cundaholpes, tertia rurfum domino re- 
 linqueretur. Taberna? quoq; mcrcibus 
 deputatg^libcrf ab hac diuifione manere 
 folet: nifi forte ftabulum miliii in tertia 
 dom'' parte deeiTet.Illuftribusauteviris, 
 no tertia pars dom*, fed dim idiadepu ta- 
 ri folet: hac videlicet conditione,vt alter 
 c d.ia, eligeretjalteraequispartibus diuideret*^. 
 Antigonusveroedixit, ne quis minor 
 quinquaginta annis hofpitio matrisfa- 
 miiiasvteretur ; 3c cufiliiidiuertifleau- 
 diffetindomumcuiufdam ^cuitres filix 
 infignesfpccieeffent : AudiOjdicebatjfi- ^^ 
 li, angufte habitare te, pluribus dominis ^^ 
 domupoffidentibus , hofpitiu laxiusac- ^^ 
 cipe;66comigrareiuffit. Miles pnetereaj 
 qui in ea ytbc domum habet^on poteft 
 peterealiam fibi hofpitij gratia defigna- 
 t^'^'^ ri **. Sunt autem liberi*ab hac hofpitio 3 
 etJM.lz, accipiendi moleftia, mcdicifacri palatij, 
 
 & vrbis
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. lyg 
 
 6c vrbis Romae magiftri liber alium artiu, 
 & pidores ingenuia. vacant quoqueab a i.Archu- 
 hac moleftiaconfulares, patricij,conru- frof.cMtt, 
 les,eorumque heredes^&alij quidigni- 
 tate pracfulgcnt : quibus omnibus ma- 
 gnamimmunitatem tribuit Arcadij im- 
 pcratorisconftitutioK & Claudius im- b»»a4cfca 
 pcracorpatrudccreto prohibuit miJites-^'*^*''**"' 
 domos fenatorias etiam falutandi cau/a 
 ingredi*^. Tenues quoque vita? homines c s^rinvu 
 cogi non debent ad fufcipiendos hofpi- '" ^^"^* 
 tio milites ^. Ceteru in vrbibus vbi funt <i / tUicUa^.- 
 
 4 milites ^folumhofpitiumillisconccdi- fTl ?' 
 tur.-ita vt nihil ab holpite,quod velipfis, 
 velanimalium paftui neceflariumiitjpc- c^tZZ', 
 terepoffint^necquidemvolentibusho- &eptd.i,.^l 
 
 5 fpitibusacdpere^ Metatores ver6*qui ^fj^^'^ofn! 
 ab hofpitibus per concuffionem pecu- nonpr^biU 
 niam acceperint^duplum eius reddere !^,,f;,t,7' 
 cogenturj&cxiliopledentur^i&confti- i'b.12. 
 tutionibus quidem Galliae capitepu- IZ/Z'J' 
 niuntur* souq' 
 
 DE MILITIBVS, ET QJI MILI- 
 
 TARE POSSVNT. 
 
 X LMiUtare mn eft peccatum. 
 2 Miittt ferrntf[um host em occidere, 
 J Mtlites qui dtcantur, 
 4- CUrici in miiitiam nonfunt recifiendi, 
 
 S Nee
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL* 
 
 S 'Kjc colonu 
 
 4f NecfefuL 
 
 7 Nee cafitdls crimwts reL 
 
 g Nee infamia Uhoyames, 
 J Nee mcmbru Aebilttati. 
 J J Milltesprohtbentur agrkultura exerare, 
 J 2 Duos militias diuerfi generis nemo habe- 
 re foteft^ 
 
 JS 3^iles mn potefi e(fefrocurator» 
 
 14 Deatatemilttari, 
 
 15 Veteramlegendi. 
 
 1 6 Proprio mtttte fotius quam exttrno v^ 
 tendum, 
 
 /7 Rom am quamdiufuo fumftHmerutrinu 
 J S Stipertdtum militum Rom^quantUfuerit, 
 
 Ck P V T III I* 
 
 Ilitarein bcllo'^iuftodeliduinno 1 
 
 eft, vt alibi ofledimus : fed propter 
 
 23V?*ir' * Pf^^sm militarcm peccatum e/t ^ vnde 
 
 virilleDeoacceptiffimusIoanes^roga- 
 
 lus a militibusdcfalute follicitis, quid 
 
 faceret: non prohibuit illis militare, fed 
 
 huce ^3, dixit, NeminemconcutiatiSjneqjcalu- 
 
 e.paratm.^. iiiam faciatiSj fed eftote contenti ftipen- 
 
 yCf ^ts diisveftris^ Itaquetamlegecanonica, 
 
 9 1- quam ciuilipermifliim eft militi* hofte 2 
 
 in bel- 
 
 M
 
 LiBHK TERTIVS. jja 
 
 inbelloocciderea; imonififecerit^rcus ic.mi,t.c.fi 
 erit imperijdefcrti vcl contempt! \ Mi- ^°*^"^"** 
 
 3 lites au tern hi demum dicuntur*, qui fa- f.adi!com\ 
 cramcnto rogatijadadiquc, & in nume- '^^ f^"'- '♦ 
 rosrclati funt.fcd & in claflibusnaut^3& ^rlZlh. 
 remigesfuntmilites^ Porrononquiuis ^ -^ '^•'"»/«. 
 ad militiam recipiendi funt , neque qui- L/^.f .t w! 
 
 4 cunquecogendi. namclerici*inprimis/"*ir «««5?. 
 militia? vacationemhabent: quodolim *^'*^' 
 Druidibus apud Gallos , qui rebus diui- 
 
 nis intererant ^concefTum fuit , qui om- 
 nium rerum immunitatem habuerunt**, d Oifarie 
 Sacerdotesquoque,quos Romulus c6- ^^^v?'»^-^'^'^» 
 ftituit, a bellicis muneribus liberi fue- 
 led CuitamenlegipoftcaptamaGallis ei^'«»-HT/. 
 vibem,adrcriptum fuif.itafacerdotibus '"**'^''^*^ 
 militiaevacationemeffc, nifibelluGal- 
 licum oriretur ^ Cicero vero 6 dicit bel- ^/^ppdebd, 
 loGallicovacationes vaIerefolitas,tu- 'vlurt'vita 
 multu vero Gallico & Italicono valuif- ^^^^i 
 k. vndeetiainfertgrauiusefTctumuItu, |^'"'V'-5 '' 
 quambellum. Sed&prohibcturclcrici 
 militate , de quibus & de (eipfodiccbat 
 Ambrofius: Non piia qu^ rantferrcajno ).y'!^!i'.f.ii 
 armaChrifti milites,feddolor,fletus,la- <^y"y'*it.i(>. 
 crymae, &orationes fueruntmihiarma "jjfii'i^i^co^ 
 aduerrushoftesh.Nemoenim,vtinquit />«* ^p 
 Appftolus ' J militans Deo implicate fe [I'/jJl . 
 
 debet
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL, 
 
 debet negotiis fccularibus. Quod fi ve- 
 nJi^tjl tbckrkus^militziiQriu amittetgradfia: 
 5*j^.8. in minoribus tamen coftitiuus, in bello 
 iuftopugnansj nifi qucm Occident, aut 
 %%^^'^^* vulneraucrit,non fit irregularis i>* Prae- 
 ghf!mljcif teteacoloni^^necvltrofeofferentesjad 5 
 €iMH.7.q,t militiam admittendi{unt,ncquecogedi 
 c ux.Q»i inuiti c. Non enim minus e repub.eft5Vt 
 mdit.pofM, {jp J qy j agros colantjquatn qui bella ge- 
 c'dfasrlll't rantd. Hincedidumeft^vtcolonijquife 
 cenfM.ii. militia dederunt, ad prioretnconditio- 
 fioicfdTa- nemreuocentur*. etenimagrorumror- 
 zrco.ccef, des cudecoremilitiaenon coueniunt^. 
 e Krlt.cje Qua tatiouc quoquefcruos *ab omni ^ 
 hitnetcoio, militia arceri Marcianus voluit : alio- 
 Tiz^c^de quincapite punirie* Refert tamen, ex 
 prep'facxub. refcripto Traiani, voluntarijfeobtule- 
 gi!^6om«r. rint, anledifint, vel etiam vicarij dati. 
 ciinmiiit. Ie(5lienimfi(int,inqui(icorpeccauit:fivi. 
 carijdati, penes cos culpa eft, qui dede- 
 rutifiipficuhaberetconditionisfua^co- 
 fcientia,venerunt,aduertendu in illos e-- 
 h p/w.f/.»/?, rit^ Etquidem fifcienre domino, ferui 
 '''•*°- obtinuenntmilitiamjpriuabiturdomi- 
 iipt.c.^i nus 8c dominij &patronatusiure '♦Por- 
 miu.fof.iAt ^^ primiim M. luniusdtaator, & T. Se- 
 pronius magifter equitum , poft Can- 
 nefemclademjdele(5tuedi6to,necefIirate 
 
 cogen-
 
 LlBlR TERTIVS. 175 
 
 cogcnte, o^omilliaiuuenuvalidorum 
 exrcruitiisjfcircitantesfmgulosjvellent 
 ne militarc , vnde voloncs didi , publice 
 emptaarmauerunta: eofdemque poftca a iM.uh.2x 
 difciplina & imperio optimos milites 
 efFecere. & idemT.Semproniusconful 
 fa6lus,legatistribunisque praecepit,ne 
 qua exprobratio cuiqiiam veterisfortu- 
 n5e5dircordiam inter ordinesfeicret • Vt 
 vetus miles tyronijUber voloni kCc exf - 
 quarifineret: omnes fatis honefiosge- 
 nerofosque ducerent , quibus anna fua 
 fignaqjpopulusRom.commififlet:quse 
 fortuna coegiflet ita fieri, eadem cogere 
 tueri fadum K Neque folum ferui , fed ^ ^'"•^'^•^5 
 quiftatuscontrouerfiam paciutur, pro- 
 hibcnturperidtcmpus ,nomen militias 
 dare:licetreuerafintliberi. item necm- 
 gcnui qui bona fide feruiunt, nee qui ab 
 hoftibus redemptifunt , priufquam fe 
 luant, inter milites recipiedifunt^. Le- d.tjmfia. 
 gimusquoqueolimpopulumRom.de- ^^;^-^*^^^' 
 dilTe operam , ne imperatoribus capite 
 ccnfosracramento rogare accede efTer, 
 quorunimiainopiarufpe(5laerat:ideoq; 
 his publicaarma noncommittebantur: 
 & primus C. Marius haric diutmaviur- 
 paiionefirmatamc6fuetudmem,capirc 
 
 Z cenlum
 
 De IVRB BT OPr. BELt» 
 
 a v-M^*. cenfum legendo militcm abrupit^ Pra?- 
 W.1.C4/..J. ^gj.^^ j.gj capitalis^criminis, voluntarij 7 
 hifmcmn. milites capitc puniuntUF b. Similiter & 
 t'Z^*^' ij quiadbeftiasdati, vel in infulam de- 
 
 portati militiae (c dederint , Icdtiuc diiS- 
 ciqmti^ft. mulauerintS Adicpusverorelegatus, 
 ^Mhtfiuu. fiexpleto fpaciofugae, militia? kdtdit^ 
 pZtt!^'^' caufam damnationis quserendarefpon- 
 
 dit Arrius Menander : vt fi contineat in- 
 
 famiamperpetuam,facrametoroluatur; 
 
 alioquin in ordinem redire, & honores 
 d 4.i^m(!i. militiae petere non prohibeatur'*. Sed & 
 $.4 um^m, .^ ^^. ^^^ adulterio vxoris Cux padus 
 
 crit, facramento foluideportariqueiu- 
 
 ei.mUtt.f. betu^^ nihilominus tamcn M. lunius 
 
 ^,^^''^ didator^poftCannenfemcladem, ciim 
 
 populus bellis attritus , militc indige- 
 
 ret 5 edixit , vt qui capitalcm fraudeaufi, 
 
 quic^j pecunia iudicati in vinculis eflcnt, 
 
 ^,. ,, quieorum apud fc milites fierent, cos 
 
 gi.^mcunq;, noxa pecuniac[;exoluiiuflurum% Pro- 
 
 c. Jthtrct. hibentur praeterea militare hserctici \S S 
 
 hiT^mi- &bmnesinfamia laborantes*K Vnde 9 
 
 u$.ff, dtht, ignominiamifli in milites rccipiendi no 
 
 TH^mcti'. ftint'. Iterainfraudcmciuiliummunc- 
 
 $.»g«dmi»M rum, nemo armata? militiaejiomen aflu- 
 
 HT.c^ mercpotcft^ &aui litis caufa railitiani 
 
 mb.^iuM appeticrit, poftulantc aduerlario folui 
 
 facra«
 
 LlBHR TBRtIVS» ^ l-jS 
 
 ikcramento debet «. Sic &quimetucri- a/.i.c.Q»f 
 ininis,in quo reus fucrat poftulatus.no- ^;;^'^'';, 
 ttienmilitixdederit, ftatim lacramcnto nocmnu.jf, 
 foluendus eft^Vagus quoque & vetera-^;;^^; j^ 
 nus non debet in tyrociniumaflumiS «mi/u. 
 indignus etiara militia iudicaduseft.qui J^;;^^;f 
 parctes^a quibuseducatus eftj maleficos 
 xo appellaucrit'^.Porromebrisdebilitati*, a/.i.m/.jf. 
 ita vt inhabiles militiaefintjin militcs re- «^ «'^/«- ^^- 
 cipiendi non lunt ^ Quo numero no elt <§..j«,//„„. 
 habendus ^ qui cum vno tefticulo natus ffMnmiiu, 
 eft, quiueamifit. namiuremilitabit/e- 
 cudumTraianirercriptum. Syllaenim, 
 & Cotta duces memorantur eo habitu 
 fuifTe naturae ^.Legimus quoqueNarfe- [^^^4^ 
 temeunuchualuftinianoexercituipr^- j*r«rw./.f. 
 pofitumfuifTc^quibeiloOftrogotorum 
 in Italia finem impofuit. Neque enim |^- ^3; 
 inod>orus vel vitiofus eft,qui vnum tan- ff.de Acd,bt. 
 turn tcftem habet.cum generare polTitg. '^'^-^^ .^ 
 Cyrusautecuftodescorporiseunuchos^r<i.cj(r.^7- 
 habuit, quo magis in officio eflent , eos l^^^-^f^j! 
 prseter illecebras voluptatum firroim- „0 /,6 n. /. 
 mum prxfidium ratus h. Ceterum nc o- ^''^'^J;/^ 
 mi(roarmorumvru,adaliudopus(ec6- i^nmomiUs. 
 II ferantmiIites,prohibentur*agricuItura ^.<'--;^;. 
 velmercaturamcxcrcere5aucquaecunq; /^^j.Vi.c. 
 negotia gerere ». Nam vt Plato in fua rr- /oc*»,- 
 
 Z a publ.
 
 De IVRE ET 01=^. BELt. 
 
 publ. conftituit , fingulos (ingulasartes 
 
 cxcrcere conuenit . vnde etiam miles a- 
 
 grum in prouincia comparare non po- 
 
 teft,neftudioagriculturse militia negli- 
 
 a f.fniiiht^ gat ». hincquoqueduas*militiasdiuerfi ^^ 
 
 f.dtnmut, generis, aut dignitatem & militiam eo- 
 
 b/.5.c.(^i dem tempore quis habere non poteft^ 
 
 tniu.pofUAx ^ Q^ eadem caufa miles procurator'efTe n 
 
 nonpoteft, nc quidem pro patre, vel 
 e /. milium. matre,vel vxore/ed tantum in rem fua*^. 
 cfi^'^cl^ Et quidem ratione pofTeHionum , quas 
 . efroctr, ^^^. j^ j^^ ^^^ aflefit, fi iudicij mutadi cau- 
 fa donatio fa<5la fuerit , agere miles non 
 d ipten.f.de poteft ^: fed prior dominusdebebirex- 
 ca$»fa. penn, nc magis litem, quam rem m mi- 
 e/,>/f.c.w litem tranftulifle videatur^. Prohiben- 
 fi^^Hi aect*- tur denique mili'tes accufare ^ .nifi in cri- 
 fare^f de mine lasfx maicflatis g, vel fuam vel fuo- 
 ^ifamofuff. riiminiunam proiequantur".Qui vero 
 aiieg i«/. militespriuatisnegotiisimplicarint,& 
 y^in^n bro. reipub.rubtraxerint,eos luflinianus pu- 
 hibint»r. c. blicatione bonorum pledi voluit \ Re- 
 Qi»«fM/:«o Hqijumeft, vtdecetate^militarialiquid 14 
 i Now/.n6. dicamus: & quide Romanos baud fere 
 icmtUtib, quenquam minorem feptem & decern 
 annis, aut fex&quadragintamaiorem, 
 tyrocinioaflcribivoluifTeconftat.idque 
 aSeruioTullioveterccenfionecautum 
 
 fuifTc
 
 .W V»- 
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. ynry 
 
 fuifle priusiquodaeuofubfcquentea C. 
 Graccho lege facrata fancitu fuit \ La- a viatj 
 borantibus tamen Romanis contra Ve- '^* Gr4cc/i. 
 ioSjdeledu habito, non modoiuniores 
 confcriptos refert Liuius^,fedetiamfe- bijfr.s.c^'^- 
 niores coados nomina dare, vt vrbis in- 
 tereacuftodiam faceret,quod.& Camil- 
 lusiufHr. Rurfumque poft Cannenfem 
 cladem Deciiis luniusdidator, iunio« 
 resdecem&reptemannis, imo& prx- 
 textatosmilitiae aflciipfit, notadq; funt, 
 qui maioresannis (exdecim illo bello no 
 militafre^t^Phoci6 vero, vt Athenien- cUkW.si. 
 fes nimis bellicofoSj a belli furore, delc- 
 ^u acerbo cohiberer, !e<fla iuuentu tc, c- 
 tiaodlogenarios emeritis ftipediis coc- 
 git nomina dare. Exftat tamen conftitu- 
 tio Fredericiimperatoris ^ qu^ dicit dcj^^,^ 
 duelloagenSjmaioremlcxagintaannis,'^ ?'*^<- & 
 & minorem viginti quinque non teneri Zl^JT^r'^ 
 perfeipfumpugnare. Hiftoriaverola- '""" •^"'' 
 crae dicitjDominum pr^ecepifle Moyfi, 
 vtomnes Ifraelttasvigefimum^tatis an- 
 num excedenteSjmilitiacaflcriberet.qua 
 «tatem etiam idoncam militia: cenfuit 
 Plato, Vt vt fitjbene pr3ecipitur,vt ty ro- 
 nem quasrat, qui vetcranum non habet, 
 15 Longc *cnim pluris facieda eft exerci ta* 
 
 Z 3 torum 
 
 s mtm, I .
 
 De ivre et o!=f. bell. 
 toru m vetcranoru parua manus , quam 
 indodla & belli expcrs multltudo , quae 
 c^di expofira minima qugqueformidat, 
 &fugam magis quamgloriam medita- 
 ^ve^etjere ^^^'^* Itaquc Akxandef 5 mortuo patrc 
 imittji,i,c.\ Philippo,cum quadraginta millibus ve* 
 teranorum, quos illi pater optimeeru- 
 ditos5& rei bellicf peritos reliqueratjva- 
 rias innumerabilesque hoftium copias 
 fuperaiiir, & plurimas orbis terraru pro- 
 u Jncias fubegit* & idem dudurus contra 
 Darium veteranos peritos belli , magna 
 cura militia: affcripfit,& parua manu in- 
 genrem Perfarum numerum fudit^fu- 
 gauitque. Soletquoqueveteres ex cor- 
 poris habitudine, fiaptimilitiae, fi lato 
 pedorcjfi ceruice ereda, fi fortes^fi ftre- 
 nui , qua? fpecies , qualisque vigor, & 
 quodroburvirium foret , internofcere, 
 vt illoru m f orti fideliquc opera refpubh 
 vtipoflct. Vnde Cato pingucmilitem, 
 velutreipubl.inutilemcenfuitjCuius in- 
 ter guttur & inguen cundafubvcntris 
 dominioforent. Admonendi quoquc 
 funt principeSjVt potiuspropriomili- 
 te^,quam externo^qui non tarn proglo- iS 
 ria, quam ftipendio militant, in bellov- 
 tantur.cxemplo TuUi Hoftilij: qui cum 
 
 Romaoi
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. 178 
 
 Roman! quadragintaannis in pace & o- 
 tio vixiflent belli expertes,& bellum gc- 
 rerc inftituiflct , afpernatus externa au- 
 xilia, fuos tatum ad armaexciuitj& bre- 
 ui teporedifciplma opiimosmilitesef- 
 fccit. Longecnim tutiiTimafiintdome- 
 ftica prasfidia, & longe aptiora funt pro- 
 pria arma , quam aliena • quod nobis 
 qiioque oftediffe videtur hiftoria facra. 
 nam Dauid cum fe offerret ad (ingularc 
 certamen cum Goliath Philiftaso : & 
 Saul, vt illianimumadderet, fuisarmis 
 illQ armaflet: Dauid noluit iis vti, quod 
 lis impcdireturjfed propriis tatiim, fun- 
 da fcilicet, &baculo congrefllis hoftem 
 proftrauit^.EtquidefiomninoexternisaR^.^'<'«J 
 auxiliis dux belli vti velit , aut neceffiias 
 cogat : illudcauendumpra:cipue,neita 
 illis crcdat , vt non plus fui roboris , fua- 
 rumque virium in caftris habeat: ne me- 
 mo eieueniat,quod Cn.Scipioniin Hi- 
 fpaniacum Afarubale bellum gerenti* 
 nam Afdrubal,animaduertens exiguum 
 Romanorum exercitum in caftris Cn# 
 Scipionis 5 & fpem omnem in Celtibc- 
 roruanxiliiscfle , per occulta coUoquia 
 cum Celtiberorum principibusconue- 
 nit, magna mercede, vtcopiasindeab- 
 Z 4 ducerent.
 
 Db IVRC ET OFF«BClt« 
 
 ducerenr,neucbe!Ium gereretrnecme- 
 tus a R omanis erat 5 quippe tarn paucis^ 
 nefe retinerent . Quod exemplam pra 
 documentohabendu Romanisducifaus 
 
 2hb,2$. fuadet Liuius^. Conftantinopolitanus 
 autemimperator , cum propriisarmis 
 careret, accercitisauxiliisTurcarum, vc 
 feavicinistuereturjCofdeni finite bello 
 cxpellcrc no potuit.vnde vniacrfa Grf- 
 cia Turcarum dominio fubadacft. Noii 
 itaque Cyri confiliumprobOj quinon 
 ex ciuibus legendos milites, fed veldt o- 
 prfmosequoselonginquoquaeriopor- 
 teredicebat: neque Alexadrinorum vc- 
 luftum morem, qui nullos milites nifi 
 peregrinos admittebant . Re^tius Ro- 
 roani qui quo milite proprio abunda» 
 Tcr, in foederc quod cum Antiocho pcr- 
 cufterunt^cauerutne milites (iibditionc 
 populiRom.conducere,autvolLitafios 
 
 b Litf.w.38 habere liceret^ :& cum bello cum Pyr- 
 
 ^^,tnbeih j-hocontenderent, quamuis bis prselio 
 vi6^iy auxilia tamen a Carthaginienfibus 
 
 iUfiM.ii. miffaremiferuntc. Ceterum notatudi- 
 
 gnumeft, milites Romaninominis%a ly 
 conditavrbe, perannos fere trecentos 
 quinquaginta, fuo fumptu& impenfe 
 meruiire.partem enimanai fubpellibus 
 
 milita«
 
 Liber tbrtivs, 179 
 
 mflitabant;partcm verb libcrisjvxon, flc 
 
 5)enatibus5{ibiqueac fatnilia?, agrp m co- 
 endo 6c rei ruftic^ nauado operam pa- 
 rabar* Quoautem tempore debello in- 
 dicendo Veijsagebatur, vbi diutina 6c 
 dificili obfidione opus erat, & hyeroan- 
 do continuare bellum , Romani vdli Sc 
 neceffirio exeplododi, fenatusdecreto 
 militibus (lipendium de publico coUata 
 ftipeftaruere: cumanteid tepusdefuo 
 quifquefunduseomunereeflet^ Por* hLmM,^: 
 ro pod Canneniem cladein illacam, rata 
 inciinacio animorum fuic^ad fuftinenda 
 inopiam aerarij, vtnoneques, noncen- 
 turio,(tipendium acciperent : merccna- 
 riumque increpantes vocarent , quiac- 
 18 cepiflet **. Stipendium vcro^militum bLw.w.24 
 Aotn. fuille decern afTes diurnos indicac 
 Tacitus "^yCu ait: Mili'tes in ilia feditione ^ *'" '^ 
 Pannonica inter alia coquefto$,dcnis in hb'Jl '^* 
 diem affibus animam& corpus asftima- 
 ri: hinc veftem, arma, tentoria, hinc fe- 
 uitiam ccnturioiium, & vacationes mu* 
 nerumredimi; itaq; petiiflevtfingulos 
 denarios mercrcnt. Ex quibusapparec 
 quod quamuis denarius priraum aefti- 
 matusfuerit decern aflibus, quapropter 
 & decufle x. fignabatur : tamen poftea 
 
 Z 5 tempo-
 
 Db IVRE tr OFF. BEll. 
 
 temporibus au^m fuifle denarij aefti* 
 
 marionem. Itaquc Q^Fabio Max.di(5ta- 
 
 torejCiim Annibalpremeretrempubl. 
 
 denarium xvj. afBbus permutatQ fuinh 
 
 fcribit Plinius ; qui tamen in miliiari fti- 
 
 pediodenarium pro decern ailibus fern- 
 
 a hh.ii.e.i per datum fuifleaflerit*. praetorianasvc- 
 
 b Tacthtt ro cohortes binos dcnarios accipiebat*»* 
 
 Anns.ui. Huncvcro denarium fi cum noftritem- 
 
 mm, caf.z, pofis monctaconfcramusin pondere & 
 
 lAu^mm- valorCjfcreafqualemfuifleregaliHifpa- 
 
 gM. nico pod: Enda^um 6r alios aperre oflen* 
 
 ditCouarruuias^iitavtftipcndiumno* 
 
 ftrorum militum^nihilautparuma Ro- 
 
 d Afc. in mano ftipendio differaf*. Stipendium 
 
 ^^t ver6equitum Rom» quantum rueritjna 
 
 iisitiscondat, quam quodaflignabancur 
 
 illis equi publici ^ 6c in praeda^diuifione 
 
 nonnunquam triplum, nonnunquadu- 
 
 plum eius quod pedites ferrent. Itaque 
 
 ex prseda^quam L.yEmilius Paulus kct^ 
 
 e 2*.j J* rat, Pcrfeo sidio^ pedi ti, inquit Liuius % 
 
 infingulos centenidati, duplex centu* 
 
 rioni J triplex equiti, ex quo nonnulli de 
 
 ftipendio cquitis conie<5hiram faciunt* 
 
 ^^•55. (eaalio loco idem Liuius ^ expraeda E* 
 
 piricluitatum,quajadPer(eadefcccrant, 
 
 unium fuifle,vt in cquites ccccdenarij, 
 
 pediti*
 
 Liber tertivs. 180 
 
 pcditibusduceni diuidercntur. Itaquc 
 nihil ccrti hac de re affirmarc aufim . il- 
 lud ccrte coftat, equitcs in maximo ho- 
 noreapud Romanes fuiflc* 
 
 DE SACRAMENTO MILITARL 
 
 1 LMilitU fACTAmcnto'non aJfcriptM mi- 
 
 I'ttare non fourat. 
 
