\ 
 
 • 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 UNIVERSITY OFPENNSYLVANIA 
 
 
 
 
 
 2ȣ^
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 PE N N S YLVA N I A
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ITS HISTORY, INFLUENCE, EQUIPMENT AND 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS 
 
 WITH 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF FOUNDERS, 
 BENEFACTORS, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI 
 
 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF 
 
 GENERAL JOSHUA L.' CHAMBERLAIN, LL.D. 
 
 EX-PRESIDENT OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE AND EX-GOVEKNOR OK MAINE 
 
 
 SPECIAL EDITORS 
 
 
 Approved by Authorities of the University 
 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 EDWARD 
 
 POTTS CHEYNEY, A.M. 
 
 ELLIS PAXSON OBERHOLTZER, Ph.D. 
 
 Class of '83 
 
 Professor of European History 
 
 Class of '89 Author ok "The Referendum i\ America" 
 
 INTRODUCTION BY 
 HON. WILLIAM T. HARRIS, Ph.D., EL.D. 
 
 UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 R. HERN DON COMPANY 
 
 1 901
 
 v.). 
 
 Copyright, igoi, by 
 R. HERNDON COMPANY
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 FA'.BS 
 
 INTRODUCTORY vii-viii 
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE ix-xii 
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES .... 1-21 
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 23-42 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA . . 43-238 
 FOUNDERS, BENEFACTORS, OFFICERS AND ALUMNI . 239-480 
 
 INDEXES 
 
 General Index 481 
 
 Index of Subjects in Detail 4S3 
 
 Illustrations in History 
 
 Biographical Index . 489
 
 The Concord, Washington, D. C, April i, 1897 
 R. Herndon Company, 
 
 Sirs, — Your plan for " Universities and their Sons " greatly interests me. An 
 effort was made by the United States Bureau of Education in preparing for the 
 exhibition at the Centennial in Philadelphia to arouse among these institutions an 
 interest in their own history and in the work accomplished by their alumni ; plans 
 were carefully prepared and circulars issued, and gentlemen specially qualified were 
 employed to visit and confer with trustees and faculties of a considerable number 
 of institutions. This effort, in connection with that previously made, to make such 
 study of the lives of the alumni as would enable us to find the true value of this 
 grade of instruction, brought out surprising deficiencies in the records of many 
 institutions. Some had no complete set of their catalogues, much less could they 
 give any satisfactory account of the lives of their alumni. 
 
 Much has been done since, by the publishers of college books and journals, 
 and specially by the issue of college histories by the Bureau, to disseminate this 
 information. These results have been increased by the multiplication of alumni 
 associations. But all that has been done does not set forth the needs which 
 remain, which your plan will so far meet. The struggle to do the most imperative 
 work has forced omissions which it would seem should now cease. 
 
 How often do both the faculty and the students of a generation fail to gain 
 the inspiration justly theirs, by reason of the lack of knowledge of the sacrifices 
 and triumphs of those who have gone before them? How many fail to bestow their 
 wealth in aid of this instruction, and how many sons fail to take advantage of it, 
 because they, or those advising them, do not know what those receiving it have 
 thereby gained to themselves, or what they have contributed to the uplift of man- 
 kind and the advancement of civilization? If every man is a debtor to his pro- 
 fession, how much more is every "University Son" indebted to his education? 
 
 May the whole body of " Universities' Sons " respond in the fullest measure of 
 co-operation to the promotion of your purpose so well planned, and whose execution 
 is so well assured by the character of your Editor-in-Chief and his associates. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 ^r-£7~~£>-&*X^ G2-<<x^>2*>t<.v.
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 THE short sketches which are presented in this volume are not intended 
 as biographies of the persons who are made the subjects of representa- 
 tion. The purpose is to bring together in a single group the names, 
 faces and condensed records of the wise founders, generous benefactors, earnest 
 teachers and faithful officers who have established, fostered and developed the 
 great institution of learning to which this historical record is devoted. The 
 number of men who have at one time or another filled positions which entitle 
 them to a place in this galaxy is so very great, that merely to record their names 
 would itself fill several hundred printed pages. Hence not only is the collective 
 representation which has been attempted in these pages necessarily incomplete, 
 but from similar necessity the life-records given are in the main very brief. Yet 
 it is believed, at least is hoped, that the work of selection and presentation has 
 been done with a sufficient degree of intelligent judgment, painstaking thorough- 
 ness and historical accuracy, to fulfill the plan outlined with reasonable complete- 
 ness, and to secure results both interesting and valuable to all University of 
 Pennsylvania Sons. 
 
 From the very nature of the work herein attempted, any omissions or short 
 comings must be too palpably evident and conspicuous to escape notice. Criticism 
 as to general incompleteness, methods of selection, manner of treatment and matter 
 treated of, is therefore anticipated; in fact, is inevitable. That the strictures of 
 the critics may be based upon just grounds, with a clear understanding of the 
 limitations of the undertaking and the difficulties involved in its performance, this 
 brief prefatory statement is made. It may also properly be added that, while 
 authors may write and publishers may print whatever they phase about the dead, 
 they are debarred from taking such liberties with the living. Hence it is that 
 the non-representation in this volume of a number of eminent ten litis, and
 
 viii INTRODUCTORY 
 
 the exceedingly meager treatment accorded certain others, whose attainments and 
 official connections make them conspicuous subjects, are due solely to the exces- 
 sive modesty of these men of learning, which would not permit them to sanction 
 the publication of anything whatever relating to their personal or official careers. 
 For these omissions the publishers can only express regret, while disclaiming re- 
 sponsibility. The Public has certain claims upon every citizen which it can and 
 does enforce at times in various ways; but with the Publisher, who is but a servant 
 of the Public, the personal wishes of the Teachers of Men must be respected. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS.
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 PERSONAL influence has large place among the factors of education. Some minds 
 indeed by force of will or stress of circumstance will put themselves in direct contact 
 with what we may call the " raw material " of knowledge, and by this discipline may 
 acquire a mastery of facts and a strength of command over them which mark, if they do not 
 make, greatness of character. But those charged with the care of youth see the need of other 
 aids and influences to secure the best conditions for their mental growth and culture. And the 
 far-seeing founders of States have made it one of the first measures for the public welfare 
 to provide local centers of instruction, ami to organize systems for the harmonious develop- 
 ment of the minds and characters of their youth. These are among the cherished institutions 
 of a Country. 
 
 But the ancient libraries and museums, depositories of the materials for learning, were 
 availing only for the few who could profit by them single-handed. For some time those SO 
 initiated into the mysteries of knowledge were regarded, or at least regarded themselves, as a 
 class of superior rank and pretensions. A part of their dignity seemed to be to hold them- 
 selves inaccessible to the common mind. Among more favored races, or in more liberal spirit 
 of the times, those who had achieved intellectual mastery by their personal efforts were 
 prompted by a generous impulse to communicate their treasures to those capable of receiving 
 them. This met an equal impulse on the part of aspiring minds to look lor guidance and sym- 
 pathy in fulfilment of their wishes by entering into personal relations with the living master. 
 For there is that instinct in the ingenuous mind of youth to seek the sympathetic aid of a 
 superior. The presence of one who has himself achieved, is a quickening and an inspiration; 
 and living contact with a spirit that finds pleasure in communicating to those able to receive, 
 not only its material acquirements, but also its experience in acquiring, both points the way 
 and gives strength and cheer in following.
 
 x EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 This contact with maturer minds and superior natures brings out deeper meanings in 
 things, deeper truths and deeper thoughts, than could be evident to the unassisted spirit, how- 
 ever earnest. " Understandest thou what thou readest? " was the bold but kindly question of 
 Philip to the powerful treasure-keeper of Candace, Queen of Ethiopia, riding in his chariot 
 and reading, for something more than pastime surely, the Prophecy of Esaias. " How 
 can I, except some man should guide me?" was the answer of a sincere and modest spirit 
 intent on truth. 
 
 Striking illustrations of this influence of the personal superior, both in science and in art, 
 are familiar in history. The "Old Masters" in grammar, logic, rhetoric or dialectics, — in 
 knowledge of nature's works and ways, once called philosophy, and later, science, — and in the 
 rich fields of sculpture, painting and architecture, are shining lights in history. Disciples 
 thronged around them in the Academy, the Lyceum, the Porch or the Garden, or in the studios 
 and laboratories, or traversed with them the open fields of earth and sky, quickened to newness 
 of life by drinking of the master's spirit. 
 
 The affection which sprang up from this personal intercourse, especially on the part of the 
 pupil towards the master, was itself no unimportant part of a liberal education, — if this means 
 the harmonious development of all the powers and susceptibilities of the mind. 
 
 "And what delights can equal those 
 
 That stir the spirit's inner deeps, 
 
 When one that loves but knows not reaps 
 A truth from one that loves and knows." 
 
 A curious illustration of the strength of such a feeling in the hearts of pupils, and in the 
 acceptance of the community, appears in the habit among the pupils of the great masters of 
 music in Italy and Germany a century or more ago, of calling themselves by their masters' 
 surnames; — thus almost sinking their selfhood in the great communion of the master's spirit 
 and ideal. That might indeed be giving too much way to adventitious or accessory influence, 
 even though the spring of such action were in the wish to crave a portion of the master's 
 merit, or on the other hand to waive all other merit than that which belongs to him, — both not 
 unworthy motives ; for after all there can be no true personality without self-assertion and self- 
 responsibility, and such personality is the highest estate in art, as in ethics, and in life itself. 
 
 But it may be fairly doubted if something has not been lost in the modern tendency to 
 introduce machine systems of classifications, rank-lists, and paper tests of proficiency, to dis-
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE xi 
 
 place that old relation of pupil and master which carried along with growth of knowledge and 
 skill that of the heart and soul. W'c shall surely miss something from the balance and symmetry 
 of educational influences, if we do not nuke an effort to countervail or supplement existing 
 tendencies in education by bringing students into contact with men of experience and noble 
 character and personal magnetism, as well as of scholarly attainments. It is not multiplication 
 of electives, however attractive, throwing the student back upon himself for choices in lus most 
 inexperienced and uncritical years, — it is not merely multiplication of tutors, or increase '1 pi r- 
 sonal inculcation and drill of faithful teachers, nor even of specialists in research on single 
 lines or in narrow limits, which can best bring out the powers and aptitudes of personalil 
 the practical value of knowledge as something better than earning power. 
 
 What is of most importance in any large view of the subject is to secure for the youthful 
 student the personal contact, or even presence, of a noble character, a mature mind, an experi- 
 enced sensibility, a large and sympathetic personality, which takes hold on the impressionable 
 and nobly-tending spirit of youth, and draws it, as well as directs it, to its best. Such privilege 
 of discipleship is a great boon. It is held beyond price by those capable of truly apprehending 
 it. The importance of this element of education cannot be overestimated by those who 
 entrusted with the vital office of providing the best conditions for the training and culture ol 
 youth. It was President Garfield who said: " To sit on the other end of a log and talk with 
 Mark Hopkins is a liberal education." 
 
 Not only do the true masters wake new ideals and inspire new zeal for action in their 
 followers, but by their sympathetic apprehension of the pupil's individuality, they bring out his 
 best powers and help to build him up on his own foundations. One good thing about those old 
 times of master and pupil was the close personal intimacy between them; the daily contact "I 
 mind with mind, in questions and answers, the searching interest which detected weaknes 
 disadvantages of habit or temperament, and offered correctives which would tend to a balance 
 and symmetry, and afforded discipline which makes one master of himself, ready for any a 
 to which the chances of life may call. For often we cannot follow choices, but must act as 
 exigencies demand. It is one thing to (latter the wish, but quite another to discipline the will. 
 Systems of education which offer to .1 student what is most to his liking, even when the) are 
 supported by written examinations and conventional tests for rank, which things cannot di 
 lacks and weaknesses that must be overcome if one would win in the battle ol lite, do not make 
 good the place of personal interest and friendly criticism of a large hearted master, who fits one 
 to meet things he does not like, even in the high careei of the " learm d prof iions."
 
 xn EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 Recognizing the importance of the principles here adverted to, the publishers of this work 
 have followed their stereoscopic presentation of the University of Pennsylvania which consti- 
 tutes the first half of this volume by a supplementary one, which sets forth in some detail the 
 characters of the men who have had part in moulding the characters of the University's Sons, 
 and possibly in forecasting their careers. And these careers in the history of our Country, 
 following them out in their branches and sequences, have had much to do in the active, forma- 
 tive and directive powers which have made the nation what it is. At all events these Presidents 
 and Professors and Teachers noted here are the men whose spirit in their respective times has 
 vitalized the educational system and carried forward the organic life of the institution which has 
 now become a great University that is an honor and a power which the whole Country holds 
 high, and which has sent its light over all the world. 
 
 It is surely a worthy object to turn attention to the noble characters which have wrought 
 their worth into the very fiber of the nation's life. 
 
 ^J^9^^^^^axiaMJie>^U^^
 
 INTRODUCTION
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 Washington, D. C, January 23, 1897. 
 R. Herndon Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Gentlemen, — I am glad to learn from you that you are undertaking the publication 
 of a series of volumes containing studies on the universities, colleges, and higher 
 institutions of learning in the United States, paying special attention to the biog- 
 raphies of the alumni of these institutions. It seems to me that this is an important 
 field to occupy. It will interest not only the alumni of a college or university to 
 study the influence of the institution in the careers of its graduates, but it will interest 
 all people. It will answer the question : What practical influence does the higher 
 education of the country have upon its business and politics and literature, and, in 
 general, upon the directive power of the nation? I trust you may prove entirely 
 successful in carrying out your plans. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Commissioner of Education.
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 BY W. T. HARRIS, PH.D., LL. D. 
 
 UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER Of EDUCATION 
 
 HIGHER education in the United States is given chiefly in institutions that bear 
 the name of college or university, numbering 486 separate institutions in the 
 several States and Territories. A portion of the work is given in separate 
 professional schools of law, medicine and theology, and also in schools of engineering and 
 technology. According to the returns for the scholastic year ending July 1, 1897, 
 there were 76,204 students in colleges and universities; 10,449 students in the law; 24,377 
 students in medicine; 8,173 students in theology; 10,001 students in engineering and 
 technology. The total number of students in higher education for the United States is thus 
 129,204. About one for each 486 of the population is enrolled in schools for higher 
 education. 
 
 In order to understand these figures one must know accurately the meaning of the term 
 " higher education." It may be said loosely that the first eight years' work of the child, saj 
 from six to fourteen years of age, is devoted to an elementary course of study. The next four 
 years (fourteen to eighteen) is given to what is called "secondary education," conducted in 
 public high schools (409,433 pupils), in private academies and preparatory schools (107,633 
 pupils), — a total of 517,066. ( )f pupils in secondary studies there is approximately one in 121 
 of the population. Higher education counts from the thirteenth to the sixteenth year (inclusive) 
 of the course of study, and counting in with it the post-graduate work it extends to the 
 nineteenth year of the course of study (from eighteen to twenty-one or to twenty-four 
 years of age). 
 
 It would appear that of the undergraduates, in universities and colleges about fifty-five per 
 cent (a little more than one-half), are pursuing courses of study leading to the degree .it Bach- 
 elor of Arts, while nearly twenty per cent (or one-fifth of all) are candidates for the degree '■'i 
 Bachelor of Science. The total number of degrees conferred during the year [895-96 was, for 
 the Bachelor of Arts degree, 4,456 men and 706 women ; lor the degree of Bacht lor of S< i« nee, 
 1,381 men and 277 women. 
 
 :
 
 4 UNIVERSITIES AND -THEIR SONS 
 
 The total benefactions reported by the several higher institutions as having been received 
 during the year 1895-96 was $8,342,728. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL BENEFACTIONS, 1871 to 1S96 
 
 Year. 
 
 Universities 
 
 and 
 
 colleges. 
 
 Colleges 
 for women. 
 
 Professional 
 schools. 
 
 Schools 
 
 of 
 
 technology. 
 
 1871 
 1S72 
 
 S3.43 2 >'9 
 6,282,462 
 
 
 #547,000 
 1,176,279 
 
 $482,000 
 
 lS73 
 1S74 
 
 8,238,141 
 •.845,354 
 
 §252,005 
 241,420 
 
 698,401 
 1,156,160 
 
 780,65s 
 481,804 
 
 1875 
 
 2,703-650 
 
 217,887 
 
 476.75 1 
 
 147,112 
 
 1876 
 
 2,743. 2 48 
 
 79,95° 
 
 293,7 74 
 
 48,634 
 
 1S77 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 
 I , 2 73,99 I 
 !.3 8 9.633 
 3,878,648 
 2,666,571 
 
 163,976 
 241,820 
 
 543.9°° 
 92,372 
 
 44S,7°3 
 516.414 
 
 386,4 1 7 
 839,681 
 
 201.205 
 
 49.2So 
 
 59,77S 
 
 i-37',445 
 
 1881 
 
 4,601,069 
 
 334.688 
 
 972,710 
 
 177.058 
 
 1882-83 
 1883-84 
 
 3'5 22 .467 
 5,688,043 
 
 373.412 
 310,506 
 
 762,771 
 1,307,416 
 
 639, 6 55 
 
 S20.723 
 
 1884-S5 
 1885-86 
 
 5.134,460 
 2,530,948 
 
 322,813 
 266,285 
 
 776,255 
 857,096 
 
 562.37 1 
 18S.699 
 
 1886-87 
 
 3.6S9> ri 3 
 
 154,680 
 
 1,355,295 
 
 334-76o 
 
 1887-S8 
 1888-89 
 
 4.545.655 
 4,728,901 
 
 425,752 
 447-677 
 
 7 72.349 
 768,413 
 
 203.465 
 110,950 
 
 1889-90 
 1890-91 
 
 6,006,474 
 6.849,208 
 
 3°3,257 
 725.SS5 
 
 1,466.399 
 
 
 1891-92 
 
 6,464,438 
 
 220,147 
 
 I.905-342 
 
 
 1892-93 
 1S93-94 
 
 6,532,157 
 9,025,240 
 
 182,781 
 
 369,183 
 
 1.225,799 
 1,460.942 
 
 
 1894-95 
 1895-96 
 
 5-3S°,9 6 3 
 8,342,728 
 
 625,734 
 611,245 
 
 1,480,812 
 1,159,287 
 
 21-530 
 96,133 
 
 Total, 
 
 Sii7,435>752 
 
 27>5°7.375 
 
 $22,810,466 
 
 #6,477,260 
 
 The following comparative table will show the item of income for the past five 
 years. In 1896 the income to the universities and colleges (not including colleges for 
 women) from all sources, excluding benefactions, was $17,918,174; thirty-seven per cent of 
 this was received in the form of tuition fees, twenty-nine per cent from productive funds, six- 
 teen per cent from State and municipal appropriations, five per cent from endowments 
 by the United States. The total of productive funds for the colleges and universities in 1895-96 
 was $109,562,433.
 
 UIC1IER EDUCATION 1\ THE UNITED STATES 
 
 INC< 'MK ( '1 UNI\ ERS1 III S VND COLLEGES 
 
 STAT! OR. TERRl TORY. 
 
 [891-92 
 
 
 1-94 
 
 % «7»965.433 
 
 
 United States .... 
 
 S15, 075,016 
 
 ~ ■ -"'60.374 
 
 . ' 74 
 
 $19,108,1 
 
 North Atlantic 1 livision 
 
 6,497,227 
 
 6,790,028 
 
 7,32s. 091 
 
 7.765t25" 
 
 
 South Atlantic 1 >ivisi< in 
 
 1.3 1 2.890 
 
 1,446 
 
 >,395»97° 
 
 '•541-3 73 
 
 1,589,973 
 
 South < lentral 1 livision . 
 
 [,233,982 
 
 [,125,359 
 
 '. 2 °3-35° 
 
 ",290,534 
 
 1,504,301 
 
 North Central I livision . 
 
 ,267 
 
 5.049.578 
 
 5>479»° I 5 
 
 6,035,159 
 
 6,170,650 
 
 Western 1 livision . . 
 
 1,140,650 
 
 7" 1 
 
 1,280,748 
 
 t,333,n6 
 
 1 -3''5-3 » * 
 
 Of students admitted to universities and colleges in i895 - 9°"i fort) -one per cent came from 
 public high schools, forty per cent from preparatory departments of colleges, seventeen per 
 cent from private preparatory schools. 
 
 AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS COMPARED 
 
 The American standard of what is called "Higher Education" is not precisely the -•ann- 
 as that of Europe; there is a little more thoroughness of preparation, due perhaps to an earlier 
 [inning in the strictly preparatory studies, in Europe as compared with America. In order 
 to reduce the returns of higher education in the United States to the European standard it is 
 necessary to omit the college students in the Freshman and Sophomore classes, and also omit 
 all first year students in the professional schools except those that have received the degree oi 
 A. 15., or its equivalent. 
 
 Tlie following table prepared on this basis from a study of the catalogues of the several 
 
 States for [896, shows a total for the United States of 62,974 university students, measured by 
 
 the European standard : 
 
 STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONA1 SCHOOLS IN' THE UNITED 
 
 STATES, CORRESPONDING IN DEGREI OF ADVANCEMENT TO STUDENTS 
 
 IN GERMAN OR FRENCH UNIVERSITIES 
 
 It iin ludes the li rgraduates in the- senior and junior classes, all studi nl ol thi 1 logy, itud< nts oi 
 
 medicim and law in second and subsequent years, with ;tll in the first yeai having the degree ol B \ 
 
 Stati 
 
 OR 
 
 Territory. 
 
 Is 1 1 Dl 
 
 Junii 
 
 S. 1 ■ 1 < > 1 — _ 
 
 Posl 
 
 1 .!«. 
 
 Medi 
 
 ilogy. 
 
 rotai 
 
 1 IITED St a t 1 . . . 
 
 North Ulantii 1 »i\ 1 ion 
 
 & iuth Ail.miii 1 >i\ ision 
 
 South < Vntral 1 >i\ 'isidn 
 
 North ( lentral I >i\ 
 Western 1 >i\ ision 
 
 1 .,25 
 
 5- 2 9 I 
 2,095 
 ■ ,9 1 5 
 i 902 
 820 
 
 1 ■..•4c) 
 
 1 690 
 1,482 
 1 , 3 ' 4 
 
 565 
 
 5,3 «6 
 
 ■ 148 
 5°' 
 
 i, 6 
 
 ■■1 1 
 
 S<54' 
 
 ■ 1 1 
 
 7 s '' 
 
 •1 ■ 
 
 2.074 
 
 1 
 
 16,77 ' 
 
 6,155 
 1,8 
 
 6 9' 
 
 5 - - 
 
 8,071 
 
 886 
 
 I 1 pi 
 in 
 
 974 
 
 || ' 
 79 
 
 *,497
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, ETC. — Continued 
 
 State 
 
 OR 
 
 Territory. 
 
 Si then rs. 
 
 Juniors. 
 
 Seniors. 
 
 Post- 
 graduates. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Medicine. 
 
 Theology. 
 
 Total. 
 
 North Atlantic Division 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . . 
 Vermont .... 
 Massachusetts . . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 Connecticut . . . 
 New York .... 
 New Jersey . . . 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 South Atlantic Division. 
 Delaware .... 
 Maryland .... 
 District of Columbia 
 Virginia .... 
 West Virginia . . . 
 North Carolina . . 
 South Carolina . . 
 Georgia .... 
 Florida 
 
 South Central Division. 
 Kentucky .... 
 Tennessee .... 
 Alabama . . . . 
 Mississippi ... 
 Louisiana . . . . , 
 
 Texas 
 
 Arkansas .... 
 Oklahoma .... 
 Indian Territory . . 
 
 North Central Division. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan .... 
 Wisconsin .... 
 Minnesota .... 
 
 2°5 
 
 120 
 
 82 
 
 1,4'S 
 169 
 
 535 
 1,191 
 
 319 
 1,257 
 
 1 1 
 
 361 
 
 63 
 
 4°S 
 55 
 393 
 3°7 
 467 
 
 -1 "> e 
 
 49° 
 37° 
 240 
 122 
 
 227 
 120 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 910 
 510 
 763 
 5°5 
 3*4 
 3 10 
 
 1 72 
 112 
 
 81 
 
 1,260 
 
 1 21 
 
 S 66 
 
 1,000 
 
 3 2 4 
 
 I ) °54 
 
 14 
 3i3 
 
 49 
 235 
 
 33 
 288 
 iSS 
 326 
 
 3 1 
 
 191 
 
 355 
 303 
 
 15° 
 
 84 
 
 160 
 69 
 
 865 
 
 468 
 649 
 
 455 
 262 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 4 
 692 
 126 
 
 239 
 
 626 
 
 123 
 328 
 
 260 
 
 93 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 54 
 24 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 90 
 
 14 
 63 
 92 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 415 
 166 
 740 
 124 
 1 12 
 140 
 
 624 
 
 161 
 1.134 
 
 315 
 
 83 
 
 5'5 
 
 "3 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 1 1 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 83 
 
 '3 
 
 25 
 28 
 
 63 
 6 
 
 165 
 
 100 
 5S4 
 454 
 170 
 190 
 
 70 
 
 S7 
 
 io 5 
 
 893 
 
 9 1 
 2,863 
 
 2,046 
 
 962 
 
 3'4 
 270 
 
 57 
 45 
 
 612 
 
 568 
 7i 
 
 254 
 126 
 
 44 
 
 1. 179 
 
 250 
 
 2-332 
 
 586 
 
 79 
 
 417 
 
 1S9 
 924 
 
 479 
 803 
 
 375 
 
 95 
 
 164 
 
 85 
 
 55 
 
 5 6 4 
 
 385 
 S3 
 
 20 
 32 
 
 492 
 
 17S 
 
 1,281 
 
 79 
 223 
 282 
 
 53° 
 325 
 272 
 
 5-3°i 
 416 
 1,781 
 7,738 
 1,245 
 5,803 
 
 25 
 2-354 
 1,129 
 
 1.243 
 141 
 887 
 630 
 
 1 ,1 ox 
 
 67 
 
 •>733 
 
 i,97i 
 
 824 
 
 478 
 600 
 630 
 2s 6 
 9 
 4 
 
 4,026 
 1,672 
 
 6,349 
 2,203 
 
 i,i53 
 
 i,377 
 
 1 To avoid misapprehension it should be noted that many students of this grade from the smaller States attend the 
 great universities of Harvard, Yale, I'rinceton and Columbia.
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 
 
 STUDENTS l\ UNIVERSITIES, COLLEGES, I fC — Concluded 
 
 State 
 
 or 
 
 Tf.rri iorv. 
 
 Mrm NTS. 
 
 Juniors. 
 
 Si niors. 
 
 gradu 
 
 Law. 
 
 Medicine. 
 
 Theology. 
 
 tal. 
 
 North Dakota . . . 
 Western Division. 
 
 New Mexico .... 
 
 Utah 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Washington .... 
 
 45° 
 
 584 
 21 
 
 5° 
 
 202 
 
 2S3 
 
 8 
 
 1 10 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 2 5 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 
 121 
 
 481 
 
 369 
 
 415 
 
 19 
 
 36 
 
 157 
 
 - 7 - 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 5° 
 
 362 
 
 1 2 2 
 
 56 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 76 
 
 9- 
 
 1 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 -3 
 218 
 
 1 - ■ 
 142 
 
 60 
 
 47 
 
 3° 
 5' 
 
 45' 
 i,34 6 
 
 I 2 * 
 
 29 
 '35 
 
 2 1 
 366 
 
 '53 
 400 
 
 17 
 '4 
 
 16 
 
 75 
 
 1.707 
 
 2 -943 
 
 42 
 
 109 
 
 664 
 
 737 
 
 '5 
 
 5 
 
 39i 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4- 1 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 89 
 
 266 
 
 1.626 
 
 THE PRE-EMINENCE OF THE COLLEGE GRADUATE 
 
 President Charles F. Thumi;. of Western Reserve University at Cleveland, < >hio, has taken 
 some pains ("Within College Walls," pp. 156 to 1S4) to ascertain the facts with regard to the 
 proportion of men of directive power who have come into the community from the college or 
 university. Taking the six volumes of Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biograph) he funis 
 sketches of 15,138 persons; of these 5,322 are college men. One oul of every three persons of 
 sufficient distinction to claim a pi. ice in a biographical cyclopaedia is ,1 colli ge graduate. Thi 
 5,322 form, according to his estimate, one out of each forty graduates now living; while only 
 one out of ten thousand of the population that has not received highei education has found a 
 place in the Cyclopaedia named. " Into one group gather together ten thousand infants and send 
 no one to college; one person out of that great group will attain through some work a certain 
 fame; into another group gather forty college men on the day of their graduation and out of 
 these forty, one will attain recognition. The proportion is in favor of the college men tw < > 
 hundred and fifty times." Sic Dr. Thwing's table on pa] 1 • 
 
 In view nf the influence of higher education to ei ure in 1 1 in life, it is of great int. - 
 to inquire what it is that givi i higher education this value. Is it the bram hi ol tt ; hi en,
 
 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 or is it the association with learned men as professors and with one's fellow-students in early 
 manhood, or is it the discipline of work and obedience to prescribed regulations? 
 
 Upon a little consideration it is evident that it is not a mere will training, not a life of 
 obedience to regulations that gives its distinctive value to higher education. In elementary 
 education a training in regularity, punctuality, self-restraint and industry, is perhaps the most 
 important thing, but higher education gives directive power and this depends upon insight 
 rather than upon a habit of obedience. This insight may relate to human nature, and a knowl- 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF 15,138 CONSPICUOUS AMERICANS 1 
 
 College 
 Graduates. 
 
 From Non- 
 
 Academies. College. 
 
 Clergy 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Statesman 
 
 Business 
 
 Navy 
 
 Author 
 
 Physician 
 
 Artist 
 
 Educator 
 
 Scientist 
 
 Journalist 
 
 Public Man 
 
 Inventor 
 
 Actor 
 
 Explorer, Pioneer . . . 
 Philanthropist .... 
 Whole Number of Persons | 
 named in Cyclopaedia ) 
 
 -5- 
 S41 
 464 
 
 J /i 
 
 '5 
 415 
 4^7 
 
 66 
 
 6-^5 
 34i 
 
 96 
 145 
 
 19 
 4 
 
 9 
 29 
 
 5.322 
 
 59 
 
 43 6 
 
 68 
 
 65 
 60 
 
 34 
 39 
 36 
 39 
 42 
 
 25 
 1 1 
 
 '5 
 3 
 4 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 949 
 
 1,080 
 1.264 
 769 
 811 
 8S4 
 466 
 66S 
 449 
 5 2 5 
 345 
 164 
 206 
 605 
 144 
 99 
 233 
 '45 
 
 S,S67 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per cent 
 
 representing 
 
 college 
 
 graduates. 
 
 2,644 
 1.952 
 1,678 
 
 1.340 
 
 l,U5 
 515 
 
 1,122 
 912 
 630 
 
 1,012 
 
 53° 
 313 
 76S 
 166 
 107 
 
 249 
 
 1 So 
 
 15, '3§ 
 
 56.92 
 
 1 2.9 1 
 50.12 
 
 34- 6 3 
 
 15-34 
 
 2.91 
 
 3 6 -99 
 46.82 
 10.46 
 61.76 
 
 6434 
 30.67 
 
 1S.95 
 
 "•45 
 
 3-74 
 
 3.61 
 
 16.11 
 
 35- '6 
 
 edge of human nature is gained by association with one's fellow-students and with professors 
 and teachers ; but it is gained more especially from books of science and literature. Or the 
 insight may relate to physical nature, and in this case it is the man who re-enforces his own 
 observations by the records of others, that attains eminence. It is in fact the course of study 
 in higher education that contributes the chief factor of this influence which college graduates 
 exercise upon the community. 
 
 Higher education in the Middle Ages was limited to the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric and 
 logic) and Quadrivium- (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). Grammar as the science 
 of language reveals the structure of the instrument of human reason ; rhetoric deals with the 
 art of persuasion and studies the structure of the written discourse; while logic deals directly 
 
 1 By C. F. Thwing
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 9 
 
 with the structure of thought. The structure of thought, the structure of language and the 
 structure of the written discourse furnish a proper study for the training of a critic of thought 
 or of its exposition. 
 
 Arithmetic was mathematics as understood in the Middle Ages; while geometry in the 
 Quadrivium signified an abridgement of Pliny's geography with a few definitions of geometric 
 figures. Music signified poetry. 
 
 Grammar, rhetoric, logic and music, dealt with language and literature and the laws of 
 thought; their study could not but result in giving to the youth an intimate kind of self- 
 knowledge. 
 
 Three branches, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy, made the student acquainted with 
 the world of nature in its mathematical structure and in its accidental features. 
 
 The course of study in higher education has endeavored to make the youth acquainted 
 with human nature and physical nature, and this more especially in their logical condition or 
 permanent structure rather than in their accidental features. Directive power has for its func- 
 tion to combine human beings with a view to realize institutions or to accomplish great under- 
 takings. It makes combinations in matter directing the current of the world's forces into 
 channels useful for man. To make these human combinations and these physical combinations 
 possible the studies of the higher education are chosen. 
 
 To realize how the colleges of this country have from the earliest times kept this in view, 
 although perhaps unconsciously, a few examples of the requirements for admission are here 
 offered. 
 
 REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION 
 
 I. — Harvard University, 1642. — When scholars had so far profited at the grammar schools, that 
 they could read any classical author into English, ami readily make and speak true Latin, and write it 
 in verse as well as prose ; and perfectly decline the paradigms of nouns and verbs in the Greek tongue, 
 they were judged capable of admission to Harvard College. -Peirce's History of Harvard, Appendix, 
 p. 42. 
 
 II. — Princeton University, i 74S. — None may be admitted into college but such as being ex 
 arnined by the President and Tutors shall be found able to render Virgil and Tully's Orations into 
 English; and to turn English into true and grammatical latin; and to be so well acquainted with the 
 Greek as to render any part of the four Evangelists in that language into latin or English; and to 
 
 the grammatical connection of the words. Princeton Book, 5. 
 
 III. — Bowdoin College, 1S02. — Principles of the Latin and Greek languages, ability to translate 
 I nglish into Luin, to read the Selecl Orations of Cicero, the /Eneid of Virgil, and an acquaintance with 
 arithmetic as far as the rule of three. -History oi Bowdoin, \\\ll. 
 
 IV. — South Carolina College, 1804. — Lor admission to the Freshman ("lis-,, a candidate shall 
 be able to render from Latin into English, Cornelius Nepos, Sallust, Caesar's Commentaries, and Virgil's 
 /Eneid; to make grammatical Latin of the exercises in Mails' Introduction; to tran late into I nglish 
 any passage from the Evangelist St. John, in tin Greek Testament; to give a grammatical analysi
 
 10 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the words, and have a general knowledge of the English Grammar ; write a good, legible hand, spell 
 correctly, and be well acquainted with Arithmetic as far as includes the Rule of Proportion. — History 
 of South Carolina College, by Laborde, p. 19. 
 
 V. — Dartmouth College, 181 i. — 1. Virgil; 2. Cicero's Select Orations; 3. Greek Testament; 
 4. Translate English into Latin ; 5. Fundamental rules of Arithmetic. — Dartmouth College, by Smith, p. S3. 
 
 It would seem that the main point in the entrance examination to Harvard University 
 in the seventeenth century was to secure such facility in the Latin tongue that one could use 
 it as the instrument for pursuing higher studies. One should be able to read any classical 
 author and also be able to speak the Latin tongue. Some knowledge of Greek also was re- 
 quired even from the beginning. Princeton, a hundred years later than Harvard, makes the 
 same requirements in Latin and insists on a little more in Greek. Half a century later still, 
 Bowdoin, South Carolina and Dartmouth colleges have practically the same requirements for 
 admission as Princeton in 174S. 
 
 THE COURSE OF STUDY 
 
 Some of the earliest courses of study in American colleges show the prominence of the 
 studies of the Trivium and the Quadrivium insisted on in the Middle Ages. In Harvard, for in- 
 stance, in 1642 there were logic, algebra and grammar, besides the stud) - of natural philosophy. 
 Assuming that the course of study as given is complete, it is interesting to note that in this 
 college Latin is supposed to have been completed before entering, and that the student takes up 
 both Greek and Hebrew in his first year. This inference, however, may not be accurate. If 
 the students were of the same age on entrance to college in 1642 as in 1897, '* could be said 
 that their studies in Freshman year were so difficult that one would hardly expect more than 
 a verbal memorizing of the text. It is noticeable that mathematics begins to be studied in 
 the third year and that arithmetic, geography and astronomy make their appearance at that 
 time, the third and last year. Some branches of natural science and history belong also to 
 this third year. Yale in 1702 required a strong course in Latin and Hebrew. And in 1726 
 it seems that Harvard had included Latin with its languages to be studied in college. One 
 hundred years later South Carolina College had a course of study very much like that laid 
 down at the present day. But Dartmouth at that time had arithmetic rather than algebra or 
 geometry in its Freshman year and continued it even into the Sophomore year. 
 
 SAMPLE COURSES OF STUDY 
 
 Harvard University, 1642.- — First Year. — 1. Logick; 2. Physicks ; 3. Disputes; 4. Greek — 
 Etymologie and syntax; grammar: 5. Hebrew — Grammar; Bible; 6. Rhetoric. 
 
 Second Year. — 1. Ethics and politics; 2. Disputes; 3. Greek — • Prosodia and dialects; Poesy, 
 Nonnus, Duport ; 4. Hebrew, etc. ; Chaldee ; Ezra and Daniel; 5. Rhetoric. 
 
 Third Year. — 1. Arithmetic; Geometry; Astronomy; 2. Greek — Theory, style, composition, imita- 
 tion epitome, both in prose and verse; 3. Hebrew, &c. ; Syriak ; Trostius New Testament; 4. Rhe- 
 toric; 5. History; 6. Nature of plants. — Peirce's History of Harvard, Appendix, 6, 7.
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES n 
 
 Vale, 1702. — 1. Latin; five or six orations of Cicero ; five or six books of Virgil ; 'i'alking College 
 Latin; 2. Greek; Reading a portion of New Testament; ,5. Hebrew; Psalter; 4. Some instruction in 
 mathematics and surveying; 5. Physics (Pierson) ; 6. Logic (Ramus). — Vale Look, 25. 
 
 Harvard University, 1726. — While the students are Freshmen, they commonly recite the Gram- 
 mars, and with them a recitation in 'fully, Virgil, and the Greek Testament, on Mondays, Tuesdays, 
 
 Wednesdays, and Thursdays, in the morning and 1 1 1; on Friday morning Dugard's or Farnaby's 
 
 Rhetoric, and on Saturdaj morning the Greek Testament; ami, towards the latter end of the year, they 
 dispute on Ramus's Definitions, Mondays and Tuesdays in the forenoon. 
 
 The Sophomores recite Burgersdicius's Logic, and a manuscript called New Logic, in the mornings 
 and forenoons; and towards the latter end of the year Hccicboord\ Meletcmata, and dispute Mondays 
 and Tuesdays in the forenoon, continuing also to recite the classic authors, with Logic and Natural 
 Philosophy; on Saturday mornings they recite Wollebius's Divinity. 
 
 The Junior Sophisters recite Heereboord's Meletemata, Mr. Morton's Physics, More's Ethics, 
 Geography, Metaphysics, in the mornings and forenoons; Wollebius on Saturday morning ; and dispute 
 Mondays and Tuesdays in the forenoons. 
 
 The Senior Sophisters, besides Arithmetic, recite Allsted's Geometry, Gassendus's Astronomy, in the 
 morning; go over the Arts towards the latter cud of the year, Ames's Medulla on Saturdays, and dispute 
 once a week. — History of Harvard University, by Quincy, p. 441. 
 
 Sooth Carolina C 1, 1S04. — The studies of the Freshman year shall be the Greek Testament, 
 
 Xenophon's Cyropedia, Mairs' Introduction, Virgil, Cicero's Orations, Roman Antiquities, Arithmetic, 
 English Grammar, and Sherridan's Lectures on Elocution. A part of every day's Latin lesson shall be 
 written in a fair hand, with an English translation, and correctly spelled. 
 
 The studies of the Sophomore year shall be Homer's Iliad, Horace, Vulgar, and Decimal Fractions, 
 with the extraction of Roots, Geography, Watts' Logic, Blairs' Lectures, Algebra, the French Language, 
 and Roman Antiquities. 
 
 The studies of the Junior year shall be Elements of Criticism, Geometry, Theoretical and Practi- 
 cal, Astronomy, Natural and Moral Philosophy, French, Longinus de Sublimitate, and Cicero de < Matore. 
 
 The studies of the Senior year shall be Millots' Elements of History, Demosthenes' Select Orations, 
 and such parts of Locke's Essay as shall be prescribed by the Faculty. The Seniors, also, shall review 
 such parts of the Studies of the preceding year, and perform such exercises in the higher braiic hes 1 1 
 the Mathematics, as the Faculty may direct. 
 
 From the time of their admission into College, the students shall be exercised in composition and 
 public speaking, for which purpose such a number as the Faculty shall direct shall daily, in rotation, 
 deliver orations in the- College I fill. There shall also be public exhibitions, and competition in speaking, 
 and other exercises, held at such times and under such regulations as the Faculty shall require ; and ever} 
 
 member of the Senior Class shall, al least once each month, deliver an oration of his own rompoMt , 
 
 after submitting it to be perused and corrected by the President. — History of South Carolina College. 
 by Laborde, p. 19. 
 
 Dartmouth College, c8ii. — Freshman Class: 1. Latin and Creek Classics; 2. Arithmetic; 
 \. English Grammar; 4. Rhetoric. 
 
 Sophomore Class: t. Latin and Greek Classics; 2. Logic; 3. Geography; 4. Arithmetic; 5. G» 
 try; 6. Trigonometry ; 7. Algebra; 8. Conic Sections; 0. Surveying; 10. Belles-lettres; ti. Criticism. 
 
 Junior Class: 1. Latin and Greek Classics; 2. Geometry; .?- Natural and Moral Philosophy, 
 4. Astronomy. 
 
 Senior Class: t. Metaphysics; 2. Theology; .;. Natural and Political Law. 
 
 — 1 lartmouth < 1 1II1 ge, by Smith, p|
 
 12 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 WHY LATIN AND GREEK ARE STUDIED 
 
 But what is noteworthy in regard to the course of study for the higher education is the 
 place occupied by the classic languages, Latin and Greek. Inasmuch as these are dead 
 languages and not useful for oral communication in any part of the world, it would naturally 
 be thought that a knowledge of them would have little practical value. Further, when we 
 learn that the great works in these languages are all accessible in the various modern tongues 
 of Europe, there would seem to be no excuse for retaining them in the course of study 
 for higher education. One would adopt the word of Mr. Adams and call them " college 
 fetiches." 
 
 In the Middle Ages, it is true, the Latin was the language of learning and was the 
 only language used at an institution of higher education. Moreover all learned people wrote 
 their books in Latin. It was a matter of necessity that a student in higher education should 
 begin his course of study by learning to read, speak and write the Latin; but this condition 
 exists no longer, very few books are now written in Latin and few colleges or universities 
 conduct their class exercises in Latin. 
 
 Notwithstanding all this it remains a fact that the higher education of all modern civilized 
 nations has devoted the lion's share in the course of stud) to the mastery of the Latin and Greek 
 languages. The few persons who attain national and international reputation for directive 
 power in various departments come from the small quota of society that studies these 
 dead languages. Out of a million of persons who have come from our colleges and 
 universities more than two hundred times as man} - persons attain distinction as from a 
 million of people who have not entered them. The presumption therefore must be in 
 favor of the study of these classic languages. It is therefore probable that they contain 
 some educative element not to be found in other languages, ancient or modern, — it is 
 likely in fact that the study of these languages gives to the student some peculiar insight 
 into himself or his civilization. Looking at it from this point of view we discover the 
 cause of the potency of these languages in higher education. For it occurs at once to 
 any one acquainted with the history of the world that Rome and Greece hold an altogether 
 unique relation to the civilization of Europe. 
 
 The dead languages Latin and Greek are the tongues once spoken by the two peoples who 
 originated the two threads united in our modern civilization. The study of Greek puts one 
 into the atmosphere of art, literature and science in which the people of Athens lived. It 
 is not merely the effect of Greek literature; it is also the effect of the language itself, in 
 its idioms and grammatical structure, for these are adapted to express the literary and 
 artistic point of view of the mind. The Greek mind looks upon nature and seizes its 
 spiritual meaning; it expresses this in the art forms of sculpture, architecture and poetry.
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 13 
 
 It is not an accidental frame of mind out of a great number of possible mental attitudes 
 held by that people, but it is the supreme form, the highest potence, of the Creek mind. 
 Whenever it comes to its flower it blossoms into art and poetry; if it is arrested in lower 
 stages, as in Sparta or Thebes, still it manifests an aesthetic individualism, a ger- 
 
 minal form of the art-consciousness. For all Greeks celebrated the games and strove to 
 attain gracefulness and beauty of body. Moreover the science and philosophy of the Greeks 
 arc merely a sequel to their art and literature. This will appear from a consideration of the 
 chief trait of the Greek mind, namely the genius for portrayal. 
 
 The human mind in its attitude of artist is able to seize and portray an object by a few 
 lines; it can neglect the thousands of other lines or traits, which do not count because 
 they do not individualize, and it can select out with felicity just the lines which por- 
 tray character. The Greek can do this both in sculpture and in poetry. It is clear 
 that this ability to seize the characteristics of an object is a power that needs only 
 a little modification to produce the scientific mind. For science also discovers the essen- 
 tial characteristics and unites scattered individuals into species and genera. For it is the 
 classifying intellect. 
 
 Mure than this, the ethical intellect is simply a further developed poetic intellect. For 
 the poet has a unital world-view. Homer, Sophocles and /Eschylus arc able to describe 
 the infinite multiplicity of human personages and events, unifying them by an ethical world- 
 view. Carry tin's ethical world-view over into prosaic reflection and we have philosophy. 
 Philosophy discovers how the fragmentary things and events of the world should be pieced 
 together in order to form a whole. It discovers how they can be made consistent as 
 explained by the ethical principle of the world. Both their genesis and their ultimate 
 purpose arc contained in the world-principle. 
 
 That this aesthetic, philosophic and scientific principle should be indigenous in the 
 Greek mind and that it should be manifested not only in the prose, scientific and philo- 
 sophic literature of the Greeks, and more especially in their poetic literature and in their 
 sculpture and architecture, should be a reason forgiving a unique place t<> the study of the 
 Greek language in higher education. But the case becomes Mill stronger when one si 
 tint the language is itself a primary and immediate expression of the idiosyncrasy of tin- 
 Greek mind. No one could study the grammar of the language and become acquainted 
 with the words in its vocabulary without inducing upon his mental activity some of the 
 proclivities and tendencies of that beauty-loving people. 
 
 So on the other hand the study of Latin puts the mind in a similar manner int.' the 
 
 stern, self-sacrificing, political atmosphere of Rome. The Romans invented laws for the 
 protection of life and property and also the forms of social combination known a-- corpora- 
 tions and city governments. To study Latin makes tin- pupil more attentive to the side
 
 14 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of his civilization that deals with combinations of men into social organizations. It makes 
 him conscious of this institution-forming instinct which has been inherited from Rome and 
 exists now as an unconscious proclivity in all the races that enter modern civilization. 
 
 The raw material of our civilization, our national stocks, Celtic, Teutonic, Norse, Gothic, 
 Scythian, Slavic, or whatever we call them, enter into civilization only by adopting the forms 
 of art and literature, science and philosophy, borrowed directly or indirectly from the Greeks, 
 and assuming forms of government and codes of laws (civil and criminal) borrowed directly 
 or indirectly from Rome. 
 
 To know one's self has two meanings, the Socratic and the Sophistic. According to the 
 Sophist, to know one's self is to know one's individual idiosyncrasies ; it is to know one's 
 whims and caprices. But according to Socrates, to know one's self is to know the substan- 
 tial elements of our human personality. It is to know ethical principles and see them as 
 necessities of human nature, uniting individuals into institutions or social wholes. For by 
 moral principles alone are social institutions, such as the family, the state, the church, and 
 the industrial community, able to exist. The logical principles which form the structure of 
 mental activity, these as well as the ethical structure of conscience have to be known if 
 man would know his deeper self in a Socratic sense. The study of the classic languages 
 is therefore a sort of revelation of our deeper selves, the self which forms our civiliza- 
 tion and which gives rhythm to our social life. 
 
 But the study of the classics does not give one a world-view about which he can dis- 
 course in simple and plain language to uncultured persons. The initiated cannot explain 
 the mysteries to the uninitiated. Higher education with its Greek and Latin is a process of 
 initiation which enables the individual to enter into this kind of self-knowledge. He comes, 
 only through this, to know his deeper social self, the institutional self-hood of his civilization. 
 
 If this view, which I have here traced in outline with some difficulty, is the true one, it 
 will explain why it is that Latin and Greek (and no other language, ancient or modern) have 
 so prominent a place in higher education, and why higher education has been and is so potent 
 in preparing the individual for the office of social leader and director of his fellow-men. 
 
 At the risk of many repetitions I venture to expand this thought with the (perhaps 
 vain) hope of making it clear. 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK --THEIR PECULIAR FUNCTION IN EDUCATION 
 
 FURTHER EXPLAINED 
 
 Modern civilization is derivative; resting upon the ancient Roman civilization on the one 
 hand, and upon the Greek civilization on the other. All European civilization borrows from 
 these two sources. To the Greek we owe the elementary standards of aesthetic art and 
 literature. They have transmitted to us the so-called perfect forms. All culture, all taste,
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 15 
 
 bascs itself upon familiarity with Greek models. More than this, the flesh and blood of litera- 
 ture, the means of its expression, the vehicles in which elevated sentiment and ideal convictions 
 are conveyed, largely consist of trope and metaphor derived from Greek mythology. 
 
 Before science and the forms of reflection existed, the first method of seizing and 
 expressing spiritual facts consisted of poetic metaphor and personification. Images of si 
 were taken in a double meaning; a material and a spiritual meaning in inseparable union. 
 Not only Anglo-Saxons but all European nations, even the ancient Romans, are indebted to 
 Greek genius for this elementary form of seizing and expressing the subtle, invisible activi- 
 ties of our common spiritual self-hood. One can never be at home in the realm of litera- 
 ture without an acquaintance with this original production of the Greek people. 
 
 Moie than this, the Greek people, essentially a theoretically inclined race, advanced 
 themselves historically from this poetic personification of nature touaid- a more definite, 
 abstract seizing of the same in scientific forms. And hence with the Greek race philosophy 
 and science are also indigenous. The Greek language is specially adapted to the function 
 of expressing theoretical reflections, and in the time of the historical culmination of the 
 Greek race, appeared the philosophical thinkers, who classified and formulated the gr< 
 divisions of the two worlds, man and nature. 
 
 All subsequent science among European peoples has followed in the wake of Greek 
 science; availing itself of Greek insight, and using the very technical designations invented 
 by the Greek mind for the expression of those insights. This may be realized by looking 
 over the works of Aristotle and taking note of the technical terms and the names of sci- 
 ences derived from him. 
 
 The theoretical survey of the world in its two phases of development, aesthetical or 
 literary, and reflective or scientific, is therefore Greek in its genesis; and a clear conscious- 
 ness of the details and of the entire scope of that side of our activity, requires the use of 
 tlii- elementary facts — the primitive points of view that belong to tin- genesis or history <.<( 
 the development of this theoretical survey; just as a biological science explains the 
 later forms as metamorphoses of the earlier. A knowledge of Greek life and literature i- a 
 knowledge of the embryonic forms of this great and important factor (the philosoph) mi\ 
 poetry) in modern civilization. 
 
 The Roman contribution to modern civilization is widely different loin that of the 
 Greeks. Instead of aesthetic "■.■ theoretic contemplation, the Roman chooses the forms .1 
 activity o|" the will for his field of view. lie has formulated the rules of civil activity in 
 his code of laws. lie has seen the mode and manner in winch man must limit hi-- pi.u 
 
 tical activity in order to be free, lie must act in such a mannei .1 i" reinforo h 
 fellow-men and not lame or paralyze their effort-, and thereby also di stroy the prod 
 his own activity by cutting himself off from tin- help ol h hbors.
 
 1 6 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 Let each one act so that his deed will not be self-destructive if adopted by all men. 
 This is the Kantian formula for free moral activity. Man is placed in this world as a race, and 
 is not complete as a single individual. Each individual is a fragment of the race, and his solu- 
 tion of the problem of life is to be found in a proper combination with his fellow-men, so as 
 to avail himself of their help, theoretical and practical. Theoretically they will help by giving 
 him the results of their experience in life ; of their pains and pleasures ; of their mistakes and 
 successes ; of the theoretical inventor)' which they have taken of the world in its infinite details ; 
 and of the principles they have discovered as the units which reduce those details to a system. 
 Without this combination with his fellows he remains an outcast, a mere rudimentary possibility 
 of man. 
 
 How important, then, is this invention of the civil forms which make possible this combina- 
 tion and co-operation ! Other people, before the Romans or contemporary with them, may lay 
 claim to this invention of the civil code. But their claims cannot be sustained. Moral and 
 ethical forms, in sufficiency, they have; but the civil form which gives and secures to the indi- 
 vidual the circle wherein he shall exercise supremely his free will, and beyond the limits of which 
 he shall submerge his individuality utterly in that of the State — the supreme civil institution — 
 such a civil form elaborated into a complete code of written laws, we do not find elsewhere. 
 
 It is, moreover, a settled fact in history that modern nations have received their jurispru- 
 dence from the Roman peoples, modifying the same, more or less, to accommodate it to the 
 developed spirit of the Christian religion. It is essential for a correct view of this subject to 
 consider carefully the nature of the forms of expression which must be used in order to define 
 the limits of the free will. The code which expresses such limits must deal with prohibitions 
 only, in so far as it defines crime. But it must furnish positive forms in which all agreements 
 and contracts are to be defined. The full exercise of free-will within the sphere allotted to the 
 individual is accomplished only by means of the institution of property. The complete idea 
 of property renders necessary the possibility of its alienation, or transference to others. Con- 
 tract is the form in which two or more wills combine, constituting a higher will. The Roman 
 law furnishes the varied forms in which this higher will, essentially a corporate will, is realized. 
 This is the most important contribution of Rome to the civilization of the world. So important 
 is contract to the Roman mind, that, it deifies soulless abstractions in which it sees incorporated 
 civil powers. Its Jupiter, Mars, Juno, Venus, each personifies Rome. The word religio (bind- 
 ing obligation) etymologically expresses the highest spiritual relation as conceived by the 
 Roman. He makes a vow, proposes a contract to his gods, and the gift of the god being 
 obtained he will faithfully fulfil his vow. 
 
 The Roman people possess, as individuals, a sort of double consciousness, as it were a 
 consciousness of two selves, a private and a public self: first, the self as supremely free within 
 the circle of what it owns as its personal property, its " dominium ; " second, the self as utterly
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 17 
 
 submerged in a higher will, that of the State, beyond its personal limit. All modern civilization, 
 rooting as it does in that of Rome which had conquered the world, receives as its heritage this 
 double consciousness, and can never lapse back into the naive, childish conscii of pre- 
 
 Roman civilization. Just as the technical terms and expressions, the very categories in which 
 literary and art forms or philosophical and scientific forms are possible, are derived from a Greek 
 source, so too, on the other hand, these most important civil forms of contract, corporation, and 
 criminal definition, are borrowed from Rome, and were originally expressed in Latin words, and 
 Latin derivatives in most of the European languages still name and define these distinctions. 
 Seventy-five per cent of the words of the English language are of Latin origin, those expressing 
 refinements of thought and emotion, and deliberate acts of the will. As soon as one begins 
 to be cultured he requires the Latin part of the English vocabulary to express himself. 
 
 To study Latin, just the mere language and its grammar, is to study the revelation of this 
 Roman spirit in its most intimate and characteristic form. Language is the clothing of the 
 invisible spiritual self of the people, a revelation of its primary attitude towards the universe. 
 A study of the politics, history, religion and law-making of the Roman people is a still further 
 initiation into the mysteries of this phase of modern civilization, but not so effective as the 
 immediate influence of the language itself. 
 
 Comparative philology and sociology owe to us the duty of investigating the Greek and Latin 
 languages with a view to discover (what must certainly exist) a grammatical and logical adapta- 
 tion of those languages not only to express the fundamental point of view of those peoples, 
 the one theoretical and the other practical, but to explain also how those languages stimulate 
 by their reaction upon the minds of those using them, the original theoretical or practical 
 tendency of the people who spoke them. The modem youth, by common consent in all 
 civilized countries, is trained upon Latin and Greek as special discipline studies. Little or no 
 mention is made of the rationale of this process, to the pupil. Very little is done to point out 
 the relation between the facts seen through the Roman world-view and the facts which surround 
 him. Nevertheless these ancient facts concern in one way or another the genesis of the 
 modern facts, and the experience of life subsequent to school goes to the constructing of 
 I nidges of relation from the one fact to the other. 
 
 Merely by thinking the modern facts through the colored spectra of the an. ient facts, 
 the classically educated man is able to decompose the compound rays united in tin- modern. 
 All unconscious that the classical material of his education performs the function oi a decom- 
 posing prism, or that the ancient facts are embryonic stages of the modern facts, the student 
 finds that he has a superior power of analysis and generalization, that he is able to divide his 
 complex life and to fix his attention upon a single strand of modern civilization, its political 
 and legal forms, or its theoretical or aesthetical forms. He, by this, learns how to din 
 same practically. This ability is a real possession of the In [hi I practical value, but he may 
 
 VOL. I. — 2
 
 1 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 not have any true theory of its existence or of its origin. He may even call the source of his 
 talent " a college fetich." 
 
 It is this subtlest and least observed, or most rarely formulated expression of the spirit of the 
 Greek and Roman peoples, namely, their impression upon the grammatical forms and categorical 
 terms of their languages, that exercises the surest and most powerful effect on the classical student. 
 
 One may say that of a hundred boys, fifty of whom had studied Latin for six months and 
 fifty of whom had not studied Latin at all, the fifty with the smattering of Latin would possess 
 some slight impulse towards analyzing the legal and political view of human life, and surpass 
 the other fifty in this direction. Placed on the distant frontier, with the task of building a new 
 civilization, the fifty with the smattering of Latin would furnish most of the law-makers and 
 political rulers, legislators and builders of the State. 
 
 In the same way a slight smattering of Greek through the subtle effect of the vocabulary 
 and forms of grammar would give some slight impulse not otherwise obtained towards theo- 
 retical or ssthetical contemplation of the world. On the highest mountain ridge a pebble 
 thrown into a rill may divide the tiny stream so that one portion of it shall descend a water- 
 shed and finally reach the Pacific Ocean while the other portion following its course shall 
 reach the Atlantic. It requires only a small impulse to direct the attention of the immature 
 mind of youth in any given direction. A direction once given, the subsequent activity of the 
 mind follows it as the line of least resistance, and it soon becomes a great power, or even what 
 we may call a faculty. Certainly it will follow that the busying of the mind of youth with one 
 form or phase of Roman life will give it some impulse towards directing its view to laws and 
 institutions or the forms of the will, and that the occupation with the Greek language and life 
 will communicate an impulse towards literary and philosophical views of the world. 
 
 The specialist in snakes and turtles would not deserve the title of profound naturalist, if he 
 had happened to neglect entirely the study of the embryology of these reptiles. A knowledge 
 that takes in a vast treasury of facts, but knows not the relation of those facts so as to bring 
 them into systems of genesis and evolution does not deserve to be called profound. It is 
 replete with information, doubtless, but not with the most valuable part, even, of information. 
 
 It cannot be too carefully noticed that one fact differs from another in its educative value, 
 and that a knowledge of German or French is not a knowledge of a language which belongs to 
 the embryology of English-speaking peoples, and hence is not educative in that particular 
 respect, although it may be educative in many other ways. The revelation of man to himself 
 is certain to be found in the history of the race. He who will comprehend literature and art 
 and philosophy must study their evolution by peoples with whom they are or were indigenous. 
 
 The study of Latin and Greek therefore prepares the mind of the European or American 
 to recognize and comprehend the most important element in his civilization. What these 
 studies do for human nature, mathematics does for physical nature. The mathematics studied
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED ST.ITES 19 
 
 in college enable him to comprehend quantity as it exists in time and space. All material exist- 
 ence in time and space is subject to mathematical laws. These laws can be discovered in advance 
 of experience. The study of geometry, trigonometry, the calculus, and mechanics, in our col- 
 leges furnishes the mind of the student with a number of powerful tools of thought with which he 
 can subdue nature. 
 
 ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY AND HIGHER STUDIES 
 
 A comparison of the methods of instruction and the course of study in the three grades 
 of school, elemental}-, secondary and higher, will show us more clearly in what the special 
 advantages of higher education consist. The child enters the elementary school when he is 
 of proper age to learn how to read. He has nut yet acquired an experience of life sufficient 
 for him to understand very much of human nature. He has a quick grasp of isolated things 
 and events, but he has very small power of synthesis. He cannot combine things and events 
 in his little mind so as to perceive processes and principles ami laws, — in short, he has little 
 insight into the trend of human events or into logical conclusions which follow from convic- 
 tions and principles. This is the characteristic of primary or elementary instruction, that 
 it must take the world of human learning in fragments ami fail to see the intercommunication 
 of things. The education in high schools and academies, which we call secondary education, 
 begins to correct this inadequacy of elementary education; it begins to study processes; it 
 begins to see how things and events are produced; it begins to stud}' causes and productive 
 forces. But secondary education fails, in a marked manner, to arrive at any complete and 
 final standard for human conduct, or at any insight into a principle that can serve- as a stand- 
 ard of measure. It is the glory of higher education that it lays chief stress on the compara- 
 tive method of stud}- ; that it makes philosophy its leading discipline; that it gives an ethical 
 bent to all its branches of stud}'. Higher education seeks as its goal the unity of human 
 learning. Each branch can be thoroughly understood only in the light of all other branches. 
 The best definition of science is, that it is the presentation of facts in such a system that 
 each fact throws light upon all tin- others and is in turn illuminated by .ill the others. 
 
 The youth of proper age to enter upon higher education has already experienced much 
 of human life, and has arrived at the point where he begins to feel the necessity lor a regu- 
 lative and guiding principle of his own, with which he may decide tin- endless questions that 
 press themselves upon him for settlement. Taking tin- youth at this moment, when tin 
 appetite for principles is beginning to develop, the college gives him the benefit oi the c\ 
 perience of the race. It shows him the verdict of the earliest and late ' thinkers on 
 
 the trend of world history. It gathers into one focus the results of the vast lab. .is in 
 natural science, in history, in sociology, in philology, ami political science in modern tim 
 
 The person who has had merely an elementary schooling has laid stress on tin- mechan 
 ical means of culture, — the arts of reading, writing, computing, and tin- like. He has
 
 20 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 trained his mind for the acquirement of isolated details. But he has not been disciplined 
 in comparative stud) - . He has not learned how to compare each fact with other facts, nor how- 
 to compare each science with other sciences. He has never inquired, What is the trend of 
 this science? He has never inquired, What is the lesson of all human learning as regards the 
 conduct of life? We should say that he has never learned the difference between knowl- 
 edge and wisdom, or what is better, the method of converting knowledge into wisdom. The 
 college has for its function the teaching of this great lesson, — how to convert knowledge 
 into wisdom, how to discern the bearing of all departments of knowledge upon each. 
 
 It is evident that the individual who has received only an elementary education is at a 
 great disadvantage as compared with the person who has received a higher education in the 
 college or university, making all allowance for imperfections in existing institutions. The 
 individual is prone to move on in the same direction, and in the same channel, which he 
 has taken under the guidance of his teacher. Very few persons change their methods after 
 leaving school. It requires something like a cataclysm to produce a change in method. All 
 of the influences of the university, its distinguished professors, its ages of reputation, the or- 
 ganization of the students and professors as a whole, these and like influences, combined with 
 the isolation of the pupil from the strong tie of family and polite society, are able to effect 
 this change in method when they work upon the mind of a youth for three or four years. 
 
 The graduate of the college or university is, as a general thing, in possession of a new 
 method of study anil thinking. His attitude is a comparative one. Perhaps he does not 
 carry this far enough to make it vital ; perhaps he does not readjust all that he has before 
 learned by this new method ; but, placing him side by side with the graduate of the common 
 school, we sec readily the difference in types of educated mind. The mind trained according to 
 elementary method is surprised and captivated by superficial combinations. It has no power 
 of resistance against shallow critical views. It is swept away by specious arguments for re- 
 form, and it must be admitted that these agitators are the better minds, rather than the 
 weaker ones, which elementary education sends forth. The duller minds do not even go so 
 far as to be interested in reforms, or to take a critical attitude toward what exists. 
 
 The duller, commonplace intellect follows use and wont, and does not question the 
 established order. The commonplace intellect has no adaptability, no power of readjustment 
 in view of new circumstances. The disuse of hand labor and the adoption of machine labor, 
 for instance, finds the common laborer unable to substitute brain labor for hand labor, and 
 it leaves him in the path of poverty, wending his way to the almshouse. 
 
 The so-called self-educated man, of whom we are so proud in America, is quite often 
 one who has never advanced far beyond these elementary methods. He has been warped 
 out of his orbit by some shallow critical idea, which is not born of a comparison of each de- 
 partment of human learning with all departments. He is necessarily one-sided and defective
 
 HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES 21 
 
 in his training. He has often made a great accumulation of isolated scraps of information. 
 His memory pouch is precociously developed. In German literature such a man is called a 
 " Philistine." He lays undue stress on some insignificant phase of human affairs. lie advocates 
 with great vigor the importance of some local centre, some partial human interest, as the great 
 centre of all human life. He is like an astronomer who opposes the heliocentric theory, and 
 advocates the claims of some planet, or some satellite, as the centre of the solar system. 
 
 There is a conspicuous lack of knowledge of the history of the development of social 
 institutions in man} - of the revolutionary theories urged upon the public. The individual 
 has not learned the slow development of the ideas of private property in Roman history, 
 and he does not see the real function of property in land. Again, he does not know the 
 history of the development of human society. He has not studied the place of the village 
 community and its form of socialism in the long road which the State has travelled in order 
 to arrive at freedom for the individual. 
 
 The self-educated man, full of the trend which the elementary school has given him, 
 comes perhaps into the directorship over the- entire education of a State, lie signalizes 
 his career by attacking the stud}- of the classic languages, the study of logic and philosophy, 
 the stud)- of literature and the humanities. It is to be expected of him that he will prefer the 
 dead results of education to an investigation of tin: total process of the evolution of human cul- 
 ture. The traditional course of study in the college takes the individual back to the Latin 
 and Greek languages in order to give him a survey of the origins of his art and literature 
 and science and jurisprudence. In the study of Greece and Rome he finds the embryology 
 of modern civilization, and devolops in his mind a power of discrimination in regard to 
 elements which enter the- concrete life of the present age. It is not to be expected that 
 the commonplace mind, which is armed ami equipped only with the methods of elemen- 
 tary instruction, shall understand the importance of seeing every institution, every custom, 
 ever) - statute in the light of its evolution. 
 
 In this series of volumes which contain studies on universities, colleges and highei 
 institutions of learning in the United States, with special attention to the biographies of 
 the Sons of these institutions, ample opportunity will be afforded to invi ti| it< thi jreat ques- 
 tion of the nature ami influence "i" the course of study adopted in our higher education, 
 Only in the careers of graduates of a college may one trace with clearness the influence ol 
 teachings. These volumes will do more than any other instrumentality to demonstrate what 
 the higher education of this country has done to give shape to its business, its politics ami 
 its literature', and to show how it has furnished the directive power of the nation. 
 
 Washington, D.C., Sept. 22, 1897.
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 
 
 23
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 
 
 By JOSHUA L. CHAMBERLAIN, LL. D. 
 
 EX-PRESIDENT OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE 
 
 CORRESPONDING with the desire of the human mind for knowledge, cither to give 
 it enlarged consciousness of its capacities or enlarged scope of positive power, is the 
 impulse to preserve its acquisitions and communicate them to other minds. This 
 disposition has been manifest in the institutions which have marked the flourishing epochs of 
 nations and the ascendency of great minds. In the earlier times of history of which there are 
 records, — -these very records in fact being examples of this tendency, — -some nation has 
 appeared to have an acknowledged eminence above others in this regard, more than commen- 
 surate with its relative extent or physical power. This would betoken the exercise and enjoy- 
 ment of a master}' more than the merely material. But this supremacy has not held its place 
 and power. It seems to have passed from time to time from nation to nation, until in more 
 modern times communication has been more free, and the human sympathies and rivalries 
 stronger, so that knowledge has been more quickly and more evenly diffused. 
 
 Perhaps it would be impossible to tract- in determinate lines a vital relation between the 
 great schools and centers of learning which have illustrated the prominent ayes and places in 
 the progress of civilization. Still there has been a certain continuity in the history of educa- 
 tional institutions, either by inheritance, or adoption, or imitation. All along the dim horizon 
 of history the lights of learning are reflected on the clouds, a brooding token of moving yet 
 continuous life. 'I he torch of knowledge passing from people to people and from shore to 
 shore, might seem to the casual observer to have but a broken and fitful course, yet when these 
 points ot radiance are joined by closer attention and deeper intelligence, they disclose the 
 pathway of a persistent motion, in curves not wanting in grace or significance, and a sequence 
 suggestive at least of continuity of influence, if not of the more intimate relations of cause ami 
 effect. 
 
 ASSYRIA AND EGYPT 
 
 In the early civilization of the East, the libraries were tin- centers of learning They were 
 also symbols of political power, or of national glory. Their prestige was such that although 
 sometimes made objects of the vengeance of contending dynasties .im\ v.u-c^, they were oftener 
 
 25
 
 26 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 borne away as spoils and trophies of war, or served as royal gifts between friendly powers. 
 We are astonished to read of the vast libraries which adorned the splendid civilizations of 
 Babylon and Assyria, in that long period from the time of Sargon of Akkad 3800 years 
 before Christ, to that of Sardanapalus more than thirty centuries later. In ancient Egypt the 
 temples were seats of learning and literary activity ; the sacred books gathered in them con- 
 necting human things with the divine with so liberal a scope that they have been called " an 
 encyclopaedia of religion and science." Here too the great kings signalized their magnificence 
 by the collection of treasures of literature and science and art in libraries and museums, which 
 became schools of learning and culture. The library of Rameses I, in the fourteenth century 
 before Christ, showed the scope of its purpose in the inscription it bore over its gates, " The 
 Dispensary of the Soul." In the times of the Ptolemies the library at Alexandria was one 
 of the wonders of the world. This was a working school as well, where with breadth of 
 vision as well as of scholarship, many choice works of old Egyptian or Hebrew lore were trans- 
 lated into the Greek language. 
 
 GREEK AND SARACEN LEARNING 
 
 The Greek in turn gave to the Arabian. We can scarcely help associating the Academy 
 and Lyceum where Plato and Aristotle held their delighted followers in familiar though deep 
 discourse, with those centers and circles of learning which from the eighth century marked the 
 course of Saracen domination on three continents, with the declared purpose of enabling and 
 attracting its subjects to share the treasures of philosophy and science then the patrimony and 
 the glory of the Greek language. Whether this movement was in response to a clearly indi- 
 cated intellectual demand of the Arabian mind, or as it is most probable, a measure of good 
 government and regard for the general welfare, — not without some aspiration for glory. — on 
 the part of those memorable caliphs Haroun Al-Raschid and his son Al-Mamoun, it must be 
 confessed that this impulse had reached a remarkable height when, — if we may believe the 
 Moslem records of those times, — the latter of these ambitious spirits offered to the Emperor 
 at Constantinople, with whom he and his predecessors had been waging fierce wars, a treaty 
 of perpetual peace and a payment of five tons of gold, for the services of the philosopher Leo, 
 if he would impart to him the mysteries of knowledge then in the keeping of the Greek. 
 
 Whatever may have been the exact truth in this instance, a brilliant fame remains to the 
 Saracen in such great schools as those at Bagdad and Bokhara and their offshoots; in the rich 
 libraries in these places and at Cairo, and the restored library at Alexandria, rivalling that of 
 Ptolemy, in which in turn were preserved in translations into Arabic many valuable works 
 whose originals have been lost in the wave and fire of war, or through the discouragement and 
 degeneracy of the peoples in their ancient home ; in the schools also which followed its con- 
 quests in Europe, — first in Sicily, reacting on the shores of Italy to quicken the impulse
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 27 
 
 towards classic learning scared)' then reviving there, and finally in Cordova in Spain, which 
 became a powerful attraction and example fur all Europe. 
 
 Thus the spirit of learning, having passed down the eastern end of the Mediterranean and 
 illumined the shores of Asia and Africa for a season, while Europe lay under a shadow which 
 has given to that period the penitential name of " the dark ages," now returned again by the 
 western end of that sea, in something like an ecliptic path. Having made that circuit and 
 passed on that torch, the Saracen genius, overborne by the dark power of the Turk, relapsed 
 into shadow not even yet lifted, while a new day was dawning on Europe in the " revival of 
 learning " led by Petrarch and Boccaccio, and broadening into the " renaissance " of all the 
 arts, even that of recovering the ancient liberties of Rome, as was attempted by the high-soulcd 
 but ill-fated Rienzi and Bussolari. 
 
 Whether this wavering path of the light and dark ages is by force of some " natural law in 
 the spiritual world," or perchance by a force acting in the converse of this order, — the natural 
 being but the manifestation of the spiritual, — a certain autonomic will, akin to instinct, domi- 
 nating amidst the seeming play of the vibrations of human motive and circumstance which 
 covers the linking of the iron chain of hidden cause and effect, — we cannot fail to discern 
 beneath all the successions of phases and transitions, dissolution and reconstitution, a certain 
 transmitted influence, or high, transcendent ruling, which determines the persistent ongoing 
 and identity of human life. Nothing seems to be lost to man ; we live from all the past, and 
 for all the future. 
 
 And there may be in this course of learning a closer continuity than that of influence and 
 stimulus. The very words we employ to mark the rise of modern conceptions of methods of 
 study in the arts and sciences, in history and literature, — " revival " and " renaissance," — 
 imply something like a resurrection — a continuity 1 , but also newness, of life. The vital germs 
 planted long before, held in darkness and inert, and seeming lost, were only slumbering until 
 the times were ripe for taking on the new life. Humble means were sometimes working out 
 greater ends. It was for no momentary satisfaction that those recluse scholars in the ancient 
 libraries busied themselves in translating precious works otherwise lost. It was not without 
 some forecast that treasures of ancient lore were guarded in the seclusion and sanctity of 
 cathedral and monastery, while the clergy and monks were forbidden or unable to read them. 
 Truly the cloisters held some rare and chosen spirits, touched with higher lights than those by 
 which they went their daily round. 
 
 THE MEDIAEVAL SCHOOLS 
 
 Winn the schools of the Roman Empire were swept away before the flood of Barbarian 
 invasion, their places were taken by the cathedral and monastic schools. The conquerors 
 thought it good policy to respect the Church, which held the prestige of a divine authority.
 
 28 UNIVERSITIES ANT) THEIR SONS 
 
 But the old Roman schools, after which the new schools patterned, devoted chiefly to the study 
 of grammar and rhetoric, thus preserving the fame and influence of the Greek and Roman 
 masters, opened also to a literature full of the praises of heathen gods, and the recitals of 
 heathen mythology; and hence these studies did not find much favor with the Church author- 
 ities, and were not pursued far. Still this buried life was preserved and carried over. Out of 
 it rose mighty institutions. 
 
 Thus the little school of Salerno, kept alive by peculiar monastic care, when touched 
 by the genial influences of the Saracens on the neighboring shores of Sicily in the ninth 
 century, rose rapidly into a vigorous medical school and university. Bologna also, a great 
 law school at the beginning of the twelfth century, and a university of world-wide fame 
 within the two centuries following, is said to have taken its rise under the fostering hand 
 of Theodosius II, in the fifth century, and recognized by Charlemagne three hundred years 
 later, to have been finally " established " by Irnerius three centuries later still. So too, 
 there are positive and lasting results of that characteristic measure of the broad-minded 
 Charlemagne, when he invited to his court at Aix-la-Chapelle the English scholar, Alcuin, 
 the most accomplished man of his time. In the school he set up in his palace, this great 
 master of men made himself and all his family pupils of Alcuin, who doubtless imparted 
 to them what they were able to receive of his learning, and quickened their spirits for 
 greater things. From this example, and the force of edicts from time to time issued by 
 him requiring that candidates for orders in the church should be well instructed in all 
 the knowledge then available, and that they should no longer be admitted from a servile 
 class, but be sons of freemen, with a counter-balancing provision that gratuitous instruction 
 should be given to the children of the laity in all schools, a mighty impulse was given to 
 the character, the honor and the extension of education, through all his vast empire. One 
 particular result appears in the school which grew up to become the renowned University of 
 Paris. This, in turn, became prototype of many others, among which we may no doubt 
 count the University of Oxford, and afterwards of Cambridge. 
 
 But here again appears a thread which indicates the continuous working of purposes 
 and efforts, although in long obscurity and slow of result. It is not improbable that the 
 first seeds of the higher learning were sown at Oxford by the illustrious Alfred, and it is 
 well established that a school of arts, as then understood, existed there in the time of 
 Edward the Confessor, in about the year 1 050. And to the influence of these universities 
 we know how much our early educational institutions in America are indebted. 
 
 Thus, even when the close connection of steps cannot be traced, we can see from the high 
 ground of the present that all the paths of the past, small or great, direct or circuitous, lead into 
 our own ; and that we are made sharers of the knowledge, as well as of the spirit and impulse, 
 which have quickened and strengthened other minds wide and far away in place and time.
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 29 
 
 The mediaeval schools, following the traditions of the Roman, hail for their type and 
 measure a curriculum then supposed to comprehend the arts and sciences, the former divi- 
 sion of which was the " trivium," regarded as elementary, consisting of grammar, rhetoric and 
 logic; and the latter " quadrivium," embracing arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. 
 The first of these divisions represented what we call in our day, language and literature. 
 In the second group, the subjects classed as sciences seem to have been treated chiefly 
 in an abstract manner, as mental concepts more than positive knowledge, which now deter- 
 mines what we regard as the peculiar field of science. These, indeed, had been treated only 
 in the most elementary and superficial manner. Even astronomy, the earliest of the sci- 
 ences, passing from Chaldea through Egypt to the Greeks, had, after the grand guesses at 
 truth by 1'ythagoras, been suffered to fall into neglect, scarcely broken by the discoveries 
 of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, until revived by the Arabians in the eighth century, and 
 received no adequate attention until the advent of Copernicus nearly seven centuries 
 afterwards. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITIES 
 
 The advance in the spirit as well as in the subjects of learning which marked the 
 twelfth and thirteenth centuries, demanded great extension and indeed complete transfor- 
 mation. At about the be<jinnini/ of the thirteenth century, the whole old curriculum, termed 
 the "liberal arts," was gathered under a new general title, — "philosophy," and we find the 
 universities starting out with four "faculties," — philosophy, theology, jurisprudence and 
 medicine. All these departments now took new depth and scope. 
 
 The sphere of medicine was wide indeed. There was no other science which compre- 
 hended any of the branches afterwards embraced in " natural history," including a descrip- 
 tion of all the phenomena of the animal, vegetable and mineral world. Under the name of 
 " physics," these firmed the basis of the science applied in the art of the practitioner of 
 medicine, the tradition of which survives among English-speaking peoples in the title 
 of " physician " among the learned professions of the present da) - . 
 
 It seems not a little strange that Europe owes to a race or order of the Oriental 
 mind combining poetic tendencies, almost amounting to the romantic, with an active and 
 positive temper, the impulse which led to the wide-spread and eager study of the more 
 practical sciences so deep in their reaches and useful in their effects, — chemistry, physics 
 and medicine, — -in the very nomenclature of which lies a lasting recognition of obligation 
 to .Arabian genius and achievement. 
 
 The studies of theology and law were pursued with such vigor that they came to 
 dominate the minds of almost all Christendom. The two positive, interpenetrating, almost 
 rival powers, — the prestige of the old Roman Empire, and the actual, potent authority of
 
 30 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the Roman Church, — demanded of their intelligent subjects accurate knowledge of at least 
 their positive edicts. There were thus two branches of the law, — the civil and the eccle- 
 siastical. We can well understand why the stud} - of the civil law, tracing not only the 
 literal, positive precepts of the imperial codes, and their historic origin in the " twelve 
 tables," but also the application of the principles of natural equity as applied to the con- 
 ditions of a growing civilization, comprising thus both the constitution and the law, and 
 King at the very foundation of the social order, should be regarded as of the highest dig- 
 nity and importance. We can also understand why the study of theology, deriving its 
 authority from the express sanctions of God himself, and claiming jurisdiction over every 
 act and faculty of the human mind, and formally declared in the creeds of the church and 
 the edicts of its recognized head, — a power commissioned from the spiritual spheres, rival, 
 if not arbiter, of human law, — should assert itself as supreme in rank among the studies 
 possible to man. Well may it be said that " these studies of the civil and canon law did 
 more during the middle ages than all others put together, to shape and control the opinions 
 of mankind." 
 
 SCHOLASTICISM 
 
 In connection with this, one branch of the old " trivium," that of logic, now embraced 
 under " philosophy," received remarkable extension. The habit of limiting this sphere of 
 stud\- to the powers of words was not wholly unreasonable nor without profit. For if all 
 the meanings and relations of words are followed out, the mind cannot but advance in 
 its powers both of definition and of comprehension. But when it comes to deal with 
 abstract terms and general concepts, the mind wanders in a world of its own creation. 
 Words are names of things ; and what are " things " ? This speculative application of logic 
 was adopted as a method of ascertaining truth; and under the title of "dialectics" became 
 the master-science of the middle ages. As it had its chief theatre in the schools, this 
 method of reasoning was called " scholasticism." Its importance was in the fact that it 
 was applied to the discussion of some of the most momentous doctrines of theology. 
 Curiously enough the turning-point of the determination was the reality of the objects 
 denoted by abstract terms, and general concepts, sometimes called " universals " as includ- 
 ing under them in extension main- particulars. The question was whether these terms 
 represented real existences in and of themselves, or were only names, of concepts — forms 
 fashioned in and by the mind, and having no existence outside of it. The adherents of 
 the former view were called " realists " ; and those holding to the latter view, " nominalists." 
 In these discussions, such writings as those of the Aristotelean logic, and Plato's obscure 
 Timaeus, which formed a good part of their scanty philosophical literature, and those of 
 St. Augustine on the controverted points of theology, were appealed to as final authorities.
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 31 
 
 But the necessity of dealing with words which cannot be otherwise than ambiguous 
 and the imperfect apprehension of logical and real distinctions, could not fail to carry 
 these metaphysical discussions into inextricable confusion. For Plato meant by his 
 "idea" not the conception of the mind, but the object to which that conception con- 
 formed. And Aristotle seems not clearly to have perceived that that distinction between 
 matter and form which he makes so important a part of his definitions, represents no actual, 
 objective difference in things, but only sets forth the very same things apprehended under 
 different modes of thought. 
 
 We may smile at these "quiddities" and " hacceities," but they mark analytical abil- 
 ities of a very high order, and great power of sustained thought; and the controversy; 
 while engaged upon the finest and most recondite doctrines of theology, involved almost 
 every relation below these, from Pontifical authority and ecclesiastical orthodoxy to pro- 
 fessional and personal relations. So that our respect cannot be withheld, and our sur- 
 prise is forestalled, — though not our sorrow, — when we learn that noble men like John 
 Huss were sent to the stake for opinions having their ground in the intellectual appre- 
 hension of the nature of the entities lying behind general concepts and abstract ideas. 
 
 It may not be easy to explain why so many able men devoted the keenest powers and 
 utmost energies for century after century to these discussions, nor why such multitudes of 
 young men flocked to the universities from all parts of Europe to listen to them ; but it is 
 by no means a barren passage of history. While the spirit of an age in which such things 
 were possible has passed away, and while perhaps no more positive chains than the exhi- 
 bition of the possible permutations of terms and concepts have been added to the solid 
 sum of knowledge, yet the enthusiasm resulting in and from these controversies undoubtedly 
 led to the wide extension of the interest in learning, and to the founding of many great 
 and noble schools the influence of which has enriched all later means and methods of study, 
 and in many ways beyond those manifest has a world-wide potency to-day. 
 
 ORGANIZATION 
 
 The point of time, or determination, as to the name universities is not easy to ascertain. 
 We know that the extension of the courses of study so as to constitute the four faculties was 
 denoted by the term " studium gencralc," or " universale." Hence, no doubt, the title " univer- 
 vcrsity." Put whether first adopted by the heads of institutions upon their wider organization, 
 or a current appellation descriptive of their new departure, or whether the title was first obtained 
 by virtue of special acts of recognition of the form or effect of charters conferred as franchises 
 by the authorities of Church or St.ile.it may not In- possible or material to determine. It is 
 clear that the matter of internal organization was of the first necessity, The great number of 
 students resorting to these centers of [earning from all quarters of Europe rendered it necessan
 
 32 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 to adopt regulations and declarations of rights and powers equivalent in many respects to that 
 of a corporation, or almost a body politic. We find at Bologna in the middle of the fourteenth 
 century more than thirteen thousand students; and shortly afterwards at Paris more than thirty 
 thousand, — a number equal to that of the whole body of resident citizens. The regulation and 
 governance of so many aliens must have been matter of no small concern. Under such cir- 
 cumstances the students and professors of a common country organized themselves into societies, 
 or student guilds, somewhat after the fashion of the Teutonic guilds of Northern Germany, — 
 " confederations of aliens on a foreign soil," each following its own peculiar customs, and adopt- 
 ing its own laws and regulations. Thus within these great schools were three or four distinct 
 bodies, or " nations," as they called themselves, which enabled them in some manner to secure 
 protection and enjoyment of rights which they could not claim as citizens, nor enforce by 
 process of local municipal laws. It would be curious if we could trace to this practice and 
 custom that somewhat exclusive student-spirit, and that easily provoked jealous}' between " town 
 and gown," and that now baseless and misleading notion that students are not amenable to the 
 municipal laws, still lurking in the older American colleges. 
 
 TENURE AND POWER 
 
 But beyond this interior, self-sufficing organization, in notable instances special privileges 
 and immunities were granted to students of the great schools by the civil, political and religious 
 authorities. Such an instance is that of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who, importuned 
 no doubt by the crowds of students at Bologna in the year 1 155 complaining of the oppression 
 of the landlords in whose houses they were domiciled, won high favor by conferring upon them 
 substantial privileges, which were afterwards embodied in the "Corpus Juris Civilis" of the 
 Empire. In similar manner the University of Paris, besides its interior organization of " nations," 
 received from the Pope not only authority for the joint faculties to " regulate and modify the 
 entire constitution of the university," but also the privileges of sending a representative to the 
 Papal Court, which conferred upon it rights as a corporate body before the courts of justice. 
 In England, Oxford, which began its practical organization in the endowment of " halls " and 
 " houses " for the maintenance of scholars, was referred to as a university in a document of 
 King John in the year 1201 ; and a royal charter was soon after granted, which established its 
 rights as a public institution under the patronage and protection of the State. In the next 
 century it is formally recognized by the see of Rome as an authorized place of public instruc- 
 tion, in the category of Paris, Bologna and Salamanca; and various regulations are laid down 
 respecting the professors and graduates of these institutions. 
 
 Following the precedent perhaps of Paris in its representation at the Papal Court, England 
 in 1603 granted to her universities the right of representation by membership in the House 
 of Commons, and in that capacity, by a remarkable extension of political privilege, participation
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 33 
 
 in the legislation and government of the nation and empire. The great prestige of the univer- 
 sities is also attested in the fact that the}' ranked among the powers of Church and State. 
 The University of Paris was an arbiter between these. Philip the Fair invoked its aid when 
 refusing the claim of Pope Boniface that by the ordinance of God all kings, including the King 
 of France, owed complete obedience to the Pope, not only in religious affairs but in secular and 
 human as well. And Charles the Wise, justly estimating the glory it had shed upon his throne, 
 declared it to be the eldest daughter of the kings of France, and gave it precedence at court 
 immediately after princes of the blood. In the great "schism of the West" it was under its 
 advice that the French church formally withdrew itself from the dominion and authority of the 
 Pontiff. And in the famous Council of Constance called to determine questions of utmost 
 moment, its chancellor, John Gerson, was ambassador of the king, and wielding the prestige 
 of the university with masterly diplomacy and dignity became the recognized oracle of the 
 Council. Remarkable authority seems to have been accorded to Oxford, when in the turmoil 
 over the Divine Right of Kings in the last years of Charles II, the university published a decree 
 asserting the duty of passive obedience, and condemning the works of John Wilton and others, 
 demonstrating to the contrary, to be publicly burned. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA 
 
 From these examples of the rise and character of the universities of Europe, we pass to 
 the institutions of higher learning in the New World which have been more or less directly 
 influenced by them. In South America they followed mostly the pattern of those of Spain. 
 Whatever reproaches may be laid against the Jesuits, it cannot be denied that in their early 
 wide-spread missions they did good service in the cause of education. It was by their efforts, 
 conducted with self-denial, zeal, tact and patience, exercised among the people as well as 
 towards the political authorities, that schools of learning in South America followed so closelv 
 the Spanish conquests. Through these efforts arose the University of San Marcos in Lima, 
 Peru, which received the royal confirmation of Charles V in 1551. Next, in 1553, appears that 
 of San Paulo near Bahia, Brazil, which as a source of knowledge and of civilization, was a power 
 beyond any other in the history of that country. Nearly at the same time arose the University 
 of Santiago tie Chile, under the protection <>f Valdivia, the successful general of Pizarro, ami 
 in Mexico a university founded by the Jesuits, largely an ecclesiastical institution after the 
 model of Salamanca ami the Sorbi mnc, which maintained its place and character until on the 
 separation of Church and State in 1857 it was dissolved, and its foundations distributed among 
 special schools of all the arts and sciences, more suited to the needs of the times. In the 
 province of La Plate, — formerly embraced in the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, and now .1 State 
 in the Argentine Republic, — by struggles truly heroic the Jesuits founded in i(1i 1 the College 1 i 
 San Francisco Xavicr at Cordova, which eleven years afterwards recognized as the Universitv 
 
 vol. 1. — 3
 
 34 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of Cordova, began a famous career as the center of Jesuit missions and the most powerful seat 
 of learning on the continent. The course of study here was typical of the class. At first the 
 old mediaeval curriculum was followed, based on the Latin language. The higher courses were 
 the scholastic philosophy and theology. By degrees the faculties of medicine and of jurispru- 
 dence were added. At length, in comparatively recent times, under the popular demand for 
 " more practical and useful knowledge than that which makes priests, nuns, and pettifogging 
 lawyers" — so their protest and petition ran, — the faculties of mathematics and the physical 
 sciences in all their branches and applications, took an important place in the constitution of 
 the university. However, the early prominence given in the university to the study of the 
 civil law has had its later fruits in the proficiency in the political sciences attained in these 
 countries. In general public law, and especially in international law, statesmen and jurisconsults 
 of South America rank with the ablest modern masters. 
 
 CANADA 
 
 In Canada the celebrated Laval de Montmorency founded in 1663 the Catholic Seminary 
 of Quebec, and after many vicissitudes of experience he made over all his property to this 
 institution, where he exercised a powerful influence over the civil as well as the ecclesiastical 
 affairs of that important province of the French Crown. This was raised into a university in 
 1854, perpetuating his name; and still holds vital relations to the educational system of the 
 Province. King's College in Winsor, Nova Scotia, has the singular prestige of owing its 
 origin to distinguished "loyalists" from the United States, who took refuge there after the 
 Revolution. The rigor of its theological requirements led to the establishment of Dalhousie 
 College at Halifax in 1S21. Among modern institutions of the highest class are McGill Univer- 
 sity in Montreal, founded in 1825, and the University of Toronto, founded as King's College in 
 1827, with "university privileges," since realized in its reorganization in 1849, on the model 
 of the University of London. Other important institutions have affiliated themselves with this. 
 These universities hold a very high rank among the directive influences of the Dominion. 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 But it is the universities of the United States which chiefly engage our interest. The 
 blessings of education were prominent objects before the eyes of the founders of these 
 colonies. The same feeling which in all early history appears to associate closely educa- 
 tion and religion, had remarkable manifestation in this country. And there is a special 
 reason for this in the wonderful development of religious and civil liberty hand in hand, which 
 characterized the first century of Colonial history. The deep experiences of Prostestant 
 Christians in England, France and the Netherlands had awakened a resolution not to be 
 repressed. Instinct, observation, conscience, understanding, reason, faith, — nay, memory.
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 35 
 
 hope, and far-cherished ideals, — conspired to impel the colonists at the very first, to es- 
 tablish schools of learning adapted to the new situation, but naturally holding to some tradi- 
 tions of those of the old world to which they, and the cause of liberty so dear to them, 
 owed so much. Many of them were graduates of old Cambridge in England, which in 
 the profound revolt against absolutism had become a stronghold of Puritanism. The spirit of 
 the Baconian philosophy had not more transformed the subjects and methods of study, than 
 had the open Bible revealing the worth of the individual soul transfused men's minds with the 
 spirit of freedom. All our earl}- colleges were grounded on religious principles, and inspired 
 by religious purpose. Harvard, founded in 1636, was dedicated to Christ and the Church, 
 and was especially designed to prepare young men for the ministry. Yale, following in 
 1700, with deep religious motives in its origin, as in its development, was entrusted to 
 the guidance of Congregationalist ministers. 
 
 Nor was it only Puritans and Independents who held fast to the religious element in 
 higher education. The College of William and Mai)- in Virginia, founded in 1692, had 
 for one of its chief objects to provide suitable instruction for such as intended to take 
 orders in the Established Church. The College of New Jersey also, though embracing 
 many religious sects anil the traditions of several nationalities, declared its purpose to 
 be the intellectual and religious instruction of youth, ami especially the thorough training 
 of candidates for the holy ministry. And the Academy at Philadelphia, which in 1751 grew 
 into the University of Pennsylvania, was founded by the sons of William Penn, who though 
 a graduate of Oxford, became a stout defender and almost martyr of the cause of spiritual 
 liberty, and the sons no doubt were actuated by that high teaching and example. Columbia 
 too, though not perhaps the lineal descendant of the Dutch classical school which fol- 
 lowed close upon the first steps of colonization under the auspices of the Reformed Church of 
 the Netherlands, — which, it is worthy of remark, holds its unbroken line from 1643 unto 
 these times, — owes much to this influence and example. At the capitulation in 1673, 
 the English recognized the religious allegiance of the Dutch schools, and desiring a simi- 
 lar one of their own in 1754 founded "King's College," patronized by all Protestant denom- 
 inations and by the- Government of England. Rising with new life after the Revolution as 
 "Columbia," it bore upon its seal mingled emblems of instruction and religious faith and 
 doctrine, and legends in Hebrew, (neck- ami Latin under the mystic symbol of the' Holy 
 Trinity, with the testimony — both pledge and prayer, — " In Thy Light shall we see light." 
 
 The influence of these schools of learning who can doubt, — who can measure? 
 Edmund Burke in his speech for the conciliation of the Colonies bears this testimony: 
 "Another circumstance which contributes towards the growth and effect of this intract- 
 able spirit; — I mean their education. In no country in the world is the law so general 
 a study. All who read, — and most do read, — obtain some smattering in that science.
 
 3 6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 This study makes men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defence, 
 full of resources. In other countries the people, mure simple, judge of an ill principle 
 in government only by an actual grievance; here, they judge of the pressure of the 
 grievance by the badness of the principle." The libraries and teachings of the colleges 
 kept the fountain full. Writes Thomas Hollis of England, one of Harvard's earliest bene- 
 factors : " More books, especially on government, are going for New England. Should 
 these o-o safe, no principal books on that first subject will be wanting in Harvard College 
 from the days of Moses to these times. Men of New England, use them, for yourselves, 
 and for others ; and God bless you ! " 
 
 President Stiles of Yale — himself a noble patriot — gives testimony: "The Colleges 
 have been of singular advantage in the present day. When Britain withdrew all her 
 wisdom from America, this Revolution found above two thousand in New England only, 
 who had been educated in the Colonies, intermingled with the people, and communicating 
 knowledge among them." Well may we understand this when we see at their head such 
 men as the Adamses, the Bowdoins, the Otises, the Ouincies, Ames, Gerry, King, Par- 
 sons, for Harvard; the Livingstons, Silas Deane, Oliver Walcott, Wooster, Morris, Sedg- 
 wick, Wadsworth, Johnson, Hall, Baldwin, Ingersol and Nathan Hale for Yale, — the Dyers 
 and Trumbulls and Wyllyses dividing their patronage between these two; Madison, John 
 Dickinson, Ellsworth, Luther Martin, Reeve, Rush, Henry Lee for Princeton; Jay, Hamil- 
 ton and Gouverneur Morris, Troup, Rutgers, Lispenard, Richard Harrison, Egbert Benson, 
 Moore, Cruger and Stevens for Columbia; Hopkinson, Mifflin, Morgan, General Dickinson, 
 Til CT hman, and the Cadwalladers, and we might add Nixon, McKean and Robert Morris, 
 for Pennsylvania ; Jefferson, Monroe, Peyton and Edmund Randolph, Harrison, Wythe for 
 William and Mar)'. 
 
 And how many others as worthy to be named, not participating directly in the forma- 
 tion or exposition of the new government, — preachers and ministers of the Gospel, 
 teachers in the colleges, academies and schools, writers for the press, orators at town meet- 
 
 ; n o- S) did these colleges furnish for the country's need and honor! 
 
 Some of the leading minds of the Revolutionary times had been educated in the mother 
 country. Especially was this the habit in the Southern Colonies. Of these were the 
 Pinckneys, the Laurenses, the Rutledges, of South Carolina; the Lees and John Wilson, of 
 Virginia, as also the Winthrops of Massachusetts. 
 
 Many too were what is styled, in distinction from college graduates, "self-made men," 
 but perhaps still largely indebted to the influence of the college. Our patriots were not 
 without education. They found a way or made it. Patrick Henry was privately educated 
 by his father, a man of liberal education in the. Old World, and ambitious for his son. 
 John Marshall, though not a college graduate, received a classical education. So too, Elias
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 37 
 
 Boudinot. Henry Knox was a good scholar. Winthrop Sargent, Ethan Allen and Israel 
 Putnam in one way, and Roger Sherman and John Mason in another, made their part in 
 great events their means of education. George Washington had the whole country for his 
 university. Benjamin Franklin was a university in himself. 
 
 There can be no doubt that the old classical colleges were well fitted to bring out 
 the best powers of mind and character, — to build up a well-rounded manhood. This 
 was not by the multitude of studies ; it was by their character, and that of the noble 
 men directing them. No student could fairly enter into fields then laid open without 
 wakening in the mind a sense of its possibilities, and enforcing a certain discipline 
 which gives the self-reliance and strength characteristic of manliness. 
 
 The Greek language opened the long vista of the aspiration for freedom. The 
 Greek genius was spiritual. It saw the soul of things, and sought to embody it, in science 
 as in art. Blending in its conception, as almost in its words, the ideas of the beautiful 
 and the good, it set on wing those powers of the imagination which conceive and construct 
 according to high and noble ideals. Loving the sunshine, yet with deep ethical instinct, 
 it dealt with the profoundest mysteries of human life and destiny. We read to-day with 
 stirring sympathy the tragedies of human will and fate wrought out in the soul of its great 
 poets. 
 
 The Latin breathed the spirit of law. Its genius was essentially virile. It carried 
 the impressive sense of strength, through order and obedience. It set forth in bodily form 
 the relation of the individual ami the State, which to the Greek was an endless problem 
 or elusive image. Through restraint of will and regulation of power, it won the master)- of 
 the world. 
 
 Mathematics touched the harmonies of the universe. It stirred the sublimest conceptions. 
 The culture that came through it trained the power of sustained attention and connected 
 thought, and formed the mind to habits of both vigor ami rigor of reasoning. 
 
 The religious instruction, underlying all and reaching beyond all, revealed the dignity 
 and destiny of the human soul, and its place under the moral government of the world. 
 Its sacred teachings corrected the low moral tone of tin- classic literature. This gave to 
 culture a balance where knowledge was sweetened by reverence, and at the same time 
 quickened to power for noble achievement. 
 
 Out of such influences, earnestly administered and seriously cherished, we can well 
 conceive what character of manhood would be wrought, ami by this can understand the 
 great examples of it which appeared in our early history. 
 
 And not onlj for those' that shared th e privileges was the college an instrument of 
 discipline and culture. The mere existence of such an institution in the midst of a 
 community has an educating power. It is a monument ol achievement and monitor of
 
 3 8 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 possibility. Even those who are not participant of its inner life are impressed by the 
 familiar vision of an agency of power for good reserved and ready, and by that mys- 
 terious influence of presence which does not wholly reveal its source or its goal, but is 
 one of the most effective appointed means of moving the human mind 
 
 PRESENT ASPECT AND TENDENCY 
 
 On these lines the old colleges of the United States have built themselves up accord- 
 ing to their means and their guiding spirit, for some two centuries. Those which sprung 
 up in all the States after the Revolution under the fresh impulse of the people were 
 largely shaped by these. And of later times there is no more significant characteristic 
 than the disposition of persons who have acquired wealth to establish great and gener- 
 ously planned schools of higher learning, conceived and constructed after the same gen- 
 eral ideals. Such modifications as have taken place have been in answer to the spirit 
 of the times, or the advancement of science, or the ideas and purposes of the noble 
 men who have established and guided them. 
 
 Regarding the present aspect and tendency of our colleges it is manifest that the 
 religious element in them has somewhat changed, in expression if not in character, from 
 the type of former times. The spirit and method of the study of the sciences so 
 largely prevailing, — especially the requirement of positive verification by experimental 
 tests conclusive alike upon all minds, — has undoubtedly affected the habit of thought 
 and feeling towards matters depending upon spiritual evidence, and tended to diminish 
 respect for authority, even in religion. The spirit of freedom, too, has taken a new depart- 
 ure. From revolt against absolutism it has extended to revolt against dogmatism. There 
 is dogmatism everywhere, in science as in religion. Where truth is believed to be ascer- 
 tained, it is to be maintained. Rut this reaction presses especially against religion, — or 
 rather, against that form of it which is maintained by the church, — and not so much against 
 the revelation and authority of spiritual truth in the individual soul. 
 
 So both these influences combine at present to work against the simple faith and 
 habitual reverence of the times of old. The lack of reverence is undoubtedly a serious 
 loss. For the holding of something sacred, and the recognition of relations to a moral, 
 spiritual superior, are necessary to the best exercise of all the faculties of our nature. 
 And surely the colleges, aiming to bring out the complete manhood, should not suffer 
 themselves to be in default in these things. But it does not appear, even in these days 
 of swift-moving and all-engrossing materialistic civilization, that the Christian spirit is set 
 at naught or held in slight esteem. On the contrary it is interpreted more largely and 
 applied more closely. Every reformer proclaims that he is seeking to apply the prin- 
 ciples of the Christ. And the sense of individual responsibility which is enforced by all
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 39 
 
 study of human life and action will tend to counteract the vague submission to relentless 
 " natural law," which is so repressive of the noblest aspirations of the mind. We cannot 
 but perceive that Christianity is about entering on a new epoch of demonstration in the 
 larger life of man. And the colleges under the guidance of noble minds conscious of their 
 trust, will be held loyal to their ancient consecration, ministering to that true culture which 
 is expressed in highest character, and recognizing the followers of Christ as the true church 
 and his spirit manifested in the life of humanity as the true religion. 
 
 Closely related to this is the growing interest taken by all our institutions of learning 
 in the political and economic sciences. It is an important part of a school of liberal educa- 
 tion to fit young men for their duties as citizens. This function reaches very wide. Ques- 
 tions of government, of industry, of commerce, of finance, — questions arising from the 
 manifold relations of our complex civilization, and pressing upon us for action, require 
 intelligent, independent judgment on the part of citizens. And in the stress of the coming 
 times, the great schools of the country should be fountains of knowledge and influence for 
 right understanding and far-looking motives on these vital questions. 
 
 It is evidence of real advance in the "enfranchisement of humanity," and testimony to 
 the practical effect of Christian principles, that the obligation is recognized of providing 
 adequate instrumentalities for the higher education of women. There is no reason in nature, 
 or in an}- revelation, why the mind of woman should not be admitted to the presence of 
 highest truth, and why she should not be enabled to make full use of those delicate, 
 spiritual powers, — the quick insight and almost divination of the true, the beautiful and 
 the good, — which are a needful part of the directive forces of life, and for which it may 
 be regarded a special provision of nature that in these attributes her endowments sur- 
 pass those of men. 
 
 In connection with this, we are reminded to say that if there is a lack in the 
 balance and completeness of the courses of higher instruction now offered, it is in the 
 culture of the imagination. Opening the sense and the soul to the perception of beauty 
 not only trains the mind in good taste and correct judgment of art, but also leads to the 
 comprehension of great and perfect works. The imagination is a true constructive power. 
 It forms conceptions of the ideals of truth, beauty, fitness and proportion without which 
 mere knowledge of facts and niceness of analytical skill will be weight instead of wings in 
 rising to complete master)' in any of the great arts of expression. This may not be so 
 apparent in mere imitations of nature, or in technical and industrial drawings, — which, 
 however, have their commercial value, — but it is a part <>f highest culture to draw the 
 mind to tin- perception and comprehension of the beauty ami power manifest in the uni- 
 verse, and in the works of human genius, which are also revelations of God. 
 
 The marked characteristic of present tendencies is the great amplification of studies
 
 40 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in the natural sciences. The wonderful advance in biology, chemistry and molecular 
 physics, and the opening of new fields of interest and activity by reason of these dis- 
 coveries and their practical applications, have created a demand for instruction in these 
 departments, which the higher institutions of learning feel called upon to furnish. This 
 cannot be adequately done except at the expense of a considerable inroad into the old, 
 well-balanced " college course," especially designed to afford a general discipline and 
 symmetrical culture of all the personal powers. 
 
 An expedient is resorted to by offering in the college course a liberal range of 
 electives. A saving measure is adopted by so arranging these electives that a student 
 whii still desires the old course, or a moderately-modified new one, can find it by fol- 
 lowing the proper lines among the so-called " advanced courses." As a provisional meas- 
 ure this is, perhaps, the best that can be done. It certainly has the advantage of allow- 
 ing the student to follow his natural inclinations and develop his special aptitudes; pos- 
 sibly also to gain a year or so in getting into his profession, or work in life, towards 
 which there is now such hurry and rush. 
 
 But the professional schools, meantime, are increasing their requirements, and the 
 whole college course is none too much to give the elementary knowledge and fitting dis- 
 cipline of mind to take up the professional course. The conditions in this country require 
 thorough education for its professional men. Xo narrow or superficial preparation will 
 suffice in this day for the successful practitioner in law, or medicine, or the ministry, or 
 for the peculiar work of the journalist and public teacher. The colleges of the liberal 
 arts ought to be strengthened on their own lines, instead of being required to enter 
 upon technical or professional instruction. The provisions of electives should not look 
 to cutting short the general disciplinary course. Electives — if a personal opinion may 
 be here permitted — should not be taken between principal departments, but only 
 between particulars in the same department. Language and logic should not be sur- 
 rendered for biology, nor modern languages wholly displace the ancient. Nor should 
 modern history, and political and social science and philosophy be left at all to elec- 
 tion or option, but these should be studied by all in the light of practical ethics, in 
 the maturer years of the course, so that young men can go out under this preparation 
 and impulse to take their part in the direction of life for themselves and the 
 community. 
 
 Some of the colleges, feeling the necessity of preserving the great features of the proper 
 college course, have met the imperative demand by creating distinct and separate scientific 
 departments, or special schools of science. Schools of Technology are established with more 
 complete instruments of instruction. These are admirable in their intention and results; and 
 although something of the breadth and symmetry of the college must be missed, such institu-
 
 UNIVERSITIES OF LEARNING 41 
 
 tions are the proper means of meeting those who for reasons sufficient to themselves prefer to 
 waive the discipline of the college course, and move forward at once in the line of their pro- 
 fessional work. 
 
 In what has been presented thus far, no distinction has been attempted between the college 
 and the university. A sufficient reason for this might be in the fact that in this country, as 
 yet, no characteristic distinction has been maintained. Some of the largest of our old colleges 
 are now deeming it just and fitting that they should receive the higher title in recognition of 
 their increased amplitude of studies or departments ; and in rare instances, they have assumed 
 this title in consideration of especial attention to depth, or advance, in stud)', rather than in 
 the breadth of courses. Other recently established institutions, largely endowed and generously 
 planned, providing for advanced and profession.il courses as their main object, have naturally, 
 and not unjustly, taken the name of university. But still, there arc no sharp or exclusive tests 
 by which the name shall distinguish the thing. A college may multiply its course by dividing 
 its studies into groups of electives. And any institution, by appropriate influence, may obtain 
 the legal title of university, without evidence of any large range or profound reach of instruction. 
 Perhaps there is no positive recognized test of titles. The universities of Bologna and of Paris 
 had very different leading purposes and aims. Although the former was the great law school 
 and the latter the great theological school of Europe, yet Bologna looked almost entirely to 
 making itself a professional school, while Paris never lost sight of its original purpose and 
 ideal, which was, by its breadth and balance of training, to afford a liberal culture, suitable for 
 the character and station of a gentleman. This was the type of the English universities. So 
 it was of our own early colleges. 
 
 But of late our institutions seem to have been found lacking in means for advanced in- 
 struction. For some years past no young man looking forward to securing a professorship in 
 any department of our American colleges would deem his preparation finished until he had 
 taken a degree at a German University. Something there may be in fashion about this; for 
 in fact, one so minded could find adequate instruction in our own universities, to which we 
 should naturally look as the place for the pursuit of advanced study and original research. 
 
 Such an enterprise as the "Chautauqua Assembly" for the promotion of knowledge and 
 culture among the people, well entitled to be called a university in the breadth and sweep of 
 its work, has the especial merit of meeting the people where they are, without requiring con- 
 ditions impossible for them to fulfil. And the movements in " University Extension," though 
 this is perhaps a misnomer as to the intrinsic character of the work, are deserving ol high con- 
 sideration as indicating the generous purpose of sending out as widely as possible the educa- 
 tional benefits which the)- are capable of conferring. 
 
 Hut it is evident also that the demand is strong for the intensive as well as the extensive. 
 
 This means in such departments as language, history and philosophy, not only more intimate
 
 42 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 knowledge of what has been said and done and thought, but a deeper insight into the nature 
 and relations of man, and the reasons and incentives of his struggles with his environment. In 
 the physical sciences it means a more positive knowledge of the elements and forces of the 
 universe, and of their modes of action which we call laws. In the technical aspects of these 
 sciences it means the study of man's practical relations to them, and the training of his faculties 
 to skill in the use of them. This is a wide range for choice, but the work once chosen becomes 
 a specialty, and is necessarily narrow. This field seems to belong to the university and the 
 schools of technology ; the former for original research and deep scholarship, looking to the mas- 
 tery of knowledge ; the latter for the applications of science, looking to master)' in the material 
 arts. 
 
 But the sphere of the college is different from these. It is for that general, liberal culture, 
 which looks to the excellence of the man himself, — his intellectual foundations, his intrinsic 
 character. Whether in the " classical " or " scientific " department, an undergraduate course 
 should have this aim. For the organization of our modern higher education we have then 
 the college, somewhat conformed to modern demands, but never losing sight of its main 
 objective; and the university, fitted especially for advanced work or deeper study on special 
 lines. The historic origin, however, is still recognized in the gathering around the university 
 of schools of law, medicine and theology, as well as of politics, pedagogy, and the several 
 branches of technology, to suit the demand of an advanced and progressive civilization. These 
 professional schools might indeed exist separately and independently of the university and of 
 each other, as in fact many do ; but there is no doubt a gain of power to the student in the 
 breadth of environment, and the larger atmosphere, of an institution devoted to the widest 
 range of study and deepest grasp of thought in main* departments of knowledge. 
 
 Whether or not the college can be a miniature university, it should at all events be a school 
 of complete manhood, taking cognizance not only of what makes for good work in the world, 
 but regarding also the culture of the moral and spiritual powers which are the noblest endow- 
 ments of personality. Hence it is that in even- school of discipline and culture its real worth 
 must be measured not merely by its range of courses, or gauge of studies, but largely by the 
 soul which animates it.
 
 LflAo* £./> / 7hr7^ 
 
 S7<^
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
 
 A HISTORY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD POTTS CHEYNEY, A.M. (Class of '83) 
 
 Professor of European History in the University 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Chapter 
 
 1. 
 11. 
 
 IV. 
 
 v. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 BOOK I 
 
 The External History of the University 
 
 Founding of the College. — 1 740-1 755. 
 
 Administration ok Dr. Smith. — From the 
 Second Charter to the Revolution. — 
 1755-1779- 
 
 Influence of the Revolution on the 
 College. — The Divided Institution.— 
 1 779-1 791. 
 
 The University of Pennsylvania. — The 
 Reunited Institution to the close of 
 the Last Century. — 1790-1S00. 
 
 The Middle Ages. — First Half of the 
 Present Century. — 1S00-1850. 
 
 Awakening after the Middle of the 
 Century. — 1S50-1S68. 
 
 Removal to the New Site. — Dr. Stille's 
 Administration. — 1868-1SS1. 
 
 VIII. Extension of Material Equipment under 
 the Administration of Dr. Pepper. — 
 1SS1-1S94. 
 
 Chapter 
 
 IX. Growth and Unification under the Ad- 
 ministration of Dr. Harrison. — From 
 1S94 to the Present Time. 
 
 BOOK II 
 
 The Internal or Educational History 
 Chapter 
 
 I. The Colonial Academy and College. 
 II. Reorganization after the Revolution. 
 
 III. Entrance of the Elective System into 
 
 the Department of Arts. 
 
 IV. Chances in Methods of Instruction. 
 
 BOOK III 
 
 The Students' Side of the University 
 Chapter 
 
 I. Students and their Customs. 
 
 II. Literary and Technical Societies. — 
 College- Journalism. 
 
 III. Fraternities. — Dramatic and Musical 
 
 Societies. 
 
 IV. Athletics. 
 
 V. The Alumni.
 
 HISTORY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE history of the University is threefold; first, its outer history, that is to 
 say its relations to its founders, to the Trustees who have administered its 
 general affairs, to the community which has supported it ; secondly, its 
 inner history, the history of its educational methods, of the relations between Faculty 
 and students, of its purely intellectual life; and thirdly, what may be called its social 
 history, the history of its students and alumni in their relations to the University 
 and to one another. 
 
 The first of these lines of development, the external history of the University, 
 consists in its foundation and the successive steps of its chartered life, the erection 
 of buildings, the securing of financial support, the creation of new departments, the 
 election of Provosts, Professors and other officers; and is to be traced principally in 
 the minute books of the Board of Trustees and in public documents. The second, 
 its internal history, is less concrete, but possibly more important, for in the actual 
 teaching, in the daily informal contact of teachers and students, the principal work 
 of the University has been done, the fust object of its existence has been fulfilled. 
 The third is perhaps even more elusive. The class of students who went to the 
 University, their age and habits, their organization as students and as graduates, 
 the forms of punishment inflicted upon them and the rewards granted to them, the 
 objects for which they entered the University and the influence exerted by their 
 College course upon their later careers, their intellectual and athletic ambitions, 
 their intercourse with the students of other Colleges and Universities, all these 
 make up a very significant element in the history of the institution, but one which 
 is hardly to be found fullv described in definite records. 
 
 In tracing the history of the University of Pennsylvania on these lines it will 
 be necessary to solve the problem ol the date and circumstances of its foundation, to 
 
 ■45
 
 4 6 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 follow it in its successive homes from the original Hall at Fourth and Arch streets, 
 through its temporary occupation of "Anatomical Hall" and of the Hall of the 
 Philosophical Society, to the Presidential mansion on Ninth Street, then to the 
 two new buildings on the same site, and finally to the West Philadelphia location, 
 where some twenty-five buildings now provide its material shell. Its various 
 charters must be analyzed ; the administration of twelve successive heads must be 
 distinguished; the process must be traced by which income for the support of the 
 institution and the preservation and extension of its equipment has been provided, 
 in all the various forms and amounts of that income, whether the local subscrip- 
 tion by Franklin and the early founders, the English contributions collected by 
 Dr. Smith, the lotteries carried on by the Trustees, the appropriations of money 
 and of land made by city and state, the large and small gifts made by alumni 
 and other citizens. The growth and decline, and new growth of numbers of 
 students must be noted till the present body of two thousand eight hundred has 
 been attained. The process of differentiation and then of consolidation of de- 
 partments, laboratories, museums and hospitals till the present number of some 
 sixteen with their subordinate divisions has been reached, must be explained, if 
 possible. The growth of the Library to its present one hundred and seventy- 
 five thousand volumes, with its separate building, department libraries, new cata- 
 logue and new system of administration must be described. The adoption of 
 successive curriculums of study and changes in methods of teaching, the use of 
 apparatus, the system of elective studies, the changing intellectual ideals, must 
 be traced out as far as possible. The increasing participation of the alumni 
 in the affairs of the University is a phenomenon to be included among recent 
 changes. Finally the life of the students as it has come to be embodied in 
 Houston Hall, in the Dormitories, in Franklin Field, in the chapter houses, in the 
 literary societies, in intercollegiate relationships, must be described with as much 
 adequacv as its indefinite nature will admit of. These forms of vicissitude and 
 growth will be the subjects of the following chapters, for in them the history of the 
 University consists.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 BOOK I 
 
 THE EXTERNAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The Founding of the College — 1740-1755 
 
 IT is in most cases as impossible to find a mcnt and interest increased. Religious books 
 single, definite, unquestioned date for the were specially advertised for sale, controversial 
 foundation of a great institution, as it is pamphlets on religious matters were issued in 
 to find the single, undoubted source of a great large numbers, Whitefield's movements in New 
 river. Any one of four years — 1740, that of England, in the South and wherever he went 
 public subscription for the charitable school were chronicled in detail, his pictures were 
 whose functions it eventually absorbed, and the sold in the shops, and his journal published 
 building of Whitefield's Hall, which it eventu- in sections as it was written. 
 ally occupied; 1749, the year of Franklin's Under these circumstances .1 general sub- 
 " Proposals," of the subscription for the Acad- scription was started in Philadelphia for the 
 emy, and of the organization of the Board "f purpose of erecting ,1 building in which White- 
 Trustees; 175 1, the actual beginning of instruc- field and other revivalists or more permanent 
 tion ; and 1755, the acquisition of its charter as though unsectarian ministers should preach, 
 a College — might be defended as the most and in which a free school should be supported 
 significant foundation date of the University. for giving a plain English and Christian educa- 
 In November 1739, George Whitefield, tion to children too poor to pay for instruction. 
 already noted for his evangelistic work in A group of men several of whom were mem- 
 England, visited Philadelphia for the first bers of the Moravian congregation in the city 
 time. He preached in Christ Church, from took the initiative in this subscription, and within 
 the balcony of the Court House at Second and the early monthsol the war 1 740 collected some 
 Market streets, and on the open grounds of money, bought a piece of land on tin- west side 
 " Society 1 [ill," South of Chestnut and West of of Fourth Street just below Arch, and began on 
 Third Street, to constantly increasing audi- it the erection of a building far larger than any 
 
 ences. In April I 740, he came again to Phila- 
 delphia and preached almost daily to crowds 
 in the open air. A veritable religious revival 
 spread over the city, thousands gathered to 
 hear him, and when he took up a collection for 
 
 at that time existing in Philadelphia. This lot. 
 which was one hundred ,ind fifty feet in width 
 and ninct\ eight led in depth, was conveyed 
 by Jonathan Price and his wife to the pioneers 
 of the movement, Edmund Wooley, carpenter. 
 
 the support of an orphan asylum and school John Coats, brickmaker, John Howell, marin 
 
 which he had founded in Georgia the response 
 was read\- and generous, more than £200 hav- 
 ing been subscribed in one day. After a trip 
 to the surrounding districts he preached again 
 in the city during May. The religious ex< ite 
 
 cl , 
 
 and William Price, carpenter, a ground rent 
 being reserved to the former owners. 
 
 In July ol the same year the purposes of the 
 promoters ol the fund were set forth more 
 formally in an advertisement, which howevei 
 
 47
 
 4 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 does not seem to have been ever filled in or 
 published. After speaking of the increase in 
 undenominational religious devotion, those who 
 drew up the notice say : " With this view it 
 hath been thought proper to erect a large 
 building for a charity school for the instruction 
 of poor children gratis in useful literature and 
 the knowledge of the Christian religion and 
 also for a house of publick worship, the houses 
 in this place being insufficient to contain the 
 great numbers who convene on such occasions 
 and it being impracticable to meet in the open 
 air at all times of the year because of the in- 
 clemency of the weather. 
 
 " It is agreed that the use of the aforesaid 
 school and house of religious worship be under 
 the direction of certain trustees, viz : . . . and 
 other persons to be appointed by them, who 
 in case of the decease of one of their number are 
 to choose by a majority of their votes one other 
 fit person to succeed in his place, and so from 
 time to time as often as any of the before 
 named trustees or others so to be chosen shall 
 dye the place of such deceased trustee shall 
 be supplyed by the votes of a majority of the 
 surviving trustees. 
 
 " Which trustees before named and here- 
 after to be chosen are from time to time to 
 appoint fit and able school masters and school 
 mistresses and introduce such Protestant min- 
 isters as they judge to be sound in principle, 
 acquainted with experimental religion in their 
 own hearts, and faithful in their practise, with- 
 out regard to those distinctions or different 
 sentiments in lesser matters which have un- 
 happily divided real Christians. 
 
 " These are therefore to give notice to all 
 charitable persons who are inclined to en- 
 courage this undertaking that the building is 
 actually begun under the direction of . . . 
 and the foundation laid on a lot of ground (late 
 of Jonathan Price and Mary his wife who have 
 generously contributed) situate near Mulberry 
 Street in the City of Philadelphia, where mate- 
 rials for the building will be received, as also 
 subscriptions of money and work taken in by 
 the under written persons." 
 
 Later in theyear the four persons named above 
 made a written agreement with George White- 
 field, Wm. Seward of London, Thomas Noble 
 
 and Samuel Hazard of New York, merchants, 
 John Stephen Benezet, merchant, Robert East- 
 burn, blacksmith, Edward Evans, cordwainer, 
 and James Read and Charles Brockden, gentle- 
 men, all of Philadelphia, by which the latter 
 group of men became Trustees to carry out 
 the objects for which the property had been 
 bought, while the four original purchasers re- 
 tained the property in their names for the use 
 of these Trustees. They agreed that they 
 would on the request of the Trustees at any 
 time convey the land to any person and for 
 any uses the Trustees might require. Never- 
 theless the two original objects of the trust, the 
 establishment of an undenominational place of 
 worship and of a free school, were referred to 
 again and again. The former of these objects 
 quite evidently took its shape from the non- 
 sectarian religious revival then in progress; the 
 origin of the latter, the educational and chari- 
 table object, does not appear. 
 
 The erection of the " New Building," as it 
 was now and for many years afterward called, 
 proceeded rapidly, for when Whitefield re- 
 turned from Boston on the ninth of the Novem- 
 ber following, that is, in I 740, it was enclosed 
 and provided with seats and a pulpit, although 
 not yet roofed in. He preached in it twice a 
 day for over a week and until his departure 
 from the city. As he went down the Delaware 
 he wrote, December 4, to a friend in New 
 York: "According to my promise I now 
 snatch a few moments to send you a short 
 account of the House lately erected in Phila- 
 delphia. I was pleasingly surprised at the 
 sight of it. It is one hundred feet long and 
 seventy feet wide ami now just ready to be 
 covered. ... As I am chosen one of the Trus- 
 tees and have promised to procure a master 
 and mistress for the first scholars, I think it 
 my duty to make what interest I can towards 
 carrying on so good a work. The house is 
 intended for public worship and a charity 
 school. ... I have preached in this house 
 several times." 
 
 Nothing further seems to have been done 
 toward its completion that winter, but on June 
 II, 1 741, an appeal was issued in the name of 
 the Trustees for money and materials for " fin- 
 ishing the Charity School and House of Public
 
 unii ersitt of Pennsylvania 
 
 49 
 
 Worship begun last year in Philadelphia." 
 Additional funds were provided and the build- 
 ing was now roofed in and furnished. Some of 
 
 the mono}", materials and labor were contrib- 
 uted, more was advanced with the expectation 
 of repayment. A certain Hugh Cordery loaned 
 £100, Messrs Wooley and Coats each advam ed 
 perhaps as much more, and many small debts 
 for materials and wages were contracted. Con 
 temporary mention of the " New Building is 
 frequent. In 1 745 it was broken into by 
 ruffians and the cush- 
 ions and pulpit injured. 
 In 1 748 it attracted the 
 attention of the Swed- 
 ish traveler Peter 
 Kalm. Mr. Whitefield 
 returned to the city 
 and preached in it tim- 
 ing almost the whole 
 month of September 
 1 745, and againin May 
 Jul\-, August and Sep- 
 tember 1746. One of 
 his sermons preached 
 there August 24, 1 746, 
 on the reception of the 
 news of the defeat of 
 the Young Pretender, 
 was published under 
 the caption " Britain's 
 Mercies and Britain's 
 Duty." 1 lis audiences 
 included many of the 
 principal persons of 
 the city, and he seems 
 
 to have risen steadily in the estimation of the 
 more moderate men of Philadelphia. 1 le was 
 here again in June 1747; and in September of 
 the same year, when in declining health he 
 was making his next to last missionary tour, as 
 franklin reports, "he preached frequentl) al 
 the New Building to very large' and attentive 
 audiences." In November of that year the 
 written form of the " Association " which was 
 intended to create a sorl of temporary militia 
 to defend the city in case it were attacked b) 
 the French or Spaniards, was placed in the 
 New Building for signature and thi re igned b) 
 upwards of five hundred i" 1 ons in one day. 
 
 VOL. I. —4 
 
 G 1 Willi 
 
 The " New Lights," or advanced party among 
 the Presbyterians, were now organizing them- 
 selves as a separate body and under Rev. (iil- 
 bert Tennent occupied the New Building as a 
 regular place of worship. 
 
 In these varied uses of the building there is 
 no mention of instruction being given to poor 
 scholars, or ol an) other elements of a charity 
 school. The Trustees seem, therefore, never to 
 have brought into actual existence that part of 
 the original plan, as indeed is distinctly stated 
 
 in contemporary de- 
 scriptions. It is in- 
 variably referred to in 
 any statement of the 
 objei ts for which the 
 New Building was in- 
 tended, but for lack of 
 funds or other reasi >ns 
 the teaching project 
 Was w itllout doubt left 
 in suspense. 
 
 In the year 1 747 a 
 conflict arose between 
 
 the holders of the title 
 and the Trustees of the 
 New Building. ( In the 
 8th of June, in the in- 
 ten al between White- 
 fii Id's tu < 1 visits of that 
 year, the two surviving 
 holders > 4' the prop- 
 el ty, John Coats and 
 Edmund Wooley, with 
 perhaps other citizens 
 o f Phil ad el p h i a, 
 brought before the Assembly of the state a pe- 
 tition "setting forth that they had contributed 
 largely, according to their respective circum- 
 stances, toward the building ol .1 house in the 
 said 'iiy which was intended to be .1 charity 
 school for tin' instruction of pool children gratis 
 in the knowledge of the Christian religion and in 
 useful literature, and also for ,1 plac< o|" public 
 worship: Hut the Trustees not having ex 
 ecuted their trust, the principal iiu\ for which 
 the petitionei d in the subscription and 
 
 paid their money is not in the ], uc 
 
 answered; and thi refore praying that the s.ii.j 
 
 Trustees 111. i\ Ik compelled to refund and pay
 
 5° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the money advanced by the petitioners as well 
 as their other just demands; or otherwise that 
 leave may be given to bring in a bill for the 
 sale of the said building for that purpose." 
 Later in the same session Charles Brockden 
 and James Read, two of the Trustees, presented 
 a request for the postponement of action on 
 this petition, stating that they intended to lay 
 before the House a full answer to the above 
 complaint but wished first to communicate with 
 and obtain the concurrence of others of their 
 number who were then absent from the Prov- 
 ince. The matter was 
 then laid on the table, and 
 two weeks afterward, June 
 25, 1747, by resolution. 
 "the petitions relating to 
 the New Building were re- 
 ferred to the consideration 
 of some future Assembly.' 
 The matter does not 
 appear again in the jour- 
 nals of the Assembly, but 
 in the succeeding January, 
 Brockden drew up an an- 
 swer to the petition for the 
 sale of the building, and 
 expressed his intention of 
 sending it to the Assem- 
 bly, though he felt some 
 doubt whether they would 
 pay any attention to it. 
 In this defence he insists 
 that the house should be 
 kept for the uses for which 
 it was originally intended, 
 
 that is, for a charity school and a public place 
 of preaching. He declares that " the debts 
 complained of by Mr. Wooley and Mr. Coats 
 were only contracted since the present pos- 
 sessors had intruded themselves, who were also 
 the only persons of whom it could be required 
 to pay off such debts that had been contracted 
 by them." The " present possessors " were 
 presumably the Presbyterian congregation un- 
 der Mr. Tennent which seems to have contrib- 
 uted largely to the completion and adornment 
 of the building, though in the form of a loan 
 to the Trustees, not a gift. The two men in 
 whose name the property was held would gladly 
 
 REV. RICHARD PETERS 
 
 have sold the building and repaid these and 
 other advances and debts but were unable to do 
 so because of the opposition of a majority of 
 the Trustees, and the failure of the Legislature 
 to authorize such action. 
 
 Nothing further was done toward the settle- 
 ment of this dispute, nor is any thing further 
 heard of the fortunes of the New Building for 
 the next year. 
 
 In the meantime, however, a movement was 
 taking shape which was destined to bring the 
 building into more effective use, to give reality 
 to the scheme of a free 
 school, and embrace it in 
 a much more extensive 
 educational plan. 
 
 The lack of an educa- 
 tional institution of high 
 grade can scarcely have 
 failed to be recognized by 
 the citizens of Philadel- 
 phia. There were several 
 well-established private 
 schools; and courses of 
 teaching in the elementary 
 branches, in the languages, 
 in mathematics, in the 
 more practical subjects of 
 surveying, navigation and 
 book-keeping, were con- 
 stantly being offered by in- 
 dividual teachers. There 
 seems to have been con- 
 siderable intellectual ac- 
 tivity, judging from the 
 success of courses of 
 lectures in natural philosophy which were 
 given from time to time, and from the number 
 and character of books imported and sold 
 by the dealers. Nor were examples wanting. 
 The existence of Harvard and Yale was not of 
 course unknown, and from 1747 onward men- 
 tion of the nascent institutions in New York 
 and New Jersey begins to be made occasion- 
 ally in the Philadelphia newspapers. Franklin 
 indeed asserts that in 1743 he drew up a 
 scheme for a College or Academy and commu- 
 nicated the plan to Rev. Mr. Peters in the 
 hope that he would undertake its establish- 
 ment, but that Mr. Peters preferred a lucrative
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 5 l 
 
 
 appointment under the Proprietaries, and the 
 matter was therefore dropped for the time. 
 Thomas Penn also speaks of having had a 
 design for the foundation of an institution of 
 learning, but he took no steps toward it. 
 
 The year 1749 was a period of activity and 
 advancement in Philadelphia. The war with 
 France and Spain was over, the military inter- 
 'ests and disputes of the last few years ceased, 
 regular commerce revived 
 and proved to be more 
 profitable if less exciting 
 than privateering; the 
 Governor, Mr. Hamilton, 
 was relatively popular. 
 Under these conditions 
 there arose a discussion 
 among some of the leading 
 men as to the possibility* 
 and desirability of found- 
 ing an institution of higher 
 learning in Pennsylvania. 
 The first clear evidence of 
 this is a communication 
 published in Franklin's 
 newspaper, August 24, 
 1749, purporting to be ad- 
 dressed to the Editor, but 
 in all probability emanat- 
 ing from Franklin's own 
 pen. It re. ids as follows : 
 
 I 
 
 PROPOSALS 
 
 Relating to the 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 o t 
 
 U 
 
 Y O 
 
 T 
 
 H 
 
 I N 
 
 P E N S I L FA N I A. 
 
 "TO THE PRINTERS OF 
 THE GAZETTE. 
 
 TITLEPAGE OF FRANKLIN'S 
 
 " In the settling of new 
 countries, the first care of 
 the planters must be to pro- 
 vide and secure the necessa- 
 ries of life ; this engrosses 
 their attention, and affords 
 
 them little time to think of any tiling further. We 
 may therefore excuse our ancestors that tiny estab- 
 lished no academy or college in this province, 
 wherein their youth might receive a polite and 
 learned education. Agriculture and mechanic arts 
 were of the most immediate important e, the culture 
 of mind by the fine arts and sciences, was ne< essarily 
 postponed lo limes ol re wealth and lei un . 
 
 ••Since those times are come, and numbers of 
 our inhabitants are both able and willing to 
 their sons a good education, if it might be had 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 Printed in the Ywr, M.DCC.XLIX 
 
 at home, free from the extraordinary expense and 
 hazard in sending them abroad for that purpose; 
 and since a proportion of men of learning is useful 
 in every country, and those who of late years come 
 to settle among us, are chiefly foreigners, unac- 
 quainted with our language, laws and customs, it is 
 thought a proposal for establishing an Academy 
 in this province will not now be thought unreason- 
 able. Such a proposal the publick may therefore 
 shortly expect." 
 
 The correspondent then 
 goes on to quote, as being 
 unusually apri ipos, the well 
 known letter from Pliny to 
 Cornelius Tacitus in which 
 he describes a conversa- 
 tion with some neighbors 
 of his at Como, upon 
 whom he urges the desir- 
 ability of having a school 
 in their own town instead 
 of sending theirsons todis- 
 tant Milan to be educated. 
 Very soon after this 
 there was distributed in 
 Philadelphia a pamphlet 
 called " Proposals, relating 
 to the Education of Youth 
 in Pensilvania." This 
 was in all probability com- 
 posed, as well as printed 
 and circulated by Franklin, 
 but it represented the ideas 
 and plans of a number of 
 men prominent in the city ; 
 especially id' Rev. Richard 
 Peters, secretary and busi- 
 ness agent id' the Proprie- 
 taries, Tench Francis, At 
 torney-General id" the Province, William Allen, 
 a well to do merchant, and others. " Frequent 
 w< re their consultations and various were their 
 sentiments; at last they agreed "n the general 
 heads," is the way one of their number, Rev. 
 Mr. Peters, describes th< process ofreachin 
 definite plan, 1 ei tainl) bai 1. of this initiatoi 5 
 pamphlet and of the subsequent proceedings 
 there was a tolerably compact group of men 
 who had become interested in the project and 
 reached omething liki unanimity ol \ iew s and 
 
 PROPO
 
 'lC'uAm/' Arair t/<,,'ct^ cr</ -iA /Auto- t?6>r/ A /?/<zAsJ*A'£<i£nAj 
 
 /'//r< 
 
 .'i /Ac > V/y/v/ /sic -si/* /■j/tc*} '-cAcAcAitv <zea~fizt'/i& fo Azctss-^ 
 
 
 
 ^A^-*^j <nt_ <<— — /i—-~a — — ~* ' 
 
 
 <4y— » 
 
 "^•Ca*. ^^ 
 
 FACSIMILE SIGNATURES OF THE FOUNDERS 
 From Minute-Book in Secretary's Office
 
 UN I VERS I'll' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 53 
 
 definiteness of plans. Either because of their 
 feeling of diffidence or as a shrewd means of 
 conciliating public interest and support there 
 was prefixed to this pamphlet an invitation to 
 all readers to send in any advice, recommenda- 
 tion, or suggestion that might occur to them. 
 
 After calling attention to the desirability of 
 higher education and the especial need for it 
 in Pennsylvania at that time, the pamphlet 
 proposed " that some persons of leisure and 
 public spirit apply 
 for a charter by 
 which they may be 
 incorporated, with 
 power to erect an 
 Academy for the 
 education of youth, 
 to govern the same, 
 provide masters, 
 make rules, receive 
 donations, purchase 
 lands, etc." An out- 
 line sketch of such 
 a school as the pro- 
 jectors had in mind 
 was then given. It 
 was on the whole an 
 enlightened scheme, 
 though the inveter- 
 ate utilitarianism of 
 its principal author 
 showed itself every- 
 where. Neverthe- 
 less, Latin an d 
 Greek and the Mod 
 ern Languages (in- 
 cluding a reiterated 
 
 statement of the necessity for a careful study "I 
 English), Mathematics, the Sciences, History, 
 Rhetoric and Elocution were- recommended, as 
 were athletic exercises, and a location where 
 
 there might be Outdoor interests. 
 
 The "Proposals" attracted attention and 
 
 extended the interest which no doubt already 
 existed. The projectors arranged to canvass 
 the city ward by ward, and subscriptions of 
 money were readily obtained. These wen 
 asked for in the form of an annual subscription 
 for a term of five years and within a few 
 months amounted to .1 guarantee hmd of about 
 
 l;l NJAMIN I R INK! IN 
 
 Z'Soo a year for that period. In the mean- 
 time twenty-four of the principal men inter- 
 ested were selected or volunteered to carry the 
 plan into execution and Franklin and Francis 
 were asked to draw up a form of organization. 
 The next step can be best told in the opening 
 entry on the minute book of the Board of 
 Trustees. Immediately following an engrossed 
 copy of the " Constitutions " reported by the 
 two gentlemen named above it is stated that, 
 
 " On the 13th day 
 of November in the 
 year of our Lord 
 1749, the following 
 persons : — James 
 Logan, Thomas 
 Lawrence, William 
 Allen, John Inglis, 
 Tench Francis, Wil- 
 liam Masters, Lloyd 
 Zachary, Samuel 
 McCall, Jr., Joseph 
 Turner, Benjamin 
 Franklin, Thomas 
 Leech, William 
 Shippen, Robert 
 Strettell, Philip 
 Syng, Charles Wil- 
 ling, Phineas Bond, 
 Richard Peters, 
 Abraham Taylor, 
 Thorn as Bond, 
 Thomas Hopkin- 
 son, William Plum- 
 stcd, Joshua .Mad 
 
 dox, Thomas White, 
 
 From the tainting by Martin, in American Philosophical Soci 'ion ,,--, ,- .- , 
 
 ' r William Coleman, 
 
 met and having read and approved oi the fore 
 
 nstitutions, signed them with their 
 
 names and thereby took upon themselves the 
 1 utioii of the trust in those Constitutions 
 expressed. Whereupon Mr. Benjamin Franklin 
 was elected President and Mr. William Coleman 
 Treasurer for the ensuing year." 
 
 'These names represented the principal nun 
 ot Hi, city. Franklin was already prominent 
 and influential in local affairs and was be, om 
 - ealthy, though he had as \ ei hardly begun 
 ih, attainmenl of his wider reputation. Mi. 
 Peters, as has been said, was .it this time the
 
 54 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 trusted agent of the Penns and later became 
 Rector of Christ Church and St. Peters. Win. 
 Plumsted was Mayor of the city for the suc- 
 ceeding year, and Francis became Recorder of 
 the city at the same time, in addition to his 
 Attorneyship for the Province ; Zachary, Ship- 
 pen, and Phineas and Thomas Bond were 
 practising physicians. Others were promi- 
 nent lawyers and successful merchants. The 
 " Constitutions " or plan of organization were 
 
 sufficient to allow of the education gratis of 
 poor children. Finally there was a provision 
 which had already appeared in the " Proposals " 
 as follows: "It is hoped and expected that the 
 Trustees will make it their pleasure, and in 
 some degree their business, to visit the Acad- 
 emy often, encourage and countenance the 
 youth, countenance and assist the masters, and 
 by all means in their power advance the useful- 
 ness and reputation of the design ; that they 
 
 GROUP OF FRANKLIN PORTRAITS 
 In University Library 
 
 evidently based on the " Proposals." They look on the students as in some sort their chil- 
 
 established the number, methods of procedure dren, treat them with familiarity and affection, 
 
 and general duties of the Trustees in the carry- and when the}' have behaved well and have 
 
 ing out of the trust, provided for the engage- gone through their studies and are to enter the 
 
 ment of a Rector of the Academy who should world, zealously unite to make all the interest 
 
 have general oversight and teach Latin and that can be made to establish them, whether in 
 
 Greek and also the English branches to his business, offices, marriages, or an}- other thing 
 
 special group of students, of an English Master, for their advantage, preferably to all other per- 
 
 of teachers of mathematics, the modern Ian- sons whatsoever, even of equal merit." In con- 
 
 guages, writing and other branches, and of sideration of the standing and influence of the 
 
 assistants to the masters as the number of Trustees this provision could hardly fail to be 
 
 students should require. A hope was also of considerable importance and attractiveness, 
 
 expressed that the fund would ultimately prove The plans for immediate action were inten-
 
 I'MIFRSI'I'V OF PENNSYLl'ANIA 
 
 55 
 
 tionally modest and tentative, though the ulti- 
 mate expectation was that it should develop 
 into a College or University. In the "Consti- 
 tutions" it was described as " laying a founda- 
 tion for posterity to erect a seminary of learning 
 nic >re extensive and suitable to their future 
 circumstances." Ami Mr. Peters a year later 
 said that "though only such branches of 
 knowledge as are perfectly adapted to the cir- 
 cumstances i>f the Province are for the present 
 proposed to be taught in it . . . in time to 
 come as the Academy funds increase and when 
 a regular College may be thought to suit the 
 circumstances of the Colony ... it may be 
 improved into a collegiate institution and every 
 kind of knowledge be taught in it that the most 
 reputed Universities lay claim to." For the 
 present its immediate plans seem to have met 
 universal approval in Philadelphia, though, 
 moderate as they were, they were looked upon 
 somewhat askance in England. Thomas Penn, 
 the head of the Proprietary family, wrote 
 February 12, 1750, to Governor Hamilton: — 
 
 "Your proposal for the education of youth is 
 much more extensive than I ever designed and 
 I think more so than the circumstances of the 
 Province require. The best of our people 
 must be men of business, which I do not think 
 very great public schools or universities render 
 youth fit for, and tin.' additional exercises are 
 not fit accomplishments for many. I do not 
 think it will be any real advantage to Pennsyl- 
 vania to establish such an academy, as the large 
 allowance' made to young gentlemen at all 
 places of learning gives them the lead in every 
 e cess. I find people here think we go too 
 fast with regard to the matter, and it gives ,m 
 opportunity to those fools who are always tell- 
 ing their fears that the Colonies will set up for 
 themselves." 
 
 Put the founders were interested in more 
 immediate problems than the ultimate setting 
 up of the Colonies for themselves. < >n< oi the 
 first questions to require decision was the lo< a 
 tion of the Academy. The "Proposals" had 
 suggested its being placed somewhere nol far 
 outside of the town, though the possible choice of 
 a location within the city was also 1 ontemplated. 
 Whether it should be pi, iced in town or outside 
 was much debated even before the organization 
 
 meeting took place. In favor of some country 
 village was the supposed safety to the morals 
 of the students ; against it was the greater ex- 
 pense to parents of sending their children 
 away from home and the loss of time for such 
 busy men as the Trustees in visiting it. The 
 matter seems to have been decided by the 
 receipt of an intimation from the Trustee: of 
 the New Building that a union of the two plans 
 might be made. It is possible that the initia- 
 tive in this, as in so many of the other move- 
 ments of the time, was due to Franklin, as he 
 himself asserts in his autobiography. Hut as 
 has been seen, more than two years before this 
 time some of the Trustees of the building had 
 become convinced of the impracticability of 
 their carrying out both parts of their original 
 design. Dr. Peters says that they " had been 
 for some years sensible that this building was 
 not put to its original use, nor was it in their 
 power to set forward a charity school, which 
 was also a part of their first design ; and th.it 
 it was more in the power of the Trustees of the 
 Academy than in theirs to do it." Such a 
 union seemed altogether suitable. The Trus- 
 tees of the building after nine years found 
 themselves unable to carry out the conditions 
 of their trust, burdened with debts acquired in 
 their unsuccessful efforts to do so, and divided 
 as to religion and policy. The Trustees of the 
 new academy, on the other hand, had a con- 
 siderable sum of money at their <lispos.il and 
 were engaged in the initiation of an enterprise 
 which met with general approval, but they were 
 as yet unprovided with any habitation. The 
 main outlines of this combination were there- 
 fore already understood when at the first meet 
 ing of the new Trustees they appointed a 
 committee to arrange with the Trustees of the 
 "New Building" the terms on which it might 
 be transferred to them. These terms as offered 
 by the latter, were that the Trustees of the 
 V ademy should pay oil' all debts due on Hie 
 building and land, and then take over with 
 Up building the duty of carrying out the two 
 olip 1 is for which it had been originally ere. ted, 
 the provision of ,1 place foi free preaching and 
 the establishment of .1 free chool for poor 
 children. At the same time that this proposi- 
 tion was reported to the Hoard , J ann :s Logan
 
 56 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 offered to donate a lot on Sixth Street for the 
 erection of a building for the Academy, but 
 the opportunity to obtain a suitable building 
 already in existence at a small cost was so 
 manifestly advantageous that his offer had to 
 be declined. Of the trusts that would become 
 incumbent on the new Trustees one was quite 
 in line with their own designs, the other could 
 be easily fulfilled by the preservation of a part 
 of the building for that purpose. 
 
 Accordingly at their third meeting, held at 
 Roberts' Coffee House, February i, 1750, a 
 majority of the surviving Trustees of the " New 
 Building" attended and joined in authorizing 
 the two surviving holders of their property to 
 convey the land, building and appurtenances to 
 the new Trustees, " to the end the said building 
 and appurtenances may at length be applied to 
 the good and pious uses originally intended, 
 and justice done to sundry persons who ad- 
 vanced sums of money fur the necessary cov- 
 ering and completing the said building beyond 
 their respective gifts ami subscriptions." The 
 Treasurer of the Academy thereupon paid 
 over in cash to Messrs. Wooley and Coats the 
 sum of £775, 18s. 1 id. 3 farthings; which was 
 in turn distributed by them to various creditors, 
 whose liens on the building varied from £5 to 
 more than £400. Two sums of £20 each and 
 one of £15 were forgiven by the creditors and 
 given as subscriptions to the charity school 
 which it was now anticipated would become a 
 reality. The deed by which this conveyance 
 was made left it incumbent forever upon the 
 new Trustees to carry out both this and the 
 other trust of the original subscription, and 
 they undertook solemnly to organize a charity 
 school within two years after the transfer of 
 the New Building to them. 
 
 The Academy therefore came to be in a 
 certain sense a continuation of a project ini- 
 tiated nine years before, as well as a new foun- 
 dation. This new relation was expressed by 
 adopting almost immediately the name of " The 
 Academy and Charitable School of Philadel- 
 phia." The ready-made home which it ob- 
 tained by this arrangement was not, however, 
 available without alterations, and to these a 
 Committee immediately devoted itself with 
 great interest. Money had been obtained for 
 
 the payment to the old Trustees by borrowing 
 ^800 from the Treasurers of the public lottery, 
 the Trustees giving a joint bond for the repay- 
 ment of this amount with interest, which they 
 did some three years later. It is characteristic 
 of the time that nineteen of the twenty-four 
 members of the Board were among the man- 
 agers of the lottery for public defence then 
 lately established. Contributions which had 
 been promised were collected as rapidly as 
 possible, but more money was needed for mak- 
 ing alterations in the building. In the early 
 summer, Mr. Francis, who was City Recorder, 
 made an application to the Common Council 
 of Philadelphia for an appropriation to the 
 Academy. The entry on the minutes of Coun- 
 cil referring to this affair gives such a good 
 idea of the objects in view in the organization 
 of the Academy, and of the mixture of high 
 ideals and thrifty self-interest on the part of 
 the citizens, that it is well worth insertion in its 
 entirety. 
 
 " At a Common Council held at Philadelphia 
 for the City of Philadelphia, the 30th day of 
 Jul_\-, 1750. The Recorder acquainted the 
 Board that there is a design on foot for the 
 erecting of a public academy and charity school 
 in this city, for instructing youth in the several 
 branches of useful learning, and that divers 
 of the inhabitants have subscribed liberally 
 towards it; but as this undertaking is attended 
 with a great expense in the beginning, some 
 further assistance is necessary to carry it into 
 execution in the best manner, and as this 
 corporation have a considerable sum of money 
 in the hands of their Treasurer, and have like- 
 wise an income of almost three hundred pounds 
 per annum, besides fines and forfeitures, the 
 Recorder proposed that it might be considered, 
 whether this design for the advancement of 
 learning be not worthy of some encouragement 
 from this Board, as their circumstances may 
 very well afford it. The Board having taken 
 this affair into consideration, and it appearing 
 to be a matter of consequence, and but a small 
 number of the members were present, it was 
 thought proper to refer the further considera- 
 tion thereof to the next Common Council : ' It 
 is therefore ordered that the members of this 
 Board have notice to meet to-morrow at four
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 57 
 
 o'clock in the afternoon, to consider of a pro- 
 posal of contributing a sum of money for the 
 encouragement of the Academy & Charity 
 School now erecting in this City. 1 " 
 
 "At a Common Council held at Philadelphia 
 the 31st day of Jul)-, 1750. 
 
 " The Board resumed the consideration of 
 the proposal made at the last Common Council, 
 of contributing a sum of money for the encour- 
 agement of the academy and charity School now 
 erecting in this city, and a paper containing an 
 account of what is already done by the Trustees 
 of the Academy, and what advantages are ex- 
 pected from that undertaking being laid be- 
 fore the Board, was read, and follows in these 
 words : 
 
 " The Trustees of the Academy have already- 
 laid out near ^800, in the purchase of the build- 
 ing, and will probably expend nearly as much 
 more in fitting up rooms for the schools, and 
 furnishing them with proper books and in- 
 struments for the instruction of youth. The 
 greatest part of the money paid and to be 
 paid is subscribed by the Trustees themselves, 
 and advanced by them ; many of whom have 
 no children of their own to educate, but act 
 from a view to the publick good, without regard 
 to sect or part}-. Ami they have engaged to 
 open a Charity School within two years for the 
 instruction of poor children gratis, in reading, 
 writing ami arithmetick, and the first principles 
 of virtue and piety. The benefits expected 
 from this institution arc: 
 
 " 1. That the youth of Pensilvania may have 
 an opportunity of receiving a good education 
 at home, and be under no necessity of going 
 abroad for it, whereby not only considerable 
 expense may be saved to the country, but a 
 stricter eye may be had over their morals by 
 their friends and relations. 
 
 "2. That a number of our natives will be 
 hereby qualified to bear magistracies, and exe 
 1 ute other public offices of trust, with reputa- 
 tion to themselves & country; there being at 
 present great want of persons so qualified in 
 the several counties of this province. Anil this 
 is the more necessary now to be provided for 
 by the English here, as vast numbei ''I for- 
 eigners are yearly imported among us, totally 
 ignorant of our law-, customs ami langua 
 
 " 3. That a number of the poorer sort will 
 be hereby qualified to act as schoolmasters 
 in the country, to teach the children reading 
 writing, arithmetic and the grammar of their 
 mother tongue, and being of good morals and 
 known character, may be recommended from 
 the Academy to country schools for that pur- 
 pose; the country suffering at present very 
 much for want of good schoolmasters, and 
 obliged frequently to employ in their schools, 
 vicious imported servants, or concealed papists, 
 who by their bad examples and instructions 
 often deprave the morals or corrupt the prin- 
 ciples of the children under their care. 
 
 "4. It is thought that a good Academy 
 erected in Philadelphia, a healthy place where 
 provisions are plenty, situated in the center of 
 the colonies, may draw a number of students 
 from the neighboring Provinces, who must 
 spend considerable sums yearly among us, in 
 payment for their lodging, diet, apparel, &c, 
 which will be an advantage to our traders, 
 artisans, and owners of houses and lands. This 
 advantage is so considerable, that it has been 
 frequently observed in Europe, that the fixing 
 a good school or college in a little inland vil- 
 lage, has been the means of making it a great 
 town in a i'cw years; and therefore the magis- 
 trates of many places have offer'd and given 
 great yearly salaries to draw learned instructors 
 from other countries to their respective towns, 
 meerly with a view to the interests of the in- 
 habitants. Numbers of people have already 
 generously contributed sums to carry on this 
 undertaking; but others, well disposed, are 
 somewhat discouraged from contributing, by 
 an apprehension, lest when the first subscrip- 
 tions are expended, the design should drop. 
 The great expense of such a work is in the 
 beginning. If the Academy be once well- 
 opened, good masters provided, ami good 
 orders established, there is reason to believe 
 (from many former examples in other coun 
 tries) that it will be able after a lew years to 
 Support itself. 
 
 "Some assistance from the Corporation is 
 
 immediately wanted and hoped for; and it is 
 
 thought that if this Board, which is a perpetual 
 
 body, take thr Academy under their patron- 
 
 and afford >i s< ime 1 n ra| [ement, it will
 
 58 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 greatly strengthen the hands of all concerned 
 
 and be a means of establishing this good work 
 & continuing the good effects of it down to 
 our late posterity. The Board having weigh'd 
 the great usefulness of this design, after several 
 propositions heard & debated, agreed that a 
 sum of money be given by this Board & paid 
 down, towards compleating the building which 
 the Trustees have purchased, and are now fit- 
 ting up for the purpose, and likewise that a 
 sum or sums be given yearly by this board, 
 for five years to come, toward the support & 
 maintenance of the schools under the direc- 
 tion of the said Trustees. Whereupon the fol- 
 lowing questions were put and carried in the 
 affirmative. 
 
 " 1. Whether this Board will give the sum 
 of two hundred pounds, to be paid immedi- 
 ately to the Trustees of the Academy, towards 
 compleating the building purchased by the said 
 Trustees for an Academy & Charity School in 
 this City? Which was carried in the affirma- 
 tive by a great majority. 
 
 " 2. Whether this Board will give fifty pounds 
 p. annum for five years next ensuing, to the 
 Trustees of the Academy, towards supporting 
 a Charity School for the teaching of poor chil- 
 dren reading, writing and arithmetic? Which 
 was unanimously agreed to. 
 
 " 3. Whether this Board will give fifty 
 Pounds p. annum for the five years next en- 
 suing, to the Trustees of the Academy, for the 
 benefit thereof, with condition that this Board 
 shall have a right of nominating and sending 
 one scholar yearly from the Charity School, to 
 be instructed gratis in the Academy, in any or 
 all of the branches of learning there taught? 
 Which was carried in the affirmative by a great 
 majority." 
 
 Thus £200 was immediately available. Two 
 other gifts of .£100 each were received within 
 the first year, one of them from London, and 
 others of smaller amount, in addition to the 
 five years subscriptions amounting to about 
 ;£Soo a year. With these funds the prepara- 
 tion of the New Building for its still newer 
 uses went rapidly on. Its single large hall 
 was divided by a floor into two stories, one 
 of which was reserved for the promised hall 
 for preaching, the other divided into class- 
 
 rooms. May 17, 1750, it was announced that 
 " The brick partitions in the great New Build- 
 ing to make rooms for the Academy are already 
 carried up to a considerable height and the 
 work will be finished with all expedition." A 
 belfry was erected, and the ground lying be- 
 tween its old lot and Arch Street and back to 
 the Church burying-ground bought. Equip- 
 ment was begun by the expenditure of .£100 
 in the purchase of Latin and Greek books, 
 maps and instruments. 
 
 In the meantime however they had been 
 engaged in the creation of the still more essen- 
 tial part of an educational institution, a group 
 of teachers. Three months after their organi- 
 zation they elected David Martin as Rector and 
 teacher of Latin and Greek, as well as of His- 
 tory, Geography, Chronology and Rhetoric. 
 His appointment was to date from May 13th, 
 1750 and his salary to be .£200. In looking for 
 an English Master, Franklin and Francis made 
 a fruitless journey to New England, to offer the 
 position to Rev. Samuel Johnson of Stratford, 
 Connecticut, a graduate of Yale College. Dif- 
 ficult} - was found in securing a suitable man, 
 and the Trustees raised the salary previously 
 offered from £100 to .£150 Finally in De- 
 cember 1750, a David James Dove, who had 
 long kept a school in England, arrived in 
 Philadelphia, and delivered a course of lec- 
 tures in Experimental Philosophy. These were 
 much admired and the Trustees engaged him 
 out of hand as English Master in the Aca- 
 demy from January 7, 175 1, to teach English 
 " grammatically and as a language," and to 
 those students who did not study Greek and 
 Latin the same subjects as the Rector taught. 
 For teacher of Mathematics they engaged 
 Theophilus Grew, who had kept a school in 
 Chestertown, Maryland, then opened one in 
 1742 in Philadelphia which prospered and in 
 which he had achieved a reputation as a mathe- 
 matician, publishing frequently in the newspa- 
 pers notices of astronomical or other current 
 phenomena. His subjects were to be Writing, 
 Arithmetic, Merchants' Accounts, Algebra, As- 
 tronomy, Navigation and all other branches of 
 Mathematics. It must have been in reference 
 to him that another teacher of Mathematics and 
 Navigation published in his advertisement just
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 59 
 
 at this time, " Sailors ! take a friend's advice, be 
 not cheated by landsmen that pretend to navi- 
 gation." The first group of teachers was com- 
 pleted by the selection of Charles Thompson, 
 long afterwards Secretary of Congress, as Tutor 
 to assist the Rector at £60 a year. During 
 these arrangements, the Trustees had endeav- 
 ored to test the probable wishes of the com- 
 munity by such advertisements as the following : 
 
 " The Trustees of the Academy of Phila- 
 delphia, hereby give notice that the rooms 
 for the several schools are in great for- 
 wardness and will be finished with all pos- 
 sible expedition, and that the Academy will 
 be opened as soon as they are ready, and 
 the several branches of learning taught that 
 are mentioned in the constitution already pub- 
 lished, upon the most reasonable terms that 
 the Trustees shall be enabled to fix when they 
 are fully informed of the amount of the sub- 
 sciptions and the expenses likely to accrue. In 
 the mean time those who have any youth under 
 their care whom they intend to have educated 
 in the same Academy are desired to enter their 
 names with the Rector, Mr. David Martin, at 
 the Post Office in Philadelphia, who will for 
 that purpose attend there from ten to twelve 
 everj' day, till the end of this instant August 
 (Sundays excepted), that the Trustees may be 
 enabled to judge from the numbers of pro- 
 posed scholars, the advances tiny have already 
 made, and the parts of learning they are to be 
 taught, what assisting tutors in the several 
 branches will be necessary to be provided." 
 
 The last preliminary to be settled was the 
 tuition fees. It was finally determined that the 
 sum of 20s. quarterly and 20s. entrance money, 
 " with a rateable share of the expense of firing 
 in the winter season" he paid by each pupil, 
 for which the_\- should be instructed in any 
 branches of learning to be taught in the school. 
 The proportionate share of the expense of heat- 
 ing proved to he (s. per student, making the 
 annual charge for the first year of any student 
 £5, 4s., equalling about $17.50 of our presenl 
 money. The material and intelleetu.il equip- 
 ment having been thus provided for, on the 
 10th of November, 1750 it was resolved "that 
 the Academy be opened on the 7th day of 
 January next, and the rates of learning, and the 
 
 opening, be published in the Gazette a fort- 
 night hence." Accordingly in December thi 
 following notice was published in Franklin- 
 paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette : 
 
 "Philadelphia, Dec nth, 1750. 
 " Notice is hereby given that the Trustees of the 
 Academy of Philadelphia intend (God willing) to 
 open the same on the first Monday in January next, 
 wherein youth will be taught the Latin, Greek, 
 English, French and German languages, together 
 with history, geography, logic and rhetoric, also 
 writing, arithmetic, merchants' accounts, geometry, 
 algebra, surveying, navigation, astronomy, drawing 
 in perspective, and other mathematical sciences, 
 with natural and mechanical philosophy, etc., agree- 
 ably to the Constitutions heretofore published, 
 at the rate of ^4 per annum and 20 shillings 
 entrance." 
 
 On the 7th of January, 1751. therefore, the 
 ceremony of opening took place. It was de- 
 scribed at the time as follows: — " Yesterday 
 being the day appointed for the opening of 
 the Academy in this city, the Trustees met 
 and waited on his Honor, our Governor, to the 
 public hall of the building, where the Rev. Mr. 
 Peters made an excellent sermon on the occa- 
 sion to a crowded audience. The rooms of 
 tlie Academy not being yet completely titled 
 for the reception of the scholars, the several 
 schools will be opened to-morrow, in a large 
 house of Mr. Allen's, on 2nd St. Those intend- 
 ing to enter their children or youth may apply 
 to the Rector or any one of the Trustees." 
 
 'The sermon of Mr. Peters described the plan 
 of the Academy, preparations up to thai date, 
 and its great possibilities, and made such an 
 impression on his fellow 'Trustees lh.it tin \ 
 passed .1 vote of thanks to him and secured his 
 consent for its publication. 
 
 The Academy became immediately popular. 
 'The' number of students rose steadily till it was 
 overahundred within the first nine months and 
 over one hundred and fifty early in its second 
 year. The Trustees were, .1-. has been said, the 
 most wealthy and prominent men in the Prov- 
 ince, and there is little doubt but the promise 
 ■ I the" Proposals" and "Constitutions," that 
 they would interest themselves in the students 
 
 of the Academy and use their influence for their
 
 6o 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 advancement in life, was an important element 
 in this popularity. It was found necessary to 
 add tutor after tutor, till within eighteen months 
 of the opening there were rive such assistants 
 in addition to the three masters. 
 
 The Academy having been successfully or- 
 ganized the Trustees turned their attention to 
 the Charity School which they were bound by 
 the terms of their trust to establish within 
 two years and for which they had already 
 received subscriptions. April 175 I, they took 
 steps to engage a master and announced pub- 
 licly their intention of opening the school as 
 soon as they had secured one. They had 
 difficulty in finding a suitable person, but 
 finally in August 1 7*5 1 , engaged a man named 
 George Price at a salary of .£30 a year and 
 his house rent and firewood, and announced 
 their willingness to take twenty boys free of 
 charge for receiving a plain English education. 
 In April of the next year they announced their 
 readiness to take more poor children into the 
 Charity School and engaged an assistant to the 
 master. Within the next year they added to 
 this a school for thirty girls under a Mrs. Hol- 
 well as mistress, to teach them reading, sewing 
 and knitting. 
 