 2 Sacr Amentum quomo^o frAilAYtfoUtum» 
 ^ Varu formuU iurAndi. 
 
 4 ^uale iur Amentum Apud LAcedxmomos 
 
 fraslAri folitum, 
 $ ^Ji^ ^ttu SAmnites iurArent, 
 6 lujiurandumfuhcrum Athenienfium. 
 
 C A P V T V, 
 
 I ^VJE M I N I apud Romanes ^ militare 
 •*-^ permifTum fuit, necquidemhofte 
 gladio petere, qui facramcnto militari 
 nonefretaflcriptusrperindeqiieincuni 
 militaris animaduerfio fuit , qui hoftem 
 militi» facramcnto non afTcriprus occi- 
 deret , quam qui due aut focium iniuria 
 affeciflet. itaquccumPompilius, velvc 
 alijleguntjPaulusiEmiliusjVnamlegio- 
 nem,&Catonisquoquefilium, qui in 
 cademlegione mih'tabat, dimififlfet, & 
 Catonis filius ardore pugnandi in excr- 
 
 cim
 
 De IVRl ET OFT. BELL. 
 
 cltu raanfifletiCatoad Pompiliumferi- 
 pfit,vti, fi eura pateretur.in excrcitu ma- 
 nere , fecundo eum obligaret militias fr 
 cramento: quia prioreamiffOjiurc cum 
 hoftepugnarenonpoflet. Idemquoq; 
 (cribebat adfilium,vt caucret, nepraeliu 
 inheu negans ius efle , qui miles non fit, 
 aCic.o^c. pugnarecumhofte'.Sedprius^fiiafpo- i 
 ''^*^* tc decuriati equites > centuriati pedites, 
 facramenta mutuo prseftabant • Paulo 
 dcinde^milio&TerentioVafroneco- 
 fulibus, primum, quod nunquam ante 
 fa(^um erat,milite$ a tribunis militum^a 
 voluntario facramento ad legitimu. iu& 
 iurandura adadi fucre . Quod quidem 
 imperator praeftare tenebatur primus, 
 fiiomox ordine fubfequebantur legati, 
 deinde tribuni5deinde centurioncs, po- 
 lleadecuf iones , mox prxk^i caftrorfi, 
 demum milites : quod fingulisannis,ca- 
 kadis lanuariis denuopraeftabatutr lu- 
 rabantautem perdeos*folenneiurame- ^^ ^ 
 tumjfe'iufTu confulum conuenturos^ne- ^, 
 que iniuffii abituros : fefe fugae neq; for- ^ 
 midiniscrgo nonabituros,nequeexor- „ 
 dine recefluros.nifi teli furaendi,aut pe- „ 
 tcndi,aut hoftis fcriendi, aut ciuisferua- ,, 
 b ikMM di caufa t>. Poftcrioribus vero teporibus, ,j 
 
 vtre*
 
 Liber tertivj* jgi 
 
 vtrefcrtVegetius\iurabantmilitcspcr a ienmiuc, 
 peum,& Chriftunij&Spiritumlanau, ^^«^.w^j, 
 6c per maieftatem imperatoris (cui , in- 
 quitjtanq uamcorporalideo fides & dc- 
 iiotiopraeflanda eft) fc omnia ftrenuc fa- 
 ^uros,quse imperator iuberet, militiam 
 nunquam deferturos^neque mortem re- 
 cufaturospro Rom. rep. Nonnunquam 
 vero cum ingens fubeuda dimicatio qC- 
 (etj&in cxtremu difcrimen resveniflet: 
 militcs nifi vidis jdebcllatis, fufisq^ho- 
 ftibusvi^oresforentj fe in caftranun* 
 quam redituros, iurarefoIitosfuifTele- 
 gimus. Quod M, Fabio & Cn. Manlio 
 confl. bellocotra Veientes& Hetrufcos 
 fadumfuit, namciimconfulescaftrisfe 
 teneren t , neque m iliti arma crederen t : 
 (quod priore anno odio Caefonis FabiJ 
 confulis, fulbs hoftes ab equitatu pedes 
 infequinoluifret5iniufruqueconfuIisfi- 
 gnaincaftraretuliflent) primus M. Fla- 
 uolenusjardorepugna? : Vidorjinquit, 
 M.Fabircuertar ex acie : fi fa Hat, louem 
 patrem,gradiuumque Martemjaliosque 
 iuratos inuocatdeos : & idem deinceps 
 omnis cxercitusinfe quifqueiurabat^ ^ LmMhal 
 Similiter ciim prope Dyrrachium Po- 
 pcius conftitiflct jcaftraque mctariiuf. 
 
 fiffet,
 
 De IVRE BT OfV* BELt* 
 
 fiflct, pcrterrito exercitu^ Labienusvt 
 
 cxercitum c6firmarct>> princeps iurabac 
 fe Portipeium non dcferturum , eudcm- 
 ^uecauiin fubiturum, quemcunque ei 
 fortuna tribuifler : hoc idem reliquiiu- 
 rabant legati*3 hoc tribuni militum,cen» 
 turionesque fcquebantur , atque idem 
 zQafarh omniscxercitusiurabata. Et idem La- 
 H 55v*ii».3 bienusjcum Pompeius prselio decertare 
 cum Caefare c6ftitui(ret,primus iurauit, 
 fenifividorcmincaftrano reuerfurum, 
 reliquosque vtidemfacerent, hortatus 
 eft. noclaudas Pompeius, idem iurauit, 
 nee ex reliquis fuit quifquam,qui iurare 
 bc^f,iehd, dubiraret ^ . Petreius quoque legatus 
 •^•^•^* Pompeij/uisde tranfitione ad Qlarcm 
 per colloquia agetibus,ab omnibus iuC- 
 iurandumexegitjfeexcrcitumjducesq; 
 non deferturos , ncque prodituros, neq; 
 fibi fcparatim a reliquis cofiHu'm captu- 
 res: & princeps inhale verba iurabatip- 
 fe, &adidemiu(iurandumadegitAfra- 
 nium:fubfequebantur tribuni militum, 
 centurioncsque : centuriatim produdi 
 cCafJehJ, militesidem iurabant '. Alexandri vero 
 omijA.i, * militesin verba ipfiusipfopra^eunte iu- 
 rabant, eofdem fe inimicos amicosque 
 jfqiCwtiiw habituros, quos ipfe habuiffet*** Hoc
 
 LiBBR TBRTIVS- 1^2 
 
 4 eiiam iuramentuapud Laceda?monios * 
 pr^ftarefoliti funt milites, eoftie fcilicet 
 cumimperatoreamicos inimicosq; ha- 
 biturosivtquebonorum, malorumque 
 firma cofenfio inter eos & federatio cf- 
 
 5 fet. AtSamnites^inmagnodifcrimine, 
 muquodamfacramenti vetufto, velut 
 ixiitiatismilitibus, deledum habebant; 
 ^facrificiofolennimoreperfedo, per 
 viatorem impcrator acciri iubebat no- 
 biliffimumqucmquegenerejfaaisque, 
 & circumftantibus ceiunonibus,ftridis 
 gladiis, admouebatur altaribus miles, 
 magis vt vidima, quam vt facri parti- 
 ceps : adigebaturque iureiurando , quae 
 vifaauditaquein eolocoeffent, non e- 
 nunciaturum : deinde iurare ccgcbatur, 
 diroquodam carmine in execrationem 
 capitis/arailiae&ftirpiscompo(ito,nifi 
 iffttin prxlium quoimperatoresduxif- 
 fent: &/iautipreexaciefugiflcc, autff 
 quern fugientem vidifTet^non extemplo 
 occidiflet.idqucabnuentesiuraturosfe 
 obtruncabantur circa altaria ; iacentes 
 deinde inter ftragcm viaimarum,docu- 
 mento ceteris fuereneabnuerent^.Iuf- , ^j^^, 
 
 6 iurandumautem*puberum Athenien- 
 fiu,cxiEfchino tale fuiffe conftat: Arma 
 
 ian<^ 
 
 19
 
 Db IVRE BT OTF, BEtt. 
 
 (anfta neutiquamcum dedecore trafia* 
 bOjCoramilitonemj quicunque mjhiin 
 acie adiundus fucrit, in perkuio no de- 
 feram. pro aris&focis, tarn folusquara 
 cum multisftrenue pugnabo. patriam, 
 qualem &quatam inuencro,nequemi- 
 norem^nequedeteriorcm, fed & maiorc 
 3c mcliorem relinquam. Memoriae quo- 
 que proditum eft, Athenicfes^cum pro- 
 pter quotidianas contentiones5& viola- 
 tum ius gentium, infenfi MegarcnCbus, 
 & animo hoftili eflent : quoties milites 
 folito militari facrameto adigebant,hoc 
 etiam iufiurandum illos fubire coegifle, 
 fe intra militia? tempus5quotannis quo- 
 quo modo pofTentjMegarcnfium agros, 
 fincsque infefto cxercitu inuafuros, & 
 peruaftatisagris , nihil intadum relidtu- 
 ros, atque in cos omni clade belli grafla- 
 turos. Ccterum illud notandu eft,qu6d 
 fiabvniuerfoexercitu Romano iuiiura- 
 dumconfuli pr^efladum cffet, fatis fuific 
 ficenturio, veltribunus, exercitus no- 
 mine J concepns verbis fubiimi voce iu- 
 raret: omnisque multitudo5& (inguli 
 milites communi conrpiratione^& con- 
 fenfuin eadem verba filentio in fequifq; 
 iuraret : hocque iufiurandum, ac (icon* 
 
 cepta
 
 Liber tertivs. 183 
 
 ccpta verba finguliexprefliffentjperinde 
 tenebat) atquefandum &illibatum ha- 
 bebatur» Nonomittendumquoque fo- 
 lere tribunos conuenientes, vbi caflra 
 metati cffent, ab omnibus, qui in caftris 
 effent, liberispariter&feruis, fingula- 
 tim iuliuradum exigere, fe nihil e caftris 
 furto ablaturos ; imo fi quis ctiam inue- 
 niffetquippiam, id allaturumadtribu- ^p^^^ ^^ 
 
 nOS \ Kom,caJlr, 
 
 DE MISSION E. 
 
 / MiliiU ftmda(j'crtptus deleri^equihai* 
 
 2 CH ties afignls aht^c non foUU^ 
 
 ^ Trta m't^ionum genera , 
 
 4 Homfla mifio. 
 
 $ Caufaria mtf^io^ 
 
 6 Ignominiofamifio, 
 
 y Jgnom'miadiffert abinfamU, 
 
 8 ^ui ignominia mini pofwt, 
 
 p ^uartum mi^ionis gentii, 
 
 1 Solm imperator mifionem darcfotefi» 
 
 C A P VT Vl. 
 
 I \4'IIitias femel aflcriptus*, nifi pro- 
 A^-'-pterdemerita exaudorarus forcr, 
 ipfonolentedclcri nequibat. fuitcnim 
 latalexfacratamilitaris.M.ValerioCor- 
 uino diftatore , ne cuiufquam militis 
 
 a fcripci
 
 De IVHB ET OFF. BELL, 
 
 fcripti nomen, nifi ipfo volentc, delere- 
 a u^.hh.y. tur ^ Sed nee miles *, donee facra mento ^ 
 
 folutus efTer, a fignis abcffe, vel miliiiam 
 bi.pdin.f dercrcrepoierat^Fuereautemtria*mi(-3 
 ^'^'"^Tom- fio^u^"'^ gcnera^qulbus miles exaudora- 
 nel'fdere baturj& facrameto foluebatur: honefta, 
 '"'I'^' , caufaria.^ ignominiofa ^ honefta* quae 4 
 
 clmdttts^' . .' .t) pro.- J- 
 
 jrw/7» §»n./- ementisllipendiis,& tundtis commodis 
 )ionum.fdi niifTionum, vacationis muneredonaba- 
 
 re mutt. /-2. _ i j- o 
 
 / dthuqot tur. quo tempore Icutajgladios^&arma 
 »o/.K*/u. dicarefolentLaribus, ficutgladiatores 
 Herculi:qu6ddiisiuuantibusperfundi 
 militia, rudem accepiflenr^quod miflTio- 
 nis tempus militi quinquagenario fuit 
 definitum. Auguftus tamen his,qui ma- 
 iores quinque & quadraginta annis e- 
 quum retinere nollenr, reddendi equi 
 gratiamfecir,illosquevelutemeritisfti- 
 pcndiisdimifit. Alijnifidecennioftipe- 
 dia meruifTer, miffionem petere nemine 
 putarunt poiTe. More tamen Romano 
 militarcfacramentum in vndecimfidif^ 
 fundebaturannum,quoexado, militia 
 perfuniflismifTiodabatur.Deindevtde- 
 cimus fextus annus (lipendij finem face- 
 ret, Tyberio imperantecautumfuit,qui 
 ctiam militiae tempus ad vigefimum an- 
 num produxit: cauitquevtnifipoftvi- 
 
 geflmum
 
 Liber tertivs. ig/j 
 
 gefimum annum miffio railitj dareiur, 
 quod iuri noftro co^uenit^& ita mifTus a ireietmt, 
 habet a ciuilibusmuneribusvacatione, J^"^f^r*3* 
 &plurimispnuilegiisgaiidet^.Caufaria e^^H/'il, t 
 5 ver6*milIiodicitur,cumfeneda,autva- '^it.cMhk 
 letudine aduerfa , vitioue corporis , mi- ^IJ"/^".'^^; 
 nus idoneus militia? quis renunciatur. M. '»* «o. 
 Qua? non facile concedi folet, nifi renu- 1^»^.^^"" 
 ciantibus medicis , & iudice diligenter /»<« c.d.<rt. 
 examinantevitium : & (emelconcefla, ,^^/^,5"*'**' 
 no folet miffiis iterum admitti praerextu 
 recuperataevalecudinis*^. fed &: ex qua- cifmd.c. 
 cunquccaufa mifluSjdenuoinmilitianij ^^'"^'i*iz 
 fine mandaco principis^admitti non po- 
 teftd.&quidemexhiscaufis mifTus, ha- ^^'^^jf^ 
 bcbitquoquevacationema muncribuSj 
 quamuis non perpetuam«. nee enim iis 1/«!^^«^ 
 priuilegiisfruitufjquibusijjqui imple- doq;,cumf!q, 
 lis ftipendiismiffi funt : aliis tamen ve- £i/' **'"*-^ 
 teranorum priuilegiisgaudebit, & prx- 
 mia veteranisconcefia percipiet f. Cau- {i.mUus^. 
 faria enim miflfio, nullam exiftimationis ^^■§*ii'*i 
 maculam afpergitg: & honeftaquoquef /.l^upl': 
 miffio dicirurMta vero miffos vocat Li- ^ ''«'•« w^»'. 
 uius > caufarios, cum ait: Tertius cxcrci- n ml ifu 
 tusexcaufariisfenioribusq; a T. Quin- tfim,ks. $. 
 tiofcribatur,quivrbi moenibusque prg - t\lTJf.M, 
 6 fidiofit^ lgnominio(aver6*mi/lio,quaf » ^.7. 
 
 a 2 &pro-
 
 De tvre et off. bell. 
 
 & probroradicitur,eftcum miles obde* 
 
 lidum , vel crimen (acramento foluirur. 
 
 di.i.f.d4 ^ jj2 mifTusexedido prsetoris fit infa- 
 
 ^/. misa:&dignitatcconlequinonpoteft^: 
 
 b /.5. c. de ^^^ j j^ yj.^g cofiftere poteft, nee alibi vbi 
 
 /.I. c.dt/;« princepself-.EtquidemiineignominJse 
 cjittmnimpi mentionc mifTus, nihilonninusignomi- 
 c /.v«/im< nia milius intelligitur, vt Marcianus vo- 
 '?'*^'^i?l luit^.VIpianus tamecaufamignominise 
 rTf!^u Lz. addendammiflionicenfet% Adtempus 
 §t^momimf. vero miflTis, temporeinpletononpor- 
 «ox. ,;,//.^2?ngifurinfamia^. Sciendum autemcft* 7 
 c.<io«f»»/i^ igiiominiam ab infamia differre, vt ex 
 TmdJ.mt. Cicerone fatiscoftatg-.quidicitanimad- 
 btes a^a- ^. uerfionem cenforis non eam vim, quam 
 ifr^iitf' ^^^ iudicatse habere. cenforis enim iudi- 
 ^pUj,2,^' cium nihil feredamnatoadferre^quam 
 'i'!dTZ%iii ruborcm , & ignominia notare : qu» in 
 n»t.mf, nomine tantummodo verfatur : & fie 
 L^w^ef "of^fisadhonoremaditum, & in curia 
 ii, dahfitnt. reditumefTeialiasvcro turpi iudicioda- 
 ^*^;*°' ,, naros.inperpetuumomnihonoreacdi- 
 apitdiion.e' gnuatc priuan, & infamia notari . mra- 
 »*» '^'^« mia enim non nifi per fentetiam infcrri 
 Cpi/Tr^w. potcft^. Sic ignominia miffiolim non 
 ff.de p,^. erant infames, donee prxtoriscdidlo eC- 
 Ui.fjehii fcdieffent infames*. I taque ignominia 
 y»'»wt.^/. illadicipoteft, quam interpretesnoftri 
 
 vocant
 
 Liber tertivs. jg^ 
 
 vocantinfamiamfa(5ti:infamiaver6,qua 
 infamiam iurisappellant.Non ignoran- 
 8 dumqiioquceft^nonfolumgregarium 
 militem, kd etiam centurionem , tribu- 
 num, imo etiam qui exercitui praeeft, li- 
 cet confulanbus vtatur infigniis , igno- 
 minia? caufaab imperatore mitti pofle, 
 &ifa miflum nota infamiae laborare ^•.g; jj„p,, 
 Itaqiie CX^efar C.Anienum tribunum ff'dehitqui, 
 decimse legionis in praefentia exercitus '"'•'"•^* 
 3, cum ignominiadimi(ir,his verbis: C^A- 
 j, niene, quod in Italia milites populi Ro, 
 3, contra rempubl inftigaili, rapinasqjper 
 3, municipia recin:i5quodque mihi, reique 
 3, publico fuiftiinutihs, tuaque opera mi- b am. hiV, 
 35 litibus tempore neceflario refp. carcat, ^'^^'^ ^'^^' 
 33 obeasreSjCaufaignominisejabexercitu c tMz.^. 
 „ meo teremoueo.hodiequeex Africaa-*^»»-^/' 
 33 bene, & quanto longius pores, proiicilci not.tnf. 
 ,, iubeo^. Vltrahaecrria mifTionu genera. '^ i^.^ffto- 
 p qua? enarrauimus,Vlp,adiecit*quartiV* qmolmiino. 
 Si quis eiiim euitandorum mnnerfi gra- <^ »»00»/»»«. 
 tia militiam fubiirjCxaudorari iubetur^ ;f /^^'^^^'^'. 
 qu^miiTio exiQimationem nonlsedit*^^ '«'»'« «*J-^. 
 10 Ceterumrolusimperaror^vclduxcxer- "^^^ao'r^tZ' 
 citus milTionemdare poteft ^ Vnde Q. jfJeremi'it. 
 FuluiuscenforFuluium fratremcohor- ['^ -^«t 
 temlegionis, in qua tnbunus raaitum mf. 
 
 a 3 erat,
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELt. 
 
 .r ,w eratjiniufTucofiilisdomuramittereau- 
 hb,z.iaf.7, lUiDjienatumouit^ 
 
 DE PRIVILEGIIS MILITVM. 
 
 J LMiles ex caufa aris alieni in career em 
 
 dud non fotefi, 
 2 ^n nohilcs idem priuilegium habeant, 
 $ Triuilegium ne quis c&uematur^ niji qua* 
 
 tenus facer efotefi^ quale (it, 
 
 4 Mtlitis abJcmU bona creditoribies addict 
 
 rjonfojjunt, 
 
 5 Miles excufatur a iutela dr a dicendo U* 
 
 fi into mo. 
 
 6 Res militis non caditin commijfum ob no 
 
 folutum veCiigal. 
 / Res emptapecunia milit^^ efi militii, 
 S Miles trans fert onusfrobandi indehitum 
 
 in aduerfanum, 
 p CMilninonmcetiurisignorantia, 
 J Juris ignorantia in deliSiis non excufat, 
 1 1 Miles non fuhijcitur qudftioni nee pie* 
 
 heiorum poenls, 
 J 2 Militia non liber at fliu a patriapotefiate^ 
 J J Filiusfamilias miles, quoad caHrenfepey 
 
 eulium^pro patrefam, habetur, 
 J jf ^id cenfeatur calirenfis effepeeulif. 
 fS D ete (lament is militum. 
 1 6 Ex mtUtaridds^if cApudamnatia tefla- 
 
 mMum
 
 LiBER TERTIVJ» jg^ 
 
 mentum confer e foteH^ 
 J/ ^onA m'llitu , qui fttcce^orem non hahet 
 
 defer untur legtoni, 
 jS Miles qui inconfulto adiithereditatem^ 
 
 non tenet ur vltra vires her edit Arias, 
 J p Mulieri concuhind donare non potefl, 
 2 9 IdortuHs in hello in sternum viuere in* 
 
 telligitur, 
 2 1 Miles in hello mortutu frodeli patri ad 
 
 ius trtum liber or urn. 
 2Z Priuilegia mtlitum ad aliorum iniuriam 
 
 non forriguntuY . 
 2i Vrxmiamortuis debit a ^ dantur fliis, 
 24 Militaria piudegiaiis tantum^ qui flrQ^ 
 
 nu i militant pr^slantur, 
 2 s Non fhlhm mtlitihn6 ifedetiam all is a ui 
 
 caflr a fequuntur ^quAdam priuilegia mi- 
 
 Ittaria conceduntur, 
 26 Midteres quAtaflrafequuntur ^ qua fri- 
 
 udegia haheant, 
 2 J An milttes noflr'ttemforis gayJeant pri" 
 
 Hilegiis militnm, 
 
 C A p V r V I r. 
 
 CVm,vt rede Cicero ait phonos alat a t./M. 
 artes , & omnesincendamurad flu- ^^'^^^ '• 
 dia gloria», iaceantq;eafemper5qu^apud 
 quofqueimprobantur: prudenter pro- 
 
 a 4 ftdlo
 
 . ^ De ivrb et off. bell, 
 
 tmZuiliff, ^^^o Romani(qui belli gloria praecipue 
 dere,(td adtantumfaftigium perucnere) magno 
 hb.z/ ' inhonorcdifciplinammilitarehabuere: 
 c m ^.fitKt vnde etiam militibus plurima & amplif- 
 Stfl^wwil!* fif^a priuilegia concclTcre , quoru fum- 
 ditnconde. 1113 tatuQi Capita brcuitatiscaufa hic pcf- 
 ng°Z,i.m ft^ngcmus.Ec in primis miles *cxcaufi i 
 terns, ffie aerisalieiiiin carceremducinon poteft: 
 evf'l'i.mi- ^"on nifiquarenusfacere poteftjCoue- 
 Its. & Bald, niri^»quod &rapudEgyptios legecautu 
 c!^t*bf/ ^"^^ .nonconucniturjinquam^nifiqua- 
 cti^ofAitx. tenuspoteft, id eft: quatenus facultates 
 7otsZTff ^^"^ patiunrurjVtaitluftinianus'^ihabita 
 de v»i^. is- iciXyQ^x, ratione ne egeat ^ . vnde bonis 
 ^^M' & ^^^^^^"^^^"^^"^» vt eft communis do- 
 DD. /I i,\. <5torum opinio c. Quodtamenitaplcri- 
 mUs^f^ctt queprocederearbitrantunfidebitumfit 
 c.detefi,mii. cotraCtum m caitris & ex caula mihtiaj f. 
 g/.v/r.c^d quodindubiopraefuraiturg. Etquidem 
 h i.aitacau> ^^aic pHuiIcgio rcnunciari non poteft:", 
 j<t^^.eie?an' ciim perfonsecoha^rcat , noncotraduii. 
 in. ff, /oi. ' Wcm putant efte plcrique in priuiJegio 
 •?»«^ eorum, qui*nobilitatisdignitatedcco- 2 
 
 h^Z^'nJ' fantur^^. Quodlicetiurccommuni du- 
 f.dertxwr. bium fit, fcgia tamen Hifpaniarum lege 
 .«/"c'q'k* conftitutum eft in his, quos Hidalgos 
 hu.cej.poff, vocanti. Scdneciurecommuni,nec Hi- 
 tJno!f!^d^ rpanojhi nobileshabentpriuilegiumne 
 -vitig.&pup. conue-
 
 Liber tertivs. 187 
 
 conueniantur vltra , quam facere pot 
 funtjCum id nullibi expreflum fitjfed ta- 
 tum ne ex caufa seris alicni in carcerem 
 ducantura. Arma tamen, & equij & do- a Cmm. tr 
 musvbihinobiles habitant, oppigno- tu&t^'^u 
 rari,veiincaufamiudicatiaccipin6pof- cen/ww. 
 funtbrnifi forte rcgi quid debearurc.Iure ^ ^.^xi^ 
 quoq;Communi, arma militu in caufam 5•t'^2./l6,4. 
 iudicatiaccipinopofTunt^ridqimerito; '/1^/24. 
 arma enim vcteres mcbra militum efife cHaddft.ta^ 
 dicebant. Sedncc in ftipendia militum "Xtc'cr 
 fieri debet executio , (i aliude poteft ere- a/c.w/.«?/»m 
 3 ditori^atisfierl^ Sciendum veroiftud;; IZt^^. 
 priuilcgium , ne quis conueniatur ni(i BWd.<»a<««'. 
 quarenus facere poteft , nonefTeobliga- 'f^fcyn!^ 
 tioniSjneca^tioniSjneciudicati.naador saUc. ;«/.u 
 poteft folidum pcrere, fed iudexcodem- ^f^'^''^-JJ^ 
 nabittantiim in id, quod facere poteft ^ CMix<cjti 
 Etquamuis index pererrorem condem- ff'^^^^^^^ 
 naueritin folidum, non poteft adoriu- //a/. m^f./l 
 dicatuexequi, nifiquatenus reus facere ^Zi^t 
 poteft^. eoquefenfudicitur Ipectari tc- ^;,ro/-wi9. 
 pus rei iudicat2e^\ Vndequamuis tern- gf Ne/?»;;««# 
 pore fententi;sfuerit reus ioluedo, pro- h /.«m«j». 
 deritnihilominus exceptio». Porrofa- ^t^-ff-foU 
 iiore militig non folum milites,(ed non- ^ l!ier,im.^, 
 nunquametiammilitare volentes, car- «>««-/.^ 
 cerefolutifuerunt.namP*Seruiliusc6*'^°'**'- 
 
 a 5 ful,Vol-
 
 De tVre et off. bell. 
 ful, Volfcis bellum inferentibus, edixit, 
 ncquisciuemRomanumvindum, auc 
 clauiumtencret, quo minus i inominis 
 aLiV^i.2. cdcndiapudconfulespoceftasfieret*. & 
 ddndeM.Iuniusdid:ator,poACanncn- 
 icmclademcdixit,vtquicapitalemfrau- 
 dcmaufi, quiq,pecuniaiudicati, in vin- 
 culisefTcnt, quieorum apudie milites 
 fierent, eosnoxa pccuniaquefeexolui 
 hLii*M.z3 iufTurum^. Superioriprimaslegiaffine 
 
 eft &: iftud "", quod fcilicet, fi non deten- 4 
 c'd^TZ' ^^^"^ vnilQs abfens reipublica? caufa,por-. 
 fa] '""* fideri quidem eius bona ex caufa iudica- 
 d i.-oit. CM jj poffintjOon tamen omnino crediton- 
 r/'/jr-i^wbusaddici^&fiquiderncreditoresrniH- 
 Utanbta. c. tisbona diftraxerinr, iure pignoris/ecu- 
 fuifmtl] dum normam ^ reftiructur miles, perfo- 
 cdereflmi- jytQ dcbitOjVel refufo prctio veditionis, 
 ^IpZmex. ^ ^^^^^ minoris veniit pignus quam fit 
 r,fiu.& c. debitum^ miles enim dum rcipublicae 
 ^*rr>V</: opcram fuam praeftar,quomodocunquc 
 |Lw. i^.i. Ixfus^in integrum reftituiturf.Itaque P. 
 ^'^"^?' SeruiliusconfuLbcllo Voircoedixit,ne 
 decxcuf.M. quismilitis, donee mcaltriseller, bona 
 ' ^'^Jj ^" poffiderer^aut venderetS.Preterea miles 
 n.Tet honor, excufatuf 3 tutela* ^ & ab ahis muneri- 5 
 \.^''^:H^'' bus publicis». miles quoquenoncogitur 
 
 I. in 1*1 tt.ft.de r • 1- r 
 
 fen.t. inuuusteftiraomuradiceref^me propter 
 
 priua«
 
 Liber tertivs. 188 
 
 priuatam vtilitatcm cogawir abefTe a (i- 
 gnis,vbi tueturrempublicavniuerfama. ^jff • 
 
 6 Item quamuis miles non fit liber* a ve- * 
 digahbus»»: non taraen cadent res fuae in ^^; - f ^; 
 commifTum^exeoquodno prohteaturj v^[i^^ahh, 
 nequefoluat veaigalc, Et quamuis res \]:^\^^{^^' 
 emptapccuniameanonfitmea iresta- di.(iexea^ 
 
 7 menempta^pecuniamilitiSjpoteftami- c-'^^'"^^»- 
 litevedicari«. Et licet ei qui fcindebitas tifivt^ro. 
 pecunias foluiffe cotendit , probatio in- j;";;„Lt 
 
 8 cumbat^miles lamen ""eo onere Icuacur, 
 quod in aduerfariu transfert,qui fe bene 
 acccpifTeprobaredebetf. quoditaverij [\Z%% 
 eft fi totam fummam indebitam cUe co aut^m k. jf. 
 tendat miles , non etiam fi partem tan- ^^'^^-'^^^^ 
 tumS. Eft quoque inter priuilegia mill- gJ.^^./**. 
 
 ^ taria,quodmiliti*non nocetiurisigno- '""• 
 rantia, magis enimarmafcire tenetur, 
 quam leges h. vndepermittiturmilitijfi h i^r^i^ia, 
 exceptio^Jiem peremptoriam per iurisl"^^^^-;^ 
 ignoratiam non obiecir,vt earn poft fen / vitfc^de. 
 tentiampoflltopponere». idemconfti- ;j'^^^f^* 
 tutionibus regni Hifpanixcautumeft*^. tgnorant,a. 
 non tamen excufat iuris ignorantia in l^^^^-J^^]^; 
 
 10 delidis'^^:aquibusnaturaduceabftine- j ujjere 
 dum eft.in eo tame fauetur militi, quod »«»/«• ^•'"''«' 
 
 II nonrubiidaturquaeftioni%necplebeio- g^^i,^ ,^ 
 I'umpoenis, ctiamfi emeritis ftipendiis dead<^tcf. 
 
 miiTus
 
 ^lmil^f.C, De ivre ET off. BELL» 
 
 rJS*. c! inlffusfit^. itaquenecadbeftias, necia 
 aii.iHi.ma- furcam datTinari poteft''. Idem in nobi- 
 taceTel'nd! ^^^"^ locuiii habcfc voluit coftitutlo re- 
 h i. 5. (§. u gni Hirpania?*^.quod & in filiis militum, 
 9«»^/,ri«rf Srveteranorum locum habet^.Imovfqj 
 CRPJ./.24. adnepotesexteditur,eorum (cilicetqui 
 tH.2.i.p<irt.2 ^^ fummum o;radum militia? peruene- 
 depr^M.i.vei. FuntN Noneritautem locus nuicpnui- 
 V'^J'c de ^^§^^ > ^ agatur ex caufa criininis \x(x 
 qmjhon. maicftatisf ,proditionisg, maleficij ^/al- 
 rJ7.»j«^^^ fi'jvel priuati careerist Porroquamuis 
 ^'.ff.d^re militia nonliberctfilium^a patriapore- 12 
 jwj"- ftate': tamenquodadcaftrenfe peculiu 
 f^a.c'jeml- attinct^liabetur pfO patrefamilias "*;in 13 
 uf&M^tb. quonihiliurispaterhabet".vfqueadeo, 
 lino^c.t' vt inter patrem & filiummilitem,quem 
 hif. in potcftate habet(interquosalias nulla 
 
 tiJtc^rff lisefTepoteft) excaufa caftrenfis peculij 
 1 §.fhxif4 fitadio*'. Quarationeetiam filiusfami- 
 oiZidl^iL ^^^s miles, exquacuquecaufapecuniam 
 fAtr. potfft. creditam acceperit, non iuuatur S. C, 
 fik.itrat_c. Macedonianop. hincquoque,quamuis 
 
 decallrejb€- . r, ^i- -■ • /i 
 
 tuiMiz. inter patrem & hlium , que m poteitate 
 ^^ff'l'ium habet,donationonconfiftat:q donatio 
 ^^JLP- tamena patre filiofamilias eaufa militias 
 "^* '• '* facaa vaiet , & datum efficitur caftrenfis 
 
 mta. C. dt ' ^«^.,1:: 
 
 caff./.c. peculi). 
 
 O I ./« nHlla.JfJe iui. p l.vft.^ f«««K&,C.*< S.C.Mrf«««U 
 
 q /. i.l^dgnationei. §.pater,ffAcdomf»
 
 Liber tertivs. i8p 
 
 peculij *.& exeadem caufa donatio inter a UftimciUr. 
 virum & vxorem, quae alioquin non va- '^'fet 
 
 14 let b,confiftit \ Caftrenfis vero peculij* /e./.i^w/ 
 ccnfetur , quidquid filiusfamilias occa- fj^;j;^ ^.^^ 
 fionemilitJaeacquifiuit«*. ^c6, & heredi- donat.mtir 
 tasvxoris,exrercripro D.Hadrianimi- ;';/j;;;^-^^ 
 liriaeaffedioncmarito filiofamiliasrcli- ftfum.ff'de 
 aa,caftren/is peculij crit ^ quod tamen 'f^-^''^' 
 fecuscflindoremaiitQdata,vel promii- f. dec^n, 
 fi, quaecohxrensmatrimonijoneribus, f"''*^: 
 liberiscommunibuSjqui inauiluntpo- dottm.fde 
 reflate, confer tur f. Fratris quoque pa- J'*^/'^^*'^; 
 truelis , vel alterius commilitonis here- " ' "'""* 
 ditascommilitonideIata,iure caftrenfis ^J'^^Y^I 
 peculij habetur 8. Quod itaverum eft, (i5T«,/./e«/* 
 in eadem prouincia militauerint, vel af- ^>^'^^-^"^J^' 
 fedione militiae relmquatur : alias le-/.^«;?r«/: 
 
 15 cus^^.Porroquodadteftameta^militum f^^^j'- ^ 
 attinet, tamlarga illisteftandi facultas in/.fdtc/^ 
 permittitur, vt omnes omnino folenni- PHi*^^' 
 tates^in teftamentis requifitas,iliis remif- 
 fefint. Nam D. Traianuspermifitmili- liniiffM 
 tibuSjVtquoquo modo vellentjfacerenc %njemiiit] 
 teftamentaJufficcreq;nudavoIuntatem ten, 
 voIuit«.vndc Papinianusrefpodir^mili- J'^'j^Xe^" 
 tisvoluntatcefteteftamentu^.Quod ita muu. 
 demum verum eft , (i dum in expeditio- ^^^ ^^^j^ 
 neagunt, tcftcntur^; &duobusadhoc <fwN>, 
 
 vocatis
 
 SaThtdtmi. mJ^ IVRE ET OFF, BELL, 
 
 ttt,tefla idi. vocatisteftibus voluntas militis probe- 
 
 f'^tUtejh.'rmi, ^"^5 quod iH fauorcm corum indudum 
 /.wi/jfflr. eft % in ipfo tamen prselio teftamentum 
 JT^ t^ftm*' militis fadumvalerjetiamnullovocato, 
 c $.»//« 4» &fufficitfiinclypeo3velinpuluere he- 
 *^ikZ?}a, redem rcribat*>. fed cirra expeditionis ne- 
 d Keg. /.4. ceffitatemjtenetur miles iure communi 
 Tlplftlr- t^ftari^ quod & rcgia Hifpaniarum lege 
 fioneminftu dccifum e(l<*. Inexpcditioneverotefta- 
 i^ralHUrl mentumiuremilitari fadumpvalcbitvf- 
 ffeodtmM. quead annum poftmiflionemc. in quo 
 
 m'/fuiuri. ^^^ ^^^^ *^^^ teftadi, prout vult, permiffa 
 nuutU-etz eft facultas,vt pro parte teftatuSjpro par- 
 ctodtttub, teinteftatuspoffit decederef &'adcertu 
 
 vim fruK- r • n • 
 
 demi.mttet. tempus poiiit hcredem mftituere^a po- 
 imtUska.f. ^g^ hereditatem adimere , & alii diredo 
 hi, ftdu^- darej&nnemmemvocaueritjlegitimi 
 *»./.« mi& heredes hereditatem capientg. neque 
 
 tan. ^ Jim, . . f . -. ' 
 
 fdemti.tfji. luri accreicendi locus entmteltamento 
 /'/""cd^ militis h. Poteftquoque miles filiumfi- 
 mTtenaJ. lentio praeterire in teftamento , cuius 
 OH, imemUu pr^tetitio pro tacita exheredarione erir, 
 Lt^dwI* modoprudensidfecerit: vnde&agna- 
 kiz.^ hi tionefilij teftamentum militis no rum- 
 ^tcX.l!pitur,fidemeteeiusconfteti.Etquain- 
 heredtutm. yisitt codicilHs diredo relinquihefedi- 
 ^^c^ttu tas non poffit*^: militi tamen id permiP 
 autttnfiu de fum eft K Milcs qaoque inccrtus de ftatu 
 
 ccdtcU. f^Q
 
 Liber tertivs. igQUciUU.m 
 
 fuo rede teftari poten:a.& teaamcntum C::T5; 
 a pagano iure militari fadum valet , fi rn,i,ta.Hfta . 
 milcsdeccdat^. Licet quoquenudavo- a t.txnuitui. 
 luntate^vel coepto tantu & non perfedo d.VjIJjX 
 tcftamento non rumpatur tcftamentum ^a, 
 pagani*^: militistamcnteftametumnu- dem§i(j>"! 
 da voluntate facile rumpitur^: licet etia ^^»tum, d. 
 duob^ teftameris validis miles decedcre t i'^' 
 po/Tit^PrctercavItradodrante miles lc-/?»M«»t.m<». 
 garcpoteft,&eiuslegatanonminuutur i)^j"f^^*^* 
 perFalcidiam^.Mutusquoque&furdus r^tmtteji. 
 miles teftamentum rede Tacit g. & filiuf- ' ^7 /^^ 
 
 qiitd holt D« 
 
 familias miles de cadrenfibusiure tefta- de teiiament. 
 bitur*». quodetiamad inermem militia V- '"/'r"' 
 extcnditur'. «teltamentamilitumnon li-i'/ecfO, 
 fubiacent querela inofficiofi^^.nequefo- f^^Jf^' 
 liimfibi teftamentum facerefiliusfami- demutfi.ntp\ 
 lias miles poterifjfedctiam filiopupilla- fl^l^f^"' 
 res tabulasdccaftrenfibus I. hoc tamen ^^««'d.'S 
 priuilegiumteftandifiliofamilias miliri J?''-!^^- ^ 
 concefTum , ad impuberes extendi non §v!t.cuZ7, 
 debet,qui forte Fauore in militia recepti-/^'?^'^*'^/^- 
 funt^quod fieri qiiandoquefolet"*. huic Jammt'"nZ 
 enim impuberi teftari non liccbit.neque ^'"'- <^jode, 
 communi, nequemmtariiure, propter F«w,4r/i. 
 
 lubricum g i-'^rcm,!*. 
 
 tart.D.di if 
 ftam.mii^.tjuinimoinfiit.demiht.tr/t. h l.exmttttarK^.de 
 
 \tUam.mtltt. i l.vlt.T) demojf.tcna, k I l*(lanie'Ht*»a. 
 l^t.Q.devuijf tefi. \ l.ittm jiliHifamttias miki.i.mfra^<icm » 
 ^.mtlti,Dt4itt^.oitUf, m Ljt.d & milttts,D.de exfH/jvt,
 
 fc/}a.mitt. lubricum illius a?tatisconfilium»quade 
 
 ^'•''^;'''^4cau/aluftinianus ius antiquum, quo id 
 
 pu. IiccbatjCorrexita, Praeterea licet paga- 
 
 <^' «""^*- nus cxtraneo . vel filio pubcri heredi in- 
 
 fu^u.fnZ ftituto ita fubftitucre dircdo nopoffit, 
 
 jumeuto. c, fi heresexftiterit, & intra aliquod tepus 
 
 i.r§.mLi dcceflerit, alius ei fit heres : fed tantum 
 
 u herede. ^. pcrfideicommiflum teftator heredeob- 
 
 D.ti'"* ligare po(Iit> hereditatem vel toram vel 
 
 diex miU^ partem reftituere^: id tamen militi con- 
 
 'iX'miat ceflum eft*=*Porr6 ex militari delido ca- 
 
 fi <j^H fiu,. pite*damnatis teftamentum conderc li- i6 
 
 tJt^fo. cctjdc bonis (cilicctcaftrenfibus,& itafi 
 
 demiu/i.r^p. (acfamenti fides ruptanon fit^:& per- 
 
 ttf^d'^' '"i^f^ntein fententiaeoquid^mnauite, 
 
 tnties^ D.ifc quodfecuseftinpagano^. Etquidcm ex 
 
 je^.3. / cim militaridelidodamnati, fi inteftatidc- 
 
 DMdon.m- cedant, fuccedent proximi ab inteltato 
 
 f/ «'J'l? exclulb fifcoS* bonavero militis*, qui 17 
 
 ^iT'o-ri fiiccedorem non habet^ dcferunturle- 
 
 D.dctejia. gjoni ttOtt admifTo fifco h.Milesdeniquc 
 
 i).dl'yet.mi^ qui inconfultoadiit hereditatem*, non 18 
 
 ik.fic. teneturvltra vires hereditarias*. Cetcru 
 
 fc,^|«r4» fauor militum non Temper in extendeda 
 
 v.detntun. teftandi facultate , fedaliquandoetiam 
 
 cfrLtdi inrcftringendaconfiOit. Itaquequam- 
 
 *«» uisconcubinae velmcretriciteftamento 
 
 c'J^mL quid rdinquerc vcl donarepcrmifTutn 
 
 hb, (it:
 
 Liber tertivs» ipi 
 
 fit3:milestamen mulieri,in quam tlirpis a i- #^<w 
 IQ caditfufpicio^nihildonarcveltcftamc- "^'•^""•''f'' 
 to rclmquerepotelt^. Militis quoqjdi- »nt, 
 fpofitio.quse vel turpis , vcl bonis mori- ^ 'T'^*' ^r 
 bus contrana cit , nihilo magis quam a- tmUuiSiatni 
 licuius pagani valcbit « , Superioribus J/g^f"],';'^* 
 addefingulare & prxclaru milirare pri- indtgJu.'c. 
 
 20 uilcgiujquodfcilicetmortuusinbello* ''^'^o'^*-?'»' 
 prorepub.perrerum geftarum gloriam TifioVuti 
 inseternum viuereintelligitur.modoin §«'^^«/"'«^ 
 
 &n- n ' torn, D. d» 
 
 inconflictu moriatur;rionetiam w»/iuf/?^ 
 in obfidione, vel alias ex caufa belli.iraq; 
 filiusfamilias miles, quiin acie pro re- 
 pub, pugnas cecidit,prodeft patri ad ius 
 
 21 triumliberorum*,qu6deumatutelaex- 
 
 cufat ^ : & aliorum munerum excufatio - «^-/v ^'^^'^ <- 
 nem prsebet^. Itaquecum lege iulia de r«/«u«f!^ 
 maritandis ordinibus cautuni efTet , vt fih**^'- in- 
 priori exconfulibus faCccs fumendipo-fj^;''^**^'^ 
 tefiaseflet, qui pluresliberos quam col- c i/oUXfM 
 lega in poteftate haberer, eorum quoq^ ^*^*^'*'^'-^* 
 ratio habicafuitjquibclloamiirieflcntf. fCei./.z.c* 
 idq^ad muliaaliaadaptaripoflevidetur. *^* 
 atqueita fi forte ftatuto cautum fit, vt 
 ccrte multis locis eft j vtfilius fecundo 
 gcnitus patri fuperftes , in fucccflionee- 
 iufdem patris praeferatur nepoti exfilio 
 ptimogenico moituo aate patre : fi filius 
 
 b ille
 
 De lYRE ET OFT. BELL, 
 
 ille primogcnitus in acic pro rcpub. cc- 
 
 ciciit,putarerrt hoccafuncpotemprxfe- 
 
 rendumiquiafcilicet pater eiusccnfetur 
 
 in aeternum viuere, cui fucceffio auiiure 
 
 primogeniiuraedebetur . &itain pror- 
 
 fus fimili fadi fpecie iudicatum fiiifTe ac- 
 
 cepi . non obftat quod priuilegia mili- 
 
 tum^ad alienaminiuriam porrigi non 22 
 
 a limpuhm. debeanta.& beneficiain damnu alrerius 
 
 Ltatf'"^ nequeporrigi, nequeconferrifolentb. 
 
 b /./ei cJ»-». namnullainiuria hicinferturfilio fecu- 
 
 Tretlwcrf - ^^ genito^cui nihil adimitur,(cd tantum 
 
 ttm.c.dee- nott acquirituf. nonenim^vtVlpianus 
 
 7^t'a V^i rc^pondit,videturremamittcre,quibus 
 
 frec,,mp.of, propria non fuitc. & ex regula Paulijno 
 
 ^^"TctrM. P^^^^ videri dcfiifTe habere,qui nunqua 
 
 ffi, " " habuit<i. Quo fpedtat quod Vlpianus 
 
 c /. «a v»J«- 2jf ^Q^ fraudari creditores , cum quid 
 
 ,«r. noacquiriruradebitore,iedcumaIiquia 
 
 6i.no jfcteji. de bonis fuis diminuitur«. Sed &quod 
 
 c wTLb Papinianus reipondit, militum priuile- 
 
 fraudantHr. oja ad alienam iniuriamnon poffigi, no 
 
 L quZlttZ', ita hue facit : nam loquitur in cafu , ad 
 
 tnpnnc D, quem miHtis ptiuilegium non cxtcndi- 
 
 TrciZ. tur^&quoeuidcnsfieretiniuriaaltcri^, 
 
 f d.i.imp»- Itaqueinpropofitafadifpecienepotem 
 
 a7nt'. &p^ patruom fuccefTioneaui , non obftantc 
 
 "^« ilatuto ^ pra^ferendum exidimo : cum & 
 
 lure
 
 LiBBR TERTIVS. iP^afc^^* 
 
 iurecommuni nepos m parentis (uilo- ^^,^.^^^«6 
 cum, etiam extrabellum mortui, fucce- ^fjf^;^^ 
 dat*. vnde etiam ftatutum lurccomuni ,^^,,,,;.,^; 
 contrariu quamftricliirimeintelligidc' aerfea^.t«, 
 bet b.His addc legeregia Hifpaniae ftatu- '^^L ^c}: 
 
 15 tume(re,vtpr«mia%quaefortequisme- 6^.^^^^^^^^^ 
 ruit obegrcgiamoperam in bello prae- ^^^^;^^^ ' 
 ftitam, eo mortuodcbeatur filus & pro- ^'j^- ^^» 
 ximis agnatisc. quod& a Roraanisob- ,j,J'J;^ 
 feruatum fuit , & lege Solonis apud A- c i-uu.c dc 
 thenienfes cautum fuit : vt illorum filij, ^^^^;^ 
 qui occubuiffent in bello, pubhcealerc- tuo. §. fin 
 tur , & bonis difciplinis imbuerentur . ^^ '^ 
 Conftatinusverofiliosinpaternamvo- £i.,dm^, 
 carimilitiamvoluitJ. Sciendum porro ^f^fj"^^] 
 
 24 militariahscpriuilegia^^nonalitercon- ,nprm.fdi 
 ccdi militibus , quam fi fortiter & ftre- -;;«-/- j; 
 nuemiUtent«,&ad veteranos non exte- m*!u,b,.>. c. 
 di f : quamuis & veterani fua habeat pri- fH^^ 
 uilegia g. In clafllbiis vero remigcs & o. -.^/.Fo^c 
 naursefunt militesA milirari priuilegio ^^j^-^i"^' 
 fruuntur ^.Prgrerea no folum militibus,^^ p*^ /, 
 
 aj- fed etiam aliis*,qui caftra fequuntur,mi- /»rac. ^ ^ 
 litaria quaedam priuilegiaconcedunrur. fZl^,;„L 
 & in primis omnibus omninoquifunt i.«2.d.j« 
 ciusgradus, vt iure militariteftarinon J^f,^;[;^cl 
 poffint , fi in hoftico deprehendantur, deyeteraUt 
 fluomodo velint & quomodo poffint ^J^;{'^^ 
 
 b 2 telta* ^m«/iM.D.
 