 October 26, 1752, the Trustees report that 
 the Charity School " now teaches reading, writ- 
 ing and arithmetic to one hundred poor chil- 
 dren, most of whom are from eight to thirteen 
 years of age, and had never been sent to any 
 school before, nor did it seem likely many of 
 them would have been sent to any school, if it 
 had not been for this institution." It was 
 then declared that the existing fund was hard 
 pressed and many applications had to be post- 
 poned. Subscriptions were therefore urged 
 for the extension of this pious foundation. In 
 these times of free schools and universal edu- 
 cation it is somewhat difficult to realize the 
 feeling about free education to the very poor ; 
 but in the middle of the eighteenth century 
 this charitable side of the work of the institu- 
 tion awakened much interest and sympathy. 
 A company of comedians passing through 
 the city acted a play for its benefit, by which 
 more than £100 was raised. YVhitefield on a 
 later visit to the city appointed the Charity 
 School as the object for which a collection 
 
 should be taken up at one of his Sunday even- 
 ing sermons, and more than .£100 was again 
 realized from this source. Some years later 
 Wm. Parsons of Easton, ex-Surveyor General 
 of the Province, bequeathed £200 for the bene- 
 fit of the " poor scholars of the Academy of 
 Philadelphia." The Trustees early in their 
 history passed a resolution providing that each 
 member of the Board absent from a meeting 
 without satisfactory excuse should contribute 
 one shilling for the purchase of paper, quills, 
 books, etc., for the use of the Charity Schools; 
 though the frequent re-enactment of this pro- 
 vision and the still more numerous absences 
 from meetings raise some doubt as to the en- 
 forcement of the rule. 
 
 After less than a year of service as Rector of 
 the Academy and Latin and Greek Master, 
 Mr. Martin died. Franklin was at this time 
 engaged in printing for the use of the pupils of 
 the Academy a compendium of Logic and 
 Ethics prepared by Rev. Samuel Johnson who 
 had been before asked to take the position of 
 English Master; and he was now again urged 
 to come to Philadelphia as Rector of the Acad- 
 emy. He again declined, and subsequently 
 in 1754 became the first President of King's 
 College, afterwards Columbia, in New York. 
 Then negotiations were begun with Rev. 
 Francis Alison, a Presbyterian clergyman, 
 well-known for his learning, who had offered 
 publicly two years before to give instruction 
 in Latin, Greek and polite literature to any 
 young men who would come to his home in 
 Chester Count}', Pennsylvania. Finally in 
 March 1752, he was elected to the position of 
 Rector, which he held until the Revolution. 
 
 A committee consisting of Franklin, Thomas 
 Hopkinson and the Rev. Mr. Peters, had been 
 early appointed to prepare a set of rules for the 
 daily regulation of the various parts of the in- 
 stitution. They had found the task a difficult 
 one, and though urged repeatedly to make a 
 report, asked for extensions of time, and in 
 September 175 1, proposed that a translation 
 be made of a German pamphlet recommended 
 by Mr. Whitefield, containing the rules and 
 orders observed in the school at Halle in 
 Saxony, which they supposed would, as being 
 the result of long experience, furnish the pre-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 cedents of which they felt the lack. This was 
 agreed to, and a form of organization and of 
 rules, dated July 11, 1755, seems to represent 
 the final result of their labors. 
 
 A form of prayer for daily use in the schools 
 was compiled by Rev. .Mr. Peters, and a 
 year later a revised edition was prepared and 
 printed. 
 
 Thus within a period of three years from the 
 proposals of 1749, of twelve years from the 
 inception of the earlier trusts, the Academy 
 and Charitable School had been organized and 
 were in working order, with a building and 
 other equip- 
 ment, with 
 some nine or 
 ten teachers, 
 and m ore 
 than two hun- 
 dred scholars. 
 
 The Board 
 of Trustees 
 was, however, 
 so far o n 1 y 
 a voluntary 
 group of men 
 with s el f- 
 a p p o i n t e d 
 rules. The 
 original plan 
 had been that 
 they should 
 be incorpo- 
 rated. Under 
 
 the circumstances of evident prosperity and 
 growth in 1752 there seemed to be no reason 
 why this plan should not be carried out, ami 
 Attorney-General Francis was appointed in 
 June of that year to make a draft ol a 1 harter 
 for tin: institution. It was linn sent to England 
 And submitted to the Proprietors, Thomas and 
 Rji hard Penn, for their acceptance. In April 
 1753, the document was returned with their 
 approval accompanied by a gift of X500. < In 
 the [3th of July, 1753, in the words of the 
 minister, "Mr. Peters informed tin- Tin te< 
 
 that the Governor was now at his house, ready 
 to pass the Charter, which had been fairly 
 engrossed for that purpose; whereupon the 
 Trustees in a Body waited on the Governor, 
 
 THE ACAD! viv Wl> COLLEG1 
 
 who accordingly signed the same with a war- 
 rant for affixing the Provincial Seal thereto 
 and delivered it to the Trustees, expressing 
 his good wishes to their undertaking." Thus 
 the "Trustees of the Academy and Charitable 
 School, in the Province of Pennsylvania" 
 became a corporate body. The property 
 was now reconvened into the corporate name, 
 a seal ordered to be engraved, and a com- 
 mittee appointed to reduce the former con- 
 stitutions and the rules since adopted into 
 the form of a series of laws and ordinances. 
 In the general prosperity some difficulties 
 
 were m e t 
 with. Some 
 of the most 
 valued Trus- 
 tees died, 
 James Logan 
 and Thomas 
 Hopkinson 
 w i thi n the 
 first year. 
 Isaac Norn's, 
 w h w a s 
 speaker of the 
 A s s e m b 1 y, 
 and lliomas 
 Cadwalader, 
 a physician 
 and a mem- 
 ber of the 
 l'r ovincial 
 Council, were 
 elected in November 1751 to fill the vacan- 
 cies. In September 1754, Governor Hamilton 
 was chosen in tin: place of Thomas Lawrence 
 di 1 eased, ^nd in tin- earl)' part of 1755 .Alex. 
 Stedman was elected in place of Charles Wil- 
 ling deceased, and John Mililin in the place of 
 Isaac Norris resigned. There was always diffi- 
 culty in securing the attendance of such busy 
 men and the quorum for routine business had to 
 be reduced from thirteen to seven. There were 
 frequent resignations of the tutors or ushers, 
 and consequent necessity foi searching for new 
 
 ■in I In ;i . Ii.iii « in the interior life of the 
 
 V adem) were due largely to tin- fad that the 
 institution was not yet of sufficient strength to 
 offei high indui ements to those in its employ.
 
 62 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 CONSTITUTIONS 
 
 Mr. Dove, the English Master, was a popular 
 and successful teacher; so much so indeed 
 that he was not satisfied to give all his time to 
 his duties in the Academy and made a practice 
 of leaving an hour early both in the morning 
 and the afternoon to attend to a girls' school 
 w h i c h he had 
 opened in his own 
 house. The Trus- 
 tees were not will- 
 ing to allow of this 
 absenteeism, and 
 he was not willing 
 to sacrifice his 
 other occupation, 
 so a separation 
 was agreed upon, 
 February, 1 7 5 3 ■ 
 In the following 
 July Ebenezer 
 Kinnersley was 
 through Frank- 
 lin's influence 
 elected to t In- 
 same position 
 One result of this 
 change was the 
 reduction of the 
 number of stu- 
 dents taking the 
 English course so 
 far that one of the 
 ushers was dis- 
 charged. Indeed 
 the "English 
 School " never 
 regained the pop- 
 ularity it had had 
 under the first 
 English Master. 
 On the other hand, 
 teachers of French 
 and Italian were 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PUBLICK ACADEMY. 
 
 CITY of PHI LA DELP HI A. 
 
 AS nothing can more effectually contribute to the Cultivation and Improvement of .t 
 Country, the Wiioom, Riches and Strength, Virtue ind Piety, the Welfare anil Hjp- 
 pinefsof 3 People, than a proper Education of Youth, by forming their Manners, im- 
 buing their tender Minds with Principles of Rectitude and Morality, inftnjcling them 
 in the dead and living Languages, particularly their Mother-Tongue, and all ufeful Branches 
 of liberal Arts and Science. For attaining theft great and unportant Advantages, fo far as the 
 prefent State of our Infant-Couritrv will admit, and laving a Foundation for Pofterity to erect a 
 Scminaru of Learning more attentive and luitable to their future t-itcumttanccs i An Acaoemv 
 fbt teaching the La! til and Greek Languages, the Enrtilh Tongue gfammatically, and as a Language, 
 the moft utchil living toreign Languages, French, German, and Spantjh : As Matters of Erudi- 
 tion naturally flowing from the Languages, Miliary, Geography, Chronology, Logick and Rheto- 
 ., //>'.',.■,', Arithmetic ; the ft vera! Branches of the Mathematickt; Natural and Mechanic 
 PhiUJopby; Drawing in Pcrjpeclivc, and every other Part of ulttu! Learning and rciinwlcdgc, 
 (hall be let up, maintained and have Continuance within the City of Philadelphia, in manner 
 following. Twenty-four Pcrfons, To sett, 'fames Logan, Tleomas LaTierer.ee, Itilltam Allen, 
 ■ . Francis, William Metiers, Lloyd Zacbary, Samuel AfCaff, junior, Jojeph Tur- 
 ner, Benjamin Franklin, Themat Leech, William Sltppen, Robert Strettell, Philip Syng, Charles 
 Willing,- Phineas Bond, Richard Petert, Abraham Taylor, -Thomas Bond, Thomas Hopiin/on, ll'il- 
 liam Flam/lead, Jofieua Maddox, Thomas II hit., and William Coleman, of the City of Philadel- 
 phia, lhall be Trusted to begin and carry into Execution this good and pious Undertaking, 
 w ho llull not for any Services by them as Truftccs performed, claim or receive any Reward 
 or Compcnlarion , which Number Hall always be continued, but oever exceeded, upon any 
 Motive whatever. 
 
 When any Trullee (hall remove his Habitation far from the City of Philadelphia, relide be- 
 yond >ca, or' die, the remaining Trultecs lhall with all convenient Speed, proceed to elect 
 another, rcfiding in or near die City, to nil the Place of the abfenung or decoded Perfon. 
 
 TtiF Tmfiecl (hall have general Conventions once in every Month, and may, on fpecial Oc- 
 cafions, meet at otl-ci T.m.s on Notice, at ionic convenient Pl.cc within the City ot Philadel- 
 phia, to ttanf-tt the Bufincfi incumbent on them ; and lhall, in the Gazelle, advertize the 
 Time and Place of their general Conventions. 
 
 Nothixo (hall be trantcred by the Trultecs, or under their Authority, alone, unlefi the 
 fame be voted bv a M-joiitv ot their whole Number, il at a general Convention ; and if at a 
 f]ccul Meeting, by a lite Majority, upon pcrfonal Notice given to each Truftce, at lull one 
 Day befcre, to attend. 
 
 FACSIMILE PAGE OF FIRST CHARIER, I 753 
 Original ut Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 
 only an " Academy " not a " College." That 
 it should develop into such had been, as al- 
 ready pointed out, the original expectation. 
 It was so explained to Peter Kalm, Professor 
 at the University of Abo in Sweden, when he 
 came here on his second visit in 1751. " The 
 
 building of the 
 Academy is in the 
 western part of the 
 town. It was des- 
 tined to be the 
 seat of a Univer- 
 sity, or to express 
 myself in more 
 exact terms to be 
 a College ; it was 
 therefore fitted up 
 for this purpose. 
 The youth are 
 here only taught 
 those things which 
 the} - learn in our 
 common schools ; 
 but in time such 
 lectures are in- 
 tended to be read 
 here, as are usual 
 in real Univer- 
 sities." Another 
 reason wh y i t 
 should now adopt 
 an actual collegi- 
 ate organization 
 and name was to 
 be found in the 
 rivalry of the two 
 neighboring insti- 
 tutions in New Jer- 
 sey and New York 
 \v h i c h had re- 
 cently come into 
 existence. The 
 latter of these 
 
 appointed in the summer of 1754 and there with a complacency which was not to disappear 
 
 was no diminution of the total numbers. The with infancy, spoke of the Philadelphia Acad- 
 
 teacher of the Charity School proved to be in- emy as a preparatory school from which its 
 
 temperate and cruel to the children, and was students were to be drawn. Thomas Penn, who 
 
 discharged, and another man engaged. had become more reconciled to the Academy's 
 
 The general condition of the new institution ambitions since 1 750, wrote in 1754 to Richard 
 
 was one of undoubted success, but it was still Peters, " I find the people of New York have
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 63 
 
 resolved to establish their College, and have most prominent Trustees of the Philadelphia 
 persuaded Dr. Johnson to accept of the Presi- Academy. Franklin acknowledged this a week 
 dentship of it and expect to make it greatly later, sending him a copy of his own " Pro- 
 
 serviceable to all the provinces, as the}- look- 
 on your Academy only as a school to fit them 
 for that College. Hut I hope, when Mr. Smith 
 arrives it will not be necessary to send any 
 pupils from Philadelphia." 
 
 William Smith, the man referred to in this 
 letter, with whose career that of the University 
 was so closely in- 
 volved for the next 
 thirty years, was 
 born near Aberdeen 
 in Scotland. He 
 came of a family of 
 some position, and 
 was educated in the 
 University of Aber- 
 deen, from which he 
 graduated in 1747. 
 He was much inter- 
 ested in questions of 
 public education 
 and spent some time 
 in London in con- 
 nection wit h a 
 Scotch educational 
 movement. In 175 1 
 he became Tutor to 
 the two sons of Colo- 
 nel Martin of New 
 York and accom- 
 panied them to their 
 home, taking with 
 him letters of recom- 
 mendation from the 
 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. Here he remained resolution was passed by tin- Board of lm 
 for the next two years. He was a man of tees that a person be provided in the Acad- 
 activc mind and original thought and was emy to teach Logic, Rhetoric, Ethics and 
 not likely to remain without participation in Natural Philosophy, and it was ordered that 
 current events. There was at the time con- "Mr. William Smith, a gentleman lately ar- 
 sidcrablc interest in New York in the pro- rived from London, should be entertained 
 posed foundation of the College, later King's for some time upon trial to teach the above 
 and Columbia, and in April 1755, he pub- mentioned branches of learning, in case he 
 lished a pamphlet entitled, "A General Idea will undertake it." lie seems to have bi 
 of the College of Mirania," expressing his teaching the next day. There is but little doubt 
 ideas of principles on which such a College that the introduction of Mr, Smith into tin- 
 should be founded. He sent copies of this Academy was part of a deliberate plan on the 
 pamphlet to Dr. Peters and to Franklin, the two part of Franklin .\nd perhaps Dr. Peters to in- 
 
 ttll I I \M SMITH 
 From the painting hy Benjamin West 
 
 posals," and expressing the hope of seeing him 
 in Philadelphia or entering into correspondence 
 with him on his return to England. In sub 
 quent correspondence a visit of Dr. Smith to 
 
 Philadelphia was arranged for and took place, 
 lie was received at the Academy with a com- 
 plimentary recitation by one of the students of 
 
 some of his own 
 v e rses. II e v. 
 much impressed 
 with the Academy 
 and wrote a poem on 
 the subject of his 
 visit there, which 
 was subsequently 
 published. Franklin 
 soon expressed to 
 him privately his 
 hope that the Trus- 
 tees ot the Academy 
 would call him to a 
 position in their in- 
 stitution. Subse- 
 quently he visited 
 England, where the 
 correspondence be- 
 tween him and 
 Franklin was con- 
 tinued, and when he 
 returned to America 
 he landed at l'hila- 
 
 de Iphi .1. T ll I e e 
 
 days after his arrival, 
 
 May 25, 1754, a
 
 6 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 troduce the changes in the organization of the pointment of a " Provost " and " Vice-Provost," 
 
 Academy which had long been contemplated, the latter to be also Rector of the Academy, 
 
 but which the Trustees had shrunk from on In its final shape it was a much longer and 
 
 the ground of expense. Accordingly, on the more formal document than the first charter 
 
 minutes of the ioth of December, 1754, six 
 months after Mr. Smith's appointment, appears 
 the following notice: " It being represented 
 by Mr. Alison and Mr. Smith that it would 
 probably be a means of advancing the reputa- 
 tion of the Academy if 
 the Professors had a 
 power of conferring de- 
 grees upon such students 
 as had made a suitable 
 proficiency in learning to 
 merit that distinction, and 
 that several ingenious 
 young men, not finding 
 that testimony of their 
 acquirements to be had 
 here, had left the Acad- 
 emy on that account ; the 
 Trustees, considering that 
 such honorary distinc- 
 tions might be an incite- 
 ment to learning and 
 having reason to believe 
 that the Governor if ap- 
 plied to would readily 
 grant the power of confer- 
 ring them, desired Mr. 
 Alison and Mr. Smith to 
 draw up a clause to be 
 added to the charter for 
 that purpose and lay it 
 before the Trustees at 
 their next meeting." It 
 was not thought necessary 
 to communicate again 
 
 A 
 
 GENERAL IDEA 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 COLLEG E 
 
 M I R A N I A; 
 
 WITH 
 
 A Sketch of the Method of teaching Science and 
 Religion, in the feveial Claffes : 
 
 AND 
 Some Account of its Rife, Eftablifhment and Building!. 
 
 AddrelVd more immediately to the Confideration 
 of the Truftces nominated, by the Legislature, to 
 receive Proposals, £sV. relating to the Eftablifliment 
 of a CoLtEOE in the Province of NEW-YORK. 
 
 Vuul Legti frnt Maribvs van* prefttiunt P Hor. 
 
 • . . • malmmfiuifii nullum tmjtrt Ant traaandum qu, 
 Ham. N.mira ftquitur mtSus quant Jtuitur, 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 
 PrMti«dSMh J.P»*K.j«rf ^■J E ™ A , N - " 
 
 tbt Nnv PrMing-Offict ,m Beavcr-Stnet, 1753. 
 
 [Price One Shilling and Six Pence.] 
 
 IITLEPAGE " COLLEGE OF MIRANIA 
 
 and required the Trustees, Officers and Pro- 
 fessors to take the various oaths or affirmation 
 required of all public officials, that is to say, the 
 first three oaths of the Act of 17 14 and of the 
 Test Act of 1674, except the usual exemption 
 which Quakers in Penn- 
 sylvania enjoyed. The 
 privilege to hold property 
 was restricted to such an 
 amount as would produce 
 not more than ^5000 a 
 year, a limit, which, it will 
 easily be believed, the 
 Trustees found no imme- 
 diate temptation to tran- 
 scend. The names of 
 Rev. William Smith as 
 "first and present Pro- 
 vost " and Rev. Francis 
 Alison as " Vice-Provost" 
 were inserted in the char- 
 ter, though a provision 
 was added explaining that 
 there was no intention to 
 give them the same life- 
 tenure as that of the Trus- 
 tees, notwithstanding 
 their being named in the 
 document. Finally, on 
 the ioth of June, 1755, 
 all the Trustees present at 
 the regular monthly meet- 
 ing, with the Provost and 
 the Vice-Provost elect, 
 waited on the Governor 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 with the Proprietors in England, as the change and subscribed the qualifications named in the 
 
 was looked upon rather as a simple step in ad- charter, and thereafter assumed the name of 
 
 vance and natural development or improvement the " Trustees of the College, Academy and 
 
 of the institution, than as a transformation of Charitable School of Philadelphia in the 
 
 it ; and a mere extension of the charter was of 
 course quite within the competency of the Gov- 
 ernor. However, the work grew under their 
 hands till finally an entirely new charter was 
 drawn up, providing for a re-incorporation un- 
 der a fuller title including the name "College," 
 for the power to grant degrees, and for the ap- 
 
 Province of Pennsylvania." 
 
 The most important change introduced by 
 this document was of course the power to 
 grant degrees. It is stated " that one class of 
 hopeful students has now attained to that sta- 
 tion in learning and science by which in all 
 well constituted seminaries vouth are entitled
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 65 
 
 to their first degree, and which the said students 
 are earnestly desirous to be admitted to." It 
 is then provided among the powers of the 
 Trustees, " that for animating and encouraging 
 the students thereof to a laudable diligence, 
 
 officially, not merely popularly, as " l'rofess- 
 ors." At tlu- head of the teaching body, as 
 has been said, were to be the Provost and 
 Vice-Provost. The reason for the adoption 
 
 of this term, which is not used in an) - other 
 
 industry and progress in useful literature and American College, does n< >t appear. At Mr. 
 science, they and their successors, met together Smith's own University, Aberdeen, the usual 
 
 on such day or days 
 as they shall appoint 
 forthat purpose, shall 
 have full power and 
 authority, by the 
 Provost, and in his 
 absence by the Vice- 
 Provost, and in the 
 absence of both the 
 Provost anil Vice- 
 Provost, by the senior 
 professor, or any 
 other fit person by 
 them authorized and 
 appointed, to admit 
 any of the students 
 within the said Col- 
 lege and Academy, 
 or any other person 
 or persons meriting 
 the same, to any de- 
 gree or degrees, in 
 any of the faculties, 
 arts and sciences, to 
 which persons are 
 usually admitted, in 
 any or either of the 
 Universities or Col- 
 leges in the Kingdom 
 of Great Britain. 
 And we do ordain, 
 that the Provost, 
 Vice-Provost, or 
 cither person a p- 
 pointed as aforesaid, 
 
 ADDITIONAL 
 
 CHARTER 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 COLLEGE, 
 
 ACADEMY, 
 
 AND 
 
 CHARITY-SCHOOL 
 
 O F 
 
 Philadelphia, in Pennfylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 Printed by E FRANKLIN, and D. HALL. 1755. 
 
 [TTLEPAG] 1ECOND CHARTER, 1755 
 'nal at Historical So ietyof Pennsylvania 
 
 Scotch terms, " Chan- 
 cellor," " Rector" 
 and " Principal " were 
 used. The head of 
 Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, was called the 
 Provost, as were those 
 of Oriel, Queen's, and 
 Worcester at ( )xford, 
 and of Eton. The 
 most conspicuous use 
 of the term in Scot- 
 land was, however, 
 for the chief civil 
 official of Scotch 
 towns. Itis probable 
 therefore that it was 
 simply taken over, at 
 Mr. Smith's sugges- 
 tion, either from polit- 
 ical to academic, or 
 from English and 
 Irish to American 
 usage. The salary of 
 the Pro\ ost was fixed 
 .11 .{ 21 k 1, the same as 
 thai of the Rector of 
 the Academy, except 
 that it was understood 
 that the Prov< ist's 
 
 salary w as 1 eall y 
 
 .{ 250, an addition of 
 ^,50 yearly bein 
 
 made as a personal 
 gift from the Proprie- 
 
 shall make, and with his name sign diplomas or tor, Thomas Penn, The Provost, Vice Provosl 
 
 certificates of the admission to such degree or and Professors wen to be constituted and 
 
 degrees, which shall be scaled with the public known as a " Faculty," with the specific name 
 
 seal of the said corporation, and delivered to of the institution attached to them, and with 
 
 the graduates as honorable and perpetual testi- such powers as the Trustees should delegate 
 
 monials thereof." to them. 
 
 New titles and dignities were also conferred The new charter and the new name seem to 
 
 on the Masters by which they were to be known have brought a sense of exaltation. Almost 
 
 VOL. 1. — S
 
 66 
 
 UNUERS1TIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 .£500 was expended in rebuilding, and in pre- 
 paring a platform and gallery for audiences of 
 distinction on public occasions; £150 was ap- 
 propriated for the purchase of apparatus for 
 exhibiting experiments in natural philosophy. 
 Tlie two masters not named in the charter, 
 Ebenezer Kinnersley and Theophilus Grew, 
 were named respectively Professor of the Eng- 
 lish Tongue and Orator} - , and Mathematical 
 Professor. A committee was appointed to dis- 
 
 cuss the possible revision of rates to be paid by 
 scholars under the new conditions and the 
 question of vacations and holidays ; and a paid 
 clerk was provided to keep the minutes and 
 other records. Provost Smith entered upon his 
 new office with vigor. The combined College, 
 Academy and Charitable School had now- 
 passed through its embryonic stages and was 
 entering on a period of a quarter century of 
 good work, of prosperity and of prominence. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 The Administration of Dr. 
 Charier to the Rev 
 
 BUT no degree of public fame or even 
 confluence of pupils can relieve an in- 
 stitution for higher education without 
 endowment and without public subsidy from 
 money difficult}'. The original subscriptions 
 were now exhausted, the casual donations 
 were few, and the income from tuition fees 
 of course insufficient to pay the expenses 
 of the institution. In February 1755, there- 
 fore, recourse was had to the means most 
 familiar at that time of raising money lor semi- 
 public objects, a lottery. The Trustees an- 
 nounced to the public that the}- had started a 
 lottery for the purpose of raising 3000 " pieces 
 of eight " or Spanish silver dollars, the value of 
 which was 6 shillings sterling, or almost a dol- 
 lar ami a half of our money. The plan suc- 
 ceeded, every ticket was disposed of before the 
 date of the beginning of the drawing, March 3, 
 1755. This-was so encouraging that a second 
 li ittery f< >r 9375 pieces of eight was immediately 
 announced. The objects for which the money 
 would lie used, that is, repairs, scientific books 
 and apparatus, endowment for salaries, and the 
 support of the boys anil girls Charity Schools 
 were announced, and those who should draw 
 blanks were comforted by the reminder that 
 the\- were contributing to a charitable cause. 
 In the next three years there was a lottery in 
 each year, the total sum collected in this way 
 during five years amounting to more than 
 $32,000, modern value. 
 
 Smith — from the Second 
 olutjon — i755-i779 
 
 c 
 
 A reaction against lotteries seems to have 
 set in at that time in the community, for in 
 1759 a bill was passed by the Assembly and 
 submitted to the Governor and Council " For 
 the more effectual suppressing of lotteries and 
 plays." This bill was attributed at the time to 
 the hostility of certain persons to the College. 
 Some members of the Council say that they 
 are informed that it was intended to destroy 
 what the\- describe as " a most noble and use- 
 ful institution." The}- report that certain 
 members of the House are known to have 
 thrown all possible discouragement on it and 
 now were trying to prohibit lotteries, from 
 which of late the Academy had drawn its prin- 
 cipal support. It is stated that some eighty 
 poor boys and forty poor girls are being taught 
 gratis to read, write, and cast accounts and the 
 girls to sew; that one hundred and thirty boys 
 are taught Greek, Latin and English, Writing 
 and Mathematics in the schools, and that about 
 twenty students in the College are being 
 instructed by able Professors in all higher 
 branches of learning. It is pointed out that 
 the expenses of the institution are equal to 
 some ,£i300a year and that all the}- receive from 
 scholars is about .£"500. The remaining £Soo 
 was formerly raised by subscription, but as it 
 had proved too heavy for a few individuals it 
 had of late been supported by lotteries which 
 it would be injurious if not destructive now to 
 prohibit.
 
 uNii'ERsrrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 67 
 
 I [owever, the authorities of the College, per- 
 haps influenced by this action, or themselves 
 turning against it as a somewhal questionable 
 way of raising an income, and having another 
 source of support suggested to them, gave up 
 
 tion as head of the College, his activity in 
 tain other philanthropic and educational w< 
 his literary productions, and doubtless his 
 tocratii political sentiments obtained for him 
 attention from many prominent men. He was 
 
 the policy of establishing lotteries and deter- given the degree of Doctor of Divinity by his 
 
 mined in 1761 to appeal for funds to a widei 
 constituency, the people of the mother country. 
 Provost Smith had already in 1759 made a 
 visit tu England mainly for personal objects. 
 He had taken part in 1757 and 175.S in the 
 active disputes then in progress between the 
 majority of the Colonial Assembly, who were 
 opposed to 
 military de- 
 fence against 
 the Indians 
 on the on e 
 hand and a 
 large minor- 
 ity among the 
 people who 
 wis lied the 
 Legislature to 
 organize a de- 
 fence on the 
 other. One 
 incident of 
 this dispute 
 was that the 
 Provost was 
 sent to jail in 
 Philadelphia 
 by the As- 
 sembly for 
 
 Alma .Mater, tin- University of Aberdeen, by 
 the University of Oxford, and later by the 
 University of Dublin. He obtained at the 
 same time a considerable gift for the College, 
 consisting of a grant from Thomas Penn of his 
 fourth part of the .Manor of Perkasie in Bucks 
 county, ci mtaining abi >u1 two thi msand five hun- 
 dred acres. 
 1' h e r e n t s 
 from this land 
 amounted at 
 that time to 
 about £60 a 
 year only, but 
 1 a t e r t h e y 
 were co n- 
 s i d er a bl y 
 greater. He 
 returned from 
 this trip 
 in c tob ei 
 [759. Two 
 
 OLD J UL, THIRD IND M IRKET si RE1 I ^ 
 II /' U taught his classes^ February-A 
 
 years aftei 
 
 ward, in the 
 year [ 76 I , 
 probably at 
 
 1 1 1 e S 1 ! ; r J 
 
 ti on of Dr. 
 
 Smith him- 
 
 aiding in the publication of what they declared self, the Trustees determined to make use of the 
 to be a libel, and for a breach of the privileges Provost's acquaintanceship in England bj send- 
 of the Assembly by his refusal to apologize for ing hint thither to ask lor contributions for the 
 doing so. One of the picturesque events in continued support of the College, lb- was 
 the history of the College is the attendance of equipped with money in hand, and an order 
 the students on the Provost in the jail, by order for more in London, with official instructions, 
 
 of the Trustees, to receive their usual insti 
 tion. On his temporary discharge at the dis- 
 solution of the Assembly, Mi'. Smith went to 
 England to seek redress by an appeal to the 
 King's Council. This he obtained, with an 
 official though somewhat perfunctorj rebuk 
 to the Pennsylvania Legislature, sent through 
 the Governor. lb- was moreover received 
 with much distinction in England. His pi 
 
 with .1 I' mg appeal t. 1 the British public, and a 
 I iei ial appe.il to the Penn famil) . I IS public 
 
 appeal recited, " That about twel 
 
 sundry gentlemen <>\ the 1 it) ol Philadelphia, 
 observing the rapid growth of the s.ii.l City 
 and Pro\ mi e, tin. iugh the \ ast II ol 
 
 IV. iple li 1 >m different pari oi thi v* aid. be- 
 came criously impressed with a view ol the 
 In. m en -it urn 1 ;K .11 rive in
 
 68 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 such a place if left destitute of the necessary 
 means of Instruction. They saw with concern 
 that after the Death of the first settlers Qmany 
 of whom were well educated before they came 
 into America), the generality of their Descend- 
 ants were in danger of degenerating into the 
 greatest ignorance." He started for England 
 on the 1 3th day of February, 1762, on what 
 proved to be a mis- 
 sion of over two 
 years. According 
 to instructions he 
 presented himself 
 first to the Proprie- 
 tary, Thomas Penn, 
 whom he had 
 known on his pre- 
 vious visit, and tor 
 whose personal 
 interests in Penn- 
 sylvania he was 
 km wn to be a warm 
 advocate. Penn 
 received him, en- 
 couraged the plan 
 with the greatest 
 readiness, and im- 
 mediately added to 
 his former gifts the 
 sum of ^500 as a 
 subscription from 
 the Proprietary 
 family. He re- 
 ceived similar en- 
 couragement from 
 Dr. Seeker, Arch- 
 bishop of Canter- 
 bun - , with whom he 
 had had much correspondence pertaining to 
 church and educational affairs in Pennsylva- 
 nia, from the Archbishop of York and several 
 other bishops and prominent dissenting clergy- 
 men. The plan, however, was hardly well in- 
 troduced when, in July 1752, James Jay of New 
 York, an active young physician, called upon 
 him in London to say that he had just come 
 entrusted with a similar errand and credentials 
 for collecting funds in Great Britain for King's 
 College, New York City. After considerable 
 hesitation and lon<> negotiations an arrangement 
 
 THoAl \s 
 From original canvas in Histot 
 
 was made by which Dr. Smith and Dr. Jay were 
 to act in everything in common and divide the 
 proceeds of their soliciting equally between the 
 two colleges. They then proceeded to follow 
 two plans of collecting: the first to obtain a 
 royal brief from the King's Council, by which 
 through a complicated process, eleven thousand 
 five hundred copies of a royal missive were dis- 
 tributed to as many 
 clergymen of the 
 Church of England 
 enjoining upon 
 them an appeal to 
 the charity of their 
 parishioners and 
 the collection of the 
 resulting donations 
 by local collectors 
 and their payment 
 to the representa- 
 tives of the benefi- 
 ciaries. The other 
 plan was to go di- 
 rectly to wealthy 
 persons and cor- 
 porations and ask 
 for subscriptions. 
 
 Both plans were 
 followed assidu- 
 ously through more 
 than a year of con- 
 stant visiting, cor- 
 responding and 
 soliciting. The two 
 collectors traveled 
 up and down and to 
 and fro through 
 England, Scotland 
 and Ireland, the bulk of the work naturally fall- 
 ing upon Dr. Smith, from his being a clergyman 
 and constantly preaching to encourage contri- 
 butions in the parishes according to the brief 
 as well as for the special subscriptions. Still 
 other methods were followed, for Dr. Smith 
 writes home : " On Wednesday next we are to 
 have a benefit oratorio at Drury Lane and Mr. 
 Beard leaves his own house to perform for us 
 at the other and will give a benefit himself next 
 winter, but could not do it now on account of 
 a week lost to him at his house, viz. Covent 
 
 PENN 
 
 f ( al So* iety of Pennsylvania
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 69 
 
 Garden. Mr. Garrick has been exceedingl) 
 kind in the matter and gave his house at tirst 
 asking, and was sorry that the season was so far 
 advanced and that he had no night disengaged 
 
 s ler. The principal performers, vocal and 
 
 instrumental, serve gratis, and we are favored 
 with the boys from the Chapel Royal, and every 
 other mark of distinction. Mr. dyers even 
 put off the opening of Vaux llall, which was 
 fixed on Wednesday next, in order to favour 
 us." 
 
 When the matter came before the King, he 
 expressed much interest and himself subscribed 
 £400 to King's College and .£200 to the Col- 
 li ge at Philadelphia, giving the smaller sum to 
 the latter institution because, as he said, it 
 already had generous patrons in his room in 
 the Penn family. 
 
 The net results of the collecting tour in Eng- 
 land were as given in the following table: 
 
 One-half of the brief money . . ^4800 
 
 Onedialf of the private < olle( bun-, . ii.m i<> o 
 
 The King's gift 200 
 
 The Proprietor's gift 500 
 
 Collections before the union with 
 
 King's College 284 17 
 
 .£6921 7 6 
 
 These sums came from a vast number of small 
 givers. Dr. Smith estimated the number of 
 subscriptions under the first item alone as over 
 eleven thousand and under the second as about 
 eight hundred. Among the latter were the 
 Princess of Wales, the Duchess of Argyle, the 
 Dukes of Devonshire and Newcastle, the Earls 
 of Shelburne, Dartmouth, Temple, Chesterfield, 
 and Shaftesbury, Lords Mute, Clive, Grosvenor, 
 Spencer, and Gage, and Mr. l'itt. The various 
 colleges of the two Universities of Oxford and 
 Cambridge gave respective!) £l6$ and £166 
 
 I lis work in England had been made harder 
 b\ the non -support, if not the actual opposition 
 of Franklin, who was in England at Pro 
 Smith's arrival and is said to have taken " un- 
 common pains to misrepresent our Academ) 
 before he went away to sundry of these people 
 (the Dissenters), saying that it was a narrow 
 bigoted institution, put into the hands of the 
 Proprietary party as an engim ol goveniTienl 
 
 Franklin's interest in the College had flagged 
 as he came to be occupied with various other 
 matters; the development of its classical rather 
 than English and utilitarian elements had been 
 against his judgment, and moreover early after 
 Dr. Smith, largely through his efforts, had 
 become Provost, their ways began to diverge 
 politically. In the party conflicts between 
 those who favored the Proprietaries and the 
 more popular party who were opposed to their 
 claims, Dr. Smith took the former side, Frank- 
 lin the latter. Franklin resented Dr. Smith 
 taking part in politics at all, while the latter 
 with his vigorous mind, ready pen and speech, 
 and broad interests, felt that the College was 
 only one, though of course by far the most 
 absorptive one, of his many interests. When, 
 therefore, the Provost came to England, espe- 
 cially when he put himself under the patrona 
 of the Proprietaries, Franklin seems to have 
 felt that the College was allying itself closel) 
 with all that to which he was opposed, and 
 therefore not only withheld his support but 
 even, if he was correctly reported, alleged of it 
 a narrowness and party position which cer- 
 tainly was not true. However, the success of 
 the plan for subscriptions was complete, and 
 after all direct expenses had been paid, the 
 product of the Provost's mission, amounting to 
 several thousand pounds, was ordered by the 
 Trustees to be invested as a perpetual fund, 
 tin interest only to be used for expenses; an 
 investment which was unfortunately almost all 
 subsequently lost in the confusion of Revolu- 
 tionary times. 
 
 Tin same general plan was followed some- 
 what later in raising further funds. Dr. Smith 
 made a visit in the winter of [771 to Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, and although he met with 
 much difficulty from those who thought contri 
 butions lor educational purposes should be used 
 in their own midst, collected nearly / IOOO. 
 \ gain one of the Professors who was about to 
 go to the Island ol Jamaica was commissioned to 
 solicit subscriptions, and collected about ^3<XX). 
 Still again, in 1771, when it was necessar) i" 
 
 1 "He. 1 a sum ..| .' ji k . u ah which to p.i\ fol 
 tin' orrery which had just been constructed by 
 David Rittenhouse, and which was long to 
 remain 1 me of the . In. t gl< iries ol the 1 , illege,
 
 7° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Dr. Smith gave a course of lectures from which Colonies invaded by the Indians. There were 
 some ^200 was obtained. A general subscrip- from the beginning frequent visitations of its 
 tion in Philadelphia in 1772 brought in about various classes by the Trustees and by other 
 .£1200. Within Dr. Smith's official career, visitors, and annual exhibitions. With the 
 1755 to 1779, therefore, money had been col- year 1757, however, began its regular series of 
 lected, in addition to the lotteries, for the Commencements. The first of these ceremonies 
 support of the institution, to the extent of was held in the College Hall on the 17th of 
 more than $40,000 of modern money. The Ma)' of that year. The charge delivered to 
 product of the last one of the lotteries, in the graduates by Dr. Smith was afterwards 
 1 761, amounting to almost £2000 was utilized published, and is rather a striking address, 
 in 1762 for the erection of a second building Besides the usual appeals and warnings to 
 on the College grounds. The lower story of young men he invokes as witnesses to their 
 this building was used for the Charity Schools, fulfilment of high ideals the long series of 
 the two upper stories as dormitories for the classes, the " generations yet unborn " of the 
 lodging of students who came from outside of College world, the ever increasing body of 
 thecity. Twelve years 
 afterward, in 1774, the 
 Trustees built a dwell- 
 ing-house for the Pro- 
 vost on the corner of 
 their property, at 
 F o u r t h a n d A r c h 
 streets, and houses 
 were subsequently 
 provided for two of 
 the other three Pro- 
 fessors. With this 
 material basis of sup- 
 port and of habitation, 
 under the administra- 
 tion of a man as vigo- 
 
 THE RITTENHOUS] 0RRERV 
 /;/ University Museum 
 
 graduates of which 
 they are the first. He 
 appeals to them for 
 patriotic self-sacrifice 
 if their country should 
 call them, as if antici- 
 pating those national 
 vicissitudes with which 
 they were all to be 
 more or less promi- 
 nently connected. 
 The six graduates of 
 this first class were 
 Jacob Duche, Francis 
 Hopkinson, James 
 Latta, Samuel Magaw, 
 John Morgan, and 
 Each commencement after 
 
 rous and as prominent 
 
 as Dr. Smith, and with at least some members Hugh Williamson 
 of the teaching force men of considerable this was an occasion more or less notable in 
 ability, the College held during this period a proportion as pains were taken to bring it into 
 well defined and conspicuous place in the pre- prominence or as public circumstances brought 
 Revolutionary community of Philadelphia. it into contact with the larger life of the corn- 
 In January 1757, Lord Loudon and the munity. That of 1759 is thus described in a 
 Governors of several of the Colonies were in contemporary newspaper, " On Tuesday, the 
 Philadelphia consulting upon plans for common 1st inst, the Honourable James Hamilton Esq., 
 resistance to the Indians who were then ravag- our Governor, was pleased to visit the College 
 inc the western frontiers. The occasion was and Academy of this city, whereof his Honor 
 seized by the Provost to hold a public ex- is a Trustee, and being received at the gate, 
 animation of the students in the College and was conducted up to the experiment room, to 
 Academy and to give a performance in the take his place among the other Trustees, who 
 presence of the distinguished visitors of a cer- attended him from thence to the public hall, 
 tain " Masque of Alfred," adapted for the followed by the masters, tutors, graduates 
 occasion and considered especially suitable and students, in orderly procession ; where 
 because of the analog}- between the condition being seated, the following address and con- 
 of England overrun bv the Danes and the gratulations were delivered in the presence of
 
 UN 1 1 ERSITT OF PENNSr/J .IS I.I 
 
 7 1 
 
 a large number of the citizens." Then followed 
 laudatory addresses and verses in English and 
 Latin, addressed to the Governor, and a formal 
 reply from him. The Commencement of 1761 
 was attended in a bod)' by the members of the 
 convention of clergymen of the Episcopal 
 church, then in session in Philadelphia. At 
 the Commencement of May 17, 1763, a dia- 
 logue and ode on the Peai e of Paris which had 
 just been signed, was performed by the stu- 
 dents, and published in Liverpool, and in 1766, 
 1767 and 1770 similarly a " Dialogue and Two 
 Odes" were given, and all subsequently pub- 
 lished in Philadelphia. 
 
 Perhaps the 
 most distin- 
 guished body 
 of guests 
 which tin- ( Col- 
 lege ever had 
 was, however, 
 the ( Continen- 
 tal Congress, 1 
 which met on 
 tli<- 10th of 
 May, 1775. 
 ( 1 e n e r a 1 
 
 Washington, 
 
 who was pars- 
 ing through 
 the city on his 
 way to take 
 charge of the 
 troops before 
 Boston, was 
 
 also present. The newspaper description of 
 the commencement is as follows: "This day 
 llic- public commencement for graduates in the 
 arts was held here in the presence of the most 
 illustrious assembly this seminary ever beheld. 
 About hall an hour after nine o'clock agree 
 able to au imitation previously given to them, 
 the honourable members of the Continental 
 Congress were phased to proceed in a bod) 
 from the State House to the College, where 
 the) were re, eh ed at the gate l>\ the Provost, 
 Vice-Provost, Professors, Graduates, and other 
 students, in their proper habits. They entered 
 the hall, and took their places ; tin gall 1 i( 
 and other parts of the house being filled with 
 
 ' :■•■■ 
 
 'I III COLLEGE, M MM \l\ VND I H MM IV s, Ho. M 
 
 From <! ' ,<i:!:-wf > .. . ) 
 
 as many of the respectable inhabitants <.<\ the 
 city as could find room." Then came prayers 
 and anthems and a Latin Salutatory and a 
 Latin "syllogistic dispute" and orations and 
 "a Dialogue and two ()des set to Music," a-- 
 usual; then the conferring of degrees, and 
 more orations, and finally the Provost's charge, 
 several patriotic passages of which were quoted 
 from that of 1757, given eighteen years before. 
 Several of the orations, especially one on " The 
 Fall of Empires " by the son of Dr. Smith, had 
 reference to the existing political troubles and 
 echoed the prevailing tone of patriotism and 
 the love of liberty. The audience " broke 
 
 fo rth into 
 1 Mie loud and 
 general plau- 
 dit," when he 
 cried out; 
 
 '• Liberty is 
 idol ! — 
 she is the 
 p a rent of 
 virtue, the 
 guardian of 
 i n n o c e nee, 
 and the ter- 
 ror of v ice. 
 Equal laws, 
 security of 
 pi 1 iperty, true 
 religion, wis- 
 d o in, m a g- 
 naniniity, arts 
 and scien< 
 has turned des- 
 into popu- 
 
 
 1 
 
 are her f ively 1 ififspring ! She 
 erts into fruitful fields, and villa§ 
 lous cities. Without enjoying the blessings 
 which she bestows, the solitary stale of nature 
 is preferable to >oi iety ; and the skins of wild 
 beasts a more honorable covering than all the 
 silken vestments slavery can bestow." The 
 authorities of the College subsequently pub 
 lished the orations in pamphlet form "in order 
 that the principles 1 on tantl) propagated in this 
 Seminar) ma) be known to the whole world 
 
 In the meantime, while the lower schools and 
 thi- College proper were prospering, a new line 
 1 if ai t iv it) had been taken up by thi Tru: tei in 
 the lorn 1 of 1 1 mi 1. 1 1 courses of medical ti ai hint .
 
 7 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 virtually a fourth foundation added to the three cian, Dr. Cadwalader, offered public instruction 
 
 already being carried out, — the College, the in anatomy when he returned from Europe, 
 
 Academy and the Charitable Schools. It was about 1750; the lectures being given in a 
 
 an outgrowth partly of the educational spirit building on Second Street above Walnut. Two 
 
 of the institution, but principally of the con- still younger men, who were both studying 
 
 ditions existent in Philadelphia at the time. medicine in London about 1761, Drs. Shippen 
 
 Soon after the middle of the century that and Morgan, planned a more ambitious scheme, 
 
 city had become distinctly the medical centre that of the foundation of a regular medical 
 
 of the Colonies. Several of the most active school, none such being in existence at that 
 
 members of the American Philosophical Soci- time in America. The former of these, the son 
 
 ety, founded in 1744, were physicians, and the of Dr. Wm. Shippen of the Board of Trustees 
 
 proceedings were to an appreciable extent of the College, after graduating from the Col- 
 
 devoted to medical dis- 
 coveries. A few pamph- 
 lets of native production 
 were published. A lec- 
 ture on inoculation for 
 smallpox was given in the 
 •"New Building" shortly 
 after it was acquired by 
 the Trustees of the Acad- 
 emy and before any teach- 
 ing had begun. The 
 Philadelphia Hospital was 
 founded in 1 751 and with 
 it served a number of 
 physicians whose names 
 are familiar as pioneers of 
 higher medical views and 
 more careful practice in 
 our carl}' history, such as 
 LlOyd Zachary, Thomas 
 and P h i n e a s Bond, 
 Thomas Graeme, Thomas 
 Cadwalader, Samuel 
 Preston Moore and John 
 Redman. These men 
 
 JAMES HAMILTON 
 From canvas ;n Independence Hall 
 
 lege of Rhode Island, 
 serving a medical appren- 
 ticeship under his father 
 in Philadelphia, and then 
 spending five years of 
 further study in London, 
 Edinburgh and Paris, re- 
 turned to Philadelphia in 
 1762. He brought with 
 him as a gift to the Phila- 
 delphia Hospital from 
 Dr. John Fothergill, a 
 prominent physician of 
 London, a number of an- 
 atomical drawings, two 
 thirds of life size, and 
 some casts in plaster of 
 Paris. A letter from Dr. 
 Fothergill read to the 
 Trustees of the Hospital 
 at the presentation of 
 these on the 8th of No- 
 vember, 1762, speaks as 
 follows of the gift and of 
 the future plans. "Inthe 
 
 were in most cases of the second generation of want of real subjects these will have their use, 
 
 settlers and had received their medical educa- anil I have recommended it to Dr. Shippen to 
 
 tion from the older men who were immigrants give a course of anatomical lectures to such as 
 
 and had been educated abroad. Under them may attend. He is very well qualified for the 
 
 served as apprentices, however, a generation of subject, and will soon be followed by an able 
 
 still younger men, the most ambitious of whom assistant, Dr. Morgan, both of whom I appre- 
 
 went subsequently to Europe to study, and hend will not only be useful to the Province in 
 
 brought back the knowledge and training re- their employments, but if suitably counte- 
 
 ceived from wider opportunities and more nanced by the Legislature will be able to erect 
 
 famous teachers. The possibilities of a more a School of Physic amongst you, that may 
 
 formal kind of teaching in Philadelphia than draw students from various parts of America 
 
 was given by this personal intercourse seem to and the West Indies, and at least furnish them 
 
 have been recognized, and at least one physi- with a better idea of the rudiments of their
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 73 
 
 profession than they have at present the means 
 of acquiring on your side of the water." 
 
 In accordance with the first suggestion, at 
 
 least, of this letter, Dr. Shippen announced in 
 the newspaper of November 25, 1762, that " Dr. 
 Shippen's anatomical lectures will begin to- 
 morrow evening at six o'clock, at his father's 
 house in Fourth Street. Tickets to be had of 
 the Doctor at five pistoles each, and any gen- 
 tlemen who incline to see the subject prepared 
 for the lectures and learn the art of dissecting, 
 injections, etc., are to pay five pistoles more." 
 
 hi tures was given during the next two winters 
 also. 
 
 In April of 1765 Dr. Morgan came back to 
 Philadelphia, a thoroughly well educated phy- 
 sician and an enthusiastic advocate of public 
 medical teaching. He was born in Philadel- 
 phia and was one of the six members of the 
 first graduating class of the College, lb 
 studied medicine as an apprentice to Dr. Red- 
 man, served a year in putting up prescriptions 
 at the hospital, and four years with the army 
 as a surgeon in the French and Indian War. 
 
 ©m mtfuloD qnos par(citf<$ cittcur pewcrieri ttt c V><llutcm 
 
 fijjrr '//vs*.Jx^<,'af£.<pvt/&a4^ns'awHZ£ ^w^v^uo^, &jc t4M4tf*.-rus*i ,-w.'.'.^</<v, c- (Pis/fit w famtfat 1jf*r»0 Uf< --' 
 
 4 
 
 FACSIMILE DIPLOMA OF FRANCIS HOPKINSON — INI FIRST DIPLOMA 
 
 An introductory lecture to the course was 
 delivered in one of the rooms of the State 
 House before a large audience of gentlemen, 
 and Dr. Shippen at that time suggested the 
 ultimate organization of a Medical School 
 The course was attended by twelve students, 
 and he was allowed to use for the illustration 
 of his lecture the .inatoinir.il drawings and 
 casts lately given to the hospital, During the 
 summer of 176;, Dr. Shippen attended the 
 hospital every other Saturday afternoon lo 
 explain the pictures to any who wished to 
 attend and who would pay a fee of one dollar 
 for the benefit of the hospital. Hi coui ol 
 
 From [760 to [765 he was in London, Edin- 
 burgh, Paris m\i\ Padua, in each place obtain- 
 ing instruction under the best teachers, .u\A 
 taking the degree of Doctor of Medicine .11 
 Edinburgh in [763. He developed some new 
 medical theories and perfected certain pro- 
 cesses of preparation of organ-, for demon 
 stration. He seems to have looked forward 
 
 to a 1 pei ialized form of practice of his 
 
 profession than was then customary, when he 
 should return to America, and also to the de- 
 livering of medical lectures, as was indicated bj 
 the discussions between Shippen and himself 
 in London. Moreover he had either himself
 
 74 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 conceived or had had suggested to him the 
 idea of attaching the proposed Medical School 
 to the College. Consequently, immediately 
 on his arrival in Philadelphia, he laid before 
 the Board of Trustees a definite proposal for the 
 establishment of medical courses under the 
 patronage of the Trustees of the College, sub- 
 mitted a letter from Thomas Perm, who was 
 already acting as the special patron of the Col- 
 
 ideal teaching methods, and of the suitability 
 of Philadelphia for the location of such a study- 
 ing and teaching body. The "Discourse" was 
 published the same year, with an appeal for 
 the separation of the practice of medicine from 
 surgery and pharmacy. 
 
 Dr. Shippen seems to have somewhat re- 
 sented Dr. Morgan's sole initiation in the pro- 
 posal to the Trustees of the College, when he 
 
 lege, speaking with the highest approval of himself had publicly suggested the creation of 
 
 the scheme and of Dr. Morgan, and applied 
 for appointment as Professor in the new school. 
 Letters were also pre- 
 sented from Dr. Peters 
 and Mr. Hamilton, for- 
 mer members of the 
 Board, recommending the 
 plan. This meeting was 
 held on the 3rd of May, 
 1765. Five prominent 
 physicians were members 
 of the Board at that time, 
 and with this professional 
 support, with the urgent 
 letters of recommenda- 
 tion, the fact that public 
 lectures on medical sub- 
 jects were already initi- 
 ated, and the manifest 
 desirability of the object, 
 the Trustees immediately 
 gave their approval to the 
 proposition and elected 
 Dr. Morgan " Professor 
 of the Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Physic." May 3, 
 
 1765, became therefore the date of the creation 
 of the first Medical Professorship in an institu- 
 tion of learning in America, although at King's 
 College, New York, vigorous preparatory steps 
 to the formation of a Medical School were being 
 taken at approximately the same time. At the 
 College commencement, three weeks later, Dr. 
 Morgan was invited to deliver his inaugural ad- 
 dress. It was entitled " A Discourse upon the 
 Institution of Medical Schools in America," 
 and had been prepared while he was in Paris. 
 It was a full and thorough discussion of the 
 various fields of medicine, of the kind of study 
 required for its most successful prosecution, of 
 
 WILLIAM SHIPPEN, JK. 
 
 a Medical School three years before, and even 
 before that had, as he claimed, made the origi- 
 nal suggestion to Dr. 
 Morgan in London and 
 agreed with him to leave 
 it for subsequent joint 
 action. A few months 
 afterward, however, Sep- 
 tember 23, 1765, he sent 
 a letter to the Board ex- 
 pressing his pleasure in 
 their action, stating his 
 own plans, and applying 
 for a Professorship. This 
 request was immediately 
 complied with, and Dr. 
 Shippen became Profes- 
 sor of Anatomy and 
 Surgery. Immediately 
 afterwards advertise- 
 ments w ere inserted in the 
 newspapers announcing 
 the two courses, one on 
 Anatomy, the other on 
 Materia Medica, but in- 
 cluding under these heads 
 an outline at least of Pharmacy, Chemistry, 
 Surgery, and the Theory and Practice of Medi- 
 cine. The description given was as follows: 
 
 " Dr. Shippcn's course of Anatomical Lec- 
 tures will begin on Thursday, the 14th of 
 November, 1765. It will consist of sixty lec- 
 tures, in which the situation, figure, and struc- 
 ture of all the Parts of the Human Body will 
 be demonstrated on the flesh subject; their 
 respective uses explained, and their Diseases, 
 with the Indications and Methods of Cure, 
 briefly treated of; all the necessary Operations 
 in Surgery will be performed, a Course of 
 Bandages given, and the whole will conclude
 
 UNIVERSITY OF TENNSl'l J ./ X 1 .1 
 
 75 
 
 with a few plain and general directions in the Propriety, it time allows, it is proposed t<> 
 Practice of Midwifery. Each Person u< pay include in this course some critical Lectures 
 six Pistoles. 
 
 "Those who incline to attend the Pennsyl- 
 vania Hospital, and have the Benefit of the 
 curious anatomical Plates and Casts there, to 
 pay six Pistoles to that useful Charity. 
 
 " A Course of Lectures on the Materia 
 
 upon the chief Preparations contained in tin- 
 Dispensatories of the Royal College of Physi- 
 cians at London and Edinburgh. The whole 
 will be illustrated with many useful Practical 
 Observations on Disease. Diet, and Medicines. 
 "No person will he admitted without a 
 
 Medica, by John Morgan, M. D., F. R. S-, and Ticket for tin- whole course. Those who pro- 
 Professor of Medicine in the College of Phila- pose to attend this course are desired to apply 
 delphia. Price, Four Pistoles. to the Doctor for Tickets, at least a week 
 
 " This Course will com- 
 mence on Monday, the 
 [8th day of November, 
 
 and be given three times 
 a week, at the College, 
 viz., Mondays, Wednes- 
 days, and Fridays, at 
 three o'clock in the after- 
 noon, till finished, which 
 will last between three 
 and four months. 
 
 " To render these lec- 
 tures as instructive as 
 possible to students of 
 Physic, the Doctor pro- 
 poses, in the course <>t 
 them, to give some useful 
 ( (bsen ationson Medicine 
 in general, and the proper 
 manner of conducting the 
 study ol Physic. The 
 authors to be read in the 
 Materia Medica will be 
 pointed out. The various 
 Substances made use of 
 in Medicine will be reduced under Classes suited 
 to the principal Indications in the cure ol Dis 
 i .i ie. Similar virtues in different Plants, And 
 their comparative powers, will be treated of, 
 and an Enquiry made- into the different Methods 
 
 [OHN MORGAN 
 From painting at Pennsylvania Hist 
 
 before the I .ectures bi 
 
 A 1 )ollar will be required 
 nfe.n h student, to matric- 
 ulate, which will be ap- 
 plied in purchasing In m iks 
 
 for a Medieal I .Hilary in 
 
 the ( '( illege fi ir the Benefit 
 of the Medical Students." 
 Dr. Morgan's lectures 
 were evidently given in 
 some room of the t lollege 
 1 tall. 1 >r. Shippen con- 
 tinued to gi\ e his in the 
 ii m uns i n h i s father's 
 house arranged for the 
 purpose, on Fi mrth Street 
 aln >\ e Market , in the same 
 square as the College. 
 These course ; wen ;i\ en 
 for two successi\ e win- 
 ters, and Dr. Thomas 
 Bond, one ol the Trus- 
 tees, and an attending 
 physician at the I lospital 
 also prepared and ga\ e a 
 voluntary course of clinical medicine there for 
 the benefit of the medieal students. In 1707 
 
 the five medical Trustees, the two Professors, 
 and tin- Provost, drew up and published a code 
 of rules and requirements according to which 
 
 which have been used in discovering the Qual- the degree of Bachelor ol Physic would be given 
 
 ities of Medicines ; the virtues of the efficacious by the Colleg< to an) students showing a satis- 
 
 will be particularly insisted upon ; the Manner factor) knowledge of Latin and of elementary 
 
 of preparing and combining them will be shown sciem 1 . lee ing att< nded and been examined in 
 
 by some- instructive Lessons upon Pharmaceutic each of the medical courses given, and having 
 
 Chemistry : This will open to students a general served an apprenticeship to some reputable 
 
 Idea both of Chemistry and Pharmacy. To practitioner. Hie degn ol Di Medi 
 
 prepare them more effectually for understand- cine would bi given to graduates of three years 
 
 ing the art of prescribing with Elegano and tanding, tall twenty-four years old, and who
 
 76 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 should write, defend and publish a satisfactory 
 Thesis. Every effort was made to hold the 
 degrees high, and to furnish instruction at the 
 College and in the Hospital in collateral subjects 
 to medicine. The city physicians already es- 
 tablished seem to have given earnest encourage- 
 ment to what might now, considering that it 
 had its regular teachers, its established rules, 
 and its separate body of students, very fairly 
 be spoken of as a Medical School, even al- 
 though there was no separately organized 
 Faculty, lint after all, two regular Professors, 
 dividing the whole field of 
 medicine between them, 
 a clinical course at the 
 hospital, and one course 
 mi natural philosophy at 
 the College especially in- 
 tended for medical stu- 
 dents, made but a narrow 
 foundation for medical 
 education, and the Trus- 
 tees seem to have held 
 themselves ready to add 
 to the number of teachers 
 as soon as the proper 
 persons should present 
 themselves. Therefore, 
 when Dr. Adam Kuhn of 
 Germantown, who had 
 like Dr. Shippen studied 
 under his own father, then 
 gone abroad, studied 
 botany with Linnaeus in 
 Sweden, and taken his 
 degree at Edinburgh in 
 
 1767, returned to Philadelphia in January 1768, 
 and applied for an appointment in the College, 
 he was immediately elected Professor of Botany 
 and Materia Medica. Similarly when Dr. Ben- 
 jamin Rush, who was likewise an Edinburgh 
 man, having taken his degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine there in 1768, returned to Philadel- 
 phia in July of 1769, with a letter of recom- 
 mendation from Thomas Penn, like Dr. Morgan, 
 and a present from the same patron of a 
 " chemical apparatus " for the College, he was 
 unanimously elected Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 June 2 1, 1768, occurred the first Medical 
 Commencement, eleven years after the first 
 
 liKXJAMIN RUSH 
 
 Commencement in Arts. With all the for- 
 malities of gowns, Latin orations, disputations, 
 and charges by the Provost and by the senior 
 Medical Professors, John Archer, Benjamin 
 Cowell, Samuel Duffield, Jonathan Potts, 
 Jonathan Elmer, Humphrey Fullerton, David 
 Jackson, John Lawrence, James Tilton and 
 Nicholas Way, had bestowed upon them the 
 degree of Bachelor of Medicine. The wider 
 field from which this school was to draw its 
 students was shown at this very first Com- 
 mencement, where only two of the ten gradu- 
 ates were from the city, 
 five being from other 
 counties of Pennsylvania 
 and three from other 
 states. Similar degrees 
 were conferred at the 
 close of each of the next 
 two years, and then in 
 1 77 1, in addition to the 
 seven who received the 
 Bachelor's degree, four of 
 the graduates of three 
 years before obtained the 
 degree of Doctor of Med- 
 icine. 
 
 Thus a distinct group 
 of five Medical Professor- 
 ships existed with an es- 
 tablished curriculum, a 
 group of students, and 
 annual Commencements 
 with the conferring of de- 
 grees. The number of 
 those graduating was, so 
 far as statistics exist, not again during the pre- 
 Revolutionary period quite so large as the ten 
 of the first class, but the number attending the 
 courses of lectures was considerable, rising 
 sometimes to fort}' students. The Professors 
 were, with the exception of Dr. Bond, all young 
 men, graduates of the University of Edin- 
 burgh, and reproduced here the methods and 
 theories of that school, which had been in turn 
 brought into the prominence that it then pos- 
 sessed by the efforts of a group of men who had 
 been imbued with their medical enthusiasm at 
 Leyden. The connection of the medical courses 
 with the work of the College was only slight.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 77 
 
 It is true that the Professors were always 
 spoken of as Professors in the College and 
 they did not apparently form a separate Fai 
 ulty or keep minutes until 1S00; medical 
 diplomas were signed by the Arts Professors, 
 and one Commencement, at least, thai of 1769, 
 was held jointly for students in Arts and in 
 Medic in.. But the students were ordinarily en- 
 tirely separate; distinct Commencements were 
 usually held and each Medical Professor seems 
 ti> have acted largely independently, excepl 
 for general regulations, and in the matter of 
 
 cultured element that was to be sorely needed 
 in the more materialistic period that was to 
 follow. The names of the members of the 
 firs! graduating class have already been men- 
 tinned. Everyone of them became prominent 
 and exerted an influence far above the ordinary 
 on the affairs of their time. Jacob Duche" be- 
 came an Episcopal clergyman, Rector of Christ 
 Church and St. Peter's. Philadelphia, and was 
 Chaplain to Congress till the Declaration of 
 
 Independence, when he chose the Loyalist 
 horn ot the dilemma, and was in England dur- 
 
 OtttitilutC' at (]iio<:> \n(e&ciiti& ^litcrcr verve nevmt. 
 
 OaiuteWL- 
 
 v» ///,' 
 
 
 •%#■& 
 
 t. y/f/r //./fit f/j/l/W. ' .■ 
 
 ' // 
 
 //,. ... 1,.11.1/n //,■ ///,..//. sum «)i>J>iimVt')1t -.'\TcljiM' •!•/.. .:. >/.» &/li<Jhf/)ii, iV., ./ t !.<■.■-..."' ,:/;./iw>l 
 
 /. ■ . ' ■■ . . , . //■/'./ ■ ' ■ ,' />'/'..,.'''. 
 
 ..... . '.- . . . f 7>.Y',..>.<r.s/.> ■/,-.,. 
 
 ... 
 
 -TT^.-' f* .-. 7 .. »'. . . ' XL ..— -1 ' .' A. ' S ■ 
 
 / ' 
 *</t-.-- gf447K7f//tH 
 
 TrtfTrr.r ■■ ■ . • ■fimArm ^ttotcw-t^tt^^ ^-.-. - — *#> 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 tcX . ,■ ,,,- r.' r >J'g^< 
 
 i ■.< IN DIPLOMA "i [OHN Akilll'.k — IIK-I MEDICAL l>ll'l.o\i\ 
 
 granting degrees. This last function was ki pt 
 entirely under the control of the Trustei 
 The degrees were conferred and the diplomas 
 presented l>v the Provost in person, though 
 that was almost his only intercourse with the 
 medical students. 
 
 During this period of academic prosperity 
 and achievement lying between 1755 .md 1777, 
 each graduating class both in Medicine and 
 in Arts had included men who subsequentlj 
 played a prominenl part in the later da) oi 
 colonial and the early days ol our national 
 
 life, besides the still larger numbei who wen 
 simply absorbed into the community a 
 
 in:/ the remainder of the war. In the College 
 he was successively Tutor, Professor and 
 
 ["rustee. Francis Hopkinson took the patriot 
 side in the Revolution, was a signer of the 
 Declaration, and held legislative, judicial, and 
 administrative offices under New fersey, Penn 
 
 \ K .!]ma and the I 'niied States. | |e wrote 
 some popular pamphlets and verse which wen 
 of value to the cause of freedom, and edited a 
 volume of Admiralty Reports. He also b, 
 came a ["rustee. James | atta was a some- 
 what prominenl Presbyterian clergyman .un\ 
 served in the Revolution as Chaplain. Samuel 
 Magaw w ill be mentii >n< d lab r in thi lb'
 
 78 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of the University as Vice-Provost and Profes- 
 sor of Moral Philosophy. He was an Episco- 
 palian clergyman, and was one of the founders 
 of the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia. 
 John Morgan has already been spoken of as 
 joint founder with Dr. Shippen of medical 
 courses in the College, and an active and in- 
 fluential physician in connection with the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital. He was also at the 
 head of the medical service of the American 
 Army during the early years of the Revolution. 
 Finally, Hugh Williamson passed a most 
 varied, long and influen- 
 tial life. He was suc- 
 cessively a clergyman, 
 Professor of Mathematics 
 in the College, physician, 
 business man and politi- 
 cian. He testified con- 
 cerning the destruction of 
 tea in Boston harbor be- 
 fore the British Privy 
 Council, represented 
 North Carolina in the 
 Continental Congress, 
 in the Constitutional 
 Convention and in Con- 
 gress. He served in the 
 field as a medical officer, 
 reported on the transit 
 of Venus of I/69, and 
 wrote a number of books, 
 essays, and papers on 
 the most varied sub- 
 jects. He died finally in 
 New Vork City, at the 
 ripe age of eighty-four. 
 
 Among those who were in the College or 
 Academy at the same time, but who did not 
 take degrees, were Benjamin West the artist, 
 and Lindley Murray the grammarian. In the 
 (Kiss of 1759 were William Paca, a signer of 
 tin; Declaration of Independence from Mary- 
 land, and a holder successively of almost every 
 variety of legislative, judicial and executive 
 position under that Colon\- and State and 
 under the United States Government within 
 Maryland; Philemon Dickinson, whose posi- 
 tion was somewhat similar in New Jersey, but 
 who added to it an active military career on 
 
 JACOB DUCHE 
 From original canvas at Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 
 the patriot side during the Revolution ; Sam- 
 uel Powel, a Mayor of Philadelphia and a 
 Trustee of the University; Andrew Allen, 
 who held man} - provincial and civic positions 
 in Philadelphia, and was a member of the Con- 
 tinental Congress, but opposed the Declara- 
 tion of Independence; and his brother, John 
 Allen, who had much the same career and was 
 even more outspoken against independence. , 
 In the Class of 1760 were, Thomas Mifflin, 
 afterward General, Governor, and President of 
 Congress ; John Cadwalader, member of Con- 
 gress, Judge successively 
 of each of the Philadel- 
 phia courts, and General 
 in the service of the State 
 of Pennsylvania during 
 the Revolution; his 
 brother, Lambert Cad- 
 walader, with a somewhat 
 less conspicuous military 
 but more prominent civil 
 record, and Whitmel Hill, 
 who was active in the 
 Revolutionary and subse- 
 quent history oi North 
 Carolina. In the Class of 
 1 761 were Richard Peters, 
 who was engaged in the 
 service of the Admiralty 
 1 in the breaking out of the 
 Revolution, and contin- 
 ued in a mixed legal and 
 military career under the 
 American Government 
 till the close of the 
 Revolution, and was 
 subsequently a member of Congress and a 
 Pennsylvania Judge. In the same class were 
 Tench Tilghman of Maryland, Military Secre- 
 tary to Washington during the whole war, who 
 carried to Congress Washington's despatch an- 
 nouncing the surrender of Cornwallis ; and John 
 Neilson of New Jersey, who had an active Rev- 
 olutionary career in that State and in Congress, 
 and was afterwards instrumental in the founda- 
 tion of Rutgers College. In the next year's 
 class, 1762, Samuel Jones participated in the 
 foundation of another College, that of Rhode 
 Island, now Brown University, which gave him
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSn.VANI.l 
 
 79 
 
 his degree of Doctor of Divinity in [786, and 
 offered him its Presidency on the death of it- 
 first President, Dr, Manning. In the Class of 
 1763 were Isaac Hunt, who was afterwards an 
 aggressive Tory, escaped to England, and was 
 the father of Leigh Hunt; Jonathan Dickinson 
 Sergeant and John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg 
 two prominent members of those prominent 
 families. In the Class of 1 765 were John 
 Andrews, subsequently Provost, and William 
 White, afterward Bishop of Pennsylvania for 
 forty-nine years. The third Provost, John 
 Mellow oil, graduated in the Class of 1771. 
 And so from the various classes down to the 
 Revolution names which later became well 
 known might be culled. In the last class, 
 that of 1776, was John Clopton of Virginia, 
 who joined the army immediately after his 
 graduation as Captain of a company of militia 
 made Up of relatives, friends and dependents 
 of his family from his own parish of St. Peters, 
 Virginia. Clothing and supplies were furnished 
 for the Company throughout the whole war by 
 his father, William Clopton, and for their sake 
 he refused repeated offers of promotion which 
 would have separated him from them. 
 
 I luring this period, thirty-four matriculates 
 are known to have subsequently become clergy- 
 men, sixteen physicians, and forty lawyers, 
 several of each of these groups having taken 
 later courses connected with their professional 
 studies in England and Scotland. The greater 
 number of students wire of course from Phila- 
 delphia and its immediate vicinity, but a large 
 number in proportion to the total in attendance 
 were from the adjoining Provinces, and a con- 
 siderable number from further away, especially 
 from the Southern colonies and the West 
 Indies, with occasionally a few from New York 
 or New England. The usual number in the 
 whole institution was between two hundred and 
 fifty and four hundred; more than one half of 
 these, however, bemg in the Charity Schools, 
 one-hall of the remainder again being students 
 of the Academy only, and a still smaller num- 
 ber, some thirty or forty, taking those higher 
 courses which constituted the College, and per- 
 haps as many more the medical course. So 
 far as the statistics are complete, fourteen is the 
 largest number that graduated in Arts in any 
 
 one year, and the av ra ■ number of graduates 
 for the twenty years is about seven yearly. In 
 Medicine the largest number was ten, with an 
 average of about six. Unite a number, how- 
 ever, in the \ arious courses pursued their studies 
 nearly to graduation, but for one reason or 
 another did not take' their degrees. 
 
 With the Revolution came troublous days 
 for the College. As early as the 23rd of Ma} , 
 
 1776, it was ordered that the Commencement 
 should be a private one, on account of the ex- 
 isting unsettled state of public affairs. On 
 June 10, therefore, some of the Trustees and 
 Professors attended in the hall, and the degrees 
 were conferred, but there was no public cere- 
 mony. The first actual interference was from 
 the volunteer troops which were gathering in 
 the city in the summer months of 1776. The 
 large yard ami hall and class-rooms of the Col- 
 lege, situated just in the outskirts of the built- 
 up portion of the city, seem to have been so 
 convenient that the recruiting and militia offi- 
 cers could not refrain from their use. Chris- 
 topher Marshall mentions in his diary under 
 the date Jul\ 15, 177'': "More of the militia 
 with the artillery went from Trenton this day, 
 and Colonel Montgomery's men from Chester 
 came to town and used part of the College as 
 barracks." Prom that time onward, against the 
 protests of the Professors, its buildings were 
 used for temporary barracks, its yards were 
 idled with In irses and wag( »ns, its classes thei 1 I ij 
 broken up. Scarcely had one party gone, 
 the premises been cleaned up, and an effort 
 been made to gather the scholars, when a new 
 batch of troops was quartered in the buildings 
 .mil grounds. On the Trustees' Minute Book 
 under the date December 1770, is the entry, 
 "No meeting, the schools being broke up on 
 account o| the public alarms." In ] . 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 \ 
 
 1777, a formal protest was sent to ihe Council 
 of Safely by the members of the Facultj 
 statin;.; that "the doors ol School, lecture and 
 even bedrooms were forced open bv some 
 
 violent young nun calling themselves deputies 
 ol the barracl master and some hundreds of 
 soldiers quartered in the College at one timi 
 But apparently this protest had no effect Not 
 
 only material diffil allies bllt th( | I m ral excite 
 
 incut and confusion was telling on the regular
 
 8o 
 
 UNIVERSITIES .IND THEIR SONS 
 
 work of the institution. The medical course 
 fell into disuse after 1773 or 1774. On the 
 2lst of January, 1777, it is announced that 
 there are only about twenty-five scholars in 
 the Latin School and as many in the English 
 School. During the early months of 1777 the 
 attendance of the Trustees at the meetings ran 
 down to five or six, and from the 25th of June, 
 1777, to the 25th of September, 177S, there 
 were no regular meetings at all nor were any 
 minutes taken, nor indeed was there any at- 
 tempt by the Professors to give instruction. 
 On the 30th of June, 1777, the continuation of 
 
 the work of the College was acknowledged to 
 be hopeless, And it was closed. 
 
 The Revolution terminated an epoch in the 
 history of the University of Pennsylvania. At 
 no subsequent time until within the last two 
 decades, if then, has the institution played rel- 
 atively such an important part; at no time has 
 it exerted such an influence on the community 
 in which it has been placed as it did during the 
 greater part of the administration of Dr. Smith, 
 the period from the acquisition of its second 
 charter in 1755 to its closing on account of the 
 confusions of the Revolution in 1777. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Tut: Influence of the Revolution on the College- 
 Tut: Divided Institution — 1777-1791 
 
 WITH the outbreak of the Revolution 
 all the six higher institutions of 
 learning in America alike passed 
 under a cloud, and the group of depressing 
 influences was practically the >ame for all of 
 them. Invasion of their buildings, deprecia- 
 tion of value of their property, diversion of the 
 interests of students and parents of students to 
 other matters, differences of political principles 
 among their administrative officials, the passing 
 away of an old group of patrons, and delay in 
 the appearance of a new, — all these difficulties 
 served to make the decade following 1776 .1 
 period of either suspended animation or of but 
 slowly renewed life and readjustment to new- 
 conditions. 
 
 The closing of the College and Medical 
 School at Philadelphia and of the two lower 
 institutions connected with the former, in June 
 1777, was due directly to the interference of 
 the newly recruited troops with the free use of 
 the buildings and the attendance of the stu- 
 dents, but the interest of all concerned had 
 already begun to flag, and the near approach 
 of the usual summer vacation would soon have 
 scattered students and Faculty even if they had 
 not been dispersed a month earlier. Before 
 the time when an attempt might have been 
 made to gather the classes again for the open- 
 
 ing of the fall term the British were threaten- 
 ing the city, and on the 26th of September, 
 1777, it was occupied by them and remained in 
 their possession till June 18, 1778. During 
 this period no attempt was made to carry on 
 the courses. The Provost retired to his coun- 
 try home on the Schuylkill not far above Phila- 
 delphia, and most of the other Professors and 
 Trustees left the city. Professor Kinnersley 
 had recently resigned, and Vice-Provost Alison 
 died in 1779, so that the numbers of the 
 Faculty were unusually depleted, apart from 
 their dispersion. No meetings of the Board of 
 Trustees were held, as has been said, between 
 June 28, 1777. and September 25, 177S; though 
 Thomas Willing, one of their number who 
 succeeded in keeping on tolerable terms 
 with both sides in the struggle, and who re- 
 mained in Philadelphia, gave some attention to 
 the affairs of the corporation. When the Brit- 
 ish troops evacuated the city and Congress re- 
 turned there, the deserted College Hall proved 
 to be the only place fit to meet in and for 
 several days in July that bod}' made it its home 
 while the State House was being cleansed and 
 made habitable again. At the close of the 
 year 177S, after a year and a half's absence, 
 the Provost returned to the city, and the work 
 of re-organizing the institution was immediately
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Si 
 
 taken up, the opening being announced for 
 January 1779. Sonic success was obtained in 
 putting the property and investments of the 
 
 College in order, in securing tutors, and in 
 collecting pupils, new and old. By the early 
 months of 1779 there were twenty-two students 
 in the philosophical classes, making up the 
 College, eighty-one in the language and math- 
 ematical schools, making up the Academy, 
 sixty in the Medical courses, forty-one buys 
 and sixteen girls in the Charity Schools, mak- 
 ing a total of two hundred and twenty in the 
 whole institution. Seven students were ex- 
 amined for the degree of Bachelor of Arts and 
 one for Bachelor of Medicine, and in June six 
 former graduates were recommended for the 
 degree of Master of Arts. 
 
 But now another danger which had long 
 been threatening became real and brought this 
 work of reorganization, at least as carried on 
 by the old Board of Trustees, to an abrupt 
 close. This was the antagonism of the radical 
 part}', now in control of the state government, 
 to the existing management of the institution. 
 The College had always been especially sup- 
 ported by the aristocratic clement of the prov- 
 ince. The Board of Trustees was made up 
 originally, and by the process of filling their 
 own vacancies as they occurred had continued 
 to be made up of the men highest in po- 
 sition and birth in Philadelphia. Then when 
 Thomas 1'enn had taken the College under his 
 special patronage, granted it his charters of 
 incorporation, making to it liberal gifts of 
 money, equipment and land, the connection 
 with the Proprietary party in Philadelphia and 
 in England necessarily separated it still more 
 from popular interest. The oaths of allegiance 
 to the King required to be taken according to 
 the charter of 1755 were no more than every 
 public official in Pennsylvania had to take, 
 but to private men they seemed to make it to 
 1 1 1 rtain extent an institution under royal con- 
 trol, The Provost's financial mission to Eng- 
 land was a success from the point of view of 
 sec min;.; money contributions, but it cost its 
 price in the alienation of local support. Frank- 
 lin had declared that there was no propriety 
 nor necessity in the College asking assistance 
 from abroad had it not come to be looked 
 
 VOL. I. — 6 
 
 upon as being in the hands ..| the Proprietary 
 party, and the patronage from England prob- 
 ably increased such of tin's feeling as already 
 existed. As Dr. Smith's influence in the in- 
 stitution and participation in the discussion of 
 public questions both became more active, the 
 College came to share in popular estimation 
 the political position which he held. As a re- 
 sult of all these influences the College was 
 looked upon as holding a distinct position on 
 the anti-popular side in tin- agitations that were 
 now beginning. The heat and virulence of 
 part}' contest in colonial Pennsylvania were far 
 greater than anything now in existence in this 
 country, and it was nearly impossible for an 
 active public man to avoid entering into party 
 conflict. 
 
 Long before this time the identification of a 
 Provost of such decided and outspoken views 
 with the College, which every one agreed 
 should as an institution occupy a non-partisan 
 position, had been recognized as a serious 
 matter. As early as 1756 insinuations began 
 to appear in one of the Philadelphia news- 
 papers that Provost Smith was using his posi- 
 tion in the College to influence the minds oi 
 his students in favor of his own political and 
 religious views, which to many of the inhabi- 
 tants of Pennsylvania seemed opposed to the 
 liberties of the Province and to free govern- 
 ment anywhere. In July of that year the 
 Trustees took the matter up 011 the ground 
 that such reports and charges might affect the 
 reputation of the College- injuriously, and ap- 
 pointed an investigating committee, who in- 
 quired seriously into the question. The 
 students of the Senior class, voluntarily or by 
 request, interested themselves, and the four 
 of them who were in town at the time sent a 
 memorial to the Trustees slating that Dr. 
 
 Smith had never introduced into his lectures 
 anything relating to existing polities, nor tried 
 
 to persuade them to adopt one side more than 
 another, nor in his course in Ethics au<.\ 
 
 Government had introduced .my principles 
 
 other than those usually a< 1 1 pled by the a. in 
 dard authorities. As proof of this latter state- 
 ment tiny submitted their books of noti on 
 the lectures he had given them. The com 
 mitee reported that in the first place it was im-
 
 82 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 possible by the organization of the College and 
 Academy for any one Professor in the institu- 
 tion " to carry on any separate or party scheme, 
 or teach any principles injurious to piety, 
 virtue and good government," without the col- 
 lusion of the whole body of teachers and Trus- 
 tees, which was not charged or suspected. 
 Secondly, that Dr. Smith had thoroughly com- 
 mended himself by his abilities and efforts to 
 all those who had been brought directly into 
 contact with the institution ; and thirdly, that a 
 number of the students most worthy of credit 
 had declared the falsity of the charge. They 
 state therefore that they " are of the opinion 
 that he has discharged his trust as a capable 
 Professor and an honest man, and that he has 
 given sufficient evidence of the goodness of his 
 principles." This report was accepted by the 
 Trustees and published in the newspaper in 
 which the charges had originally appeared. 
 
 Nevertheless the outbreak of the Revolution 
 twenty years later, found a fixed popular belief 
 that the College as it was then administered 
 was one of those Colonial institutions which 
 were entirely antagonistic to the new liberty 
 and independence. 
 
 The danger of interference with the inde- 
 pendence of the corporation by the party 
 which then came into power was recognized. 
 Dr. Smith accordingly in the summer of 1776 
 gathered at his house a few gentlemen con- 
 nected with corporate bodies in Philadelphia, 
 especially clergymen, and proposed that they 
 should endeavor to have inserted in the new 
 state constitution which was then being framed 
 an article securing the inviolability of chartered 
 riehts. An article to that effect was drawn up, 
 approved, and by the influence of Franklin, 
 included in the constitution. It read as fol- 
 lows : " All religious societies or bodies of 
 men heretofore united or incorporated for the 
 advancement of religion and learning and other 
 pious and charitable purposes, shall be encour- 
 aged and protected in the enjoyment of the 
 privileges, immunities and estates which they 
 were accustomed to enjoy or could of right 
 have enjoyed under the laws and former con- 
 stitution of this State." As the division of 
 parties became more pronounced the individ- 
 uals most prominent in their connection with 
 
 the College did not act in such a way as to 
 dispel the belief in its ultra-conservatism. Dr. 
 Smith was no Tory, it is true, and, in his funeral 
 sermon for General Montgomery, preached be- 
 fore Congress in Philadelphia, in February 
 1776, he gave his thorough approval to armed 
 resistance. Yet all his feelings, associations 
 and training made the idea of actual separation 
 from the mother country repugnant to him. 
 In March 1776, he printed a small pamphlet 
 containing essays signed " Cato," pointing out 
 the impolicy of a separation. Some of his 
 relatives by marriage also were distinct Loyal- 
 ists. But apparently after the Declaration of 
 Independence had once been made, he re- 
 frained from all opposition, took the oath of 
 allegiance, and then withdrew from political 
 matters. Still, such lukewarmness was in itself 
 suspicious, and on the 31st of August, 1777, 
 his name was included among those of forty- 
 one persons who were, on the approach of the 
 British, ordered by the Supreme Executive 
 Council of Pennsylvania to be either impris- 
 oned or placed under parole. He seems to 
 have chosen the latter alternative, and while 
 not actively opposing the Revolution, cer- 
 tainly did nothing to conciliate its supporters 
 in Pennsylvania. Neither of the two other 
 Professors in the College took any position 
 toward current events which connected them 
 prominently with one side or the other, though 
 they did leave Philadelphia when the British 
 army entered it. Four Medical Professors, on 
 the other hand, served in the highest positions 
 as medical officers on the American side. Of 
 the Trustees, several were out and out Tories, 
 and when the British withdrew from the city in 
 1778, left with them. Moreover the six Trus- 
 tees who had been elected to fill vacancies 
 occurring between 1776 and 1779, although 
 adherents of the American cause, belonged to 
 the conservative element, no representation at 
 all having been given to the radical and Pres- 
 byterian part\" who were now in control of the 
 state government. The feeling, therefore, that 
 the authorities who set themselves to the re- 
 organization of the College at the close of the 
 year 1778 were not in hearty accord with the 
 new order of things, was certainly a natural 
 one, and partially at least justified.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 83 
 
 Again, there existed among the more popu- 
 lar part)- an ideal of an institution for higher 
 learning under the direct control of the State 
 government. In the State Constitution of 
 
 1776, it has been provided in the forty-fourth 
 section of Chapter II., that " All useful learning 
 vhall be duly encouraged and promoted in one 
 or more Universities." There were therefore 
 two factors in the situation, first, a distrust and 
 dislike on the part of the dominant party of the 
 existing management 
 
 of the College, and 
 second, a desire on the 
 part of the same 
 majority to have a 
 College or University 
 closely connected 
 with and representa- 
 tive of the new system 
 of popular govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Legislature 
 had already during 
 the year 1778 shown 
 its antagonism to the 
 College as it was then 
 administered. A law- 
 was introduced into 
 the Assembly at Lan- 
 caster, December 29, 
 
 1777, and passed on 
 January 2, 1 7 7 S , while 
 the British Army was 
 occupying Philadel- 
 phia, suspending tern 
 porarily the functions 
 of the Trustees. It 
 
 was evidently inspired by the fear that tlu- 
 Tory element, possibly including the Provost, 
 might obtain a majority and take some ac- 
 tion unfavorable to the patriot cause. The 
 preamble was as follows : " Whereas some 
 of the Trustees of the College and Academy 
 of Philadelphia are now with the British army 
 under General Howe, and in open hostility 
 against the United Stairs of America, and 
 some others of them have voluntarily put 
 themselves in the power and under the do- 
 minion of tin- said ('uncial Howe and the 
 enemies of the said States by remaining in the 
 
 INATOMICA] MALI MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, 1 765— 1 80 
 
 City of Philadelphia at the time they entered 
 the same, and still continue there, whilst some 
 other of the said Trustees together with the 
 Vice-Provost and Professors and other officers 
 of the said College and Academy, preferring 
 the government and protection of this Com- 
 monwealth and in order that they might con- 
 tribute as far as in their power to the defence 
 of their just rights and liberties and the main- 
 tenance of the freedom and independence of 
 
 these States, removed 
 themselves out of the 
 ■-aid city and still so 
 continue. A n d 
 whereas it would be 
 impolitic and unjust to 
 suffer an)- act of the 
 said Trustees in such 
 a situation to have any 
 force or effect " ; it 
 was therefore ordered 
 that no resolve, vote, 
 order, or act of the 
 Trustees, or of any 
 quorum of t h e m 
 passed since the pre- 
 ceding Sept. 1st, and 
 until three months 
 after the British 
 should have been ex- 
 pelled from or should 
 have evacuated the 
 City, should be valid. 
 It was also ordered 
 that the salaries of the 
 \ i( 1 Provost, the Pro- 
 fessors and the Tutors 
 who had left the city should In- ultimately paid 
 by the Trustees as if they had fulfilled the 
 duties of their positions during the whole 
 period of suspensii in. 
 
 \ gain, three months later, in the law of 
 April [778, directed to the enforcement of the 
 requirement that all male white inhabitants 
 should take tin oath of allegiance to the State 
 of Pennsylvania ; " all Trustees, Provosts, Re< 
 
 tors, Professors, Masters, ,u\ { \ Tutors of .im 
 
 College 01 Academ) " were, with a quite un- 
 necessary universality, placed in the fore front 
 of a list ot persons of various professions who
 
 8 4 
 
 UNIl'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 were disabled for the future from occupying 
 any professional position unless they should 
 take the oath of allegiance before June I, 
 ,778. 
 
 The first real intention, however, to recon- 
 struct the College expressed itself in the fol- 
 lowing resolution passed by the State Assembly 
 on the 23rd of February, 1779. 
 
 " Ordered that Mr. Clymer, Mr. Mark Bird, 
 Mr. Huge, Mr. Gardner and Mr. Knox, be a 
 committee to inquire into the present state of 
 the College and Academy of Philadelphia, its 
 rise, funds, etc., and report thereon to the 
 House, and that the}- be empowered to call 
 upon persons and for papers for that purpose." 
 On learning of this action the Board of Trus- 
 tees appointed a Committee to prepare in 
 conjunction with the Provost a memorial an- 
 swering the inquiries which the committee 
 would presumably make. This paper, which 
 was carefully and skilfully drawn up, gives an 
 account of the foundation of the College, de- 
 scribes its organization, mentions some of the 
 more salient points of its history, and enumer- 
 ates the students in its various schools at the 
 time. As to its financial condition the report 
 is less clear and less complacent. The funds 
 had suffered recently by the paying off of 
 mortgages in the depreciated currency, and in 
 other ways, but there had just been made some 
 liberal subscriptions for a term of years. Some 
 of the current criticisms of the administration 
 of the College were anticipated and answered. 
 On the 6th cf March, 1779, there was a joint 
 meeting of the representatives of the Trustees 
 and of the Assembly and on the 16th a second 
 at which this statement was presented and dis- 
 cussed. Three weeks later on the fifth of 
 April the Committee made a report in writing 
 which was read and laid on the table. Noth- 
 ing further was done, however, as the Legisla- 
 ture soon adjourned. In the meantime the 
 matter seems to have been brought up in the 
 Supreme Executive Council of the State, and 
 as the 5th of July, the time appointed for 
 Commencement, approached the President of 
 the Council informed some of the Trustees that 
 doubts existed as to the legal qualifications of 
 the Board, and advised that no Commencement 
 should be held at that time. In deference to 
 
 this request the Trustees of the College post- 
 poned Commencement, but protested against 
 a continuance of opposition without a judicial 
 investigation of the question of their chartered 
 rights. 
 
 Nothing was done in the summer, but on 
 the 9th of September President Reed of the 
 Supreme Council of the state in his message 
 to the new Assembly, spoke as follows in ref- 
 erence to the College : " The principal insti- 
 tution of learning in this State, founded on the 
 most free and catholic principles, raised and 
 cherished by the hand of public bounty, 
 appears by its charter to have allied itself so 
 closely to the Government of Great Britain by 
 making the allegiance of its governors to that 
 state pre-requisite to any official act, that it 
 might well have been presumed that they 
 would have sought the aid of government for 
 an establishment consistent with the Revolu- 
 tion and conformable to the great changes of 
 policy and government. But whatever may 
 have been the motives, we cannot think the 
 good people of this State can or ought to rest 
 satisfied, or the protection of government be 
 extended to an institution framed with such 
 manifest attachment to the British Government 
 and conducted with a general inattention to the 
 authority of the State. How far there has 
 been any deviation from the liberal ground of 
 its first establishment, and a preeminence 
 given to some societies in prejudice to others 
 equally meritorious, the former inquiries of 
 your Honourable House will enable you to de- 
 termine." The matter was immediately re- 
 ferred by the Assembly to a new committee of 
 five members, who visited the College on a tour 
 of enquiry September 18, and presented Sep- 
 tember 24, two weeks after their appointment, a 
 divided report. The minority, consisting of two 
 men, reported that no evidence had been pre- 
 sented to show that the College should be inter- 
 fered with, but that on the contrary a great deal 
 had been brought out to its credit. The other 
 three members of the Committee, however, 
 forming the majority, brought in a strongly 
 adverse report, stating that the charter required 
 that the Trustees should take an oath of alle- 
 giance to the King of Great Britain, that some 
 of them had joined the British Army and stood
 
 UNII'ERSITT OF PENNSTLl'slM.l 
 
 85 
 
 attainted as traitors, that the corporation of 
 the College had shown in its general manage- 
 ment an evident hostility to the existing gov- 
 ernment and constitution of Pennsylvania, and 
 in certain particulars even to the common 
 cause; that the funds were entirely inadequate, 
 and it would require therefore further support 
 to give it the utility and respect a seminary of 
 learning ought to have; that by the disqualify- 
 ing law of June i 77S, some of the officials had 
 become disfranchised, and finally that the orig- 
 inal plan of equal privileges to all religious 
 denominations had not been fully adhered to. 
 The Committee therefore recommended that 
 a bill should be brought in " effectually to 
 provide suitable funds for the said College, to 
 secure to even - denomination of Christians 
 equal privileges, and establish the said College 
 on a liberal foundation in which the interests 
 of American liberty and independence will 
 be advanced and promoted and obedience 
 and respect to the Constitution of the State 
 preserved." 
 
 Such a bill as the one proposed, notwith- 
 standing the euphemistic form in which its 
 objects were stated, was understood to amount 
 to an entire remodelling of the College and was 
 therefore antagonized by all its old friends. 
 When the report was read for a second time, 
 on the 25th of September, George Clymer, who 
 was both a member of the Legislature and a 
 recently elected Trustee of the College, asked 
 for and received a copy of the report for the 
 purpose of laying it before the latter body. 
 Provost Smith sent in a petition to the same 
 effect, asking that all persons interested in the 
 • h. mUt rights of the institution be given an 
 opportunity of being heard respecting the 
 matters alleged in the report, before any fur- 
 ther proceedings were taken on it. In com- 
 pliance with this request and in consideration 
 of the general interest in the matter, the suc- 
 ceeding Wednesday was appointed by the 
 Assembly as a time when all persons interested 
 might appear before the Legislature and be 
 luard by themselves or by two counsel. The 
 Attorney-General was ordered to attend at the 
 same time to manage tile argument of the 
 state in the matter, obtaining legal assistance 
 if he wished; and the Judges •<( tin- Supreme 
 
 Court were also asked to be present to give 
 decisions on legal points that might arise. On 
 the appointed day arguments were begun, and 
 continued during that and the succeeding two 
 days. Certainly there was no lack of interest 
 orattention given to the subject. Nevertheless 
 on the second of October a resolution was 
 carried "that a committee be appointed to 
 bring in a bill to confirm the estates and 
 interests of the College ami Academy of Phil- 
 adelphia, and to alter and amend the charters 
 of the said institution, so as to make them 
 conformable to the Revolution and the Govern- 
 ment of this State." The friends of the exist- 
 ing administration of the College tried their 
 best to stem the tide, but their amendment, 
 that the opinion of the judges be taken before 
 the motion was put, was defeated by a majority 
 of thirty-one to eighteen ; and that the evidence 
 on which the committee had made its adverse 
 report should be laid before the house, by thirty- 
 three to sixteen. A committee of five was then 
 appointed to bring in a bill to reorganize tin- 
 College as proposed. The minority entered a 
 protest on the grounds that proceedings had 
 been hurried through without regard to accus- 
 tomed form, because the opinion of the judges 
 had not been asked on the legal questions in- 
 volved, because the House itself had not heard 
 the evidence which had been submitted to its 
 committee, because the corporation had been 
 deprived of a jury trial, and finally because the 
 animus of the whole action was a dislike b) the 
 majority of the political opinions of certain 
 other men who, although they differed with 
 them on minor points, had nevertheless given 
 zealous service to the general American cause. 
 After all the excitement, however, the Legisla- 
 ture adjourned without passing any Act on the 
 subject, though they commended il to the earl) 
 attention of their successors. 
 
 As ,1 matter of fact no time was lost by tin- 
 next Assembly, and on November 3, the second 
 day of its session, a committee was appointed 
 to bring in a bill on the same lines as that pre- 
 viously ordered A week lain this drafl was 
 read, and disi ussed at several su< 1 essive mi 1 I 
 ings, All papers in the hands ol the ["rusl 
 w<ie call, il for, and brought bj I >r Smith to 
 the door of the Assembly, who hi
 
 86 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 allowed to deliver them and then to retire. 
 On the 22nd of November, again, Dr. Smith, 
 acting as Secretary for the Hoard of Trustees, 
 appeared with a memorial from the Board ask- 
 ing to be heard before the bill was passed, and 
 on the next day presented a similar paper 
 begging to be allowed to present his personal 
 interests in the matter. Both of these requests 
 were refused by the Assembly. Finally on 
 Saturday, November 27, 1779, the bill remodel- 
 ling the College, superseding its old Trustees, 
 dissolving its existing Faculty, and changing its 
 name to the " University of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania," was enacted into a law. 
 
 The Trustees of the College had met on 
 November 22 to draw up the memorial al- 
 ready referred to. The law passed on the 
 27th removed them from office, and the}- did 
 not meet again till ten years afterward, when 
 the Legislature again restored them to their 
 functions. The investigating committee's re- 
 port had included three principal grounds of 
 complaint against the College in its old form, 
 first, that the close connection with the British 
 Government during colonial times had been 
 followed by only a partial adherence to the 
 new object of loyalty which the Revolution 
 had introduced, the State Government of 
 Pennsylvania; secondly, that its funds without 
 state support were entirely inadequate; and 
 thirdly that its original plan of equal privileges 
 to all religious denominations had been devi- 
 ated from. The first charge was that which 
 had been brought into greatest prominence in 
 the Governor's message. For some reason, 
 however, the last point was the one on which 
 the greatest stress was laid in the preamble to 
 the Act as it was passed. Yet, curiously 
 enough, it would seem to have been the point 
 in which the College was least vulnerable. 
 
 The undenominational character of the insti- 
 tution had not been referred to in words in the 
 " Proposals" and " Constitutions " of 1749. It 
 is probable, however, that it had been taken 
 tor granted, since no particular religious body 
 was interested in its inception or especially 
 represented among the first group of Trustees. 
 Moreover when it was reported at one of the 
 earliest meetings of the Board, February 6, 
 1750, that there was some popular objection 
 
 to a clause in the regulations which required 
 all students before being admitted to have the 
 written consent of the majority of the Trustees, 
 it was explained that this provision was only 
 intended to prevent more scholars being ad- 
 mitted than the teaching force and equipment 
 would admit of, and that all applicants would 
 be admitted according to priority of applica- 
 tion, " without any view to sect or part)-." 
 The same expression, " without regard to sect 
 or party," is used in the appeal to City Council 
 in 1750. But when the Charity School Trust 
 was combined with that of the Academy the 
 nonsectarian character of the institution was 
 thrown into greater prominence and became a 
 fundamental characteristic, required by the 
 very terms of its existence ; for that project 
 had been bound up with the undenominational 
 movement to build the hall for Whitefield's 
 preaching. A form of prayers was prepared 
 by Rev. Mr. Peters for the use of students of 
 the Academy and College at their homes and 
 before and after the day's studies, but it con- 
 tains no extracts from the prayer-book and no 
 mark of church influence. When Dr. Smith 
 became Provost his prominence as well as that 
 of Dr. Peters, who succeeded Franklin as Pres- 
 ident of the Board of Trustees, and the church- 
 manship of some other members of the Board 
 made a certain Fpiscopalian connection, but 
 none of the members of the Faculty except 
 the Provost were churchmen, and no changes 
 were introduced or other action taken in favor 
 of that body. Indeed as against any Episco- 
 palian predominance is to be set the charge 
 of Presbyterianism contained in a pamphlet 
 called " A Looking-glass for Presbyterians," 
 published in 1764. It declares that " the Col- 
 lege in this city planned upon the principles of 
 moderation and liberty and intended for the 
 use and benefit of every denomination, is now 
 got into the hands of a Presbyterian faction 
 and the Professors and Tutors being generally 
 chosen of that persuasion, lord it with such a 
 high hand over other professors," etc. As a 
 matter of fact, there is no discoverable denomi- 
 nationalism in the history of the College before 
 the Revolution. 
 
 In 1764, the breadth of the religious founda- 
 tion of the College was put down in categorical
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 87 
 
 form and given the greatest possible solemnity 
 of statement. The occasion was as follows: 
 
 When Dr. Smith was about to start for 
 America after his collecting tour in Great 
 Britain some of the most prominent bene- 
 factors of the College saw fit to send by him 
 a letter urging the Trustees to adopt a funda- 
 mental rule of religious toleration. Just why 
 they should have laid such stress on the adop- 
 tion of a policy which the Trustees had always 
 adhered to, and had not the least intention to 
 depart from, does not appear. It may have 
 been the direct result of Franklin's hostile 
 statements. It is not impossible that it was a 
 device planned by Dr. Smith to offset the 
 influence of Franklin's criticisms of the College 
 as being in the hands of the Proprietary party. 
 However, the English patrons, after congratula- 
 ting the Trustees upon the success of the col- 
 lection, proceeded to advise them as follows: 
 
 "At the time of granting this collection, 
 which was solicited by the Provost, who is a 
 clergyman of the Church of England, it was 
 known that there was united with him a Vice- 
 Provost who is a Presbyterian, and a principal 
 Professor of the Baptist persuasion, with sun- 
 dry inferior Professors and Tutors, all carrying 
 on the education of youth with great harmony; 
 and people of various denominations have 
 hereupon contributed liberally and freely. 
 
 " lint jealousies now arising lest this founda- 
 tion should afterward be narrowed and some 
 party endeavor to exclude the rest, or put 
 them on a worse footing than they have be. n 
 from the beginning, or were .it I he time of this 
 collection, which might not only be deemed 
 unjust in itself, but might likewise be produc- 
 tive of contentions unfriendly to Learning and 
 hurtful to Religion; we would therefore rec- 
 ommend it to you to make some fundamental 
 rule or declaration to prevent inconveniences 
 uf this kind; in doing of which, the more 
 closely you keep in view the plan on which the 
 seminal')' was at the time of obtaining the 
 Royal Brief, and on which it has been carried 
 on from the beginning, so much the less cau 
 we think you will give for any pari)' to be 
 dissatisfied." 
 
 This letter was signed, with expression of 
 good will, by the Archbishop of Canter- 
 
 bur}', Thomas and Richard Penn, and Samuel 
 Chandler, a prominent dissenting clergyman. 
 In response to this suggestion the Trustees 
 
 readily adopted on the 14th of June, [764, 
 the following declaration, which was placed 
 upon their minute-book and signed by all the 
 Trustees living at that time, and by each one 
 elected subsequently, down to 1790. 
 
 "The Trustees being ever desirous to pro- 
 mote the peace and prosperity of this Semi- 
 nary, and to give satisfaction to all its worthy 
 benefactors, have taken the- ab<>\e letter into 
 their seii, .us consideration and perfectly ap- 
 proving the sentiments therein contained, do 
 order the same to be inserted in their books, 
 that it may remain perpetually declaratory of 
 the present wide and excellent plan of this 
 Institution, which hath not only met with the 
 approbation of the greal and worthy person- 
 ages above mentioned, but even the Royal 
 Sanction of his Majesty himself. They further 
 declare that they will keep this pkm closely in 
 their view and use their utmost endeavors that 
 the same be not narrowed, nor the members . ■( 
 the Church of England or those dissenting 
 from them in any future election to the princi- 
 pal offices mentioned in the aforesaid letter be 
 put on any worse footing in this Seminary than 
 the}- were at the time of obtaining the Royal 
 Brief. They subscribe this with their names 
 and ordain that the same lie read and sub- 
 scribed by every new Trustee that shall here 
 after be elected before he takes his seat at the 
 Board." 
 
 This was a well known statement of princi- 
 ples and is frequently alluded to in contempoi 
 ary descriptions of the College and in its own 
 announcements. 
 
 After the adoption of the clause of [764, 
 Dr. Chandler wrote to the Trustees : " The fun- 
 damental declaration you have entered in your 
 books will be a monument ol honor to your 
 principles and conduct. 1 trust in God, till time 
 shall be nn mure." 
 
 Yet the Act of [779 contains the following 
 artii le : 
 
 "And whereas tin college, academy, -\\\<\ 
 charitable school of the city of Philadelphia, 
 were at first founded on .1 plan of free and un- 
 limited i .nil. ilii 1 .in , but it appears that the
 
 88 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 trustees thereof, by a vote or by-law of their 
 board, bearing date the fourteenth day of June 
 in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 hundred and sixty-four, have departed from 
 the plan of the original founders, and narrowed 
 the foundation of said institution." Long after- 
 ward the part}' opposed to the College ex- 
 plained this by saying that the declaration of 
 1764 narrowed the original foundation by re- 
 quiring that the Provost should always be an 
 Episcopalian, and the Vice-Provost a dissenter 
 from that church, as they were at that time. 
 
 Whether the committee which drew up the 
 bill had misunderstood the entry on the minute 
 book to which they referred, or had chosen to 
 make this captious and absurd interpretation 
 of it, or had deliberately misrepresented it, 
 their statement is certainly directly opposed to 
 the fact. It is possible, however, that in 
 later colonial times the Episcopalian influence, 
 so nearly identical with the conservative influ- 
 ence, grew somewhat, and certainly the West- 
 ern Scotch-Irish, Presbyterian element, was but 
 poorly represented among the Trustees. 
 
 However, the forcible re-organization of the 
 College in 1779, was in the main an episode of 
 the party struggle between the radicals and 
 conservatives of our early state period. The 
 real reason for the removal of the old Trustees 
 was without any manner of doubt the political 
 dislike and distrust felt by the radical party for 
 the conservatives, and their desire to obtain the 
 control of the institution for their own party. 
 The exact grounds on which the change was 
 made are therefore relatively unimportant. 
 
 The law, passed November 27, 1779, was 
 described as " An Act to confirm the estates 
 and interests of the College, Academy and 
 Charitable school of the City of Philadelphia, 
 and to amend and alter the Charters thereof, 
 conformably to the Revolution and to the 
 Constitution and Government of this Com- 
 monwealth, and to erect the same into a 
 University." 
 
 It confirmed to the institution the earlier 
 charters, with the rights, powers and property 
 which they conveyed, excepting such additions 
 as flowed from the alleged narrowing of the foun- 
 dation by the resolutions of June 14, 1764. It 
 provided that in addition to its old property it 
 
 should be endowed with a grant of estates con- 
 fiscated from royalists, up to a maximum value 
 of £1500 a year. Thus having provided for 
 the perpetuation and support of the institution 
 as a corporation, the law proceeded to dissolve 
 the existing Board of Trustees and Faculty, 
 and to put in place of the former a new Board 
 made up of twenty-five persons enumerated in 
 the law, who should have the superintendence 
 and trust of all the powers, property and au 
 thority of the former Board. These new Trus- 
 tees were of three classes : first, the highest 
 state officials, viz., the President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Supreme Executive Council of the 
 State, the Speaker of the Assembly, the Chief- 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judge of 
 Admiralty, and the Attorney-General, — all 
 these ex-officio; secondly, the oldest ministers 
 respectively of the Episcopal, the Presbyterian, 
 the Baptist, the Lutheran, the German Calvin- 
 ist and the Roman Catholic churches in the 
 City of Philadelphia, — these also ex-officio ; and 
 lastly certain persons named in the statute, viz., 
 Benjamin Franklin. William Shippen, Frederick 
 A. Muhlenberg and James Searles, the last three 
 being at the time delegates from Pennsylvania 
 to Congress, William Atlee, John Evans, Tim- 
 othy Matlack, David Rittenhouse, Jonathan 
 Bayard Smith, Samuel Morris, George Bryan, 
 Thomas Bond and James Hutchinson, several 
 of these being prominent members of the 
 radical part}-, and at that time holding various 
 offices, but not being appointed cx-officio. The 
 choice of the new Trustees was evidently with 
 two objects, first to connect the institution 
 closely with the state government, and 
 secondly, to obtain the catholicity of control 
 which it was declared the former Board had 
 failed to preserve. The first object was still 
 further sought for by giving the Legislature 
 the right of disapproval of any newly elected 
 Trustee, within a period of six months, by re- 
 quiring all officials and teachers of the institu- 
 tion to take the same oaths as state officers, 
 and by requiring the Trustees to submit their 
 accounts from time to time to the inspection 
 of representatives of the State Legislature. 
 Finally the corporate title was changed to "The 
 Trustees of the University of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania," and the Faculty was to be known as
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 89 
 
 the Provost, Vice-Provost and Professors of the 
 University of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 This law has often been described as an A< t 
 abrogating the old charters, destroying the old 
 institution, or bringing to a close the history 
 of the College of Philadelphia. This is quite a 
 mistake: the charters of 1753 and 1755 were, 
 except in a few points, expressly re-enacted 
 and confirmed, the life of the institution as a 
 corporation was intended to be preserved, not 
 destroyed. 
 
 Those who carried the law of 1779 would 
 have described themselves in the words after- 
 wards applied to their action, as " taking the 
 institution under the care and protection of the 
 State," or as "giving to the institution new 
 guardians," " re-establishing it on its original 
 broad bottom," " providing it with new funds," 
 " bestowing on it a new name and new honors." 
 I he old Trustees themselves describe the law- 
 only as " disfranchising your memorialists, and 
 depriving them of their trusts, immunities, and 
 estates in the said corporation, changing the 
 whole mode of its government and succession, 
 and appointing other persons in their stead." 
 It was in reality a change of personnel, of 
 name, and to a considerable extent of ideals, 
 but there was no breach of continuity in the 
 institution as a legal and educational body. 
 At most there was a divided institution, one 
 part, the University, possessing the property, 
 administering the trusts, and continuing the 
 instruction in the various schools in the old 
 buildings; the other, Provost Smith and the 
 group of old Trustees of the College claiming 
 to be illegally and temporarily prevented from 
 carrying on their work. The line- of descent 
 was not, however, broken for ten years, to be 
 restored in 1789, when Dr. Smith and the sur- 
 viving Trustees were again put in charge of the 
 administration of their old property and trusts, 
 Inii 1 ame continuously down through the Uni- 
 versity of the State of Pennsylvania which drew 
 its powers from the same charters, and admin- 
 istered the same trusts as the College had 
 done, except that it had been quite profoundly 
 modified, or was intended to be, by legislation. 
 
 Still, as far as personal administration was 
 concerned, one group of men passed out of con- 
 trol, and another group entered upon it. The 
 
 old " College, Academy and Charitable School " 
 of Philadelphia was superseded as to its Trus- 
 tees and nominally as to its Faculties, at the 
 same time that it was legally continued in its 
 property, [lowers, rights and duties, by the 
 new " University of the Stat, of Pennsylvania." 
 In accordance with the directions of the statute 
 eighteen of the twenty-five persons named in 
 it met in the old College II all on the 1 st of 
 December, 1779, three days after the passage 
 of the Act, and proceeded to organize them- 
 selves by taking the various oaths prescribed 
 for the state officials, and a special oath for the 
 faithful discharge of their duties as Trustees, 
 and by electing General Reed, President of the 
 State Executive Council, President of the 
 Board. They were an unusually able group 
 of men. Thos. McLean, Thos. Hopkinson, 
 Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant, Jonathan Bayard 
 Smith, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg and 
 David Rittenhouse were only the most promi- 
 nent of the group. They took up their work 
 with considerable vigor and interest. Frequent 
 meetings were held and well attended. Com- 
 mittees were appointed to take over the prop- 
 erty from the former officials of the College, 
 and to ask certain of tin- teachers to proceed 
 in their work of instruction until further 
 arrangements should be made. The two old 
 charters were read at their second meeting, 
 held in the State House, and Committees were 
 appointed to go over the minutes and by-laws 
 of the former Hoard of Trustees for the purpose 
 of making a revised body of statutes and regu- 
 lations, to seek teachers, to settle questions of 
 salaries and tuition fees, to re-organize the 
 Medical School, etc. There seems to have 
 been no general opposition on the part of the 
 old officials to handing over the property in 
 their hands, but some difficulty was found in 
 getting from Dr. Smith possession of the seals, 
 and of the dwelling house he had occupied as 
 a sort of official residence on fourth Streel 
 and also of some philosophical apparatus which 
 remained in his hands. In fact he refused to 
 deliver ii]) the keys ol his house for almost a 
 year, and until a representative of the new 
 
 Hoard had summoned him before a magistral 
 and threatened him with imprisonment if he 
 refused longer. Dr. Smith seems to have
 
 9° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 taken some comfort in comparing his position 
 with that of Dr. Hough of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford, in 1688. 
 
 Within a short space of time, however, prac- 
 tically all the old buildings, property and 
 records were in the possession of the new 
 Trustees. Then they took up the question of 
 completing the organization of the faculty. 
 The Provostship, whether fur the possible ulti- 
 mate re-election of Dr. Smith, or for some 
 other reason, was left temporarily vacant, but 
 they proceeded to elect from among a num- 
 ber of nominees Dr. John 
 Ewing to be Professor 
 of Natural and Experi- 
 mental Philosophy and 
 Vice-Provost, David Rit- 
 tenhouse to be Professor 
 of Astronomy, J a me' 
 Davidson, Rector of the 
 Academy, Rev. Robert 
 Davidson, Professor of the 
 Greek and Latin classics, 
 James Cannon Master ol 
 the English and Mathe- 
 matical Schools with the 
 rank of Professor, and 
 some five or six tutors in 
 the various schools. In 
 fact all the old teachers, 
 with the exception of Dr. 
 Alison, who had just died, 
 and of Provost Smith, 
 were re-elected under the 
 new management, al- 
 though with some changes 
 
 of position. Dr. Ewing declined the Vice-Pro- 
 vostship, and after some delay he was by a 
 small majority elected Provost, and Professor 
 Rittenhouse unanimously chosen Vice-Provost. 
 Dr. Ewing had long before fulfilled the duties 
 of the same position while Dr. Smith had been 
 absent in England, so that he seemed the logi- 
 cal candidate. An innovation was made by 
 appointing a German Professor of Philology, 
 whose duty it should be to instruct boys in 
 Greek and Latin through the medium of Ger- 
 man. This was an evident attempt to concili- 
 ate the German element in the state, most of 
 whom lived outside of Philadelphia. Rev. John 
 
 John EWING 
 
 Christopher Kunze, Minister of the German 
 Lutheran Congregation in Philadelphia, was 
 elected to this position. Thus by the fall of 
 1780 a group of fourteen teachers had been 
 gathered together, exclusive of the Medical 
 Professors. In December 1779, the)' had found 
 some fifteen boys in the College classes, one 
 hundred and forty-one in the Academic schools 
 and fifty-four in the charity schools. Three 
 years afterward there were three hundred and 
 twenty-seven students in the schools, some 
 thirty-eight being in the classes which consti- 
 tuted the College proper, 
 about fifty each in the 
 Latin, English, German 
 and Mathematical schools, 
 and almost ninety in the 
 charity schools. The 
 numbers remained about 
 the same for some years. 
 The committee ap- 
 pointed in December 
 1779, to re-organize the 
 Medical School seems to 
 have found its task very 
 difficult, and the Board 
 itself when it took up the 
 work made slow progress. 
 Dr. Shippen accepted at 
 once the imitation to re- 
 tain his old position, but 
 partly from personal jeal- 
 ousies, parti} - from other 
 causes, the other Medical 
 Professors declined re- 
 election. Even Dr. Ship- 
 pen was slow to begin. In November 1780, 
 a petition was presented to the Board by a 
 number of the medical students complaining 
 of the lack of anatomical lectures and asking 
 that the course in that subject should be re- 
 sumed. The President of the Board thereupon 
 wrote to Dr. Shippen trying to obtain from 
 him a definite agreement as to when he would 
 begin his work. Several others to whom the 
 various chairs were offered declined, and in- 
 struction was only given by temporary and 
 irregular expedients until 1783, when the old 
 Professors finally accepted their re-election and 
 more regular courses were given. In the news-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 91 
 
 papers of September 17K4, there is an adver- 
 tisement that "The Lectures upon Anatomy, 
 Chemistry, Materia Medica and Practice of 
 Physics will begin in this city on Monday, 
 November 1." There were from four ti> ten 
 graduates either as Bachelors or Doctors of 
 Medicine, each year, and a much larger num- 
 ber attending such courses as were given. 
 
 It was during this period, in 1784, that a 
 graceful evidence of good feeling was given 
 by the French Government in the form ol a 
 present of books to the University. This 
 occurrence was described 
 at the time by Francis 
 Hopkinson as follows: 
 " 1 lis most Christian Ma 
 jesty, willing to promote 
 a literary as well as a pi >- 
 litical connection with the 
 United States, hath been 
 pleased to present to the 
 University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, a valuable and ele- 
 gant collection of books 
 in philosophy, history, 
 arts, etc., by the most 
 eminent French authors 
 and of the most approved 
 editions, amounting to 
 more than one hundred 
 volumes. These have 
 been respectfully received 
 by the Hoard of Trustees 
 and ale n< iw lodged in the 
 
 Library of the University 
 
 
 
 
 
 2^ n. 
 
 
 
 u. '* Wi 
 
 
 
 ■r m - 
 
 J* 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 Ai 4 O 
 
 N A 
 
 wWjlJr* 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 mv in Kin EN1 
 
 wlieic It IS Hoped tile) From original painting at American Philosophical S 
 
 will answer his Majesty's 
 
 good intention by increasing the avenues to 
 knowledge, and encouraging the study of the 
 French language in America." 
 
 The new relation of the- University as a state 
 institution was kept prominent for a while by 
 a< lion from both directions. The Trustees sub- 
 mitted the names 1 if new members of the Board 
 to the Legislature for their approval and re 
 ported other action from to time, February 
 1784, the Assembly appointed a large commit- 
 tee o| visitors "for the purpose of examining 
 tlie books, accounts, and econom) ol the said 
 University and to report their proceedin 
 
 The trustees and Faculty appeared as a body 
 in all formal state functions, such as inaugura- 
 tion ol tin Chiel Executive and processions at 
 the opening of the Assembly. Above all, how 
 ever, the Trustees kept the Legislature aware 
 of its responsibilities by frequent appeals for 
 pe< uniary help. 
 
 The greatest difficulty the new administra- 
 tion had to mnt was as usual this financial 
 one. The provision made by the Legislature 
 ;i emed liberal, but the lands granted to the 
 University were not promptly conveyed and 
 could not always be made 
 available, By the close 
 of the year 1 78 1 , two 
 years after the new foun- 
 dation, the authorities of 
 the University complained 
 that only £600 worth of 
 land had been reserved 
 to them, out of the £1 500 
 worth promised. Two 
 years after that we still 
 rind the Executive Conn 
 cil submitting to the Leg- 
 islature in February 1 784 
 a list of forty additional 
 e 1. ites for approval as 
 part of the endowment 
 to be given to the Uni- 
 versity, and even this did 
 not complete the full 
 allowance. The form of 
 tin' grants was extremely 
 cumbrous and unsatisfac- 
 tory. Lands were from 
 time to time confiscated 
 
 by the state as Tory landowners were attainted 
 of treason. These lands were sold by the 
 
 government for cash, but in addition to the 
 price paid, a ground rent was required to be 
 paid forever by the purchasers, and it was this 
 rent which was usually granted to the I 'nix. 1 
 site. The ';iound renl was almost invariably 
 payable in wheat or in its value and was no 
 doubt in most cases the quit rent which had 
 been previousl) paid to the Proprietaries. 
 I li' < quil rents had been 1 1 immuted in a lump 
 sum by the state to the Perm family, and there 
 seemed 1 it) in handing them
 
 9 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 over now to a corporation as their successors. 
 An example of the form which these grants 
 took may be found in the sale by the state 
 government of one hundred acres of land in 
 Blockley township, which had been confiscated 
 from Joseph Galloway, for .£25,000, subject to 
 a yearly rent of twelve and a half bushels of 
 merchantable wheat payable to the Univer- 
 sity of the State of Pennsylvania ; or another 
 tract of fifty-eight acres in Northern Liberties 
 confiscated from the same Loyalist, with a 
 reservation of thirty bushels of wheat to the 
 University. So the University received " a 
 ground rent of twenty-four and one-half bush- 
 els of wheat out of a house in the City of Phila- 
 delphia late the property of Joseph Henderson 
 and purchased by Joseph Dean." Other pay- 
 ments were from lands in various counties of the 
 state. Some of them were of absurdly small 
 amounts; " ten and one-fifth bushels " ; "three 
 bushels"; "two bushels and nine-twentieth 
 parts of a bushel ; " " a rent charge of three 
 bushels of wheat to be paid annually to the 
 said Trustees out of about three acres of 
 banked meadow on Hollanders creek in the 
 township of Moyamensing." 
 
 In some cases the grants were of actual 
 pieces of real estate, houses and lots, and even 
 wharf property, including that at the north 
 side of Arch Street, and one between Arch and 
 Market, which if retained would eventually 
 have become very valuable. September 22, 
 1785, all the scattered grants to the University 
 wti'i- enumerated and vested absolutely in the 
 Trustees by Act of the Legislature. They were 
 in number as follows : fifty-seven rent-charges in 
 wheat, sixteen ground rents in money, ami 
 twenty lots of real estate. But it was stated in 
 the Act that these estates " do not when con- 
 sidered together amount to more than the 
 yearly value of .£1381, 5s, /id. computing 
 wheat at ten shillings per bushel." 
 
 The property of the College had diminished 
 sadly in value even before the removal of the 
 old Trustees. The money collected in Eng- 
 land and from other sources in its more pros- 
 perous period had been largely invested in 
 mortgages on land. When the currency de- 
 preciated during the Revolution the owners of 
 the property upon which these mortgages lay 
 
 took advantage of the opportunity to pay them 
 off in money of the same amount nominally as 
 that which had been loaned to them by the 
 College, but really of only a fraction of its 
 value. The total income of the College prop- 
 erty became therefore extremely small. The 
 annual subscriptions promised by individuals 
 to the old management to fill up this void 
 were probably not paid to the new, as repeated 
 appeals for their continuance are recorded on 
 the minutes. 
 
 Fhe continued disorders of the currency 
 were in themselves almost destructive to any 
 institution having an income nominally fixed, 
 but expenses necessarily variable. The salaries 
 of the Professors had to be established at a 
 high rate anil afterwards doubled and then 
 tripled, in order that the_\- might live. In 
 March 1 780, the bill for a bell rope is £22 10s. : 
 in March 1 78 1, a lock and key costs £90, and 
 in arranging for the payment of arrearages of 
 some old rents, payable in wheat, they are 
 settled at an estimate of the value of wheat of 
 £10 per bushel. In 1 78 1 the Trustees recur 
 to the old device of a lottery- to raise £750 
 specie, then they borrow £\ 5,000 currency 
 from the Legislature for a period of six months 
 but are not able to pay it back ; so that only 
 eighteen months after the re-organization a 
 committee has to be sent to confer with the 
 General Assembly of the state on the embar- 
 rassed state of the funds of the University, and 
 the difficulty the Trustees meet with in prop- 
 erly supporting the institution. 
 
 So much for some of the vicissitudes in the 
 performance of the task which the Trustees of 
 1779 had taken up. The old Trustees, or at 
 least the Provost, kept up with unwearied vigor 
 the protest which they had made against being 
 superseded, and having the property and fran- 
 chises of the College taken out of their hands. 
 
 One of the most regular entries in the records 
 of the Assembly for some years succeeding 
 1779 is a note of the presentation of a petition 
 by Dr. Win. Smith, asking consideration of 
 his protest against his removal anil that of the 
 old authorities of the College. It appears in 
 the session of 1780, is again presented on No- 
 vember 29, 1781, read a second time March 18, 
 1782. and referred to the committee on griev-
 
 UNIVERsriT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 93 
 
 ances. Nothing was clone at that session and 
 in the autumn session the petition was again 
 presented. It was again laid on the table, but 
 December 5, [783, Dr. Smith presented a new- 
 memorial praying that the House would take 
 under their consideration the grievances com- 
 plained of in his petitions to former Houses of 
 Assembly. This again was referred, after a 
 second reading, to a committee of grievances 
 and on March 4, 17S4, they reported against 
 its further consideration until the same matter 
 had been acted on by the Council of Censors. 
 This revising body which had been provided 
 for in the State Constitution of 1776 had met 
 in November 1783, and within the first month 
 of its session Dr. Smith had laid a memorial 
 before them praying them to recommend a 
 repeal of the law of 1779. Dr. Smith's appeal 
 was accompanied by a memorial signed by ten 
 of the old Trustees reciting the fact of their ex- 
 pulsion from the control of the College' and 
 asking the Council of Censors " to take the 
 premises under their wise consideration and to 
 do therein as justice and equity shall direct." 
 
 The Council of Censors as originally elected 
 was a conservative body and if it had consid- 
 ered the matter of the College at that time 
 would probably have taken action favorable to 
 the old Trustees. But during its adjournment 
 in the early summer of i 7S4 vacancies occurred 
 which were filled by men of the radical party, 
 and when the matter came up in August the 
 same party as that which had carried the orig- 
 inal law of divestment was in a majority. Hie 
 form which the question took was a clause in 
 the report of a committee charged with an in- 
 quiry into the constitutionality of recent legis- 
 lation. The fourth paragraph of their report 
 declared that the Ait passed November i~, 
 \jj<>, was "a deviation from the Constitution." 
 During a prolonged discussion of the para- 
 graph the memorials of Dr. Smith and of the 
 Trustees were brought up and read. kin. illy, 
 August 27, 1 7X4, this paragraph in tin- re- 
 port of the Committee was stricken out by a 
 majority of thirteen to nine, thus giving a deci 
 sion unfavorable to the old authorities ol the 
 College. A protest by the minority and a state- 
 ment of the reasons for the action ol the major- 
 ity were both spread upon the minutes and .is .1 
 
 summing up of the- contn >\ ersy are worth a short 
 analysis. 
 
 The majority contended that the corporation 
 in 1770. had practically lost its vitality and was 
 incapable of acting legally without being re- 
 animated by legislative action. This they 
 showed by pointing out that of the twenty-four 
 Trustees named in the Charter of [755 all 
 were dead except seven ; that as the charter 
 provided that the presence of a quorum of 
 thirteen was necessary for the election of a Pro- 
 vost 1 'i' Pn ifessi ir. at least the same quorum must 
 be necessary for the election of a Trustee, 
 and yet that only one of the Tin tees named 
 since 1755 had been elected in a meeting of 
 as many as thirteen, and therefore these later 
 supposed Trustees had not been legally elected 
 and could not act. There were only seven or 
 at most eight competent Trustees, and the vital 
 powers of the body corporate were therefon to 
 a great extent extinct. 
 
 Even if this reasoning was not correct, they 
 argued, tin- Hoard was equally depleted by the 
 disloyalty of so large a proportion of its 
 members. For of the twenty-one members it 
 the close' of 177S, three, Alexander Stedman, 
 .Andrew Allen and Jacob Duchd Jr., were under 
 attaint for treason, eleven others had neglected 
 to take the oath of allegiance by J line I, I 77S, 
 
 as required by law. and were therefore dis- 
 abled, and three others, Thomas Willing, Samuel 
 Powell and Edward Shippen, had remained in 
 tin city during the British occupation and only 
 taken their oath on the last day, Ma) 50, 1778. 
 There were therefore only seven members 
 capable ol executing their trust, and three of 
 these were open to suspicion as to their loyalty. 
 Moreover, in filling tin- vacancies in the Hoard 
 created by the attainder of Messrs. Stedman. 
 Allen ,\\u\ I >uche, the Trustees do not mention 
 that reason for their expulsion, but in the first 
 case attribute the vacancj to the long absei 
 from Pennsylvania of Mr. Stedman, and in 
 
 tin other two case, merely state the fact of the 
 
 vacancy, therebj ignoring the action of the 
 
 iii. government in their attainder, implying 
 
 that that action was of no efie< I and that they 
 
 had remained Trustees till the Board itself had 
 
 v.ii aled their places 
 
 I hen the majority reiterate the statement
 
 94 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 that the Trustees were bound by their charter 
 to take oaths of allegiance to the King of 
 England, and that they had violated the re- 
 ligious liberty of the institution by their by- 
 law of 1764 requiring that the Provost should 
 always be a member of the Church of England, 
 and the Vice-Provost a person dissenting from 
 that church. Then, on general principles, the 
 education of youth was of such vast importance 
 that it was the duty of the Legislature to them, 
 especially as being the class from whom future 
 magistrates and all in authority and influence 
 would be drawn, to see that they were early 
 inspired with a love of their country and a 
 respect and liking for its republican spirit and 
 character. They say : " from these principles 
 we conceive that it was the duty of the Legis- 
 lature of the Commonwealth, as guardians of 
 the rights of the people, — (and we have no 
 doubt of their power), after so recent and great 
 a revolution from monarch}-, to take especial 
 care of the education of the youth in the first 
 seminary in the state, to place it under the 
 direction of gentlemen, not only of education, 
 but of known republican principles and of tried 
 virtue, and by all means in their power to pre- 
 vent the Commonwealth from receiving any 
 detriment either from the influence of men hos- 
 tile to equal liberty or inimical to the Revolu- 
 tion and independence of this state, or from any 
 other cause. We doubt not that it appeared 
 to the General Assembly in 1779, which passed 
 the Act under consideration, as it doth to us, 
 that the great majority of the late Trustees 
 of the College of Philadelphia were not only 
 hostile to our independency but abettors of 
 the cause of the King of Great Britain, and 
 totally disqualified for such a trust under our 
 present government. 
 
 " To remedy all these defects, incapacities, 
 forfeitures, and evils, legislative interposition 
 became absolutely necessary. They accord- 
 ingly reanimated the orphan seminar}-, gave it 
 new guardians, secured its estates and interests, 
 which were very near being lost, reestablished 
 the institution on its original broad bottom, 
 provided it with new funds, and bestowed on 
 it a new name and additional honors." 
 
 As to the statement that the Legislature 
 should not intermeddle with private estates 
 
 or interests or actions, that applied to indi- 
 viduals, but ought not to apply to corporations, 
 which might then nullify the wishes of the whole 
 community. Finally, although the Act of 1779 
 had been finally carried somewhat abruptly, yet 
 in the previous stages of the investigation abun- 
 dant opportunity had been given for all persons 
 concerned to bring to the attention of the Legis- 
 lature all facts of import to the case. 
 
 The reasons for dissent were as follows ; first, 
 that paragraph 45 of the Constitution had been 
 inserted especially to guard the Charter of the 
 College, which such action infringed ; secondly, 
 the statement as to the resolutions of 1764 nar- 
 rowing the religious foundation was against the 
 facts, and was " only a specious coloring to a 
 scene of pre-determined injustice " ; thirdly, the 
 suggestion of a forfeiture on account of the de- 
 ficiency of qualified Trustees was merely frivo- 
 lous; and lastly that the new arrangements for 
 higher education were in themselves bad, that 
 the care of education was best left to private 
 hands, and to place it in the control of officers 
 of government and the ministers of religion 
 made a dangerous alliance between the institu- 
 tion and the state and made possible the use 
 of the University as an instrument for purposes 
 of tyranny and oppression. 
 
 The adverse judgment of the Council of 
 Censors was given August 27. On the 3rd of 
 September, Dr. Smith renewed his appeal to 
 the Assembly and on the 7th the memorial of 
 the old Trustees was presented. The prospects 
 there were distinctly better than in previous 
 years, or in the Council of the same year. The 
 membership had become more and more con- 
 servative until the old radical majority had dis- 
 appeared ; the Council of Censors had become 
 extremely unpopular, and the fact that it had 
 rejected a certain claim tended to make the 
 Legislature more favorable to that claim. The 
 "affair of the College " as it was called had 
 come moreover into newspaper discussion 
 and was being utilized as a basis of attack 
 by the conservatives upon the radicals. 
 
 The matter was therefore brought immedi- 
 ately into consideration and the greater part 
 of the time of the Legislature for the next 
 three weeks given to successive reports of a 
 committee on the petitions, discussions in
 
 UNWERsirr of PENNsru i\ t ia 
 
 95 
 
 committee of the whole, listening for one day 
 each to counsel for Dr. Smith, for the old 
 Trustees of the College, and the new Trus- 
 tees of the University, and to the final re- 
 port of the committee of the whole on the 
 [8th of September. This report was for the 
 first time since the passage of the law of [779 
 a favorable one. The committee reported that 
 the corporation in question was one of those 
 intended to be protected by the Constitution, 
 that it had never 
 forfeited its rights 
 or franchises, and 
 even if so it was 
 amenable to the 
 courts, not to the 
 Legislature, and 
 recommended that 
 a bill be brought in 
 to repeal so much 
 of the Act as took 
 away the property 
 and rights of the 
 Trustees of the Col- 
 lege and to rein- 
 state them in all 
 their former rights 
 and franchises. At 
 the same time the 
 committee pro- 
 posed that the exist- 
 ing Trustees of the 
 University should 
 continue that insti- 
 tution on the basis 
 of the property and 
 c h a r t e r r i g h t s 
 which hail been 
 
 recently granted to it, at least until the Assem 
 bly should order otherwise. A bill was there 
 
 wn I I AM SMITH 
 From the painting by Gilbert Stuart 
 
 first of these subjects was called up for further 
 consideration on September 28, by a precon- 
 certed arrangement nineteen members rose and 
 rushed tumultuously from the Hall. Nor did 
 they return ; no quorum could be obtained, 
 and the period of the session expired without 
 the doing "I any further business. 
 
 The usual petitions do not seem to havi 
 been renewed for the next three or four years. 
 1 >r. Smith was living in Chestertown, Mar} land, 
 
 where he was Rec- 
 tor of the parish 
 and had been, since 
 [782, Principal of 
 Washington Col- 
 lege, an institution 
 which grew out of a 
 private school he 
 
 had established 
 there in 17K0, and 
 was created largely 
 by his personal ex- 
 ertions. 1 [e was 
 also much occupied 
 with the mo\ ements 
 which were then 
 taking place toward 
 the organization of 
 the American Prot- 
 
 estant Episcopal 
 
 ( hutch. 
 
 1 li >w e\ er, March 
 1 2,1 ;SS, Dr. Smith's 
 
 memorial was again 
 
 pr< ented to the 
 Pennsylvania I 
 
 islature, but, al- 
 though reported on 
 1.-, ,1 1 ommittee, nothing more was .1. , om 
 plished than .1 recommendation to the next 
 
 upon brought in on these lines September 22, General Assembly. At this meeting it was des- 
 [784, and passed its first reading by a vote of tined to reach its Ion-, delayed success. No- 
 twenty seven to twenty-four. The old Colli .< 
 
 party were jubilant, but their hopes never came 
 to fruition. 
 
 The radical minority had been becoming 
 more and more desperate as one measure after 
 another which the) hated 1 on, erning tin t< 1 
 laws, the Proprietar) estates, and now the 
 College seemed likely to pass, so when thi 
 
 vember 4, [788, a committee of seven was 
 appointed to report on the memorial, and a few 
 weeks afterwards the old petition of the Trus- 
 te< wa also reintroduced. February 17, 1789, 
 tin Committei reported: " ["hat they have duly 
 , , .11 idei ed the aid memorial ■\oA the sul 
 matter thereof, and an- of opinion that the- a< t 
 which took away the chartei of the Colli
 
 9 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Academy and Free School of the City of 
 Philadelphia was not founded upon any just 
 cause of forfeiture of the said charter, but in 
 direct violation of the Constitution of this 
 State, and contrary to those principles of jus- 
 tice which ought ever to govern legislative 
 acts." They recommended, therefore, as their 
 predecessors had in 1784, that a bill be brought 
 in to restore their charter to the old Trustees. 
 The report was accepted and the recommen- 
 dation ordered to be carried out by a vote of 
 forty-six to eighteen, a 
 majority so large as to 
 indicate an entire revul- 
 sion of feeling in the mat- 
 ter and to give a good 
 standard with which to 
 measure the diminution 
 of revolutionary animosi- 
 ties within the decade 
 since 1779. Two days 
 afterward the bill was 
 brought in ami finally 
 passed on the 6th of 
 March, 1789. 
 
 This Act left unmen- 
 tioned most of the points 
 of controversy, the single 
 ground taken being the 
 unconstitutionality of the 
 former legislative action. 
 Its form was that of a 
 repeal of all parts of the 
 law of 1779 which applied 
 in anyway to the College. 
 Its result, therefore, was 
 to restore to the living 
 
 representatives of the old Board and of the old 
 Faculty all the property which they had then 
 been divested of, all their rights, trusts, duties, 
 and privileges under the original charters, and 
 in a word to reinstate them, nominally, in ex- 
 actly the position they had held ten years 
 before. At the same time nothing was done 
 to deprive the Trustees of the University of 
 the State of Pennsylvania of the estates which 
 had been granted to them by the Legislature, 
 of their corporate existence, or of the trusts 
 and privileges which they also exercised under 
 the charters of 1753 and 1755, and under the 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 From the fainting by Benjamin Mo'. Original in p\ 
 
 of Hon Samuel \V. Pennypacker 
 
 act of 1779. The result ivas that legally there 
 were now two institutions, or two branches of 
 the same institution, each with its Board of 
 Trustees and Faculty, both drawing their origin 
 from the same original charters. One, the 
 University, was continuous with the colonial 
 institution in its corporate life and educational 
 work, but had been much modified by legisla- 
 tive and personal changes ; the other, the Col- 
 lege, was continuous in personnel, in name, in 
 estates, and in traditions, but had been prob- 
 ably even more deeply 
 affected by ten years' in- 
 tromission of its functions. 
 The old pre-revolutionary 
 College was now repre- 
 sented by two institutions. 
 There remained two years 
 and a half of this divided 
 existence before the two 
 p.uts were reunited. 
 
 Dr. Smith was naturally 
 jubilant. He severed his 
 connection as clergyman 
 and College President 
 with Man-land, and came 
 back to Philadelphia to 
 live. He had published 
 in the newspapers and in 
 a separate volume, in the 
 earl}' months of 1789, a 
 long statement of the case 
 of the College, and in 
 anticipation of the early 
 restoration of the old 
 buildings to the former 
 Trustees, compared re- 
 cent events with the experience of the Oxford 
 and Cambridge Colleges during the Common- 
 wealth, and proposed the same inscription here 
 as that placed on Queen's College at the 
 Restoration ; Divina Ope Misericordia et Prov- 
 identia Collegium hoc a Captivitate quadam 
 Babylouiai ereptum Integris et Legitimis suis 
 Mem bris Const it 11 itiir. 
 
 On the ninth of March, 1789, three days 
 after the passage of the Act of Reinstatement, a 
 meeting of the Trustees of the old College was 
 held at the home of Franklin, who was now 
 spending the last few years of his long life in
 
 UNIVERSITY Oh Ph. \ XSTLI I \ I.I 
 
 97 
 
 great honor and such rest .is his busy nature 
 would allow to him. He was the oldt si mem- 
 ber of the Board in years, and the only sur- 
 vivor of the original twenty-four. All of the 
 fourteen living Trustees wire present. At a 
 subsequent meeting held April 28, [789, the 
 ten vacancies in the Hoard were filled and steps 
 were taken to rehabilitate their restored estati -. 
 The old buildings were immediately restored 
 to them, the University removing its classe to 
 "the Lodge in Lodge 
 Alley," which had been 
 temporarily rented for 
 the purpose. The re- 
 instatement of all living 
 members of the Faculty 
 dissolved in 1779 applied 
 only to two Professors of 
 the College proper, Dr. 
 Smith and James David- 
 son, Professor of the 
 Greek and Latin lan- 
 guages. The Faculty 
 was completed by the 
 election of Rev. John An- 
 drews, a clergyman from 
 Maryland, as Professor of 
 the Sciences, and Rev. 
 William Rogers as Pro- 
 fessor of English and 
 ( (ratory. 
 
 ( ) n the fifteenth of 
 April, the following no- 
 tice was published in the 
 newspapers. 
 
 CASPAR WISTAR 
 From painting at Ameri 
 
 "COLLEGE. ACADEMY, AND CHARITABLE 
 SCHOOLS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 " Notice is hereby given that the several schools 
 in this seminary arc now opened upon their ancient 
 foundation as follows, viz : 
 
 "1. The Charitable School, viz: the Boys undei 
 Mr. Oliphant, and the (lids under Mrs. Davis, a> 
 usual. 
 
 "2. The Academy, viz: the English Grammar 
 School and the School of the practical branch 
 Mathematics, under the Rev. William Rogers, \. M. 
 as Professor of English and Oratory. 
 
 "3. The Latin Grammar School, under fames 
 Davidson, A. M., Professor of Humanity 01 of the 
 l .jtin and ( Ireek I >anguages. 
 
 VOL. I. — 7 
 
 "The College, 01 Philosophy Schools, under the 
 subscriber, as Provost, and the Rev. John Andrews, 
 D.D., lauly appointed a Professor in the s. ieni 
 
 and for further assistance in these schools, a Via 
 Provost will in due time be appointed." 
 •■ William Smith, D.D., 
 
 Provost of the College and 
 Academy of Philadelphia'' 
 
 The Medical School was treated separately. 
 Of its Professors, Drs. Shippen, Kuhn and 
 Rush were living and ac- 
 cepted their old positions, 
 though Dr. Kuhn soon 
 resigned from the College 
 to take a higher position 
 in the University. 1 'i . 
 Rush, on the other hand, 
 gave up his position at the 
 University to become 
 Professor of the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine 
 in the College. Dr. Ship- 
 pen retained his position 
 as Professor of Anatomy 
 in both institutions. 1 )r. 
 Morgan was still living, 
 though not in Pennsyl- 
 vania at the time, and he 
 died later in the same 
 year. Several new men 
 were then added. Dr. 
 Caspar Wistar began his 
 great professorial career 
 by being ele< ted to the 
 Chair 1 A ( hemistr) and 
 the Institutes of Physics. Dr. Samuel Griffith 
 was elected Professor of Materia Medica and 
 Pharmacy, and Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton of 
 Natural History and Botany. Perhaps the 
 must important action on this reorganization 
 
 of the Medical School was the abandonment 
 
 of the degree of Ba< helor of Medicine. It was 
 declared that to confer that degree gave en- 
 couragement to those who had taken it to 
 enter immediately into practice, to tall them 
 
 selves Doctors of Medicine, and thus to im 
 pose upon the public', and never return foi the 
 further study and maturit) necessary to obtain 
 the degree ol Doctoi of Medicine. It was 
 thei efon di termined to confei thi I >oi toi 's
 
 9 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 degree only, and to insist that in order to 
 obtain it all candidates should be at least 
 twenty-one years old, should spend at least 
 two years at the College, attend all principal 
 courses of lectures, pass examinations and 
 prepare and print a thesis. 
 
 The old schools having been formally reor- 
 ganized within the year 1789, the next year 
 brought an innovation that seemed as if it 
 might be the beginning of a second profes- 
 sional school analogous to the Medical Depart- 
 ment. This was a Professorship of Law. The 
 plan was adopted in the 
 flow of enthusiasm due to 
 the successful reinstate- 
 ment of the Trustees, but 
 it sprang also from the 
 conditions of the time. 
 
 The circumstances 
 were somewhat analogous 
 to those at the formation 
 of the Medical Schoo 
 twenty-five years before. 
 Philadelphia was already 
 famous for the talent of its 
 lawyers, and students pre- 
 paring themselves for the 
 Par were numerous and 
 ambitious. The only in- 
 struction available to them 
 was that obtained in the 
 offices of the practising 
 lawyers with whom they 
 were entered. Additional 
 
 opportunities of learning 
 
 JAMES WILSON 
 
 were an evident desidera- 
 tum. At one of the early meetings of the 
 Board, therefore, March 16, 1789, a request 
 came from a group of young law students 
 for the use of one of the rooms of the Col- 
 lege for the meetings of a society which they 
 had formed. The request was granted. A 
 year or more later, July 10, 1790, a commu- 
 nication was sent to the Board by a prom- 
 inent lawyer, Charles Smith, Esq., suggesting 
 the institution of a law lectureship and offering 
 to read a course of lectures each winter, if he 
 should be appointed to it, under such regu- 
 lations as the authorities of the College might 
 deem proper. The suggestion of giving in- 
 
 struction and degrees in Law attracted attention 
 and was discussed at several successive meet- 
 ings, though no formal notice was taken of Mr. 
 Smith's personal proposal. Finally in August 
 a plan of such a Professorship was reported to 
 the Board by a committee of which the Chair- 
 man was James Wilson, formerly a Tutor in the 
 College, but now one of the Trustees and an 
 eminent statesman and lawyer. He had more- 
 over been recently appointed by President 
 Washington one of the Justices of the Supreme 
 Court. This plan, which provided for a course 
 of twenty-four lectures 
 each year, was immed- 
 iate!}' adopted and Judge 
 Wilson himself was ap- 
 pointed Professor of Law. 
 To accept this position he 
 resigned from the Board 
 of Trustees. The plan of 
 the course, which was 
 somewhat vague and dif- 
 fuse, to say the least, was 
 as follows : 
 
 " The object of a sys- 
 tem of law lectures in this 
 country should be to ex- 
 plain the Constitution of 
 the United States, its 
 parts, its powers, and the 
 distribution and opera- 
 tion of those powers ; to 
 ascertain the merits of 
 that Constitution by com- 
 paring it with the consti- 
 tutions of other States, 
 with the general principles of government, and 
 with the rights of men ; to point out the spirit, 
 the design and the probable effects of the laws 
 and treaties of the United States ; to mark par- 
 ticularly and distinctly the rules and decisions 
 of the federal courts in matters both of law and 
 practice. 
 
 "To examine legally, critically and histori- 
 cally the constitutions and laws of the several 
 States in the Union ; to compare those constitu- 
 tions and laws with one another, and with the 
 general rules of law and government ; to investi- 
 gate the nature, the properties, and the extent 
 of that connection which subsists between the
 
 UNIFERSI TT OF />/■ SNSYLVANIA 
 
 99 
 
 Federal Government and the severed States, 
 and, of consequence, between each (if the 
 St.ites and all the others. 
 
 " To illustrate the genius, the elements, the 
 originals, and the rules of the common law, in 
 its theory and in its practice; to trace as far 
 as possible that law to its fountains, to the laws 
 and customs of the Normans, the Saxons, the 
 Britons, the ancient Germans, the Romans, 
 and perhaps in some instances the Grecians. 
 
 " Under this head it is to be observed, that 
 the common law, in its true extent, includes the 
 law of nations, the civil law, the maritime law, 
 the law-merchant, and the law too of each 
 particular country, in all cases in which those 
 laws are peculiarly applicable. All the fore- 
 going subjects of discussion should be con- 
 trasted with the practice and institutions of 
 other countries. They should be fortified by 
 reasons, by examples, and by authorities ; and 
 they should be weighed and appreciated by the 
 precepts of natural and revealed law. 
 
 "The obvious design of such a plan is to 
 furnish a rational and an useful entertainment 
 to gentlemen of all professions, and in particu- 
 lar, to assist in forming the legislator, the 
 magistrate and the lawyer. 
 
 "The lectures and exercises may be so pre- 
 pared and arranged as to suit the different 
 views of those who shall attend them." 
 
 An announcement was made of a course of 
 lectures to be delivered on three afternoons of 
 the week at six o'clock, with law exercises on 
 Saturday. The introductory lecture, given 
 on tin- 15th of December, 1790, in the College 
 Hall, was a notable affair. Since Philadelphia 
 was at that time the Capital of the United 
 States, there was no lack of public offii i.ils to 
 compliment Judge Wilson by their presence. 
 President Washington and tin- members of his 
 Cabinet, the members of the Senate and I louse 
 of Representatives, of the Supreme Executive 
 Council and of the Assembly of the state, the 
 Mayor and members of City Councils, Judges 
 of the courts ami a great array ol prominent 
 citizens and well known ladies made a very 
 striking gathering. The course of lectures 
 then inaugurated was given during tin- winter 
 of [790-1791, But a second series, although 
 begun during the next winter ami carried part 
 
 way through the year, was interrupted and 
 never completed. Nor were the law lectures 
 continued thereafter. The- plan fell into desue- 
 tude, to be temporarily revived twenty-five 
 years later, but not to attain any real impor- 
 tance or to become an actual Law School until 
 the middle of this century. The Lectureship 
 was only an experiment, interesting in itself, 
 from the personality of the lecturer, and from 
 being the first Law Lectureship established in 
 America, but it had no permanent significance. 
 It was only the old College courses and the 
 Medical courses that were fully established at 
 this time. 
 
 < )n the eighth of June, 1790, the first Medi- 
 cal Commencement of the re-established insti- 
 tution took place in the old College Hall at 
 the same hour as the Commencement of the 
 University took place in the new quarters 
 which the)' had rented in the Philosophical 
 Society's hall on fifth Street below Chestnut. 
 On the 17th of Jul\ r the regular College Com- 
 mencement was held. A Commencement was 
 held June 22, 1791, to confer the degree. of 
 Doctor of Medicine on five students, but none 
 was held for the College classes. It had no 
 doubt ahead) come to be realized before the 
 usual time for Commencement that the contin- 
 uance of the two institutions, the College and 
 the University, in perpetual duplication and 
 rivalry, was impracticable. The Provost and 
 Trustees of the College had obtained their vin- 
 dication, and now both institutions alike were 
 straitened in finances and poorly attended by 
 students; the old rivalries were diminished, the 
 old pride somewhat humbled. There was but 
 little popular interest in either institution, al- 
 though the University was subjected in the 
 summer o| [790 to a searching investigation by 
 .ic ommittee of the State Legislature. Franklin 
 was a member of the Hoard of Trustees of eai h 
 institution, though he had never taken the 
 oaths qualifying him for service in the Univer- 
 sity and had not attended any of the meet- 
 ings. One of the Medical Professors wa 
 Serving on both faculties and at least oni 
 other, Dr. Wistar was deeply interested in 
 both. 
 
 Under these circumstances the question of .1 
 union,, 1 the College and the University could
 
 1 oo 
 
 UNU'EHSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 hardly fail to come up. As early as December 
 24, 1790, the Board of Trustees of the College 
 passed a resolution stating that they under- 
 stood there was a disposition cm the part of 
 the Hoard of Trustees of the University to 
 enter into a conference on the subject of a 
 possible union of the two institutions, and 
 appointing a committee. On the fourth of 
 January, 1791, the)- wrote to this effect to the 
 other Board. This letter was read at the meet- 
 ing of the Trustees of the University held 
 February 9 and an answer sent in which they 
 are particular to say that they had not had the 
 matter under consideration, but are willing to 
 confer with them and receive proposals on the 
 subject. They likewise appointed a committee 
 for further consideration of the matter. Two 
 weeks afterward the two committees held a 
 joint meeting in a room in the State House. 
 Matters hung fire during the summer while 
 both institutions were making strenuous efforts 
 to strengthen themselves and to keep up ap- 
 pearances. In August, however, the two Com- 
 mittees made reports to their respective Boards 
 and the arrangements for a union went rapidly 
 forward. The University authorities were in- 
 terested iu Laying stress on the fact that the 
 overtures for union had come from the College. 
 The College authorities insisted that the name 
 for the proposed united institution should be 
 "The University <>f Philadelphia," not "of 
 Pennsylvania," as proposed by the other party. 
 The form of a common petition to the State 
 Legislature was eventually drawn up, and, after 
 continued negotiations, approved, no mention 
 being made of the question of initiative, and 
 the College waiving its preference for the name 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 The main features of the plan of union were 
 the adoption of the name of " University of 
 Pennsylvania ; " the creation of a new Board 
 of Trustees by the choice from each Board 
 then existing of twelve of its members, and the 
 
 addition of the Governor of the State; the 
 creation of a new Faculty by choosing from 
 each of the existing Faculties equally as many 
 Professors as it should be determined to have 
 in the new institution, and the election of a 
 Provost and Vice-Provost from among these 
 Professors; that the Board should be perpet- 
 uated by filling its own vacancies, and the 
 Faculty by election of the Board ; that all the 
 property of the two institutions should be 
 united, and that an annual statement of the 
 conditions of their funds be laid before a repre- 
 sentative of the State Government. The peti- 
 tion was submitted to the Assembly by the 
 two institutions jointly, and an Act was there- 
 upon passed on the 30th of September, 1791, 
 embodying these proposals, and incorporating 
 a new institution, the " University of Pennsyl- 
 vania." There hail been, as before pointed out, 
 no real breach in the continuity of the work of 
 the original College and Academy. The Act 
 of 1779 had put a new group of Trustees in 
 charge of its property and trusts, and had 
 connected it much more closely with the 
 State Government than it had been before. 
 At the same time the expelled Trustees were 
 in a position to claim a sort of moral if not 
 legal continuance in office. The .Vet of 1789, 
 in performing an act of justice in returning 
 their old property and franchises to this group 
 of men, had really brought about the temporary 
 division of the institution into two institutions, 
 Xovv these were again united into one. The 
 close connection with the State Government 
 was partially preserved by the provision that 
 the Governor of the state should always be ex- 
 officio President of the Board of Trustees and 
 that annual financial reports should be made 
 to the Legislature. The property of both 
 institutions came into the possession of the 
 new one, and all the old duties, including the 
 keeping up of a Charity School, were still 
 incumbent upon it.
 
 UNIVERSITY Oh PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 IO ! 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 The University of Pennsylvania — the Reunited Institution 
 
 to 1 111. Cu »se hi mi; Century 
 
 THE decade which followed the union ics, Rev. Dr. Win. Rogers of English and 
 
 includes two matters of special in- Belles-Lettres, and Rev. Dr. |. II. ('. Helmuth 
 
 terest, the reorganization of tin- of German ami the Oriental Languages. As 
 
 Board of Trustees and the Faculty, and the Medical Professors, Dr. Shippen was el< 
 
 exchange of the old home for a new. Professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Midwifery, 
 
 In accordance with the Act of 1791, each of Dr. Caspar Wistar, Adjunct Professor of the 
 
 the two Boards of Trustees proceeded to select same branches, Dr. Adam Kuhn, Professor of 
 
 one half of their number as members of the the Practice of Physics, Dr. Rush of the Insti- 
 
 new Board. Those selected by the College tutes of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine, 
 
 were: Rev. Robert Blackwell, Rev. William Dr. James Hutchinson of Chemistry, Dr. S. P. 
 
 White, Edward Shippen, William Lewis, Rob- Griffith of Materia Medici and Botany, Dr. 
 
 ert Hare, Samuel Powell, David II. Conyng- 
 ham, William Bingham, Thomas Fitzsimmons, 
 George Clymer, Edward Burd and Samuel 
 
 Miles: those chosen by the University were : 
 Thomas McKean, Charles Pettit, James Sproat, 
 Frederick Kuhl, John Bleakly, John Carson, 
 Jonathan B. Smith, David Rittenhouse, Jona- 
 than D. Sergeant, David Jackson, James Irvin 
 and Jared [ngersoll. These lists represented 
 
 Benjamin S. Barton, of Natural History and 
 Botany. Justice Wilson was continued in his 
 nominal position of Professor of Law. 
 
 By these elections all the Professors in both 
 the earlier institutions were included in the 
 Faculty except Dr. Smith, the late Provost of 
 the College, and Dr. Magaw, Vice-Provost of 
 the University. The latter declined a nomina- 
 tion, as it was felt to be impossible that both he 
 
 tolerably well the old social and political and and Dr. Andrews, to whom he was much at- 
 
 even religious divisions of Pennsylvania. The t ached, could be included in the new Faculty, 
 
 former is mainly made up of representatives and he deferred to his friend. After some de- 
 
 of prominent old colonial families, who were lay a contest was made for the re-election of Dr. 
 
 generally Episcopalians; the latter principally Smith, but he was defeated by a vote of thir- 
 
 of men of the Revolution, new men, and several teen to eleven in favor of James Davidson. In 
 
 of them Presbyterians. Those cleavages of other respects the old Provost was treated with 
 
 society, however, were rapidly disappearing great consideration. His official residence 
 
 and giving place to new. On the 8th of was left to him for a year, rent free ; his finan- 
 
 November, 1 791 , twenty-three of the men thus cial claims on the College weir paid, and the 
 
 selected, together with Thomas Mifflin, Gov- annuity of ^100 formerly granted him by.the 
 
 ernor of the State, nut at the office of the College in recognition of his services in obtain- 
 
 retary of the Commonwealth, in tin- State ing the endowment fund in Europe was 
 
 House, organized themselves, and proceeded cured to him for life. Marly in 1792, Dr. Ewing 
 
 to give to the institution its last formal re- was elected Provost and Dr. Andrews \ : 
 
 < 'instruction up to the present time. The Provost. Thus the teaching was provided for 
 
 changes introduced in the courses of studies by a body of fifteen men, seven each in Ails 
 
 will he described in another connection, and Medicine, and the Law Professor. The 
 
 hut the creation of a Faculty is properly positions of one Professor of each of the first 
 
 included here. They elected the following groups and "l' the Professor "I 1 aw were 
 
 men to the respective chairs: Dr. Ewing, Pro scarcely more than nominal so the actual 
 
 lessor of Natural Philosophy, Dr. Andrews of teaching bodj consisted of twelve men, a num 
 
 Moral Philosophy, James Davidson of Greek her which was nol exceeded for man) \< 
 
 and Latin, Robert Patterson of Mathemal ["he Academii Department, con i ting ol the
 
 102 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 old Latin, English and Mathematical schools and the Anatomical Hall on Fifth Street, 
 was by resolution more completely separated These were inadequate and inconveniently 
 from the College than it had been before, located. There had been a time when the 
 The medical courses were sufficiently distin- Fourth Street location was so far at the edge 
 guished by the circumstances of the case, of population that the Trustees in obtaining 
 This division was somewhat closely connected estimates for a tower clock had only provided 
 with the question of location. for dials on the southern and eastern sides, 
 The subject of location of the institution had but this was no longer so. The centre of pop- 
 become complicated for several causes. The ulation had moved far westward. Moreover, 
 College had been in possession of three build- within the next few years an unusually good 
 ings for teaching purposes, the two on its old opportunity for a new location presented itself, 
 grounds at Fourth and Arch streets and an- This was the sale by the state government 
 other, usually known as Anatomical Hall, or of the building which had been intended as 
 Surgeon's Hall, used for the medical lectures, a residence for the President of the United 
 on the east side of Fifth Street above Walnut. States. In 1791, when the seat of the Fed- 
 
 To these the new 
 University of 
 course fell heir in 
 1779. On the 
 division of the 
 institution in 
 1789, and the 
 restoration of its 
 property to the 
 old College, the 
 University ob- 
 tained rooms in 
 the building of the 
 American Philo- 
 sophical Society 
 on the west side 
 
 HALL OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIET\ 
 
 eral Government 
 had been re- 
 moved from New 
 York to Phil- 
 adelphia, the 
 Legislature of 
 Pennsylvania or- 
 dered the pur- 
 chase of a space 
 of ground on the 
 west side of Ninth 
 Street, running 
 from Market to 
 Chestnut, and the 
 erection upon it 
 of a lar^e and 
 
 of Fifth Street, just below Chestnut, agreeing handsome building, in which it was expected 
 
 to pay .£85 a year for five years and to complete that President Washington would dwell. The 
 
 the building, deducting their expenses in doing corner stone was laid on the 10th of May, 1792, 
 
 so from the rent. This location under the but the work of construction proceeded slowly, 
 
 shadow of the State House seemed to accen successive appropriations were as usual re- 
 
 tuate the position of the University as the quired, and it was not until the spring of 1797, 
 
 special protege of the state. Being unprovided and after the expenditure of almost $100,000, 
 
 with any bell of their own, the Trustees of the that it was finally completed. By this time 
 
 University asked and obtained permission from Adams had been elected, and what had no 
 
 the state authorities to ring the State House doubt originally been intended as a free gift to 
 
 bell twice a day for the assembling of the the Chief Executive was now only offered to 
 
 scholars, basing their request on the fact that the President as a dwelling-place at a rate of 
 
 the institution was created by the state govern- rent to be named by himself. President 
 
 ment and that such a permission would enable Adams, not attracted by this restricted cour- 
 
 them better to fulfil what was expected of them, tesy, or considering the house too large and 
 
 After the re-union in 1 791, and the expiration pretentions, or possibly feeling some doubt as 
 
 of this lease, the available buildings were again, to the legality of his acceptance of the gift of 
 
 as before, only the Charity School building a reduced rent, returned .1 polite note to Gov- 
 
 and the old Hall at Fourth and Arch streets, ernor Mifflin, on the third of March, 1797,
 
 r.v// KRsrrr or />/■. wsrij .1x1.1 
 
 103 
 
 declining to receive it. It then lay vacant for 
 
 three years, till in March 1800, it was ordered 
 by law to be sold at auction. In July of the 
 same year the house and land were purchased 
 by the Trustees of the University for $41,650, 
 payable in installments. They then sold part 
 of their old estate, including the houses in 
 which four of the Professors had lived, and 
 rented out building lots on part of the new. 
 Even then, however, means had to be provided 
 to make the necessary alterations in the build- 
 
 been I' i I, permanenl [iven to the 
 
 outward organization of the University, and 
 the location adopted which was to be re- 
 tained for seventy year-, had nevertheless 
 shown hut little promise a- the years went "ii 
 oi giving to the University any great promi- 
 nence or influence in the- community, or bring- 
 ing to it any great number of students. It is 
 true that large classes of students graduati d 
 in [792 and [793, l>ut after that the number 
 fell off in the Aits courses till in [796, and 
 
 ■ 
 
 THE PRESIDENTIAL MANSION \s OCCUPIED BY 1111 UNIVERSITY 1802 I 
 From an l rde in 1S00 
 
 ing, and it was the Spring of 1S02 before the 
 classes were all transferred. The subjects of 
 Anatomy and Chemistry continued for lack of 
 accommodation- to he taught in the -mall hall 
 on Fifth Str.et. Part of the old College Mall 
 was now leased for other purposes, though the 
 t h.uity School was still kept up in its old 
 
 building. To anticipate somewhat, in [806 an 
 addition was made to the building on Ninth 
 Street, for the use of the classes in Anatomy 
 and CliemiMry. All advanced eom>es undei 
 direction of the Trustees were thus for the first 
 time given under < me n •> >i 
 
 This period, in which the old division- had 
 
 n in 1798, no commencements were held. 
 The average number oi graduates for several 
 years was either five or six. The times were 
 not favorable for higher education. The 
 attraction- .u\A rewards of commercial and 
 mercantile life were especially great, and 
 comparativel) few of the young men of Phila- 
 delphia and its vicinity went to College at all. 
 \l.ui\ oi those w ho did go wen attt ai ted ft u 
 dem iminatii mal or othei reasons to 1 >ther t !ol 
 leges, and the University failed in its turn to 
 attract an) longer, to it - culture < ourses at 
 lea t, students from a distano V « , du< a 
 tional facilities had been provided thai did not
 
 I 04 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 exist in colonial times. Franklin College, for remains that the University as reorganized in 
 
 instance, was established at Lancaster in 1787, 1779 and 1791 was not successful in obtaining 
 
 in the midst of the German section of Penn- such relative prominence and influence in Phila- 
 
 sylvania, and this led to the abolition of the delphia and Pennsylvania as it had before the 
 
 UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS, 1S06-1829 
 
 German Classical School at the University in Revolution. Even the Medical courses showed 
 the next year. Dickinson College similarly but small inclination to grow, though they 
 in the Scotch Irish section was founded in averaged nine or ten graduates yearly, and 
 17S3, and others in Pennsylvania and the ad- the second and succeeding decades of the 
 jacent states at about the same time. What- century were destined to see a great develop- 
 ever the reasons may have been, the fact ment in that department.
 
 UNIFERSITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 105 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 Tiik Middle Ages -I'm First Hali or mi: Century 
 
 THE half century which followed was a obtained fame and exercised influence. The 
 
 period in the history of the Univer- old nucleus of the University was during this 
 
 sity the main features of which were period ,1 good enough small College, existing in 
 
 indicated by the condition of things at its be- the midst of a large and growing community, 
 
 ginning. There was a succession of Provosts but not participating in the life of that com- 
 
 who were all good scholars and men of intel- munity nor exercising any appreciable influence 
 
 lectual ability ; but with 
 perhaps one exception 
 they acted as teachers and 
 disciplinarians only, not 
 at all as initiators or ad- 
 ministrators as was Dr. 
 Smith and as have been 
 the last three Provosts. 
 The teaching given was 
 good, the influence exer- 
 cised by the Professors 
 over the individual stu- 
 dents a valuable one, but 
 the benefit of this teaching 
 and influence was given, 
 in the Collegiate Depart- 
 ment at least, to but .1 
 handful of students, who 
 wcii' almost .ill resident^ 
 of Philadelphia or its 
 vicinity. The Trustees 
 were prominent and able 
 nun, but from one cause 
 or another they did not 
 prevent the University from falling into ruts, 1 S 1 
 
 J( Hl\ Mc DOUKI.l 
 
 o\ er its development. 
 
 On the death of Dr. 
 Ewing in [802 no Provost 
 was chosen for fix e J ear-, 
 when in 1807 Dr. John 
 McDowell, of the Class of 
 177 1, anil Tutor from 1 769 
 to 1 782, who had been 
 called the year before 
 from his principalship of 
 St. John's College in 
 Maryland to become Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Philoso- 
 phy in the University, was 
 elected I'rovost. Three 
 years later he resigned on 
 aco 'imt of ill-health. 1 >r. 
 John Andrews, who had 
 been Vice-Provost ever 
 since the revival of the 
 College in 1 789, was now 
 promoted to the Provi ist- 
 ship, but he also lost his 
 health and resigned in 
 In ]u\y of the same year Rev. Frederick 
 
 tluy did not secure for it adequate funds, or Beaslej was chosen Provost. His administra- 
 
 give to it any great influence in the community, tion continued until 1828 when he resigned al 
 
 A series of attempts, it is true, were made to 
 
 develop new lines of activity, but all of these 
 
 proved to be failures. Suggestions awA plans 
 
 which were in many case-, in advance of anj 
 
 thing being done elsewhere in America were 
 
 made, but from lack of interesl or lack ol 
 
 1 nr.i ns or lack of wise adaptation, w.re allowed mu< h di isati ifai tion within the institution and 
 
 to struggle through a shorter or longer period criticism from without. A Committee oi the 
 
 of discouragement and then to drop oul of Board was therefon appointed to inquire into 
 
 existence. The .M.dical Department alone " the present state of the University as respeel 
 
 grew and prospered and drew students and the Department ol \its." This Committee 
 
 the request of the Board oi Trustees. This 
 period was a crisis in the affairs of the College. 
 The diminution in the number oi students 
 was alarming, October [827, there were but 
 
 eleven Seniors, ten Juniors, six Sophomores, 
 
 and six Freshmen in the College, ["here was
 
 io6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 made various investigations and reports, as did of studies introduced, a rearrangement of 
 
 another Committee appointed to consider a vacations made, and the 22nd of February 
 
 change in the location of the College. As a appointed as " University Day." A " Book 
 
 result of the general agitation a resolution was of Promise " was also established in which 
 
 carried June 3, 1826, that " in the judgment students on their entrance bound themselves 
 
 of the Board it is expedient that all the Profes- to proper obedience to rules and studiousness. 
 
 sorships in the Faculty of Arts in the Univer- A response to this awakening was immedi- 
 
 sity except the Professorship of Mathematics ately seen in increased numbers of students, 
 
 shall be vacated at the end of the present ses- In the Freshman class which entered in 1828 
 
 sion." As Mr. Patterson, Professor of Natural there were eighteen as compared with the six 
 
 Philosophy and Vice-Provost, had just resigned of the previous year, and in the Sophomore 
 
 to take a position at the University of Virginia, class there were twenty-one. Before the winter 
 
 these removals applied 
 only to Provost Beasley 
 .mil Mr. Thompson, Pro- 
 fessor of Languages. 
 These were each given a 
 retiring pension of about 
 two-thirds of their salary 
 for the next three years, 
 and the Faculty was 
 thoroughly reorganized. 
 Rev. Dr. William H. de 
 Lancey, one of the Tru>- 
 tees, was elected Provost 
 .m<l Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy. It was or- 
 dered that his time should 
 be given to superintend- 
 ence rather than teach- 
 ing, his formal instruction 
 being given to the Senior 
 class alone, and he was 
 invited to attend the meet- 
 ings of the Board at which 
 matters concerning the 
 1 >epartment of Arts should come up. Rev 
 Edward Rutledge was elected Assistant Profes- most prominent teachers in addition to the 
 sor of Moral Philosophy to give the instruction series of Provosts and the others who have been 
 to the lower classes formerly given by the mentioned above were : Professor Robert Pat- 
 Provost. Robert Adrain had been called from terson and his son and successor in the profes- 
 Rutgers College a few months before as Pro- sorship, Robert M. Patterson; Dr. William 
 fessor of Mathematics, and now began his Rogers, Professor of Oratory and English 
 work. Rev. Samuel Brown Wylie was elected Literature ; James G. Thompson, Professor of 
 Professor of Languages, and shortly afterward Greek and Latin, and his successor, Rev. Samuel 
 Alexander Dallas Bache, Lieutenant in the Brown Wylie; Alexander Dallas Bache, Henry 
 United States Engineer Corps, was elected Reed and Henry Vethake. Just before the mid- 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chem- die of the century John F. Frazer was elected 
 istry. The salaries of the Professors were Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. 
 equalized and increased, a new arrangement At about the same time George Allen was 
 
 JOHN ANDREWS 
 
 was over the total num- 
 bers had risen to seventy- 
 seven as compared with 
 thirty-three in the pre- 
 vious year. The next 
 year there were upward 
 of a hundred at the open- 
 ing of the year, and before 
 its close one hundred and 
 twenty-six. But for some 
 reason this improvement 
 did not continue. After 
 holding his office for five 
 years Dr. DeLancey re- 
 signed in 1833, and in 
 1 834 Dr. John Ludlow was 
 elected and remained Pro- 
 vost till 1853 when he 
 resigned. In all cases 
 except that of Dr. Mc- 
 Dowell the Provosts were 
 teachers of Moral Philos- 
 ophy. He taught Natural 
 Philosophy, or what in 
 modern times would be called Phvsics. The
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 107 
 
 called as Professor of the Greek and Latin 
 Languages, the teaching of which, and espe- 
 cially of the former, he raised into a new- 
 prominence and influence. The work of these 
 men will be discussed in the second division of 
 the history. In that connection also must be 
 recounted the steps in the distinct separation 
 of the College from the Academy during this 
 period, the extension of the college course to 
 four sears, and other changes in the curricu- 
 lum ; while the institution of the oldest College 
 societies anil other matters more particularly 
 connected with the life of 
 the students will fall into 
 the third division. 
 
 The building on Ninth 
 Street was added to from 
 time to time, principally 
 to satisfy the needs of the 
 growing Medical School, 
 but in 1 S20 it was decided 
 to remove the old pile and 
 to put up an entirely new 
 structure. This was done 
 and two twin buildings 
 were erected, one for the 
 .Medical School, the other 
 for the College and allied 
 work. These buildings 
 then remained practically 
 unchanged till the site 
 was given up in 1 87 I . 
 The Academy had by this 
 time become practically a 
 private preparatory or 
 grammar school, under 
 the general supervision 
 only of the College Faculty, but still occupying 
 a portion of the old Hall on Fourth Street. 
 Another school, known a^ the " Western 
 School" was also kept up under the similar 
 patronage of the University. Tin- number of 
 boys at each of these schools averaged between 
 fifty and a hundred. The Charity Schools occu 
 pied the whole of their old building on the 
 original site, the partial use of that building foi 
 dormitory purposes never having been resumed 
 alter its closing at the time of the Revolution 
 
 Just at the opening of the century there 
 seemed a probability of a mui h gn at 1 exten 
 
 FREDERICK 1:1 ISLEX 
 
 From canvas in University C/ut/t-/ 
 
 sion of this charitable educational work of the 
 University. This was from a bequest by an 
 interesting old local character, Christoper Lud- 
 wick. He had been a German baker in a small 
 way in colonial Philadelphia, but had gradually 
 risen to some means, and when the Revolution 
 broke out took a most active, self-denying, and 
 valuable part in arousing local patriotism ami 
 in supplying the army with bread. lie was 
 extremely charitable, though eccentric, and on 
 his death in 1S01 bequeathed .£500 in equal 
 shares to four institutions, one of which was 
 the University, to be em- 
 pl< 13 ed in educating poor 
 i hildren. I te proceeded, 
 however, in his will to 
 express a hope that an in- 
 stitution would be estab- 
 lished in Philadelphia 
 distinctly for the purpi >se 
 ofeducatingpoorchildren 
 of all deno m inat ion- 
 gratis, and directed his 
 executors to expend the 
 income of his residuary 
 estate, whi< h In- estimab d 
 at upwards of .i'^ooo, for 
 
 the uses of free education 
 until such an institute 
 should lie t'i Minded, and 
 
 then to pay over the capi- 
 tal as his " mite or contri- 
 bution toward such an 
 institute." The Trustees 
 
 of the Unix ersity believed 
 that in their Charity 
 School they were carrying 
 on just the w oik contemplated, and therefore, in 
 order to conform to the requirements of the 
 bequest, applied, September 7. [801, for in. 
 poration as "The Trustees of the Free School 
 attached to the I Diversity of Penns) Ivania," ex- 
 pe< ting to apply tin l>. quest to theii ( iharity 
 School ahead) in exist en. e, and ol 1 oex 
 
 tend its work, But there wire rivals in the field. 
 In the winter of 1700 a lew young men who 
 weic in the habit of meeting in the evenings for 
 ocia] intercourse had fi n med themselves into 
 the " Philadelphia So, i, n foi the Free Instruc- 
 tion ol In Boj s " ami opened a night
 
 io8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 school in which nine of their members took 
 weekly terms in giving instruction to some 
 twenty or thirty boys in the ordinal"}' English 
 branches. In I 801 they had just determined to 
 open a day school for the same purpose when 
 the terms of the Ludwick bequest became 
 known. They immediately remodelled their 
 constitution and applied for incorporation as 
 the " Philadelphia Society for the Establish- 
 ment and Support of Charity Schools," with the 
 expectation of applying to the executors for the 
 conveyance to them of the residuary estate of 
 Mr. Ludwick. Applica- 
 tion for incorporation was 
 made to the state author- 
 ities by both parties at 
 approximately the same 
 time. But as the charter 
 in order to become effec- 
 tive must after receiving 
 the signatures of the state 
 officials at Philadelphia be 
 transmitted to Lancaster 
 to be recorded in the Re- 
 corder's office there, the 
 rivalry reduced itself to a 
 contest of speed between 
 the representatives of the 
 University and of the new 
 society over the distance 
 between Philadelphia and 
 Lancaster. The respec- 
 tive charters were deliv- 
 ered to the agents of the 
 two parties by Governor 
 McKean at the same mo- 
 ment. The President of the new society had 
 himself undertaken with a horse and sulky to 
 take the document to Lancaster. The author- 
 ities of the University had engaged a man on 
 horseback for the same purpose and, as it was 
 asserted, had provided relays of fresh horses fqr 
 him on the way. But the proverbial inefficiency 
 of the hireling, who had no proprietary interest 
 in the charity scholars, led to the defeat of the 
 University ; for as the two messengers sped 
 through the city and along the Lancaster pike 
 the University man, discouraged by his oppo- 
 nent's lead and the extreme heat, dropped out 
 of the race. The man in the sulky, however, 
 
 WILLIAM H. DE LANCEY 
 
 did not learn this, or else had remembered with 
 apprehension the fable of the hare and the tor- 
 toise, for when his first horse was exhausted he 
 hired another from a plough team in a field, 
 and afterwards still another from a traveller in a 
 town, and finally reached Lancaster, a distance 
 of sixty-six miles, within seven hours. The 
 University charter was never enrolled, and 
 some five years later the rival society obtained 
 from the executors of the fund a sum equalling 
 about $13,000, which has been applied faith- 
 fully and advantageously to the purposes for 
 which it was intended. 
 
 A few years later, how- 
 ever, the University was 
 more successful in adding 
 a somewhat similar be- 
 quest to the sum of their 
 endowments. A citizen 
 of Philadelphia named 
 John Keble, who died in 
 1807, left his residuary- 
 estate to such charitable 
 objects as should be 
 chosen by his executors. 
 In 1809 they decided that 
 the property, amounting 
 to $10,000, should be 
 handed over to the Trus- 
 tees of the University to 
 be used as a fund for the 
 extension of the Boys' 
 Charity School. The fund 
 was allowed to accumulate 
 until 1823, when it had 
 come to produce about 
 $1000 a year, and accordingly a school was 
 opened under the name of the " Keble Charity 
 School," in which, as in the boys' and in the 
 girls' school already existing, about fifty chil- 
 dren were taught reading, writing and arith- 
 metic ; tuition, the cost of books, and all other 
 expenses being entirely free. Thus in addition 
 to the students in the College and the Medical 
 School there were in the Academic and Char- 
 itable schools perhaps some three hundred or 
 four hundred more, indirectly attached to the 
 institution. 
 
 Among those projects which have been 
 alluded to as being initiated during this period
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 109 
 
 only to end in failure, is to be mentioned a 
 momentary revival of the law lectureship. This 
 had fallen, since the interruption of Judge Wil- 
 son's second course of lectures in 1791, into a 
 long desuetude. The matter was brought up 
 in January 1X17. .March 20, 1S17, Charles 
 Willing Hare, Esq., was elected Professor of 
 Law and delivered his introductory lecture a 
 month later. He announced a series of three 
 successive courses ; the first, on Natural Juris- 
 prudence, or the science of right and wrong, as 
 discovered by human reason, compared with, 
 illustrated by, and em- 
 bodied inlaw; the second 
 on International Jurispru- 
 dence, or the laws which 
 regulate the intercourse 
 of nations, the elements 
 of sovereignty, the differ- 
 ent forms of government, 
 and particularly the 
 theory and practice of 
 the Constitutions of the 
 United States and of the 
 State of Pennsylvania; 
 and the third on the Juris- 
 prudence of the United 
 States and of Pennsylva- 
 nia as distinguished from 
 the Common Law of Eng- 
 land. The first of these 
 courses only was given, 
 the lectures being deliv- 
 ered during the season of 
 1817-18. Shortly after- 
 ward Mr. Hare lost his 
 
 reason, and died in iSjS. The lectureship re- 
 mained vacant. In [832 a vigorous petition 
 for the appointment of a Professor of Law was 
 submitted to the Trustees by a committee oi 
 the Philadelphia Law Academy, expressing 
 regret that the facilities provided l"i" law stu- 
 dents at Harvard, Yale and the University of 
 Virginia were not furnished in Philadelphia, 
 famous for her judges anil lawyers and ri< h in 
 courts of justice. No action, however, seem i" 
 have been taken in reference to this petition, 
 and the real organization of the I., iv, I i. pari 
 ment was left to the very end of this period, 
 A second unsuccessful experimenl wa th 
 
 avor to establish a Department of Natural 
 Si i' nces, with a botanical and experimental 
 garden. An interest in matters of natural 
 science was an old inheritance of the Univer- 
 sity. In Franklin's " Proposals" he had sug- 
 gi id the studying of "some of the lust 
 histories <>t nature, which would not only be 
 delightful to youth, and furnish them with 
 matters for their letters, as well as other his- 
 tory, but would afterwards be of great use to 
 them, whether tiny are merchants, handicrafts, 
 or divines; enabling the first the better to un- 
 derstand man_\- commod- 
 ities and drugs, the second 
 to improve his trade or 
 handcraft by new mix- 
 tures and materials, and 
 the last to adorn his dis- 
 courses by beautiful com- 
 parisons or strengthen 
 them by new proofs of 
 di\ ine providence. While 
 they are reading natural 
 history might not a little 
 gardening, planting, graft- 
 ing and inoculating be 
 taught and practiced, and 
 now and then excursions 
 made to the neighboring 
 plantations of the best 
 farmers, their methods 
 ob er\ ed and reasoned 
 upon for the information 
 oi youth ; the impro\ e- 
 
 |oI|\ 1 I'll Low' 
 
 ment of agriculture being 
 
 useful to all, and skill in 
 it no disparagement to any? " 
 
 As a matter of fact nothing of the kind was 
 taught in the Academy 01 College, education 
 being carried along on much more coin ( n 
 tional lines. Yet even thus the prominence 
 of "natural philosophy," or physics, was a 
 marked charai teristic in the whole history of 
 the institution, and among the medical courses 
 there was almost always a course of lectures in 
 botany. In the meantime Philadelphia had 
 
 1 in- 1 1 'litre of hot, mic, I knowledge and 
 
 interest Thi rations of Bartrams, Adam 
 
 Kuhn. Benjamin S. Barton, Pursh, Nuttall, W. 
 I ' C Barton, Dai lini :t< m, Baldvt in, and Hors
 
 1 IO 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 field, were all Philadelphians of the period 
 before or shortly after the beginning of this 
 century, and foreign botanists such as Kalm 
 and Michaux, made repeated visits here. In 
 1807 there was promise of a tangible establish- 
 ment for education in the field of natural 
 history. The last instalment of the money 
 owed by the University to the State in payment 
 for the building on Ninth Street was still due, 
 and the Legislature was induced to remit it in 
 the form of a nominal appropriation of $3000 
 fin the creation of a botanical garden, " for the 
 improvement of the science of botany, and for 
 
 Natural History, including Geology and Zool- 
 ogy, Thomas Cooper, Professor of Mineralogy 
 and Chemistry as applied to Agriculture and 
 the Arts, Thomas T. Hewson, Professor of 
 Comparative Anatomy. These professorships 
 brought no salaries, but it was apparently 
 anticipated that there would be fees from 
 students, and as the courses given by the first 
 two gentlemen would be taken by many medi- 
 cal students, since their professorships had 
 been detached from that department, the fees 
 in their cases at least might be expected to be 
 of an appreciable amount. Early in 1817 the 
 
 ARTS BUILDING, ERECTED 1829 
 From photograph 1S60 
 
 instituting a series of experiments to ascertain 
 the cheapest food for plants, and their medical 
 properties and virtues." This was, however, 
 merely the remission of a debt, not a grant of 
 actual money, so, although the interest in the 
 project was still kept up, nothing was done for 
 some years. In 1815, however, a committee 
 was appointed to prepare a plan, and in the 
 spring of 1 8 16 it was determined to buy a plot 
 of land in or near the city, and to appoint a 
 Faculty of Natural History. Subscriptions 
 were asked for from the public to enable the 
 Trustees to carry out these plans. In Decem- 
 ber, William P. C. Barton was elected Professor 
 of Botany, Charles Caldwell, Professor of 
 
 University bought forty-two acres of land in 
 Penn Township near the Canal Road for the 
 purposes of the botanical garden, and enough 
 for immediate uses was fenced off. With this 
 amount of preparation, however, the progress 
 of the new school seems to have stopped. 
 The Professors petitioned for rooms and appar- 
 atus for lectures, but these could not be given 
 them. There was no money to improve the 
 garden, and the Professor of Botany had to be 
 allowed the use of a part of the College yard 
 for the cultivation of plants " at his own ex- 
 pense." A green-house was proposed, but not 
 built. The courses of lectures were very 
 irregularly given, and the Professors from time
 
 UN II 'ERSI T2 ' OF PENNS YLVANIA 
 
 i i I 
 
 to time resigned and were replaced by others, 
 though always after considerable intermission. 
 Finally in 1827 a committee investigated the 
 whole question of the department of Natural 
 Science, ami the plan seeming to be hopeless, 
 earl_\' in iNjS the Faculty was abolished. An 
 additional reason for the dissolution of the 
 department was found in the recent establish- 
 ment of the Franklin Institute, which seemed 
 to a certain degree to make its existence 
 unnecessary. The Chair of Botany was re- 
 established the next year as a part of the 
 Medical 1 (epartment, and 
 ,111 ell', irt w as made, though 
 unsuccessfully, to do the 
 same for the Chair oi 
 Comparative .Anatomy. 
 This department, there- 
 fore, also failed, as hail the 
 Law Professorship, and 
 like it was relegated to the 
 time of revival after the 
 middle of the century. 
 
 Still a third tentative 
 effort was made for an ob- 
 ject destined to failure at 
 the time but to success 
 I< mg afterward. This was 
 a scries of negotiations 
 in the early fifties be- 
 tween the Hoard of Trus- 
 tees i if tin I University and 
 the Hoard of Education o! 
 Philadelphia, according to 
 which it was proposed 
 that a number of scholar- 
 ships should be established in the Collegiate 
 Department of the University for l>"\ s oi the 
 public grammar schools. The plan came to 
 nothing at that time, though in recenl years 
 it has become one of the most beni in enl and 
 satisfactory forms of the University's work. 
 Rather more success was reached in anothei 
 scholarship matter. This was in connection 
 with the old Perkasie estate 1 >f the Colli 
 These lauds had been gi\ en to il 1>\ tin Pro 
 prietaries in [759. One of the condition 
 the gift was that the lands should never be 
 sold by the (oil,;.;,. Another was that when 
 the income from the estate should risi to 
 
 CHARLES Will INC II Ml 
 
 .£200 a year, the Trustees should maintain 
 and educate two nominees of the grantor or of 
 his heirs. H was provided that if these re- 
 quirements should be violated the land should 
 revert to its original owner. The first con- 
 dition had in the course of time become a very 
 onerous and apparently unwise one. The 
 estate was difficult of administration, the taxes 
 were burdensome, and the farming tenants on 
 the land numerous. They wire, moreover, 
 willing to buy the lands at a good valuation. 
 After the Revolution, and again after the 
 restoration to the College 
 of its old property in I/89, 
 correspondence was en- 
 tered into w ith Ji Til Pcnn 
 to obtain his permission 
 for a sale 1 if the lands. It 
 w as taken up again imme- 
 diately after the union, 
 and successi\ c commit- 
 tees were appointed for a 
 number oi j ears a n d 
 much negotiation kept up. 
 finally in 1 S [6 an agree- 
 ment was reached 1>\ 
 which the Trustees under- 
 took to establish a " Pcnn 
 foundatii 'il " for the free 
 maintenance and educa- 
 tion in the I ni\ ersity of 
 two students to be nom- 
 inated by the heirs of 
 Thomas Pcnn ; and in 
 return John Penn gave t" 
 them the necessary release 
 of the condition prohibiting the sale of the 
 lands. I he next year these were sold for 
 $60,500. Still later the right of appointment 
 of the two beneficiaries of the Pcnn Founda 
 tion was transferred to the Governor of the 
 state, b\ w In 'in ii is now cxei cised. 
 
 F01 a horl period during these years the 
 finances of thi Unix ersit) were improved by 
 ,w\ annual appropriation from the Stat, 1 
 
 i-i nin. ill. The old ideal of a close connection 
 between the tat. and the dm el'sity, at leas! 
 I., the , - t, nt ef Iman. 1.1I SlippOl t from 
 
 former, was abandoned only very reluctantlj 
 by the Ii u i.e,. Immediately after the union
 
 I I 2 
 
 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of 1 791 and the re-organization under it, they 
 laid before the Legislature a memorial recount- 
 ing what the)- had done to put the institution 
 into successful working order, calling attention 
 to the fact that the appropriation of 1779 had 
 never been completed, and expressing their 
 trust that the government of the state would 
 realize the propriety of making the necessary 
 provision for its support. This memorial was 
 presented by a committee of the Hoard the 5th 
 of January, 1792, but nothing was done. Again 
 a year afterward a similar address was sent and 
 referred to a "grand 
 committee," but got no 
 further. Then as the 
 prospect of new appropri- 
 ations seemed to become 
 less, the efforts of the 
 Trustees were concen- 
 trated on obtaining the 
 balance of the old appro- 
 priations, which were to 
 have been made in the 
 form of land, and appar- 
 ently a judgment of the 
 Supreme Court was ob- 
 tained favorable to that 
 end in the 1794 term, but 
 still nothing was given. 
 An unsuccessful appeal t" 
 the state government for 
 the erection of a medical 
 building was made by the 
 medical professors in 
 1805. The remission of 
 $3000 of the University's 
 
 debt in 1807 has already been mentioned. 
 May 5, 1832, an Act was passed which ex- 
 empted the property of the University in Phil- 
 adelphia from local taxes for fifteen years, and 
 six years afterward a general Act exempted its 
 property along with that of all other educational 
 institutions incorporated or established by the 
 state from all count)' and other local taxes. In 
 the same year, 1838, the Legislature at last 
 gave an actual sum of money in the form of an 
 annual appropriation of $1000 for ten years to 
 each University maintaining four Professors 
 and instructing one hundred students. The 
 University received this amount of money 
 
 WILLIAM 1'. C. BARTON 
 
 from the state yearly for five years. Then in 
 1843 the state was in financial difficulties and 
 the appropriation was reduced to $500. After 
 that year no appropriation at all was made 
 until the year 1872. 
 
 In contrast with these unsuccessful financial 
 and educational projects the medical branch of 
 the institution grew and flourished. It was 
 during this period that the Medical School 
 forged distinctly ahead of the College, at least 
 in numbers and national reputation. Previous 
 to this period its graduates had averaged about 
 eight a year, and had 
 never been above seven- 
 teen in an\' one year. 
 After 1802 the numbers 
 began to rise. In the 
 winter of 1803- 1804, the 
 total number of medical 
 students was one hundred 
 and fifty; three years 
 afterwards it was two hun- 
 dred and seventy. The 
 average annual number of 
 graduates for the half-cen- 
 tury was more than one 
 hundred, and several 
 times before 1852 the 
 number was as man)' as 
 one hundred and sixty. 
 Moreover, these students 
 were drawn from many 
 different lands and distant 
 parts of our own. There 
 were frequently more stu- 
 dents from Virginia than 
 from Pennsylvania. The reputation of the 
 school constantly spread ; its professorships 
 were lucrative and honorable, and both at- 
 tracted the ablest physicians anil induced the 
 most careful preparation and delivery of med- 
 ical lectures by them. The old connection 
 between the Medical School and the hospitals 
 of the city was during this period drawn still 
 closer. Dr. Bond, one of the Trustees, had 
 voluntarily given clinical instruction in the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital to the very earliest med- 
 ical students of the College. Drs. Shippen, 
 Morgan, Kuhn, Rush, Hutchinson, Wistar, 
 Physick and Barton had all been physicians of
 
 UNII'ERSirr OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 "3 
 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital as well as Professors 
 in the Medical School before the beginning of 
 
 this century, and the next generation of Profi 
 sors had the same connection. The instruction 
 
 at the actual bedsides of patients, which was the 
 early custom, was superseded about 1834 by 
 the later method of having the patients brought 
 to the amphitheatre of the hospital and here 
 lectured about, prescribed for, and operated 
 upon in the presence of the (lass. The con- 
 nection of the students with the Almshouse 
 hospital had hardly been so close nor the free- 
 dom of their admission so earl}- established nor 
 so continuously allowed. Nevertheless the 
 Professors of the Medical School had frequently 
 served at the 
 Almshouse, and 
 from time to time. 
 varying with the 
 differing opinions 
 of those in the 
 management of it, 
 medical students 
 had been m< ire or 
 less freely ad- 
 mitted. From 
 1803 onwards, 
 however, the bar- 
 riers were grad- 
 ually removed, 
 the physicians 
 allowed to give 
 instructions there 
 
 to their pupils, ,md in [807 a special lecture 
 room was fitted up lor the purpose. This con- 
 cession on the part of the poor authorities of 
 the city was partly in the interest of medical 
 science, partly in return for a fee of $8 charged 
 to each student attending clinical instruction 
 there. When the Almshouse was removed to 
 the new buildings in West Philadelphia in [832, 
 the authorities of the Medical School ami the 
 Hoard ot Guardians of the Poor of the City 
 both placed so high a valuation on the oppor- 
 tunities of tin- students of visiting the Alms- 
 house hospital that in 1X34 a system of omni- 
 buses was introduced by the latter to cany two 
 hundred and twenty medical students twice a 
 week from the centre of the city to the hospital 
 at Blockley. New hospitals also were growing 
 vol.. 1. — 8 
 
 up in Philadelphia, and these opportunities, 
 along with the fame of its physicians and thi 
 central location of the city, helped to keep up 
 and extend the prosperity of the Medical School 
 ( if the University. Si imething will be said later 
 of the internal development of the school. It 
 is to be noted here that separate meetings ot 
 its faculty and the election of a Dean with tin 
 keeping of minutes seem to have occurred for 
 the first time in 1 Sou and only became regular 
 by 1 Si 14. 
 
 More general in character was a petition 
 sent in [806 by the Medical faculty to the 
 Legislature of Pennsylvania, calling attention 
 to the evils of medical practice by persons 
 
 quite unqualified, 
 and soliciting the 
 passage ot a law 
 by w hich no per- 
 S< m should be al- 
 lowed to practise 
 in the state who 
 had not a diploma 
 from a regular 
 Medical School 
 < ir tin- ,i| ipri i\ al ot 
 a government 
 board. This ef- 
 fort, as were many 
 later ones for the 
 same p urpos< 
 emanating from 
 various sources, 
 was unsuccessful, Somewhat later steps were 
 taken to encourage the more scientific study 
 of Pharmacy. In 1S10 and again in 1817 the 
 use of the College building was granted to Dr. 
 
 James Mease to deliver the inaugural "I a 
 course (4" private lectures on the subject. In 
 1 s j 5 the University itself took the matter up, 
 on the recommendation ot the Medical Faculty, 
 and declared its intention ol conferring the de 
 gree of Master of Pharmacy on such persons 
 exercising the profession ol apothecary as they 
 should consider qualified, The degree was 
 then conferred upon sixteen men at that time 
 practising in the city, but it was announced 
 that in future it would 011K b. given to those 
 w In ' had 1 rved three years .1 ,m appi I nl ii . 
 
 to some regular druggist and taken two courses 
 
 Ml I • I • \l III II DING, ERECTED I 829
 
 ri 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 of lectures oil Chemistry and on Materia This activity of the Medical School and its 
 Medica and Pharmacy in the University. constant growth in numbers was of great if 
 In 1S41 the Medical School opened its indirect advantage to the Collegiate depart- 
 first dispensary clinic. This custom had been ment. Its need for more room caused the ex- 
 adopted before by the Jefferson Medical Col- tension of the material equipment of the Uni- 
 lege at the time of its organization in 1824, but versify, its reputation prevented the institution 
 probably because of the close connection of the as a whole from falling into the insignificance 
 University School with the hospitals the plan of a purely local and provincial school, its 
 had not been used by it. It was first carried popularity served as a constant incentive to the 
 on under the auspices of the University by Board of Trustees to strive to bring about a 
 Drs. Gerhard and Johnson, in the building of similar success in the College or to establish 
 the Medical Institute on Locust Street above new courses which might fulfil the needs of 
 Eleventh. At the opening of the Medical new students in other lines as completely as 
 courses of 1843 it was transferred to the Uni- the medical lecture courses and clinics fulfilled 
 versity building and carried on under the im- those of their constituency, 
 mediate supervision of the Medical Professors. 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 The Awakening after the Middle of the Century, 1850-1868 
 
 WITH the passing of the middle of 
 the century and the entrance of 
 the University upon the second 
 hundred years of its existence si^ns of re- 
 awakening life were apparent, whose promise, 
 though at first with many threats of a return 
 to lethargy, has been justified continuously 
 since that time. 
 
 One of these indications of a new activity 
 was the appointment of a committee, in Octo- 
 ber 1849, to consider and report on any desir- 
 able changes in the undergraduate course of 
 study, and on the possible introduction of 
 lecture courses open to the public on new sub- 
 jects. As one result of the work of this com- 
 mittee, early in the next spring, April 2, 1850, 
 the old Professorship of Law was revived, and 
 the Hon. George Sharswood, Judge of the 
 Philadelphia District Court, was elected to fill 
 it. The course was begun the 30th of Septem- 
 ber, 1850, and for some reason, to be discovered 
 probably in the change of times, as well as in 
 the personality of the Professor, succeeded 
 where the two former efforts had failed. An 
 appreciable number of students, undergradu- 
 ates and some who were ahead}' practising at 
 the Bar, attended the lectures and study classes. 
 
 The lectures were on the " Institutes of the 
 Law ol Pennsylvania"; there were two classes 
 for study, each meeting two evenings a week 
 and using Blackstone and Kent as text-books. 
 There was a good deal of recitation ; supposi- 
 titious cases were propounded and more or less 
 formal moot courts were held. At the close 
 of the course the students passed resolutions 
 of thanks to Judge Sharswood, accompanied 
 by the following more general statements: 
 " Resolved : that in the re-establishment of the 
 Law Professorship of this University the Trus- 
 tees have conferred a substantial benefit upon 
 the Philadelphia Bar. Resolved : that the 
 series of lectures delivered during the present 
 term by Professor Sharswood have been lis- 
 tened to by the class with equal pleasure and 
 profit, and have been marked by a sound, 
 practical, useful and literary character emi- 
 nently designed to aid the practitioner in his 
 daily professional duties." 
 
 This course was repeated a second year, but 
 before its close the inadequacy of one pro- 
 fessorship and the possibility of success of a 
 more ambitious plan were both so evident that 
 on the 4th of May, 1852, a complete Faculty 
 of Law was established, and regulations for
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 1> h.\ \S)1 .1,1 X 1 .1 
 
 matriculation and graduation adopted. There 
 were to be three professorships, one, of tin- 
 Institutes of Law, to include especially Inter- 
 national, Constitutional, Commercial and Civil 
 Law; a second, of Practice, Pleading, and Evi- 
 dence at Law and in Equity; a third, of tin- 
 Law of Real Estate, Conveyancing and Equity 
 Jurisprudence. Judge Sharswood was elected 
 to the first of these chairs, Peter McCall, Esq., 
 to the Chair of Practice, and E. Spencer Miller, 
 Esq., to that of Real Estate and Equity. Judge 
 Sharswood was chosen Dean of the new 
 Faculty, and a description 
 of the courses was pub- 
 lished in the University 
 catalogue. The degree 
 of Bachelor of Laws was 
 to be awarded to students 
 who attended four terms. 
 that is, two years with 
 each Professor, passing 
 such examinations as were 
 given in each of these 
 courses, and being recom- 
 mended by the Faculty. 
 Certificates of proficiency 
 were to be given to those 
 who had attended any less 
 number of courses. The 
 students who had worked 
 with Professor Sharswood 
 alone for the preceding 
 two years were given tin 
 
 i ee of Bachelor oi 
 I^aws at tin- Commence- 
 ment held July 22, 1S52. 
 
 Not much encouragement was given from 
 outside to the school. .Many of the most prom- 
 inent lawyers were either doubtful of the advan- 
 tages of such formal instruction or jealous of 
 the invasion of their profitable office teaching, 
 and adopted a somewhat scornful attitude to 
 the new school. The rules of the Districl 
 Court, tin- Courts of Common Pleas and the 
 Supreme Court gave rather slight and grudgin 
 recognition to the School in their regulations 
 for admission to practice ; the Supreme Court 
 requiring previous admission b) .1 County 
 Court, and the Philadelphia Courts still requir- 
 ing regis! y of students with a 1 1 gulat "|| |( 1 1 j 1 1 
 
 Il 5 
 
 and 
 
 GEORG1 MIAk-Avooh 
 
 ceptor. Nevertheless students attended 
 the school grew strong. 
 
 Changesinthe Faculty occurred fromtimi to 
 time. Peter McCall. one of the most able and 
 lovable of Philadelphia lawyers and teachers, re- 
 signed in [860, and after an intermission of two 
 years, P. Pemberton Morris, Esq., was 1 le< t< d to 
 fill his place. In [868, Judge Sharswood re- 
 signed his position in the scl 1, having been 
 
 elected to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. 
 He was himself a son of the University, having 
 graduated in 1828. He became the true 
 founder of the Law School 
 and for eighteen years 
 had upheld it as a teacher 
 by his thorough and inter- 
 esting lectures, and as 
 Dean by his energetic 
 efforts for its ad\ ancement 
 and by his undoubting 
 faith in its future. As 
 early as this period, a 
 division showed itself be- 
 tween those who wished 
 to strengthen and perpet- 
 uate the University con- 
 iii 1 tion of the 1 .aw Scln ■ « ■ 1 
 and those to whom its 
 ■ lose identification with 
 the courts and the law- 
 yers' offices of the cite 
 seemed more important. 
 The instruction was ac- 
 tually given in two of the 
 rooms of the College 
 Building on Ninth Street. 
 Professor Miller, however, advocated the re- 
 moval of the School to the old building owned 
 
 by the University on fifth Street above \\ alnut. 
 In [867 he brought this proposal formallj before 
 tin- Board of Trustees, but nit* 1 discussion they 
 decided against it. During the Civil War the 
 numbers of students and graduates fell oft and 
 it was some years before they increased again 
 t, 1 their fi irmer numbers. 
 
 Thus in addition to the old departments of 
 
 Arts and Medicine which had Come down from 
 
 before tin Revolution, a third had been intro 
 
 dm ed, « hn h li.nl i k in I me cO-( 'idinate 
 
 with tins,-, id., them having its separate!)
 
 n6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 organized Faculty and keeping its own min- 
 utes, the three having their only real union in 
 their common dependence on the Board of 
 Trustees. The Provost and Vice-Provost were 
 
 practice had so far met with failure, and in fact 
 were destined to for some time to come. 
 
 In the middle of the century the national in- 
 terest in the development of mining, of chemi- 
 
 nominally at the head of the whole teaching cal processes, of engineering in its various 
 
 body, but in reality were Professors in the 
 purely Collegiate Department and had all their 
 connection with that department, except for 
 the conferring of degrees. 
 
 Another department was struggling into life 
 during the same period which was much more 
 closely connected with the old collegiate course 
 than were the Medical and 
 Law Schools. This was 
 the Scientific School. 
 The old utilitarian ideals 
 of the University and of 
 the community in which 
 the University is located, 
 however inadequately em- 
 bodied, had never for any 
 considerable length of 
 time been unexpressed. 
 We hear almost nothing 
 of any proposals for the 
 teaching of theology in 
 the College or University. 
 The classics, metaphysics, 
 pure mathematics and 
 history, had t<> depend for 
 their teaching on their 
 own inherent value, on 
 the enthusiasm of those 
 who proposed to teach 
 them, or on the strength pki: :: 
 
 of tradition in their favor. 
 
 On the other hand, the belief that the College 
 should contribute to the practical needs of life 
 and society, that it should teach " navigation 
 and gauging," that it should keep up a botanic 
 garden to " ascertain the cheapest food for 
 plants and their medical properties and virtues," 
 that " all should be taught to write a fair hand 
 and swift, as that is useful to all," as Franklin 
 said, and a do/en other forms of expressing the 
 University's duty to prepare students for the 
 actual work of life, — such a belief had never 
 ceased to be held by many of the Trustees and 
 by others in Philadelphia, notwithstanding the 
 fact that every effort to put such plans into 
 
 branches, of more scientific agriculture, and of 
 the exploitation of the natural resources of the 
 country generally was extremely strong. One 
 response to this was the establishment in the 
 University of a department of " Chemistry as 
 applied to the Arts." In October 1850, a Pro- 
 fessorship of that subject was created, and 
 James C. Booth was elec- 
 ted to fill it. The number 
 of students was restricted 
 to ten, the intention being 
 that they should work in 
 the laboratory at actual 
 experimental investiga- 
 tion under the immediate 
 personal supervision of 
 the Professor, who would 
 also give informal lectures 
 on "Mineralogy, Geol- 
 ogy. T h e o r e t i c and 
 Applied Chemistry." Pro- 
 fessor Booth seems to 
 have served without salary 
 from the University au- 
 thorities. Within the 
 narrow limits of the plan 
 it was successful and was 
 continued, the number 
 of students at one time 
 |(UI rising to thirteen, till the 
 
 death of Professor 
 Booth in February 1856. 
 
 Another response to the prevailing scientific 
 interest came from within the old Department 
 of Arts itself. It was ordered in May 1852, 
 that students who had taken various non- 
 classical studies should receive the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science and ultimately of Master 
 of Science, these degrees being co ordinate 
 with the older degrees of Bachelor of Arts and 
 Master of Arts. The requirement of studies 
 included all the work given in Mathematics, 
 Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and Natural 
 Theology and the Evidences of Christianity, and 
 two additional courses, either in the Modern
 
 UN I VERS ITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 "7 
 
 Languages, or in Moral and Natural Philoso- 
 phy, or in Physiology and Natural History. 
 
 But the real germ of all the later technical 
 scientific instruction given in the University 
 was the adoption a few months later, in June 
 1852, of a scheme for the establishment of a 
 " School of Mines, Arts and Manufactures." 
 An extensive plan for the teaching of Chem- 
 istry, Metallurgy, Civil Engineering, Mining En- 
 gineering, Geology, Mineralogy, Paleontology, 
 
 students between November, 1855, and Febru- 
 ary, 1856. It was for the partial endowment of 
 this department that the first considerable gift 
 from any private person to the University since 
 the Revolution was made. This was the be- 
 quest in tin' will of Mi-. Elliott Cresson of 
 $5000, " to be applied toward founding a school 
 of mines for developing the mineral treasuri 
 of ni)- native State." Before the opening of 
 the next College year a still more strenuous 
 
 UNIVERSITY OK PENNSYLVANIA, 1S29-1873 
 From sketch made in iS;o 
 
 Pure Mathematics, Mechanics, Mathematical 
 Drawing, and Other allied subjects was drawn 
 up, and certain of the professorships nominally 
 filled. Hut the actual establishment of the 
 ;< hool and the initiation of instruction dragged 
 on for one year after another, until a new 
 access of vigor on the part of tin- authorities 
 brought tin- Scientific Department ultimately 
 into life in the fall of [855. The fust instruc- 
 tion was given by Professor Fairman Rogers, 
 in tlie form of a course of twenty eighl lectures 
 upon Civil Engineering given to a class ol live 
 
 effort had been made to provide technical in- 
 struction in the Scientific Department, so that 
 in [856-1857, Professor John F. Frazer gave in- 
 struction in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 
 and in Theoretical and Applied Chemistry. Pro 
 
 feSSOr Kendall lectured on Pure Mathematics 
 
 and its connection with Practical Science, Pro 
 fessor Rogers gave fifty lectures on Civil En 
 gineering and Surviving, and Professor Trego 
 
 c ill ( ie, '1, .; ;\ .tt]<\ M 111.1 all Igy. I 'he! e u I 1 I ' 
 
 twenty two students for the year, and this 
 course might be considered to lie fairly
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 launched. Three years later, Professor John of the period included in this chapter. This 
 
 Peter Lesley was elected to the Chair of Min- was the Auxiliary Department of Medicine, 
 
 ing in addition to the four Professors already The Medical lectures ended at that time with 
 
 eivine courses. the month of March. Thev were also neces- 
 
 In 1864 great hopes were entertained by the sarily somewhat narrow and technical, four 
 
 University authorities of obtaining a sufficient short terms' instruction being quite insufficient 
 
 endowment for this department in a grant of to give anything like a comprehensive view of 
 
 land from the United States Government. In the various branches of medical science and 
 
 1862 the Government granted to each state those subjects most closely correlative to it. 
 
 from the public domain an amount of land These facts were realized quite clearly by the 
 
 equal to thirty thousand acres for each Senator Faculty and by the Trustees, but it was not 
 
 or Representative to which the state was thought practicable to make the term longer 
 
 entitled in Congress. 
 This made the share of 
 Pennsylvania seven hun- 
 dred and eighty thousand 
 acres. It was required 
 that the land should be 
 used by the State Gov- 
 ernments to endow Col- 
 leges or schools where 
 instruction was given in 
 Agriculture and the Me- 
 chanical Arts. In 1864 
 the University decided to 
 apply to the State Legis- 
 lature of Pennsylvania to 
 become the beneficiary of 
 this grant. The title of 
 the Scientific Department 
 was therefore changed to 
 the " College of Agricul- 
 ture, Mines, Arts, and the 
 Mechanical Arts," and 
 provision was made for 
 the election of a Professor 
 
 of Agricultural Chemistry and Scientific Agri- 
 culture, an Instructor in Practical Agriculture, a 
 Professor of Botany, and a Professor of Military 
 Tactics, to give instruction in military drill. 
 The land, however, was given to another institu- 
 
 or to increase the whole 
 course beyond two years. 
 At the suggestion, there- 
 fore, of Dr. George B. 
 Wood, who had been a 
 Professor in the Medical 
 Department for thirty- 
 eight years, and after his 
 resignation had been 
 elected a Trustee, and on 
 his promise of individual 
 pecuniar}- support, the 
 Board in April 1865, insti- 
 tuted a Faculty of five 
 Professors in connection 
 with the Medical Depart- 
 ment, but which should be 
 separately organized with 
 a Dean of its own. In- 
 struction was to be given 
 during the months of 
 April, May and June, 
 after the regular course 
 had been closed for the 
 year. Certificates of proficiency were to be 
 given, and encouragement was given to Medical 
 students to take the course by providing that 
 certificates given medical graduates should be 
 of a more formal character than those given to 
 tion, the University having failed entirely in others, having the seal of the L T niversity and the 
 its application to the Legislature. So the signature of the Provost, and forming a sort of 
 extension of equipment could not be made, secondary diploma. In the fall of 1865, Dr. 
 and even on its old basis the Scientific Depart- Harrison Allen was elected Professor of Zo- 
 ment was extremely hampered for funds and "logy and Comparative Anatomy in the new 
 attracted no great number of students. Faculty, Dr. Horatio C. Wood, Professor of 
 
 As closely attached to the Medical School Botany, Dr. F. V. Harden, Professor of Geol- 
 as the Scientific Department was to the ogy and Mineralogy, Dr. Henry Hartshorne, 
 Department of Arts, was another new creation Professor of Hygiene, and Dr. John J. Reese, 
 
 GEORGE B. WOOD
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 119 
 
 Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. The Pro- 
 fessors received salaries of $500 apiece and 
 such fees as should be paid by the students, 
 these last being restricted by statute to $10 
 
 of the Professors who were to fill a long ser- 
 vice and to leave a deep impression on the 
 Arts Department began their course, but much 
 of the discussion of this must be relegated to 
 another section. The election of Georgi VUen 
 a-> Professor of the Greek and Latin Languages, 
 in 1S45 has already been mentioned. Near 
 the close of the period included in this chap- 
 ter, in [864, his chair was divided, his teaching 
 being concentrated on the Greek Langu 
 and Literature alone. Francis A. Jackson, who 
 had been since 1855 Adjunct Professor of tin- 
 Greek and Latin Languages with Professor 
 Allen, now began his long and influential 
 career as Professor of the Latin Languagi 
 and Literature. Professor John F. Frazer had 
 begun teaching in 1S44, Henry Coppee was 
 elected Professor of Belles-Lettres and English 
 Literature in i s 5 5 . being succeeded by Dr. 
 Stille in i860. Dr. E. O. Kendall also began 
 his career as a teacher at this time, being 
 called from the Philadelphia High School as 
 
 HENRY VETHAKE 
 From canvas hi University Chapel 
 
 from each student to each Professor. Dr. 
 Wood supported this department during his 
 lifetime, and at his death left a bequest for the 
 same purpose. The first courses were given 
 in the spring of 1X66, and success seemed 
 promised by the attendance of about one 
 hundred students. 
 
 The old Arts Department also felt the stir 
 of the times, though less effectively perhaps 
 than did some other parts of the institution or 
 than similar departments of some other insti 
 tutions. Dr. Ludlow's Provostship continued 
 till [853, his successor being Henry Vethake, 
 who had already been Professor of Mathe 
 matics for eighteen years and Vice-Provost for 
 nine years. He resigned in [859, and was 
 followed by Dr. Daniel R. Goodwin. Dr. 
 
 Goodwin in turn resigned in [868. Dr. Stille's Professor of Mathematics in 1855, 
 election in that year marks in many ways a position he served for more than I' 
 new epoch for the University. becoming Professor Emeritus from 
 
 The period closing was one in which several his death in 1899- ' ' u ' rar '. v •'"'' 
 
 I'WIII. K. Gl \\l\ 
 
 in which 
 
 1 t\ y> ii 
 [895 till 
 
 lamented
 
 T 20 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 death of Professor Henry Reed fell within the 
 earl)* part of this period. 
 
 Various committees were appointed by the 
 Hoard of Trustees to investigate and propose 
 changes in the Department of Arts, numerous 
 recommendations and proposals were consid- 
 ered and minor modifications made. The num- 
 ber of students still remained comparatively 
 small, and the College Department proper still 
 failed to draw any considerable numbers from 
 outside of the city. There were usually about 
 
 twenty graduates in each class, and some one 
 hundred and fifty students in the whole Arts 
 Department. Whether from the character of 
 the community in which it was placed, or from 
 causes inherent in itself or changes in the 
 times the old Arts course was becoming rela- 
 tively a less important part in the University 
 as a whole and this was destined to become 
 still more distinctly true in the epoch of rapid 
 development that was now to follow. 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 The Removal to the New Site. Dr. Stille's Administration; 1S6S-1S80 
 
 T 
 
 HE real entrance of the University 
 upon a new" life, its breach with 
 restrictive traditions, its adoption of 
 
 a progressive policy, fall within the period 
 
 of Dr. Stille's Provostship. 
 
 Now for the first time 
 
 since the Revolution did it 
 
 secure some ol that atten- 
 tion and encouragement 
 
 from the outside world 
 
 which it had possessed in 
 
 the days of the colonial 
 
 College, and which it has 
 
 obtained in so much fuller 
 
 measure within the last 
 
 twenty years. Reorgani- 
 zation of old departments 
 
 and the founding of new. 
 
 erecting of additional 
 
 buildings, and sloughing 
 
 off of unnecessary bu:- 
 
 dens, successful appeals to 
 
 city and state governments 
 
 and to private persons for 
 
 contributions, and the be- 
 ginning of varied and in- 
 
 vigorating intercollegiate 
 
 relationships, fill up the 
 
 crowded annals of a period of increasing vigor 
 and advancement. Of these changes the most 
 conspicuous, and probably on the whole the 
 most important was the change of location of 
 the University buildings. What Fourth Street 
 
 CHARLES J. STILLE 
 
 had become by the beginning of the century, 
 Ninth Street had become by the middle. The 
 University was now in the heart of the citv, 
 surrounded on all sides by closely built up 
 streets ami prevented 
 thereby from increasing 
 the size or number of its 
 buildings. Its plot of land 
 was of great money value, 
 but the necessary use of 
 it for its educational work 
 prevented any income 
 being drawn from it. Un- 
 der these circumstances 
 the question of a second 
 change of location had 
 been brought up repeat- 
 edly, but no practicable 
 plan had been reached 
 .ind the subject had been 
 dropped for the time. A 
 characteristic m o v e m e n t 
 of the later sixties had 
 been an effort to raise by 
 public subscription an en- 
 dowment fund to make 
 possible some further de- 
 velopment of the old 1 >e- 
 partment of Arts and to give support and 
 equipment to the new Department of Science 
 which had been struggling into life since 1850. 
 This subscription had dragged along with small 
 results, and was likewise in danger of being
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 pi
 
 1 22 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 dropped. In 1868 a happy suggestion was 
 made which promised suecess at the same time 
 to both of these incipient plans. In that year 
 a vacancy in the Board of Trustees was filled 
 by the election of Nathaniel B. Browne, a law- 
 yer of standing, whose home was in West Phil- 
 adelphia. He had observed in that section, 
 King to the south-west of Darby Road or 
 Woodland Avenue, a large tract of land sul- 
 
 ci Is were not so responsive, so interested or so 
 generous as their predecessors of 1750 had 
 been, or as their successors have shown them- 
 selves, and the proposition met with doubt and 
 delay and opposition. The Provost and several 
 of the Trustees appeared before a Committee 
 of Councils in advocacy of the plan. Select 
 Council was inclined to insist on as large a 
 price as $15,000 per acre, ami the grant at this 
 
 TOWER OF MAIN BUILDING — COLLEGE 11 ALL 
 
 rounding the Almshouse and City Hospital, 
 belonging to the city but being put to no use. 
 Reverting to the policy of 1750 he now 7 pro- 
 posed to ask the city to donate or sell for a 
 nominal sum to the University twenty-five acres 
 of this land. Upon a part of it could then be 
 erected the necessary buildings for its educa- 
 tional uses, and the rest could be sold from time 
 to time, as it became more valuable, to furnish 
 an endowment fund. In December 1868, a 
 petition for the grant of this land was presented 
 to the Philadelphia Common Council. Coun- 
 
 price of a much smaller area. Common Coun- 
 cil favored a lower price and more liberal terms 
 generally. The final outcome was the sale by 
 the city to the University of ten acres of land 
 at $8000 per acre. In May 1S70 the deed was 
 executed. A year after that, in June 1871, 
 the corner stone of " College Hall " was laid. 
 In Jul\- of the next year, 1872, the University 
 sold to the United States for the erection of 
 a Post-office and Government Building the 
 property on Ninth Stieet which had been the 
 second home of the University, occupied for
 
 3 
 - 
 
 r 
 - 
 
 -
 
 I2 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 seventy years, as the earlier site had been by Arts. The principal changes in that depart- 
 the College for fifty years. The new building ment at that time were, however, of an internal 
 was occupied for the first time in September rather than of an external nature. A tenta- 
 1872. In it and around it has since grown up tive element of election of studies in the 
 the new University, extending its landed area, regular Arts Course was introduced in 1867, 
 occupying main* buildings, teaching many a Professorship of History and English Liter- 
 things, drawing to it a constantly increasing ature was established in the same year and 
 number of students, awakening the interest some other changes followed. 
 and obtaining the support of the community But still more closely connected with the 
 
 COLLEGE HALL, REAR VIEW 
 
 through public and private channels, deserv- 
 ing and securing the loyalty of its alumni, filled 
 with a deepening life and vigor and capacity 
 for development which has so far shown no 
 sign of diminution or cessation. It is difficult 
 to see how such a new life could have been 
 entered upon except in some such new site as 
 it obtained in 1 S70. 
 
 The immediate suggestion that had led to 
 the movement for the acquisition of the new 
 property had been the appeal of Dr. Stille for 
 a re-organization of the old Department of 
 
 adoption of the new site was the growth of the 
 Scientific Department. The Scientific School, 
 initiated in [852 and actually organized in 1864, 
 had preserved but a sluggish life. No increase 
 of endowment had put it in an effective posi- 
 tion, and its response to material interests was 
 not evident enough to bring to it as to the 
 Medical and Law' Departments a supporting 
 body of students who looked to it as a prepa- 
 ration for making their living. In the general 
 discussions as to the re-organization of the old 
 College courses in 1867, a committee report
 
 L'X/l'KKS/T)' OF PENNSTLl INIA 
 
 125 
 
 says that, "The consideration of these changes 
 and the reasons for them directed the attention 
 of the committee to the Department of Agri- 
 culture, Arts, Mines and Manufactures that 
 was established some years ago, and was par- 
 tially organized and put into operation. It is 
 believed that such a department is much needed 
 in our city for a thorough course of instruction 
 in the arts mentioned in its title, but it has lan- 
 guished for want of a sufficient endowment. 
 If the proposed changes in the Department of 
 Aits shall be adopted by the Trustees there 
 will be a necessity for an appeal to the public 
 for funds properly to endow the additional 
 professorships, and such an appeal should in- 
 clude one for the real Scientific and Techno- 
 logical Schools above named." 
 
 In their final appeal therefore the Trustees 
 included " a sufficient endowment for the De- 
 partment of Agriculture, Arts, Mines and Man- 
 ufactures." In the inaugural address delivered 
 by Provost Stille at the Academy of Music a 
 year later, on the 30th of September, 1868, he 
 gave to the completion of the organization of 
 this Scientific School the most prominent place 
 among his various pleas for the recognition, 
 support and extension of the University. 
 Finally, when the application to the city au- 
 thorities for the West Philadelphia land was 
 made it was based largely on the need of ac- 
 commodations for technical scientific courses, 
 as well as for the I hpartment of Arts. Plans 
 for this school were developed by the same 
 committee as had charge of the erection of the 
 new- building, and tin- two plans reacted on one 
 another. Therefore as the building approached 
 completion, the Board brought these changes 
 to a culmination, and in the spring of 1X7J 
 changed the name of the " Department of 
 Agriculture, Arts, Mines and Mechani< Aits" 
 to tlie "Department of Science," constituted 
 a separate Faculty of the department, and 
 issued a public announcement of the plans 
 and objects of the course. The leading idea 
 of the department was to combine a lib' ral 
 education with technical training. To however 
 great an extent this ideal has bc-en since 
 thought to be impracticable or unsuited to 
 modern requirements, it was in its inception ,1 
 carefully thought out plan by which the first 
 
 two years ..f the course should be given largely 
 to general cultural studies, such as History, 
 Mathematics, English and the .Modem Lan- 
 guages, and to fundamental training in methods 
 of scientific work, while the- remaining two 
 years should be given primarily to the techni- 
 cal teaching of Chemistry or Metallurgy, or 
 some one of the various branches of Engineer- 
 ing, or to Architecture, as the student should 
 choose. The Professors who had charge of the 
 purely scientific portions of this course were at 
 first Professor J. 1'. Lesley, who acted as Dean 
 and taught Geology and Mining, I*'. A. Genth, 
 Professor of Chemistry, L. G. Franck, of Civil 
 and Mechanical Engineering; and soon then 
 were added to these Professor Barker in Physics, 
 Professor Ilaupt in Civil Engineering, Prof 
 Richards in Drawing and Architecture, Profes- 
 sor Koenig in Mineralogy and Metallurgy. Pro- 
 fessor Sadtler in Chemistry, and Professor 
 M.uks in Mechanical Engineering. For the 
 more general studies, the Languages, Pure 
 .Mathematics, History, Moral and Natural Phi- 
 losophy, the students went to those who taught 
 the same subjects to the students in Arts. 
 
 Regular teaching in the Department ol 
 Science was inaugurated in the winter of 1S72- 
 [873. Students must have been transferred 
 from other courses which they were already 
 taking in the University or elsewhere, for the 
 catalogue reports, eight seniors, nine juniors, 
 twenty-one sophomores and fort) five fresh- 
 men. There were also some fifteen students 
 taking special or partial courses, besides seven 
 students taking scientific courses in the Depart 
 nil nl of Arts under the old elective system I 
 1X52. l'he more practical and popular char- 
 acter of the new department was typified by 
 the announcement in 1X74 that the I 111 1 
 proposed to grant forty free scholarships in it 
 to students from the public schools, i< 11 ,.| them 
 
 to become available each year. More than .1 
 
 hundred students actually enrolled seemed 1,1 
 guarantee success at last for the Scientific 
 School; but a still more important step in 
 
 advance was to come to it within .1 v e.11 
 or two. 'Phis was the bequest to it ol the 
 residuary estate of John Hcnrj Townc, on, 
 
 0l the lin lees, on his de.illl m I X; | 111' 
 
 nil mi iii 1 alue ■ 'l In - "Mi was to be ven con
 
 126 
 
 UNIJ'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 siderable, though the immediate income from in the midst of lawyers' offices in the old build- 
 it was small. It was restricted by the terms ing owned by the University on Fifth Street 
 of the will to the payment of the salaries of above Walnut. His plan was that the building 
 Professors and Instructors, so there was no should be remodelled so that the first floor 
 question of any extension or change in the should consist of offices which he himself would 
 building as a result of this bequest. In 1875 occupy, and pay a rent for equalling that re- 
 the Board of Trustees passed the following ceived at the time for the whole building, and 
 resolution, "That as a proper, just and grateful he offered himself to pay the expense of re- 
 tribute to Mr. Towne's memory, and as one building. The upper floor would then be avail- 
 means of perpetuating the same, the Depart- able for the uses of the school, and Professor 
 ment of Science, which he has so munificently Miller would allow to the students the use of 
 
 endowed, shall hereafter 
 Towne Scientific School 
 < 1 f the University of 
 Pennsylvania." 
 
 The Towne Scientific 
 School was nominally a 
 fifth school or Faculty in 
 the University, the four 
 older departments being 
 the 1 lepartment of Arts. 
 the Medical School, the 
 Law School, and the Aux- 
 iliary Faculty of Medicine, 
 but as has been intimated; 
 the inosculation, so to 
 speak, of its teaching force 
 with that of the Arts, their 
 use of the same building, 
 the common attendance 
 of students from both de- 
 partments in some of the 
 same classes, all connected 
 it even more closely with 
 the Department of Ails 
 than the Auxiliary Fac- 
 ulty of Medicine was with 
 
 mown as the his own law libra 
 
 JOHN HENRY TOWNE 
 anvas by William 1A rris Hunt, in L'niz'. Library 
 
 A number of arguments 
 against this plan were 
 placed before the Board 
 and several alternative 
 plans were proposed. 
 The_\- were all finally re- 
 jected, with the under- 
 standing that in future the 
 law lectures would be held 
 in the new building across 
 the river. 
 
 This decision led to Pro- 
 fessor Miller's resignation, 
 after a period of twenty 
 years of service, dating 
 from the creation of 
 the Faculty in 1852. E. 
 Coppee Mitchell was 
 elected in 1873 to succeed 
 him. The departure to 
 the new building was not 
 made immediately. Dur- 
 ing the winter of 1872- 
 1873 lectures were given 
 in one of the rooms of the 
 Ninth Street building; in 
 
 the main Medical School, so that the number the season of 1 873- 1874 in the " Paine Build" 
 
 of entirely separated departments was still only ing" on Ninth Street below Locust, leased by 
 
 three. the University for the temporary use of the Law 
 
 The sale of the Ninth Street buildings in and Medical Departments. Finally in 1 874 the 
 
 April 1872, of course brought up the question Law Department was regularly transferred to 
 
 of what should be done with the Law and Med- the largest room in the new University building 
 
 ical Schools. As for the former, the old divi- at Thirty-fourth Street and Woodland Avenue, 
 
 sion between the more professional and the Accompanying this change of location were 
 
 more scholastic ideal sprang up again at once. several other distinct steps in advance. An 
 
 Professor Miller, who had been Dean of the important reorganization of the school in the 
 
 School since the resignation of bulge Shars direction of greater breadth and efficiency was 
 
 w I, represented the former and brought up made. Two new Professorships were added, 
 
 again the proposition to place the Law School the one of Personal Relations and Personal
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 12 
 
 , 
 
 Property, and the other of Medical Jurispru- a Faculty of five membei . a group of stu- 
 dence. The second of these lectureships was dents averaging about one hundred and twenty- 
 never placed mi the same plain- as the others five, with rigorous requirements for its 
 in the school, attendance was not compulsory, although with very little in the way ol entran 
 and eventually, notwithstanding its evident requirements, and with a growing, if long de- 
 value, it was abolished altogether. To the for- layed, recognition on the part of an exceedingly 
 mer chair were assigned the subjects of Personal conservative profession. 
 
 Relations, Corporations, Agency, Partnership, The other professional school might well 
 
 [nsurance, Title to Personal Property, Contracts have hesitated even longer than the Law 
 
 of Sale, Hills of Lading, Bailment, Common School at the removal from the centre of the 
 
 Carriers, Pledges and Chattel Mortgages, Exec- city. So many of the clinical opportunities 
 
 utors and Administrators. James Parsons was for the students, so close a connection on the 
 
 in l S74 elected to this 
 Professorship, and John J. 
 Reese, M.D., already Pro- 
 lessor of Medical Juris- 
 prudence and Toxicology 
 in the Auxiliary Faculty 
 of Medicine, to the other 
 chair. It was arranged 
 that there should be two 
 terms in each year, cover- 
 ing the months from Oc- 
 ti iber to May, and that the 
 required course should be 
 for two years. The re- 
 quirements for graduation 
 were made more strict. 
 The full course of instruc- 
 tion including both lec- 
 tures and examinations 
 with ever)- Professor ex- 
 cept the lecturer on Med- 
 ical Jurisprudence, must 
 be taken. More formal 
 gene ral examinations 
 
 E. coitm; miumiii 
 
 part ' 'l the IV' ifessors ex- 
 isted w ith tin- old Pennsyl- 
 vania I lospital at Ninth 
 and Spruce Streets, thai .1 
 
 removal of the school to 
 West Philadelphia was a 
 most serious matter. And 
 like the Law School, tin re 
 was a transition peril id in 
 which the medical courses 
 also were given, for two 
 years after the sale of the 
 Ninth Street building, 
 either there 1 ir in the build- 
 ing provided for them 
 jointly with those of the 
 Law School on Ninth 
 Street below Locust. 
 1 hiring this tinu-, hi iwe\ ei , 
 a building was being | iul 
 up especially for the Med- 
 ical School in West Phila- 
 delphia in the same si|ii.n 1 
 of "round as the main 
 
 must be taken each year, and the candidate building, but facing on Thirty-sixth Street. To 
 must present an essay on seme legal subject, this they moved in the .fall of 1 874. The Alms- 
 Moot courts were re-arranged so as to fall house- Hospital was ol course closely adjacent, 
 on special evenings, access to the Library of but the use of the old Philadelphia Hospital 
 the Law Association was obtained, and various would have- been too sorely missed. The rec- 
 prizes were established; lastly, the Philadel- ognition of the desirability of keeping all de 
 phia courts, notwithstanding considerable pro- partments of the University together mm\ at 
 fessional opposition and jealousy, adopted rules the same time providing ample facilities foi 
 admitting graduates of the Law Department of clinical study had suggested the establishment 
 the University to practice if they also passed <>f a new hospital in the immediate vicinity ol 
 the usual preliminary examinations di iigned the University. Then- was abundant need for 
 to test the possession of an ordinary English such .\\\ institution. In this respect, .is in s, > 
 education. Thus the Law School at the end many others. Philadelphia had early attained a 
 o| its first quarter-century ol existence had preeminence which she had allowed to slip from
 
 izS 
 
 UN11ERSIT1ES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 her during the middle years of the century. 
 There had been a time when the Pennsylvania 
 I tospital had been perhaps the best equipped in 
 the world ; certainly the best conducted and 
 most liberal in its provision for patients of any 
 hospital in any community in America. But in 
 [872, while New York City with its population 
 of about a million had six thousand three 
 hundred and twenty-five free beds in hospitals, 
 Philadelphia, with some seven hundred thous- 
 and population, had only one thousand one 
 
 brought a daily harvest of accidents, happening 
 for the most part to those who were least able to 
 afford good medical treatment at their homes. 
 Therefore when Ur. William Pepper, Dr. Ho- 
 ratio C. Wood, Dr. William F. Norris and 
 others proposed the founding of a new hos- 
 pital, there was abundance of argument to be 
 brought forward for its propriety ; argument 
 that might appeal to men interested in the 
 advancement of the University, patriotic citi- 
 zens of Philadelphia, or of Pennsylvania, and 
 
 MEDICAL HA1.1. 
 
 hundred ; that is, with almost three-quarters of 
 the population it had much less than one 
 quarter as main - free hospital opportunities. 
 Since the middle of the century the population 
 of the city and the state had been growing 
 rapidly, their wealth even more rapidly than 
 their population. Pennsylvania's manufactures, 
 its internal commerce, the products of its mines, 
 had increased many fold, but the accommoda- 
 tions of Philadelphia hospitals had not quite 
 doubled. Moreover, the railroad service, manu- 
 facturing and other dangerous occupations 
 
 to those actuated merely by humane sympa- 
 thies. The movement was initiated by the 
 calling of a mass meeting of alumni of the 
 Medical School for June 12, 1S71. At this 
 meeting it was decided to recommend the 
 project to the Medical Faculty and to the 
 Board of Trustees. The Faculty took up 
 the matter with enthusiasm, and appointed a 
 committee to act with the committee of the 
 alumni. The Trustees, led by the personal en- 
 thusiasm and activity of Dr. George P. Wood, 
 gave immediate approval and appropriated
 
 / \ // ERSITT OF /'A A \s)i.i Ah 1. 1 
 
 i 2y 
 
 ground for the purpose. The joint committee noted for his wealth but also almost equally 
 
 which had been formed by the alumni and for his unwillingness to give from it. Two 
 
 Faculty asked a number of prominent citizens members of the committee, however, one of 
 
 to join with them in the effort to obtain funds whom was Dr. Pepper, with some reluctance, 
 
 for the projected hospital. Within the year braved his repellent reputation, visited him in 
 
 (872 three forms of appeal were made by 
 them, and responded to with unexampled lib- 
 erality. To the government of the state 
 they appealed, partly on the ground that ao i 
 dent and other cases would come to the 
 hospital from all over the state, partly on 
 
 his dark little office in an obscure building on 
 a narrow street, and laid their request befon 
 
 him. lie allowed them to talk for almost 1 1 
 ,w\ hour only asking two questions, and then 
 brought the interview to a close saying In 
 would think the matter over. In a few weeks 
 
 the ground that the University was a state the hospital committee were surprised to re- 
 
 organization and si i sh( iiili! 
 be aided by state appro- 
 priations in carrying out 
 its various forms of use- 
 fulness. As a result of 
 this appeal the Legisla- 
 tu re in A pril [872, 
 granted to the Univer- 
 sity for the purpose of 
 building a hospital a sum 
 of $100,000,011 condition 
 that $250,000 in addition 
 should be collected from 
 other sources, and that at 
 least two hundred free 
 beds for injured persons 
 should be maintained for- 
 ever. To the government 
 of the city they appealed 
 on the ground of the di- 
 rect need of the city for 
 more hospital facilities 
 and the insufficiency of 
 the ground which could 
 
 be afforded from the tract already in the pos- 
 session of the University. City Councils there 
 fore in May [872, granted five and a half acres 
 adjoining the existing site on condition of the 
 hospital furnishing fifty free beds for indigenl 
 sick. To thf charitable public generally similar 
 appeaK were made. Subscriptions were asked 
 foi', payable in four annual instalments. $3,000 
 or multiples of that sum it was arranged should 
 1 the donor the right to nominate one or 
 more free patients in the hospital. Smaller 
 sums than $3,000 were also asked. ( Ine pii 
 turesque incident, at least, arose jn this private 
 subscription. Isaiah V. Williamson was a man 
 VOL. 1. — 9 
 
 : 1 11st 
 Is\|\|| \. 
 
 ceive fr< im him a sub- 
 scription of $50,000, the 
 largest single contribution 
 to the hospital fund. Bui 
 curiously enough from 
 that time forward Mr. 
 Williamson be, ame a lib- 
 eral giver t< 1 philanthropic 
 1 ibjects. I le gave $50,000 
 more to the University 
 and left $100,000 to it in 
 his will, anil his office 
 became a regular calling 
 plai e tor those interested 
 
 in various charities. I lis 
 largest gift was approxi 
 matcly $^,000,000 to 
 found a school for train- 
 ing mechanics. Other 
 liberal gifts were made and 
 no ultimate difficulty was 
 found in obtaining from 
 ]> r iv a t e sou rces t hi' 
 $250,000 necessary to 
 make the gift of the state operative. At the 
 session of the Legislature in the next year, 
 [873, a request for m additional $100,000 for 
 the hospital fund was made in the name ol tin 
 
 University by the Judges of the Supreme Court 
 and of the Cit) Courts and by a number of" 
 prominent citizens who had been interested in 
 tin movement. This sum was appropriated in 
 April 1873, on condition of the collection of 
 
 a further sum of $100,000. In these various 
 ways within a period of three years, $552,1 
 had been collei ted be idi land suffii ienl \< u 
 any probable extension of the hospital. The 
 
 erection 1 if the buiUm ! i mi in the Spi ing 
 
 w 11 1 I \Mso\
 
 3° 
 
 UN11ERS1TIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of 1873, it was dedicated in June and opened was created whose services in overseeing the 
 
 for patients in July 1874. In 1875, its first various parts of the hospital, in collecting 
 
 calendar year, the hospital received six hundred money for various minor purposes and in 
 
 and forty-two patients and its seven dispensa- creating a general interest in the institution 
 
 ries treated four thousand five hundred and have been inestimable. All these officers 
 
 sixty-nine cases. A Board of Managers of the served without pay. In 1874 an unsuccessful 
 
 Hospital was created composed of five Trus- request for a third appropriation of $125,000 
 
 tees of the University, seven members of the was made to the State Legislature. Thus 
 
 Medical Faculty, three persons elected by the within a period of five years a veritable new 
 
 MAIN HOSPITAL BUILDINGS 
 
 general contributors and three elected by the 
 Medical alumni. Dr. Wood was its first Presi- 
 dent, Dr. Alfred Stille its Secretary, and 
 Saunders Lewis its Treasurer. Three Profes- 
 sors of the Medical School, and nine clinical 
 Professors and Lecturers not on the Faculty, 
 made up the Medical staff; there were two 
 resident physicians chosen from the Medical 
 alumni for a service of six months, and seven 
 chiefs of the respective dispensaries with assist- 
 ants. In 1875 a Board of Women Visitors 
 
 department, though not of a scholastic char- 
 acter, was added to the University ; and one 
 whose good work, whose good name, and whose 
 continually expanding field of service has been 
 of the greatest advantage to the University, as 
 it has been to the community. 
 
 There were now three buildings on the new 
 location, and with the exception of one addi- 
 tional building intended partly to give addi- 
 tional room to the Medical School, parti}- for 
 another department, which was built facing
 
 uNiyKRsirr of Pennsylvania 
 
 3 J 
 
 Spruce Street on the same square of ground in 
 1 879> there were to be no more buildings ere< ted 
 during the Provostship of Dr. Stille. Of less 
 material development and expansion, how- 
 ever, there was no lack. In [877 a Depart- 
 ment of Music was founded. Dr. Hugh A. 
 Clarke was elected Professor of the Science of 
 Music, the intention being to afford oppor- 
 tunities for the study of counterpoint and 
 harmony to advanced students, giving the 
 degree of Bachelor of Music to those who 
 had fulfilled the requirements of a two years' 
 course. The instruction was givefl in the Col- 
 lege building. The one remaining new foun- 
 dation of this period was the Department of 
 Dentistry. A School of Dentistry had been 
 established in Philadelphia as early as 1850, 
 known as the Philadelphia College of Dental 
 Surgery. After four years it was rc-organi/cd 
 as the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. 
 At a later time the Philadelphia Dental Col- 
 lege was also established. The growth of 
 dental science, the rise of its practice to a 
 higher plane, and tin- development of dental 
 associations and oi independent Dental Schools 
 attracted much attention in the two or three 
 decades just before ami just after the middle 
 of the century. It seems to have been felt 
 that tin' subject should of right be connected 
 witli the teaching of medicine as one of its 
 subordinate branches. In 1878 the Trustees 
 of the University made propositions looking 
 toward an absorption of the Pennsylvania Col- 
 lege oi" Dental Surgery as one of its depart- 
 ments. The offer was declined although the 
 two principal Professors in that institution, 
 Din. K. T. Darby an I ('. J. Kssig, accepted 
 the imitation fir themselves personally, 'hi 
 March '>, 1878, the Trustees passed resolu- 
 tions that there should be a Dental Depart 
 menl of the University with a separate^ 
 organized Faculty. Two Professors were to 
 be chosen, one for the Chair of Mechanical 
 Dentistry and Metallurgy, and one lor that of 
 Operative Dentistry and Dental Histology. 
 There were to be five other Professors, but 
 
 they were to be the same as those who taught 
 the respective SllbjeCtS to Medical students. 
 
 \ laboratory building, already referred to. was 
 
 I an It during the winter of [878 [879, for the use 
 
 of the Medical ami Dental Departments jointly. 
 
 The gentlemen already named were elected to 
 
 the specifically dental chairs and p led to 
 
 the work of organizing the department. The 
 course was to be of two years, and involved 
 examinations in all the subjects given, befon 
 obtaining the degree of Doctor of Dental 
 Surgery. 
 
 An explanatory letter was issued, intended 
 to conciliate the hostility or prevent the mis- 
 understanding of those who felt that a Dental 
 Department was something of a degradation 
 to the institution. In the circular the Secre- 
 tary of the Faculty of Medicine says: 
 
 "So many inquiries have been made and so 
 much misunderstanding appears to exist with 
 regard to the Dental Department of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania in its relations to the 
 Medical Department, that it has been deemed 
 advisable to prepare the following circular let- 
 ter for those who may desire further informa- 
 tion. The Dental Department was instituted 
 on the principle, now admitted by all the better 
 class of dentists and liberally disposed physi- 
 cians, that Dentistry should be a specialty of 
 medicine just as Ophthalmology, < >tology, etc., 
 have become. 
 
 "The University of Pennsylvania now pro 
 
 poses to establish a course, the first session oi 
 which is identical for medical and dental 
 students so far as anatomy, chemistry, phys- 
 iology, and materia medica an- concerned. 
 As a part of this course is included laborator) 
 instruction in chemistry three hours per week, 
 in which the student personally practises the 
 required manipulations under the direction ol 
 demonstrators precisely as In- does practical 
 work in mechanical and operative dentistry. 
 In addition to this, the dental student has 
 regular instruction from the chairs ol opera- 
 tive' and mechanical dentistry, whi.h the 
 medical student does not. ol course, receive. 
 For the present the dental student is excused 
 from the practical work in the histological 
 laboratory two hours pei week and work in 
 the pharmaceutical laboratory two hours pei 
 week. A comparison "f these studies with 
 those of the' ordinary, 01 dental curricula, will 
 show that the dental student of the Univei 
 pursues in hi, lira yeat 1 Course wider and
 
 I 3 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 more thorough than the medical student of all 
 but one or two medical colleges in the United 
 States." 
 
 Work was begun regularly in the fall of 1878 
 with fifty three matriculates, and at the Medi- 
 ieal Commencement of 1879 graduates in 
 Dentistry appeared also. 
 
 One more change belongs to this period, 
 in this case a restriction rather than an exten- 
 sion of the field of work. From its very earli- 
 
 school and was finally closed altogether. The 
 Charity Schools were in a different category, as 
 their support was a legal trust which the Trustees 
 were bound to earn- out. The need for them, 
 however, had almost if not quite disappeared. 
 The development of the free public school sys- 
 tem now furnished abundant facilities for the 
 education of all children, however indigent, and 
 the entire inappropriateness of carrying on 
 such education in any kind of connection with 
 
 (illi DENTAL HALL, NOW LABORATORY of THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 est days, the University had been entrusted 
 with the carrying on of the Academy and the 
 Charity Schools in addition to its more purely 
 collegiate work. The Academy had been grad- 
 ually gotten rid of. At first almost indistin- 
 guishable from the College work, in 1791 
 and still further in 1S10, the Academy or 
 Grammar School was separated oft" under the 
 care of teachers distinct from the Professors 
 who taught in the College. Somewhat later 
 it was removed, as has been said, from the 
 Ninth Street Building to the Fourth Street 
 Hall, and here it became a mere preparatory 
 
 that given in the University was of course man- 
 ifest. In 1S77. therefore, the matter was re- 
 ferred to a committee for investigation and 
 advice. In accordance with their recom- 
 mendations it was determined to discontinue 
 the schools in their old form on the 1st of 
 July, 1877, the income resulting from the trust 
 being applied for the future to the free educa- 
 tion of young men, not able otherwise to pal- 
 lor tuition, in the Department of Arts or the 
 Towne Scientific School, in the West Phila- 
 delphia building. Tlie removal of these two 
 lower educational burdens left the institution
 
 UNU'ERSirr or />/■:. \ xsvujnia 
 
 133 
 
 more free to earn- on its higher task of College 
 and University work. 
 
 This work had been progressing, as has been 
 said, with much increased vigor The numbei 
 of graduates in the Collegiate Department had 
 risen to thirty or forty annually, while then- 
 was a still larger number of students in each 
 class who for one reason or another did not 
 graduate. Hut as far as this department of the 
 University went it was still eminently local in 
 its character. The larger life that comes from 
 much intercourse with other Colleges on the 
 part of administrative Officers, Professors and 
 students; that comes from obtaining students 
 from all parts of the country, from gathering 
 around her buildings a cosmopolitan, though 
 temporarily, a strongly local and loyal life, 
 was not hers, except in as far as the Medical 
 and Dental Departments drew students from a 
 distance. The University was still, in its Hoard, 
 in its faculties, and in its body of students, 
 preeminently a local Philadelphia institution. 
 Moreover her material equipment, though so 
 far in advance of her earlier limitations, was 
 still restricted. The Library was heaped in 
 one room of the College building, the Law 
 Department had no library and possessed but 
 a single room for lectures and study, however 
 spacious that one may have been; there were 
 no dormitories and no restaurant, and the stu- 
 dents had no gathering place except in the 
 "Assembly Room " of the College building; all 
 University life had to exist in the three buildings 
 or scattered and dissipated in the homes and 
 the boarding houses of the students. Two of 
 the principal characteristics of the next period, 
 the administration of Dr. Pepper, were to be 
 found in these points, the decreasingly local 
 character of the University and the great 
 addition to its material equipment. 
 
 With the recent growth of the University the 
 question of its official organization, and espe- 
 1 tally of the powers of the Provost, had come 
 ii]) time and again. In the original plan of the 
 institution no individual administrative head 
 
 had been contemplated. The powers of the 
 
 Board of Trustees had not only been supreme 
 
 but they had been intended tO extend tO the 
 
 regulation of the minute questions of detailed 
 regulation, I he Board had an annually elected 
 
 President and Sei rotary, ami appointed com- 
 mittees from time to time. These, it was ex- 
 pected, would do the actual work of carrying 
 on the institution. When Dr. Smith bei 
 Provost his energy, assertiveness, ability and 
 
 success s 1 made him the head and front ol 
 
 the whole institution; but this was simply a 
 matter of personal domination, from which the 
 Trustees revolted occasionally, asserting their 
 position and power to control the administra- 
 tion of the College. 
 
 One of the earliest disputes in its history hail 
 been between tin Provost and the rest of the 
 Faculty, in 1757. as to whether he alone or the 
 Vice-Provost and other Professors also should 
 sign the diplomas. Hut even when Dr. Smith 
 was at the height of his power and influence 
 his only official relation to the Hoard was that 
 of Secretary, lie had no voice nor vote nor 
 position on Committees, and no administrative 
 powers except such as were obtained by his 
 personal assertion. In later days, however, 
 when new departments were added, and when 
 less vigorous men occupied the Provostship, 
 the position became' practically that of the 
 head of the .Arts Department, only distin- 
 guished from the Deanship of the Medical and 
 Law Schools by the fact that the Provost pre- 
 sided at Commencements and conferred all 
 degrees, lie never attended the meetings ol 
 the Board of Trustees except when he was 
 1 1. 1 Lilly- summoned to give information. The 
 real initiative in the institution, as far as then 
 was any, was taken by, and the administration 
 was centered in, the various committees of the 
 Board of Trustees, except when individual pro- 
 fessors chose to submit proposals voluntarily 
 to the Board. That " peculiar American insti- 
 tution," the American College President, had 
 no existence at the University, whose adminis- 
 tration w.i- a veritable government by com 
 mitt 1 ■ During Dr Stille's term of service, 
 however, the prominence, the influence and 
 the importance of his office was being in- 
 creased st,adily although without nominal 
 change of organi ation. lie had been chosen 
 largel) becau e "(the initiative he had taken 
 in the proposal of modifications in the \n 
 course, and with the h ipe thai n<w \ 
 w 1 mill be therebj infu iei I into the afTaii s 1 ■(
 
 x 34 
 
 UNIVERSITIES ANT) THEIR SONS 
 
 the University. Soon after His accession to 
 office he had published a " Memoir of the Rev. 
 William Smith, D.D., Provost of the College, 
 Academy, and Charitable Schools of Philadel- 
 phia," a tribute to, and glorification of the 
 most vigorous and self-assertive of his prede- 
 cessors. In [871, a Committee of the Board 
 at Dr. Stille's suggestion recommended a 
 change in the rules by which the Provost's 
 position should be made one of greater power 
 and responsibility. This proposition met with 
 opposition because it would have made him 
 head of all the Faculties, including that of 
 Medicine, which had always maintained a 
 quasi-independent position. The plan was 
 finally defeated in the Board. In 1874 he 
 brought the matter up again but it led to noth- 
 ing except that the Provost was given the priv- 
 ilege 1 if attending meetings of the Board oi 
 Trustees in order to give information to its 
 members. He had no vote or official voice or 
 influence, and was looked upon in this position 
 as simply an organ of communication between 
 the Faculties and the Board. As a matter of 
 fact he seldom attended the meetings and the 
 growing influence and importance of his office 
 arose simply from the natural requirements of 
 the position. Although the members of the 
 Board were extremely able and eminent men, 
 they had neither time, knowledge, patience 
 nor judgment to attend to the details of ad- 
 ministration of an institution constantly growing 
 in extent and diversification of parts. The 
 lack of official powers therefore acted simply 
 as an obstacle to the Provost in the perform- 
 ance of his work and placed the University at a 
 distinct disadvantage in comparison with other 
 American Colleges with a more centralized 
 and efficient organization. The dissatisfaction 
 with this condition of affairs culminated in 
 1880, when Dr. Stille on the 30th of January 
 sent a letter to the Board of Trustees declaring 
 his inability to continue to do good service as 
 Provost with the limited powers attached to 
 his office, and announcing his intention of re- 
 signing from it. Other elements in the situa- 
 tion of the University no doubt combined with 
 this matter to produce a certain amount of 
 willingness on the part of the Trustees to con- 
 template Dr. Stille's resignation without regret. 
 
 The financial condition was becoming steadily 
 worse as the new development was carried on 
 without any commensurate increase of funds. 
 Conflicts of authority had arisen on questions 
 of discipline between the Board, the Faculty, 
 and the Provost. Certainly nothing was done 
 to make the changes in organization which 
 would have enabled Dr. Stille to withdraw his 
 declaration, and a committee was appointed in 
 February to provide a successor to the Provost. 
 Dr. Stille's resignation was finally sent in and 
 accepted, September 7, 1880. In the mean- 
 time the committee on the new Provost after 
 much consideration, investigation, and negotia- 
 tion, had obtained the consent of Dr. William 
 Pepper to accept the Provostship, but only on 
 condition that those changes which had been 
 recommended by Dr. Stille should be intro- 
 duced in their fullest form. December 7 the 
 Committee introduced a report in favor of 
 amending the by-laws of the Board on these 
 lines. The principal object of the amend- 
 ments is expressed in the following clause: 
 " The Provost shall be the chief executive 
 officer of the University. He shall be the 
 presiding officer of the Board of Trustees, in 
 the absence of the Governor, and shall have 
 the right of offering resolutions and of speak- 
 ing on all questions that may come before the 
 Board, and shall be ex officio a member of all 
 standing committees. 1 le shall be a member 
 of and President of each Faculty, and when 
 present at a Faculty meeting shall preside 
 thereat." 
 
 The Committee accompanied the recom- 
 mendation of these changes with a statement 
 of the conditional character of Dr. Pepper's 
 willingness to accept the Provostship. He was 
 nominated at the same meeting. On the 12th 
 of January, 1 88 1 , the amendments were adopted 
 and Dr. Pepper unanimously elected. He at- 
 tended the meeting of the Board on February 
 ist, when his letter of acceptance was read. 
 At this meeting the Provost presided over the 
 Board for the first time in the history of the 
 University. The new position of the Provost 
 as veritable head of the whole University in 
 law and in fact was to be another of the 
 characteristics of the next period.
 
 UN II ERSITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 '35 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 The Extension of Material Equipmeni under i i n: Administration oi Dr. Pepper, 
 
 [881-1894 
 
 DK. WILLIAM PEPPER was inaugu- stated, made conditional on the completion ol 
 
 rated as Provost at the Academy of the process by which the Provost was becom- 
 
 Music, February 22, 18S1. He was ing thi real executive head of the institution, 
 
 at the time Professor of Clinical Medicine in According to the .\>i of 1791 under which 
 
 the Medical Department of the University, the University was organized the Governor ol 
 
 His whole career and even ancestry had been the state was ex-officio President of the Board 
 
 closely connected with the 
 University. His father, 
 Dr. William Pepper, 
 though a graduate in 
 Arts of Princeton, ob- 
 tained his Medical de 
 gree at the University 
 and was Professor of the 
 Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine there from i860 
 to 1864. The younger 
 William Pepper gradu- 
 ated at the University in 
 the College Class of 1 862 
 and in the Medical Class 
 of 1 S64. He became 
 Lecturer on Morbid 
 Anatomy in 1 868 and 
 was always afterward 
 connected with the Med- 
 ical Department, rising 
 thnui g h s 11 c c e s s i v e 
 grades to the same pro- 
 fessorship his father had 
 held. His interest in the University mighl 
 therefore be counted on as being bred in the the Hoard in financial and legal as well as in 
 bone. His energy in the display of this inter- academic affairs. It has since that time more- 
 cst had become evident in his work in con- over been understood that the Provost is to act 
 nection with the creation of the University in every organization which draws its authority 
 Hospital, He was one of the first to suggest it, from the University, and no considerable action 
 the must constant to advocate it. m\k\ as chair- of an) Kind is taken without his knowledge and 
 man of the commission which was tunned to approval. The f.ut that Dr. Pepper was not a 
 bring it into existence showed exei utive ability Professor in the Collegi Department as all his 
 "I a \ery high order. On the resignation of predecessors had been, made a still more dis 
 Dr. Stille therefore and after a somewhat pro- tincl changi from th Provostship ol the past, 
 longed search for a successor tin Board of The teaching side of the office disappeared 
 Trustees asked Dr. Pepper to accept the Pro- altogether, -i did the disciplinary, except in 
 vostship. His acceptance was, as already gi while the administrative side was 
 
 WILLIAM PI PPE 1 
 
 of Trustees, and had orig- 
 inally acted as such. 
 Put as a part of the grad- 
 ual dissolution of close 
 connection between the 
 State Government and 
 the University, the Gov- 
 ernor early ceased to at 
 tend the meetings or to 
 lake any part in the busi- 
 ness of the Hoard. Since 
 that time some member 
 of the Hoard had I" 1 n 
 habitually chosen to pre- 
 side at each inn ting, but 
 
 this involved no further 
 administrative duties. 
 After 1S81 the Presidency 
 pro tern, of the Provost 
 was \ irtually a real Presi- 
 dency bi 'th of the H< >ard 
 and of the University. 
 He was n< it a member of 
 the He nd but he pre- 
 ided, appointed committees, -\\^\ represented
 
 i 3 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 be recognizing 
 
 broadened and strengthened, and raised above 
 all the other elements in the government of the 
 institution, except in case of last resort, when 
 of course ultimate power and authority resides 
 in the Board of Trustees. The individuality 
 of the Provost has therefore counted for vastly 
 more during the last two periods than ever be- 
 fore, and no account of the history <>\~ the Uni- 
 versity since 1 88 1 which did not take, into 
 account the vigor and versatility of Dr. Pep- 
 per and the equally well marked character- 
 istics of his successor would 
 the true forces at work in 
 its development. 
 
 One of the first move- 
 ments under the new ad- 
 ministration was an appli- 
 cation to City Councils for 
 a grant of more land. 
 The original plot of land 
 in West Philadelphia, in- 
 creased as it had been by 
 the grant to the Hospital 
 was ahead)- so far occu- 
 pied by the four buildings 
 erected upon it as to limit 
 the formation of any far- 
 reaching plans. On the 
 other hand, such plans 
 were filling the heads of 
 more than one man con- 
 nected with or interested 
 in the University, besides 
 the Provost. A petition 
 signed by various influ- 
 ential citizens was there- 
 fore placed before the Mayor and by him sent 
 with a strong recommendation for favorable 
 action to Councils, in January [882. As a 
 return the University offered to establish and 
 maintain fifty free scholarships to be awarded 
 to students of the Philadelphia public schools. 
 These were intended in part to be substitutes 
 for the forty free scholarships previously es- 
 tablished without endowment or permanent 
 foundation in the Towne Scientific School, and 
 were estimated to have an annual value of at 
 least $7500. The proposal commended itself 
 to City Councils, the return seemed fair and an 
 ordinance was passed in the same month giv- 
 
 ing to the University the city land lying be- 
 tween Spruce Street and Woodland Avenue, 
 and the Almshouse building, and extending 
 from Thirty-sixth Street almost to Thirty-ninth. 
 This increased the property of the University 
 in West Philadelphia to twenty-seven acres, 
 and made possible the erection of buildings for 
 the new uses that were now being proposed. 
 
 The first extension of the sphere of Univer- 
 sity activity to be made during the new ad- 
 ministration did not however, involve a new- 
 building. During the exercises of Dr. Pep- 
 per's inauguration he was 
 informed of the intention 
 of Joseph Wharton, a 
 prominent Philadelphia 
 business man, to endow 
 in the University a new 
 department, to be de- 
 voted to the teaching of 
 matters connected with 
 finance, business, eco- 
 nomic processes and rela- 
 tions, political science 
 and history. Mr. Whar- 
 ton's proposals were sub- 
 sequently brought before 
 the Board of Trustees and 
 accepted by them. They 
 
 involved the g i f t of 
 
 $100,000, and the forma- 
 tion of a new Faculty. 
 The department was to be 
 known as the " Wharton 
 joseph wiiARTox School of Finance and 
 
 Economy." The endow- 
 ment was not really sufficient to support as ex- 
 tensive a plan as the founder had sketched out, 
 but as the requirements were not rigid the 
 school soon took shape as an adjunct to the 
 Department of Arts and the Towne Scientific 
 School, utilizing part of the teaching force of 
 these departments and adding simply those re- 
 quired by the new subjects of study introduced. 
 The additional chairs required were created 
 and in 18S3 filled as follows: .Albert S. Bolles, 
 as Professor of Mercantile Law and Practice; 
 Edmund J. James, as Professor of Finance and 
 Administration; John Bach McMaster, as Pro- 
 fessor of American History, and Chester N.
 
 / \u KRsirr of PENNsru ania 
 
 37 
 
 Farr, as [nstructor in the Theory and Practice 
 of Accounting. The original plan of a tin. . - 
 \ ears course was changed to that of a two-years 
 course, parallel to the Junior and Senior years 
 in the other two departments with which it was 
 allied. The foundation of this school has a 
 special interest, apart from the good work it 
 «a-, destined to perform, in beingin many ways 
 a return to Franklin's ideas of a purely utilita- 
 rian education. To train young men for the 
 actual business life they would probably be 
 engaged in, to make the subjects of their Col- 
 lege course exactly those which would be in 
 line with the subjects of interest in their later 
 callings, to make College education " practical," 
 was alike the thought of Franklin and Mr. 
 Wharton; and it is an ideal very different 
 from that which looks upon College education 
 as a form of general culture, as training tin- 
 powers of observation, arousing interests, cul- 
 tivating tastes, maturing judgment and creat- 
 ing an appreciation of all aspects of life and 
 society, quite apart from any connection of 
 these with the present or future material in- 
 terests of the student. The actual develop- 
 ment which the Wharton School took has 
 been somewhat less practical and more cul- 
 tural probably than was the original expecta- 
 tion, but it has always attracted a class of 
 students who otherwise would probably not 
 have gone to College at all or would have left 
 at the cm\ of their first or second year, pre- 
 ferring to begin at once some direct prepara- 
 tion for the material work of life. This school 
 also was perhaps the first branch of the Col 
 legiate Department to attract Students from a 
 very great distance to Philadelphia, as con- 
 trasted with the almost purely local clientage 
 of the Department of Arts up to and even be- 
 yond the time of the foundation of the Wharton 
 
 School. 
 
 During recent years the Scientific Depart- 
 ment had been growing in number of students 
 and in clearness of plans on tin- part of its 
 Faculty. In 18S2 its course was lengthened to 
 five years, so that in future the old ideal of a 
 combined cultural and technical course could 
 I"- kept up and yet time obtained to make the 
 
 latter part of the work thorough, An in< n 
 in the entrance requirements was also intro 
 
 duced beginning with [884. For a few years 
 al-o the professional degrees "t ( nil Engineer, 
 Mechanical Engineer, and Mining Engineer, 
 were given at the expiration of the fifth year 
 of stud}- in addition to the degree of Bacheloi 
 of Science. Later however, after [886, ill' 
 degree of Bachelor of Science was given af 
 the end of the fourth year, instead of being 
 given with the professional degrees, till a few 
 years afterward the conferring of these latter 
 was suspended and for them was substituted 
 the general degree of Master of Science. The 
 entrance requirements for the Department of 
 .Arts were advanced at the same time, and 
 some extension of the elective system was 
 also made. 
 
 By this time the complications of several 
 Fa< ulties legally separate, but as a matter of 
 fact made up largely of the same Professors, 
 occupying the same rooms, and closely re- 
 lated at many points, had become a serious 
 matter; and a great step in simplicity of or- 
 ganization was brought about in March [883, 
 by which the " College Faculty" was created, 
 made up of the former Faculties of Arts, .if 
 Science, of Finance ami Economy, and <>f 
 Music all of which were now relegated to the 
 position of Standing Committees of the Faculty 
 only. There was also for the future to be but 
 one Dean and Secretary for the united body. 
 The College was therefore coordinate in organ- 
 ization with four other departments ; Medicine, 
 Law, Dentistry, and Sciences .Auxiliary to 
 Medicine; and with a fifth which had been 
 established in I SSj. 
 
 This w.is the Department of Philosophy, the 
 systematic arrangement of advanced work, foi 
 the most part in the subjects taught in under- 
 graduate form in the College. In 1852 Bishop 
 Potter, then a member of the Board of Trustees 
 had proposed that post graduate instruction 
 should be substituted in great part or entirety 
 for the undergraduate teaching then being 
 given in the Department of Arts, relegating 
 this elementary work to the lower schools. 
 Each member of the Faculty was asked to 
 gi hi opinion, which they did, in each case 
 adversely, and the matter was then dropped. 
 Since that time advanced courses had occa 
 sionally been offered beyond those provided
 
 3« 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in the regular curriculum, and students had 
 frequently asked for post-graduate instruction. 
 Nothing however, had been done to systema- 
 tize or to develop this work. Most of the 
 Professors however were willing to add such 
 advanced courses to the undergraduate courses 
 which they already gave, and to many of them 
 it had long seemed that this was the logical 
 and necessary culmination of truly University 
 teaching. By resolution of the Board of Trus- 
 tees therefore, in 1882, a Faculty of Philosophy 
 was established to conduct and supervise such 
 instruction and to grant the degree of Doctor 
 of Philosophy to graduates who passed satis- 
 factory examinations. At a meeting of a 
 number of the Professors interested held at 
 the house of Dr. Pepper, December 9, 1882, 
 this Faculty was organized and a general sys- 
 tem of post-graduate instruction agreed upon. 
 The new courses were mentioned in the cata- 
 logue of 1882-1883, and a separate announce- 
 ment was soon issued. Courses were offered 
 by fifteen instructors, and the requirements for 
 the degree stated. But the organization was 
 defective, the rules indefinite, and the interest 
 felt by some of the members of the Faculty 
 very slight. For some years therefore but 
 little progress was made. At no time were 
 there more than a dozen students, and in 
 several important departments the teaching 
 was perfunctory or non-existent. In the winter 
 of 1888 a new plan of organization was adopted, 
 and during the winter of 18S9-1890 a distinct 
 advance was made. Courses were offered by 
 twenty-five instructors, there were thirty-three 
 matriculated students, and more attention be- 
 gan to be given to graduate work. From this 
 time the progress of the Graduate School was 
 constant and it rapidly became one of the most 
 valued and distinctive departments of the Uni- 
 versity although appealing necessarily to the 
 interest and appreciation of a somewhat small 
 class in the community. Even more than the 
 department the foundation of which was last 
 described, it drew its students from outside of 
 Philadelphia. In 1892 there were about a 
 hundred students and among them were grad- 
 uates from thirty-seven different Colleges. For 
 some years this remained about the average 
 number of students, but there was a distinct 
 
 improvement in the adequacy of their previous 
 preparation, and an increase in the seriousness 
 of the stud}-, as well as a rising interest in this 
 part of their work among the Professors, most 
 of whom were giving undergraduate courses 
 also. In 1886 three or four Professors had 
 been added to the Faculty to teach in this 
 department only, but this policy has never 
 been carried to any appreciable length. 
 
 The next department to be established was 
 necessarily dependent on the erection of a new- 
 building. This was the School of Veterinary 
 Medicine. Like many other educational move- 
 ments this had been anticipated in a much 
 earlier period of the University's history. The 
 introductory lecture to the regular course on 
 the Institutes and Practice of Medicine, given 
 by Dr. Benjamin Rush, November 2, 1807, was 
 " Upon the Duty and Advantages of studying 
 the Diseases of Domestic Animals and the 
 Remedies proper to Remove them." In his 
 conclusion Dr. Rush, says " I have lived to see 
 the Medical School of Philadelphia emerge 
 from small beginnings and gradually advance 
 to its present flourishing condition, but I am 
 not yet satisfied with its prosperity and fame, 
 nor shall I be so until 1 see the Veterinary 
 Science taught in our University." He pro- 
 posed the establishment of a chair of Veteri- 
 nary Medicine in the Medical Department of 
 the University. A period much longer than 
 that which had then elapsed from the beginning 
 of the Medical School was destined to pass 
 before Dr. Rush's anticipations were to be 
 fulfilled at the University, or elsewhere in 
 America, for that matter, and when " Veteri- 
 nary Science " did come to be taught it was 
 not under the auspices of the Medical School 
 but independently. The time did finally come 
 and in the fall of 1882 and the spring of 1883 
 two contributions of $ 1 0,000 each were made 
 by J. B. Lippincott and J. F. Gillingham for the 
 purpose of establishing a Veterinary School. 
 The Trustees formulated plans for the organi- 
 zation of a Faculty, providing that most of the 
 teaching should be given by Professors in the 
 Medical School and the College, but that in 
 addition to these there should be distinctive 
 teachers of certain branches peculiar to veteri- 
 nary medicine. Dr. Rush Shippen Huide-
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 - 
 : 
 
 i 

 
 140 
 
 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 koper, who had studied at various European Within a few weeks of the opening of the 
 
 Veterinary schools was elected Professor of Veterinary School, instruction was begun for 
 
 Veterinary Anatomy and Internal Pathology, the first time in the School of Biology. Some 
 
 Later Dr. William Zuill was elected Professor of the early efforts to introduce courses in nat- 
 
 of Surgical Pathology and Obstetrics. The ural history into the University have already 
 
 remainder of the instruction except purely been mentioned. Except as an adjunct to the 
 
 mechanical parts was furnished by the Pro- technical study of medicine these had obtained 
 
 fessors of the Medical Department. A three no permanent foothold. Even as represented 
 
 vears' course was provided for, giving to stu- in the courses auxiliary to medicine and in 
 
 dents a o- e neral course in medicine and a a course preparatory to medicine introduced 
 
 special training in the medical and surgical into the College in 1882, they were still looked 
 
 knowledge involved in the treatment of do- upon from a purely utilitarian point of view 
 
 and treated as merely 
 
 mestic animals. Land 
 was set apart for the uses 
 of the new school from 
 the tract lately given by 
 the city, the year 1883 
 was used in the collection 
 of further funds and the 
 erection of buildings, and 
 on October 2, 1SS4, tin 
 school was opened for its 
 first session with an enrol- 
 ment of twenty students. 
 The need fur a hospital 
 for animals was felt to be 
 as great as in teaching 
 medicine in its applica- 
 tion to human beings, and 
 the erection of hospital 
 stables was soon begun. 
 In 1887 an appropriation 
 of $25,000 was secured 
 from the State Legislature 
 for this purpose condi- 
 tioned on the establish 
 
 preliminary to medical 
 study. In the year 1884, 
 however, a school was 
 projected in which the 
 biological sciences should 
 be studied, not only for 
 this purpose but for their 
 own sake. This depart- 
 ment was largely the cre- 
 ation of Dr. Horace Jayne, 
 who was a graduate of the 
 College of the Class of 
 1879 and of the Medical 
 School of the Class of 
 1S82. Me had studied 
 abroad and at Johns Hop- 
 kins University, and in 
 [884 took up the work of 
 placing the teaching of 
 the natural sciences at the 
 University on a more in- 
 dependent and more 
 worthy footing. The 
 ment of twelve free scholarships to be held by result of the efforts then made and of the lib- 
 students nominated by the Governor of the oral money contributions made by Dr. Jayne 
 state. As in the University Hospital, the ad- himself was the foundation of a School of Bi- 
 ministration of the Veterinary Hospital was ology, the assignment of a tract of land at the 
 put in the hands of a Board of Managers, con- extreme western end of the University's prop- 
 sisting of five Trustees, two members of the erty for its building and for a botanical garden, 
 Faculty and seven citizens. On the death of the erection upon this of the Biological Hall, 
 1. B. Lippincott, who was in a sense the founder the organization of a Faculty and the com- 
 of the school and had been the most liberal mencement of instruction on December 4, 1884. 
 contributor to its support, his interest was con- Dr. Joseph Leidy was Director of the School, 
 tinued by his family, and one of his sons has in addition to his work in the Medical Depart- 
 since been continuously Secretary and Treas- ment, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Professor of Botany, 
 urer of the Board of Managers, Mr. Gillingham, Dr. Horace Jayne, Professor of Vertebrate 
 the other founder, being its President. Morphology. Dr. Benjamin Sharpe, Professor 
 
 I. B. LIPPINCOTT
 
 c 
 o 
 
 r. 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 -
 
 142 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of Invertebrate Morphology, and Dr. N. Archer 
 Randolph, Instructor in Physiology. 
 
 A peculiarity of this department was its 
 rule of admission of women upon equal terms 
 with male students, this being at that time 
 an entire anomaly in the University. The 
 school immediately obtained a certain client- 
 age, partly of those who anticipated taking a 
 medical course later, partly of those who were 
 engaged in preparing to teach similar subjects, 
 some who simply chose these subjects as parts 
 of their College course of study, and a few 
 advanced students engaged in independent in- 
 vestigation. An early addition to the Faculty 
 was Dr. John A. Ryder whose wide learning 
 and original studies in Embryology and in 
 other branches of Zoology showed him to be a 
 really great scientist, and whose enthusiasm as 
 a teacher and kindliness of disposition made 
 him a most valuable member of any organiza- 
 tion and brought a general feeling of conster- 
 nation at his earl)' and unexpected death. 
 Dr. Chas. S. Dolley, Dr. E. 1). Cope, Dr. \V. 
 P. Wilson, Dr. George 11. Horn and Dr. John 
 M. Macf.ul.uie became also somewhat later, 
 members of the Biological Faculty. The 
 School was officially a part of the College, 
 not <u\ independent department. 
 
 An offshoot from this, or rather, a part of 
 its equipment, was the Laboratory of Marine 
 Biology established in 1 89 1 at Sea Isle City, 
 Xew Jersey. Some five acres of ground on 
 Ludlam's Bay were given to the University 
 by Charles K. Landis, the principal land- 
 owner of Sea Isle, and an industrious collec- 
 tion of funds by some of those interested in 
 the school made possible the building of a 
 Laboratory with aquaria and other necessary 
 furniture, boats, dredges, etc. The object was 
 to give facilities for investigators and students, 
 especially during the summer months, and 
 some good work was done, especially in test- 
 ing the possibility of artificial propagation of 
 oysters on the Xew Jersey coast. No sufficient 
 support however was obtained, the location 
 was somewhat remote, and the principal pro- 
 moters of the plan either lost their interest in 
 it or were forced to devote their time to other 
 things. The Laboratory therefore gradually 
 sank into a condition of disuse from which 
 
 only occasional and temporary revivals have 
 roused it. 
 
 During these busy years of the extension of 
 the University's teaching work, other impor- 
 tant lines of development were being entered 
 upon which must be mentioned here though 
 their fuller discussion belongs to another con- 
 nection. The increasing claims of the Univer- 
 sity to public attention appealed of course first 
 of all to the Alumni. An interest during later 
 life in the institution from which they had 
 graduated had never been a conspicuous char- 
 acteristic of Pennsylvania, though an associa- 
 tion of tlie Alumni of the College had been 
 formed in 1S4S, of the Law Department in 
 1 861, and of the Medical Department some- 
 what later. In 1 88 1, however, an official sanc- 
 tion, and a much more important function was 
 sought to be given to the Alumni by the crea- 
 tion of the so-called " Central Committee of 
 the Alumni." Representatives of the gradu- 
 ates of each of three departments, College, 
 Medicine and allied courses, and Law, to the 
 number of ten from each, were elected by the 
 general body of the alumni, and provision 
 was made for the annual renewal of one-fifth 
 of the bod_\' by a similar vote. To this body, 
 organized and divided into sub-committees on 
 the various departments, the Board of Trus- 
 tees by resolutions adopted December 6, 1 881, 
 gave the power to nominate to every third 
 vacancy on that Board, to make recommenda- 
 tions to the Board as to desirable changes 
 in the various departments, and to be fur- 
 nished annually with a copy of the Treasurer's 
 accounts and report so that they might know 
 the financial condition of the University and 
 cooperate with the Trustees in securing addi- 
 tions to its resources. By the creation of this 
 Committee it was hoped to secure the more 
 active interest of the alumni, to break up any 
 tendency to stagnation or persistence in unwise- 
 routine in the departments, and perhaps to 
 receive valuable new suggestions or financial 
 assistance. The right of nomination for new- 
 members of the Board has been regularly 
 exercised in the cases to which it was appli- 
 cable and the nominees have invariably been 
 elected, but the other functions of the Com- 
 mittee either because they have been some-
 
 UNIl ERSITT Oh PE VNSTLl 1NI I 
 
 4 3 
 
 what incompatible with other tendencies of 
 the time or for other reasons, have not be< n 
 effective. 
 
 Athletics and the physical interests of the 
 University also received at this time official 
 recognition. In the year [882 an Athletic 
 Association composed l» >th "I graduates and 
 undergraduates was firmed and immediately 
 submitted to the Trustees a request for the 
 assignment of a piece of land for athletic uses. 
 In accordance with this and some other propo- 
 sitions on their part, in May [882 a portion of 
 the land recently given 
 by the city was set apart 
 by the Trustees as an ath- 
 letic field, a new depart- 
 ment of the University 
 was created to be known 
 as the Department of 
 Physical Education, and 
 it was provided that there 
 should be a Director of 
 Physical Education with 
 the same status as other 
 Instructors in the Univer- 
 sity. A Standing Com- 
 mittee of the Board on 
 this Department was also 
 created. A year later, 
 Dr. J. William White, 
 ahead}- an Instructor in 
 the Medical Department, 
 was elected Director of 
 Physical Education, but 
 the subsequent history of 
 the department belongs 
 more properly to the development of athletic 
 interests than to the general interests of the 
 University. 
 
 In the year 1887 two investigations carried 
 on under University auspices were brought 
 to at least a temporal}' completion and the 
 results published. In [883 Henry Seybert 
 had bequeathed to the University $60,000 foi 
 the endowment of a Chair of Intellectual and 
 Moral Philosophy, accompanied with the condi- 
 tion that the University should appoint a Com- 
 mission to investigate tin- subjeel of modern 
 spiritualism. The Commission appointed by 
 the Board of Trustees consisted of the Pro- 
 
 HENRV SEYBER'I 
 
 vost, Rev. G. S. Fullerton, the Incumbent ol 
 the chair, Dr. Joseph Leidy, Professor R. E. 
 Thompson and Professor Georgi A Koeni 
 whom were later added Dr. Horace Howard 
 Furness, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, 1 >r. J. W. White, 
 Dr. Cabin B. Knerr and Mr. Coleman Sellers. 
 This was a very able and distinguished body 
 of men and they entered upon the investiga 
 linn with earnestness and interest. After a 
 somewhat extensive series of seances with 
 various mediums, and the collection of a con 
 siderable body of spiritualistic literature, they 
 made a preliminary report 
 in May [887, which was 
 published in the Provost's 
 annual .report, and sepa- 
 rately. No favorable re- 
 sults were obtained and 
 the investigations have 
 never been renewed in 
 any systematic manner. 
 At about the same time- 
 as the Seybert Commis- 
 si" m w .is f( irmed, another 
 L'ni\ ersity C< mini ission 
 was appointed to o\ ersee 
 the investigations and la- 
 bors of Eadweard Muy- 
 bridge in the phi itography 
 ol animals while in motion. 
 The money needed for 
 this pm pose, a \ ery con- 
 siderable sum, amounting 
 to over $30,000 before the 
 work was completed, was 
 m\\ anccd l>\ i ertain per- 
 sons interested, on condition that the Univer- 
 sity should take the supervision of the work. 
 An immense number of photographs were ob- 
 tained possessing a certain amount of scientific 
 and artistic interest. They were published in 
 ,1 handsome series and in two or three 
 sumptuous forms, and a volume of text sug 
 gested by the results of the experiments was 
 also issued. 
 
 Somewhat analogous to these investigations, 
 though destined to pass far beyond them in 
 extent, in importam c, and in permanence, was 
 the series ol Babylonian explorations which 
 were begun under the au spices 1 ■ ! the I
 
 i 4 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 versify in 1S88, and the foundation of the 
 Museum which was so closely connected with 
 these explorations. Dr. John P. Peters had 
 been much interested in the Wolfe expedition 
 for archaeological research, sent to Babylonia 
 in [884 and 1885, and had continued to agitate 
 for funds for the same purpose during the 
 succeeding years and after his election as 
 Professor of Hebrew in the 1 )epartment of 
 Philosophy of the University in October 1886. 
 In 1887 several wealthy men in Philadelphia 
 became interested in the proposal for an 
 exploring expedition and it was suggested 
 that the movement be connected with the 
 University. In the meantime Dr. Hermann V. 
 Hilprecht who had been elected December 7. 
 1886, Professor of Assyriology in the Depart- 
 ment of Philosophy of the University, and had 
 been intrusted with various interesting objects 
 of antiquity by persons who were willing to 
 give them to the University had proposed to 
 the Provost the formation of a museum as a 
 place of deposit for such objects. The prelim- 
 inary steps to the establishment of a museum 
 had been taken when the proposition from those 
 interested in the Babylonian expedition came 
 to the Provost asking that he should act as 
 President of the fund, and that the University 
 should put up a building with proper accom- 
 modations for the results of the expedition. 
 A meeting was held at the house of Dr. Pepper, 
 November 30, 18S7, at which some twenty- 
 five or thirty persons were present and Dr. 
 Ward of New York explained the work of 
 the Wolfe expedition and the possibilities of 
 further exploration in Babylonia. A request 
 for subscriptions was immediately issued and 
 on March 17, 1888, the Babylonian Expedition 
 Fund was organized with the Provost as Presi- 
 dent, E. W. Clark as Treasurer and Dr. Hil- 
 precht as Secretary. A sum of $13,500 was 
 obtained for the first year's work and the ex- 
 pedition was inaugurated by the departure 
 of Dr. Peters as its leader from this country 
 June 23, 1888. After manifold difficulties and 
 delays ami unsuccessful efforts to obtain the 
 cooperation of other American institutions and 
 European Governments, work was actually be- 
 gun in Babylonia in the early months of 1889. 
 Very little was accomplished that season but 
 
 during the next winter the systematic excava- 
 tion and exploration of the ancient city of 
 Nippur was begun and since that time a re- 
 markable scries of "finds" has rewarded the 
 continued efforts of the association with a con- 
 tinuous flow of the most valuable material for 
 archaeological knowledge. 
 
 During this year a gentleman of deep inter- 
 est in archaeological matters, Francis Campbell 
 Macauley came to reside in Philadelphia and 
 at ,i dinner given October 23, 1889, at which 
 were present Dr. Pepper, Dr. Leidy, Maxwell 
 Somerville, Dr. Brinton, C. C. Abbott, H. C. 
 Mercer and E. D. Cope, made proposals for a 
 museum of a much more educational and sys- 
 tematic character than had been conceived 
 of before. These suggestions were approved 
 and it was decided to begin the work with a 
 Museum of American Archaeology. So many 
 forms of interest in general archaeology having 
 shown themselves, a University Archaeological 
 Association was formed in the same year, 
 1889, with a bod}- of officers and a Council 
 representing various departments of archaeo- 
 logical research. The first three of these 
 departments to be organized were known as 
 the Babylonian, the Egyptian, and the Ameri- 
 can Exploration Funds. In May 1890 the 
 "Museum of American Archaeology" was 
 opened in the University Library Building, 
 and the other departments began to exhibit 
 their collections in the same building. 
 
 The Association and its collections met with 
 a wide and somewhat unexpected interest and 
 appn >\ al. 
 
 Many people who had taken but a languid 
 interest in other sides of the University's work 
 were attracted and aroused by the inherent 
 interest of the problem of rediscovering and 
 reconstructing the history of a past which has 
 otherwise been lost to us, and became enthusi- 
 astic members of the Association and contrib- 
 utors to its funds. Gifts were made, collections 
 were bought, the products of the explorations 
 in Babylonia and elsewhere began to arrive, 
 so that very soon all the available space in 
 the Library Building was occupied, and much 
 material remained in unopened packages. In 
 1891 a Department of Archaeology and Palae- 
 ontology was created by the Trustees as a full
 
 
 V I.- 
 
 r--#£ft> '^ 
 
 VI ii I. — 10
 
 146 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Department of the University, with seven sec- 
 tions devoted respectively to American and 
 Prehistoric Archaeology, Asia and General 
 Ethnology, Babylonian Archaeology, Egyptian 
 and Mediterranean Archaeology, Glyptology, 
 Casts and Palaeontology. The department 
 was placed under the control of a Board of 
 Managers, consisting of thirty persons, of whom 
 six were to be appointed by the Trustees of the 
 University, the remainder by the Archaeological 
 Association. The Association agreed to bear 
 all the expenses of the new department. The 
 educational feature of the work became more 
 and more prominent, several valuable mono- 
 graphs were published, and a group of special- 
 ists were brought into the service of the 
 department and of the Museum, which assim- 
 
 dence of any great growth. Nevertheless the 
 Library, like the College itself, in those days 
 occasionally emerged into a sudden prominence 
 not usual later. For instance, in 1784 it re- 
 ceived the special gift of about a hundred books 
 sent directly from Louis XYI as before de- 
 scribed. Again in 1 78S came a group of vol- 
 umes on Oriental literature and philology 
 presented by Francis Gladwin, who lived in 
 the East Indies. In 17S6 a catalogue was or- 
 dered to be prepared in two copies, one for 
 the use of the faculty and students, the other to 
 be kept by the Secretary of the Board of Trus- 
 tees. During the first half of this century the 
 Library shared in the general quiescence of 
 the institution. In fact, there was little to 
 bring it into great prominence or interest. 
 
 ilated it more and more to the other parts of The methods of teaching were not such as to 
 
 the institution. The need for a special build- 
 ing became clearly evident, and in iS'ji the 
 task of providing one was deliberately taken 
 up, but not brought to completion until after 
 the close of Doctor Pepper's administration as 
 Provost. 
 
 Mention has been made in connection with 
 the Museum of Archaeology of the new Library 
 Building. This was brought to completion in 
 1891. The Library has been mentioned from 
 time to time in the progress of the University's 
 history. Its development was on the whole 
 proportionate to the growth of the institution. 
 During the pro-Revolutionary period occasional 
 gifts of books were made to the Library, appro- 
 priations were made for their purchase from 
 time to time, certain fees and fines were attrib- 
 uted to the use of the Library. Each graduate 
 in Arts was bound to pay fifteen shillings for 
 the benefit of the Library and after the foun- 
 dation of the Medical Department each gradu- 
 ate in Medicine one dollar. Each absence of a 
 Trustee from a regular or special meeting, as 
 noted before, was supposed to be commuted by 
 the payment of a shilling for the purchase of 
 paper, quills and books. In April 1752 it 
 was ordered that "no holiday be granted to 
 the scholars at the request of any person unless 
 at the same time he makes a present to the 
 Academy of a book worth ten shillings." But 
 these were precarious forms of library exten- 
 sion, and for a long period there is no evi- 
 
 involve much use of general works other than 
 text-books. The Philadelphia Library had 
 from eaii_\ - times been an available resource 
 for books, and somewhat later the Athenaeum, 
 Apprentices', and such libraries gave facilities 
 in number, variety and location quite equal to 
 anything the University was likely to furnish. 
 Moreover, since far the greater part of the 
 students were residents of Philadelphia and 
 belonged to the well-to-do classes, books were 
 generally available in their homes to an extent 
 which the>- would not be where students were 
 living away from home and where the location 
 of the College was not in the heart of a large 
 city. So that in 1824 it was noted as appar- 
 ently something extraordinary that one hun- 
 dred and five volumes had been added within 
 the year, and in 1S32 the total number of 
 books in the Library was sixteen hundred and 
 seventy. Nevertheless, it did obtain occasional 
 attention and support. In 181 1 a regular 
 standing committee of the Board, " on the 
 Library," was provided for ; some years later 
 the books of the late Provost, Dr. McDowell, 
 were received by bequest, and in 1 822 a reso- 
 lution was passed, though apparently not car- 
 ried out, to appropriate some sum of money 
 annually for the purchase of books, and to so- 
 licit donations. In 1 S29 another catalogue was 
 prepared. After 1S50 the same awakening 
 was felt in the Library as in other directions. 
 In 1855 one of the Professors was appointed
 
 c 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 ft 
 H 
 
 |
 
 4 3 
 
 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 regular Librarian, and some rather large appro- 
 priations were made from time to time to its 
 expenses. With the removal to West Philadel- 
 phia began a much more rapid extension of the 
 size of the Library though even yet its use 
 was extremely restricted. The principal char- 
 acteristic of its new period was the addition by 
 gift or otherwise of libraries on special subjects. 
 In 1S71, for instance, the Wetherill Library of 
 works on Chemistry was presented by the widow 
 of Professor C. M. Wetherill who had collected 
 it ; in the same year the Rogers Engineering 
 Library was founded by Fairman Rogers; 
 in 1873 the Classical and Military Library ol 
 the late Professor Allen was purchased, partly 
 by subscription, partly from University funds. 
 and presented to the Library. In 1874 the 
 Bouvier Library of Civil Law was given by Dr. 
 Peterson; a collection of works on Italian, 
 French and German Literature by Dr. Alfred 
 Stille, and somewhat later the whole Medical 
 Library of the latter. In 1876 the Colwell 
 Library on Social Science, a most interesting 
 and valuable collection, was presented and a 
 few years later this was supplemented by the 
 Henry C. Carey bequest. Subsequently a 
 number of collections of the same nature have 
 been donated, the McCartee collection of Chi- 
 nese and Japanese literature, and the Brown 
 Library on the same subject, the Hayden, the 
 Ashburner and the Leidy collections of books 
 on Geology, Palaeontology, Zoology and Bot- 
 any, and the Paine collection of works on En- 
 gineering and Electricity, the Biddle Law 
 Library, the Pepper and the Physick collec- 
 tions of medical works. 
 
 By the later years of Dr. Pepper's adminis- 
 tration the collections small and large, the gifts 
 of individual works and of numbers of books 1 m 
 the same or on miscellaneous subjects, which 
 were coming into the possession of the Library 
 became too numerous to name in detail. Very 
 similar in character, however, to such collec- 
 tions, but obtained by different means, were 
 several foreign libraries bought en bloc by sub- 
 scriptions collected through the efforts of cer- 
 tain Professors. Such were the Pott Library, 
 purchased in this way on the recommendation 
 <>t Professor McElroy, the still larger Leutsch 
 Library consisting of about twenty thousand 
 
 volumes, suggested in the same way by Pro- 
 fessor Jackson, two or three collections on va- 
 rious aspects of Oriental language and literature, 
 obtained by the efforts of Professor Jastrow, 
 the collection of Congressional and state doc- 
 uments made by Professor Thorpe for the 
 School of American History and Institutions, a 
 collection on German literature due to Pro- 
 fessor Seidensticker, and in 1895 the Bechstein 
 Library of works on German and other modern 
 philology, bought at the time of the election 
 of Professor Learned to the Chair of German 
 Languages and Literature. 
 
 Some of these collections were endowed so 
 as to provide for their future increase and com- 
 pletion by purchase of more recent works on 
 the same subjects. Still other funds were 
 established during the same period for the 
 permanent increase of the Library in special 
 lines or in general works. The first of these 
 was the Tobias Wagner fund, an endowment 
 of $10,000 presented in 1874 by Miss Eliza- 
 beth Rhoads, the income of which, amounting 
 to between $400 and $600 a year, was unre- 
 stricted in its application. In [883 the Henry 
 Seybert Library of Spiritualism and Cognate 
 Subjects was founded to be supported by the 
 income of a certain part of the Seybert bequest. 
 In 1887 a memorial fund for Vice-Provost 
 Krauth, was created by the alumni for the 
 continuous purchase of books on philosophy. 
 In [891 the J. B. Lippincott Library of English 
 literature was founded by the gift of $10,000, 
 one third of which was immediately spent, the 
 rest retained as endowment. lit the same year 
 the Isaac Norris Library was endowed by Mrs. 
 Cochran and has since produced approximately 
 $300 a year. The Pepper Medical Library 
 and the Biddle Law Library were also endowed, 
 in addition to the original gift of books. The 
 latter was also brought rapidly into very much 
 more extensive proportions by added contri- 
 butions of books and by the annual appropria- 
 tion of twelve percent of the tuition fees of the 
 department, soon amounting to almost $2000 
 a year, for the purchase of legal works. 
 
 In these various ways the number of books 
 in the possession of the University Library and 
 the additions that were being made to them so 
 rapidly, came to be entirely impossible of ac-
 
 
 SB 
 
 o
 
 l 5° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 commodation in the room set apart for Library 
 purposes in the College Hall. Moreover the 
 number of students was increasing and the 
 methods of teaching were changing so as to 
 require a much more extensive use of bonks 
 by the students than had been customary be- 
 fore. The absolute necessity for a special 
 building for the Library was quite apparent. 
 The acquisition of books, their use, the im- 
 proved teaching that would be made possible 
 
 In [887 Mr. Barnwell resigned to become 
 Librarian of the Philadelphia Library, and 
 Gregory B. Keen became Librarian of the 
 University. The next year Dr. Morris Jast- 
 row, Jr., was elected Assistant Librarian, and 
 the force of attendants increased. Hut these 
 changes had only brought into clearer light 
 the limitations of the room and the greater 
 possibilities of the Library if it were given 
 adequate accommodations. 
 
 RK\T>TXn ROOM T-XTVF.RSITY LIBRARY 
 
 by their possession and convenient accommoda- 
 tion were all being held back by the lack of 
 room for Library use and growth. In 1884 a 
 Librarian, J. G. Barnwell, had been elected to 
 give all his time to the oversight of the Library. 
 In early times the Provost, in later one of the 
 Professors, as has been noticed, always acted 
 as Librarian. This, however, had limited the 
 opening of the Library to certain hours only; 
 and practically nothing could be done towards 
 cataloguing the books. The room was now 
 always open and the work of cataloguing, with 
 the help of one or two assistants, taken up. 
 
 In 1887 therefore, the work of erecting a 
 separate and suitable building was seriously 
 undertaken. The allusion to the matter in the 
 Provost's report for that year is so character- 
 istic of the change that had come about in the 
 University, of the larger plans and larger ideals 
 which have distinguished its recent from its 
 earlier life, and so characteristic also of the 
 man who was doing so much to formulate this 
 progressive tendency that it is well worth quot- 
 ing as typifying the spirit that was creating 
 not only a great Library but a great Univer- 
 sity. " Unquestionably the most urgent need
 
 UNIVERSITY Ol- I'h.WSYI.r.lM.I 
 
 I 5 I 
 
 at present is that of a Library building. The 
 space available fur Library purposes in the 
 College building is far outgrown. The accu- 
 mulation of valuable books, pamphlets, and 
 journals progresses rapidly, but it has long 
 been impossible to provide shelf-room so that 
 they might be accessible to students. A rich 
 and well-arranged Library is as necessary to 
 tin- growth and activity of a University as is 
 an active circulation to the health of the 
 bod}-. The University life centers in it, every 
 teacher and every student draw from it facts, 
 knowledge, and inspiration. The use made 
 of a Library is a good index of the condition 
 of a University, and of the extent to which it 
 is discharging its duty of stimulating thought, 
 inquiry and research as well as that of merely 
 affording instruction. There is no complaint 
 to be made on this score at the University. 
 I In' difficulty is that the rich collections in 
 her possession are, from want of space, in- 
 accessible to the rapidly increasing number 
 of eager readers. Clearly it is not only the 
 University but the entire community which 
 suffers from this, since every argument tells 
 in favor of opening such a Library to the 
 public as a free Library of Reference. There- 
 is such general appreciation of the necessity in 
 Philadelphia of increase in library facilities that 
 there should be no difficult}' in securing the 
 amount required for the building, and for a 
 fund for the current expenses of a great Uni- 
 versity Library conducted on the above basis. 
 The proposal should appeal to all, and might 
 reasonably receive substantial aid from the 
 municipal government. The total amount 
 required is not less than $150,000 for the fire- 
 proof building, and from $150,000 to $251.1,001) 
 as a fund the income of which would be used 
 for maintenance and extension. So numerous 
 and valuable are the gifts ol printed matter 
 that it is clear that when a safe and spacious 
 building is provided ,m extraordinary growth 
 will follow." Such were the generous plans 
 and enlightened ideals for a great Library 
 building. To transform them into reality re- 
 quired another hand. The work was howevi 1 
 done, the building before m 1 ompletion prov- 
 ing to cost something more than $200,000. 
 I lie collection of this large sum of mom y, the 
 
 largi -t single fund collected by subscription 
 up to that time in the history of the Univer- 
 sity, with the single exception of that for the 
 Hospital, was almost entirely the work of 
 Charles C. Harrison. Mr. Harrison had been 
 elei ted Chairman of the Committee on Li- 
 nance and Property, the successor of the old 
 Committee of Ways and Means, in [886, on 
 the death of John Welsh. The Library Build- 
 ing was the immediate object of interest at the 
 time he took up the responsibility of that posi- 
 tion, which was fast becoming, in the rapid 
 development of the University, in the need for 
 financial judgment from the large investments 
 and expenditures involved, and the equal need 
 for influential solicitation to meet the great 
 pecuniary requirements, second in importance 
 to the Provostship only. Such a large part of 
 the money required was soon obtained that 
 the erection of the building was begun in the 
 year [888, the corner-stone being laid with 
 Masonic ceremonies. 
 
 (heat care was exercised in obtaining the 
 best results suggested by experience in the 
 construction of Library buildings, and after 
 the preliminary plan had been prepared a 
 conference of Librarians from various cities 
 was held at the University, and the plan ex- 
 amined and criticised minutely. Many changes 
 were introduced as .1 result of the suggestions 
 at this conference, and when the building was 
 completed in [890 it was considered to em- 
 body the very best arrangements for the 
 storage of three hundred and fifty thousand 
 books, with the possibility of extension for an 
 indefinitely larger number, with the best con- 
 veniences for reading, study, entry, delivery, 
 cataloguing and the other needs of a library. 
 It also included a considerable number of 
 
 1 us which were intended temporarily for 
 
 museum purposes, but ultimately lor seminary 
 rooms foi posl graduate study. The books 
 were transferred to the new building during 
 
 tin- summer of [890, it was opened to students 
 in October of that year and officiall) dedicated 
 with interesting ceremonies, February 7. [891, 
 It would be almost impossible to overrate the 
 importance ol the Library building in the sub 
 sequent history ol the University. Not onl) 
 diil its great reading room furnish .1 place lor
 
 I 5 2 
 
 UNIFERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 man\' gatherings of various kinds, some of them, 
 it is true, quite different from the primary pur- 
 pose of the building, through several years, 
 until its more strictly- literary requirements 
 put a stop to these hospitable occasions ; but 
 within its large bounds, encouraged and made 
 possible by the accommodations it offered, have 
 eventually grown up complete collections of 
 books in certain scholarly lines, full sets of 
 reference works of the most varied character, 
 an almost exhaustive list of current periodi- 
 cals, an improved catalogue, a highly devel- 
 oped administration, and a group of seminar 
 rooms with their special libraries. The Li- 
 brary is also a great unifying force in the Uni- 
 versity. Specialization and the very vigor of 
 growth of the various parts tend constantly to 
 separate its departments and its men, and any 
 influence which combines their interests is an 
 influence 'for good. Similarly to the students 
 the Library has stood and stands for purely 
 intellectual interests, and to the community 
 generally it furnishes a free Reference Library 
 where much may be sought and found not 
 accessible anywhere else in the city. Some 
 of the more specific occurrences in the subse- 
 quent history iif the Library must be postponed 
 for mention in their proper chronological order 
 under the next administration. 
 
 The erection of the Library Building was 
 made, under the thrifty policy of the managers 
 of the University at the time, the occasion for 
 a request for more land from the city, as an 
 equivalent for the free use of the Library for 
 reference purposes by the citizens. There 
 was a piece of land lying between Woodland 
 Avenue ami Spruce Street and between Thirty- 
 sixth Street and a city police and fire station 
 which was now detached from the main body 
 of the city's land in West Philadelphia. This 
 was asked for on the conditions mentioned 
 above and granted to the University by an 
 Ordinance approved March 21, [888. A year 
 later several acres of ground on the other side 
 of the previous domain of the University, 
 lying between Thirty-fourth Street and the 
 Westchester and Philadelphia Railroad and 
 above South Street, were purchased from the 
 city in its interest by one of the Trustees 
 for $149,800 and ultimately transferred to the 
 
 University. In 1892 a small triangle of land 
 lying at the Northeast corner of Thirty-fourth 
 and Spruce Streets was given to the University 
 by the city, and in March of 1894 a tract of 
 about eight acres, opposite to this on the south 
 side of South Street was conveyed by the city 
 to the Trustees of the University, in trust, to be 
 utilized as the site of a museum, botanical 
 garden and park. Thus the original plot of 
 ten acres purchased by the University from the 
 City in 1S69 had grown and extended itself by- 
 various steps and under every form of grant, 
 from sale at the full market price to free gift, 
 to a tract of somewhat more than fifty-two 
 acres. From time to time ordinances were 
 passed vacating some of the streets which 
 would have intersected these lands, thus al- 
 lowing buildings to be erected without fear of 
 future disturbance and keeping the whole body 
 of land essentially one domain. Various por- 
 tions of it were also burdened with certain 
 trusts but these were all closely in line with 
 the objects of the University's work and simply 
 added to the homogeneity of the institution 
 and to the closeness of its connection with 
 the community which the city government 
 represents. 
 
 'Phis acknowledgment by the University of 
 its opportunities and functions as an intellect- 
 ual force and a natural leader in the higher in- 
 terests of the community in which it exists, 
 ami on the other hand the recognition by the 
 community of its own connection with and in- 
 terest in the University had been long delayed, 
 but was now very evidently coming into exist- 
 ence. The very material equipment of the 
 institution made it more conspicuous. Its 
 constant appeals for land, for funds, for stu- 
 dents, for visitors to its buildings, readers at 
 its Library, auditors at its public addresses, 
 based as these were on claims of reciprocal 
 services, demanded the attention of many 
 people, even of those who were in the first 
 place- reluctant to agree to the requests or to 
 acknowledge the services. The increased 
 number of students drew into the circle of 
 University affairs greater numbers, and the 
 new departments conciliated the interests of 
 new classes of people. Moreover the life of 
 the University came to be very much more in
 
 n 
 X 
 
 E 
 
 r
 
 i54 
 
 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 evidence. Not only athletic contests, which 
 will be quite sufficiently elaborated somewhere 
 else in this narrative, but more intellectual ac- 
 tivities came before the public eye. In 1886, 
 for instance, a number of the students, under 
 the direction and advice of Professor Easton 
 and Dr. Clarke of the University, and of Dr. 
 Klapp, 1 lead Master of the Episcopal Acad- 
 emy, gave on several successive nights at the 
 Academy of Music the Greek play of "The 
 Acharnians " of Aristophanes. This not only 
 attracted much attention and interest in Phila- 
 delphia but elicited a request to the Provost 
 for a repetition in New York signed by the 
 Presidents of Columbia, the College of the 
 City of New York, Johns Hopkins, Amherst, 
 Trinity, Cornell and Wile, and by the Profes- 
 sors of Greek at Harvard, Amherst, Johns 
 Hopkins, College of the City of New York, 
 Princeton, Wesleyan, Cornell, Trinity and 
 Columbia, and a number of other men prom- 
 inent in literature or learning. The play was 
 given in New York on November 19, 1886, and 
 brought in a money return of $1378.09, which 
 was donated to the American School of Classi- 
 cal Studies at Athens. Again in a somewhat 
 different sphere, during the celebration of the 
 Centennial celebration of the adoption of the 
 National Constitution in 1787, the University 
 took the leadership, in association with the 
 American Philosophical Society, the Histori- 
 cal Society of Pennsylvania, the College of 
 Physicians of Philadelphia, the Franklin In- 
 stitute, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the 
 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and 
 the Law Academy, in giving a banquet to the 
 distinguished guests of the celebration, and in 
 publishing the account of the celebration with 
 the addresses made and of the other occur- 
 rences. In the same year, again, the Univer- 
 sity Lecture Association was formed. For a 
 number of years individual lectures and courses 
 of lectures had been given from time to time 
 more or less completely under the direction of 
 the University authorities, and usually in the 
 University Chapel ; entrance being sometimes 
 by invitation, sometimes on payment. In the 
 fall of 1887 an association was formed consist- 
 ing of about a hundred ladies and gentlemen 
 interested in literary and artistic matters in 
 
 Philadelphia but not, except in a very few cases, 
 connected with the University. They used the 
 University's name in the title of their associa- 
 tion and made the Provost ami Secretary ex 
 officio members of their Executive Committee, 
 to elect which and to guarantee the payment 
 of any deficit were the principal objects of the 
 society. Their Committee arranged a number 
 of interesting and well attended courses of lec- 
 tures, which were given for some years at the 
 College and then at Association Hall nearer 
 the centre of the city, until the work was com- 
 bined with that of the Association Centre of 
 University Extension. 
 
 The share of the University of Pennsylvania 
 in this last-named movement is again one of 
 the many bonds formed during this period be- 
 tween the institution and the community. In 
 1S71 Professor James Stuart of Cambridge, 
 England, organized a number of classes and 
 local centres in which lectures should be de- 
 livered by some of the Cambridge Professors. 
 In the same year he published a pamphlet ex- 
 planatory of the movement in which the title 
 " University Extension " was given to it. Dur- 
 ing the next two decades the work spread 
 in England and was organized from different 
 centres until it became an acknowledged part 
 of the English educational system. Dr. Pep- 
 per became aware of this work and was largely 
 instrumental in bringing about its organization 
 in Philadelphia, on the 1st of June, 1890, in the 
 form of the " American Society for the Exten- 
 sion of University Teaching." This body had 
 no organic connection with the University of 
 Pennsylvania, but Provost Pepper became its 
 honorary President, Professor James of the 
 University was for several years its President 
 and guiding spirit, and for a long time most of 
 its lecturers were Professors in the University. 
 Later this closeness of connection was partially 
 lost ; the system of staff lecturers to a con- 
 siderable extent superseded the practice of 
 calling upon the University instructors; Pro- 
 fessor James left Philadelphia ; and the ses- 
 sions of the Summer School which had been 
 held under its auspices in the University 
 Buildings were suspended. Nevertheless, the 
 relation between the University extension 
 movement as it exists in the vicinity of Phila-
 
 UNiyERsirr of pewstl/jn/./ 
 
 '55 
 
 delphia and the University has always re- 
 mained one of mutual good-will, support and 
 partial connection. 
 
 Very much the same statements are appli- 
 cable to the organization and earl)- history of 
 the "American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science," and to its publication, the 
 "Annals." A group of men principally 
 belonging in Philadelphia, several of them 
 connected with the Wharton School in the 
 University, and under the influence of Pro- 
 fessor James, formed this association for the 
 encouragement, the discussion, and the publi- 
 cation of papers on the subjects indicated by 
 its title. As in the Society for University Ex- 
 tension, an Advisory Board was created includ- 
 ing the officials and Professors of Political 
 Economy and allied subjects in several other 
 Colleges and Universities. The number of its 
 members in the United States and abroad be- 
 came large and the " Annals" succeeded in ob- 
 taining a very wide circulation and attracting a 
 quite cosmopolitan group of contributors. But 
 the meetings of the Academy were always held 
 in Philadelphia; the publication offices of the 
 "Annals" were established in the University 
 building, the officers were mostly men connec- 
 ted with the University, and the Academy and 
 its organ have therefore remained in a quasi- 
 official University connection. 
 
 More narrowly in the field of the older Col- 
 lege work was the University's participation in 
 the formation of the " Association of ('oil, 
 and Preparatory Schools." The Colleges and 
 the fitting schools had been for some time, — 
 indeed arc- still, dissatisfied with one another. 
 The former have felt that the latter were ^end- 
 ing to them students ill-prepared ; neither well 
 trained in habits of study nor thoroughly 
 familiar with the fundamental subjects on which 
 
 their College COUrse was expected to be built 
 
 up. The schools on the other hand were 
 inconvenienced not only by the frequent 
 changes in the entrance requirements ol the 
 Colleges, but still more by the lack of uniform- 
 ity among the Colleges in these requirements. 
 Any one school might have to prepare stu- 
 dents for half a do/en different Colleges .i\u\ 
 the entrance examinations of all these mighl 
 In- different in subjects, in amounts anil in the 
 
 text-books required. .Man)- other questions of 
 common interest existed among the school-, 
 among the Colleges, and between these two 
 classes of educational institutions. In 1886, 
 therefore, an association which included the 
 masters of many of the leading schools in 
 Pennsylvania was formed and held its first 
 meeting at the University. The papers and 
 discussions were of such common interest as to 
 make the continuance of the meetings quite 
 certain. Closely following this in response to 
 a call issued at the suggestion of President 
 Edward 11. Magill of Swarthmore College, a 
 number of representatives of the Colleges ol 
 Pennsylvania met at Harrisburg, March 1, 
 1887. Here it was determined to organize a 
 permanent association of the Colleges of the 
 state which was done in a meeting held at 
 Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster 
 Jul}' 5 of the same year. So far the connec- 
 tion of the University with tin- movement was 
 slight, but during the succeeding winter the 
 meetings of the Executive Committee were held 
 at its building. The second annual conven- 
 tion was held there in July iSSS, and the 
 third in November 18S9. In the meantime 
 other Colleges of the Middle Stales and Mary- 
 land were invited to join the association, and 
 the name was accordingly changed to the 
 " College Association of the Middle States and 
 Maryland." Many of the subjects which came 
 up for discussion at the early meetings seemed 
 to be of quite equal interest to the lower sch< » >\s 
 and as these were anxious to join, at the 
 meeting of 1S92 it was agreed to admit all nor- 
 mal and high schools .\m\ others preparing 
 students for entrance to College, The name 
 was accordingly changed for a second time, 
 becoming the "Association of Colleges and 
 Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and 
 Maryland." The Association continued to 
 meet in the Thanksgiving recess every year, 
 visiti'iiL; the various College 1 entres ol its baili- 
 wick. The University has through this associ- 
 ation been brought into close connection with 
 all the adjacent institutions with which it would 
 naturally have relations, and over which it 
 should have an influence; its Professors have 
 been regularly represented at the meetings and 
 its Secretary and most active officer has been
 
 , 5 6 
 
 I'NIEERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 continuously a Professor of the University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 An effort at a still broader unification of the 
 interests and life of the educational and scien- 
 tific institutions, of Philadelphia at least, was 
 made in the year [889. When the land to the 
 eastward of Thirty-fourth Street, was purchased 
 in the interests of the University, Dr. Pepper 
 had formed the scheme of inviting a number 
 of the learned institutions of Philadelphia to 
 move to this site, the University disposing of 
 the land to them at its cost price, and recipro- 
 cal advantages being expected from the con- 
 centration in one locality of the collections and 
 the teaching of institutions with cognate ob- 
 jects. The expectation or at least the hope 
 was to make this West Philadelphia location a 
 great centre of scientific and educational activ- 
 ity, by bringing into material juxtaposition and 
 into harmonized administration a group of 
 institutions of the character described, inde- 
 pendent in their powers hut avoiding as far as 
 possible unnecessary duplication, as well as 
 unnecessary waste of time by their students 
 and members. It was believed that increased 
 strength, dignity, and effectiveness would come 
 tii all the bodies so located, and withal, as the 
 greater attracts the less, the University would 
 have a natural hegemony in the group. The 
 first institution to receive an imitation to this 
 effect from the University was the Academy of be seen simply from this account of external 
 
 mass of the people of the city, the state and 
 the country, had become a thing of the past. 
 As a result of its increasing vigor and success 
 in its old lines of work, of the establishment of 
 the many new forms of activity just mentioned, 
 of the knitting of so many bonds with various 
 classes and interests, of its ubiquity in all intel- 
 lectual lines, and of the ever potent influ- 
 ence of the conspicuous athletic events in 
 which its students were concerned, there could 
 be but few persons of any intelligence in the 
 community who had not become somewhat 
 familiar with the name of the University ; and a 
 very large number must have been drawn into 
 some degree of sympathy and interest with one 
 or another phase of its work. That these 
 changes reacted on the internal character of the 
 University goes without saying, and the results 
 well- beneficial. Some of that corporate life 
 which animates a whole people reinforced the 
 more purely institutional life of the educa- 
 tional body; a broader, more wholesome judg- 
 ment of men and things came to be exercised ; 
 ,1 sympathy grew up which led men of more 
 exclusively intellectual and men of more exclu- 
 sively practical life to give of their best to one 
 another. Many of these changes can be bet- 
 ter measured in connection with the story of 
 the internal development of the various 
 branches of the University, but enough can 
 
 Natural Sciences. This body, however, was 
 not attracted by the offer, and in May [889, at 
 the first meeting after the proposition was 
 made, declined to accept it. After this no 
 further steps were taken to offer the same 
 opportunity to other bodies, gradually the 
 whole plan was abandoned, and the University 
 soon found need for all the land in its own 
 extending functions. 
 
 Before describing these, however, it may be 
 well to try to measure the change in the rela- 
 
 changes to see that the old type of College and 
 coordinated Professional Schools had passed 
 away, but that a University with new and 
 better ideals was growing up to take its place. 
 But the acquisition of more material equip- 
 ment and the extension of the field of purely 
 scholastic work during the later years of Dr. 
 Pepper's administration as Provost and Mr. 
 Harrison's as Chairman of the Committee on 
 Finance and Property must now be further 
 described. In 1889 Henry C. Lea offered to 
 pay the expense of the construction of a build- 
 
 ing for a Laboratory of Hygiene for the Uni- 
 
 tions between the University and the commun- 
 ity which the mention made above of the more 
 
 popular and less rigidly pedagogical lines of versity, if funds should be raised to equip and 
 
 University development naturally suggests, endow it, if Hygiene was made a compulsory 
 
 before the close of the first decade of Dr. Pep- study in certain courses, and if the Trustees 
 
 per's administration the old isolation of the would enter into an engagement to add as soon 
 
 University, its almost entire separation from as possible an additional year to the Medical 
 
 the work, the interests, the knowledge of the course, thus making a fourth year compulsory
 
 I Nil ERSJTT OF PENNS1 I.I AN1A 
 
 T 57 
 
 for all students. These conditions were agrei d 
 to by the Trustees, a piece of land set aside, 
 and the construction of the building immedi- 
 ately begun under the personal supervision ol 
 Mr, Lea, and Dr. John S. Billings, \vh'> had 
 been appointed Director. ( >n the 22d of 
 February, [892, the Laboratory of Hygiene 
 was formally opened and instruction immedi- 
 diately begun. 
 
 interested in the subject; there was additional 
 danger of lire; and withal the work of a \ 
 mi- and growing department was restricted by 
 lack of accommodations. In [892 plan- for a 
 special building were prepared, and almosl the 
 whole of the cosl ol construction was con- 
 tributed b) Vie rs, Charles C, Alfred C, and 
 William W. Harrison. The laboratory was 
 named by the f/rustees from their grandfather, 
 
 I M.i IB \ h M'\ I 11 HYG1F.NK 
 
 Following this immediately in date, as well 
 
 as contiguous in position on the grounds was 
 the" fohn Harrison Laboratory of Chemistry," 
 for the College and Department "l Philosophy, 
 I lie difficulties <*( having a largi I hemical 
 Laboratory in the general College building had 
 proved to be very great. It required more 
 room than any other subject ol tudy, room 
 now sadly needed for othei purposes; sum. ol 
 the by-products of chemical study in a build- 
 ing not specially constructed as ,1 laboratory 
 were far from agreeable to those not directl) 
 
 [ohn Harrison, one of the founders ol chemical 
 manufacture in Philadelphia and America. By 
 the winter of [893 [894 the building was com- 
 pleted .u\t\ the laboratories were opened in it. 
 Some et Hi, reasi ms for the unsuitabilit) 1 il 
 having the Chemical Laboratories in the Col- 
 lege building were common to all technical 
 departments, and in the case ol the mi 1 hani 
 cal engineering work there was an additional 
 reasi m for the erection 1 il .1 1 paj at building 
 in the possibility of connei ting it w ith a badlj 
 ni :di d n ai 1 angemenl ofth m of heat
 
 i 5 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 lighting and ventilating the buildings which 
 were now becoming so numerous on the Uni- 
 versity grounds. In these buildings were all 
 kinds of systems of heating, good, bad, and 
 some which were good but inadequate; the 
 lighting was by gas only, in some there was no 
 artificial ventilation at all. in some it was but 
 slightly effective and so of all grades of effi- 
 ciency up to the perfection of the Laboratory 
 
 of their course. The excellences of this ar- 
 rangement were self-evident and it was deter- 
 mined upon and the work carried out under the 
 direction of the architects and of Professor 
 Henry \Y. Spangler, head of the Department 
 of Mechanical Engineering, who had been 
 made Director of the station. The heat and 
 electric light from this central establishment 
 wen- introduced gradually into one building 
 
 [OHN HARRISON rui Mil '\I. I M'.i )R VI'ORY 
 
 of Hygiene. It was now proposed to build a 
 great central heating and lighting station which 
 might send steam for heating, electricity for 
 lighting, and forced draught for ventilation 
 through tunnels to all the group of buildings. 
 In connection with this plant additional accom- 
 modations would be furnished for the labora- 
 tories, draughting rooms, and lecture rooms of 
 the Department of Mechanical and Electrical 
 Engineering; the students also utilizing the 
 engines, boilers, dynamos and other equipment 
 of the plant as part of the illustrative material 
 
 after another, each department being charged 
 with a proportionate part of the expense 
 of the actual service. Active operations 
 were begun in the fall of 1892, and the 
 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory connected 
 with the plant was dedicated to its educational 
 uses. May 26, 1893. 
 
 During the same years as those in which 
 these two comparatively old departments were 
 obtaining separate establishments of their own : 
 as an offshoot from the Medical School, an- 
 other new department, somewhat detached
 
 
 
 H 
 
 > 
 
 -I 
 c
 
 I 60 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 from the University in organization, although 
 completely a part of it in functions, was being 
 founded and equipped with .1 completeness 
 which but few other parts of the institution 
 could rival. 
 
 The beginnings of the Wistar and Horner 
 .Museum have already been related in the ac- 
 count of the Medical School during the early 
 part of the century. The addition to it of 
 specimens from time to time had gone on 
 
 tees to provide at his own expense and to suit 
 ably endow a fire-proof building with facilities 
 for the storage and display of the Wistar Mu- 
 seum, for the collection of specimens of gene- 
 ral ami human anatomy, and for advanced 
 study and investigation in anatomical lines. 
 The conditions of the gift were tile foundation 
 of a separate corporation to be known as the 
 " Wistar Institute," in which, however, the 
 Board of Trustees should have a controlling 
 
 MBHHIHM^Hi 
 
 WISTAR INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY 
 
 ever since its foundation. A lire which oc- 
 curred in the Medical Building on the morning 
 of May 31, iSSS, inflicting some injury upon 
 the contents of the Museum and upon the 
 Stille Medical Library, called attention to the 
 danger its valuable contents were subjected to 
 in being placed in an ordinary building. This 
 fact suggested to General Isaac J. Wistar, the 
 grandson of the founder and a man of wealth 
 and influence, the establishment of a special 
 institution of which the old Museum should be 
 the centre. 1 le offered to the Board of Trus- 
 
 power, the transference to the Institute of a 
 suitable piece of land, and the restriction of 
 the building to the uses of its trust forever. 
 These conditions were accepted, permission 
 for the transfer of the land obtained from the 
 city, and the fine lot on the west side of Thirty- 
 sixth Street given to the new Institute. A 
 handsome building was erected during the 
 year 1893, and formally opened on May 21, 
 [894. Up to that time General Wistar had 
 expended about $265,000 on the building, its 
 equipment and accompanying expenses, and
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 i 6 i 
 
 he has since continued to make liberal ex- 
 penditures in bringing the Institute gradually 
 into a position of maximum usefulness and in- 
 terest as an educational and scientific centre 
 of influence. Dr. Harrison Allen was its first 
 Director. After his resignation Dr. Horace 
 fayne was appointed Director. Much of the 
 work of equipment and installation has been 
 from the beginning under the charge of Dr. 
 Milton J. Greenman, Assistant Director. 
 
 nascent University was entrusted. Tn the agree- 
 ment of 1749 by which the Trustees of the 
 Academy obtained the old hall, as well as by 
 their subsequent charters and by the state 
 laws, the\ _ were bound to keep up two charity 
 schools one for boys and the othei for girls. 
 This they did until 1877 when, as already 
 mentioned, by judicial advice they decided to 
 
 change the form in which the obligations ol 
 the charter were carried out to the granting of 
 
 WISTAK IXSTITITK OK AN VI o\!N \\|p I'.IoloCY 
 
 During these same years between 1890 and 
 1S94 two or three new schools were being 
 organized, some destined to speedy growth, 
 one at least to only a temporary existence. 
 The Graduate Department for Women, organ- 
 ized during the winter of [890-1891 but for- 
 mally opened only on May 4, [892, like so 
 nian\' other elements in the University, was con- 
 nected, curiously enough, by an obscure line 
 of inheritance with the Charity Schools which 
 were the earliest responsibility with which the 
 
 free scholarships in the Scientific Department 
 of the College. But as scholarships were only 
 practicable for "young men. unless the whole 
 system of the College was to be changed, it 
 was arranged that young women should be 
 admitted free of expense to certain courses of 
 lectures given in the College. In [879 Mrs. 
 
 Bl niield II. Moore presented to the 1 ni 
 
 site as a memorial to her deceased husband 
 $ IO.OOO, the income of which was to be w^A 
 to give free instruction to young women tlnn 
 
 VOL. I. — II
 
 162 
 
 UNJI'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 or prospectively teachers, in such courses as 
 might be open to them. Certain of the newly 
 established departments, such as Music and 
 Biology, gave admission to women, and other 
 isolated courses were from one cause or another 
 open to them. Moreover, during the decade 
 between 1880 and 1 890 repeated and strenuous 
 efforts were made to introduce the system 
 of general co-education into the University. 
 Indeed at one time the College Faculty voted 
 in favor of recommending this change to the 
 Board of Trustees. The proposition was re- 
 jected by them, however, 
 and the ideal of the ulti- 
 mate foundation of a sep- 
 arate Women's College, 
 as a Department in the 
 University, was substi- 
 tuted. In the fall of 1889 
 this object seemed to be 
 brought into the field ol 
 possible attainment by a 
 gift from Colonel Joseph 
 M. Bennett. His letter 
 to the Provost was as fol- 
 lows: " Dear Sir: I here- 
 by donate to the Trustees 
 of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania the two adjoining 
 properties on the south- 
 east corner of Thirty- 
 fourth and Walnut Streets, 
 clear of incumbrances, to 
 be occupied for the pur 
 pose of a College for 
 Women in connection 
 
 with said University, said College to be under 
 the direction of a Board of Managers to be 
 appointed by the Board of Trustees. I do this 
 because I am desirous of promoting the higher 
 education of women, and yet recognize the 
 difficulties connected with complete co-educa- 
 tion." The properties thus given by Colonel 
 Bennett were two four story brick dwelling 
 houses, well suited to be a residence hall, but 
 of course providing no endowment on which a 
 separate College for Women could be founded. 
 This was the time, however, of the early de- 
 velopment of the graduate work in the De- 
 partment of Philosophy and a quite practicable 
 
 MRS. IJI.00ME1ELD H. .MOORE 
 
 plan naturally suggested itself that the facil- 
 ities of this department should be thrown open 
 to women and that the gift of Colonel Ben- 
 nett be utilized as a basis for the enjoyment 
 of these facilities. An appeal was therefore 
 made for moderate additional funds as an 
 endowment for expenses, and for the endow- 
 ment of as many as eight fellowships for 
 women. With the year 1890 the Graduate 
 Department for Women was regularly organ- 
 ized with a Board of Managers similar in 
 construction to those of the Hospital and of 
 the Department of Ar- 
 chaeology, consisting of 
 several of the Trustees of 
 the University and a group 
 of prominent women in- 
 terested in women's higher 
 education. The required 
 funds were obtained, and 
 the department and Ben- 
 nett Hall formally opened, 
 as has been said, on May 
 4. [892. The Faculty of 
 the Department was prac- 
 tically the Faculty of the 
 Department of Philosophy, 
 and to all graduate work 
 in that department women 
 were admitted on exactly 
 the same conditions as 
 men. 
 
 In the same year in- 
 struction was begun in 
 the " School of American 
 History and Institutions," 
 which had been founded the year before by 
 resolution of the Board of Trustees as a sep- 
 arate school in the College. The increase of 
 popular interest in our own national history 
 and institutions has been a matter of compara- 
 tively recent growth. Previous to the Civil 
 War not only was there practically no writing 
 of American history, but no instruction except 
 of the lightest character, was given on the 
 subject in any of our Colleges and schools. 
 Between I 870 and 1880, however, there was a 
 great awakening of attention and interest in 
 the earlier movements of our history, and this 
 was reflected in the establishment of Profes-
 
 UNiriiRsrrr oi- pi-:.\.\sii.i .isu 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 sorships on the subject in a number <>f the 
 larger Colleges or the devotion of serious 
 courses to the subject by teachers, pari of 
 whose time was also given to other matters. 
 At Pennsylvania not only was there from the 
 year 1X83 a full Professorship of American 
 History, but much of the work of the Wharton 
 School lay in lines of especial interest in the 
 stud}- of the development of American finan- 
 cial, social and political institutions. Under 
 these circumstances much attention was natu- 
 rally coming to be given at the University to 
 this subject. Moreover 
 the interest in all branches 
 of history was becoming 
 a special characteristic of 
 the University. The ini- 
 tiation of a department 
 especially devoted to the 
 study of the various as- 
 pects of American history 
 was due to Professor 
 Francis N. Thorpe, who 
 had proposed the organ- 
 ization of such a school 
 when Fellow in History 
 and Political Science at 
 the University in 1886. 
 lie began about that time 
 to collect funds and to 
 purchase books for the 
 uses of such a prospective 
 department, so that by 
 the time the plans were 
 actually formulated and JOSEPH M 
 
 submitted to the Trustees, 
 a library of some thirteen thousand volumes 
 had, through the generous contributions ol a 
 
 number of men, been collected. These were 
 largely public documents of the national and 
 state governments and of American munici- 
 palities, collections of laws, and ol the sources 
 for the history of special movements in Ameri- 
 can history. The sets of legislative records, 
 laws, constitutional documents, reports ol aA 
 ministrative departments and such publii doi 
 
 UmentS were SO nearly complete as to seem to 
 
 furnish facilities for investigation unequalled 
 elsewhere. The school was organized under 
 Professor J. IV McMaster, Professor ol Ameri 
 
 can History, and Professor Thorpe, for whom 
 was created a Chair of American Constitutional 
 History. Teaching already given in other 
 
 courses in the College was utili/ed to complete 
 tlie curriculum of the new school, whose espe- 
 cial field, it was anticipated, would be Un- 
 careful investigation of problems in American 
 history. At least two difficulties faced this 
 school from the outset. The first was the nar- 
 rowness of the basis of interest on which it was 
 built up. Broad as tin- field of American his- 
 tory seems to the special student, it is after all, 
 
 but one of man_\- fields of 
 
 Study, of training, of cul- 
 ture, of interest, to the 
 student who is not a spe- 
 cialist. It has but little 
 utilitarian value and its 
 greatest educational value 
 must always be in con- 
 nection with other sub- 
 jects of liberal study. 
 Secondly, the endowment 
 which it had been antici- 
 pated that the school 
 would receive failed it, 
 because of the financial 
 difficulties of one of its 
 early patrons; and a sec- 
 ond anticipated endow- 
 ment was also finally 
 withheld. Under these 
 circumstances the School 
 of American 1 1 istory 
 bennett gradually dropped into 
 
 the position of a subor- 
 dinate group of studies in the College, ami 
 finally in 181)4 was abolished as a separate 
 department by the Hoard ol trustees. 
 
 In a similar position to this school, so tar as 
 its origination from an awakened interest in 
 the community, and its dependent position in 
 1I1, College goes, though happil) its fortunes 
 have Steadily risen instead ol sunk, 
 the new School of Architecture. There had 
 been in the University since the foundation 
 of the Scientific School a course in drawing 
 .in, l architei ture under Pi 1 ifi ■• 11 I homas \\ 
 Rii hards, architi , 1 of the first I' 'in of the 
 gi oup of I 'ni\ 1 1 sit) buildings In this depai I
 
 164 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 merit was given all the drawing required in the 
 various courses as a matter of general culture, 
 and technical draughting for engineering pur- 
 poses, as well as the architectural training of 
 those students who made that their special pro- 
 fessional preparation. Most architects, how- 
 ex er, were still, as most doctors and lawyers and 
 engineers had formerly been, brought up in 
 the offices of actually practising professionals, so 
 that but few students desiring a thorough edu- 
 cation as architects came to the school. In 
 the meantime, however, along with the vast 
 amount of building in progress throughout the 
 country, and with the increased familiarity of 
 many of the more well- 
 to-do classes with Eu- 
 ropean buildings, 
 there- had grown up 
 not only .1 distinct in- 
 terest in architect- 
 ural matters, but a 
 great dissatisfaction 
 with the degree of 
 training and ability 
 possessed by the aver- 
 age practising archi- 
 tect. Under such a 
 stimulus to improve- 
 ment many young 
 men went abroad to 
 stud\' in the Euro- 
 pean schools, and also 
 there was soon crea- 
 ted .1 group of much 
 
 better equipped schools in .America, and a 
 much greater attendance of prospective archi- 
 tects upon them. 
 