 De IVRE ET off. BELt» 
 
 a?.i»7f.D.A; teftabuntui*. Itcmulieribus*,qu3ecum ^^ 
 mtiif.tijia» nnariris abfunt in bcllo rcipubl. caula,in 
 adionibustemporalibiiSjfi cxclufse fue- 
 nnt^adexemplummilitumfubuenirifo- 
 b Li. c,Jt lere Alexander rcrcrip(it^.& Diocletia- 
 vxo.tmkt. nus&MaximinianiismuIieri,quf inex- 
 peditioncfuitcummaritOjnonofiicere 
 logi temporis prsefcriptioncm refcripfe- 
 c i.z. c,de riintc. Quo fpedat quod VIpianus re- 
 yxor.mtitt. (pQ^dit , belloamiffosad tucclsecxcufa- 
 tionem prodefle , cuiufcunque fexus vel 
 jetads (int , modo in acie pcrierint. ete- 
 nim mulieres in acic verfari folitas , & e- 
 gregiam nonnunquam in bello operam 
 prseftiiifTe in veterum hiftoriis fatis ob- 
 uium eft . itaque bello Sabino mulieres 
 Sabina?,qua? Rom^crantjquarumcxin- 
 iuria bellum ortum erat, crinibus paflis, 
 fciflaquevefte,vi(flomalismuliebripa- 
 d hh,u uore,vt inquit Liuius^, aiife fe inter tela 
 volitantiainferre , ex tranfuerfo impetu 
 *' fado, dirimereinfeftas acicSjdirinierei- 
 ras. Eftque mcmorabile^quod de Cim- 
 bricis mulieribus memorial proditu eft^ 
 cum quibus non minor quam cum ma- 
 ritis eorum Mario pugna fuit:& fpecio* 
 fior mors carum fuit,quam pugna. nam 
 ciimmifTaadMariuailegartionc, liber- 
 
 tatem
 
 LtBER TERTIVS. yp^a/.FA». ifc 
 
 tatem non impetrafTent^fuffbcatiselifif- jff^'^'^ 
 quepaflim inlantibus, mutuis vulneri- ^ C"'"»* ^^ 
 bus conciderunt , aut vinculo ecrinibus ^"f^' ^f* 
 fuisfadto, ab arboribus iugisq; plauftro- c t.z ^jjn^ 
 rum pependcruiit ''. Apud Gcrmano$ ''|'/*iJ"j *** 
 verofeminse no lemelinclinatam aciem figlmr.i.x.o^ 
 reftiruifleferunturb. Cererum licet a ^-^-^'f'^'"*' 
 plerifquedubitatLim fir , vtrum milites fualoD. 
 27 noftri teniporis "^ gaudeant hifce priui- '^' "*5- S'fi- 
 legiis militaribusjtamen verius eft,mili- fe'^i/t' 
 tibus^quiin numerosfunt relati, & for- <^c- ^•''««'''• 
 titer 81 ftrenuc militant , hsec priuilegia faufl!f!!nZ 
 concedi/altem ea quse vfus no coarguit, « ^-^dt^oc^ti, 
 neque refert^quod qua^dam folenitates, ji^p«j"7. 
 quibusolim milites (acramentomilitiae rniht^m.mf. 
 afTcribebantur^exoleucrint.Nam fimili- ^jl^^ujlih 
 ter videmusfolennitatem a<5lionuman- i.n,tiuei.c. 
 tiquamnoftra tempeftatenulIamefTe^ : f"//!;^^^^ 
 cum tame eiuldem nihilominus fint ef- fnum.mj,n:%. 
 ficaciaf ^. Caufaquoque&iatioconce- ^"^^.^Vh 
 dendimilitibustaampla priuilegia fuit, f^at^m cy^, 
 vtprotutela&defenfione Romani im- ^j'^-^"''- 
 perij omnibus ioluti cuns expeditiffimi lijmii. c. 
 Qperam armis darent^ qua; & noflris '^^''^'^•^jf^^. 
 multibus conuenit :crgo idem lus quo- m,utems..k- 
 que maneredebet^ & hxc fenteniiaetia p^"^'-^"'»^'^- 
 viris dodliffimis probatur g. clucb. a'C 
 
 b 3 D E T V- X40(ifr m» i, 
 
 centmo. m.z^.D.de v»l& p»p X>^ciM w Kubr.CMm\ a ((Ji^
 
 De IVRE Et OFF. BELt. 
 
 DE IVDICIIS MILITARIBVS. 
 
 / CM ties non mfi ante fuum iudicem con^ 
 
 ucmr'i foteft, 
 2 Fa/lit in milite defertore, 
 J Item w coqtn pa^^ejl fe non v fur urn 
 
 fori prdfcnptione, 
 
 4 Item in eo^cjuipopquam in iu4 vocatfu efi^ 
 miles cfje cceptt, 
 
 5 Item in co <ju/ falfnm teliimomum dixit ^ 
 
 6 Item in milite negociatore. 
 
 7 Confides Romani^non ntfiin cafris in f 4- 
 fttt ciuLS Rom.incofultopopulo^animad-' 
 uertere poterant. 
 
 S Jrihttninon habueruni vita ntcisj.p^'^ 
 tejiatem in mthtts, 
 
 CaPVT VIII. 
 
 ^Kma^Tit. \ T llites^non nifiante fuum iudicem i 
 
 M 
 
 om>yt,Ji.i. ^^^ conueniri pofTunt , ncc fi in culpa 
 c.fieexbb, fint, coerceii\ vndc capti a prxGdead 
 hd.Li. proprium iudicem remitndebcnt^.nifi 
 cUefcrtore. foitc iH dcferrionc agens ^ miles com- z 
 /.I CvX/e miferir delidum valdeenormc^de quo 
 n^t. x-dcUr. pr.-efcs prouincisecognofcerepoterit, & 
 ^acctfTmt piinire milircm inlocodelidi^ alioqui 
 itbui i). de vero nequedux exercitus, vcl magifter 
 o^'de%}^ milirumin prouinciales, ncque prxfcs 
 wMK. prouinciicinmiliiesvllamiurifdiil^ione 
 
 habent.
 
 Liber tertivs. j^^ 
 
 habent. fitamen miles in inftrumento 
 
 3 profefTus fuerit*,fe non vfurum fori pre- 
 icriptione propter cingulum militie,pa- 
 
 6kum (eruandum erit^ Scd & fi quis,po- a ^ A ^»*'. 
 
 4 ftcaquam'^in ius vocatuseft, miles efTe ^-^'P"^* 
 coepit ; in ea caufa eft , vr ius reuocandi 
 forum non habeat, quafi pra^uentusK b/. /;^»h 
 namvbiliscoepta eftjibi finiri debet c, f''^"* i^.*/» 
 
 5 Pr^terea miles*, qui falfum teftimoniu ^1!'^«.- 
 dixit,fubiicitreiurirdidlioniilliusiudi- ^"""- ^•'^*' 
 cis,etiam fi paganus fit*^. Miles quoque 'dTnum^c. 
 
 ^ negociator^fubeft iudiciilliusncgocia- ^^'fl*^^- 
 tion^s^ Porro vnufqUifquefupercaufis c iMt.i^M 
 publicis^quasdum miliraretexercuit, & ««"y^ ««••»<'. 
 fuperratiociniis militaribus in militari 
 iudiciorefpondere debet, nee foriprae- 
 fcriptionevtipoteftretiamfimiliti^ cin- 
 gulum depofuerii f.&capitalis criminis f /.,.c.>5.- 
 reuSjVolutarius miles (quicxD.Traiani •'"•-«"o. »«« 
 refcripto capitcpuniendus eft) non eft ^'^'^"^"''* 
 remittcnduse6,vbi reuspoftulatusfuit, 
 fedvbi accedcnrecaufimilitia^audiedus 
 eft, puniri debet S. Sciendum autem eft, g' ff»»"' 
 quamuis lege Valeria, qua Valerius pu- Z.VZ', 
 bIicoiatulit,& L. Portia cofiilibuspro- 
 
 7 hibitum e(ret*,ne in caput ciuis Romani 
 iniuftu populi animaduertere poftenr,& 
 folum illisrelidu effet, vt coercere pof- 
 
 b 4, fcntj
 
 De TVRE ft op F.BELL. 
 
 a w/.2.<./» fent 5 & in vincula publicaduci iubcre^; 
 
 ^^r^i^ot»/^"^^^'^^^^"^^" ius habebant arbitratu 
 H*/. hb.io. fuo lupplicium fumcrc b.quod & praeto- 
 ^rfw/«'4c ^^^"'S aliisqueducibuscxercituumper- 
 <bn:efi.Rom, wiiTum fu'it ^. Id tamcn Venuileius I.C. 
 cLmu4i,z ad militcs caiigatos tantum reftrinxiffc 
 PA«&;». 5. -viderur : quierantabieaiores&vilio- 
 d i. c/f^m,/j/, ^gje^ Vnde videtur inferri, quod in alios 
 cuji.ttexbth, incoluJto principe animaduertinopol- 
 ""• , ., fit. &quidcmtriDuni\ aliiqueducein- 8 
 
 mod. nat.eff, tcriorcs 5 vitx necisque poteftatem non 
 
 'Cs'^^-?"'/- habucrunt in milites, fed tantum leuis 
 
 ^""^ coerdio ilUs pcrmifla efl:^ id quod Mar- 
 
 ^JfirtD^de'*' ^^^^^^ ^^'^ indicafTevideturf, cum ait; 
 
 ZJt', ' '^^ Tribuni officiumefTe delida fecundum 
 
 fua?. audoriratis modum caftigare . cui 
 
 gamud.i.u cduenir, quod Tacitus ait gdcfeditione 
 
 ilia Pannonica , (cribens , Municiu pras- 
 
 fedum caftrorum,penes quern erat turn 
 
 fumma rerumjabfente duce^coeptam fe- 
 
 ditionem fedafle, duorum militum fup- 
 
 plicio.-bono magisexemploquamcon-' 
 
 ccfToiure. Ccterum quod admilitaria 
 
 iudiciaattinet, exD.Traiani refcripto 
 
 i>,if<"!i!l etiam diebus feriatis peragi poffunt K 
 
 DEPOENIS MILITVM. 
 
 I D ttflex cauja in fumendh pcccatis^ 
 
 2 Vcen^
 
 Liber tbrtivs. 19$ 
 
 2 Tcemmilltares, 
 
 3 Mlliiiim deliSia aut propria/ut cimuni^ 
 
 4, FttJluar'tHm quid, 
 
 / Dectpzatio, 
 
 6 Romamm'tlitarihasfcenlsafferl, 
 
 y Capitdis pee na per v'mum aut la/ciuUm 
 
 Lipfis remittitur. 
 S Romam in iudicado benefctA cum delists 
 
 non compcnfahant* 
 g Contrk Perfe, 
 
 Capvt IX. 
 
 1 "pv Vplicem^inpunicdis peccatiscau- 
 •*->/ /am efTe ccfet Plato mGorgia,vt re- 
 fertGellius^:vnacaftigadi &corrigedi aw^.A»./. 
 cumquipeccauit,qu6attentiorfiat, & *'«^'4♦ 
 adbeneviuendum promptior. quod in 
 minoribus delidis fieri folet pecunia, 
 
 vel leui coer(5lione,nnuIta dida. alteram 
 exempli caufa, vtalijafimilibusdelidis 
 metii posnaedeterreantur : quod in gra- 
 uioribus dclidlis fieri publicc inrcreft. 
 
 2 Itaque poena! militarcs^nonnuIJx maio- 
 res,qua? capitis fupplicioluebantur: alias 
 ininorcs, proutgrauiterautlcuitcrde- 
 lidumcrtct, delinqucntibus militibus, 
 ncccflTarioaddifcipIinam militarem fta- 
 bilicndam^aducibusinferrifolent. mi- 
 
 b 5 litum
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 Iltum autem delida^aut propria fiint, 3 
 aurcommunia. Proprium militarede- 
 a/2. -D.de lidumeH-.quodquisvtmilesadniittit*: 
 iiputaaliterfaciat, quamdirciphnami- 
 ^^r^trt Jifarisexigit^. Poenseveromilitares^vt 
 tmht. ait Modeftinus % fiint huiufmodi : cafti- 
 oe*^!) 1"« g^^^o^pecuniariamultajmunerumindi- 
 mht, <5tio, militiae mutatio 5 gradusdeie(5lio, 
 ignominiofa miffio, in metallumautem 
 nondantur, ncctorqucnturjnecadbe- 
 fwM.^^:» ftiaSjOecin furcamdamnantur'^^nccple- 
 t^m. D.dere bciorum poenis fubijciuture.At cx graui 
 eLf^rit. i deli(5lofokntmilitescapitepuniri fjauc 
 iUe.DJepa. fuftcpercuti. idfupplicium^huiufmodi 4 
 f9n.7,xaM ^^^^5 vtrcfertPolybiusS, acceptofuftc 
 fnathmiUiu. tribuHus vix tantiim attingebat damna- 
 hdh.hX're turn :quod vbi.fadum crat,omnes qui in 
 »»»^. ca(Vriserant, cardentes fuftibus, lapidi- 
 ^JihMu* basque 5 plerosque in ipfiscaftrisconfi- 
 ciebant:at/iquieuafi(Icnt5nc(icquidem 
 feruariporcrant, quibusnccinpatriam 
 redire licebar 5 nequealiquiscxneceffa- 
 riisdomicum recipere audebat, vnde 
 penitus peribant , qui in talem calamita- 
 tem incidifTcnt. hoc genus animaduer- 
 fionis fuftuariumdicebatur, tefteCicc- 
 h vkUp, 3. rone^, ciim ait : Fuftuariu mtruerunt le- 
 gioncs^quse confiilc reliquerunt. Simile 
 
 poena?
 
 LiBfiR TERTIVS. jp^ 
 
 poenae genus ctiam num hodic in caftris 
 in vfu eft. Dehac poena cenfent I.Qcutn 
 dicut/uftepercutijOccidijaniraaduertia. ' »»«» '«7. 
 Alioquiver6,cumdicunt fuftibuscafdi, a^J / ,.^ . 
 caftigari, admoneri^: non de capitali, '"•f'(«*«.D. 
 fed de leuiori poena agunt. nammulto L.^„/?.8 
 leuioremefTefuftium, quam flagelloru ^ * ^ '^ 
 poenam iudicatMarceIlus<^,Califtratus^5 ^vt,ni.i.& 
 &Hermogenianus^; vtannotauit Hie- f'*^ /""'<» 
 ronymus Verrutius^.Porro fi multi mi- }7.p^^fvr('. 
 lites inaliquod flagitium confpirentjVcl {- "■"[_ ^- -^ 
 filegiodehciat,exaudorarifolent5. no- D.jlj«,aj 
 nunquam audores turbarumadpalum ^-icrivu, 
 deligare,aut fecuri percurere,reliqu^ ve- f/J^v,^?. 
 ro multitudinisdecimumquemq; forte »0. &L2t\ 
 r du(5tum*ad fuppliciu pctere peruulgata ^*; ^< '^ 
 poena ruit . quod ex verbis Ciceronis beiio.D.,urt 
 proCIuetiointclligi poteft,vbiinquit; 7'\'-7>'.^» 
 Statueruntmaioresnoftri,vc(ia multis not.mf^. 
 efllet flagitiurci milirarisadmifTum, for- <^"»J";/<^ 
 tirione in quofdam animaduerteretur, dp»/.c<i/)it4. 
 vtmetus videlicet ad multos, poena ad '"* ^''^<'"- 
 paucos perueniret. Inter alias quoque eim.virD, 
 poenas fnilitares fuerunt h^.-ftipcndium '^"»"*^- 
 annidifferre militibus,neq; hisa?rapro ^,u}hb.6. * 
 cederejQuiaeredirutidiccbantur, autin g'-' *''^''* 
 pohtia,autin trequentianotare,velcitra 
 coinmoda ftipediorum exau(5lorare , lo- 
 cum in
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 cum in quo tenderent in caftris adiraere, 
 vt hu mi ac Tub dioaccubarent, extra val* 
 lum fine tcntoriis relinquere , vitrbus 
 ca^dere, haftas dareiubere, quaecenfio 
 haftariadicebatur.qu^ non pro leuino- 
 xa, fed pro grauidelidoanimaduerfio- 
 nislocoaducibusinferrifolita eft. Ha- 
 ftas autem dare iubebanturmilites^qui- 
 bus propter probra ignominise «& Juxu- 
 rif hafta adimebatur. etenim ficut glori^ 
 caula , fortes viri donaban tur hafta pura, 
 hi qui primu vidorcs in praelio fuiftent: 
 itaignauis & cotumacibusadimebatur, 
 hoc notabat, tanquam fpes merendi illis 
 ademptaforect in politia & in frequetia 
 notabanturhi, quirudibuSj aut parum 
 nitidis armiSjVel ftrigofiore cquo,& ma- 
 de confe6to vtebantur,quiquepra?di<ao 
 adpugnadiejOccafionibusquaefiriscon* 
 ikitx.ih\. tumacius parerent^ Fuitquoqueanti- 
 Ux.it6.2.ge- qxxitus militaris animaduerfio , iubere 
 ignominiaecauiavcnam militi lolui, oc 
 htioa.Atitc, fanguinemitti. quod A. Gell^. primiim 
 lr6.io.«f,8 jj^ rnilitibusftupentisanimi,atqueana- 
 turali habitu declinantis (vt non tarn 
 poena, quammedicinavideretur) fadii 
 fuifle credit:poftea veroetiam ob plera- 
 que alia dclidta faftitatum effe per con- 
 
 fuetu-
 
 Liber tertivs# ipy 
 
 fuetudincm : quafi minus (anivideretur 
 omnes qui delinquercnt. Ccterum^qua- 
 uis alioqui Romanis mitiores poeiif pla- 
 cuerint: apud quosantiquitus caucum 
 fuit , nequis multam indicendOji)oucm 
 priufquam ouem nominaret, grauioru 
 enim multaru aeftimatio bos erai vnus, 
 velpIures;minorumver6ouis: in mili^ 
 taribustamen pcenis feueriores femper 
 ^ fuerc*, quod afpero & abfcifib caftiga- 
 tionis gcncre difciplina militaris indi- 
 geat, Vndequamuisconfulibus prohi- 
 bitum effet , ne poflent animaduertere 
 in caput ciuis Romani, incaftriscamen 
 poterant pro arbitratu fuo fupplicium 
 fiimere:vt alibi diximus^.Hinc quoque a im ui. 
 perraro bisdelidum imperatoresvenia '"''*^ 
 dignumputauere.Nam.viM.Catoinli- 
 brodcremilitarifcripfit, aliis in rebus 
 errata poflmodum corrigi pofTunt ; in 
 bello autem delida emendationem non 
 accipiunt : quippe cum poena ipfa e ve- 
 ftigiocrroremfcquatur.pr^no enim eft 
 ignaui^,autimperiti^vltor.quinunqua 
 delinquenti hofti indiilget. & Li/ima- 
 chusfummusduxdicere folct, non cfTc 
 in bello biserrarc , vbi fi quid offcndirur 
 pcrpaamtemcriutc^vtiinlciuajCmcn" 
 
 dari
 
 delUl*. DM 
 fceni$ 
 
 Dfi IVRE ET OFF. BEtt, 
 
 darinonpoteft. nam parua in bello of^ 
 fen fa, magnarum fepcrerum momenta 
 facit.Nihilominus tame qugdam delida 
 pagano aut nullam , aut grauiorem poe- 
 nam irrogat : militi vcro grauiorem^aut 
 a in\.nH*ia leuiorem : vt Marcellus refpondit». & 
 
 J.t.Ct. f-» J« 111 
 
 quide con{lat,non nulla militaria delida 
 
 capitepunin,quaenonnifi culpa contra- 
 
 tX'/i^T ^"^^"^ **• Capitalis tamcn poena per vi- 
 
 ucumiB^b, num, aut larciuiamlapfis"^ remittitur, & 
 
 '^*!Ifi*?T* n^i^"*3?mutationem irrogat*^. voluntas 
 
 Ddtremdti ttixm & iudicium,quod nullum in ebrio 
 
 liiiT* ^ft)^iftJnguitmaleficia^* ltaq;Pyrrhus 
 
 „^*^*^ adolefcctesjqui inter bibendu regecon- 
 
 ** ^'S*?"' wiciis & maledidis onerauerat, ingenue 
 
 idfatcntes, &culpamomnem intemu- 
 
 lentiam coniicientes, cum dicerent le 
 
 longepluradidurosfuiflc , (i plusvini 
 
 habuiflcnt, imo ipfumregeintcrfedu- 
 
 ros^nifilagenadefecidctjinnoxiosdimi- 
 
 1.4.5.0^.1/ fit*. Carolus tamen V.imperatorcdi^b 
 
 cauit 5 ne cui ebrietas in delidtis excula- 
 
 doncm praeberet^propter nimia in hifce 
 
 regionibnsinebriandi frequentiam . & 
 
 Pittacus legem tulit , qua ci , qui pc* c- 
 
 brietatem deliquerat^ duplam eius, quae 
 
 ^incM. fobrio infligeretur , poenaoi conftituit f- 
 
 Eft pond valde memorabik p quod R a- 
 
 mauii
 
 LlBHR TERTIVS. jpg 
 
 inani> quialioqui maximam meritorum 
 cuiufque,& virtutisrationem habuerur, 
 
 8 in iudicandotamen * non rolent,etiam fi 
 maxima rei in remp. exftitiflent mcrita, 
 vero crimini indulgere, aut beneficia cQ 
 deli^iscompcnfare.cuiusrci fidcm facie 
 in primis P. Horatius , qui trigemina 
 fpolia Cuiatiorum vidorprse fegerens, 
 quiquc impcrium populo Rom/(blus 
 fua virtute pcpcrerat,pcrdueIlionis reus, 
 quod fororcmob mortem fpofi Cuiatij 
 flentcm transfixerat, in maximo difcri* 
 mincftiit: plusque adfaluteipfius pro- 
 fecerutpreces,& miferatio patris, quam 
 rccensrcibencficiuma.Item M.Manlius aLiWiMtt.i 
 Capitolinus regni affedati reus, quauis 
 defcnfoCapitolioRomamfcrualTetj & 
 propecccc. produxiflet,quibus fine foe- 
 norcexpenfas pecunias tuli(Iet,quorum 
 bona venire, quosduciaddidosprohi- 
 buiffet:ad h2echoftiumca?(brum fpolia, 
 dona imperatoruplurima confpicienda 
 protuliffcr, &eaquaBbelIogefIilIet ora- 
 tione magnifica fada didis xquadame- 
 moraflct : nihilominus tamen crime va- 
 luir,inquitLiuius\& populiiudicioda- bU,6, 
 natus Man lius, de faxo Tarpeio deiedus 
 
 p eftXontraPcrl£*nunquamquemqu3m 
 
 condem-
 
 De IVRK ET off. BEtL# 
 
 . . Condemnabantjiiifireuscohuinceretur 
 fib.i. * ' plus mali quam boni fccini^ reipub.a 
 
 DE CONTVMACIBVS ET D V- 
 
 CVM DICTO NON PARENTIBVS 
 
 eos^ non protcgentibus. 
 
 2 Miles qui trihum, vet centnrioni cajligA' 
 
 re volenti refi flit, 
 
 3 Tribtifto non licet modum in cafliganda 
 
 excedere. 
 
 4 *Ss^ prdpofitum defendere noluerunt, 
 
 vel defer uerunt, 
 
 5 ^ui rem a duce prohibit am facil, 
 
 6 DifapUnd cajlrorum Romanii antiquiofy 
 
 quAm char it as liberorum. 
 
 C A P V T X. 
 
 D flabiliendam difciplinam mill - 
 
 tar6 in primisfpedlat, vt exercitui 
 
 &militibus priEpofiti , habeantmilites 
 
 didlo audicntcs . Itaquc qiiiediclomi* 
 
 b/.3. ^.,„ nusparet'^5capitcpuniriiubcturb. Au- 
 
 i«//o.D.c/*ere guflus vcrodccimam legionem contu- 
 
 ""^"^ macius paretem , cum ignominia totam 
 
 dimi(it.Porr6vtordine,acfinctumultu 
 
 omnia in agmine,ad nutum imperium- 
 
 quc ducis fieretjOptime prouidit L*iE-. 
 
 milius Paulus , in Macedonian! miffus. 
 
 nam 
 
 A
 
 Liber tertivs. jpp 
 
 nam cam omnibus fimul pronunciare- 
 tuf) fi quid agendum efletjueque omnes 
 cxaudirentj & incertoimperioaccepto, 
 alij plus CO quod imperatum e/Tet, alij 
 minusfaccrentjClamoresquoquediflo- 
 ni orirentur omnibus locis 5 & prius ho- 
 ftesquam ipfijquid pararctur/circtrpla- 
 cuit trib. militum primo pilo legionis 
 fecrctum edereimperium : i]lum,& de- 
 lude fingulos proximo cuique in ordine 
 ccnturioni dicere quid fado opus eifet: 
 fiue a primis fignis ad nouifTimu agme; 
 fiuc ab extremis ad primos perferedum 
 impe^iumef^et^ Atvero tribuno,& ce- a ikM.ii. 
 turioni permiffam fuifle caftigationem 
 
 a in milites alibi diximusMtaque miles*, ^^'^''^^' 
 qui tribuno vel centurioni caitigare vo- 
 lenti reftitiflet, probro notabatur : qui 
 vero probro notabatur, eu nemini igne, 
 neminialloquioimpartirclicebat . qui 
 vero vitem tcnuiflet, militiam mutabat: 
 fi ex induftria fregifTet, capite pledeba^ 
 tur "^ .Tribunis aute vites prselat^s fuiffe, ^rr^tl[^\ 
 nonvirgasalibioftendimus. Cauedum deretmut, ' 
 
 3 tamentnbuno^nemodumincaftigan- t)f^'^^/^ 
 doexcedatd^& fi iniufte milireminua- retmht.i.tu 
 dat, & non caftigandi animo ob crimen ZZZulm^ 
 aliquod mctasofficij fui excedat, puto VMau, 
 
 c militi
 
 De IVRE ET OFP. BELt. 
 
 a nr^umtnto rniUtidefenfionem cfTe llcitam *: alioqul 
 Klt'^rc verononeritrcfiftendum^ namomnis 
 bb. lo. contumacia aducrfus ducem vel prsefi- 
 b c.9<^re,^- demjCapitalis eft^^.Nequcrolumcapita- 
 cLomTe.^'. lis poena ftatuta eft in eos,quimanusin- 
 contHmaaa tulcfunt prasDofito "^ : fcd ctiaHi in COS, 
 di.omne-^.i qui cum dcfcndere nolucrunt ,vcl de- 4 
 i>^<^jremtiit. ferueruntjOccidiquepaffifunte. idcmq; 
 
 \rd'Cm^. regia Hifpaniarum lege conftitutum eft 
 
 infn.Ddere j^ eos , qul regcm fuum deferuerunt^. 
 
 fR!^*.i.3.w. Senatusautem Romanorumquaragra- 
 
 l9.i'«^2. uifTimetulit, quodQ.Petiliumconfule 
 
 foriiffim^ aduerfusLigures pugnateni, 
 
 occidi milites pafli eflent , & legioni ne- 
 
 queftipendiuro anniprocedere, neque 
 
 aeradarivoluit: quia pro faluteimpera'^ 
 
 gV4/.M4x. foris hoftium telis fenon obtuliftcntS. 
 
 ,2.cap.'j, Ccltiberiveronefas efTeduxerutprsrlio 
 
 fupcre{re,cum is occidifter,pro cuius fa- 
 
 hVaiMax. lutefpirirum deuouifTent^» Cuiuscon- 
 
 ib.i.cap.6. (]^JQj-ji5 homines fuiffe apud Gallos, 
 
 quos illi Soldurios appellabant, refert 
 
 i i«hd.g*i. Cffar'.Porrovfqueadeofcuereimperio 
 
 ^'^' ducis pareri , eiusque edida obferuari 
 
 pra:cipitur,vt capitis poenamfubeatjqai 
 
 remaduceprohibitamfecerit*, autma- 5 
 
 btih.'i^Mn dataeiusno remauerit, etiam Q res bene 
 
 "^« ceflerit ^. Cuius difciplinae feueriffimi 
 
 cuftodes
 
 Liber tertivs* 200 
 
 cuftodesfuerePoftumius^Tubertus Sc 
 ManliusTorquatus: quorum alter filiu, 
 quia nonfuoiuflu, fedfponte, prxCidio 
 progrefTushoftesfuderat.vidoreiecuri 
 ftfiriiufrit.alterverojcuilmperiofopo- 
 ftea cognomen fuit,filium,qu6d prouo- 
 catus a Geminio Metio duce Tufcula- 
 norum, ad dimicandum contra edidum 
 patris defcenderat^gloriofam vidoriam ^ 
 & rpecio(a fpolia referente, in confpedii 
 exercitus virgiscefum fecuri percufrit.& 
 Manlius filius exercitu pro (e aduerfus 
 patrem fcditionem parante,negauittati 
 efTe quemquam , vt propter ilium difci- 
 plinacorruperetur.&obtinuitvtipfum ^,. , 
 puniri pateretur . VndePauIusaitjdilci- ^g. vafcr. 
 6 piina caftroru antiquiorem Romanis * hiax.Uc.j. 
 fiiitte , quam charitatem liberorum ^. I't^iplji^. 
 Nee minori feueritate Papyriusdi(5lator tmmtm4fi' 
 Q. Fabium magiftrumequitum , quod ^^JZ]Zt 
 cotraeius imperiiim exercitum eduxit ^obi.fa#«r/; 
 (et : quaquam fuGs Samnitibusin caftra 
 tedierat,nequevirtuteeius, nequefuc- 
 ceflu,neque nobilitate motusjiiudatum, 
 virgisqicaefum fecuri pcrcufTurus , apo- 
 pulo Rom.tribunisque plebis5quipro 
 eo intercedebant^conftanterpopofcit^ y^^rZxJil 
 Perindc autein eum militarisanimad- 2 «/7, 
 
 c 2 uerfio
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BEtl. 
 
 uerfiofuit, qui extra ordincmetiani la 
 prouocantemjCotraimperium pugnaf- 
 fetjautclafficoreuocatuSjtardiusparuii^ 
 fet, quam fi ciucm aut focium iniuriaaf- 
 fcciflet . Itaque Cyrus laudaflTc dicitur 
 militemjquicumhoftem interfedurus 
 gladium eduxiflet, clafTico receptuiau- 
 dito i(^us cohibuit^hoftemquedimifit, 
 
 DE EMANSORIBVS. 
 t Sine commutu milts a fi^nis Sejfe ficn 
 
 2 ^ui Agmtn excefitfuftibtis cdMturm 
 
 ^ EmATifor quis^ & quomodofumtttr, 
 
 4 ^^i vallum tr An fcendit. 
 
 5 ^i ad, commtAtfu diem mn rtdit. 
 
 Capvt XI. 
 
 IVre militari apud Romanos cautum 
 fuitjue miles fine commeatu*abfignis \ 
 abeat, neuc praelio decedat , n^ue locum 
 relinquat,aut e caftris fugiat, neue dece- 
 datlongius , fed explorato, Scfubfignis 
 atquefubfidiis pofitis, non modo in acic 
 procedat , fed & lignatum aut populatu 
 vadat, oraniadenique^ veluti ficorani 
 hoftc cauta praeuifaque effent. qui vero 
 longius atuba^ auditU5nifi imperatoris 
 aut tribuai iuflu,extra munimcnta abiif. 
 
 ftt^in
 
 Liber tertivs, 201 
 
 let, in eum militarisanimaduerfio erat: 
 ne fcilicet vagi milites folutiore cura ob- 
 ambulantes jin hoftililoco temerepro- 
 grcflicaedibus effent & pcriculis obno- 
 xij: tumetiamvta rapinacontinerctur: 
 
 2 vndequiagmenexceffiflet*, excaufa vel 
 fuftibus caedebatur,vel mutare militiatn 
 
 folet *. Ly fander Lacedsemonius egref- a '• h §'fi^ 
 fum via quendamcaftigabatj cuidicenti Sff''^*'* 
 ad nullius rei rapinam fe ab agmine ex- 
 cefliffe , refpondit : Ne fpeciem quidem 
 rapturi praebcas volo. Alexander Seue- 
 rus , fi quis de via in alicuius poffefTione 
 deflexiffet, eum fuftibus caedi iubebat^dc 
 dum caftigarctur, per prfconem procla- 
 mari & edici: Quod tibi fierinon vis, al- 
 teri nc feccris. quod a Chriftianis ali- 
 quadoaudiucrat.Pompeius vero miflus 
 in Siciliam legatus, cumaudirct milites 
 in itinere faciundo fsepe euagari,vimque 
 hominibus facere , & pr^das auertere, 
 cos qui temere obcrrabant , fuppliciis 
 compe(cuit;areautemmi(rorumgladiisi,pi,f.,-«^ 
 figilla impofuit^. Porro qui diu vagatus pf'*^ ^ 
 fine CO meatu ad caftra regreaitur,eman- f^„^,j)dt r» 
 
 3 for*dicitur: cuius crimeleuiuseft,quam m,bt. ^^^^ 
 defcrtoris^-vterronis leuiuseft inferuo, D/f^^JT. 
 quam fugiciui ^ . Examinantur autcm hn, 
 
 c 3 caufae
 
 Dfi IVRE BT OFF* BELL. 
 
 caurae€manfionis5&cur,&vbi fuerit)& 
 
 quidegerit5&daturveniavalctudini,af- 
 
 fc(5iioni parentum & affinium, & fi feruu 
 
 fugientem perfecutuseft, vel fiquahu- 
 
 iufmodi caufa fit; fed & ignorant! adhuc 
 
 tfiToMn difciplinam tyroni ignofcitur». Hofti- 
 
 mtitt^ bus tamen imminentibus ^qxii in explo- 
 
 rationeemanetjautafoflatorecedit^ca* 
 
 b/.j. $.« nitepunitur***(imiliter& is qui vallum 
 
 ItiUt, tranlcendit , aut per murum caftra jn- 4 
 
 c /. J. §•"» greditur'^.murienimfacrofandlifexnper 
 
 ^Uf^ habiti fuered Jsquoquequicommeatu* j 
 
 d §.fanae, accepto ad diem commeatus non rediit, 
 
 p^.dtrer.dt' p^j.£j^jg jj^ eumftatuendum Modeftinus 
 
 refpondirjacfieraanfifletjVeldefcruifTet 
 
 pro numerotemporis: fadapriuscopia 
 
 diccndi, num forte cafibusquibufdam 
 
 detetuseflet,propterquosvcniadignus 
 
 e u.i.fiad videatur^V^qiadeover6odiofumfuita 
 
 dim. I, qui fignisabefic, vt miles quiincommeatu 
 
 commeatuf. apit.non vidcatur rcipubcaufa abcfTe.vt 
 
 f w/.i. D. Vlpianusrefpondit^rfiputavagetur^aut 
 
 ^ZtlHiift ^^on^i^useocietur, vt labolenusfenfitS. 
 
 dUc^^us nam vt Vlpianus ait ^: Ij tantum reipub. 
 
 hmT^'lb ^^"^ ^^^^ intelliguntur, qui non fui 
 
 v^cx'^Jibu^ commodicaufa,fed coaftiabfunt.atco- 
 
 ^■"fT*ffi nicatum quaparciffime dari debere mi- 
 
 JriU, litibus. alio loco diximus.*
 
 Liber tertivs. 202 
 
 DE DESERTORIBVS. 
 / Befertorcjuts dr quomo^ofumtur, 
 2 Sim defertor em occult ant, 
 ^ D efertor reftitutus non accipit flipendU 
 
 t em for is quo in defer t tone fuit. 
 4 *3s^ filmm mdttUfubtraxit^ 
 
 Ca p VT XI r. . 
 
 D Efertor * in iure dicitufjqui per 15- 
 gum tempus vagatus reducitur a, ^Uefemre, 
 Semelautem militia? affcriptus, nifide- Ji'jfZX' 
 bitemifTus, earn deferere non poierat: 
 quodgrauifTioium crime habitum fuir. 
 non tamen oranes defertores fimiliter 
 puniendi funt. namhabeturordiniSj& 
 (tipendiorum ratio, & an teadlasvitse. re- 
 fert etiam num folus , vel cum pluribus, 
 femel,autiteruquisdeferiierit. aliudue 
 crimen defertioni adiunxerit, item tem- 
 poris ratio haberur. nam qui in pace de- 
 feruit,equesgradupelleduseft,& pedes hiMamnts. 
 militiammutar. inbelloide admifTiim, ^^i^remiUc, 
 capitaiecH:^. Grauiusquoqueineofla- l^o'^'i.^'^'^ 
 tutum fuit , qui poftdeiertionem in alia pofi.v.dire 
 militiamrededit5legiuepa[rusfitc. Im- dr«/a;/fc, 
 peratores vero permiferunt cuilibetde- quHitcvn, 
 fertorem opprimere*^. quod Leoimpe- ^'^['^'^ '^ j^ 
 ratoritareftrinxitjfiinuentusreftiterit*, defirt.bb.iz, 
 
 c 4 Defun-
 
 De ivre et of p. bell, 
 Defunftorumautcm in defertione bo- 
 tiUef^Ho. napublicantur\ Nequeloliimipfidc- 
 mia.ub.iz. lertorcs puniendi lunt, fed etiamijqui 
 eosocculranc*. item iudex, qui gratia, 2 
 vel didimuiatione poenam defertoriir- 
 dejinoMb.il rogareneglcxit^. qui vero defertorem 
 « d.i.i. proditjprasmio afficitur c.defcrtori tame 
 t^tT«X ^."! ^« obtulit,indulgeri foletJ . nifi forte 
 /trno^.icjiei quis poft quinquennium fe obtulerit, 
 Si^^T. D <luidcportariiubetur^ Etquamuisde- 
 dt remii, * fcrtor * cx indulgentia fuerit reftitutus, 3 
 e/.mi/if«a. ^^^ tamen ftipcndiacius temporis.quo 
 D.dertrmi. iH delertionc fuent , exigcre potent ^. 
 U'"c^^^n ^onminusgrauiterquam indefcrtorc, 
 mitt. Lhii, ftatutum eft in eum^qui filium fuum mi- 
 «CI* ^*'' ^^^^^ fubtraxifTet*. nam fi id belli tepore 4 
 feciffer, exilio & parte bonorum multa- 
 batur:/] in pace/uftibuscaediiubebatur, 
 & requifirus iuuenis in deteriorem mili- 
 tiam dabatur. & qui filium debilitauit 
 deledlu indi(flo,vt inhabilis militig eflet, 
 g I. <iuiotm cJcportariexrefcripto D.TraianifoIctS. 
 DMr^mii, Caefarautem cum conueniret, in ceteris 
 feditioforu Scdcfertorumacerrimus in- 
 quifitor & punitor dicitur fuiffc maxi- 
 mus. & Aufidium CaiTiu mcmoria? pro- 
 ditumeft,nouoqxemplo multisdefer- 
 toribus manus detruncafle & pedes , af- 
 
 ferens
 
 Liber tertivs, 205 
 
 ferens maiori difciplinae fore rniferabili- 
 ter criminofum viuerejquam occidcre. 
 
 DE TRANSFVGIS ET PRODI- 
 
 TORIB vs. 
 
 J Jn trartsfugoi acerrim I animaduerfum^ 
 
 2 ^juchmpoteftredirt^ & mnreiit^pro 
 
 trans fuga habetur, 
 
 J Exfloratores quomodopumendi, 
 
 4 Arcana, confdta non funt eudganda» 
 
 5 S peculator es ho [liiim, 
 
 6 An fn nohili viro dignum fpccdatorem 
 
 'ff'- . . . 
 
 7 CMimme tutumferfugti cnaere. 
 
 CaPVT XII I. 
 
 I TN transfugas*,velut maiore crimine 
 -■-obnoxios,& patruxacciuium prodi- . , ^ -,.. 
 tores, acernme lemper animaduerium mtnum. §. 
 fuit,& veniaindignifuere» nam vtPau- ''•*^>^*.d. 
 lus ait a; Transfuga,qui male conhho cc ponueuer/: 
 prodirorisanimo patriam reliquit, ho- ^ ^'p^^^^jf^ 
 
 /1 L L J n. o . res* D, der§ 
 
 ftium numcro habendus elt , & capite nui,t. 
 punitur^. &vbicunqueinuentus5quafi cu$.^,>k. 
 hoflisinterficipoteft'^raclegisluli^ma- ^;^«* *"*• 
 ieftatis reus eft '^. torqueri quoque,& ad «^ /•»• i>"*^ 
 beftias, velinfurcamcodemnariporeft, ,/.3'^^^»; 
 quamuis milites nihil eorum patiatur». DMrenuiie^ 
 
 c 5 Isctiam,
 
 De IVRH £T off. BBtt. 
 
 Isetiam , quivolens transfugercdeprc- 
 
 ^Uerertore. hettfus cft, capltc punltuF *. Itaque Ful- 
 
 f'r!*Vl uiumrenarorisfiliumadCatilinampro- 
 
 rermht. nciicetem retraaum e^ itinere milit pa- 
 
 b Saii>^j},in rensnecari^.P.autem Scipio Africanus, 
 
 coutitrat.ca- alloquln mitiflimi ingcnij , in perfugas 
 
 ^^* ficfugitiuosacerbusfuittfiquidedeuidla 
 
 Carthagine ad firmandam difciplinam 
 
 militarcm,ex Romanis,qui rupto impc- 
 
 rioad hoftestransfugerant, in crucem 
 
 efFerri, nominis vcro Latini fecuri per- 
 
 cL«.w.3o. cuti iuffit^& pofterior Africanus tranf- 
 
 up.y!''^'' fugasbeftiisobiccit', Paulus .Cmilius 
 
 d vai.Mam. elephantis. M. MarcellusLeontinisca- 
 
 ^-'•"?7- pjJ5^ addiiomilliatransfugarum (ecuri 
 
 eXmM,z4 percuflfit^. Metium vero Suffctium pro- 
 
 ditionis reu,quadrigisindiuerrum adis 
 
 fUieMi.z, difccrptumfuifTe legimus^. Et ccclxx* 
 
 perfuga? , qui ad Annibalem transfuge- 
 
 rant , reccpti a Q^ Fabio Rotnam miffi, 
 
 virgis in comitio cxCi omnes , ac de faxo 
 
 gthjib.!^ ddedifuntS. Idem tame Fabius Maxim. 
 
 mitius agens , illorura qui contra reli- 
 
 gionemiurifiuranditransfugerant , de- 
 
 xtrasamputarimandauif.vttruncaprsc 
 
 febrachia geftantes , defedtionis metum 
 
 hv4f M« rcliquis inijcerent, & ceteris, tie idem 
 
 u.z. ca^j, comitterc auderent , documeto eflent K 
 
 Apud
 
 LiBHR TERTIVS, 204 
 
 Apud Athenienfes vero proditionis reu 
 fepelire nefas fuit.eumque cum tota po- 
 fteritate inter infames referebanta:& ca- ^ p/^,.^^ 
 dauera eorum extra fines patriae depor- tadeiSKha^ 
 tariiufleruntb. ei tamen, qui transfugit, ^JilZ\t^ 
 & poftea multoshoftesapprehendit, & cimlmnes. 
 transfugas demonftrauerit , poffe parci ',^;^^f** 
 D.Hadrianusrefcripfit^. Haberuretiam 
 
 2 pro transfuga is^qui cum poffet * redire, 
 
 non rediit<*. Ec quidem ab hoftibus re- ^ ^**"* T* 
 miili mihtes, non aliter reitituendi funt, /»«»*. D.<Un 
 quamficonftiteriteoscaptosfuiffe , no "**'' 
 
 3 transfugifle*. Porroexploratores*jqui einSomnet, 
 fecreta hoftibus nunciant, proditorum ^'^^e^f^l 
 loco habentur, & capitis poenas luunt^: derelnu$t, * 
 & viuiexuri.aut furcafufpendifolentg. Ll'^lT/*^* 
 Apud Carthagmienles veroquodapo- o.ieremHit^ 
 tentiffimo ca terapeftate Poenoru pro- [^f'"'^/**' 
 ditionisdamnato,qu6dodio Hannonis &KtgXiC 
 ducis belli Gr^ecis litteris Dionyfio ty- '"-^i Z"»»-.*. 
 rannoaduentumexercKus,& legnitiem u^mdexme. 
 ducis prxnunciafTet, S,C. fa(flum eft, nc ^f^- ^;^'^/* 
 quis poftea Carthaginienas aut Graecis damnm^ i, 
 litteris,aut Gra?co fermoni ftuderet : ne ^^"' ^-^ 
 aut loqui cum hofte,aut fcribere fine in- ^*^' 
 terpretepoftetKNequefblum poenadi- hi«/?w./.2o 
 gni fuerunt^qui hoftibus fecreta nuncia- 
 
 rent ; led ctiam ij, qui apud fuos ea euul- 
 
 garent*
 
 Db Ivre et off. bell. 
 garcnt^.ItaqueapudiEgyptios lege mi- 4 
 litaricautumfuic, vtquiduciscofilium 
 a TA>i,^hU. palam feci(Tet,Iingua multaretura, Perfj 
 **•*• vcro veterieorumdilciplina arcana regu 
 y QjZm$. vitg periculo cuftodiri ftnxerut ^ Et mc- 
 ^'^' moriae proditum eft , multis feculis P. 
 confcriptorum arcana confilia a nemine 
 fenaiorumfuifTceuuIgataJtaqueC^Fa- 
 bius Max. quod debelloPunico indice- 
 dojdc quo fecreto in curia adum erat,P* 
 Craffo narrauir, quamuis per imprude- 
 tiam,mcmoreumtriennioantequgfto- 
 rem fa<5tum5 ignarusquenondum acen* 
 foribus in ordinem fenatorum alledum, 
 vehementeracofulibusobiurgatusfuit* 
 < W.2.f,2. Nunquamenim , vtait VaU Max*^. taci- 
 turnitatem , optimum ac tutiflimum re- 
 rum adminiftrandarum vinculum, labe- 
 fadlari volebant* Sicque cum Afix rex 
 Eumcnes amantiflimus Romanoru bel- 
 luma Perfeaduerfuspopulum Roman, 
 comparari (enatui nunciaflet , non ante 
 fciri potuit, quid aut ille locutuselfet, 
 aut patres refpondilTcnt, quam Perfcn 
 dydi.Max, captumcognitumeffet**. Prudctervero 
 w.i.«/.a. Qcilius Metellus tribuno militum pcr- 
 cundantiquidciTetfadurus: Sieius,in- 
 
 quit , rei fcircra mihi lunicam confciam, 
 
 exutam
 
 Liber tertivs. 205 
 
 exutam in ignem coni jcerem • indicans 
 ducuconfilianonedeeuulganda.Porro 
 proditoribus annumerari polTunt, qui 
 ad hoftes tela armauedeferuntrquod ca- 
 pirale eft , bonis eorum publicatis a, Et > '-i. c.^»* 
 Paulus refpondit, ferrum hoftibus ve- Xbu^'ix!^ 
 nundare fine capitis periculonolicere^ im.»m. 
 qui vero operam dabant , vt barbari Ro- Jj^^^'^* 
 manos depra?darentur , & pra?dam cum 
 hoftibus diuidebant, viuiexurifolent^, l'''J!J'^' 
 
 5 CeterumhoftiufpecuIatores*apudnos " '" 
 forte deprehenfos 5 non tanto odio di- 
 gnoseflej quantoij qui ad hoftes tranP- 
 fugiunt,& fecreta hoftibus nuhciant,ra- 
 tio ipfa (atis indicat, quippe qui nulla 
 perfidia notantur, Vndefpeculator qui- 
 dam Carthaginienfis, qui per biennium 
 fefelierat, Romaedeprehenfus, pra?cifis 
 tantum mailibusdimifluseft*'. Solet hie d ikM^ 
 
 ^ quxriy anfitnobilivirodignum^fpecu- 
 Jatorem efte , & explorare hoftium con- 
 filia & fada . Etcerte ex profefTo banc 
 artem exercere mcrcedis gratia^no puto 
 viro nobili honori efle, neq; citra igno- 
 miniae notam licere: vt coUigere licet ex 
 lis qu? de nobilibus late tradit Tiraquel- 
 lus. Si quis veroamorc reipub.& pro fa- 
 lute communi & publica hoc faciat,non 
 
 folurn
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 /blum no indignum vironobiff.fedeti§. 
 maximcgloriofumiudico. nam & Do- 
 minus pr^ccpitMoyfi'proficifcenti cum 
 Ifraclitis in tcrram promiflfionis^vf prae- 
 mittcrct fin^^ulos dc fin^ulis tnbubus 
 expr^cipuisinterramChanaa^quicon- 
 fiderarcnt J qualisquantaqueeiTet, «Scv-» 
 trum fortis populus , an infirmus, panel 
 numcro , an plurcs , ip(a terra bona , an 
 mala, vrbcsmunitce, nee ne , ceteraquc 
 
 aN«w.i3. omniaexplorarent». Etlofueduoscx- 
 ploratores mifii in vrbem Iericho,ante- 
 
 b itf/M.c4/>.2 quameam.oppugnaretb.ItaqjSex, Tar- 
 quinius, fimulata patris feuitia & odio 
 Gabios profugit : quo aftu duxab itiis e- 
 leduSjVno aut altcro pra^lio profpere re 
 gefta, ciim vniuerfa res Gabina illi crcdi- 
 ta efTet/ublatis de medio primoribus ci- 
 uitatis, fine certamine oppidum patri, 
 qui illud oppugnabat , in manus rradi- 
 
 cim.hb,2. ditc. Et Zopyrushomo nobiIis,Darii 
 Perfarum regis amicus^cum viderctrege 
 longa obfidione Babylohisdefeflum, & 
 difficilcm admodu expugnationem fo- 
 re, truncatis fibi ipfi nafo & auribus ^ la- 
 ccro corporead Babyloniosrransfugif, 
 fimulas fe a Dario tarn foede csefum. qua 
 recreditabenigneabhoftibusexceptus, 
 
 tuimis
 
 LiBBR TERTIVS. 2q6 
 
 turmiscquitum praefedus , vno aut alte- 
 ro praeliorebenegeftajtandeduxtotius 
 cxercitusconftitiuuSjVrbematqueexer- 
 citum Dario tradidit a. Arafpa quoque a ufimMb.t 
 nobilidimus Medus^ex Cyri comitibus, 
 iufTueiusadAffirium regem transfugit, 
 &expIoratis hoftium copiis6( confiliis 
 ad Cyrum reuerfus^in publica condone 
 ab CO laudarus eft^. Quibus ctiam exem- \, x«,o. h 
 plis docemur, quamminime tutum fitMC)»'.^ 
 ' perfugis credere*, quibuscert^^etiam fi 
 fine dole & fraude ad nos profugfant, & 
 fuos prodant 5 non multum fidei haben- 
 dum erir. quomodoenim fperari poieft 
 in alienos fidu fore , qui in fuosperfidus 
 cxiftitMtaqueAnrigonusdicerefoletjfe 
 proditores amaredu proderet, vbi vero 
 prodidifTent , eos ommodioperfequi. 
 quofpedatAuguftididum: Proditio- 
 nem anrio, prodirorem non laudo ^ £t c PiW. w 4. 
 faccte Philippus Macedo 5quaquam dc- ^^^' 
 cepto hofte Temper gauderct, conque- 
 renti cuidam,qu6d milites eum prodi- 
 toremvocarent^eo quod patriam Phi- 
 lippo prodidifTet : Noli miran, in quit, 
 hebetes enim ingenio funt Macedones, 
 & agreftes admodum^ vrpote qui fcapha 
 fcapham vocant;his verbisdocens, pro- 
 ditores
 