 By the beginning of 1890 the desirability of 
 reorganizing the course of drawing and archi- 
 tecture at the University so as to give in it the 
 facilities that were offered in similar schools in 
 Boston and New York had come into serious 
 notice and discussion, and within that year 
 was finally undertaken. A " School of Archi- 
 tecture " was established, Professor Richards 
 resigned, and under the direction of Theophilus 
 P. Chandler Jr., and afterwards of Warren 1'. 
 Laird, who was made Professor of Archi- 
 tecture, and with the advice of leading pro- 
 fessional architects, a thorough reorganization 
 
 of the group of courses was made. As in 
 other similar cases, teaching in the less techni- 
 cal subjects was done in the same courses as 
 those given to other College students, but in 
 addition to these there were five regular in- 
 structors in the various branches of architec- 
 tural training. Besides the regular instructors, 
 the managers of the school were successful in 
 obtaining the interest and help of several of 
 the most prominent and able of the younger 
 architects of Philadelphia and New York, who 
 were led by their interest in their profession 
 and in the growth of the new school to give 
 much valuable time to special courses of lec- 
 tures, to advice to stu- 
 dents, to service on 
 committees of exam- 
 ination and award, 
 and to promoting the 
 work of the school in 
 man)- other ways. 
 The School of Archi- 
 tecture was given a 
 suite of rooms in the 
 College building and 
 made as a matter of 
 organization a portion 
 of the Towne Scien- 
 tific School in the 
 College. 
 
 Following closely 
 upon the organiza- 
 tion of this four 
 years' course 111 Ar- 
 chitecture, similar courses were added to the 
 old regular five-year courses of the Scien- 
 tific School, in Chemistry, and Civil and Me- 
 chanical Engineering. The reasons for this 
 addition will be given in connection with 
 similar processes of change in a later section 
 of this history. In fact, there are almost as 
 many internal as external changes belonging to 
 this busy period of the University's develop- 
 ment. To realize the activity of the time and 
 the rapidity of its growth it will be necessary 
 to turn from the account just given of new 
 departments added, new equipments secured, 
 and experiments successful and unsuccessful 
 made, to the account of the internal change, 
 and adjustment of educational work as given 
 
 BENNETT HALL
 
 V 
 
 n 
 c 
 z 
 
 n 
 > 
 r 
 
 - 
 
 X
 
 i66 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in the second part of this history and to the 
 corresponding progress in the student world as 
 given in Hook III. But it will be proper before 
 closing the narrative of the external events of 
 the period of Dr. Pepper's administration to 
 give in their chronological position at least a 
 list of the most important changes in the his- 
 tory of those departments of which no mention 
 has previously arisen in this chapter, and then 
 some statement of the changes in the numbers 
 of Faculties and students and in the value of 
 property. 
 
 In the College the elective system was car- 
 ried somewhat further than it had been before, 
 in 1882, and a definite " group system " estab- 
 lished in 1892. A plan of admitting students 
 to the College Freshman class without exam- 
 ination when they presented a certificate of 
 proper preparation for entrance given by their 
 teacher was adopted in 1886 and remained 
 in existence, of doubtful utility, and causing 
 increasing dissatisfaction, till its abolition ten 
 years later. A dining hall and a universal 
 intermission of lectures from one o'clock to 
 two, after 1889, improved the health and 
 happiness of the student; a board of Univer- 
 sity Chaplains was elected and its members 
 served one week at a time successively, re- 
 maining also for a few minutes for possible 
 consultation with the students after chapel, for 
 a period of three years, but was after that 
 time given up, and the Chapel sen-ices taken 
 charge of by the Dean ; changes in the mark- 
 ing system in the direction of greater sim- 
 plicity, and the substitution of "honors" in 
 specific subjects for a graded list of honor men 
 were made in 1890. In 1 893 a chapter of the 
 Phi Beta Kappa was organized at the Univer- 
 sity, some post-graduates were elected to it, 
 and the regular succession of undergraduate 
 members was begun. The number and variety 
 of courses of teaching given were enormously 
 increased, and many additions of the greatest 
 importance were made to the Faculty, as well, 
 of course, as the inevitable losses through death 
 and various forms of retirement. 
 
 In addition to those who have been men- 
 tioned as added to the College Faculty in con- 
 nection with the courses in Science, Biology, 
 Architecture, and Finance and Economv, and 
 
 with the Seybert bequest Dr. M. W. Easton 
 became Professor of Comparative Philology and 
 of English. Professor \V. A. Lamberton suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Muhlenberg in Greek on the resig- 
 nation of the latter, and became a valuable and 
 influential member of the Faculty in its organ- 
 izing and administrative as well as in its teaching 
 work. In 1886 Dr. John P. Peters became 
 Professor of Hebrew, Dr. D. G. Brinton of 
 American Archaeology and Linguistics, and 
 Dr. Hermann V. Hilprecht was called from 
 Erlangen, Germany, as Professor of Assyrian, 
 all in the recently organized Department of 
 Philosophy. Professor S. N. Patten was added 
 to the Wharton School as Professor of Polit- 
 ical Economy, and Professor J. F. Johnson in 
 charge of the course in Journalism. Professor 
 F. E. Schelling as Instructor assisted Professor 
 J. G. R. McElroy, and after his death, succes- 
 sively as Assistant Professor and Professor of 
 English Literature, reorganized the work in 
 that department. Professor Edgar F. Smith 
 took charge of the work in Chemistry after 
 the retirement of Dr. Genth, and the resigna- 
 tion of Professor Sadtler, and Professor Edgar 
 Marburg of Civil Engineering after the resig- 
 nation of Professor L. M. Haupt in 1892. In 
 the same year Professor R. E. Thompson 
 retired anil subsequently became President of 
 the Philadelphia City High School. Professor 
 Seidcnsticker after a long and honored career 
 as Professor of German Language and Litera- 
 ture died in 1894. Within the same period 
 most of the younger men who are now carry- 
 ing on the bulk of the teaching work of the 
 College became connected with the Faculty as 
 Instructors or Assistant Professors. The very 
 much larger number of teachers in subordinate 
 positions was becoming even more marked 
 than the increase in the number of subjects 
 taught and subdivision of old subjects, which 
 necessitated an increase in the number of full 
 Professorships. There has come to be there- 
 fore a constant flow of able young men into 
 and largely through these positions, usually 
 obtaining promotion in some other academic 
 or professional connection or in some cases 
 after a more or less long apprenticeship being 
 advanced to more important positions in the 
 University. To name these, even the ones
 
 UNIVEKSIT1 Oh I' i:\NSTLFAN I I 
 
 167 
 
 who have become most conspicuous, is evi- 
 dently impracticable. In a great institution 
 the penalty of obscurity must usually be paid 
 by the great number. 
 
 It was from the College that the call for a 
 system of dormitories was becoming louder and 
 lender. The increasing total number of stu- 
 dents, the increasing proportion of them who 
 were coming from outside of the city, and the 
 
 by the Collegi Faculty were not attained within 
 this peric nl. 
 
 In the Medical School the courses had been 
 lengthened in 1877 from two to three \ 
 and the length of term from five to six and one 
 half months. Within less than ten years of 
 that time the question of increasing the course 
 tn four years and also of lengthening the an- 
 nual term had come into discussion. In 1883 
 
 Ai.M \\ Ml MORIAL St RCK AL \:\\ II [i IN 
 
 increasing feeling" of responsibility for their 
 well-being on the part of the authorities were' 
 all alike making tin's need and the recognition 
 of it clearer and clearer. In [889 the students 
 of this department who came from outside of 
 Philadelphia and its suburbs were twenty-one 
 per cent of the- whole number, in [890 they 
 were twenty-three per cent, in 1891, twenty- 
 seven per cent, in [892, thirty per cent, and in 
 [893 something over thirty-three per cent. 
 Nevertheless the dormitories although recom 
 mended from year to year bj the Provost and 
 
 a voluntary fourth year was established with 
 full arrangements for continuing instruction by 
 all the Professors, but almost no students re- 
 mained for it, the largest number in any one 
 year being less than half a dozen. Neverthe 
 
 less deeply impressed with the necessity foi .1 
 
 fourth year in order both to relieve the pressure 
 upon the hard-working students of the studies 
 of their last year, .\i\<\ to give fuller instruction, 
 especially clinical instruction, the Trustci s and 
 Medical Faculty established tlb compulsory 
 four j ear >' course, !><■■ inn n with the
 
 i68 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of 1 893- 1 894. In the meantime the annual 
 term had been lengthened from six and a half 
 to seven months, and in 1893-1894 along with 
 the change of length of course the Medical 
 
 MATI.kXIlN PAVILION COURTYARD 
 
 School year was lengthened to be the same as 
 that of the other departments, that is of full 
 eight months. 
 
 The adoption of the four years' course was 
 made dependent upon the securing of a guar- 
 antee fund of $20,000 a year for five 
 years to cover possible losses from a 
 diminution of the number of students, 
 and of $50,000 for the further equip- 
 ment of the Medical Department 
 The latter sum was shortly afterward 
 offered as a subscription by Dr, Pep- 
 per, payable in five annual instal- 
 ments. At about the same time an 
 application had been made to the 
 State Legislature for $80,000 to build 
 additions to the Hospital. This was 
 granted on condition of a similar sum 
 being donated by private persons for 
 the same general purposes In the 
 meantime it had become evident that 
 the new four years' course was going 
 to be a success and would not involve 
 any diminution of the income of the 
 Medical School. The Faculty and the Trus- 
 tees therefore agreed to the proposition of Dr. 
 Pepper that this appropriation be secured, and 
 a further addition to the equipment of the 
 
 Hospital, and therefore of the school, be ob- 
 tained by diverting the $50,000 which he hail 
 promised and was now willing to pay over 
 immediately, to the erection of a Laboratory 
 of Clinical Medicine in connection 
 with the Hospital. This was named 
 after Dr. William Pepper, the father 
 "I the Provost and was placed at the 
 western end of the hospital buildings 
 previously erected. At the same time 
 the widow of Dr. D. Hayes Agnew 
 gave in addition to the $50,000 be- 
 queathed to the University Hospital 
 in his will the sum of $25,000. With 
 these funds the easternmost wing of 
 the Hospital was erected and named 
 the " D. Hayes Agnew Surgical Pa- 
 vim >n." In the years just previous 
 to these additions several other exten- 
 sions had been made to the group of 
 hospital buildings. As early as 1883 
 the "Gibson Wing for Chronic Dis- 
 eases" was built; in 1886 a Nurses' Home was 
 added, the gift of the family of Juliana Wood, 
 and in iSSS a small Maternity Hospital was 
 built and equipped from funds raised for the 
 purpose by Professor Barton Cooke Hirst. 
 
 nurses' home 
 
 In iS<jo a mortuary building and chapel was 
 erected, in 1891 a children's ward was estab- 
 lished, and within the ten years between the 
 earliest and the latest of these dates three new
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 169 
 
 wards were built and endowed by special li 1 
 cies. Thus the Pepper and the Agnew wings 
 and the extension of the Maternity ward in 
 1894 were only the culmination of the equip- 
 ment of the Hospital, which had amounted in 
 value up to that time to about $1,350,000. 
 
 The personal changes in the Medical School 
 were more numerous than in any department 
 of the University. The change already refei red 
 to as occurring in the College by which a very 
 large number of teachers in subordinate posi- 
 tions, and frequently only serving in them for 
 a small number of years, had become necessary 
 to meet the ne- 
 cessities of the in- 
 creased number 
 of students and 
 variety of courses, 
 was even more 
 marked in the 
 Medical and allied 
 schools. There 
 were therefore, 
 many changes in 
 the personnel that 
 had not at all the 
 significance that 
 a similar number 
 of changes would 
 have had in pre- 
 vious years. Nev- 
 ertheless, it is in 
 
 this period, as is true of the College, that the 
 men became connected with the University 
 who are now in the main carrying on the 
 teaching ami administrative work of the Med- 
 ical Department. Some of those who thus en- 
 tered on their service in the University were 
 Dr. J. William White. Dr. Charles II. Mills, Dr. 
 John Marshall, Drs. Wharton, Deaver, Reichert, 
 Piersol, Duhring, GuiteTas, Griffith, Musser, C. 
 H. Penrose and Davis. Connected more tem- 
 porarily with the University, though prominent 
 and influential during the time of their servii e 
 were Dr. William Osier, Dr. Samuel Dixon 
 and Dr. John S. Billings. The last, though 
 holding a position of only secondary impoi 
 tance in the Medical School, lefl a distinct im- 
 press on the organization and administration 
 of the Laboratory of Hygiene and the Hospital 
 
 MORTUARY 
 
 before he resigned to accept the position of 
 Librarian of the United Public Libraries of 
 New York. The same period marks the close 
 of the University career of several of the older 
 and more distinguished Professors. Dr. Alfred 
 Stille resigned and became Professor Emeritus 
 in 1SS4, Dr. R.A. F. Penrose and Dr. D. Hayes 
 Agnew in [888. Dr. Robert Meade Smith and 
 Dr. William Goodell resigned their chairs in 
 [893. Dr. Joseph Leidy, perhaps the most 
 eminent man in pure science connected with 
 the University during its whole history, died 
 while still holding his Chair of Anatomy, in 
 
 April 1891, and 
 Dr. Agnew, as 
 Professor Emeri- 
 tus just a year 
 later. 
 
 In the Law De- 
 partment also the 
 generation of 
 men who had 
 brought to the 
 school its early 
 growth, passed 
 away, anil were 
 replaced by an- 
 other group. In 
 1SS4 Professor 
 Morris resigned 
 to become Pro- 
 fessor Emeritus, 
 died, and in [889 
 Judge Hare became Professor Emeritus. Tak- 
 ing their places, though in some cases subdi- 
 viding the work were ele< led Professor George 
 Tucker Bispham in 1883, C. Stuart Patterson, 
 in 1SX7, and somewhat later Judge Dallas, 
 Mr. Hollingsworth, Mr. Graham, and in [893 
 George Wharton Pepper. Between 1SS7 and 
 [89] A. Sydney Piddle played his brilliant 
 and sadly short pari as a teacher. In the 
 year of his election to the Faculty he and 
 
 other members of his family pn 1 nti >1 to the 
 Law School as a memorial of theii fathei 
 
 the In. rge Biddle, the I ,a\\ Library 
 
 purchased from the estate of Benjamin Harris 
 Brewster. This Library became tin- nucleus 
 of a Library of the 1 .aw Department, kept 
 separate from the general University Library, 
 
 in [887 Professor Miti h< 1
 
 170 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and endowed by the permanent appropria- months. In 1883 Dr. James Truman was 
 tion of twelve per cent of the annual income appointed Professor of Dental Pathology, 
 of the Law School. It has rapidly advanced Therapeutics and Materia Medica. He was 
 to the position of a first rate professional subsequently elected Dean of the department 
 
 and remained such during the whole of this 
 period. Here as in the other departments 
 there was a constant addition of a larger and 
 larger number of capable young men as subor- 
 dinate teachers to fulfil the requirements of the 
 larger number of students and greater com- 
 plexity of the courses given. 
 
 From the Deanship of the Veterinary School 
 Dr. Huidekoper retired in 1889 after giving to 
 it by his six years of service a completed organ- 
 ization and an adequacy of courses of teaching 
 almost unknown in this country up to that time 
 in this branch of medical science. Dr. John 
 Marshall, Dean of the Department of Medicine 
 was also given charge of the Veterinary Depart- 
 ment as Dean. Dr. Simon J. J. Harger, Dr. 
 Leonard Pearson, Dr. John \V. Adams and Dr. 
 Leo Breisacher were added to the Faculty as 
 
 JOSEPH LEIDY 
 
 library. During the latter part of the decade 
 between 1 880 and 1890 the old difference of 
 opinion in the Law Faculty between the advo- 
 cates of a professional and of a scholastic at- 
 mosphere veered toward a decision in favor 
 of the former and in 1 891 the school was trans- 
 ferred from College Hall, in which it had met 
 since 1874 to rented rooms in a large building 
 at Broad and Chestnut. At the same time a 
 vigorous appeal was issued for funds for the 
 erection of a special building, an object that 
 was not reached at that time, and has finally 
 been attained only just in time to be recorded 
 in the nineteenth century. 
 
 The Dental Department had progressed 
 steadily during this period in number of stu- 
 dents, fulness of teaching, and in recognition 
 of its branch of medicine and of the status of 
 
 its students. In 1882 the Dental School in- Veterinary Professors and a number of lecture- 
 creased its course from two to three years and ships and demonstratorships were created and 
 in the next year lengthened its term, along with filled. The most interesting addition to the 
 tlie Medical and Law Departments to eight equipment of the Veterinary Hospital was the 
 
 D. HAYES AGNEW
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 '7' 
 
 erection in 1893 of a canine hospital. A sepa- 
 rate building of two stories was put up, divided 
 into two entirely distinct parts and devoted to 
 the treatment of sick dogs and other small 
 animals. The Veterinary Hospital had come 
 by this time to treat over two thousand animals 
 a year and this addition allowed at the same 
 time an extension of its sphere of operations, 
 an improvement in methods of treatment, 
 .uid the utilization for the larger animals 
 of the space thus vacated in the old hospital 
 building. 
 
 The development of the College has been 
 touched upon from time to time in this chapter 
 in the mention of 
 the organization 
 of new depart- 
 ments, the provi- 
 sion of new equip- 
 ment, the erection 
 of new buildings, 
 and its life was 
 certainly no less 
 vigorous than 
 that of the newly 
 created schools. 
 Nevertheless 
 man_\' and per- 
 haps the most 
 important of its 
 changes were 
 rather internal 
 than external, de- 
 velopment from within, not additions without. 
 When tin- growth of the educational and social 
 sides of the University's life' comes to be tra< ed 
 this department will conn.- into its proper rela- 
 tive prominence, though there is little that is 
 distinctive to be added in this connection. In 
 the winter of 1X82 occurred the death of the 
 1'iofessor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, 
 Dr. Krauth, who had been since [868 Vice- 
 Provost of the University and Dean of the Col- 
 lege since 1X73. In his Professorship he was 
 followed in a (r\v years bv one of his own stu- 
 dents Rev. George S Fullerton. Dr. E.Otis 
 Kind. ill was appointed Vice-Provost and I >ean 
 ami so remained until 1 889. In this year the 
 two offices just named wen- dissociated, and 
 while Professor Kendall remained Vice Provost, 
 
 CANINK HOSPITAL 
 
 Dr. Horace Jayne, who had become conspicu- 
 ous by his work in connection with the Bio 
 logical School, became- Dean of the Coll' 
 He raised this office to one of much greater 
 activity and importance and continued to 
 occupy it till the close of Dr. Pepper's term 
 of office. 
 
 This event came in the year 1894. On 
 April 23 of that year Dr. Pepper sent to the 
 Board of Trustees his letter of resignation as 
 Provost of the University and President pro 
 tent, of the Hoard. He gave as the reason for 
 his resignation his growing realization of the 
 impossibility of his carrying on his practice and 
 
 his teaching as a 
 physician at the 
 same time with 
 the administra- 
 tive work of the 
 Provostship, ami 
 the evident need 
 of the Unix Crsity 
 for the undivided 
 energies and de- 
 votion of its Pro- 
 vost. 1 )r. Pepper 
 might well speak 
 with pride of the 
 changes that had 
 taken place in the 
 University dur- 
 ing tin- thirteen 
 years of his ad- 
 ministration, as a result of his own labors, ol 
 those of the Chairman of the Committee on 
 Finance and Property, and of those who were 
 associated with them. In 1 XX 1 its site had COA 
 ered fifteen acres, in [894 it extended over 
 more than fifty two acres. The total value ol 
 the University's property in iXXi was estimated 
 at $1,600,000, in lX(»| il was estimated to equal 
 something over $5,000,000. though this valua 
 tion has since proved to have been excessive. 
 At the earlier period the number of the teach- 
 ing force in all departments was eighty-eight, 
 at the later, two hundred ,\i\,\ sixty-eight. In 
 the year in which I >r. Peppi l» ame Pn n 
 there were nine hundred and eighty-one stu 
 dents in the University, in the year in which he 
 i' igned there were two thousand one hundred
 
 172 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and eighty. In 1SS1 there were four buildings, 
 in 1894 there were twenty-two. The material 
 equipment included in these buildings and rep- 
 resented by these sums of money was moreover 
 only a slight indication of the real addition to 
 the University's possessions. The increased 
 libraries, museums, collections of instruments, 
 facilities for teaching, for stud}' and comfort 
 represented added intellectual opportunities far 
 beyond those measured by the mere increase 
 in the number of teachers and students. Still 
 more important had been the growth and di- 
 versification of teaching. Individual teachers 
 had given and certain individual students had 
 received in earlier periods teaching equal in its 
 value to any subsequently provided in the Uni- 
 versity, but the adaptation by which all kinds 
 
 of specialized instruction were offered to stu- 
 dents of all forms of requirements was the 
 special creation of these latest decades of the 
 University's development. Again, the new 
 position which the University had come to 
 hold in the community in 1894 as compared 
 with that which it had held in 1881 represented 
 no less of a revolution than the additions to its 
 material and educational equipment. Finally 
 a momentum, so to speak, had been obtained, 
 which, created by and in turn reacting on the 
 life of each individual part of the University, 
 set a standard of vigor and activity and accom- 
 plishment which has furnished an incentive to, 
 at the same time that it has placed a burden of 
 responsibility upon, each man connected with 
 the institution. 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 Growth and Unification under the Administration of Mr. Harrison, from 
 
 1894 to the Present Time 
 
 WHEN Dr. Pepper's resignation was 
 presented the thoughts of all mem- 
 bers of the Board of Trustees were 
 turned toward Charles C. Harrison as his nat- 
 ural successor. Mr. Harrison had been a mem- 
 ber of the Board since 1876 and Chairman 
 of the Committee on Finance and Property 
 since 1886. In the actual form which the de- 
 velopment of the University had taken in recent 
 years, the constantly increasing expenditures, 
 and the necessity for securing corresponding 
 sums of money, this position had become, as 
 already intimated, scarcely second in impor- 
 tance to the Provostship itself. Mr. Harrison's 
 strikingly successful administration of that 
 office, the large private gifts he had obtained 
 for the University, his own liberal contribu- 
 tions, his increasing devotion of his time and 
 interest to the University, the necessary de- 
 pendence on his judgment in undertaking or 
 deciding against new projects, had combined 
 to give him already a very considerable in- 
 fluence and to obtain for him the entire trust 
 and confidence of the other members of the 
 Board. Curiously enough he and the late 
 
 Provost had graduated from the same class 
 in the University. Subsequently Mr. Harrison 
 had obtained a success in business life as con- 
 spicuous as that of Dr. Pepper in professional 
 life. Mr. Harrison had been for some years 
 giving his time and thought and labor more 
 and more completely to the University as he 
 withdrew partially from his larger business 
 interests. It was therefore only natural that 
 the committee which was appointed to secure 
 a successor to Dr. Pepper should write almost 
 immediately to Mr. Harrison asking permission 
 to nominate him for the Provostship. He was 
 however reluctant to take the office and an- 
 nounced his preference for continuing to work 
 for the University but under some other suitable 
 man as Provost. He was then asked to serve 
 temporarily with the title of Acting-Provost, 
 until some other candidate should be selected, 
 though it is not probable that the committee 
 really contemplated further search. To this 
 Mr. Harrison consented and he was elected 
 Acting- Provost, May 15, his acceptance being 
 announced to the Board on June 12, 1S94. 
 Within the course of a year his suitability for
 
 u niters rrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 x 73 
 
 the position must have become as manifest to 
 himself as it had to all others connected with the 
 University and on June 4, 1895 he was elected to 
 ami accepted the full position of Provost. I lis 
 administration from that time to the present 
 has obtained the devoted and even affectionate 
 loyalty of all connected with the University, 
 the general approval of the community, and 
 a success which can be partially judged by the 
 material advancement of the institution, but 
 mure fairly measured by many equally im- 
 portant but less conspicuous changes. 
 
 As to the former class 
 of changes this period has 
 been to a great extent a 
 time of fulfilment of long 
 delayed projects. The 
 Library Building, al- 
 though completed in 1890 
 was essentially, as has 
 been said, a part of Mr. 
 Harrison's work, as was 
 even more personally the 
 Chemical Laboratory, 
 completed in 1893. Fol- 
 lowing upon these has 
 come the erection of the 
 Flower Observatory, of 
 the Dormitories, of Hous- 
 ton Hall, of the Museum 
 of Archaeology, of the ■ < 
 Dental and Law Build- 
 ings, and additions to 
 many of the others ; and ca 
 already planned and in 
 the near future to be 
 
 added to them, a Physical Laboratory, a Gym- 
 nasium, and a group of Medical Laboratories. 
 These do not represent new departments or 
 In Ids of work but are rather the embodiment 
 of plans long ago formed, the gratification of 
 hopes long held, the proper equipment of 
 departments previously long condemned to in- 
 efficiency by the inadequacy of their material 
 basis. The tendency of the period has been 
 rather toward simplification of organization, 
 combination of departments and strengthening 
 of the lines of work already inaugurated than 
 toward a continual addition of new depart- 
 ments and taking up of new fields, as had 
 
 CHARLES C. HARRISON 
 
 been characteristic of the preceding twenty 
 years. 
 
 The first new building to be brought to 
 completion after Mr. Harrison became Provost 
 was however a new departure or at least the 
 culmination of a comparatively recent mi 
 ment. This was the Howard Houston Hall. 
 For some yr.11-. there had been an effort in 
 progress among the students, principally in- 
 spired by the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion, to collect funds for the erection of a 
 students' hall intended for various purposes, 
 including the holding of 
 religious services. This 
 movement was brought 
 by Mr. Harrison to the 
 attention of 1 fenry 1 1. 
 I [ouston, a member of the 
 Board of Trustees, and on 
 November 6, 1894, it was 
 announced to the Ho. ml 
 that Mr. and Mrs. Hous- 
 ton had given $50,000 
 each to carry out the 
 original plans and such 
 extension of them as was 
 made possible by this 
 large sum and some Other 
 gifts which followed. The 
 gift was intended as a 
 memorial to their son 
 I toward 1 [ouston who had 
 died iii the midst of his 
 ('(dirge- course. The 
 Trustees resolved there- 
 fore that the building 
 should be' known as" Howard Houston Hall." 
 When completed it proved to be the most 
 beautiful and artistic building in the University 
 group, with every appointment of good taste and 
 convenience, and suited to a verj great variety 
 
 of student uses. It contains a swimming | 1 
 
 and baths, gymnasium, bowling alleys, billiard, 
 pool and chess tables, lunch counters and 
 facilities for more extensive repasts, reading 
 and writing rooms, an auditorium and smaller 
 rooms for religious service , and a large num 
 
 ber of separate rooms for the use of Com 
 
 mittees, the A.thleti< Association, the Young 
 Men's Christian Association, lor the College
 
 i74 
 
 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 papers, for the Musical Clubs, and a dark 
 room for photographic purposes. The Hall 
 was opened January 2, 1896. Student self- 
 government was applied by putting it under 
 the immediate charge of a House Committee 
 composed of students, with one member of 
 the Faculty, and in case of need an ultimate 
 right of veto at the hands of a Board of Di- 
 rectors consisting of the Deans of the various 
 Faculties. For the enjoyment of its facilities 
 the "Houston Club" was formed, by which 
 students and alumni could at a small cost 
 obtain its use and the 
 running expenses be pro- 
 vided for. Since its open- 
 ing it has been used by 
 averages varying from one 
 thousand to one thousand 
 five hundred persons a 
 day during the whole of 
 term time. The influence 
 of Houston Hall over the 
 physical, mental, and 
 moral life of the students 
 has been most beneficent. 
 Few if any gifts to Col- 
 leges have exerted a more 
 varied or more continuous 
 influence for good. 
 
 Later in the year the 
 " Flower Observatory " 
 was opened. Some years 
 before, Reese Wall Flower 
 had left as a bequest to 
 the University a piece of 
 land amounting to about 
 
 one hundred acres, lying some distance outside 
 of the city limits, for the purpose of establish- 
 ing an Astronomical Observatory and for the 
 endowment of a Professorship in that subject. 
 Undergraduate courses had been regularly 
 given in Astronomy, but the fund had not been 
 large enough to build and equip an Observa- 
 tory, so the teaching had remained on a com- 
 paratively low and unsatisfactory level, and 
 original or advanced work was of course im- 
 possible. In 1S95 however building operations 
 on the Flower farm were begun and during that 
 and the succeeding year a residence for the 
 Director, a library wing, a transit house and 
 
 HKXRY H. HOUSTON 
 
 its attachments and an equatorial building wen; 
 finished and instruments of the most approved 
 modern character were installed. Professor 
 Charles L. Doolittle was called from Lehigh 
 University to take charge of the Observatory 
 as Director, and to occupy the position of 
 Flower Professor of Astronomy, now made 
 vacant by the resignation of Professor F. ( His 
 Kendall. On May 12, 1897 the Observatory 
 was formally dedicated, though its instruments 
 had already been in service for some time. 
 The dormitories are a typical, instance of 
 what has been described 
 as the fulfilment of a 
 long delayed project. 
 Before the Revolution 
 the University had pro- 
 vided some dormitory 
 facilities for its students, 
 but after the confusions 
 of that period these had 
 never been reopened, and 
 with the small number of 
 students in the Arts 
 Course during more than 
 half of the century and 
 the habit of looking upon 
 students in the other 
 courses as connected with 
 the University only by an 
 outward and professional 
 bond, there had been but 
 little attention given to tin 1 
 subject till about 1KK5. 
 Prom this time onward 
 however it was a constant 
 One project after another 
 for the construction of dormitories was brought 
 forward, one Faculty after another called the 
 attention of the Trustees to the need for them ; 
 statistics of the number of students boarding 
 in the vicinity of the University, of the rates 
 of board and the nature of the accommoda- 
 tions were collected; the Provost urged their 
 erection year after year in his report. But 
 nothing was really accomplished except the 
 creation of a wide spread interest in the sub- 
 ject. It was felt that the health of the students 
 was endangered by the unhygienic conditions 
 in which they frequently lived, that they were 
 
 object of agitation.
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 Z
 
 176 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in many cases subjected to temptations to vict- 
 or dissipation by the absence of wholesome 
 and cheerful surroundings, and that a great 
 opportunity was being lost to create that 
 " College spirit" which only thrives among stu- 
 dents in constant contact with one another at 
 times of recreation as well as of study, and in 
 which the University had always been somewhat 
 lacking. These and other considerations influ- 
 enced Mr. Harrison even before his accession to 
 
 was laid November 5, 1895, and this portion, 
 making up something less than one-third of the 
 ultimate plan, was brought to completion, and 
 its rooms occupied, in the fall of 1896. The 
 long line of buildings, continuous externally 
 but subdivided into different residence houses 
 internally, was built along Woodland Avenue 
 and on the line of Pine Street from Thirty- 
 seventh to Thirty-ninth Streets, facing on an 
 interior triangle and a small quadrangle open- 
 
 HOUSTON HALL 
 
 office to take the matter of dormitories up with 
 interest, anil within two years he collected more 
 than $350,000 for the building and furnishing 
 of them. In 1 894 a general plan for their con- 
 struction recommended by the Department of 
 Architecture of the University was approved, 
 a definite site selected and work was ordered 
 to proceed as rapidly as means could be ob- 
 tained. The plan adopted contemplated a 
 scheme which would only be completed after 
 some years but portions of which might be 
 built from time to time as they were needed. 
 The corner stone of the first group of buildings 
 
 ing beyond it. Thisgroupoi'buildingsaccommo- 
 clating something over three hundred students, 
 after the first year was full)' occupied, and proj- 
 ects for its extension were considered. In the 
 fall of 1899 a line of buildings was begun across 
 the eastern side of the triangle on the line 
 of Thirty-seventh Street. The architectural 
 effect of these buildings has been most gratify- 
 ing and within the last few months a worth}" 
 culmination has been approaching completion 
 in the " War Memorial Tower," erected in 
 memory of those students and graduates of 
 the University who took part in the war with
 
 - 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 ; 
 
 B 
 r 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 - 
 x
 
 ■78 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Spain in the summer of 1898. This structure Building was the acquisition from the city by 
 makes the general entrance to the whole group the University of a tract of some eight acres, 
 of buildings and gives it a dignity and impres- subsequently increased to nine and a quarter, 
 siveness not anticipated when the buildings in trust to be maintained as a park and bo- 
 were begun. The succeeding portions of the tanic garden and site for a free Museum. This 
 buildings will have to be placed on a lower ground was situated at the easternmost ex- 
 level than those so far erected. As the scheme tremity of the University's possessions and 
 is carried out therefore by the continuance of was sufficient for the most extensive group of 
 the line around the great square from Thirty- buildings which could be contemplated for 
 seventh to Thirty-sixth and from Spruce to Museum purposes. In fact plans were soon 
 Pine Streets the two parts will be connected adopted which provided for a series of sections 
 by means of the section just approaching com- to be built successively as means should be 
 
 pletion, opening on one side on the old tri- 
 angle, and on the other on a terrace over a 
 line of cloisters, looking out over what will 
 ultimately be the 
 great quadrangle. 
 During t h e 
 same years that 
 the dormitory 
 system has been 
 at last coming 
 into existence 
 there has grown 
 up cm the streets 
 in the vicinity of 
 the University a 
 series of Frater- 
 nity houses which 
 represent on the 
 niie hand a part 
 of the social life 
 of the students, but on the other furnish living 
 
 FLOWER ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY 
 
 obtained and which eventually should make 
 cme symmetrical whole, occupying this entire 
 tract and costing about two and one-half mil- 
 lion dollars. The 
 land was placed 
 by the Hoard of 
 Trustees at the 
 disposal of the 
 Department of 
 Archaeology; it 
 was agreed that 
 the westernmost 
 wing should be 
 built first and 
 the collection of 
 funds was vigor- 
 ously begun. In 
 the year 1 895 the 
 Trustees of the 
 I'niversity carry- 
 ing on the policy which had held a prominent 
 
 facilities for a hundred or more students and place in the early history of the institution and 
 
 are thus allied to the University Dormitories. 
 
 The Museums of Archaeology and Palaeon- 
 tology have been the result of a very different 
 set of interests from those which brought the 
 dormitories into existence ami have not in- 
 
 which had been reverted to again in recent 
 years for hospital purposes, made an appeal 
 to the State Legislature for an appropriation 
 of $500,000, on condition that an equal sum 
 should be obtained by them from private 
 
 volved the same personal participation on sources. An agreement had been previously 
 
 the part of the Provost. Dr. Pepper on his entered into by the Trustees that $150,000 
 
 resignation from the Provostship in 1894 had of the grant should go to the Archaeological 
 
 announced his intention of devoting his Univer- Museum. An appropriation was actually made 
 
 sity interest for the future especially to the of $200,000 on the conditions offered. The 
 
 work of th.it department and to the erection Association soon collected more than a suffi- 
 
 and development of the Museum which had cient sum to obtain this appropriation and 
 
 become its most immediate need and field of work was begun in 1897 on the building. This 
 
 action. 1 le was therefore elected President of work was brought to completion and the " Free 
 
 the department and of the association. The Museum of Science and Art of the University 
 
 first step to the actual erection of a Museum of Pennsylvania" transferred from the Asso-
 
 8o 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 ciation to the University and opened to the 
 public with the usual ceremonies, December 
 20, 1899. This first section of the building, 
 which cost something over $400,000, was the 
 result of the most thoughtful and original 
 architectural planning and of long investiga- 
 tion as to the needs and possibilities of a 
 Museum Building as experience had been 
 gained at other institutions. Moreover, dis- 
 
 sociation it had been determined to ask the 
 Board of Trustees to merge the two bodies 
 into one under the name of the former. This 
 was done November 7, 1899, and it was pro- 
 vided that this Department should in future 
 be governed by a Board of Managers of fifteen, 
 three of whom should be Trustees of the 
 University. 
 
 The transfer of the Archaeological objects 
 
 CLASS OF 1S73 GATE 
 
 ing the process of the construction of the 
 building there had been a constant increase 
 in the archaeological material in the possession 
 of the department, and building and contents 
 have exercised a most impressive effect upon 
 those who have now seen for the first time the 
 collections so long labored over and at last so 
 nobly displayed. 
 
 In the meantime, in the spring of 1899, at 
 separate and then at joint meetings of the 
 Department of Archaeology and Palaeontol- 
 ogy and of the University Archaeological As- 
 
 from the Library building to the new Museum 
 left several rooms in the former building free 
 to be utilized for the other alternative purpose 
 which had been originally suggested for them, 
 that is, as seminar rooms and special library 
 and study rooms for the various departments 
 of post-graduate study. Under the direction 
 of the Chairman of the Library Committee 
 they were therefore during the year 1899 sub- 
 divided, rearranged, and furnished in such a 
 way as to give most excellent accommodations 
 for students and Professors in the Department
 
 82 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of Philosophy, and thus to make unnecessary 
 the special building for that Department which 
 had long been considered one ot the desiderata 
 of the University. The graduate work itself 
 had in the meantime been put upon a very 
 much mure effective and advanced footing by 
 the gift from Mr. Harrison of $500,000 as the 
 " George L. Harrison Foundation for the En- 
 couragement of Liberal Studies and the Ad- 
 vancement of Knowledge." The educational 
 
 ogy. The first of these represents as before 
 described an old project of University ambi- 
 tion, which after frequent early failures became 
 practicable at last by the possession of some 
 available land near the Biological building, by 
 the energy of the present Professor of Botany 
 and by the gift of some money, only too lim- 
 ited in amount, for that purpose. The last 
 addition was rather a result of the requirements 
 of changed methods of teaching than an old 
 
 'THE LITTLE QUAD " DORMITORIES 
 
 side of this endowment will be discussed later, 
 but as its income went largely to the creation 
 of a number of fellowships and scholarships in 
 the Department of Philosophy, it immediately 
 gave to that school a nucleus of picked stu- 
 dents devoted to the most advanced work and 
 whose attainments and character reacted on 
 the whole body of its students, and added to 
 the interest of its teachers in their work. 
 
 Somewhat analogous to the Museum has 
 been the formation of the Botanical Garden 
 and the Vivarium for the preservation of living 
 animals, in connection with the School of Biol- 
 
 plan, since it offers for almost the first time an 
 opportunity to study scientifically the life his- 
 tory of a considerable variety of animals. 
 
 The Dental Department had grown steadily 
 in numbers of students and instructors, in vari- 
 ety of teaching, ami in necessity for constantly 
 improved equipment, until it became quite im- 
 possible to be accommodated in the building 
 which had been originally erected for its iim", 
 and part of those of the Medical Department. 
 A new building with every advantage of size, 
 convenience and furnishings was therefore 
 erected on quite another part of the University
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 g 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 PI 

 
 184 
 
 UNll ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 property and opened for the use of students in 
 the fall of 1897. 
 
 During the five years last past as well as dur- 
 ing the previous period there have been erected 
 numerous additions to the Hospital, especially 
 Maternity Wards, operating rooms, extensions 
 to the nurses' home and general wards, until 
 this section of the University has become an 
 extensive, complicated, largely endowed, and 
 active institution in itself, with more than a 
 hundred officials and employees and several 
 thousand patients in the course of each year. 
 
 The last considerable addition to the build- 
 ings or the material equipment of the Univer- 
 sity actually completed before the writing of 
 this historical sketch was the Law Department 
 Building, situated at Thirty-fourth ami Chestnut 
 Streets. The Law School had migrated from 
 the West Philadelphia buildings to hired rooms 
 in the centre of the city in 1 888. Upon the 
 evacuation of the old rooms attached to the 
 State-house by the Count}- and State courts in 
 1895, "hen the}' were removed to the new 
 Public Buildings, these rooms were loaned by 
 the city authorities to the Law School, whose 
 lecture rooms and Library were thus from 1895 
 t<> 1900 located in the midst of lawyers' offices 
 and in the very atmosphere of legal and judi- 
 cial tradition. Nevertheless it was far from the 
 rest of the University ; students and Professors 
 felt detached from that academic and social 
 life in which all the other departments shared, 
 and the accommodations were unattractive, in- 
 convenient and incapable of extension. The 
 tenure of any site moreover was realized to be 
 precarious until the School should be estab- 
 lished in a building of its own. For some time 
 therefore a strong desire had been expressed 
 that a Law School Building should be erected 
 and there was an increasing number in the 
 Faculty, as there was already a great majority 
 among the students, who wished to have this 
 building placed in the same group with the 
 others in West Philadelphia. Several causes 
 were making this more practicable. The ac- 
 cess from West Philadelphia to the Law Courts 
 was now quicker and easier than it had been, 
 the custom of each student being enrolled and 
 studying in a lawyer's office during his Law 
 School course was going out of existence, and 
 
 most of the members of the Faculty were giv- 
 ing a larger proportion of their time to teach- 
 ing as compared with private practice than had 
 formerly been usual. Ultimately, in 1897. the 
 Faculty of the Law School unanimously recom- 
 mended the adoption of such a plan. Vigor- 
 ous measures were taken to collect funds, a 
 site was secured within a block of the other 
 buildings, and a building adequate in size for 
 a great school, impressive in appearance, and 
 possessing every convenience in internal ar- 
 rangements that can be demanded or utilized 
 in class or individual study was erected. This 
 building was dedicated with dignified cere- 
 monies in which representatives of a large 
 number of educational institutions ami judicial 
 bodies in this country and abroad took part 
 on the J 1st ami 22nd of February, 1900. The 
 books of the Law Library had already been 
 removed thither, and it was regularly occupied 
 by the school immediately afterward. 
 
 Mention should be made here of the pur- 
 chase by the University during the past year 
 of a piece of ground with the buildings upon 
 it formerly occupied by the " Foulke and Long 
 Institute," lying between the grounds on which 
 the Laboratory of Hygiene and the Dental 
 Building are situated, and the row of houses 
 lately bequeathed by Mr. Bennet for the ex- 
 tension of the teaching of women. The tract 
 of land belonging to the University is thus 
 made continuous, and upon this most recently 
 acquired piece are to be erected the Labora- 
 tory of Physics, which has just been provided 
 for by a gift of $250,000, and the Gymnasium, 
 for which funds are being collected. A site 
 has also been selected between the Veterinary 
 and the Biological buildings, plans have been 
 partlv drawn, and other arrangements made 
 for a Laboratory of Pathology, Physiology, 
 and Experimental Therapeutics for the De- 
 partment of Medicine. 
 
 While these buildings have been gradually 
 covering the greater part of available land in 
 the University's West Philadelphia domain, 
 the residual strips, openings, passage ways be- 
 tween, and adjacent streets have been taken 
 under the charge of a generous lad}' who 1- 
 fast seeing that they are laid out with shrub- 
 bery, planted with trees, and the whole reduced
 
 i niversitt oi- /v-.aaa/y./ ./a/./ 
 
 .85 
 
 to a unity of treatment, as far as its possi- 
 bilities extend, in the direction of landscape gar- 
 dening that is ii» > longer possible, unfortunately, 
 in the style and material of the buildings. 
 
 •• Hamilton Walk" has been created to bind 
 together some of the more distant parts of the 
 grounds, and surroundings that were, and arc 
 in the memories of most alumni a waste of 
 ugliness or neglect have now been brought to 
 a degree of grace and taste and beauty that 
 
 charters in the tutu re must appear, and previ< ius 
 to receiving the power to grant degrees must 
 show sufficient endowment and adequacy and 
 excellence of equipment to guarantee that the 
 degrees will only be properly given. Of this 
 Board Provost Harrison became and has re- 
 mained Chairman. 
 
 A new group of classes had been growing 
 up during [892 and 1893, to which courses in 
 American and European History and perhaps 
 
 UNIYI RSI I \ Ml 51 I MS 
 
 will increase from year to year. At the same 
 
 lime with these additions of land and build- 
 ings, and accompanying equipment, the pro< ess 
 adverted to in the previous chapter, by which 
 the lines of connection between tin' University 
 and the city and State have been drawn steadily 
 closer, has been continued in two or three 
 further forms. The University has continued 
 to take' a prominent part in the work' of the 
 Association of ( oil anil Schools, and the 
 
 meeting of [CjOO will be held here. 
 
 In [896 a law was enacted by the Pennsyl- 
 vania State Legislature creating a Commission 
 before which all institutions applying for 
 
 one or two , ither subjects, were given on Sat- 
 urday mornings, especially suited in character 
 as well as in time of appointment to the needs 
 oi teachers in the public schools of the city 
 ,\<u\ vicinity. In June [894 this work was in. 1 
 formally arranged, given into the charge ol a 
 committee of the Colli ;i Fai ulty, and a greater 
 variety of courses offered for the succeed 
 year. In that year there were si\t\ five 
 
 students enrolled, in the next \ e.11 one linn, hid 
 
 ■ \<\i\ eighty-one, in the next two hundred and 
 eighty-two, .tml tin number has increased 
 almost steadily since, adding another to the 
 Only too lew builds between the 1'imei
 
 i 86 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and the public school system. The University 
 has also made itself felt by offering to send 
 anywhere in the state one of its own Professors 
 to deliver without any charge a single lecture 
 or a short course of lectures on any subject 
 which may be desired, the lectures to be given 
 under the auspices of local educational author- 
 ities. To this offer there has been a more or 
 
 practical problems of sanitation, that might 
 arise in the experience of local Hoards of 
 Health. A suggestion was made at the same 
 time that at various points in the State Labor- 
 atories for sanitary investigation should be 
 established, with the expectation that the Uni- 
 versity Laboratory would be a natural centre 
 of such a system. The State Board of Health 
 
 UNIVERSITY .MUSEUMS 
 
 less ready response and such lectures have been 
 given from time to time since that date. At first 
 this work was in the hands of a committee of the 
 Faculties but later it was placed in the charge 
 of Eugene Ellicott, Assistant to the Provost. 
 
 Later in the same year, 1S97, the Provost 
 sent a circular letter to the authorities of the 
 principal cities and towns in Pennsylvania 
 offering to them the free services of the staff of 
 the Laboratory of Hygiene of the University 
 in giving information, advice, or decisions on 
 
 was consulted as to both the offer and the 
 suggestion and gave them its hearty approval, 
 but as yet there has been no appreciable pub- 
 lic response. In the Legislative session of 
 1899-1900 a bill was passed authorizing the 
 grant of a diploma of Public Health under 
 certain prescribed conditions, and it is possible 
 that this provision will be the beginning of 
 recognition of the vast importance to the com- 
 munity of scientific instruction and training in 
 the field of sanitary science.
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 
 50 
 pi 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 --.
 
 88 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 In 1898 the Veterinary Hospital put some of wealth, the facilities, the capital and income oi 
 its ground and its rooms at the disposal of the the University. This has been sufficiently in- 
 State Live Stock Sanitary Board for the erec- dicated by the detailed statement of some of 
 tion of a temporary building and its other uses the forms in which it has been embodied given 
 in the prosecution of certain research work in the last few pages ; but it may be summed 
 which had been recently provided for by law. up in another form by stating that the gifts 
 \ partial direct return was thus made for ap- to the University during this period have 
 propriations which had been received from the amounted to more than $3,000,000. The 
 state, though in the view of the authorities of greater part of this has of course been ex- 
 the University the principal and far more than pended upon permanent equipment, but a 
 ate return has been made in the considerable part also upon objects of immedi- 
 ate need for ex- 
 
 proportion 
 form of physi- 
 cians trained to 
 contend with the 
 diseases which 
 are so destructive 
 to the domestic 
 animals. 
 
 In the same 
 general direction 
 of greater union 
 between the Uni- 
 versity and the 
 general commun- 
 ity which sur- 
 rounds it have 
 been the frequent 
 official or unoffi- 
 cial visits for various purposes of members of 
 
 VIVARIUM 
 
 penditure. 
 
 There is in ex- 
 istence an account 
 of the income and 
 expenditures oi 
 the institution for 
 the fust two and 
 one-half years of 
 its existence, i. e. 
 from December 
 27, 1749 to June 
 10, 1752. Ii may 
 be of some inter- 
 est to compare 
 this with some of 
 the correspond- 
 figures for the last two years and a halt. 
 
 the State Legislature and of the City Councils. The former are as follows: - 
 The Governor has become a frequent it not Received from — 
 
 quite regular attendant at the greater Univer- 
 sity functions, and for a moment a similar 
 connection was made with the National Gov- 
 ernment through the delivery by the President 
 of the United States of the University Day 
 address, February 22, [898, an address notable 
 alike for its own contents ami for the critical 
 juncture in the nation's affairs in which it was 
 delivered. 
 
 But neither this continuance in the process 
 of creating close reciprocal relations between 
 the University anil the state ami city, nor the 
 mere fulfilment of old plans, before adverted to, 
 have been the most fundamental characteristics 
 of Mr. Harrison's administration during the five 
 and one-half years that have now elapsed since 
 its commencement. It has been marked by 
 three quite distinctive features. First of these 
 is of course the enormous addition to the 
 
 Original Subscriptions . -jC^,S3° '8 
 Benefai tions ..... 47 s IO 
 Entrance and Tuition Fees 577 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 7 
 
 = about S7.71H1 
 I 'aid for — 
 
 Arrears on " New Building" .£775 
 Alterations and Furnishings . 1.104 
 Additional grounds . - • 393 
 Books and Instruments . . 173 
 Fire-wood for Two Winters 52 
 
 Salaries to Rector, Masters, 
 
 and Tutors 9 02 
 
 ■4 
 
 I.S 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 I o 
 17 
 
 Il3/ A 
 
 Z3,40 2 I' 
 
 about St 1 .'I' ") 
 
 6 1/ 
 
 From the spring of 1897 to the fall of 1899 
 a table of corresponding income and expendi- 
 tures would be approximately as follows: —
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 189 
 
 Received from — equal to the gifts and acquisitions during all 
 
 • '■iits Si, 344,000 trie former periods together. In Mr. Harri- 
 
 Tuition and Graduation Fees . . 819.000 son's first report to the [Yustees he called at- 
 
 $2,163,000 tention to needs of the University which 
 
 I 'a id for — would demand the expenditure of well on to 
 
 New Buildings $738, 1 $2,000,000. More than this sum has since 
 
 Salaries 878,000 been obtained, but several of those needs are 
 
 m ,(116,000 still unsatisfied and new ones have shown 
 
 Thai is to saw expenditures and income in themselves; so that the Provost has in his 
 
 corresponding lines at the two dates are to most recent report placed the early require- 
 
 DENI A I. II Ml 
 
 one another about as one to two hundred and 
 fifty. There have been six periods in the 
 history of the University in which special ef- 
 forts have been made to increase its financial 
 resources, by Franklin and his fellow Trustees 
 at the foundation, by Dr. Smith some twenty 
 years later, by the new- Trustees after the re- 
 organization in 1779, and li\ Dr. Stille, Dr. 
 Pepper, and Mr. Harrison, respectively. The 
 additions to its possessions made during the 
 
 last one of these period-, have been more than 
 
 ments of the University at $3,000,000 more. 
 The University of Pennsylvania now stands 
 either fourth or fifth of American Colleges in 
 the money value of its property. 
 
 The second and third characteristics of Mr. 
 Harrison's administration have been resp 
 ively an internal unification and growth ol 
 homogeneity in the whole University, and a 
 much deeper interest in auA provision for the 
 ordinary every >\ay life o) the studi nl 
 
 At the very beginning of his administration
 
 9° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the present Provost proposed " a general re- almost if not quite every one of its subjects 
 
 organization ol administrative duties." There with some one of the other Faculties. Each of 
 
 has not yet been, in pursuance of this, any for- its members was therefore already a member 
 
 mal deliberate scheme of reorganization carried of some other Faculty. The objects for which 
 
 out or even formulated. Nevertheless the par- it had been originally created had been accom- 
 
 tial changes that have been made from time to plished, and the whole work of the Medical 
 
 time have all been in one direction, that of School had risen to a level of inclusiveness 
 
 greater simplicity and uniformity, and their total and effectiveness which had been unhoped 
 
 result has been to make the institution more fir at the inception ot the auxiliary courses. 
 
 LAW SI )l. 
 
 compact and homogeneous in its organization 
 than it has ever been before, notwithstanding 
 its greater extent and variety of functions. 
 In the fill of 1894 the teaching work of 
 the University was with a few small exceptions 
 all grouped into seven distinct ami coordinate 
 faculties; those of the College, of Medicine, 
 of Law, <>f Dentistry, of Philosophy, of Veter- 
 inary Medicine, and of Sciences Auxiliary to 
 Medicine. The work given under the last of 
 these moreover was coming to be connected in 
 
 In the fall of 1S99 therefore the Faculty of 
 Sciences Auxiliary to Medicine was merged 
 into that of Medicine, leaving only six Fac- 
 ulties. Apart from these remain the Labora- 
 tory of Hygiene, the Observatory, and the 
 Department of Physical Education, each un- 
 der the immediate charge of a Director, who 
 reports directly to the Provost; and the Li- 
 brary, the Wistar Institute, the Hospitals 
 and the Museums, which are variously and in 
 the last three cases more or less separately
 
 I'M/ l-.RSirr OF PENNSri.l AM A 
 
 191 
 
 governed. Each of the six Faculties has its 
 Dean and Secretary. 
 
 The Deanship has become more anil more 
 of an administrative office, and much of the 
 activity and advancement of the respective 
 1 lepartments have come t" depend on the per- 
 sonal characteristics of these officers. 
 
 In the fall of [894 the Hoard of Trustees 
 created a Board of Deans consisting of these 
 officers and the Provost and Vice-Provost. As 
 a result of the existence and frequent meetings 
 
 ties was created in 1 S96 for the regulation and 
 supervision of non-athletic organizations. Thus 
 for purposes of discipline and in main- other 
 lines of interest there has come into existence 
 a practically complete unification among all 
 the departments of the University that include 
 an)- considerable number of students. 
 
 In the financial relations of the Faculties to 
 the Board of Trustees there has come about a 
 similar systematization and centralization. In 
 the earlier periods of all departments there had 
 
 HAMILTON WALK, LOOKING WEST 
 
 of this body, uniformity has been introduced 
 among the departments to a degree never before 
 possible- or even realized as desirable. This 
 Board has been entrusted with the ultimate con- 
 trol of Houston Hall and the Dormitories, and 
 upon its rei ommendation a University Commit- 
 tee on Athletics was created in the spring of 
 [893. This committee includes a represen- 
 tative from each of the -i\ Fai ulties, and has 
 general control of this branch of student in- 
 terest for all departments of the University. 
 from analogy with this committee a similar 
 group of representatives of the various I'.ieul- 
 
 been independent reception of fees and partial 
 payment of expenses by the members of the 
 respective Faculties. In the College this had 
 long been abandoned and given place to the 
 mere reception of salaries. In the first (rw 
 years of post-graduate teaching the ices of 
 students had gone to the instructors, but this 
 also was soon given up. In the case of the 
 Medical, Dental mu\ Law departments and that 
 
 o! Sciences Auxiliary to Medicine, however, 
 
 the fa. ulty still, as before, re< eived the fees of 
 the students, and more or less complicated 
 and frequently changed arrangements exi ted
 
 I 92 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 by which their proportionate parts of the ex- The new location of the Law Building, the 
 penses of their respective departments and of occupancy of the dormitories, the use of 
 the institution were met by payments into the Houston Hall, the growth of athletic interests, 
 general Treasury, the remainder going to the and many other influences of the time, some of 
 Professors as salary. The Provost was distinctly them already acting under the previous admin- 
 opposed to this system and a number of the istration, have all combined with the policy of 
 members of the Faculties concerned held the the Provost tobringabout this nearly complete 
 same view of the case. In the spring of 1895, internal cohesion, the centralized administra- 
 therefore, it was arranged that the Professors in tion, the recognition of reciprocal interests and 
 the Dental Department should receive fixed responsibility in all parts of the University. 
 
 CLASS OF [872 MEMORIAL GATE 
 
 salaries for the future and no longer have any 
 direct interest in the fees paid by students. A 
 year afterward the same change was made in 
 the Medical School, and in the following winter, 
 that of 1 896- 1 897, the Faculty of Law re- 
 quested the Trustees to change the financial 
 relations of their department in the same way. 
 The one remaining irregular case, that of the 
 Department of Sciences Auxiliary to Medicine 
 ceased to exist in i S90. Thus all payments 
 made for instruction in the University now go 
 into the general Treasury, and the salaries of 
 all teaching officials are paid directly from it. 
 
 Of the changes which have brought about 
 and embodied this unity of the University, 
 none have been more far-reaching in their 
 results, or more characteristic of the present 
 regime, than those which have to do with the 
 life of the students outside of the class-room. 
 This must be referred to again under the head 
 of student life, but some mention of it belongs 
 here as being also one of the outward charac- 
 teristics of the administration of Air. Harrison. 
 The building of the Dormitories lias not only 
 given an attractive, a healthful, and a moder- 
 ately priced home to more than three hundred
 
 X 
 
 -. 
 
 m 
 
 A) 
 
 -j-> - > ' - |j / 
 
 ffa 
 
 S*^*,, 
 
 
 >
 
 i 9 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 students, soon to be four hundred, but it has 
 gathered them from every department of the 
 University and brought them together into a 
 common life, so far as the interests of their 
 dwelling-house extend, when otherwise they 
 would have had no relation or only the 
 slightest with one another. 
 
 Even more effective has been Houston Hall 
 in furnishing opportunities for enjoyment and 
 social life of all 
 kinds, and in unit- 
 ing students from 
 all parts of the 
 University in the 
 use of these. The 
 fifteen hundred or 
 more entrances 
 daily represent 
 the entry of a 
 great many stu- 
 dents from each 
 department of the 
 University, and 
 their participation 
 when there, irre- 
 spectively of de- 
 partments, in all 
 the associations, 
 permanent or 
 temporary, which 
 make the Hall 
 their home. The 
 interest which 
 Mr. Harrison and 
 the Board of Trus- 
 tees have taken 
 in the creation 
 and extension of 
 these two centres of student life has been with 
 a full realization of and interest in their signifi- 
 cance for the life of the students apart from the 
 specifically educational work of the University. 
 Of all the additions to and development of the 
 material, educational and administrative equip- 
 ment of the University during the last five 
 years, no elements will probably in the long 
 run prove to be more important than those 
 parts which have been conducive to the growth 
 of internal uniformity and of intelligent provi- 
 sion for the social life of the students. 
 
 DETAIL OF DORMITORIES 
 
 It remains to chronicle some of the more 
 important changes of personnel during this 
 same period. The death of Dr. Pepper came 
 suddenly during the summer of 1898, and was 
 followed by a memorial meeting participated 
 in officially by a large number of societies and 
 held in the University Chapel on November 
 29, 1S98. The demise of Dr. Charles J. Stille, 
 his predecessor as Provost, occurred in 1899. 
 
 The death of Dr. 
 Kendall and that 
 of Professor Ry- 
 der have already 
 been mentioned. 
 Man)' others have 
 been removed 
 from the Board 
 of Trustees and 
 the Faculties du- 
 ring the same pe- 
 riod. Vacancies 
 caused by the 
 death of Mr. 
 Houston, Judge 
 Reed, Dr. Schaef- 
 fer, Mr. Scott, and 
 Mr. McKean and 
 the resignation of 
 Mr. Hunt, Mr. 
 MacAlister, and 
 Mr. Tower have 
 been filled succes- 
 sively by the elec- 
 tion of Dr. Lewis, 
 Mr. Rosengarten, 
 Randall Morgan, 
 James McCrea, 
 Samuel F. Hous- 
 ton and Dr. J. M. DaCosta. The election of 
 Mr. McCrea represented a change of policy in 
 the fact that he is a resident of Pittsburg, while 
 the invariable custom of previous times has 
 been to elect only citizens of Philadelphia or 
 its immediate vicinity. This change is in line 
 with other efforts to make the University a 
 representative of a wider constituency than it 
 has formerly served. In the Faculties, partly 
 as a result of death, partly of resignation, 
 there has been a very considerable change. 
 Professors Hollinusworth, C. Stuart Patterson
 
 UNJFERSJT)- 01- PEXXS)/./ J XI. 7 
 
 '95 
 
 James Parson-;, \V. II. Carson, G. S. Graham 
 ami Charles C. Townsend of the Law Faculty; 
 Professors Hreisacher, Harrison Allen, J. S. 
 Billings, Randolph Faries, Theodore Wormley, 
 John 15. Deaver, John Guiteras ami C. B. 
 Penrose of the Medical and allied depart- 
 ments; and Professors Edmund J. James, J. 
 H. Robinson, E. D. Cope, W. I". Wilson, 
 G. H. Horn, Gregory B. Keen, F. N. Thorpe, 
 D. G. Brinton and J. Q. Adams of other de- 
 
 M. D. Learned of German Language and 
 Literature. The more important additions 
 since have been the election of Morris Jastrow, 
 Jr., as Librarian; Dr. Caspar Wister Miller, as 
 Director of Physical Education; of Judge 1. B. 
 McPherson, R. 1). Brown, Esq., and J. \V. 
 1'atton, Esq., in the Law Department, and Dr. 
 Leonard Pearson and Dr. John W. Adams in 
 Veterinary Medicine. Mr. Stewart Culin has 
 also become Curator of the Museums. A large 
 
 HALLWAY FIRST FLOOR, HOUSTON HALL 
 
 partments, have died or left the University, as 
 well as a very considerable number of younger 
 men or men in less conspicuous positions. 
 Coincidently with or soon after Mr. Harrison's 
 accession to office a number of new Profes- 
 sors were elected, to fill vacancies or to com- 
 plete the organization of certain departments. 
 These were Alexander ( '. Abbott, Professor of 
 Hygiene; Hampton P. (arson ami Win. 
 Draper Lewis, of Law; E, G. Conklin ofZool 
 ogy, ('. L. Doolittle of Astronomy, Henry 
 Gibbons of Latin, E. C. Kirk of Dentistry and 
 
 number of new appointments have necessarily 
 been made in the minor positions, and several 
 promotions should perhaps be mentioned, 
 especially that of Dr. John Marshall to the 
 Professorship of Chemistry in the Medical 
 Department, in addition to his Deanship; of 
 Assistant Professors Sealer, Rowe, Lindsay, 
 P.. R. fohnson, Newbold, Gudeman, Munro, 
 Penniman and T, IP Montgomery in the 
 College; and of Dr. Matthew 1 1. Over, 1 >r. 
 ( i. ( i. Milliken and I >r ( i. < '.. 1 >avis in the 
 Medical Department. Dr. Edwin S. Crawlej
 
 196 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and E. P. Cheyney have been made respec- 
 tively Professor of Mathematics and of Euro- 
 pean History during the same period. A 
 series of changes were made necessary by 
 some measures of reorganization in the Medi- 
 cal Department during the last year and they 
 have resulted in promotions or new elections, 
 as follows : Dr. James Tyson has become 
 Professor of Medicine; John 11. Musser and 
 Alfred Stengel, Professors of Clinical Medi- 
 
 future is but ill measured by their actual title 
 or position. 
 
 Many of the administrative positions in the 
 University were renewed during the first year 
 or two of Mr. Harrison's administration. The 
 resignation of Dr. Jayne as Dean of the Col- 
 lege and of the Department of Philosophy 
 followed close upon that of Dr. Pepper, and 
 Dr. Kendall resigned as Vice-Provost shortly 
 afterwards. As part of the new Provost's plan 
 
 HALLWAY SECOND FLOOR, HOUSTON HALL 
 
 cine; Simon Flexner of Pathology and John 
 G. Clark of Gynaecology. 
 
 The constant division of subjects of teaching 
 in the progress of specialization has made it 
 nei essary frequently that men with minor titles 
 should really Lie giving instruction of quite 
 as high a nature as are some of those hold- 
 ing full professorial positions. Therefore in 
 the long ranks of men of comparatively ob- 
 scure position in a great University, many may 
 be found whose usefulness in the present 
 as well as their probable eminence in the 
 
 of reorganization, Professor George S. Fuller- 
 ton became Vice-Provost, enlarged powers and 
 duties having been attached to that office, and 
 was also appointed Dean of the College. Profes- 
 sor Lamberton became Dean of the Department 
 of Philosophy; and Dr. James Truman, Dean 
 of the Dental Department. After one or two 
 intervening changes, the Deanships were placed 
 in the hands of those who have since held 
 them, as follows; College, Josiah H. Penni- 
 m.in ; Medicine, Dr. John Marshall; Law, 
 William Draper Lewis; Philosophy, William R.
 
 UNiri'.Ksrrr 01 PENNSTU .1x1.1 
 
 197 
 
 Newbold ; Dentistry, E. C. Kirk; and Veterin- 
 ar) Medicine, Dr. Leonard Pearson. The 
 comparative youth fulness of these incumbents is 
 ,1 noticeable fact not without significance in the 
 development which this, like other large Uni- 
 versities, is taking. The administrative, as dis- 
 tinguished from tlu- scholastic, the pedagogic, 
 or c\cii from the disciplinary features of such a 
 position, are becoming the predominant require- 
 ment. Separately, or organized as the Hoard 
 
 the eve of accomplishment, so much is planned 
 and needs but the passagi ol a little more time 
 and the exercise of a little more effort togivi to 
 it reality and existence, that the line between 
 the present and the future becomi S almost as 
 invisible as it is shifting. It might stem de- 
 sirable to sum up the present attainments, i 
 ditions, and prospects of the University wh 
 external growth we have been tracing; to 
 with exactitude tin- nature of the work which 
 
 READING Room. HOUSTON II \l I. 
 
 ol Deans, in their capacities oi advisers ol the 
 Provost, or in their relations with the public as 
 representing their respective departments, their 
 position, like that of the men in charge of other 
 departments of the University not so largely of 
 a teaching nature, demands and exercises gifts 
 and abilities of an entire ly different type from 
 those of the typical College Professor. 
 
 It is difficult to bring the latest chapter in 
 the history of ,w\ institution si, lull of life as a 
 great modern University to a close. So mui h 
 has but just been completed, o much i just on 
 
 each department is doing .tn<\ the equipment 
 
 which it possesses for doing thai work. but 
 there aie no such stationary conditions and 
 fixed plans. The work which the I 'ni\ ersity has 
 
 to dn is I), in" done by method and with facili- 
 ties that are being developed and improved 
 from hour to hour. In some part or other of 
 the institute >n chant < is j ■ iin| ] on all the I ime. 
 I' ui the 1 possibilities and opportunities open out 
 as eai li tagi i il attainment is reached. It is 
 onl) the directii m of advancement, tb general 
 charactei ol its development, the dominant
 
 i 9 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 ideals of those who are guiding its progress be brought to a close, though the progress of 
 
 that are definite and determinable and these the University is not; and a return to the 
 
 can best be discovered from the descriptions foundations must be made, to study in brief the 
 
 already given and from the study of the educational, that is to say the internal, history of 
 
 educational and social movements which will the Academy, the College, and the University, 
 
 be given later. The narrative however must as we have followed its more external life. 
 
 
 SILHOUETTES OF CLASS 
 
 OF 
 
 iSn 
 
 
 Robert B. Belville 
 
 Richard Biddle 
 
 Joseph Barr 
 
 
 Thos. P. Bennett 
 
 Clement A. Buckley 
 
 Thomas K. Carroll 
 
 Alfred H. Dashiell(?) 
 
 Richard de Butts 
 
 
 George Duffield 
 
 Samuel Duffield 
 
 [oseph F. Engles 
 
 Charles P. Fox 
 
 Benjamin Gratz 
 
 
 Samuel B. How 
 
 l.vnford Lardner 
 
 Rider H. Ratcliffe 
 
 Isaac C. Snowden 
 
 James Tilghman 
 
 
 E. H. C Wilson (1812) 
 
 Richard C. Wood
 
 BOOK II 
 
 THE INTERNAL OR EDUCATIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 The Colonial Academy and College 
 
 THE University began, curiously 
 enough, with an elective system. 
 According to the original plan a 
 Latin and Greek School, an English School 
 and a Mathematical School were established. 
 The Latin and Greek Master was to teach 
 those languages and History, Geography, Chro- 
 nology and Rhetoric to the scholars who should 
 be entered in his " school " ; the English 
 Master was to teach " the English Tongue 
 grammatically and as a language," and History, 
 Geography, Chronology and Rhetoric, in a 
 separate " school " to those who were not in- 
 clined to learn Latin and Greek; while tile 
 Mathematical Master was to teach " mathemat- 
 ics and the sciences usually taught with them." 
 Students might enter one or other of the three 
 schouls, as the}' or their guardians wished. The 
 Academ) was looked upon as simply a com- 
 bination of such detached courses as were 
 then being offered in Philadelphia by various 
 teachers. Dr. Peters in his sermon at the 
 opening expressed this ideal, " Though it has 
 been thought proper t" give this seminary of 
 learning the name and title of an Academy, 
 yet it is more properly a collection of schools 
 under one roof and the inspection of the 
 Trustees." lie refers to it in another place .is 
 " this .Academical Collection of Schools." It 
 
 was really made up of two Gramma! Schools 
 
 and one Mathematical and Scientific School. 
 Of the two Grammar Schools one was tor the 
 Classical Languages and English branches, the 
 oilur for English branches alone but with 
 greater emphasis on the study of the English 
 language tor its own sake. A "school" al 
 
 that time seems to have meant a certain room 
 presided over by a certain teacher. We there 
 fore hear later of a " writing school," a 
 "French school" and the two "Charity 
 schools," and even of stoves being put in 
 " each of the schools." As each of these 
 schools became more numerously attended. 
 ushers or tutors were added who took charge 
 of a part of the boys previously taught by the 
 Professor in charge of that school. 
 
 In May 1754 Mr. Smith was engaged to 
 teach " Logic, Rhetoric and Ethics, and Nat 
 ural Philosophy," thus establishing what he 
 called a " Philosophical School." It was this 
 addition to the educational equipment of the 
 institution, along with the new charter giving 
 the right to grant degrees, that transformed 
 the Academy into the College, or rather supei 
 posed the College upon the Academy, The 
 students were still entered as in one or othei 
 ot the schools. A list drawn up in 1757 gives 
 fifteen students in the Senior Class and eigh- 
 teen in the Junior Class of the Philosophy 
 School, twenty-one in the Latin School, forty- 
 six in the Mathematical School, and twenty 
 two in the English School. There were 
 besides about one hundred and twenty in the 
 boys' and the girls' Charity Schools. 
 
 This somewhat chaotil pi. 111. in which each 
 
 student was entered for one specific subject or 
 small group of subjeel ;, receiving all his in- 
 struction from one teacher and either not being 
 taught other subjects at all. or only aftei he 
 had < ompli ti d thi work of his own school, was 
 too uneconomical and crude to subsist along 
 with the evident possibilities of gi 061 
 
 I'ci
 
 :oo 
 
 UNIVERSITIES ANB THEIR SONS 
 
 dination. At the very outset of the scheme, 
 when the Trustees discussed the question of 
 » liether to charge a fee for each branch or one 
 inclusive fee for everything, they settled on the 
 latter alternative. Shortly afterward we find a 
 committee appointed " to visit the mathemati- 
 cal and writing schools and consider what 
 regulations may be necessary respecting the 
 numbers to be sent up to those schools at one 
 lime, and the hours most proper to be appointed 
 
 and in Mathematics being introduced in the 
 Philosophical School, which then became the 
 College proper. 
 
 The most important step in this early pro- 
 cess of organization was the " scheme of liberal 
 education " laid by the Faculty before the 
 Board of Trustees for their approval, April 13, 
 1756. It was ordered at that time to be tried 
 for three years from that date, and the Provost 
 was ordered to publish it " in order to obtain 
 
 AUDITORIUM, HOUSTON hall 
 
 for the Latin boys and likewise for the English 
 boys to be there, so as not to incommode one 
 another." Apparently the boys were now all 
 sent to the same teachers for their Mathematics 
 and for their writing, being distinguished only 
 into the Latin and the English schools. When 
 the Philosophical subjects were added and the 
 College organized, it was done by combining 
 these with the Latin School, leaving the Eng- 
 lish School to represent the old Academy. 
 Long afterward the work of the Latin and 
 Greek schools also was relegated to the Aca- 
 demic stage, further stud}' in these languages 
 
 the sentiments of persons of learning and ex- 
 perience concerning it." As a matter of fact 
 it seems to have remained practically un- 
 changed through the whole period of existence 
 of the Colonial College. It was a carefully 
 worked out system, planned apparently by Dr. 
 Smith himself, although presented in the name 
 of the Faculty, which at that time included five 
 men, apart from the Tutors. These men were : 
 Dr. Smith, Provost and Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy; Francis Alison, D.D., Vice-Pro- 
 vost and Professor of Moral Philosophy ; Eben- 
 ezer Kinnersley, M.D., Professor of Oratory;
 
 UNII'ERSirr OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 20I 
 
 Jul in Beveridge, M .A , Professor of Languages ; 
 and Hugh Williamson, M.A., Professor ol 
 Mathematics. The "scheme" did not take 
 cognizance of the Charity School and the Eng 
 lish Academy, as they with their instruction in 
 the English branches, in writing, and practical 
 Mathematics were not participants in " Liberal 
 education," the providing of which was the 
 object oi the classical and collegiate parts ol 
 the institution. Latin and Greek were provided 
 
 ing, writing and speaking of English, some 
 teaching ol Geography and Chronology, and in 
 the Idst stage to begin the study ol Arithmetic. 
 This course would take three, four or five 
 years, according to the age and ability of the 
 boy, and was expe< ted to be taken somewh n 
 between a boy's ninth and fourteenth yeai 
 A successful completion of this elementary 
 work parsed ,i boy on to be a Freshman; that 
 is. to enter the first of three veal's in the " l'hi- 
 
 II) I I \l;|i Rl KIM IH IUSTI IN I1AI.1. 
 
 for in four successive stages. The first com- 
 prised Latin grammar and exercises, and the 
 translation <>f Aesop's Fables and Erasmus' 
 Colloquies; the second, Eutropius, Nepos 
 and ( hid, with selections from other writers 
 and written exercises; the third, Virgil, 
 Caesar and Sallust, and a beginning of 
 Greek grammar and translation; the fourth, 
 Horace, Terence, Virgil and Live. Lucian, 
 Xenophon or Homer, with exercises and ora- 
 tions in l.atm. While the great bulk "i the 
 boy's time was being given to thee classical 
 studies, he was to have exercises in th> read 
 
 losophy Schools." The work of this period 
 was laid down for each separate term as tabu 
 kited on page 202. 
 
 A list was given of " hooks recommended 
 for, improving the youth in the various 
 hr. inches," which might he read privately. 
 The\ were grouped by years as follows: 
 
 Freshman Year— Spectator, Rambler, etc, 
 for the improvement "I style, and knowledgi 
 ol lifi . Barn >»\ 's Lei turcs, Pardie's Geomi 
 Maclaurin's Algebra, Ward's Mathematics, 
 Kcil's Trigonometry; Watt's Logic and Sup- 
 plement, Locke on Mum. in Understanding,
 
 202 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 CLASSICAL AND 
 
 
 
 
 RHETORIC STUDIES 
 
 
 Lecture I. 
 
 Lecture II. 
 
 Lecture III. 
 
 FIRST YEAR (Freshman) 
 
 
 
 
 First Term .... 
 
 Latin and English Exercises 
 
 Common Arithmetic, re- 
 
 Homer's Iliad. 
 
 
 continued. 
 
 viewed. 
 Decimal Arithmetic 
 Algebra. 
 
 Juvenal. 
 
 Si i ond Term . . . 
 
 The Same. 
 
 Fractions and extracting 
 
 Pindar. 
 
 
 
 roots. 
 
 Cicero, Select parts. 
 
 
 
 Equations, simple and quad- 
 
 Livy resumed. 
 
 
 
 ratic. 
 
 
 
 
 Euclid, tiist 6 books. 
 
 
 Third Term . . . 
 
 Logic with Metaphysics (at 
 
 Euclid, a second time. 
 
 Thucydides or Euripides. 
 
 
 leisure hours disputation 
 
 Logarithmical Arithmetii 
 
 Well's I lionysius. 
 
 
 begun). 
 
 
 S I afternoons to be spared 
 
 for declamation this year. 
 
 SECOND YEAR (Juniors 
 
 
 
 
 First Term .... 
 
 Logic etc., reviewi d, 
 
 Plain and spherical Trigo- 
 
 introduction to Rhetoric. 
 
 
 Surveying and Dialling. 
 
 nometry. 
 
 l.onginus, critically. 
 
 
 Navigation. 
 
 
 
 Second Ti km . 
 
 Conic sections. 
 
 Euclid I ith and 1 2th 1 k 
 
 Ill H e's Ai ".- Poetica, crit- 
 
 
 Fluxions. 
 
 Architecture, with Fortifica- 
 
 ically. 
 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 Aristot. Poet, etc., critically. 
 Quintilian, select parts. 
 
 MORAL PHILOSOPHY 
 
 NAT. PHILOSOPHY 
 
 COMPOSITION 
 
 Third Term . . . 
 
 BEGUN 
 
 B EG 1 ' N 
 
 l;l GUN 
 
 i ompend. of Ethics (Dispu- 
 
 General properties of bodies. 
 
 i i, . ■in pro Milone. Demos- 
 
 
 tation continued). 
 
 Mechanic powers Hydro- 
 
 thenes pro Ctesiphon. 
 
 
 
 statics. Pneumatics. 
 
 1 'in ing the application of the 
 
 
 
 ( I leclamation and public 
 
 rules of these famous ora- 
 
 
 
 speaking continued, i 
 
 tions, imitations of them 
 are to be attempted on the 
 model of perfect eloquence. 
 
 THIRD YEAR (Seniors) 
 
 
 
 
 First Term .... 
 
 Ethics, continued. 
 
 Light and colors 
 
 1 pii teti Enchiridion. 
 
 
 Natural and Civil Law. 
 
 i rptii -. etc. 
 
 i ii -lu de i tfficiis. 
 
 
 
 Perspective. 
 
 Tnsi ulan Qusest. 
 Memorabilia Xenoph. Creek. 
 
 Ski ond Term . . . 
 
 Introduction to Civil History. 
 
 Astn momy. 
 
 Patavii Rational. Tempo- 
 
 
 introduction to Laws and 
 
 Natural History of \ eg 
 
 rum. 
 
 
 I lovernment. 
 
 etables. 
 
 Plato de Legibus. Grotius 
 
 
 Introduction to Trade and 
 
 Natural History of Animals. 
 
 de Jure B. and P. 
 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 
 
 Third Term 
 
 Review of the whole. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Afternoons of this third 
 
 
 Examination for Degree of 
 
 Of Fossils. 
 
 term for composition and 
 
 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Of Agriculture. 
 
 declamation on moral and 
 physical subjects. 
 Philosophy acts held. 
 
 Thrc 
 
 mgh all the years the French la 
 
 iguage may be studied at leisur 
 
 1 hours.
 
 / \// ERSITT OF PENNSTU ./A/./ 
 
 203 
 
 Hutcheson's Metaphysics, Varenius's Geog- 
 raphy; Watt's Ontologj and Essays, King de 
 Orig. Mali, with Law's Notes; Johnson's Elem. 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Junior Year Vossius, Bossu, PereBohours, 
 Dryden's Essays and Prefaces, Spence on 
 Pope's Odyssey, Trapp's Praelect. Poet., Di- 
 onysius Halicarn., Demetrius Phalerus, Stradae 
 Prolusiones; Patoun's Navigation, Gregory's 
 Geometry, on Fortification, Simson's Conic 
 
 My Lord Bacon's Works, Locke on Coin, 
 Davenant, Gee's Compend, Ray Derham, 
 Spectacle de la Nature, Religious Philosopher, 
 Holy Bible, to be road daily from the begin- 
 ning, and now to supply the deficiencies oi 
 tin- whole 
 
 The plan thus contemplated .1 three-years 
 course. Each ( ollege year consisted of one 
 term of four months and two terms of three 
 
 BOWLING M LI Y. HOUSTON II M I 
 
 Sections, Maclaurin's and Emerson's Fluxions, 
 Palladio by Ware; Helsham's Lectures, Gra- 
 vesande, Cote's Hydrostatics, Desaguliers, 
 Muschenbroek, Keil's Introduction, Martin's 
 Philosophy, Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy, 
 Mai laurin's View of do., Rohault per Clarke. 
 
 Senior Year Puffendorf b) Barbeyrac, 
 Cumberland de I -i-lj., Sidney, Harrington, 
 Seneca, Hutchi on's Works, Locke on < lovern- 
 ment, I looker's Polit) ; Scaliger de Emen 
 datione Temporum, Preceptor, Le Clen 
 Compend of History; Gregory 1 Vstronomy, 
 Fortescue "n Laws, N Bacon' Di courses, 
 
 months each. On each day there were to be 
 three lectures or hours of instruction, everal 
 additional horns no doubt being spent in 
 stud)' under the direction of the Professors. 
 There were, besides, the recommended readings 
 to be done outside of regular hours. The course 
 led to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Perhaps the most striking characteristics of 
 this plan are its unity and its inclusiveness. 
 I here is a 1 learly defined and logical ordei ol 
 arrangement, and provision for all subject 
 which its authors considered conducive to a 
 liberal education. In fact it inclucl d much
 
 204 
 
 UNirERSITlES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 that was not given in later times and probably 
 not given elsewhere at th.it time. The study 
 of many of the subjects must have been ex- 
 tremely superficial, if not perfunctory, judging 
 Hi it only from the inadequacy of the time 
 allowed, but from the youthfulness of the 
 students, who averaged something above four- 
 teen at the beginning and about eighteen at 
 the close of the course. A thorough and 
 detailed study of the various subjects was how- 
 ever no part ot the scheme. Dr Smith and 
 the other Professors probably were under no 
 illusions as to the completeness of mastery 
 of Mathematics, Physics, " Natural and Civil 
 Law," and "Architecture with Fortification" 
 obtained by the students. Mastery was hardly 
 expected in anything, unless perhaps in logical 
 and rhetorical expression. For with all its 
 attention to apparently unpractical branches of 
 stud_\-, the scheme was to a considerable extent 
 a utilitarian one. This comes out especially 
 in the attitude toward the classics, the study of 
 which fills up such a large part of the time 
 and attention of the students, especially dur- 
 ing the earl)' years. The Greek and Roman 
 authors were read not so much for their philo- 
 logical or their literary interest, as the) - are n< >w, 
 as the)' were to furnish models of style, forms 
 of statement or argumentation, or matter of 
 knowledge. The object of the scheme was 
 rather to give the students a conspectus of all 
 fields of human knowledge, to train them in 
 proper forms of expression, to develop clear- 
 ness of thought; and thus pave the way for 
 future interested and successful stud)- or 
 reading, especially in their chosen professions. 
 The unit)- of the plan is seen in the arrange- 
 ment of the subjects by which the morning 
 hours for the first five terms were given to 
 " Instrumental Philosophy," that is, to logical 
 ami mathematical studies which should serve 
 as instruments for the stud)' of the various 
 branches of " Moral Philosophy" and " Natu- 
 ral Philosophy," to which the mornings for the 
 remaining four terms of the course were given. 
 Similarly the classical studies of the afternoon 
 hours during the first five terms were prepara- 
 tory to the discussions and exercises in argu- 
 mentative and rhetorical composition of the 
 remaining four terms. This was certainly the 
 
 extreme of a " required course," — a logical, 
 closely-jointed, consecutive arrangement of all 
 the studies of each student during the whole 
 of his College course. 
 
 The curriculum of the upper part of the 
 institution therefore passed, by the adoption 
 of Dr. Smith's ideas, from a loose collection of 
 separate courses to a closely-knit system of 
 training and acquisition to which every student 
 was subjected without variation. 
 
 I he objects sought for in this inclusive and 
 unified plan of studies can be gathered from 
 the expressions used by Dr. Smith in his own 
 accompanying explanation: '•Concerning the 
 foregoing plan, it is to be remarked that life 
 itself being too short to attain a perfect 
 acquaintance with the whole circle of the 
 sciences, nothing can be proposed by any 
 scheme of collegiate education but to lay such 
 a general foundation in all the branches of 
 literature as may enable the youth to perfect 
 themselves in those particular parts to which 
 their business or genius may afterwards lead 
 them. In the disposition of the parts of this 
 scheme a principal regard has been paid to 
 the connection and subserviency of the sciences, 
 as well as to the gradual opening of young 
 minds. Those parts are placed first which are 
 suited to strengthen the inventive faculties, 
 and arc instrumental to what follows. Those 
 are placed last which require riper judgment 
 and are more immediately connected with the 
 main business of life. Thus it is hoped that 
 the student may be led through a scale of 
 easy ascent till finally rendered capable of 
 thinking, writing and acting well, which are 
 the grand objects of a liberal education." 
 
 There was still but little unity of plan in the 
 lower portions of the institution. We still hear 
 of " grammar schools," " the Latin," " the 
 English," " the Mathematical," " tin- Writing " 
 schools, and students below the College were 
 still all entered in one or other of these. 
 Dr. Smith frequently speaks of the Latin 
 School as if it were part of the College, but 
 it was really only a College Preparatory-School 
 coordinate with the English School, though 
 more prosperous than the latter and obtaining 
 more attention from the Provost and from the 
 Trustees. One of Franklin's last pieces of
 
 VIRIS PRJECELLENTISSIMIS, } 
 
 THOM-fi Penn ac Richardo Penn, Armigeris, i 
 
 |p w wii/^j(jft>*M,i>«c.»onComit»^^ 
 
 VIRO DIONISI1MO, Utrril talMa onuummo. 
 
 JACOBO HAMILTON, Armigero, 
 
 Predate Prariocia 8c Coautituua^ Vici-Gu»rnatou prvcUriffiaa, etc noo hujui ColJcgii 6c Audcrrux PktUMtf&vnJii CuiATOftl; 
 
 Ccatritqu* Vim •initiuibm 
 W»P.fn-, Prnfidi, CM- >*U. >rW. /awfc, SmmtS t+CJt, wi 7Wir. **p«=J« MUt OW^ta. fl^m. HtUtM S«s. r*w.r ft*/, Adhmtn'v 
 
 pS^tSri? CwSyR^A^^X'R^J^M?^^^ layaTajJriiM* Owwii PnMvf 
 
 RNXTU I AC A DBMICO dtrnHRno. omft i — fc OOL1ELMO SMITH, S.TP, CM...... fe AvaJhim Pi«m 
 
 H w—J b FRANCISCO ALISON, (tT.JP. c2»^ Vici-PfcawcM * *»<J«inta Rictoiii i_Rew^Jo J_OHAN_NI_E 
 
 WINO. 
 JOHANNI BEVERIDCE, 
 i^uToONrwiLLl AMBON, AM. Miibtfaa ProfcflWi 
 
 it*c PoikJuphetwn fui> dca-Piiaricn f Av ktmJm (DEO opt. u. IWw) 6ftunto0*. 
 Jwvam m ertiitu miliaria 
 
 A M. I hul : | 
 A M. Lu^uuunt 1' 
 
 lUlU,*.* < 
 
 J SamOSI CaIMIII, 
 
 JOHASMI C'OOKl. 
 
 -, THESES GRAMMATICS. 
 
 !i V.IRAMMATICA nfe kqu. & fetibm doen. 
 
 ' j. Ai*wH-Mifl«lC,V,Z,t»Bnimlftvoc*bunji«ii«letgr«et» 
 
 dcrivatia, mxni poffunt- 
 I pinkipiaeun. rtlVeitumad ttmpu* umnuM, MUM fiw*- 
 
 i ■ Qjo^ureap.'n.tul«tnIirqrvJals^^ l ^' l '*^ u ' mw - 
 t £ Apvd Latmov vwborom twdt runt w. infinitwut etum mo- 
 dus Tit dm p- nft, ut qui nullaa ad perfbaarum fit numeronim 
 dJcHn.cn. Kimlauionn tube*. 
 
 THESES RHETORICS. 
 
 I. RSe*orica, In fuadendo, inflruendo, 61 deleetwido wfaiw. 
 ». In ewe** orator a.ft.ftCre, *cr«,<nde, ot IwyIw taqul de- 
 bet, ut • ,du»:i plur.dot, atrentoi tc ttndidoe rrfdii. 
 j Mud m oration* lubllmt appellatur, quod lfifi*nlitr pre e 
 
 roemlort fit eittlht. 
 +. Mula vWeniur In wfronibui efl* emphatka, qua lo ipfn ton- 
 
 obui nulUm emphiiin haoem t fit 'let wA 
 J In ftjlo v- ■ ! ifupt ico, ffd nimmi cfl ratio habenda ptrfplcul- 
 
 6, Obuu* thc^r-ni in rtuua, ▼erb<* fit anifctiia pof.ta eft. 
 
 7. Plui m*li7*ctre »ideiur, qui hornet crtrior*, quam qui pr*. 
 tloeurrumpiii quoel pfudentemeon-unipeTe petunia nemo po- 
 tt,}, tliren.'o i^wifft. 
 
 e. Juriffonlulti ctuf« furcepw fidtllctr orrrtm wwit, nun 
 quam Ciufe, migli quun vcriutl, fit juflilic frfvtendun pu 
 ure dtbni. 
 
 TH£SES-£OC/tT^£. 
 
 OulllLHOI HaMILTW, 
 SAMgil Jokii, 
 
 
 
 (. Loaj" f«f u.mtni praiuirnili i 
 BOAitrat, qui ntiom bcUT 
 
 ill., 
 
 , U 
 
 V- • 
 
 *ii turn 
 4C tutifTTmC el uiimut. 
 Aato«orMlR-iprimtiurrndunicAidl<'r»OiitnWta'trqjinntJrL 
 y Ltpericntia pro autre ommi ptulolup'x*; I pcHtllfiHO qucAju: 
 
 — ■*t fuWrui . 
 
 4 Cubittftt td trrorti e viand o«, *'j.nmc eft ubte , Ot muliu !*• 
 ^meo dubttvc eft ntFu. 
 
 C £ uai «l etiam imtr prcmilurum 1 divmo trflumxiio pen- 
 not! conduf o nihilominui untum ImrrMni enL 
 
 ). ATTJmentum ib Invidilduflum inrtfuUiiL'u nunqtum tit kl> 
 > ■■•■■J jni 
 
 H Mc.hodui ajulvtici veriuitm In-.tHigjnrlo, fit fynthua in 
 r^iimuniriflJO' turn *l..i maximi Rrunh 
 
 : ni "\i icqulvoci, fit (nTui inoyn, i. plulurophorum fcKoln 
 —-. ; profcribendi. 
 
 THESES METAPHYSICS. 
 
 D E EKTE, 
 luicq-jid non ntbei ciiftrnmit, we HTinti»m btbrt. Erp* 
 
 Oiinei t(Tenv-i rcru.n in menu U L I ib zcvno ejn!>tn non 
 
 ). RmuD ftlftentii tun — — mtmuAm, pre cwCu ?t « B>c. 
 
 rut iiMum demon ft r.r-'t. 
 4. Ortgo mill fcJ-i pou A , &Mi D E I ■rrnbuiit. 
 r,- Infiniu ferki ctmrradifttoooD fM un|>UftL 
 6. Afihonlbui Kntroruta Mil* cucpceunt quAl>utn, wimttn, mi 
 
 ■ Jjjii-iu infintt*. 
 
 DE MENTE HUMANA, 
 t. Dttif*m Uptnuijm iMtr St humuvim uufof ta errtt tft. 
 l. OprodcatuB Tua 000 po»t fl non fibi '-fi- » < fc mnu. 
 ». Idwruen nunti r«pidft Mctelllo i.i'»i - 'r,# Ut ciuti. 
 4. Deusi Numo puetftvrv) corpui iu-im mo»t«ji dcAtvlITi 
 
 ouwni protuii.lt «fl. 
 
 D E DEO. 
 t. A caafl *d tAAun mlodnindd rm>ft<Mui D t 1 . > nlnri 
 
 i.DEI pmfcienri* volusadi bumvue liberttttm minlnt tolUt 
 j, Omtm dlvtiuB Idea trcMtTpb tanxruni. 
 
 THESES PHTSIC&. 
 
 1. PKtDC* ntrura kfu Ureftlfit, & frcundum lllu pKanemtfi* 
 
 I. Corporum |-i*lui tpd ttrrc f jpetfldtm mudm* *ft. 
 
 j. Cnrritii eorporit cuju/rb in ■.rrrvn mtjor eft aAitt qulm 
 
 hveme, noAu quLm icmdlu. 
 4, Acut Mutks krtor fit, aocrptl mtan.-tkl <tnm 
 5 DlrrAioRren m«ftmii id 7 ■;<*«• andum Infra kortacMtrm, fit 
 i f^iviurt &• *> m«gnetkl ptndtn, probnbile videtur. £'rp, 
 '.. AcAt noutk* v»rimo ncn ■ m»jnjt-e ctntnli oritur, 
 
 J. Corpor* ekdnficua non kk muruo nrptltunL 
 . 1. 1 moru wbcmcraifflmo fiutdtun rvdn&cuo corporm okh- 
 
 I. >. fit UtulU .til J >lptU ItQUtftCH. 
 
 o> T»nitni n corpufum Ta«quiliar clcftdBcttDfum At Ob! Ip- 
 
 propinqutmium utraCtione otttur. 
 1?. t rfrfim Djrpofum rDO*rtntiun\ pr Imo tttn p otU mieuto, flint 
 
 in rjttunc qutnlitatit onreruc. In vtlocirMr* duels. 
 
 I I. hifrttn nm, altquo ompcrii rpttlo produlb, fuat in m 
 quaniititii outina In vthxicatu quidriton dufbr. 
 
 rj. Kcrillewi4 0u>dorum tftlo rttionc vtlotluUi qund/iurt 
 
 dem quoqut rtUonem b»bct fiuidl movtntti Unpctut. 
 ii. l-'lurj«, clitibifi, promocnj iltirudinn pfipendKuUrij, non 
 
 ■urrm pro rmont a-itntric quutititli, pftOMnt. 
 14. l>uonoenloacu«derD»rc\uncoc]t[tcm tetDpon todcen »idert 
 
 non puflTum. 
 ly Hineurum ItttlUtH fUlpittquUemqu)Tiir*volutioMdtltr1> 
 
 bunt in Tparto rt-Uti vo, kd nnu. lllu, fit prrpvcub mutabik* 1 
 
 huIIm *cro in rpaoo nbloluto. 
 
 THESES MORALES. 
 
 DE ETHIC A. 
 
 t. Si bocno ad fttlchawm •erwn tfpiru,»£tioact(tmDtl Icrl 
 
 but cu'ilwir'.i robejt, necrlTt m. 
 
 lORAHMI PoiTII 
 
 eriFMAMUl Waiii, 
 MMBti na ar/n^aaij. M D. D O ( ' * 
 
 I. NtnwDEIta^baiobrfmpfTH,qu<*T4i>ik>ut u < ,...'', 
 
 prxfrnUdgr, Hliaufclin, r,.>- ir. , 
 
 luajlL 
 ]. Ntnio fell COfuVfenilim (uim rtmnrim luiffi , ,| 
 llrun ptrdput, fe MIR CCTJff tbflml /•> ■, 
 
 4. i""Ji.-«4 inquirrrr, outi rtMbmu rti ■ 
 
 pUnj«Yrr..fti prrthtr, fcaWltanwdit 
 
 3. Dl-.l T U 1un<*«, I *, iiu ....., ( . 1 , t 1 .,.,.. . . 
 
 Wilt), fft ItlnillU *idili» .>ii r \ ,, 
 
 6. BoillWI • .' rn.l.lu ..ill, ... iv r. |,.i 
 
 x rim-, Aj'juiiliii 1 rtlkMM •«■ ■ 11H 1 1 
 
 7. AAtovlprrMRlvMhinuulirttvui -«■ ,..m.i. ., . . 
 
 thuKtnht* iuBifdluBiu,mli HI I 1 | .. , ,11 
 
 8. I l'..i . |u I ' K ' .1 '■ l|l "i'|-r.. , I.-., r ,..,.., I,. 
 
 tit .'■"■. r.11 . - 
 
 I ^T" Uli 
 
 
 DE JURISPRUDKNTIA NATUKAI.I. 
 
 I. b Bwvl \rf .'ut bai jwu. pnonpn, fu,«kk 
 >. L»ri;-..ikfjprt.oe J .i,.iy>pup i ili»,»~«,ni,, 
 J. Up* l:rt CTJI3. pw ,«.: ninif.ln, vtl to 
 
 4. Su/riplfnJ.qunkmh.l^iBnr, ut I,q« InmnJ in part H»uvr 
 J. HVM, \ qua not.» f«l tofciu, rcf MImCm l*HMH 
 
 non imputantur. 
 6\ Omnci h»minci ntruri aquiln funr / ., ■ 
 
 H. Juilmr^nlit«tThomln«« l fuprrKi«.r U M,fv 1 l.w , 
 
 9. Q^uodeii.^uteotnmun.omniumui.l.u,,, huTluni idm 
 rri-uj.-.n ■ 
 
 10. Vmutli V »«U Irtr. funt nmu \ ...ttr-U. 
 
 " P JW1 I— jah a l ai V .„■„ fl . . 
 
 II. In fitmnjlufffUftkulqur Jxjt twin romitut .!."' 
 
 ij. » &ft'"mM( m.4 anaNU »/«/, /.,„/, ;,,„.... 
 
 •fan p»Vf*r W ... w«Wi ««a« ^Wf/ „ „/.„.*, t 
 MfaMtwrrv 4 /• tmftim. " 
 
 THESES POLITIC*.. 
 
 I. Cuillbtl h^m. r|, imubi l« k tit. nknd, J, r„,„^, („ I 
 
 J. UluCB iWfunim m'.ifur. non .ft tab J.I.M. lurv,,^^ 
 
 communi. putiui ornngm utilnu ei taxm. w.tu.4. ' 
 
 ). b HhMUi .ij.m baa ,»n. Ky j, .»>.» i UM i»i. 
 
 qui In btllii pnvim. 
 4. t.^tn Innuttnttm non Ncn MM tcijfn, y, nunw in. ,..,.. S 
 
 rtipubl.cBI ruiu. 
 >*y ll»lw«lliU.i, in l.ll.m Ni ,»ft u «. a,, „, „,!„„. 
 
 «. NniN in llnguloi, (.«]« in Inir^rw iw.^li,, ^flcw. Ntllu «! 
 
 Niilliu honiin.i Wrmtnl Bl.o... honln.m |„, ,l\ ,„r,„, 
 
 |..l IBJvrlllN ,uc lrNll.,,1,. ' t. 
 
 1 l ■. i.'.r...,. HMlrfJllnM .V ■, 
 
 J 'n 
 
 i. UN )ui illllnat. 
 
 9. Omnf, rjinTii i.rj.Tn jyni . 
 tUXUturin., fuu.l 
 
 icJulwu. 
 
 I.Ht-lmifH f. *' 
 
 t0H.,l..,.\ tJ ,), lll H /'i.,, „ fU*,,fi, |,,l.,, h * 
 
 i.»^.P'*k.J.*-St.^.v^ i( ;.^ i j (to ^ f 
 
 CATALOGUS eonim qui ad aliquem Gradum n Collcgio Philadblphiensi admifli fiicrunt. 
 
 fi J.u J j 1 > fun. Arm fit quonJ. Linj. Pr. 
 
 Ji.vbUuchf, Cufitor, 
 
 Iluto Willumiun, Mithtt Prof 
 
 l-X.hMtfdn. \ A ,ii„ 
 
 riiW.rcuiHo^tlnron./^'^S- 
 
 1 1 '-'-11 I I'll, lul 
 
 lorMnnet Morgtn. 
 
 Simutl Migt*, 
 
 L bene itv Kinnerilt*. Lint Anuiu. IV 
 
 Or*t. Prr.l. 
 ■ IhtophiLtGrcw, Mat he f. Pro,'. 
 Salomon Southwiclu, A- tt. 
 ' . *759- 
 Johannti Mnrru, A. M 
 An'irn Alha, A. B. 
 
 A.B. 
 
 t Numina ortjn tlpbtbttwo tu>oi*aiu4. 
 
 larobui Allen, 
 Nathaniel Chapman, 
 
 Culielmua Edmillun, 
 Johannei Hall, 
 Samuel Kerne, 
 Akiander LawTun, 
 CulicVmut Pata, 
 Stmutl 1-oatl, t 
 
 Johanna Ewing. ColL Nov. Cat/. TuL 1 
 
 fie Pbitof natur. Prof.ColL philad. I 
 
 HeOur Ah fun, J 
 
 I 760. 
 Patct.ui Alifoft, TtH. I 
 
 1 h mm Uund, I 
 
 UndfljtCow, , V A 
 
 HoaeftutCo'L 1 .bctou^h, J 
 
 Whitmtli Hill 
 Johannei Johr 
 Thomat Miifli 
 Robtfon Yo'ki 
 Jofrphi 
 
 II. 1 
 
 nfton, I 
 
 I'M, [* 
 
 ke. J 
 
 •aienf ,\. %l 
 Samuel LwB 
 
 omcry, Collej. No* Cttar fit 
 
 cancrBBraa 
 
 |. I'm*. ColLOun. 
 
 PbUippui K 
 
 Samuil O- ., Cal> Cull. Cant. 
 
 Thomaj Banon, Tut. 
 
 Simplun Smith, 
 
 MaithBus Wilfon, 
 
 Kotertut M> hf 1 \ 
 
 1 7* I. 
 Culitlmui Fltm.ni.1 
 Mareu.Cn-ne. 
 
 Matihayt M<Henr r . 
 latubut ll*f |»f, 
 
 J '•.■ nri II- Ion, 
 Culielmua Kmnerfltj-, 
 AUa.Sam>.t Of '*n. 
 K.(h.rj wi Pntrt, jun. 
 Kipptn, 
 
 If I 1|TJ1IH. 
 
 IN KM Wi'1,1, 
 ,\..i.. 1 '.'. . . ;»., 
 la/pH luwi, 
 
 liw.i l .■ 
 Saenat! Y I 
 
 
 u ■ /*,»'..,»! . fin 
 ,Tju HtNlIti MILLIM, *.- 
 
 CEMJ I PROGRAM
 
 2o6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES ,/AZJ THEIR SONS 
 
 writing was a protest to his colleagues on the 
 Board, made in June 1789, against what he 
 considered the unfair neglect of the English 
 School. The plan of having a separate high- 
 ( lass Grammar School for non-classical studies 
 had been one of the essentials in Franklin's 
 original " Proposals," and at the beginning, 
 when under David James Dove, this part of 
 the Academy and College flourished greatly. 
 Subsequently, because of neglect, or the corn- 
 
 letter giving his approval to the plan of selling 
 the " New Building " to the Trustees of the 
 Academy he makes a plea for the appoint- 
 ment of a Professor of Orator)-, and recom- 
 mends the constant personal supervision of 
 the habits of reading and speech of the boys. 
 The same thing is urged in Franklin's " Pro- 
 posals " and provided for in the "Consti- 
 tutions." Abundant opportunity for such 
 training was, as will be seen above, afforded 
 
 SMALL GYMNASIUM, HOUSTON HALL 
 
 petition of the other city schools, or the in- 
 feasibility of the plan, its numbers dwindled 
 and more than once it seemed likely that it 
 would be abandoned entirely. From this 
 English School however was probably derived 
 the strong predilection of the Colonial College 
 for declamation, oratory, reading aloud in 
 public, ami dramatic exhibitions. The desir- 
 ability of correct pronunciation, " polite speak- 
 ing," effective declamation, a clear style, and 
 "eloquent manners" is referred to again and 
 again in every document connected with the 
 early history of the College. In Whiteficld's 
 
 by Dr. Smith's plan for the College course; 
 and in his descriptions of the methods of 
 teaching promulgated when he was in England 
 as well as elsewhere, he lays stress on the habit 
 of declamation. " This attention to public 
 speaking, which is begun here with the very 
 rudiments of the mother tongue is continued 
 down to the end, and especially in the Philos- 
 ophy Schools, where the youth frequently 
 deliver exercises of their own composition, at 
 commencements, examinations and other pub- 
 lic occasions." 
 
 The formal dialogues given as part of the
 
 UNII ERSirr OF PEXNsri.l.lNIA 
 
 207 
 
 Commencement exercises each year were 
 
 therefore an outcome of this interest rather 
 than 1 it' any dramatic or literary feeling. The 
 large amount of attention given to practise in 
 speaking, reading aloud, declamation and ora- 
 tory, was habitually explained at the time and 
 no doubt was really suggested mainly by the 
 contusion of tongues then prevalent in Penn- 
 sylvania, made tip as its population was so 
 largely of foreigners, and by the evident dan- 
 
 branches of Mathematics, such as Surveying, 
 Gauging and Navigation. The Latin School 
 
 and the English Scl 1 each had a writing 
 
 teacher of its own, and what Mathematics was 
 taught in them, as in the College classes, was 
 given by other Professors. 
 
 Summing up the arrangement of the Acad- 
 emy and College during tile Colonial period; 
 it consisted of a carefully and minutely CO 
 ordinated group of studies taken during three 
 
 5WIMM1NG PI II 'I , HOUSTON HALL 
 
 gi 1 of losing a standard of correctly spoken 
 language. Hut it arose also largely from the 
 high valuation then placed on public oratory, 
 and perhaps also from the influence of tin- 
 stud)- of the classics. I'r. Smith it will he- 
 noticed prescribes orations in imitation of 
 Cicero and Demosthenes, "on the model of 
 
 perfect eloquence." 
 
 Tin Mathcmatii al School and tin- Writing 
 School wrir really ( lasses lor special students 
 who wished instruction only in writing and 
 some elementary English teaching which they 
 c ibtained with it. 1 tr in certain prai tical 
 
 years by the highest students, under the 
 teaching of three Professors, thosi "t Moral 
 Science, of Natural Science and of the ( lassies ; 
 then of two schools, Latin and English, the 
 former being a preparator) school loth, portion 
 just described, the other a somewhat perfunc- 
 tory effort to give a complete non classical 
 academii education; thirdly, two groups of 
 classes for students of practical Mathematics 
 and Writing, fourthly, the Medical courses, 
 given in almost entire independence of the 
 othei chools, and by thi Medical Professors 
 in almi >st ( 1 implete indi pendent e of 1 mi
 
 208 
 
 UNIl'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 another, and lastly, the boys' and girls' charity 
 schools in which the rudiments of an English 
 education were given, gratis, to poor children. 
 But the whole character of the institution was 
 conditioned by the interest, the ability, the 
 
 energy, and the success with which the Pro- 
 vost, l)r Smith, carried on the first part 
 described, the Philosophical Schools or the 
 College proper. 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 The Reorganization after the Revolution 
 
 WHEN in 1 789 the group of Trustees general reorganization of the old institution, 
 and Professors who had been A committee was appointed to go over and 
 ousted from their control of the propose amendments or alterations in the 
 College in 1779 entered upon the task of re- general plan of education formerly framed, and 
 organization, their principal object was the to recommend improvements in education, 
 restoration of old conditions. Dr. Smith was Another was directed to look into the state of 
 still at the head, and it was only natural that the late Medical School and to propose a plan 
 they should speak of" opening the College im- for its re-establishment " on the most respect- 
 mediately upon the former plan of education." able footing." Still a third was appointed to 
 During the two years that elapsed before the bring in a plan for the constitution of a general 
 union with the University, the only changes Faculty of the University, with provision as to 
 actually introduced were not on the academic salaries, fees, hours and other requirements. 
 
 In addition to the reports of these committees, 
 two members of the Board, — Mr. White, 
 afterwards Bishop of Pennsylvania, and Dr. 
 Kunze, afterwards a Professor in the University, 
 — and Dr. Ewing the Provost-elect, submitted 
 various plans " for a University Education." 
 
 side but in the Medical School and in the em- 
 bryo Law Department. In fact, in the course 
 for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in the 
 Latin School, subjects given before the Revo- 
 lution were allowed to drop out and easier 
 methods of instruction to creep in, though 
 doubtless without deliberate intention. The With these proposals began a long series of 
 report of a Committee of the Board of Trus- discussions and projects and re-arrangements 
 tees made in 1 791 says that neither Geography, of Professorships and courses, which was only 
 History, Chronology nor English Composition given a fresh impetus by the reunion with the 
 are taught any longer in those schools, that College in 1 791. and which did not reach any- 
 " most of the books made use of in the schools thing like a permanent result until the last year 
 have English translations annexed to the text of the century. 
 
 of the author. The assistance of translations Numberless reports were presented and ten- 
 
 ma}' be useful to youth at their first outset in tative plans introduced, but no logical system 
 the study of Latin, but ought not in our opin- was hit upon nor any practicable scheme 
 
 ion to be allowed after they have gone through 
 Erasmus." The efforts of Franklin, Dr. Smith 
 and their coadjutors at this time reached no 
 further than an only partial success in re- 
 establishing earlier conditions. 
 
 worked out. As a matter of fact the Trustees 
 were entirely without experience or knowledge 
 of the actual conditions of the problem, and 
 yet were unwilling to leave the arrangement of 
 the courses to the Faculty. Thev were ham- 
 
 In the meantime however the new Trustees pered by lack of funds to earn- out any large 
 
 of the University who had been placed in con- plan and yet the institution was not of suffi- 
 
 trol in 1779, exhilarated by the higher title, cient dignity and value to demand and receive 
 
 representing the vigorous spirit of the Revolu- further gifts or .public grants or the attendance 
 
 tion, and moved by the ambitions of a new of any considerable number of students. Its 
 
 administration, had immediately set about a greatest need was of some one man who had
 
 UNIVERSITY OI- /'/-..WM'/J ./A/./ 
 
 209 
 
 the knowledge, the force, the influence to take 
 the initiative in bringing order out of chaos, 
 and to establish a school which should conform 
 to the requirements of the time and show itself 
 worthy of popular support. But no such man 
 appeared, and the Trustees made no clients to 
 find a man able to supersede themselves. Al- 
 most the only semblance of system in its organ- 
 ization was that which had been retained from 
 the Colonial period, especially the required 
 curriculum for the degree of Bachelor of Arts 
 established by Dr. Smith. The University as 
 a whole tended to revert to the old form of 
 detached schools in which each Professor, 
 though having a title drawn from his special 
 subject, gave instruction in almost all branches 
 to the special group of students who came under 
 his charge. 
 
 Occasionally something was agreed upon of 
 a more orderly character, as for instance the 
 resolution of December 28, 1791 which divided 
 the whole institution into "an Academical 
 Department and a Collegiate Department," 
 pi, icing the old Latin, English and Mathemati- 
 cal schools in the former, ami the Department 
 of Arts, the Medical Department and the Law 
 Department in the latter. In June 1799 also 
 a University Faculty was constructed, consist- 
 ing of the Provost and all the Professors with 
 quite extensive powers over the arrangement 
 of studies, hours, and discipline but it does 
 not seem to have really taken control even 
 over these matters, which were still ordered 
 from time' to time by the' Hoard of Trustees. 
 The Medical Department was reconstituted in 
 1791 by the appointment of seven Professors, 
 in Anatomy, Surgery and Midwifery, in Ma- 
 teria Medica, in Chemistry, in Natural History 
 and Botany, in the Practice of Physic, and in 
 the- Institutes of Medicine and Clinical Medi- 
 cine, respectively. The degree of Bachelor of 
 Medicine was given up and that of Doctor oi 
 Medicine alone offered; some general rules 
 were adopted, and then, fortunately tor that 
 Department, it was allowed largely to work out 
 its own salvation, which it did with a success 
 that contrasted strongly with the condition of 
 the other Departments, The Department of 
 Law at the other extreme dropped entirely into 
 desuetude. The earliest and principal division 
 VOL 1 .-- 14 
 
 of the " Collegiate Department " thi Depart 
 ment of Arts, as it now came to be called 
 was inextricably connected with the lower 
 schools and cursed by as bad an organization 
 
 as it is possible to conceive of. The resolution 
 of March 4, 1800, which came the nearest to 
 being a permanent and settled arrangement, pro 
 vided lor five Professors with duties as follows: 
 I. a Professor oi Natural and Experimental 
 Philosophy, who should also teach Mathe- 
 matics to the higher classes; II. a Professor of 
 Moral Philosophy, who should teach Logic, 
 Metaphysics, I listory, Geography and Rhetoric, 
 ami also all the required Latin and Greek 
 authors who should not have been already read 
 in the Latin School; III., a Professor of the 
 Greek and Latin Languages, who should have 
 charge of the Latin School; IV., a Professor 
 of Mathematics, who should have charge of the 
 Mathematical School and when necessary give 
 instruction in " Arithmetic, Algebra, Practical 
 Geometry, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, 
 Conic Sections, Fluxions, Surveying, Gauging, 
 Navigation, Mensuration, the use of the globes, 
 and Modern Geography," to the higher stu- 
 dents; V., a Professor of English and Oratory, 
 who should have the care of the English 
 school. Before this degree of equilibrium had 
 been reached there had been some interesting 
 experiments, temporary arrangements and per- 
 sonal changes. In 1779 a " German Professor- 
 ship ol Phylology " had been established to 
 teach Greek and Latin to boys who used only 
 German as their mother-tongue, and to teach 
 German to such English-speaking boys as 
 should wish to study it. Rev. Dr. Kunze was 
 appointed to the position, and lor a while there 
 was some attendance of students, but the plan 
 reached no permanent success. In [792 it 
 was reorganized as the Chair of German and 
 Oriental Languages, but in [ 800 it disappeared 
 altogether. The Professor of Greek and Latin 
 
 was, it one period, by a pleasant and SUggi 
 
 live variation, designated by the old title, 
 " Professor of Humanity," adA the title " Pro 
 
 lessor of English and ( hatory " alternates with 
 
 that oi " English and of Belles-Lettres." Thi 
 
 famous David RittenhoilSC was elected Pro 
 
 lessor of Astronomy .\i)i\ \ ii e Provo I in 1 
 
 and divided duties with the Professor of \.it
 
 2IO 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 ural Philosophy, giving for a time a curious 
 preponderance to the physical sciences. Dr. 
 Joseph Priestly was elected Professor of Chem- 
 istry, November II, 1 794, but after holding 
 the offer under advisement for some time 
 decided that he could not undergo the sep- 
 aration from his family which seemed to be 
 involved and sent in his declination March 
 
 1/95- 
 
 Notwithstanding the high aspirations with 
 which the Trustees had taken hold of the 
 1 ^establishment of the institution in 1779 and 
 again .it the reunion in 1 791, " whereby," as 
 they expressed it, " the foundation of one 
 great seminary, worthy the capital of the com- 
 monwealth, is laid, calculated to defuse the 
 rays of knowledge throughout this western 
 world," at the opening of the century they 
 seem to have been thoroughly discouraged and 
 were speculating as to whether the declining 
 state of the University was due to their failure 
 to fix a definite course of instruction, or to their 
 " not having invested the Provost and Vice- 
 Provost with a superintending power over the 
 whole," or to some other cause. 
 
 Whatever the cause, the arrangement of 
 1800, although the nearest to a workable plan 
 reached since the Revolution, was far from 
 satisfactory either to the Trustees, to the 
 Professors, or so far as can be judged, even to 
 the students, — certainly not to their parents. 
 Some of the latter send word to the Board that 
 the\ r are informed by their sons that on a cer- 
 tain day the students of the Senior Class had 
 been sent from the Professor of Natural Phi- 
 losophy to the Professor of Mathematics to re- 
 ceive instruction, that the latter had sent them 
 back to the former, who refused to give them 
 any instruction on the subject. Such internal 
 quarrels were frequent, as were conflicts of 
 jurisdiction between the Faculty and the Board. 
 Some of the dissipation of energy by the pre- 
 vailing arrangements can be guessed from a 
 chance example of one of the periodical re- 
 ports of the Faculty to the Board, in 1807. 
 There were in the Philosophical School twelve 
 students in two classes ; in the Latin School 
 fifty students in seven classes; in the Mathe- 
 matical School forty-one students in seven 
 classes, and in the English School one hun- 
 
 dred and one students in six classes. That is, 
 there were twenty-two classes, each of them 
 having daily lessons, and distributed among 
 five Professors. The hours were at this time 
 from 8 to 12 and 2 to 5 in summer, and from 
 8.45 to 12 and 2 to 4.30 in winter, with a long 
 vacation of six weeks in late Jul}- and August 
 and short holidays at three other periods of 
 the year. 
 
 This was probably the lowest ebb of the tide 
 of success in the history of the institution, and 
 the rise from it was very slow, interrupted, and 
 obscure in its progress. In 18 10 a distinct step 
 forward was made by separating the lower 
 " schools " clearly from the collegiate "schools." 
 There were to be three distinct portions of the 
 institution; its lowest function, the Charity 
 schools; its secondary function, the Academy, 
 consisting of the Grammar and the English 
 schools; and its highest element, the College, 
 consisting of the Departments of Arts, Medi- 
 cine and Law. This had been already formu- 
 lated after 1 79 1 but only now became a reality. 
 From this time forward the old confusing term 
 of " school " goes out of use, except as applied 
 to the charity schools and as revived much 
 later to describe entire departments such as 
 the Medical, Law, Dental or Scientific schools. 
 In other respects the plans of 18 10 show little 
 if any advance. The separation off of the 
 lower schools had depicted the Faculty. There 
 are now only three Professorships provided for 
 in the Department of Arts, and the duties of 
 these are still poorly differentiated. The course 
 in the Department of Arts is still only three 
 years long. The entrance requirements are 
 ability to translate Cesar and Virgil from Latin 
 into English, and certain exercises from English 
 into Latin; the Gospels from Greek into Eng- 
 lish, and to show familiarity with Greek Gram- 
 mar; and to be " sufficiently grounded in Com- 
 mon Arithmetic and Vulgar and Decimal 
 Fractions." 
 
 In 1825, however, after a long investigation 
 and full report by a committee of the Board of 
 Trustees, a series of considerable reforms was 
 introduced. The term was raised from three 
 years to four, on the ground that it had been 
 found practicable by the New England Colleges 
 and must be so here, and that the shorter
 
 unii i:i<srrr of pexnsvu- i.xi.i 
 
 21 I 
 
 period was quite inadequate and had only been 
 introduced originally because of the infancy of 
 the country. The entrance requirements were 
 made more rigorous, and admission to ad- 
 vanced standing prohibited except under very 
 unusual circumstances. A fourth Professor- 
 ship was created, that of Mathematics, and 
 provision was made for one or two adilition.il 
 tutors. |"he \cademy was removed from the 
 Ninth Street building which it It. id occupied 
 along with the College, and was placed in the 
 old building at Fourth and Arch streets, on 
 the ground that its " location in the College 
 Building has the effect of bringing down the 
 College almost to the level of the school, and 
 to destroy that gratifying distinction which 
 makes the school-boy anxious for College." 
 At the same time a second preparatory school, 
 situated in tin: western part of the city, was 
 taken under the patronage of the University, 
 with the hope that it would become an addi- 
 tional feeder for the College and that the 
 rivalry would react favorably on the old Acad- 
 emy. Finally a determined effort was made 
 to improve the quality, to awaken the interest, 
 and to insist on the mutual cooperation of the 
 members of the Faculty. This last effort was 
 prolonged until it culminated in the general 
 series of resignations, removals, and appoint- 
 ments, which was completed in iKj<>, and 
 which has already been described in Part I. 
 
 The condition of equilibrium that was now 
 reached was destined to continue for many 
 years. It is described in the first issue of the 
 annual catalogue which was published in the 
 year [829. The Academy having been gotten 
 rid of, except as a distant .\nd obscure depend- 
 ency, the term "College" or "Collegiate 
 Department" ceased to be an inclusive term 
 
 referring to both the Department ol Arts and 
 the Department of Medicine, distinguishing 
 them from the " Academic Department." It 
 was now used as equivalent to the Department 
 of Arts, tin- University consisting of the Col 
 ate Department, the Medical Department, 
 .md the attached lower schools. There were 
 in 1829 five members of the College Faculty: 
 a Professor and .\n Assistant Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy, a Professor of Natural Philosophy 
 and Chemistry, a Professor of Mathematii 
 
 and a Professor of Languages. There were 
 besides, teachers of each of the four principal 
 modern languages, but these did not make .in 
 integral part of the course. The entrance re- 
 quirements were the reading of Virgil, Sallust, 
 and Horace's 1 >des in Latin, of Lucian, and a 
 Reader in Creek, adequate knowledge of 
 Arithmetic, including fractions and the Ex- 
 traction of Roots, and of English Grammar and 
 Modern Geography, faltering students must 
 be at least fourteen years of age. The course 
 was four years long, the work consisting largely 
 of the Classics, of Mathematics, of a rather 
 large amount of Natural Philosophy, and a 
 modicum of English Grammar, Composition 
 and Rhetoric, Logic, and Mental and Moral 
 Philosophy. The work of the various Pro- 
 fessors was much more clearly differentiated 
 than of old, though Cicero was still taught by 
 the Professor of Moral Philosophy instead of 
 by the Professor of Languages, that writer 
 being evidently valued more for his philosophy 
 than his philology. 
 
 The higher study of English, as literature 
 and as a language, detached itself gradually 
 from the teaching of a number of minor 
 branches by the Assistant Professor of Philos- 
 ophy, or rather, became the principal subject 
 of that group. This was partly no doubt from 
 the personal gifts and interests of tin- holder of 
 that position, Professor Henry Reed. In [832 
 he appears as " Assistant Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy" and having charge of the Depart- 
 ment of English Literature, and in the next 
 year he is " Professor of Rhetoric and English 
 Literature." He had still however to teach a 
 variety of subjects, including Geography and 
 History, yet no one can read his delightful 
 lectures on English Literature without feeling 
 that his heart and his efforts must really have 
 been devoted to that subject above all. 
 
 l'hi' first actual addition to the number of 
 Professorships came only after the middle ol 
 the century, when in 1855 Professor F \ 
 Jackson became Adjunct Professor ol Greek 
 and Latin, to assist Professor Allen, making 
 the Faculty six in number, In [864 Greek ■u\i\ 
 Latin were separated, Professoi Allen taking 
 . harge • •! the former, Professor Jackson ol tin' 
 latter, Soon after this, in 1866 -a\i\ 1867, a
 
 21 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 distinct increase in the size of the Faculty was 
 made ; the number being raised to eight by the 
 introduction of a full Professorship of German 
 and an Assistant Professorship of Rhetoric and 
 History. Two regular Instructorships in Math- 
 ematics were also added, and one in English. 
 Two years later two more Professorships were 
 created by the division of the old Professorship 
 of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry into a 
 Chair of Physics and a Chair of Chemistry, and 
 by making a new Adjunct Professorship of 
 Greek and History. Others were now added 
 rapidly ; the Faculty was increased by the addi- 
 tion of teachers of subjects not before included 
 in the curriculum, by the sub-division of old 
 subjects, by the engagement of Instructors and 
 Assistant Professors to take charge of the in- 
 creased numbers of students or of the larger 
 number of elective or divided classes. In [887 
 the teaching force in the College was eightv- 
 eight ; in 1900 it is two hundred and fifty-eight. 
 The immediate cause which led to the increase 
 
 in numbers about 1878 was the introduction <>f 
 the elective system ; it was followed almost 
 immediately by the addition of a second influ- 
 ence, the foundation of the Department of 
 Science, and shortly afterward by the establish- 
 ment of various new departments in the Col- 
 lege ; thirdly a profound change was in progress 
 in the methods of teaching which involved a 
 much larger equipment of instructors with much 
 more specialized knowledge for its successful 
 application. The second of these causes, the 
 foundation of new Departments, has already 
 been described; the first and the third will 
 make the subjects of the next two chapters. 
 During these same later decades the curric- 
 ulum has been modified, the entrance require- 
 ments advanced and changed in character, 
 some of the courses lengthened and others 
 shortened, and personal and subject changes 
 introduced so frequently and extensively as to 
 defy treatment in the brief form requisite in 
 this historical sketch. 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 The Entrance of the Elective System into the Department of Arts 
 
 IN a certain sense election of studies had 
 been practicable from the earliest days 
 of the institution, as has been already 
 pointed out. The system of schools had been 
 a method by which students could enter for 
 just those subjects which they wanted ; and 
 one of the schools, that of Medicine, had long 
 been superior in its number of students and in 
 its prominence to all the remaining parts of 
 the University together. In the Department 
 of Arts however, the course which was alone 
 intended to give " a liberal education," that 
 school in the University which corresponded 
 to other American Colleges, there was and had 
 always been since 1756 a fixed course of re- 
 quired studies which all students alike must 
 pursue. The first breach in this regularity 
 came in that period of changes beginning 
 about the middle of this century. In 1850 the 
 Law School and a " Department of Chemistry 
 as applied to the Arts" had been added to the 
 two older departments, and in 1852 an addi- 
 
 tional "School of Mines, Arts and Manufac- 
 tures." At the same time with this latter, a 
 new course was established in the Department 
 of Arts by which students who had substituted 
 certain Mathematical, Scientific, and Modern 
 Language courses for the Classical and Literary 
 studies might receive the degree of Bachelor 
 of Science. But even this was not true elec- 
 tion, as no student could receive the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts without taking all the old 
 regularly required studies. 
 
 This last change was closely connected with 
 the entrance of Professor Stille into the 
 Faculty, and with the example set by some 
 other Colleges. Dr. Stille was elected Profes- 
 sor of Belles-Lettres and English Language 
 and Literature, May 1, 1866, and in December 
 of that year he sent a letter to the Board sug- 
 gesting the reorganization of the Faculty of .Arts 
 in such a way as to admit of elective studies. 
 A special committee took up the matter, held 
 repeated conferences with Professor Stille, Pro-
 
 UNIVERSl'IT Of /7-A \s)U\lMA 
 
 21 
 
 fessor Allen and Provost G Iwin, went over 
 
 the plans of elective studies which had been 
 adopted by Harvard, Yale and some other 
 Colleges, and after communicating with the 
 I-'. unity, reported to the Board that such a 
 change would probably be approved of by 
 the public, would lead to a larger number of 
 students being entered in the Department of 
 .Arts, and would moreover be desirable from a 
 general educational point of view. To carry 
 into effect a plan of elective studies would 
 necessitate an addition to the Faculty of three 
 additional Professors and probably several 
 more instructors, and therefore considerable 
 additional expense would be incurred. There 
 was therefore some delay and hesitation in 
 deciding to adopt the plan. ( >n August 4, 
 [867, however, resolutions to open elective 
 courses during the succeeding winter and to 
 engage the necessary additional instructors 
 adopted, and the Faculty of Arts were 
 requested to draw up the detailed plans. The 
 principles laid down were as follows: that 
 everything should be retained that was ahead) 
 in existence, for the sake of those who pre- 
 ferred the course as it stood, but that "for 
 those whose future career in life may not 
 require such a critical knowledge of the an- 
 cient languages and the higher mathematics," 
 instruction in the Modern Languages, general 
 literature and History and a fuller course of 
 Scientific studies should be provided, which 
 should lead equally with the older course to 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts, but that such 
 election of studies should not begin till the end 
 of Sophomore year. Finally, there should 
 concurrently be some enrichment of the old 
 course with added instruction in English Liter- 
 ature and Mi idem 1 1 ist< iry. 
 
 In September [867, therefore, the Faculty 
 ol \in drew up and announced the fust form 
 of elective studies lor the degree of Bachelor 
 1 'I \i Is as follows : 
 
 Freshman Year Greek, Latin, Mathemat- 
 
 i' , Am lent .mil Modern History, french. all 
 
 requii 1 1 1 
 
 Sophomore Year — Greek, Latin, Mathe- 
 matics, Rhetoric a\m\ Logic, English Lan 
 [uage, ( ierman, all required. 
 
 Junior Year required studies for all stu- 
 
 dents, Intellectual ami Moral Philosophy, 
 Natural Philosophy and Chemistry; eleel 
 studies, Greek or advam 1 d German or French, 
 Latin or Italian or Spanish, Pure Mathematics 
 or Advanced Studies in History ami English 
 Literature, Applied Mathematics or Applica- 
 tions of Chemistry to the Arts. 
 
 Senior Year — required studies for all stu- 
 dents, Evidences of Christianity, Constitution 
 of the United States, Political Economy, In 
 ternational Law. History of Modern Civili- 
 zation and Outlines of English Literature, 
 Physics, Astronomy, and Geography; elect 
 studies, continuation of same alternatives as in 
 Junior Year; certain exercises in composition 
 in Greek, Latin, or English and in Elocution 
 were required through the whole four years. 
 
 'I'he effort in this change to conform to the 
 public ideals of the time is quite evident. It 
 is equally evident that that course once entered 
 upon was likely to lead to further changes in 
 the same direction. New subjects were being 
 developed, reduced to sufficiently definite form 
 for teaching purposes, and being advocated as 
 of importance educationally and as matters of 
 acquisition by enthusiastic students in the 
 community at large and in the Faculty. More- 
 over many subjects long familiar to the college 
 world in their outlines were being so much 
 more closely studied and taught th.it they 
 must be divided into their constituent parts 
 and treated as separate branches of study. 
 Therefore room must be made for many more 
 studies either as electives in the old Aits 
 course, or as the subjects of study of new 
 departments in the University. 
 
 Both lines of development wire followed. 
 Many new lines of interest found .1 home in 
 the Department of Science, others took shape 
 in the work' of the Biological School, the 
 Wharton School of finance anil Economy, 
 the School of American History, .u\<\ other 
 departments which were destined later either 
 to lose their identity 01 to be merged, as 
 already described, into "the College," in the 
 reaction toward simplicity ol organization 
 which set in about [89O Others made th.ir 
 
 way mto the I lepartment of Art,. 
 
 With si ime mini 'i < hanges t Ite f< irm of clci 
 live tuiln adopted in 186J continued till
 
 214 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 1887. Then instead of making the election in 
 each case between some two definite subjects, 
 two groups of elective studies were created for 
 the Junior and Senior years one linguistic or 
 literan- in character, the other largely scien- 
 tific. From the first of these groups each 
 student was required to choose two studies and 
 from the second one. These were in addition 
 to the subjects which were still required. 
 With the first entrance of electives had come 
 additional Professors and instructors and as 
 the number of these increased, as subjects 
 were subdivided and as new departments grew 
 up housed under the same roof and closely 
 connected with the Department of Arts, the 
 list of possible electives in these two groups 
 constantly grew in length. Parti}- as an ex- 
 tension of the elective tendency, partly as a 
 reaction against some of its unregulated results 
 came a third change in 1893, by which the 
 system now in vogue was introduced. Ac- 
 cording to this plan election is carried into 
 the first two years so far as the languages are 
 concerned, a student being allowed to take 
 Latin and either Greek, German or French, or 
 French and German ; all students alike taking 
 English, History, Mathematics, Physics and 
 Chemistry, with a further election in their 
 Sophomore Year, between Mathematics and 
 History. In the Junior and Senior years, in 
 addition to the required courses in English, 
 Logic and Ethics, the bulk of the student's 
 time is given to work on some group of closely- 
 allied subjects, although he has still some time 
 at his disposal which he can give to any one 
 of a long list of free elective subjects. Of 
 
 these elective groups there are sixteen, made 
 up of Languages, Mathematics, History, Phi- 
 losophy, Economics, Politics, Pure Science, or 
 some combination of these. 
 
 The actual list of courses which exist either 
 as constituents of these groups or as free elec- 
 tives, or, as is most frequently the case, as 
 both, amounts to about two hundred courses. 
 In its wide variety of languages, of different 
 aspects of pure science and mathematics, of 
 various fields of literature, of history, of phi- 
 losophy, of economics, it forms a striking con- 
 trast to the set group of general studies 
 which formed the " system of education " of 
 1756. Nevertheless, with all the latitude of 
 choice that confronts a student on entering Col- 
 lege, the limitations of time and of the group 
 system restrict him to a comparatively few 
 studies, and it is doubtful whether any one stu- 
 dent under the present system comes in contact 
 with more fields of human interest than did the 
 College student a hundred and fifty years ago. 
 The greatest difference is to be found not in 
 his College course as a whole, but in the indi- 
 vidual courses of which the whole is made up. 
 One of the most marked effects of the elective 
 system is that each course offered by any in- 
 structor is a completed whole in itself. Any 
 one course as given in the University now will 
 in all probability be vastly better and more 
 valuable than a corresponding course given in 
 the Colonial College. Whether a student's 
 whole course is better constructed or not, 
 whether he really gets more out of his College 
 years, will depend on the circumstances of 
 each individual case. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Chances in Methods of Instruction 
 
 THERE is discoverable in the history 
 of educational methods in the Uni- 
 versity a distinct progress in nearly 
 if not quite all branches from an almost purely 
 didactic method to one in which the student 
 participates to a greater or less extent in the 
 constructive work of the course. 
 
 This might be proved by a mere study of 
 the history of the Library. On the day the 
 Academy was opened in 1751 it was stated 
 that " the Grammar Schools are also provided 
 with a collection of the best classics, for the 
 use of the Masters." This was the earliest 
 ideal of the Library. Its books were to be
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSl'l.l AN1 I 
 
 215 
 
 used primarily by the teachers. Students had 
 their textbooks, .mil they had notebooks into 
 which they were to copy what the teachers 
 dictated, but they had comparatively little 
 occasion to use the College Library. This 
 remained moreover for generation after genera- 
 tion measurably the same. It is only within 
 the last few decades that the students have 
 used the Library to any great extent. Within 
 this period however the Library has come to 
 be used by the students of one department 
 after another, not only as providing material 
 for their general reading, but practically as a 
 Laboratory. Subjects within the general lines 
 of the courses they may be pursuing are as- 
 signed for special investigation, which can of 
 course only be done in the Library. Some 
 courses are entirely made up of reports made 
 by students of the results of their research, 
 with criticism and comment by the teacher. In 
 other courses illustrative material is needed 
 beyond what can be furnished or used in the 
 classroom, and this again can only be obtained 
 by the use of books, often several copies of the 
 same book, specially reserved in the Library. 
 Still other courses exist which are purely biblio- 
 graphical, intended to give students guidance 
 in access to sources of information in certain 
 fields. Students are constantly sent to the peri- 
 odical literature on the various subjects of their 
 courses; and they are taught to find out what 
 has already been written on any subject in the 
 investigation of which they are engaged, which 
 again is a question of books in the Library. 
 At present about one hundred ami twenty-five 
 students use the leading-room of the Univer- 
 sity Library daily, some two hundred books 
 are daily given out at the desk for use in the 
 building, and an average of about sixty-five 
 taken away from it for home use. In tin- Law 
 Building the Library is the general working 
 place of all the students, each having his private 
 desk and having constant occasion to send for 
 books from the shelves. The use of the books 
 in the various department libraries is not re- 
 corded, but is naturally extensive. There are 
 .1 dozen or more such divisions, with fifteen or 
 
 twenty thousand books in frequent use. This 
 
 constant use of books by the students them- 
 selves indicates the existence of a kind of 
 
 teaching in the institution which is far from 
 consisting exclusively of formal instruction 1>\ 
 tin: Professors, and its rapid growth in kit. 1 
 years would alone testify to a change in 
 methods of instruction, if there was no dil 
 evidence.. 
 
 Hut this change from merely didactic to 
 moie practical courses can be better tested in 
 some of its actual forms. The teaching of 
 Chemistry, for instance, seems to have gone 
 through three quite clearly marked stages. In 
 the first stage it was given, in the Department 
 of Aits certainly, and apparently to the .Medi- 
 cal students, through the reading by the Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry of lectures descriptive of 
 chemical substances and phenomena, but with- 
 out showing to the students the substances 
 themselves or any of their reactions. In the 
 second stage, reached by the close of last 
 century, the Professor lectured and performed 
 characteristic experiments before the class, but 
 the students themselves did not come into imme- 
 diate contact with the substances and combina- 
 tions they were engaged in studying. A line 
 of eminent chemists occupied the Chair ol 
 Chemistry in the University, and for some 
 periods there were two Professors ol the sul> 
 ject, but the students received such knowledge 
 as they obtained only by listening to formal 
 lectures by these men, illustrated with the 
 more brilliant type of experiments, but not 
 mack: real to them nor reinforced byanyai tual 
 handling of substances or apparatus. The last 
 stage is th.it in which the students perform many 
 of the experiments, although of course under 
 the direction of instructors. The students 
 themselves combine the substances, adjust tin 
 apparatus, and test the results. This method 
 was introduced for the first time probably in 
 the " Department of Chemistry applied to the 
 Arts," in 1S50; afterwards all scientific stu- 
 dents took a course in the Chemical Labora 
 tory. Lor some years cei tain Medical students 
 
 had been enabled by paying .1 special fee to 
 obtain a special laboratory course in Chemis- 
 try, but in [877 further laboratory facilities 
 
 were created in the Medical and Dental build 
 ings and after that they wen- given practical 
 te. u lung without special fees. Now ever) 
 student who studies Chemistry at all in the
 
 21 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES .IND THEIR SONS 
 
 University does the greater part of the work 
 himself in the Laboratory, though under more 
 or less supervision by teachers and with more 
 or less supplement of lectures. 
 
 The same change has taken place in the 
 held of Physics, though there was probably 
 no time at which lectures in this subject were 
 given without any illustrations. Even before 
 the College was founded courses of lectures 
 in " Experimental Philosophy " were given in 
 Philadelphia, illustrated by apparatus, and the 
 astronomical portion explained by an " orrery." 
 The very first appropriation of money by the 
 Trustees included a sum for the purchase of 
 " Instruments for the use of the Academy." 
 The strong predilection of some of the early 
 Professors and Trustees for Natural Philosophy 
 insured attention to that field, and the " philo- 
 sophical apparatus" is frequently spoken of. 
 Put this was for illustrative purposes only, it 
 was not until the last half of the present 
 century that the students themselves touched 
 the instruments, although now the same state- 
 ment is true of Physics that has been made of 
 Chemistry, that every student who takes the 
 subject at all docs more or less work person- 
 ally with the instruments. 
 
 A description of the similar change in the 
 study of Astronomy, so far as it has gone, has 
 been given in another connection. 
 
 In the Medical courses this tendency has 
 been probably more highly developed than in 
 any other department of the University. The 
 changes in the teaching of Chemistry which 
 have already been described apply to that de- 
 partment as well as to the College. In Anatomy 
 the instruction was at first entirely didactic, 
 although illustrated by dissection of a body by 
 the lecturer in the presence of the students. 
 Still more close observation could be secured 
 by those who would pay an extra fee and 
 attend before the regular lecture to see the 
 body prepared for dissection. Required dis- 
 section by all students was introduced very 
 early, certainly by the early years of this cen- 
 tury. In other branches of medical teaching, 
 however, there was very little that was not 
 purely didactic. Illustration by pictures or 
 models shown to the class by the lecturer was 
 as far as the equipment or plans of the courses 
 
 extended. The desirability of this much that 
 was tangible was clearly recognized. In a 
 catalogue issued in 1845 appears the following. 
 " It may be proper to inform the medical 
 community that the aim of the Faculty is to 
 render their courses as demonstrative as pos- 
 sible, so as to bring the senses of the pupil to 
 the aid of his memory and intelligence. For 
 this purpose ample means of illustration are at 
 the command of the Professors." Certain 
 clinical opportunities were given to the stu- 
 dents by taking them to the hospitals, but the 
 material difficulties were so great that very 
 little was accomplished. The Medical Profes- 
 sors were generally eminent practitioners and 
 their courses of lectures were in many cases 
 brilliant, impressive, and illustrated by refer- 
 ence to cases in the actual previous experience 
 of the lecturer. Hut it was all very far off 
 from the average student. His opportunities 
 were in the main, with the exception of dissec- 
 tion and seeing pictures, restricted to listening 
 to lectures, reading medical text-books, and to 
 the prospect of familiarizing himself with con- 
 crete medical and surgical matters after his 
 graduation. 
 
 In recent decades however all this has been 
 changed. In 1S74 a group of Clinical Profes- 
 sors was added to the Faculty who began the 
 development of a much more detailed clinical 
 training. Laboratories have been created, in 
 addition to that of Chemistry and the dissect- 
 ing rooms, for Physiology, Pharmacy, Osteol- 
 og) . Pathology, and Bacteriology and Hygiene. 
 The various wards and dispensaries connected 
 with the Hospital give similar opportunities 
 for clinical instruction. In these Laboratories 
 and in the Hospital the students are given 
 practical work, and make actual examinations 
 of substances and conditions, normal and path- 
 ological, deal themselves with chemical and 
 histological substances, themselves combining 
 drugs and as far as possible participating in or 
 assisting at and reporting on the surgical and 
 medical treatment of actual cases in the Hos- 
 pital and Dispensaries. The work in Anatomy, 
 Physiology, Chemistry, Hygiene, Bacteriology, 
 Pathology, Applied Anatomy, Materia Medica, 
 Gynaecology, Obstetrics, Surgery, Clinical 
 Medicine, Ophthalmology and Dermatology
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 217 
 
 has gone almost entirely over from didactic to 
 a practical or laboratory basis, although of 
 course in almost all of these there is still an 
 element of formal or merely illustrated lectures, 
 and the teaching of the Practice oi Medicine 
 is necessarily almost entirely didactic. 
 
 In the Law School, the lectures which were 
 given in 1790 and 1791 were made up of 
 general philosophic reflections and judgments 
 in the domain of jurisprudence and govern- 
 ment; — eloquent, learned and suggestive, it 
 is true, but not of much significance to the 
 immature law student who knew none of the 
 details on which these generalizations were 
 based. The same seems to have been true in 
 the main of the courses given in 1X17 by Mr. 
 Willing. The methods of teaching which were 
 initiated by Judge Sharswood in 1850 and 
 carried on subsequently in the Law School 
 were of a different character. They included 
 detailed didactic teaching in the various fields 
 of law, illustrated by actual examples and with 
 more or less of text-book recitation and even 
 moot-courts. But even yet the matter was 
 given to the students in elaborated form, not 
 gathered in any degree by them; their atti- 
 tude was expected to be a purely passive and 
 receptive one. The next step was taken, anal- 
 ogous to the adoption of laboratory work in 
 other fields, by the introduction of the study 
 of "case law" in several branches of legal 
 instruction, during the decade between 1880 
 and 1890. According to this plan a large 
 number of adjudicated cases which throw light 
 on the development of some field of law are- 
 brought together and published in their main 
 outlines in one or more volumes. Tin: students 
 analyze these cases and subsequently discuss 
 them with the preceptor, thus forming in their 
 own minds a constructive, inductive knowledgi 
 of the subject in question. This method has 
 been applied to one branch of law after an- 
 other until only two or three subjects are 
 still treated in the older more formal didactic 
 methi id, 
 
 file test that has been applied to (he 
 
 Library, to scientific teaching and to the Midi 
 
 cal School shows therefore the same result in 
 the field of law. In even the leasl utilitarian 
 
 lines there has been something like the same 
 
 development. Probably one ol the reasons 
 
 why the classics obtained and long retained 
 such a predominating position .is a means oi 
 
 mental discipline was because in the very 
 nature of things their study brought the stu- 
 dent into immediate contact with the mate 
 rials he was dealing with He Studied the 
 tilings themselves, not certain doctrines about 
 the things. One other field of study may be 
 taken as typical, fin- study of History seems 
 to have begun at the University as Chronol- 
 ogy. Certain dates were dictated to the stu- 
 dent which he committed to memory. Then 
 History entered into the lecture stage; stu- 
 dents were told about events of the past 
 Ihe use of a text-book was a variation from 
 or an accompaniment of this. Ihe student 
 was still entirely separated from the materials 
 of his science by the intervention of the let 
 turer or text-book writer. Such lectures were 
 often brilliant and interesting, and those of 
 Professor Reed and Professor Thompson have 
 left a strong impress on the minds of students 
 who listened to them. Hut the same change 
 that we have met so frequently began to influ- 
 ence this subject also. Students were more 
 frequently sent to other books to follow up or 
 complete the subjects of the lecture or the 
 text-book, and these references were frequently 
 to the original sources of history. By about 
 [890 it had become the regular custom to 
 make historical courses consist largely ol 
 required reading or investigation done in the 
 Library. Another stage of this tendency came 
 in [893 when the publication bythe instructors 
 of a series of translations and reprints from Un- 
 original sources of history was begun so that 
 students might have in easily accessible form 
 materials from which they could to some ex- 
 tent construct their historical knowledge, or 
 
 w liieh W< 'iilil at least sei \ e ,h l\ pil al 1II11 li a 
 
 tions of actual history. In the undergraduate 
 courses this development has gone no further 
 
 and corresponds in the main to fully illustrated 
 lectures. In the Department of Philosophy 
 however, historical study has become almost 
 completely a matter of research, ol the anal) 
 sis and synthesis of the original materials ol 
 
 history. Its methods are therefore almost 
 
 purely those of the laboratory.
 
 2l8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 In ninny subjects of University teaching studies; as in the rediscovery of the history, 
 
 there has been a development characteristic of the language, the literature, the religions of 
 
 that special subject; as in the ancient Ian- the Orient; as in the progressive subdivision 
 
 guages from their teaching merely for rhetori- and culture of new fields of Medical, Legal, 
 
 cal or philosophical uses, to their greater Biological and Physical teaching. There is 
 
 valuation from a philological and literary point however no other generalization so wide in its 
 
 TROPHY AND SITTING ROOMS, HOUSTON HALL 
 
 of view; as in the greater dignity of position application, true of so many branches of stud)', 
 
 given to the Modern European languages; as and inclusive of so many forms of development 
 
 in the preeminence so readily granted in our as that which has been described above, the 
 
 time to the various aspects of the study of the change from didactic teaching to practical 
 
 English language and literature; as in the working by the student with the concrete 
 
 creation of the whole group of economic materials of his science.
 
 BOOK III 
 
 THE STUDENTS' SIDE OF THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 Students and their Customs 
 
 THE early youth of the University was 
 reflected in the youth of its students. 
 The first Provost deprecates boys 
 entering the Latin School before they are 
 nine or ten years old. The form of prayer 
 drawn up by Dr. Peters, a member of the 
 Board of Trustees in [753, after a suggestive 
 series of quotations from the Bible, beginning 
 with " Out of the mouths of babes and suck- 
 lings hast thou ordained strength," proceeds, 
 in an exhortation, to address them as follows: 
 " Dear children, the care your masters take to 
 apprize you of and to guard you against the 
 many snares and temptations with which the 
 world abounds, etc." He speaks of lessons 
 " suitable to your tender age," and urges them 
 to " avoid telling tales of your companions." 
 ( >n the other hand, of the first group of grad- 
 uates of the College, the Class of 1757, the 
 youngest was nineteen years old and three 
 
 Vi re each twenty-two. The fact seems to be 
 that the students were as various in their ages 
 as the curriculum was indefinite in its sequence, 
 and that students of all ages came to study all 
 kinds of subjects, from the small boys begin- 
 ning in the English or Latin or Mathematical 
 or Writing " schools," to the grown men in the 
 Philosophical schools. Later, after the curric- 
 ulum had beci ime better established, we find the 
 age was about thirteen or fourteen when stu- 
 dents entered the College proper, and sixteen 
 
 1 1 1 nt. en was the average when they gradu 
 at d. This remained true down to the time of 
 the Revolution. In the early years of this cen- 
 tury the average age was nol greater, indeed it 
 often less ; although a) some time, just when 
 does nol appear, a rule was adopted prohib 
 iting the admission of boys under fourteen, 
 ertheless, oul of thirty six students ad 
 mitted to the various College classes in iSjS, 
 
 three years after the course was prolonged 
 from three to four years, eight were under 
 fourteen years of age and were only admitted 
 under a suspension of the rules. In 
 three Freshmen are entered as being thirteen 
 years and seven months old, one as being thir- 
 teen years ten months and five as being four- 
 teen years. At about that time, however, the 
 age began to rise. In 1 X30 it is considered a 
 matter for rejoicing that out of thirteen appli- 
 cants for the Freshman Class all except four 
 were over fifteen years. The averages at 
 entrance of those who remained to graduation 
 at ten years periods after that time were as 
 follows : 
 
 1S40. 14 yrs. 10 mos. > s 70, 16 yrs. 5 mos. 
 
 1850, 15 yrs. 2 mos. [880, Mi yrs. 8 mos. 
 
 [860, 15 yrs. 5 mos. 1S90, 17 yrs. 1 mo. 
 
 1899, 18 yrs. 31/0 mos. 
 
 These figures only apply to the Department 
 of Arts, or since the foundation of the Depart- 
 ment of Science and other constituents of the 
 present College, to those departments. In 
 other departments of the University the age is 
 apt to be greater, and an average made up of 
 tin- ages of all students in all departments of 
 the University at the present time would prob 
 ably be somewhere near twenty-two years. 
 
 The " average student " is of course a mythi- 
 cal personage. One cannot describe him. 
 < hie ran but make an observation, or la\ down 
 a statement, or hazard a ;;uess here ,\\\A there. 
 and give to it as wide a generalization as seems 
 justifiable in its own time and place. It is to 
 
 be hoped and believed that there has been a 
 growth of maturity and self-control sine, the 
 bi ginning 1 om ponding to the increase in the 
 .i\ 1 1 agi 1 ;e, The students in early da) s 
 apparently threw stone- and kills .{n<\ thus 
 
 219
 
 220 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 broke windows as a regular form of recreation. 
 The code of rules adopted in 1755 declares 
 that " no student shall climb over the fences of 
 the College yard, or come in or go out through 
 the windows, or play ball or use any kind of 
 diversion within the walls of the building." It 
 is further provided that " none shall play ball 
 against the glass windows or any part of the 
 building where the window-shutters are open," 
 and the cost of broken windows is to be as- 
 sessed upon the scholars twice a year. Not- 
 withstanding this care, one of the earliest 
 entries on the minute book of the Trustees is, 
 " Agreed that a small ladder be bought to be 
 always at hand for the convenience of mending 
 windows." 
 
 The punishments provided for in this code 
 were very generally fines of fourpence, six- 
 pence or one shilling. " Chastizement," how- 
 ever, is frequently prescribed as a form (if 
 punishment midway between money-fines and 
 degradation or expulsion. This condition of 
 things remained down to the beginning of this 
 century. January 18, 1 79 1 , it was ordered " that 
 it be recommended to the Board to consider at 
 their next meeting of the proper instrument of 
 correction in the schools." Corporal punish- 
 ment was however deliberately abolished in the 
 University just at the beginning of this cen- 
 tury, and a statement of the fact published in 
 the newspapers. Punishments " calculated to 
 appeal to the sense 1 >t Ik >n< >r of the students," or 
 suspension, or ultimate expulsion, were substi- 
 tuted. Nevertheless one does not by any 
 means need to be " the oldest living alumnus" 
 to remember much misbehavior and corre- 
 sponding punishment. Even yet there is an 
 occasional recrudescence of some form of dis- 
 order or frivolity, although on the whole it has 
 been one of the most marked characteristics of 
 recent College life that there has been so very 
 little need for the exercise of disciplinary 
 powers by the authorities. 
 
 Of some forms of College disorder, such as 
 hazing, there has scarcely ever been a trace at 
 the University. Certain actions on the part of 
 Freshmen have nevertheless been traditionally 
 disallowed by the Sophomores. In the days 
 when all the older class men carried cloth bags 
 for their books and other paraphernalia, Fresh- 
 
 men were prohibited from doing so, being 
 required to carry theirs loosely or in a strap. 
 Any Freshman violating this rule was apt to 
 be swooped down on by one or more Sopho- 
 mores and to have the fragments of his bag 
 distributed among the latter class to serve as 
 badges. The same rule exists about carrying 
 a cane, and there are traditions that the wear- 
 ing of a high hat comes under the same con- 
 demnation, though as members of neither class 
 ever wear high hats at College this is purely 
 theoretical, or is only attempted as a challenge. 
 Indeed the principal value of these rules is an 
 excuse for good natured " rushes " between the 
 younger classes during the earl}' part of the 
 College year; the Freshmen coming prepared 
 to support some classmate who deliberately 
 carries a substantial walking-stick or displays 
 an aggressive green bag ; the Sophomores rec- 
 ognizing the challenge, and the result being a 
 "corner fight," or a rush through the halls, or 
 even out on the campus. In the Medical De- 
 partment a similar unwritten law prohibits 
 Freshmen from occupying the front seats in 
 lecture rooms where members of more than 
 Due class attend together. The most formal of 
 such contests, and one it is believed peculiar 
 to Pennsylvania, is the annual " bowl-fight." 
 From time immemorial it has been customary 
 in the College for the Sophomores to prepare 
 a huge wooden bowl, and at the end of the 
 first term, in the old days, when the recipients 
 of honors were named in order of merit, the 
 last Freshman to be named was chosen by the 
 Sophomores as "bowl man," and they pro- 
 ceeded to confer upon him the doubtful honor 
 of being carried aloft in the bowl. The Fresh- 
 men tried to protect their classmate from this 
 ceremony, and to break the wooden bowl. The 
 result was a contest of an hour, or sometimes 
 two or three hours, swaying through the build- 
 ings, grounds and adjacent streets. As the 
 bowl was originally of mere ordinary turned 
 wood, it was eventually broken unless the 
 Sophomores had been successful in giving the 
 bowl-man his ride in it and thus securing for it 
 immunity from injury. In the course of time 
 however, each succeeding class had its bowl 
 more strongly made, using specially prepared, 
 joined, d ive-tailed and strengthened wood,
 
 UNI PEPS I'll ' OP PENNS1 'LVANL I 
 
 221 
 
 until it has become practical]}' unbreakable. 
 Must of the bowls manufactured for the last 
 twenty years now garnish the halls of various 
 fraternities or other societies to which they 
 have been presented. The discontinuance oi 
 the ranking of students in class and of reading 
 the results < > r examinations in chapel has 
 made it necessary to choose a bowl-man delib- 
 erately. Recently the high development of 
 competitive contests has led to the adoption of 
 formal rules for the contests, with an umpire 
 and regular "hakes." All these changes have 
 lessened the spontaneity and naturalness oi the 
 bowl-fight to such a degree that it bids fair 
 soon to be a custom more honored in the 
 breach than the observance. 
 
 A similar fate threatens to overtake " Sopho- 
 more crematii in." Again from time immemorial, 
 it has been customary for the Sophomore class 
 at the end of the lust term of the year to burn 
 on a funeral-pyre with appropriate ceremonies 
 of speech, song and mummery, a book or figure 
 typical of that subject which has been most dis- 
 tasteful or burdensome among the studies of 
 the term just p.issc-d. In early times the book 
 was invariably Professor Jackson's " Syllabus," 
 but the disuse of that text-book and the 
 omission of Latin from many courses after the 
 elective system had been introduced broke 
 the tradition and made necessary the choice 
 of a new victim each year. In the old days 
 this ceremony was frequently made an occa 
 sion for the display in concrete form of that 
 latent antagonism between the different depart- 
 ments of the University, especially between the 
 Arts men and the Medical students, which was 
 then in existence. This opposition reached its 
 height in the year iXcSo, when College students 
 attended th. Medical Commencement (which 
 was then held on a separate date) at the 
 A. ademy of Music and made so much disturb- 
 .1111 e th.it the police interfered and a number of 
 arrests followed. At tin- next cremation on 
 the campus the Medical students retaliated by 
 
 breaking up the ceremonies and precipitating 
 ■ w\ actual pitched battle, which again led to 
 police interference .\m\ arrests After this a 
 reaction set in, which was changed to ,i tacit 
 truce by the election of one o) the Professors 
 in tlie Medical Department, Dr. Pepper, as 
 
 Provost, and has been made permanent by that 
 still more recent and vigorous growth ol unity 
 of feeling among the' students of all Depart- 
 ments due to more numerous common inten i 
 and Stronger institutional pride, to the Dormi- 
 tories, Houston Hall, athletics, and the general 
 advancement of the average student in maturity 
 and culture. 
 
 Cremation however has become less a matter 
 of general College interest. It is carried on by 
 a comparatively small number; it also is less 
 spontaneous and more theatrical; it has been 
 held in enclosed grounds to which admission is 
 charged, and will, like the bowl-tight, in all 
 probability cease before long to be celebrated. 
 
 The' student customs which continue in their 
 full strength are either those of a more social 
 nature, such as the " Sophomore Promenade," 
 the "Junior Hall," the " Ivy Hall," and various 
 department dances; or those which gather 
 around Commencement Week. Besides the 
 official ceremonies of this period, — Commence- 
 ment itself, the various Alumni gatherings, 
 those of the Society of the .Alumni (College), 
 "Alumni Day " under the supervision of the 
 General Alumni Society, and of various De- 
 partment and Class gatherings, the Phi Bi ta 
 Kappa exercises, and the commencements of 
 the College Literary Societies, — the special 
 occasion is " (.'lass Day." This is the festive 
 farewell of the graduating class in the College 
 to their undergraduate course. A class history 
 is read, and the history of the future, so tar as 
 it affects the members ol the class, duly dis- 
 closed; a poem is read; emblematical gifts, 
 ranging in si/.e and character from a monkey 
 on a stick to a live pony, are conferred upon 
 members of the class of sufficient individuality 
 
 to suggest such remembrances; more serious 
 
 "ill ,t\r presented to the men who have been 
 already chosen for such coveted honors, in the 
 form of a beautifully carved wooden-spoon to 
 tlii- most popular man in the class, the bowl, it it 
 has been preserved, to a second, and the spade 
 with which the elass ivy has just been planted 
 against College or Houston llall with cer 
 monies consisting ol a poem and address, to a 
 third. I he President's gown is transferred to 
 lli.it offil ill o|' the Junior (las-,, a\\A a valedic- 
 torj which hovers between the prevailing
 
 222 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR. SONS 
 
 joviality and the deeper significance of the though they contribute their own share to the 
 
 occasion closes the celebration. flavor of College days; others defy classifica- 
 
 There are many customs more or less time- tion and could only be given as items in a 
 
 honored, more or less widely spread among catalogue. Still others however are clothed in 
 
 the students, more or less characteristic of more permanent, more serious, or more con- 
 
 College or University life. Many of them ventional form, and will make the subjects of 
 
 have lasted for a while and then died; many the following chapters, 
 seem almost too trivial to put into print, 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 Literary and Technical Societies and College Journalism 
 
 LITERARY societies of one kind or an- 
 other meet us everywhere among the 
 records of the University's past. On 
 the minute-book of the Trustees, permission 
 to use rooms or hold meetings is given from 
 time to time to some society of which only 
 this single mention has survived, such as "The 
 Literary and Commercial Society" in 1790, or 
 the " Union Society " in 1797. The first liter- 
 ary organization to survive to the present time 
 is the Philomather Society, or" l'liilo," founded 
 in 1 S 1 3 . It had official sanction from the 
 Trustees, granted November 23 of that year, 
 ,m<l a suitable room was appropriated at that 
 time and has always since been provided for 
 it. The society has had on its rolls a good 
 proportion of the students who have subse- 
 quently won prominence. Eminence during 
 College life so far as that can be obtained by 
 merely intellectual victories is supposed to be 
 provided for by the prizes which the society 
 offers yearly to its members for success in com- 
 petitive debates, orations and essays, and by 
 annual competitive debates with other societies 
 in the University and outside ; in addition to 
 the drill which is obtained by its regular liter- 
 ary exercises. At one particular time in the 
 early fifties a committee of the society took up 
 a work so ambitious as to have astounded all 
 later generations of members. This was no 
 less than the decipherment of the Rosetta 
 Stone, a model of which still hangs upon the 
 walls of the society's rooms while sumptuous 
 lithographed copies of the committees' report 
 still exist in the Society and the University 
 Libraries. Biennial addresses bv graduate 
 
 members, commencement celebrations and 
 lectures have at successive periods been the 
 favorite public function of the society, and one 
 of its committees for a long time issued the 
 only University periodical. 
 
 In 1829 a rival literary society, the Zelo- 
 sophic, or " Zelo," was founded, mainly by the 
 efforts of Alexander Dallas Bache, at that time 
 Professor in the University. This society prob- 
 ably contained an even larger number of those 
 who have become influential in the later his- 
 tory of the University than did " Philo." In 
 the early seventies, however, it went out of 
 existence, and so remained in desuetude until 
 1892, when it was revived and has since led a 
 tolerably vigorous and self-assertive life. 
 
 The development of the Scientific courses 
 led to the formation in 1882 of the Franklin 
 Scientific Society. After some years of exist- 
 ence this particular organization disappeared, 
 but by that time there had grown up a number 
 of organizations of combined intellectual and 
 social character, in connection with a num- 
 ber of the different courses or departments. 
 These have continued to increase in strength 
 and numbers until it seems almost hopeless 
 even to make a list of them. In the Medical 
 Department there are the Alfred Stille, Horatio 
 C. Wood, William Pepper, Tyson, Hirst, Gui- 
 teras, I leaver, Daland and possibly other 
 medical societies ; the D. Hayes Agnew, Ash- 
 hurst and J. William White Surgical societies, 
 and the C. B. Penrose Gynaecological Society. 
 The Medical Institute, which goes back prob- 
 ably to the later years of the last century, 
 has long existed as an adjunct to the Medical
 
 UNIVERSITY Of /V'.AA.v//./ ANIA 
 
 223 
 
 School. Similarly in the Dental Department 
 there are the E. C. Kirk, E. T. Darby, James 
 Truman and probably other societies; and in 
 the Law Department the Sharswood, Miller, E. 
 Coppee Mitchell, J. [.Clark Hare, George Whar- 
 ton Pepper, James Wilson and others. The 
 Biological School with its Botanical Club and 
 Naturalists' Field Club, the Civil Engineering 
 Club, the Veterinary Medical Society, the 
 Architectural Society, the .Mathematical Club, 
 and numbers of others exist, extending by 
 insensible gradations through the outside 
 Quiz clubs into the seminaries or other or- 
 ganizations which are simply an adjunct to the 
 formal teaching work of the institution. In- 
 deed the tendency to form organizations of all 
 kinds has been exceedingly strongly marked 
 in recent years. The number of societies and 
 the extent of their membership in the Univer- 
 sity is so great that it seems almost impossible 
 that there should be any student not a member 
 of one or more such organizations. They are 
 of all sorts and kinds, some of them absolutely 
 general like the Houston Club; others like the 
 Franklin or later the Pennsylvania Debating 
 Union, a distinct product of the recent exten- 
 sion of intercollegiate debates; others like the 
 New York Society or the associations of grad- 
 uates of certain schools, mainly propagandist 
 bodies intended to draw other students to the 
 University. Others like the Women's Club 
 furnish social opportunities to those who are 
 not included in any other distinct University 
 group; others, like the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association, the Newman Club, or the 
 Church Club, are mainly religious organiza- 
 tions; while still others are of such distinctive 
 characters, — Greek letter fraternities, dra- 
 matic, musical and athletic organizations — that 
 the_\- seem to demand separate treatment in 
 later chapters. Hut from the literary societies 
 described above has arisen another form of 
 undergraduate activity that seems to call for 
 de cription before taking up these other or- 
 ganizations; that is College journalism. 
 
 The College newspaper or magazine, like 1 ml 
 iide journals, has sprung from three quite differ- 
 ent desires; to report the news, to diseuss 
 current matters of interest, and to furnish an op 
 portunity for literary expression. These have 
 
 been mingled in varying proportions. The i 1. 
 ment of news was comparatively insignificant in 
 
 the earlier periods, first because there was in 
 those unsophisticated days but little news to 
 report, and secondly because only infrequent 
 publication could be afforded ami news a month 
 old seemed scarcely worth publishing. There 
 might however be much and vigorous discus- 
 sion of matters of general College intei 1. 
 and purely literal)- ideals were perhaps rela- 
 tively more prominent in earlier times than 
 they are now. As in the case of other organ 
 izations there are vague traditions of earlier 
 and unrecorded or unsubstantiated periodical 
 publications, and some actual, tangible though 
 sporadic journals, as of the " Zelosophic 
 Magazine," published every two mouths from 
 April 1834 to August 1835, '"' the " Pons 
 Asinorum," published by the Philomathean 
 Society in 1854, or the "University Society 
 Record," of March 1863. "The University 
 Magazine" of March and April [869 was rather 
 an official journal with an undergraduate de- 
 partment than a veritable students' magazine. 
 