 De IVRE ET off. EEtt» 
 
 ditores omnibus ludibrio efle debere; 
 Romanis certe veteribus illis^ infitum 
 fuit Romanis, vt ipfi dicebant,artibus, 
 id eft, virtute, opcrc, armis podus vince- 
 
 ^Kdehfti re> quamalienainiquitate^vtalioloco 
 
 ^/r^*^^*- oftcndimus.a 
 
 DE SEDITIOSIS. 
 / Intefiinapditiones fermcioft. 
 2 In ftditiofcs acriter anirnaduerfum» 
 ^ Hon Umeri expcrtendum imfcrium» 
 
 4 LuxM ^Ikentlamaxirmfouentfedi^ 
 
 twnestf 
 
 5 Seditio m'tra dexteritate fedata, 
 
 4 Jitter in klio^aliter in face agendum, 
 / Priu^ lenienda feditio , quam in Auliotes 
 
 animaduertatur, 
 8 ^omodo comfefc4tur fedtfio» 
 
 Capvt xiiii. 
 |Vam perniciofaefint* inteftinafdiP i 
 .(entiones^diferte Menenius Agrip- 
 pa orator , adpopulum, quiin/acrum 
 motem feceflerat ,apologo fuo de mem- 
 brorum humani corporis diflentionc, 
 biMMfU oftendit*>: &Scylurus fafcefuohaftaru, 
 quem filiis fuis^quos odoginta habebat, 
 confringendum exhibuit. Etenim baud 
 pauciorcsexcrcitus difcordia& feditio- 
 
 nc,pro* 
 
 q;
 
 LiSER TERTIV5. 207 
 
 ne, propriis viribus confumptos , quam 
 ab hoftibus proftratos fuiffe fatis coflat. 
 I Vnde infeditiofos*, firfeditionuauifto- 
 res acriter femper fasuitum eft , tanquam 
 incriminislaerafniaieftadsreos». itaque a^t.D.^i 
 capite puniri Modeftinus rcfpoditeum, ^^^.♦"«*^. 
 qui atrocem milirum feditionem conci- 
 tauit: fin vero intra vociferationeni & 
 leuem querelam fedicio motaeiret^, gra- 
 dumilitiaedcijci^. &Paulusfeditioros, hii.mfn. 
 pro qualitate dignitatis , in furcam tolli, ^-'^'''"'^^* 
 autbcftiisfubijci, autininfulamdepor- 
 tari voluit c. Ex coftitutionibus quoque c «/./ ^^v 
 regni Hi/paniae 5 pro qualitate deli(5ti,& ^^^^^1'*« 
 pcrronaB,puniri iubetur. & fiquidem eo anaotti. d.* 
 animo feditionem niouerint,vtlmpedi- '^'P%"i-).-f 
 re tur occalio rei bene gerenda?, er u us o- no. 
 culis in carcerem conijciuntur , donee 
 occafio rei gerendf tranfierit : & quidem 
 (ifintexdignioribus,captiuiconftituu- 
 tur , & poftca in exilium mittuntur*^. ^^'"^/jf^j* 
 Caefar autem cum in ceteris criminibus para* 
 commueret^infeditiofosacerrimusvin- 
 dexfuit,&excau(afeditionis>intumuI- 
 tu ciuilium armorum, aciummaxime 
 tumcntibusanimiSjlegionem totam ex- 
 au(5lorauit J audoribusfeditionis fecuri 
 pcrcuflis ; fedmoxcos quos exaudora- 
 
 d uerat.
 
 De IVRE ET OFf* SELL. 
 
 ucrat jignominiam deprecates reftituif, 
 & optimosmilireshabuit. Cn.Popeius 
 minitantibus direpturos pccuniammi- 
 litibus, qua? in triumpho ferebatur, Ser- 
 uilio&Glauciahortatibus,vtdiuideret 
 earn , ne fcdiiio fieret , affirmauit non 
 triumphaturum fe^fed potius moriiuru, 
 quam licenti^ militum fuccumberer,ca- 
 rtigatisqjorationegraui militibiis, lau- 
 reates fafces obiecir , vtab illorum inci- 
 perent direptione, eaq; m u id ia red egit 
 COS ad modeftiam.Monenditamenfant 
 duces belli, netemereexpenantur im- 
 perium^jCuiusvisomnisinconfenfuo- 3 
 bedientium eftjii forte pencuium flt,no 
 fore dido audientes milites: vtprudeter 
 legati App. Claudiummonuerunt, fae- 
 uirevolentem in milites, qui odioeius 
 in aciem produ<5ti, turpi fugapetierant 
 
 ai»ViJ,2. caftraa. Porro Gemitius confulmillia 
 hominumquattuorcxaudorauit, &in 
 fore percullit , quod licentia corrupti 
 Rhegium, in cuius prsefidio erant,occu- 
 pauerant, & eorum corpora fepulturae 
 
 hvaiMax, mandari , mortemque lugere vcruit ^. 
 
 Lmjtb.zi. Atqui in compelcendis cohibendisque 
 militum (editionibus magna requiritur 
 ducisprudetiajquiinpTimisfciredebet, 
 
 luxum
 
 LiBER TERTIVJa 208 
 
 4 luxum&licentiam'^exociOjVtfitjColIe- 
 dam maxime foucre iftiufmodi militu 
 confiIia;vtiLiuiusinfuahiftoria(atiso- 
 
 5, ftenditScumait.-Iamtumminimefalu- iUky. 
 ys bris militari difciplinse Capua , inftru- 
 5, mento omnium voluptatum delinitos 
 3j miliruanimosauertita memoria patriae, 
 3, inibanturqueconfiliain HiberniSjeode 
 55 fcelereadimendg Cam panis Capua?, per 
 35 quod illi earn antiquis cultoribusade- 
 3, miflent . Ceterum in hac coniuratione 
 Capuana compcfcendaj laudandapru- 
 
 5 dentia C. Martij Rutilij conf** qui & a?- 
 rate, & vfu dodus , optimum ratusdiffe- 
 rendofpemjquandocunquevellent^co- 
 filium exequendi militarem impetu fru-^ 
 ftrarijrumorediffipatiniirdemoppidis 
 & anno poll prxfidiahibernatura^diuifa 
 enimerantperCampanisevrbes. eoque 
 laxamentocogitationibusdato,quieuit 
 inpraefentiafeditio: &conful edudo in 
 xftiuamilite,dumquietosSamnitesha- 
 bebat,exercitu purgaremifTionibustur- 
 bulerorpm hominum , miradextcritate 
 ihftituit, alios aliis ex caufis^. Nequee- bi.W;*!/.;. 
 nim Temper conuenitimpcriu ejcperiri, 
 fsepeenim,^ Tacitus ait, quodinpacis 
 
 tcio vindex difcrplina perfequitur;inter 
 
 d 2 gladios
 
 De IVRE ET off. 3EIt« 
 
 gladios & turbas cauta toleratur patien- 
 tia. &vtFabiusMax. dicebat, alitcrin 
 medioardorc* belli j aliter in pacetran- 6 
 quilla arbitradum & agendum effe, vta- 
 
 ai.TewfwM libioftendimus*. Hincquoqucgrauia- 
 ^ratronmha- jiqua feditionc exo^ta,candem5quacun- 
 querationejieniendam ,&tumdemura 7 
 in au(5lores animaduertendum cenfeo, 
 ne alioqui magis irritetur & accendatur , 
 quamfedetur auc extinguatur niilitaris 
 fuior :exempIoScipionis, quiincadris 
 ad Sucrone in Hifpania feditione orta, 
 inter fuos milites feptc tribunes ad eos 
 midt, qui placido Term one pcrmulcctes 
 lenircnt militum animos, & edido pro- 
 pofito,vtadftipendiumpetendumcon-t 
 ueniret, Carthaginem pertraxit: vbi cir- 
 cumfufo omni exercitu graui oratione 
 cadigatis militibus, metutorpentibus, 
 audlores feditionis in mcdiu protradtos, 
 nudos deligatos ad palum virgis cxfos 
 fecuripercufTurcumquecertatumfuiflet 
 fententiis, vtrum in audtores tantum fe- 
 ditionis animaduerteretur, anpluriura 
 fupplicio vindicanda tarn foedi exempli 
 defedio magis, quam feditioeflet: vicit 
 fententia lenior, vt vndeorta culpa effet^ 
 
 ^*^'^'**- ibi poena confifteret ^. his adde quod 
 
 Tacitus
 
 LiBER TERTIV5. 20P 
 
 Tacitus ait% raluberrimumefTcadcon- a<MM^^.i 
 tinendam militarem fidem , vbi feditio 
 8 timetur^jVtlongisfpatiis diftineature- 
 xercitus , ne viribus 3c vitiis mi lites mif. 
 ceantur. fed & cum ocium militarem fe- 
 ditioncm maximefoueatjillud bello. A» 
 lexandri exemplo, interpellare couenit» 
 PrudenterveroCaefarbeilociuilijVtfibi 
 cxercitum deuinciret , a tribunis railitu, 
 centurionibusqi mutuas pecunias fum- 
 pfir, quas exercitui diftribuic . quo fado 
 duas res confecutus eft , quia pignore a- 
 nimoscenturionumdeuinxitj & largi- 
 tione redemitmilitum voluntates^. Eft b c^tfatd» 
 autem memorabile , quod dc Annibale ^«'-f»»^'»^*'» 
 tradunt hiftoria? : quippe qui cum in ho- 
 ftiu terra perannos tredecim , tam pro- 
 culadomo, variafortunabellugercret, 
 cxercitu non fuociuili/ed mifto ex col- 
 luuione omnium gentium , quibus non 
 lex, non mos, non lingua communis ^ a- 
 lius habitus, alia veftis, alia arma, alij ri- 
 tus , aha facra , alij prope dij cflenc, ita 
 quodam vno vinculo copulauerit eoSj 
 vt nulla nee inter ipfos^nec aduerfus d>j- 
 cem feditio exiftcret, cum & pecunia Cx- 
 pe, &ftipendium5&commeatusin ho- 
 ftiumagrodeeffetc. Idemde Viriacole- c Lw,/it.J7 
 
 d 3 gimusj
 
 De ivre et off. bbll. 
 gimus, qui per odo perpetuos annos, 
 quibusbellu cumRomanisgeifit^exer- 
 drum exomni hominum generc con- 
 flatum,finefeditioneobrequentiffimum 
 a AppUn.di habuita.quodcertenonfineadmiranda 
 H%. qqadamvirtutcducis fieri poruit.Scipio 
 vejcoalioquifummusimperaror, nimia 
 lenjtate fua militibus anfam ad feditione 
 prsbuit.quo nomine Q.Fabius Max.eu 
 ad corrumpendam difciplinam militare 
 natamarguebar5&pluspropeinHirpa- 
 nia culpa Scipionis per feditioncm mi** 
 litum^quambelloamifTumefTe. Adeo' 
 natura infitum quibufdani eft , vt magis 
 peccari nolinr, quamfatisanimiadvin" 
 dicanda peccata habeant, 
 
 DE IIS (Xyi IN ACIE LOCO CE- 
 
 DVNT, AVT VICTI SE DEDVNT, 
 
 J Imperator magisqnam ho(ils timendus, 
 
 2 ^ui In aciepriorfugit^ capitc pumtur, 
 
 J SeuerftoJ ad rem bene gerendamprodefl^ 
 
 4 Sj^f^ hojlihii^ dedunt^caret poJlUmim^ 
 
 5 £^ui met U ho Jl turn languor em fimulaf. 
 
 C A ? V T XV, 
 
 Learchus Laccd^moniorumduxe-» 
 xercitui diccreeft folitus, impera- 
 
 torem
 
 LiBER TERTIVS, 210 
 
 torem potius^quam hoftemmetuide- 
 
 bere^fignificascos^quiinprseliodubiam 
 rnortcmtimuiflentjCertum, (i deferuif- 
 fent, manere fupplicium : vt fci licet infi- 
 tumefTetmilitibaSjautvincenclum, aut 
 moriendum efTe. Qu^ cerre neceflitas ia 
 virtutcrnvertifolet.dc quo alio loco di- 
 ximus^. Vnde jure militaricaurum eft, aT.wce/r.M- 
 vt qui in acie priorfugam recerit*,capite /Xr^"^''** 
 puuiatur ^. Idem in nobili fu§iete,regia b homne, ^. 
 Hirpani^Iege ftatutum eft^- at iureca- Z!Zn^^ 
 nonicofirinfamis'^. Icgeverodiuinati- tR^^ iivf. 
 midiiubebantur reuertiin domumfuL ^'''^'-Pf''^- 
 nealastlmorel^mcuteret^ AppXIau- 6^«*/.u 
 diusexhis^quibello VolfcQ lococeffe- '^/^j^'^® 
 rant, decimum quemquc forte ducSum ^ '* "^'^ 
 ad fuppliciu legit f . idem fecit Antonius ^ y„,«, ^ ,. 
 belloParthicogrP.CornelioNafica^De- g A;>/,,4r,'.ii 
 cimolunio confT. quiexercitum defe- ^'^^''^'"*• 
 rueranC3dam^atlvirgiscae(l,publice vas- 
 nierut. Attilius reguius cum ex Samnio 
 in luccrnam rranfgrederetur, exercituf- 
 queeiusobuiis hoflibus adueifuseffer, 
 oppofitacohorteiuffufugieres pro de- 
 fedoribuscaediXamillusdidarorVeie- 
 ti bello di(5tus omnium primum . in eos, 
 quia Veiis proximo prselio pauore fu- 
 gerantjmoiemilitarianimaduertirjeffe- 
 
 d 4 citque
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 citque ne hoftis maxim^ timedus militi 
 a LkM.i, eflet*. T.Scaurusfilium jquodinfaltu 
 Triden tino hoftibus cefferat, in confpe- 
 dlum fuum venire veriiit : quareadolef- 
 cens verecudia ignominiajpreffuSj mor- 
 tem fibicofciuir. Marcellusveromitius 
 agcns 5 milites a quibus ortafuga eflet, 
 quiqucpauorefignareliquiiTent, fcque- 
 ti pugna inter primas acics frequentes 
 induxir,vt quod ignominiaeacceperanr, 
 b vai.Masc. sliis prcliis pcriculo expiarent^.Scnatus 
 hb.2. eaf.y, autcm Romanuscos. qui commilitoncs 
 fuos pugnantes apud Cannas deferue- 
 rant , graui dccreio vltra mortuorum 
 coditionem in Siciliam relegauit , & ac- 
 ceptisaMarcclloIittcris , vteoru opera 
 ad expugnationem Syracularum vti li- 
 ceret, rcfcripfitindignosefle, quiinca- 
 ftrarecipcrenturjnccrempubl.iiscom- 
 mittedamefFeiceterumfeeipermittere, 
 vtfaceret quod reipub.expedire iudica- 
 retidum ne quis ex eis munere vacaret, 
 autdonomilitiaedonaretur, aut inlta* 
 liam 3 donee hoftes in ea efTcnt , accede- 
 c L1W.25. re^C' idemdecretum fuitineos,quidc 
 \ai.Max,u cxcrcituCn.Fuluij praetoris in Apulia 
 ^"^•^* fcede cxfiy fugatique fupercrant : addi- 
 tumque ignominif ^ne in oppidis hiber- 
 
 narenr^
 
 Liber tertivs» m 
 
 narent , n6ue hiberna propius vllam vr- 
 bem dece millibus pafluum aedificarent. 
 &Cn. Fuluius capitis accufatusj inexi- 
 liumabiit^Scipiotamencum in Africa aLw»j«U€ 
 tranfiret,non eft afpernatus milites, qui 
 ex Cannenficladerupercranr,vtquine* 
 quead Cannas ignauiaeorumcladeac- 
 ceptam fciret, fed culpa ducis, neq; vllos 
 asquevcteresmilites inexercitu Roma- 
 no efTe, experrosquenonvariis prxliis 
 modo , fed in vrbibus etiam oppugnan- 
 dis*>^ Porro quantum huiusdifciplinae bHutwUs 
 feueritas ad rem bene gerendam profe- 
 5 cerit^multisexemplisdocemur. itaque 
 Licinius CrafTus contra Spartacum gla- 
 diatorem (qui cum magnamanufugiti- 
 uorum & dix coditionis hommum Ro- 
 manis belluinferebat) aliquot vidoriis 
 feroce profedus, legionibus decimatis, 
 quod male pugnaffent, effecit, vt magis * 
 ipfe,quam hoftis timeretur: &denuoia 
 aciem /uis produ6tis , quaniuis hacdeci- 
 matione miiltiim imminuto cxercitu, 
 magna (Irage hioftiu fada, egregie Spar- 
 tacum vicitc. Similiter L.Apronius/uis ll^^^.f]-^^ 
 aciefugatis, aT'»cfarinatemagisdecore mfZ*^' *' 
 fuorumjquam gloria hoftisanxiuSjraro 
 catepeftattjinquit Tacitus^, &cvetere danmU.i, 
 
 d J memo-
 
 De IVRE ET OFF. BELL. 
 
 jncmoria, facinore, decimum quemque 
 ignominiofe cohortis forte duclos fufte 
 necat: tantumque (eueritate profedum, 
 Vtvcxillum vcteranorum non amplius 
 quingenti numero, cafdcm Tacfarinatis 
 copias fuderint . Ceterum non foKim 
 loco cedere, & fugcrc apud Romanes 
 turpe fuit , & animaduerfionc dignum, 
 fcdetiam perdeditionem in poteftatem 
 hoftium venire, itaque eos, qui armis 
 vidx^fe hoftibusdedunt^poftliminio ca- i 
 a,Utipcftif^ rereVlpianusrefpondit^. EtquidemT. 
 3^1*7« tr Vefpafianustamfeucra? difciplinaefuifle 
 fojiu^f. traditur^vt militem ab hoftibus captum, 
 qui folutis vinculis ad caftra rcfugerar, 
 vltramilitarcnon fiuerit, ner illi arma 
 credidcrit, quodviuusfeabhoftibusca^ 
 pi permififlet . & fenatus vel maxime at* 
 tritisreip.viribus, cum magnum feruo-^ 
 rumnumerum a Pyrrhorege vitro mif- 
 fum recepifTent , decreuit ex fententia 
 App. Claudij^vtijquiequomcruerant, 
 peditum numero militarent:qui pedltes 
 fuerant,in funditorum auxiliatransfcri- 
 berentur, ncuequis eorum intra caftra 
 tederet^n^ue locum extra caftra afTigna- 
 tumvalloautfolTacingeretjneuetento. 
 riumcxpellibus habere t: &itademun^ 
 
 cos in
 
 Liber tertivs» 212 
 
 COS in priftinum militias ordinereftitui 
 placuitjfibinafpoliaex hoftibus retulif- 
 fent*. Parifeueritate fenatus^cum ei An- ^ y^ij^j 
 nibalodto millia Romanorunij qui in /.fc»2«M^ 
 caftrisrelidipoftCannenfemclademjfe 
 Annibalidediderant, redimedorum po- 
 teftatemraceret5Conditionemrpreuit5&: 
 in eorum locum 0(5lo millia feruoru pu- 
 blice empta armauit : qui miles magis 
 placuit: ciim tamen precio minore redi- 
 mendicaptiuoscopiafieret : memorta- 
 tam multitudincm armatoru iuucnum, 
 fi honefte mod voluifTenc , turpiter capi 
 non potuifle ; vt infitum cfTet Romanis, 
 aut vinccre,auteniori. qua quide audita 
 re fradum animum Annibalis ferunt/ 
 quod fenatus populusque Rom. rebus 
 afHidistamexcelfoanimoefTet^ Deni- 1, ^-^; ^ 
 que ij quoquc, qui metu hoflium Jan- vai^Aaxi.'z 
 5 guorem*fimulant, capitepuniri iuben- y^i^i'^'"^" 
 tursEftveronotatudignum, quod Sal- c/.oww.^. 
 luftiusdeveteribusillisRomanisrefertj-^'^f ^"'''' 
 quod in beHo fepius vindicatum fuerit ""'* 
 ineos, qui contra imperium in hoftem 
 pugnauerant,quiatardius rcuocati pr^- 
 lio excefTerat , quam qui figna relinque- 
 re,aut pulfi loco ccdere aufi eranr. 
 
 D£ IIS
 
 A 
 
 Db tVRE tr OFf. BELL. 
 DE IIS QVl ARMA ALIENANT 
 
 VEL AM ITTVNT, 
 
 J j^rma in htUo dmittere velalieMre grout 
 
 crimen^ 
 i jirma p»flUmwh non redtunt» 
 S J^^ fcutHmvel gladium in acie amittit» 
 
 CaPVT XVI. 
 
 Rma veteres membra mil itum cffc 
 
 voluerunt : itaque graue crime ha- 
 
 bitumfuitinbelloarmaamittere,vela- 
 
 a U. ^.mi~ lienarc% & capitc punitum *• & crimen x 
 
 ia^j>, dire iftuddefertiotii acquiparatur , fiquidem 
 
 tota quis alienaffet , vel etiam fi partem 
 
 tsntxxm : nifi quod intereft.nam fi tibiale 
 
 vel humerale amifit,vel alienaiiit, verbc- 
 
 ribus caftigari folet:fi vero loricam, gla- 
 
 dium, fcutum, defertorifimiliscft: nifi 
 
 hi^com^ quodtyronifacilius parcitur'». Hinceft 
 
 Tr^DMn ^^od armanon redirepoftliminio*rC' z 
 
 ^«»^^ rponditMarcellus, quod turpiteramit- 
 
 v'l'c^f.o- tantur^^.quare mirumquodconftitutio 
 
 ponLreutrf. rcgui Hifpanise armainbello amifTa ex 
 
 i.^l^"^2 pr^fda forte fada refarciri iubcat**. Ea- 
 
 caufa infamiae notam inurit, & nobilita- 
 
 ^eg.ivit, tispraerogatiuamadimit*. Etcertcarma 
 
 ai^^^. in bcUo amittcrc, ignominiofiffimum 
 
 Temper
 
 LiBBR TBRTIVS. JIJ 
 
 femperfiiit. itaqueM. CatoCenrorij fi- 
 liusjin acie cadentccquo prolapfus^cum 
 ferecolligerct , animaduerteretque gla- 
 dium cxcidiffe vagina, veritus ignomi. 
 niam,in confertiffimos hoftes fe immit- 
 tens, aliquot vulneribus acceptis , recu- 
 perate gladio rediit ad fuos. quo fpe(5ta- 
 culoattoniti hoftes , poftero dicadeos 
 fupplicespacempetentesvcnerunt^ L. f^^^^^i^'^ 
 autcm Calpurnius Pifoconf. CTitium /iwAsi. 
 praefedtum equitum, quod fugitiuorum 
 muliitudine circumuentus , arma hofti 
 cum fuis tradidiffet , toga laciniis abfciA 
 fis amidunijdiftindla tunica & nudis pc- 
 dibus ad principia per omne tempus mi- 
 litia? adcffeiuflfit^.App.Claudiusa Vol- hValMaK. 
 fcis excrcitu eius fugato , inuedus in ''^♦^•^''f-7' 
 proditore exercitum militaris difcipli- 
 na?,defertorem fignoru, vbi figna,vbi ar- 
 ma effent, fingulos rogitas, inermcs mi- 
 JiteSj/ignoamifTofigniferos, virgisc^- 
 fos, fecuiipcrcufritc. Laccdsemoniive- £,^*"^';* 
 ro Archilochum poetamvrbe exegerc, /^.9, 
 quod carmefcripfefatjin quo fuadercvi' 
 fus fuit, fatius cfle arma amitterc , quam 
 vitam. At Spartan^ mulieres exituros in 
 militiam filios monebant , vt aut viui 
 cumarmisin confpcilumfuumredircr, 
 
 auc
 
 D £ IVRE ET OFF. BELt, 
 
 aut morruicumarmisreferrentur. Ce- 
 terum apud Graecos militarilegecautu 
 crat , vt miles , qui fcutum in acieamifif- 
 fct*^, capirclucrct; quiverogladium, le- 3 
 uiori poena ple(5tcretur; quia maiorisdi- 
 fciplin^ feabhoftibus tueri & praeftare 
 incolumem, quam cum fua pernicie ho- 
 ftem pcrderefummi duces exiftimauere. 
 Quo fpeiflat Scipionis y£milianidi(5tu, 
 Malle feciueferuare, quammultosho- 
 ftes perdere. Itaque Epaminondas traicf- 
 dlus'hafta, moribundus , primum an cli- 
 peusfuusfaluuseffet, deindeanpenitus 
 fufi hoftcs foret, interrogauit^quae poft-^ 
 quamexanimifententiaccmperitjsetus 
 obiir,inquiens:NuncvefterEpaminon- 
 ^'l^j';^']^! ^asnafcitur^q 
 
 DE IIS QVI EXCVBIAS DESE- 
 
 KVNTjVEL MINVS RECTE AGVNT. 
 