 The first continued undergraduate publica- 
 tion however was a journal of the same name, 
 "The University Magazine," edited and pub- 
 lished monthly by a committee of Philo from 
 November 1875 to September 1SS1. It then 
 became semi-monthly ami continued so till 
 November 1885. By this time however, Col 
 lege spirit, even University spirit, was l>< 
 coming stronger and there was a desire to 
 establish a journal which should appear more 
 frequently, which should be under the control 
 of the students at large, and which should 
 include and interest if possible students of 
 other departments as well as the College, 
 file result of this agitation was tile- merger oi 
 the University Magazine into the " Pennsyl- 
 vanian," established 011 the lines indicated 
 above and published weekly from December 
 li, 1 S S ^ , to lune 4, iSmi ; semi weekly from 
 i >, tober 1 . [891, to June 8, [894, and dail) 
 from September _•',, [894, to the present time. 
 
 Ill- sive changes have made it more 
 
 and more completel) a newspaper pure and 
 simple, wiili no literarj aspirations. This field 
 has been tilled principally by the "Red and 
 Blue." fins patriotically named journal ap
 
 224 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 peared for the first time on March i, 1889, 
 and continued as a semi-monthly to June 1, 
 1S94. When it reappeared after the holidays, 
 in September of that year, it was as a monthly 
 only, but increased in si/.e, improved in form, 
 and made still more entirely literary in char- 
 acter. It has up to the present time been 
 continued on the same general lines; its 
 characteristic features being its generally artis- 
 tic appearance, due largely to the interest of 
 the students in Architecture, one of the ablest 
 of whom and Editor of the magazine for one 
 term, was the brilliant young Arthur S. Brooke, 
 whose sad death has so recently occurred. 
 
 Another journal for College news alone was 
 the ephemeral " University News," published 
 daily November 6, 1892, to February 2, 1893. 
 Equally evanescent, though devoted rather to 
 the object which was placed second in the list 
 above, the discussion of questions of University 
 interest, has been the " Examiner " a small 
 broadside sheet, at first published anony- 
 mously, but afterward under adverse criticism 
 disclosing the names of the Editors, appearing 
 weekly from 1899 till it has recently made its 
 farewell with the issue of April 12, 1900, the 
 twelfth from its inception. The " University 
 Courier" began weekly publication in 1892 
 and gradually faded out of existence three 
 years afterward. From time to time a fourth 
 type of journal has appeared, the humorous 
 periodical. None such has up to the present 
 time survived very long, whether from lack of 
 pecuniar}' support, or from exhaustion of the 
 supply of sufficiently witty Editors. " Chaff" 
 was published monthly from October 1882 to 
 July 1884. " Ben Franklin" began as a semi- 
 monthly March 8, 1895, but was short-lived. 
 Recently the " Punch Bowl " has received 
 authorization and started a humorous course 
 as a semi-monthly, which it is to be hoped 
 may be longer than that of its predecessors on 
 similar lines. 
 
 Such are or have been the regular under- 
 graduate publications. Just at the close of 
 
 their course however, the Seniors of the 
 College have published annually since [867 
 the " Class Record," reproducing most of the 
 ceremonies of Class Day, containing certain 
 more or less humorous reminiscences of the 
 history of the class during its College years, 
 and rather extensive statistical information 
 concerning College and University organiza- 
 tions. 
 
 The only alumni periodical, apart from the 
 little semi-annual Bulletin sent by the officers 
 of the Society of the Alumni (College) to its 
 members, is the " Alumni Register." This 
 has been published as a monthly by the 
 officers ol the General Alumni Society since 
 January 15, 1896. It lias grown almost 
 steadily in size and variety and completeness 
 of contents, and with the number of Mid- 
 March 1900 is changed into a semi-monthly, 
 fhe " I'enn Monthly" was a literary journal 
 most of the writers of which were olficers or 
 graduates of the University, and it was sub- 
 sidized by the Alumni Society, but its Univer- 
 sity connection was given up and it suspended 
 publication some years ago. 
 
 Besides these undergraduate and alumni 
 periodicals there are certain publications of a 
 semi-official character. Not to speak of the 
 University Catalogue and the numerous de- 
 partmental circulars, the annual Provost's and 
 Treasurer's Report, and the " Bulletin," de- 
 voted largely to official matters and republi- 
 cation of addresses; the "American Eaw 
 Review " and the " University Medical Maga- 
 zine," are closely affiliated with the depart- 
 ments indicated in the titles of those journals. 
 There are also various series of scientific or 
 literary publications issued under the name of 
 the University, but not at any stated periods. 
 Beginning with this year all theses presented 
 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will be 
 printed. In various lines purely University 
 publications shade off into those which are 
 merely general publications in which Univer- 
 sity Professors, Officers or students take part.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 225 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 Fraternities, Dramatic Clubs and Musical So< n riES 
 
 TT has been just a half-century since the 
 first Greek-letter Societies were estab- 
 lished in the University. In the years 
 1849 and 1S50 chapters of four fraternities, 
 Phi Kappa Sigma, Delta I'hi, Zeta Psi and 
 Delta l'si were established. ( )f these the first 
 named was founded at Pennsylvania, and has 
 had among its 
 membership an 
 unusually large 
 number of men 
 influential in the 
 management of 
 the University. 
 Alter 1850 more 
 than twenty years 
 elapsed before 
 any other frater- 
 nity chapters 
 were organized. 
 In 1N75 a chapter 
 of Sigma Chi was 
 instituted here, 
 which subse- 
 quently went out 
 nf existence, to 
 be revived only 
 twenty years af- 
 terward, in [S96. 
 
 In the meantime — 
 
 however, begin- 
 ning with 1X7S, 
 then- was a rapid 
 foundation of 
 
 ■ hapters at Penn- delta phi 
 
 sylvania. In the 
 
 succeeding ten years chapters of Phi Kappa 
 Phi, Alpha Tan I >mega, Beta Theta Pi, Phi 
 Gamma Delta, Phi Delta Theta and Delta 
 Upsilon were established. Since then, of the 
 older type of fraternities, there ha\ e been seven 
 new foundations: Psi Upsilon, Kappa Sigma, 
 Alpha Chi Rho, Delta Tau Delta, Phi Delta 
 Phi, Kappa Kappa Gamma (notable as lie 
 
 vol.. 1. 15 
 
 ing the only feminine fraternity), and Delta 
 Kappa Epsilon just formed during the past 
 year. 
 
 During this last period a variation has ap- 
 peared from the older form. These are frater- 
 nities whose members are all drawn from some 
 one- department of the University instead of 
 
 being drawn irre- 
 spectively III mi 
 all departments, 
 or only from the 
 College. Such 
 are Phi Alpha 
 Sigma, \'u Sigma 
 Nu, and Alpha 
 Mn Pi < )mega, in 
 the Medical De- 
 partment, I >elta 
 Sigma 1 >elta in 
 the Dental De- 
 partment, and the 
 Mu Phi Alpha 
 Engineering Fra- 
 ternity. 
 
 On the border 
 line bet w e e n 
 KT these secret fra- 
 ternities and 
 merely literary 
 societies, stand 
 two organizations 
 similarly named 
 but not secret and 
 having theii fra 
 ti 1 nal characteris- 
 tics but slighdy 
 developed. The first of these is the local 
 chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, Delta of Penn- 
 sylvania, which was established here in 1893 
 This fraternity elects to membership everj 
 _\ear, purely on the l>a>i-- of scholarship, a 
 number not exceeding five from the Senior 
 1 las and three from the Junior class, who 
 must be students in the more purely literary
 
 226 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 or classical courses of the College. It holds a 
 social meeting in the middle of the winter and 
 a literary meeting with oration and poem in 
 
 PHI DELTA THETA 
 
 Sigma Xi is a society 
 
 Commencement week, 
 of similar aims existing for the benefit of 
 scientific students, a chapter of which has been 
 established here daring the present year. 
 
 Until the last decade there were no 
 fraternity-houses at Pennsylvania at 
 which members lived. About ten 
 years ago however the custom began 
 of renting such commodious and con- 
 veniently situated dwelling-houses as 
 could be found near the University. 
 Psi Upsilon, Delta Upsilon, Zeta Psi, 
 Phi Delta Theta, Peta Theta Pi, Delta 
 Phi, Kappa Sigma, Phi Kappa Sigma 
 and others secured such houses, at £ 
 
 which groups of members took up 
 their residence. Still later, within the 
 last year or two, a number of frater- 
 nity-houses of original and attractive 
 architectural design have been built 
 on the streets immediately facing the 
 University grounds. 
 
 The Mask and Wig Club, the old- 
 est and most successful existing dra- 
 matic society at the University, also has a 
 clubhouse and a continuous social life quite 
 as distinct as that of the Greek-letter societies. 
 
 It was organized in 18S9 and has produced 
 annually since that time in Easter week a farce 
 or light play composed generally by one of its 
 own members. It has usually given 
 five or six performances in Philadel- 
 phia and has occasionally repeated 
 them in some other cities, as well as 
 giving additional less formal produc- 
 tions at other times in its own club- 
 house. The Club was incorporated 
 in iScjj and soon afterward established 
 a house on Quince Street below 
 Spruce. Its first play was " Lurline," 
 which was followed by a series of 
 parodies, or similar compositions, this 
 year's production being known as 
 " Mr. Aguinaldo of Manila." 
 
 Other dramatic associations pre- 
 ceded and have existed contempora- 
 neously with the "Mask and Wig." 
 In fact there was a distinct dramatic 
 tendency even in the old colonial 
 College. Reference has been made 
 more than once to the somewhat solemn dra- 
 matic pieces that were acted by the students at 
 the earl)' commencements, mostly composed 
 by the Provost, and afterwards published. The 
 
 PSI UPSILON 
 
 same tendency must have existed in a more 
 popular form at the time of the Revolution, 
 for a rule is entered on the Trustees' minute-
 
 UNIVERSITY 01- Ph.S SSYl.l .IM.1 
 
 227 
 
 hook, February 20, 17S1, "tli.it no dramatic 
 performance be exhibited by the students in 
 the University without the approbation of the 
 Trustees previously obtained." 
 
 The performance of the Greek play in [886 
 lias been already described, but it gave rise to 
 no permanent organization. In 1N7X the 
 •• University Dramatic Association " was formed, 
 and played a humorous " Romeo ami Juliet," 
 but it soon ceased to exist. In 1S95 the " Gar- 
 rick Club" was formed with the object of pro- 
 ducing plays of a mine literary, or at least ol 
 a less trivial, character than those given by the 
 •' Mask and Wig." 
 
 In March 1900 the first French play ever 
 given by University students, Lr M/decin mal- 
 grt hit of Moliere, was produced with great 
 success, called forth much interest, and seems 
 likely to had to a permanent French dramatic 
 organization. 
 
 Closed}' allied to the dramatic are the musi- 
 cal societies. As call}- as I 759 we hear of the 
 
 Orpheus Club of the College. The University 
 Glee Club is a time-honored organization, 
 going well back to the middle of the century 
 at least, though there have been period- when 
 it was temporarily in a condition of suspension. 
 Orchestral organizations have come into and 
 gone out of existence. In 1SS7 the University 
 Orchestra came into permanent existence, as 
 well as banjo and mandolin clubs. Soon after- 
 wards the banjo and mandolin clubs were com- 
 bined with the -he club as the " Associated 
 Musical Clubs" of tlie University. Notwith- 
 standing some recent adverse experience-, the 
 annual concert by these united clubs is still 
 one of the social occasions of the year, am] the 
 clubs make an annual trip more or less ex- 
 tended in time and distance. There is also in 
 existence a University Band, and an organiza- 
 tion among the students of the Department of 
 Music for the occasional performance of parlor 
 music. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 Ann 1 1 11 s 
 
 AHLETICS have formed such a targe 
 part of the interests of the students 
 and the alumni during recent years, 
 and the University has won such a prominent 
 intercollegiate position, that it is difficult to 
 realize that their whole growth and develop- 
 ment has been within the last two or three 
 decades. Of course certain outdoor sports 
 have always been practised, but athletics in the 
 modern sense, that 1., competitive contests 
 under established rules, have been a matter of 
 very recent times. Two branches however li.nl 
 their origin somewhat earlier than the others. 
 These were rowing and crii lei The " Univer- 
 sity Barge Club" was formed in [854, but as 
 its membership was not restricted to students 
 it soon lost all real connection with the Univer- 
 sity. "The College Boat Club of the University 
 of Pennsylvania " was formed in 1872, incorpo- 
 rated in 1 S - ^ , . md obtained a boat-house alone; 
 with the group of similar structures on the 
 Schuylkill at Fairmount. Cricket was played 
 
 from an early time, class teams existed, ami in 
 1 Siio there were even match games with Hav- 
 erford College as well as with various non- 
 collegiate teams. Till after 1X75 however 
 athletics in these as in other forms were of the 
 nature of' unregulated amusements, though 
 class organizations were sporadically formed, 
 and informal contests held. 
 
 The University began its regular series of 
 intercollegiate contests in the \arious branches 
 of athletics at about the same time; baseball in 
 1S75, football in [876, track athletics and 
 cricket in [877, and rowing in 1X711. Since 
 
 these dates these branches with one exec ption 
 
 have had annual contests. This one exception 
 is cricket, which for some reason has had a 
 
 somewhat prei existence here, . is in the 
 
 few other American Colleges where it is played 
 at .ill. ('lass matches or races have continued 
 to In held, but they have come to In- more ami 
 
 mere looked upon .is mere h.imin fot the 
 
 inter-coll iati a mt 1 in si 'me bram
 
 228 
 
 UNITERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 also there are contests with non-collegiate ama- 
 teur clubs, but these also tend to be given up. 
 The progress of athletics has been guided in 
 the main by the Athletic Association. This 
 was formed in 1873, its first group of officers 
 being elected in 1875. In 1879 graduates 
 were admitted to membership in the associa- 
 tion and ultimately obtained control of its 
 policy. The Athletic Association was in- 
 tended to foster interest especially in track 
 and field athletics; baseball, cricket, football 
 and rowing having each its own association. 
 In 1882 however all these bodies were com- 
 bined into one 
 organization, 
 which was in- 
 corporated, 
 with officers 
 and a Board 
 of Directors. 
 Standing com- 
 mittees were 
 appointed <>n 
 each of the 
 live principal 
 branches. The 
 ultimate form 
 w h i c h this 
 plan of organ- 
 ization lias 
 taken has been 
 a Gove rning 
 Board of fif- 
 teen, made up of ten graduates elected by the 
 graduate members of the Association, and five 
 undergraduates elected by the undergraduate 
 members. The five standing committees are 
 appointed by this Board and are each com- 
 posed of two graduates and three- undergrad- 
 uates. A financial secretary, coaches, trainers 
 and other employees are appointed by the 
 Board. The Board also manages the financial 
 affairs of the various branches, using the sur- 
 plus derived from the more popular sports, 
 like football, to aid in paying the expenses of 
 the less popular branches, or those to which 
 admission fees cannot be charged, like rowing. 
 The Athletic Association has been recog- 
 nized in various ways by the University 
 authorities. It gives information to the Uni- 
 
 ( MM. KM IV BOATHOUSE ox THE SCHUYLKILL 
 
 versify Committee on Athletics on which the 
 latter bases the regulations to govern athletic 
 contests, and has entire charge of that part of 
 the University property set apart for athletic 
 uses. Its most conspicuous work has been in 
 this last direction. In 1885 the Trustees set 
 apart the ground extending south and west 
 from Thirty-sixth and Spruce streets, and by 
 the efforts of the Association this was graded 
 and provided with stands. All important ath- 
 letic contests during the ten years from 1885 
 to 1895 took place on this field. In that year 
 this ground came into demand for dormitory 
 
 purposes and 
 for the Uni- 
 versity restau- 
 rant, and at 
 the same time 
 a very desira- 
 ble tract was 
 acquired by 
 the University 
 and given into 
 the charge of 
 the Athletic 
 Association at 
 Thirty-third 
 a n d Sout h 
 streets. This 
 w a s named 
 F r a 11 k 1 i n 
 Field, and has 
 since that time 
 been going through stead}' if somewhat slow 
 transformation into model grounds for athletic 
 purposes. The tracks, the football and baseball 
 grounds and stands, have been in full use, and 
 the further structures which appear on the 
 Association's plan are coming within appreci- 
 able distance of realization. 
 
 During this period the growing interest in 
 athletics was introducing visible changes in the 
 institution, some of which seem to many 
 thoughtful persons a distinct loss, others of 
 which are undoubtedly beneficial. Among the 
 latter are to be counted the growth of an exub- 
 erant University patriotism. One form of this 
 appeals to the eye, another to the ear. The red 
 and blue which were first used at Saratoga in 
 the summer of 1875 as the colors of the repre-
 
 a 
 - 
 : 
 c 
 v. 
 o
 
 2 3 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sentative of Pennsylvania at the track sports 
 held there, and in the autumn of the same year 
 adopted by the Athletic Association as its 
 colors, gradually came to be recognized as the 
 colors of the University at large, and have since 
 been used not only in innumerable social and 
 festive connections, but on the most dignified 
 and solemn official occasions. In 1877 at the in- 
 tercollegiate championship track sports the first 
 
 In earlier days the athletic teams were con- 
 structed largely if not entirely from students 
 of the College. As the different departments 
 grew closer together, however, as the interest 
 in athletics became stronger, as methods of 
 teaching and of social life in the professional 
 schools and those in the College approximated 
 to each other, and after Houston Hall and the 
 Dormitories became unifying factors of the 
 
 VARSITY AND FRESHMAN BOAT CREWS, 1 900 
 
 form of the University cheer, " Hoora, Hoora, 
 Hoora, Penn-syl-va-ni-a ! " was adopted. Sub- 
 sequent modifications have only changed its 
 form. There is always now a recognized Uni- 
 versity cry, and the habit of combined cheering 
 has made its way into places almost as formal 
 as those in which the red and blue colors have 
 come to figure. Athletics has also done much 
 to bring the various departments of the Uni- 
 versity into closer relations. 
 
 whole student bod)-, the teams came to be 
 more and more largely made up of students 
 drawn from all departments indiscriminately. 
 This was of course a great strengthening to the 
 athletic abilities of the University, several of 
 whose departments are of approximately equal 
 numbers, as the best men could be picked out 
 from a much larger body. Several Universities 
 or Colleges, however, whose collegiate depart- 
 ments were much larger relatively to the other
 
 r 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 n 
 
 - 
 
 CO
 
 2 3 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 departments than at Pennsylvania resented this 
 extension of the field of choice, and felt more- 
 over that it gave opportunity or temptation for 
 men of abnormally long athletic training to be 
 placed on the teams. The most conspicuous 
 effect of this feeling was the adoption in 1893 
 by the Inter-collegiate Football Association of 
 the so-called " undergraduate rule," as an 
 amendment to its constitution. This rule read 
 as follows: " No member of a graduate depart- 
 ment, nor special student, should be allowed to 
 play, nor any graduate who has registered or 
 attended lectures at any other University or 
 
 Yale falling out with one another at about the 
 same time. Notwithstanding these slight in- 
 stances of inter-collegiate friction, Pennsylvania 
 has gradually come to take her place among the 
 first four or five Universities in the country in 
 athletics as in other respects, and more than 
 once, in one or other branch of sport, she has 
 been easily first. 
 
 Some of the main incidents other than those 
 already mentioned, in various branches, have 
 been as follows: In 1S95 a series of annual 
 intercollegiate and interscholastic relay races 
 was inaugurated which has been continued 
 
 1" 
 
 M£ **»'*« 
 
 ■i - 
 
 GRAND STAND, FRANKLIN FIELD (AS PROPOSED) 
 
 College." Pennsylvania protested against this 
 enactment, and on its being carried by the 
 votes of Yale, Princeton and Wesleyan, with- 
 drew from the Association. She still con- 
 tinued however to play with these Universities 
 under special rules. 
 
 In 1S94 the Princeton Faculty, giving as its 
 reason the undue prevalence of disputes and 
 recrimination, prohibited its athletic teams for 
 the time from arranging for contests with 
 Pennsylvania, and in the main branches of 
 athletics these have never yet been resumed. 
 Nor since 1.895 have contests in rowing, foot- 
 ball or baseball been arranged with Yale. At 
 a certain period disagreements among Colleges 
 and Universities were epidemic, Harvard and 
 
 since and has awakened much interest. In 
 1 891 the College Alumni athletic prizes were 
 established, and have exerted an encouraging 
 effect on sports which are otherwise somewhat 
 apt to be neglected. After [892 Pennsylvania 
 regularly obtained a place among the first 
 three contestants in intercollegiate track ath- 
 letics, and in 1898 and 1899 obtained first 
 place. Dual games have been arranged from 
 time to time with Cornell, California and Har- 
 vard, and for some years a Pennsylvania State 
 Intercollegiate League existed. 
 
 In rowing, the gift of the " Childs Cup " in 
 1879, to be competed for by Pennsylvania, 
 Columbia and Princeton, a group into which 
 Cornell was admitted in 1887, gave an objec-
 
 > 
 H 
 X 
 c 
 Pi 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 
 50 
 o 
 - 
 c 
 
 / 
 
 M 
 O
 
 2 34 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 tive point for some of the earlier races. The has been played with that University, was a 
 University has however always pursued a victory for Pennsylvania by a score of 12-0. 
 catholic policy in rowing, taking part in many In this year for the first time Pennsylvania 
 forms of intercollegiate racing and also partici- defeated every team with which she played. 
 pating in other than College regattas. In 1882 In fact from that time till 1899 she had con- 
 and again in 1898, 1899 and 1 900, Pennsylvania tinned unbroken success, except for one game 
 came out first in the intercollegiate races, hav- with Lafayette in 1896 and one with Harvard 
 ing run the whole gamut of utter and partial in 1898. The football team of 1899 was de- 
 defeat and of almost achieved victors- between feated a number of times, but for the preced- 
 these times. The race of 1895 between Colum- ing two or three years there seems no reason 
 bia, Cornell and Pennsylvania was made famous to doubt that Pennsylvania had on the whole 
 by the last-named having continued to row the best team of any American College or 
 while their boat was steadily filling with water University, though no games were actually 
 until it had entirely disappeared from sight and played with Princeton or Yale. 
 
 FIELD HOUSE, FRANKLIN FIELD (AS PROPOSED) 
 
 the rowers had to be rescued from the wreck. 
 In 1898 Pennsylvania defeated Cornell, Wis- 
 consin and Columbia ; the first named of these 
 in the same year having defeated Yale and 
 I larvard. 
 
 Football has for a decade been the most 
 popular of American College sports, and from 
 Pennsylvania have emanated a number of inno- 
 vations which have exerted a deep influence 
 on the development of the game, although to 
 many persons these changes seem undesirable. 
 In 1892 the University was successful over 
 Princeton for the first time, though the score 
 was almost reversed the next year. In 1894 
 however the game with Princeton, the last that 
 
 Baseball has been less popular than either 
 football or rowing, and is less prevailingly col- 
 legiate in its clientage. Cricket has suffered 
 rather from lack of interested or enthusiastic 
 competition with other Colleges, excepting 
 Haverford and intermittently Harvard, than 
 from lack of good players. Interest in the 
 game has not, however, been sufficient to lead 
 to any such careful training as is devoted to 
 the branches previously mentioned. 
 
 From time to time other intercollegiate con- 
 tests have been introduced, such as cross-country 
 running, tennis, bicycle riding, gymnastics, fenc- 
 ing, lacrosse, golf and others, but they have- 
 never taken hold on the continued interest of
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 2 35 
 
 the students at the University, nor have they take tin's form of amusement too seriously, and 
 awakened any of that enthusiasm which the five the partial substitution of physical for intellect- 
 main branches of athletics always call out. ual iilr. ils, as complete satisfaction might be 
 Except for the unfortunate recrimination felt in this as in any other phase of the Uni- 
 that has existed in certain intercollegiate versity's recent history. 
 athletic relations, the constant tendency to 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 The Alumni 
 
 THE bond that unites the alumnus to 
 his Alma Mater is a proverbial In- 
 close one. This feeling has not 
 been so highly developed in the past here as 
 at some other Colleges, due parti)' to the 
 absence of dormitories and the substitution 
 for it of the social interests which students 
 have kept up at their homes ; parti}- to the 
 long period of decadence when the University 
 offered so little to attract the admiration and 
 love of its students or the pride of its alumni ; 
 parti)' no doubt to other causes. Nevertheless 
 t\\ i > facts are to be placed alongside of this state- 
 ment ; first that there have always been some 
 men to whom the demands of College loyalty 
 wire very real and very strong, and secondly 
 that the last two or three decades have seen an 
 enormous increase of this feeling in extent and 
 intensity. Indeed it is doubtful whether there- 
 is in these last years of the nineteenth century 
 a more enthusiastic and loyal bod\' of gradu- 
 ates anywhere than those who yearly leave 
 Pennsylvania for the occupations of later life. 
 
 The body which historically represents the 
 first class alluded to above-, the comparatively 
 few who were always possessed of a strong 
 sense of loyalty and interest, is the older 
 element in the " Society of the Alumni," which 
 was organized among graduates of the Depart- 
 ment of Arts in [848. There are traditions 
 of a much earlier society, and in [836 there 
 certainly was an organization of the alumni, 
 before whom a formal address was made by 
 rhomas I. Wharton. This society seems how- 
 ever to have passed out of existence. The 
 
 present organization was formed fune 9, [848. 
 Most of those who were then 1 »ffii ers and mem 
 bers have since passed away, although I >i fohn 
 
 W. Faires and Mi-. John B. Gest are now, as 
 the)' were then, members of the Hoard of 
 Managers. Annual meetings have always been 
 held, in earl}- years being made the occasion 
 for a formal annual address, in later years for 
 less formal speeches which largely take tin 
 form of reports on the progress and prospects 
 of the University made by the Provost and the 
 Dean of the College. There have always been 
 edible and potable accompaniments to the 
 gatherings of the society. Its membership 
 was at first restricted to graduates in Aits; 
 then as the Department of Science, the Whar- 
 ton School, and other new courses were con- 
 structed, its membership was broadened so as 
 to be inclusive of all graduates of the College. 
 About [890 it was still further extended to 
 allow of the election of matriculates who had 
 not actually graduated and of students who 
 had only taken special or partial courses. It 
 has however always remained representative 
 distinctly of the College. 
 
 Perhaps the most conspicuous work which 
 tin Society of the Alumni has done has been 
 the maintenance of a catalogue of all matricu- 
 lates of the College. This was compiled in 
 its first form by a committee of the Society in 
 [849. In [877 a sir. ,nd was produced,.! third 
 
 in 1 880, and in [893 the '• Catalogue of Matricu- 
 lates of the College," a work of live hundred and 
 sixty pages, which in detail, completeness and 
 excellence of arrangement is probably the best 
 catalogue of former students of any College in 
 existence. A second form of activity has been 
 the foundation of prizes In [859 a pri 1 wa 
 
 established for tile besl Latin essav bv a mem 
 
 ber of the Senior Class, ai\>\ in [867 for the 
 
 i" t original oration by a Junior. In [895
 
 236 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 second prizes were added to each of these. 
 In 1S87 an annual sum of fifty dollars was set 
 apart to be expended by the Athletic Associa- 
 tion in the purchase of prizes for students 
 making exceptionally high records in various 
 branches of athletics. The Henry Reed Prize 
 for an essay in English Literature was estab- 
 lished by a fund collected from the Alumni 
 generally, though not through the Society, and 
 the Allen Greek and Latin prizes were estab- 
 lished in 1895 by the President of the Society. 
 Other foundations or memorials created by 
 the society were the three central memorial 
 windows in the College Chapel, portraits of 
 Vice-Provosts Frazer and Krauth, the fund for 
 the purchase of books named after the latter, 
 and the Library of Professor Allen purchased 
 and presented to the University after his death. 
 At present the society is engaged in collecting 
 funds to endow the Professorship of Greek in 
 further remembrance of Professor Allen. The 
 society has also contributed from time to time 
 to various objects of University interest, espe- 
 cially in the field of publication. In 1894 the 
 Society of the Alumni was incorporated. In 
 1897 was begun the issue of a semi-annual 
 bulletin t<> members of the society, with the 
 object of keeping them in closer connection 
 with the current interests of the University. 
 For this after all is the great object of the 
 society, to give unity, encouragement, recog- 
 nition, embodiment, to the sense of continued 
 responsibility on the part of graduates of the 
 College for its welfare and advancement. 
 
 Alumni organizations were formed later for 
 the other departments. In 1861 the Society 
 of the Alumni of the Law Department was 
 organized and chartered. In 1875 it estab- 
 lished the " Sharswbod " and " Meredith " 
 annual prizes for the best two graduating 
 essays in the Law School. This society also 
 published a catalogue of graduates of its de- 
 partment, in 1882. 
 
 The Society of the Alumni of the Depart- 
 ment of Medicine appears to have been 
 founded only in 1870. In 1877, 1887 and 1897 
 it prepared printed lists of the graduates of that 
 department, based on the catalogue previously 
 published by the Faculty of the Medical 
 School. Medical graduates residing in Phila- 
 
 delphia have also an active organization, which 
 meets three times a year. Alumni Societies 
 of the departments of Dentistry and Veterinary 
 Medicine also exist, holding, like those before 
 described, annual meetings with addresses and 
 a collation. There was also at one time a 
 separate organization of the graduates of the 
 Wharton School. 
 
 With the growth of general University spirit 
 irrespective of the bounds of individual depart- 
 ments, which has been so characteristic of 
 recent years, the need or opportunity was rec- 
 ognized for an organization of the Alumni 
 which should reflect this feeling and take up 
 lines of work of common interest to all. The 
 " General Alumni Society " was therefore or- 
 ganized in 1895 and incorporated in 1897. It 
 has obtained a large membership of graduates 
 of all departments, scattered very widely. Its 
 principal functions so far have been the keep- 
 ing up of a general director} - of all those who 
 are or have been connected with the Univer- 
 sity as students, instructors or officers; the 
 publication of the monthly (and lately the 
 semi-monthly) Alumni Register, an excellent 
 periodical of general Alumni and University 
 interest, and the arrangement of a general 
 gathering and luncheon on Alumni Day in 
 Commencement week. The success of the first 
 two of these objects has been especially great. 
 It has recently begun to collect funds for the 
 foundation of a number of scholarships, and is 
 doing much through the work of one of its 
 special committees to bring the knowledge of 
 the University and its opportunities before the 
 private schools of Pennsylvania and adjacent 
 States. 
 
 The General Alumni Society has also taken 
 some part in the formation of the many local 
 organizations of graduates of Pennyslvania 
 which arc being so rapidly organized in vari- 
 ous parts of the country. Such organizations 
 of " Pennsylvania men," irrespective of the 
 departments from which they graduated, now 
 exist in New England, New York, Chicago, 
 Washington, Baltimore, Wilmington, Cincin- 
 nati and various other sections of the country. 
 
 The organization of the Central Committee 
 of the Alumni in 1882 has already been de- 
 scribed. It differs from the societies just
 
 uniiersitv of r i:\s.\ru .1x1.1 
 
 2 37 
 
 described in being of a semi-official character, and largely forgotten; if, worst of all, it only 
 being really a delegation from all holders of represents a period of time unwisely used, mis- 
 University degrees obtained in course, and applied or wasted, and since regretted ; then to 
 forming a link between them and the Heard of be an Alumnus of the University means little 
 Trustees. Its principal function is to nom- or nothing, or worse than nothing, to both the 
 inate to everythird vacancy on the Board. Its man and the institution. On the other hand il 
 
 nominees have 
 been promptly 
 elected in the five 
 o p portunities 
 which it has had 
 to suggest names, 
 and there is little 
 doubt that in this 
 way the Board, 
 which has always 
 otherwise been an 
 entirely " close 
 corporation," has 
 been brought into 
 more living con- 
 nection with the 
 current interests 
 of the University. 
 Various other 
 supervising and 
 recommendatory 
 functions (if the 
 Central Commit- 
 tee ha\ e proved to 
 
 he of very slight 
 practicability. 
 
 Hut after all the 
 organized Alumni 
 are not as imp< ir- 
 tant as the Alumni 
 in their unorgan- 
 ized capacity. It 
 is as men taking 
 their share in the 
 common work of 
 life that the Uni- 
 
 \\ \K Ml Ml iKI \l, I' lU I R 
 / /-. hitCi t\' Drawing 
 
 the period of un- 
 dei graduate lite 
 means invaluable 
 mental disi ipline, 
 
 broadened intel- 
 lectual interests, 
 re fi n e m e n t of 
 feeling and man- 
 ners, the creation 
 of close and con- 
 genial friend 
 ship-- ; if the days 
 
 since graduation 
 
 include a contin- 
 uance of interest 
 in the University, 
 
 of knowledge of 
 
 her welfare, ol 
 pride in her pr< ig 
 ress, of a sense 
 of responsibility 
 for her success, of 
 solicitude for her 
 needs, and of re- 
 gret, if t h e r e 
 should In occa 
 sion for it, lor 
 her mistake--, 
 then to h ,i \ e 
 been a student of 
 the University is 
 an inestimable 
 privilege, to he an 
 Alumnus is a per 
 manent sec u re 
 possession. 
 
 versity influence upon its graduates must after As clergymen, teachers, physicians, lawyi i . 
 all be considered as of much or of little impor- men of letter-- or of other professions, nun ol 
 tance. If their University undergraduate life 
 and their later position as Alumni only mean 
 certain years of more or less pleasurable inci- 
 dent and then a life-long, respectable, if some- 
 what tenuous, connection; if their University 
 course represents only certain matters a< quired 
 
 business, or even men ol leisure, it is t" In 
 hoped that the University connection of the 
 past is a valuable i constituent in the greater or 
 less success and pleasure which the Alumni .10 
 obtaining from their lite work, There is how 
 ever one 'lass of alumni who l>\ common
 
 2 3 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 consent of an even yet war loving race are 
 looked upon by the community and by their 
 fellow alumni with especial interest and pride. 
 These are the arm)' and navy men. 
 
 Alumni of the University who took part in 
 the war of the Revolution are to be numbered 
 by scores. Their part in the field, in medical 
 and in civil service, was by no means an incon- 
 spicuous one. Five of the first six students 
 graduated were cither signers of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence or were otherwise 
 prominent in the affairs of the time. Some 
 twenty graduates of the Medical School lost 
 their lives for the cause. The Dickinsons, 
 Cadwaladers, Mifflins, Muhlenbergs, Browns, 
 Reads, Tilghmans, Chews, Baches, whose names 
 are recorded so frequently in Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland and New Jersey Revolutionary 
 affairs, were connected in the closest way with 
 the University. Later, in the war of 1812, in 
 the Mexican war, and even in the war of the 
 Rebellion, their prominence was either not so 
 great or perhaps has not been so successfully 
 rescued from oblivion. Besides those actually 
 in the service during the Rebellion, a company, 
 the "University Light Artillery," was formed 
 and drilled regularly during and for some time 
 after the Civil war; and during the Gettysburg 
 campaign a number of the students went to 
 the front. Moreover, of that army of medical 
 graduates which was provided with recruits 
 year after year when the medical school of the 
 University was far the largest in the United 
 States, great numbers whose special work has 
 been but ill remembered or recorded by biog- 
 raphers of the Sons of the University have 
 certainly taken part in the military service of the 
 nation. A considerable number of graduates 
 have been in the army and the navy during 
 periods when no war has made military men 
 conspicuous. A memorial in the College 
 Chapel still perpetuates the memorj' of twenty- 
 four graduates, — an incomplete and inade- 
 quate list, — "Sons of the University who died 
 to uphold the Laws of their Country in the 
 War of the Great Rebellion." 
 
 When the recent war with Spain broke out 
 
 it found a considerable number of University 
 men already in the service of the Government. 
 Many more enlisted. Nine lost their lives. 
 General Kgbert, of the Class of '56 College, 
 was wounded at El Caney and subsequently 
 killed at Malinta, Luzon. Dr. John B. Gibbs, 
 '81 Medical, was killed in battle at Guan- 
 tanamo. Major L. S. Smith, '88 College and 
 '91 Medical, was taken with typhoid fever 
 when in charge of the hospital at Puerto Rico 
 and died on shipboard on the way home. 
 Lieutenant J. B. Scott, '99 Medical, was Chap- 
 lain on the auxiliary cruiser St. Paul, and died 
 also of disease. John. B. Bernadou, in com- 
 mand of the torpedo-boat Winslow at Cardenas, 
 was a graduate of the class of '77, College; and 
 two of the officers of the Olympia at Manila 
 were graduates of the University. Two students 
 were in the " Rough Riders." Altogether it is 
 calculated that there were some four hundred 
 University Alumni, officers and students in 
 the service of the government during the 
 Spanish war. This was about six per cent of 
 all those who were still within the permitted 
 age and condition for military service. It is as 
 a memorial to these four hundred men, and 
 especially to those who lost their lives during 
 the war, that the impressive " War Memorial 
 Tower" is now being put up as a part of the 
 1 >ormitories. 
 
 It is therefore evident that the sons of Penn- 
 sylvania have no mean or insignificant position 
 in the military annals of the nation. It will 
 perhaps, however, be permitted to the chroni- 
 cler whose work is now brought to an end to 
 express his belief, an inheritance probably from 
 'that Quaker stock which has also had its part in 
 the life of the University, that it is not in mili- 
 tary annals after all that the best deeds are 
 found; that sons of the University of many 
 callings, those who have followed plainer pro- 
 fessions, lived quieter lives, pursued more utili- 
 tarian or homely ends, have contributed more 
 than equally with her soldiers to that enrich- 
 ment of the life of the individual and the 
 community which is the special work of this as 
 of all other Universities.
 
 FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS 
 OFFICERS AND ALUMNI 
 
 239
 
 FOUNDERS AND BENEFACTORS 
 OFFICERS AND ALUiMNI 
 
 WHITEFIELD, George, 1714-1770. open grounds here that suggested thi erection of 
 
 Founder and Benefactor. t | lc l ar g e building oil fourth Street, known ;IS the 
 
 Born in Gloucester, England, 1714; studied at home, ». ,, , ,• , • , r . , , ,, r 
 
 , '„ s „ ' ', ' New building winch was afterwards made the first 
 
 and at Pembroke College, Oxford, 1732-35 ; ordained 
 
 elergymanof Church of England, 1736; followed life of home of the University oi Pennsylvania. He was 
 
 itinerant preacher; traveled through England and chosen one of tlie Trustees of this building, and of 
 
 Scotland, and made seven preaching tours through the Charity School intended to be opened in it in 
 the North American Colonies; one of his visits to preached in it repeatedly between .74. and 
 
 Philadelphia was the occasion for the erection of the 
 
 building and planning of the Free School which subse- ' 748, and promised to se. lire a teacher for the free 
 
 quently became the habitation and one of the earliest school. This latter work, however, seems never to 
 
 trusts of the Univ. of Pa.; died 1770. have been taken up. When it was proposed to 
 
 GEORGE WHITEFIELD, perhaps the most dispose of the building to the Trustees of the new 
 eloquent and influential preacher of the Academy in 1749, Whitefield gave his consent, 
 eighteenth century, was born in Gloucester, Eng- though insisting on the carrying out of the condi- 
 land, Dei ember 16, 1714, his father being an inn- tions of the original trust, viz.: the provision of a 
 keeper in that city. His early training was obtained non-sectarian hall for preachers and the establish- 
 in that place un ler many difficulties, his lather ment of a free school for poor children. He 
 having died and his help being required by his established an orphan school in Georgia for which 
 mother in the keeping of the inn. By the time he he made collections on his preaching tours, and 
 was eighteen, however, he had entered Pembroke Col- later secured lands near the present city of Easton, 
 lege, Oxford, where he continued till his ordination Pennsylvania, for the purpose of founding another 
 three years afterwards, when he took his Bachelor's such establishment. The death of a wealthy mei 
 degree, and soon afterward began his career of chant of New York who had promised to contribute 
 popular preaching. In Oxford, London and Glou- to this project prevented its being carried out. Mr. 
 cester he preached so eloquently as to draw thou Whitefield roused much opposition among the more 
 sands to hear him. In 17.59 ' 1C began the practice conservative clergy on account of his appeals to the 
 of outdoor preaching. In the open commons of emotions, and there is reason to believe that in his 
 London. Bristol and other cities, as well as on the later life he regretted somewhat the prevailing hor- 
 moors ol Cornwall, he preached to thousands who tatory strain into which his natural gift of eloquence 
 were but seldom reached by any other religious and his vivid imagination had led him fol so much 
 ministrations of the time. In the year 17.;^ he of his life. He died while on a seventh missionary 
 made a missionary trip to Georgia and showed the tour to America, September 30, 1770, in Newburj 
 ime power to excite and move the masses of the port, Massachusetts. He was married to Mrs. James, 
 people. After this time he spent mosl of his life in a widow, of Abergavenny, Wales. 
 
 preaching tours through the America lonies, [Portrait on 1 49. | 
 
 pissing repeatedly from New England all the waj 
 
 to Georgia, and miking in all seven such trips. 
 
 His journal of these voyages was printed contem PENN, Thomas, 1702-1775. 
 
 . ,.,,",, , Patron and Benefactor. 
 
 poraneously and widely read. In 17;') and 1740 ,....,,. „ 
 
 Born in England. 1702 ; second son of William Pinn. 
 
 he visited Philadelphia and it was the gathering oi Kounder of the p rov ince;in Pennsylvania representing 
 
 v.isi crowds to heai lum speak in the streets and his brothers, 1732-41 ; inheriting rights and claims of the 
 VOL I.— l6 -'1'
 
 242 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 family, had large income from the Province and inter- 
 est in its affairs ; early patron of the College, bestowing 
 several gifts, and introducing Provost Smith to influ- 
 ential persons in England; died 1775. 
 
 THOMAS PENN was bom in England March 
 8, 1702, second son of William Penn, Foun- 
 der and first Proprietor of the Province, by his 
 second wife. He inherited the claims of his older 
 brother, half brother and nephew ; and was, there- 
 fore, the most extensive possessor of the proprietary 
 estates, and acted for a long time as head of the 
 family. He was in Pennsylvania from 1732 to 1741. 
 When the plans of the Academy and College were 
 announced to him, he deprecated at first their 
 ambitious extent, but afterwards approved them, 
 granted the charter of 1753, accompanied it with 
 a substantial gift in money and expressed a con- 
 tinued interest. When Dr. Smith, the Provost, 
 visited England, Thomas Penn received him hos- 
 pitably, introduced him to influential persons and 
 helped him to obtain contributions to the College, 
 as well as making further gifts in land and money 
 personally and in the name of the Proprietary 
 family. He paid a regular sum of ^150 a year 
 to the Provost as an increment to his salary, till 
 the time of his death. He also aided other Phila- 
 delphia philanthropic organizations, especially the 
 Library and the Pennsylvania Hospital. He died in 
 London, March 21, 1775. 
 
 [Portrait on page 6S.] 
 
 FOTHERGILL, John, 1712-1780. 
 
 Patron and Benefactor. 
 Born in Yorkshire, Eng., 1712; educated at Sedburgh 
 and Bradford ; took medical degree at Edinburgh, 1736; 
 studied in London and on the Continent ; began prac- 
 tice at London, and attained great prominence in his 
 profession ; greatly interested in the Pa. Hosp. in 
 Philadelphia, and became patron of the proposed Medi- 
 cal Department of the College ; made gifts to the Col- 
 lege and the Hospital and gave valuable help to Dr. 
 Smith when he was in England ; exerted himself to 
 prevent the breach between the colonies and the 
 mother country ; died 1780. 
 
 JOHN FOTHERGILL, M.D., was born at Can 
 End, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, England, March 
 1 7 1 2. He received his early education at Sedburgh, 
 ami was afterwards apprenticed to an apothecary at 
 Bradford. At the end of his apprenticeship he 
 went to Edinburgh, where he took his degree as 
 Doctor of Medicine in 1736. He removed soon 
 afterward to London and studied and worked at 
 St. Thomas' Hospital. In 1740 he visited the 
 Continent, travelling through Holland, France and 
 
 Germany, and on his return to London began to 
 practice his profession. He seems to have been 
 the first to discover the connection between ulcer- 
 ated sore throat and scarlet fever, and not only ob- 
 tained success in treating the latter, but wrote an 
 essay on the subject which was translated into nearly 
 every European language. He was interested in 
 Natural Philosophy and Botany and wrote numerous 
 treatises in Therapeutics and Botany. He was asso- 
 ciated with Howard in the reformation of the man- 
 agement of prisons. He was an unwearying friend 
 of the College, and adviser and patron of the early 
 
 JOHN FOTHERGILL 
 
 medical courses, although he never came to America. 
 He wrote a letter of recommendation to the Trustees 
 for Dr. William Shippen, and sent a present of a 
 series of anatomical plates, casts and models to the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, which he suggested should 
 be used in the lectures to be given in the College. 
 He gave valuable assistance later to Dr. Smith in 
 his journey to collect funds in England, and to 
 Benjamin Franklin in the efforts which the latter 
 made to obtain the withdrawal of the actions of the 
 Parliament and the Ministry which were so dis- 
 tasteful to the Colonists. He attained a high posi- 
 tion and considerable wealth, which he used freely 
 for various charitable purposes. Parliament made 
 use of him to try to arrange with Dr. P'ranklin some
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 243 
 
 compromise in the colonial difficulties before the 
 latter left London, but the plan failed. Dr. Fothi 1 
 gill was a member of the Society of Friends. He 
 died in London in the year 1; io. 
 
 FRANKLIN, Benjamin, 1706-1790. 
 
 Founder and Benefactor — Trustee 1749-1790. 
 Born in Boston, Mass., 1706 ; ran away to Philadel- 
 phia where he gained employment as a printer; after a 
 visit to London, set up for himself in Philadelphia and 
 became the best known, the most active, and the 
 wealthiest printer and publisher in the Colonies ; was 
 active as one of the founders of the Philadelphia 
 Library, the Academy and College, the American 
 Philosophical Society, and numerous other local organ- 
 izations, as well as an indefatigable advocate of re- 
 form; held a great variety of municipal and Provincial 
 positions, and shared in all the preliminary stages of 
 the Revolution ; was agent of the Province of Penn- 
 sylvania in London from 1754 to 1762 and again from 
 1765 to 1775; was a member of the Albany Congress, 
 the first Continental Congress, of various other public 
 bodies in 1775, and was one of the framers and a 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776; 
 member of State Constitutional Convention of 1776 ; 
 Ambassador to France, 1776-1785; President of the 
 State of Pennsylvania, 1785-1788; member of Constitu- 
 tional Convention of the United States in 1787 ; his 
 scientific acquirements obtained for him the degree of 
 LL.D. from Oxford and from Edinburgh, membership 
 in the Royal Society and much commendation from 
 Europe; died 1790. 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN was born at Boston, 
 Massachusetts, January 17, 1 yt>6, the son 
 of Josiah Franklin and Mary Folger. He was ap- 
 prenticed to his brother fames as a printer. After 
 a few years, owing to a disagreement, he left home 
 and established himself in Philadelphia. In 1725 
 he worked in London as a journeyman printer. 
 The next year he returned to Pennsylvania and 
 subsequently became the Editor and proprietor of 
 the Pennyslvania Gazette and also publisher of 
 Poor Richard's Almanac, and other publications 
 In [7,51 lie assisted in founding the Philadelphia 
 
 Library; became Clerk to the Assembly in i;,?6; 
 Postmaster of Philadelphia iii 1737; and Deputy 
 Postmaster-General of the British Colonies in 1753. 
 
 lie lire ime a Common ('mini ihiian (if Philadelphia 
 
 on October \, 1748; and an Alderman, October i, 
 
 1751. lie w 1 > the most active of the founders if 
 
 not the actual originator ot the \. tdemy and the 
 
 < ollege, was .1 Trustee during his whole life tune 
 and President of the Board from 1749 to 1756 and 
 again ^89-1790. lie wis the originatoi ol the 
 association which became the American Philosophi 
 
 cal Society, and it-. President, lie discovered the 
 identity of lightning with the electrii thud in 175.'. 
 In 1751 as a Commissioner from Pennsylvania to 
 the Albany Congress, In- prepared the plan of 
 
 Union for the common defeni 1 adopted by that 
 body. He was commissioned a Colonel in the 
 Provincial service during the French and Indian 
 War. In 1755 no superintended the furnishing ol 
 transportation for tin- supplies of Braddock's \1n1v. 
 Most of the frontier forts between the Delaware 
 and Susquehanna were ere. ted tinder his direction. 
 He was a member of the Assembly from 1751 to 
 i-<>i, the latter year being Speaker; from 1757 
 to 176.2 and again from 1765 to 1775. he was the 
 agent of the Province to Great Britain, spen 
 most of his time in England, and while there aided 
 in securing the repeal of the obnoxious Stamp \< 1. 
 The Universities of Oxford ami Edinburgh con 
 ferred the degree of Doctor of Laws on him in 
 1762, for his scientific discoveries. He had been 
 previously honored with membership in the Royal 
 Society, and by being the recipient of the Copley 
 gold medal. He was again elected to the Assembly 
 of Pennsylvania from 1 773 to 1 775. Upon his return 
 to Philadelphia in the spring of 1775, he was chosen 
 a member of the Continental Congress. He was 
 a member of the Provincial Conference at ('open 
 ter's Hall, June [8, 1775, and of the committee ol 
 Safety from June 30, 1775, to July 2 -> I 77 ( <- He 
 was one ol the committee of Congress to prepare, 
 and was also a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. He was a member of the State Con 
 stitutional Convention of July 15. 1776, and chosen 
 its President. He was the Amen, in Ambassador 
 to Prance from the (lose of 1770 to September 
 1785. He secured the treaty of alliance with that 
 country, signed February 6, 177X. He took a 
 prominent part in negotiating the preliminary 
 Treaty of Peace with England which was signed 
 at Paris, November 30, [782, and with Adams and 
 
 Jay signed that at Ghent, September 3, 1783. lb- 
 was President of Pennsylvania from October 17. 
 17X5,10 November 5, 1 788, declining to continue 
 in office on account of his advanced years. In 
 May 17N7 he was a delegate to the Convention 
 which framed the Constitution of the United States. 
 He died in Philadelphia April 17. 1700. He 
 married Deborah Reed, of Philadelphia in 1730. 
 They had one daughter Sarah who married Richard 
 I!" he. III. sin, William franklin, was the la-t 
 Royal ( io\ ernor ol \( \v [1 1 
 I I'm traits "ii pa
 
 •44 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 LOGAN, James, 1674-1751. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1751. 
 
 Born in Lurgan, Ireland, 1674; Sec. to William Penn 
 on his second voyage to America ; occupied positions 
 of trust for the Proprietaries in Pennsylvania ; contrib- 
 uted papers to the Transactions of the Philosophical 
 Society ; author of various writings ; one of the found- 
 ers of the Academy, and a Trustee until his death ; 
 founded the Loganian Library, now a part of the 
 Philadelphia Library; died 1751. 
 
 JAMES LOGAN was born at Lurgan, County 
 Armagh, Ireland, October 20, 1674. He 
 acquired a proficiency in Latin, Greek and Hebrew 
 before he was thirteen years of age, and was sent 
 lu London to be apprenticed to a linen-draper ; but 
 the war which ended in the Battle of the Boyne 
 having commenced, he was recalled to accompany 
 his parents in their flight to Edinburgh. They 
 afterwards settled in Bristol, England, where he 
 resumed his studies. He engaged in mercantile 
 business in 1698, and in the following year sailed 
 from Cowes, in the " Canterbury " as Secretary to 
 William Penn. They arrived in Philadelphia in 
 December 1699. Penn appointed Logan Secretary 
 of the Council and on his own departure after a stay 
 1 if two years, constituted him one of the Commis- 
 ^illln'rs of Property, and also Receiver-General. 
 From this time he was the business agent of the 
 Penn family and the champion of their interests in 
 the Colony. He was allowed a vote in the Council, 
 April 2t, 1702, and was again called and formally 
 qualified Februarys, 170,3. On February 26, 1706- 
 1707, articles of impeachment were exhibited charg- 
 ing him with illegally inserting in the Governor's 
 commission certain clauses contrary to the Royal 
 Charter, with imposition on the locators of land, with 
 concealing the objections to certain laws specified 
 by the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Planta- 
 tions, and with illegally holding two incompatible 
 offices, the Surveyor-Generalship and the Secretary- 
 ship. The Governor decided that he had no au- 
 thority to try impeachments. Logan sailed for 
 England in November 1 709, but returned to Phila- 
 delphia in March 1711. The Province having been 
 mortgaged to Gouldney and others with power to 
 sell land, Logan was appointed one of the attorneys 
 to make sales. He was also appointed by William 
 Penn's will a Trustee of all the latter's property in 
 America, and Hannah Penn constituted him one 
 of her attorneys. He gave up the Secretaryship 
 of the Land Office in 17 18. Logan was Mayor of 
 Philadelphia in 1723, at the close of his term going 
 abroad to consult with Hannah Penn, from whom 
 
 he obtained instructions to Lieutenant-Governor 
 Keith to reinstate Logan as Secretary of the Coun- 
 cil, from which office the latter had been removed, 
 charged with unauthorized entries in the official 
 minutes. The Lieutenant-Governor was to obey 
 the Council in his messages and speeches to the 
 Assembly and in his legislative acts. Keith's re- 
 fusal to comply with this and other instructions of 
 the Proprietary authority finally caused his removal 
 in 1726. Logan was made one of the Justices of 
 the Peace for Philadelphia county by Gordon, who 
 was Keith's successor, and was also restored to the 
 
 JAMES LOGAN 
 
 Secretaryship of the Council. He was appointed 
 Chief-Justice in 1731, and retained that office until 
 1739. From the position of Senior Member, he 
 was advanced to the Presidency of the Provincial 
 Council in August 1736. His Chief Magistracy 
 ended two years later, and he then refused the 
 Lieutenant-Governorship, Thomas's appointment 
 being the result of Logan's urgent letters to be re- 
 lieved. He contributed papers to the Philosophical 
 Transactions on Lightning, on Davis' Quadrant, 
 on the apparent increased magnitude of the sun 
 and moon near the horizon, and certain Ex- 
 perimenta et Meletemata circa Plantarum Genera- 
 tionem, etc. Of his writings the following were 
 published in Europe : Canortum pro Inveniendis Re-
 
 UNII-l'.KSirr OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 2 4: 
 
 fractionum, Ludg. Bat. 1739; Epistola ad Joannem 
 Albertum Fabriciura, Amst. 1 740 ; and Demon- 
 strationes de Radiorum Lucis, Ludg. li.u., 1 74 1 . 
 While holding the office of Chief-Justice he made 
 a translation of Cicero's Essay 1 >e Senectute, and 
 also rendered into English verse ( 'ato's Distichs, 
 besides leaving translations in manuscript from 
 Greek authors and many essays on ethics and phil- 
 osophy. When the project of the Academy was 
 broached in 1749 he became one of the twenty-four 
 founders, and offered to the Trustees the gift of a 
 lot of land in Sixth Street on which to build ; this 
 offer was declined when it was decided to utilize 
 Whitefield's Meeting Mouse, in the deed of which 
 Logan was the first named Trustee. He married, 
 October 9, 17 14, Sarah, sister to Charles Read, 
 and had seven children. He died at Stenton, his 
 residence in Germantown, Philadelphia, December 
 31, 1751, and was buried in the Friends' Grounds. 
 
 LAWRENCE, Thomas, 1689-1754. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders Trustee 1749-1754. 
 Born in New York, 1689 ; came to Philadelphia when 
 about thirty years of age and engaged in mercantile 
 life ; occupied various important positions in the city 
 and Provincial governments, among them having been 
 Mayor five times; represented the Province at the 
 treaty with the Indians at Albany in 1745 ; was a 
 prominent member of Christ Church, and one of the 
 founders and first Trustees of the College ; died 1754. 
 
 THOMAS LAWRENCE was bom in New 
 York, September 4, 16S9; son of Thomas 
 Lawrence and Catherine Lewis. He settled in 
 Philadelphia about the beginning of 1720, entered 
 at the same time into mercantile life, being associ- 
 ated with Logan in shipping, and in 1730 a partner 
 of Edward Shippen, the firm being Shippen & Law- 
 rence. Christopher Gadsden of South Carolina, 
 a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 was reared in his counting-house. In 1722 he 
 was Junior Warden of Christ Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, and in 1749 was one of the Committee to 
 draft its charter. Thomas Lawrence was elected 
 1 < ', minion Councilman of Philadelphia on October 
 3, 1722 ; an Alderman October 6, 1724, and Mayor 
 in 1727, 172S. 1 7 34, 174c) and [753, holding thai 
 office at his death. lie was invited to a seal 
 in the Provincial Council by Lieutenant-Governor 
 Gordon on April 20, 1727, but did nol qualify until 
 May 10, 172X. In January 1736-37 he was ile- 
 spatched bj the Council to Lancastei county in 
 company with Ralph Assheton to take measures 
 
 for the expulsion of a party of Marylanders who 
 were endeavoring to dispossess the settlers on the 
 Susquehanna River, and returned, after an absence 
 of two weeks, reporting the organization of a / 
 comitates. In September 1745 he was deputed 
 one of the Commissioners from Pennsylvania t" 
 treat with the Six Indian Nations at Albany. 1 >n 
 January 1, 1747-S, Benjamin Franklin, declining 
 the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Associ 
 Regiment of Foot for Philadelphia, recommended 
 Mr. Lawrence, who was accordingly appointed. 
 Lawrence was for si. me time the presiding fudge 
 
 THOMAS LAWRENI I. 
 
 of the County Court. He was a subscriber to the 
 Dancing Assembly, and a Trustee of the College. 
 Lawrence continued a merchant until his death, 
 which took place al Philadelphia, April 20. 1754. 
 The following obituary notice appeared in I hi 
 Pennsylvania Gazette: " Last Sunday, after a tedius 
 Fit of Sickness, died here, very much lamented, 
 Thos. Lawrence, Esq. He had the honor i" bi 
 a member of the Council of this Province, was 
 President of the Court of common Pleas, foi the 
 Co. of l'hila., had been five times elected Ma) 
 this ciiv, ami in the enjoyment of these offices 
 ended his life. Charai tei - are extremely delii 
 and few or m me drawn with exai tness and al length, 
 are free "i blemish. ( >i this gentlem in, we ilmik it
 
 246 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 may be truly said, he was an affectionate husband, 
 a tender parent, a kind indulgent master, and a 
 faithful friend. The funeral was respectfully at- 
 tended on Tuesday evening by a great number of 
 the principal inhabitants of the place, who justly 
 regret the death of so able and diligent a Magistrate 
 as a public loss." He married, May 25, 1 7 19, 
 Rachel Longfield, at Raritan, New Jersey ; she 
 was tho daughter of Cornelius Longfield of New 
 Brunswick, East Jersey. He had eight children. 
 
 delphia Library, and one of the founders and original 
 Trustees of the College ; died 1751. 
 
 THOMAS HOPKINSON, was born in London, 
 England, April 6, 1 709. He was the son 
 of Thomas and Mary Hopkinson of London, the 
 father being a merchant. Thomas Hopkinson is 
 said to have attended Oxford, but did not gradu- 
 ate. He studied law. and about 1 7 3 1 , emigrated 
 to Pennsylvania. He became deputy to Charles 
 Read, Clerk of the Orphans' Court of Philadelphia 
 county, and, on the death of Read, was com- 
 missioned, January 20, 1736-7, as his successor. 
 
 MADDOX, Joshua, -1759. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders —Trustee 1749-1759. 
 Born in England; emigrated to America before 1739; 
 merchant in Philadelphia, and a member of the Com- 
 mon Council, 1739-41 ; a Judge of the County Courts, 
 1741-59; one of the Founders and first Trustees of the 
 Academy and College ; died 1759. 
 
 JOSHUA MADDOX was born in England, and 
 was there educated. He is said to have 
 come to this country in the early part of the eigh- 
 teenth century and may have settled first in New 
 Jersey and moved shortly afterward to Pennsylvania. 
 He lived the greater part of his life in Philadelphia 
 where he was a merchant and a much respected 
 and honored citizen. He was elected a Common 
 Councilman of Philadelphia in 1739 and held office 
 until 1 74 1. He was appointed a Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas and Orphans Court of Phil- 
 adelphia county April 4, 1 74 1 , and with two reap- 
 pointments, June 30, 1749, and May 25, 1752. 
 respectively, and as Presiding Judge of the Orphans 
 Court, April 24. 1758, he filled this position until 
 his death, April iS, 1759. He was one of the 
 founders of the Academy and College of Philadel- 
 phia, and a Trustee from 1749 until his death. He 
 was a Warden of Christ Church in Philadelphia. 
 He married Mary (maiden name Rudderow) widow 
 of Nicholas Gaulan, a wealthy Frenchman of Phila- 
 delphia. His daughter Mary married John Wallace, 
 who was the great-grandfather of Hon. John William 
 Wallace, LL.D., of the Class of 1S33. 
 
 HOPKINSON, Thomas, 1709-1751. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1751. 
 Born in London, 1709 ; appears to have studied at 
 Oxford, studied law, and emigrated to Pennsylvania 
 about 1731 ; occupied various legal and judicial posi- 
 tions in the Province ; was a member of the City and 
 Provincial Councils ; was an incorporator of the Phila- 
 
 THOMAS HOPKINSON 
 
 He was also Master of the Rolls from June 20, 1736, 
 until 1 741, was Deputy Prothonotary and after- 
 wards Prothonotary of Philadelphia county, and was 
 chosen a Common Councilman of the city October 
 6, 1 741. He practised law, and from 1741 to 
 1749 was Judge of the Vice-Admiralty. He be- 
 came a member of the Provincial Council May 
 13, 1747. Two years later he became also a 
 County Justice. He was one of the corporators 
 of the Philadelphia Library Company, one of the 
 original Trustees of the College, and a subscriber 
 to the first Dancing Assembly. He married Mary 
 Johnson. September 9, 1736. Thomas Hopkinson 
 died at Philadelphia, November 5, 1751. He had 
 eight children.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSVI.I .IN I A 
 
 2 47 
 
 WILLING, Charles, 1710-1754. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1754. 
 Born in Bristol, England, 1710; descended from a 
 family of merchants, he came to Philadelphia and 
 established himself in trade there in 1738; he became 
 quite wealthy, was twice Mayor of the city, and was 
 one of the founders and first Trustees of the Academy 
 and College ; died 1754- 
 
 CHARLES WILLING, was born at Bristol, 
 England, May r.8, 1710. He was the son 
 of Thomas Willing, of Bristol, England, merchant, 
 and his wife Anne Harrison, granddaughter on her 
 paternal side, of Major-General Thomas Harrison. 
 
 1 HARLES WILLING 
 
 and, on her maternal side, ol Simon Mayne, both 
 members of the Court which condemned Charles 1. 
 He was taken to Philadelphia by his father Thomas 
 Willing at the age of eighteen. Charles Willing 
 settled in Philadelphia, as a merchant, tools charge 
 ol the house that his elder brother, Thomas, had 
 founded in 1726, and greatly enlarged this busi- 
 ness; he was much esteemed and respected both 
 as a merchant and as a magistrate, 1 lis successful 
 operations and excellent credit aided in early estab- 
 lishing widi foreign countries a high reputation fur 
 American commerce, and contributed to give to 
 the city of his adoption that reputation lor public 
 honoi and private wealth which it enjoyed al the 
 
 opening ol the Revolution, and which was of such 
 
 importance to the nation in its negotiations with 
 France and Holland, during the struggles of that 
 contest. He was active in establishing the Phila- 
 delphia Associators, in 1744, a subscriber to the 
 first Dancing Assembly, one of the founders of the 
 Academy and College and a Trustee, 1 749-1754. 
 He was Mayor of the city in 1 74S, and again in 
 1754. He married Anne Shippen, daughter ol 
 Joseph and Abigail, (nee Grosse) Shippen, Janu- 
 ary 21, 1730-1. He died of ship-fever contracted 
 whilst in the discharge of his official duties, Novem 
 bet 30, 1754. He was buried in Christ Church 
 burying ground. He had eleven children. Thomas 
 Willing, a cousin of Charles Willing's father, laid 
 out Willing's town, now Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 ZACHARY, Lloyd, 1701-1756. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1756. 
 
 Born in Boston, Mass., 1701 ; removed to Philadel- 
 phia, and studied medicine there under Dr. John 
 Kearsley and in Europe; was Health Officer of the 
 Port of Philadelphia in 1729; was one of the founders 
 and a Trustee of the College from the beginning , be- 
 queathed his library to the Pennsylvania Hospital ; 
 died 1756. 
 
 LLOYD ZACHARY was born in Boston, Massa 
 chusetts, November 15, 1701. lie was the 
 son of Daniel and Elizabeth Zachary, the lattei 
 being the daughter of Thomas Lloyd, one of the 
 first Commissioners appointed by Penn, also Presi- 
 dent of the Council and subsequently Deputy 
 Governor of the Province. He became an orphan 
 early in life, and removed to Philadelphia to live 
 with Mr. Hills, an uncle. He studied medicine 
 under Dr. John Kearsley, after he had finished 
 his academical education. In 1723 he went to 
 Europe and remained there three years. ( >n his 
 return to Philadelphia he commenced the practice 
 ol medicine and soon became eminent in his pro- 
 fession. In 1729 he was made Health Officer ol 
 the Port of Philadelphia in conjunction with Dr. 
 Thomas Graeme, whom he mh i i vAi-A In Septembei 
 1741. He resigned the same month. He was 
 one of the founders of the College of Philadelphia 
 and was one of its Trustees from 17.p1 to the dati 
 
 Of his death in 1751c He was also one ol the 
 
 organizers of the Pennsylvania Hospital and a 
 member of the first Medical Staff, which position 
 he resigned owing to a stroke of paralysis in M 
 1753. II is devotion to the I fospital, howe\ er, only 
 ceased with his life. By will he left /350 to the
 
 2 4 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Institution, with forty-three volumes and a number 
 of pamphlets for the library. He died September 
 26, 1756, aged fifty-five years. 
 
 MASTERS, William, -1760. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders Trustee 1749-1760. 
 Son of Thomas Masters, Mayor of Philadelphia, 
 1707-og; was a man of wealth, carrying on certain agri- 
 cultural and milling industry ; member of the Colonial 
 Assembly; and one of the founders and original Trus- 
 tees of the College ; died 1760. 
 
 WILLIAM MASTERS was the son of Thomas 
 Masters, Mayor of Philadelphia from Octo- 
 ber 1707 to October 1 709, and Provincial Councillor 
 from 1720 to 1725, and Sarah Righton, his wife. 
 He married August 31, 1754, Mary Lawrence, 
 daughter of Thomas Lawrence, the Councillor. 
 William Masters inherited from his father and 
 brother about five hundred acres in the Northern 
 Liberties of Philadelphia, between the present lines 
 of Girard Avenue and Montgomery Avenue, ex- 
 tending from the Delaware River across the line 
 of Broad Street. This he called ' ; Green Spring." 
 Here he resided, operating the Globe Mill on 
 Cohocksink Creek. For many years, he was a 
 representative from Philadelphia county in the 
 Assembly, and was a Commissioner to spend the 
 money appropriated for the defence of the Province. 
 He died November 24, 1760, at Philadelphia. He 
 had three children. His widow built the house 
 on the south side of Market Street below Sixth 
 Street which Richard Penn, Sir William Howe and 
 Benedict Arnold successively occupied, and on the 
 ruins of which Robert Morris erected the house in 
 which Washington resided as President of the 
 United States. 
 
 FRANCIS, Tench. 
 
 -I758- 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1758. 
 Born probably in Ireland ; educated in England ; 
 studied law ; emigrated to Maryland, where he held 
 various offices ; removed to Philadelphia, 1735 ; Attor- 
 ney-General of the Province and Recorder of the City; 
 one of the founders and most active Trustees of the 
 Academy and College, serving on almost every com- 
 mittee of the Board during the remainder of his life; 
 died 1758. 
 
 TENCH FRANCIS, one of the most active 
 and useful of the group of founders of the 
 Academy and College, was born probably in Ireland, 
 
 and died in Philadelphia, August 16, 1758. He was 
 the son of Rev. John Francis, D.D., Dean of Lismore, 
 and Rector of St. Mary's Church in E>ublin. He 
 was educated in England and prepared for the 
 Bar, after which he emigrated to Talbot county, 
 Maryland, and became attorney for Lord Baltimore 
 in Kent county, Maryland. He was clerk of Talbot 
 county from 1726 to 1734, and represented that 
 county in the Maryland Legislature in 1734. He 
 subsequently went to Philadelphia, where he served 
 as Attorney-General of Pennsylvania from 1741 to 
 1755, and Recorder of Philadelphia from 1750 to 
 
 TENCH FRANCIS 
 
 1755. He was an eminent lawyer and according 
 to Franklin served in his several offices " with the 
 highest reputation." When the establishment of 
 the Academy was proposed he took an extremely 
 active part in the labors involved, soliciting private 
 contributions, using his official position to bring its 
 needs before the City Council and taking a principal 
 part in drawing up the Constitutions and the first 
 and second charters of the institution. His brother, 
 Richard Francis, was also a lawyer of eminence and 
 the author of Maxims in Equity ; another brother, 
 Rev. Philip Francis, was the father of Sir Philip 
 Francis, K. C. B., the reputed author of the Junius 
 Letters. Tench Francis married Elizabeth, daugh- 
 ter of Foster Turbutt of Maryland.
 
 UNIl'ERSITr OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 249 
 
 LEECH, Thomas, -1762. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1762. 
 Born probably in Philadelphia from parents who had 
 come from England with Penn ; was a representative of 
 the County of Philadelphia in the Provincial Assembly 
 for many years and at one time Speaker; one of the 
 founders of the Academy and College, and a Trustee 
 from 1749 until his death ; died 1762. 
 
 THOMAS LEECH was the son of Toby and 
 Hester leech of Cheltenham, Cloucester- 
 shire, England, who came to America with William 
 Penn in 1682, and settled in Cheltenham Township, 
 Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, on a tract of 
 land indicated on Holmes' map of Pennsylvania. 
 He represented Philadelphia county in the General 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania for neatly thirty years, 
 being chosen Speaker in 1758, "in room of Isaac 
 Norris, who fell sick." He was long a vestryman 
 and Warden of Christ Church, Philadelphia, and was 
 a Trustee of the College and Academy of Philadel- 
 phia from their foundation until his death in 1762. 
 
 McCALL, Samuel, Jr., 1721-1762. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders Trustee 1749-1762. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1721 ; was engaged in mer- 
 cantile and other industrial pursuits ; occupied some 
 civic positions ; was an active participant in the organ- 
 ization of St. Peters Church, the second Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in Philadelphia; one of the founders 
 of the Academy and College and Trustee from 1749 to 
 1762 ; died 1762. 
 
 SAMUEL McCALL, Jr., was born Philadelphia, 
 October 15, 1721, son of George and Anne 
 (Yeates) McCall. He formed a partnership with 
 his younger brother Archibald and engaged in mer- 
 cantile pursuits besides carrying on the business of 
 the old forge, grist-mill, and saw-mill on McCall's 
 Manor. He was chosen a Common Councilman 
 of Philadephia, < )ctober 6, 1 747. I [e was appointed 
 by Governor Morris, January 31, 1756, one of the 
 Commissioners to settle the accounts of General 
 Braddock. The Royal Commissary of Provisions 
 afterward slated that these performed their duly so 
 well that the Crown was saved "several thousand 
 pounds." lb joined an independent company of 
 Foot, organized in Philadelphia in 1756. lie was 
 a subscriber to the First Dancing Assembly in 1 74.S, 
 and a member of tin- St. Andrew's Society of Phila- 
 delphia, in 1751. lie was one of the founders of 
 the Academy ami College and was a Trustee from 
 1 y.p) to his death. He was one 1 .f a number who 
 presented a petition to the Proprietaries August 1, 
 
 1754. praying them to grant the lot on southwest 
 (Miner of Third and Pun streets foi a church and 
 yard for the use of members "i the Church of Eng- 
 land, and acted on the Committee appointed to 
 receive subscriptions for and direct the building of 
 St. Peter's church. lie married Anne, daughter 
 of John Searle, a captain in the merchant servici 
 by his first wife Anne, at Philadelphia January 29, 
 1742-3. By his first wife he had eight children. 
 He afterwards married Mary Cox in Philadelphia 
 on January 31, 1759. She survived him and had 
 no issue. He died in Philadelphia in September 
 1762 and was buried on the 30th in Christ Church 
 burial ground. 
 
 STRETTELL, Robert, 1693-1761. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1762. 
 Born Dublin, Ireland, 1693; migrated from Ireland 
 to London, and in 1736 to America; became a business 
 man in Philadelphia; was known as a successful mer- 
 chant, as a liberal member of the Society of Friends, 
 and as a man of culture and literary interests ; was a 
 member of the Common Council of the city and of the 
 Governor's Council; was one of the original Trustees 
 of the College, and was Mayor of Philadelphia; died 
 176X1 
 
 ROBERT STRETTELL was born in Dublin 
 Ireland, in 1693. He was the son of Amos 
 Strettell and Experience, the daughter of Robert 
 Cuppiage of Lambstone, County Wexford. He 
 went from Ireland to London, where he remained 
 about twenty years. Having lost a great deal of 
 money in the South Sea Bubble, he came to Ann 1 
 ica by the assistance of his friends in 1736. Robert 
 Strettell belonged to the Society of Friends. He 
 established himself in business in Philadelphia as a 
 merchant, in which occupation he was very suc- 
 cessful, lie was fond of literature and collected 
 a little library of Creek, Latin and Frem h authors. 
 He became a public character in 1741, as a man 
 of liberal views. Spain was at war with ('.real 
 Britain, and, it was feared, would attempt the con- 
 quest of the American Colonies. In this year, 
 1741, James Logan, a Quaker, sent a letter to the 
 Nearly Meeting, setting forth the defenceless state 
 of the Province, and the ill consequences that 
 might ensue upon men of their principles, (these 
 not permitting them to take up arms, nor to vote 
 money to carry on war) procuring themselves to 
 lie returned to the Assembly. The Yearly Meeting 
 appointed a committee of which Robert Strettell 
 
 was one. to peruse the letter, and report whether
 
 250 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 it contained matters proper to be communicated 
 to the Meeting. Mr. Strettell, alone of the com- 
 mittee approved of having the letter read, and he 
 believed if they refused to read it, such action 
 would disgust not only him, but the large body 
 of Friends in England. On the 6th of October, 
 1741, he was added to the Common Council of 
 the city. Governor Thomas, in November invited 
 Mr. Strettell to his Council. He qualified Decem- 
 ber 14, 1741. On November 16, 174S, he quali- 
 fied as an Alderman, having been elected at the 
 preceding meeting. He was one of the original 
 Trustees of the College of Philadelphia and was 
 Mayor of the city for one term, October 1751 — 
 October 1752. He gave ^75 towards the erec- 
 tion of a Public Building, instead of the usual 
 collation. In the Council he was an active mem- 
 ber, and during the French War aided his more 
 belligerent colleagues. For a few days, in the 
 absence of Governor Morris and James Hamilton, 
 he as eldest Councillor was supreme in the city. 
 He seems to have favored the Declaration of War 
 against the Delaware Indians. He was present 
 when it was derided on and William Logan alone 
 is said to have dissented. Died before June 12, 
 1761, buried that day in the Friends' burying 
 ground. He married 1 716, Philotesia, daughter of 
 Nathaniel < hven, of London ; she died before June 
 2.S, 17NJ. He had six children. 
 
 TAYLOR, Abram, 1703-1772. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1762. 
 Born in England, probably in 1703; came to Phila- 
 delphia before 1724; was in England in 1750, and from 
 1762 to his death ; was a wealthy and popular merchant 
 and landowner ; member of the City and Provincial 
 Council ; one of the founders and first Trustees of the 
 Academy and College ; died in 1772. 
 
 ABRAM TAYLOR was born in England 
 about 1703, and emigrated to Philadelphia 
 via Bristol, entering into partnership in 1724 with 
 John White as " merchant adventurer." They did 
 1 large business for those early days. In 1741, 
 White, wishing to return to England, sold his in- 
 terest to Taylor for ^7000 sterling. Taylor was 
 at this time a member of the City Corporation, and 
 on December 29, 1 741, qualified as a member of 
 tlie Governor's Council, but lie looked forward to 
 an early departure from Philadelphia, complaining 
 that its climate was ill suited to his constitution, 
 and the place afforded " little of what is either en- 
 tertaining or amusing." In the latter part of 1 744. 
 
 the office for the collection of the customs being 
 made vacant by the death of Mr. Alexander, and 
 Taylor having been deputed by Grosvenor Bedford, 
 Esq., who was Titular Collector of the Port, to sup- 
 ply the place in such a case, assumed the duties of 
 the position. Taylor was elected Mayor in 1745, 
 but declined to serve, and was fined ^30. He 
 was about the most active Councillor, when, under 
 Palmer's Presidency, the Council acted as Governor 
 of the Province ; and he was made Colonel of the 
 Regiment of Associators for Defence formed during 
 the latter part of 1747. When the first of the plans 
 for the establishing of the Academy was carried 
 into execution in 1749, Taylor's name appeared on 
 the original list of twenty-four men who met and 
 approved of the constitutions and as a Board of 
 Trustees undertook the government of the new in- 
 stitution. When the Academy became the chartered 
 College he was still a member of the Trustees. 
 Having bought a claim to about twenty thousand 
 acres of land which the Proprietaries refused to 
 grant, he went to England in 1750, ami intending 
 to sell this right, laid before the Proprietaries an 
 elaborate argument to show that the Southern boun- 
 dary of Pennsylvania should not be South of Lati- 
 tude 40 , and that Virginia and Maryland had a 
 right to all below that line, and threatened to put 
 the paper into the hands of his vendee. The 
 Proprietaries declared this a dishonorable attempt 
 to force them to allow him the land, and wrote 
 to Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton, ordering him to 
 strike Taylor's name from the list of the Council. 
 Although this letter was received by the City Cor- 
 poration. Taylor continued as one of its members 
 from his return to Philadelphia until his final de- 
 parture from the Province in 1762. In that year 
 an elegant entertainment was prepared in the State 
 House by a number of the principal gentlemen of 
 the city as a final farewell to their friend. Upwards 
 of one hundred gentlemen attended. He after- 
 wards resided in Bath, England, where he died 
 in 1772. He married about 1733, Philadelphia, 
 daughter of Patrick Gordon. Lieutenant-Governor 
 of Pennsylvania from 1726 to 1735, and had two 
 children. 
 
 PLUMSTED, William, 1708-1765. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1765. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1708; went abroad in 1724 and 
 on his return went into mercantile business in Phila- 
 delphia in which he remained for the rest of his life ; 
 was a member of the City Council, Register of Wills
 
 UNIVERS1 Tl ' OF PENNS1 X VANIA 
 
 2 5' 
 
 for the Province, and a County Justice; he was origi- 
 nally a Friend but renounced Quakerism and became 
 one of the founders of St. Peter's Church; was a foun- 
 der and original Trustee of the Academy and College ; 
 was thrice Mayor of Philadelphia and a member of the 
 Provincial Assembly from Northampton Co. ; died 
 1765. 
 
 WILLI \M PLUMSTED, wis bom in Phila- 
 delphia, November 7, 1 70S, and was the 
 only child of Clement Plumsted and Elizabeth 
 Palmer, probably a sister of Anthony Palmer. In 
 17-4 he was taken abroad by his father. He sub- 
 sequently became his father's partner in business, 
 
 WILLIAM PLl MSI I D 
 
 /•'' >n original canvas in collection 0) the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society. 
 
 and continued in trade after his father's death. He 
 bei uiie a Common ( louncilman of the city in 1 739. 
 In 1745 the office of Register-General of Wills for 
 the Province was given to William Plumsted. He 
 held the office until his death. He was also many 
 ■ irs a County Justice. When about middle-age, 
 he renounced Quakerism. He was a subscriber to 
 the Dancing Assembly of 1748, the first ever held 
 in Philadelphia. Later on he was one of the prin- 
 cipal founders of St. Peter's ('lunch, lie heads 
 the petition to the Penns for a site in 1754. he 
 contributed to the building fund, and with foui 
 
 others took title to the lot at Third and Line 
 
 streets by deed from the Proprietaries in trust for 
 
 the congregation. In 1761 when the structure was 
 finished he was elec t> d Vestryman, and became the 
 first accounting Warden. He was one of the orig- 
 inal twenty-four founders and Trustees of the Col- 
 lege. He was three times Mayor of Philadelphia, 
 in 1750, 1754 and 1755, .it the end of the first 
 term donating the < ity .{.'75. instead of the enter- 
 tainment expected from a retiring Mayor. He 
 came forward with Chief-Justice Allen and others 
 in 1755, to pay the sum expected to lie derived 
 from the tax on the Proprietaries' estates, when the 
 Assembly was refusing to pass any bill for raising 
 money for defence that exi used them from con- 
 tributing, and the Governor dared not pass any law 
 that made them contribute. In 1757 Plumsted 
 was a member of Assembly from Northampton 
 County. He died in Philadelphia, August 10, 
 1765, and was buried in St. Peter's Protestant 
 Episcopal Churchyard: he married first, April m, 
 1733, Rebecca, daughter of Philip Kearney of 
 Philadelphia, by her he had seven children : he 
 married second, September 27, 1753, Mary, 
 daughter of Ceorge MeCall of Philadelphia; by 
 her he also had seven children. 
 
 COLEMAN, William, 1705-1769. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1769. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1705; educated and trained to 
 the law in that city ; held various municipal offices ; 
 Judge of the county, and subsequently of the Province ; 
 one of the founders of the College and first Clerk and 
 Treasurer of the Board ; died 1769. 
 
 WILLIAM C( ILEMAN, fust Clerk and 'Treas- 
 urer of the Board of Trustees, was born in 
 Philadelphia in 1705, and died there January 11. 
 1769. He was a son of William ami Ann (Brad- 
 ford) Coleman. His early education was received 
 in Philadelphia, and later studying law he was ad- 
 mitted to the Bar in that city. Ilis first appoint- 
 ment was to the office of Town Clerk and Clerk of 
 the City Court in Philadelphia, September 18, 1 74 7. 
 (>n June 30, 1749, he was commissioned |udj 
 the Court of Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions, and 
 Orphans' Court of the City and Count} <>t Philadel- 
 phia, ami November 27, 1757 he became Presiding 
 Judge of the s une i ourl ■ tnd so continued until his 
 
 promotion to be V. te fustice of the Supreme 
 
 Court of Pennsylvania, April 8, 1758, a position 
 
 which he filled until his letiietnent in ihe spring of 
 
 1 768. I le w ts 1 'lie 1 il the founders 1 if the < • 1 
 "i Philadelphia, and served as a frustee until ins
 
 2 5 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 death in 1769. He was the first Clerk and Treas- 
 urer to the Trustees, holding the Clerkship from 
 1749 until 1755 and the Treasurership until 1764. 
 
 SYNG, Philip, 1703-1789. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1773- 
 Born in Ireland, 1703 ; emigrated with his father to 
 America in 1714; settled in Philadelphia as a silver- 
 smith; an incorporator of the Library Company, and 
 of the Academy and College ; was a member of the 
 Junto, of the Philosophical Society, and various other 
 influential societies and a holder of minor offices ; was 
 a student of electricity with Franklin j died 1789. 
 
 PHILIP SYNG was born in Ireland, in Novem- 
 ber 1 703 ; and was a son of Philip Syng who 
 died at Annapolis, Maryland, May 18, 1739, aged 
 sixty-three years. Philip Syng and his father came 
 to this country, September 29, 1 7 1 4 (O. S.) arriv- 
 ing at Annapolis, Maryland on that date. He 
 settled and married in Philadelphia, where he ac- 
 quired an excellent reputation as a silver-smith. 
 An ink-stand made by him in 1752 for the General 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania, is preserved in Inde- 
 pendence Hall, Philadelphia. This ink-stand was 
 used by the Continental Congress during its ses- 
 sions in Philadelphia, and at the signing of the 
 Declaration of Independence. He was one of the 
 grantees of the Charter of the Library Company of 
 Philadelphia, a member of the Junto, an original 
 member (elected January 12, 176S) of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society, and of the noted Fishing 
 Club styled The Colony in Schuylkill. He made 
 electricity a subject of constant study for many 
 yens, and according to James Parton, "imparted 
 to Franklin valuable suggestions and discoveries." 
 He promoted the organization of the Association 
 Battery of Philadelphia. He was appointed Pro- 
 vincial Commissioner of Appeal for Philadelphia in 
 1764. He signed the Non-Importation Resolu- 
 tions of 1765. He was a Vestryman of Christ 
 Church from 1747 to 1749, and a Trustee of the 
 College and Academy of Philadelphia from its 
 foundation till 1773 when he retired. He died 
 May 8, 1789, and was buried in Christ Church 
 ground. 
 
 militia about 1734; Deputy Surveyor of Baltimore Co.; 
 removed to Philadelphia about 1745; Justice of the 
 Peace, 1752; one of the founders of the Academy and 
 College, and a Trustee 1749-72 ; died 1779. 
 
 THOMAS WHITE was born in London, Eng- 
 land in 1 704, son of William and Elizabeth 
 (Leigh) White. In 1 720 he sailed for Maryland, and 
 there is reason to believe that he was in the retinue 
 of Charles Calvert, the cousin of Lord Baltimore. 
 He had been apprenticed to Mr. Stokes the Clerk 
 of the County of Baltimore. While a boy in Eng- 
 land, Mr. White attended a Grammar School at St. 
 
 WHITE, Thomas, 1704-1779. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1772. 
 
 Born in London, 1704; educated at St. Albans, Eng- 
 land ; emigrated to Maryland, 1720 ; became Colonel of 
 
 THOMAS WHITE 
 
 Albans, eighteen miles from London. Some time 
 after 1734 he was commissioned a Colonel of Mary- 
 land troops in Baltimore county. He was made 
 I (eputy Surveyor of Baltimore county, and acted as 
 the representative of the Lord Proprietary, both of 
 these appointments being of a date prior to 1734. 
 He was a Vestryman of St. George's at Spesutiae. 
 Maryland from May 29. 1731 to June 3, 1734. He 
 removed to Philadelphia about 1745. He was one 
 of the founders of the Academy and College and a 
 Trustee from 1749 until 1772, when he resigned. 
 He was one of the Commissioners of the Peace for 
 Philadelphia county in 1752. He died at Sophia's 
 Hairy in Maryland, September 29, 1779, and was 
 buried on his farm called Cranberry Hall.
 
 UNiiEKsi'rr or /'a.y.y.v; i.r.ixi.i 
 
 2 51 
 
 INGLIS, John, -1775. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders - Trustee 1749-1775. 
 Born in Scotland and came to Philadelphia by way 
 of the Island of Nevis, W. I. ; was a successful mer- 
 chant, a member of the Philadelphia Common Council, 
 Deputy Collector of the Port, a member of St. Andrews 
 Society, and a founder and Trustee of the Academy 
 and College; died 1775. 
 
 JOHN 1NGLIS was a native of Scotland, and 
 came to Philadelphia from the West Indian 
 Island of Nevis, where he had followed the busi- 
 ness of merchant. He married Catharine McCall 
 daughter of George and Anne (Yeates) McCall, 
 October 16, 1736. He became a merchant in 
 Philadelphia, in partnership with Samuel McCall. 
 Senior, his wife's brother-in-law and cousin. He 
 was elected a Common Councilman, October 1. 
 and qualified November 11, 1745. He was com- 
 missioned Captain of the First Company of the 
 Associated Regiment of Foot of Philadelphia on 
 fanuary 1, 1747-8, of which his kinsman Samuel 
 McCall was chosen Major, ami was a fellow-private 
 in the Association Battery Company of Philadelphia 
 of 1756, with Mrs. [nglis's brother Archibald 
 McCall and brother-in-law William Plumsted. He 
 served as Deputy Collector of the Port of Phila- 
 delphia, from 1751 to 1753, during the absence of 
 Collector Abram Taylor. On March 13, 1756, 
 it the desire of Major-General William Shirley, he 
 was added to a Commission appointed by Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor Robert Hunter Morris, " to audit, 
 adjust, and settle the accounts" of certain owners 
 of horses and wagons contracted for by Benjamin 
 Franklin and lost in the service under General 
 Braddock, a duty which occupied him for a month. 
 His name appears on an ineffectual remonstrance 
 presented by the merchants of Philadelphia to 
 Lieutenant-Governor James Hamilton against an 
 Act of Assembly passed March 14, 1701, "for lay- 
 ing a duty on negroes and mulattoe slaves imported 
 into this Province." lb- signed the Non Importa- 
 tion resolutions of 1765. lie became a member 
 of the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia, at its 
 organization in [749, and succeeded Governor Mor- 
 ris as President of the Association. He wis one of 
 the four Directors of the First Dancing Assembly 
 of Philadelphia held in [748, and a constant sub 
 scriber to similar bills in later yens. He was one 
 ot the contributors to the completion of the build- 
 ing of Christ Church, in Philadelphia, in [739. He 
 died in Philadelphia, AugUSl 20, 1775 aged si\i\ 
 
 eighl years and was buried in Christ Church ground. 
 Mr. Inglis hid eleven < hildren. 
 
 BOND, Phineas, 1717-1773. 
 
 One of tlie 24 Founders Trustee 1749-1773. 
 Born in Calvert Co., Md., 1717 ; obtained his com- 
 mon school education at home and then studied medi- 
 cine in Europe; was one of the founders of the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, the American Philosophical 
 Society and of the College ; died 1773. 
 
 PHINEAS BOND was born in Calvert county. 
 Maryland in 1717. He wis educated in 
 Maryland and afterwards studied medicine abroad, 
 
 passing a considerable time at l.eyden. Paris, F.din 
 burgh and London. With Thomas Hopkinson, 
 
 II I IN I \- Ki l\l> 
 
 Tench Francis, Richard Peters, Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 his brother Thomas, and others he organized the 
 College of Philadelphia now the Universit) ol 
 Pennsylvania, and was a member of the first board 
 of Trustees, from 1740 to 1773. He was a membei 
 of the Common Council of Philadelphia from 1717 
 until his death. lie was one of the founders <>t 
 tin' American Philosophical Society, ol die Societj 
 of St. George and ot the Hand in Hand I 'it. 1 mil 
 pun. Dr. Phineas bond, with his brother Dr. 
 Thomas Bond, tot ik va active part in the 1 
 tion of the Pennsylvania I [ospital and was a member 
 of its titsi Medical Staff, serving from 1751 until 
 his death, lb- enjoyed a high reputation as a 
 successful practitionei of medicine in Philadelphia 
 and no medical man of his time in tin-. 1 ountn had
 
 •54 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 a higher character for professional sagacity. He 
 died in Philadelphia, June 11, 1773, aged fifty-six 
 years. 
 
 PETERS, Richard, 1704-1776. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1776. 
 
 Born in Liverpool, England, apparently in 1704 ; 
 educated at Westminster School, at Leyden in Hol- 
 land, and at Oxford ; ordained in the year 1730 ; became 
 tutor to two young relatives of the Earl of Derby; in 
 1735 came to Pennsylvania ; 1743 became Secretary of 
 the Land Office and held other positions of trust under 
 the Penns and of negotiations with the Indians for 
 many years ; was first confidant of Franklin in 1743 in 
 his plans for an Academy and subsequently in 1749 
 became one of the founders and first Trustees ; was 
 President of the Board for many years, an incorporator 
 of the Philadelphia Library, one of the managers of 
 the Hospital, a,member of the Governor's Council and 
 Rector of St. Peter's Church ; in 1762 he retired to his 
 country seat of Belmont, west of the city ; died 1776. 
 
 RICHARD PETERS, D.D., was born at Liver- 
 pool, England, about the year 1704. His 
 father bring Ralph Peters, town clerk of that city. 
 He was sent to Westminster school for his early 
 education. While quite a boy he was inveigled 
 into a clandestine marriage with a servant maid, on 
 account of which, his parents sent him to Leyden 
 in Holland for his further education. After three 
 years he returned to London, where he was put to 
 the study of law in the Inner Temple. After five 
 years devoted to a distasteful profession and a short 
 period of further study at Oxford he became a 
 clergyman o( the Church of England in 1730, and 
 was appointed to a parish in Lancashire. He took 
 charge of the education of two boys, relatives of the 
 Karl of Derby. Under the belief that his first wife 
 was dead he married their sister Miss Stanley, in 
 1 7 j 1. but on discovery that he was mistaken and his 
 second marriage therefore illegal, a separation wis 
 agreed upon, and he emigrated to Pennsylvania 
 where he was distantly related to Andrew Hamilton. 
 He was soon made Secretary of the Land Office fur 
 the Proprietary Family. Subsequently Secretin- of 
 the Province, Clerk of the Council and principal 
 Agent and Commissioner of Property. For more 
 than twenty-five years he retained these positions, 
 being the most trusted official of the Penns. and 
 having the settlement of many difficult questions of 
 titles, rights of settlers, purchasers, squatters and 
 Inilians. According to Franklin's account it was 
 with Mr. Peters that he consulted as to the founda- 
 tion of the Academy in 1743, and he was certainly 
 
 one of the prime movers in the actual organization 
 of 1749, becoming one of the first Trustees, and 
 President of the Hoard from 1756 to 1764. He 
 was also one of the incorporators of the Philadelphia 
 Library, one of the original managers of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital, a member of the Philosophical 
 Society, and notwithstanding his clerical character, 
 a subscriber to the Dancing Assembly of 1749. He 
 assisted from time to time in the services at Christ 
 Church and became Rector of Christ Church and 
 St. Peters' in 1762, a position which he retained 
 till the outbreak of the Revolution. He amassed a 
 considerable fortune and in 1762 resigned his posi- 
 tion under the Proprietor and took up his dwelling 
 at his country seat of Belmont, which became a 
 rather noted resort for men of prominence. He 
 was given the degree Doctor of I livinity by Ox- 
 ford in 1770. Like so many other Pennsylvanians 
 of the upper classes, he approved of resistance to 
 the mother country but hesitated long before the 
 idea of independence. He died however in the 
 earliest period of the war, on July 10. 1776, and 
 was buried in front of the Chancel of Christ Church. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 [Portrait on page 50 ] 
 
 TURNER, Joseph, 1701-1783. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1779. 
 Born in Hampshire, England, 1701 ; emigrated to 
 America, Jan. 13, 1814 ; was Captain of a vessel trading 
 to Philadelphia and entered into successful trading and 
 mining ventures here ; was a member of the City and 
 the Provincial Council, and declined the Mayoralty of 
 the city ; was one of the founders and original Trus- 
 tees of the College ; died 1783. 
 
 JOSEPH TURNER was born at Andover, in 
 Hampshire, England, May 2, 1701, and came 
 to America. January 13, 1713-14. His parents 
 were never in this country. In 1724 he was a 
 sea-captain, as appears by a notice in the American 
 Weekly Mercury in May of that year. In 1726 he 
 signed the circular of the chief business men of 
 Philadelphia agreeing to take the bills of credit of 
 the Lower Counties at their face value. Hazard's 
 Register names him as a member of Franklin's 
 Junto. In 1729 he was elected a Common Coun- 
 cilman of the city, and in 1741, an Alderman. He 
 declined the Mayoralty in 1745, and was thereupon 
 fined ,£30. For about fifty years Turner was in 
 partnership with William Allen, the Chief-Justice, 
 in commercial business, the house of Allen & 
 Turner, for a long time prior to the Revolutionary
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 2 55 
 
 War, being the most important in the Colony. 
 They also engaged in the manufacture of iron, and 
 owned several mines in Pennsylvania and New- 
 Jersey. The Union Iron Works in Hunterdon 
 county, New Jersey, were the most celebrated, the 
 property at the date of Turner's will amounting to 
 eleven thousand aires. He was admitted to the 
 Provincial Council, on May 14, 1747. His name 
 is on the list of the Dancing Assembly of 1748, 
 and he was one of the original Trustees of the 
 College. He died in Philadelphia, July 25, 1 783. 
 It is interesting to know that Turner's Lane, situ- 
 ated in the northern part of Philadelphia, is named 
 after Peter Turner, a brother of Joseph, who owned 
 many acres on the Ridge Road in the same sec- 
 tion of the city. 
 
 ALLEN, William, 1704-1780. 
 
 Founder and Benefactor Trustee 1749-1780 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1704; apparently studied law 
 in London, but returned to Philadelphia in or before 
 1726; became a merchant in Philadelphia, and was 
 considered to be the wealthiest man in the city; 
 occupied various government offices in the city 
 and the Province ; in the early disputes between the 
 Colonies and the Mother Country he sided strongly 
 with the Colonies, but was opposed to the Declaration 
 of Independence, and after its passage retired as much 
 as possible from public life; he appears to have died 
 Sept. 6, 1780 in Philadelphia or its vicinity. 
 
 WILLIAM ALLEN was born August 5, 1704, 
 in Philadelphia, he was the son of William 
 Allen of Philadelphia, merchant, and Mary, daugh- 
 ter of Thomas and Susanna Budd. He married 
 Margaret Hamilton, daughter of Andrew Hamilton, 
 the Councillor and of Anne, daughter of Deputy- 
 Governor Thomas Rudyard and widow of John West 
 of New York. He is supposed to have studied law 
 at the Temple in London, and followed his pro- 
 fession at that place for a short time-, lie returned 
 to America before September 21, 1726, the date of 
 the merchants' and chief citizens' agreement to 
 take the money of the Lower Counties at its face 
 value, to which his signature appears. On October 
 5, 1727, he was elected a Common Councilman of 
 Philadelphia. In 1731 he became a member 
 of the Assembly, serving until [739. He joined 
 Andrew Hamilton in the project of making the 
 square on Chestnut Street between Fifth and Sixth 
 the site of the State House, and advanced the 
 money for the purchase of certain of the lots, tak- 
 ing title in his own name until the Province re- 
 imbursed him. In October 1735 ' lc was chosen 
 
 Mayor of the city ; and at the end of his term 
 October 1736, the Hall of Assembly, just finished, 
 was opened with the collation customary from an 
 out-going Mayor. He was the partner of Jo-, ph 
 Turner, the Councillor. The profits from com- 
 mercial enterprise, with the money which he and 
 his wife inherited, and the advance in value of 
 land in which he had invested, made him at the 
 time of the death of his father-in-law one of the 
 rich men, and in after years, notwithstanding his 
 charities, perhaps the richest man in Pennsylvania. 
 He left the Assembly in 1739. During the war 
 
 will I \\l ALLEN 
 
 with Spain he became the head of the Ami (Juaker 
 party, contended with Isaac Norris, the younger, 
 for a seat in the Assembly, bringing on the " blood) 
 election of 1742," and with difficulty cleared 
 himself of responsibility for the riot. I lax in- 
 filled before the people, he held the city corpoi 
 tion, of which he had been chosen Recorder 
 
 (August 7, 1741) to a policj thai might strengthen 
 the Governor in his strug nsl Norris's friends 
 
 in the Assembly. Mien often acted .is Judgi "i 
 the Orphans' Court and Common Pleas, and con 
 tinned in the office of Recordei oi the citj until 
 October 2. 1750, when, having been appointed 
 
 (September 20, 1750) Chief-Justice oi the Su 
 preme 1 lourl ol thi Pro' he resigned the 
 
 Recordership, as incompatible with his new duties.
 
 256 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 He presided over the Supreme Court for nearly 
 a quarter of a century, until April 9, 1774. At 
 the same time he continued in business ; and from 
 1756 until the Revolution was a Representative 
 from Cumberland county, in the Assembly. In 
 1765, being the owner of three thousand three 
 hundred and seventy acres in Northampton county, 
 he laid out the town of Northampton, afterwards 
 called Allentown, Pennsylvania, conveying in 1767 
 the whole estate to his son James. He was a large 
 contributor to the Pennsylvania Hospital, to the 
 College, of which he was one of the original 
 Trustees, and to the expedition in search of the 
 North West Passage. As Chief-Justice he gave his 
 services gratuitously, receiving his salary only to 
 appropriate it to charities. I luring his visit to 
 England in 1763, he achieved a victory for all 
 the American Colonies by preventing the passage 
 of a bill in Parliament for taxing them. Mr. Allen 
 with his three eldest sons were elected to the 
 American Philosophical Society soon after its resus- 
 citation. He was a great friend of Benjamin West. 
 On the other hand he was a strong opponent of 
 Benjamin Franklin. In the contention preceding 
 the Revolutionary War, he sided with the Colonies 
 and went so far as to donate cannon shot to the 
 Council of Safety ; but he was anxious to maintain 
 union with Creat Britain and labored as a member 
 of the Assembly for that end. He resigned the 
 Chief-Justiceship August 9, 1774. Mr. Allen did 
 not favor the Declaration of Independence, but 
 after it was signed, seems to have kept quiet. In 
 view of the death of his sons, John and James, and 
 in order to protect his properly from the operation 
 of the attainder of his other sons, he executed a 
 codicil to his will, bearing date December 1, 1 779, 
 by which he devised John's, lames' and Andrew's 
 shares to their respective children and William's 
 share to James Hamilton, absolutely. He more- 
 over freed all his slaves. He probably died in 
 Philadelphia or at Mt. Airy near Philadelphia on 
 September 6, 1780. 
 
 SHIPPEN, William, 1712-1801. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1779. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1712; studied medicine by him- 
 self and obtained a large practice ; was a preceptor of 
 his much more famous son ; was a member of Frank- 
 lin's "Junto" and long Vice-President of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society which grew out of it ; first 
 Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital ; one of the 
 founders of First Presbyterian Church ; one of the 
 founders and a Trustee of the Academy and College of 
 
 Philadelphia and of the College of New Jersey, later 
 Princeton ; was elected to the Continental Congress 
 1778 and 1779; died 1801. 
 
 WILLIAM SHIPPEN, the Elder, was born 
 in Philadelphia, October i, 171 2, son of 
 Joseph and Abigail ('nee Grosse) Shippen. He 
 applied himself early in life to the study of medi- 
 cine, for which he had a remarkable genius. He 
 speedily obtained a large and lucrative practice, 
 which he maintained through a long and respected 
 life. He was especially liberal towards the poor, 
 and, it is said, not only gave his professional aid 
 and medicines without charge but often assisted 
 them by donations from his purse. Ear from think- 
 ing that medicine was much advanced towards per- 
 fection, it is said, when he was congratulated by 
 some one on the number of cures he effected, and 
 the few patients he lost, his reply was : " My friend ' 
 nature does a great deal and the grave covers up 
 our mistakes." He trained his son, Dr. William 
 Shippen, the younger, for the medical profession. 
 He sent him to Europe, where he had every pos- 
 sible opportunity for obtaining a knowledge of the 
 various branches and on his return, May 1762, en- 
 couraged him to commence a series of lectures on 
 anatomy, and thus to inaugurate the first Medical 
 School in America. On November 20, 177S, he 
 was elected to the Continental .Congress by the 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania. At the end of the year 
 he was re-elected November 13, 1779. An ex- 
 amination of the journals of Congress shows that 
 he was always steadily at his post, and that his 
 votes and conduct were those of an honest, intelli- 
 gent, high-minded, patriotic gentleman, who thought 
 only of his country's welfare. The Junto, in which 
 Dr. Shippen took an earnest part was more or less 
 the origin of the American Philosophical Society 
 of which he was Vice-President 176S, and for 
 many years after. He was first physician to the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, 1 753-1 778. He was one 
 of the founders of the First Presbyterian Church, 
 1742, and a member of it for nearly sixty years. 
 He was one of the founders and, during the great- 
 est part of his life, from 1765 to 1796, a Trustee 
 of the College of New Jersey, towards the estab- 
 lishment and support of which he contributed largely 
 by liberal donations and by bequeathing it a con- 
 siderable perpetual annuity. He was one of the 
 founders and a Trustee of the College of Philadel- 
 phia. He was so very abstemious that he never 
 tasted wine or any spirituous liquor until during his 
 last illness. He possessed a powerful frame and
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 2 57 
 
 vigorous health. He rode on horseback from Ger- 
 mantown to Philadelphia, in the coldest weather 
 without an overcoat and but a short time before 
 his tleath, took a walk of six miles. At the age of 
 ninety years, he died at Germantown, Philadelphia, 
 November 4, 1801. He married September 19, 
 1735, Susannah, daughter of Joseph Harrison of 
 Philadelphia and [Catherine Noble his wife. He 
 was buried in the graveyard of the church to which 
 he had been so useful. He had four children. 
 
 BOND, Thomas, 1712-1784. 
 
 One of the 24 Founders — Trustee 1749-1784. 
 Born in Calvert Co., Md., 1712; studied medicine at 
 home and in France ; practiced for fifty years in Phila- 
 delphia ; participated in the organization of the medi- 
 cal service of the government during the Revolution ; 
 was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 
 of the American Philosophical Society, and of the 
 Academy and College of Philadelphia ; wrote various 
 medical memoirs which were published in London; 
 and was a prominent Freemason ; died 1784. 
 
 THOMAS BOND was born in Calvert county, 
 Maryland, in 17 12, and studied under Dr. 
 Hamilton of the same county. He also traveled in 
 Kurope and spent much time in the Paris hospitals. 
 He attended the practice of the Hotel Dieu. He 
 began practising in Philadelphia in 1732. He 
 first suggested to Franklin, about 1751, the idea 
 of establishing a hospital for the sick, injured and 
 lunatics. 'Phis resulted in the founding of the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, and Doctor Bond was one 
 of its most active managers at its commencement. 
 He was a member of its first Medical Staff and 
 remained so from 1751 to 1784. In 1766 he was 
 selected to give clinical lectures in the Hospital, 
 these being the first lectures of the kind given 
 there. About this time he wrote some useful medi- 
 cal memoirs, afterwards published in London. He 
 was a member of a small society instituted for 
 purposes of intellectual discussions in 1 743, which 
 in 1768 united with another similar body, thus 
 forming the American Philosophical Society. Of 
 this society he was the first Vice-President and in 
 1782 delivered the animal address before it on 
 "The Rank of Man in the Scale of Being." 
 Doctor Bond became a freemason, June 3, 1734, 
 joining St. John's, the first lodge in America, lb- 
 was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the Grand 
 Lodge in 1755 by Grand Master William Allen. 
 He was one of the founders of the College and 
 Academy which afterward became the University 
 of Pennsylvania, was elected a Trustee in 1749. 
 
 VOL. I. — 17 
 
 and remained such to the time of his death. A 
 humane society tor the recovery of persons supposed 
 to be drowned was formed by some public -spirited 
 
 men, and shortly after establishing it they eli 
 Dr. Bond their President. At the outbreak of the 
 Revolution, I >r. Bond, then past his sixtieth year, 
 tendered his services to his country by a letter 
 dated December 4. 1776, and addressed to the 
 Committee of Safety. This received a favorable 
 response and both Dr. Bond and his son rendered 
 distinguished services to the American cause by 
 taking part in the organization of the Medical 
 
 THOMAS BOM) 
 
 Department of the Army. For half a century he 
 was in the first practice in Philadelphia. He was 
 an excellent surgeon, and in 1768 performed two 
 operations of lithotomy in the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital with success. Dr. Bond was of a delicate 
 constitution and disposed to pulmonary consump- 
 tion, lb' died in Philadelphia, March 26, 17s), 
 aged seventy-two years, and was buried in Christ 
 Church Burial ground. 
 
 SMITH, William, 1727-1803. 
 
 First Provost 1755-1791. 
 Born near Aberdeen, Scotland, 1727; graduated A.B. 
 at the University of Aberdeen, 1747; spent some time 
 in London but in 1751 went .is .1 lutor to a gentleman's
 
 258 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sons to New York and was there interested in public 
 and educational projects; visited Philadelphia in 1753, 
 and after a visit to England to be ordained as a clergy- 
 man came to Philadelphia again in 1754; was elected 
 immediately as a Master in, and subsequently became 
 the first Provost of the College of Philadelphia, a posi- 
 tion which he held until 1791, except for the period 
 from 1779 to 1789; visited England in 1758 on a per- 
 sonal political mission and in 1762 on a financial mis- 
 sion for the College; was a strong adherent of the 
 Proprietary party in Provincial affairs and in 1757 was 
 subjected to confinement in the Philadelphia prison 
 on a charge of libelling the Assembly; was given the 
 degree of D.D. from the Universities of Oxford, Aber- 
 deen and Dublin ; encouraged the opposition of the 
 Colonies to Great Britain in the early stages of revolt, 
 but opposed the Declaration of Independence, and 
 after its passage withdrew from public life; was active 
 in the interests of the Episcopal Church and in 1783 
 was chosen Bishop of Maryland but was not conse- 
 crated; from 1780 to 1789 lived in Maryland and raised 
 the Chestertown School there to the rank of a College ; 
 wrote extensively and was active in all the intellectual 
 interests of his period and Province ; died 1803. 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, D.D., was born on the 
 banks of the Don within a few miles of 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, September 7, 1727, and on 
 October 19, the same year, he was baptized in the 
 old Aberdeenshire Kirk. His lineage has been 
 traced back to one John Smyth born in the year 
 1500, a descendant of Sir Roger Clarendon. He 
 took his first degree at the University of Aberdeen, 
 Scotland, March 1747. When quite a young man 
 he was interested in the subject of education and 
 wrote and labored in the cause of its advancement. 
 His efforts in Scotland met with little success and 
 on March 13, 1 75 1, he embarked for New York, 
 accompanying as tutor two young gentlemen who 
 were returning to America. The letters he brought 
 with him secured the acquaintance of persons of 
 influence and he was soon employed in the same 
 pursuit which had engaged his attention in Scot- 
 land. He published a pamphlet in 1 753, entitled 
 A General Idea of the College of Mirania. It was 
 to give his views of the requirements of an institu- 
 tion of learning in a new country. This drew to 
 him the attention of some gentlemen in Philadel- 
 phia then interested in establishing the Academy 
 which gave rise to the University of Pennsylvania 
 and on May 25, 1753, he was invited by the Trus- 
 tees to teach Natural Philosophy, Logic, etc. He 
 returned to England to obtain holy orders in the 
 Episcopal Church. He left America October 13, 
 1753 and arrived in London December 1 of that 
 year. He was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of 
 London, December 21, 1753, and on the 23d Priest 
 
 by the Bishop of Carlisle. He landed in Philadel- 
 phia, May 22, 1754. He was elected immediately 
 afterwards as Professor of the Academy to teach 
 Logic, Ethics and Natural Philosophy. In less 
 than a year afterwards the Academy was raised to 
 the rank of a College and he became its first Pro- 
 vost. He not only devoted an abundance of energy 
 to the institution over which he presided, but en- 
 tered with warmth into church affairs and politics. 
 He collected money for his College, improved the 
 course of studies, was active in the movement to 
 secure a more liberal charter and made its com- 
 mencements so interesting as to attract attention 
 to the advantages it presented. He edited the 
 best magazine which had appeared in America up 
 to that time. He superintended the publication of 
 the poems of Evans and Godfrey, and of The His- 
 tory of Bouquet's Expedition against the Indians. 
 He was elected a member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society January 12, 1768, and was for a 
 long time its Secretary. It is doubtful if any one 
 exerted a more beneficial influence than he on the 
 formation of a taste for literary pursuits in Phila- 
 delphia about the middle of the last century. He 
 had plans for the education of the Germans in 
 Pennsylvania but they proved futile. In politics 
 he advocated the cause of the Proprietary party, 
 and in 1755, wrote in favor of vigorous military 
 measures. He preached no less than six military 
 sermons during the time of the French and Indian 
 War, and in 1764, wrote in defence of the charter 
 of the Province which Franklin and others wished 
 to have surrendered to the crown. In 1758 he 
 visited England to appeal before the Privy Council 
 from a judgment which the Pennsylvania Assembly 
 had passed upon him on account of his political 
 conduct. He was successful in his suit. While 
 there he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 from his Alma Mater, and the same distinction 
 from the University of Oxford. In 1762 he again 
 visited Great Britain, this time in behalf of the 
 College. .£11,873 were collected under a royal 
 brief and by private subscription, for the Colleges 
 of New York and Philadelphia, one-half of which sum 
 was for the latter. In addition to their moiety of 
 the general contribution Dr. Smith obtained ^984 
 by his individual exertions. While in Dublin, the 
 University of that city added his name to the list 
 of those upon whom it had conferred the degree 
 of Doctor of Divinity. In 1770 Dr. Smith visited 
 South Carolina to collect money for his College. It 
 appears in some unpublished letters from Alice
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 259 
 
 Swift to her father, John Swift, Collector of the 
 Port at Philadelphia, that Dr. Smith while there 
 collected about one thousand guineas for his Col- 
 lege, and that a certain Mr. Ferguson who intended 
 to give him ^30, when he heard him preach and 
 conversed with him, gave ^50 sterling. The Caro- 
 linians did not approve the giving of this num. v, 
 as they intended having a College of their own. 
 Upon the breaking out of the Revolution, Dr. 
 Smith approved of opposition to the oppressive 
 measures which caused it. He did not however 
 approve of the Declaration of Independence. The 
 war brought down upon his beloved College serious 
 troubles which have been fully described in the 
 Historical Sketch of the University. Dr. Smith re- 
 moved to Chestertown, Maryland, 17.80, where he 
 took charge of a parish and of the Kent County 
 School. In two years the latter grew into Wash- 
 ington College, of which Dr. Smith was President, 
 and during his nine years of residence in Maryland 
 he collected a large sum of money for its endow- 
 ment. He was chosen Bishop of Maryland in 1783, 
 but was never consecrated. In 1789 he returned 
 to Pennsylvania and when the estates of the Col- 
 lege were restored to the old Trustees, took charge 
 of its reorganization until it was united with the 
 University in 1791. Dr. Smith took an active part 
 in the organization of the Episcopal Church in the 
 United States ; his services in the Colonial Church 
 having been of a particularly valuable character. 
 He married Rebecca, daughter of William Moore 
 of Moore Hall, Chester county, Pennsylvania, on 
 July 5, 175S. The friendship between Dr. Smith 
 and Rebecca Moore began in [758, when he and 
 William Moore, her father, were imprisoned by the 
 Assembly for an alleged contempt in the publica- 
 tion of a paper which reflected on the conduct of 
 that body. Rebecca Moore's mother was Williamina 
 Wemyss, who it is said was the daughter of David, 
 fourth Earl of Wemyss. While this is not sup- 
 ported by any document that is known, it is almost 
 certain that some connection existed between her 
 and this noted house. The American Magazine, or 
 Monthly Chronicle for tin- British Colonies, which 
 was published by William Bradford in tin- London 
 •'oil.. House, was edited bv Dr. Smith, and it was 
 due t.. his aspersive 1 ommenl i published in that 
 journal concerning 1 >r. Franklin's claims to elei trii al 
 discovery thai the long and bitter quarrel between 
 the men was precipitated. Dr. Smith died in Phil 
 adelphia May 14, 1803. II.- hid eight children. 
 
 [Portraits on pages 1.;. 95.] 
 
 EWING, John, 1732-1802. 
 
 Professor Ethics 1758-62, Natural Philosophy 1762-1802 — Provost 
 1780-1802. 
 
 Born in Nottingham, Md., 1732 ; educated in the 
 School of Dr. Alison; graduated Princeton, 1754; 
 tutor at Princeton for some time, then instructor in 
 Moral and Natural Philosophy in the College of Phila- 
 delphia ; became Pastor of the 1st Presbyterian Church 
 of Philadelphia, 1759-1802; given the degree of LL.D. 
 by the Univ. of Edinburgh ; Provost of the recon- 
 structed Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1779-1802; Commis- 
 sioner to run several state boundary lines; died 1802. 
 
 JOHN EWING, LL.D., the second Provost, was 
 born in Nottingham, Maryland, June 22, 1 732. 
 He gained his early education in the famous school 
 established by Dr. Francis Alison just across the 
 Pennsylvania line from Ewing's home. He was 
 afterwards a tutor in the school for three years and 
 then went to the College of New Jersey at Prince- 
 ton and obtained his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
 1754; the Master's degree was received in course, 
 and also from the College of Philadelphia in 1759. 
 lie was teacher in the grammar school connected 
 with his College while he was studying and re- 
 mained for some time after graduation as a Tutor 
 in the College. In 1758 he acted as substitute for 
 Dr. Smith at the College of Philadelphia during the 
 absence of the latter in England. In 1759 he be- 
 came Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in 
 Philadelphia and remained in that charge for the 
 rest of his life. He had paid special attention to 
 the study of mathematics and was asked to assist 
 in running the boundary line of the state of Dela- 
 ware, that between Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 and that between Pennsylvania and Virginia. He 
 also acted with Mr. Rittenhouse in laying out the 
 Philadelphia and Lancaster turnpike. From 1773 
 to 1775 he was in England soliciting subscriptions 
 for the Newark, Delaware. Academy. He was given 
 the degree of Doctor oi Laws by the University of 
 Edinburgh ami made the acquaintance of many 
 distinguished men. When the old Board of Trus- 
 tees and Faculty of the College of Philadelphia were 
 dissolved in 1770, Dr. Ewing was elected Professor 
 
 of Natural Philosophy and Provost, and when the 
 union took place in [791 he was re-elected Pro 
 and remained so until his death. lie was a mem 
 ber and Vice President ol the American Philosophi- 
 cal Society, in whose Transactions he published 
 inn paper-, one of which was an account of the 
 Transit ofVenus of 1711c). I lis lectures on Natural 
 I Miil. 1 ;i rphj 1 ■ given at the I Fniversity were published 
 in 1 S. ,,,. ||, di.d in 1 802. 
 
 I P01 trail .'i. page 9o.|
 
 :6o 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 McDOWELL, John, 1750-1820. 
 
 Professor Natural Philosophy 1806-1810. Provost 1807-1810. 
 Born near Chambersburg, Pa., 1750; graduated 
 College of Philadelphia, 1771 ; Tutor 1769-82; Principal 
 of St. John's College, Maryland, 1790-06 ; Professor 
 and Provost at University of Pennsylvania, 1806-10; 
 received degree LL.D. from the University, 1807 ; died 
 1820. 
 
 JOHN McDOWELL, LL.D., third Provost, was 
 born in Peters Township, near Chambersburg, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1750, son of William McDowell, 
 Justice of the county, and Mary (Maxwell) Mc- 
 Dowell. He entered the College of Philadelphia 
 in 1768, and was graduated in 1771, having the 
 part of English Orator at the Commencement. He 
 was a Tutor from 1769 to 17S2. He was Professor 
 of Mathematics in St. John's College, Maryland, in 
 
 JOHN McDOWELL 
 FiLim canvas in University Chapel 
 
 ^89, and in 1790 he became Principal of that 
 College. He was called to be Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy in the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1806, and continued to hold that position until 
 1810. He was Provost of the University during 
 the same period. In 1S07, he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the American Philosophical Society, and in 
 the same year received the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws from the University. He died near Mercers- 
 burg, Pennsylvania, December 22, 1S20. 
 
 ANDREWS, John, 1746-1813. 
 
 Professor Moral Philosophy 1789-1813, Vice-Provost 1789-1791, 
 
 Provost 1810-1813. 
 Born in Cecil Co., Md., 1746; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1765 ; ordained Clergyman of the Church 
 of England, 1767; Rector of a church in Maryland; 
 teacher in York, Pa. ; Prof, of Moral Philosophy and 
 Vice-Provost of the College, and became Provost, 
 1810-13; D.D. Washington College, Md., 1785; author 
 of Elements of Logic ; died 1813. 
 
 JOHN ANDREWS, D.D., fourth Provost, was 
 born in Cecil county, Maryland, April i, i 746, 
 son of Moses and Letitia Andrews. He entered 
 the College of Philadelphia in 1762, graduating 
 Bachelor of Arts in 1765 ; the Master's degree 
 being conferred upon him in course in 1767. He 
 was ordained an Episcopal clergyman in London, 
 England, in February 1767, and performed the 
 work of a missionary at Lewes, Delaware, for three 
 years. He subsequently became Rector of St. 
 John's Church in Queen county, Maryland, and 
 also taught school at York, Pennsylvania. He re- 
 ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the 
 then recently established Washington College in 
 Maryland in 1785. He was Head-Master of the 
 Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church, of 
 Philadelphia, from 1785 to 1789, and in 1789 was 
 appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy in the 
 restored College of Philadelphia, continuing in that 
 position until 1813. He was Vice-Provost from 
 1789 to 1810, and Provost from 1810 to 1813, having 
 succeeded Dr. McDowell. He was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Philosophical Society in 1786. He was 
 author of Elements of Logic, and also published a 
 sermon on the Parable of the Unjust Steward in 
 1789. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert 
 Callender of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. 
 He died in Philadelphia, March 29, 1813. 
 [Portrait on page 106.] 
 
 BEASLEY, Frederick, 1777-1845. 
 
 Provost 1813-1818. 
 Born in Edenton, N. C, 1777 ; graduated College of 
 New Jersey, A.B., 1797 ; Tutor there the next three 
 years ; obtained degree of A.M. in course ; ordained to 
 ministry of Protestant Episcopal Church, and occupied 
 various charges in Elizabethtown, N. J., Albany, N. Y. 
 and Baltimore, Md. ; Provost of the University, 1813-28 ; 
 Rector of a church in Trenton, N. J., until 1838 ; received 
 degree of D.D. from Columbia College and Univ. of 
 Pa., 1815 ; died 1845. 
 
 FREDERICK BEASLEY, D.D., fifth Provost, 
 was born in Edenton, North Carolina, 1777. 
 He was graduated as Bachelor of Arts at the Col-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEXSSY1.I .I.XI.I 
 
 261 
 
 lege of New Jersey (now Princeton College) in 1797, 
 and succeeded Bishop John Henry Hobart, I). I)., 
 as a Tutor there from 1798-1800. He received 
 the Master of Arts degree in course there in 1800. 
 During the period of his tutorship he engaged in 
 the study of theology, and in the year 180 1 was 
 ordained Deacon in the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. His clerical duties began at Elizabeth- 
 town, New Jersey. In 1803 he accepted a call to 
 St. Peter's Church in Albany, and afterward re- 
 moved to Baltimore, where lie was the Rector tor 
 several years of Christ Church. In July 1813 he 
 was appointed Provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, and entered immediately upon his duties. 
 His connection with the University continued for a 
 period of fifteen years. Dr. Beasley, with the other 
 members of the Arts Faculty, was separated from 
 the school upon the occasion of a reorganization 
 which this department of the University underwent 
 in the year 1828. Soon afterward he left Philadel- 
 phia, and undertook the charge of a congregation 
 in Trenton, New Jersey, which he held until the 
 year 1836, when he was compelled to relinquish it 
 by failure of his health. He then removed to 
 Elizabethtown where he continued to reside until 
 his death, which occurred November 1, 1845. He 
 received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 from both the University of Pennsylvania and Co- 
 lumbia College in the same year, 1815. He was 
 elected a member of the American Philosophical 
 Society January 21, 18 14. He was twice married. 
 His first wife was Susan, daughter of Jonathan Day- 
 ton of Elizabethtown, New Jersey. His second 
 wife was Maria, daughter of Matthias Williamson 
 of New Jersey. He was a ready and correct writer, 
 and his contributions to the press were numerous, 
 some of them voluminous. Many of I hem were of 
 a theological and some of a controversial character. 
 The chief production of his pen was a metaphysical 
 work entitled A Search of Truth. 
 
 [Portrait on page 107.] 
 
 De LANCEY, William Heathcote, 1797-1865. 
 
 Trustee 1826-1828 — Provost 1828-1834. 
 Born in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 1797; graduated Yale, 
 1817; studied theology and ordained to the Episcopal 
 Ministry in 1819; served in various churches in New 
 York, Mamaroneck, and Philadelphia, 1819-39; first 
 Bishop of Western New York, 1839; Trustee of the 
 University, 1826; Provost, 1828-34 ; one of the founders 
 of Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y., and of other educa- 
 tional institutions in the same state ; one of the first 
 American Bishops to come into close relation with the 
 
 established church in England; received D.D. from 
 Yale, 1827 ; LL.D. from Union College, 1849 ; D.C.L. 
 from Oxford, 1852 ; died 1865. 
 
 WILLIAM HEATHCOTE De LANCEY, 
 D.D., sixth Provost, was born at Mama- 
 roneck. New York, ( Ictober 8, 1797, coming from a 
 celebrated New York State family. He was at first 
 educated at several private schools, and entering 
 Yale College graduated, Bachelor of Arts, in 1817, 
 receiving the Master's degree in course. He studied 
 divinity with Bishop Hobart of New Vork and was 
 
 WILLIAM H. DE LANCEY 
 
 ordained to the full ministry of the Episcopal 
 Churchin 1822. He had served temporarily be- 
 fore ihis in several positions in New York, and went 
 now to Philadelphia as general assistant to Bishop 
 White. He held various clerical offices in Phil- 
 adelphia, and in 1826 was . hosen a Trustee of the 
 University. This was the period when the fortunes 
 of the LJniversit) were al their lowest ebb and dur- 
 ing the years immediately succeeding that date 
 stringent efforts m re being made for its rehabilita- 
 tion. As part of such in effort in 1828 the resigna- 
 tions of Provost Beasley and one of the other 
 Professors were asked for and Dr. De Lancey was 
 elected Provost, various 'hinges being made at the 
 same time in the duties of thai office. The next 
 three years showed a distinct improvement in the 
 number of students ind perhaps in othei respects:
 
 262 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Dr. De Lancey resigned the Provostship in 1834. 
 In 1839 he was elected first Bishop of the newly 
 created Diocese of Western New York to the duties 
 of which position he devoted the remainder of his 
 life, residing at Geneva. In 1852 he attended the 
 fifteenth anniversary of the British Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, as one 
 of the two representatives of the American House 
 of Bishops and on this occasion was the first Ameri- 
 can Bishop to be recognized officially as one of their 
 own body by the Anglican Bishops. He visited 
 Europe repeatedly and traveled quite extensively. 
 He was extremely active in matters of church or- 
 ganization and legislation, and was instrumental in 
 placing Hobart College and several other education- 
 al institutions on a firm basis. He received the 
 following honorary degrees : Doctor of Divinity 
 from Yale in 1827, Doctor of Laws from Union 
 College in 1S49 and Doctor of Civil Laws from 
 Oxford, England, in 1852. He died in Geneva, 
 New York, April 5, 1865. 
 
 [Portrait on page 10S.] 
 
 LUDLOW, John, 1793-1857. 
 
 Provost ^^iSss-* 
 Born in Acquackanonk, N. J., 1793; educated at 
 various academies and at Union College, New York, 
 where he graduated, 1814; received the degrees of D.D. 
 and LL.D. from Union; studied for the ministry and 
 was Pastor of Dutch Reformed churches ; Prof, of 
 Biblical Literature and Ecclesiastical History in Theo- 
 logical Seminary, New Brunswick, N. J., i8rg-23 ; Pro- 
 vost of the Univ. of Pa., 1834-53; Prof, of Ecclesiastical 
 History and Church Government in New Brunswick 
 Seminary, 1853-57; died 1857. 
 
 JOHN LUDLOW, D.D., LL.D., seventh Provost, 
 was born at Acquackanonk on the Passaic, 
 New Jersey, December 13, 1793, the son of John 
 R. Ludlow, a merchant and farmer, and Elizabeth 
 (Vreeland) Ludlow. He was of English and Dutch 
 origin. At the age of thirteen he was placed in the 
 Columbian Academy, in Bergen, New Jersey, then 
 one of the most celebrated classical academies in that 
 state. He remained there three years and then was 
 removed to the school of the Rev. Samuel Whelp- 
 ley, in Newark, New Jersey. Owing to the great 
 progress and proficiency made in his studies while 
 with Mr. Whelpley, he was appointed to the super- 
 intendence of the English Department of this school. 
 At the age of nineteen he entered the Junior Class 
 in Union College, New York, under the direction of 
 the Rev. l>r. Nott. He was graduated in 1N14 with 
 the hisrhest honor and was the Valedictorian of his 
 
 class. He studied for a short time with the inten- 
 tion of entering the legal profession, but abandoned 
 that intention and entered the Theological Seminary 
 of the Reformed Dutch Church at New Brunswick. 
 New Jersey. Remaining at the Seminary for one 
 year he then accepted an appointment as Tutor in 
 Union College, at the same time continuing his 
 theological studies under the direction of the Rev. 
 Dr. Andrew Yates, then Professor of Ethics and 
 Theology in Union College. He remained a year 
 as Tutor, and then resigned his position, returned to 
 New Brunswick and completed his theological course 
 in May 1817. Immediately upon being ordained 
 he accepted the Pastorate of the First Reformed 
 Dutch Church in New Brunswick, where he soon 
 became noted as an eloquent and powerful divine. 
 At the close of the first year of his pastoral office, 
 the Professorship of Biblical Literature and Eccle- 
 siastical History at the New Brunswick Seminary 
 having become vacant, he was appointed by the 
 General Synod of his church to fill that position. 
 Having received a pressing call from the First Re- 
 formed Dutch church in Albany, New York, he 
 resigned his Professorship in 1823, and took charge 
 of the church in Albany, where he remained for 
 eleven years. He was repeatedly solicited to take 
 charge of other churches and literary institutions, 
 while residing at Albany, but invariably declined 
 these invitations until called to the Provostship of the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1S34. His inaugural 
 address was pronounced by all to be a most judi- 
 cious and eloquent speech. It was published and 
 extensively circulated by the Board of Trustees. Dr. 
 Ludlow did not confine himself to the duties of his 
 chair alone, but at the opening of the Athenian In- 
 stitute, he was appointed a Lecturer and delivered 
 several courses of lectures before that institution and 
 the Mercantile Library. He was one of the few dis- 
 tinguished men who have delivered lectures before 
 the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. He re- 
 ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from L^nion 
 College in 1827 and subsequently that of Doctor of 
 Laws. He preached on an average once each Sun- 
 day during the eighteen years he resided in Phila- 
 delphia ; frequently at the urgent solicitation of 
 congregations, whose Pastors were compelled to leave 
 on account of ill health, filling the pulpit for a year 
 or more at a time. He resigned as Provost, in 1853, 
 having been elected to the Chair of Ecclesiastical 
 History and Church Government in the Theological 
 Seminary in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He mar- 
 ried Catlyntje Van Sylck Ryley. He died Septem-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 263 
 
 ber S, 1857, at the residence of his eldest son, Dr. 
 John Livingston Ludlow, in Philadelphia. 
 
 [Portrait on puge 109.] 
 
 VETHAKE, Henry, 1790-1866. 
 
 Prof. Math. 1836-55, Moral Philosophy 1855-60 — Provost 1854-59. 
 Born in Essequibo, Guiana, So. Am., 1790 ; graduated 
 Columbia, 1808; Instructor in Columbia, and Professor 
 successively in Rutgers, Princeton, Dickinson, Prince- 
 ton a second time, and the Univ. of N. Y., 1813-35; 
 Pres. Washington College, Va., 1835-36; Prof. Mathe- 
 matics at the Univ. of Pa., 1836-54; Prof. Moral Phi- 
 losophy, and Provost, 1854-59; Prof. Mathematics in 
 Philadelphia Polytechnic College, 1859-66; A.M. Col- 
 lege of N. J., 1815; LL.D. Columbia, 1836; published 
 a text-book of Political Economy and wrote articles 
 in the Encyclopedia Americana ; died 1866. 
 
 HENRY VETHAKE, I.L.I)., eighth Provost, 
 was born at Essequibo, Guiana, South 
 America, in the year 1790. He was brought to 
 the United States when he was four years old and 
 received his College training at Columbia College, 
 from which he graduated in 1808, and received the 
 degree of Master of Arts in 1S1 1. He then studied 
 law but returning to Columbia as Instructor in 
 Mathematics and Geography in 1S13, served suc- 
 cessively as Professor in eight different Colleges. 
 He was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Phi- 
 losophy in Rutgers College, New Jersey, 1813-1817, 
 in Princeton, 1817-1821, in Dickinson, 1821-1829, 
 Prufessor of Natural Philosophy for a second time 
 in Princeton, 1830-183 2, and in the University of 
 New York, 1832-1835. He became President of 
 Washington College, Virginia, in 1S35, and the year 
 after was called as Professor of Mathematics to 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He held this title 
 from 1836 to 1854, being then Provost and Pro- 
 or of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy until 
 9. He resigned and afterwards was Professor 
 uf Higher Mathematics in the Philadelphia Poly- 
 technic College from 1859 to 1S66. He had linn 
 elected a member of the American Philosophical 
 Siirii-u 111 1 s 3 1 and was given the honorary degree 
 of Master of Arts by Princeton in 1X15 and that of 
 Doctor of Laws by Columbia in 1836. lie pub- 
 lished a text-book of Political Economy and wrote 
 various articles in the Encyclopedia Americana. 
 He died in Philadelphia, December 16, 1866. 
 [Portrait on page 119.] 
 
 Seminary and in Europe; succeeded Henry W. Long- 
 fellow as Professor of Modern Languages in Bowdoin ; 
 was ordained to the ministry in the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church, 1848; President of Trinity College, Hart- 
 ford, Conn., 1853-60; ninth Provost of Univ. of Pa., 
 1860-68 ; Dean of the Episcopal Divinity School of 
 Philadelphia, 1868; D.D. Bowdoin, 1855; LL.D. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1868; active in the affairs of the Episcopal 
 Church ; published reviews, pamphlets, treatises and 
 other works; died 1890. 
 
 DANIEL RAYNES GOODWIN, D.D., LL.D... 
 ninth Provost, was born in North liruns- 
 wiek, Maine, April 12, r.811. He graduated from 
 Bowdoin College in the Class of 1832, and became 
 Master of an academy at Hallowell, Maine, but left 
 this position to study at the Andover, Massachusetts, 
 Theological Seminary. Afterwards he studied foi 
 two years in Europe and then became the successor 
 of Henry \V. Longfellow as Professor of Modern 
 Languages at Bowdoin. Prom 1853 to i860 he was 
 President of Trinity College, in Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut, and from there was called to become Provost 
 of the University of Pennsylvania in i860. In 1848 
 he had been ordained to the ministry in the Epis- 
 copal church and his interest in its affairs was always 
 intense though he occupied no position of actual 
 church service. He represented the diocese of 
 Maine in the General Convention of 1S53 and that 
 of Pennsylvania in every Convention from 1862 to 
 the time of his death. These interests became pre- 
 dominant over those in the University in 1868, and 
 he resigned from the Provostship to become Dean 
 of the Episcopal Divinity School in Philadelphia. 
 He was a member of the American Philosophical 
 Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 
 the American < iriental Society and the Society of 
 Biblical Literature and Exegesis, having been the 
 first President of the last named society. He was 
 given the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Bowdoin 
 in 1855 and that of Doctor of Laws by the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania in 1868. His many subjects 
 of interest had led him to the publication of some 
 ninety-six pamphlets, reviews and essays on various 
 topics. lie died in Philadelphia, March 15, 1890. 
 [Portrait on page 1 19.] 
 
 GOODWIN, Daniel Rayes, 1811-1890. 
 
 Provost 1860-1868. 
 Born in North Berwick, Me., 1811 ; graduated Bow- 
 doin College, 1832; studied at Andover Theological 
 
 STILLE, Charles Janeway, 1819-1899. 
 
 Professor Bclks-Lcttrcs and English 1866-1867 - Provost 1868-1880. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1819 ; educated in Philadelphia 
 and Princeton, N. J. ; graduated Yale, 1839 ; studied law 
 in Philadelphia ; traveled abroad, and returning was 
 ,, 1 iijiied with private business and stud] : elected 
 
 Prof, of Belles-Lcttrcs, English Language and Litera- 
 ture in the University, 1866, and Provost, 1868; re- 
 signed, 1880; wrote literary and historical works, and
 
 264 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 pamphlets on current questions ; Pres. of the Pa. 
 Historical Society for many years ; LL.D. Yale, 1868, 
 and Univ. of Pa., 1894; died 1899. 
 
 CHARLES JANEWAY STILLE, LL.D.. tenth 
 Provost, was born in Philadelphia, Septem- 
 ber 23, 1S19. He was descended on the father's 
 side in the sixth generation from Olof Stille, an im- 
 migrant and settler from Sweden in 1641. On the 
 mother's side similarly he was descended from an- 
 cestors who were German settlers in Pennsylvania. 
 He was educated first in the Academic Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, then at the Edge 
 Hill School, Princeton, New Jersey, and graduated 
 at Yale College in the Class of 1S39. He studied 
 law in Philadelphia under Jared R. Ingersoll, and 
 was admitted to the Par in 1S42. He then spent 
 two years abroad and after his return was occupied 
 in private business and study. On the outbreak of 
 the Civil War he was appointed a member of the 
 Philadelphia Associates of the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission and for the next few years was 
 prominent in the various activities of this body, 
 including the famous Sanitary Fair, held in Logan 
 Square, Philadelphia, in 1S64. He subsequently 
 published a history of this whole movement. He 
 also wrote at this time a pamphlet entitled How a 
 Free People Conduct a Long War of which it is 
 said that more than half a million copies were dis- 
 tributed throughout the country, and still another 
 called Northern Interest and Southern Indepen- 
 dence. Dr. Stille's connection with the University 
 began in May 1866, when he was made Professor of 
 Belles-Lettres, English Language and Literature. 
 In 1868 he became Provost. From that time until 
 his resignation in 18S0 his career was almost indis- 
 tinguishable from that of the University and will be 
 found, therefore, more fully described in the His- 
 torical Sketch in this volume. There were mainly 
 due to his initiative the introduction of the elective 
 system, the establishment of the Towne Scientific 
 School, a broadening of the work of the Department 
 of Arts, the virtual creation of the Provostship as an 
 administrative office, and a general elevation of the 
 institution from the character of the small College 
 to that of a veritable University. During the period 
 of his Provostship, but not so directly the outcome 
 of his own efforts, were the foundation of various 
 new departments, the removal from N'inth Street to 
 West Philadelphia, and the erection of four or more 
 buildings on the new site. His innovations were 
 almost all enlightened and valuable, and although 
 he was somewhat irascible and unconciliatory and 
 
 so lessened his influence with the students, the 
 Trustees, and the community, the modern progress 
 of the University undoubtedly dates from his admin- 
 istration. In 1875 he was for a short time Chief 
 of the Bureau of Awards of the L T nited States Cen- 
 tennial Commission. In T878 he became the first 
 incumbent of the John Welsh Centennial Chair of 
 History and English Literature which had been 
 established in honor of the President of the Centen- 
 nial Board of Finance. After his resignation as 
 Provost he continued for a short time to hold this 
 chair and became Professor Emeritus in the fall of 
 i"88o. During the remainder of his life he devoted 
 himself to study and writing history. He published 
 one of his lecture courses at the Lmiversity as Studies 
 in Mediaeval History in 1SS2. Soon after this time 
 he became President of the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society and retained that position until his death. 
 During this period he published The Life and 
 Times of John Dickinson, Major-General Anthony 
 Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line in the Conti- 
 nental Army, and Beaumarchais and the Lost Mil- 
 lion. He received the honorary degree of Doctor 
 of Laws from Yale in 1S68. and the same from the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1894. He died in 
 Atlantic City, New Jersey, August 11. 1899. 
 [Portrait on page 120.] 
 
 PEPPER, William. 1843-1898. 
 
 Lecturer and Professor i868-g8. Provost 1881-94. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1843 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1862; M.D. 1864; Lecturer, 1868-73; Professor, 1874-98; 
 Provost, 1881-94; founder and Editor of Philadelphia 
 Medical Times ; Medical Director of Centennial Expo- 
 sition ; Pres. of Pan-American Medical Congress, 1893; 
 LL.D. Lafayette and Princeton ; died 1898. 
 
 WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LL.D., eleventh 
 Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 was born in Philadelphia, August 21, 1843, the son 
 of Dr. William Pepper (Princeton 1S29), who was 
 a distinguished physician of Philadelphia, and for 
 some years Professor in the LTniversity of Pennsyl- 
 vania. The son William graduated at the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1S62 as the valedictorian of his 
 class after a brilliant undergraduate course. He 
 carried off the Senior English prize and divided the 
 Senior Philosophical prize, was the Class President 
 and a member of the Phi Beta Kappa. Pursuing 
 his studies in the Medical Department of the Uni- 
 versity, he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 in 1S64, and established his practice in Philadelphia, 
 where his services were in great requisition by the 
 hospitals. His connection with these institutions
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 265 
 
 included that of Curator and Physician of the 
 Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia Hospitals, Physi- 
 cian to the Lincoln Institute and the Children's 
 Hospital, and Consulting Physician to St. Christo- 
 pher's Hospital, extending over a period of years 
 from 1866 to 187 1 . He was called to the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania as Lecturer in 1868, on 
 the subject of Morbid Anatomy, following this with 
 lectures on Clinical Medicine, 1870-1874, and Phys- 
 ical Diagnosis 1871— 1873, and was made Professor 
 of Clinical Medicine in 1S74. This ('hair he filled 
 for ten years, when he was appointed to succeed 
 Dr. Alfred Stille, in 1S84, as Professor of the 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine, a position which 
 he held to the time of his death. He made some 
 original contributions to medical science, having 
 published with Dr. Forsythe Meigs in 1866 a trea- 
 tise on the Condition of the Blood in Malarial Fever, 
 which was one of the earliest studies in the Modern 
 field of Bacteriology. Most of his medical work, 
 however, was a i an editor, writer, author of text- 
 books and as a practitioner. He founded the Phil- 
 adelphia Medical Times and was its editor in 1870- 
 187 1. He edited the "System of Medicine by 
 American Authors," which has passed through 
 numerous editions and is recognized as the chief 
 American authority on medical questions, as well as 
 being highly spoken of in foreign medical maga- 
 zines. He also wrote a " Text-book of Medicine," 
 in two volumes, which has been used in a great 
 number of schools and also made a strong impres- 
 sion abroad. He made many notable medical 
 addresses, those at the opening of the medical 
 courses at the University in higher medical educa- 
 tion, in 1N77 and in 1894 representing the begin- 
 ning and the completion of a campaign of almost 
 twenty years in favor of a longer and better course of 
 Medical instruction, and more adequate equipment 
 for the work. His foundation of the Pepper Clini- 
 cal Laboratory, named in honor of his father, was a 
 further step in the same plan. In [889 he gave a 
 striking address before the National Medical Asso- 
 ciation on Dr. Benjamin Rush, and his address as 
 President of the I'm American Medical Congress in 
 
 . ; also attracted much attention. I [e was Medi- 
 cal Director of the Centennial Exposition, and in 
 
 ignition of his distinguished services in that 
 capacity he received in 1X77, from the King of 
 Sweden, the decoration of Knight Commander of 
 the Order of St. Olaf. He wis engaged foi many 
 J Hi in an effort, unsuccessful up to the present 
 tune, to have the insane patients in the Blocklej 
 
 City Hospital removed to a more suitable locality, 
 
 and the pauper inmates placed in a more satisfac- 
 tory condition. But he was perhaps best known as 
 a practitioner, patients coming to consult hint from 
 many parts of the world and his services being in 
 constant demand nearer home. In January 1881, 
 on the resignation of Dr. Charles J. Stille, Dr. 
 Pepper was elected Provost of the University by 
 the unanimous vote of the Trustees, and held that 
 office for thirteen years, a period in which the 
 interests of the University were notably advanced 
 through his wise and energetic efforts. The Pro- 
 
 WILLIAM PEPPER 
 
 vostship became under him, by the very conditions 
 on which he accepted it. a purely administrative 
 office. It was therefore chiefly through his instru- 
 mentality or with his full concurrence and encourage 
 ment that those forms of extension of the educa- 
 tional work of the University have been made, ami 
 
 the boundaries settled in which it seem-, destined to 
 work for a considerable time. He did a large part 
 of the collection of funds for the erection of the 
 University Hospital, *\\<\ was chiefly instrumental in 
 securing as a gift from tin- city, the site on which 
 the Hospital was erected as well is most of the 
 other land which now tonus the University tract 
 and on which the othei buildings hive since' been 
 placed. Although the work of securing the funds
 
 266 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 for building these has been largely done by another, 
 yet Dr. Pepper's influence, readiness of appreciation 
 of the needs and possibilities of the institution, his 
 devotion to its interests for almost twenty-five years, 
 his capacity for infusing enthusiasm and energy into 
 others, was a condition precedent to the successful 
 completion of the great work done in his own period 
 and that of his successor. When he took office on 
 February 22, 1881, the University site covered 
 fifteen acres of land; when he retired in rS94, 
 it had extended to fifty-two acres; the number 
 of instructors of all grades increased from eighty- 
 eight to two hundred and sixty-eight, and of 
 students from nine hundred and eighty-one to two 
 thousand one hundred and eighty. Under Dr. 
 Pepper, also the prize scholarships for pupils of 
 the public schools were established, the University 
 Extension system was developed, the dormitory 
 principle adopted, and the University was brought 
 closely in touch with the public. On his resignation 
 in 1S94, the Trustees accepted from his University 
 associates a statue of Dr. Pepper in bronze by Karl 
 Bitter, which has been placed on the grounds of the 
 Archaeological Museum. He was one of the foun- 
 ders of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of In- 
 dustrial Art, and for several years held a seat on its 
 Board of Managers. Closely allied to Dr. Pepper's 
 University activity was his interest in the University 
 Extension movement, in the foundation of the Phila- 
 delphia Free Library System on the basis of the be- 
 quest by his uncle George S. Pepper, in the establish- 
 ment of the Philadelphia Commercial Museums, and 
 of the Archaeological Museums or " Free Museums 
 of Science and Art " in connection with the Univer- 
 sity. Of all those bodies he was President, and to 
 the last of them he devoted himself more especially 
 after his resignation of the Provostship. He gave 
 $50,000 to the building fund, and his widow has 
 subsequently given an equal sum towards its sustenta- 
 tion. In his lifetime some $500,000 was obtained 
 for Museum purposes. He was also deeply inter- 
 ested in other civic projects in Philadelphia, espe- 
 cially those for water filtration, for the laying out 
 of a great boulevard, and for the reform of the 
 school system of the City and the State. During the 
 last ten years of his life he was also in constant com- 
 munication with Senator Edmunds and others who 
 were working for the establishment of a National 
 University for post graduate study at Washington. 
 The remarkable administrative capacity of Dr. 
 Pepper was availed of in many other directions. 
 He was President of the Foulke and Long Institute 
 
 for Orphan Girls, of the Pan-American Medical 
 Congress at Washington in 1893, of the Pathological 
 Society of Philadelphia in 1S73-1S76, Manager 
 of the University Hospital in 1N74, and in a large 
 number of scientific and learned associations he 
 held positions of active responsibility. To the litera- 
 ture of his profession and of educational movements 
 generally he was an extensive contributor, his writ- 
 ings adding up to some two hundred titles. He 
 received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Lafayette 
 College in 1881 and from Princeton in 1S8S. Dr. 
 Pepper was a man of the most intense energy and 
 capacity for work. His numerous interests and 
 constant activity entailed labor that but few men 
 could perform, and his almost irresistible persuasive- 
 ness was brought frequently into contact with promi- 
 nent politicians and others in long and exhausting 
 interviews. He worked constantly for nineteen 
 hours a day, and many instances are known when 
 he was engaged continuously for as long as thirty-six 
 hours without sleep. His life was full and intense 
 to a degree that is but seldom reached. He died 
 suddenly at Oakland, California, July 28, 1S98. 
 
 HARRISON, Charles Custis, 1844- 
 
 Trustee — Provost 1894- 
 Born in Philadelphia. Pa., 1844 ; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., Class of 1862 ; entered business as a sugar refiner ; 
 became a Trustee of the University in 1876; elected 
 Provost pro tern, in 1894, on the retirement of Dr. 
 William Pepper, and the next year accepted the Pro- 
 vostship, which he has held to date. 
 
 CHARLES CUSTIS HARRISON, LL.D., 
 twelfth Provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, was born in Philadelphia, May 3, 1844, 
 being the eldest son of George Leib and Sarah 
 Ann Custis (Waples) Harrison. Mr. Harrison's 
 paternal great-grandfather, Thomas Harrison, who 
 was a landed proprietor in the neighborhood of 
 Carlisle, England, visited the Colonies during the 
 stirring times prior to the Revolution, and espoused 
 the cause of Liberty, allowing his English estates to 
 revert to the crown. His father, George Leib 
 Harrison, was noted not only as an eminently suc- 
 cessful business man, but for a broad and patriotic 
 spirit, and especially for his effective labors in the 
 reform of the penal systems and the public charities 
 of Pennsylvania. He received from the University 
 in recognition of his public services, the honorary 
 degree of Doctor of Laws. Through his mother 
 Mr. Harrison inherited the sterling qualities exhib- 
 ited by General John Custis, of Virginia, who, in 
 the early colonial days made a reputation from a
 
 UNiyERSITV OF PENNS1 IAAN1A 
 
 26- 
 
 liigh sense of honor, integrity of purpose, and love 
 of truth in word and in fact. Charles Custis Hani- 
 son was a pupil in the Episcopal Academy, under 
 the Mastership of the venerable Dr. George Emlen 
 Hare, from 1S53 until [858, and had the honor 
 there of always standing at the head of his class. 
 1 le entered the Freshman class of the I >epartment 
 of Arts of the University of Pennsylvania in Sep- 
 tember 1858, and had a distinguished career, tak- 
 ing honors in each successive class. He was 
 graduated Bachelor of Arts in July 1X62, at the 
 head of his class ; delivering the Greek Salutatory at 
 
 CHARLES C. HARRISON 
 
 Commencement, and receiving, among other honors, 
 the Henry Reed Prize for tin- best English Essay. 
 It was his intention to rc.nl Law, but circumstam es 
 1 aused bun, .1 few months after graduation, to entei 
 a business career, and he continued in active ami 
 successful business until 189;?, developing the 
 administrative abilities which have been so con- 
 spicuous in the service of the University. He wa 
 elected a Trustee of the University in 1876, giving 
 to the duties of the offi( e 1 fail and conscientious 
 share of his time and attention. In 1885, upon 
 the death of the lion. John Welsh, he w.is made 
 Chairman of the important Committei on Ways and 
 Means, and with the assumption ol this responsible 
 position, began thai absorbing interest in the I n\ 
 
 versity which has become the characteristic of his 
 life. He held the Chairmanship of the Committee 
 until 1893, and the Chairmanship of the Committee 
 on the College during the succeeding year. The 
 great expulsion of the University during those nine 
 ye. us was largely due to the energy and unwearied 
 labors in these important position-., resulting in his 
 raising not less than S.175,000. After the resigna- 
 tion of Dr. William Pepper, Mr. Harrison was 
 requested by the Hoard of Trustees to assume the 
 duties of the Provostship. His innate modesty and 
 the underestimate of his own ;ibilities led him to 
 dei line the invitation; but he was persuaded at last 
 to serve as Acting Provost pending the selection of 
 a suitable person fol the office. His administration 
 lor one year easily refuted his opinion that a more 
 suitable person could be found, and in June 1X95, at 
 the unanimous request of the Board of Trustees he 
 accepted, and was formally inducted into the office 
 of Provost of the I niversity. During his early 
 manhood Mr. Harrison was a member of many 
 charitable, literary and financial organizations. He 
 has always taken an interest in the affairs of state, 
 and on more than one occasion has been offered 
 prominent missions, all of which he has declined. 
 In 1865 he took the degree of Master of Arts, in 
 course, from the University. In 1895 he received 
 from Columbia University the honorary degree of 
 Doctor of Laws, Princeton University repeating the 
 compliment in [896. During his administration 
 the University has taken on new life in every 
 department ; its progress, thorough and sure, being 
 the purpose of In- guidance. I lie I tormitory system. 
 Ion- needed and discussed, but never undertaken 
 until his time, has been developed, and, with Hous 
 ton Hall, has given to the University the close 
 College spirit that was lacking in the past. The 
 new Law building brings the students of that school 
 into touch with the daily University life. The 
 Harrison Laboratory of Chemistry, Dental Hall, 
 the Astronomical Observatory, enlargements to 
 
 the Hospital. Nurses' Home, and the I iboiatoix 
 
 of I tygiene ; the 1 ompletion of the beautiful II .11 ml 
 
 ton's Walk, and the transformation ol the whole 
 
 University domain into a series ol 1 lassie parks and 
 footways, guarded by the memorial gateways erected 
 by the Classes of 1872 and 187,5.- all these are the 
 visible mirks of what Provost Harrison his don. 
 and inspired. An equal nan .form ttion has h 
 wrought undei Ins le idership in the internal 01 
 zation of nearlj every department, and of the Uni- 
 versin as 1 whole, so that symmetrj ol plan, and
 
 268 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 unity of purpose have at last become characteristics 
 of the institutions. Apart from labors of brain and 
 pen, and the mastering of an immense amount of 
 details, often technical and professional, Mr. Harri- 
 son has been most generous of his means, and has 
 influenced very large contributions from his friends 
 and fellow citizens for University purposes. In one 
 gift of $500,000 he founded the George Leib Harri- 
 son Memorial Foundation, which richly provides 
 Fellowships and Scholarships for advanced scholars. 
 In all he has given not less than 5850,000 of his 
 own means, and can fairly be credited with inducing 
 others to give at least §2,500,000 to the improve- 
 ment and endowment of the University. 
 
 MARTIN, David, -1751- 
 
 First Rector of the Academy 1749-51 — Prof. Greek and Latin, 
 1749-51- 
 
 OF DAVID MARTIN, the first Rector of the 
 Academy, and Latin and Greek Master, 
 nothing is known except that he was spoken of 
 at the time as " a gentleman of a neighboring 
 Province " ; that he was asked and consented to 
 accept that position, March 29. 1750 ; and that he 
 died suddenly about a year and a half afterwards, 
 just before December n, 1751. 
 
 GREW, Theophilus, -1759- 
 
 Professor Mathematics 1750- 1759. 
 Time and place of birth unknown ; master of a school 
 in Maryland in 1741 ; opened a school in Philadelphia, 
 1742 ; first Mathematical Professor in the Academy and 
 College of Philadelphia, 1750-59; was made A.M. by 
 the College, 1757 ; died 1759. 
 
 THEOPHILUS GREW, A.M., the first Profes- 
 sor of Mathematics in the College of Phila- 
 delphia, was master of an Academy in Chestertown, 
 Kent county, Maryland, in 1 74 1, before which date 
 nothing is known about him. In 1742 he opened 
 on Walnut Street, Philadelphia, a school where the 
 ordinary English branches were taught and where 
 especial attention was given to teaching the various 
 branches of Mathematics. In 1744 his school was 
 in Norris Alley, and he also had a night school of 
 Mathematics for gentlemen, as well as the day 
 school for boys. He published a description of the 
 approaching eclipse of the sun in January 1749. 
 When the Academy was in process of organization 
 for teaching purposes Mr. Grew offered himself for 
 the position of Mathematical Master and was so 
 appointed by the Trustees, December 17, 1750. 
 
 He was spoken of at the time as being " well 
 known, having for many years had a large school in 
 town." He was formally elected Mathematical 
 Professor after the College charter had been 
 obtained in 1755, and was given the honorary 
 degree of Master of Arts at the first Commence- 
 ment in 1757. He continued to hold his profes- 
 sorial position until his death in 1759. 
 
 DOVE, David James. 
 
 Professor English Literature 1750-1753. 
 Apparently came to Philadelphia from England in 
 December 1750; appointed almost immediately to take 
 charge of the " English School," of the Academy; re- 
 signed in 1753 to devote his entire time to a girls' 
 school which he had established ; in 1762 became 
 Head-Master of the Germantown Academy but soon 
 resigned from that school ; was an extremely success- 
 ful teacher and keen caricaturist and satirist. 
 
 DAVID JAMES DOVE was probably a born 
 Englishman, as he had a school in England 
 before he came to Philadelphia in December 1750. 
 He was appointed on the 17th of that month 
 English Master in the Academy which was just 
 about to open, and proved to be an extremely 
 successful teacher. He insisted on giving less of 
 his time to his teaching than the Trustees demanded 
 and his resignation was therefore asked for in 
 1753, Ebenezer Kinnersley being elected in his 
 place. At this time he lived in Sassafras Street 
 near the Dutch Calvinist Church, where in 1751 
 he offered to take the Academy youth to board, and 
 then in 1752 or 1753 opened a girls' school. It 
 was his habit of leaving early to attend to this 
 school which created dissatisfaction among the 
 Trustees. On the opening of the Germantown 
 Academy in 1762, he became Head-Master in that 
 seminary. Another quarrel soon separated him 
 from that institution and he erected a house on an 
 adjoining lot, where he established an opposition 
 school ; but this undertaking was unsuccessful, and 
 shortly abandoned. He is said to have been a 
 fine scholar and distinguished for his powers of 
 elocution. He had an ardent and peculiar temper 
 and was whimsical even in his discipline. Among 
 several amusing instances, Alexander Graydon gives 
 the following : " He had another contrivance for 
 boys who were late in their morning attendance. 
 This was to dispatch a committee of five or six 
 scholars for them, with a bell and lighted lantern ; 
 and in this odd equipage, in broad daylight, the 
 bell all the while tingling, they were conducted to
 
 UNlVERSriT OF PEXXS2LJ.EVI4 
 
 269 
 
 school." As Dove affected strict regard to justice 
 in his dispensation of correction, he once submitted 
 with good humor to the same punishment from 
 his pupils, to their no small gratification and the 
 entertainment of the spectators. lie was a writer 
 of poetical compositions which were generally po- 
 litical or personal satires. One of the bitterest, 
 entitled Washing the Black-a-moor White, was .in 
 attack upon Hon. W'm. Moore, of Moore Hall, writ- 
 ten on the occasion of that gentleman's arrest by 
 the Assembly. Mr. Dove was also a caricaturist of 
 considerable reputation. These productions, like 
 his satires, were political, personal anil moral, and 
 sometimes displayed, it is said, much humor. Noth- 
 ing is really known of him after the Germantown 
 school venture. 
 
 KINNERSLEY, Ebenezer, 1711-1778. 
 
 Professor Oratory and English Literature 1753-1773. 
 Born in Gloucester, England, 171 1; came with his 
 parents to Pennsylvania, 1714; appears to have taught 
 school in Philadelphia ; became acquainted with Frank- 
 lin ; made some electrical experiments of importance, 
 1748; gave a course of lectures on electricity in Phila- 
 delphia, New York, Boston and Newport, 1751 ; was the 
 first to suggest the protection of houses by lightning 
 rods; second Prof, of English in the Academy and 
 College of Philadelphia, 1753-73; received honorary 
 degree of A.M. from the College, 1757 ; died 1778. 
 
 EBENEZER KINNERSLEY, A.M., one of the 
 first Professors in the College of Philadel- 
 phia, and a sharer with Franklin in the honor of 
 making some of the earliest and most important 
 observations of electrical phenomena, was born in 
 Gloucester, England, November 30, 171 1. He was 
 a son of Rev. William Kinnersley, a Baptist minister, 
 and came to this country with his parents in 17 14. 
 His early life was spent in Lower Dublin township, 
 Philadelphia, where he was ordained in 1 743 a min- 
 ister of his father's denomination. He moved to 
 Philadelphia, where he is supposed to have kepi a 
 si hi nil and where he became acquainted with Frank- 
 lin on the basis of their common interest in electrical 
 and other physii al phenomena, franklin speaks of 
 him as his " ingenious neighbor," and is sometimes 
 suspected of hiving himself Claimed ideas and dis- 
 tils which ire more properly due to Mr. Kin- 
 nersley. In 1 748 the latter demonstrated that the 
 elei trie: fluid passes through water. In 1751 he 
 began delivering lectures on" ["he Newly Discovered 
 Electrical Fire." These lectures proved a success 
 
 and were attended bv persons of all classes. He 
 repeated them in New York, Boston and Newport. 
 
 It was at the last named places in March 1752, that 
 he suggested the protection of houses and barns from 
 lightning by rods. This was three months before 
 the time that Franklin drew the electricity from the 
 clouds by means oi the kite. His name became 
 somewhat widely known in Europe when Franklin 
 made a report of the experiments performed to Peter 
 Collinson of London, who published an account of 
 these scientific discoveries. In 1753 he was elected 
 Professor of ( )ratory and English Literature in the 
 College of Philadelphia to succeed David James 
 Dove. He held this position until failing health 
 obliged him to resign it in 1773. iu J 757 tne Col- 
 lege gave him the degree of Master of Arts and he 
 was also elected a member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society. He died in Lower 1 )ublin Town- 
 ship, Philadelphia, July 4, 1778. He married Sarah 
 Duffield of Philadelphia. There is a window erected 
 to his memory in College Hall of the Lniversity of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 NORRIS, Isaac, 1701-1766. 
 
 Trustee I75>'755. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1701 ; was in mercantile busi- 
 ness until 1743; Common Councilman of the city, 1727- 
 30; Alderman, 1730-34; member of the Assembly, 
 1734-66; Speaker of the Assembly, 1751-64; Trustee 
 of the College of Philadelphia, 1751-55; died 1766. 
 
 ISAAC NORRIS, Merchant and Statesman, was 
 born in Philadelphia, October 3, 1701, the 
 son of Councillor Isaac Norris and Mary Lloyd, 
 daughter of 'Thomas Lloyd, President of the Provin- 
 cial Council of Pennsylvania. He entered into 
 mercantile business with his father and continued 
 it after the hitter's death in 1735 ""til 1 743, ac- 
 quiring a large fortune in addition to what he 
 inherited. He entered public life as Councilman 
 of the city in 1727, was made Alderman in 1730 
 and advanced to the Assembly in 1734, where he 
 remained almost to the time of his death. He was 
 a Quaker of the strictest sort and he always, in 
 office and out, strove to act in accordance with the 
 discipline and belief of his sect. On the threaten- 
 ing, if w. 11 with France and Spain in 1739 he reso 
 lutely combated the movement tor the organization 
 of volunteer companies and other preparations for 
 the defence of Pennsylvania. So conspicuous was 
 his opposition to the war thai his name was soon 
 given to the party In- led. 'The "Noriis party," 
 and especially its leader, met with violent opj 
 
 tion in the Assembly. The struggle between the 
 
 Quakers and Governoi Thomas' party lasted several
 
 270 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 years and finally resulted in the overthrow of the Although he had for years opposed the encroach- 
 Quakers as the dominant influence in Philadelphia merits of the Perm family, he refused to support the 
 politics. In 1745 Isaac Norris was one of the proposition to convert Pennsylvania into a royal 
 
 commissioners to treat with the Albany Indians, and 
 in 1755 he and his colleagues effected the purchase 
 of several million acres comprising the south- 
 western part of Pennsylvania. In 1751 he had 
 become Speaker of the Assembly. It was in that 
 year that the old State House bell was ordered 
 from England, Norris directing the inscription, 
 which turned out to be prophetic, to be placed 
 
 province. When a petition to this effect passed the 
 Assembly in 1 764 he resigned the Speakership. 
 He was returned again to the Assembly at the next 
 election and again became its Speaker but a second 
 time resigned. Norris was a man of great culture, 
 and was known as an excellent French, Latin and 
 Hebrew scholar ; he left a library of over fifteen 
 hundred books. For four years, 1751 to 1755 he 
 
 around it. Less than a quarter of a century later was a Trustee of the College of Philadelphia. He 
 
 died on July 13, 1766. 
 
 ISAAC XOKRIS 
 
 it did " Proclaim liberty throughout the land, 
 unto all the inhabitants thereof." During Norris' 
 Speakership, which lasted until 1764, was waged 
 the great contest between the people and the 
 Proprietaries on the subject of taxation and legisla- 
 tive control of the Penn family estates. Norris, at 
 the head of the Quakers, joined the opposers of 
 privilege, and in a debate in the Assembly declared 
 ■■ No man shall ever stand on my grave and say, 
 Curse him, here lies he who betrayed the liber- 
 ties of his country ! ' " Norris was appointed with 
 Benjamin Franklin a Commissioner to England in 
 1757 to solicit the removal of grievances that were 
 occasioned by the proprietary instructions, but he 
 declined on account of the failure of his health. 
 
 CADWALADER Thomas. 1707-1779. 
 
 Trustee 1753-1779. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1707; physician; first Burgess 
 
 of Trenton; member Common Council of Philadelphia, 
 
 1751-74; member Provincial Council of Pa., 1755-75; 
 
 Trustee College of Philadelphia, 1753-1779 ; died 1779. 
 
 THOMAS CADWALADER, M.D., one of the 
 Provincial Councillors of Pennsylvania, was 
 born in Philadelphia in 1707. son of John and 
 Martha (Jones) Cadwalader. He received his 
 early education at the Friends Public School in 
 Philadelphia and afterwards studied Medicine in 
 that city and in London, England. He began prac- 
 tice in 1 731 in Philadelphia, and was one of the 
 founders of the Philadelphia Library Company. In 
 1745 ne published an essay upon the West India 
 1 >ry Gripes, a disease which had been introduced 
 into Philadelphia from the West Indies. This was 
 one of the very earliest Medical Monographs pub- 
 lished in America, and had a pronounced effect 
 both in this country and in Europe upon the treat- 
 ment of colic and allied diseases. In 1746 he 
 became the First Burgess of Trenton, New Jersey, 
 where he had removed after his marriage to Hannah 
 Lambert in 1738. In 1750 he returned to Phila- 
 delphia, where in 1751 he was one of the original 
 subscribers and physicians to the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. In the same year he was elected to the 
 Common Council of Philadelphia, and in 1755 he 
 was called to the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, 
 where he served until the Revolution. He became 
 a Trustee of the College of Philadelphia in 1753. 
 He was a member of the Philosophical Society and 
 of the Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, 
 and in 1 765 he was elected a Trustee of the Medi- 
 cal College of Philadelphia, in which he gave a 
 course of lectures. He signed the Non-Importa- 
 tion Articles and as far as his age allowed took the
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 271 
 
 Whig side in the Revolution. He, with Doctors most eminent lawyer of his day in Pennsylvania. 
 Bond, Rush and Shippen, formed a committee to James Hamilton was sent to the Provincial Assembly 
 examine all the candidates for positions as Surgeons in 1734 and five times re-elected, and in 1739 he 
 in the Navy. In 177S he became Surgeon of the was made one of the Corporation of Philadelphia. 
 
 In 1.S41 he became Alderman of the City but 
 declined the admiralty Judgeship as he had not 
 received the necessary legal education. He was 
 elected Mayor of Philadelphia in 1745 and while 
 in that office started a movement toward the erec- 
 tion of a City Hall. It had been the habit of the 
 retiring Mayor to give a dinner to the members of 
 the Corporation and Hamilton proposed that in- 
 stead of spending the money in this way, he should 
 subscribe that sum to a fund for the erection of a 
 City Hall. He did so and his example was followed 
 by the retiring Mayors until 1755 when a consider- 
 able sum was in the hands of the city for that pur- 
 pose. He went abroad and returned in 174S as 
 Lieutenant-Governor, during the administration of 
 which office he became involved in a quarrel with 
 the Assembly over the emission of Pills of Credit 
 and asked to be superseded in 1 754. He was active 
 in making preparations for the defence of Philadel- 
 
 THOMAS CADWALADER, M.D. 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital. He was especially noted 
 for his courtesy, the story being told of him that, 
 meeting a man who had been seized with a homici- 
 dal mania, he greeted the latter so pleasantly that 
 the would-be murderer allowed him to pass on his 
 way unconscious of his danger. He died at Cireen- 
 wood, about a mile from the City of Trenton, New 
 Jersey, November 14, 1779. 
 
 HAMILTON, James, 1710 1783. 
 
 President of Trustees 1764 and 1771-1773. 
 Born in 1710; member Provincial Assembly of Pa., 
 1734-39; Alderman of Philadelphia, 1741 ; Mayor of 
 Philadelphia, 1745; Member Provincial Council of Pa., 
 1745; Lieut. -Gov. of Pa., 1748-54; Deputy-Gov., 1759- 
 63; twice Pres. of Provincial Council; Pres. of Board 
 of Trustees of the College of Philadelphia, 1764 and 
 '77 I- 73i Pres - Philosophical Soc. ; died 1783. 
 
 JAMES HAMILTON, lour times Chief Magistrate 
 of Pennsylvania, was born about 1710, some 
 time before his parents, Andrew and Anne ( Brown) 
 Hamilton, removed from Maryland to Pennsyh inia 
 His liiM other w.i. that of I'rotlionol try, which had 
 
 JAMES HAMILTON 
 
 phia during the French and Indian War, and direi ted 
 the building ol a chain ol forts from the Delaware 
 Rivei to the Maryland line. In 1759 he was ap 
 
 been held by his father who had been probably the pointed Deputy-Govei ind erved till 1763, when
 
 2 7 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 John Penn arrived from England. When the latter 
 returned, Hamilton, as President of the Council, 
 administered the government until 1771, and again 
 in 1773. He was President of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the College in 1764 and again from 1771 to 
 1773, and was President of the Philosophical Society 
 until its union with the Society for Promoting Useful 
 Knowledge. When the Revolution broke out Ham- 
 ilton felt unable to share in it owing to his years 
 and his intimate connection with the Proprietors, 
 but nevertheless seems to have been well treated 
 and respected by the state authorities. He died 
 in New York, August 14, 1783. 
 
 the degree of Master of Arts in 1755 by both Yale 
 and Princeton. He was the Pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia. 
 
 ALISON, Francis, 1705-1779. 
 
 Second Rector of the Academy, 1752-79 Professor 1752-79 —Vice- 
 Provost 1755-79- 
 Born in Donegal, Ireland, 1705 ; educated in local 
 schools and at the Univ. of Gl.isgow ; came to America 
 in 1735 ; became Pastor of the Presbyterian church at 
 New London, Pa., 1737 ; opened classical school for 
 young men at his home; became Rector of Academy 
 of Philadelphia, 1752 ; Professor of Moral Philosophy 
 and Vice-Provost, 1755-79; received M.A. from Yale 
 and Princeton, 1755; D.D. Univ. of Glasgow, 1758; 
 died 1779. 
 
 FRANCIS ALISON, D.D., second Rector of the 
 Academy, and first Vice-Provost of the Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, was born in Donegal, Ireland, 
 in the year 1705. He received his collegiate train- 
 ing at the University of Clasgow which afterward in 
 1758, gave him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. 
 He emigrated, like many Scotch-Irishmen, to Amer- 
 ica in 1735, and for a short time was tutor in the 
 family of John Dickinson. He was ordained to the 
 Presbyterian ministry in 1737, and became Pastor 
 of a church at New London, Pennsylvania. Here 
 he gave an invitation to any youth who wished to 
 receive classical instruction to study with him, and 
 thus in what was practically a free academy more 
 than one young man of subsequent eminence ob- 
 tained his early training. In 1 752 when Mr. Martin, 
 the first Rector and classical instructor of the Acad- 
 emy, had died Mr. Alison was asked to take his 
 place. In 1754 William Smith became a teacher 
 and it was due to the joint representations of these 
 two men that the Trustees were induced to apply 
 for the collegiate charter which was obtained in 
 1755. Dr. Alison became Vice-Provost when Mr. 
 Smith was made Provost, and remained a much 
 loved and valued teacher until his death, which 
 occurred November 28, 1779. He had been given 
 
 CHEW, Benjamin, 1722-1810. 
 
 Trustee 1757-1791. 
 Born in Maryland, 1722; lawyer; Atty.-Gen. of Pa., 
 1755-69; Recorder of Philadelphia, 1755-74; member 
 Provincial Council of Pa., 1755-75 ; Register-General of 
 Pa., 1765; Chief-Justice of Pa., 1774-76; Trustee of the 
 College of Philadelphia, 1757-91 ; Judge and Pres. High 
 Court of Errors and Appeals of Pa., 1791-1808; died 
 1810. 
 
 BENJAMIN CHEW, Chief-Justice of Penn- 
 sylvania, was born at the country-seat of 
 his family on West River, Maryland, November 29, 
 1722, the son of Dr. Samuel and Mary (Galloway) 
 Chew. He was brought up as a Friend and be- 
 came a member of the Episcopal Church only after 
 his admission to the Council in 1755. He obtained 
 his early education at home under the tutelage ot 
 his father, a man of wide learning, and under the 
 preceptorship of Andrew Hamilton, with whom he 
 began the study of law. After the latter's death, 
 Mr. Chew went abroad and entered the Middle 
 Temple in London. He returned to America in 
 1 743 upon the death of his father and was admitted 
 to practice by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 
 in 1746. He resided at this time at Dover but 
 removed to Philadelphia in 1754, building in 1761, 
 his country-seat of " Cliveden " in Germantown. 
 On January 14, 1755, he became Attorney-General 
 of Pennsylvania, holding that office until November 
 4, 1769, and was chosen Recorder of the City of 
 Philadelphia on August 29, 1755, which position 
 Ik- occupied until June 25, 1774. He was called 
 to the Governor's Council in 1 755 during the 
 period of excitement caused by the Indian massa- 
 cres following Braddock's defeat, and he remained 
 a member until the Revolutionary War. He pre- 
 sided as Speaker of the Lower Counties in 1756, 
 and took an active part in the controversies between 
 the Penns and the Assembly of the Upper Counties, 
 usually as the legal adviser of the Proprietors. In 
 1757 he was elected a Trustee of the College of 
 Philadelphia in which position he served until the 
 Union of the College with the University of the 
 State of Pennsylvania in 1791. He was made 
 Register-General of the Province in 1765, having 
 charge of the probate business of Philadelphia 
 county. After his resignation of the Attorney- 
 Generalship he began to devote himself more to
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 2 73 
 
 private practice, but served also on the Commission 
 for settling the boundary between Pennsylvania 
 and Maryland, under whose superintendence was 
 run the celebrated Mason and Dixon's Line. In 
 1774 he succeeded William Allen as Chief-Justice 
 of the State of Pennsylvania, and about this time 
 was active in entertaining the members of- the Con- 
 tinental Congress which assembled in Philadelphia 
 in September 1774. He seems to have been one 
 of those who, while sharing Whig opinions, fell 
 under suspicion of half-heartedness in the Colonial 
 cause, due probably to his having held a position 
 
 -•+gjfHB3| 
 
 ijjUyr 
 
 
 
 ^^B 
 
 mL 
 
 L w* 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 H& 
 
 ^jjSfll 
 
 fc, Vt 
 
 Hs|\ ; 
 
 m 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 
 
 
 BENJAMIN I HI W 
 
 under the Crown. At tlie outbreak of the Revo- 
 lution he lost all his official positions but continued 
 to act as Register-General until 1777, and in the 
 following year an Act was passed by the Legislature 
 validating all that he had done. In July 1777 the 
 Continental Congress recommended to the Govern- 
 ment of Pennsylvania to make prisoners such of tin- 
 late Crown and Proprietary officers and such other 
 persons in Philadelphia as might be disaffected, and 
 to send them back into the country, and upon such 
 a warrant Judge Chew w.i- arrested, lb- refused 
 at first to sign a parole 1ml afterwards assented and 
 retired to the Union Iron Winks, the property of 
 his wife's uncle. He wis allowed to return to 
 
 Philadelphia in 177s. At the Battle of German- 
 town his country house had been occupied as a 
 
 VOL. I.— 18 
 
 stronghold by the British troops and had been in- 
 jured by the cannonading of the Americans. After 
 the departure of John Penn for England, Judge 
 Chew was Attorney for the Penns and as such re- 
 ceived the money voted to them in exchange for 
 the quit rents. In October 1791 he was appointed 
 Judge and President of the High Court of Errors 
 and Appeals of Pennsylvania, which office he dis- 
 charged until the abolition of the court in 1808. 
 He married in 1747 Mary Galloway, who died in 
 1755, and in 1757 he married Elizabeth Oswald. 
 He died January 20, 1S10, in Philadelphia. 
 
 JACKSON, Paul, 1729-1767. 
 
 Professor Greek and Latin 1756- 1758. 
 Born in Chester Co., Pa., 1729; was the first Tutor 
 chosen in the College of Philadelphia, later Prof, of 
 Greek and Latin ; joined the military expedition of Gen. 
 Forbes ; subsequently studied medicine, and practised 
 in Chester, Pa. ; held various offices in that town ; died 
 1767. 
 
 PAUL JACKSON, A.M., was born in Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1729, the son of 
 Samuel Jackson. He was early distinguished for his 
 classical knowledge and served as a Tutor in the 
 Academy and College of Philadelphia from 1752 to 
 1756. One of his colleagues here was his brother- 
 in-law Charles Thompson, said to have been one 
 of the best classical scholars of his time, who became 
 conspicuous later as the Secretary of the Continental 
 Congress. In 1756 Paul Jackson was elected Pro- 
 fessor of the Greek and Latin Languages in the 
 College and remained so until 1758, when impaired 
 in health by confinement and study he was com- 
 pelled to resign his Professorship. One year before 
 he resigned his Professorship, in 1 757, the College 
 of Philadelphia conferred upon him the honorarj 
 degree of Master of Arts. On leaving the College 
 he joined the expedition of General Forbes as Cap- 
 tain in a Pennsylvania Regiment. In this expe 
 dition his prudence and bravery commended him to 
 the particular notice of the General. By the active 
 life of a soldier his health was improved j but his 
 fondness for study returning with his renewed health, 
 he resigned his commission in the army and began 
 the study of medicine, lie subsequently received .1 
 certificate from the Royal Army Hospital that quali- 
 fied him to practice, and settled in Chester, Penn- 
 sylvania, where he soon became a well established 
 and ml . 1 lul 1 ihj ii( 'in. He held the olln e 1 i| 
 ( 'he f Burge i "I I 'hester and by virtue of this otti. e 
 was a Justice of the ( \ mimon He. is from 1 7 'i. - until 
 
 his death, which occurred in 1707. He married
 
 274 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Jane, daughter of John Mather of Chester, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Paul Jackson's brother David was a member 
 of the first medical Class that was graduated from 
 the College of Philadelphia, that of 176S. 
 
 BEVERIDGE, James, -1767- 
 
 Professor Greek and Latin 1758-1767. 
 Born in Scotland and taught school in Edinburgh ; 
 Prof, of Classical Languages at College of Philadel- 
 phia, 1758-67 ; published a volume of Latin Poems, 
 1765 ; died 1767. 
 
 JAMES BEVERIDGE was a native of Scotland, 
 and originally taught a school in Edinburgh. 
 He was appointed Professor of the Greek and 
 Latin Languages in the College of Philadelphia in 
 175S, a position which he filled until his death in 
 Philadelphia in 1767. Bishop White speaks of 
 him as " a thorough grammarian with little else to 
 recommend him." Alexander Graydon, in his 
 entertaining memoirs of his own life, gives an amus- 
 ing account of this learned person. He appears to 
 have possessed an accurate and profound acquaint- 
 ance with the ancient languages, but outside of 
 them his acquirements were limited ; and in knowl- 
 edge of human nature he seems to have been about 
 on a par with Dominie Sampson. The manage- 
 ment of a school of seventy or eighty boys was en- 
 tirely beyond his powers, although he was nominally 
 assisted in the work of instruction by two other 
 teachers. In the year 1765, he published a volume 
 of Latin poems, the first of the kind printed in Phila- 
 delphia. This collection, which was published by 
 subscription, was entitled Epistolae Familiares, et 
 Alia Quaedam Miscellanea. In an ingenious poeti- 
 cal address to John Penn the Professor of Greek 
 and Latin more than hints that a conveyance to 
 him, in fee simple, of some few of the many thou- 
 sand acres possessed by the Penn family would not 
 be an unsuitable reward for the immortality gained 
 by this effort of the poet ; and suggests that with- 
 out the aid of Virgil and Homer the fame of Ajax 
 and Maecenas would have traveled but a little way 
 out of their own doors. Notwithstanding these sa- 
 gacious suggestions poor Beveridge never attained 
 that independence he so pathetically and poetically 
 coveted. 
 
 SHIPPEN, Edward, 1728-1806. 
 
 Trustee 1758-1806. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1728; lawyer; Judge of the 
 Admiralty Court, 1752 ; Prothonotary of the Supreme 
 Court of Pa., 1765; member Provincial Council of Pa., 
 
 1770; Pres. Judge of the Common Pleas Court of 
 Philadelphia, 1784; Judge of High Court of Errors and 
 Appeals, 1784; Justice for Dock Ward of Philadelphia, 
 and Pres. of the Quarter Sessions, 1785-86 ; Associate 
 Judge of Supreme Court, 1791, and Chief-Justice, 1799; 
 Trustee College of Philadelphia, 1758-91, and of Univ. 
 of Pa., 1791-1806 ; died 1806. 
 
 EDWARD SHIPPEN, one of the Provincial 
 Councillors of Pennsylvania, was born in 
 Philadelphia, February 16, 172S, the son of Edward 
 and Sarah (Plumley) Shippen. He studied law 
 in the office of Tench Francis, and later in the 
 Middle Temple, London, where he was admitted 
 in 1750, in which year he returned to Philadelphia. 
 In September 1750, he was admitted to practice in 
 the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and in 1752 
 was appointed Judge of the Admiralty Court, which 
 position brought him considerable revenue. In 
 1756 he was deputed by the Governor to quell a 
 tumult at Lancaster and seems to have been success- 
 ful. In 1 765 he was appointed Prothonotary of 
 the Supreme Court, and in 1770 he became a 
 member of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania. 
 Judge Shippen remained neutral during the Revolu- 
 tionary War, being opposed to the idea of total 
 separation from England. He withdrew with his 
 family to their country-seat, near the Falls of 
 Schuylkill, until the British occupation of Philadel- 
 phia, when he returned to the city. He seems, 
 hi twever, never to have taken any active part 
 against the colonies. Notwithstanding his loyalist 
 sentiments, his qualities as a jurist were rated so 
 highly that he was appointed May 1, 17S4, Presi- 
 dent Judge of the Common Pleas of Philadelphia 
 count)', and in September of the same year he 
 became one of the Judges of the High Court of 
 Errors ami Appeals. In 1785 he was elected Justice 
 for the 1 lock Ward in the city, and the very next 
 day received news of his appointment as President 
 of the Quarter Sessions and General Jail Delivery. 
 These last two positions proving uncongenial, how- 
 ever, he asked to be relieved of them. In 1791 he 
 was appointed an Associate Judge of the Supreme 
 Court, which office he held until 1 799 when, Chief- 
 Justice McKean being elected Governor, he became 
 Chief-Justice. He was elected a Trustee of the 
 College of Philadelphia in 175S and re-elected at 
 its union with the University of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1 791 to serve as Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, which office he held until his 
 death. He married in 1753 Margaret, daughter 
 of his law preceptor, Tench Francis. He died 
 April 6, 1 806.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 275 
 
 DUCHE, Jacob, 1737-1798. 
 
 Professor Oratory 1759-1778, Trustee 1761-1778. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1737 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, with the first class, 1757; studied at Clare 
 Hall, Cambridge, Eng. ; Professor of Oratory at the 
 College, 1759 ; Trustee, 1761 ; ordained in England, 
 1762 ; became Rector of St. Peter's and Christ churches, 
 Philadelphia, 1775 ; Chaplain of Congress, 1774-76 ; sub- 
 sequently was a Tory, and lived in England, 1777-92; 
 attainted of treason by State of Pennsylvania, but 
 lived quietly in Philadelphia from 1792 until his death 
 in 1798 ; produced certain writings, and was given 
 degree D.D. 
 
 JACOB DUCHEJr., D.D., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, January 1737 or 1738, son of Jaco 1 
 Duche, Mayor of Philadelphia, and Mary (Spehce) 
 
 Duche, his first wife, lie entered the College of 
 Philadelphia, May 25, 1754, graduating Valedicto- 
 rian of the first class in 1757, when he received the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts. The Master's degree 
 was conferred in course in 1760. He was a tutor 
 during 1753. In 1 75 S he went abroad, and 
 entered Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, where 
 he remained in study during one year. Prior to 
 his return to America he was admitted to the 
 diaconate. On September 27, 175V. he " :ls re- 
 ceived as one of the Assistant Ministers of Christ 
 Church in Philadelphia, continuing in that position 
 until 1775. In 1759, he was made Professor of 
 Oratory in the College of Philadelphia and held 
 that position for nineteen years. Dr. I)uch£ was 
 ordained a Priest in England in 1762, and on his 
 return was put in charge of St. Peter's Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, which had been 
 finished about a year before. He was elei led a 
 Manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital, on August 3, 
 1756, and resigned in [758. From 1774 to 177(1 
 lie was Chaplain to Congress and at tin' fust meet- 
 ing of Congress, September 4, 1774, he was invited 
 to make the opening prayer. " For his excellent 
 Prayer, so well adapted to the presenl 0,1 ision " 
 Congress gave him a vote of thanks. Rev. Mr. 
 Duche succeeded the Rev. Richard Peters as Ri 1 tOl 
 of I'hrist Church and St. Peter's Church in Phila- 
 delphia, in 1775, and for two years continued in 
 charge of those churches. lie was a Trustee of 
 the College of Philadelphia from 17(11 to 177X, 
 and was elected a membei of the Philosophical 
 Society in 1768. When tin- British held Philadel 
 plu. 1 In- became alarmed al the gloomy aspei 1 ol 
 affairs, and in October. 1777. wrote to Wellington 
 urging him to discontinue further resist un e. ['he 
 letter was transmitted bj w ishington to < ingress. 
 Duche lied to England where he was appointed 
 
 Chaplain and Secretary to the Asylum for Female 
 
 Orphans in St. George's fields, London. Although 
 attainted of high treason to the Stale of Pennsylvania, 
 by Act of Assembly and his estate confiscated, he 
 returned to Philadelphia in 1792. He died there 
 January 3, [798. He married, June 19, 1759, 
 Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. Thomas llopkin- 
 son, and a sister of his 1 lass mate, Fran< is I [opkui- 
 son. The degree of Doctor ol Divinity was received 
 from an unknown source. He was the author of 
 letters of Tamoi 1 aspipina, a translation, and 
 varii ius sermons. 
 
 [Portrait on page 78.] 
 
 WILLIAMSON, Hugh, 1735-1819. 
 
 Professor Mathematics 1761-1763. 
 Born in Chester Co., Pa., 1735 ; educated at country 
 schools and at Rev. Francis Alison's Academy ; grad- 
 uated College of Philadelphia in the first class, 1757 ; 
 studied divinity at home and with private advisers ; 
 Prof, of Mathematics in the College, 1761-63; studied 
 medicine abroad and obtained Doctor's degree at Univ. 
 of Utrecht, 1772; practiced for some years in Phila- 
 delphia ; made astronomical observations and wrote 
 several works; visited England repeatedly; on his 
 visit in 1775 appearing before the Privy Council to be 
 examined concerning conditions in America; settled in 
 Edenton, N. C, and held various public positions; 
 member of the Annapolis and Philadelphia Constitu- 
 tional Conventions; received 1.1. I), from the College, 
 1787; died 1818. 
 
 HUGH WILLIAMSON, M.D., LL.D., Physi- 
 cian and Congressman, was born December 
 5, 1735, in West Nottingham Township, neai • >( ta 
 rara ('reek which divides Chester from lam astir 
 county in the State of Pennsylvania. His parents 
 were natives of Ireland, but it is believed his earlier 
 ancestors came originally from Scotland. lie re- 
 ceived the common preparatory instruction of a 
 country school near his father's house, and at an 
 early age was sent to learn the languages at an 
 academy established at New London Cross Roads, 
 under the direction "i the Rev. Francis Alison. 
 \iii i retiring from the seminary of Dr. Alison, 
 at his father's house he applied himself to the Stud) 
 of Euclid's Elements, of which lie became mister ill 
 a short time. lie then entered the class which was 
 to be the lb. 1 oni 1 ■ in. 1 ted in the ( 'ollege of Phila- 
 delphia on May 25, [754, and received the de 
 ofBachelorol Wis.n tin first Commencement: held 
 al that College on M i\ 1 ,-. 1757 ; he later took the 
 Master 1 legrei in ci iurse. He wa i Lien in the 
 < !i illege from 17s'' to 1758. His father It 
 dud iii 1757 II112J1 Williamson went to Shippens
 
 276 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 burg, where he remained about two years attending 
 to the settlement of his father's estate, and during 
 the period of his residence there he devoted all his 
 time not occupied by the business of his father's 
 estate to the study of divinity, frequently visiting 
 Dr. Samuel Finley, an eminent divine. In 1759 he 
 went to Connecticut where he pursued his theological 
 studies and was licensed to preach the Gospel. When 
 he returned from Connecticut he was admitted to 
 the Presbytery of Philadelphia. He preached but a 
 short time, not exceeding two years, was never or- 
 dained, or appointed to the charge of a congrega- 
 tion, and owing to the weakness of his lungs he was 
 compelled to abandon the profession that was the 
 first object of his choice and to which he was at- 
 tached from a sense of duty. Upon leaving the 
 pulpit he began the study of medicine. In 1761 he 
 was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the Col- 
 lege, and retained this position from 1761 to 1763. 
 In 1 764 he left for Europe to study medicine at the 
 University of Edinburgh, and while there he enjoyed 
 the advantages of instruction afforded by the 
 lectures of the elder Monro, Whyte, Cullen, Home, 
 Alston and others. At the close of the lectures, he 
 left Edinburgh, made a tour through the northern 
 parts of Scotland and then proceeded to London, 
 where he remained twelve months, diligently pur- 
 suing his studies. From London he went to 
 Holland, and proceeded to Utrecht, where he com- 
 pleted his medical education. Having passed the 
 examination and submitted to the Professors of that 
 University a thesis in Latin, he received the degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine in 1772. After a tour on the 
 Continent he returned home and practiced medicine 
 in Philadelphia for some years with great success. 
 In 176S he became a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society and in January 1 769, was ap- 
 pointed a member of a committee, consisting of 
 David Rittenhouse, the Rev. Dr. Ewing, Dr. Smith, 
 Provost of the College, Charles Thomson and 
 others, for the observation of the transit of Venus 
 which was to occur June 3, 1769. Soon after this 
 event the same committee was appointed to observe 
 the transit of Mercury which was to take place 
 November 9, 1769. The observations and calcula- 
 tions of Dr. Williamson who was an active member 
 on both these committees, are contained in the first 
 volume of the Transactions of the Philosophical 
 Society of Philadelphia. Upon the appearance of 
 a remarkable comet in September of the same year 
 Dr. Williamson presented to the American Philo- 
 sophical Society a theory which seems to have been 
 
 perfectly new and which he ever claimed as his 
 own. This paper, has been rewritten and again 
 communicated to the public in the first volume of 
 the Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical 
 Society of New York. He was also the author of 
 Observations of the Climate in different parts of 
 America, with some account of the Aborigines, His- 
 tory of North Carolina, Discourse on the Benefits of 
 Civil History, Epitaph on Benjamin Franklin, and 
 many essays and miscellaneous papers on medical, 
 philosophical and social subjects. The Holland 
 Society of Sciences and the Society of Arts and 
 Sciences of Utrecht conferred upon him, in the 
 most honorable manner, membership in those in- 
 stitutions ; he received the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws from his Alma Mater in 1787. While await- 
 ing the departure from Boston Harbor of the vessel 
 in which he had engaged passage for Europe the 
 tea of the East India Company was destroyed and 
 when he arrived in England he was the first to 
 report to the British Government that occurrence. 
 After a private interview with Lord Dartmouth he 
 was examined on that subject before the Privy 
 Council in February 1774, and on that occasion he 
 predicted that if the coercive measures of Parlia- 
 ment were persisted in civil war would result. 
 While in England Dr. Williamson frequently insti- 
 tuted electrical experiments and wrote a paper 
 entitled Experiments and < )1 nervations on the 
 Gymnotus Electricus, or Electrical Eel. This was 
 first published in the Philosophical Transactions of 
 the Royal Society of London for 1775. He had 
 scarcely made his tour through Holland and the 
 Low Countries when he heard of the Declaration of 
 American Independence. He proceeded to France 
 and after a short stay there sailed from Nantes for 
 Philadelphia, where he arrived March 15. The ship 
 was captured off the capes of Delaware but he with 
 another passenger escaped in an open boat with 
 some very important public despatches of which 
 Dr. Williamson was the bearer. In 1777 he en- 
 gaged in mercantile pursuits with a younger brother 
 in the South. This led to his settling in Edenton, 
 North Carolina, where he also practised medicine. 
 He was Medical Director-General of the North 
 Carolina Militia from 1779 to 1782, and a member 
 of the House of Commons of North Carolina in 
 17S2. He was a member of the Continental Con- 
 gress from 1782 to r7S5 and from 17S7 to 17SS. 
 In 17S6 he was sent to Annapolis to take part in 
 the Convention to amend and revise the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States. In 17S7 he was one of
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 277 
 
 the delegates from North Carolina in the general 
 convention at Philadelphia which formed the 
 present Constitution of the United States. He was 
 a member of the North Carolina Ratification Con- 
 vention of 1788, and represented North Carolina in 
 the first and second Congresses, but declined being 
 a candidate a third time. When yellow fever 
 appeared in New York in 1805, Dr. Williamson was 
 appointed by the corporation of that city one of a 
 medical committee to investigate the particular 
 character and origin of the cases that occurred at 
 the commencement of the pestilence. He was 
 among the first who entertained correct views as to 
 the practicability of forming a canal to connect 
 Lake Erie with the Hudson River. In 1810 he 
 was appointed by the New York Historical Society 
 to deliver the Anniversary I >iscourse, and selected 
 for his subject The Benefits of Civil History. In 
 1814 with the Governor of New York and other 
 gentlemen, he took an active part in establish- 
 ing the Literary and Philosophical Society of New 
 York City. He was a Trustee of the College of 
 Physicians and Surgeons of the University of the 
 State of New York. He also aided the < >rphan 
 Asylum and the Society for the Relief of Poor 
 Widows and Small Children, both of the City of 
 New York. He gave a large portion of his time and 
 attention during the remaining years of his life to 
 the Humane Society, the City Dispensary and New 
 York Hospital. Dr. Williamson in January 1789, 
 married Maria daughter of the Hon. Charles Ward 
 Apthorpe ; she died when the youngest of their two 
 sons was but a few days old. He died in New 
 York City, May 22, 1819. 
 
 don, remaining some time at Guy's Hospital. Re- 
 turning to Philadelphia he soon built up a lucrative 
 practice. In 1751 he was elected a member of 
 the lower branch of Citj Councils. In this sam< 
 year he was elected one of the consulting staff of 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital and this position he 
 held until 17S0. He was a Trustee of the College 
 of Philadelphia from 1762 until its consolidation with 
 the University of the State of Pennsylvania under 
 the name University of Pennsylvania in 1791, 
 when he resigned. In 1762 Dr. Redman was 
 attacked by a disease of the liver and subsequent 
 
 REDMAN, John, 1722-1808. 
 
 Trustee 1762-1791 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1722; graduated Univ. of Ley- 
 den, 1748; Trustee of the College of Philadelphia, 1762- 
 1791 ; Pres. of the College of Physicians, 1786-1805; 
 died 1808. 
 
 JOHN REDMAN, M.D., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, February 27. 1722. He received his 
 preparatory education at the' academy of Rev. 
 William Tennant, and began his medical studies 
 under Dr. John Kearsley, Jr. From Philadelphia 
 he went to Bermuda where he remained several 
 years practicing his profession. Then he went to 
 Edinburgh where he attended lectures and " walked " 
 the hospitals. From Edinburgh he went to Paris to 
 study and from Paris to Leyden, where he was 
 graduated July 15, 1748. Then he went to Lon- 
 
 JOHN REDMAN 
 
 delicate health compelled him largely to restrict his 
 practice. In 1786 on the foundation of the Phila- 
 delphia College of Physicians, Dr. Redman was 
 chosen President and held the office until 1S05 
 when old age compelled his retirement. From 
 1787 to 1 80S he was a Fellow of the College. Dr. 
 Redman was a believe] in heroi" treatment of 
 disease and used the practice of bleeding exten- 
 sively in the yellow fever epidemics of 1762 and 
 1 ->, ;. 1 [e wrote up an a< count ol the formei \ isi 
 tation of the disease, presenting it to the College of 
 Physicians in 170.;. It was not printed until 1865. 
 A staunch Presbyterian Dr. Redman was foi many 
 years an eldei ol the Second Presbyterian Church 
 ut Philadelphia and foi mam yeai . too, a trustee
 
 278 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of Princeton College. He was also a member of 
 the American Philosophical Society. He died 
 March 19, 1808. 
 
 MORGAN, John, 1735-1789. 
 
 Founder Medical School — Professor Medicine 1765-1789. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1735; educated at Nottingham 
 Academy, Chester Co, Pa., and at the College of 
 Philadelphia, graduating with the first class from the 
 latter, 1757; A.M., 1760; studied medicine in Philadel- 
 phia, London, Edinburgh, Paris and Padua, obtaining 
 his M.D. degree from Edinburgh in 1763; he was 
 the first teacher of medicine in the College of Phila- 
 delphia and with Dr. Shippen organized the Medical 
 School ; was one of the early members of the American 
 Philosophical Society, and travelled to Jamaica in 1773, 
 principally with the object of collecting funds for the 
 College ; was the first General Director of the Medical 
 Service of the Patriot Army, a position from which he 
 was removed in 1777 ; Visiting Physician of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital ; published several medical tracts ; 
 died 1789. 
 
 JOHN MORGAN, M.D., F. R. S., was born in 
 Philadelphia in 1735. He was the son of 
 Evan Morgan, a Welshman. He received a classical 
 education at Nottingham Academy, Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania. He was transferred to the College 
 of Philadelphia on May 25, 1754, and received the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts, May 17, 1757, at the 
 first commencement of that institution. He re- 
 ceived his Master's degree in course, 1 760. Dur- 
 ing the last years of his attendance at the College, 
 he began the study of medicine under Dr. John 
 Redman of Philadelphia, under whom he studied 
 for six years, thirteen months of which he spent in 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital as Resident Apothecary. 
 At the close of his term at the Hospital he devoted 
 himself for four years to military life. He held a 
 commission as Lieutenant, April 1, 1758, but acted 
 only as a surgeon in the war between Great Britain 
 and her Colonies and France. He resigned from 
 the army at the close of the war. He sailed for 
 Europe in 1760, and attended the lectures and 
 dissections of Cullen and John Hunter in London ; 
 he then spent two years in Edinburgh under the 
 instruction of Monroe, Cullen, Rutherford, Whyte 
 and Hope and in ^63, received the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine from Edinburgh University. 
 He then went to Paris and studied anatomy with 
 M. Sue. At the meeting of the French Academy 
 of Surgery at Paris in 1764, he showed a prepara- 
 tion of the vessels of the kidney which he had 
 executed, and was therefore the first to make 
 
 known the art of making anatomical preparations 
 in Paris and the south of France. He became a 
 member of the Royal Academy of Surgery at Paris, 
 having been made correspondent on July 5, ^64. 
 During the summer he travelled in France, Switzer- 
 land and Italy. During his travels he made the 
 acquaintance of Morgagni, Professor of Anatomy at 
 Padua, to whom he had letters from Dr. Sevati of 
 Bologna. In the autumn, he returned to London 
 where he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of 
 London, and Licentiate of the Royal College of Phy- 
 sicians, London and Edinburgh. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Arcadian Belles- Lettres Society, Rome, in 
 1764. Early in 1765 he returned to Philadelphia and 
 with Dr. Shippen, Jr., was the pioneer in systematic 
 medical teaching in America. On May 3, 1765 he 
 was elected by the Trustees of the College of Phila- 
 delphia to the Chair of Theory and Practice of Physic, 
 the first Medical Professorship in this country. On 
 May 30 and 31,1 765, at a Public Anniversary Com- 
 mencement of the College, he delivered the famous 
 Inaugural Address, which he had prepared in Paris. 
 It was entitled " A Discourse upon the Institution 
 of Medical Schools in America." He saw the fruits 
 of his labor in 1 76S, for in that year — June 2 1 — 
 five students received degrees in medicine, being 
 the first degrees of the kind conferred in America. 
 He was author of a " Dissertation on the Recipro- 
 cal Advantages of a Perpetual Union between Great 
 Britain and her American Colonies," for which he 
 received a gold medal from John Sargent, of London, 
 in 1766. He was active in establishing the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society, of which he was a mem- 
 ber, in 1766. He visited Jamaica in 1773, to 
 obtain donations for advancing general literature 
 in the College of Philadelphia. Congress appointed 
 him Director-General and Physician-in-Chief of the 
 General Hospital of the American Army in October 
 1775. In 1777 he was removed from office with- 
 out an opportunity to vindicate himself, owing to 
 dissensions between the surgeons of the General 
 Hospital and of the Regiments, which gave rise to 
 calumnies against him. He subsequently applied 
 for a special committee of Congress to investigate 
 the charges and was honorably acquitted. He 
 served as a member of the Medical staff of the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital from 1773 to 1777. and was 
 again elected in 177S, and served until 1783. Dr. 
 Morgan introduced the practice of writing prescrip- 
 tions, instead of furnishing his own medicine, a 
 daring innovation at that time, but which has since 
 been generally adopted by the representative phy-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 279 
 
 sicians of this country. He published beside the 
 papers already mentioned the following: — Tenta- 
 men Medicum de Puris Confectione, 1763; A 
 Recommendation of Inoculation, 1766; and A 
 Vindication of Public Character in the Station of 
 Director-General, etc. He married Mary, daughter 
 of the Hon. Thomas Hopkinson. He died at Phila- 
 delphia, October 15, 1 7S9, aged fifty-three years. 
 [Portrait on page 75.] 
 
 DAVIDSON, James, 1732-1809. 
 
 Third Rector of the Academy — Prof. Greek and Latin 1768-1779, 
 1782-1806. 
 
 Born at Newtown-Stewart, Ireland, 1732; educated 
 at Univ. of Glasgow; became a Presbyterian clergy- 
 man, and emigrated to America in 1763 or 1764 ; was 
 Principal of Newark, Del., Academy ; appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Languages in the College of Philadelphia, 
 1766; was Principal of a school in Charleston, S. C, 
 1778-80; resumed his Professorship in the reorganized 
 Univ. of Pa., 1782, retaining this position until 1806 ; 
 Rector of the Academy, 1780-91 ; wrote a popular Latin 
 grammar ; died 1809. 
 
 JAMES DAVIDSON was born in Newtown-Stew- 
 art, Tyrone county, Ireland, in 1732. He was 
 educated in the University of Glasgow, and at an 
 early age was ordained to the ministry of the Pres- 
 byterian Church. He emigrated to Delaware in 
 1763 or 1764, not long after the signing of the pre- 
 liminaries of peace at Versailles, France. He was 
 soon after appointed Principal of Newark (Delaware) 
 Academy, and Pastor of two churches in that neigh- 
 borhood ; preaching in them alternately. March S, 
 1766, he was offered the Professorship of Humanity 
 in the College, and removing to Philadelphia he 
 took charge of that office, retaining it until the 
 capture of the city in 1778. He then fled with his 
 family to Chester County, whence upon the imita- 
 tion of some of his former pupils, he went to Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, and took charge of a large school. 
 The taking of Charleston by the British in 1 780, again 
 obliged him to fly, and after a short period he re- 
 turned to Philadelphia. The University of the State 
 of Pennsylvania having just been established, he ac 
 cepted the offer of the Professorship of Languages. 
 Shortly after this the College of Philadelphia having 
 regained its funds, invited him to resume his Pro- 
 fi iorship in it, which he did. After the University 
 and College were united he was elected Professor 
 .it Languages in the reunited institution andretained 
 this position until 1806 when he was obliged to re- 
 sign owing to old age. He was also Rector ol the 
 Academy from 1780 to 1791. He became a mem- 
 
 ber of the Philosophical Society in 1768. He re- 
 ceived the honorary degree of Master of Arts from 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1780. At one 
 time he preached in the First Presbyterian Church 
 of Philadelphia, but leaving that church on account 
 of some affront, he joined the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. He was an excellent linguist, and pub- 
 lished a Latin Grammar which for many years was 
 extensively used in the schools of Philadelphia. 
 Professor Davidson died in Philadelphia, June 1809 
 and was buried in the grounds of St. Peter's Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church, Philadelphia. His grandson 
 Robert Baldwin Davidson who graduated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania in the Class of 1826 was 
 for a long time the "oldest living graduate," ami 
 died recently at the age of ninety-two. Professor 
 Davidson was married to Margaret Linn, daughter 
 of a prosperous maltster of Cookstown, Tyrone 
 county, Ireland. 
 
 KUHN, Adam, 1741-1817. 
 
 Professor Materia Medica and Botany 1768-1797. 
 Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, 1741 ; studied 
 medicine with his father, and subsequently at the Uni- 
 versity of Upsala, Sweden, and in Edinburgh, where 
 he received his degree of M.D.June 1767; was Prof, 
 at the College in Philadelphia under its various forms 
 from 1768 to 1797, exercising much influence also as a 
 botanist; was connected with the Pennsylvania Hos- 
 pital ; died 1817. 
 
 ADAM KUHN, M.D., was born in German- 
 town, Philadelphia, November 17, 1741. 
 (old style). His grandfather was John Christophei 
 Kuhn, his father, Adam Simon Kuhn, both natives 
 of Farfeld, a small town near 1 leilbronn, on the 
 Neckar, in the circle of Swabia, Germany. They 
 emigrated to Philadelphia in 1733. His father 
 was an educated man and a successful and skillful 
 medical practitioner, lie subsequently removed t" 
 Lancaster where he became a magistrate and an 
 elder of the Lutheran Church. Dr. Adam Kuhn's 
 early studies in medicine were with his father. In 
 1 761 hi' went to Norway and Sweden where he 
 studied Botany under Linnaeus and other Professors 
 of the University of Upsala, until July or August 
 
 1 7(1 I ; he also resided in London lor one yr.n . 
 
 then went to Edinburgh where he received his 
 
 degree ol Doctor of Medicine, on June 12, 1767. 
 His thesis was •' De Lavatione Frigida." He re- 
 turned to America in January 1768, after visiting 
 franc,. Holland and Germany. Upon his return 
 he was at once appointed Professor of Materia
 
 28o 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Medica and Botany in the College of Philadelphia 
 being the third of the group of Medical Professors. 
 He commenced his first course of lectures in May, 
 three months after his arrival from Europe. He 
 continued in this position twenty-one years, until 
 transferred to the Chair of Practice. In January 
 1774, he was one of the physicians of the society 
 for inoculating the poor. He was one of the found- 
 ers of the College of Physicians and its President 
 in 1S08. He was also a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society, and was an honorary member 
 of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was 
 made Professor of the Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine in the University of the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 17S9, and was transferred to the same 
 chair in the University of Pennsylvania in 1792, 
 from which he resigned 1797. He was twice 
 elected to the Medical Staff of the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital, serving from 1774 to 17S1, and from 
 17S2 to 1798, when he resigned. He was elected 
 a Trustee of the University in 1806, but declined to 
 serve. His talent for observation was profound, he 
 was studious, loved music, and was abstemious and 
 regular in his diet and neat in his person. He 
 married Elizabeth, daughter of Isaac Hartman, in 
 the Island of St. Croix, West Indies, May 1780, 
 and had two sons. He died in Philadelphia, July 
 5, 1 S 1 7, in the seventy-sixth year of his age. 
 
 RUSH, Benjamin, 1745-1813. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1768-1789, Medicine 1789-1813. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1745; early education at Not- 
 tingham Academy, Pa.; graduated A.B. Princeton 
 1760; studied medicine under John Redman and in Dr. 
 Shippen's Anatomy Class in Philadelphia ; obtained 
 degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, Scotland; studied also 
 in London and Paris; elected to a Medical Professor- 
 ship in the College 1769, which he held in various 
 forms during forty-four years ; was active in the state 
 and national service during the Revolutionary period ; 
 wrote largely on medical and various subjects; LL.D. 
 Yale, 1812 ; died 1813. 
 
 BENJAMIN RUSH, M.D., LL.D., was born 
 in Byberry Township, Philadelphia county, 
 Pennsylvania, December 24, 1745. His mother 
 was a sister of the wife of the Rev. Samuel Finlev. 
 His grandfather, James Rush, commanded a troop 
 of horse in Cromwell's Army, and on the restoration 
 of the monarchy, emigrated to America in 16S3. 
 Dr. Benjamin Rush, when about nine years of age 
 was sent to the academy in Nottingham, Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania, which was then conducted by 
 the Rev. Samuel Finley, D.D., afterwards President 
 
 of Princeton College. He was sent to Princeton 
 while in his fourteenth year, and received the degree 
 of Bachelor of Arts in 1760 before he had com- 
 pleted his fifteenth year. The next six years he 
 spent in the study of medicine under Dr. John 
 Redman, an eminent physician of Philadelphia. 
 Among the first books on medicine read by him 
 were the writings of Hippocrates, whose Aphorisms 
 Dr. Rush translated from the Greek into English 
 while yet an apprentice of seventeen years of age. 
 About this time he began to keep a note book of 
 remarkable occurrences which he continued through 
 life, ami from a part of this record we have the only 
 account remaining of the yellow fever of 1793 in 
 Philadelphia. Rush was one of Dr. Shippen's ten 
 pupils who attended the first course of anatomical 
 lectures given in this country. At the expiration of 
 his apprenticeship in 1 766, he went to the Medical 
 School of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 which at that time had the greatest reputation of 
 any Medical School in Europe, and from this institu- 
 tion he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 in 1 76S. The Trustees of Princeton appointed Dr. 
 Rush their commissioner to solicit Dr. Witherspoon 
 of Paisley, Scotland, to accept the Presidency of the 
 College, and the Presbytery of which Dr. Wither- 
 spoon was a member to accept his resignation, both 
 of which commissions he ably and successfully exe- 
 cuted in 1767. From Edinburgh he went to Lon- 
 don, where he spent the winter of 1768 attending 
 the hospitals and medical lectures ; the following 
 spring he went to France, and in the fall of the 
 same year he returned to Philadelphia. In 1769 
 he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the College 
 of Philadelphia and in 1789 succeeded to the Chair 
 of Theory and Practice of Medicine, vacated by the 
 death of Dr. John Morgan. In 1791 he was ap- 
 pointed Professor of the Institutes and Practice of 
 Medicine, and of Clinical Practice in the reunited 
 University of Pennsylvania, and on the resignation 
 of Dr. Kuhn in 1S04, he received the additional 
 Professorship of the Practice of Physic. These 
 last three Professorships he held until the end of 
 his life. When he began his teaching in 1 769 there 
 were some twenty students in his class, and in 18 12, 
 just before the close of his career, they amounted 
 to four hundred and twenty. He was active in the 
 national service during the Revolution and early 
 national period, having been Fleet Surgeon in 
 the Pennsylvania Navy from September 1775, to 
 July 1776, member of the Continental Congress 
 from July 20, 1776 to July 1777, a signer of
 
 UNIFERSITV Of /'/• A Ao T/./ ./A/./ 
 
 28] 
 
 the Declaration of Independence and Physician 
 Genera] of the Revolutionary Army in the Middle 
 Department in 1777. He was a member of the 
 Pennsylvania Convention for the adoption of the 
 Federal Constitution in 1787, resident Port 
 Physician of Philadelphia, 1790—1795, and Treas- 
 urer of the National Mint from [799 until his 
 death. He was a member of the staff of the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital for 1783. His influence was 
 instrumental in establishing Dickinson College in 
 Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and in bringing from Scot- 
 land the Rev. Dr. Nisbet of Montrose to preside 
 over it. The Philadelphia Dispensary, the first of 
 the kind in the United States, owes its origin to Dr. 
 Rush. He arranged with Dr. Moyes, the blind 
 philosopher, to give a public lecture, the proceeds 
 of which were used as a nucleus tor private contri- 
 butions, which came in so rapidly as to make possi- 
 ble the organization of the institution in 1786. He 
 was an active member of the Society for Promoting 
 Political Inquiries which usually met at Dr. frank- 
 lin's house, and in 1787 he read before that society 
 an important paper on the effect of public punish- 
 ments upon criminals and upon society. In r8o8, 
 he with Robert Ralston, formed the Philadelphia 
 Bible Society, the first of its kind in that city. In 
 176S he was elected to the American Philosophical 
 Society, was one of its Secretaries in 1773, Vice- 
 President from 1797 to 1801 and contributed six 
 papers to its Transactions. He was President of 
 the American Society for the Abolition of Slavery ; 
 President of the Philadelphia Medical S01 iety ; one 
 of the Founders of the College of Physicians of 
 Philadelphia and a member of many other learned 
 and benevolent societies both in America and 
 Europe. During his whole life he was active in 
 improving the practice of medicine and entirely 
 changed the methods of diagnosing diseases, in 
 many cases originating new treatments. He started 
 among other things the practice ol bleeding, and 
 urged the extensive use of calomel. The height of 
 his reputation as a physician was attained during the 
 epidemic of yellow fever in Philadelphia in 1793, 
 when he devised methods of treatment of that 
 disease which were successful, thus proving his 
 assertion that the disease < ould be 1 tired. I he 
 printed works of Dr. Rush consist of seven volumes, 
 six of which treat of medic .1 1 subjects and include a 
 volume of introductory lectun ;; the seventh is a 
 collection of essays, literary, moral, and philosophi- 
 cal. Among his writings his Inquiry into the l 1 
 fects of Ardent spirits upon the Human Body and 
 
 Mind has been more read than any other of his 
 works. Many large editions of this tract have been 
 distributed in the United States. His account of 
 the climate of Pennsylvania is also a masterpiece 
 of its kind. lb received the degree of Doctor of 
 I tws from Yale in 1812. In January 1776 he 
 married Julia, daughter of the lion. Richard Stock- 
 ton of New Jersey. They hid thirteen children, 
 one of whom held the office of Secretary of the 
 Treasury of the I nited States. Dr. Rush died in 
 Philadelphia, April 19, 1813, in the sixty-ninth 
 year of his age. 
 
 [ Portrait on page 76.] 
 
 WILSON, James, 1742-1798. 
 
 Professor English Literature I773-I77g, Law i7go-l7g8. 
 Born near St. Andrews, Scotland, 1742; educated at 
 Glasgow, St. Andrews and Edinburgh; in 1761 emi- 
 grated to New York, and came to Philadelphia, 1766; 
 Prof, of English Language in the College of Phila- 
 delphia, 1773; studied law, and practiced in Reading, 
 Carlisle, Annapolis and Philadelphia ; member of Pa. 
 Provincial Convention, 1774 and 1775, and of Congress 
 until 1787 ; signer of the Declaration of Independence ; 
 a Colonel in the Revolutionary Army; member of the 
 Convention to form the Constitution of 1787, and of the 
 Pa. Ratification Convention; received degree of A.M. 
 from the College of Philadelphia, 1766; LL.D., 1790; 
 Prof, of Law in the College, 1790; series of law lec- 
 tures have been published; Trustee of the College, 
 1779-91 ; Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S., 
 1789-98; died 1798. 
 
 JAMES WILSON, LL.D., one of the most 
 prominent men in America during the Revo- 
 lutionary period, was bom in Scotland, near St. An- 
 drews, September 14, 174 2. He studied at St. 
 Andrews, Edinburgh and Glasgow, at the last 
 named University having Drs. Blair and Watts for 
 his tutors. In 17(11 he emigrated to America, 
 staying for a tune in Neu York, and removing to 
 Philadelphia in 1766. Being a well educated man 
 he was engaged for a time as Professor of English 
 Literature at the College. Subsequently he studied 
 law with John Dickinson, and practiced for a short 
 time each at Reading, Carlisle and Annapolis be- 
 fore becoming 1 member of the Philadelphia Bar in 
 December [778. From thai time forward he had 
 a brilliant career as advoi ate, judge, statesman, pro- 
 fessor and writer. He was given the honorary d< 
 of Master of Arts by the College of Philadelphia in 
 1 7 do and thai of I loci or ol' Laws in 1 700. Ill » is 
 .1 in. 1 nl .1 1 of 1 he Pennsylvania Pn ivincial Convention 
 in 1 77 1 and 1775, and a member of Congress from 
 1775 '" '77 s . in 178--, 1 7 N .^ . and from 17N;, to
 
 282 
 
 UN11ERS1T1ES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 1787. He was a signer of the Declaration of I tide 
 pendence and when the war broke out was ap- 
 pointed a Colonel in the army. In 17S7 he was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention, and of 
 the Pennsylvania Ratification Convention. He was 
 a Commissioner to treat with the Indians and a 
 member of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1789. On September 29, 1789, he was 
 appointed by Washington a Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States and served as such till 
 his death. In 1779 he had been elected a Trustee 
 of the College of Philadelphia, and in 1790 when it 
 was determined to establish a Law Professorship he 
 was chosen to act in that capacity. He delivered a 
 first and a portion of a second course of lectures, 
 but was then prevented from completing the course 
 by certain official duties and never resumed it, 
 though he held the position nominally until his 
 death. These lectures have been published in 
 three volumes. In 1791 Judge Wilson was ap- 
 pointed by the Lower House of the Assembly of 
 Pennsylvania to revise and digest the laws of the 
 Commonwealth, but the plan was not carried out 
 owing to the lack of a legislative appropriation. He 
 was a 1 >irector of the Bank of North America, and 
 held various other public positions. Late in life he 
 be< nne involved in land speculation, and became 
 overwhelmed with misfortune, lying in a debtor's 
 prison at the suit of Pierce Butler, a fellow member 
 of the Federal Constitutional Convention. His 
 writings on politics and jurisprudence and his judi- 
 cial decisions enjoy a high reputation. In the prin- 
 ciples of finance and of constitutional law as it then 
 existed he was particularly learned. As an orator 
 he held high rank both as an advocate and as a 
 parliamentary debater. He was one of the ablest 
 and most active of the members of the Federal 
 Convention. He was also in some respects the 
 ablest member of the first Supreme Court. Wash- 
 ington, passing by the Wythes and Pendletons of Vir- 
 ginia, chose him as the preceptor of his nephew 
 Bushrod Washington. He was a man of large and 
 powerful frame and appears in the portrait which 
 now hangs in the University Law School with an 
 open honest face and with bright blue eyes beaming 
 mildly from behind heavy, silver-rimmed spectacles. 
 He died while on a visit to Edenton, North Caro- 
 lina, August 28, 179S. He married first, Rachel, 
 daughter of William Bird of Berks county, Pennsyl- 
 vania ; second, Hannah, daughter of Ellis Gray of 
 Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 [Portrait on page 9S. | 
 
 CANNON, James, 1740-1782. 
 
 Professor Mathematics 1773-1782. 
 Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 1740; came to America, 
 1763 ; educated at Univ. of Edinburgh ; graduated Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, 1767; was Tutor and Prof, of 
 Mathematics in the College; active on the patriot side 
 during the Revolution ; author of the Cassandra 
 Letters; active in state politics; died 1782. 
 
 JAMES CANNON, A.M. was born in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, in 1740. His early education was 
 received at the University of Edinburgh, and coming 
 to America in 1763, he graduated from the College 
 of Philadelphia witii the Class of 1767. When the 
 Revolution broke out he was Professor of Mathe- 
 matics in the same institution but nevertheless took 
 an active position on the patriot side. It appears 
 from the diary of Christopher Marshall that he was 
 the leading spirit in private meetings held to select 
 candidates to be placed before the people in oppo- 
 sition to those representing more conservative sen- 
 timents. He was very active in forming and 
 organizing the Association of Philadelphia, and was 
 Secretary of the American Manufactory formed by 
 citizens of Philadelphia at the suggestion of Con- 
 gress to manufacture woolen, linen and cotton 
 fabrics. He was the author of the Cassandra 
 Letters, which elevated him in the esteem of the 
 patriots. He became a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of Pennsylvania July 15, 1776, 
 and being placed on the committee appointed to 
 draw up the instructions to the delegates of Penn- 
 sylvania in Congress, he became the author of that 
 instrument. The Convention made him a Justice 
 of the Peace for Pennsylvania. He served as a 
 member of the Council of Safety from July 24, 
 1776, to December 4, 1777, one of the few who 
 were not members of the Supreme Executive Coun- 
 cil. He died January 28, 1782. at Philadelphia, 
 and was buried in Christ Church graveyard. 
 
 PENN, Richard, 1735-1811. 
 
 Benefactor — Trustee 1772-1775. 
 Born in England, 1735; studied at Oxford but did 
 not graduate ; then studied law but became discour- 
 aged ; came to Pennsylvania with his older brother in 
 1763, and after his father's death came a second time, 
 now as Lieutenant-Governor, in 1771 ; he quarrelled 
 with the other members of the family, and was super- 
 seded by his younger brother in 1773 ; subsequently he 
 held another office in the Provincial government ; on 
 the growth of strained relations between the Colonies 
 and England he favored the former and gave testimony 
 favorable to them before the House of Lords, Nov. 10, 
 1775 ; he remained in England, however, during the war 
 and was reduced to great poverty; later the Pennsyl-
 
 (XII l-.Rsri)- OF PENNSTLl ANIA 
 
 28 
 
 vania estates devolved in part upon him and his 
 fortunes improved; he was a member of Parliament 
 1796 to 1808; died 1811. 
 
 RICHARD PENN was born in England, in the 
 year 17.55 i '"-' was ^ w son ul Richard Penn 
 who was the son of William Penn the first Proprie- 
 tary and Hannah Lardner. He entered St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, but left it without taking a 
 degree. The family put him to the law, but as he 
 lacked industry and perseverance, the study grew 
 irksome, and he desired some easier means of sup- 
 port. He reached his twenty-seventh year without 
 
 Kl( II \KI' PI \\ 
 From original painting nl Pennsylvania Historical So* iety 
 
 having chosen a profession. His brother having 
 been appointed Lieutenant-Governor, he accom- 
 panied him to Pennsylvania, '['hey arrived in 
 Philadelphia, October 30, 1763. John Penn 
 him a seat in the Count il, and he qualified on Janu- 
 ary 12, 1764. He was the firsl President of the 
 Jockey Club, founded in Novembei r. 766, with about 
 eighty members to "encourage the breeding good 
 horses and to promote the pleasures of the turf.'" 
 The members subscribed upwards of / ; each per 
 annum and in Octobei of 1 ich yeai there were 
 races for the gentlemen's purse of 100 guineas, the 
 sweep-stakes of 25 guineas, the ladies' purse (for 
 colts and fillie . 1 and the ( !ity plate ol .-' ;o a m 
 tributed by the vintners, innkeepers and others 
 
 benefited by the concourse of strangers. The 
 club lasted until the Revolution. Richard Penn 
 was President until succeeded b) Andrew Allen 
 in 1769. In the beginning ol the latter year he 
 returned to England. Alter his father's death, he 
 was appointed by his uncle and brother Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Pennsylvania and the Lower Counties, 
 and arrived the second time in Philadelphia, ( )■ 
 tober 16, 1 77 1. With pleasing manners and en- 
 deavoring to keep on good terms with the people. 
 he succeeded in making himself the most popular 
 of his family. All his dealings with the Provincial 
 Assembly were very friendly. He was espei 
 attentive to the commercial interests of the Colony 
 and during his administration, a degree of unex- 
 ampled prosperity prevailed. He had a dispute 
 with his brother concerning his father's will, claim- 
 ing that the minors were not appurtenant to the 
 Proprietaryship, but were included in the private 
 real estate directed to be sold for the benefit of the 
 residuary legatees. As a result of this dispute, he 
 was superseded in the Governorship by his brother 
 John, who arrived in August 1773. Richard Penn 
 showed the same interest in the College which his 
 father and uncle had given such abundant proof of 
 and was elected a Trustee in 1772. He was Presi- 
 dent of the Board for the year 1 7 73— 1774. Rich 
 ard Perm's feelings were enlisted against the oppres- 
 sive acts of the British Government. He entertained 
 the members of the Continental Congress at his 
 house, two or three dining with him each day, 
 Washington being among his guests. He left 
 Philadelphia in the summer of 1775, carrying with 
 him the Second Petition of Congress to the King. 
 He and Arthur Lee, agent for Massachusetts in 
 London, delivered it to the Earl of Dartmouth, 
 Secretary of State for the Colonies, on the l si ol 
 September. On the toth of November, 177;. he 
 appeared at the Par of the House ol Lords, and 
 was sworn and examined. Hisanswers were: •• He 
 
 had heard of no violen unfair proceedings in 
 
 the election of members of Congress, they 
 men of character, and their proceedings conveyed 
 the sense of the pro\ inces, which would be governed 
 by their decisions: he thought they did not carrj 
 on the war for independence, they had taken up 
 arms in defence of their liberties, it was thi 
 opinion ol all he had ever conversed with thai 
 \inem a »,i, abli to ri iisi the arms of Gr I Britain, 
 the spirit ol re tistam e wa quite g< in ral : when he 
 left Pennsylvania thi province had twenty thousand 
 
 men in anus, and fortj five hundred had been
 
 284 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 since raised, he supposed there were sixty thousand 
 fit to bear arms and he believed all would willingly 
 come forward if necessary ; Pennsylvania raised 
 more than enough corn to feed her people and 
 could manufacture certain munitions of war in 
 good quantities ; the Colonies had great hopes of 
 the petition which he had brought over, it was 
 styled the Olive Branch; if it were not granted, 
 they might form foreign alliances, and, if they did, 
 would stick by them ; most thinking men thought 
 that its refusal would be a bar to all reconciliation, 
 the colonies were inclined to acknowledge the 
 imperial authority of Great Britain, but not in taxa 
 tion ; it would not be safe in the colonies to write 
 against Congress, etc." Lord Lyttleton said that 
 Penn " betrayed throughout the whole of his exam- 
 ination the indications of the strongest prejudice." 
 In England he became very poor. After the war 
 however his property improved, and John Penn 
 agreed to pay him one-fourth of whatever sums 
 were received by him as his share of the ,£130,000 
 named in the Divesting Act, and one-third of all 
 sales made by him since that Act was passed. John 
 Penn's death in 1795, moreover, vested in him a 
 life estate in the entailed property. He was ,1 
 member of the British Parliament from 1796 to 
 1806, representing the borough of Lancaster until 
 1802, and afterwards the borough of Haslemere. 
 He visited Philadelphia in 1S0.S, and appears in 
 its directory for that year as dwelling at No. 210 
 Chestnut Street, between Eighth and Ninth. He 
 died at Richmond. Surrey, England, May 27, 181 1, 
 in his seventy-sixth year. He married. May 21, 
 1772, Mary, daughter of William Masters and his 
 wife Mary, daughter of Thomas Lawrence, the 
 Councillor. He had live children. 
 
 age of seven and later entered the College, where 
 he graduated in 1765, receiving the Master of Arts 
 degree in 1767. He then pursued theological 
 studies which he completed in 1770. It was 
 necessary at that time for candidates to go to Eng- 
 land to be ordained, so he sailed the same year 
 and was ordained in the Royal Chapel, December 
 23, 1770, as Deacon and in 1772 as Priest in Ful- 
 harn Chapel by the Bishop of London. Returning 
 to this country he became Assistant Minister of 
 Christ and St. Peter's Churches, and in 1779 Rector 
 of the united parishes of Christ, St. Peter's and St. 
 
 \\ II I I \M WHIl'E 
 
 WHITE, William, 1748-1836. 
 
 Trustee 1774-1836, President of the Board 1790-1791. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1748; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1765; A.M., 1767; D.D., 1783; Clergy- 
 man P. E. Church; Rector United Parishes of Christ, 
 St. Peter's and St. James's churches, 1779-1836; Chap- 
 lain to Congress, 1777-85 and 1789-1801 ; first Bishop of 
 Pa., 1786-1836; Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal 
 Church in U. S., 1796-1836 ; Trustee College of Phila- 
 delphia and Univ. of Pa., 1774-1836 ; Pres. Board of 
 Trustees, 1790-gi ; died 1836. 
 
 WILLIAM WHITE. D.D., First Bishop of 
 Pennsylvania, was born Philadelphia. 
 March 24. 1 74S, the son of Colonel Thomas and 
 Esther (Hewlings) White, widow of John Neuman. 
 He entered the Academy of Philadelphia at the 
 
 James. He was an active supporter of the Colonial 
 Cause in the Revolutionary War, leaving Philadel- 
 phia in 1S77 during the British occupation of the 
 city. He was Chaplain to Congress, 1777-1785 and 
 again from 1789 to 1S01. Returning to Philadel- 
 phia after its evacuation by the British he devoted 
 his energies to the rebuilding of the Episcopal 
 Church in America, and was President of the first 
 general convention of the church called to form a 
 constitution and make the necessary alterations in 
 the liturgy consequent upon a separation from the 
 mother country. In 1786 he was elected the first 
 Bishop of Pennsylvania and sailed for England to 
 obtain consecration. After considerable difficulties 
 he succeeded and returned to Philadelphia in 1787.
 
 IMIERsm- 01- l>l:S\sri.l'ANIA 
 
 285 
 
 He was elected a Trustee of the College of Phila- 
 delphia in 1774 and continued to serve after the 
 union until his death. He was President of the 
 Board of Trustees <>t the College. 1790-1791. In 
 addition to his Episcopal duties he also served as 
 President of the Philadelphia Bible Society, the 
 Prison Society, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and 
 the Institute for the Blind, from 1796 to his 
 death he was the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal 
 Church in the United States and ,b such conse- 
 crated eleven Bishops. He was the author of num- 
 erous works on religious subjects, among others : 
 Lectures on the Catechism, Comparative view of 
 the Controversy between the Calvinists and the 
 Arminians and Memoirs of the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church in the United States. He was granted 
 the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity by the 
 College of Philadelphia in 1783. In 1773 he mar- 
 ried Mary, daughter of Captain Henry Harrison, 
 Mayor of Philadelphia. He died in Philadelphia, 
 July 17, 1836. 
 
 SHIPPEN, William, 1736-1808. 
 
 Founder Medical School Prof. Anatomy and Surgery 1774-1806. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1736; was educated at Prince- 
 ton, graduating A.B. in the Class of 1754 ; studied medi- 
 cine under his father in Philadelphia, and under the 
 Hunters at Edinburgh, where he took his degree of 
 M.D. in 1761 ; he delivered the first continuous course 
 of lectures on AniOmy given in America, and after 
 Dr. John Morgan had been elected to teach the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine Dr. Shippen was elected 
 September 23, 1765, to teach Anatomy, and thus the 
 Medical School was inaugurated ; April 1777, he was 
 put by Congress in charge of all the military hospitals 
 under the new government, a position which he held 
 until 1781 ; died 1808. 
 
 WILLIAM SHIPPEN, generally known as 
 Dr. William Shippen the younger, son 
 >it William and Susannah (n6e Harrison) Shippen, 
 (who was the daughter of Joseph Harrison, <>i 
 Philadelphia) was born in Philadelphia, < tctober zi, 
 [736; graduated Bacheloi of \rts Princeton 1754. 
 and delivered the Valedictory for his class, He 
 studied with his father until [758, when he went 
 to England, anil studied under Drs. John Hunter, 
 William Hunter and MacKenzie. He graduated 
 I li 11 ti 11 "i Mi dii ine from the I ni\ ei sit) of I Idin- 
 burgh in [761 and iftei a short visit to France, 
 returned to Philadelphia in May 1762. On No- 
 vember 16, 176J, he commenced the lit^t course 
 "i lectures on Anatom) ever delivered in America, 
 1 hi opening lei ture was given in the Si ite 1 louse. 
 
 He continued to lecture until September 23, 1765, 
 when he was elected Professor of Anatomy and 
 Surgery in the Medical School of the College ol 
 Philadelphia of which he and Dr. fohn Morgan 
 were the founders. On July 15, 1776, he was ap- 
 pointed " Chief Surgeon for the Flying Camp." In 
 March 1777 he laid before Congress a plan for 
 the organization of a hospital department, which 
 with some modifications, was adopted, and on 
 April 11, 1777, he was unanimously elected Director 
 General of all the Military Hospitals for the Armies 
 of the United States, resigning January 3, 17S1. 
 ( )n the reorganization of the College of Philadelphia 
 as the University of the State of Pennsylvania, he 
 was elected May II, 17X0. Professor of Anatomy 
 and Surgery which position he retained during the 
 subsequent changes till his resignation in 1806. 
 He was one of the originators of the College of 
 Physicians, 1787, and was its President from 1S05 
 until his death. He was elected to the American 
 Philosophical Society in November 1777. Ib- 
 married about 1760, Alice, daughter of Colonel 
 Thomas Lee, of Virginia, and Hannah Ludwell his 
 wife. She was born in Virginia, June 4, 1736, and 
 died in Philadelphia, March 25, 1S17. Dr. Shippen 
 died in Germantown, Philadelphia, July 11, 1808. 
 He had eight children. 
 
 [Portrait on page 74. j 
 
 MIFFLIN, Thomas, 1744-1800. 
 
 Trustee 1773-1791. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1744 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1760; merchant; member Provincial 
 Assembly, 1771 75; member Continental Congress, 
 1782-83; President of Congress, 1783; Speaker Pa. As- 
 sembly, 1785-88; member Constitutional Convention, 
 1787 ; Pres. Supreme Executive Council of Pa., 1788- 
 90; Pres. Constitutional Convention of Pa., 1790; Gov. 
 of Pa., 1790-99; member State Legislature, 1799-1800 ; 
 Quartermaster-Gen. and Major-Gen., Continental Army 
 and Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Washington ; Trustee Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, 1773-1791 ; died 1800. 
 
 TIP (MAS MIFFLIN, Governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania and President of Congn . was born 
 in Philadelphia, January [844, the son of John 
 and Elizabeth (Bagnall) Mifflin. He graduated 
 from the College of Philadelphia in 17(10. after 
 which he entered the counting house of William 
 Coleman. Returning from a tour ol Europe which 
 he made aftei attaining his majority, he went into 
 business with his brother. He soon began to take 
 an interesl in public life, and although a meml 1 1 o(
 
 286 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 the Society of Friends he took a decided position 
 against the encroachments of the Crown upon the 
 liberties of the Colonies. He was elected to the 
 Pennsylvania Assembly in i 7 7 i . was re-elected until 
 1775, and was also sent as one of the first delegates 
 to Congress. As soon as war broke out, he became 
 Major of a regiment for the defence of Pennsylvania, 
 and shortly after went to Boston and became Aide- 
 de-Camp to General Washington. In 1775 he was 
 appointed Quartermaster-General, as Washington 
 says " from a thorough persuasion of his integrity 
 and my own experience of his activity." In 1776 
 
 THOMAS MIFFLIN 
 
 he was made Brigadier-General and was most active 
 in recruiting and organizing volunteers in that 
 period of the war when every man was needed. 
 With four other members of the Assembly he 
 travelled through Pennsylvania, awakening enthu- 
 siasm and inciting the people to take up arms for 
 the defence of their country. He succeeded in 
 raising a considerable force which took part in the 
 movements following the Battle of Trenton. In 
 1 7 78 he was appointed Major-General and al- 
 though much criticism has been since made of his 
 conduct as Quartermaster-General. Congress seems 
 to have had always implicit confidence in him 
 as is evidenced by their placing in his hands 
 Si, 000,000 to settle the claims incurred during his 
 
 administration of the office. He was returned to 
 the Continental Congress as Delegate from Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1782, and in 1783 he became President of 
 that body, receiving General Washington's resigna- 
 tion of the command of the army December 23. 
 After presiding over Congress for a year Mifflin 
 retired, but in 1 785 was recalled to public life as 
 Speaker of the Assembly of Pennsylvania. In 1787 
 he was a member of the Convention which framed 
 the Constitution of the United States, and in 1788 
 became President of the Supreme Executive Coun- 
 cil of Pennsylvania. In the discharge of the func- 
 tions of this office he was the head of the state 
 government until the Constitution of 1790 was 
 framed under his direction as President of the 
 Convention. At the first election under this consti- 
 tution, he was chosen Governor and served till 
 1799, being twice re-elected. During his adminis- 
 tration he suppressed the Whiskey Riots near 
 Pittsburg. In 1799 he was again elected to the 
 Assembly. He was chosen a Trustee of the College 
 of Philadelphia in 1773 and served until its union 
 with the University of the State of Pennsylvania in 
 1 79 1. His wife was Sarah, daughter of Morris 
 Morris. He died January 20, 1800, in Lancaster. 
 Pennsylvania where the Assembly had its sessions. 
 
 TILGHMAN, James, 1716-1793. 
 
 Trustee 1775-1788. 
 Born near Chestertown, Md.. 1716 ; went to Philadel- 
 phia to practice law. 1760; Sec. of the Pa. Proprietary 
 Land Office, 1765 ; Provincial Councillor, 1767 ; Trustee 
 of the College of Philadelphia, 1775-1788; died 1793. 
 
 JAMES TILGHMAN, Provincial Councillor of 
 Pennsylvania and last Secretary of the Propri- 
 etary Land ( )ffice of Pennsylvania, was born at the 
 old Tilghman country seat on the Chester River, 
 Eastern Shore of Maryland. December 6, 1716, the 
 son of Richard and Anna Maria (Lloyd) Tilghman. 
 He was the grandson of Richard Tilghman, a Sur- 
 geon in the English Navy who bought the manor of 
 Canterbury, on the Choptank River, Maryland, 
 which was granted him by patent dated January 17, 
 1659, and occupied in 1661. In 1663 Richard 
 Tilghman established his seat on the Chester River, 
 the Hermitage, still in the possession of the family. 
 James Tilghman studied law and entered into prac- 
 tice in Annapolis, whence he removed to Phila- 
 delphia about 1760. He had attained an eminent 
 position in his profession when he was asked by 
 John Penn in 1 765 to succeed William Peters as
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ~ s ~ 
 
 Secretary of the Proprietary Land Office. Mr. 
 Tilghman was already familiar with the land busi- 
 ness of Lord Baltimore. Proprietary of the adjoining 
 Province. He accepted the position first stipulating 
 a salary of S1500, besides certain fees. Mr. Tilgh- 
 man reduced the work of the Land Office to a regular 
 and equitable system. He was chosen a member of 
 Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia in 
 1764, and became a member of the Provincial 
 Council in 1767. He retained this last position and 
 that of Secretary of the Land Office until the out- 
 break of the Revolution. Mr. Tilghman's position 
 in war times was a difficult one. At the beginning 
 of hostilities he favored a compromise of the troubles 
 between England and the Colonies, but he soon 
 came to be regarded as a loyalist. He had wished 
 a repeal of the Acts of Parliament obnoxious to the 
 Colonies and had denounced the Boston Port Bill, 
 but he also denounced the Boston Tea-Party. On 
 the approach of the British to Philadelphia he was 
 placed under arrest by the stale authorities, but was 
 soon paroled. Permission was granted him, on 
 August 31, 1777, to visit his family in Maryland and 
 return within a month. The occupation of Phila- 
 delphia by the British prevented his return and he 
 remained at Chestertown. On May 16. 177S, he 
 was discharged from parole. He was a Trustee of 
 the University of Pennsylvania (then the College of 
 Philadelphia) from 1775 to 1 7S8, when he resigned. 
 He married September 30, 1743, Anne Francis. 
 He died August 24, 1793, at Chestertown. 
 
 MORRIS, Robert, 1734-1806. 
 
 Trustee 1778-1791. 
 Born in Liverpool, England, 1734; merchant; mem- 
 ber Continental Congress; signer Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence ; financier of the United Colonies during the 
 Revolution ; signer of the Articles of Confederation; 
 Superintendent of Finance, 1781-84; member Assembly 
 of Pa., 1786 ; member Constitutional Convention of 
 U. S., 1787; first U. S. Senator from Pa., 1789-95; 
 Trustee of College of Philadelphia, 1778-91 \ died 1806. 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS, Patriot and Statesman, 
 was born in Liverpool, England, fanu- 
 ary 31, 1754 (new style), lie was the son of 
 Robert Morris, who came to America when his son 
 was of an early age and engaged in the tobacco 
 trade. 'The younger Robert Morris entered the 
 counting-house of Charles Willing and subsequently 
 became a partner in the firm ofWillingS Morris, 
 probably the best known importing house in the 
 Colonies. Morris took .\n active part in the oppo 
 
 sit ion to the Stamp Act, was a signer of the Non- 
 Importation Agreement, and in 1775 was n 
 Vice-President of the Committee of Safetj formed 
 for the defence of Pennsylvania. In the same 
 he was appointed one of the delegates to the Con- 
 tinental Congress by the Assembly of Pennsylvania. 
 and was made Chairman of the Secret Committee 
 whose function was to procure arms and ammuni- 
 tion. In April 1776 he was empowered by Con- 
 gress to negotiate bills of exchange and from that 
 time he became the chief financial agent of the 
 Colonies. When the Declaration of Independence 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS 
 
 was proposed he at first voted against it. thinking 
 that the time had not yet come to take such 
 de< nlecl measures but afterwards signed the docu- 
 ment in August 177 1 '. In December ol the same 
 year, General Washington sent word to Morris from 
 Trenton that he woul I be unable to hold the Conti- 
 nental \miv togethei unless .1 large amount ol 
 spec ie were at one c supplied. Morris borrowed 
 sum on his p. -is, mil credit and forwarded it to 
 Washington, and it is not too much to say that it 
 was his efforts which turned the tottering scale ol 
 the in.- of the Revolution in the direction ol sue 
 cess. In 1777 he was again sent is delegate to 
 Congress and declined the Presidentship of that 
 body, sen ing howevei on tin I tl 1 ol I om
 
 288 
 
 UNIl'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 merce, which had succeeded the Secret Committee. 
 He signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778, 
 and in 1780 organized the Bank of Pennsylvania 
 " to supply the army with provisions for two 
 months" and subscribed to it ^10,000. In 1781 
 he was chosen Superintendent of Finance under the 
 Articles and once more at a critical time he saved 
 the finances of the country and made possible the 
 military successes which brought the Revolution to a 
 successful conclusion. In addition he founded the 
 Bank of North America, the first incorporated 
 National Bank, and when the Assembly of Pennsyl- 
 vania annulled the Charter of the Bank he sought 
 and obtained a seat in the Assembly for the purpose 
 of securing a rescinding of this action. In 1 787 he 
 was one of the Convention which framed the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, and was the First 
 Senator of the United States from Pennsylvania. 
 President Washington offered him the Secretaryship 
 of the Treasury which he declined. After the end 
 of his term in the Senate, he speculated largely in 
 unimproved land, and was finally ruined through 
 the dishonesty of his partner. He was imprisoned 
 for debt from February 16, 1798, until August 26. 
 1801, and was allowed to remain in prison without 
 any assistance from the nation he had served so 
 well. Mr. Morris was married March 2, 1769,10 
 Marv White. He was a Trustee of the College of 
 Philadelphia from 1778 to the Union in 1791. He 
 died May 7, 1806. 
 
 Jersev, gratia; causa, in 1763. He studied law 
 under Hon. Benjamin Chew and was admitted to 
 the Bar in £761. His first public service was to 
 act as Secretary to a conference between the Gover- 
 nor and the Indians of the Lehigh region. In 
 1759 he became Secretary of the Library Company, 
 as also of the Vestry of Christ Church and Saint 
 Peter's, where he made use of his talent for music 
 by instructing the children in psalmody. He 
 visited England in 1766, and in 176S he married 
 Ann Borden of Bordentown. From this time on 
 he took an active part in the politics of his country. 
 
 HOPKINSON, Francis, 1737-1791. 
 
 Trustee 1778-1791. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1737 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1757; lawyer; member Provincial Coun- 
 cil of N. J., 1774-76; delegate to Continental Congress, 
 1776-77; signer Declaration of Independence; Chief 
 Navy Department of the Confederation and Treas. 
 Continental Loan Office ; Judge of the Admiralty, 
 1779-89 ; Trustee College of Philadelphia, 1778-gi ; 
 first Judge U. S. Dist. Court of Pa., 1790-91 ; author 
 of poems and various articles ; LL.D. College of 
 Philadelphia, 1790; died 1791. 
 
 FRANCIS HOPKINSON, LL.D., a graduate 
 of the first class to receive degrees from the 
 College of Philadelphia, and one of the most prom- 
 inent patriots in the Revolutionary War, was born 
 in Philadelphia, September 21, 1737, son of Hon. 
 Thomas and Mary (Johnson) Hopkinson. He 
 graduated from the College of Philadelphia in 1757, 
 and took the degree Master of Arts in 1760, and 
 that of Doctor of Laws in 1790, also receiving the 
 Master of Arts degree from the College of New 
 
 FRANCIS HOPKINS IN 
 
 In March 1772 he was made Collector of the Port 
 c-f Newcastle, and in 1774 he was appointed to a 
 seat in the Provincial Council of New Jersey. In 
 1776 he resigned all offices which were incompat- 
 ible with his allegiance to the Colonial party and 
 became a delegate to the Contine tal Congress. 
 As a member of this body he signed the Declaration 
 of Independence. In the same year he was ap- 
 pointed by Congress to " execute the business of 
 the Navy under their direction.'" All through the 
 war he was constantly writing prose and verse, 
 mostly of a satirical character, in support of his 
 political faith. The most famous of these articles 
 was the Battle of the Kegs, written in 17 7S, and 
 instantly achieving a widespread popularity. In
 
 i mi Knsrrr of PhXNsru .1x1.1 
 
 289 
 
 1779 he was appointed Judge of the- Admiralty from 
 Pennsylvania and be presided over this court until 
 Admiralty Jurisdiction became vested in the United 
 States. In 177S he became a Trustee of the 
 College of Philadelphia serving in that capacity until 
 his death. He was an active participator in tin- 
 debates of the Convention of 1787 which formed 
 the Constitution of the United States, and he pro- 
 duced at this time a humorous work, entitled The 
 History of a New Roof, which seems to have had 
 a great influence upon some of the most distinguished 
 men of the time. He died of apoplexy, May 9, 
 1791. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, James, 1752-1793. 
 
 Trustee 1779-89, Prof. Materia Medica and Chem. 1789-93. 
 Born in Bucks Co. Pa., 1752 ; educated at an academy 
 in Burlington, N. J., at a school in Virginia, and pos- 
 sibly in the College of Philadelphia ; received medical 
 degree from College of Philadelphia, 1774; studied 
 medicine in England, 1774-77 ; in medical service in the 
 patriot cause in America, 1777-81 ; active in Philadel- 
 phia in political affairs during the Revolution and 
 subsequently; held various medical appointments in 
 Philadelphia, 1777-93 ; Trustee of the University, 1779- 
 89 ; Prof, of Materia Medica and Chemistry. 1789-93 ; 
 one of the incorporators of the College of Physicians 
 of Philadelphia; died 1793- 
 
 JAMES HUTCHINSON, M.D., an influential 
 physician and patriot of Revolutionary times, 
 was born in Wakefield Township, Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, January 29, 1752. his father and 
 mother both being members of the S iciety of 
 Friends. His early education was obtained in an 
 academy at Burlington, New Jersey, and later in a 
 Virginia school, presumably at Alexandria. Ac- 
 cording to the family tradition he studied and ob- 
 tained the degree of Bachelor of Arts at the College 
 of Philadelphia, but there is no record of the fact 
 in existence. He did, however, obtain the degrei 
 of Bachelor of Medicine from the College accom- 
 panied by a gold medal for superior knowledge of 
 Chemistry in the year 1771. From 177.; to 1775 
 he was also Apothecary of the Pennsylvania Hos 
 
 pilal. lie then wenl aliio id, when- he Studied in 
 London under Mr. John Fothergill, He was n 
 called to Vrnerii a by the outbreak of the Revolution 
 and departed from England bj way of France in 
 1777. lie was there intrusted by Franklin with 
 important despatches to Congress. I lis vessel was 
 chased b\ .1 British warship and he only succeeded 
 in reaching the American coasl with his d< patches 
 by escaping under fire in an open boat, the passen- 
 
 VOL. I. — 19 
 
 ger \essel being subsequently captured with all his 
 personal belongings, including a medical library 
 which he had gathered in England and France. 
 He then served in the army as a Surgeon, with 
 two assistants in 1777 inoculating three thousand 
 four hundred ninety-six men while the army lay 
 at Valley Forge. In 1777 he was with General 
 Sullivan in the expedition against Rhode Island : 
 from 1 7 7 S to 1781, he was Surgeon of the Penn- 
 sylvania State Navy. He was a member of the 
 Philadelphia Committee of Safety after the c. 
 uation of that city by the British. He was active 
 
 JAMES urn HINSON 
 
 in all local political affairs at that time and a mem- 
 Ix 1 of the Committee of Correspondence of the 
 first Democratic Society formed in the United 
 States just before his death in 17'),?. He was one 
 of the physicians of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 
 1777 and again from 17711 '" '793- He and Dr. 
 Rush were the health officers oi the port of Phila 
 delphia from 1778 to 1793. He was a membei ol 
 the American Philosophical Society. His official 
 connection with the I niversity of Pennsylvania, 
 a connection which has been continued through 
 a line of descendants and representatives to the 
 present time, was begun in 1779 when he w 
 named as one of the Trustees of the University of the 
 Stati oi Pennsylvania in thi \c\ of Reorganization
 
 290 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of the institution. He served until 1781; he was 
 then elected Professor of the Practice of Medicine 
 but declined, as he did also an election to the Chair 
 of Materia Medica and Chemistry in 1783. He 
 accepted this latter position, however, on a re-elec- 
 tion in 17S9 after the old College authorities had 
 been reinstated, and held it also in the reunited 
 institution until his death. He was one of the in- 
 corporators and an officer of the College of Phy- 
 sicians of Philadelphia and has his name inscribed 
 on their tablet to their Fellows " Who have fallen 
 whilst in the performance of duty during pestilence 
 or war." His right to this honor arises from his 
 having contracted yellow fever in his charitable 
 practice (hiring the epidemic of that disease in 
 Philadelphia in the year 1793, dying of the attack 
 September 5, of that year at the age of forty-two. 
 Dr. Hutchinson was twice married ; first, to Lydia, 
 daughter of John Riddle and sister of Clement 
 Piddle, and second, to Sidney Howell also of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 MUHLENBERG, Frederick Augustus, 
 1750-1801. 
 
 Trustee 1779-1786. 
 Born in Montgomery Co., Pa., 1750 ; educated at 
 Univ. of Halle, Germany ; clergyman of the Lutheran 
 Church; member of Continental Congress, 1779; 
 Speaker of the Assembly, 1781-2 ; Register of Wills 
 and Recorder of Deeds for Montgomery Co., 1784; 
 member first four Congresses of U. S., and twice 
 Speaker; Trustee Univ. of State of Pa., 1779-1786; 
 died 1801. 
 
 FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, 
 Clergyman and Statesman, was born at the 
 Trappe, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, June 2, 
 1750, the son of Rev. Henry Melchior and Anna 
 Maria (Weiser) Muhlenberg. He was educated 
 at the University of Halle, Germany, returning 
 in 1770, when he was ordained to the ministry 
 of the Lutheran Church. From 1773 to 1775 he 
 was Pastor of the Church at Lebanon, Pennsylvania, 
 and then became Pastor of Christ German Lutheran 
 Congregation in New York City, which charge he 
 left in 1776 on account of his well known sympathy 
 with the Colonial cause, which made it impossible 
 for him to remain in New York. He had charges 
 at New Hanover, Oley and New Goshenhoppen 
 until 1779, when he left the ministry to enter the 
 political field, being chosen to the Continental Con- 
 gress in that year. In 1780 he was elected a 
 member of the Assembly of Pennsylvania and was 
 Speaker of that body in 17S1-17S2. Besides being 
 
 one of the first Justices of Montgomery county 
 he was also commissioned Register of Wills and 
 Recorder of Deeds in 1 7X4. He was President of 
 the Pennsylvania Convention to ratify the Federal 
 Constitution, and at the first election under the new 
 government he was elected to Congress on the 
 Anti-Federal ticket. He was Speaker of this Con- 
 gress and was re-elected to the Second, Third and 
 Fourth Congress. Governor McKean appointed 
 him in 1S00 Receiver-General of the Pennsylvania 
 Land Office He was a Trustee of the University 
 
 FREDERK K A. MII1I IX 1:1 RG 
 
 From an engraving made from painting tn possession of 
 the family 
 
 of the State of Pennsylvania from 1779 to 1786. 
 He died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the seat of 
 the State Government, June 4, 1S01. 
 
 CADWALADER, John, 1742-1786. 
 
 Trustee 1779-1786. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1742; non-graduate of Class of 
 1760, College of Philadelphia; merchant; member of 
 Committee of Safety, Philadelphia ; member Provi- 
 sional Congress and of Md. Legislature ; Brig. Gen. 
 in service of Pa. and Md. during Revolutionary War; 
 Trustee of the College of Philadelphia, 1779-86; died 
 1786. 
 
 JOHN CADWALADER, a Trustee of the Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, and one of the most 
 prominent Pennsylvanians during the Revolution, was
 
 UN ITERS I 'IT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 291 
 
 born in Philadelphia, January 10, 1742, son of Dr. 
 Thomas and Hannah (Lambert) Cadwalader. Ik- 
 entered the College of Philadelphia with the Class 
 of 1760, but did not graduate, leaving College to 
 enter mercantile life with his brother, Lambert 
 Cadwalader. He was one of the signers of the 
 Non-Importation Agreement and at the outbreak 
 of the war he commanded the Philadelphia "Silk 
 Stocking Company," officially known as the Third 
 Battalion of Associators. He was also a member of 
 the Committee of Safety. It was before this Bat- 
 talion that the Rev. William Smith, First Provost 
 
 ol the College of Philadelphia, delivered his cell 
 brated address in Christ Church in 1775. Being pro- 
 moted i" be Brigadier-General, he commanded the 
 Pennsylvania troops in the winter campaign of 1776. 
 General Cadwalader was at the head of the detach- 
 ment which crossed the Delaware River on Decern- 
 bei 27, 1776, and joined General Washington, 
 taking part in the Battle of Princeton. In his 
 ii to ( longress Washingti m " ( leneral 
 
 Cadwalader is a man of ability, a good disciplinarian, 
 1 man of good prim iples and of intrepid bravi ry." 
 In 1777 he was chosen by Congress Brigadier- 
 • renei il ol the < !a> dry of the United States, but 
 declined the appointment. He was, however, in- 
 1 in il in 1 .1 ■ inizing 1 he mi lit 1 1 of the Rastern 
 
 Shore of Maryland and afterwards rejoining \\ 
 ington's Army, took part in the Battles of Brandy- 
 wine, Germantown and Monmouth. He was 
 always an enthusiastic supporter of Washington, and 
 at the time of the " Conway Cabal," whose purpose 
 was the substitution of General Gates for General 
 Washing!. m as Commander-in-Chief, he fought a 
 duel with (leneral Conway, in which the latter was 
 dangerously wounded. This duel is referred to b) 
 Thackeray in The Virginians. In 1771; he became 
 a Trustee of the College of Philadelphia, and also 
 a member of the Legislature of Maryland. He was 
 married twice : to Elizabeth Lloyd of Maryland, 
 and Williamina Pond of Philadelphia. He died 
 February 10, 1786, at Shrewsbury in Kent county. 
 Maryland. 
 
 SMITH, Jonathan Bayard, 1742-1812. 
 
 Trustee 1779-1812. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1742; graduated Princeton, 
 1760 ; Sec. of Committee of Safety, 1775; member of 
 Continental Congress, 1777 ; Colonel of " Associators," 
 1777 ; Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, Quarter 
 Sessions, and Orphans Court, 1778 ; Trustee of the 
 University, 1779-1812 ; Auditor-General of Pa., 1794: 
 died 1812. 
 
 JONATHAN BAYARD SMITH, Member of the 
 t ontinental Congress and one of the Trustees 
 of the University of the State of Pennsylvania, was 
 born in Philadelphia, February 21, 1742, the son of 
 Samuel Smith, the well-known merchant. He was 
 educated at Princeton where he graduated in 1760. 
 He entered mercantile life. Mr. Smith was among 
 the fust Philadelphians who advocated t In- indepen- 
 dence of the Colonies. On the formation of the 
 Committee- of Safety in 1775. he was chosen Sec- 
 retary, and in February 1 777, he was chosen by the 
 Pennsylvania Assembly a delegate to the Continen- 
 tal Congress. He was Prothonotarj ol the Court 
 Ol Common Pleas from April 4. 1777, to November 
 13, 177S. It was he who presided at the memora- 
 ble public meeting of the " Real Whigs " in Phila- 
 delphia on December 1, 1777. wheie resolutions 
 
 were passed "That it be recommended to the 
 Couin il of Safet) that in this gre it emergency ever) 
 person between the age of sixteen .ml fifty years be 
 ordered out under arms." During 1777 Mr. Smith 
 was commissioned I ieutenanl Colonel ,,t ,1 battalion 
 of '■ \ ociators " under his brother-in-law, ( 
 John Bayard. He liter commanded a battalion. 
 In 177s he was appointed a Justice of the Court 
 of Common Pie, is, Quartei Sessions, and Orphans
 
 \()2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 Court, which post he held many years. Judge 
 Smith became in 1779 a member of the first Board 
 of Trustees of the University of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania. When the combination with the College 
 of Philadelphia was made in 1791 under the name 
 of the University of Pennsylvania he was elected by 
 the University of the State of Pennsylvania a Trus- 
 tee of the University of Pennsylvania and he held the 
 position until his death. In 1792 he was chosen 
 an Alderman, and in 1794 he was elected Auditor- 
 General of Pennsylvania. He had already, in 1781, 
 been one of the auditors of the accounts of the 
 Pennsylvania troops in the United States service. 
 From 1779 to 1808 he was a Trustee of Princeton. 
 He was for forty years a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society. He was a Grand Master 
 of Masons in Philadelphia and a Vice-President of 
 the Sons of Washington. He died in Philadelphia, 
 June 16, 1S12. 
 
 CLYMER, George, 1739-1873. 
 
 Trustee 1791-1813. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1739 ; merchant ; member Com- 
 mon Council of Philadelphia, 1767; Alderman, 1774; 
 member Committee of Safety, 1775-76: member Con- 
 tinental Congress, 1776-80; signer of Declaration of 
 Independence; member Assembly of Pa. 1785-88; 
 member Constitutional Convention and of First Con- 
 gress of U. S. ; Trustee of the University, 1791-1813 ; 
 died 1813. 
 
 GEORGE CLYMER, Congressman and Patriot 
 of the Revolution, was born in Philadelphia, 
 March 16, 1739, of English parentage. His father 
 having died when he was seven years of age, he 
 was educated by his uncle and entered the count- 
 ing-house of the latter. In 1767 he became a 
 member of the Common Council of Philadelphia 
 and was instrumental in refusing admission to the 
 tea sent from England in 1773. He was elected 
 an Alderman of the city in 1774, a member of the 
 Committee of Safety in 1775, and being chosen 
 a member of the Continental Congress in 1776, he 
 signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1777 
 he was again elected to Congress, and in 177S was 
 appointed one of the Commissioners to frame the 
 Indian Treaty at Fort Pitt. He was chosen Con- 
 gressman again in 1780 and about this time assisted 
 in organizing the Bank of North America. At the 
 close of the Revolution he removed to Princeton, 
 New lersev. but returning to Philadelphia shortly 
 after, he was elected to the Assembly, serving from 
 1785 to 1788. He was a member of the Conven- 
 
 tion which framed the Federal Constitution and in 
 November 1788, he was elected to the First Con- 
 gress of the United States. In 1791 he was ap- 
 pointed by President Washington a Collector of the 
 Excise, but this position proving disagreeable on 
 account of the insurrection he resigned in 1794. 
 In 1 791 he was chosen Trustee of the University 
 of Pennsylvania which position he held till his 
 death. He was appointed with Messrs. Pickens 
 and Hawkins in 1796 to negotiate a treaty with the 
 Creek and Cherokee Indians, which was consum- 
 mated in the same vear. After his withdrawal from 
 
 GEORGE CLYMER 
 
 public affairs he served as President of the Academy 
 of the Fine Arts and of the Pennsylvania Bank. He 
 died at Morrisville, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 
 January 23, 1813. 
 
 RITTENHOUSE, David, 1732-1796. 
 
 Professor 1779-81, Trustee 1779-80, Vice-Provost 1780-82. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1732; chiefly self-educated: 
 set up as an instrument maker, 1750; obtained high 
 imputation by the production of his orrery, 1755 ; mem- 
 ber and Pres. of the American Philosophical Society, 
 and recipient of higher degrees from several Colleges; 
 employed in running several early state boundaries; 
 held public positions under Pa. State government 
 during the Revolution and afterward ; Director of
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ■93 
 
 the U. S. Mint, 1792-95; Prof. Astronomy and Vice- 
 Provost, 1779-82 ; Trustee, 1782-96; died 1796. 
 
 DAVID RITTENH01 SE, LL.D., was born 
 near Germantown, Philadelphia, April 8, 
 1732. He was the son of Matthias Rittenhouse, 
 
 an emigrant from Holland who settled on the Wis- 
 sahickon, and Elizabeth (William or Williams) 
 Rittenhouse. They were married in October 172S. 
 David Rittenhouse was brought up on his father's 
 farm. In his eighteenth year he built a work-shop 
 by the side of the public road and set up business 
 as a maker of clocks and mathematical instruments. 
 When twenty-three years of age, he planned and 
 made an orrery by which the revolutions of the 
 heavenly bodies were presented more completely 
 than ever before. This was purchased by the Col- 
 lege of Xew Jersey, and he immediately made 
 another for the College of Philadelphia. He was 
 elected a member of the American Philosophical 
 Society, January 19, 1768, and was appointed one 
 of the Committee to observe the transit of Venus 
 on June 3, 1769, and the transit of Mercury on 
 November 9, of that year. His reports of these 
 events gave him a great reputation. He was em- 
 ployed in settling the boundaries between New 
 York and New Jersey in the same year, and after- 
 wards those between Pennsylvania and Virginia ; 
 Pennsylvania and New York, and New York and 
 Massachusetts. He was a member of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Constitutional Convention of July 15, 1 7 76, 
 and the Pennsylvania Board of War, March 14, 
 1777, and Treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 
 1789. He was appointed Director of the United 
 States Mint in 1792, ami continued to hold that 
 position until 1795, when he resigned on account 
 of ill health. His connection with the College of 
 Philadelphia began in the construction for it of the 
 orrery before alluded to, and in his voluntary care 
 given to the philosophical instruments used in ex- 
 perimentation in the courses on Natural Philosophy 
 given there. He was given the degree of Master 
 of Arts by this institution in 1767. When the I'ni- 
 versity was re-constructed in 1779 he had been 
 named is one of the new Trustees, but was instead 
 made Professor of Astronomy, and the next year 
 Vice-Provost. He resigned these positions in 1782, 
 and was then elected a Trustee. He also obtained 
 the degree of Master of Arts from the College of 
 New Jersey in 1772 and from William and Mary in 
 1784, and was made D01 tot of Laws by the College 
 of New Jersey in 1 788. In 1782 he was elected a 
 member of the Amerii an V ademy of Arts and 
 
 Sciences at Boston, and a fellow of the Royal 
 Society of London in 1795. He succeeded Dr. 
 Benjamin Franklin as President of the American 
 Philosophical Society, and held that office to the 
 time of his death, from i;.,i to 1796. He died in 
 Philadelphia, June 26, 1796, and was buried in the 
 graveyard attached to the Line Street Presbyterian 
 Church. He married, first, Eleanoi Colston, and 
 second, Hannah Jacobs of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 
 1 '1 1 trait on page 91.] 
 
 DAVIDSON, Robert, 1750-1812. 
 
 Professor Greek and Latin 1780-1782, History 1782-1784. 
 Born in Elkton, Md., 1750; received degree of A.B. 
 at College of Philadelphia, 1771 ; A.M., 1780; D.D., 
 1784; became a Presbyterian minister; Prof, of Greek 
 and Latin in Univ. of State of Pa., 1780-82; Prof, of 
 History, 1782-84; Prof, of History and Belles-Lettres 
 in Dickinson College, 1785-86; Pastor of a church in 
 Carlisle, Pa., and then President of Dickinson College, 
 1804-09; published several works; died 1812. 
 
 ROBERT DAVIDSON, D.D., was born in 
 Elkton, Maryland, in the year 1750. He 
 entered the College of Philadelphia, graduated 
 Bachelor of Arts in 1771, and was given the de- 
 gree of Master of Arts in 1 780, and in 1784 was 
 made a Doctor of Divinity by the same institution. 
 He was the Valedn tori. in of his class at graduation. 
 Later he studied for the Presbyterian ministry and 
 in due time was ordained. He was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of the Creek and Latin Languages in the 
 University of the State of Pennsylvania, which 
 represented the old College of Philadelphia, and 
 served from 1780 to 1782, when his title was 
 changed to Professor of History, the lirst and for a 
 long time the last instance of that title being used. 
 During this time he was connected with the First 
 Presbyterian Church as assistant to Lev. John 
 Swing, the Pastor, and Provosl of the University. 
 He resigned from the University in 1784 and was 
 elected Vice-President and Prof isoi ol Historj and 
 Belles Lettres in Dickinson College which had just 
 been established al Carlisle. Pennsylvania. He was 
 1'astor of a church in Carlisle and Moderator of the 
 Genera] Assembly in 1790. He was President ol 
 Dickinson College from 1804 to 1809, when he 
 resigned. He was elected a member ol the Vmeri 
 1 in Philosophical Society in 1783. He published 
 an Epitome of Geographj in verse, I he Christians 
 A. P..('.. New Metrii tl Version of the Psalms, be- 
 sides numerous articles on a variety of subjects. 
 Dr. ] »a\ idson died in ( Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Decern- 
 bei 13, [812. He was married three tunes, it is
 
 2 9 4 
 
 UNIJ'ERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 not known who was his first wife ; his second wife 
 w.is Margaret, daughter of Hon. John Montgomery 
 of Carlisle, Pennsylvania ; and his third wife was 
 Jane, daughter of Hun. William Harris. 
 
 KUNZE, John Christopher, 1744 1807. 
 
 Professor German 1780-1784. 
 Born in Artern, Germany, 1744; graduated Leipzig 
 Univ.; clergyman of Lutheran Church; Pastor St. 
 Michael's and Zion's Churches, Philadelphia; Prof. 
 German, Univ. of Pa., 1780-84; Pastor Trinity and 
 Christ Churches, New York, 1784-1807 ; Prof. Oriental 
 Languages Columbia. 1784-87 and 1792-99; died 1807. 
 
 JOHN CHRISTOPHER KUNZE, D.D., was 
 born in Artern. near Mansfield, Germany, 
 August 5, 1744. He received his early education 
 
 rOHN C. KUNZE 
 
 at the orphanage in Halle, then studied theology 
 at the University at Leipzig. Eor three years he 
 taught at Kloster Bergen and then received a call 
 to Philadelphia, where he was appointed second 
 Pastor of St. Michael's and Zion's Congregations in 
 1770. In 1 7 71 he married Margaretha Henrietta, 
 daughter of ihe Reverend H. M. Muhlenberg. 
 Shortly after this he founded a Lutheran Theo- 
 logical Seminary in Philadelphia, but this institution 
 was soon closed on account of the outbreak of the 
 Revolutionary War. In 1 -No he became Professor 
 
 of German in the University of Pennsylvania which 
 conferred upon him the honorary degrees of Master 
 of Arts in i 7S0 and of Doctor of Divinity in \ 783. 
 This was the first instance of a Doctorate of Divinity 
 being granted to a clergyman of the Lutheran 
 Church in this country. In 1 784 he resigned his 
 chair in the L<niversity and accepted the call of 
 the united churches of Trinity and Christ Church 
 in New York. He also became Professor of Oriental 
 Languages in Columbia, serving from 1784 to 1787 
 and again from 1792 to 1799. In 17S6 he re- 
 vived the New York Ministerium which had been 
 founded by his brother-in-law. Rev. Frederick A. 
 ('. Muhlenberg, in 1775. I >r. Kunze was the first 
 Lutheran Pastor who made provision for stated 
 English services. He translated the Catechism into 
 English and in 1795 issued the first English-Lutheran 
 hymn-book. He was also well known as a scientist, 
 publishing in 1S06 a new method for calculating 
 the eclipses. He was official translator for Con- 
 gress in 1785. Dr. Kunze died July 24, 1807. 
 
 MAGAW, Samuel, 1735-1812. 
 
 Professor Moral Philosophy 1782-1791, Vice-Provost 1782-1791. 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania, 1735; graduated in the first 
 class College of Philadelphia, 1757; A.M. in course; 
 Tutor in the College ; went to England to obtain ordi- 
 nation and returned to do missionary work ; Rector of 
 St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, 1781-1804; Prof, of 
 Moral Philosophy and Vice-Provost of the University, 
 1782-91 ; D.D. Univ. of Pa., 1783 ; died 1812. 
 
 SAMUEL MACAW, D.D., was born in Penn- 
 sylvania, probably in Cumberland county, 
 where his parents first settled, in 1735, an ^ died in 
 Philadelphia, December 1, 181 2. He was a mem- 
 ber of the first class graduated from the College of 
 Philadelphia in 1757, when he received the bacca- 
 laureate degree ; the Master's degree was conferred 
 in course in 1760. He was educated for a tutor- 
 ship at the suggestion of the College authorities, 
 and later studied divinity and went to England for 
 orders in 1767. On his return he became a mis- 
 sionary of the Society for Propagating the Gospel at 
 Dover and Duck Creek, Delaware, and was ap- 
 pointed Rector of St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, 
 in 1 781, which office he held until 1S04. He re- 
 ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 from the University of Pennsylvania in 17S3. Dr. 
 Magaw was Vice-Provost and Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy in the University, from 1782 to 1791 
 and when the union of the College and the Univer- 
 sity occurred in 1791 he was the only Professor in
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEX .Xsri.1,1 X LI 
 
 295 
 
 the Faculty of the latter who was not included in 
 the new combined body, his withdrawal being a 
 voluntary preference on his part that his friend Dr. 
 Andrews should be elected. He assisted Rev. 
 James Abercrombie, D.D., in founding the Academy 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. 
 He was elected a member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society in 17^4. Numerous sermons that 
 he preached on special occasions have been pub- 
 lished. Bishop White in his memoirs of the Pro- 
 testant Episcopal Church makes honorable mention 
 of the part which Dr. Magaw had taken in 1784 
 in the organization of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in the United States. He married Lucia, 
 daughter of Andrew Doz of Philadelphia. 
 
 SERGEANT, Jonathan Dickinson, 1746-93. 
 
 Trustee 1785-1793. 
 Born in Newark. N. J., 1746; graduated College of 
 N.J., 1762; graduated College of Philadelphia, 1763; 
 lawyer; Sec. and member N J. Provincial Congress; 
 member Continental Congress, 1775-76; Atty.-Gen. of 
 Pa., 1777-80; Trustee of the University, 1785-93; died 
 1793- 
 
 J I )\ Vl'HAX DICKINSON SERGEANT, Lawyer 
 and Statesman, and one of the founders of the 
 Republic, was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1746, 
 the son of Jonathan and Abigail (Dickinson) Ser 
 geant. He graduated from the College of New 
 Jersey (Princeton) in 1762, and then, entering the 
 College of Philadelphia graduated from that institu- 
 tion in 1 763, receiving the degree Master of Arts 
 from the College of New Jersey in 1 765 and from 
 the College of Philadelphia in 1771. He studied 
 law in the office of the Hon. Richard Stockton in 
 Princeton, New Jersey, and was admitted to the 
 Bar. Before he was twenty years of age we find 
 him taking an active part in the opposition to the 
 Stamp Act and in 1 774 In- was the Clerk of the New 
 Jersey Convention which elected delegates to the 
 ( 'out mental ( 'ongress. He became Secretarv of the 
 same Convention the nexl yeai and in 1776 he was 
 chosen a member of the Continental Congress, then 
 sitting in Philadelphia. He resigned this seat in 
 this body the same year lo become a member of the 
 Provincial Congress of New Jersey, believing tli it 
 he could better serve the interests of his country in 
 the latter office. He was instrumental in keeping 
 New Jersey loyal to tile Colonial c aiise and in 1 770 
 Was Otic Of a C milter to ll a me a ( 'nil sti tilt iol I I 1] 
 
 the new state. In November 177'' he was chosen 
 a delegate from New fersey to the Continental Con- 
 
 gress and in the next year he became a resident of 
 Pennsylvania. He was appointed Attorney-General 
 of Pennsylvania in 1777. ami held this office until 
 17S0 when he resigned. He was also a member of 
 the Committee of Safety and of the American Philo- 
 sophical So( iety. In 1785 he waselei ted a Trustee 
 of the University of the Si ite of Pennsylvania and 
 was re-elected after the union, serving till his death 
 October 8, 1793. This was due to yellow fever 
 which visited Philadelphia in that year, and to which 
 he fell a victim while serving on the Committee of 
 
 [ONATHAN D. 51 Rl il w I 
 
 Health, lie was married tune: liist to Margarel 
 Spencer in 1775, and second to Elizabeth Kitten 
 house in 1 788. 
 
 PATTERSON, Robert. 1743-1824. 
 
 Professor Mathematics 1782-1813. Vice-Provost 1810-1813. 
 Born in Ireland, 1743; emigrated to America, 1768; 
 Principal of a school in Wilmington, Del., 1774; Prof. 
 of Mathematics in the University, 1 782-181 3 ; Vice- 
 Provost 1810-13 ; officer in the Continental Atinv . 
 Director of the U. S. Mint ; A.M. and LL D. from 
 the University; Pres. of the American Philosophical 
 Society, in whose Transactions he published various 
 communications ; died 1824. 
 
 Rl (BERT PATTERS! >V II D., was bom in 
 the north of Ireland. May 30, 1713. He 
 emigi iii d to Philadi Iphi i in 1 768, and was ap
 
 zqb 
 
 UNITERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 pointed Principal of the Academy of Wilmington, 
 Delaware, in i 774. During the Revolution he acted 
 as Brigade Major in the Continental Army. He was 
 appointed Professor of Mathematics in the Univer- 
 sity in 1782, which position he held until 1813, 
 during the last three years of that period serving 
 also as Vice- Provost. In 1805 Professor Patterson 
 became Director of the United States Mint in Phila- 
 delphia. First admitted to the American Philo- 
 sophical Society in 1783, he was in 1S19, elected to 
 its Presidency, and remaining in that office until 
 1824, published various writings in the Transactions 
 
 ROBERT PATTERSON 
 From fainting at American Philosophical Society 
 
 of the society. He died in Philadelphia, July 22, 
 1824. Professor Patterson received the honorary 
 degree of Master of Arts, from the University of 
 Pennsylvania, in 1788, and that of Doctor of Laws 
 in 1 8 19. He was an Elder of the Scotch Pres- 
 byterian Church of Philadelphia for nearly half 
 a century. He married Ame Hunter Ewing of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 nental Congress, 1782; member Legislative Assembly 
 of Pa.; member Constitutional Convention, 1787; 
 member U. S. Congress, 1789-1795; Trustee of the 
 University, 1791-1811 ; founder of the Bank of No. 
 Amer. ; Pres. of Insurance Co. of No. Amer. ; died 
 1811. 
 
 THOMAS FITZSIMMONS, Congressman and 
 patriot, was born in Philadelphia in 1741, 
 of Irish parentage. His father, being a Catholic, 
 was forced to leave Ireland on account of proscrip- 
 tive laws. He engaged in mercantile pursuits and 
 having married a daughter of Robert Meade, he 
 formed a partnership with George Meade who 
 was one of the prominent ship owners of the city. 
 At the outbreak of the Revolution Mr. Fitzsimmons 
 took an active part on the Colonial side, raised and 
 commanded a military company, saw active service 
 in the campaign of 1776 and served on the Council 
 of Safety and the Navy Board in the defense of 
 Philadelphia. His house subscribed .£5000 in 
 1780 to supply the necessities of the army. In 
 1782 he was elected a member of the Continental 
 Congress and was constantly associated with 
 Hamilton, Madison and Carroll in planning ways 
 and means to meet the financial problems which 
 were distressing the country. After the conclusion 
 of the war he was for several years a member of the 
 General Assembly of Pennsylvania, and in 1787 he 
 sat as a member of the Federal Convention which 
 framed the Constitution of the United States. The 
 Constitution ratified and the government organized, 
 Mr. Fitzsimmons was elected by the City of Phila- 
 delphia a member of the House of Representatives. 
 He took a leading part in the deliberations of that 
 body, being one of the first to urge the laying of a 
 protective tariff on imports. He was always a 
 staunch Federalist, and was finally defeated for re- 
 election in 1 794 by the Democratic reaction. He 
 served as Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 from 1791 until his death, was a founder and Direc- 
 tor of the Bank of North America and President of 
 the Insurance Company of North America. He 
 died August 26, 181 1, and is buried in St. Mary's 
 Churchyard on Fourth Street below Walnut in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 FITZSIMMONS, Thomas, 1741-1811. 
 
 Trustee 1791-1811. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1741 ; merchant : Captain of 
 the Militia in War of the Revolution; member of the 
 Council of Safety and Navy Board; member Conti- 
 
 INGERSOLL, Jared, 1749-1822. 
 
 Trustee 1787-1800. 
 Born in New Haven. Conn.. 1749 ; graduated Yale, 
 1766; studied law at the middle Temple, London, 
 1766-70; delegate to the Continental Congress. 1780-81 ; 
 member U. S Constitutional Convention, 1787; Trus- 
 tee of the University, 1787-1800; candidate of Federal
 
 UNii'ERsrrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 297 
 
 Party for Vice-Pres. of U. S., 1812; Pres. Judge Dist. 
 Court of Philadelphia, 1820-22; died 1822. 
 
 JARED INGERSOLL, Jurist, was born in New 
 Haven, Connecticut, in 1749, the son of the 
 famous stamp-agent. He graduated at Yale in 1766 
 and then went abroad, studying almost five years at 
 the Middle Temple in London and over a year at 
 Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Benjamin 
 Franklin. Upon his return to Philadelphia he en- 
 tered the office of Joseph Reed, the distinguished 
 lawyer. Jared Ingersoll the elder was at this time 
 Admiralty Judge for the Colony of Pennsylvania. 
 
 JARl D [NG1 RS 'I I 
 From original pain 
 
 with his resilience in Philadelphia. At the outbreak 
 of the Revolution father and son parted, the fathei 
 holding fast in his allegiance to England and the 
 son espousing the cause of the Colonies. Jared In- 
 gersoll the younger soon took a prominent place in 
 the public life of Pennsylvania. He was a delegate 
 to the Continental O ingress in 1 780—1 7 Si , a repre- 
 sentative in the convention that framed the Federal 
 
 constitution in r 787, twice \u \ General of 
 
 Pennsylvania and United States District Vttorney, 
 besides receiving and declining the appointment of 
 Chief Judge of the Federal Court. Mr. Ingersoll 
 was a Trustee ol the University of Pennsylvania from 
 1787 until 1 >'.oi >, when he resigned. In [812 he 
 
 was the Federal candidate for the Vice-Presidency 
 of the United States but was defeated. From 1S20 
 
 until his death < >etober 31, 1X22, he u is President 
 Judge of the District Court of Philadelphia cotmn. 
 At the liar Mr. Ingersoll was noted as a brilliant 
 advocate — Horace Binney in his Leaders of the 
 Old Bar of Philadelphia declares that he never knew 
 a lawyer so quick to take advantage of an opponent's 
 slip or so plausible with a jury. 
 
 E 
 
 FOX, Edward, 1752-1822. 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer 1788-1822. 
 Born in Dublin, Ireland, 1752; Auditor-Gen. of 
 accounts between Congress and State of Pa., 1780; 
 Sec. and Treas. of the University, 1788-1822; died 1822. 
 
 DWARD FOX was bom in Dublin, Ireland, 
 
 in 1752, the son of Thomas and Elizabeth 
 (Fullerd) Fox. He was involved in political 
 troubles when he had scarcely turned twenty and 
 came to this country. At the time of his arrival in 
 America he was a young man of some means and 
 he brought letters of introduction to many promi- 
 nent people. He secured admission to the law- 
 office of Samuel Chase of Maryland as a student. 
 He was admitted to the Par but he did not practice 
 for any length of time. By 1777, he was living 
 in Philadelphia. In 17S0 he married Elizabeth 
 Sergeant, whose step-sister married Provost Lwing. 
 In 17S0 Mr. Fox acted as Auditor-General of ac- 
 counts between Congress and the State of Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1 7 s s he was elected Agent. Secretarj 
 and Treasurer of the University of the State of 
 Pennsylvania. After the consolidation of this insti- 
 tution with the College of Philadelphia he was 
 chosen as Se< retary and Treasurer of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, as the combined schools were 
 thereafter known, and held the office until the time 
 of his death. During all this time he managed the 
 pecuniary affairs of the University and kept the 
 minutes. In 1703 on the incorporation ol the 
 Lank of Pennsylvania Mr. Fox was ele< ted cashier. 
 He did not long retain this position, but resigned n 
 i" tccept that of Auclioneei for the district "t 
 Northern Liberties. Philadelphia, to which he was 
 appointed by Governor Mifflin. In 1796 he be- 
 came interested in the North American land Com 
 
 pan) and eventually lost all his money through 11. 
 In 1 7 « > • > he was commissioned Recorder of Heeds 
 for the City and Countv of Philadelphia and 1 1 
 tinned in this office until [809,' meanwhile doing a 
 brokerage busim is foi 1 tunc. In 1810, on the
 
 2 9 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 organization of the American Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany Mr. Fox was elected Secretary, retaining this 
 position up to the time of his death April n, 1822. 
 
 PETERS, Richard, 1744-1828. 
 
 Trustee I78g-:7gl. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1744 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1761 ; A.M., 1765; LL.D., 1827; admitted 
 to the Bar, 1763; Register of the Admiralty, 1771 ; 
 Captain of Provincial troops, 1775-76 ; Sec. of Con- 
 tinental Board of War, 1770-81 ; member Continental 
 Congress, 1782-83; Speaker of State Assembly, 1788- 
 90 ; Trustee of the University, 1789-91 ; Speaker of 
 State Senate, 1791 ; Judge of U. S. Dist. Court, 1792- 
 1828; died 1828. 
 
 RICHARD PETERS, LL.D., Jurist and Agri- 
 culturist, was bum June 22. 1744, at Bel- 
 mont, the country seat of his father. Judge l'eters. 
 in what is now Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Hi^ 
 mother was Mary Breintnall. He entered the Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia (now the University of Penn- 
 sylvania) in 1758 and graduated in 1761 as 
 Valedictorian. After graduation he studied law. 
 being admitted to the Bar in 1763. He received 
 the degree of Master of Arts from the College in 
 1765 and that of Doctor of Laws in i^- 1 ;. He 
 soon rose to eminence in his profession. In 1771 
 he became Register of the Admiralty, retaining this 
 post until the Revolution broke out. He com- 
 manded a company of provincial troops in 1775, 
 and on Line 13, 177'). was elected by Congress 
 Secretary of the Continental Board of War. Peters 
 discovered that Benedict Arnold was misusing 
 government funds and an attempt to stop this 
 robbery led to an open quarrel between him and 
 Arnold. In 1780 Peters was one of those who 
 subscribed $25,000 each to the Pennsylvania Bank 
 for the provisioning of the Continental Army. In 
 December 17S1, he resigned his post in the war 
 office, receiving a vote of thanks from Congress for 
 his services. He was a member of the Continental 
 Congress, 17S2-17S3, a member of the Assembly 
 in 1787. and Speaker of this body, 1788 1790. in 
 which capacity he and General Thomas Mifflin, the 
 Speaker of the State Senate, were the representa- 
 tives of Pennsylvania who met Washington as he 
 entered the state on his way to New York to be 
 inaugurated as first President of the United States. 
 Peters was a Trustee of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania from 1789 to 179T. In 1791 he became 
 Speaker of the State Senate. On the formation of 
 the Federal government he was tendered the Comp- 
 
 trollership of the Treasury but he declined it. He 
 was commissioned Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court for Pennsylvania April 11, 1792, and 
 held the office until his death. Judge Peters was 
 actively interested in farming, being one of the 
 founders and the first President of the Philadelphia 
 Agricultural Society. He held the Presidency until 
 his death. He entertained lavishly at Belmont, 
 and was celebrated as a wit over the wine. Judge 
 
 l!i IN. RICH IRD PETJ KS 
 
 From the painting .■/.■ possession of the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society 
 
 Peters published Admiralty Decisions of the District 
 Court of the United States for the Pennsylvania 
 Districts, 1 780-1807. He died August 22, 1828. 
 
 NIXON, John, 1733-1808. 
 
 Trustee 1789-1791. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1733; merchant; signer of the 
 Non-Importation Agreement, 1765 ; Lieut. -Col. Third 
 Battalion of Associators; member Committee of 
 Safety; first public reader of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, July 8, 1776; served in the Winter Campaign 
 of 1776-77; Pres. Bank of No. Amer.. 1792-1808 ; Mana- 
 ger Pa. Hosp., 1766-72 ; Trustee College of Philadel- 
 phia, 1789-gi ; died 1808. 
 
 JOHN NIX< )N, famous for having been the first 
 to read publicly the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, was born in Philadelphia in 1733. son oi
 
 UN ITERS I'll' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 299 
 
 Richard and Sarah (Bowles) Nixon. Hesucceeded 
 to tlie shipping business of his father after the 
 latter's death, in 1749. and at the age of twenty- 
 three became a Lieutenant in the Dock Ward 
 Company, a kind of Home Guard of the city. He 
 signed the Non-Importation Agreement in 1 765 
 and was active in opposition to the Stamp Act. 
 When the war began, lie became Lieutenant-Colonel 
 of the Third Battalion of ^ssoc iators, known as the 
 "Silk Stockings," of which John Cadwalader was 
 Colonel. He was also a member of the Committee 
 of Safety after October 177s;, and acted as Chair- 
 
 [OHN NIXON 
 
 man at most of its meetings, besides being placed 
 in command of tin- battalions which guarded the 
 city. The I 1. 1 1 nation of Independence having 
 
 been passed, < longress orden d il to be read public ly 
 in 1 ' h ol the 1 ites, and on July 8, 1776, Colonel 
 Nixon read the Declaration from the State House. 
 He took part in the Trenton and Princeton cam- 
 paigns at the head ol the Third Battalion, Colonel 
 Cadwalader having become 1 Brigadiei General, 
 and he is mentioned for gallantry in thi n porl oi 
 diose battles. In 1780 he was one of the sub- 
 scribers to the Pennsylvania Bank, formed for the 
 purpose of supplying the Vrmj of the 1 nited Si 
 with provisions. He b m 1 Directoi ol 1 tie 
 Dank of North America in 1784, ind in Jan 
 
 [79Z was elected President, which office he filled 
 until his death. In addition to this he filled many 
 positions of responsibility, being one of the 
 Auditors of Public Accounts, Treasurer of the 
 Society for the Encouragement of American Manu- 
 factures and the Useful Arts, and an Alderman of 
 Philadelphia. 1789 -1796. In 17X9 he was elected 
 a Trustee of the < ollege of Philadelphia and servi d 
 until the union of the College with the I nivi 
 of the State of Pennsylvania in 1791. He was a 
 Manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1766 ; and 
 again from 1768 to 1772. He married, October, 
 1765, Elizabeth Davis. He died December 31, 
 [808. 
 
 WISTAR, Caspar, 1761 -1818. 
 
 Trustee 1789-1791, Medical Professor 1791-1818. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1761 ; M.B. College of Philadel- 
 phia, 1782; M.D. Univ. of Edinburgh, 1786; Prof. Chem. 
 College of Philadelphia, 1789; Adjunct Prof. Anatomy, 
 Mid-wifery and Surgery, 1719-1808 ; Prof. Anatomy, 
 1808-18 ; Trustee College of Philadelphia, 1789-91 ; Pres. 
 Soc. for Abolition of Slavery, 1813-18; Pres. Araer. 
 Phil Soc, 1815-18; died 1818. 
 
 CASPAR WISTAR, M.l>., Collector of the 
 Wistar Museum Anatomical Collection at 
 the University of Pennsylvania, and founder of the 
 Wistar parties, was born in Philadelphia. September 
 13, 1 76 1 . His parents who were Friends, sent 
 him to the Penn Charter School. He was present 
 as a non-combatant at the Battle of Germantown, 
 where he ministered to the relief of the wounded. 
 It is said that the sights of the battlefield deter- 
 mined him to make medicine his life-work. lie 
 began his studies under Dr. John Redman as soon 
 as possible and secured the degree of Bacheloi of 
 Medicine from the University <>f Pennsylvania in 
 1782. Going abroad to complete his medical edu- 
 cation he studied at loud. .n. Dublin and Edin- 
 burgh, receiving the I »cn tc a oi Medicine degree from 
 the University of Edinburgh in 1 786. While in 
 Scotland he was foi two sua 1 trs President 
 
 of the Royal Medical Societj of Edinburgh, and 
 
 also Pn il lenl 1 if :tj P u the im e >tig ition of 
 
 natural history. He returned to Philadelphia in 
 fanuary 1787, and entered the practice of his pro- 
 fession. Hi was at 1 info d one' of the 
 physi< ians to the I lispen tr) ind almost at on< e he 
 
 n. i ill possession of a luge pile li' e. I le u.is 
 
 mi idi 1 rof ."i of Chi mistrj in the < 'olli ge of 
 Philadelphia in 1 789. In 1 791 on the 1 onsolida- 
 tion with the I nivi 1 itj ol the Si ite ol Pennsyl
 
 3°° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 vania he was elected Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, 
 Midwifery and Surgery. On the death of his asso- 
 ciate, Dr. William Shippen, Jr., in 1808, he was 
 chosen Professor of Anatomy and held the position 
 until his death. In 1789 Dr. Wistar became a 
 Trustee of the College of Philadelphia but retired 
 on the consolidation in 1791. He was for years 
 Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital, retiring in 
 1S10. A Fellow of the College of Physicians from 
 1787 he became one of its censors in 1794 and 
 held the position until his death. After eight years 
 membership in the American Philosophical Society 
 in 1795 he became Vice-President and in 1S15 on 
 the resignation of Thomas Jefferson as President Dr. 
 Wistar succeeded to the office. In 1813 on the death 
 of Dr. Benjamin Rush, Dr. Wistar became President 
 of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery and con- 
 tinued in the office until his death January 22, 1818. 
 During the years of his Professorship of Anatomy 
 at the University he was indefatigable in the col- 
 lection of anatomical specimens, many of which he 
 received from Leghorn, from the famous collection 
 of Mascagne. At the time of his death this collec- 
 tion was presented to the University of Pennsylvania 
 where it is preserved with the Hornor collection in 
 the Wistar Museum. Dr. Wistar's name is handed 
 down to posterity in two ways independent of its 
 association with medicine. The well-known climb- 
 ing vine, wistaria, was named in honor of him and 
 the " Wistar parties," still in vogue in Philadelphia, 
 perpetuate the remembrance of the social side of 
 his nature. It was his habit to throw open his 
 house once every week in the winter to all notable 
 in public life, science, art and literature then in 
 Philadelphia, whether citizens or travellers. These 
 assemblies in a modified form are still continued in 
 Philadelphia under the old name ''Wistar parties." 
 Dr. Wistar was married twice : first to Isabella Mar- 
 shall of Philadelphia, who died in 1790, and second 
 to Elizabeth Mifflin, a niece of Governor Mifflin. 
 [Portrait on page 97.] 
 
 Pres. of Congress, 1781 ; published the Laws of Pa., 
 1781 ; member of Pa. Constitutional Convention, 1789 ; 
 Gov. of Pa., 1799-1808; Trustee of Univ. of Pa., 1779- 
 1817; Pres. Board of Trustees, 1788-1791 ; LL.D. Col- 
 lege of N. J., 1761, Dartmouth 1782 and Univ. of Pa. 
 1785 ; died 1817. 
 
 THOMAS McKEAN, LL.D.. Governor and 
 Chief-Justice of Pennsylvania, was born in 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1734, son 
 of William and Letitia (Finney) McKean. After 
 receiving the elements of a good education, he 
 studied law and was admitted to practice before he 
 was of age. He afterward went to England and 
 
 McKEAN, Thomas, 1734-1817. 
 
 Trustee 1779-1817, President of Trustees 1788-1791. 
 Born in Chester Co., Pa., 1734; lawyer; Judge of 
 Common Pleas and Orphans' Court, 1765 ; member of 
 Stamp Act Congress. 1765; member Continental Con- 
 gress from Del.. 1774-83; Speaker of Del. Assembly, 
 1772; signer of the Declaration of Independence; 
 Colonel in the Revolutionary Army; author of Consti- 
 tution of Del., 1777; Chief-Justice of Pa., 1777; Pres. 
 of Del., 1777 : signer of Articles of Confederation, 1779 ; 
 
 I II< IM \> Mi Kl AX, LL.D. 
 
 studied at the Middle Temple in London, where he 
 was admitted in 1758. When but twenty-three he 
 was appointed Clerk of the Assembly of Pennsyl- 
 vania and in 1702 he was selected to codify ami 
 print the laws of the state. In 1762 he was elected 
 to the Assembly of Delaware from Newcastle county 
 and was returned for seventeen successive years. In 
 1763 he married Mary Borden and was thus brother- 
 in-law of Francis Hopkinson of the Class of 1757 
 of the College of Philadelphia. In 1765 he was a 
 member of the Stamp Act Congress and took a de- 
 cided stand against the King, being one of the Com- 
 mittee appointed to draw up resolutions to the 
 House of Commons. He represented Delaware in 
 the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1783,311(1
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENSS11J.I VIA 
 
 I 
 
 01 
 
 during this time was also Speaker of the Delaware 
 Assembly ami took an active part in tin- Convention 
 which framed the Declaration of Independence. It 
 was as a result of his urgent message that Cesar 
 Rodney made his famous ride to Philadelphia in 
 time to cast the vote of Delaware in favor of the 
 Declaration. His service in the Revolution was not 
 confined to civil life, as he headed a regiment which 
 served under Washington in New Jersey in 1776. 
 During his absence in the army he had been elected 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1 tela 
 ware, and on his return he wrote the entire Con- 
 stitution in a single night. The next day it his 
 unanimously adopted. In 1 77 7, under this Consti- 
 tution, he became President of Delaware. In the 
 same year he also became Chief-Justice of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in which office he remained for the following 
 twenty-two years. He added to these duties assist- 
 ance in the preparation of the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion, which he signed in behalf of Delaware in 1779. 
 In 1781 he was elected President of Congress, and 
 not content with filling two surh high offices as this 
 and the Chief-Justiceship of Pennsylvania at once. 
 he published the Laws of Pennsylvania in the same 
 year. In 1779 he became a member of the Boartl 
 of rrustees of the University of the State of Penn- 
 sylvania, and at the Union in 1 79 1 with the College 
 of Philadelphia he was chosen again as a Trustee of 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He was President of 
 the Hoard from 17.SN to 1791. In (789 he assisted 
 in preparing a Constitution for the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and in 1799 he was elected Governor of the 
 state. He was twice re-elected, serving until 1808, 
 and showed on many occasions remarkable strength 
 of character in dealing with the opposition which a 
 man of his pronounced views and determined nature 
 naturally encountered. He was threatened with 
 impeachment during his last term but the motion 
 was finally defeated. He received the honorary 
 degree of Master of Arts from the College of Phila- 
 delphia in 1763, and that of Doctor of Paws from 
 the College of New Jersey in 1 7 .S 1 , from Dartmouth 
 College in 1782, and from the University of the 
 State of Pennsylvania in 1785. He was a membei 
 of the Society of the Cincinnati and the \111e1iean 
 Philosophical Societj ind the firsl President of the 
 Hibernian Society. McKean County in Penn- 
 sylvania and McKean Street in Philadelphia are 
 
 named after him. 1 le was joint author of the ( '0111- 
 
 mentaries on the Constitution in 1700. His firsl 
 wife having died in 1773, he married Sarah Vrmitage 
 
 of Newcastle, lie died June • 1, [817. 
 
 CARSON, John, 1752-1794. 
 
 Trustee 1791-1794. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1752 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1771 ; graduated, M.D., Edinburgh, 1776 ; 
 incorporator and original fellow of the College of Phy- 
 sicians, 1787; Trustee of Univ. of Pa., 1791-94; Prof. 
 Chem., 1794; died 1794. 
 
 JOHN CARSON. M.D., was horn in Philadel- 
 phia, November 1 j, 1752. lie- -on of William 
 and Mary Carson, lie entered the University of 
 Pennsylvania (then the College of Philadelphia) in 
 1768 and graduated in the Class of 1771. His 
 father, an Irishman from Antrim, believed in the 
 
 h >n\ 1 ARSON 
 
 educational institutions of the old country ami sent 
 him over to Edinburgh for his medii al education. 
 There he graduated in 177''- \.a Attending Physi 
 cian at the Philadelphia I >is] lensai \ . he was on 
 February 24, 1786, appointed one ol the o immittee 
 to draw up "rules for the regulation of the dispen 
 
 siiv." lie resigned from the dispensary May -'. 
 
 1 7S7. He was an incorporator and original fellow 
 of the College of Physicians, tn the yeai of his 
 death, 1794, while serving as Trustee '>i the I ni 
 versitj ol Pennsylvania, a position he had held 
 1701, he was elected to the Chair of Chemistry in 
 thai institution. Hi. Carson was a membei of the 
 American Philosophii il Society and Surgeon of the 
 First Troops Philadelphia City Cavalry. He was
 
 3° 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 also a member of the Hibernian Society and one of also as a writer. He wrote frequently for periodicals 
 
 its first two physicians. He married Agnes, daugh- and was for a time Editor of the Columbian Maga- 
 
 ter of John Hunter of Edinburgh, Scotland. He zine. In January 179 1, he was appointed Secretary 
 
 died October 26, 1794, in Philadelphia and was of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and in De- 
 
 buried in the churchyard of the Second Presby- 
 terian Church on Arch Street above Fifth. 
 
 DALLAS, Alexander James, 1759-1817. 
 
 Trustee 1794-1817. 
 Born in the Island of Jamaica, 1759; studied law in 
 London ; removed from Jamaica to Philadelphia, 1783 : 
 admitted to the Bar, 1785; Sec. of Pa.. 1791 ; Trustee 
 Univ. of Pa., 1794-1817; U. S. Dist. Att. for Eastern 
 Dist. of Pa., 1801-14; Sec. of the U. S. Treasury, 1814- 
 16 ; died 1817. 
 
 ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, Secretary of 
 the United States Treasury, was born in the 
 Island of Jamaica, June 21, 1759. He was sent by 
 
 ALEXANDER J. DALLAS 
 
 his father, a Scutch physician, to Edinburgh for his 
 education. While studying there and at Westmin- 
 ster under James Elphinston. Mr. Dallas became a 
 friend of Dr. Johnson ami of Benjamin Franklin. 
 After completing his law studies in London, Mr. 
 Dallas returned to Jamaica in 1780 but in 17S3 he 
 removed to Philadelphia. He took the oath of 
 allegiance in June 17S3, and two years later was 
 admitted to practice in the United States courts. 
 Mr. Dallas soon became prominent as a lawyer and 
 
 cember 1793, his commission was renewed. He 
 was again appointed in 1796 and held the office until 
 Thomas Jefferson became President in 1S01 and 
 appointed him United States District Attorney for 
 the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. This office he 
 held until 16' 14 when he was called into the Cabinet 
 as Secretary of the Treasury by President Madison. 
 His administration of the department was able and 
 energetic. After March 1.S15, he discharged the 
 duties of Secretary of War as well as those of Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury. He retired from office in 
 November 18 (6, and returned to the practice of law 
 in Philadelphia. Besides law reports and treasury 
 reports Mr. Dallas was the author of several books, 
 and he left unfinished at his death a History of 
 Pennsylvania. Mr. Dallas was a Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania from 1794 to 181 7. He 
 di :d January 14, 1S1 7. 
 
 WOODHOUSE, James, 1770-1809. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1795-1809. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1770; A.B. Univ. of Pa., 1787. 
 and M.D., 1792; Surgeon General St. Clair's expedi- 
 tion, 1791 ; Prof. Chemistry at the University, 1795- 
 1809 ; died 1809. 
 
 JAMES WOODHOUSE, M.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, November 17, 1770, the son of 
 John and Sarah (Robinson) Woodhouse. He re- 
 ceived his collegiate education at the University of 
 the State of Pennsylvania, graduating as Bachelor 
 ot Arts in 17S7. He studied medicine with Dr. 
 Rush, and graduated in 1792, as Doctor of Medicine, 
 at the first commencement after the union of the 
 Medical Schools of the College of Philadelphia and 
 the University of the State of Pennsylvania. Before 
 his graduation he served in the army as a medical 
 assistant, taking part, in 1791. in General St. Clair's 
 unfortunate campaign against the western Indians. 
 While studying medicine the attention of Dr. Wood- 
 house was especially directed to the chemistry of 
 medicine, in which he acquired a considerable rep- 
 utation even before graduation, and he continued 
 his studies in this direction. The Chair of Chemistry 
 at the University, left vacant by the death of Dr. 
 Hutchinson in 1793. was early in 1794, conferred 
 upon Dr. John Carson, a member of the Board of 
 Trustees, but Dr. Carson dying before he could oc- 
 cupy it. Dr. Priestley was called upon to fill it. He
 
 L'M/ KRS/'Jl' OF PEAiXS)/J./\/.l 
 
 declined and a Struggle ensued between l>r. Wood- 
 house and Dr. Adam Seybert, resulting in the selec- 
 tion, in 1795, "I" "''• VVoodhouse. lie filled the 
 chair with great distinction until his death in 1809, 
 
 [AMI 5 WOODHOl SE 
 From canvas in 1/ dical Department of the University 
 
 when he was succeeded by Dr. John Redman Coxe. 
 Dr. Woodhouse is said to have been the first to 
 demonstrate the superiority of Pennsylvania anthra- 
 cite coal over the bituminous coals of Virginia for 
 intensity and regularity of heating power. He be- 
 came a member of the American Philosophical 
 Si » iety in 1 79(1, was one of its Secretai ies and Coun- 
 cillors and contributed frequently to its publications 
 as well as to those of many other scientific bodies. 
 Among his works are : a Dissertation on the Chem- 
 ical and Medical Properties of the Persimmon Tree, 
 his graduation thesis, 1792; Observations on the 
 Combinations of .V ids, Hitters and Astringents, 
 1793, and Experiments and Observations in the 
 \ egetation of Plants. He died in Philadelphia, June 
 4, 1S09. 
 
 RAWLE, William, 1759-1836. 
 
 Trustee 1794-1836. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1759 ; completed law studies 
 at Middle Temple, London, 1782; admitted to Bar in 
 Philadelphia, 1783 ; member of Assembly, 1789 ; U. S 
 
 Dist. Atty. for Pa., 1791-1800; Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity, 1794-1836; Pres. Historical Society of Pa., 1824-36; 
 revised the civil code of Pa., 1830; LL.D. Princeton, 
 1827, and Dartmouth, 1828; died 1836. 
 
 WILLIAM RAWLE, LL.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, April 28, 1759. the onl) 
 of Francis and Rebecca (Warner) Rawle. lb 
 a L;re, it grandson ol Francis Rawle who came to 
 Philadelphia in 16S6 to escape religious persecution 
 in England. William Rawle was brought up in 
 Qu .< 1 beliel 1 a his ancestors, and wa edui 
 the Friend's V idemy in I'm! idelphi 1. 1 1 1 
 died when he was but two years old. His step- 
 
 fathet being loyalist he was taken to New N"ii. 1 11 
 
 the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British and 
 there he began the study of law under Counsi 
 Kempe. He left New York for England in 1781 
 and was admitted to the Middle Temple when he 
 completed his law studies. \I1.1 travelling on 
 the continent he returned to Philadelphia, Januarj 
 1783, and was admitted to the Bar, September 1;. 
 17.S3, two months before his marriage to S 
 Coates Burge. In 1786 he was elected a member 
 of the American Philosophical Society and Seen 
 tarj oi ih" Library Company. It was not Ion- iftei 
 his admission lo the P. ir that he attained a reputa- 
 tion as a lawyer. In October 1789 he « 
 a member of the Stan- Assembly as > Fedet 
 In 17X7 he ha'l joined the Society for Poli 
 Inquiries which met at Franklin's house, but practi- 
 cal polities weic not lo Ins mind and he refused a re- 
 eld Hon 10 the Assembly. Mr. R twle \\ is appoi 
 United States District Attorney for Pennsylvania in 
 171)1 and while in this office, which he held until 
 1S80, he in 1794 and 1 79.S prosecuted the off n 
 in the western whiskey riots, lb was a Trustee 1 
 the University of Pennsylvania, 1794-1836. \' 
 the incorporation of the Law Academ) of Philadel- 
 phia in 1821 he was chosen its first Vice President. 
 In 1822 he was made Chancellor ol the Associated 
 Members of the Bar of Philadelphia, and upon 
 union in 1827 with the Paw PibriM Compan; 
 Philadelphia under the n ime of the 1 iw Association 
 oi Philadelphia he was elected < lhancellor ol 
 
 new institution and held the office until his death. 
 
 I le was one of the founders of the Hisl 
 
 of Pennsylvani 1 in 182 1 and its i'n a Pi I le 
 
 twice declined the position of President Judge ol 
 
 the District Court of Philadelphia county, lb 
 
 attorney and i ounsi I fot 1 long period o I 
 
 of the I nii'M Si ins. II was 1 promin 
 
 tionist and for mam ye trs the Pn
 
 3°4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Abolition Society. In 1S30 together with Thomas death he removed to Frederickstown, Maryland, 
 I. Wharton and Joel Jones, Mr. Rawle revised the where his brother was living. Professor Thomson 
 civil code of Pennsylvania. Besides legal reports became a member of the American Philosophical 
 and addresses he wrote biographical sketches and Society in 1818. He was granted the honorary 
 religions essays. His culture and position at the degree of Master of Arts by the University of 
 
 Pennsylvania in 1807. His wife was Mary, daugh- 
 ter of Professor James Davidson, A.M., the last 
 Rector of the Academy of Philadelphia and Pro- 
 fessor of (Ireek and Latin Languages at the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. Professor Thomson died at 
 Frederickstown in 1847. 
 
 WILLIAM RAW 1,1 
 
 Bar were recognized by Princeton which gave him 
 the degree of Doctor of Laws in 1S27. In 1828 
 Dartmouth conferred on him the same degree. 
 He died April 12, 1S36. 
 
 THOMSON, James G., 1777- 1847. 
 
 Prof Greek and Latin 1802-28. 
 Bom at Carlisle. Pa., 1777 ; graduated Dickinson 
 College, 1797; A.M. 1802; hon. A.M. University of Pa., 
 1807; Prof of Greek and Latin Languages, Univ. of 
 Pa., 1802-28 ; member American Philosophical Society ; 
 died 1847. 
 
 JUKES G. I IK >MS< IN, A.M.. was born in Car- 
 lisle, Pennsylvania, in 1777. He attended 
 Dickinson College from which he received the de- 
 grees of Bachelor of Arts in 179- and Master of 
 Arts in 1802. In 1802 he was elected Professor 
 of Creek and Latin Languages in the University 
 of Pennsylvania which position he occupied until 
 [828, when he resigned and devoted the re- 
 mainder of his life to agriculture, principally at 
 Hartsville, Pennsylvania. A few years before his 
 
 TILGHMAN, William, 1756-1827. 
 
 Trustee 1802-1827. 
 Born in Talbot Co., Mil., 1756; educated at College of 
 Philadelphia, 1769-82; admitted to the Bar in Md., 
 1783 ; member Md. Legislature, 1788-91 ; member Md. 
 Senate 1791-93; Chief Judge U. S. Circuit Court, 1801- 
 02 ; Trustee of Univ. of Pa.. 1802-27 ; Chief-Justice Pa. 
 Supreme Court. 1805-27 ; Pres. American Phil. Soc, 
 1824-27 ; died 1827. 
 
 WILLIAM TILGHMAN, Jurist, was born at 
 Fausley, Talbot county, Maryland, August 
 12, 1756, the son of James Tilghman, the coun- 
 cillor, and Anne (Francis) Tilghman, a cousin of Sir 
 Philip Francis, reputed author of the Junius Letters. 
 When he was about seven years old he was placed 
 at the Academy, an adjunct of the College of Phila- 
 delphia. Here he remained until his fourteenth 
 year when he passed into the College Department. 
 He left College before graduation, and in 1772 
 entered the law-office of Benjamin Chew. In De- 
 cember 1776, he went down to Maryland and here. 
 at his father's estate in Chestertown he spent the 
 war time, emerging in 1 7S3 to be admitted to the 
 Bar in Maryland. His first ten years of practice 
 were spent in Maryland, where he sat in the State 
 Legislature, 1 788-1 791, and in the State Senate 
 1 791-1793. He served as an Elector from Mary- 
 land in 17S9. In 1793 he returned to Philadelphia 
 and practiced there until his elevation to the bench. 
 He married July 1, 1794, Margaret Elizabeth Allen. 
 His first judicial office was that of Chief Judge of 
 the United States Circuit Court for the circuit in- 
 cluding Pennsylvania, to which he was appointed 
 by President Adams. The office was abolished in 
 1802 and Judge Tilghman returned to the practice 
 of his profession. This same year, 1S02, he be- 
 came a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 and held the position until his death in 1S27. In 
 1S05 he was appointed President of the Court of 
 Common Pleas of Philadelphia county, and in 1S06,
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3°5 
 
 through the instrumentality of his cousin, Edward ceiver-General and Keeper of the (Ireat Seal of the 
 
 Tilghman, the distinguished lawyer, who had him- 
 self declined the position, he was made Chief- 
 Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. In 
 
 WILLIAM TILGHMAN 
 
 From painting at American Philosophical Society 
 
 1S00 in compliance with the direction of the State 
 Legislature he set to work on a series of reports on 
 the English statutes in force in Pennsylvania. This 
 is his most important legal work. Judge Tilghman 
 freed his own slaves by a plan of emancipation, but 
 he would never, because of his position on the 
 bench, come out as an active anti-slavery worker. 
 He was President of the American Philosophical 
 Society from 1824 to 1S27. He died in Philadel- 
 phia, April 30, 1.S27. 
 
 Province of Pennsylvania and after the Revolution 
 the agent for the Penn estates. He entered the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1 7.S2 and graduated 
 in 1785. He at once began the study of medicine 
 under Dr. Adam Kuhn, then Professor of the Tin or} 
 and Practice of Medicine in the University, at the 
 same time attending lectures, but he did not take his 
 Bachelor of Medicine degree from this institution. 
 In 17SS he went to London and became the pupil 
 of the famous Dr. John Hunter. In London he ilso 
 attended lectures by all the great physicians of tin- 
 day, among them the Cruikshanks, Home, Clarke, 
 Baillie and Osborne. Dr. Hunter soon made him 
 House-Surgeon in St. George's Hospital, which po- 
 sition he held for a year. ( >u leaving he received 
 the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 
 1 79 1 he went to Edinburgh University and received 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine there in 1792. 
 Returning to Philadelphia he was hardly established 
 in practice before the terrible yellow fever epidemic 
 of 1 70 3 broke out. He at once volunteered for 
 
 11111 [p s. PHYSH k 
 Prom canvas in Medical Department of th Un 1 
 
 PHYSICK, Philip Syng, 1768-1837. 
 
 Professor Surgery and Anatomy 1805-1837, Emeritus 1831-1837. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1768 ; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1785; M.D. Edinburgh Univ. 1792; Prof. 
 Surgery Univ. of Pa., 1805-19; Prof. Anatomy, i8ig-3i ; 
 Pres. Philadelphia Med. Soc, 1824 ; Emeritus Prof. 
 Surgery and Anatomy at the University, 1831-37; died 
 
 l8 37- service and was elected Physician to the Yellow 
 
 I"JHILIP SYNC, PHYSICK, M.D., was bom in Fever Hospital at Bush Hill. In ■ 70 1 he was 
 
 Philadelphia, July 7, 1768, the son of Edmund appointed Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Hospital 
 
 and Abigail (Syng) Physick. His father was Re- and Physician to the Almshouse Infirmary. In 
 
 VOL. I. — 20
 
 !o6 
 
 UNIIERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 i 798 when another yellow fever epidemic occurred of Pennsylvania. Mr. Binney's attention to business 
 
 Dr. Physick resumed his old post at Bush Hill and legal literature was so close that his health 
 
 Hospital and was attacked by the disease as in the broke down in 1830. He retired from active 
 
 previous visitation. For his services in these two practice of the law but was soon as busy as ever 
 
 epidemics Dr. Physick, after the subsidence of the in running for Congress. He accepted the nomi- 
 
 second, received public recognition. In 1800 he nation as a protest to President Jackson's hostility 
 
 consented to lecture on surgery before the students to the United States Bank. The veto of the bill 
 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, although there to recharter this institution aroused great indigna- 
 
 was no separate Chair of Surgery in the Faculty, tion in Philadelphia. Mr. Binney, on election to the 
 
 The Trustees recogni/.ed his work in 1805 by creat- 
 ing a Chair of Surgery and asking him to fill it. 
 This chair he held until 18 19, when he was trans- 
 ferred to the Professorship of Anatomy, in which he 
 continued until 1831, when he was made Emeritus 
 Professor of Surgery and Anatomy. Of Dr. Phy- 
 sick's many famous operations perhaps the most 
 famous was that of lithotomy on Justice Marshall 
 in 1 83 1, when the justice was seventy-six and the 
 doctor was sixty-three. It was entirely successful. 
 Dr. Physick was a member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society from 1S02, President of the Phila- 
 delphia Phrenological Society in 1822, President of 
 the Philadelphia Medical Society in 1S24, a mem- 
 ber of the Academy of Medicine of France from 
 1825 and an honorary fellow of the Royal Medical 
 and Chirurgical Society of London from 1836. He 
 married Elizabeth Emlen in 1800. He died De- 
 cember 15, 1837, in Philadelphia. 
 
 BINNEY, Horace, 1780-1875. 
 
 Trustee 1806-1836. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1780; graduated Harvard, 1797: 
 admitted to the Bar, 1800 ; member of the State Legis- 
 lature, 1806-07; Trustee of the Univ. of Pa., 1806-36; 
 member of Congress, 1832-34; died 1875. 
 
 HORACE BINNEY was born in Philadelphia. 
 January 4, 17S0. the son of Dr. Barnabas 
 Binney, Surgeon in the Revolutionary Army, and 
 Mary (Woodrow) Binney. At eight years of age 
 he was sent to a classical school in Bordentown, 
 New Jersey, where he prepared for Harvard, enter- 
 ing that College in 1793. He graduated in 1797 
 and at once went into the law-office of Jared Inger- 
 soll. He secured admission to the Bar in 1800. 
 and it was not long until he was looked upon as one 
 of the leaders of the Philadelphia Bar. He was 
 elected to the State Legislature in 1806, but served 
 only one year and declined a re-election. His 
 legal business had by this time grown very large, 
 but he found leisure between 1807 and 1814 to pub- 
 lish six volumes of decisions of the Supreme Court 
 
 Twenty-third Congress, was conspicuous in the de- 
 bate on the question of the removal of the United 
 States deposit from the bank. At the end of his 
 
 HORACE BINNEY 
 
 term in Congress he declined re-election and gave 
 up what little practice he retained at the time his 
 health broke down in 1830. In 1836 he resigned 
 as Trustee of the University to which position he 
 had been elected in 1806. He still, from time to 
 time, gave written opinions upon legal questions. 
 Mr. Binney's final appearance at the Bar was a 
 memorable one. In 1844 he was matched against 
 Webster in the famous Graid will case. The Su- 
 preme Court of the United States maintaining the 
 validity of the will, Mr. Binney's triumph over 
 Webster was complete. Mr. Binney devoted the 
 remainder of his long life to writing and study, 
 dying at the great age of ninety-five, August 1 2,
 
 UNI VERS I T2 ' OF PENNSTU 'ANIA 
 
 3°7 
 
 COXE, John Redman, 1773-1864. 
 
 Trustee 1806-1809, Professor in Medical Department from 1809. 
 
 Born in New Jersey, 1773 ; studied at Univ. of Edin- 
 burgh ; graduated Med. Dept. Univ. of Pa. ; Phys. of 
 the Port of Philadelphia, 1798; Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity, 1 806- 1 809 ; Prof, of Chem. Med. Dept., 1809; Prof. 
 Materia Medica and Pharmacy, 1819 ; Editor of Medi- 
 cal Museum and author of works on medicine ; died 
 1864. 
 
 JOHN REDMAN COXE, M.I)., was bom in 
 New Jersey in 1773. He went to England 
 in 1783 and obtained his classical and a portion 
 of his medical education in that country and in 
 
 Jl IHN R. L'l iXE 
 
 Scotland, taking medical lecture-, in Edinburgh. 
 Returning to America in 1790, he graduated at 
 the University of Pennsylvania in the Department 
 of Medicine. After graduation he studied for some 
 time in the hospitals of London and I'ans, and 
 returning to Philadelphia in 1797, became one of 
 the resident physicians of Hush Hill Hospital. lb- 
 was appointed Physician to the Port of Philadelphia 
 in 1 70S, and was pined upon the medical staff of 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital in [802, from which he 
 resigned in 1807. In 1809 he became Professor 
 of Chemistry in the Medical School of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania and in 1819 was transferred to 
 the ('hair of Materia Medic a and Pharmacy. He 
 was the Editor of the Medical Museum, the first 
 medical journal to be uniformly issued in the City 
 
 of Philadelphia. He also edited The American 
 Dispensary and a Medical Dictionary in 1808. He 
 was the author of an Exposition of the Works of 
 Hippocrates and an Essay on the Origin of the Dis- 
 covery of the Circulation of the Blood. He was 
 much interested in the cultivation of the Jalap Plant, 
 and in the progress of vaccination, performing some 
 of the first operations of that practice in this country. 
 At the time when the wisdom of substituting vaccina- 
 tion for inoculation was still doubtful in the public 
 mind he successfully vaccinated his own child, then 
 an infant, and exposed him afterwards to the influ- 
 ence of small pox. Dr. Coxe was a Trustee of the 
 University from 1806 to 1809. He died March 22, 
 1864. 
 
 MEREDITH, William Tuckey, 1772-1844. 
 
 Trustee 1809-1840. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1772; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1790; lawyer; Pres. Schuylkill Bank, 
 1814; member of Common and Select Council; City- 
 Solicitor of Philadelphia, 1811-13; Trustee Univ. of 
 Pa., 1809-40; died 1844. 
 
 WILLIAM TUCKEY MEREDITH, City 
 Solicitor of Philadelphia, was born in 
 Philadelphia, Decembers, ^72, the son of Jonathan 
 and Elizabeth Meredith. He was educated at the 
 College of Philadelphia, graduating in 1790, and 
 afterward studying law, being admitted to the Bar 
 in 1795. I' 1 me same year he married Gertrude 
 Governeur Ogden. Mr. and Mrs. Meredith were 
 both contributors to The Portfolio, a paper edited 
 by Dennie, and formed a part of the literary coterie 
 of which the magazine was the expression. In 
 1814 Mr. Meredith became President of the Schuyl- 
 kill Bank, and gave up the active practice of his 
 profession for a time. He was also a member of 
 Common Council and later of Select Council and 
 served as City Solicitor from 181 1 to 1S13. He 
 was Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 
 1809 to 1840, a Director of the Academy of Fine 
 Arts and a member of the Philosophical Society, 
 the Hand-in-Hand Lire Company and the Wistar 
 Club. He was twice stricken with paralysis and 
 died September :<>. 1844. 
 
 PATTERSON, Robert Maskell, 1787-1854. 
 
 Vice-Provost 1813-28. Prof. Natural Phil, and Math. 1814-28. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1787; received A.B., A.M. and 
 M.D., from Univ. of Pa. ; studied in London and Paris ; 
 Prof, of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Math- 
 ematics at the University, 1814-28; Prof, of Natural 
 Philosophy in Univ. of Va., 1828-35 ; Director of
 
 3 o8 
 
 I NIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the U. S. Mint, Philadelphia, 1835-53; Pres. of the 
 Philosophical Society for many years; Trustee of the 
 University, 1836-54; prominent in Philadelphia organi- 
 zations ; died 1854. 
 
 ROBERT MASKELL PATTERSON, M.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, March 23. 1787, 
 son of Robert Patterson. LL.D.. Vice-Provost of the 
 
 R( IBI K I M. I'\ I I I R9 IN 
 From Painting at American Philosophical Society 
 
 University, and Ame Hunter (Ewing) Patterson. 
 He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1801 
 and graduating Bachelor of Arts in 1804, took the 
 Master's degree in course. In 1S0S he graduated 
 from the Medical Department, and then studied 
 Chemistry under Sir Humphrey Davy in London. 
 During his sojourn abroad he acted as Consul 
 General for the United States in Paris in 1809. 
 Soon after his return to Philadelphia, he was 
 elected to succeed his father as Professor of Natural 
 Philosupliv, Chemistry and Mathematics in the 
 University, and held that office from 1814 to 182S. 
 He was also Vice-Provost from 1813 to 1828. In 
 1829 he became Professor of Natural Philosophy in 
 the University of Virginia, where he remained until 
 1835, when he was appointed, like his father, Direc- 
 tor of the United States Mint in Philadelphia, which 
 office he held until 1853, when he resigned owing 
 to ill health. Professor Patterson was elected 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society 
 
 in 1S09. while in his twenty-second year, the first 
 to be admitted to the society at that age. He was 
 its President from 1845 to 1S53. On May 25, 
 1S43, while Vice-President of that society he 
 delivered a discourse on its early history, at the 
 celebration of its hundredth anniversary. He was 
 Trustee of the University from 1836 to 1854, one 
 of the founders of the Franklin Institute of Phila- 
 delphia and one of its Vice-Presidents, and one of 
 the founders of the Musical Fund Society of Phila- 
 delphia and its President from 1838 to 1853. He 
 became a member of the American Academy of 
 Arts and Sciences in 1839. He married Helen 
 Hamilton, daughter of Thomas Leiper, of Phila- 
 delphia. He died in Philadelphia, September 5, 
 1854. 
 
 CHEW, Benjamin, Jr., 1758-1844. 
 
 Trustee 1810-1844. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1758 ; graduated College of 
 Philadelphia, 1775; lawyer; Trustee of the University, 
 1810-44; died 1844. 
 
 BENJAMIN CHEW, Jr., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 30, 175S, son of Benja- 
 min. Chief-Justice of Pennsylvania, and Elizabeth 
 
 BENJAMIN CHEW, JR. 
 
 (Oswald) Chew. He graduated at the College of 
 Philadelphia in 1775, being the Valedictorian of his 
 Class. His valedictory, which was published in the
 
 l mi i.Ksrrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 3°9 
 
 Pennsylvania Magazine, shows a remarkable degree 
 
 of forensic ability as well as an advanced liberal 
 opinion upon the questions of the day. He after- 
 wards studied law at the Middle Temple in London 
 and became a member of the Philadelphia liar, 
 being admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of 
 Pennsylvania in 1 7 s 7 . He was elected Trustee 
 of the University of Pennsylvania in 1810, and was 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society. 
 He married {Catherine Banning of Maryland in 
 1788, and died April 30, 1844. 
 
 derived by the United States from the State of 
 Delaware, and by James Humphreys claiming 
 
 through Henry dale from the State of New Jersey. 
 This involved the question of the boundary between 
 the two states, or, in other words, the claim to the 
 Delaware River. The decision in favor of the 
 United States incidentally decided the boundary 
 dispute in favor of Delaware. Mr. Sergeant was 
 President of the Apprentii es' I .ibrary and of the Phil- 
 adelphia House of Refuge from its foundation. He 
 received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Dickin- 
 
 SERGEANT, John. 1779-1852. 
 
 Trustee 1813-1836. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1779; graduated Princeton, 
 1795; entered Philadelphia Bar, 1799; member Pa. 
 Legislature, 1808-10; Trustee of the University, 1813- 
 36; member of Congress, 1815-23, 1827-29, 1837-42; 
 Vice-Presidential candidate with Clay, 1832 ; LL.D. 
 Dickinson 1826, and Harvard, 1844; died 1852. 
 
 JOHN SERGEANT, LL.D., Lawyer and States- 
 man, was born in Philadelphia, December 5, 
 1789, the son of Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant and 
 the great-grandson of Jonathan Dickinson, the first 
 President of Princeton College. His mother was 
 Margaret Spencer. Mr. Sergeant graduated at 
 Princeton in 1795. He at first intended becoming 
 a merchant, but abandoning this idea, he studied 
 law in the office of Jared Ingersoll and was ad- 
 mitted to the Philadelphia Par in 1799. For 
 half a century he was known throughout the United 
 States as one of the most prominent and learned 
 members of his profession and its acknowledged 
 leader in Philadelphia. Mr. Sergeant entered pub- 
 lic life in [801, when he was appointed Commis- 
 sioner of Bankruptcy of Jefferson. He was a 
 member of the Pennsylvania State legislature from 
 1808 to 18 10, and of Connies-, 1815—1823, 1827- 
 1829 and 1837— 1842. In 1820 he was active in 
 securing the passage of the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 In [826 he was appointed one of the tWO EnVOJ i to 
 
 the Panama Congress. He was President of the 
 Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1830, 
 and Whig candidate for the Vi< e Presidency on the 
 ticket with Henry Clay in [832. In 1836 he re- 
 signed as Trustee! of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 an office he had held since [813. In 1 8.1 1 he 
 declined the mission to England. His las! public- 
 service was that of arbitrator to determine the long 
 pending Pea Patch island controversy, The ques- 
 tion at issue concerned the title to this island as 
 
 son College in 1 .S j d and from Harvard in 1844. 
 He married Margaretta Watmough in [813. He 
 
 died November 23, 1852. 
 
 BARTON, William Paul Crillon, 1786-1856. 
 
 Professor Botany 1816- 1828. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1786; graduated Princeton, 
 1805; graduated Medical School Univ. of Pa., 1808; 
 Prof. Botany at the University, 1816-28; died 1856. 
 