 / Excubid diltgenter agenda , 
 
 2 ^ui exchbias paUctj defer utt, capite fu- 
 
 nitur» 
 ^ Dormihts In ftauone ijuo modoftmiedii 
 4 Captiui cuI^odU m flit urn commififeuA' 
 
 ferint, 
 
 CAPVt XVII* 
 
 o N m inima difciplin^ militaris pars 
 eft vigilias bene difponcre, & excu- 
 
 bias 
 
 N,
 
 Liber tertivs. 2IA 
 
 bias maxima curaagere : quarum negli- 
 
 gentiaplurimosexercituscefosjproftra- 
 tosque, yk m ulta caftra capta , ac oppida 
 
 occupatalegimus.ItaqueThomyrisre- 
 gina? filius fomno vinoqiie (epultus , cu 
 toto exercitu a Cyro oppreflus interilt^. a Uflin.iib.t 
 & L.MarciuSjCum reliquiis exeicituum, 
 cxtindiisScipionibuSj in Hifpaniabina 
 caftra Poenorum^vbi omnia vidoria ne- 
 filedafolutaqueinuenit^vnanodecaefis 
 
 1 hoftibuscepitb. Invigiles'igitur,quoru hLm.hh.zs 
 diligentia freti reliqui dormiut, qui mi- 
 nus officio fundi efientjmeritoanimad- 
 ucrfum f uit. Itaque Paulus eum^qui ex- 
 
 2 cubias palacij deferuit*5 capite puniri re- 
 fponditS&Modeftinuseum^quiftatio- cmi^iuieu- 
 nis munus reliquit,plufquam emanfore "^"*/* ^* 
 efle^atque pro mod6 dehdi aut caft jgari, 
 autgradudei)ci:quiver6 abexcubatio- 
 
 ne praefidis, aut cuiufuis pr^pofiri decep 
 fit , peccatum defertoris fubire dixit ^. d ini. defer. 
 Cum Galliin fummum capitolij euafift ^orem,^,^»*. 
 fentjincuria vigilum,qui tandem benefi- ^^^^! aTe 
 cioanferumcxcitati funtj P. Sulpitius »^«"»^. 
 tribunusmilitu^invigileseiusloci^quos 
 fefellerat afcendens hoftis,more milirari 
 fe animaduerfurum pronunciauit : fed 
 confcntienteclaraoremilitum,invnum 
 
 vigikm
 
 De ivrb et otf. bell. 
 
 vigilcm conijcienrium culpam , dcterri- 
 
 tus, a ceteris abftinuitj& rcum haud du- 
 
 bium eius noxseapprobannbus cundtis, 
 
 aIwJf^,5« defaxodeiecit^.Epaminondasverociini 
 
 cuftodiasftationesquccircumiret,vtdi- 
 
 fciplinam excplis ftabiliret, fopitum mi- 
 
 litem gladio transfixit * , aflerens , quod 
 
 b Pi/f.f« ^. qualcm inuenerar, talem reliquerat ^ & 
 
 p»;*. Auguftus manipulares milites ftatione 
 
 defcrta , & ccnturioncs morte multauit. 
 
 Porro ex conftitutionibus regni Hilpa- 
 
 niae/olentdormientesinftationejtertio 
 
 demu admoniti pra^cipitari de faxo , vel 
 
 cR^^.w.9. muris arcis, in quo forte excubabantS 
 
 M .iw.2. Q^^ autem ratione caftrenfes excubia? 
 
 conftituerentur apud Romanos , quod 
 
 officium circuitorurn, qui vigilias circu* 
 
 ibantjquaeue poena in eos, qui negligen- 
 
 d ie Row, tiores eflent^tradit PoIybius'^.Ceterum 
 
 cajiram, Paulus i£milius, vt attcntius cuftodiae 
 
 contra fomnum pugnaret, vigilesnouo 
 
 more fcutum in vigiliam fcrre vetuit.-no 
 
 enim in pugnam vigilem ire , vt armis v- 
 
 tatur 3 fed ad vigilandu m, vt cum fenferit 
 
 hoftium aduentum^recipiat fe^excitet^; 
 
 • Li.*.;U4. ad arma alios «. Epaminondas Thebanis 
 
 diem feftum agentibus^omnibusq; vino 
 
 & conuiuio deditis, folus fqualidus 8c 
 
 cogi-
 
 Liber teRtivs. 215 
 
 cogitabundus ciuitatem obambulauir, 
 &fimiIiarifuomiranii,quereriquecau- 
 fam: Vtvobis omnibus liceatpotare,& 
 animo eflTe ociofo, refpodit ^Prudentcr a Vht,in a-^ 
 quoqueCambyfes Cyri pater, interro- ^'^^' 
 gatus quonam pado vrbes optime cu- 
 ftodirentur^refponditiSicuftodesnun- 
 quara fibi (atis cautumab hofte eiTear- 
 bitrarentur. Solent etiam militumcu- 
 4 ftodisecommitti captiui^jquificuftodia 
 corum euaferint , pro modo culpse cafti- 
 gantur, aut militiam mutant^, exquire- ^/;.d^^/j;[: 
 dum tamen cflc , an nimia negligentia ^cd.wfl. 
 militum euaferint^an cafu D.Hadnanus 
 rej[cripfir.c <limiet. 
 
 VE EO QVI ARCEM, VEL OP- 
 
 PIDVM, CVIVS PRESIDIO IMPO- 
 
 fitus eft,ainittit,vel hoftibiisdedit. 
 / ^utarcenotenaitfUfamaiejlatliretis. 
 2 ? roar CIS iefenfwne mors recufanda non 
 
 tft. 
 ^ SI prdfe^o AYcCs ah hojle capta nulla culpa 
 imputaripofit^anpuniriclebeat, 
 
 4 Vrjtft&U4 quando mn umatur arcem dt* 
 
 fendere, 
 
 5 Ard male munitA prafe^lHs, 
 
 4 Vix efi vf chra igmmmam arx hop tra - 
 datur. 
 
 € 7 Bom
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 
 7 Boni ne an waliflw adferat reip, arcli 
 
 8 Extraneis non facile accejjui adarcem ci- 
 
 cedi debet. 
 
 CaPVT XVIII. 
 
 SI (erui dominis periculo capitis cu- 
 ftodiam domus , tarn a domefticis, 
 a ; i,»»/»w». quam ab extraneis praeftarecoguntura; 
 ^HiUn. ' ^ quantomagisilli, quibuscuftodiaarcis 
 veloppidij&publicafaluscommiflaeft: 
 pro qua tuenda nullum periculum , nul- 
 loscruciatus, necmortcdeniqueipfam 
 quifquam recufare debet : quare exadif- 
 fima diligetia pr'asftari debet in arcis cu- 
 b atfier^nto ftodia^.Itaquelcgeluliamaieftatistenc- 
 /atndi.D.de tUf ^qui arccm non tenuit,aut caitta ho- 1 
 pr^fc vi^L ftibusconceflitMtaqueL.Rupiliusco- 
 iJ!m0ie(i, ' ^ul eo bello, quod cum fugitiuis gellit in 
 Sicilia, Q-Fabiumgenerumfuum^quia 
 negligentiaTauritanam arcem amiferar, 
 d vai.mx. prouinciaiufHtexcedere^. C. CortaP. 
 Ub.z.cap.j. ^yreiimii Pecuniolafanguinefibitun- 
 dum, qucm Liparitanae obfidioni , rpfe 
 ad aufpicia rcpctenda Mcflanam tranfi- 
 turuSj praefecerat, virgisca*fumgregalis 
 miliria^munere inter peditesfiingicoe- 
 git^ quod cius culpa agger incenuis, & 
 
 paene
 
 Liber teRtivs. 21^ 
 
 paenecaftrafuerantcaptaMVl. Antonias, a VaiMax, 
 cum agger ab hoftibus incenfus efTet, ex ''^''' ""^-^. 
 hisquiinoperefueranr,duarumcohor- 
 tium legionesdecimauit , & in fingulos 
 decurionesanimaduertit,legatumcuni 
 ignominia dimifit , reliquis ex iegione 
 hordeuaidariiuffitb. T.TurpiliusSyl- bAppianin 
 lanusVaccaeoppidi pr^efedus, quddv- ^«^^•p*»'''/'. 
 nus ex omnibus profugiilec, omnibus 
 fuisinilitibuS5qui in praefidioerant, per 
 fraudem obtruncatis , iuffus a Metello 
 caufamdicercj poftquam (e parumex- 
 purgatjCodemnatus.verberatusquepoe- 
 nascapitefoluit^QiCincinnatusdida- c Saiu^.m 
 tofjCO temporejquo deuidii£qui,& fub ^«^- i«i»»^. 
 iugum mirfi, L.Munitiuni, quern ab ob- 
 fidionehoftium liberauerat, cofulatum 
 deponere coegit,& omnium reru pra?da 
 fuo tantum milicideditjndignum enim 
 maximo imperio credidir, quern no fua 
 virtus, fed foffa vallumque turura prf (li- 
 terate cuiqueverecundianon fueratjar- 
 ma Romana metu trepida claufis porris 
 contineri^. Porro Alexander Macedo *^ L''*''^'3. 
 quendam cadelli cuftodiae prsepofitum 
 obdefertam ftationem nece multauir. 8c 
 Carthaginienfes,ciim Mamertini a Ro- 
 manis praefidium accepilTent, Carthagi- 
 
 e 2 nienfium
 
 De IVRE ET off. BEtt» 
 
 nienfium prsefidio cxpulfo, praefe(5ium 
 prDefidij , quodformidincatqueignauia 
 nVoi^ihXu arccmamififlet^cruciaffixcrunta. Verif- 
 fime ccrte Alexander audiens Aornum, 
 faxum in India , natura loci inexpugna- 
 bilem efTe, kd a formidulofo homine te- 
 neri : Hoc facit5inquit,vt locus ifteiam 
 b viia.h a- facilis captu fn^.Et pra?clare Lacedemo- 
 P^A niusquidamnobilis, Philippominitati 
 muldsfeprohibiturum, nifi ciuitasfibi 
 traderetur : Num, inquit5& pro patria 
 mori prohibebis ? Fortiter quoque & 
 prudentcr L.Pinarius i€nna? in Sicilia 
 pr^fedus prgfidij,quod inarceerar.nam 
 iEnnenfium principibus, quideprodi- 
 tione pr^fidij padi erant cQ Himilconc, 
 cum nulla occafio fraudis pateret , pro- 
 paiam agentibusvrbem , arcemqueru3e 
 poteftatis efTe debere , & claues portarii 
 fibireddicotendentibuSjeoquodliberi 
 in focietatem, no ferui in cuftodiam tra- 
 diti edent Romanis: ita Pinarius refpon- 
 dit:Sein pr^fidioimpofitumefleabim- 
 peratorefuo^clauesqucportarum&cu- 
 ftodiamarcisab eoaccepifle^quamnec 
 fuo, nee iEnnenfium arbitrio haberet, 
 fedeiusquicommififler* pra?fidio exce- 
 dereapud Romanes capitaleefle, &ne 
 
 liber o-
 
 Liber tertivs. ^ij 
 
 liberorum etiam fuorum caufa parentes 
 fanxifTe^confuIcm Marcellu baud procul 
 efle: ad eum mitteret legatos,cuius iuris 
 atque arbitrij cflet . iEnnenfibus vero 
 negantibus le mifTuros , teftatibus fi ver- 
 bis nihil agerenr , vindidam aliquam li- 
 bertatisfugquffituros.-Pinnariusfaltem 
 populiconfilium fibidari poftulauit, vt 
 fcirer vtrum paucorum eadcnunciata, 
 an vniuerfae ciuitatisefTentj &confenfu 
 eorum concionein pofterum diem indi- 
 6ta,&vnaoninibusclauesreddiiubenti- 
 bus, cun(5lantique & difFerenti ferociter 
 minitantibus: turn prjcfeduSjCum nihil 
 proficeret toga, fignum, vtconuenerat, 
 militibus dedit, a quibus -^nnenfcs im- 
 petu fa(ao mifere trucidati funtr&iEnna 
 hoc facinore reteta eft.Marcellus fadum 
 non improbauit , & prsedam ^nnefium 
 militibus conceffit:ratus timore deterri- 
 tostemperaturosaproditioneprgfidio- 
 rum Siculos a. Et haec certe,qu5e hade- a DV. /.24.. 
 nusdidafuntjconueniuntiisjqusecofti- 
 tutionibusregiii Hifpania? ftatuta funr, 
 quibus cautum eft , non debere quern 
 2 mortem recufarc * pro arcis defenfione, 
 pro qua tueda fortiter (e quihbet gerere 
 debet 3 etiara contra patrcm, filium vel 
 
 e 3 quondam
 
 De ivre et ofe. bell. 
 quondam dominum ; ncque tanti quis 
 facere debet mortem vel quodcunque 
 periculum, qusefiinttranfiroria, quam 
 infamiam , quse illi , pofterisque fuis in 
 perpetuum inuiitur, fi honori fuonon 
 iKeg.uLiz farisfecerit^. & quidem necefTitatcfamis 
 iM .par.2. ^Qg^j^j^^ potiusfiliumcomedere debet, 
 b Kegjib.y, quam hoftiarcededatiniulTu Domini''. 
 faatiuetl neque excufabitUF fi dcdat arccm , exeo 
 ^MfbofTi ^^^^^ quod hoftcs minitentur mortem 
 Tle^j.6& vxoii5autliberis,autquiburuisaIiisc. (a- 
 J2,f«.i8. Jus enim reip. charitaii liberorum prse- 
 ^J.zi.pa^.i. ferri debet d. Itaque Alphonfus Perez 
 i.z.ut.z.par. Gufmannus, poft femeftremTarifae ob- 
 'ki.poflimi. fidionem, hoftibus, nequicquam omni- 
 nmm \ films bus tentatis^mlnltantibus^nifi oppiduni 
 JJp^^^i^' dedcretufj filiumreillius, quern apudfe 
 '«er, habebatinterfedurumrrefpoditjfilium 
 patriae, neque cum immortalegenuifTe, 
 quo (e orbarijfi fors ita ferret,quam pi £- 
 /idiodecedere,&fidcmfrangerefibipo- 
 tius efTe.illud enim fieri vel cum fua glo- 
 ria pofle, hoc fine fuo dcdecore ac fcele- 
 re non po(re,atque ita filium in cofpe^ 
 fuo ab hofte nefario fcelere necari pafTus 
 eft. Et quidem huius difciplina^tam fe- 
 uericenforesfuereHifpani: vtexeorum 
 conftitutionibuspra^fcdusarcis , etiam 
 
 alio
 
 Liber tertivj. 218 
 
 aliocxiuftacaufa fubftitutOjqui arcem 
 hoftibus tradidit, nihilominus fit reus 
 criminislsefa! maieflads^. Porro dim a ^%'-'«^ 
 iufticiaalienum fit quern fine culpa pu- '^ ^**' 
 niri, & qui culpa vacar, etiam a poena li- 
 ber efTedebeat^ifi pr^fedoarcis forte ab hlfantimttt. 
 hoftibuscaptse, vel iisdeditae nulla om- ^•'^</'«'»»'f- 
 ninoculpaaut negligetia imputaripof- «^.««r. 
 3 fit *, eum etiam a poena fecurum effe de- 
 tereaequitasfuadet ^. cuius rei etiam a c/zow mi- 
 veteribusrationem habita fuifieindicat alcijhr'^' 
 certamendeM.LiuiopraefedoarcisTa- 
 rentinse, aliis fententiisfiiisnotantibus 
 pra?re(5lum,qu6deiusrocordiaTaretum 
 prodirumhoftiefTet, aliis pr^miadecer- 
 nentibuSjquod per quinquennium arce 
 turatus effet , maximeque vnius eius o- 
 perareceptum Tarentum effet ; mediis 
 adcenfores, non adfenatumnotioncm 
 deeopertincredicetibus^, Et L.Attilio <l Uf-K^?* 
 prxfedopra?fidij Locrenfis,cum videret 
 dcditionem a ciuibus ad Poenos fa^tam 
 impedire non poffe^vitio datum no fuit^ 
 quod fecum militibusRomanis,quicii 
 coerant, vt coscrudelitatihoftiueripe- 
 ret,&reipubl.incolumesferuaret,Rhe- 
 gium deuehi palTus eft ^ Itaque qui ne- e LiVr. /.24« 
 celTitate coa<^us,quam ne di j quidem, vt 
 
 e 4 quodatn
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 quodam loco ait Liuius , fuperare poP- 
 a c, 'uu,i» ^""^ omnihumanaopedeftitutus, arce 
 feit!ftn. 'ati. hofti tiadit , eum nullo fuppliciodignu 
 Z\Tu^J^t effcexiftimo.namqqifacitquodpotuit, 
 ti'i oioff. (T legem impleuit . & vafallus non tenetur 
 ^^.m fi^^c^if^tcJi^ praeftare domino, nifi quate- 
 w. nusfacere poteft*. impoffibiliumenim 
 
 hitextm^^ nulla cftobllgatio. Vndeeosqui necef- 
 u.j.c^p.h. iitate coadti Schoraarcera a Turcis ob- 
 VfAK^adco. ^^^^^ iifdem dediderant, Vcnetias re- 
 jitt.reg.^L uerfosin nullamreprehefionemvenifle 
 inctpu Mi. refert Eenatius^. intelligebatenim fena- 
 d lo^nAmoi. tus,quanta VIS eflet neceliitatiSj cui nulla 
 (oncii 34. virtus poteft refiftere. hinc plerique cxi- 
 
 Vecnti con. /i^' * • . • n r^ i • 
 
 €oo.««.i3. itimantciuiratem^qugiufto praendioca- 
 ?amr.conc.i tct , cxcufaria crimine laefae maieftatis, fi 
 TulLn.' ^o(\i dedatur ^ : praefertim fi non mitta- 
 Grat.conc.s. tuf fubfidium ^i & praefcdlumarcis nofi 
 S*,. '^'' teneriarcemdefendere*,fircxegqu2ead4 
 f <r. I. quai, defenfionemfuntnecefIaria,nonfuppe' 
 ^^-Tifffil ditct^ Quo facit quod vafallus non te- 
 w. &aitim netur domino feruitiapra?ftare, nee eun^ 
 ^';li?r.>ecognorcere,quotiesderelinquitvaral- 
 ttibiiaU.et lum in ncceflitate . & CaroJus Moli- 
 f^.flxot\ "?"sg tradit^quod antiqui reges Galli^e, 
 ifit. do!n, cr vrbibus , quasdefendere non poterant, 
 ^addit.ad permittebantfehoftibusdedere. Itaquc 
 w«,(fcc.604, exiftimo prf fe(Jlum arcisforte male mu- 
 
 nitae.
 
 Liber tertivs, 2ip 
 
 5 nitae*, omniopehumana&fpcjfijbfidij 
 deftitutum , quiquevim hoftiumferre 
 non poffit 5 pado vel quocunque modo 
 fibi,& pra^fidio po{reconfulcre5& arccm 
 relinquere,pr2efertim cum omnibus ne- 
 quicquam tentatiSjarcem aeque in pote- 
 ftatem hoftium venturam fuifle conftet. 
 nonenimexfpcdandum eft id, cuius e- 
 uentus nihil operaripoteft^ Quofacit ^ijupi^tio, 
 quod debitor fpeciei etiam in moraco- $*f"*«*- ^» 
 ftitutus, non tenetur de mtentu rei,qux c«»/f 
 seque apud creditorem erat peritura \ i>/^/?/>w. 
 non tencbitur ergo arcis pr2Bfe<ftus fe la.D.jefKtit. 
 praefidiumqjindubitate morti obiiccre, ^«-«i'- W 
 qua non tarn rempub. ieruat,quam pro- ^^^. d. fi 
 dit.VndeCallicratidas Lacedsemonioru ««p*'**. 
 dux merito culpatus fuit , qui cla/Iis,- 
 
 quam priuatse glorise iadura facere ma- 
 luit : & Cleombrotus, qui inuidiam ti- 
 mens,temerecum Epaminondacoflixir, 
 
 6 Lacedf monioru opes euertir c.magni c cker, off. 
 enim viri, vt inquit Q. Curtius , magis ^^»»- 
 eftcontemneremortemjquamodirtevi- 
 
 tam^ &itaquidem moriendumefTcpro 
 patriadocet Cicero^^fi mortenoftra pa- d officjiib,u 
 triae ptofuturi fumus, Quacunque itaq; 
 ratione omnino (aluti reipubl. & patriae 
 confulendum eric , fiue dedidone , fiue 
 
 e 5 morte
 
 De ivre et off. bell. 
 mortc, fi opus fit. vir eniinfortis nihil 
 fua, omnia pro communivtilitatefacere 
 iiMoff^u dcbetjVt aliolocooftcdimus^, Hisadde 
 ^^fH/ii.2. quQ^j^xcoftitutionibusregniHifpani^, 
 qux alioqui fads feuerg funt, is qui man- 
 date regis arci male coflrudje, & immu- 
 nita?,iia vtdefendi non pofTitjprajfedus 
 fuerit, idque regi indicauerit,no incidit 
 in crimen Ijefemaieftatis, fihoftisvi, & 
 h^ig.hh.A' fineculpaprgfecftiarcepotiaturb.Poteft 
 TJ'J^*'^^' quoqueprgfedusarcisexhaccau(a,red- 
 ditarationejCurdcfendinonpoffit^etia 
 non expedato hoflium impetu , fi forte 
 rex non miferit fuccelTorem , arcem de- 
 fercre, fecundum normamiiHemcon- 
 ftitutionib.prsefcriptam :fi puta ipfe pre- 
 fedtus noluerit fufciperc defenfionear- 
 cR^./.2o. cijc^ Cererumvtvtfitjnonnifimagno 
 •/"»'■-2. juji<~JQ ^^ 2j.^3J5 ^ yei oppidi cuftodiam 
 quis accedere debet^ & ita fe grrere, vt fi 
 forte quid aduerficontingat, ScneccfTi- 
 tateaddeditionemcompellatur: vtnon 
 ta videatur id metu mortis fecifie , quam 
 vt fe fuosque reipubl. confcruaret, & ex 
 arcemox omnino futurahoftium,faltc 
 prxfidium reipubl. eriperet. &certevt 
 maxime viri fortis officio fun(5tus fit, ta- 
 men vixeft , vt citra ignorainifle notam 
 
 arcem
 
 Liber tbrtivs. 220 
 
 6 arcemtradat\nain fi turpeapudveteres 
 habitumfuit, militem vnumin potefta- 
 tcm hoftium venire.vt fuperius oftcndi- 
 musa: quidde prxfcdo dicemus, qui a'c.d.m^i 
 
 Alius . ^M*'" r , J 1 »» actt loco 
 
 praefidio impolitus & mreiurando ad cduru,i. 
 defenfionem arcis fc aftrinxit . Nihilo- 
 minus rubcundaerit potius hf c ignomi- 
 niajfiitareipub.expediar^quamnequic- 
 quam defendendo5& fe fuos^ue dedcdo 
 ad necem,patriam deferere, ac prodere: 
 vtaliolocodiximusb. Sed & ali^ funt b/^-j^ 
 partes prxkdi , alia? militis: hicfortiter •" 
 pugnarcjillequodreipub. expeditcura- 
 redeber, Porro non mediocris difcepta- 
 tionisfuit inter eos, quiderepubl. fcri- 
 pferunt.boni ne an mali plus adferat rei- 
 
 7 pub. arcis exftruaio^&quamuis pleriq; 
 inutilem & periculofam effearcem in b- 
 ptimarep.exiftimentjRomatameaGal- 
 lis capta praefidio Capiiolij rccuperata 
 fuit: & ^nna oppidum, de qua fuperius 
 diximus, arcis & pr^ridijbeneficiofer- 
 uata fuit . Multas iraque puto pofTe exi- 
 fterecaufas^exquibusvtiliSjimoneccf- 
 fatia fit arcis coftruaio : tarn ad hoftiu m 
 impeturtiexcipiendum, quamad ciues 
 in pace conferuandos. Quod reliquu efl, 
 arcispraefedosmonitosvelim 5ne facile 
 
 extra-
 
 De Ivre et opf. bell, 
 extraneis*, prsefertim fortibus viris, & 8 
 principibus^adituminarcemprsebeant, 
 memores cofilij Pyrrhi Epirotarum re- 
 gis : qui cum Athenasvenifret,& inarce 
 Palladis dedudus eflet , natura & arte 
 rnunitiffima , qu'am magna admiratione 
 contemplatuseratimonuit principcs ci- 
 uiratiSjquieumcomitabanturjneinpo- 
 fterum vlli regum poteftatem facercnt 
 ampliusarcem ingrediendi, ne oppor- 
 tunitatem prxfidij nadusquifpiameam 
 inuaderet: quodconniiumgratum fuic 
 Athenienfibus, 
 
 DE FVRTIS ET ALUS QVIBVS- 
 
 DAM DELICTIS MILITARIBVS. 
 