 WILI I \M PALL CRILLON BAR ["ON, 
 M.D., was born in Philadelphia, Novem- 
 ber 17, 1786. He received his education al 
 Princeton, graduating in the Class of 1805. While 
 there each membei o( the class assumed the name 
 of some celebrated man; that which he took wa 
 Count Paul Crillon, and he retained it alter his
 
 3 10 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 College days were over as part of his name. He 
 studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania 
 under the direction of his uncle, Dr. B. S. Barton, 
 receiving his degree in 1S08. His thesis on 
 Nitrous Oxide Gas became the standard treatise on 
 the subject. After practising medicine in Philadel- 
 phia he became Surgeon to the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital. Soon afterwards he was appointed a 
 Surgeon in the Navy. In 1816 he became Pro- 
 fessor of Botany in the University of Pennsylvania, 
 resigning the office in 1S28. Dr. Barton was for 
 several years Professor of Materia Medica and 
 Botany at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. 
 He was a Fellow of the College of Physicians 111 
 Philadelphia, a member of the American Philosophi- 
 cal Society, and President of the Linnean Society. 
 He wrote a number of books on medical and 
 botanical subjects. He died in Philadelphia, Feb- 
 ruary 29, 1856. 
 
 [Portrait on page 112.] 
 
 CHAPMAN, Nathaniel, 1780-1853. 
 
 Professor of Medicine 1816-1850. 
 Born in Fairfax Co., Va., 1780 ; graduated Univ. 
 of Pa., Medical Dept., 1801 ; M.D. Edinburgh Univ., 
 1804; Asst. Medical Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1810-13; Prof. 
 Materia Medica, 1813-16 ; Prof. Theory and Practice 
 of Medicine, 1816-50; founded the Philadelphia Medi- 
 cal Institute, 1817 ; Pres. Amer. Medical Association, 
 1848; died 1853. 
 
 NATHANIEL CHAPMAN, M.D., was born 
 May 28, 1780, at the Chapman family 
 seat, Summer Hill, then in Fairfax county, Virginia. 
 His father was George Chapman and his mother 
 Amelia (Macrae) Chapman. The Chapmans were 
 an old Virginian family descended from a Captain 
 of Cavalry in the British Army who was a cousin of 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. Very little is known of the 
 early years of Dr. Chapman's life. It is known 
 that he attended the Alexandria Classical Academy. 
 He subsequently spent a short time in two Colleges, 
 according to a story he used to tell, but since he 
 said that he owed neither any obligation their 
 names have not come down to us. His medical 
 education was commenced in the office of 1 )r. John 
 Weems of Georgetown. He then studied with Dr. 
 Dick of Alexandria for two years and after that, go- 
 ing to Philadelphia and entering the office of Dr. 
 Benjamin Rush, took his degree from the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1 801. To complete his medical 
 studies he went abroad, spending one year with 1 )r. 
 Abernethy in London and two years at Edinburgh 
 
 University, from which he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine. He returned to Philadelphia 
 in 1X04. and entered into practice, attaining before 
 he was thirty a national reputation. He married, in 
 1804, Rebecca, daughter of Colonel Clement Biddle. 
 His connection with the teaching staff of the Uni- 
 versity began in 18 10, when he was appointed As- 
 sistant to Dr. T. C. James, Professor of Midwifery. 
 This position he held until 181 3, when he became 
 Professor of Materia Medica. During the three years 
 that he held this position he delivered the lectures 
 that he afterwards published as Elements of Thera- 
 peutics and Materia Medica. This book was re- 
 garded at the time as an authority. From 181 6 to 
 1850 he served as Professor of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine. In his field Dr. Chapman 
 was recognized, after the death of Dr. Physick in 
 1 S3 7, as the leading physician in America. In T848 
 he was elected by acclamation the first President 
 of the American Medical Association. He was the 
 founder of the American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences in 1820, and was six times President of 
 the Philadelphia Medical Society. Dr. Chapman 
 was as prominent outside medical circles as within 
 them. He took an active interest in social matters, 
 and was the successor of Dr. Duponceau as Presi- 
 dent of the American Philosophical Society. Among 
 the many enterprises in connection with his profes- 
 sion with which Dr. Chapman was associated one of 
 the most important was the Philadelphia Medical 
 Institute which he founded in 1 Si 7, and in which 
 he delivered his famous summer lectures for years. 
 He died in Philadelphia, July 1. 1S53. 
 
 CADWALADER, Thomas, 1779-1841. 
 
 Trustee 1816-1836. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1779 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1795 ; lawyer ; Brig. -Gen. Pa. Vols., 1814 ; Maj.-Gen. Pa. 
 Militia ; member of Commission to revise Cavalry and 
 Artillery Tactics of U. S. Army ; Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity, 1816-36; died 1841. 
 
 THOMAS CADWALADER was born in Phila- 
 delphia, October 28, 1779, son of General 
 John and Williamina (Bond) Cadwalader. He 
 graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1795, and was afterwards admitted to the liar, but 
 did not practise law, as his time was occupied in 
 the management of the Penn Estate and others. In 
 1799 "'hile serving in a cavalry troop, he was one of 
 sixteen who suppressed an insurrection in Pennsyl- 
 vania and captured the ringleaders. In the War of 
 181 2 he was a Lieutenant-Colonel of Cavalry, but
 
 LMII-RSIT}- Ol- VESXSYl.l ,IMA 
 
 3 11 
 
 was soon promoted to the grade of Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral in command of the " Advanced Light Brigade," 
 the members of which were renowned for their 
 discipline and efficiency. He was afterwards Major- 
 General of the First Division of Pennsylvania Mili- 
 tia. He declined various positions, among them 
 the Ministry to England, which he was offered by 
 President Monroe. He was a Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania from 1816 to 1836, and was ap- 
 pointed with General Scott and Colonel Taylor in 
 1826 to revise the Cavalry and Artillery Tactics of 
 the United States Army. He was the author of 
 
 THOMAS ( ADWALADER 
 
 many articles in the magazines of his time, and his 
 home at the corner of Ninth and Arch streets in 
 Philadelphia was a centre for the culture and learn- 
 ing of the city and country. He married. June 25, 
 1S04, Muy Biddle. lie died October 31; 1841. 
 
 HARE, Charles Willing, 1778-1826. 
 
 Professor Law 1817-1826. 
 Born in Virginia, 1778; lawyer; member Lower 
 House of Legislature of Pa. ; Prof. Law Univ. of Pa., 
 1817-1826; died 1826. 
 
 CHARLES WILLING II VRE was bom in 
 Virginia in 1778 while his parents, Robert 
 and Margaretta Hare, residents of Philadelphia, 
 
 weir guests at the house "I i relation. lie wis 
 
 admitted to the liar of Philadelphia, December 7, 
 1 799, and achieved a brilliant success in his pro- 
 fession; besides serving for a time as a member of 
 the Lower House of the State Legislature of Penn- 
 sylvania. In r8i7, the Trustees of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, having decided to re-establish the 
 Chair of Law which had lapsed since the death ol 
 Judge James Wilson in 1 798, appointed Mr. Hare 
 Professor of Law. He delivered his introductory 
 lecture in April 1817 and announced his intention 
 of lecturing upon the following subjects : i, national 
 jurisprudence ; 2, international jurisprudence, includ- 
 ing constitutional law of the United States and the 
 State of Pennsylvania ; 3, " All that is peculiar to 
 and distinguishable in the jurisprudence of the 
 United States and Pennsylvania, from that system 
 from which our laws and institutions take their 
 origin." 'This lecture was published in the Ana- 
 lectic Magazine for December 1S1S. Unfortu- 
 nately, the promise of this announcement was never 
 fulfilled. Shortly after his appointment, Professor 
 Hare was afflicted with loss of reason, after having 
 lectured but one season. He died in 1826. 
 
 [Portrait on page III.] 
 
 HEWSON, Thomas Tickell, 1773-1848. 
 
 Professor Comparative Anatomy 1816-1828. 
 Born in London, England, 1773 ; removed to Phila- 
 delphia, and graduated Univ. of State of Pa., 1789 ; 
 Prof. Comparative Anatomy in the University, 1816-28 ; 
 Pres. Philadelphia College of Physicians. 1835-48 ; died 
 1848. 
 
 THOMAS TICKELL HEWSON, M.D.. was 
 born in London, England, April 9, 1773, 
 the son of William and Mary (Stevenson) Hewson. 
 His father, who was the celebrated anatomist, died 
 the year after his son's birth, and his mother 
 brought him to the United States, settling in Phila- 
 delphia. He at once entered the University of the 
 State of Pennsylvania, being a member of the Class 
 of 1 789, in the College Department, and receiving 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts and Master of \its. 
 In 1789 he returned to London, where he acted 
 .is House-Surgeon in St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 He afterwards went to the University of Edinburgh 
 to attend the medical lectures there. In 1796 he 
 returned to Philadelphia where he soon established 
 himself in a lucrative practice. He was Censoi 
 and Secretary of the College ol Physicians from 
 
 1802 to 1835, .in.l President from 1835 to [848. 
 
 He was Physician to the Walnut Sin, 1 Prison from 
 1 Sod to 1S1S, rendering active and 1 ffii ii nl service
 
 12 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 in the terrible epidemic of 1S1 7-1818. From 1816 
 
 to 1828, when he resigned, Dr. Hewson was Profes 
 
 sor of Comparative Anatomy in the University of elected to the State Senate, where he took an 
 
 he took a prominent place as an advocate of 
 a system of common schools. In 1S13 he was 
 
 Pennsylvania. In 1811 he became Surgeon to the 
 Philadelphia Hospital, holding the ..trice many years ; 
 from 1817 to 1837 he was Physician to the Phila- 
 delphia Orphan Asylum, and from 181S to 1837 
 Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital. Dr. Hew- 
 son was a member of many medical societies in this 
 country and in England and Scotland, and con- 
 tributed freely to the medical journals. He received 
 
 active part in the war debates. He made his 
 first decided appeal to the public in a speech 
 in favor of the Bank of the United States. 
 This speech marks his entrance into his life-work 
 — the study of finance. In 1817 he was the Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Congress but was defeated by 
 the Federalists. When the Hank of the United 
 States was re-chartered in 1 8 1 9 President Monroe 
 
 the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from appointed Mr. Biddle a government Director, and 
 Harvard in 1822. He married Emily Banks. He 
 died in Philadelphia, February 17, 1848. 
 
 BIDDLE, Nicholas. 1786-1844. 
 
 Trustee 1818-1844. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1786; graduated Princeton, 
 1801 ; Editor of the Portfolio, 1806; member of the 
 State Legislature, 1810-11 ; State Senator, 1813 ; Trustee 
 of the Univ. of Pa., 1818-44; Pres. Bank of the United 
 States, 1823-36: Pres. U. S. Bank of Pa., 1836-39; died 
 1844. 
 
 NICHOLAS BIDDLE, Financier, was burn in 
 Philadelphia, January 8, 1786, the son of 
 Charles and Hannah (Shepard) Piddle. He en- 
 tered the University of Pennsylvania in 1796, as a 
 member of the Class of 1799, but was removed 
 from College before graduation as his parents 
 thought that he was too young to study a profession. 
 He was afterwards sent to Princeton where he 
 graduated in 1.S01. Heat once entered upon the 
 study of law, but before he was ready for the Bar 
 he accepted the position of Secretary to John Arm- 
 strong, Minister to France, and accompanied him 
 to Paris. Mr. Biddle's first experience in financial 
 affairs was gained from having to audit and pay 
 certain claims against the United States from the 
 purchase money paid for Louisiana. Upon the 
 . ompletion of this duty he went to London where 
 he became Secretary to Monroe, then United 
 States Minister to England. In T807 he returned 
 to Philadelphia and commenced the practice of 
 law, devoting, however, much attention to litera- 
 ture. In association with Joseph Dennie in 1806 
 he undertook the Editorship of the Portfolio, 
 which he continued alone upon the death of his 
 associate, at the same time engaging in other 
 literary work. He compiled a commercial digest 
 and prepared for press the Narrative of Lewis 
 and Clark's Expedition to the Pacific (Lean. In 
 1S10 he was elected to the State Legislature, where 
 
 NICHOLAS BIDDLE 
 
 when Mr. Cheves resigned in 1823 Mr. Piddle was 
 appointed President, retaining the position until 
 the expiration of the charter. The "bank war" 
 inaugurated by President Jackson in 1829 under- 
 mined the credit of the institution, and after the 
 bill to recharter the bank was vetoed in 1832, Mr. 
 Biddle's efforts to save the bank were unavailing. 
 The withdrawal of the government deposits by 
 Jackson's order in 1833 precipitated financial dis- 
 asters that affected the whole country. The charter 
 expired in 1836 and the Bank of the United States 
 was no more. A state bank, called the L'nited 
 States Bank of Pennsylvania, was chartered in the 
 same year. 1S36, and Mr. Biddle was chosen its 
 President. He resigned the Presidency in 1839
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3*3 
 
 and the bank failed two years later. In the dis- 
 cussion which followed its failure Mr. Biddle is 
 serted that the cause of its insolvency did not 
 originate in the time of his Presidency. Mr. Biddle 
 was very prominent in the public life of Philadelphia. 
 He was President of the Agricultural and Horn- 
 cultural societies and active as a Trustee ol the 
 University of Pennsylvania, which offii e he held 
 from 1S18 to 1X44. He was a leading spirit in the 
 establishment of Girard College under tin- provisions 
 of the founder's will. He married Jane M ., daughter 
 of John Craig. He died February 27, 1.S44. 
 
 DU PONCEAU, Peter Stephen, 1760-1844. 
 
 Trustee 1818-1836. 
 Born in the Isle of Re, France, 1760; came to Amer- 
 ica with Baron Steuben, 1777 ; admitted to the Bar in 
 Philadelphia, 1785; Trustee of the University, 1818-36; 
 Provost of the Law Academy of Philadelphia, 1821-44; 
 Pres. Amer. Phd. Soc, 1828-44 ; Pres. Hist. Soc, 1837- 
 44 ; died 1844. 
 
 PETER STEPHEN DU PONCEAU, A.M.. 
 LI,.])., Linguist and Lawyer, was born 
 June 3, 1760, in the Isle of Re. off the western 
 coast of France. He was brought up by his father, 
 a military man, for the army, but his mother 
 after his father's death persuaded him to study 
 for the priesthood. In 1775 he abandoned his 
 ecclesiastical studies and went to Paris, where he 
 gained a precarious livelihood by teaching and 
 translating. He was by this time possessed ol 
 a fair knowledge of Italian and English, as 
 well as of Greek and Latin. His knowledge of 
 English and his familiarity with military life com- 
 mended him to Baron Steuben who took him, as 
 Private Secretary and Aide-de-Camp, to America 
 From 1777 when he landed at Portsmouth, New 
 Hampshire, to 1779, he shared the fortunes of wai 
 with the Continental Army, suffering the privations 
 of that terrible winter at Valley forge. In i 770 he 
 left the army; in 17.S1 he became a citizen of 
 Pennsylvania; in 1782 he was appointed Secretary 
 to Livingston who had the Department of Foreign 
 
 Affairs. After tile (lose of the war Mr. Du Pom eau 
 began the study ol law in the office of William 
 Lewis, and was admitted to the liar in 1785. lb- 
 very soon worked his way to the front and was 
 generally ranked with Ingersoll, Dallas, Lewis, 
 Edward Tilghman and Rawle. So high was his 
 position at the commencement of the centurj a 1 
 
 jurist, in the Roman and French laws mon 1 | Ily, 
 
 th it he was offered by President [efferson the offio 
 
 oft riief Judge of Louisiana, tie declined the hi 
 
 Mr. Du Ponceau tran lated many law books and 
 wrote many legal treatises. Hi I rusti 1 
 
 of the University of Pennsylvania in 1818 and held 
 the office eighteen years. In 1X10 he published, 
 under the tuspices ol the American Philosophical 
 S01 iety, a treatise on The Structure of the Indian 
 I'his book won him a considerable 
 reputation, and possibly in recognition of that work 
 he was given the Doctor ol Law degree by Harvard 
 in 1S20. He was Provost of the Law Academy of 
 Philadelphia, from i.S:i to [844, President of the 
 
 PI I I R S. DU Pi 1N1 1 u 
 I- 1 m 01 iginal canvas at . tm ■ . ', 
 
 American Philosophical Societj from 1 I28 to 1X44 
 and Chancellor of the law Association of Philadel 
 phia from [836 to [844. He was very active in 
 the proi ei ding 1 if the Pennsj \\ ini 1 1 1 istoi ical 
 So, iety, of whii h he n 1 ■ President from 1 837 to 
 1 84 |. In the latter year he rei < ived the honoi irj 
 degree of Master of \rts from the University ol 
 Pennsylvani t. He died Vpril 1, 1 844. 
 
 HARE, Robert, 1781-1858. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1818-1848. 
 Born in Philadelphia. 1781 ; chemist ; Prof, of Chem- 
 istrj With. on and Mary College, 1818 ; Prof. Ch< 
 try in Med. Dept., Univ. of Pa., 1818-48; author of
 
 3*4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 many scientific articles and others on moral subjects; 
 died 1858. 
 
 ROBERT HARE, M.D., one of the most emi- 
 nent scientists of the first half of this cen- 
 tury, was born in Philadelphia, January 17, 1781, 
 the son of Robert and Margaret (Willing) Hare. 
 At a very early age he began to make discoveries 
 in the field of Chemistry, to which he had devoted 
 himself, and in 1S01 invented the hydrostatic or 
 oxy-hydrogen blowpipe. He read a paper before 
 the American Philosophical Society in June 1S03, 
 in which he described an apparatus by means of 
 which he fused for' the first time in large quantities 
 lime, magnesium and platinum. He invented the 
 Calorimotor and 1 leflagrator and improved the 
 voltaic pile, and was the author of a process for 
 denarcotizing laudanum. He was ilected Professor 
 of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in William 
 and Mary College in 181 8, and in the same year 
 became Professor of Chemistry in the Medical 
 department of the University of Pennsylvania, where 
 he served until 1S4S. He was a life member of 
 the Smithsonian Institute to which he donated his 
 chemical and physical apparatus after his resigna- 
 tion from the University. In the later years of 
 his life he became a convert to Spiritualism, and 
 wrote and lectured in support of his views. Dr. 
 Hare was a member of the American Philosophical 
 Society and the American Academy of Arts and 
 Sciences and contributed largely to scientific period- 
 icals. He also wrote Moral Essays, under the nom 
 clt- plume of Eldred Graysen, which appeared in 
 the Portfolio. He was granted the honorary degree 
 of Doctor of Medicine by Yale in 1806 and by 
 Harvard in 1816. He married, September 1811, 
 Harriet Clark, and died in Philadelphia, May 15. 
 1858. 
 
 vided his interests with law. In 1S22 he became 
 a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, hold- 
 ing office for thirty-four years. In 1835 he was 
 elected to Congress as a Whig, and served until 
 1837. He was returned in 1843 and was twice 
 re-elected, retiring in 1849. For a time Mr. Inger- 
 soll was Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. 
 He was a firm advocate of protection and an 
 ardent supporter of Henry Clay. One of Mr. 
 Ingersoll's most memorable speeches in the House 
 was in defence of Clay's tariff of 1S42. In 1S52 
 he was appointed by President Fillmore Minister 
 
 J( (SEPH K. INGERSOLL 
 
 From the original picture painted by his students and presented 
 to the Law Library of Philadelphia 
 
 INGERSOLL, Joseph Reed, 1786-1868. 
 
 Trustee 1822-1856. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1786 ; graduated Princeton, 
 1804 ; member Congress, 1835-37 and 1843-49 I Trustee 
 of the University, 1822-56; LL.D. Lafayette and Bow- 
 doin, 1836; D.C.L. Oxford, 1845; minister to England, 
 1852; died 1868. 
 
 JOSEPH REED INGERSOLL, LL.D.. D.C.L., 
 Lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, June 14. 
 1786, the son of Jared Ingersoll, the distinguished 
 advocate, and brother of Charles Jared Ingersoll, 
 the statesman and writer. Mr. Ingersoll graduated 
 at Princeton College in 1X04 and studied law with 
 his father. In later life politics and literature di- 
 
 to England, as successor to Abbott Lawrence, and 
 held the office about one year, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by James Buchanan. Mr. Ingersoll now 
 retired to private life and devoted himself to 
 literary pursuits. For his work in letters and law 
 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon 
 him by Lafayette and also by Bowdoin in 1S36, 
 and the degree of Doctor of Civil Laws by Oxford 
 in 1845. He was a strong Union man and at the 
 time of the Civil War prepared an able essay en- 
 titled Secession, a Folly and a Crime. He pub- 
 lished a translation from the Latin of Roccus's Tracts 
 De Navibus et Naulo and De Assecuratione, 1809.
 
 UNIFERSiri' (J J PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3*5 
 
 and a Memoir of Samuel Breck, [863. lie 'lied 
 in Philadelphia, February 20, 1868. 
 
 11. was a Trustee of the University of the State 
 of Pennsylvania from 1782 to his death, which 
 occurred March 5, 17 
 
 REED, Joseph, 1741-1785. 
 
 Trustee 1782-1785. 
 Born in Trenton, N. J., 1741 ; graduated College of 
 N. J., 1757 ; lawyer ; Pres. Second Provincial Congress, 
 1775; Aide-de-Camp to Gen. Washington, 1775-78; 
 member Assembly of Pa., 1777 ; Pres. Executive Coun- 
 cil of Pa., 1778-81 ; Trustee Univ. of the State of Pa., 
 1782-85 ; died 1785. 
 
 JOSEPH REED, Statesman and Patriot, was 
 born in Trenton, New Jersey, August 27, 
 1 741. He graduated from the College of New 
 Jersey in 1757, and studied law, being admitted to 
 the Bar in 1763. He then spent two years in 
 London at the Middle Temple, and returning 
 in 1765, began practice in New Jersey. He vis- 
 ited England, however, again in 1770 to marry 
 Esther de Berdt, and this time upon his return he 
 settled in Philadelphia. Here he carried on an 
 extensive correspondence with the Colonial Office 
 in England, emphasizing the resistance with which 
 taxation without representation was meeting. In 
 1775 he was President of the Second Provincial 
 Congress, and in 1775, upon Washington's arrival 
 in Boston, Reed became his Confidential Secre- 
 tary and Aide-de-Camp. Returning to Philadel- 
 phia he became Chairman of the Committee of 
 Safety and a member of the Assembly. In 1776 
 he was offered the position of Colonel and Adjutant- 
 General, but declined as he did also the subsequent 
 appointments to the grade of Brigadier-General, 
 and to the Chief-Justiceship of Pennsylvania, pre- 
 ferring to serve as a volunteer under Washington 
 during the Campaigns of 1776 and 1777. He was 
 again elected to the Assembly of Pennsylvania in 
 1777, and in 1778 was chosen President of the 
 Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, in 
 which capacity he acted as Governor of the State. 
 During his administration he exposed the mis 
 (■mduct of Benedict Arnold and succeeded in 
 breaking down the disastrous financial system of 
 Pennsylvania by forcing tin- repr.d of the legal 
 tender laws. In 1778 overtures win- made to 
 Governor Peed from the Crown looking toward 
 
 the securing of his g 1 offices in bringing about 
 
 a reconciliation between the Colonies and the 
 Mother Country. In the course of these negotia- 
 tions he is said to have made the reply thai be 
 was not worth purchasing but such as he was the 
 King of England was not rich enough to buy him. 
 
 BACHE, Alexander Dallas, 1806-1867. 
 
 Professor Natural Philosophy and Chemistry 1828-1836. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1806 ; graduated U. S. Military 
 Academy, 1825 ; Lieut, of Engineers ; Asst. Prof, of 
 Engineering at U. S. Military Acad., 1825-26; Prof. 
 Natural Phil, and Chem. Univ. of Pa., 1828-36 and 1843 
 -44; first Pres. of Girard College; Pres. Central High 
 School of Philadelphia and Supt. of Public Schools, 
 1841-42 ; Supt. U. S. Coast Survey, 1844-67 ; Vice-Pres. 
 U. S. Sanitary Commission during Civil War; Pres. 
 Amer. Phil. Soc. and Nat. Acad, of Sciences ; author 
 of numerous works on scientific subjects; died 1867. 
 
 ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE, LL.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, July 19, 1S06, son of 
 Richard and Sarah ( franklin) Hache, and grandson 
 
 ILEXANDEK D. BACH1 
 From the original canvas at American Philosophical S 
 
 of Benjamin 1'ranklin. lie received his education 
 at tin- United Stales Militarj Academy, where he 
 graduated with the Class of 1825. After his g 
 nation In- was app ' ieutenanl .if Engineers, 
 but on account <>f his teaching ability he »:^ 
 selected t" till the position .•(' Assist, mi Pn 
 Engineering. \tt< 1 51 inv timi penl il the \. - 
 he was gi
 
 3 i6 
 
 UNU'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Adams at Newport, and it was at this place he met 
 his future wile, Nancy (Luke Fowler. Professor 
 Bache was appointed Professor of Natural Philos- 
 ophy and Chemistry at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1828, which position he held until 1S36. 
 During this time he became associated with the 
 Franklin Institute and contributed constantly to its 
 Journal, carrying on at the same time extensive 
 experiments and observations in physics and mete- 
 orologv and winning renown for his researches in 
 the subject of boiler expansion. Upon the founda- 
 tion of Girard College he was chosen its first Presi- 
 dent, and went to Europe to study the various 
 school systems there. The funds for the erection 
 of the College not being available at his return. 
 Professor Bache became President of the Central 
 High School of Philadelphia. During 1 841-1842 
 he was Superintendent of the public schools in 
 that city, and under the auspices of the American 
 Philosophical Society, of which he was a prominent 
 member, he directed a magnetic and meteorological 
 observatory. In 1843 he returned to his Chair of 
 Chemistry at the University, but after one year he 
 resigned to accept the position of Superintendent ot 
 the Unite' 1 States Coast Survey. Under his able 
 direction, the Survey at once became practically- 
 valuable and was of vital assistance during the Civil 
 War. especially in 1863 when he was Chief Engineer 
 in charge of the defence of Philadelphia. In addi- 
 tion to his other duties he was one of the incorpo- 
 rators of the Smithsonian Institute and was a member 
 of its Board of Managers until his death. Professoi 
 Bache was Vice-President of the United States 
 Sanitary Commission during the Civil War, and 
 President of the American Philosophical Society, 
 the American Philosophical Association for the 
 Advancement of Science and the National Academy 
 of Sciences. He was an honorary member of the 
 Royal Society of London, the Royal Academy of 
 Turin, the Imperial Geographical Society of Vienna 
 and the Institute of France. The degree of Doctor 
 of Laws was conferred upon him by the University 
 of New York in 1836, by the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1N37 and by Harvard University in 1S5T. 
 He was the author of many papers on scientific 
 subjects, his main work being his Observations at 
 the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory at 
 Girard College, published in three volumes, 1S40- 
 1847. He left $42,000 in trust to the National 
 Academy of Sciences, the income of which is to be 
 devoted to physical research. He died in Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island, February 17, 1867- 
 
 ADRAIN, Robert, 1775-1843. 
 
 Professor Mathematics 1827-1834, Vice-Provost 1828-1834. 
 Born in Carrickfergus, Ireland, 1775; emigrated to 
 America on account of his connection with the Irish 
 Rebellion of 1798 ; taught school in various places ; Prof, 
 of Mathematics at Rutgers, Columbia, and the Univ. 
 of Pa., holding the position here 1827-34; edited Hut- 
 ton's Mathematics, the periodical, Mathematical Diary, 
 and published essays in mathematical and physical 
 subjects; received LL.D. from Columbia, 1818; died 
 1843. 
 
 OBERT ADRAIN, LL.D., was born in 
 Carrickfergus, Ireland, September 30, 1775, 
 and died in New Brunswick, New Jersey, August 
 
 R 
 
 ROBERT ADRAIN 
 
 10, 1843. He participated in the Irish rebellion 
 of 1798, during which he received a severe wound, 
 and was obliged to fly to America. He taught 
 school in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was 
 a contributor to scientific journals. From 1809 to 
 r8i3 he was Professor of Mathematics in Queens 
 College, now Rutgers College, and then resigned to 
 accept the Chair of Mathematics and Natural Phi- 
 losophy at Columbia, where he continued until his 
 resignation in 1S25. He then returned to Rutgers 
 College as Professor of Mathematics, remaining 
 until 1S27. In this year he accepted the Professor- 
 ship of Mathematics in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania which he held until 1834 when he resigned. 
 He edited Hutton's Mathematics, published essays
 
 uNii'ERsrrr of pennsvliania 
 
 3*7 
 
 on the figure and magnitude of the earth and on 
 gravity, and was Editor of the Mathematical Diary 
 from 1825 to 1S29. He received the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws from Columbia in r.818. He 
 married Anna Pollock of New Jersey. 
 
 WYLIE, Samuel Brown, 1773-1852. 
 
 Professor Ancient Languages 1828-1845, Vice-Provost 1834-1845 
 Born in Moybarg, Antrim, Ireland, 1773 ; came to 
 America, 1828; Prof, of Ancient Languages in the 
 University, 1828-45 • Vice-Provost, 1834-45 ; Pastor of 
 the First Reformed Presbyterian Church, Philadel- 
 phia; obtained degree of D.D. from Dickinson Col- 
 lege, 1816; died 1852. 
 
 SAMUEL BROWN WYLIE, D.D., was born in 
 Moybarg, County Antrim, Ireland, May 21, 
 1773, son of Adam and Margaret (Brown) Wylie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »v :; ' ■"''■- 
 
 
 
 Hiii 
 
 
 ts. *■ 1 
 
 1 
 
 Lc 
 
 
 <**^r 
 
 
 SAMUEI B. WYLIE 
 
 He was appointed Professor of the Humanities, as 
 they were then called, or of the Hebrew, Greek and 
 Latin Languages in [828, a position which he ably 
 filled until his resignation in 1845. During thai 
 period he was Vice- Provosl from [834 until he re- 
 signed. He was foi more than fifty years Pastor of 
 the First Reformed Presbyterian Church in Phila- 
 delphia. He was elected a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society Januarj 17. \ v .<.,i,. He > 
 ceived the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 
 from Dickinson College in 1S16. Few men have 
 ranked higher than Dr. Wylie in classical litera- 
 ture and theological attainments as a successful 
 teacher, a good Pastor or a practical Christian. 
 He married Margaret, daughter of Andrew Watson 
 of Pittsburg, originally from Scotland. Dr. Wylie 
 died in Philadelphia, October 13, 1.S52. 
 
 HORNER, William Edwards, 1793-1853. 
 
 Benefactor— Adjunct Prof. Anatomy 1820-31, Professor 1831-53. 
 
 Born in Warrenton, Va , 1793; served as Surgeon's 
 Mate U. S. A. War of 1812 ; graduated Med. Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1814; Adjunct Prof. Anatomy at the Uni- 
 versity, 1820-31; Prof. 1831-53; died 1853. 
 
 WILLIAM EDWARDS HORNER, M.D., was 
 born in Warrenton, Fauquier county, 
 Virginia, June 3, 1793, the son of William Horner, 
 a prominent Virginia merchant, who had, however, 
 received his education in Philadelphia. His mother 
 was the daughter of William Edwards. A weak boy, 
 he had a hard time of it at school, first at Warren- 
 ton and afterwards at Dumfries. After the comple- 
 tion of his classical education he commenced his 
 medical studies with Dr. John Spence, at the same 
 time attending medical lectures at the University of 
 Pennsylvania. In 1813, before he had graduated, 
 he received a commission as Surgeon's Mate in the 
 Hospital Department of the L T nited States Army, 
 and was attached to the Ninth Military District, 
 north of the Highlands in Xew York State. After 
 serving in the field he returned to Philadelphia and 
 took his degree in 1814. He went back to the 
 front shortly afterwards and saw active service at 
 the attack on Fort Erie and in tiie battle of Chip- 
 pewa. After the cessation of the war Dr. Horner 
 was stationed at Norfolk, Virginia, as Surgeon's 
 Mite to a handful of troops. He saw there was 
 little chance of promotion and resigned. After 
 a short stay at his birthplace, Warrenton, he w< nt 
 t.> Philadelphia where he soon won the interest of 
 Hi. Caspar Wistar. In [818, after Dr. Wistar's 
 death. Dr. John Sing Dorsey, Dt. Physick's nephew, 
 who had succeeded to the Chair ol Vnatomy, chose 
 Dr. Horner as his Demonstrator. Hi. Dorsey died 
 in the same year ami Dr. Physick, who succeeded 
 him, continued Dr. Homer as Demonstrator. In 
 [820 he married Elizabeth Welsh, and In the same 
 year, at the request of Dr. Physick, Dr. Hornei was 
 associated with him .1^ Adjunct Professoi ol Anat- 
 omy. In 1X31 Dr. Physick resigned the chair 
 and wa ui 1 ei del by Dr. I Corner, who held it
 
 3 1 
 
 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 until his death. His lectures were not his only 
 important work for the University. The anatomical 
 collection, founded by Dr. Caspar Wistar, was so 
 largely added to by Dr. Horner that it is now called 
 
 WILLIAM E. HORN! R 
 From canvas in Wistar Museum 
 
 the Wistar and Horner Museum. Indeed, at the 
 time of Dr. Horner's death upwards of two-thirds 
 of the collection was the result of his untiring 
 efforts. Dr. Horner died March 13, 1853. 
 
 REED, Henry, 1808-1854. 
 
 Asst. Prof. Moral Philosophy 1831-34, Prof. Rhetoric and 
 Eng. Lit. 1834-54, Vice-Provost 1845. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1808 ; educated at private 
 schools in Philadelphia ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 1825; 
 practised law, 1829-31 ; Asst. Prof. Eng. Lit. at the 
 University, 1831 ; Asst. Prof. Moral Phil.. 1831-34; 
 Prof. Eng. Lit. and Rhetoric, 1834-54; Vice-Provost, 
 1845; wrote and edited various works on English and 
 American history and literature ; received the degree 
 of LL.D. from Univ. of Vt., 1846; drowned at sea, 
 1854. 
 
 HENRY REED, LL.D., was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 11, 1808, son of Joseph and Maria 
 Ellis (Watmough) Reed. He was christened Henry 
 Hope Reed, but the middle name was afterwards 
 dropped. His early education was received at the 
 classical school of James Ross in Philadelphia, an 
 
 institution of high repute in its day. He entered 
 the Sophomore Class at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in September 1822, and received the degree 
 of Bachelor of Arts in 1825. He was Latin Salu- 
 tatorian and Moderator of the Philomathean Society. 
 He studied law under Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant 
 and w.is admitted to practice in the District Court 
 of the city and county of Philadelphia in TS29. In 
 September 1831 he gave up the practice of his pro- 
 fession and was elected Assistant Professor of English 
 Literature in the University of Pennsylvania. In 
 November of the same year he was chosen Assist- 
 ant Professor of Moral Philosophy, holding that 
 position until 1834. In 1834 he was elected 
 Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature, 
 which position he held until 1854. He was Yi< e- 
 Provost in 1S45. He wrote the Life of Joseph 
 Reed, in Sparks' American Biography, and Lectures 
 on English Literature, on English History, on 
 British Poets and on the History of the American 
 Union, all of which have been published since his 
 death by his brother Hun. William B. Reed of the 
 Class of 1822. Professor Reed edited Lord Mahon's 
 
 HFXRV REED 
 
 History of England; Alexander Reid's Dictionary 
 of the English Language ; George F. Graham's Eng- 
 lish Synonyms and the Poetical Works of Thomas 
 Gray. Professor Reed was made a Doctor of Laws
 
 UNIVERSITY OP I'h.W.s)-/./ .ISI.l 
 
 3'9 
 
 by the University of Vermont in 1X46. He mar- 
 ried in 1834, Elizabeth While Bronsen, daughtei oi 
 Enos Bronsen of Philadelphia, and had three 
 children. In Septembei 1854, he was lost al 
 while returning from Europe to America on the ill- 
 fated steamer Arctic. 
 
 BARNES, Albert, 1798-1870. 
 
 Trustee 1834- 1870. 
 Born in Rome, N. Y., 1798; graduated Hamilton 
 College, 1820; Pastor First Presby. Church, Philadel- 
 phia, 1830; author of many works on slavery and relig- 
 ious subjects; died 1870. 
 
 ALBERT BARNES, one of Philadelphia's fore- 
 most theologians, was born in Rome, New 
 York, December 1, 1798. He graduated from 
 
 ALBER1 BARNES 
 
 Hamilton College in 1820, studied at Princeton 
 Seminary and was licensed to pn i< h in 1823. He 
 b 1 nne Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in 
 1830, which charge he held until 1867, when he 
 1 1 ;ned on ai count of poor health and partial 
 blindness. I [e is famous foi in ■ trial for hen 13 
 
 on a hi "i certain pa iges in Ins ( lommentary 
 
 on the Scriptures, particularly the Epistle to the 
 Romans, of whii h charge he was ai quitted, ind 
 for his " Notes " on the Scriptures ol which more 
 
 than one million volumes were' sold. Among his 
 other writings were: Scriptural Views ol Slavery, 
 1846; The Way of Sal\ ition, 1 .S 6 3 ; Clos. 1 Com- 
 panion, 1854; How shall Mm be Just with God, 
 [855 ; The Church and Slavery, 1856 : Miscellane- 
 ous Essays and Reviews, 1855; Way of Salvation 
 Illustrated, 1856 ; Inquiries and Suggestions in 
 Regard to the Inundation of Faith in the Word 
 of Cod: Life at Three Score, 1858; The Uom 
 ment : Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity 
 in the Nineteenth Century, 1868; Prayers for 
 
 family Worship. A collection of his theological 
 works was published in New York in 1875. He 
 was elected a Trustee of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1834 and served until his death in 1870. 
 
 HODGE, Hugh Lenox, 1796-1873. 
 
 Professor Obstetrics 1835-1863, Emeritus 1863-1873. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1796 ; graduated Princeton, 
 1814; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1818; Prof. Obstetrics at the 
 University, 1835-63; Emeritus Prof, of Obstetrics, 1863- 
 73 ; published Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, 
 1864 ; died 1873. 
 
 HUGH LENOX HODGE, M.D., LL.D., was 
 bom in Philadelphia, June 27, 1796, the 
 son of Dr. Hugh and Maria (Blanchard) Hodge. 
 
 His brother was the distinguished Presbyterian 
 theologian, Dr. Charles Hodge ol Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary. Both brothers were educated at 
 Princeton. Hugh graduating in 1814. Upon gradu- 
 ation he at once began the study of medicine in the 
 office of Dr. Caspar Wistar. He matriculated in the 
 Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania and "walked" the Philadelphia and Penn- 
 sylvania Hospitals. In 1818 he received the degree 
 
 ol Doctoi of Medicine. Wishing to raise money 
 enough to complete his studies in Europe, in the 
 same year he took a raj ige to India in the capai itj 
 oi Ship Surgeon, fourteen years later, in the cholera 
 epidemic that visited Philadelphia in 1852. the 
 knowledge 1 of \siiin cholera which Dr. Hodge ac- 
 quired on that voyage stood him in good sen 
 Wluai he returned from India to Philadelphia in [820 
 11 was without the funds necessary foi the desired 
 European trip, so he' was compelled to begin pi u 
 tice at once. He rose verj rapidly in his profession 
 and whcai Professor Horm 1 went to I mope in the 
 summer of 1821, Dr. Hodge- was selected to 1 
 his anatomii il class. In 1823 he was appointed 
 I ei Ian a in Sui "- rj in Dr. Ch ipm m's summer 
 school. In 1 828 he married Margaret P. \spin- 
 w.ill. Thus in in his ' nc 11 Dr. Hodge had con-
 
 :2o 
 
 UNITERM TIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 centrated all his energy on anatomy and surgery, 
 teaching both with great acceptance and fast winning 
 his way to fame as a surgeon. Failing eyesight 
 compelled him to give up his work in these channels. 
 
 HUGH L. HODGE 
 
 Circumstances favored his choice of teaching Obstet- 
 rics as the way out. He exchanged his Lecture- 
 ship of Surgery for that of Obstetrics, which the 
 retirement of Dr. \Y. P. Dewees had left vacant. 
 In 1834 Dr. T. C. James resigned the Chair of 
 Obstetrics in the University and, after a hard fight 
 with Dr. C. D. Meigs as rival, Dr. Hodge in 1835 
 secured the position in which he remained until 
 1863, when the almost total failure of his sight led 
 him to resign. He remained Emeritus Profe>M>r 
 until his death on February 23, 1S73. Dr. Hodge 
 was the inventor of a number of instruments of the 
 utmost importance to obstetricians and the author 
 of several books on his specialty. Among these 
 are, Principles and Practice of Obstetrics, 1864; 
 and Foeticide, 1869. 
 
 JACKSON, Samuel, 1787-1872. 
 
 Professor Institutes of Medicine 1835-1863. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1787 ; educated at Univ. of Pa. ; 
 
 graduated, M.D.. 1808; member Philadelphia City 
 
 Cavalry, 1812-15 ; Pres. Philadelphia Board of Health, 
 
 1820; Prof, of Materia Medica, Philadelphia College 
 
 of Pharmacy, 1821 ; Prof. Institutes of Medicine in the 
 University, 1835-63 ; died 1872. 
 
 SAMUEL Jackson, M.D., was born in Phila- 
 delphia March 22, 1787, the son of David 
 and Susan (Kemper) Jackson. His father was a 
 well-known physician and a Trustee of the College 
 of Philadelphia. Dr. Jackson acquired his classical 
 education at the University of Pennsylvania, but did 
 not complete the course required for a degree. He 
 began the study of medicine with Dr. James Hutch- 
 inson and upon his death passed over to the office 
 of Professor Wistar, with whom he completed his 
 studies. He received his degree of Doctor of Med- 
 11 ine from the University of Pennsylvania in r8o8. 
 After his graduation Dr. Jackson pursued for a time 
 the drug business left him by his father but gave it 
 up as soon as possible for the practice of his pro- 
 fession. He was still in the drug business when the 
 War of 181 2 broke out, and he at once joined the 
 First Troop Philadelphia ( 'ity Cavalry, with it taking 
 part in the movements to protect Philadelphia from 
 invasion by the British. In 1820 Dr. Jackson be- 
 came President of the Philadelphia Board of Health 
 
 SAMUEL JACKSON 
 
 and conducted its management of the famous yellow 
 fever epidemic with great ability. He, however, 
 took the attitude, since discountenanced, that yellow 
 fever was a non-imported and non-contagious dis-
 
 university of Pennsylvania 
 
 3 2: 
 
 ease. In 1S21 he became Professor of Materia 
 Medica in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. 
 
 At the same time he held this chair he taught in 
 Dr. Chapman's summer school, first as instructor in 
 Chemistry and later as Lecturer in Materia Medica 
 and Therapeutics. Dr. Jackson's connection with 
 this institution lasted until 1844. In 1827 he be 
 came Assistant to Professor Chapman in the I 'Di- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. The chair embraced the 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine, Chemical Medi- 
 cine and the Institutes of Medicine. The delivery 
 of lectures upon the last of these subjects was dele- 
 gated to Dr. Jackson. In the cholera epidemic of 
 1832 he was one of the most active of Philadelphia 
 physicians in combating the disease. In 1S35 he 
 became Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in 
 the University, holding the position until 1S63. Dr. 
 Jackson contributed many articles to the medical 
 journals, the most important being on yellow fever, 
 cholera and pulmonary disease. He died in Phila- 
 delphia, April 4. 1872. 
 
 SMITH, Thomas Learning, 1 809-1 841. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer of Trustees 1838-1841. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1809; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1828; lawyer; member City Council of Philadelphia, 
 1838-41 ; Sec. and Treas. Board of Trustees of the Uni- 
 versity, 1838-41 ; died 1841. 
 
 THOMAS I. HAM INC, SMITH, A.M., was 
 born in Philadelphia. December 8, 1S09, 
 the son of James S. and Lydia (Learning) Smith. 
 His father has been a member of the Class of 1 799 
 and a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 Thomas Smith entered the University in 1825 and 
 was prominent in debating and oratory, being 
 Moderator of the Philomathean Society and Vale- 
 dictorian of his class. He graduated in 1828 and 
 after taking a Master of Arts degree studied law 
 and was admitted to practice at the Philadelphia 
 Bar. lie was a member of the Philadelphia City 
 Councils from 1838 to 1 841, and during the same 
 period was Secretary and Trea iUre] of the Board of 
 Trustees of the University. II is promisin 
 was cut short by an early death, which occurred 
 April s, 1841. 
 
 RAWLE, William, Jr., 1788-1858. 
 
 Trustee 1836-1855. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1788; educated at Princeton; 
 admitted to the Bar in Philadelphia, 1810; Capt. Sec- 
 ond Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, War of 1812; 
 VOL. I. — 21 
 
 member of Philadelphia Common Council, 1835-40 ; 
 Trustee of the Univ. of Pa., 1836-1855; died 1858. 
 
 RAWLE, WILLIAM, Jr., Lawyer, was born in 
 Philadelphia, July 19, 17S8, the son of 
 William and Sarah C. (Burge) Rawle. He attended 
 Princeton College for some time and then studied 
 law, being admitted to the Bar in Philadelphia in 
 1 8 1 o. During the War of 1 8 1 2 he served as Captain 
 of the Second Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. 
 Returning to the prat tice of the law he soon attained 
 .1 rank at the Bai nearly equal to that of his father. 
 the distinguished abolitionist. In 1S14 he began 
 
 WIl 1 1 \M R IWLE, JR. 
 
 with Hon. Thomas Sergeant the preparation of re- 
 ports of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the 
 Slate of Pennsylvania. They published together 
 eighteen volumes by 1828 when Judge Sergeant re- 
 tired from the work. Mr. Rawle continued it until 
 1835, publishing live more volumes, From 1835 to 
 1840 he was a member of the Common Council of 
 Philadelphia and for four of these years its President. 
 He was < Li ted a I'mstee of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1836 and held the position until 1855 
 when In 1 igned. He was chosen a membei of 
 the American Philo ety in 1841. He 
 
 was for man} years Vice President of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Historical Society and Secretarj ind afterwards 
 a Director of the Librarj Company. As reporter ol
 
 322 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the State Supreme Court he published twenty-five 
 volumes of reports, 181S-1833. He married, Oc- 
 tober 7, 1S17, Mary Anna Tilghman. He died 
 August 9, 1858, at his son's country seat in Mont- 
 gomery county. 
 
 EMLEN, George, 1814-1853. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer of Trustees 1841-1853. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1814; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1832 ; Pres. Law Academy, 1837 ; Sec. and 
 Treas. Board of Trustees of the University, 1841-53 ; 
 died 1853. 
 
 GEORGE EMLEN was born in Philadelphia, 
 September 25, 1S14, the son of William 
 Fishbourne and Mary Parker (Norris) Emlen. 
 
 GEORGE EMLEN 
 
 He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, 
 graduating in the Class of 1832, and receiving the 
 Master of Arts degree from the same institution. 
 He was Valedictorian of his class. He studied 
 law and became the President of the Philadelphia 
 Law Academy in 1837. In 1840 he married Ellen 
 Markoe. In 1841 he was chosen Secretary and 
 Treasurer of the Board of Trustees of the University 
 and held the office until his death, June 7, 1853. 
 Mr. Emlen was also President of the Controllers of 
 the Public Schools of Philadelphia. His son, George 
 Emlen, graduated from the Law Department in 1865. 
 
 WHARTON, George Mifflin, 1806-1870. 
 
 Trustee 1841-1868. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1806; graduated, Univ. of Pa., 
 1823 ; lawyer ; Pres. Bd. of Pub. Educ. of Philadelphia ; 
 Pres. Select Council, 1856-59; U. S. Dist. Atty. for 
 Eastern Pa., 1857-60 ; Trustee of the University, 1841- 
 68 ; died 1870. 
 
 GEORGE MIFFLIN WHARTON was born 
 in Philadelphia, December 20, 1806, the 
 son of Fisbourne and Susan (Shoemaker) Wharton. 
 He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1823, having been, during his College course 
 Moderator of the Philomathean Society and Latin 
 Salutatorian of his Class. He studied law after 
 graduation from the University and soon became 
 prominent in the ranks of the legal profession in 
 Philadelphia. He was Provost of the Law Academy 
 from 1845 to 1855. Mr. Wharton was active in 
 public affairs, especially in matters relating to edu- 
 cation, serving for many years as President of the 
 Board of Public Education. One of the city school- 
 houses, located on Third Street below Pine Street, 
 is named after him. He served as President of 
 Select Council of Philadelphia 1S56-1859, and 
 was appointed LTnited States District Attorney for 
 Eastern Pennsylvania by President Buchanan, occu- 
 pying that position from 1857-1S60. He was 
 elected a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1 84 1 and served until 1868. He was married 
 to Maria Markoe of Philadelphia and died in that 
 city February 5, 1S70. 
 
 MEREDITH, William Morris, 1799-1873. 
 
 Trustee 1842-1850. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1799; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 1812; A.M., 1816 ; lawyer; member Pa. Legislature, 
 1824-28 ; Pres. Select Council of Philadelphia, 1834- 
 49; U. S. Dist. Atty., 1841 ; Sec. U. S. Treasury, 1849- 
 50; Atty.-Gen. of Pa., 1861-67; Pres. Constitutional 
 Convention of Pa., 1873; Trustee Univ. of Pa., 1842-59; 
 died 1873. 
 
 WILLIAM MORRIS MEREDITH, A.M., 
 one of the foremost lawyers of his time, 
 a Cabinet officer, and a member of the Board of 
 Trustees of the University, was born in Philadelphia, 
 June 8, 1799, the son of William (Class of 1790), 
 and Gertrude (Governeur Ogden) Meredith. He 
 graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, in 
 1 81 2, being the Valedictorian of his class, and 
 receiving the degree of Master of Arts in 1816. 
 He studied law and while success came slowly at 
 first he was for some time before his death the 
 acknowledged leader of the Bar of Pennsylvania.
 
 university of Pennsylvania 
 
 3 2 3 
 
 At an early age he became interested in politics, 
 being elected to the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 
 1824 and serving till 182S. He was also President 
 of Select Council of Philadelphia from 1834 to 
 
 American Philosophical Society from 1837. He 
 married Catherine, daughter of Mi< h iel Keppele 
 of the Class of 1 788. and died in Philadelphia, 
 August 17, 1873. 
 
 SERGEANT, Thomas, 1782-1860. 
 
 Trustee 1842-1854 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1782 ; graduated Princeton, 
 1798 ; admitted to Philadelphia Bar, 1802 ; member of 
 State Legislature, 1812-14; Associate Justice of Dis- 
 trict Court of Philadelphia, 1814 ; State Sec, 1817-19 ; 
 Atty.-Gen., 1819-20 ; Postmaster of Philadelphia, 1828- 
 32 ; Associate Justice of Supreme Court of Pa., 1834- 
 46; Trustee of the Univ. of Pa.. 1842-54 ; died i860. 
 
 THOMAS SERGEANT, Juris! an 1 Statesman, 
 was born in Philadelphia. January 14. i;X- - . 
 the son of Jonathan Dickinson and M.u. 
 Spencer Sergeant. Like his brother, John Dickin- 
 son Sergeant, he was sent to Princeton for his edu- 
 cation, graduating therein 1 79.S. He studied law 
 in the office of Jared Ingersoll and was admitted to 
 the Bar in Philadelphia in 1S02. A member of the 
 State Legislature from 1X12 to 1 S 1 4 , lie was in the 
 
 WILLIAM M. MEREDITH 
 
 1839, and a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention of Pennsylvania in 1S37, where his wide 
 knowledge of constitutional law made his assistance 
 of great value. In 1841 he became United States 
 District Attorney for the Eastern District of Penn- 
 sylvania. 1 1 is term of service in Select Council 
 ended in 1849 when he was appointed by President 
 I i'. In is Secretary of the Treasury, serving till the 
 expiration of the term in 1850. He then returned 
 to Philadelphia and resumed the active practice ol 
 Ins profession until c86i, when he was elected 
 Attorney General <>t Pennsylvania, which position he 
 held until 1867. He was a delegate to the Peaci 
 Convention in r.861, and declined the appointment 
 ts Senioi Council for tin 1 mini St.iiex before the 
 Geneva Arbitrators in 1X71. in 1873 he was again 
 called to the service of his state to frame the new 
 titution, this time acting is President of the 
 Convention. He was a Trustee of the L T niversity 
 of Pennsylvania from 1S42 to 1859, the Vice- latter year appointed Associate Justice of the Dis 
 Provost "f tin- Law Academy from 1836 to 1837, trict Court of Philadelphia. While S cretarj of the 
 thi 1 hancellor of the Law Association of Phtladel- Commonwealth from 1817 to [819 he began the 
 phia from [857 to 1873 and a member of the formation of the Stale Law Lil llarrisburg. 
 
 I'HOM/I 11 KAN1 
 From canvai ■ Historical S
 
 3^4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 He was Attorney-General, 1819-1S20, Postmaster 
 of Philadelphia, 1S2S-1832, and Associate-Justice 
 of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1 834 
 until 1846, when he resigned. Judge Sergeant's 
 decisions were notable for their brevity, clearness 
 and accuracy and he goes on record as the only 
 Judge on the Pennsylvania Bench whose decisions 
 were never reversed. He had much to do with 
 shaping the limited equity jurisdiction of the court. 
 After his retirement from the bench in 1846 Judge 
 Sergeant returned to practice, but his health was 
 failing and he was finally compelled to give up 
 professional work. In 1X42 he became a Trustee 
 of the University of Pennsylvania and continued in 
 office until 1854 when he resigned. He was Pro- 
 vost of the Law Academy of Philadelphia in 1844- 
 1845 and President of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania. Judge Sergeant produced a good 
 deal of legal literature. Among his publications are : 
 Constitutional Law, 1822; Sketch of the National 
 Judiciary Powers Exercised in the United States 
 Prior to the Adoption of the Present Federal Con- 
 stitution, 1824 ; View of the Land Laws of Penn- 
 sylvania, 1S3S, and with William Rawle, Jr., Report 
 of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Penn- 
 sylvania, 1814-1829. He married, September 14, 
 181 2, Sarah Bache, a granddaughter of Benjamin 
 Franklin. He died May 8, i860. 
 
 HARE, George Emlen, 1808-1892. 
 
 Asst. Prof. Greek and Latin 1844-45. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1808; graduated Union College, 
 1827 ; clergyman of P. E. Church ; Rector of St. John's 
 Church, Carlisle, Pa., 1830-34; Rector Trinity Church, 
 Princeton, New Jersey, 1834-43; Asst. Prof. Greek and 
 Latin, Univ. of Pa., 1844-45; Headmaster P. E. Acad., 
 1846-57; Prof, in Epis. Div. School, Philadelphia, 1852; 
 D.D. Columbia, 1843; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1873; died 
 1892. 
 
 GEORGE EMLEN HARE, D.D., LL.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, September 4, 1S0S, 
 the son of Charles Willing and Anne (Emlen) Hare. 
 He graduated at Union College in 1827 and stud- 
 ied for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, being ordained in 1829. Before his ordi- 
 nation he had been called to the Rectorate of St. 
 John's Church in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He left 
 this charge in 1834, to accept a call from Trinity 
 Church in Princeton. New Jersey, where he served 
 until 1S43 when he became Assistant Professor of 
 Greek and Latin Languages at the University of 
 Pennsylvania. He resigned this Chair in 1845 t0 
 
 become Headmaster and practically the re-founder 
 of the Academy of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
 in Philadelphia, being also Rector of St. Matthew's 
 Church. In addition to these duties Dr. Hare 
 began in 1857 the training of young men for Holy 
 Orders, and when in 1S62, his school grew to such 
 dimensions that it passed into the Philadelphia 
 Divinity School he became Professor of Biblical 
 Learning and Exegesis, the duties of which Chair 
 he continued to discharge until 1S89. He was 
 well known as one of the most proficient Hebrew 
 scholars in the Episcopal Church and as such was 
 called to serve as a member of The American Com- 
 
 GEORGE EMLEN HARE 
 
 mittee of the Revision of the Authorized English 
 Version of the Pible. Among his works are : Christ 
 to Return, 1840, and Visions and Narratives of the 
 Old Testament, 1889. He was granted the hono- 
 rary degree of Doctor of Divinity by Columbia in 
 1S43 and of Doctor of Laws by the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1S73. In 1S30 he married Eliza- 
 beth Catharine Hobart. He died February 15, 
 1S92. 
 
 MORTON, Henry Jackson, 1807-1890. 
 
 Trustee 1844-1890. 
 Born in New York City, 1807; graduated Columbia, 
 1827; A.M. 1830; D.D. Univ of Pa., 1844; Clergyman 
 of P. E. Church; Rector St. James' Church, Philadel-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3 2 5 
 
 phia, 1836-87; Rector Emeritus, 1887-90; Trustee Univ. 
 of Pa., 1844-90; died 1890. 
 
 HENRY JACKSON MORTON, D.D., was 
 born in New York City, September 25, 
 1S07, the son of Major-General Jacob Morton. He 
 graduated at Columbia College in 1S27, receiving his 
 Master of Arts degree in 1830, and afterward studied 
 law with his brother, Washington J. Morton. Deter- 
 mining to enter the Protestant Episcopal ministry, 
 however, he took a course at the General Theologi- 
 cal Seminary of that church in New York City, where 
 he graduated in 1830, being ordained Deacon by 
 
 HENRV J. MORTON 
 
 Bishop Hobart. In the same year he became 
 Assistant to Bishop William White in the Electorate 
 of St. James Church in Philadelphia and was or- 
 dained to the Priesthood in 1831. For five years 
 he remained in this office and then became Rector 
 of St. James. For fifty-om yeai i he < rv< d as Pas- 
 tor of this church and then resigned to become 
 Rector Emeritus. For many years he was Pre i 
 dent of the Standing Committee of the diocese of 
 Pennsylvania. In [844 he was elected a Trustee 
 of the I nivei ity <>l Pennsylvania and remained in 
 that office till his death. The t niversity bestowed 
 the honorary degree of I >i» tor of 1 tivinity upon him 
 
 in 1X44. Dr. Morton published The Sunday Si 1 1 
 
 Teacher's Call and The S l<\ Scl I reacher's 
 
 Aid in 1838. lie died m Philadelphia in 1890. 
 
 ALLEN. George, 1808-1876. 
 
 Professor Greek and Latin 1845-1876. 
 
 Born in Milton, Vt., 1808; graduated Univ. of Vt., 
 1827; Prof. Languages, Univ. of Vt., 1828-30; clergy- 
 man ; Prof. Ancient Languages, Delaware College, 
 Newark, Del., 1837-45; Prof. Greek and Latin, Univ. 
 of Pa., 1845-76; Papal Consul in Philadelphia; author 
 of many articles on religious subjects and upon chess 
 topics; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1868; died 1876. 
 
 GEORGE ALLEN, LL.D., one of the fore- 
 most classical scholars of his time, was 
 born in Milton, Vermont, December 17, 1808, the 
 son of Hon. Heman and Sarah (Prentiss) Allen. 
 He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1827, 
 and remained there for two years as substitute for 
 one of the Professors of Languages, then studied fo] 
 the Bar and was admitted in 1834. He never 
 practised law, however, his mind being already 
 turned in the direction of theology. He had been 
 brought up as a member of the "Standing Order" 
 as the Congregationalist Churches were called but 
 about 1S24 he became attached to the Episcopal 
 faith, of which he was ordained a minister in 1834. 
 During his Rectorate he began writing for the New 
 York Review, among other articles being one 
 upon The Study of Works of Genius, and a defense 
 of his former teacher, Dr. James Marsh. President 
 of the University of Vermont, against the attacks of 
 the Rev. J. McVickar, in his edition of Cole- 
 ridge's Aids to Reflection. In 1837 owing to an 
 attack of bronchitis he resigned his Rectorship and 
 having received calls from several Colleges, he 
 accepted the Chair of Ancient Languages at Dela- 
 ware College, Newark, Delaware. Here he re- 
 mained until 1845 when he became Professor of 
 Languages at the University of Pennsylvania, and 
 began his term of thirty years there as a member of 
 the Faculty of the Arts Department. In 1847 he 
 was received into the Catholic Church. In taking 
 this step he may have been influenced by the Oxford 
 Movement which had just reached its climax in the 
 conversion of John Henry Newman, for whose writ- 
 ings Professor Allen always had the deepest admira- 
 tion. However that may be, it was only alt 
 thorough examination of the subject that he d< 1 idi d 
 upon his final step and lie remained a layman of 
 the Church until his death. In [864 aftei the elei 
 lion of Professor Francis \. Jackson to the Chair of 
 Latin, Professoi Mien devoted himself more ex- 
 clusively to the study and teaching of Greek 1 
 
 ire. It is worthy n( note that, 
 notwithstanding the fact that the University at the 
 time of Profi "i \; u' . 1 onveision was a distmclK
 
 326 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Protestant institution, there seems to have been no 
 permanent effect of his change of religious opinion 
 either on the friendship of his colleagues or the 
 love and respect of his pupils who differed from 
 
 GEORGE ALLEN 
 
 him. Every one who studied under him unites 
 in praising his qualities as a scholar and a most 
 courteous gentleman, and he seems to have been 
 regarded as the most distinguished member of the 
 Faculty of Arts. This appreciation culminated in 
 [868 when the University conferred upon him 
 the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. In addi- 
 tion to his classical studies, Professor Allen was 
 well known as an authority on all subjects related to 
 the game of chess, possessing the most complete 
 library on that topic in America. He wrote in 
 1S63 a Life of Philidor, Chapters on Clicks in Phil- 
 adelphia, and The History of the Automaton Chess 
 Player in America for The Book of the First Amer- 
 ican Chess Congress in 1859. He also was much 
 interested in music and military science, and con- 
 tributed to the United States Service Magazine, edited 
 by his colleague. Professor Henry Copp6e. Professor 
 Allen was married July 7, 1831, to Mary Hancock 
 Withington. He died in Worcester, Massachusetts, 
 May 28, 1S76, and was buried in the Cathedral 
 Cemetery in Philadelphia. The exercises at the 
 University were suspended from the date of his 
 
 death until after the funeral, the Faculties of Arts 
 and of the Towne Scientific School wore a badge of 
 mourning for thirty days and the chair which lie 
 had occupied in Chapel was draped until the end of 
 the first term of the following year. 
 
 POTTER, Alonzo, 1800-1865. 
 
 Trustee 1845-1865. 
 Born in Beekman, N. Y., 1800 ; graduated Union 
 College, 1818; Prof. Math, and Natural Phil. Union 
 College, 1821 ; Rector St. Paul's Church, Boston, 1826; 
 Vice. Pres. Union College, 1831 ; Bishop of Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1845 ; writer on religious and economic subjects ; 
 Trustee Univ. of Pa., 1845-65 ; D.D. Kenyon College, 
 1834, and Harvard 1843; LL. D.Union, 1846; died 1865. 
 
 ALONZO POTTER, D.D., LL.L)., Protestant 
 Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania, was born 
 in Beekman, Xew York, July 6, 1S00, the son of 
 Joseph and Anna Potter. He graduated with high 
 honors at L'nion College in 181S, and soon after 
 was baptized into the Protestant E'piscopal Church 
 in Philadelphia where he began to study for the 
 ministry. In 1821 he became a Tutor at Union 
 College and a year later Professor of Mathematics 
 
 ALOXZO I'OTTKR 
 
 and Natural Theology, while still continuing his 
 theological studies. In 1824 he was ordained and 
 in the same year he was married to Sarah Maria 
 Nott, daughter of the President of L T nion College.
 
 UN I VERS ITT OF PENNSTLV/1M I 
 
 3 2 7 
 
 The Rectorate of St. Paul's Church, Boston, becom- 
 ing vacant in 1826 he was called to that city where 
 he remained until 1831, when he returned to Union 
 College to fill the Chair of Moral Philosophy and 
 Political Economy. In 183S he was chosen Vice- 
 President of the same institution, which position In- 
 occupied for seven years. He declined in the same 
 year the Assistant Bishopric of the Eastern Diocese, 
 comprising most of the New England States, but in 
 1845 accepted a call to the Bishopric of Pennsyl- 
 vania. His administration of twenty years in that 
 responsible position was marked by a notable 
 growth of the Episcopal Church in Pennsylvania. 
 To his efforts are due the building of the Hospital 
 of the Episcopal Church, the organization of the 
 Divinity School in West Philadelphia and the erec- 
 tion of thirty-five churches of his denomination. He 
 also found time to make extended trips through his 
 diocese, delivering addresses and charges to the 
 clergy, and to write numerous articles on religious 
 and economic subjects. Among these are Natural 
 Theology and Christian Evidence, Political Econ- 
 omy, its objects, uses, and Principles Considered, 
 etc. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity from Kenvon College in 1834, and from 
 Harvard University in 1843, alu ' tne degree of 
 Doctor of Laws from Union College in 1846. He 
 was a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 from 1845 to hisdeath, which occurred July 4, 1865, 
 in the harbor of San Francisco, upon a journey 
 taken in search of health. 
 
 CARSON, Joseph, 1808-1876. 
 
 Professor Materia Medica and Therapeutics 1850-1876. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1808; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1826, and Med. Dept. 1830; Prof. Materia 
 Medica, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1836-50 ; 
 Prof. Materia Medica and Therapeutics at the Univer- 
 sity, 1850-76; died 1876. 
 
 JOSEPH CARSON, M.D., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, April 19, 1S0S, il, dI Joseph 
 and Elizabeth (Lawrence) Carson. He was edu- 
 cated at the Germantown Academy, at White's 
 School in Philadelphia and at the University of 
 Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1826. 
 He entered the wholesale drug store of Dr. Edward 
 Lowlier, and remaining there a short time icquired 
 a love for botany win. Ii phi 1 i i 1 < ■ . 1 with him through 
 life. 1 le now i ommenced tin- study of medicini 
 the University of Pennsylvania, graduating as Doc- 
 tor of Medicine in 1830. He did not settle down 
 to practice il on< e bul shipped a i Surgeon on an 
 
 East Indiaman, visiting Madras and Calcutta. 
 Returning to Phil In 
 
 1S41 he married Mary, sister of Dr. Paul B. God- 
 dard. She died the next year, and in [848 he 
 married Mary Hollingsworth. Alter the first ten 
 years his practice rapidly increased and he gained 
 a prominent position as an obstetrician, but ill- 
 health compelled him to give up this branch o( 
 practice. He was r ident at the Pennsylvania 
 
 Hospital [830-1831; Pi ol I teria Medica 
 
 at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1S36- 
 1850; Lecturer on Materia Medica at the Phila- 
 
 [1 1-1 I'll i ARSON 
 
 delphia Medical Institute 1844-1848; Obstetrician 
 
 to tin- Pennsylvania Hospital [849-1854; Pro 
 lessor of Materia Medi< 1 and therapeutics at the 
 l niversity of Pennsylvania 1850 1 ad 1 
 
 tus Professor 1870. after his resignation from ill- 
 health. Dr. Carson wa verj much interested in 
 the Ami rican Philo iphical Societj ind the \< ad 
 emy ol Natui 1 Jciem holi n iffi i in both 
 institutions. He published 1 good many dissi 
 lions on medical subjects bul hi I nembered 
 
 book was the History of the Medical Department 
 of the Universit) ol Pennsylvania. He also came 
 the medii al profession from 
 I ir of tin fournal ol Pharn 
 
 I le died I lei embi l (I I, I
 
 328 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 SHARSWOOD, George, 1810-1883. 
 
 Professor of Law 1850-1868, Trustee 1872-1883. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1810; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1828 ; admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, 1831 ; member 
 of the Pa. Legislature, 1837-38, and 1842-43 ; Judge of 
 Dist. Court of Philadelphia, 1845-48 ;• Pres. Judge, 1848- 
 67; Prof, of Law at the University, 1850-52; Prof, of 
 the Institutes of Law, 1852-68; Justice of the Pa. 
 Supreme Court, 1867-78 ; Trustee of the University, 
 1872-83; Chief-Justice of the Pa. Supreme Court, 1878- 
 82; LL.D. Columbia, 1856; died 1883. 
 
 GEORGE SHARSWOOD, LL.D., Chief-Jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 
 was born in Philadelphia, July 7, 1S10, the son of 
 George and Hester (Dunn) Sharswood. His father 
 dying before his birth, he was educated by his 
 grandfather, Captain James Sharswood, a prominent 
 citizen of Philadelphia. He entered the Univer- 
 sity in 1825, graduating in 1828. He studied law 
 in the office of Joseph R. Ingersoll and was ad- 
 mitted to the Bar in 183 1. He did not meet 
 with great success in practice, indeed he did not 
 seem to care much for the active practice of his 
 profession, but continued his law studies with the 
 utmost diligence. In 1S37-1S3S he served in the 
 State Legislature and again in 1842— 1843. ln 
 1S45 the Governor commissioned him Judge of 
 the District Court of Philadelphia. In 184S he 
 became its President, holding the position until 
 1867, when he was elected Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of Pennsylvania. Justice Sharswood became 
 Chief-Justice in 1878, retiring in 1882 at the ex- 
 piration of his term. He was very active in the 
 service of the University of Pennsylvania. The 
 Law Department especially owes much to him. 
 To him is due in large measure, its revival in 1850, 
 after the suspension of its courses. He himself 
 offered his services as Professor of Law and con- 
 tinued as such until 1S52. In 1852 he became 
 Professor of the Institutes of Law, continuing in 
 that chair until 1S68. Four years later he was 
 elected a Trustee and held that office until his 
 death. His association with the Law Academy 
 of Philadelphia lasted almost a half century. He 
 became its President in 1S36, its Vice- Provost in 
 1S3S, and its Provost in 1855, holding the last 
 office for the remainder of his life. Justice Shars- 
 wood was President of the Alumni Society of the 
 College Department, and a member of the Penn- 
 sylvania Historical Society and the American Philo- 
 sophical Society. He published a number of law- 
 works, prominent among which are Sharswood's 
 Blackstone's Commentaries, rS59 ; Professional 
 
 Ethics, 1 85 4; Popular Lectures on Common Law, 
 1856, and Lectures on Commercial Law, 1856. 
 He was a Doctor of Laws of two institutions, the 
 University of the City of New York, 1856, and 
 Columbia College, 1856. He was perhaps the 
 most popular of Pennsylvania jurists as he was 
 certainly among the most distinguished. He mar- 
 ried Mary V., daughter of Dr. W. C. Chambers of 
 Philadelphia. Justice Sharswood died in Phila- 
 delphia, May 28, 1883. 
 
 [ Portrait on page 1 15] 
 
 WOOD, George Bacon, 1797-1879. 
 
 Professor of Medicine 1850-1860, Trustee 1863-1879. 
 Born in Greenwich, N. J., 1797; A.B. Univ. of Pa., 
 1815, and M.D., 1818; Prof. Chem. Philadelphia College 
 of Pharmacy, 1822-31, and of Materia Medica, 1831-35 ; 
 Prof. Materia Medica Univ. of Pa., 1835-50, and of the 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine, 1850-60; Trustee of 
 the University, 1863-79; endowed Auxiliary Dept. of 
 Medicine in the University, 1865; LL.D. Princeton, 
 
 1858 ; died 1879. 
 
 GEORGE BACON WOOD. M.D., LL.D., was 
 born in Greenwich, Cumberland county, 
 New Jersey, March 13, 1797, the son of Richard 
 and Elizabeth (Bacon) Wood. After receiving his 
 early education in New York City he went to the 
 University of Pennyslvania in 181 2 and graduated 
 in 1 81 5. Entering the Medical School at once he 
 secured the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S18. 
 In 1822 he became Professor of Chemistry in the 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, holding that 
 chair until 1831, when he changed it for that of 
 Materia Medica. He was Attendant Physician at 
 the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb 
 1822-1844, Fellow of the College of Physicians 
 1827, and its President 184S-1879. Becoming 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society 
 in 1829, he was chosen its President in 1859, hold- 
 ing the position until his death. From 1835 to 
 
 1859 he was Attendant Physician of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Hospital. He was President of the American 
 Medical Association 185 5-1 85 6. He was for 
 years very active in University affairs. In 1835 
 he left the College of Pharmacy to accept the Chair 
 of Materia Medica in the University, and in 1S50 
 he was transferred to the Chair of the Theory and 
 Practice of Medicine, from which he retired in i860, 
 becoming Emeritus Professor. He became a Trus- 
 tee in 1863, holding the position until his death. 
 In 1865 Dr. Wood endowed an auxiliary Faculty 
 of Medicine composed of five chairs, — Zoology 
 and Comparative Anatomy ; Botany ; Mineralogy
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSl'LVJM.1 
 
 3 2 9 
 
 and Geology; Hygiene, and Medical Jurisprudence 
 and Toxicology. By will he endowed the Peter 
 Halm Ward of the University Hospital in memory 
 of Peter Halm, whose daughter Catherine he had 
 married. Princeton bestowed the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws upon him in 1858. Dr. Wood wrote a 
 History of the University of Pennsylvania, 1827, 
 several memoirs and a number of medical disser- 
 tations. His most famous book was the Dispensa- 
 tory of the United States, published with Dr. 
 Franklin Bache in 1833 ; of this work one hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand copies were sold during 
 Hr. Wood's lifetime, the royalties to the authors 
 being over Si 50,000. Among his other works are A 
 Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, 1847; A 
 Treatise on Therapeutics, 1856, and Introductory 
 I 1 ' lures and Addresses on Medical Subjects, 1859. 
 Dr. Wood died in Philadelphia, March 30, 1879. 
 [Portrait on page 118.] 
 
 PATTON, John Woodbridge, 1843- 
 
 Professor of Law i8g7- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1843; studied one year in Col- 
 lege Dept. Univ. of Pa. ; graduated College of New 
 Jersey, 1863 ; studied law, and entered practice in Phil- 
 adelphia ; member Common Council of Philadelphia 
 five years; Prof, of Law at the University since 1897. 
 
 JOHN WOODBRIDGE PATTON was born in 
 Philadelphia, in 1843,5011 of John and Mind- 
 well Gould Patton. He entered the College De- 
 partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1859, but left at the close of the Freshman year 
 to attend tin- College of New Jersey, where he 
 graduated Bachelor of Aits in 1863, receiving the 
 degree of Master of Arts in course. Subsequently 
 he studied law and took up the practice of that pro- 
 fession in Philadelphia, in which city he was, for 
 five years, a member of the Common Council, and 
 for some time President of the Mortgage 'Trust 
 Company of Pennsylvania. Since September 1897 
 he has been Professor of Law it the University. 
 
 MILLER, Elihu Spencer, 1817-1879. 
 
 Professor Law 1852-72, Dean Law School. 
 Born in Princeton, N. J., 1817; graduated Princeton, 
 1836; practising lawyer in Baltimore and Philadelphia ; 
 Prof. Real Estate and Equity Jurisprudence, Univ. of 
 Pa., 1852-72; Dean of Law School, 1868-72; Vice- 
 Provost Law Acad. ; died 1879. 
 
 ELIHU SPENCER MILLER wis born in 
 Princeton, New Jersey, September 3, 1X17. 
 IT- was the fifth son of the Rev. Samuel Miller, I >.!>., 
 
 LL.D., a minister of the Presbyterian Church, who 
 was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1789, and who was one of the founders of the 
 Theological Seminary in Princeton, New Jersey, in 
 1812, and for a term of thirty-seven years Professor 
 of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government 
 in that institution. His mother was Sarah, 
 daughter of the Hon. Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant 
 who was a member of the Continental Congress 111 
 1776 from New Jersey, and who became later At- 
 torney General of Pennsylvania. Elihu Spent 1 1 
 Miller was graduated from the College of New 
 Jersey in 1S36. He studied law first in the office 
 of Hon. James S. Green in Princeton, afterwards 
 with the Hon. Reverdy Johnson in Baltimore where 
 he was admitted to the Bar. Subsequently, in 1843, 
 he was admitted to practice in Philadelphia where 
 he followed his profession during the remainder of 
 his life. As a lawyer he attained a high standing. 
 He was distinguished for his integrity, intrepidity, 
 legal erudition and skill and for his faithfulness and 
 untiring industry. He was a (lose thinker on all 
 subjects, a deliberate and careful speaker, and to 
 these characteristics he added a pungent and re- 
 fined wit. When it was determined in 1852 to 
 re-establish a Faculty of Law in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, Mr. Miller was chosen for the Chair 
 of Real Estate and Equity Jurisprudence, lie 
 filled this position for twenty years. When the 
 proposition was made to locate the Law School in 
 West Philadelphia he strenuously opposed the plan, 
 his constant belief being that the ideal of the Law 
 School was purely professional, and that its home 
 should, therefore, be in the midst of law offices. 
 He advocated the use of the old building owned by 
 the University in Fifth Street above Walnut. The 
 claims of his practice at this time were such as to 
 lead him, when the removal was determined on, 
 to relinquish his Professorship. From the date of 
 Judge Sharswood's resignation of the office of Mean 
 of the Law School Mr. Miller had held that post. 
 Tor many years he was a member of the Hoard of 
 Censor-, of the Taw Vssociation where he always 
 upheld a high code of honor at the Par. He was 
 also Vice-Provost of the Law Academy for many 
 years. In 1847 he published A Treatise on the 
 I aw of Partition by Wril in Pennsylvania, and 
 in 1X50 edited the second edition ol Sergeant's 
 I ie in ie on the 1 ,ien of Mechanics and Mai 
 Men in Pennsylvania. lie had Utile taste for 
 politics, but twice served as a member of the 
 City Councils, and through public interest was
 
 33° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 led to use his influence as a citizen and profession- 
 ally, when occasion demanded, for municipal re- 
 form and against unwise or corrupt legislation. He 
 was associated with the Hon. William M. Evarts 
 about the year 1865 in trying the constitutionality 
 of the Income Tax. During the war for the in- 
 tegrity of the Union he trained and took into the 
 field thrice an artillery company in state defence. 
 While on duty in one of these terms he was ap- 
 pointed Provost-Marshal of Hagerstown, Maryland. 
 In 1849 he published " Caprices " a collection of 
 short poems. He died suddenly in his office. 
 March 6, 1879. For a year or more previously his 
 physical activity, naturally great, had been seriously 
 impaired by a disorder difficult to determine. Its 
 sudden culmination was entirely unexpected. 
 
 FRALEY, Frederick, 1804- 
 
 Trustee 1853- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1804 ; studied law and engaged 
 in business in Philadelphia ; member City Council, 
 1834-37 ; State Senator, 1837 ; director of Girard College 
 1847, an d later Pres. ; Pres. of National Board of Trade 
 since 1868 ; Treas. Centennial Board of Finance, 1876 ; 
 Trustee Univ. of Pa., since 1853 ; Pres. Amer. Phil. 
 Soc. since 1880; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1880. 
 
 FREDERICK FRALEY, LL.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, May 28, 1804. He supple- 
 mented the education received in the schools of 
 his native city by law study, which, however, he 
 pursued only for the intellectual training, without 
 any intention of leading a professional life. He 
 entered business as a merchant in Philadelphia at 
 an early age and has won a notable success in his 
 commercial endeavors and a place of prominence in 
 public life. He was elected to the Philadelphia 
 City Council in 1834 and while serving as Chair- 
 man of the Finance Committee in 1837 he sug- 
 gested a measure involving the issuing of certificates 
 of debt in small denominations, thus preserving the 
 threatened solvency of the city. In TS37 he was 
 the successful candidate of the Whig party for 
 State Senator, and during his term of service in 
 the Senate he came prominently before the public 
 notice as the author of an address descriptive of 
 the "Buckshot War" trouble. From the found- 
 ing of Girard College in 1847, Mr. Fraley was an 
 enthusiastic promoter of its interests, preparing the 
 plan of organization and management which was 
 finally employed, serving as the head Director 
 and at one time occupying the President's chair 
 for a brief period. He became a Trustee of the 
 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1853, and has so 
 continued since that date, having been longer in 
 office than any other member of the Board. Mr. 
 Fraley participated in the movement which in 1854 
 led to the consolidation of all the out-lying districts 
 of the county with the city. In 1868 he was a 
 delegate from Philadelphia assisting in the founding 
 of the National Board of Trade, and being elected 
 to the Presidency, has continued in that office by 
 successive re-elections to the present time. His 
 activity in the work of developing the plans for the 
 Centennial Exhibition was exerted as Treasurer of 
 
 FREDERICK FRALEY 
 
 the Centennial Board of Finance. He was a founder 
 of the Union Club and of the succeeding Union 
 League Club, and since 1S80 has been President of 
 the American Philosophical Society. In 18S0 the 
 University conferred upon him the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws. 
 
 BIDDLE, Caldwell Keppele, 1829-1862. 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer of Trustees 1853-1862. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1829 ; graduated, Univ. of Pa., 
 1846; LL.B. 1853; lawyer, and Sec. -Treas. Board of 
 Trustees, 1853-62 ; died 1862. 
 
 CALDWELL KEPPELE BIDDLE, A.M., was 
 born in Philadelphia, January 22, 1829, the 
 son of James Cornell and Sarah (Keppele) Bid-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 33 1 
 
 die. He entered the College Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1.X42 and was par- 
 ticularly interested in public speaking and oratory, 
 being Moderator of the Philomathean Society and 
 Valedictorian of his class. He studied law after 
 graduation, was admitted to the Philadelphia liar 
 and practised in that city. He was Secretary and 
 Treasurer of the Board of Trustees of the University 
 of Pennsylvania from 1853 to his death. He married 
 Elizabeth Meade Ricketts of Philadelphia, and died 
 February 26, 1S62. 
 
 LEIDY, Joseph, 1823-1891. 
 
 Prof. Anatomy 1853-91, Zoology and Comp. Anatomy 1884 gi. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1823 ; graduated Med. Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1844 ; Prosector in Anatomy at the Uni- 
 versity, 1844-53 ; Demonstrator of Anatomy, Franklin 
 Medical College, 1846 ; Pathologist to St. Joseph's 
 Hosp. ; 1'rof. Anatomy at the University, 1853-91; 
 Surgeon to Satterlee Military Hosp. during Civil 
 War ; Prof. Natural History, Swarthmore College, 
 1871 ; President Academy of Natural Sciences, 1871-91 ; 
 Prof. Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Biological 
 Dept., Univ. of Pa., 1884-91 ; Pres. Wagner Free In- 
 stitute of Science, 1885-91; LL.D. Harvard, 1886; 
 recipient of numerous honors from foreign societies 
 and author of eight hundred articles on scientific sub- 
 jects ; died i8gi. 
 
 JOSEPH LEIDY, M.D., LL.D., one of the 
 best beloved sons of the University and one 
 of the most prominent scientists of his time, was 
 born in Philadelphia, September 9, 1823, the son 
 of Philip and Catherine (Melick) Leidy. He ob- 
 tained his early education at private schools and at 
 the age of sixteen he left school with the intention 
 of becoming an artist. He had, however, been in 
 the habit of attending a drug store in the neighbor- 
 hood and this turned his attention in the direction 
 of medicine. He entered the University of Penn- 
 sylvania and graduated from the Medical Depart- 
 ment in [844. Shortly after his graduation he 
 obtained the position of Prosector to the Chair of 
 Anatomy, then held by Dr. Horner, and soon deter- 
 mined to abandon active practice and devote him- 
 self entirely to the scientific side of his profession. 
 In [846 he was elected Demonstrator of Anatomy 
 in the Franklin Medical College but soon returned 
 to the University, and in [848 travelled in Europe 
 with Dr. Horner. He began lecturing on Histology 
 on his return but on account of ill health gave this 
 up and accompanied Dr. George B. Wood on a 
 second visit to Europe. Returning to the Univer- 
 
 sity he resumed his duties as Prosector. In 185 1 
 he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians 
 and the next year he became Pathologist to St. 
 Joseph's Hospital. In 1S53 he succeeded Dr. 
 Horner as Professor of Anatomy at the University 
 of Pennsylvania and held this chair for nearly forty 
 years. During this long service he attained the 
 unquestioned place as the foremost anatomist of 
 America if not of the world. During the Civil war 
 he served as Surgeon to the Satterlee Military Hos- 
 pital. In 1864 Dr. Leidy married Anna, daughter 
 of Robert Harden. In 187 1 he was elected Pro- 
 fessor of Natural History in Swarthmore College, 
 and in 18 71 President of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences, of which he had been a member since its 
 foundation in 1863. When the Biological Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania was founded 
 in 1884 Dr. Leidy was made Professor of Zoology 
 and Comparative Anatomy. In 1885 he was chosen 
 President of the Wagner Free Institute of Science 
 and in 1S86 Harvard University conferred upon 
 him the degree of Doctor of Laws. Among other 
 honors awarded to Dr. Leidy may be mentioned 
 the Walker Prize of $500, which was given him 
 by the Boston Society of Natural History in 1880, 
 and which was doubled on this occasion as a 
 special tribute to his services in science. He was 
 also awarded a prize by the Royal Microscopical 
 Society in 1879, and was given the Lyell Medal in 
 1884 by the Geological Society of London, and 
 the Cuvier Medal by the Academy of Sciences of 
 Paris in 18S8. Dr. Leidy was a member, active or 
 honorary, of over forty native and foreign societies, 
 and published over eight hundred articles on scien- 
 tific subjects. Among these were the splendid 
 monograph on Fresh Water Rhizopods of North 
 America, the result of years of research, and a Flora 
 and Fauna Within Living Animals (1853) which 
 contained in brief the Theory of Natural Selection 
 developed by Darwin live years later. At the time 
 of his death Dr. Leidy had obtained an enviable 
 reputation as a mineralogist and botanist, stood 
 among the very highest authorities upon Compai 
 ative Anatomy and Zoology, was one of the most 
 distinguished helminthologists living and the equal 
 of any palaeontologist at home or abroad. Vet with 
 all this, he was one of the most modes! of men. 
 ever ready to learn, and as was instanced more than 
 once, ever read} to yield the first claims of his 
 opponents. Dr. Leidy died, April 30, 1S91, in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 I Portrait nn page 107.]
 
 33 ; 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 STILLE, Alfred, 1813- 
 
 Professor Medicine 1854-84, Emeritus since 1884. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1813 ; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 1832; M.D. 1836; Resident Physician Phila. Hospital, 
 1836 and 1865-71 ; Pa. Hospital, 1839-41 ; Lecturer be- 
 fore Pa. Association for Medical Instruction, 1845-51 ; 
 Physician St. Joseph's Hospital, 1849-77; Prof. Medical 
 Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1854-59 and 1864-84, Emeritus since 
 1884; member of numerous medical and scientific 
 societies and author of professional works ; LL.D. 
 Pa. College and Univ. of Pa. 
 
 ALFRED STILLE, M.D., LL.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, October 30, 1S13, the son of 
 John and Maria (Wagner) Stille. He prepared for 
 College in Philadelphia schools and entered Vale in 
 1828, leaving at the end of his Sophomore year for 
 the purpose of finishing his course at the University 
 of Pennsylvania. In 1850 Vale enrolled him on 
 her list of graduates as of the Class of 1832, with 
 which he would have been graduated, conferring 
 upon him at the same time the degree of Master of 
 Arts, gratia causa. He entered the Class of 1832 
 in the University of Pennsylvania at the opening of 
 its Junior year and completed the academic course 
 with honor, attaining the Phi Beta Kappa and being 
 chosen President of the Zelosophic Society. Fol- 
 lowing his graduation, he pursued a course of study 
 in the Medical Department of the University, re- 
 ceiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1836 
 and being elected Resident Physician of the Phila- 
 delphia Hospital. He held this position but a short 
 time, carrying out his intention of pursuing higher 
 medical studies abroad, which he did by a residence 
 of two years in Paris and other scientific centres of 
 Europe. On his return, in 1839, he accepted and 
 held for two years the post of Resident Physician in 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in 1845 began to 
 lecture on medicine before the Philadelphia Associa- 
 tion for Medical Instruction, continuing his courses 
 in that school for six years, when again, in 1851, he 
 resumed professional study and investigation abroad, 
 residing at Vienna. Dr. Stille returned to his work 
 in this country in 1854 as Professor of the Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine in the Pennsylvania Medi- 
 cal College in Philadelphia, filling that chair until 
 1859, and in 1864 he was appointed to the Pro- 
 fessorship of the same branch, with that of Clinii il 
 Medicine added, in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 This position he occupied for twenty years, retiring 
 from active work in 18S4 and retaining his connec- 
 tion thereafter with the University as Professor 
 Emeritus. Outside of his University duties, Dr. 
 Stille served as Physician to St. Joseph's Hospital 
 
 1 849-1 87 7, Surgeon in the United States Army at 
 the Satterlee Hospital, during the Civil War 1862- 
 1S63, and Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital 
 1 865-1 87 1. He is a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania and numerous medical societies, in- 
 cluding La Societe M^dicale d'Observation de Paris 
 and has been President of the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society, the American Medical Associa- 
 tion and the College of Physicians of Philadel- 
 phia. He was Vice-President of the Centennial 
 Medical Commission and President of the Medical 
 
 ALFRED STILLE 
 
 section of the International Medical Congress. Dr. 
 Stille has contributed largely to the literature of the 
 profession in standard works, beside his writings in 
 medical periodicals. Among his published books 
 are : Medical Instruction in the United States ; Ther- 
 apeutics and Materia Mediea ; War as an Instrument 
 of Civilization ; Epidemic Meningitis; and in asso- 
 ciation with John M. Maisch, Ph.D., The National 
 Dispensatory. He also edited the second edition 
 of the Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence, originally 
 written by his brother, Moreton Stille, with Francis 
 Wharton. Dr. Stills received the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws from Pennsylvania College. Gettysburg, 
 in 1S59, and from University of Pennsylvania in 
 1889.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 333 
 
 HUNT, William, 1825-1896. 
 
 Demonstrator Anatomy 1854-1864, Trustee 1879-1895. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1825; graduated in Medicine, 
 Univ. of Pa., 1849; Resident Physician Pa. Hosp., 1849- 
 51 ; Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University, 1854- 
 64; Surgeon to Episcopal Hosp., 1853-63; to Wills' 
 Eye Hosp., 1857-63 ; to Pa. Hosp., 1863-93; Pres. Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Surgery, 1891-95; Trustee of the 
 University, 1879-95; Acting Asst. Surgeon U. S. Army, 
 1862-63 ; Special Inspector of Hospitals U. S. A., 1862; 
 Editor Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, and 
 author of a number of monographs and articles on 
 medical subjects ; died 1896. 
 
 Will. 1AM HUNT, M.D., was bom Septem- 
 ber 26, 1825, in Philadelphia, the son 
 of Uriah and Elizabeth Shreve Hunt. He received 
 his early education at the Friends' Select School, 
 and after one year in mercantile life he entered the 
 Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he graduated in the Class of 1849. 
 For two years he was Resident Physician at the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, then was appointed Assis- 
 tant Demonstrator of Anatomy at the University 
 of Pennsylvania ami in 1854 succeeded Dr. Joseph 
 Leidy as Demonstrator, holding that position for ten 
 years. Meantime in 1853 he had been elected to 
 the Surgical Staff of the Episcopal Hospital, and 
 from 1857 to 1863 he was also attached to the 
 Wills' Eye Hospital. He resigned from these 
 two positions in 1863 when elected Surgeon to 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital, where he served con- 
 tinuously for thirty years. He was also Consulting 
 Surgeon to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, and Attending Surgeon to the Orthope- 
 dic Hospital from which position he resigned in 
 1889. Dr. Hunt became a member of the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association in 1852 and a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians in 1854. He was a Fellow 
 of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery and Presi- 
 dent from 1S91 to 1895. He was also a member 
 of the Historical Society, the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, 
 the Biological Club and the Surgical Club, and 
 was elected an honorary member of the American 
 Surgical Association in 1882. He was a Trustee 
 ol the University of Pennsylvania from 1879 to 
 1895. Dr. Hunt was appointed an Acting Assist- 
 ant Surgeon of the United States Army, May 16, 
 1862, and served until October 31, 1S63. During 
 a portion of this period he was detailed is 1 Special 
 Inspector »f the General Hospitals of the Army, 
 and made a tour through the principal hospitals 
 of the East. For a number of years he was one 
 of the Editor-, of the Annual of the Universal Medi- 
 
 cal Sciences and was a contributor to the American 
 Journal of the Medical Sciences. He also edited 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital Reports, contributed 
 articles to the International Encyclopedia of Sur- 
 gery and assisted in preparing the American edition 
 of Holmes' System of Surgery. His last work was 
 a pamphlet entitled Health Gymnastics at Baden- 
 Baden 18S8. He died in Philadelphia, April 17, 
 1896, of the results of an injury sustained several 
 years previous. 
 
 KENDALL, Ezra Otis, 1816-1899. 
 
 Professor 1855-1896, Emeritus 1896-1899, Vice-Provost 1883 1894. 
 
 Born in Wilmington, Mass., 1816; Prof. Math, in 
 Philadelphia High School, 1838; Prof. Math, and 
 Astronomy, Univ. of Pa., 1855; Thomas A. Scott 
 Prof, of Math., 1881-96; Vice-Provost, 1883-94; Flower 
 Prof, of Astronomy, i8g2-g6; received LL.D. from the 
 University, 1888; Emeritus Prof., 1896-gg ; died i8gg. 
 
 EZRA OTIS KENDALL, I.I..D., was born in 
 Wilmington, Massachusetts, May r5, 1S16, 
 a descendant of the oldest Puritan stock. He re- 
 ceived his early education at the academy of the 
 neighboring town of Woburn. When he was nine- 
 teen he moved to Philadelphia for the purpose of 
 studying Mathematics with his half-brother Sears 
 C. Walker, who then ranked among the foremost 
 mathematicians and astronomers in America. In 
 1838 he was appointed Professor of Theoretic 
 Mathematics and Astronomy in the Philadelphia 
 Central High School, which was opened in Septem- 
 ber of that year. Here, with the assistance of Mr. 
 Walker, he organized the astronomical laboratorj 
 which was soon known as the most thoroughly 
 equipped working observatory connected with any 
 educational institution in this country. While at 
 the High School Professor Kendall not only laid the 
 basis of his reputation as a mathematician and 
 astronomer but won for himsell an affectionate 
 loyalty from the students such as falls to the lot of 
 few teachers. He passed to the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1855 as Professor of Mathem 
 and Astronomy and here again he won the respei t 
 and love of all the students. He was De.in of the 
 College Faculty from 1883 to 1889 and Vice- 
 Provost from 1883 to 1894, when he resigned 
 because of advancing age. lie had been made 
 Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics on the 
 foundation of that chair in 1881, and Flower Pro- 
 lessor ol Astronomy in [892. In 1896 In was 
 made Emeritus Professoi and though he was there- 
 after able to take little ai tivc < on. era in I fniversity
 
 334 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 affairs, his interest in the College remained unflag- 
 ging up to the time of his death on January 5, 1S99. 
 Though Professor Kendall always gave his best 
 efforts to his students he found time for original 
 work. He was not an infrequent contributor to 
 mathematical and astronomical journals and he 
 published several books, among them, a work on 
 Uranography, with an atlas of the constellations. 
 He made a systematic series of observations for 
 longitudes for the United States Coast Survey. In 
 1 85 1 at the request of the Editors of the United 
 States Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac he took 
 charge of the computation of the ephemerides of 
 Jupiter and his satellites and Neptune, and he is 
 responsible for all that relates to these bodies in the 
 annual issues of the Nautical Almanac from 1855 
 to 18S2 inclusive, embracing about thirty pages of ' 
 each volume. But it was not by his scientific work 
 that Professor Kendall rendered his greatest ser- 
 vice to the University but by his devotion to the 
 various interests of the students. His services to 
 the cause of education were recognized by the 
 Trustees of the University by their bestowal of the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws upon him in 1S88. He 
 died in Philadelphia in 1S99. 
 
 COPPEE, Henry, 1821-1895. 
 
 Prof. Belles-Lettres and English Literature 1855-66. 
 Born in Savannah, Ga., 1821 ; studied at Yale, 1835- 
 37; graduated U. S. Military Acad., 1845; served 
 during Mexican War and brevetted Capt. for gallantry ; 
 Instr. Eng. and Ethics U. S. Naval Acad., 1845-55; Prof 
 Belles-Lettres and Eng. Lit. Univ. of Pa., 1855-66; 
 Pres. Lehigh Univ., 1866-1880 and 1893-95; an d Prof. 
 Eng. Lit. Internat. and Constit. Law and Phil, of Hist., 
 1866-1895 ! author of numerous works ; died 1895. 
 
 HENRY COPPEE, LL.D., the first President of 
 Lehigh University, was born in Savannah, 
 Georgia, October 13, 182 1, of French descent, his 
 ancestors having been refugees during the French 
 Revolution. He attended Yale for two years in 
 the Class of 1839 and then studied Civil Engineer- 
 ing, being employed in the preliminary survey and 
 construction of the Georgia Central Railroad. In 
 1 841 he entered the United States Military Academy 
 at West Point and graduating in 1845 was sent t0 
 active service in Mexico. Here he distinguished 
 himself for gallantry and was brevetted a Captain 
 for meritorious services at Contreras and Churu- 
 busco. He then taught English and Ethics at the 
 United States Naval Academy until 1855 when he 
 
 resigned from the service to become Professor of 
 Belles-Lettres and English Literature at the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. Here lie remained until 
 April 1, 1S66, when he was chosen to be the first 
 President of Lehigh University and occupied the 
 Chair of English Literature, International and 
 Constitutional Law and Philosophy of History. 
 He remained President until 1880 when he resigned 
 and confined his attention to the duties of his chair. 
 In 1874 he was elected by Congress a Regent of 
 the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, and was 
 re-elected until his death. Twice he served as 
 
 *v 
 
 
 Vr « 
 
 
 
 m^H 
 
 HENRY COPPEE 
 
 a member of the Assav Commission of the United 
 States Mint. After the death of Dr. Robert A. 
 Lamberton in 1893, he acted as President of 
 Lehigh University until the election of Dr. Drown 
 in 1S95. Dr. Coppee was a voluminous writer on 
 English and military subjects, among his works 
 being: Elements of Rhetoric, 1859; Manual of 
 Battalion Drill, 1S62 ; Grant, a Military Biography; 
 Manual of English Literature, 1S72. He also trans- 
 lated Marmont's Esprit des Institutions Militaires, 
 and edited two volumes of La Guerre Civile en 
 Amtrique, by Le Comte de Paris. He was a 
 member of many learned societies and was granted 
 the honorary degree of Master of Arts from the 
 University of Georgia in 1S48 and of Doctor of
 
 UN I VERS ITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 335 
 
 Laws from the University of Pennsylvania and from 
 Union College in 1866. He died in Bethlehem, 
 Pennsylvania, March 22, 1S95. 
 
 FRAZER, John Fries, 1812-1872. 
 
 Prof. Natural Phil, and Chem. 1844-72, Vice-Provost 1855-68. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1812; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1830; first Asst. Geologist, Geol. Surv. of Pa., 1836; 
 Prof, in Philadelphia High School, 1836-44; Prof. Nat. 
 Phil, and Chem. in the University, 1844-72; Vice- 
 Provost, 1855-68; Ph.D. Univ. of Lewisburg, 1854; 
 LL.D. Harvard 1857; died 1872. 
 
 JOHN FRIES FRAZER was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 8, 1812, the son of Robert and 
 Elizabeth (Fries) Frazer. Like his father, who was 
 of the Class of 1789, Professor Frazer studied at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, graduating as Valedic- 
 torian of the Class of 1830. While pursuing his 
 College course, he acted as Assistant in the labora- 
 tory of Alexander D. Bache, Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy and Chemistry, whom he was destined 
 to succeed. Professor Frazer studied medicine at 
 the University after graduation from the College, 
 but he was never examined for the medical degree. 
 Then he turned his attention to the law and was 
 admitted to the Bar. He never practised, however. 
 I luring the religious riots in Philadelphia he served 
 in the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. In 
 1S36 in the first Geological Survey of Pennsylvania 
 he served almost a year in the field under Henry D. 
 Rogers. Late in this year Professor Frazer accepted 
 a position in the Philadelphia High School, remain- 
 ing there until 1844, when he went to the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania as Professor Bache's successor 
 in the Chair of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry. 
 He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 from the University of Lewisburg (Bucknell) in 
 1854 and that of Doctor of Laws from Harvard in 
 1857. In 1855 Professor P'razer was made Vice- 
 Provost of the University, holding the office until 
 1868. He was prominent not only in tin- limn 
 sity circles but at the Franklin Institute, in the 
 American Philosophical Society, and in the Academy 
 of Natural Sciences, of which he was one of the 
 founders. I [e published mu< h valuable original mat- 
 ter in the franklin Institute Journal which he edited 
 from 1850 to 1866. Professoi Frazer in the midst 
 of his scientific studies never lust his early taste foi 
 tin- classics, reading Latin and Greek with ease 
 years after he had given up their stud)', nor did he 
 fail to keep up with current literature, Klein h .is 
 well as English. His home in Philadelphia was the 
 
 meeting place of artists, litterateurs and scientist-,. 
 Professor Frazer's wife was Charlotte, daughter of 
 Thomas Cave. He was married in 1838. He died 
 suddenly in the physical laboratory of the Univer- 
 sity on the day in which the new buildings in West 
 Philadelphia were first thrown open to the inspec- 
 tion of the public October 12, [872. 
 
 BINNEY, Horace, Jr., 1809-1870. 
 
 Trustee 1856-1870. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1809; graduated Yale, 1828; 
 admitted to the Bar, 1831 ; Trustee of the Univ. of Pa., 
 1856-70 ; died 1870. 
 
 HORACE BINNEY, Jr., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, January 21, 1809, the eldest son 
 of the distinguished lawyer Horace Binney. He 
 received his early education at the school of Mr. 
 James Ross, where he had as fellow students Profes- 
 sors Henry Reed and Charles Chauncey. In 1S24 
 he entered Yale, graduating in 1828 in the famous 
 class that included among its members the Hon. 
 William Strong, Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 the United States, and Dr. Barnard, President of 
 Columbia College. Upon leaving College Mr. Bin 
 ney had serious thoughts of entering the ministry 
 but the influence of his father turned him to the 
 law and he was admitted to the Bar in 1831. He 
 never attained the brilliant success of his father 
 although he was a prominent figure at the Bar. 
 His early predilection toward the ministry kept 
 with him through life. He was a Trustee of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Academy for nearly forty 
 years and was much interested in the general work 
 of the church. He became a Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania in 1856 just twenty years 
 after his father had resigned as Trustee, ami he 
 remained in the office up to the time of his death. 
 Mr. Binney was a staunch Union man during the 
 war. He was one of the founders of the Union 
 League Club of Philadelphia, and helped to build 
 up the United States Sanitary Commission. 
 Throughout his life Mr. Binney was known for his 
 love of culture as well as for his legal attainments 
 and philanthropic interests. He died May <>. 1870, 
 five years before his father. 
 
 COLWELL, Stephen. 1800 1872. 
 
 Benefactor Trustee 1856 1872. 
 Born in Brooke Co , W. Va„ 1800; graduated Jeffer- 
 son College, Canonsburg, Pa., 1819 ; admitted to the
 
 336 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Bar, 1821 ; practiced until 1828 in Steubenville, Ohio; 
 practiced in Pittsburg, 1828-36; iron manufacturer, 1836- 
 72; Trustee Univ. of Pa., 1856-72; died 1872. 
 
 STEPHEN COLWELL was born in Brooke 
 county, West Virginia, March 25, 1S00. 
 He received his classical education at Jefferson 
 College, Canonsburg, Washington county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he graduated in 1S19. He studied 
 law under the direction of Judge Halleck in Steu- 
 benville. Ohio, and was admitted to the Bar in 1821. 
 He practiced his profession for the next seven years 
 in Steubenville and then moved to Pittsburg where 
 
 STEPHEN COLWELL 
 From canvas in University Library 
 
 he continued to practice until 1S36. Along with 
 his legal study Mr. Cohvell combined religious and 
 scientific study and later he devoted a great deal 
 of time to economics. In 1836 he gave up the law 
 for the manufacture of iron. He was established 
 first at Weymouth. Atlantic county, New Jersey, and 
 afterwards at Conshohocken, Montgomery county, 
 Pennsylvania. He continued in this business up to 
 the end of his life, and was interested not only in 
 his own plants but in all phases of iron manu- 
 facture and the economic situations arising there- 
 from. He was a working member of the American 
 Iron and Steel Association from its origin until his 
 death. Outside iron manufacture he had extensive 
 
 interests, in economics generally and in education. 
 He became a Trustee of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1S56 and retained the position until his 
 death, January 15, 1S72. Mr. Cohvell was very 
 active in University affairs and left his valuable 
 economic library to the University. " Anxious to 
 make the gift more effective," writes Henry C. 
 Carey in his memoir of Mr. Cohvell, " he coupled 
 the grant, in his deed of trust, with a condition 
 that required the endowment of a Chair of Social 
 Science ; but his family, knowing his intention that 
 the donation should in no event prove a failure, 
 has waived the present performance of the condi- 
 tion in the well warranted expectation that in good 
 time it will be carried out." 
 
 NORRIS, George Washington, 1808-1875. 
 
 Professor Clinical Surgery 1848-1857, Trustee 1856-1875. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1808; graduated Univ. of Pa.. 
 1827; M.D. 1830; Resident Phys. Pa. Hosp., 1830-33; 
 Surgeon Pa. Hosp., 1836-63; Prof. Clinical Surgery at 
 the University, 1848-57; Trustee of the University, 
 1856-75 ; Consulting Surgeon to Orthopaedic Hosp. and 
 to Children's Hosp. ; Vice.-Pres. College of Physicians ; 
 Director of Philadelphia Library, of Mutual Fire Insur- 
 ance Co. and of Philadelphia Savings Fund Society ; 
 author ot numerous articles on medical subjects; died 
 1875- 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON NORRIS, M.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, November 6, 
 1808, the son of Joseph Parker and Elizabeth (Fox) 
 Norris. He entered the University of Pennsylvania, 
 being the Moderator of the Philomathean Society 
 and taking the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1827. 
 He then studied in the Medical Department, having 
 Dr. Joseph Parrish as his preceptor, and taking the 
 medical degree in 1S30. Immediately upon gradu- 
 ation he became one of the Resident Physicians at 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital, where he remained three 
 years. In 1833 he went to Europe, spending most 
 of his time in Paris studying under Dupuytren, 
 Velpeau, Roux and Magendie. During his stay in 
 Paris he became a member of the Societe Medicale 
 d'Observation. In October 1835 he returned to 
 Philadelphia and the next year was elected one of 
 the Surgeons to the Pennsylvania Hospital, where 
 he served until 1863. Dr. Norris was elected to 
 the Chair of Clinical Surgery in the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1S48 and occupied it until 1857 
 when he resigned, having been elected a Trustee in 
 1856, in which office he remained until his death. 
 He was also Consulting Surgeon to the Orthopaedic 
 Hospital and to the Children's Hospital, and Presi-
 
 LW'ii ERsrrr of pennsvli-jsij 
 
 337 
 
 dent of the Board of Managers of the latter. He- 
 was a fellow of the College of Physicians from 
 1839 and its Vice-President 1864-1875. He was 
 also a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 
 the American Philosophical Society, the Philadel- 
 phia County Medical Society, the American Medi- 
 cal Association, and the Medical Society of the 
 State of Pennsylvania, and was Vice-President of the 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Phila 
 delphia Medical Society. He was a Director of the 
 Philadelphia Library, the Mutual Fire Insurance 
 Company and the Philadelphia Savings Fund 
 Society. Dr. Norris was the author of over twenty 
 articles on medical subjects, nearly all of which 
 appeared in the American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences, and the first of which is an account of 
 Fracture and Dislocation of the Astragalus. Several 
 of these articles were collected by him and pub- 
 lished in a volume entitletl Contributions to Practi- 
 cal Surgery. On February 7, 1838, Dr. Norris 
 married Mary Pleasants Fisher. He died March 4, 
 l8 75- 
 
 BORIE, Adolphe Edward, i8og-i88o. 
 
 Trustee 1858-1880. 
 Born Philadelphia, 1809 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1825; merchant; Sec. of the Navy, i86g ; Trustee of 
 the University, 1858-80; died 1880. 
 
 ADOLPHE EDWARD BORIE was bom in 
 Philadelphia, November 25, 1809. He 
 entered the College in 1822 and graduated in 
 1825, having been a member of the Philomathean 
 Society and the English Salutatorian of his class. 
 After graduation he went to France to continue 
 his studies and returned in 1828. He had intended 
 to pursue the legal profession, but gave this up on 
 account of ill health, and entered the counting 
 house of his father, John Joseph Uorie. He was 
 for man) 1 years a member of the firm of McKean, 
 Borie & Company, and acquired a large fortune in 
 the Easl India trade. In 1S48 he was elected 
 President of the Hank of Commerce, which office 
 he held till [860. He was also one of the founders 
 of the Union Club which became in 1862 the 
 Union League, of which he was the first Vice 
 President. He contributed largely to the funds 
 for the relief of the troops engaged in the Civil 
 War. In 1858 he was elected a Trustee of the 
 University of Pennsylvania which position he held 
 till his death. In [869 President Grant offered 
 
 him the portfolio of Secretary of the Yi\\ which 
 VOL. I. — 22 
 
 he accepted March 5, 1869. He, however, re- 
 signed this office on June 25 of the same year 
 owing to press of private business. He accom- 
 panied General Grant on his tour around the 
 world in [877 to 1X78. He married Elizabeth 
 
 A. I . Bl IKII. 
 
 McKean of Philadelphia. He was a member ol 
 
 the American Philosopliic.il S01 ietv from 1872. 
 He died February 5, 1880. 
 
 HARE, John Innes Clark, 1816- 
 
 Professor Law 1868-89, Emeritus since 1889, Trustee 1858-68. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1816 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1834; A.M. in course, and LL.D., 1868 ; lawyer ; Vice- 
 Provost Law Acad, of Philadelphia, 1862-83 and Pro- 
 vost since 1883; Prof, of Institutional Law at the 
 University, i868-8g, and Emeritus Prof, since 1889; 
 Judge of Dist. Court, Philadelphia, 1851-67, and Presi- 
 dent Judge, 1867-74 ; President Judge Court of Common 
 Pleas, No. 2, since 1875; author and editor of law 
 works; Trustee, 1858-68. 
 
 JOHN INNES CLARK HARE, I I .!>.. Jurist, 
 was born in Philadelphia. October 17, 1816, 
 son of Dr. Robert Hare, who was for man) ) 
 Professor of Chemistry at the 1 niversit) of Penn 
 iylvania. He graduated at the University ol 
 Pennsylvania in 1834, and later studied Chemistn 
 and was severely injured by an explosion ol pei 
 
 chloric ether, which he had dis. owied. I le lie. aim
 
 338 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society in 
 1842, and received the Master's degree in 1837, 
 and that of Doctor of Laws from the University 
 in 1S6S. He was admitted to the Philadelphia 
 liar in 184 1, practiced in that city, and became a 
 Judge of the District-Court of Philadelphia in 1851. 
 He was Vice-Provost of the Philadelphia Law 
 Academy 1862-1883, and has been Provost since 
 18S3. He was also Professor in the Law School 
 of the University of Pennsylvania 1S68-18S9, being 
 now Emeritus Professor. He was a Trustee of the 
 University 1858-1868, and Associate Judge of the 
 District Court of Philadelphia 1851-1867, Presi 
 dent Judge 1867-1874, and President Judge of 
 the Court of Common Pleas Xo. 2 and Judge ot 
 Oyer and Terminer 1875. He has published 
 (in conjunction with Horace B. Wallace) American 
 Leading Cases in Law (2 vols., 1847); edited 
 Smith's Leading Cases in Law (2 vols., 1852) ; 
 White and Tudor's leading Cases in Equity (3 vols., 
 1852) and is the author of Hare on Contracts 
 (1887) and Constitutional Law, (1SS9). He re- 
 signed his seat on the Bench in December 1896, 
 being in his eighty-first year. Dr. Hare was a 
 founder and Director of the Union League of Phila- 
 delphia, TS62-1863, which was followed by the 
 organization of similar associations in New York 
 and other cities. 
 
 McCALL, Peter, 1809-1880. 
 
 Law Professor, and Trustee 1861 1880. 
 Born in Trenton, N. J., 1809; graduated College of 
 N. J., 1826; lawyer; member Philadelphia City Coun- 
 cils; Mayor of Philadelphia, 1844-45 i Prof, of Pleading 
 and Practice Univ. of Pa.; Trustee of the University, 
 1861-80 ; author of several addresses on legal subjects ; 
 died 1880. 
 
 PETER McCALL, Lawyer and Mayor of Phila- 
 delphia, was born in Trenton, New Jersey, 
 August 31, 1809, the son of Peter and Sarah 
 (Gibson) McCall. He graduated at the College 
 of New Jersey, in 1S26, and then studied law in 
 Philadelphia with Joseph R. Ingersoll, where he 
 was admitted to the Bar in 1S31. He soon 
 attained eminence in his profession being noted for 
 the extreme care which he exercised in the prepara- 
 tion of his cases. Public attention was attrai ted 
 to him and he was called to serve in both branches 
 of the City Councils of Philadelphia. In 1844 he 
 was elected Mayor of the city and upon his retire- 
 ment from office he received through the press of 
 the city a testimonial from the citizens of Philadel- 
 phia to the impartiality and fidelity with which he 
 
 had discharged his duties. For many years he 
 was Professor of Pleading and Practice in the Law- 
 School of the University of Pennsylvania, and from 
 1S61 until his death served upon the Board of 
 Trustees. From 1S73 until his death he was Chan- 
 cellor of the Law Association of Philadelphia and for 
 fifty years was a member of the Historical Society 
 of Pennsylvania, on whose Executive Council he 
 served from 1831 to 1S42. Among his published 
 addresses are : Progress and Influence of the 
 Society of Friends in Philadelphia, Rise and Prog- 
 ress of Civil Society and History of Pennsylvania 
 Law and Equity. He died in Philadelphia, October 
 30, 18S0. 
 
 [Portrait on page 116.] 
 
 c 
 
 SCHAEFFER, Charles William, 1813-1896. 
 
 Trustee 1858-1896. 
 Born in Hagerstown, ,Md., 1813; graduated A.B. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1832 ; educated for the ministry at Gettys- 
 burg Theol. Sem. ; ordained, 1836; Clergyman of the 
 Lutheran Church; Prof, of Ecclesiastical Hist, and 
 Practical Theology at Lutheran Theol. Sem., Philadel- 
 phia, 1864-96 ; Trustee of the University, 1858-1896 ; 
 and received D.D., 1879, LL.D. Thiel College Pa., 
 1887; author and editor; died 1896. 
 
 HARLES WILLIAM SCHAEFFER, D.D.. 
 I.L.I).. Clergyman, and Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity many years, was born in Hagerstown, Mary- 
 land, May 5, 18 13, son of Rev. Solomon Frederick 
 and Eli/a (Crever) Schaefler. He graduated in Arts 
 at the University of Pennsylvania in 1832, receiving 
 the Master's degree in course, ami entering the 
 Gettysburg Theological Seminary completed there his 
 preparation for the ministry in 1S35. Licensed to 
 preach in 1835, and ordained to the ministry of 
 the Lutheran Church in 1836, he took charge of a 
 parish in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, in the 
 latter year, and continued there for five years. His 
 later service as a Pastor was in Harrisburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania 1S41-1S49, and in Germantown, Pennsyl- 
 vania 1849— 1875, and in the last named year he 
 retired with the title of Pastor Emeritus. In 1S64 
 he took an active part in the establishing of the 
 Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran 
 Church in Philadelphia, and was immediately ap- 
 pointed Professor of Ecclesiastical History and 
 Practical Theology, a position which he held until 
 his death. He also figured prominently in the 
 organization of the General Council of the Church in 
 1867. As one of the leaders of the conservative and 
 confessional party of the Church he occupied many 
 important offices in the administrative councils, and
 
 t a// f.Rs/rr oh pennstu .im.i 
 
 339 
 
 his thorough knowledge of the development of the 
 Lutheran faith in America has found abundant 
 expression in frequent writings. In 1858 he was 
 called to the Board of Trustees of the University, in 
 which service he continued until his death. In 
 1879 he was given the honorary degree Doctor of 
 Divinity. He was also made a Doctor of Laws by 
 Thiel College, Greenville, Pennsylvania, in 1SS7. 
 Resides his industrious work as an author, Dr. 
 Schaeffer was engaged editorially as co-editor of 
 the Lutheran Home Journal and the Philadelphian, 
 Lutheran and Missionarv, Kdit u -in-Chief of the 
 
 CHAS. W. SCHAEFFER 
 
 Foreign Missionary from 1879, and Editor of the 
 Lutheran Church Review from t886. His publica- 
 tions include : a Translation of Mann's Explanation 
 of Luther's Small Catechism; Early History of the 
 Lutheran Church in America; ( ioldcn Treasury for 
 the Children of God, translated from the German; 
 Family Prayer for Morning and Evening, and the 
 Festivals of the Church War and a translation of 
 IlalK- Reports. He died in Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia, March 1 5, 1896. 
 
 WELSH, John, 1805-1886. 
 
 Trustee 1861-1886 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1805 ; at an early age engaged 
 in business in Philadelphia; Chairman Board of 
 
 Finance Centennial Exhibition, 1873-77 ; Minister to 
 England, 1877-79 ; Trustee of the University, 1861-86 ; 
 founded Chair of Hist, and Eng. Lit. ; LL.D. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1878, and Washington and Lee, 1880; died 1886. 
 
 JOHN WELSH, LL.D.. Merchant and Ministei 
 to England, was born in Philadelphia, Novem- 
 ber 9, 1805, son of John Welsh, a prominent mer- 
 chant of Philadelphia, descended from early Swedish 
 and English settlers of America. His early educa- 
 tion was a thorough preparation for College, includ- 
 ing a classical course, but at an early age he 
 entered his father's business in which he rapidly 
 rose to wealth and prominence. He formed a 
 partnership with his brothers, Samuel and William 
 Welsh, under the firm name S. & W. Welsh, whii h 
 latei became S. & J. Welsh, developing one of the 
 largest commission enterprises in Philadelphia. John 
 Welsh's history is conspicuous for his important 
 association with public life and charitable affairs. 
 For many years he was a Vestryman of St. Peter's 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, working earnestly in 
 its behalf, giving large sums of money to its various 
 needs and taking active part in the founding of the 
 Episcopal Hospital. He was the founder and Presi- 
 dent of an association organized to raise and main- 
 tain a fund for the aid of merchants who had been 
 unfortunate in business, and during the Civil War he 
 acted as Chairman of the Executive Committee of 
 the Sanitary Fair, which was held in Philadelphia 
 for the purpose of raising money for the soldiers 
 and sailors of the North. He served from Select 
 Council on the Sinking Fund Commission for over 
 twenty years, and was for fifteen years President of 
 the Philadelphia Hoard of Trade. A particular source 
 of distinction was his noted service as Chairman of 
 the Hoard of Finance of the Centennial Exhibition 
 from the time of its inauguration in 1873 until the 
 last accounts of the Exhibition had been settled in 
 1S77. In recognition of his able discharge of the 
 duties of that office, Mr. Welsh was voted a gold 
 medal by the Pond of Directors, and presented 
 with $50,000 by prominent citizens of Philadelphia, 
 "in perpetual commemoration of the sincere gi iti 
 tude of the citizens of Philadelphia." I'hal mo 
 he devoted to founding the John Welsh Centennial 
 Professorship of History and English Literatun 
 the University of Pennsylvania, of which institution 
 he was a frustee from r86i until his death. He 
 also contributed, during his Tinste< ship, s^o,ooo to 
 the endowment fund. On Octobei 30, 1877, Mr. 
 Welsh was appointed bj President Hayes, Min 
 to the Court of St. James, and remained in that
 
 34° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 office until 1879, winning the esteem and respect 
 of the governments of two nations. It was he who 
 paid 55,000,000 awarded to the British govern- 
 ment by the Halifax Fish Commission. He was 
 a member of the Philadelphia Academy of & iences, 
 to which he presented Sio.ooo. and the American 
 Philosophical Society, and was Chancellor of Union 
 College, New York, in [880. He received the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws, from the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1878, and from Washington and Lee 
 in 1S80. By the King of Sweden he was made 
 a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Olaf; by 
 
 die. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts 
 from the University of Pennsylvania at graduation 
 in 1856, the Master of Arts degree in course, and 
 the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1859. He has 
 continuously followed his profession in Philadelphia. 
 From 1862 until 18S2 Mr. Biddle served the 
 University in the office of Secretary and Treasurer 
 of the Board of Trustees. Since 1884 he has been 
 ( General Agent and Secretary to the Pennsylvania 
 State Board of Charities. He is a member of the 
 American Philosophical Society, and the Pennsyl- 
 vania Sons of the Revolution. 
 
 JOHN' WELSH 
 
 the Emperor of Japan, a Commander of the Order 
 of the Rising Sun; and by the Bey of Tunis, a 
 Grand Officer of the Order of Nizan Iftakan. Fie 
 died in Philadelphia, April 19, 1S86. 
 
 BIDDLE, Cadwalader, 1837- 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer Board of Trustees 1862-1882. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1837 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1856 ; LL.B.. 1859 ; Sec-Treas. of Board of Trustees of 
 the Univ., 1862-82; practicing lawyer in Philadelphia; 
 Gen. Agt. and Sec. Pa. Board of Public Charities since 
 1884. 
 
 CADWALADER BIDDLE, Lawyer, was born 
 in Philadelphia, October 28, 1837,5011 of 
 James Cornell and Sarah Caldwell (Keppele) Bid- 
 
 SMITH, Francis Gurney, Jr., 1818-1878. 
 
 Professor Institutes of Medicine 1863-1877, Emeritus 1877-78. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1818 ; A.B. Univ. of Pa., 1837; 
 M.D., 1840; Prof. Physiology Pa. Med. College, 1852 ; 
 Prof. Institutes of Medicine, Univ. of Pa., 1863-77 > died 
 1878. 
 
 FRANCIS GURNEY SMITH, Jr., M.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, March 8, iSiS, the 
 son of Francis Gurney and Eliza (Muckie) Smith. 
 He received both his classical and medical educa- 
 tion at the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining 
 the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1837 and that of 
 Doctor of Medicine in 1S40. Just after graduation 
 from the Medical Department he was elected Resi- 
 dent Physician at the Pennsylvania Hospital in the 
 Department for the Insane, remaining in charge 
 there about a year. He then practiced for a short 
 time as assistant to his brother, Dr. Thomas M. K. 
 Smith, of Brandywine, near Wilmington, Delaware. 
 He returned to Philadelphia in 1S42 and was soon 
 afterwards elected Lecturer on Physiology by the 
 Philadelphia Medical Association. From 1842 to 
 1852 he was busy with this work, with building up 
 his practice, in which he gave special attention to 
 obstetrics and gynaecology, and with translations 
 of and contributions to medical literature. The 
 chief of his translations was that of Barth and 
 Rogers Manual of Auscultation and Percussion. In 
 1S44 he married Catherine Madeleine Dutilh. In 
 this same year he, in conjunction with Dr. Huston, 
 took charge of the Philadelphia Medical Examiner, 
 bei uming its sole Editor in 1850. He resigned his 
 Editorship in 1854. In 1852 he was given the 
 Chair of Physiology in the Pennsylvania Medical 
 College, where he remained until he was elected in 
 1863 Dr. Samuel Jackson's successor in the Pro- 
 fessorship of the Institutes of Medicine in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. Failing health compelled
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 341 
 
 him to resign this position in 1877. He remained received his collegiate education at Princeton, 
 Emeritus Professor until his death, Vpril 6, 1878. graduating in the Class of [840. He at once 
 During the Civil War Dr. Smith served at the began the study of law and was admitted to the 
 Christian Street Military Hospital in Philadelphia liar in 1844. From 1856 to 1X57, he served in 
 
 the City Councils, and in 1858 was elected to the 
 Mayoralty on the ticket of the Peopli '-■ Party — a 
 combination of Whigs ami Republicans. By suc- 
 cessive re-elections he served as Mayor until 1866, 
 when he declined to run again. His terms covered 
 the period of the Civil War and he administered 
 the affairs of the city during those troublous times 
 with great ability. On the arrival of Lincoln in 
 Philadelphia on February 2.1, iS6i,on his way to 
 Washington to be inaugurated, Mayor Henrj 
 him welcome and tendered him the hospitality of 
 the city. Of the strongest Union sympathies Mayor 
 Henry would tolerate no manifestations of sympathy 
 with the Confederacy. On April 16, 1861, he 
 
 issued a proclamation declaring that treason agamsl 
 the state or against the United States would not 
 be suffered within the city. Mr. Henry was very 
 active in the organization of the Philadelphia Inter- 
 national Exhibition in 1876, serving first as a 
 
 FRANCIS 1;. SMITH 
 
 and made several visits to military hospitals in the 
 field. In 1875 he established the first physiological 
 laboratory in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. 
 Smith was a member of many medical and scientific 
 associations. He was the first Presidentof the Phil- 
 adelphia Obstetrical Society 1868-1872. Among 
 his many contributions to medical literature are 
 Domestic Medicine, Surgery and Materia Medica, 
 and, with Mr. Wall, Neill and Smith's Compen- 
 dium of Medicine. 
 
 HENRY, Alexander, 1823 1883. 
 
 Trustee 1864-1883. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1823 ; graduated Princeton, 
 1840; admitted to the Bar, 1844; Councilman 1856-57; 
 Mayor of Philadelphia, 1858-66 ; Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity, 1864 83; died 1883. ai 1 XANDI 1: ill MRY 
 
 ALEXANDER HENRY, Wa] M tyoi of Phila- 
 delphia, was born in Philadelphia, April 14, member and after« in Pi idenl of the State 
 1S23, the son of John Henry ami the grandson of Board of Centennial Supet In tddition to 
 
 the prom 1 merchant, Alexandei Henry. Mr. many other important public offices, Mr. Henry 
 
 Henry, like his grand fa the j a staunch Presbyterian, was a Trustei ■ ■! th< 1 av 1 it) ol Pennsylvania
 
 342 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 from 1S64 to 1883, a member of the Fairmount 
 Park Commission, and an inspector of the Eastern 
 Penitentiary, which post he held for twenty-eight 
 years. He died in Philadelphia, December 6, 
 1883. 
 
 JACKSON, Francis Aristide, 1830- 
 
 Adjunct Professor and Professor 1855- 
 Born in Northumberland, Pa., 1830; graduated Univ. 
 of Pa., 1848; Adjunct Prof. Greek and Latin, 1855-64; 
 Prof. Latin Lang, and Lit. since 1864; author of text- 
 books. 
 
 FRANCIS ARISTIDE JACKSON, LL.D., was 
 born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, March 
 20, 1830, son of Dr. Samuel and Elizabeth (Barker) 
 fackson. He graduated from the Academic De- 
 partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1848, 
 receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts and taking 
 in course the Master's degree. Immediately after 
 graduation he engaged in civil engineering and 
 became an Assistant Master in the Episcopal Acad- 
 emy at Philadelphia in 1849, teaching Mathematics 
 and Chemistry and in 1855 accepted an appoint- 
 ment as Adjunct Professor of Greek and Latin in 
 the University. After nine years he was appointed 
 to his present position of Professor of Latin Lan- 
 guage and Literature, being now in the thirty-sixth 
 year of service in that capacity. He received the 
 degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of 
 Indiana in 1883. Professor Jackson has published 
 for the private use of his classes treatises on Latin 
 Syntax and Prosody and on Horatian Metre. He is 
 a member of the Zelosophic Society and the Phi Beta 
 Kappa Fraternity. He married Mary, daughter of 
 William Fishbourne Griffitts, of Philadelphia. 
 
 TRUMAN, James, 1826- 
 
 Dem. and Prof. Dentistry, since 1864, Sec. and Dean 1883-96. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1826; graduated Philadelphia 
 College of Dental Surgery, 1854 ; Dem. at the College of 
 Dental Surgery, 1864-66; and Prof, of Operative Den- 
 tistry and Dental Histology, from 1866 to 1876 ; Prof, of 
 Dental Pathology, Therapeutics and Materia Medica 
 at the University since 1882 ; Editor of the International 
 Dental Journal from 1890. 
 
 JAMES TRUMAN, D.D.S., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, November 22, 1826, son of Dr. George 
 and Catharine H. Truman. The ancestors of his 
 family have lived in Philadelphia since the time of 
 William Penn. In 1S54 he graduated from the 
 Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery, the institu- 
 tion which later became the present Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery and after ten years of suc- 
 
 cessful practice he returned to the College as Demon- 
 strator, serving two years, and afterwards holding 
 for ten years the Chair of Operative Dentistry and 
 Dental Histology. From 1865 to 1869 was Editor 
 of The Dental Times, a quarterly dental journal. 
 He was appointed to his present position at the 
 University as Professor of Dental Pathology, Thera- 
 peutics and Materia Medica in 1SS2. In 1883 he 
 was made Secretary of the Department of Dentistry 
 University of Pennsylvania, the title being changed 
 subsequently to Dean, in which capacity he served 
 the University up to 1896. Since 1890 he has been 
 
 JAMES TRUMAN 
 
 the Editor of the International Dental Journal. He 
 was a contributor to Holmes's System of Surgery and 
 the American System of Dentistry and has written 
 extensively on scientific matters connected with the 
 dental profession. He is a member of many of the 
 leading dental societies of this country and has re- 
 peatedly filled the office of President in the local 
 organizations and served in that capacity at the 
 meeting of the American Dental Association in 1897. 
 
 ASHHURST, John, 1809-1892. 
 
 Trustee 1865-1888. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1809; non-graduate of Class 
 
 of 1826, Univ. of Pa. ; banker and merchant ; Director 
 
 of Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, of Farmers & 
 
 Mechanics National Bank, of the Philadelphia Trust,
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 343 
 
 Safe Deposit & Insurance Company, of Western 
 Savings Fund Society, etc. ; Trustee of the University, 
 1865-1888 ; died 1892. 
 
 JOHN ASHHURST, Banker and Merchant, was 
 born in Philadelphia, July 17, 1S09, the son 
 of Richard and Elizabeth (Crotto) Ashhurst, widow 
 of Captain Hughes. He entered the Department 
 Aits of the University of Pennsylvania in 1S22, and 
 was Moderator of the Philomathean Society, but 
 ditl nol graduate with his class, leaving College to 
 enter Ins father's firm (Richard Ashhurst & Sons). 
 He became a hanker and a merchant, and was during 
 his lifetime connected with a number of the promi- 
 
 |OHN VSHHI RS] 
 
 nent institutions ol the < ity. For many years he 
 was a Director of the Philadelphia & Reading 
 Railroad Company, of the Farmers & Mechanics 
 National Bank, of the Philadelphia Trust, Safe De- 
 posit & Insurance Company, of the Western Sav- 
 ings Fund Society, and a Manager of the Episcopal 
 Hospital. During the Rebellion he was identified 
 with the relief movements in Philadelphia, being the 
 Chairman of the Philadelphia Bounty Fund Com- 
 mission from [862 to 1865 ; he was also a founder 
 of the Union Club, and an Original Member of the 
 Union League. He was a Trustee of tin I him rsity 
 of Pennsylvania from 1865 to [888. Mr. Ashhurst 
 married in [835, Harriet, daughter of Manuel Eyre 
 (Jr.) and died 111 Philadelphia, February r.8, [892. 
 
 HAYDEN, Ferdinand Vanderveer, 1829- 
 
 1887. 
 
 Professor Mineralogy and Geology 1865- 1872. 
 
 Born in Westfield, Mass., 1829; graduated Oberlin, 
 1850; M.D. Albany Med. College, 1853; Surgeon of U. 
 S. Vols., 1862 64 ; Chief Medical Officer of Army of the 
 Shenandoah, 1864-65 ; Prof, of Mineralogy and Geology, 
 Univ. of Fa., 1865-72; U. S. Geologist, 1867-79; Asst. 
 Geologist, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1879-86; LL.D. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1887; died 1887. 
 
 FERDINAND VANDERVEER HAYDEN, 
 M.D., LL.D., was born m Westfield, Massa- 
 chusetts, September 7, 1N29. He moved to Ohio 
 in childhood and received his education there, grad- 
 uating at Oberlin in 1S50. He received the degree 
 of Master of Arts from Oberlin in [853, and the 
 same year graduated at the Alb.in\ Medii al O >Il 
 He did not take up the practice of his profession 
 but accepted a position under James Hall. Stati 
 Geologist of New York, in an exploring expedition 
 of the Had Lands of Dakota. Dr. Ilayden returned 
 with a large and valuable collection of lossil mh. 
 brates. He went West again in [854, spending two 
 years in exploring the basin of the upper Missouri, 
 where he again secured a large Collection oi fossils, 
 part of which he deposited in the St. Louis Vcadem) 
 (ii Science and part in the Philadelphia Academ) of 
 Natural Sciences. His work in the West as revealed 
 in these collections attracted the attention of the 
 authorities of the Smithsonian Institution in Wash- 
 ington and Dr. Ilayden was appointed Geologist on 
 the stall of Lieutenant Gouvemeur K. Warren, who 
 was then in the Northwest. In 1859 he was ap- 
 pointed Naturalist and Surgeon of the expedition to 
 the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers under Captain 
 Raynolds. In 1862 he gave up this position to be 
 come Assistant Surgeon ul Volunteers in tin l nited 
 States Army. He was at the Satterlee Hospital in 
 Philadelphia at first, but upon being made lull Sui 
 geon he was sent to Beaufort, South Carolina, as 
 Chief Medical Officer. Early in [864, he bei 
 Assistant Medical Inspectoi oi the Department of 
 Washington, and latei in this yeai (hut Medical 
 Officer of the Army of tin- Shenandoah. II n 
 signed and was made brevet I leutenant Colonel in 
 1865. He was Professoi oi Mineralog) and G 
 ogy in the University of Pennsylvania 1865 1872, 
 resigning because of the press of his survey work 
 which hi was conducting at the same time with 
 his ( 'oil. ei 1 ourses. In 1 861 I the 
 
 upper Missouri, this time in the interests of the Phil 
 adelphia \< ademy of Natural s, ieni es. I 'rom 
 1 .so 7 to i86g he was in direi tion of the government
 
 344 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 survey of Nebraska, and from 1869 to 1S72 he con- 
 ducted a series of geological explorations in Dakota, 
 Wyoming, Utah and Colorado. These explorations 
 were largely instrumental in causing Congress to set 
 apart Yellowstone Park as a National reservation. 
 From 1S72 to 1879 Dr. Hayden was in charge of 
 the geographical and geological survey of the terri- 
 tories above named. In 1879 when all the national 
 surveys were consolidated into the United States 
 Geological Survey he was placed in charge of the 
 Montana Division where he remained until ill health 
 
 F. V. HAVIJEN 
 
 caused his resignation in 1886. In 1887, shortly 
 before his death he was honored with the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws by the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 REESE, John James, 1817-1892. 
 
 Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Toxicology 1865-90, Emeritus 1890-92. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1817 ; graduated, A.B., Univ. 
 of Pa., 1836; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1839; Prof. Med 
 Chem Pa. Med. College, 1854-59; Prof. Med. Juris- 
 prudence and Toxiology, Univ. of Pa., 1865-90; Emer- 
 itus Prof. 1890-92; died 1892 
 
 JOHN JAMES REESE, M.D., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, June 16, 181 7, the son of Jacob and 
 Leah (James) Reese. He entered the College 
 Department in 1S32 and graduated in 1836. He 
 at once began his medical studies and graduated, 
 
 Doctor of Medicine, in 1S39. He soon built up a 
 large practice, paying especial attention to the dis- 
 eases of women and children. He joined the Phila- 
 delphia Medical Society in 1.S41 and in the next 
 year became a Fellow of the College of Physicians. 
 In 1854 he became Professor of Medical Chemistry 
 in the Pennsylvania Medical College, holding the 
 position until 1859. In 1858 he became Physician 
 to the Philadelphia Orphan Asylum, and in 1864 to 
 St. Joseph's Hospital, where he remained until 
 1884. During the Civil War he was Assistant Sur- 
 geon of United States Volunteers, serving for a time 
 as Physician to the Christian Street Hospital. Be- 
 coming Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and 
 Toxicology at the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1S65 he held the Chair until failing health com- 
 pelled him to give it up in 1890, after which until 
 his death he was Emeritus Professor. From 1 885 
 to 1887 he was President of the Philadelphia Medi- 
 cal Jurisprudence Society. Dr. Reese contributed 
 largely to medical literature, publishing, besides 
 many pamphlets: American Medical Formulary; 
 Analysis of Physiology ; Manual of Toxicology ; 
 Text-book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxi- 
 cology. He married Sallie Oibson. He died in 
 Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 4, 1892. 
 
 STEVENS, William Bacon, 1815-1887. 
 
 Trustee 1865-1887. 
 Born in Bath, Me., 1815 ; M.D. Dartmouth College, 
 1838; Rector Emmanuel Church, Athens, Ga., and 
 Prof. Belles-Lettres and Moral Philosophy, Univ. of 
 Ga., 1844 ; Rector St. Andrew's Church, Philadelphia, 
 1848-65; Bishop of Pa., 1865-87; Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity, 1865-87 ; died 1887. 
 
 WILLIAM BACON STEVENS, M.D., D.D., 
 LL.D., Piotestant Episcopal Bishop of 
 Pennsylvania, was born in Path, Maine, July 13, 1815, 
 of New England ancestry. He was educated at 
 
 Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and had 
 intended to study for the ministry of the Congrega- 
 tional Church but ill health compelled him to take 
 a voyage to the East Indies. Returning in 1836 he 
 entered the Medical Department of Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, where he graduated in 1838. Lie then settled 
 in Savannah, Georgia, as a practitioner, and it was 
 during this time that he became drawn toward the 
 Episcopal Church and after his baptism into that 
 faith he took Holy Orders (1843) and began his 
 labors as a missionary at Athens, Georgia, where a 
 church was soon built. In January 1844 he added 
 to these duties the Professorship of Belles-Lettres,
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 345 
 
 Oratory and Moral Philosophy, in the University of 
 Georgia. He was also engaged during this time in 
 writing His History of Georgia, the first volume of 
 which appeared in 1847. ln kS 4 s he became Rec- 
 tor of St. Andrew's Church in Philadelphia, where 
 he at once became well known as a preacher and 
 Pastor, restoring the congregation to its normal size 
 and removing its debt of S-m,ooo. He was ap- 
 pointed Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsyl- 
 vania in lSin and on the death of Bishop Potter in 
 [S115 he became Bishop of Pennsylvania. This 
 diocese included at the time the entire state, but so 
 
 WILLIAM B. STEVENS 
 
 large was the increase in numbers during his admin- 
 istration that n was twice divided, and he finally con- 
 fined his attention to the Eastern portion, including 
 Philadelphia. In 1865 he was elected a Trustee of 
 the University of Pennsylvania and remained in that 
 ci nice till his death. Besides the History of < ieorgia 
 bi fore mentioned, his literary labors include: 'The 
 Undeveloped Powers of the Church, 'The Relations 
 of the Clergy and the Laity and a number of ad- 
 dresses and discourses. In 187X he preached at 
 Westminster Abbey and Canterbury Cathedral on 
 the occasion of a Conference of Anglican Bishops in 
 London and in 1885 he delivered the sermon before 
 the Pan-Anglican Council at Lambeth, lie died 
 June 1 1 , 1887. 
 
 ALLEN, Harrison, 1841-1897. 
 
 Professor in Medical Department 1865 1896 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1841 ; graduated Med Dept 
 Univ. of Pa., 1861 ; Asst. Surgeon U. S. A., 1862-65; 
 Prof. Zoology and Comp. Anat. Univ. of Pa., 1865-76; 
 Prof Physiology, 1878-85; Prof. Comp. Anat., 1891-96; 
 Curator of Wistar Institute of Anat., 1891 ; died 1897 
 
 HARRISON ALLEN, M.D., Laryngologist, 
 Anatomist and Naturalist, was born in 
 Philadelphia, April 17, 1841, the son of Samuel 
 and Elizabeth Justice (Thomas) Allen. The Aliens 
 and Wains from whom he was descended figured 
 prominently in the early history of Pennsylvania. 
 As a boy he was interested in natural history and 
 while studying medicine at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania he still kept up his investigations in pure 
 science. He would have preferred to devote him- 
 self to this, but it was necessary that he earn his 
 living, and after his graduation as Doctor of Medi- 
 cine in 1S61 he stuck to medicine, including chem- 
 istry as well, however, in his studies. For a year 
 after graduation he was Resident Physician at the 
 Philadelphia Hospital. lvirly in 1862 he was 
 appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United 
 States Army, and Assistant Surgeon July 30, 1S62, 
 serving in hospitals and in the defences of Wash- 
 ington until the acceptance of his resignation, 
 December 8, 1865. He then ranked as brevet 
 Major. Before the war Dr. Allen had already 
 become known as a naturalist, printing his first 
 scientific paper in the Proceedings of the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Natural Sciences 111 July [861. 
 It treated of certain bats brought from Africa by the 
 explorer Du Chaillu. The Smithsonian Institution 
 printed his monograph on bats in 1S64, and again 
 in 1895. Indeed, Dr. Allen may be said to be the 
 American authority on bats ; over thirty of his 
 scientific papers are devoted to them. Pv [865 Dr. 
 .Mien had proved himself a successful practitionei 
 and an eminent investigator. In 1X05 he began 
 what was destined to be a long career is a iea< her. 
 In that year he became Professoi of Zoology and 
 Comparative Anatomy in the Medical Department 
 of tlu- University of Pennsylvania, holding tin posi- 
 tion until 1876. He wis Professor of Physiolog) 
 [878-1885; Emeritus Professor of Physiolog) 
 1885-1891 ; Professor of Comparative Anatomj 
 and Zoology 1891 1896. In 1891 he became 
 Curator of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy at the 
 University, President of the Anthropometric So, i< ty, 
 Presidenl ol the Contemporary Club of Philadel 
 plna, and President of the Assoi iation of American 
 Anatomists, holding this last position until June
 
 346 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 1894. Besides the papers already mentioned Dr. 
 Allen published in 1869 Outlines of Comparative 
 Anatomy and Medical Zoology, and in 1 884 com- 
 pleted an elaborate treatise on Human Anatomy. 
 
 HARRISON ALLEN 
 
 Or. Allen's specialty in medicine was, however, 
 laryngology, and on this he published a great 
 many articles. He was President of the American 
 Laryngological Association in 1880. Outside of 
 medicine and natural history Dr. Allen was well 
 informed. In exemplification of his broad culture 
 and sympathies may be quoted the titles of two of 
 his papers : Discussion of the Life Form in Art, and 
 Poetrv and Science, an address before a Browning 
 society. Dr. Allen married on December 29, 
 1869, Julia A. Colton. He died in Philadelphia, 
 November 14, 1S97. 
 
 SEIDENSTICKER, Oswald, 1825-1894. 
 
 Professor German 1867-1894. 
 Born in Gbttingen, Hanover, 1825; graduated Univ. 
 of Gottingen, 1846 ; taught in private schools in Boston. 
 Brooklyn and Philadelphia, 1848-67; Prof. German 
 Language and Literature, Univ. of Pa., 1867-94; author 
 of numerous works in German and English ; died 1894. 
 
 OSWALD SEIDENSTICKER, Ph.D., one of 
 the most prominent Germanists of his day, 
 was born in Gottingen, Hanover, Germany, May 3, 
 1825, the son of Dr. Georg Friedrich Seidensticker, 
 
 a prominent figure in the Thirty Years' War. 
 Oswald Seidensticker was educated at the Univer- 
 sity of Gottingen, where he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy in 1846. The year previous 
 his father had sailed for America and upon the 
 completion of his studies Dr. Seidensticker joined 
 the family there. For a time he studied medicine 
 and then abandoning this profession taught for 
 three years in a private school at Jamaica Plain in 
 Massachusetts. From 1852101855 he conducted 
 a private school at Bay ridge, near Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, and then at Brooklyn, New York, until 1858. 
 In this year he came to Philadelphia and for ten 
 years conducted with success a private school called 
 the Classical Academy. In 1867 he was called to the 
 Chair of German Language and Literature at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, which position he held 
 until his death. His work at the University was dis- 
 tinguished by its thorough scholarship and through 
 his writings he made the German Department well 
 known at home and abroad. In addition his quiet 
 influence and dignified bearing were distinct in- 
 fluences of the greatest value in his role of teacher. 
 
 OSWALD SEIDENSTICKER 
 
 Dr. Seidensticker's writings cover a wide range of 
 subjects connected with German Literature and His- 
 tory. Among his twenty-two published works are 
 Franz Daniel Pastorius und die Griinding von
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEN S^VU'ANIA 
 
 347 
 
 Germantown, Geschichte der deutschen Gesell- 
 schaft von Pennsylvanien von 1864-1876, The 
 
 First Century of German Printing in America, etc. 
 He died January 10, 1894, after a brief illness. 
 
 SELLERS, William, 1824- 
 
 Trustee 1868 
 Born in Delaware Co., Pa., 1824; entered machine 
 business at age of fourteen ; in charge of Fairbanks 
 Engine Shops, Providence, R. I., 1845-47; opened in- 
 dependent business in Philadelphia, 1847; now member 
 of William Sellers & Co. Incorp. ; Trustee Univ. of Pa. 
 since 1868. 
 
 WILLIAM SELLERS was born in Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, September 19, 
 1824, son of John and Elizabeth (Poole) Sellers. 
 Samuel Sellers, the progenitor of the American 
 family, emigrated from Belpre, Derbyshire, in 1682, 
 (married Anne, daughter of Henry and Helen 
 Gibbons of Parevidge, Derbyshire, England, in 
 16S4). In 1690 under patent from William Penn 
 he took up one hundred acres of land in that region 
 which is now Upper Darby. Delaware county, 
 Pennsylvania, and the following year bought one 
 hundred acres lying partly in Philadelphia county. 
 On the land of his first purchase he built the house 
 which for six generations was the home of ln^ direct 
 descendants. The home of the parents of William 
 Sellers, now owned by him, stands on this same 
 land. Mr. Sellers was educated in .1 school held in 
 a private school-house which was built by his father 
 and two relatives and is now occupied by a public 
 school. In his fourteenth year he was placed in the 
 machine-shop of his uncle, J. Morton Poole, near 
 Wilmington, Delaware, to learn the machinist's 
 trade. There he remained until the age of twenty- 
 one when he removed to Providence, Rhode Island. 
 to assume charge of the steam-engine shops of 
 Fairbanks, Bancroft & Company. After two years, 
 1847, Mr. Sellers started a business independently 
 at Thirtieth and Chestnul streets in Philadelphia, 
 and in the following year he formed with Mr. Ban- 
 croft, his former employer of the Providence firm, 
 who had just opened a commodious shop in Ken- 
 sington, the firm liancroft \ Sellers, the appliances 
 and tools of both being < ombined in the plant at 
 Kensington. After a few years the i ipacity of the 
 Kensington shop was found to be too limited for 
 the increasing business, and the firm purchased the 
 lot of land bounded by Pennsylvania Wenue, Six- 
 teenth, Seventeenth and Hamilton streets. Along 
 the line of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 
 
 parallel with Pennsylvania Avenue, the new structure 
 was built. In 1855 Mr. Bancroft died and with 
 
 John Sellers, a brother who had previously been 
 taken into the business, the firm became William 
 Sellers & Company ; in 1886 this firm was incorpo- 
 rated as William Sellers & Company, Incorporated. 
 Since r868 Mr. Sellers has been a Trustee of the 
 University. He has also held positions as follows: 
 member of Franklin Institute since i S 4 7 . President 
 of it, 1S64-1867; member of the American Philo- 
 sophical Society since 1865 ; Director of the Phila- 
 delphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad since 
 
 Willi \\l si It KRS 
 
 1S66 ; President of the Edge Mom Iron Company 
 since 1868; member of the National Academy of 
 Sciences since 1873; Commissionei "i Fairmount 
 Park 1867-1872 ; President of the Midvale Stun 
 Company [873 [887 Vice Pn sidenl >>i the Board 
 of Finance "i the Centennial Exposition. He is a 
 correspondent of the Socidtd d'Encouragemenl poui 
 FIndustrie Rationale; a Chevalier of th< I 
 d'Honneur ; and a member of the Mechanii I In 
 gineers 1 and Mining 1 
 
 and of the Mechanii il Engineers and Civil I ngineers 
 "i England, and of the Union Li igm I lub, having 
 been a member of the old I nion Club the fori 
 runner of the I 'iihui I e igue I L- is in politics allied 
 n nh ih. Republii ei ]i ui\ . Mr. Sellers married in
 
 34$ 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 1S49 Mary Ferris of Wilmington, Delaware, who 
 died in 1.S70. In 1S73 he was again married to 
 Amelie Haasz of Philadelphia. His surviving chil- 
 dren are : Katherine, William F., Alexander and 
 Richard Sellers. 
 
 HALDEMAN, Samuel Stehman, 1812-1880. 
 
 Professor Comparative Philology 1869-1880. 
 Born in Lancaster Co, Pa., 1812; attended Dickinson 
 College, 1828-30; Assistant to Pa. State Geologist, 
 1837; Prof. Natural History, Univ. of Pa., 1851-55; 
 Prof. Natural History, Delaware College, 1855-58 ; Prof. 
 Comparative Philology at the University, 1869-80 ; 
 LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1876; died 1880. 
 
 SAMUEL STEHMAN HALDEMAN, LL.D., 
 was born at Locust Grove, Lancaster county, 
 Pennsylvania, August 12, 18 12, the eldest son of 
 Henry and Frances (Stehman) Haldeman. He 
 developed an interest in natural history in boyhood, 
 collecting fresh-water molluscs, insects, minerals, 
 birds and small mammals. In 1S26 he was sent 
 to Dr. Keagy's classical school in Harrisburg and 
 two years later to Dickinson College at Carlisle, 
 where he came under the influence of Professor 
 H. D. Rogers. The College life and courses of 
 study were not to his taste, however, and he left 
 Carlisle in 1830 for his scientific books and shells 
 and insects. His devotion to science and avoidance 
 of ordinary business aroused so much criticism in 
 the community in which he lived on the banks of 
 the Susquehanna that he connected himself with the 
 management of a saw-mill. He was thus ostensibly 
 employed for five years, during which he made a 
 special study of the sounds of the human voice. 
 In 1836 his old preceptor, Professor Rogers, who 
 had been made State Geologist of Pennsylvania, 
 called upon Haldeman to finish up his field work 
 in New Jersey, where he had been previously State 
 Geologist. In 1837 Haldeman was transferred to 
 Pennsylvania, his first work being the sectional study 
 of the Susquehanna River. He was an entitled 
 Assistant of Professor Rogers but one year, but he 
 appears to have retained a connection with the 
 survey for several years longer. He then returned 
 to his home at the junction of Chickies Creek and 
 the Susequehanna. and remained there for the rest 
 of his life save when his professional duties called 
 him away. In 1842— 1843 he lectured at the 
 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, on Zoology ; from 
 1.S51 to 1855 he was Professor of Natural History 
 in the University of Pennsylvania; from 1855 to 
 [858 he was Professor of Natural History in Dela- 
 ware College and subsequently lectured there on 
 
 Comparative Philology, at the same time filling the 
 Chair of Geology and Chemistry at the Pennsylvania 
 State Agricultural College. From 1869 to 1880 
 he was Professor of Comparative Philology at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, which honored him with 
 a Doctor of Laws degree in 1876. Professor Hal- 
 deman's range in science was wide. He was a prom- 
 inent entomologist but phonology in later years 
 received his closest study and in it he achieved 
 perhaps his greatest success, carrying off, in 1S58, 
 the Trevyllian Prize by his essay on Analytic Orthog- 
 raphy. Professor Haldeman contributed over two 
 
 S VMUEL S. HALDEMAN 
 
 hundred articles to periodical literature, relating to all 
 branches of science : Geology, Mineralogy, Archae- 
 ology, Palaeontology, Astronomy, Chemistry, Con- 
 chology, Ornithology, Philology and Phonology. 
 He published also about twenty books. He was 
 a member of the American Philological Society, the 
 National Academy of Sciences and the American 
 Philosophical Society. He was married in 1835 to 
 Mary A. Hugh, of Bainbridge, Pennsylvania. He 
 died at his home at Chickies, September 10, 1S80. 
 
 MORTON, Henry, 1837 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1869-1870. 
 Born in New York City, 1837 ; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1857; Ph.D. Dickinson College and College of N.
 
 UNiiERsrir of n:\ssrLr.isu 
 
 349 
 
 J., 1871 ; law student until 1859; Instr. Chemistry and 
 Physics Acad. P. E. Church, Philadelphia, 1859-61 ; 
 Prof. Chemistry at Philadelphia Dental College, 1863 ; 
 Lect. in Chemistry and Sec. Franklin Inst., 1864 ; 
 Prof. Chemistry at the Univ. of Pa., 1869-70; Pres. 
 Stevens Inst, of Tech., Hoboken, N. J., since 1870; 
 scientific investigator and educator. 
 
 HENRY MORTON, Ph.D., Sc.D., I.L.D., was 
 born in New York City, December 1 1 , [837, 
 son of Rev. Henry Jackson and Helen (McFarlan) 
 Morton. Entering the University of Pennsylvania 
 as a Sophomore in 1854 he became Moderator and 
 Annual and Biennial Orator of the Philomathean 
 
 HENRY MORTON 
 
 Society, and was honorably mentioned at graduation, 
 in 1857, for the excellence of his essay on Egyptian 
 Art, its Origin and Overthrow. Made and published 
 with ('. R. Hale (now Bishop of Cairo, Illinois) a 
 translation of the Hieroglyphic and Greek inscrip 
 tions on the "Rosetta Stone." He received the 
 degree of Master ol Arts in course, and in 1X69 the 
 degree of DoctOI of Philosophy was conferred by 
 Dickinson College and the same 1>\ the College of 
 New Jersey in 1871, also the degree of Doctoi 
 of Science from the University of Pennsylvania and 
 of Doctor of Laws from Princeton University in 
 1X97. Until 1859 he was engaged in studying law, 
 and in that year, finding scientific pursuits of 
 greater interest, he took a position as Instructor in 
 
 Chemistry and Physics at the Academy of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. In 
 1 86 1 he was Lecturer on Chemistry at the Franklin 
 Institute, and was appointed Resident Secretary of 
 the Institution in 1864. He became Professor of 
 Chemistry at the Philadelphia Dental College in 
 1863 and continued in that work until 1869, when 
 he was appointed to assume charge, under the 
 auspices of the United States Nautical Almanac 
 Office, of an expedition to Iowa, to make photo- 
 graphs of the total eclipse of the sun which occurred 
 in the summer of that year, and was called to the 
 CJniversity of Pennsylvania to occupy the Chair of 
 Chemistry, which charge he resigned in 1870 to 
 enter his present work as President of the Stevens 
 Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey. 
 President Morton presented to the Institute a 
 thoroughly equipped work-shop in 1880, established 
 the Morton Scholarship in 1882 and endowed the 
 Chair of Engineering Practice in 1892 and between 
 1892 and 1900 contributed largely to the Building 
 Fund, making in all about $80,000. He was a 
 member of a party organized to make observations 
 of the total eclipse of the sun in Rawlins, Wyoming, 
 July 29, 1878, and served as a member of the 
 United States Light House Board from 1878 to 
 1SS5. He has written extensively on various 
 scientific subjects as a contributor to journals of 
 science, including the Franklin Institute Journal, 
 of which he was Editoi from 1S65 to 1870; and 
 the Chemical News of London; among these writ- 
 ings some of especial importance are: On the 
 Fluorescent and Absorption Spectra of the Uranic 
 Salts, Methods of Optical Projection, The Applica- 
 tions of Electricity to Illumination, The Storage of 
 Electricity, Engineering Fallacies, Liquid Air Fal- 
 lacies. He also wrote the articles on Electricity 
 and on Fluorescence for the American Cyclopedia 
 of 187X. President Morton is a member of the 
 American Philosophical Society, the National Acad- 
 emy of Science, the American Chemical Society and 
 the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 
 lie married Clara W. Dodge of New York City in 
 1 86 1 . 
 
 NEWTON, Richard, r8i2-r887- 
 
 Trustee 1869-1887. 
 Born in Liverpool, Kngland, 1812; graduated Univ. 
 of Pa., 1836; graduated General Seminary of P. E. 
 Church, New York City, 1839; Rector Holy Trinity 
 Church, Chester, Pa., 1839-40 ; Rector St. Paul's, 
 Epiphany and Covenant Churches in Philadelphia,
 
 35° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 of the Covenant. Dr. Newton wrote constantly on 
 religious subjects, the most noted being his : Life 
 of Christ, Rills from the Fountain of Life and The 
 King's Highway. Seventeen volumes of Children's 
 Sermons were published by him. During his Rec- 
 torate of St. Paul's he was active in revivals and was 
 a decided supporter of the low church party. He 
 was granted the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity from Kenyon College in 1S51. He died 
 in Philadelphia, May 25, 1887. 
 
 1840-87; Trustee Univ. of Pa., 1869-87; D.D. Kenyon 
 College, 1851 ; author of many sermons and other 
 religious works; died 1887. 
 
 RICHARD NEWTON, D.D., was born in 
 Liverpool, England, July 26, 18 12, the son 
 of Richard and Elizabeth (Cluett) Newton. The 
 family sailed for America when he was twelve years 
 old, and after quite severe struggles to obtain his 
 early education he entered the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, graduating in 1S36, and having been a 
 member of the Zelosophic Society. He then at- 
 tended the General Seminary of the Protestant Epis- 
 
 PAUL, John Rodman, 1802-1877. 
 
 Trustee 1869-1877. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1802; graduated Arts Dept., 
 Univ. of Pa., 1820; Latin Salutatorian ; M.D., 1823; 
 Interne Pa. Hosp., 1825-27 ; Pres. Board of Managers 
 Wills' Eye Hosp. ; member Philadelphia City Coun- 
 cils, 1844-45; Director of Girard College, Bank of 
 Commerce and Philadelphia Savings Bank; Treas. 
 Washington M'fg. Co.. 1859-69; Pres. Gloucester Land 
 Co. ; Trustee of the University, 1869-77 • died 1877. 
 
 JOHN RODMAN PAUL, M.D., was born Jan- 
 uary 24, 1802, in Philadelphia, the son of 
 James and Elizabeth (Rodman) Paul. He gradu- 
 ated from the Arts Department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1820, being the Moderator of 
 the Philomathean Society and the first honor man 
 of his class, and delivering the Latin ( (ration at the 
 Commencement. After his graduation he began 
 the study of medicine, having as preceptor Dr. 
 Joseph Parrish, who conducted one of the largest of 
 the private medical schools in the country. He 
 took the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the 
 University in 1823 and then spent two years in 
 Europe studying in the hospitals there, especially 
 in Paris, under Corvisart and Broussais. Returning 
 to Philadelphia in 1825 he was for two years Interne 
 copal Church in New York City, completing the of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and then commenced 
 course in 1839, and being ordained to the Deaconry. practice on Third Street below Pine Street. In 
 
 KIL'IIAKI 1 NEWTON 
 
 In the same year he received a call to the Rectorate 
 of Holy Trinity Church at West Chester, Penn- 
 sylvania, and was married to Lydia Greatorex. In 
 1840 he was called to the Rectorate of St. Paul's 
 Church, Philadelphia, which pulpit he occupied until 
 
 182S he was married to Elizabeth Duffield Neill. 
 In 1844, upon the death of his father, he withdrew 
 from active practice, and devoted himself to the 
 care of the estate. He did not, however, sever his 
 connection entirely with his profession. He was 
 
 1862, when his ministry of eighteen years at the one of the first Managers of Wills' Hospital for 
 
 Church of the Epiphany began. He was elected a Diseases of the Eye and was for thirty years Presi- 
 
 Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania in 1869 dent of the Board. He became Treasurer of the 
 
 and served till his death. In 1SS1 he resigned his College of Physicians in 1838 and held that position 
 
 Rectorship at the Epiphany in consequence of ill- until his death. For one term 1844-1S45, he was 
 
 health and for a time devoted himself solely to a member of the City Councils, but finding this 
 
 evangelical work, then in 1882 began his third sphere of activity uncongenial he never afterward 
 
 ministry in Philadelphia as Rector of the Church accepted any political office. He was, however, a
 
 UNIFEKS1T)' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 35 
 
 i 
 
 Director of Girard College, of the Philadelphia 
 Contributionship, of the Hank of Commerce and 
 of the Philadelphia Savings Bank. From 1859 to 
 1S69 he was Treasurer of the Washington Manu- 
 facturing Company and for thirty years President of 
 the Gloucester Land Company. In 1S69 he be- 
 came a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 He died October 
 
 1877. 
 
 PRICE, Eli K., 1797-1884. 
 
 Trustee 1860-1884. 
 Born in Chester Co., Pa., 1797 ; admitted to the Bar, 
 1823; State Senator 1854-56; Trustee of the University, 
 1860-84 ; died 1884. 
 
 El. I K. PRICE was born in Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania, within a short distance of the 
 field of the Battle of the Brandywine. He was de- 
 scended from ancestors who came from Wales to 
 Pennsylvania in 1682 and settled in the "Welsh 
 Tract." After leaving Friends school Mr. Price 
 entered the shipping-house of Thomas P. Cope. 
 He soon left this position, however, and, studying 
 law in the office of John Sergeant, was admitted 
 to the Bar in 1823. Mr. Price quickly attained a 
 very high position in the Philadelphia courts, and 
 up to the time of his death he ranked as one of 
 Philadelphia's foremost lawyers. He early made a 
 specialty of the law of real e>tate and gradually 
 worked his way to the position of an authority in 
 this branch of law. His knowledge of this subject 
 is recorded in his work entitled Law of Limitation 
 and Liens against Real Fstate. An Act of Assem- 
 bly of 1853, largely framed by him and put through 
 chiefly through his efforts, is known as the Price Act. 
 Technically it is called An Act Relating to the Sale 
 and Conveyance of Real Fstate. Mr. Price did not 
 confine himself to his profession bul look an active 
 pari in public life. In 1845 and 1848 he repre- 
 sented Philadelphia on the Slate Revenue Bond, 
 and from 1854 to 1856 was a member of the State 
 Senate, to which he was elected as an Independent. 
 The Consolidation Act oi 1854 was chiefly due to 
 his energy. \t that time the City of Philadelphia 
 was still embraced within the limits laid out by 
 Perm, and around it had grown up a number of 
 boroughs, townships and districts, most of them 
 contiguous to the city, yet with their own local 
 governments and officials. Mr. Price sought elec- 
 tion to the Senate on a platform that declared it to 
 be desirable that all these outlying districts should 
 be incorporated with the city, lie was elected on 
 
 this platform and put through the Consolidation 
 Act. Mr. Price, as Trustee, from [860 up to the 
 time of his death, was active in University affairs, 
 but his interest in education and science was not 
 confined to the University. He read many papers 
 before the American Philosophical Society, of which 
 he was for a time Vi< e-President, and he was equally 
 prominent in the Numismatic and Antiquarian So- 
 ciety. A member of the Fairmount Park Commis- 
 sion from its formation in 1867. he was instrumental 
 in securing for the Park some of its most beautiful 
 parts. Among his published writings are: History 
 
 i 1 1 K. PRICK 
 
 of the Consolidation Of Philadelphia ; Trial by 
 fury; The Family as an Element oi Government; 
 Some Phases of Modern Philosophy; The Glacial 
 Epochs; Sylviculture, etc. He died November 16, 
 1884, after a service at the Bar continuing more 
 than sixty years. 
 