 / Mil'ttes in furta defrehenfi quompdo ftt-^ 
 
 niendL 
 2 Tribum quale mfiurandum exigerc fdet. 
 S Ti^n licu'tt longtta 4 tub<ii audttn difc^ 
 
 dere. 
 4. Commilitommgladioferire capitale. 
 J Dare fc miUtemyCm no Ucefgrauc crimt* 
 S ^atfapromtUtegerit funitur. 
 7 ^J!} A P^ ciuegerUfunitur^ 
 
 Ca P V T XIX. 
 
 NOn aliaobcaufam, vteftapudPIa- 
 tonem de rep. homo in lupum cori- 
 
 uerfus
 
 Liber tbrtivs. 221 
 
 uerfiis fuifle a poetis fingitur , qu^m 
 quod rapinis & funis dediti , hominetn 
 dc humanitatem prorfus exuifTe videan- 
 turjfintqjiamnontam reipfa homines, 
 quam nomine.ideoque grauibus poenis 
 cocrcendifunt: & quamuis nulla poena 
 corporalisobfurtumjiureciuili inter cl- 
 ues ftatuta fit: folent tame imperatores, 
 adfirmandam difciplinam militarem, a 
 militibus in furto deprehenfis feuerio- 
 
 ^ respoenasexigcre*. Itaque Tiberius mi- 
 litemprsetorianumjobfurreptumeviri- 
 dariopauonem,capitepuniuita. Aufi- aStwfo^w 
 dius CailiusmiliteSjquiprouincialibus ^*^*^* 
 vim aut damnum inferrent, in crucem 
 fuftulit : extantque in banc rem innu- 
 mera veterum imperatorum excmpla. 
 Paulusvcro I. C. militem in furto bal- 
 neariodcprehenfum, ignominiamitte- 
 dum refponditb. Solent autemtribuni, bmi.vk.D, 
 
 * vbicaftrametataeflent^'jab omnibus li- '^M»**^ 
 beris & feruis, qui in caftris erant , iufiu- 
 randumexigere, fe nihil e caftris furto 
 ablaturos;& fi quis quid inuenifTet^id ad 
 tribunos allaturum'' .eiusque iurifiuradi <= ^^b^i»^ * 
 formulam refcrt GelH,& vtarapinacd- dTi.%.c*4 
 tinerentur militeSj nonlicui.tlongiusa 
 
 3 lub^auditu^'j nifi imperatoris aut tribu- 
 
 niiuifu^
 
 De TVRE ET off. BELt, 
 
 ni iufTu 5 extra munimenta abire , neque 
 
 9f>tpraJee- agmeexcederccquade re alibi diximus*. 
 
 "**^^*^' M.Cato in furro comprehends inter co- 
 
 militones dextras debere pr^cidi ccfuir, 
 
 Modeftinus eum , qui arma aliena fiirri- 
 
 bio/. 3. ^. puit.gradumilitif pellendumrefpoditb. 
 
 luH*miit. Et fcdulo olim cauebatur, vt maximum 
 
 militum vinculum putaretfinguloruin 
 
 amorem ^ velut inexplicabilem nexum: 
 
 vnde etiam commilitonem gladio ferire 
 
 *capitalefuit : quiautemlapide vulne- 4 
 
 c /. 3m»s.^. raifetjmilitiareijciebatur^^.Praetereami- 
 
 n'Zt?'^'^ les honoris fui prodigus , qui pecunia 
 
 tranfigitcum mcecho vxoris fua? , facra- 
 
 4 '•'"'^*^^- men to foluitur, & deportatur "*. Graue 
 
 ^. ** quoque crimen habetur, dare fe milite* 5 
 
 cuinonlicet;&augeiur,vtinGeterisde- 
 eL2.D.ier9 h(5lis5dignitate5gradu, fpecic militiaE*^. 
 m$id, Quiautem pro militefegerit^cum mi- 6 
 fUminfirM, les non fit,punitur poena falfi^ Quo fpe- 
 ^faiji!:''' ^^^ J^x a CralTo & Scxuola confl. lata: 
 gCkeroof. nefcilicet quis, quici«is*non eft, pro 7 
 J^^;^ ^.^ ciuefegeratg: isqueperegrinitatisreus 
 in cZ* dicebatur^^ Eftautem poena falfidepor- 
 on,*?c/4^ tatiOjCum pubhcationebonorum». 
 
 DE PRAEMIIS MILITVM. 
 
 - J Ref^ubl.oft'migttbernaturfana^fr*" 
 mio. 
 
 2 Mili'
 
 Liber tertiv5. riz 
 
 2 CHilites pr^mils excitandi, 
 ^ Mult a fTdmta mditihus propofita, 
 
 4 Optma fpolia (jua. 
 
 5 Triumfhuiquandodecerni folitm, 
 
 6 CM OS triuwfhandi quamdiu manferit a- 
 
 fud Rom. 
 / Romamex frouinciU (^ oppidis fubafi is 
 
 nomina fumchant, 
 S Milttaria dona varia fuere» 
 p Idilttares coror?£ quji, 
 J Fropofito prdmio primum muros afcen^ 
 
 dentt^fiplures fimtd confcendant^ 
 1 1 Frdmta parenubm mortuu debit a conce- 
 
 dun tur fill IS. 
 
 Ca P VT XX. 
 
 NVll a re melius remp. gubernari, 
 quam poena &pr^mio*3multis phi- 
 lofbphorum fententiiscomprobatuell:. 
 ex quibus Solon, qui fapiensvnuscxfc- 
 ptem,& legumfcriptor folusfuir^remp. 
 conftaredixir.&Democritusduosom- 
 nine deos efTe cefuit, Poenam & Benefi- 
 cium. Lyfander rogatuSjquam reip. for- 
 mam maximeprobaret : in qua, inquit, 
 fortibus&ignauisfuQtribuitur\Theo- 3?/«^?.»« <?- 
 phraftus interrogatus, quidnam vitam ^'^ * 
 humanammaximeconleruaretjrefpon- 
 
 dit^be-
 
 Dh IVRH ET off, BEtt, 
 
 dit^beneficium & poena . Cicero neque 
 domum,nequc rempub.ftare pofle, d in 
 ca nee rede fadis praemia exftent vlla, 
 
 iienit.dt0. necfupplicia peccatisafTerit^ Etnemo 
 
 **• in rcip, periculis cu laude ac virtute ver- 
 
 fatur, vt idem ait 3 quinfpe pofteritatis 
 
 b or4t,fro fcuCtuauQ ducatur ^. Apud quos autem 
 
 ^ maxima virtutis pra?mia proponuntur, 
 
 apud illos etiam optimos viros guber- 
 nare dixit Thucydides. vbi enim vberri- 
 ma virtutis praemia propofita eflent, ad 
 ca Optimo quofque in rempubl* animo 
 contendere. &vt Plinius ad Traianum 
 
 tmPane^r. (cripfit^ : Prsemiabonorumalorumque, 
 bonosacmalosfaciunt : omniumq; be- 
 neficiorum, quse merentibus tribuutur, 
 non ad ipfbs gaudium magis , quam ad 
 fimilesredundat. atque eo impendi la- 
 
 <J Hh.^» borem ac periculum dicit Liuius **, vnde 
 emolumetum atque honosfperetur, ni- 
 hilque non aggrefTuros homines , fi ma- 
 gnis conatibus magna praemia propo- 
 nantur, magnosqueanimos magnis ho- 
 noribus fieri. I taque Socrates ciuitatera 
 optima effe dixit 5in quaplurima virtuii 
 praemiaefTent propofita. VndeDemo- 
 
 c ^iuerjifi fthenes^: Studio,inquit3& magna? curae 
 
 ^'' vobis cfle debet , Athenienfes , cum vt 
 
 omnes
 
 LffifiR TERTIVS. 223 
 
 omnes leges vcftrae praeclariffima? fintj 
 rum ver6h« inprimis^quasciuitateauc 
 inagnam aut paruam efficere pofTunt-eai 
 ver6 qua? funtc^hfle nimirum^quae & bene 
 mentis honoremhabent 5 & improbos 
 fuppliciiscoercent. nam fi omnes poe-- 
 narummetu, qu*elegibus fancitSBfunr, 
 maleficiis omnibus abftineat, & omnes 
 praemiisbeneficiorum inuitati officium 
 facereftudeant : quid obftat, quo minus 
 ciuitas florentiffima efficiatur ? Quare 
 quemadmodum afpero caftigationis ge- 
 nere militaris difciplina indiget :ita quo- 
 
 2quepra?miisadvirtutem^cxcitandirunt 
 milites» inquoaplerifque pcccaturjeo 
 quodjVtTadtusait^procliui'fitiniuria?, 
 quam beneficio vice cxfoluereiquia gra- 
 tia onerijvltio in quseftu habetur ; cu ta- 
 men ideo multaepereantrefp. vtait Eu- 
 ripides in Hecuba, quod qui bonus & 
 ftrenuus eft vir, nihil plusquam igna- 
 uusfcrtprsemij. Cyrus auremilitarivir- 
 tute pr^ftantibus viris maximum hono- 
 rem habuit^Sc multis eos prgmiisafFecir. 
 ApudRomanos quoqueplurimavirtu- 
 
 3 tis prsemia* militibus propofita fuere., 
 qug hie obiter recenfebimus. Itaque in- 
 primisducibus^regibuscjue^quorumau- 
 
 f fpicio
 
 De IVRB ET off. BELt. 
 
 fpicio res gercbantur , quique fuifinet 
 corporibusdimicantes^ fpolia hoftiuni 
 ducibus derraxiifent , quae opima*voca- 4 
 bant 5 praemij caufa tributum eft, vt opi- 
 ma ilia fpolia loui Feretrioincapitoliu 
 ferrent: quae ter folum a Romanis duci- 
 bus , qui fortem ftrenuamquc operam 
 reip.nauarutjdelatafuiirecomperimus. 
 Prima Romulus vrbis audor& parens, 
 de Acrone Casninenfiu duce^poft raptas 
 Sabinas detulifle fertur : quo tempore 
 &u».ub.u louis Fcretrijtemplumdicauit^ ncque 
 magno poft interuallo , Cornelius Cof- 
 fuSjdux ea terapeftate inclytus, fecunda 
 dctulit opima fpolia de Larte Tolunio, 
 rege Veientium, quern acie vicit & con- 
 fa Liv*. W.4. fecjjb^ tertia Claudius Marcellus manu 
 flrenuus5& bonus imperator,deVirido- 
 maro Gallorum duce, apud Padu vi<5to, 
 tb.i,cM^2,* opima fpolia deportauitS Fueruntprae- 
 tereafummisducibusob rem bello bene 
 geftamtriumphidecreti^: qux maxima 5 
 merces vidoriae fuit. fed non ex quibuf- 
 cunque vidoriis triupharelicitum fuit: 
 fed ciim bellorum & vidoriarumcaufe 
 eo munere dignaeviderentur. fuit enim 
 legecautum, nequistriumpharct, nifi 
 qui quinque millia hoftium vna acie ex» 
 
 cidiiTer.
 
 LiBER TERTIVS. 224 
 
 cidi(ret5& magnas copiasiufta acie fudiP 
 fer. poena im peratoribus infli(fla,qui aut 
 hoftium occifbrum in pra?lio , autamif. 
 forum ciuiumfalfum niimerum fenatui 
 rcferrent . nam nee cum qui magnis ac- 
 ceptiscladibuSj& nimium cruetavi<5to- 
 ria e(kt potitus , tanquam lugubri 6c 
 
 Eaiui compendij, quod multis funeri» 
 us, non multis commodisrcmp. afFe- 
 cilTet, triumphare palTi fun t . Fuit quoq; 
 legecautum, vtnonnifiproaudoim- 
 perio, non pro recupcratis his qu^ bcllo 
 amiffa erant5triumphus cuiquam decer- 
 nerctuf :& quide itadcmunij/i fuodudtu 
 &aufpicio, &infua5 noninalienapro- 
 uincia , eaque pacata , & nuUo manente 
 bdlohoftesprofligafret&vicifret, Pr^- 
 tcrea fi contra piratasjferuos, aut fugiti- 
 uos, velaliud genus hominu Romano 
 nomine indignumbellatumforet 5 tan- 
 quam belli caufa erubefcenda , quamuis 
 partavidoria,authoftibusfufis,euerfiP 
 que.nemini triumphare licuit.Fuitquo» 
 queanimaduerfum , tametfi fufis fuga- 
 tisquehoftibusrestriumphodignasim- 
 peratores geffifTent^fi tamen nequc con- 
 rul,nequcpraetorcxercituipra?fui(ret:& 
 nifilcgitiraura haberet magiftratum,cu- 
 
 f 2 ius
 
 De ivre et off. bell, 
 iusdudu & impcrio vidi effent , & pro- 
 fligati hoftes , triupharc ncmini fas full, 
 Sed & exduobusimperatoribusin ma- 
 giftratu pofitis,illi qui fupremo gradu e- 
 ratjfoli triumpharepermiflumfuit: ne 
 fcilicet in honoretriumphi minor pote- 
 ftasmaiori9quaretur:neueaufpicia,qug 
 maioris magiftratus erant , cum minori- 
 busconfuriderentur. ideoqueconful cu 
 didatore aut praetore non friumphabat. 
 exhisautemcaufis, ex quibus Komani 
 duces triumphare non potuerunt , mi- 
 noribus triuphis 8c ouadone honefbti 
 funt* Porro quantumuis quis praeclaras 
 res maximeq; vtiles reipubl. ciuili bello 
 geffiflet, imperator tame eo nomine ap- 
 pellaius non eft5neque vllaefupplicatio- 
 nesdecretaefunt, nequeaut ouans^aut 
 triumphans vrbem intrauit : quia vt ne- 
 cefTaria? iftse ; ita lugubres femper exi- 
 Aimata? vidorise fuinrvrpote non exter- 
 nOjfeddomeftico parte cruore. Conftac 
 quoqueciuem Romanum^quamuis rei- 
 publ. perniciofum&infeftum, bello vi- 
 dumin triupho duci no potuifle. Man- 
 fit aut6 mos Romae de domitis nation!- 
 bus bello vidis rrium phandi*, ad Probu 6 
 vfqi impcraeorerojqui vltimus Ca§farum 
 
 trium-
 
 Liber tertivs. 225 
 
 triumphafTc dicitur » Plura de iiirc triii- 
 phandi, & quo apparatu & popa Roma- 
 ni triumphos ageren t ; videre licet apud 
 Val.Max^& Alexand^ab Alex*>. Solent ^ ^^•2<•'«^8 
 quoq-, Romani duces honoris caufajcx \b7.fap!z2. 
 oppidis&prouinciis vi fubadis cogno- &i^(>-(-6" 
 
 7 mentadefumere'^, vttres Meteili : vnus ^'^* 
 ex deui(5ta Numidia, Numidici : alter ex 
 Macedonia, Macedonici :tertius ex Gre- 
 ta, Cretici cognomcnta fumpfere. Fuit 
 quoque Meteilus Balearicus^ ex deuidis 
 Balearibusdenominarus : Martius Co- 
 rioIanus,exCoriolisoppidoVolicoru: 
 duo Scipiones Africani,maior & minor, 
 
 ex Africa: & Scipio quoque AfiaticuSjCx 
 Afiacognomina tulere^ fimiliter&alij 
 quampiurimi, quorum exempla fccuti 
 
 Eoftea Carfares , ex bello domitis genti- 
 us nationibusque illuftriacognometa 
 ad immortalem gloria tulere. Sxpe po- 
 puli dccrero , nonnunquaacclamatione 
 ienatus. vndeArabici, Adiabenici, Par- 
 thici, Armenici, Germanici , Sarmatici, 
 Africi diuerfis tituliscognomina cepe- 
 rc^.Rorro militariadona^quae prifcis te- ^'Vf**^; 
 poriDus multibus fortem in belio opera ^emaidttr, 
 nauantibuSjaducibusdabaturjfuereva- '«^•^•f''?-»»» 
 
 8 ria*: & quide precia militi.^ inter alia hec 
 
 f 3 habita
 
 Dfi TVRE ST OFF, BELl, 
 
 habita funt maxima : vt pod exhauftos 
 labores, militesemeritis ftipendiis, fen- 
 guine & fudore partis agris donarentur, 
 hos cnim IsetiiTimosfrudtus , veiut opti- 
 mampr^dam laborum periculorumc^ue 
 1 f>4td tu I accipiebant '. Prater ha?c, vt ad decora 
 »»'^/''^*«:militiaemagisacccndcrentanimos,quo- 
 /.'a d!m 4"^ honoratior teftatiorque eorum vir» 
 Hftnirc exL fus forct , pracmio propofito militares 
 ^J^,"^^^ coronas , ampliirimaquc alia honoris 
 * munera inuenere : vtpore aureos tor« 
 ques,dupliccm annonam, interdum mi* 
 litiae vacationem , nonnunquam duplex 
 ftipendium ob virtutis praemium impe- 
 ratoreslargitifunt : fuereque illi, quorii 
 opera in belloinfignisexftitiflet , perdi- 
 t^eque & afflidtae res reftitutae effent, plu- 
 rics donis muneribusque aifedi. Itaquc 
 legiraus L.Sicinium Dentatum, virum 
 clarumingeniofa(5tis4ue,obegregiafa- 
 cinoramilitaria, praeter odtoaurcas co- 
 ronas, ciuicas quatuordecim , murales 
 trcs^obfidionale vnajtorquibus cixxxiij^ 
 armillis clx. haflis purls duodeuiginti , 
 b v^Mae, phakris viginti quinq;donatum fuifle'»^ 
 ^J» «^»» huicproximus fuit Malius Capitolinus, 
 qui fpolia hoftiu caeforu ad xxx. retulit, 
 & dona imperatorumad xi.accepit: in 
 
 quibus
 
 Liber tertivs. J25 
 
 quibus duas infignes murales coronas, 
 ciuicasoao^Ncmoautem>quip^^cla^u a Lmi.s. 
 facinus gcfferat, proutcuiufqimeritum 
 virtusqj fuiflet , milicaribus donis indo- 
 
 p natusabiir. Militares verocoronas^fue- 
 runtmultifariasitriuphaleSjOualeSjObfi- 
 'dionalcs^ciuicafjmurales^nauales^caftre- 
 fes,quibus donabatur imperatores, & a- 
 lij,quivrbes, caftra, aurcxercitusobfi- 
 dione hbcraflent, ciucmque feruafTentj 
 primiimue muros hoftium afcendilTct t« ^ ceiUnoa^ 
 
 lo Porro propofito prf mio*, primu muros "^" *^'*'^ 
 hoftium afcedenii , fi duo vel plures vna 
 confcedant eodemometo^an praemium 
 omnibusdebeatur 3 qua^ri folet ^ an vero 
 ncmini.&videturneminideberi^^rquod ^^'^/"^7^ 
 inuicefibi obftat, & alter alteri fit impc- d^in, 
 dimeto**, & inter partes nulla po/TitefTe ^ (;J'^^|.",'^ 
 vidoriae. idq; veru eft^fi conftet impcra- fiit. 
 toremvnitantudarivoluide^: vtpore fi ^J-fi^^-^» 
 pro praemio aiiignet tale equu : nee enim ^arxummto 
 huiufmodi fpecics miiltiplicationereci- '^•'•ww«w, 
 pit.alioqui vero omnibus praemium de- 
 beriexiftimo. Nam, vt Africanus refpo- 
 ditg,primus no foliim isdicitur,qui ante f^, o/ae 
 alique efi:; (kd etia is , ante que nemo eft, 'v^io- p»ptL 
 &Paulus^: Proximuseftjinquitjquem ^J^ a"^* 
 ncmoantccedit.Idedicenduerit,etiamfi wi».;W« 
 
 dubium
 
 Db IVRB KT OFF. BELl, 
 
 a trfmttnit dubium fir,quispnorcon(ccderita.idq[j 
 
 !.7Jw « c^^3"^ Scipiofccutuseft. namciimcapta 
 
 yu.D.JUrtb. Carthaginc nouajintcrQjTybcriliu cc- 
 
 ^' turioncm Icgionis c\uzrxx^^ Sex. Digi-» 
 
 tium fociu nauale, magna contetio,quae 
 
 propc fcditioncm efletj0riretur3& quili- 
 
 betprofitereturfeprimummurumafcc- 
 
 dilTe : ideocji muralis corona? decus ad fe 
 
 pertinere:Scipio'c6cioneaduocatapro- 
 
 nuciauitjfefatiscompcrtum habere, Q^ 
 
 Tybcriliu 6c Sex. Digitiu pariter in mu- 
 
 rum afcendiffe, feque eos ambos virtutis 
 
 bLw7.26. caufa coronis muralibusdonare^. Au- 
 
 guflus ail rem faciliusphaleras, torques, 
 
 &quicquidauroconftaret5quammura- 
 
 leSjCaftrefeSjautciuicas coronas munera 
 
 dedit. Ceterum conftitutiones quoquc 
 
 Hifpani^ mulrapr^miaiiSjquifortemin 
 
 bello operam nauarunr,tribuit<^ : qua? & 
 
 ^^*^'f'^ filiisdonaparetibusmortuisdebita*c6- ^^ 
 
 diu^/.s. cedit^^.quodPififtratusolimcauiffefcr- 
 
 ^•''^•*' tur. Lege vero Solonisapud Atheniefes 
 
 cautum fuir^vt pra?ter eadona,qua? mill- 
 
 tibus duces impartiti f utrant , filij qui in 
 
 bello occubuiffent, publicealerenrur,^ 
 
 bonis difciplinis inftruerentur, & Con- 
 
 Jjl'^uffic, ftatinusfilios in paiernam militiam vo- 
 
 CMfiLofjk, 
 
 mLhbAz, carivoIuit.« 
 
 F I N I 5i
 
 NOTE AS TO ERRATA IN THE ORIGINAL TEXT. 
 
 [Extracted from Translator's Note in second volume of this work.] 
 
 CORRECTIONS OF THE TEXT. 
 
 For the purposes of the translation the following corrections of the 
 text as reproduced photographically in Vol. I have been adopted : 
 
 Page 
 
 13, 1. 3 from bottom, read sine.. sine 
 for siue. .siue. 
 
 52rt, 1. 15, dele ab. 
 
 53fl^ 1. 7, read debitor! for creditori. 
 
 650, 1. 7, read inultum for multum. 
 
 65«, 1. 1 1, read fastigio for flagitio. 
 
 71, 1. 9, read induciis for iudiciis. 
 
 98«, 11. 14, 15, read veritatem for a veri- 
 tate. 
 
 98«, 1. 15, read nimis for ius. 
 
 98«^ 1. 17, read sine for siue. 
 
 109, 1. 12, read mihi for tibi. 
 
 131, 1. 14, insert iniusta before poena. 
 
 133^^ 11. 19 and last, read Lavinii for 
 Lanuvini. 
 
 1360, 1. 2 from bottom, insert non be- 
 fore concedentibus. 
 
 144, 1. 12, insert plena before ciuium. 
 
 146«, 1. 20, read cxanimarentur for ex- 
 aminarentur. 
 
 Page 
 
 150«, 1. 15, read agar for agger. 
 
 151, 1. 6 from bottom, read praebituri 
 
 for perituri. 
 1840^ 1. 8, read Macer for Marcianus. 
 187, 1. 30, read Marcus for Decius. 
 194«, 1. 10, read duces for duce. 
 210, 1. 7 from bottom, read Luceriam 
 
 for lucernam. 
 21 1, 1. 3 from bottom, read dedecore for 
 
 decore. 
 215«^ 1. 8 from bottom, read Taurome- 
 
 nianam for Tauritanam. 
 218«, 1. 9, read Schodram for Schoram. 
 226, 1. 1 1 from bottom, read pares for 
 
 partes. 
 [Note also, p. 4, 1. 9, the usual reading 
 
 is oratores, not oratorum. And, 
 
 query, p. 146, 1. 4, read coortos for 
 
 cohortesf^ 
 
 ERRORS IN THE MARGINAL REFERENCES. 
 
 These are not uncommon, and the second edition — which was pub- 
 lished at Antwerp in 1597, therefore after Ayala's death — gives very 
 little help in detecting them. The most usual error is in a number, say of 
 a Book of Livy or of a Causa in the Decretum : sometimes a passage is 
 assigned by mistake to the Digest instead of to the Code : sometimes a 
 small, but disconcerting slip is made in the name of a Title in the Digest 
 or the Code (thus de non fcsn. is given for de nautico fani.) . 
 
 It is not proposed to give a list of such errors as have been found : 
 instead, the translator has corrected them in the margin of the transla- 
 tion. In the few cases where he remains baffled (whether by an error 
 or by an obscurity) he has printed the reference as it stands in the orig- 
 inal (see, e. g., note «, p. 100«, vol. i, and note «, p. 219, vol. i.). 
 
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