 AGNEW, David Hayes, 1818 1892. 
 
 Professor Surgery 1870-1889, Emeritus 1889 
 Born in Lancaster Co., Pa., 1818 ; graduated Univ. o( 
 Pa., M.D., 1838; Surgeon to Philadelphia Hosp., 1854; 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy and Asst. Lee. of Clinical 
 Surgery at the University. 1863; Surgeon to Wills 
 Hosp., 1863 ; Orthopedic Hosp., 1867 ; Prof. Surgery at 
 the University, 1870-89; Emeritus Prof., 1889; LL.D.
 
 35 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 College of N. J., 1876; published about one hundred 
 articles on medical subjects; died 1892. 
 
 name is his Treatise on the Principles and Practice 
 of Surgery, the three successive volumes of which 
 
 DAVID HAVES AGNEW, M.D., LL.D., was appeared in 1S78, 1881 and 1883. A second 
 
 born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, edition appeared in 1S89. In 1841 he married 
 
 November 24, 1818, the son of Dr. Robert and Margaret C. Irwin. He leaves no children. He 
 
 Agnes (Noble) Agnew. He received his early was elected President of the Philadelphia County 
 
 education at Moscow Academy, in Chester county, Medical Society in 1872, of the Pennsylvania State 
 
 at Jefferson College, Canonsburg, and at Newark Society in 1877, of the Philadelphia Academy of 
 
 College, Delaware. He graduated from the Medi- Surgery and of the American Surgical Association in 
 
 cal Department of the University of Pennsylvania 1888 and of the Philadelphia College of Physicians 
 
 in 1838 and engaged in the practice of his pro- in 1890. In 1S91 he was elected Honorary Sur- 
 
 fession in Chester county. After an unsuccessful geon to the Presbyterian Hospital, being the only 
 
 venture in the iron business he came to Philadelphia one on whom this title has ever been conferred. 
 
 in 184S and resumed the practice of medicine. In 
 1S52 he began teaching Practical Anatomy and 
 Operative Surgery in the Philadelphia School of 
 Anatomy, and in 1854 he was elected Surgeon to 
 the Philadelphia Hospital. About this time he 
 founded the Pathological Museum and was instru- 
 mental in restoring to public teaching the unusual 
 wealth of material therein contained. He became 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy and Assistant Lecturer in 
 Clinical Surgery to the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1863. In the same year he was elected Surgeon 
 to the Wills Eye Hospital, in 1865 Surgeon to the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital and in 1S67 Surgeon to the 
 Orthopaedic Hospital. He resigned his position in 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital on account of the stand 
 he took against the teaching of Anatomy to mixed 
 classes, but returned a few years later with the dis- 
 tinct understanding that he should not be com- 
 pelled to lecture to women. During the War of the 
 Rebellion he was connected with the Mower Hos- 
 pital in Chestnut Hill and the Military Hospital 
 at Hestonville. In 1870 he became Professor of 
 Operative Surgery in the University and in 1S71 
 accepted the John Rhea Barton Chair of the Prin- 
 ciples and Practice of Surgery. These he held till 
 he resigned all public positions in 1S89, when he 
 was elected Emeritus Professor at the University 
 and Honorary Professor to the University Hospital. 
 
 He visited Europe in 1872. He died March 22, 
 
 1892. 
 
 [Portrait on page 170] 
 
 MERRICK, John Vaughan, 1828- 
 
 Trustee 1870- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1828: graduated Central High 
 School, 1843; member firm of Merrick & Sons, build- 
 ers of machinery ; designer of marine engines for U. S. 
 Gov't; member Board of Experts, Navy Dept. 1862; 
 Vice-Pres. Zoological Gardens 1886- ; Expert on 
 
 Water Supply of Philadelphia 1883; Warden St. 
 Timothy's Episcopal Church and Delegate to General 
 Convention ; founder St. Timothy's Hospital ; Manager 
 Episcopal Hospital; Trustee Univ. of Pa. 1870- ; 
 
 Trustee of Episcopal Academy and Wagner Free In- 
 stitute of Science ; President Franklin Institute. 
 
 JOHN VAUGHAN MERRICK was born in 
 Philadelphia, August 30, 1828, the son of 
 Samuel Vaughan and Sarah (Thomas) Merrick. 
 His father, who came of English and Welsh ances- 
 try, was an eminent engineer of Philadelphia, 
 founder of the Franklin Institute and first President 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad. J. Vaughan Merrick 
 was educated at the Central High School of Phila- 
 delphia, graduating in 1S43, thus being the young- 
 est, with one exception, of the pupils admitted. 
 After some time spent in the Southwark Foundry, 
 
 he became a member of the firm of Merrick & Sons, 
 He was justly renowned as one of the foremost builders of machinery and marine engines. Mr. 
 surgeons of his day, but more especially as a teacher Merrick had charge of the designing of the marine 
 
 and as an influence which redounded greatly to the 
 name and credit of the University. As a teacher 
 he was remarkable for his faculty of explaining 
 clearly the most abstruse portions of his subject, as 
 a consultant and practitioner his most noteworthy 
 quality was the soundness of his judgment. In 
 his operative work he was quick and yet precise. 
 His works embrace a number of miscellaneous 
 articles, but the great work associated with his 
 
 and other machinery and designed that used in a 
 number of the government vessels during the Civil 
 War. In i860 he became the head of the firm, 
 on the retirement of his father, and continued in 
 this position till 1870 when on account of ill health 
 he retired. In 1862 he was appointed a 
 member of a Board of Experts under the 
 Navy Department to report on Naval machinery. 
 He was one of the reorganizers of the Zoological
 
 UN I VERS 111' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 353 
 
 Society and Chairman of the Committee which laid 
 out the present gardens in 1872. Since then he 
 has been a Manager and has served as Vice-Presi- 
 dent since 1S86. In 18S3 he was appointed by 
 
 JOHN V. MERRII k 
 
 the City of Philadelphia a member of a Board of 
 Experts to report on improvements of Water Supply. 
 Mr. Merrick has been a prominent member of St. 
 Timothy's Protestant Episcopal Church in Rox- 
 borough and has been a Warden and a delegate 
 to the Convention of the Diocese of Pennsylvania 
 since 1S61. Since 1883 he has been one of the 
 four lay Deputies to the Triennial General Conven- 
 tion. He was one of the founders of the Free and 
 Open Church Association and has bem its President 
 since its commencement in 1873. In connection 
 with his wile, Mr. Merrick is the founder of St. 
 Timothy's Hospital at RoxborOUgh. In April 1S90, 
 they gave in trust to St. Timothy's parish, forever, the 
 present Hospital Building with the land adjoining 
 and a partial endowment fund, dedicating the whole 
 to the memory of their parents. Mr. Merrick be- 
 came a manager of the Episi opal Hospital in 1876 
 ami was Chairman of its Building Committee for 
 twenty-five years, also of is Administration Corn 
 mittee. Mr. Merrick was elected a Trustee of the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1X70 and has served 
 for some time as Chairman of the Committee 011 
 vol.. 1. — 23 
 
 the College. He has also been a Trustee of the 
 Episcopal Academy, of the Wagner Free Institute 
 of Science, and was President of the Franklin Insti- 
 tute for two years. He was married in October 1855, 
 to Mary Sophia Wagner of Philadelphia, and has 
 two sons, J. Vaughan, Jr., Master at the Episcopal 
 Academy, Philadelphia, and James Hartley Merrick, 
 Assistant Secretary of the Board of Trustees of 
 the University, and two daughters, Emilie Duval, 
 married in 1S7S to George A. Bostwick of New 
 York and Mary Vaughan, married in 1888 to David 
 E. Williams of Philadelphia. 
 
 BARTON, John Rhea, 1796 -1871. 
 
 Benefactor 
 Born in Lancaster, Pa., 1796; graduated in Medicine, 
 Univ. of Pa., 1818 ; Surgeon to Philadelphia Almshouse, 
 1818; Surgeon to Pa. Hosp., 1823-36; author of articles 
 on medical subjects; died 1871. 
 
 JOHN RHEA BARTON, M.D., was born in 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, April 1706, the son 
 of Judge William Barton (Hon. A.M. University of 
 Pennsylvania). His education was received at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, the degree of Doctor 
 
 h ilIN kill \ 1; \l; TON 
 
 of Medicine being granted him in 181 
 taking his degree he had served as 
 apprentice at tin- Pennsylvani 1 I lospit; 
 
 1 1 lie was eh 1 ted one I 'I 'he Sm 
 
 8. Bi 
 a medical 
 
 . and in 
 m, to the
 
 354 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Philadelphia Almshouse. Upon the resignation of 
 Dr. Price in 1823 I >r. Barton was appointed to the 
 surgical staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital. He at 
 once commenced to make improvements in the 
 science of surgery, to him being due the invention 
 of the " figure of eight bandage of the head," which 
 did away with the then prevailing clumsy devil es 
 for the treatment of fractures of the inferior maxil- 
 lary bone. He also introduced into practice the 
 " bran dressing," now generally adopted in the 
 hospitals of the United States, and used to prevent 
 the copious and annoying discharges arising from 
 compound fractures. As an operator his friend, 
 Dr. D. Hayes Agnew, said of him, " He was cool, 
 decided, elegant and full of resource. Using either 
 hand with equal facility, he seldom changed his 
 position when engaged in any surgical procedure. 
 The roller with him was like plastic clay in the 
 hand of the potter; indeed there was an unstudied 
 grace in every movement of the man." Dr. Barton 
 was the author of a paper on Treatment of Anchy- 
 losis by the Formation of Artificial Joints in the 
 North American Medical and Surgical Journal in 
 1827, and in 183S he published his paper entitled 
 Views and Treatment of an Important Injury of 
 the Wrist. Dr. Barton died January 1, 1871, of 
 pneumonia. His widow, Susan R. Barton, has con- 
 tributed a sum of $50,000 for the endowment of the 
 Professorship of the Principles and Practice of Sur- 
 gery in the University of Pennsylvania, as a memorial 
 to him. 
 
 ROGERS, Fairman, 1833-1900 
 
 Prof Civil Engineering 1856-7:, Trustee 1871-86, Benefactor. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1833; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1853; civil engineer; Lecturer at Franklin Institute, 
 1853-64 ; Prof. Civil Engineering at the University, 1855- 
 64; Trustee, 1871-86; presented Engineering Library; 
 officer in 1st Troop Philadelphia City Cav., 1861 ; on 
 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Surv., 1862; author ; founder 
 Philadelphia Coaching Club; died 1900. 
 
 FAIRMAN ROGERS was born in Philadelphia, 
 November 15, 1833, son of Evans and Caro- 
 line Augusta ( fairman) Rogers. He graduated in Arts 
 at the University of Pennsylvania in 1853, taking the 
 Master's degree in course and two years after gradu- 
 ation became Professor of Civil Engineering, con- 
 tinuing to occupy that chair until 1864, when he also 
 terminated a service of eleven years as Lecturer on 
 Mechanics at the Franklin Institute. He was further 
 identified with the University as Trustee from 1871 
 to 18S6, and as the donor of a valuable collection of 
 books on Engineering. During the Civil War Pro- 
 
 fessor Rogers was in service as First Sergeant in the 
 First Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry and later 
 as Engineer officer. In 1862 he was engaged in 
 surveys on the Potomac River for the United States 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey. He was the author 
 of: Magnetism of Iron Vessels; Combinations of 
 Mechanism Representing Mental Processes; Grant's 
 Difference Engine; and various reports and pamph- 
 lets on engineering topics. A conspicuous feature 
 of his life was his wide fame in riding and driving 
 matters. He was the first to drive a four-in-hand in 
 Philadelphia, and was the founder of the Phila- 
 delphia Coaching Club. His Manual of Coaching, 
 published in 1900, has been accepted as authorita- 
 tive. A daring rider to hounds, he helped to organ- 
 ize the Rose Tree Hunt ; he was also one of the 
 first promoters of polo in the United States. Pro- 
 fessor Rogers was a member of the National Acad- 
 emy of Science, the American Philosophical Society, 
 the American Society of Civil Engineers and many 
 local organizations, both scientific and social. He 
 married Rebecca H, daughter of John F. Gilpin 
 of Philadelphia. His death occurred in Vienna, 
 August 22, 1 goo. 
 
 ESSIG, Charles James. 
 
 Professor Dental Department since 1871, Dean 1878-1882. 
 Born in Philadelphia ; M.D. Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege, 1876; D.D.S. Philadelphia Dental College, 1871 ; 
 Dem. at Philadelphia Dental College, 1869-71 ; Prof. 
 Mechanical Dentistry and Metallurgy at Pa. College of 
 Dental Surg, until 1878; first Dean of the Dental Dept. 
 of the University, 1878-82; Prof, of Mechanical Den- 
 tistry and Metallurgy since 1878. 
 
 CHARLES JAMES ESSIG, M.D., D.D.S., was 
 born in Philadelphia, first son of C. S. and 
 Matilda A. Essig. In 1N76 he graduated from the 
 Jefferson Medical College with the degree of Doctor 
 of Medicine, and in 1S71 the degree of Doctor of 
 Dental Surgery was conferred upon him by the 
 Philadelphia Dental College, where he was after- 
 wards a Demonstrator. Later he became Professor 
 of Mechanical Dentistry and Metallurgy at the 
 Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, and was 
 Dean of that Institution when in 1878 its Faculty 
 was approached with a plan to make the College of 
 I >ental Surgery a Department of the University. 
 The opposition of certain members of the Faculty 
 rendered the execution of the plan impossible, but 
 the advantages of a Dental Department in the 
 LTniversity were so apparent to Dr. Essig and others 
 who had assented that they withdrew from the
 
 UNI VERS IT)' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 355 
 
 College of Dental Surgery and set about the work 
 of organizing the University of Pennsylvania Dental 
 Department. Of the newly organized Faculty Dr. 
 Essig became 1 >ean and was appointed to the 
 
 i II \l;l ES I. ESSH . 
 
 (hair of Mechanical Dentistry and Metallurgy 
 which he has held ever since. The Dental Depart- 
 ment thus organized in 1878 under his leadership 
 has steadily developed and extended its work until 
 now it is not only self supporting but yields a large] 
 financial revenue than any other department of 
 the University. In [888 Dr. Essig was forced by 
 the demands of his increasing practice to resign the 
 Deanship, but he continues his work as Professor. 
 Among his writings are two important contribu- 
 tions to dental science: one, a work on Dental 
 Metallurgy, whuh has been translated into several 
 languages for use in foreign Colleges, and the 
 American Text- book of Prosthetic Dentistry. Dr. 
 Essig organized in 1 s 7 .s the Odontological Society 
 of Philadelphia and was for several terms its Presi- 
 dent; he is now a member of the National Dental 
 w, ni mi mn and the Pennsylvania State Dental 
 Society. 
 
 DEWEES, William Potts, 1768-1841. 
 
 Professor Diseases Women and Children 1834. 
 Born in Pottsgrove, Pa., 1768 ; M.D. Univ. of Pa.; 
 in practice in Abington and Philadelphia. 1789-1812; 
 
 w 
 
 engaged in agriculture, 1812-1817 ; resumed practice 
 in Philadelphia, 1817; Adjunct Prof. Obstetrics and 
 Diseases of Women and Children, 1826-34; Prof., 
 1834; author of medical works; died 1841. 
 
 1 1 .1.1 AM POITS DI.W EES.M.D., was born 
 in Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1768. 
 At an early age he entered the Medical Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania and in 1 7S9 com- 
 menced practice in Abington, Pennsylvania, befon 
 receiving his degree, which was. however, conferred 
 upon him soon after. In 1793, when the number 
 of physicians in Philadelphia had been reduced by 
 the epidemic of yellow fever, Dr. Dewees removed 
 thither and soon won a conspicuous success, par- 
 ticularly in the practice of Obstetrics. For five 
 years he was obliged on account of ill-health to 
 abandon his professional work, and as a means of 
 recuperation he devoted himself to agriculture in 
 the town of Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania. In 1^17 
 he resumed practice in Philadelphia, and in iNjh 
 was called to the University as Adjunct Professor of 
 Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. 
 It was after less than a year from the time oi being 
 
 Willi \M P. DEWEES 
 
 nh anced to the full Profe • u ship, that his health 
 again failed, necessitating resignation. Dr. Dewees 
 died in Philadelphia, Ma) 18, 1841. His published 
 writings are: Medical Essays, Philadelphia, 1^23;
 
 35 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Treatise on the Physical and Medical Treatment of 
 Children, 1825 and 1854; System of Midwifery, 
 1825 and 1S54; Treatise on the Diseases of 
 Females, 1826 and 1854 ; and Practice of Medicine, 
 1830. 
 
 GIBSON, William, 1788-1868. 
 
 Professor Surgery 1819- 
 Born in Baltimore, Md., 1788; graduated in Medicine 
 Univ. of Edinburgh, i8og ; entered practice in Balti- 
 more, and Prof. Surgery in Univ. of Md. ; visited 
 Europe, 1814; participated in Battle of Waterloo ; Prof. 
 Surgery Univ. of Pa., 1819-1854; author; died 1868. 
 
 WILLIAM GIBSON, M.D., was born in 
 Baltimore, Maryland, in 1788. At an 
 early age he entered the University of Edinburgh 
 
 WILLIAM GIBSON 
 
 as a student of medicine, and after being associated 
 in study and practice with Sir Charles Bell, the 
 famous Scotch Surgeon, he received the Doctor's 
 degree from that institution in 1809. Returning to 
 the United States soon after graduation he began 
 practice in his native city, where he was chosen as 
 one of the earliest Professors of Surgery in the Uni- 
 versity of Maryland. His name is mentioned in 
 connection with valuable service in quieting the 
 riots in Baltimore in 1X12. In 1814 he again 
 visited Europe and participated in the Battle of 
 Waterloo, fighting on the side of the allied forces and 
 
 receiving a slight wound during the engagement. 
 While abroad he became intimately acquainted with 
 the surgeons, Sir Astley Cooper, Velpeau, Abernethy, 
 Hastings and Halford, and with the poet Lord Byron. 
 Dr. Gibson in 1819, was appointed Professor of 
 Surgery in the University of Pennsylvania, succeed- 
 ing Dr. Physick. and in that position he continued 
 for more than thirty years. He retired from all pro- 
 fessional work in 1858 and from that date until his 
 death he lived in Newport, Rhode Island, in the 
 enjoyment of a fortune acquired in practice. He 
 died in Savannah, Georgia, March 2, 1868. His 
 bibliography includes : Principles and Practice of 
 Surgery, Philadelphia, 1S24 ; Rambles in Europe, 
 containing sketches of famous surgeons, 1839 ; and 
 Lecture on Eminent Belgian Surgeons and Physi- 
 cians, New York, 1841. 
 
 THOMPSON, Robert Ellis, 1844- 
 
 Instructor, Asst. Prof, and Professor 1868-1893. 
 Born in County Down, Ireland, 1844; graduated Univ. 
 of Pa., 1865; Presb. Clergyman; Instr. Math., 1868-71 ; 
 and Asst. Prof., 1871-74; Prof. Social Science, 1874-83; 
 John Welsh Centennial Prof, of Hist, and Eng. Lit., 
 1883-93 ; Lectured at Harvard and Yale, 1884-87 ; Editor 
 Penn Monthly, 1870-80. and the American since 1880; 
 edited Prst two vols. Encyclopaedia Americana, 1883-85 ; 
 Ph.D. Hamilton College, 1879, and D.D. Univ. of Pa., 
 1887. 
 
 ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, Ph.D., D.D., 
 was born near Lurgan, Ireland, April 5, 1S44, 
 son of Samuel and Catherine (Ellis) Thompson. 
 Coming to America when at the age of thirteen, he 
 lived with his parents in Philadelphia, and graduated 
 in Arts at the University of Pennsylvania in 1865, 
 taking the Master of Arts degree in course. Two 
 years later he was licensed to preach by the Re- 
 formed Presbytery of Philadelphia, but in 1868 ac- 
 cepted a position as Instructor in Mathematics at the 
 University. He was elevated to the rank of Assist- 
 ant Professor in 1871, and in 1874 to the full Pro- 
 fessorship of Social Science. Professor Thompson 
 was appointed to the John Welsh Centennial Chair 
 of History and English Literature in 18S3, and con- 
 tinued in that position for ten years. He delivered 
 a series of lectures at Harvard on Tariff Protection 
 in 1884-1SS5, and two similar series at Yale in 
 1886-1887. An important feature of Professor 
 Thompson's active career has been the important 
 and extensive literary work with which he has been 
 connected. In 1870 he became the Editor of the 
 Penn Monthly, then newly established, and so con-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 35; 
 
 tinned until 1880, when he instituted a weekly sup- 
 plement relating to current events, which was the 
 nucleus of The American, which appeared the fol- 
 lowing October, being devoted to literature, science, 
 the arts and public affairs of current interest. He 
 was also the Editor of the first two volumes of the 
 Encyclopaedia Americana, a supplement to the 
 Ninth Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
 He is the author of Social Science and National 
 Economy, later re-written as Elements of Political 
 Economy ; Ireland and Free Trade ; Concerning 
 Trusts; Protection to Home Industry (his Harvard 
 
 Ri 'i.i I' 1 1 1 1 is I Ih IMPSl >\ 
 
 Lecture Scries); De Civitate Dei, or the Divine 
 Order of Human Society, lecture delivered in 
 Princeton Theological Seminary on the Stone Foun- 
 dation ; A History of the Presbyterian Churches <<( 
 America lor the series of the Christian Literature 
 Society; Political Economy for High Schools and 
 Academies ; and many shorter writings contributed to 
 various periodicals. Professor Thompson was made 
 a Doctor of Philosophy by Hamilton College in [879 
 and Doctor of Divinity by the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in [887. While his public utterance:; and 
 writings have always impartially presented all sides of 
 economic questions, he is widely known as an advo- 
 cate of priilei lion to home industry. lie married 
 Mary, daughter of Robert Neely of Philadelphia. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, Isaiah Vansant, 1803-1889. 
 
 Benefactor 1889. 
 Born in Falsington, Pa., 1803 ; entered business life 
 in Falsington, 1816; went into mercantile business in 
 Philadelphia, 1825; retired from active business as 
 merchant, 1837; gave $2,000,000 for the Williamson 
 Free School of Mechanical Trades, 1888; made gifts to 
 the University ; died 1889. 
 
 ISAIAH VANSANT WILLIAMSON, Philanthro- 
 pist, was born in falsington, Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, February 3, 1803, the son of Mahlon 
 and Charity (Vansant) Williamson. Mr. William- 
 son's opportunities for education were slight, being 
 confined to those offered by the country school of 
 the district, which was open only during the winter 
 months. His father was a farmer, but he preferred 
 mercantile life and left the farm for the country 
 store when he was only thirteen. After serving his 
 apprenticeship he went to Philadelphia in 1.S25 and 
 entered into business for himself, opening a retail 
 dry goods store on Second Street near Pine. He 
 soon moved to Second Street and Coombe's Alley, 
 at the same time entering into partnership with 
 William Burton. At the end of a year this partner- 
 ship was dissolved and Mr. Williamson bought the 
 store of John S. Newlin, No. 9 North Second Street, 
 where he carried on business alone, H. Nelson 
 Borroughs assisting him as clerk. In 1834 he took 
 Mr. Borroughs into partnership, and in 1837 re- 
 tired from active business as a merchant. During 
 his twelve years of business life he had accumulated 
 a fortune of S 200,000, and this he increased by 
 financial operations until his fortune reached 
 #15,000,000. Of this he gave away to hospitals, 
 schools and homes S5, 000,000 before he died. In 
 1 888 came his greatest benefaction. ( >n December 1 
 of that year it was announced that he had put into 
 the hands of a Board of Trustees >j, 000, 000 to be 
 used for the erection and maintenance of an institu- 
 tion to be known as the Williamson free School of 
 Mechanical Trades, its purpose being to replace 
 the old system of apprenticeship by instructing 
 deserving boys in trades and maintaining them 
 during the time of study. On his death, which 
 occurred March 7, 1889, it was found that he had 
 left about Si, 000,000 to charities and educational 
 institutions. Among his gifts to the latter was one 
 of £50,000 to the University of Pennsylvania, lie 
 
 also gave S50.000 to the University Hospital. Since 
 his death the Williamson School his been I 
 lished and is now in successful operation, a fitting 
 memorial to its founder and endower. 
 [ Portrait on page 129.]
 
 35B 
 
 UNU'EKSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 FRAZER, Persifor, 1844- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Natural Philosophy and Chemistry 1871-72, 
 Prof. Chemistry 1872-74. 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1844; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1862; served as private in Army and Officer in Navy 
 during Civil War ; studied Mineralogy in Freiberg, 
 Germany, 1866-69 ; Docteur es Sciences Naturelles, 
 Univ. of France, 1882; Chemist and Geologist; Aide on 
 U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1862-63 ; Asst. on 
 U. S. Geol. Surv., i86g; Instr. and Asst. Prof, of Nat. 
 Phil, and Chem. at the University, 1870-72 ; Prof, of 
 Chem., 1872-74; Asst. on 2nd Geol. Surv. of Pa., 1874- 
 81 ; Prof, of Chem. in Franklin Inst., 1881-93 ; Prof, of 
 Chem. in Pa. Horticul. Soc. since 1889 ; author and 
 Editor. 
 
 PERSIFOR FRAZER, Chemist, Geologist and 
 Mining Engineer, was born in Philadel- 
 phia, July 24, 1844, son of John Fries Frazer, 
 University of Pennsylvania 1829, and Charlotte 
 (Jeffers) Cave. His father, Professor John Fries 
 Frazer, was a Doctor of Laws of Harvard, Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in 
 the University of Pennsylvania and long Vice-Pro- 
 vost of the University. Professor J. F. Frazer's 
 father was Robert Frazer, a lawyer and a graduate 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. Robert Frazer's 
 father (Persifor), a great-grandfather of the subject 
 of this sketch, was an iron manufacturer in Penn- 
 sylvania who served the American cause in the 
 Revolutionary War as Captain Company A Fourth 
 Pennsylvania Battalion and Lieutenant- Colonel Fifth 
 Pennsylvania line, under Anthony Wayne. Later lie 
 attained the rank of Brigadier-General in the Penn- 
 sylvania State Militia. The subject of this sketch 
 graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1862, 
 receiving the Master of Arts degree in course, while 
 in College being a member of the Philomathean 
 Society, and Speaker at the Junior and Senior ex- 
 hibitions and at Commencement. From 1866 to 
 1869 he studied at the Saxon Mining Academy, in 
 Freiberg, Germany, passing with distinction the 
 examination in Mineralogy. The University of 
 France awarded him after public examination the 
 degree of Docteur es Sciences Naturelles in 1882, 
 this being the first instance of a foreigner receiving 
 this degree in France and the one hundred ninety- 
 sixth award in all since its foundation in 1S1 1. He 
 also received the decoration of the Golden Palms of 
 the Academy (Officier de l'instruction publique) from 
 the French Government in July 1890. Returning to 
 America in 1869 Professor Frazer was appointed 
 Assistant on the United States Geological Survey, 
 and wrote the report on Mining and Mineralogy 
 of Colorado ami Wyoming for that year. The fol- 
 
 lowing year, 1870, he was called to the University 
 as Instructor in Natural Philosophy and Chemistry, 
 being promoted in 187 1 to the position of Assist- 
 ant Professor of those subjects. From 1872 to 1874 
 he was Professor of Chemistry, and in the latter year 
 accepted an appointment as Assistant on the Second 
 Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, his service con- 
 tinuing for eight years. From 1891 to 1893 he occu- 
 pied the Chair of Chemistry at the Franklin Institute 
 of Philadelphia, and in 1889 was appointed to his 
 present position of Professor of Chemistry in the 
 Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to succeed Tames 
 
 PERSIFOR FRAZER 
 
 Booth deceased. In 1863 he entered the Army 
 service as a private in the First Troop of Philadel- 
 phia City Cavalry, and later as Acting Ensign 
 entered the Navy service. Assigned to duty in the 
 Mississippi Squadron he was first attached to the 
 Blackhawk, and later as Executive Officer on 
 the Benton took possession of the Confederate 
 ram Missouri when she was captured by the Benton 
 in June 1865. He also recorded soundings in 
 Charleston Harbor, in preparation for the attack. 
 He was finally in command of the Hastings in 
 Mound City, Illinois, and was honorably discharged 
 in October 1S65. He has published Tables for the 
 1 letermination of Minerals after Weisbach's Method ; 
 four volumes of the Pennsylvania State Geological
 
 uNii'ERsrrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 359 
 
 Reports of the Second Geological Survey ; Bio- 
 graphical Catalogue of the Matriculates of the Uni- 
 versity Pennsylvania, 1749—1893 ; Bibliotics or Study 
 of Documents (3 editions, one in French) ; Geo- 
 logical Section from Moscow to Siberia and Re- 
 turn ; Cross Reference Catalogue of the Works of 
 the Late E. D. Cope and Geological Sections of the 
 Great Caucasus. He wrote also the Report on the 
 Archean Group of America, and edited the Reports 
 of the other groups and the general report of the 
 American Committee to the International Geological 
 Congress of London, in 1888. He was one of the 
 Editors of the Franklin Institute Journal (1S81- 
 1892) and of the American Geologist, of which 
 latter he was one of the original founders and pro- 
 prietors. In addition to this literary work he has 
 written many papers, memoirs and articles in 
 scientific journals, reports of transactions of societies 
 and the daily press. He is a life member or fellow 
 of the following organizations: The American Phil- 
 osophical Society, the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
 the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, the Society of American Geologists, of 
 which he is a fellow ami one of the founders, the 
 Order of the Loyal Legion, the Sons of the Revolu- 
 tion, the Society of the War of i8r2, the Society of 
 Colonial Wars of Pennsylvania, the British Associa- 
 tion for the Advancement of Science, the New York 
 Academy of Science, the Reichsanstalt of Vienna, 
 Society geologique du Nord (France). Socicte geol. 
 de I'.elgique, Society of American Authors, and the 
 Society of Cientifica Antonio Alzate of Mexico, the 
 Cincinnati Society of New Jersey (Hereditary Mem- 
 ber.) He was also Secretary of the American < !om 
 mittce to the International Congress of Geologists 
 held in Berlin in 1S85, and Vice-President, rep- 
 resenting the United States in the International 
 Congresses of Geologists of London (1888) and 
 St. Petersburg (1897). Professor Frazer married 
 Isabella Nevins, daughter of Edward Siddons Whelen 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 KRAUTH, Charles Porterfield, 1823 1883. 
 
 Professor 1868-1883, Vice-Provost 1873 1883. 
 Born in Martinsburg, Va., 1823 ; graduated Pa. Col- 
 lege, Gettysburg, 1839 ; entered Lutheran ministry, 
 1841 ; Pastor St. Mark's Church, Philadelphia, 1859-61 ; 
 Editor of the Lutheran and Missionary, 1861-67 ; Pro'. 
 Systematic Theology in Lutheran Thcol. Sem., Phila- 
 delphia, 1864-83 ; Prof. Mental and Moral Science in 
 
 the University, 1868-83 ; Vice-Provost, 1873-83 ; D.D. 
 Pa. College 1856, and LL.D. 1873; died 1883. 
 
 CHAR] l.S PORTERFIELD KRAUTH, D.D., 
 LL.D., was born in Martinsburg, Virginia, 
 
 March 17, 1823, the son of Dr. Charles Philip 
 Krauth, a well-known Lutheran clergyman. He 
 graduated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 
 1839, and at the Theological Seminary at the same 
 place, and entered the Lutheran ministry. In 1859 
 he went to Philadelphia as Pastor of St. Mark's 
 Church. From 1861 to 1867 he was Editor of the 
 Lutheran and Missionary, and Professor of System- 
 
 1 11 VRl 1 S P. KRAI I II 
 
 atic Theology in the Lutheran Theological Seminary 
 from 1864 until 1883. In [868, Dr. Krauth. after 
 three years' service as a Trustee, b& ame Professi >r o) 
 Mental and Moral Science in the University of 
 Pennsylvania and held that position until his death. 
 In [873 he was chosen Vice Provost. He refused 
 to become Provosl on the retiremenl of Dr. Stille, 
 continuing as Vice Provosl until his death. The 
 honorary degree of Do< tor of Divinity was conferred 
 on him by Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 
 [856, and that of Doctor of Laws by the same in- 
 stitution in [873. Dr. Krauth was by common 1 
 sent the most accomplished scholai and theologian 
 in the Lutheran Church in America during the third 
 quartei ol thi century. He was < Chairman ol the
 
 3 6o 
 
 UNI I'ERSI TIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Old Testament Company of the American Bible self to that pursuit. For more than forty years he 
 
 Revision Committee, and very active in the work. 
 In the controversy in the Lutheran Church, which 
 resulted in the division of 1866 and in the establish- 
 ment of the General Council in 1S67, he was very 
 prominent. Dr. Krauth's publications were very 
 numerous, amounting to over a hundred. Perhaps 
 the best-known of these is the Conservative Refor- 
 mation and its Theology, 1872, although his Life of 
 Luther which he left unfinished at the time of his 
 death promised to be even more important. Dr. 
 Krauth's extensive researches in liturgies qualified 
 him to take an active part in the preparation of the 
 church-book for General Council churches, and the 
 principles underlying the order of worship adopted 
 in 1865, were made the basis of a common order 
 of worship for all English speaking Lutherans in 
 the LInited States. He died January 2, 1883. 
 
 LESLEY, J. Peter, 1819- 
 
 Prof. Mining 1855-72, Geol. and Mining 1872-83, Emeritus 1883- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1819; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1838; Asst. State Geol. Pa., 1839-41 ; graduated 
 Princeton Theol. Sein., 1844; studied at Univ. of 
 Halle, Germany. 1844-45; Colporteur Am. Tract Soc. 
 in Pa., 1845-47; Pastor Cong. Church, Milton, Mass., 
 1848-51 ; resumed Geol., 1851 ; Prof, of Mining at the 
 University, 1859-72; Prof. Geol. and Mining, 1872-83 ; 
 Emeritus Prof, since 1883 ; Dean of Dept. of Science, 
 1872-75 ; Dean of Towne Scientific School, 1875-83 ; 
 State Geologist of Pa. since 1874; author; LL.D. 
 Trinity College, Dublin, 1878. 
 
 J. PETER LESLEY, 1. 1.. I).. Emeritus Professor 
 of Geology and Mining, was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 17, 1S19, son of Peter and Eliza- 
 beth Oswald (Allen) Lesley. He graduated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania with the Class of 1838, 
 receiving the Master's degree in course. After two 
 years as Assistant State Geologist of Pennsylvania he 
 decided to enter the ministry, and in preparation fur 
 that career became a student at the Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary where he graduated in 1S44. The 
 following year was spent in study at the University 
 of Halle in Germany, and upon his return to Amer- 
 ica in 1845 he was, for two years, engaged as Colpor- 
 teur of the American Tract Society in Pennsylvania. 
 The year 184 7-1 848 he devoted to further geologi- 
 cal work in company with Professor Henry D. 
 Rogers, after which he returned to Church work 
 accepting an appointment as Pastor of the Congre- 
 gational Church in Milton, Massachusetts. Here 
 he remained for two years and in 1S51 he resumed 
 the profession of Geology, and finally devoted him- 
 
 has been connected with the University holding 
 many offices of trust and importance previous to 
 receiving in 1883 the position of Emeritus Professor 
 of Geology and Mining. He was Professor of Min- 
 ing from 1859 to 1872, Professor of (ieology and 
 Mining from 1872 to 1883, Dean of the Depart- 
 ment of Science from 1872 to 1875, and Dean of the 
 Towne Scientific School from 1875 to 1883. From 
 1S74 to 1S90 Professor Lesley was State Geologist of 
 Pennsylvania. He was Secretary of the American 
 Iron Association from 1S54 to 1858, Secretary and 
 
 J. PETER LESLEY 
 
 Librarian of the American Philosophical Society 
 from 1859 to 1885, and its Vice-President in 1886, 
 and compiler of the catalogue of the society's library, 
 President of the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science in 1876, a life member of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and 
 a member of the Boston Natural History Society, 
 the London Geological Society, the Natural History 
 Society of Emden, the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Neufchatel and the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Lille. Conspicuous among numerous scientific 
 writings may be mentioned : Manual of Coal ; Iron 
 Manufacturer's Guide ; Man's Origin and Destiny ; 
 and a History of the First Geological Survey of 
 Pennsylvania, and the Final Report of the Second
 
 umi EKsrrr of r/:.\ \s}/j\/\u 
 
 361 
 
 Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. Professor Le lej 
 married Susan Inches, daughter of Judge Joseph 
 Lyman of Northampton, Massachusetts. He re- 
 ceived the honorary degri e ol D01 toi of Laws from 
 Trinity College, Dublin. 111 [878. 
 
 BARKER, George Frederick, 1835- 
 
 Professor Physics 1872- 
 Born in Charlestown, Mass., 1835 ; graduated Shef- 
 field Scientific School, Yale, 1858; Asst. in Chem. 
 Harvard Medical School. 1859-61 ; Prof. Nat. Sciences 
 Wheaton College, 111., 1861-62; Acting Prof. Chem. 
 Albany Medical College, 1862; M.D. Albany, 1863; 
 I'rof. Natural Sciences Western Univ. of Pa., 1864 ; 
 Prof, of Chem. Yale Medical School, 1665; Prof. 
 Physics Univ. of Pa. since 1872 ; author and editor. 
 
 GEORGE FREDERICK BARKER, M.D., 
 Sc.D., II . I >. , was bum in Charlestown, 
 Massachusetts, July 14, [835. In 1858 he gradu- 
 ated from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale, 
 during his final year there having acted as the Assist- 
 ant of Professor Silliman in tie 1 ourses in Chemistry. 
 Following graduation he was, during the winters of 
 1858-1859 and r86o-i86r, Assistant to l>r. John 
 Bacon, Professoi oi Chemistry in tie- Harvard Medi- 
 cal School, and in 1 86 1 he entered the Professor- 
 ship of Natural Sciences at Wheaton (Illinois) Col- 
 lege. Aftei a year he was called to the Albany 
 Medii il College, accepting a position as Acting 
 Professor of Chemistry and so continuing for two 
 years, during which time he also pursued the course 
 of medicine and took the degree Doctor of Medi- 
 cine in 1863. 1 1 i ^ next change was to the Chair of 
 Natural Sciences in the Western I niversity of Penn- 
 sylvania, and in r 865 he became Professor of Phys- 
 iologii il Chemistry anil Toxicology in the Yale 
 
 Medical School. lie was elected Professor of 
 
 Physics al the University of Pennsylvania in 1872 
 
 and has since continued I :cupy that position. 
 
 As a physicist and as an authority on , hemical ami 
 toxicological matters, Dr. Barkei is recognized as 
 one of the leading authorities living, lie has fre- 
 quently been called upon for experl testimony in 
 
 importanl law cases. 1 lie evid rendered by 
 
 him in the l.ydia Sherman poisoning case in 1872 
 is to be found in Wharton and Stille's Medical 
 Jurisprudence where it wis inserted as a typical 
 1 ase for referem - 1 a precei lent. I le was 
 also one of the experts on the government side in 
 the suit brought be the Department of fustice 
 ag mi a the \in, 1 ic in fell Telephone < '< impart) . 
 In 1 88 1 bj Presidential appi ihitment he be. me 1 
 
 member of the United State, Electrical Commission. 
 lie has been for man)' years an Editor of the Amer- 
 ican Journal of Science, and for many \< 
 edited the record of progress in physics publi 
 annually in the Smithsonian Institution reports ; he 
 was also Editor of the Journal of the franklin 
 Institute in 1 .x - 4 . His published writings include: 
 Lecture on the Forces ol Nature: Lecture on the 
 Correlation of Vital and Physical Forces : his two 
 Presidential addresses befon the ^meri< in Associa- 
 tion tor ihe Advancement of Science ; Text-Book of 
 Elementary Chemistry, New Haven, 1870; Physic, 
 New York, 1892; and numerous articles in the 
 Anna it an Journal of Science and Arts, the American 
 t hemisi and the Proceedings of the American Phil- 
 osophical Society. Dr. barker received in i.s.Si 
 from the French Government the decorations of the 
 Legion of Honor with the rank of Commander. 
 He is a fellow of the American Assoi iation for the 
 Advancement of Science, of which he wis Vice- 
 President in 1 S 7 2 and President in [879, and the 
 National Academy of Sciences. He is also an 
 honorar) member of the Royal Institution of Great 
 Britain and a corresponding membei of the British 
 Assoc iation. a life member of the German Chemical 
 Society of Berlin, of the Institute of Electrical 
 Engineers of London, and of the SocitHe Interna 
 tionale des Electriciens, Paris. In 1.S90 he was 
 President of the American Chemical Society and for 
 the- p 1st two years he has been one of the Vice 
 Presidents of the American I'hilo opl I Society. 
 In 1898 he received from the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania the degree of Doctoi ot Science honoris causa 
 and from Allegheny College, Meadville, the degree 
 
 of Doctor of Laws. In McGill University, 
 
 Montreal, also conferred upon him the honorar) 
 degree "i I >oi tor of I .aws. 
 
 RISLEY. Samuel Doty, 1845 
 
 Professor Ophthalmology, and Manager Univ. Hospital since i&)6 
 
 Born in Cincinnati, O., 1845; early education in 
 schools of Ohio and Iowa ; served through Civil War 
 with 20th Reg. Iowa Volunteers; graduated M.D 
 Univ. of Pa., 1870; Chief of Eye Clinic, Univ. Hos- 
 pital, 1872-90; Lect. on Ophthalmoscopy, and Asst. 
 Ophthalmic Surgeon; Prof. Astronomy at Wagner's 
 Free Inst, of Science, 1871-74 ; Ph.D. Wagner's Inst., 
 1874; Visiting Surgeon Dispensary Staff of Protestant 
 Episcopal Hospital, 1873-76; Out-Door Physician to 
 Northern Dispensary, 1871-74; Ophthalmologist and 
 Otologist Protestant Epi copal Hospital, 1877-83 ; A.M. 
 Univ. of Iowa, 1883 ; Prof. Ophthalmology Philadel- 
 phia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Mt.!
 
 3 62 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and Alumni Manager Univ. Hospital since 1896 ; holds 
 many professional offices. 
 
 SAMUEL DOTY RISLEY, A.M., M.D., Ph.D., 
 was bom in Cincinnati, Ohio, January 17, 
 1S45, descended from a very old English family 
 whose name was originally written Wriothesley. It 
 was corrupted in this country to Wrisley and Risley. 
 An ancestor, Richard Risley, arrived in America 
 with Cotton and Hooker in 1633, locating in the 
 Connecticut valley, where land was purchased from 
 the Nauback Indians ; he was one of Hooker's 
 party of thirty-two who originally settled in that 
 valley, their names being commemorated on a shaft 
 which stands in the Central Presbyterian Church- 
 yard in Hartford. Dr. Risley was educated in the 
 public schools of Cincinnati and later at Davenport, 
 Iowa, whither his parents had emigrated in 1857. 
 When but seventeen years of age, stirred by the 
 patriotic impulses of the period, he enlisted with 
 the Twentieth Regiment of Iowa Volunteers, serv- 
 ing his country until the close of the Civil War. In 
 the autumn of 1865 he entered the Iowa State Uni- 
 versity, at Iowa City, but broke off his College course 
 in April 1867, in order to take up medical studies 
 in the office of Dr. Lucius French at Davenport. 
 Here he remained until the following year, ma- 
 triculating in 1868 in the Medical Department at 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated as 
 Doctor of Medicine in 1870, and remained in 
 Philadelphia making himself a specialist on eye 
 diseases. In 1871 he was appointed Clinical Assist- 
 ant at the Wills Eye Hospital, and in the following 
 year was made Chief of the Eye Clinic at the Hos- 
 pital of the University of Pennsylvania, a position 
 which he held until 1890. He early became a 
 Lecturer on Ophthalmoscopy in the University and 
 Assistant Ophthalmic Surgeon to the University 
 Hospital. At the present time he is an Alumni 
 Manager of the University Hospital. Dr. Risley's 
 outside interests as a medical practitioner have 
 been very large. For three years he was Visiting 
 Surgeon on the Dispensary Staff of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Hospital and later served as Ophthal- 
 mologist and Otologist to that Hospital. He is 
 now Attending Surgeon at the Wills Eye Hospital, 
 Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Training School for the 
 Feeble Minded at Vineland, New Jersey, and Oph- 
 thalmologist on the Medical Board of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Training School for the Feeble Minded until 
 elected to the Pioard of Managers in 1S97. He is 
 also Professor of Diseases of the Eye at the Phila- 
 delphia Polyclinic and Fellow of the College of 
 
 Physicians. Dr. Risley has several times gone 
 abroad for study and observation and was a Mem- 
 ber of the International Ophthalmic Congress at 
 Edinburgh in 1894 and at Utrecht in 1899. He 
 is a member of the American Ophthalmological 
 Societv, the American Otological Society, the Clima- 
 tological Society, the American Academy of Medi- 
 cine of which he was elected President in 1900, 
 and the American Medical Association, and was 
 Chairman of the Section in Ophthalmology of 
 the last named society in 1S93. For a few years 
 in his younger life Dr. Risley was Professor of 
 
 SAML. D. RISLEY. 
 
 Astronomy in Wagner's Free Institute of Science in 
 Philadelphia, this teaching body having conferred 
 upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 
 7874. In 1883 he received a Master of Arts de- 
 gree from the University of Iowa wdiere he had been 
 a student in his youth. From early life Dr. Risley 
 has been active in religious and philanthropic 
 work, his interest in the Young Men's Christian 
 Association having been continuous for many years. 
 For a long time he was Chairman of the Executive 
 Committee of the Alumni Society of the Medical 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania and 
 is at present Vice-President of the society, and he 
 has been the Alumni Manager of the University 
 Hospital from 1896 to this date. Dr. Risley is a
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 member of the Art Club, the Union League and 
 the University Club of Philadelphia. He was mar- 
 ried in 1 870 to I imiii I ). Thompson and resides at 
 1824 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, having .1 coun- 
 try house at Media, Delaware county, Pennsylvania. 
 For years Dr. Risky has been a frequent and in- 
 dustrious contributor to the literature of his special 
 branch of medical science. His publications num- 
 ber upwards of one hundred papers and articles. 
 The work upon which he personally sets the most 
 value is that relating to the hygiene of vision in 
 the schools. This is a subject to which he has 
 given his uninterrupted study since 1878 and his 
 investigations have been productive of much good 
 in improving the hygienic conditions in our public 
 and private schools. He was the first to point out 
 the relation existing between certain congenital de- 
 fects in the eyes of the children and the increasing 
 percentage of near sight in the schools — hence the 
 necessity for an examination of the children's eyes as 
 a preliminary to their admission to the schools. 
 
 GENTH, Frederick Augustus, 1820-1888. (?) 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1874-1888. 
 Born in Waechtersbach, Hesse Cassel, 1820; studied 
 at Heidelberg and Giessen ; Ph.D. Univ. of Marburg, 
 1846 ; came to U. S., 1849 ; Prof. Chem. in the Univer- 
 sity, 1874-88; Chemist to Pa. Geol. Surv. and to State 
 Board of Agriculture; died 1888. (?) 
 
 FREDERICK AUG1 ST1 3 GENTH, Ph.D., 
 was born in Waechtersbach, Hesse Cassel, 
 Germany, M ty 17, 1820; He was fust educated in 
 the Gymnasium in Hanan, and later studied at Hei- 
 delberg University, under Liebig at the University 
 of Giessen and under Bunsen at the University of 
 Marburg, where he received the degree Doctor 
 of Philosophy in 184(1. He remained at Marburg 
 as the Assistant of Professor Bunsen until [849, 
 and in that year came to the I nited States where 
 he remained in the practice of Ins profession as 
 a chemist until his death. He was appointed to 
 the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1874 and continued in thai position with 
 
 notable >no o-^ until 1888. Professor Benjamin 
 -sill 1111,111, Jr., ill writing of him said that he had " no 
 superior in this countrj as an analytical chemist." 
 
 Prol 1 (lenth at "in time served as Chemist on 
 
 the Geological Survej of Pennsylvania and was like 
 wise engaged on the State Board of Agriculture. 
 His writings, particular!) those ti eating ol the sub 
 ject of mineralogy, form an important contribution 
 to scientific literature : they include nearly one 
 
 hundred papers, besides the following longer works : 
 Tabellarische Ubersicht der wichtigsten Reactionen 
 weK he Basen in Salzen zeigen, Marburg, 1845 ; also 
 the same in relation to Acids, 1845; Minerals of 
 North Carolina. Raleigh, 1 .s - 5 ; First and Second 
 Preliminary Report-, on the Mineralogy of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Harrisburg, 1875-76 ; and Minerals and Min- 
 eral Localities of North Carolina, Raleigh, 1881. 
 In 1846 Professor Genth discovered the ammonia- 
 cobalt bases, ami later in association with l>r. 
 Wolcott Gibbs he published in the Smithsonian 
 Contributions to Knowledge the valuable monograph 
 
 KKRUKKICK A. Gl'.MH 
 
 Researches on the Ammonia-Cobalt Bases, Wash- 
 ington, 1856. Professor Genth was a member of 
 many leading scientific organizations, ini hiding the 
 National Academy of Sciences. He died in 
 1888. (?) 
 
 MITCHELL, Edward Coppee, 1836-1886. 
 
 Law Professor 1873-1886, Dean of Law School 1875-1886. 
 Born in Savannah, Ga., 1836 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1855 ; lawyer ; Prof. Real Kstate Law, Conveyancing 
 and Equity Jurisprudence in the University, 1873-86; 
 Dean of the Law Department, 1873-86; Vice-Provost 
 Law Academy of Philadelphia, 1877-86; LL.D. Hohart. 
 1876 ; author of works on Real Estate Law ; died 1886. 
 
 El iw \ki> Ci utit; mi iciin i , u..i>., 
 I aw \ er, was born in S a annah, G 
 July 24, 1836, the son of Dr. John fames and
 
 3 6 4 
 
 UNII'ERSITIES AND THEIR S(j\S 
 
 Eliza | Coppee) Mitchell. He entered Trinity 
 College in 185 1, and leaving the next year, entered 
 the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in the 
 Class of 1855. He was a member of the Zeta Psi 
 Fraternity. After graduation he studied law and 
 was admitted to the Bar of Philadelphia in 1858. 
 In 1873 he was elected to the Chair of Law of Real 
 Estate, Conveyancing and Equity Jurisprudence in 
 the University of Pennsylvania and served in that 
 position until his death, discharging in addition the 
 duties of Dean of the Law Department after 1 75. 
 He was also Vice-Provost of the Law Academy from 
 1 ;; to 1886, a member of the Pennsylvania State 
 Hoard of Public Charities and of the Fairmount 
 Park Commission, 1884— 1886. Hobart College con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws in 
 1876. Dr. Mitchell was the author of many legal 
 works, particularly upon the subject of Real Estate 
 Law, upon which he was one of the leading author- 
 ities in the countrv. Among his works are : Separate 
 Use in Pennsylvania ; Contracts for the Sale of Land 
 in Pennsylvania ; and the Equitable Relation of the 
 Buyer and Seller of Land under Contract and be- 
 fore conveyance. He also edited Tudor's Leading 
 Cases. He married Eliza, daughter of the Rt. Rev. 
 William Bacon Stevens, and died in Philadelphia, 
 January 25, 1886. 
 
 [Portrait on page 127.] 
 
 GOODELL, William. 1829-1894. 
 
 Clinical Prof. Gynaecology 1874-93. 
 Born on Island of Malta, 1829; graduated. A.B.. 
 Williams College. 1851 ; M D. Jefferson Med. College, 
 1854; practiced in Turkey, 1854-61; practiced in West 
 Chester and Philadelphia. 1861-70 ; Clinical Prof Gynae- 
 cology Univ. of Pa., 1874-93; died 1894. 
 
 WILLIAM GOODELL, M.D., LL.D., was 
 born October 17, 1S29, on the Island of 
 Malta, where his father, the Rev. Dr. William 
 Goodell. missionary of the American Board in 
 Beyrout, had been compelled to remove owing to 
 operations that led finally to the battle of Na- 
 varino. He came to America and entered Williams 
 College in 1847, graduating in 185 1. Soon after 
 completing his academic studies he became a stu- 
 dent of Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, re- 
 ceiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S54. 
 He returned to Constantinople, then the scene of his 
 father's labors, remaining thereabouts until 1S61, 
 when he came back to the United States. He was 
 married in 1857 to Caroline I tarlington, daughter 
 
 of Judge Thomas S. Bell of West Chester, Chester 
 county, Pennsylvania. The marriage took place in 
 Smyrna. Asia Minor. On his return in 1S61 Dr. 
 Goodell went to his wife's early home. West Chester 
 to practice, but he soon secured the position of 
 Physician to the Preston Retreat. In 1S70 Dr. 
 Goodell was appointed Lecturer on the Diseases of 
 Women in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 
 1874 he became Clinical Professor of Gynaecol ogy, 
 holding the position until 1893 when ill-health com- 
 pelled him to resign. He gave up his position at 
 the Preston Retreat in 1887. Dr. Goodell was one 
 
 WILLIAM GOODELL 
 
 of the most prominent gynaecologists and obstetri- 
 is in America and as such was frequently hon- 
 ored by medical societies both here and abroad. 
 He was an honored fellow of the Edinburgh 
 Obstetrical Society, corresponding fellow of the 
 London Obstetrical Society, and one of the founders 
 of the American Gynaecological Society. In 1S93 
 Jefferson Medical College bestowed on him the 
 degree of Doctor of L.iws. He wrote over a hun- 
 dred articles on medical subjects, most of them on 
 his specialty, but he published only one book, 
 Lessons in Gynaecology, which passed through three 
 editions in his lifetime, the first being issued in 
 Dr. Goo lell died in Philadelphia, October 
 
 -;■ '
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEXXSVLI INIA 
 
 36; 
 
 PARSONS, James, 1835-1900. 
 
 Professor of Law 1874-1897. Emeritus 1899-1900. 
 Born in Georgia, 1835 ; educated at Amherst and 
 Yale and in Germany ; studied law in Ohio ; appointed 
 Prof, of Personal Relations and Real Property in the 
 University, 1874, and lectured in the Law Dept. until 
 1897 ; Prof. Emeritus ; published work on Partnership ; 
 died 1900. 
 
 JAMES PARSONS, \l.\., was burn in Georgia 
 in 1835, connected with old families of Mas- 
 sachusetts and Virginia. Ili^ advanced education 
 was at fust received in study at Amherst and Yale, 
 
 and later he attended foreign Universities and 
 prepared himself in law in Ohio. Coining to the 
 University as Professor of Personal Relations and 
 Real Property in 1874, he lectured continuously to 
 classes in the Law Department until 1897, when he 
 resigned. In recognition of this long term of 
 valuable service the University bestowed its high 
 honor, the title Professor Emeritus, in 1899, and he 
 occupied that position at the time of his death, 
 which occurred Much 21, 1900. Through an 
 unusual knowledge of languages Professor Parsons 
 was enabled to maintain an extensive correspond- 
 ence with legal authorities in foreign countries, 
 ni. I this practice together with his natural ability 
 is .1 legal Student and educator made him a singu- 
 larly gifted man. As .1 legal authority he was recog- 
 nized both m this country and in Europe. Some 
 evidence of his deep erudition in his profession 
 
 appears iii his notable work on Partnership, pub- 
 lished 111 [889 and again in 1899, a book which 
 has attained greal popularity throughout thecountry, 
 particularly as a text-book for use in law schools. 
 In 1877 Vale conferred upon him the honorary 
 degree of Master of Arts. 
 
 Benjamin Sadtler, D.D., and Caroline Eliza- 
 beth (Schmucker) Sadtler, he i ided from 
 some very distinguish! d 1 lergymen in the Lutheran 
 Church. His paternal grandfather, Philip II. Sadt- 
 ler, came to tin-, country from Homburg, II 
 Germany, in 1799 and settled in Baltimore, M 
 land. His maternal grandfather, Rev. Samuel 3. 
 Schmucker, M.l>., was a graduate of the University 
 of Pennsylvania in the Class of 1819 afterward 
 in 1826 founded the Lutheran L'heological Semi- 
 nary at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, remaining in 
 that institution as Professor ol fheol - \ until his 
 
 .trC 
 
 
 SAMUEL 1'. SADTLER 
 
 SADTLER, Samuel Philip, 1847 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1874-1891. 
 Born in Pine Grove, Schuylkill Co., Pa., 1847; gradu- 
 ated, A.B., Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, 1867 ; 
 S.B. Harvard, 1870; Ph.D. Goettingen, 1871 ; Prof. 
 Chemistry and Physics in Pennsylvania College. 
 1871-74 ; Prof. General and Organic Chemistry at the 
 University, 1874-87; Prof. Organic and Industrial 
 Chemistry, 1887-91 ; resigned to become Consulting 
 Industrial Chemist ; Prof. Chemistry in Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy since 1878, and at Kranklin Inst, 
 since 1895 ; author of text books on chemical subjects. 
 
 r> \\H PI, PHILIP SADTLER Ph.D., Con 
 ^^ suiting Chemisl and Professor of Chem 
 
 istry, was bom in Pine ( trove, Si huylkill i ounty, 
 Pi mi ij h mi 1, fuly 1 8, 1 847, A ii hi 1 a Rev. 
 
 retirement from active duty in 1864. tie was also 
 instrumental while in Gettysburg in founding the 
 Pennsylvania College at that place. Professoi 
 s.iinin I P. Sadtlei received his preparatory educa- 
 tion at the High School 111 Easton, Pennsylvania, 
 when- his father was residing at the lime. Entei 
 in- the Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg he 
 graduated tint' 1 Bacheloi ol \rts in 1867. F01 
 
 ■ year he pursued po ite stud} 11 I ehigh 
 
 I niversity and then went i" Han ml foi a course 
 oi Science in the Lawrence s. ii ntifii Si hool, gradu- 
 ating with the degree ■>! Bacheloi ol Si ience, in 
 
 1870. G ibroad to continue his studies in 
 
 chemistry he was graduated 1 Doctoi ol Philosophy 
 at the 1 Fniversitj of G q in Gei manj in
 
 366 
 
 UNIl'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 January 1S71. For three years from 1S71 he 
 served as Professor of Chemistry and Physics in the 
 Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, and in 1874 
 he was elected to teach General and Organic Chem 
 istry in the University of Pennsylvania with the 
 rank of Assistant Professor of Chemistry. He con- 
 tinued to hold this position until 1887, when he was 
 made Professor of Organic and Industrial Chemis- 
 try. His connection with the University of Penn- 
 sylvania was severed in TS91 after a service in the 
 Faculty covering a period of seventeen years. He 
 resigned his Professorship to begin practice as a 
 ('(insulting Chemical F.xpert in the field of indus- 
 trial technology and to devote a larger share of 
 attention to his work as Professor of Chemistry in 
 the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a position 
 which he has held from 187S to date. Since the 
 year 1895 he has also been the honorary Professor of 
 Chemistry in the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. 
 Professor Sadtler is a member of nearly all the 
 prominent American, English and German Chemi- 
 cal Societies, including the Society of Chemical 
 Industry. Since rSgS he has been Secretary of the 
 American Philosophical Society. He has contribu- 
 ted many writings to scientific journals and is the 
 author of a Hand-book of Chemical Experimenta- 
 tion, a Hand-book of Industrial Organic Chemistry, 
 now in its third edition, and a Text-book of Pharma- 
 ceutical and Medical Chemistry, a work in two 
 volumes now in its second edition. With Dr. H. 
 C. Wood and Professor J. P. Remington, he is the 
 joint author of the 15th. 16th, 17th and 18th 
 editions of the United States Dispensatory. Pro- 
 fessor Sadtler was married in 1872 to Mary Julia 
 Bridges of Baltimore, Maryland. He has two sons 
 ami two daughters. 
 
 sity of Pennsylvania in i86r, but left at the close of 
 the Freshman year to attend the Lawrence Scien- 
 tific School of Harvard. In 1867 he graduated at 
 the United States Military Academy at West Point 
 and until 1869 served as Lieutenant in the Engineer 
 Corps of the Army, resigning from the service then 
 and being honorably discharged. Until 1872 he 
 was engaged as Engineer of Fairmount Park in 
 Philadelphia and as Assistant Examiner in the 
 United States Patent Office in Washington. He 
 was then called to the University to fill the position 
 of Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, from 
 
 LEWIS M. HAUPT 
 
 HAUPT, Lewis Muhlenberg, 1844- 
 
 Asst. Prof, and Prof. Civil Engineering 1872-180,2. 
 Born in Gettysburg, Pa., 1844 ; studied at Univ. of 
 Pa. and Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard ; gradu- 
 ated U. S. Military Acad., West Point, 1867; Lieut, in 
 the Engineer Corps U. S. A., 1869-72 ; Engr. Fairmount 
 Park, Philadelphia, and Asst. Examiner U. S. Patent 
 Office, 1872; Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering at the Uni- 
 versity of Pa., 1872-73; Prof. Civil Engineering, 1873- 
 g2 ; received A.M. gratiae causa, 1883 ; Editor of En- 
 gineering, Specifications and Contracts, etc. ; author 
 and Consulting Civil Engineer. 
 
 LEWIS MUHLENBERG HAUPT, Civil En- 
 gineer, was born in Gettysburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania, March 21, 1844, son of Herman and Ann 
 Cecilia (Keller) Haupt. He entered the Univer- 
 
 which he was elevated to the Professorship of Civil 
 Engineering one year later. In 1892 Professor 
 Haupt terminated a term of twenty years of hon- 
 orable and capable service to the University and 
 devoted himself to the literary and scientific work 
 which was already claiming much of his attention. 
 He is the author of Engineering Specifications and 
 Contracts ; Working Drawings and How to Make 
 and Use Them ; The Topographer — His Methods 
 and Instruments, and other valuable scientific works ; 
 he was a member of the Nicaragua Canal Commis- 
 sion of 1898 and is now a member of the Isthmian 
 Canal Commission. He was also the President of 
 the Cauca-Colombia Arbitration Commissary in 
 1897. In 1883 the University conferred upon him
 
 / Ml ERSITT OF PENXSVI.rANIA 
 
 3 6 7 
 
 the degree of Master of Arts, gratiae causa. Pro- 
 fessor Haupt married Isabella Christiana, daughter 
 of James J. Cromwell of Philadelphia. 
 
 CLARKE, Hugh Archibald, 1839 
 
 Professor Music since 1875. 
 Born in Canada, 1839 ; studied music with his father; 
 Prof, of Music in the University since 1875; received 
 degree Doctor of Music from Univ. of Pa. in 1886, in 
 recognition of his services in connection with the 
 presentation of a Greek play. 
 
 HUGH ARCHIBALD CLARKE, Mus. Do< ., 
 is of Scotch ancestry, lie was born in 
 (niada in 1839, the son of James Peyton and 
 
 111 1 ,11 \. I LARKE 
 
 Helen (Fullerton) Clarke. His early schooling was 
 received a) Knox Academy at Toronto. His father 
 being Professor of Music in the University of Upper 
 
 ('inula, and a Doi i'H of Music of Oxford Univer- 
 sity, the son's native talenl was earl) trained along 
 
 this line. Mr. Clarke rune to die University of 
 Pennsylvania as Professor of Music in 1X75 and 
 hi' has been I here constantly ever sua e, .01 id 1 11 I iiil^ 
 courses ill music which are open lo 111 n and 
 
 women alike and which now extend over a period 
 ol four years. Professoi < llai ki has taken 3 promi 
 nent part in many of die musical functions at the 
 University. His must notable services in this line, 
 
 perhaps, were in connection with the Creek play 
 which the students presented at the Academy of 
 Music in Philadelphia in 1.S.S5. It was a produc- 
 tion of Aristophanes' Acharnians. The musical 
 settings were entirely the work of l'rofessor Clarke 
 who received the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Music from the University in [886 in recogni- 
 tion of the prominent part he had taken in this 
 interesting revival of Greek drama. Associated 
 with Dr. Clarke in the direction of this play were 
 Professor Easton of the University, and Dr. Klapp, 
 Head Master of the Episcopal Academy. He was 
 married in 1859 to Jane M. Searle ; they have one 
 daughter who resides in Boston. 
 
 MITCHELL, Silas Weir, 1830- 
 
 Trustee 1875- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1829; attended Univ. of Pa., 
 1844-48; M.D. Jefferson Med. College, 1850, and Univ. 
 of Bologna, honoris causa, 1888; LL.D. Harvard, 1886. 
 also from Edinburgh-Princeton ; Phys. to Southern 
 Dispen., 1856; St. Joseph's Hosp., 1858; Pa. Inst, for 
 Instruction of Blind, 1861-67 ; Presb. Hosp., 1872 ; 
 Orthopaedic Hosp. and Infirmary for Nervous Dis- 
 eases, 1872 ; Consulting Phys. to State Lying-in Hosp. 
 and Infirmary, 1872 ; Insane Dept. Philadelphia Hosp., 
 1884 ; Trustee of the University since 1875 ; Pres. Phila- 
 delphia College of Physicians, 1886 and again 1890; 
 author of many scientific and literary works. 
 
 SILAS WEIR MITCHELL, M.D., LL.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, February 15, 1830, son 
 of John Kearsley and Sarah Matilda (Henry) Mit- 
 chell. His father was a prominent physician of 
 Philadelphia, and for many years Professor of the 
 Theory and Practice of Medicine in Jefferson Med- 
 ical College. He received academic training in the 
 College Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania as a member of the Class ol 1848, but left 
 during his Senior year cm account of illness. In 
 1S50 he graduated at Jefferson Medical ( !olli ge ; he- 
 lls*] received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 
 honoris causa, from the University of Bologna in 
 [888. The history of his professional career in 
 Philadelphia shows an extensive hospital so 
 including the office <>i Physician in the Southern 
 Hospital in (856, t" si. foseph's Hospital in (858, 
 in the Pennsylvania Institute foi tin In truction ol 
 the Blind, ism 1867, to the Presbyterian Hospital 
 in [872 and again in [897 and to the Ortho] 
 I lospital and In linn n i. >i Nervous Diseases in 1 87 2. 
 and to the Insane Department of the Philadelphia 
 Hospital in [884. During the i > 11 years <>i the 
 Civil War Dr. Mitchell was in the ol the
 
 3 68 
 
 UNITERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 United States Army in Philadelphia, holding appoint- 
 ments as Sanitary Inspector and Acting Assistant 
 Surgeon, and being assigned to the charge of the 
 army wards for diseases and injuries of the nervous 
 system in Turner's Lane Hospital. Dr. Mitchell is 
 one of the most conspicuous medical men the 
 country has ever produced, his high reputation hav- 
 ing been attained by his researches and writings 
 on physiological subjects and by numerous literary 
 works both in prose fiction and in verse. His first 
 publications were on the venom of serpents, and 
 during his army service he prepared with Drs. Kean 
 
 I 
 
 S. WEIR MITCHELL 
 
 and Morehouse the valuable paper on Reflex Par- 
 alysis, Gunshot Wounds and other Injuries of Nerves, 
 and On Malingering. His later writings treat chiefly 
 of Physiology, Toxicology and Nervous Diseases, on 
 which latter subject he is now generally acknowledged 
 to be a leading authority. He is especially known 
 as the originator of what is known as Rest Treat- 
 ment in this country and in Europe as the Weir 
 Mitchell treatment. Since 1875 Dr. Mitchell has 
 served on the Hoard of Trustees of the University, 
 acting as Chairman of the Standing Committee on 
 the Department of Medicine and Allied Schools. He 
 was also twice President of the Philadelphia College 
 of Physicians, to which office he was appointed in 
 1 886, after having been a fellow of the institution. 
 
 He has been either an officer or a member of a large 
 number of American and European societies, in- 
 cluding : the British Medical Association, the Royal 
 Medical and Chirurgical Society, the Boston Medical 
 Society of Natural History, the Society Acadeanique 
 de la Loire Inferieure, the New York Academy of 
 Medicine, the London Medical Society, the Royal 
 Medical Society of Norway, the American Academy 
 of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of 
 Science of the United States, the American Medical 
 Association and the American Association of Phy- 
 sicians and Pathologists, besides numerous local 
 organizations. Dr. Mitchell's first literary produc- 
 tion was The Children's Hour, written during the 
 Civil War, the proceeds of which were devoted to 
 the Sanitary Commission Fair in Philadelphia, and 
 subsequently he wrote short stories for the Children's 
 Hospital, and in 1880 published his first long tale, 
 Hephzibah Guinness etc. The literary works include 
 Hephzibah Guinness ; Thee and You ; The Hill of 
 Stones and other Poems; In War Time; Roland 
 Blake; a Masque and other Poems; Prince Little- 
 boy and other Tales out of Fairyland ; Character- 
 istics ; When all the Woods are Green ; Far in the 
 Poorest ; The Adventures of Francois ; and Hugh 
 Wynne, Free Quaker. He married ( 1 ) Mary Mid- 
 dleton, daughter of Alfred Langdon Elwyn, and (2) 
 Mary, daughter of General Thomas Cadwalader of 
 the Class of 1 795. 
 
 G 
 
 WHITNEY, George, 1820-1885. 
 
 Benefactor — Trustee 1875-1885. 
 
 Born in Brownsville, N. Y., 1820; educated at Albany 
 Acad.; civil engineer until 1843; Baldwin Locomotive 
 Works, 1843-46; member of firm A. Whitney & Sons, 
 1847-85; Trustee of the University 1875-85; died 1885. 
 
 EORGE WHITNEY, Manufacturer, was born 
 in Brownsville, New York, October 17. 
 1819, the son of Asa and Clarinda (Williams) Whit- 
 ney. After completing his education at the Albany 
 Academy, Albany, New York, he adopted the pro- 
 fession of civil engineering, his first field work being 
 on the railway between Hartford and Springfield, 
 Connecticut. After this he was engaged on the 
 survey and construction of the Genesee Valley Canal 
 in New York State. In 1843 Mr. Whitney went to 
 Philadelphia to take a position in the Baldwin 
 Locomotive Works, his father having just entered 
 into partnership with M. W. Baldwin, their founder. 
 This partnership was dissolved in 1846 and Mr. 
 Whitney left with his father, with whom in the next
 
 UN 1 1 ERSITT Ob PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3 6 9 
 
 year, 1847, he entered into partnership under the 
 firm title of A. Whitney & Sun. They manufactured 
 chilled cast-iron ear wheels under patents granted 
 the father. Asa Whitney. Their extensive works. 
 
 i.l 1 IRGE Willi Ml 
 From canvas in University Chapel 
 
 situated between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets 
 and Callowhill Stivet and Pennsylvania Avenue, 
 Philadelphia, were for years the largest car-wheel 
 shops in America. Mr. Whitney took an active 
 interest in the well ire of his workmen, knowing 
 most of them personally. To charities he gave 
 freely, and lie was prominent as an advocate of civil 
 service and municipal reform. He was a member 
 of the Committee oi One Hundred of Philadelphia, 
 an organization of business men formed for the pur- 
 pose of securing 1 business administration of Phila- 
 delphia local politics. Mr. Whitney was a Trustee 
 of the [Jniversitj of Pennsylvania from [875 until 
 his death, [885. He was also a Director in the 
 Insurance Company of North \inerica, the Phila- 
 delphia National bank, the Philadelphia Saving 
 Fund and the Lehigh ('nil and Navigation Com- 
 pany. His art gallery was one of the finest in 
 Philadelphia. Mr. Whitney's greatest gift to the 
 I niversity was that ol s ;o,ooo. lor the establishment 
 oi 1 (hair in the Mechanical Engineering hip. mi 
 incut, now known 
 VOL. 1. — 24 
 
 I hnamii al Engineering. Mr. Whitney married twice. 
 Hi> first wife, whom he married in [849, « is Marj 
 Jerusha Ely. After her death in [S54 Mr. Whitney 
 married Sarah C. Fairman, who survived him, dving 
 in 18S7. 
 
 DARBY, Edwin Tyler, 1845- 
 
 Professor Dentistry 1876- 
 Born in Binghamton, N. Y., 1845 I graduated Pa. 
 College of Dental Surgery, 1865; graduated from Med- 
 ical Dept. of Univ. of Pa., 1878 ; Prof, of Operative 
 Dentistry at the Pa. College of Dental Surgery, 1876- 
 78, and at the University since 1878. 
 
 EDWIN TYLER DARBY, M.D., D.D.S., was 
 born, August 21, 1845, in binghamton. New 
 York, son of Chauncey and Mary Ann (Short) Darby, 
 
 being of English ancestry both on his father's and 
 mother's side. His early education was received 
 near his home in New York State, and with the di 
 termination of studying dentistry, he went at an early- 
 age to Philadelphia, which was recognized then as 
 now to be one of the leading centres for training in 
 this branch of Surgery. He entered the Pennsyl- 
 
 I nw IN 1 . 0\kl:\ 
 
 vania ( lollege of Dental Surgery, graduating in Man : 
 
 1865, and at once Selei ted Philadelphia as his pi n 
 
 of residence. In 1876 he was appointed Profi isor ol 
 the Whitne) Professorship of Operative Dentistry in the Pennsylvania Colli
 
 !7° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of Dental Surgery from which he had graduated 
 eleven years before, retaining this position for two 
 years. At the same time he pursued a course of 
 study in the Medical School of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, receiving the degree of Doctor 
 of Medicine in 1878, in which year he was appointed 
 Professor of Operative Dentistry and Dental Histol- 
 ogy in the Dental Department of the University. In 
 this position he has remained to this date, and has 
 been a leading influence in building up the Dental 
 School to its present position of eminence as a seat 
 of dental education. He is a member of the Na- 
 tional Dental Association, the Pennsylvania State 
 Dental Society and the Academy of Stomatology. 
 Dr. Darby is a member of the Union League of Phil- 
 adelphia and the University Club of the same city. 
 He was married in 1866 to Carolyn B. Thomas. 
 They have four children, the eldest, Dr. George D. 
 B. Darby, being a well known dentist in Philadelphia. 
 
 DUHRING, Louis Adolphus, 1845- 
 
 Lecturer and Professor in Medical Department, 1871- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1845; entered Academic Dept., 
 Univ. of Pa., 1861, but left at end of Junior year ; gradu- 
 ated M.D., 1867 ; studied abroad; Lecturer in Med. Dept., 
 1871-75; Prof, since 1876; Dermatologist in Philadel- 
 phia Hosp., 1878, and Pres. Board of Trustees Phila- 
 delphia Dispensaiy for Skin Diseases; specialist in 
 Dermatology and author of standard works on that 
 subject. 
 
 LOUIS ADOLPHUS DUHRING, M.D., Spe- 
 cially in Dermatology, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, December 23, 1S45, the son of Henry and 
 Caroline ( ( )berteuffer) Duhring. His father, a 
 native of Germany, emigrated to the United States 
 in 1818, establishing himself in business in Phila- 
 delphia, where he became a successful merchant. 
 The son having received his preparation for College 
 in the schools of that city, entered University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1861 and pursued the academic 
 course with the Class of 1S65 through its Junior 
 year, becoming a member of the Philomathean So- 
 ciety and the Phi Kappa Sigma. At the close of his 
 third year he withdrew from the Department of Arts 
 and entered that of Medicine, receiving the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine on his graduation in 1S67. For 
 more than a year following, Dr. Duhring held the 
 position of Resident Physician at the Philadelphia 
 Hospital, then sailing for Kurope where for two years 
 he studied and walked the hospitals in London, 
 Paris and Vienna. He directed his attention es- 
 
 pecially to acquiring a thorough knowledge of 
 Dermatology, in which he was eminently success- 
 ful ; and when, on his return to this country in 
 1870, he opened a Dispensary in Philadelphia for 
 skin diseases, he was speedily recognized as an 
 authority in this field of medicine. In 1871, the 
 University of Pennsylvania made him Clinical Lect- 
 urer on his specialty, and he continued his courses 
 on this subject until 1875, when he was appointed 
 Clinical Professor of Skin Diseases, holding that 
 Chair to the present time. In addition to the 
 duties of his Professorship, Dr. Duhring has con- 
 
 LOUIS A. DUHRING 
 
 tinned with the Dispensary which he established 
 on his return from Europe in 1870, giving it his 
 active attention as physician until 1880, and since 
 that time as Consulting Physician and President 
 of its Board of Trustees. In 1878 he was elected 
 Dermatologist to the Philadelphia Hospital, where 
 his intimate knowledge of this branch of medicine 
 has been of great service. In the literature of his 
 profession, particularly that which relates to his 
 own specialty, Dr. Duhring's works hold a promi- 
 nent place. The literary faculty, indeed, is a 
 family possession, his elder sister, Julia Duhring. 
 having published several volumes of critical essays 
 on social life which have found a permanent 
 place in American literature. The first of these,
 
 UNJ/ERSm' OF PENNSl'I.I .IS 1.1 
 
 37 1 
 
 Philosophers and Fools, published in 1X74, attained 
 a great vogue. As early as 1 S 7 ] , Dr. Duhring was 
 one of the Editors of the Photographic Review of 
 Medicine and Surgery, and he began to publish in 
 1 s 7 ( > . His first book was an Atlas of Skin Dis- 
 eases, plates and text. This was followed by A 
 Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, which 
 has been translated into French, Italian and Rus- 
 sian, and by Epitome of Skin 1 diseases, published 
 in 1885. Dr. Duhring's connection with medical 
 and scientific societies is extensive. He is a Fellow 
 of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, member 
 of the American Medical Association, President of 
 tin' American Dermatological Association, member 
 of the Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania 
 and of the Pathological Society, Philadelphia, cor- 
 responding member of the New York Dermatologi- 
 1 I society, ami honorary member of the McLain 
 Society, London. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, Joshua Ballinger, 1813-1886. 
 
 Benefactor and Trustee 1876-1885. 
 Born in New Jersey, 1813 ; bookseller ; founder of the 
 publishing house of J. B. Lippincott & Co. ; Director 
 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Union League 
 Club and Academy of Fine Arts; Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity, 1876-85 ; died 1886. 
 
 JOSHUA BALLINGER LIPPINCOTT, Pub- 
 lisher, wis born in the neighborhood of Mount 
 Holly, New Jersey, March 18, iSrj. His family 
 had been in this country for six generations and 
 were members of the Society of Friends. He came 
 to Philadelphia at an early age, ami entered the 
 bookshop of Mr. Clarke. After the failure of his 
 employer he was selected by the cretlitors of the 
 firm to conduct the business in their interests and 
 although but eighteen years old, he managed affairs 
 entirely to their satisfaction. Five years later he 
 began business on his own account, under the firm 
 name of J. P. Lippincott & Company, at the 
 corner of Fourth and Race streets. The firm began 
 by making a specialty of prayer books and Bibles, 
 and soon acquired a national reputation for the 
 good taste and general excellence of their products, 
 In 1849 Mr. Lippincott purchased the stock of his 
 principal competitors, Grigg, Elliot & Company, 
 and soon wis the acknowledged lie. id of die pub- 
 lishing business in Philadelphia. In (850 he moved 
 t'> Fourth and Commerce Streets and began to 
 issue those standard works of reference which have 
 made the name of Lippincott famous throughout 
 the literary and scholastic world. Among those 
 
 are: Lippincott's Pronouncing Dictionary of Biog- 
 raphy, Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazeteer, Cham 
 bers' Encyclopedia and Alliboiu-N Dictionary of 
 Authors. In addition the firm became the pos- 
 sessor by purchase of many other valuable proper- 
 ties, such as Prescott's Histories and has for some 
 years had in preparation a complete and scientific 
 revision of Worcester's Dictionary. Lippincott's 
 Magazine, one of the foremost monthlies in Ami 
 has been issued by the house since [868. The firm 
 moved to its present establishment on Market Street 
 in 1 86 1 and in 1871 added to this the manufac- 
 turing plant on Filbert Street. Mr. Lippincott, in 
 addition to his duties as a publisher, interested 
 himself greatly in the educational and other public 
 institutions of his city, being for many years a 1 >i- 
 rector of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 
 the Philadelphia Savings Bank, the Union League 
 Club and the Academy of Fine Arts. He was a 
 Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1876 
 to 18S5 and after his death his widow, Josephine 
 Craige Lippincott, gave generously to the Library 
 of that institution, especially to the Department of 
 English Literature, the alcove devoted to that sub- 
 ject being named after him. In 1882 Mr. Lippin- 
 cott gave $10,000 to the University for the purpose 
 of establishing a Veterinary Department, and the 
 next year added $10,000 to his first gift. Since 
 his death which occurred January 5, 1886, his 
 children have generously sustained the department 
 and have given annually at least 84000 for its 
 
 support. 
 
 [Portrait on page 140.] 
 
 McELROY, John George Repplier, 1842-1890. 
 
 .Professor of Rhetoric 1876-1890. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1842; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1862; Asst. Prof, of Greek and History Univ. of Pa., 
 1869-1876 ; Prof, of Rhetoric, 1876-90; died 1890. 
 
 JOHN GEORGE REPPLIER McELROY, 
 was born in Philadelphia, June 30, 1842, the 
 son of Archibald and Sophia Maria (Repplier) 
 Mi Elroy. He entered the University of Pennsylva- 
 nia in 1858, in the famous Class "I" [862, which 
 numbered among its members Rev. Jesse Y. Burke, 
 
 Secretary to the Pond of I'nislces. John Cad 
 
 walader, Dr. Persifor Frazsr, Provost Harrison, Dr. 
 John Sparhawk Jones and the late Provost Dr. Wil- 
 liam I'epper. Professoi McElroy distinguished him- 
 sell during hi 1 1 ourse by 1 irr) tng off many 
 
 prizes. From [862 to [866 he taught at the Pit-
 
 372 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 teahouse Academy in Philadelphia. In 1S66 he 
 went to Chicago to take a position in the High 
 School there. He returned to the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1869 as Assistant Professor of Greek 
 and History. This position he held until 1876 when 
 he became Professor of Rhetoric and English Lan- 
 guage. He continued in this office until his death. 
 He married Anna, daughter of John Clayton of the 
 Class of 1837. Professor McElroy wrote many 
 articles for literary periodicals as well as several 
 text-books. Among the latter the best known is 
 The Structure of English Prose, long used in con- 
 nection with the courses in rhetoric in colleges and 
 high schools. His other books were A System of 
 Punctuation and Essential Lessons in English Ety- 
 mology. He died November 26, 1890. 
 
 TYSON, James, 1841- 
 
 Lecturer and Professor Medicine 1868- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1841 ; A.B. Haverford College, 
 i860; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1863; A.M. Haverford, 1864; 
 served in Northern hospitals during the Civil War; 
 Lect. at the University, 1868-76; elected Prof, of 
 Pathology 1876, and now occupies the Chair of Medi- 
 cine ; author of many popular medical works. 
 
 JAMES TYSON, M.D., was born in Philadelphia, 
 October 26, 1841, being of German and English 
 descent. He is in the fifth generation from Cor- 
 nelius Teissen, one of the first settlers of German- 
 town, Pennsylvania. Cornelius Teissen came from 
 Crefeld on the Lower Rhine, and although the 
 exact date of his immigration is in doubt, his arrival 
 here is placed between the years 1683 and 1703. 
 A tombstone to his memory which was erected by 
 Pastorius is still standing in a Germantown church- 
 yard, and it is said to be the oldest existing tomb- 
 stone over a German grave in Pennsylvania. James 
 Tyson's father, Dr. Henry Tyson, was also a physi- 
 cian, and his mother was Gertrude Haviland (Cas- 
 well) Tyson who was of English descent. The 
 subject of this biography received his early educa- 
 tion at public and private schools in Reading, 
 Pennsylvania, and at Philadelphia. He then en- 
 tered Haverford College, graduating as a Bachelor 
 of Arts in i860. Selecting medicine as his profes- 
 sion he matriculated at the University of Pennsylva- 
 nia, taking the Doctor's degree in 1S63. In 1864 
 he received the Master's degree from Haverford 
 College. Beginning the practice of Medicine in 
 Philadelphia he served as Resident Physician in the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital from July 1863 to April 1864. 
 His career as a teacher commenced with private 
 
 classes of students in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He was appointed Lecturer on Microscopy there in 
 1868 and on Urinary Chemistry two years later. 
 When the University's new hospital was organized 
 Dr. Tyson, in 1874, received the appointment as 
 Lecturer on Pathological Anatomy and Histology, 
 and in 1876 he was elected Professor of General 
 Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. In 1889 he was 
 transferred to the Chair of Clinical Medicine, and 
 in 1899 to the Chair of Medicine which he con- 
 tinues to hold. From 1877 to 1S88 he was Sec- 
 retary of the Faculty of Medicine, and from 1888 
 
 JAMES fYSON 
 
 to 1S92 Dean of that faculty. He is ex-officio 
 one of the Physicians to the Hospital of the Univer- 
 sity and from 1874 to 1S78 was a member of the 
 Hoard of Managers. He was again made a Man- 
 ager in 1 89 1. Doctor Tyson's engagements outside 
 the University have been of a very varied character. 
 He was appointed Microscopist to the Philadelphia 
 Hospital in 1866, Pathologist in 1S70 and has 
 served as Visiting Physician ever since 1S72, with 
 the exception of a brief period from 1890 to 1S93. 
 He was President of the Medical Board of the 
 Hospital from 1886 to 1890. Dr. Tyson has always 
 been closely associated with the Management of the 
 Rush Hospital for Consumption which is located in 
 Philadelphia, being one of the incorporators of the
 
 UNll l-.RSirr OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 ;-; 
 
 institution in 1890. In 1893 he became a Trustee 
 of the Hospital and is now the Chairman of its 
 Executive Committee. He was appointed Consult- 
 ing Physician to the Kensington Hospital for U omen 
 in 189 1, and has held the same position in reference 
 to St. Mary's Hospital since 1897. 1 >r. Tyson is a 
 prolific writer on subjects pertaining to his science. 
 For a time he assisted in editing the Philadelphia 
 Medical Times and he also has edited four volumes 
 of the Transactions of the Pathological Society of 
 Philadelphia. In addition to his numerous papers 
 and minor writings he has published The Cell Doc- 
 trine, Its History and Present State ; an Introduc- 
 tion to Practical Histology ; Practical Examination 
 of the Urine, which first appeared in 1875, reaching 
 its ninth edition in 1896; A Treatise on Bright's 
 I Hsease and Diabetes ; A Handbook on Physical 
 Diagnosis, third edition, 1898 ; and a Text-book on 
 the Practice of Medicine, second edition, 1900. Dr. 
 Tyson is connected with numerous medical societies 
 and scientific organizations. In 1866 he became a 
 Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 
 He is a member of the Pathological Society and 
 was for a time its President, having also held various 
 other offices in the society. He is one of the origi- 
 nal members of the Obstetrical Society of Philadel- 
 phia and a founder of the Association of American 
 Physicians which was organized in 1886, and limited 
 to one hundred and twenty-five members from the 
 United States and Canada. Among other bodies 
 to which he belongs are : the American Medical 
 Association, the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, 
 the Philadelphia County Medical Society, the Ameri- 
 can Climatological Association and the American 
 Philosophic al S01 iety. As a young man during the 
 Civil War Dr. Tyson was engaged in hospital ser- 
 vice. From 1863 to 1865 he was Acting Assistant 
 Surgeon, being engaged for the most part in mili- 
 tary hospitals in Philadelphia. For a time, however, 
 he was stationed at I Iarrisburg, Pennsylvania and at 
 Winchester, Virginia. On December 5, 1865 he 
 married Fannie Bosdevea a native of Brussels, Bel- 
 gium, who died May 8, 1900. Two children a son 
 and daughter were born to them. 
 
 ASHHURST, John, Jr., 1839-1900. 
 
 Professor Surgery 1877- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1835; graduated in the Dept. 
 
 of Arts of the Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1857 ; received 
 
 A.M. and M.D.. i860; LL.D. from Lafayette College, 
 
 '895; Prof, of Clinical Surgery in the Univ. since 1877 ; 
 
 Barton Prof, of Surgery since 1888 ; author and Editor 
 of a large number of medical works ; died 1900. 
 
 JOHN ASHHURST, Jr., M.D., LL.D., the son 
 of John Ashhurst (1809-1892) and Harriet 
 Eyre (born 1 8 16, married 1835, died 1890). He 
 was born in Philadelphia. August 23. 1839. The 
 Ashhursts are an English family emanating from 
 Lancashire. Professor Ashhurst's grandfather wis 
 Richard Ashhurst who in 1 S04 was married to 
 Elizabeth Crotto, her parents bring Henry Crotto 
 and Catherine Van Flick. Professoi \shlunst\ 
 mother was a daughter of Manuel Eyre (1777 — 
 
 JOHN A-lllll RST, JR. 
 
 1845) and Anne Louisa Connelly, the Eyres like the 
 Ashhursts being of English descent. The subject ol 
 this sketch was educated under private tutors and 
 was so far advanced in his studies at the earl] 
 of fourteen that he entered the Department of Arts 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he 
 was graduated with the Bachelor's degree in the 
 Class of 1857. In his Junior \ car he received the 
 average of 14.91)7, the maximum being [5, liis own 
 record being the highest average ever attained In 
 any student in the University. Upon the formation 
 of the Pennsylvani 1 Delta I !h ipti 1 of Phi Beta 
 Kappa, he was elected an original member. While 
 in College In- was Vice-Presidenl of Ins 1 1 1" and 
 a member of the Philomathean Society, ol which
 
 374 
 
 UNll'ERSlTlES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 he was Treasurer, Second Censor, Secretary and 
 Moderator. Upon graduation he delivered the 
 Greek Oration. After finishing his work in the 
 I >epartment of Arts, he entered the Medical School 
 of the University, from which he was graduated as 
 Doctor of Medicine in i860. In the same year the 
 University conferred upon him the degree of Mas- 
 ter of Arts; and in 1895 he received the honorary 
 degree of Doctor of Laws from Lafayette College. 
 Dr. Ashhurst upon graduating in medicine entered 
 actively into the practice of his profession, becom- 
 ing attached to the Pennsylvania Hospital as Resi- 
 dent Physician in 1861 and passing to the Chester 
 U. S. A. General Hospital in August (the thir- 
 teenth) 1862, where he remained as Surgeon until 
 December 1S62. For two years, 1863— 1865, he 
 served as Surgeon and Executive Officer to the Cuy- 
 ler U. S. A. Hospital in Germantown, and from 1863 
 to 1S80 he was Surgeon to the Hospital of the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. He was 
 Surgeon to the Children's Hospital from 1.S70 to 
 1900, to the University Hospital from 1877, to 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1S87, Consulting 
 Surgeon to the Hospital of the Good Shepherd 
 at Radnor, Pennsylvania, from 1S74. and to St. 
 Christopher's Hospital from 1S75. He held the 
 same position in relation to the Women's Hospital 
 and to the Pennsylvania Institute for the Blind. 
 In addition to these engrossing duties he was for 
 years an eminent teacher of medicine in the Uni- 
 versity. He was elected Professor of Clinical Sur- 
 gery in 1S77 and from 18S8 was John Rhea Barton 
 Professor of Surgery. Dr. Ashhurst in the course 
 of his long career as a Surgeon, Physician and Pro- 
 fessor in the University's Medical School had num- 
 berless honors shown him by learned societies and 
 institutions. He was a member of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from i860, and 
 from 1 86 1 of the Pathological Society of Philadel- 
 phia, of which Society he was President in 1870- 
 187 1. From 1S63 he was a Fellow of the College 
 of Physicians of Philadelphia and was its Vice- 
 President for three years, 1 895-1 S9S, and its 
 President 1 898-1 900. He was a member of the 
 Obstetrical Society from 1S74, a member of the 
 Philadelphia Academy of Surgery from 1897 and 
 was its Vice-President in 1898-1900. From 1S80 
 he belonged to the American Surgical Association, 
 having been elected its Vice-President in 1896. 
 He was also a member of the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society, of the Pennsylvania State Medical 
 Society and of the American Medical Association. 
 
 During the Centennial Medical Congress in 1 S75— 
 1876, he held the office of Vice- President of the 
 Surgical Section of the Congress. He was likewise 
 an honorary member of the Muskingum County 
 Medical Society of Ohio, and of the South Carolina 
 Medical Association. Dr. Ashhurst's interests out- 
 side his profession, especially in religious work, were 
 always great and intimate. He was a member of 
 the American Philosophical Society, the Historical 
 Society of Pennsylvania, the Christ Church Histori- 
 cal Society, the Evangelical Education Society, 
 the Christian League, of which organization he was 
 a Director for several years, and the Evangelical 
 Alliance of Philadelphia, having been President 
 of the last named body from 1897. He was a 
 Deputy from the Church of the Mediator to the 
 Diocesan Convention from 1S6S, a member of the 
 Standing Committee of the Diocese of Pennsylvania 
 from 1887. a Manager of the Episcopal Hospital 
 from 18S0 and for a term of years an Overseer of 
 the Philadelphia Divinity School and of the Dea- 
 coness' Training 1 louse. A statement of his connec- 
 tion with benevolent enterprises in Philadelphia 
 would make a long chapter. In addition to his 
 many public and private duties of other kinds, Pro- 
 fessor Ashhurst was an industrious writer in his 
 own science. He edited the Transactions of the 
 College of Physicians, volumes I-V, and the Trans- 
 actions of the International Medical Congress of 
 187(1. He has edited Erichsen's Science and Art 
 of Surgery, making valuable additions to the text, a 
 work which was published in 1869. He was the 
 Editor also of the International Encyclopaedia of 
 Surgery in six volumes appearing from 1881 to 
 1886. A revised edition of this monumental work 
 was issued in 1888. A French edition in seven 
 volumes was published in 1883-1S8S, and a Supple- 
 mentary volume in 1895. Dr. Ashhurst was one of 
 the Supervising Editors of the International Medical 
 Magazine from 1894 to 1S98. At the time of his 
 death he was a collaborator in the publication of 
 International Clinics, edited by Dr. Henry YV. Cattell. 
 Among his other works were : Injuries of the Spine, 
 Principles and Practice of Surgery, which was first 
 published in 1871 reaching its sixth edition in 1S93; 
 De la Laparotomie ou Section Abdominale Comme 
 Moyen de Traitement de l'lntussusception, translated 
 by Dr. Lutaud. He delivered the address on Sur- 
 gery Before the Days of Anaesthesia, at the Semi- 
 centennial Anniversary of the Discovery of Ether, 
 in the Massachusetts General Hospital, October 
 16, 1896. He was one of the collaborators on
 
 UNirERsirr of pennsti.i ixia 
 
 375 
 
 Lippincotrs Medical Dictionary wlm h appeared in 
 1897. Professor Ashhurst was married December 
 8, 1864, to Sarah Stokes, daughter of William Henry 
 and Emma Matilda (Gorgas) Wayne. They had 
 seven children : John Ashhurst, 3rd, born in 1865 ; 
 Dr. William Wayne, born in 1867, who married in 
 1892 Ellen Eyre Gaillard ; Mary Jane, the wife of 
 Lieutenant E. F. Lieper, United States Navy; 
 Anna Wayne, the wife of Rev. E. J. Perot; Sally 
 Wayne, Astley Paston Cooper and Emma Matilda 
 Ashhurst. He also had seven grandchildren. Pro- 
 fessor Ashhurst's Philadelphia residence was in West 
 DeLancey Place and his summer home was the beau- 
 tiful and historic country seat, the Grange, situ- 
 ated in Haverford Township, Delaware county, 
 Pennsylvania. Dr. Ashhurst was at one time a Trus- 
 tee of the House of Rest for the Aged and of the 
 Pennsylvania Military College, and a member of the 
 Advisory Board of the Frederick Douglas Memorial 
 Hospital. He died in Philadelphia, July 7, 1900. 
 
 WORMLEY, Theodore George, 1826-1897. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1877-1897. 
 Born in Cumberland Co., Pa., 1826; Dickinson Col- 
 lege, 1844-47 ; graduated Philadelphia College of Medi- 
 cine, 1849; Prof. Chem. and Nat. Sci. Capitol Univ. of 
 Columbus, 1852-63 ; Prof. Chem. and Toxicology Star- 
 ling Med. College, 1854-77; Prof. Chem. Med. Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1877-97; died 1897. 
 
 THEODORE GEORGE WORMLEY, M.D., 
 Ph.D., LL.D., was born April i, 1826, in 
 Wormleysburg, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, 
 the son of David and Isabella Wormley. His youth 
 was spent in this neighborhood, but removing to 
 Carlisle, he entered Dickinson College in 1844. 
 During his third year in the College he began the 
 simly of medicine in the office of Dr. John J. Myers. 
 In 1847 he went to Philadelphia, attending lectures 
 at the Philadelphia College of Medicine. Hen- he 
 graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1X49. Returning 
 to Carlisle he spent a year there, then moved to 
 Chillicothe, Ohio, and in [850 settled down in 
 Columbus when- he remained twenty-seven years 
 and worked his way into the front rank of Amerii an 
 ■ In mists. Dr. Wormley intended at first to en 
 in the ordinary work of :i physician, but when the 
 opportunities were offered him to pursue the scien 
 tific studies to which lie was more stronglj attrai ted, 
 hi gradually abandoned the duties of the practitioner, 
 and became known as an original investigator, as a 
 writei and as a most sua essful tea< her of Chemistry. 
 
 In 1 85 2 he became Professor of Chemistry and 
 Natural Science in the Capitol I niversity of Colum- 
 bus, ami two year-, afterwards Profi u ol I hi mistry 
 and Toxicology in the Starling Medical College of 
 the same city. He gave up the formei 'hair in 
 1863 but retained the latter until his removal to 
 Philadelphia in 1X77. Dr. Wormley was Stati Gas 
 Commissioner of Ohio, 1867-1875, and Chemist of 
 tin Ceological Survey of the State, 1869— 1874. It 
 was during this period of his life that he published 
 the first edition of his Micro-chemistry of Poisons, 
 1S67. A second edition was called for not many 
 
 inn IDORE G. W( IRM1 I \ 
 
 years before his death. In [876 Dr. Wormley went 
 
 to Philadelphia to deliver the address on Medical 
 
 chemistry and Toxicology before tin- International 
 Medical Congress held in commemoration of tin 
 Centennial of National Independence. In 1X77 he 
 was elected Professor ol Chemistry in the Medical 
 Department of the University ol Pi nnsyh mi 1. 
 ing the position until his death. His teaching hen 
 both in lecture-room and in laboratory was of the 
 highest efficiency. Dr. Wormlej was a Doctoi "i 
 Philosophy from both Dickinson College and Pi 
 sylvan ia College (Gettysburg) and a Doctoi ol Laws 
 ■ .' Marietta < !olli ge, 1 Ihio. I le was 1 I 1 How "i the 
 Philadelphia College ol Physicians and Surgeons, a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, a
 
 37 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 member ami Vice-President of the American Chemi- 
 cal Society ami a member of the Chemical Society 
 of London and of numerous other scientific bodies. 
 He married a daughter of John L. Gill of Columbus, 
 Ohio. He died January 3, 1897, in Philadelphia. 
 
 MARKS, William Dennis, 1849 
 
 Professor Dynamic Engineering 1877-1887. 
 Born in St. Louis, Mo.. 1849; graduated Yale, 1870; 
 civil, mechanical and electrical engineer; from 1877-87 
 Whitney Prof, of Dynamic Engineering in the Univ. 
 of Pa. ; officer of the Edison Electric Light Co. since 
 1887. 
 
 WILLIAM DENNIS MARKS, Engineer, is 
 of Alsatian parentage on his father's side, 
 while his maternal ancestry is English and Scotch. 
 
 WILLIAM D. MARKS 
 
 His father was Dennis Marks of St. Louis, Missouri, 
 where the son was born February 26, 1S49. ILn 
 early education was secured at Washington Univer- 
 sity in St. Louis and at General Russell's School at 
 New Haven, Connecticut. Entering Vale he grad- 
 uated from that University with the degree of 
 Bachelor of Philosophy in 1870 receiving his tech- 
 nical degree of Civil Engineer from the same insti- 
 tution in 1871. He soon found employment as a 
 civil engineer on the Morris <N: Essex Railroad, but 
 in a little while returned to the West accepting a 
 
 technical position in connection with the Laclede 
 Gas Works at St. Louis. Mr. Marks early turned 
 his attention to mechanical engineering, building a 
 number of blast furnaces and designing and attend- 
 ing to the construction of engines and locomotives. 
 This employment fully occupied him until 1876. 
 In 1877 he received an appointment as Whitney 
 Professor of Dynamic Engineering, in the University 
 of Pennsylvania where he remained in the Faculty 
 of the Scientific School for ten years. He soon 
 developed a high reputation as an investigator 
 chiefly in the electrical field, and was largely in- 
 fluential in organizing and carrying through to a suc- 
 cessful result the Franklin Institute's International 
 Electrical Exposition which was held in Philadelphia 
 in 1S84. In 1S84 Professor Marks returned to 
 active technical employments in connection with 
 the Edison Electric Light Company of Philadelphia. 
 He was Engineer to this company from 18S7 to 
 1892, and President from 1892 to 1896, since 
 which time he has been Consulting Engineer. 
 Some years ago he was made an honorary life 
 member of the Franklin Institute in token of his 
 valuable services in electrical experimentation and 
 discovery. He is also a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society, the American Institute of 
 Electrical Engineers and other learned societies 
 and bodies. Professor Marks was married in 1874, 
 to Jeanette Holmes Colwell of Chattanooga, Ten- 
 nessee, by whom he has two daughters. 
 
 PENROSE, Richard Alexander Fullerton, 
 1827- 
 
 Professor in Medical School 1863-88, Emeritus Prof. 1888- 
 Born in Carlisle, Pa , 1827 ; A.B. Dickinson College, 
 1846; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1849; Prof, of Obstetrics and 
 Diseases of Women and Children, Univ. of Pa., 1863- 
 88 ; Emeritus Prof, since 1888. 
 
 RICHARD ALEXANDER FULLERTON 
 PENROSE, M.D., I.L.D., was born in Car- 
 lisle, Pennsylvania, March 24, 1S27, the son of 
 Charles Bingham Penrose ami Valeria Fullerton 
 Piddle, his wife. He graduated from Dickinson 
 College in 1846 and then entered the Medical 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania from 
 which he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 in 1849. He was Resident Physician at the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital for three years, and then began 
 the practice of his profession in Philadelphia, where 
 he soon rose to eminence. In 1854. through his 
 efforts, and those of his friends, the wards of
 
 UNIVERSIT)- OF PENNSTLI .LM.I 
 
 377 
 
 the Philadelphia Hospital were opened to medical 
 instruction, and he was soon after elected to the 
 post of Consulting Surgeon to that institution. lb- 
 began a series of lectures on the diseases of women 
 and children and soon attracted attention on account 
 of the conciseness and practical character of his 
 teaching. In 1856 he was one of the founders of 
 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He was 
 also some years later one of the founders of The 
 Gynecean Hospital. In 1863 he became Professor 
 of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children 
 
 R. A. K. PENROSE 
 
 in the University of Pennsylvania, which position he 
 retained until [888, when he retired from active 
 work with the tit It- of Emeritus Professor. 
 
 MOORE, Clara J. Jessup, 1824-1899. 
 
 Benefactress 1878. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1824; married Bloomfield H. 
 Moore in 1842; published Miscellaneous Poems, 1875; 
 On Dangerous Ground, 1876; Sensible Etiquette, 1878; 
 Foundation of the Bloomfield H. Moore Fund at the 
 University of Pennsylvania to Promote the Higher 
 Education of Women; died 1899. 
 
 CLARA J. JESSUP MOORE, Novelist and 
 philanthropist, was horn in Philadelpl D 
 
 February 1 (>, 1824, the daughter of Augustus E. and 
 Lydia (Moseley) Jessup. Mrs. Moore was edu< ited 
 
 at home, at the academy in Westfield, Massachusetts, 
 and at the school of Mrs. Merrick at New Haven, 
 Connecticut. On October 27, 1842, she was married 
 to Bloomfield Haines Moore of Philadelphia and soon 
 took a prominent place in the social and literary life 
 of that city. She employed her leisure in writing, con- 
 tributing to magazines and newspapers under the 
 pseudonym of "Clara Moreton." When the Civil 
 War broke out Mrs. Bloomfield Moore was named 
 as President of the woman's branch of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Sanitary Commission. She refused the Presi- 
 dency, but accepting the position of Corresponding 
 Secretary, rendered efficient aid in its organization. 
 She was very active in the great sanitary fair in 
 Philadelphia. Mrs. Bloomfield Moore also pro- 
 jected and aided in founding the Union Temper- 
 ance Home for Children. After the war she once 
 more turned her attention to literary work, using as 
 a rule her own name. The proceeds of the sales of 
 her many books were spent in aiding philanthropic 
 institutions and individuals who were engaged in 
 literary and scientific work. Among these was 
 John W. Keely, the inventor. Much of Mrs. 
 Moore's life was passed abroad, especially after the 
 death of her husband in 1S7S. At her home in 
 London, as in Philadelphia, were always to be met 
 artists, musicians, authors and scientists. In 1878 
 she gave $10,000 to the University of Pennsylvania 
 to found a fund to be called in memory of her hus- 
 band the " Bloomfield H. Moore Fund," to promote 
 the higher education of women at the University. 
 By a later gift she increased the fund to $15,000. 
 \fter her death her son presented to the University 
 Library a valuable collection of books, paintings and 
 sculptures which she had left on deposit there. 
 Among Mrs. Bloomfield Moore's other writings are: 
 Miscellaneous Poems, 1875; a romance On Dan- 
 gerous Grounds, 1876; Sensible Etiquette, [878; 
 Ciondalire's Lessons and Other Poems, 18S1 ; Tin- 
 Warden's 'Tale. San Morit/, Magdalena and Other 
 Poems, 1883 ; and Social Ethics and Social Duties. 
 1892. She died in London, England, January 5, 
 
 1899. 
 
 [Portrait on page 162.] 
 
 WILLARD. De Forest, 1846- 
 
 Lecturer Orthopaedic Surgery 1877-1889, Clinical Professor i88g- 
 Born in Newington, Conn., 1846; received degree of 
 M.D from the Univ. of Pa., 1867; Ph.D., 1871 ; has 
 served continuously in Anatomical and Surgical De- 
 partments of the University from 1867 to date ; clo ti d 
 Prof, of Orthopaedic Surgery in i88g; secured the
 
 378 
 
 UNIl'ERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 erection of the Orthopaedic Ward in the University 
 Hospital. 
 
 DE FOREST WILLARD, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., 
 is a New Englander by birth, being a native 
 of Newington, Hartford county, Connecticut. He 
 was born March 23, 1 846, son of Daniel H. and Sarah 
 Maria (Deming) Willard, both of his parents having 
 been descended from families which were closely 
 identified with the development of America in the 
 Colonial period. Dr. Willard is in the ninth gener- 
 ation from Major Simon Willard the founder of 
 Concord, Massachusetts, (1632) two of whose de- 
 
 DE FOREST WILLARD 
 
 scendants were Presidents of Harvard College. His 
 preparatory education was received at the Hartford 
 High School and he entered Yale in 1863. The 
 weakness of his eyes, however, prevented his pur- 
 suing the course, and soon deciding to study medi- 
 cine, he entered the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania from which institution 
 he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1867. 
 He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 from the University in 187 1. Dr. Willard early 
 selected Surgery as his chosen branch of medical 
 practice and from the time he graduated in 1867 
 up to this date he has been continuously connected 
 with the Anatomical and Surgical Departments of 
 the University. Prior to his graduation in medicine, 
 
 during the Civil War, he served under the auspices 
 of the United States Sanitary Commission at City 
 Point and Petersburg. In spite of his professional 
 engagements he has always found time for much 
 outside work and he is the author of many original 
 articles published in various medical journals. In 
 1867-1868 he was Resident Physician at the Phila- 
 delphia Hospital and has been connected with 
 many institutions. Since 1881 he has served as 
 Surgeon to the Presbyterian Hospital. He is Con- 
 sulting Surgeon to the Home for Incurables, the 
 Homes for White and Colored Crippled Children, and 
 the State Hospital for the Chronic Insane at South 
 Mountain. In 1877 Dr. Willard was appointed 
 Lecturer on Orthopaedic Surgery in the University, 
 and was elected Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic 
 Surgery in 1889. In this subject his interest has 
 always been most sincere and enthusiastic. It was 
 he who organized this department at the University 
 and who secured the erection of the Orthopaedic 
 Ward in the Agnew Wing of the University Hospital. 
 Dr. Willard has been closely connected with the 
 management of many charitable organizations, and 
 is prominently identified with a large number of 
 medical associations. He was President of the 
 American Orthopaedic Association in 1890, of the 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society in 1 893-1 894 
 and of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery in 1900. 
 He is a Fellow of the Philadelphia College of 
 Physicians and of the American Surgical Association, 
 in which latter Society since 1895 he has held 
 the office of Recorder. He was married in 1881 to 
 Elizabeth M. Porter a daughter of Hon. William A. 
 Porter, a granddaughter of Governor D. R. Porter 
 and a great-granddaughter of ( reneral Andrew Porter. 
 They have one son, De Forest Porter Willard. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, James Howell, 1834-1889. 
 
 Trustee 1878-1889. 
 Born in Cinta, Portugal, 1834 ; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1854; M.D. 1858; Resident Phys. Pa. Hosp., 1858; 
 Phys. to Children's Hosp., 1862-89 ; Phys. to Episco- 
 pal Hosp., 1863-68 ; Asst. Surg., U. S. A., 1862-65 i mem- 
 ber Medical Staff Pa. Hosp., 1868-89; Pres. Pathologi- 
 cal Soc. ; Editor Philadelphia Medical Times ; Trustee 
 of the University, 1878-89 ; died 1889. 
 
 JAMES HOWELL HUTCHINSON, M.D., was 
 born at Cinta, Portugal, August 3, 1834, 
 while his father was Consul there. He was the son 
 of Israel Pemberton and Margaretta (Hare) Hutch- 
 inson. He graduated from the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1854, being a member of the Phi Kappa
 
 LSI II<. RSI TV OF l>h.\\s)'l.l'ANIA 
 
 379 
 
 Sigma Fraternity and the Moderator of the Philoma- 
 thean Society. He visited Europe after graduation 
 and returning to Philadelphia in 1855 entered the 
 Medical Department of the University, receiving 
 
 editions of Bristowe's Practice of Medicine, and con- 
 tributed articles on typhoid, typhus and simple con- 
 tinued fevers to the System of Medicine of Drs. 
 Pepper and Starr. He was for two years Editor of 
 the Philadelphia Medical I'imes and was a constant 
 contributor to the medical journals of the country. 
 He was a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 from 1878 to 1889. In 1862 he married Anna 
 Ingersoll. Dr. Hutchinson died December 26, 
 18S9. 
 
 BOARDMAN, George Dana, 1828- 
 
 Trustee 1879- 
 Born in Tavoy, Burmah, 1828; graduated Brown 
 Univ., 1852 ; studied at Newton Theol. Institution, 
 1852-55; Pastor of Baptist Church, Barnwell, S. C, 
 1855; 2nd Church, Rochester, N. Y., 1856-64; Pastor 
 of 1st Baptist Church in Philadelphia, 1864-94; D.D. 
 Brown Univ., 1866; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1889; Chaplain 
 of the University, 1892-93; Trustee since 1879. 
 
 GEORGE DANA BOARDMAN, D.D., LL.D, 
 Clergyman, formerly Chaplain of the Uni- 
 versity, was born in Tavoy, Burmah, August r8, 
 1828, son of Georg« Dana and Sarah (Ilalh 
 
 JAMES H. HUTCHINSON 
 
 the degree of Doctor oi Medicine in 1858. He 
 was then elected Resident Physician of the Penn- 
 sylvania Hospital where he served for one year and 
 then spent two years in the hospitals of Vienna and 
 Paris. In 1861 he began the practice of medicine 
 in Philadelphia, and the next yeai became Physician 
 to the Children's Hospital, which appointment he 
 held till his death. From 1862 to 1865 he was 
 V ting Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army, 
 serving at the Satterlee General Hospital in West 
 Philadelphia. He was Physician to the Hospital 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1863-1868 and 
 to tin- Pennsylvania Hospital, 1868-1889. He was 
 also Presidenl of the Pathological Society of Phila- 
 delphia, Vice Pre iident of the < lollege ol Physi 
 
 and membei of the Philadelphia County Medii il 
 
 S :ty, the Obstetrical Societj oi Philadelphia, thi 
 
 \< idem) "i Natural Sciences, the Vmerican Philo- 
 iophical Society and thi Association of American 
 ii i ins. lie h ilso 1 I iin Mi ,1 ol the Phila- 
 delphia Library Company and of the National Bank 
 of Commerce and a fellow of the College ol Physi- 
 cians of Philadelphia. He was thi Editoi ol two 
 
 I a I Hi il I 1 w \ lil IAR1 iM \\ 
 
 Boardman. His father was engaged in active 
 missionary work in [ndia from 1825 until his 
 death, which 00 tu red in Burmah in 1 83 1 . Dr. 
 Boardman gi tduated al Brow n 1 with the
 
 :So 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Class of 1852, receiving the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts, and determined to enter the ministry, he took 
 up a course of theological study at the Newton 
 Theological Institution. Here he graduated in 
 1855, and accepted a call to the Baptist Church 
 of Barnwell, South Carolina. Unable to adjust his 
 views on the slavery question to the Southern atti- 
 tude, he resigned after a few months, and returning 
 North became Pastor of the Second Church in 
 Rochester, New York, where he remained until 
 called in 1S64 to the Pastorate of the First Baptist 
 Church of Philadelphia, where he resigned in 1894 
 to engage in literary work, becoming Honorary 
 Pastor. He received the degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity from Brown in 1866, and that of Doctor 
 of Laws frorn the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1S89. Dr. Boardman was Chaplain of the Uni- 
 versity during the College year of 1892-1893, and 
 has been a member of the Board of Trustees since 
 1879. He at one time delivered a notable course 
 of Sunday afternoon lectures at the University on 
 the Ten Commandments. These were published 
 soon after they were delivered, and later he gave 
 a second course on the Minor Prophets. Dr. 
 Boardman has also since 1894 lectured in various 
 Universities and Seminaries in different parts of the 
 country. Among numerous other writings, he has 
 published : Studies in the Creative Week ; Studies 
 in the Model Prayer ; Epiphanies of the Risen 
 Lord; Studies in the Mountain Instruction; The 
 Problem of Jesus ; The Coronation of Love ; The 
 Kingdom. 
 
 WHARTON, Henry Redwood, 1853- 
 
 Demonstrator of Surgery. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1853; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1873 ; M.D., 1876; Demonstrator of Sur- 
 gery Univ. of Pa. ; Surgeon Children's Hosp. ; Sur- 
 geon to the Presby. Hosp. ; Consulting Surgeon Pa. 
 Inst, for Deaf and Dumb. 
 
 HENRY REDWOOD WHARTON, M.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, May 23, 1853, 
 son of Charles Wharton, Class of 1833, and Mary 
 McLanahan (Boggs) Wharton. He graduated from 
 the College Department of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania with the Class of 1873, and took the 
 Master of Arts degree in course. At graduation 
 from the Medical School in 1S76, he received 
 distinguished merit for his thesis. He has con- 
 tinuously followed his profession in Philadelphia, 
 having performed in addition to his private practice 
 hospital service as Surgeon to the Children's Pres- 
 
 byterian and Methodist Hospitals, Assistant Surgeon 
 to the University Hospital and Consulting Surgeon 
 to the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. 
 In 1879 Dr. Wharton was appointed Instructor in 
 Clinical Surgery in the University, and 111 1885 was 
 advanced to his present office as Demonstrator of 
 Surgery. He has been a fellow of the College of 
 Physicians since 18S4, and now holds member- 
 ship in the Philadelphia County Medical Society, 
 the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, the Med- 
 ical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, the 
 American Surgical Association and the Pennsylvania 
 
 HENRY R. WHARTON 
 
 Society of the Sons of the Revolution. Besides 
 numerous articles in leading medical journals, he 
 has written : a Text-book on Minor Surgery and 
 Bandaging ; a work on the Practice of Surgery, with 
 Dr. B. F. Curtis of New York ; the articles on 
 Pseudo-venereal Affections, etc. in Ashhurst's Inter- 
 national Encyclopedia of Surgery ; the articles on 
 Tracheotomy and Diseases of the Rectum, in Keat- 
 ing's Cyclopaedia of the Diseases of Children ; the 
 article on Minor Surgery in the System of Surgery by 
 Dennis ; and the article on Tracheology, in the 
 American Text Book on Diseases of Children. A 
 full account of Dr. Wharton's ancestry is to be found 
 in published records of the Wharton and Rodman 
 families. He married Edith Reynolds Booth.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSTLI .INI A 
 
 381 
 
 BARKER, Wharton, 1846- 
 
 Trustee 1880- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1846; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 1866; engaged in banking business ; organized Finance 
 Co. of Pa. and Investment Co. of Philadelphia ; directed 
 important enterprises under the Russian Government, 
 1878-94 ; identified with large commercial plans of 
 Chinese Government since 1887 ; has been active in 
 politics as a leader of the People's Party; now Presi- 
 dential candidate; Editor and Publisher of The Ameri- 
 can, the Journal of the People's Party ; Trustee of 
 Univ. of Pa. since 1880, and Treas. of the Board, 
 1882-90. 
 
 WHARTON BARKFR, Presidential Candi- 
 date of the People's Party, was born in 
 Philadelphia, May 1, 1846, son of Abraham and 
 Sarah (Wharton) Barker. He graduated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1S66, receiving the 
 degree of Master of Arts in course. While in 
 College he was President of the Zelosophic Society, 
 Second Lieutenant in the University Light Artillery, 
 and a member of the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity. 
 Since 1880 Mr. Barker has served on the Uni- 
 versity's Board of Trustees, acting as Treasurer of 
 that body from 1882 to 1890. At an early age he 
 entered the banking business in Philadelphia and 
 throughout his career having been identified with 
 matters of finance to an extensive degree he has 
 become a conspicuous figure in the commercial and 
 financial world. He was the organizer of the 
 Finance Company of Pennsylvania and of the In- 
 vestment Company of Philadelphia, and until 1890 
 was President of the former and Director of the 
 latter. In 1878 and 1879 ' 1C conducted the entire 
 financial business connected with the building of 
 four cruisers for Russia at the Cramps Ship Works, 
 and in the following year he directed surveys of the 
 Donetz coal and iron fields in the south of Russia 
 under the authority of the Grand Duke Constantine 
 and Prince Dolgorouke( ?), preparing plans for de- 
 velopments, railroads, and coal and iron mines, iron 
 and steel works, am! ship and engine building plants. 
 These plans were set forth at length in reports to the 
 Imperial Russian Government. Mr. Barker again 
 unit to Russia in 1892 and 1894 to discuss impor- 
 tant government undertakings, and at the present 
 time In- i-i actively interested in the building of two 
 important lines of Russian railroad. In 1S.S7 the 
 Chinese Minister to the United States, Cheng Yen 
 Hoon, opened communications with \lr. Barker 
 with regard to plans for the establishment of a 
 Chinese National Hank in 1'ekin, with branches in 
 all important cities of the Empire. In connection 
 with this business Mr. Barker sent a commissioner 
 
 to China in May of that year and in September the 
 Chinese Government sent a "Hum I ommission to 
 America," consisting of three Mandarins of whom 
 the principal was Ma Kiet Chang. Mr. Barker 
 went to China in 1895 at the urgent invitation of 
 Viceroy Li Hung Chang, and in October and 
 November of that year was engaged in the discus- 
 sion of certain plans looking to the development 
 and strengthening of the power of the Chinese 
 Empire. At the present time it is especially of 
 interest to note that probably no other private in- 
 dividual, either of America or of Furope, has had 
 
 WHARTON HARKKR 
 
 such intimate relations with the great Eastern 
 Empires; and that Mi. Barker's published com 
 merits on the Eastern situation are being endorsed 
 by personal letters from Chinese officials. Wharton 
 Barker as an earnest worker in American politic tl 
 affairs and as the candidate for the Presidencj 
 under the nomination of the People's Party has 
 attained a position of high prominence and respect. 
 His contention for government control of railr 
 and for a constant value of money maintained by 
 the adoption ol paper, which can be increased or 
 
 dr. leased at will bv the government to meet the 
 
 changing demands of trade has been long and trj 
 ing, beginning while he was of the Republican 
 Party. He organized and led the campaign for
 
 382 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 nomination of Garfield for President in 1880, and Modern Languages. He served as Instructor of 
 was concerned in the political movements which German in Johns Hopkins University from 1886 
 
 put Harrison at the head of the Republican ticket 
 in 18SS. His tireless work, and his unfailing and 
 honest devotion to the principles which he believes 
 to be right have recently been recognized in his 
 nomination as People's Candidate for President. 
 Not the least important feature of Mr. Barker's 
 career has been his direction of The American, the 
 
 to 18S9, in the meantime receiving the degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy from the same University 
 in 1887. In 1SS9 he was appointed Associate in 
 German at Johns Hopkins and in 1892 was pro- 
 moted to an Associate Professorship in German, a 
 position which he continued to hold for three 
 years. In 1895 he was elected Professor of 
 
 official organ of his party ; of this publication he is Germanic Languages and Literatures at the Uni- 
 now Editor and publisher and a frequent contributor versity of Pennsylvania, to fill a vacancy created bv 
 to its pages. The second order of the Cross of St. the death of Professor Seidensticker. Professor 
 Stanislaus was conferred upon him in 1879 by 
 Alexander II, Czar of Russia. He is a member of 
 the American Philosophical Society, the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Histori* al 
 Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 LEARNED, Marion Dexter, 1857- 
 
 Professor Germanic Languages and Literatures 189.5- 
 Born near Dover, Del., 1857; graduated Dickinson 
 College, 1880; Johns Hopkins Univ. graduate student, 
 1884; studied at Univ. of Leipzig, 1885; Fellow in 
 Modern Languages Johns Hopkins Univ., 1885, and 
 received Ph.D. there, 1887; Instr. and Assoc. Prof. 
 German, Johns Hopkins, 1884-95; Prof. Germanic 
 Lang, and Lit., Univ. of Pa., since 1895. 
 
 MARION DEXTER LEARNED, Ph.D., was 
 born near Dover, Delaware, July 10, 
 1.N57. His father, Hervey Dexter Learned, came 
 from an old English family which settled in Mas- 
 sachusetts in 1632. Its members were active in the 
 Revolution, the War of 1S12 and subsequent 
 American wars. Professor Learned's father is a 
 native of New Hampshire but emigrated at an 
 early age to Delaware where he has since resided. 
 Professor Learned's mother was Mary Elizabeth 
 Griffith, a native of Cambridge, Maryland. His 
 early education was received at schools in Delaware. 
 He was graduated from the Wilmington Confer- 
 ence Academy in Dover in 1876. The next year 
 entered Dickinson College at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 
 and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from 
 that institution in 1880. For the four years follow- 
 ing his graduation he taught languages at Williams- 
 port Dickinson Seminary, but desiring to further 
 pursue his studies he matriculated in the Graduate 
 Department at Johns Hopkins L T niversity in Sep- 
 tember 1884. The following year was spent in 
 Germany at the University of Leipzig, and upon his 
 return to America he again settled at Johns Hopkins 
 where he received an appointment to a Fellowship in 
 
 .MARION DEXTER LEARNED 
 
 Learned still holds this important chair. He is 
 connected officially and otherwise with a large 
 number of literary and scientific societies. From 
 1893 to 1S95 he was the Treasurer of the Modern 
 Language Association of America. In 1S9S he was 
 the Secretary of the Association of the Teachers of 
 German in Pennsylvania and was the President of 
 the Nationalen Deutsch-Amerikanischen Lehrer- 
 bundes for the year 1899-1900. Professor Learned 
 is also the founder and Editor of the Quarterly 
 Journal Americana Germanica. " devoted to the 
 comparative study of literary, linguistic and other 
 cultural relations of Germany and America." Is 
 the author of a number of treatises and scientific 
 papers, among which are The Pennsylvania German
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 383 
 
 Dialect, The Saga of Walther of Aquitaine, The 
 German-American Turner Lyric, Ferdinand Freili- 
 grath in Vmerii 1, Pastorius' Beehive, and other 
 papers in Americana Germanica. He was the 
 
 organizer ami first Dean of the Mountain Chau- 
 tauqua, and lectured at the Peabody Institute of 
 Baltimore. He is a member of the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Pennsylvania Historical 
 Society, the German Society, a corresponding mem- 
 ber of the Society for the History of the Germans 
 in Maryland and an honorary member of the 
 Society of American Wars. He belongs also to the 
 Junger Maennerchox, the Contemporary Club and 
 the Faculty Club, all of Philadelphia. Professor 
 Learned married Annie Mosser of New Cumber- 
 land, Pennsylvania, |une 26, 1890, and they have 
 two children. 
 
 ROTHROCK, Joseph Trimble, 1839- 
 
 Professor Botany 1877- 
 Born in McVeytown, Pa., 1839; prepared for College 
 at Pa. Academies ; graduated Lawrence Scientific 
 School (Harvard), 1864; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1868; prac- 
 ticing physician in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1868-73; Surg, 
 and Botanist to the Wheeler Survey, 1873-75; Prof, of 
 Botany, Univ. of Pa. since 1877 ; Commr. of Forestry 
 for State of Pa. since 1893. 
 
 JOSEPH TRIMBLE ROTHROCK, M.D., For- 
 estry Commissioner, was born in McVeytown, 
 Pennsylvania, April 9, 1839. His parents were 
 Abraham and Phebe Brinton (Trimble) Rothrock. 
 Joseph T. Rothrock received his early education 
 at the public schools. He was prepared for Har- 
 vard at Academia, Pennsylvania, and at Freeland 
 Seminary in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. 
 At Harvard he took the Botanical and Zoological 
 courses in the Lawrence Scientific School receiving 
 his degree in 1S64. While still at College the dan- 
 gers confronting his state by reason of the war 
 induced him in 1S63 to take his pine as Captain at 
 thr head of a company in the Twentieth Pennsyl- 
 vania Cavalry. He had already served a term of 
 enlistment as a private soldier in ( 'ompanv I >., [31st 
 Regiment, Pennsylvania [nfantry and was wounded 
 in the thigh at Fredericksburg. Soon aftei tin- war 
 had closed Professor Rothrock determined to adopt 
 the profession of medicine, and entering the I niver- 
 sity of Pennsylvania received the degree ol Doctoi 
 of Medicine from the Medical Department of that 
 institution in [868. For five years thereafter he 
 practiced medicine in Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, 
 during which period he was married in 1869 to 
 
 Martha Ellen the only daughter of Addison May of 
 West Chester, Pennsylvania. Always deeply inter- 
 ested in botany, Dr. Rothrock in [873 abandoned 
 the general practice of medicine to accept a posi- 
 tion as Surgeon and Botanist to the Wheeler Survey 
 west of the 100th meridian. In this S( rvi< e he was 
 engaged until the end of 1875. Two years later he 
 was elected Professor of Botany in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, a connection that has been continued 
 up to the present date. In politics Professor Roth- 
 rock is a Republican. He was appointed to the 
 responsible post of Commissioner of Forestr) for the 
 
 j. 1 . R( ITHRl 11 K 
 
 State of Pennsylvania in 1893. 'Phis position also 
 he still holds, having during his term ol office con- 
 tributed very greatly to the spread of a better senti- 
 ment regarding the care and disposition of tr& 
 His earnest recommendations have influenced I 
 lit ion, and it is directly through his influence in this 
 matter thai large areas of forest [and have recently 
 been reserved by the state. Scientific forestrj in 
 Pennsylvania has found in him an intelligent and 
 vi ;orous advoi ite, and the economic welfare of the 
 stale is carefully guarded by an officer who loves the 
 trees and would save them from the wanton destrui 
 tion of the firebrand and the timberman. Prof 
 Rothrock is a member of the Vcademj ol Natural 
 3< ii ui 1 of 1 'hiladelphi 1 and the Vm □ Phito-
 
 384 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sophical Society, and is an officer of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Forestry Association. He has three children, 
 two sons and a daughter. He has resided for many 
 years in West Chester, Pennsylvania. 
 
 FURNESS, Horace Howard, 1833- 
 
 Trustee 1880- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1833 ; graduated Harvard, 1854; 
 A.M. Harvard, 1858; Ph.D. Univ. of Halle, Germany, 
 1878; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1879; L.H.D. Columbia, 
 1887; Litt.D. Cambridge, Eng., 1899; studied law, and 
 admitted to the Bar, 1859; Trustee of the University 
 since 1880 ; Editor of a Variorum Shakespeare. 
 
 HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Ph.D.. 
 LL.D., L.H.D., Litt. D., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, November 2, 1833, son of William Henry 
 
 HORACE HOWAKli FURNESS 
 
 Furness, Harvard 1820, an eminent clergyman and 
 author. After early education in his native city, 
 he entered Harvard at the age of sixteen, and there 
 graduated in 1854. Two years were spent in study 
 in Europe, and then returning to America he studied 
 law and was admitted to the Bar in 1859. Dr. Fur- 
 ness is widely known as one of the most devoted of 
 Shakespearian scholars ; an important part of his life 
 has been given to a careful study of the great dram- 
 atist. His Variorum Edition, in twelve volumes 
 thus far, is probably the first authority now in use. 
 
 Dr. Furness was made a Doctor of Laws by the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1879, and since 1880 
 he has been a member of the Board of Trustees. 
 The following degrees have been conferred on him : 
 Master of Arts, in course, from Harvard in 1858; 
 Honorary Master of Arts from Harvard, 1877 ; 
 Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Halle, 
 Germany, in 1S78; Doctor of The Humanities from 
 Columbia in 1887 ; Doctor of Laws from Harvard 
 in 1896; Doctor of Letters from Cambridge, 
 England, 1S99. 
 
 DICKSON, Samuel, 1837- 
 
 Trustee 1881- 
 Born in Newburgh, N. Y., 1837; graduated A.B. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1855; LL.B. 1859; practicing lawyer in 
 Philadelphia; Trustee of the University since 1881. 
 
 SAMUEL DICKSON, Lawyer, was born in New- 
 burgh, New York, February 2, 1837, son of 
 Samuel Dales and Maria (Gillespie) Dickson. He 
 entered the College Department of the University of 
 Pennsylvania with the standing of a Sophomore, and 
 graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1855. The degree 
 Master of Arts was conferred in course. Mr. Dick- 
 son's law study in the Law Department was com- 
 pleted in 1859, when he received the degree 
 Bachelor of Laws, being soon after admitted to the 
 Philadelphia Bar. In i860 he succeeded John 
 William Wallace, afterwards Reporter of the United 
 States Supreme Court, as Librarian of the Philadel- 
 phia Law Library, and, in 1S63, he became associated 
 with John C. Bullitt in practice, since which time he 
 has been occupied with the duties of his profession. 
 He was President of the Pennsylvania Bar Association 
 during the year 1S95-1896, and became Chancellor 
 of the Law Association of Philadelphia in 1S99. In 
 1S82 he was elected to the Board of Trustees of the 
 University, which body he has since continuously 
 served, having been for some years, Chairman of 
 the Standing Committee of the Department of Law 
 and Legal Relations. While in College Mr. Dick- 
 son joined the Philomathean Society, of which he 
 became Moderator, and the Phi Kappa Sigma and 
 Phi Beta Kappa fraternities, and at graduation was 
 Valedictorian of his class. He served in the Phila- 
 delphia Home Guards during the Civil War. He is 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Ritten- 
 house Club and the L<niversity clubs of Philadelphia 
 and New York. He married Fanny Hazard in 
 1 86 7 ; their children are Erskine Hazard and 
 Arthur Gillespie Dickson.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 385 
 
 SCOTT, Thomas Alexander, 1823-1881. 
 
 Founder of Chair of Mathematics 1881. 
 Born in Franklin Co., Pa., 1823 ; Gen. Supt. of Pa. 
 R. R., 1858; Vice-Pres, i860; Pres., 1874-85; Colonel 
 Dist.of Columbia Vols, and Asst. Sec. of War, 1861-62 ; 
 Pres. Union Pacific R. R., 1871-72; Pres. Texas Pacific 
 R. R. ; established the Thomas A. Scott Professor- 
 ship of Mathematics at the University, 1881 ; died 1881. 
 
 THOMAS ALEXANDER SCO IT, Railroad 
 President, was born in London, Franklin 
 county, Pennsylvania, December 28, 1823, the son 
 Thomas Scott. His first position in the line of life 
 
 THOMAS A. SCOTT 
 
 in which he afterward became so famous was a very 
 modest one, that of clerk to Major Janus Patton, 
 Collector of Tolls on the State Road between 
 Columbia and Philadelphia. In 1850 he entered 
 the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 
 as station agent at Duncansville, and soon after was 
 made Superintendent of the Western Division. His 
 wonderful executive ability soon made itself manifest 
 in this responsible position and in 1858 he became 
 General Superintendent of the road, succeeding 
 William P. foster as Vice President in t86o. At 
 the beginning of the Civil War, Governor Curtin 
 appointed Mr. Scott on his staff and entrusted to 
 him the forwarding of State troops to the seat of 
 
 Wat. Mr. Scott entered upon his duties n onci 
 
 mil n had lines completed to the Maryland 
 
 Border anil later, when the Northern Central route 
 was proven unsafe, built a branch by way of 1'erry- 
 ville to Annapolis in an almost in< n dibl) >hort time. 
 He was commissioned Colonel of Volunteers from 
 the District of Columbia in 1861 and later in the 
 same year was made Assistant Secretary of War. 
 being the first to hold that position. During 1862 
 he was active in directing transportation in the 
 West, and even after his resignation, he was sought 
 by the Government to aid in hurrying troops to the 
 relief of General Rosecrans at Chattanooga. This 
 he accomplished, and then returned to his duties as 
 Nice- President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 
 this capacity he directed the movements which 
 secured to the road the control of the Western lines, 
 and in 1S74 he became President of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad, having been for one year, 187 1- 
 1872, the President of the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 He also was prominent in the affairs of the Texas 
 Pacific Railroad and was for many years its Presi- 
 dent. His health failing he resigned the Presidency 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In March 1881 Mr. 
 Scott gave to the Trustees of the University of 
 Pennsylvania £50,000 for the establishment of a 
 Chair in Mathematics, which has been since known 
 by the name of the Thomas A. Scott Professorship 
 of Mathematics. Mr. Scott died at Darby, Pennsyl- 
 vania, May 21, 1 881. 
 
 BURK, Jesse Young, 1840 
 
 Secretary Board of Trustees 1882- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1840; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1862; A.M. in course; graduated Divinity School of 
 P. E. Church, 1865; Asst. Minister Church of the 
 Evangelists, 1865-66; Rector St. James' Church, Down- 
 ingtown, Pa., 1866-70; Rector Trinity Church, South- 
 wark. 1870-78; Rector St. Peter's Church, Clarksboro, 
 N. J., since 1878; Sec. Bd. of Trustees, Univ. of Pa., 
 since 1882. 
 
 JESSE YOUNG BURK, \.M., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, September 15. 1840, the eldest son ol 
 Isu- Burk, a well-known botanist whose herbarium 
 is part of the equipment of the University Biological 
 School. His preliminary studies were chiefly in the 
 public schools until he entered tin' Episcopal Acad- 
 emy to prepare in Classics for the University, which 
 he entered as a Freshman in 1858. lie was gradu 
 ated Bachelor of Arts in 1862, in the class so con- 
 pi. mm, among those of the Universit) for the later 
 offii 1 il services and munificent gifts of its meml 
 Taking the Master's degree in 1805. he delivered 
 at the Commencement the first of the Master's
 
 :86 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 orations which were for many subsequent years a 
 feature of these occasions. He pursued a theologi- 
 cal course in the Philadelphia Divinity School, 
 graduating in 1865, when he was ordained to the 
 Diaconate, and spent a year as Assistant in the 
 Church of the Evangelists in his native city. Or- 
 dained to the Priesthood in 1866, he became 
 Rector of St. James' Church, Downingtown, Pennsyl- 
 vania, holding that office until 1870 when he was 
 elected Rector of Trinity Church, Southwark. In 
 1878 he became Rector of St. Peter's Church, 
 Clarksboro, New Jersey, a colonial parish whose first 
 
 [ESS] VI lUNG Bl RK 
 
 Rector, the Rev. Robert Blackwell, became a Trus- 
 tee of the University nearly a century before Mr. 
 Burk became Secretary. From 1788 to 1882 the 
 offices of Secretary and Treasurer of the University 
 were united in one person, the last incumbent of the 
 offices being Cadwalader Piddle, who succeeded his 
 brother, Caldwell K. Biddle, in 1862, the services 
 of the two covering a period of twenty-nine years. 
 Mr. Biddle resigned on account of impaired health in 
 1882. Owing to the great increase in administrative 
 business the Board decided to separate the offices, 
 and in 1882 Mr. Burt's classmate, the present Pro- 
 vost, seconded by another classmate, then Provost, 
 nominated him to the newly separated office of 
 Secretary, and he was elected in April of that year 
 
 to the office which he continues to hold, while still 
 retaining the Rectorship of the parish in which his 
 classmates " discovered " him. Wharton Barker 
 was at the same time elected to the Treasurership. 
 Mr. Burk is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa 
 Society and the American Philosophical Societv. 
 He married Gertrude, daughter of James Evans 
 Hele' ; and has three sons in the University and 
 one a physician, all graduates of the University. 
 
 BOLLES, Albert S., 1845- 
 
 Professor Mercantile Law and Banking 1883- 1887. 
 Born in Montville, Conn., 1845 ; educated especially 
 for the law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1865 ; Judge 
 of the Court of Probate for the District of Norwich, 
 1869-75; Editor of the Norwich Bulletin, 1875-1880; 
 and of the Bankers' Magazine, 1880-1894; Professor of 
 Mercantile Law and Banking at the Univ. of Pa., 1882- 
 1887; Chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics in 
 Harrisburg, Pa., 1887-1895 ; author of the History of 
 Pennsylvania, and other works. 
 
 ALBERT S. BOLLES, Lawyer and Author, was 
 born in Montville, Connecticut, March 8, 
 1845, son of Orlando and Ellen E. Bolles. After 
 completing his general education he began the 
 study of law, and was admitted to the liar in 1865. 
 He entered practice in partnership with John T. 
 \\ art, who was one of the leading lawyers of the 
 State. Impelled as much by his own ability as by 
 the prestige of his eminent partner, he rapidly rose 
 in the profession, and at the age of twenty-four be- 
 came a Judge of the Court of Probate for the Dis- 
 trict of Norwich, an office which he held until 
 accepting the Editorship of the Norwich Bulletin, a 
 daily newspaper, where he might devote his efforts 
 more exclusively to economic questions in which he 
 has always been deeply interested. His next charge 
 was the Bankers' Magazine, a publication for which 
 he had frequently written articles, and while in that 
 editorial position he began to write a Financial 
 History of the United States, besides contributing 
 articles for the periodicals. Soon after Mr. Wharton 
 endowed the School of Finance and Economy at 
 the University of Pennsylvania the Chair of Mer- 
 cantile Law and Banking was proffered to Mr. 
 Bolles, and with a firm conviction of the value of 
 such a department to the University, he entered into 
 the work and remained in this position for nearly 
 five years. Meanwhile there had appeared from his 
 pen an Industrial History of the United States, also 
 a shorter work entitled The Conflict between Labor 
 and Capital, and through the influence of these and 
 other writings he was asked in 18S7 to accept an
 
 uxn h.ksrrv or I'h.s.xsii.i i.xi.i 
 
 387 
 
 appointment as Chief of the Bureau of Statistics in 
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In this position he con- 
 tinued for eight years, at the same time studying 
 and writing upon his favorite topics. After a long 
 period of industrious and patient work Mr. Holies 
 has recently published in many respects his most 
 important work, the History of Pennsylvania, a story 
 
 schools of Hartford graduating from the Cla 
 Department of the High School in 1:859, and took 
 his Bachelor's degree at Vale in 1863. Ent 
 the .Medical Department of Columbia lie was gradu- 
 ate. 1 a Doctor of Medicine in [866. He then went 
 abroad for further study and was foi some time a 
 student at the University of Vienna. Instead of 
 adopting the profession of medicine he returned to 
 Yale as a graduate student, taking special courses in 
 Philology, Greek and Sanskrit, receiving the 1! 
 of Doctor of Philosophy in 1S72. Soon after, he 
 accepted the Chairs of Ancient I ingua and, 
 
 later, of Comparative Philology at the University oi 
 Tennessee where he remained until [880, in which 
 year he was called to the University of Pennsylvania 
 as Instructor in French, was subsequently made 
 Adjunct Professor of Creek and for some yens his 
 held the Professorship of English and Comparative 
 Philology. On June 15, 1875, Dr. Easton married 
 Maria Stille Burton, of Philadelphia. They have- 
 had four children, and their first chill. Edith l!ur- 
 ton, who was born May 10, 1S76, died October 3 
 of the same year. The others are : Burton Scott, 
 born December 4, 1S77; William Hastings, born 
 February 22, 1881; and Ethel Stille Easton, bom 
 April 23, 1883. 
 
 ALB] Kl S. Bi 11. 1. 1 s 
 
 of colonial life which occupies a unique position on 
 account of the varying character, nationality and 
 faith of the people who have made the state's 
 history. 
 
 EASTON, Morton William, 1841- 
 
 Professor English and Comparative Philology. 
 Born in Hartford, Conn., 1841 ; educated Hartford, 
 Conn., Yale, Columbia and abroad; Professor of 
 Ancient Languages and Comparative Philology at 
 Univ. of Tenn. ; appointed Instructor in French at 
 Univ. of Pa., 1880; advanced to Adjunct Professorship 
 of Greek ; now Professor of English and Comparative 
 Philology. 
 
 MORTON WILLI \\l EAST< >N, Ph.D., was 
 burn in I [artford, < lonnecticut, August 1 8, 
 1841, son of Oliver Hastings and Emeline Maria 
 (Brace) Easton. He is descended from Joseph 
 Easton, one of the first settlers ol Hartford, and 
 from Stephen Brace, who arrived in that Colony 
 about the year [660. He attended the public 
 
 FULLERTON, George Stuart, 1859 
 
 Professor Philosophy 1887- , Dean of Faculty l88g- 
 
 Born in Futtehghur, India, 1859; graduated Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, 1879: student at Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary, 1879-80 ; Bachelor of Divinity, Yale. 
 1880-83; Instructor in Philosophy, University of Penn- 
 sylvania, 1883-85 ; Adjunct Professor, 1885-87 ; Professor 
 since 1887 ; Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy. 1889-90 ; 
 Dean of the College and Vice-Provost of the Univer- 
 sity, 1894-96; Vice-Provost of the University, 1896-98; 
 author of philosophical works. 
 
 GEORGE STUART FULLERTON, A.M.. 
 Ph.D., was bom in Futtehghur, India. 
 August [8, 1859, the s "" of the Rev. Robert Stewart 
 and Martha (White) Fullerton. His parents wen 
 for many years devoted laborers in the missionarj 
 
 field; and hisl.nhet held 1 distinguished place in 
 
 the Christian ministry. The son received his edu- 
 cation in this country, and after a preparatorj course 
 
 of study he entered the University ol Pennsyh 
 
 in 1875. His undergraduate i > was not only 
 
 1 1 editable but brilliant, presei g in some respects 
 
 a forecast of Ids lati i i ireei ind the i arlj 
 
 bent of his mind to philosoph) md the higher intel- 
 lei tu al rese ireh. In his Junior year he carried off 
 the Philosophical prize and in I es attend
 
 3 88 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 ing the closing of his course he was chosen as the 
 Class Poet. He was also a member of the Philo- 
 mathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 After graduation from the University, he studied 
 divinity at Princeton and Yale, receiving the degree 
 of Bachelor of Divinity from the latter University 
 in 18S3. In the same year he was called to fill the 
 the post of Instructor in Philosophy in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania and in 18S5 was made Adjunct 
 Professor in that branch. Holding this position for 
 two years he was appointed, in 1S87, Adam Seybert 
 Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. 
 
 GEORGE STUART FULLERTON 
 
 He has filled this chair to the present time, and 
 in addition has held the administrative positions of 
 Dean of the Department of Philosophy, Dean of 
 the College, and Vice-Provost of the University. 
 These latter positions, he resigned, as indicated 
 above, that he might have more leisure for 
 scholarly work. Professor Fullerton is a deep and 
 original thinker and has made valuable contribu- 
 tions to philosophy along the lines of independent 
 research. His first literary effort was the treatise 
 entitled The Conception of the Infinite and the 
 Solution of the Mathematical Antinomies ; A Study 
 in Psychological Analysis. The boldness with which 
 the problem of the absolute is treated in this work 
 compels admiration of the intellect which produced 
 
 it. One distinguished authority had said of it: "A 
 somewhat abstruse but important and well-defined 
 problem is carefully examined in good historical 
 light, and the conclusion is reached that, contrary 
 to views more widely current, the Infinite is ' neither 
 contradictory nor beyond the grasp of the human 
 mind.' It is a work that every student of Kant 
 should know, and it is a valuable contribution to 
 an important topic." Among other noted works 
 of Professor Fullerton may be mentioned, A Plain 
 Argument for God ; a treatise on Sameness and 
 Identity ; and two volumes on the Spinozistic Phi- 
 losophy. He has been a frequent contributor to 
 scientific and philosophical journals, writing upon 
 psychological, philosophical and educational topics, 
 His writings show not only a profound scholarship 
 but a most active and undaunted originality of 
 thought, together with a felicity of style which 
 renders even the most abstruse topics fascinating 
 in his treatment of them. Not only in the field 
 of pure philosophy, but in the application of psy- 
 chology to the explanation of other phenomena, 
 Professor Fullerton has distinguished himself. His 
 Preliminary Report of the Seybert Commission on 
 Spiritualism is a notable contribution to the litera- 
 ture of that subject. He married (1) in Alexandria, 
 Virginia, January 26, 1884, Rebekah Daingerfield 
 Smith, who died Mays, 1892 ; and (2) in Phila- 
 delphia, March 8, 1897, Julia Winslow Dickerson. 
 
 JAMES, Edmund Janes, 1855- 
 
 Prof. Administration and Finance 1883-1895. 
 Born in Jacksonville, 111., 1855; studied at North- 
 western and Harvard Universities; graduated Univ. of 
 Halle, Germany, with degrees A.M. and Ph.D. 1877; 
 Prin. of High Schools in Illinois; Prof. Administration 
 and Finance, Univ. of Pa., 1883-95 ; Prof. Public Ad- 
 ministration and Director Univ. Extension work in the 
 Univ. of Chicago since i8g5 ; Founder and Pres. of 
 Amer. Acad, of Polit. and Social Science Editor Annals 
 of the Amer. Acad. i8go-g5; author of works on politi- 
 cal and economic subjects. 
 
 EDMUND JANES JAMES. Ph.D., was born 
 in Jacksonville, Illinois, May 21, 1855. 
 His father was a clergyman. Rev. Colin Dew James, 
 and his mother Amanda Keziah (Casad) James. 
 His grandfather, Dr. William B. James was born in 
 Virginia in 1769. On his mother's side he is a 
 descendant of Colonel Ephraim Martin, a revolu- 
 tionary soldier who was wounded at Brandywine 
 and spent the weary months at Valley Forge with 
 Washington's army in the winter of 17 77-1 7 78.
 
 UNIVERSITY Of PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 3^9 
 
 Professor James' early education was received at the 
 State Normal in Normal, Illinois, from which school 
 he passed to the Northwestern University in Evan- 
 ston, Illinois, afterward spending some time at Har- 
 vard. He did not, however, graduate, interrupting 
 his course to go abroad. He took up the study 
 of politics and economics at Halle in Germany, 
 graduating there with the degrees of Master of Arts 
 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1S77. Returning to 
 this country again he actively engaged in public- 
 school work. He was Principal of the Public High 
 School at Evanston, Illinois, in 1S78-1879 and 
 
 KIlMI \h I. I VMES 
 
 Principal of the Model High School in the Illinois 
 Normal University from 1879 until 1882. From 
 this post he moved directly to the University of 
 Pennsylvania where he was appointed Professor of 
 Public Finance and Administration in the Wharton 
 School of Finance and Economy which had just 
 been organized through the generosity of Joseph 
 Wharton. Professor James at once became the 
 chief spirit in directing the policy of this school. 
 Through his indomitable energy and educational 
 zeal it soon won a national and international reputa- 
 tion as the most advam ed type, in this country, of a 
 higher school for instruction in economics and 
 politics. Students were attracted from all parts of 
 the Union and the Faculty was rapidly increased in 
 
 size. Professor James was one of Provost Pepper's 
 most trusted advisers while the latter remained at 
 the head of the University, and he exerted an im- 
 portant influence in determining the general policy 
 of the University, especially in the organization of 
 the graduate schools. In 1889 Professor James 
 with Professor Simon N. Patten and others organized 
 the American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science, Professor James being elected its President. 
 This position he has held continuously ever since. 
 He was the Editor-in-Chief from 1890 until 1895, 
 of the Annals, a large bi-monthly review published 
 by the Academy; since the latter date he has been 
 Associate Editor. While at the University he began 
 to issue Publications of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania Political Economy and Public Law Series of 
 which he was the Editor. From 1 89 1 to 1895 he 
 was President of the American Society for the 
 Extension of University Teaching, a form of educa- 
 tional work which Provost Pepper had been instru- 
 mental in organizing on English models in this 
 country. The society drew to itself a large staff of 
 lecturers and became the pioneer in University 
 Extension work in the United States. In 1895 Pro- 
 fessor James was called to the University of Chicago 
 where he became Professor of Public Administra- 
 tion and Director of University Extension work. 
 There he remains, being an active force in the man- 
 agement of Chicago University. Professor James 
 is a Vice-President of the American Economic 
 Association and Vice-President of the National 
 Municipal League. He is the author of a thorough 
 report on the subject of commercial education in 
 Europe, which embodies the results of an investiga- 
 tion made under the authority of the American 
 Bankers' Association in 1892. Other works are: 
 Our Legal Tender Decisions; The Constitution of 
 Germany; The Constitution of Switzerland, and 
 more than one hundred papers, monographs and 
 addresses on political and economic questions. As 
 i teacher Professor James is forceful and impressive. 
 He endears himself to all his students and while at 
 the University of Pennsylvania made himself a 1 
 not likely to be forgotten by those who lived through 
 that time. Through the Wharton School and the 
 American Academy of Political and Social Seu m e 
 Professor James has exercised an important influ- 
 ence in shaping political thought in this country. 
 He and his associates at the University of Pennsyl 
 vania in reality established a separate "school" of 
 political opinion. The appeals which they nude 
 foi a constructive policy in statesmanship and for
 
 39° 
 
 UNUERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 stronger government, concentrated in the hands of 
 capable men, are now beginning to bring forth good 
 fruit. Professor James' deep insight into politii al 
 science and his judicial attitude in regard to public 
 questions have constituted him a remarkable inter- 
 preter of political and social tendencies in America. 
 His interest in municipal problems is particularly 
 close and he has recently spent a considerable 
 period abroad, making special researches in the 
 subject of city government in other countries. Pro- 
 fessor James was married in 1S79 to Anna M. 
 Lange. They have three children, two sons and 
 one daughter. 
 
 BISPHAM, George Tucker, 1838- 
 
 Professor of Law 1884- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1838; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 A.B., 1858; LL.B., 1E62 ; admitted to Philadelphia 
 Bar, 1861 ; for twenty years the law partner of Hon. 
 Wayne MacVeagh ; one of the solicitors of the Pa., 
 R.R.; Prof, of Practice, Pleading and Evidence in 
 the University, 1884-86; Prof, of Equity Jurisprudence 
 since 1886. 
 
 GEORGE TUCKER BISPHAM, Lawyer, was 
 born in Philadelphia, May 24, 183S, son of 
 Joseph and Susan Ridgway (Tucker) Bispham. 
 The Bisphams are an English family, George Tucker 
 Bispham's great-grandfather, Joshua Bispham, hav- 
 ing been a resident of Lancashire, England, the 
 family seat, Bispham Hall, being situated near 
 Wigan in tliat county. In this country, some of the 
 Bisphams settled at Moorestown, New Jersey, and 
 thence Joseph Bispham, George Tucker's father, a 
 native of Moorestown, removed to Philadelphia and 
 became a merchant. His death occurred in that 
 city in 1852 when his son was but a lad. On the 
 maternal side the Tuckers were also of English 
 extraction. Ebenezer Tucker, George 'Pucker 
 Bispham's grandfather, served in the Revolutionary 
 War and was a member of Congress representing a 
 New Jersey District during the administration of 
 John Quincy Adams. George Tucker Bispham 
 entered the Department of Arts of the University of 
 Pennsylvania with the Sophomore class and gradu- 
 ated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1858 at 
 the head of his class, delivering as was then the 
 custom the Greek Salutatory Oration at the Com- 
 mencement exercises. In College he was a member 
 of the Delta Psi Fraternity and of the Philomathean 
 Society, being for a time Moderator of the latter. 
 Studying law in the offices of Hon. John Cadwalader 
 and William Henry Rawle, Mr. Bispham was ad- 
 
 mitted to the Bar in Philadelphia in 1861. He 
 graduated from the Law Department of the Univer- 
 sity the next year, and at once engaged actively in 
 the practice of his profession. He was admitted to 
 practice in the Supreme Couit of Pennsylvania in 
 1863, and in the Supreme Court of the United 
 States in 1876. For twenty years, 1875-1895, Mr. 
 Bispham was the law partner of Hon. Wayne Mac- 
 Veagh, and his practice has brought him into asso- 
 ciation with many large enterprises. Since 1S81 he 
 has been Solicitor of the Philadelphia Saving Fund 
 Society, and since 1886 has been one of the Solici- 
 
 GEO. 1VCKEK BISPHAM 
 
 tors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. He is 
 counsel for the Girard Trust Company, the Pennsyl- 
 vania Fire Insurance Company, the Westmoreland 
 Coal Company and other large corporations. Mr. 
 Bispham's connection with the Faculty of the Law 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania dates 
 from the year 1884, when he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Practice, Pleading ami Evidence. In 18S6 
 he was made Professor of Equity Jurisprudence and 
 this position he continues to hold to this date. Mr. 
 Bispham has been President and a Vice-Provost of 
 the Law Academy, and for the past two years has 
 served as Chancellor of the Law Association of 
 Philadelphia. He declined a re-nomination in 
 December 1899. He has never taken part in poli-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEX ,\S7I J ./ XLI 
 
 39 
 
 tical life. He is the author of Principles of Equity, 
 a work first published in 1S74 which is now in it-, 
 sixth edition, and has at various times contributed 
 to the legal reviews and magazines. He wis mar- 
 ried in 1872 to Nancy, daughter of E. I,. Brinley of 
 Philadelphia, and has two children : Katharine 
 Johnstone, now the wife of Thomas Mckean, and 
 George Tucker Bispham, Jr. Mr. Bispham is a 
 member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 
 WHITE, James William, 1850- 
 
 Physical Director 1884-1888, Prof. Clinical Surgery 1887-igoo, Prof. 
 Surgery 1900- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1850; graduated Med. Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1871 ; accompanied Prof. Louis Agassiz 
 on an exploring expedition to So. America ; Asst. to 
 Dr. D. Hayes Agnew in the University for many years ; 
 Director of Physical Education, 1884-86; Prof. Clinical 
 Surgery, 1887-igoo; John Rhea Barton Prof. Surgery 
 since igoo. 
 
 JAMES WILLIAM WHITE, M.D., Surgeon, was 
 born in Philadelphia, November 2, 1S50, son 
 of James \V. and Mary Anne (McClaranan) White. 
 On his father's side he is descended from Henry 
 White who settled in Virginia in the year 1649 
 and Richard Stockton who came from England to 
 Flushing, Long Island, in 1650. On his mother's 
 side he traces his ancestry from the Griswolds, 
 Hunts, Dowse's ami other leading families in Con- 
 necticut and Massachusetts. Dr. White's early 
 education was received at public and private 
 schools. Having determined upon a professional 
 career. he entered the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania from which he received 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S71. For a 
 time in his youth Dr. White was a member of a 
 scientific and exploring expedition to South America 
 and the Pacific Islands which was under the direc- 
 tion of Professor Louis Agassi/.. Useful training 
 for later professional life was secured at the Phila- 
 delphia Hospital where for a period lie was Resi 
 dent Physician ; he also gained wide experience as 
 the Assistant and associate of Dr. D. Haves Agnew, 
 one of the most skilful surgeons this country has 
 evei produced. Dr. White's connection with the 
 teaching staff of the University of Pennsylvania began 
 at an early age. His first appointment was as 
 Lecturer on Surgery and he has successively held 
 the appointments of Demonstrator of Surgery, 
 Professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery and Professor 
 of Clinical Surgery, and in May rooo was elected 
 to the John Rhea Barton Professorship of Surgery. 
 
 His outside connections have been as Surgeon, first 
 to the Philadelphia Hospital, then to the German 
 Hospital and then to the University Hospital. Dr. 
 White is prominently identified with a number 
 of scientific bodies. He is a member of the 
 American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons, 
 having been for 1 time the President of the soce ty. 
 He is also a member of the American Sui 
 Association and the College of Physicians. Among 
 the public positions which have been held by Dr. 
 White are the following : inspector of the Eastern 
 Penitentiary in Philadelphia, member of the Board 
 
 I. WILLIAM WIN I I 
 
 of Visitors to West Point and Surgeon to the First 
 Troop of Philadelphia City Cavalry. His inten 
 in athletics and physical education at the Uni- 
 versity has long endeared him to the students who 
 1 ;ard him as a particular friend outside no less 
 than inside the classroom. For a long tune he « is 
 the Director of Physical Education il the Univi 
 and he has been an active influence for man) y< 
 in drawing the attention of the Universitj authori- 
 ties to the value of athletic training foi young men. 
 
 \s an advoi ale ol I lollege games he has inote thill 
 
 on. e figured very prominently N for the public and 
 his attendam e on the athletic field on these oc< as 
 ions has dour much i" encourage legitmate forms 
 of College -.port. \ a in. Wluie enjoys
 
 39 2 
 
 UNWERSiriES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 a very high reputation, being deft and certain in his 
 touch, the marvel of the students who assemble to 
 profit from his instruction at the clinics. He is 
 looked upon as the successor to Dr. Agnew in 
 Philadelphia in most forms of surgery. In 1SS8 
 Dr. White married Letitia, daughter of Benjamin H. 
 Brown, Esq., of Philadelphia. 
 
 GOODSPEED, Arthur Willis, i860- 
 
 Assist. Professor Physics 1889- 
 Born in Hopkinton, N. H., i860 ; attended Boston 
 Latin School; graduated Harvard, 1884; Assistant in 
 Physics at Univ. of Pa.. 1884-85; Instr. in Physics, 
 1885-89; Asst. Prof, since 1889; Ph.D. Univ. of Pa., 
 1889. 
 
 ARTHUR WILLIS GOODSPEED, Ph.D., of 
 old New England ancestry, was born in 
 Hopkinton, New Hampshire. August 8, i860, son 
 
 ARTHUR W. GOODSPEED 
 
 of Obed and Helen Bruce (Morse) Goodspeed. 
 Graduating from the Andrew Grammar School in 
 South Boston in 1874 and from the Boston Latin 
 School in 1880, where he received the Franklin 
 Medal. He entered Harvard, and graduated with 
 his Class in 1884, summa cum laude receiving 
 " Highest Honors " in Physics and " Second Year 
 Honors" in Mathematics. While still in College 
 from 1882 to 1SS4, he was Tutor in Physics and 
 
 Mathematics for Dr. E. R. Humphreys in Boston. 
 Upon graduation in the latter year he was called to 
 the University of Pennsylvania as Assistant to Pro- 
 fessor Barker who had then long occupied the Chair 
 of Physics. In 1885 he was appointed Instructor in 
 Physics, a position which he held for four years, 
 being advanced in 1889 to the rank of Assistant 
 Professor of Physics, a position which he still retains. 
 In 1889 he completed tiie course at the University 
 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, his major 
 subject being Physics and his minors Mathematics 
 and Chemistry. Dr. Goodspeed has made a number 
 of valuable investigations in his own field of science 
 and has especially distinguished himself in his re- 
 searches concerning the Roentgen Rays with special 
 reference to their practical application to surgery 
 and medicine. He belongs to the Pi Eta Society of 
 Harvard College and the Pennsylvania Chapter of 
 the Society of Sigma Xi. Among the scientific 
 bodies in which he holds membership are : the 
 American Philosophical Society, the American Asso- 
 ciation for the Advancement of Science of which 
 he is a fellow, the New Hampshire Antiquarian 
 Society, the American Physical Society and the 
 Roentgen Society of the United States. He was 
 married in June 1896 to Annie Howe Bailey. 
 
 JAYNE, Horace, 1859- 
 
 Professor Zoology and Director Wistar Institute 1894- 
 Born in Philadelphia. 1859 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1879; and in Medicine, 1882; studied at Univ. of Leip- 
 zig, Germany, and at Johns Hopkins Univ., 1882-84 ! 
 Asst. Instr. in Biology at the University, 1883; Prof. 
 Vertebrate Morphology and Sec. of Faculty of Biology, 
 1884- ; Dean of College Faculty, 1889-1894; Dean of 
 
 Faculty of Philosophy, 1892-1894; Prof, of Zoology, 
 and Director of the Wistar Inst., since 1894; has pub- 
 lished various scientific works; Ph.D. Franklin and 
 Marshall College, Pa., 1893. 
 
 HORACE JAYNE, M.D., Ph.D., was born in 
 Philadephia, March 17, 1S59, son of 
 David and Hannah (Fort) Jayne. He graduated 
 in Arts at the University of Pennsylvania in 1879 
 and in Medicine in 18S2. While in College he 
 was Vice-President of the Franklin Scientific Society 
 and Tunior Orator of his class, and upon graduation 
 at the Medical School was the recipient of the high- 
 est honors of the class and of the Henry C. Lee 
 prize for the best thesis in Medicine and of the 
 Anomaly and Anatomical prizes offered by the 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy equally with Howard 
 A. Kelly of the Class of 1X77. During the year
 
 UNIVERSITY OF P FSSSVLI .F\ 1 .1 
 
 393 
 
 1SS2-1883 Professor Jayne was engaged in the 
 study of Biology at the University of Leipzig, Ger- 
 many, and then returning to America he was, for a 
 short time in 1883, Assistant Instructor in Biolog) 
 at the University, with leave of absence to pursue 
 further study at Johns Hopkins University in P.alti- 
 more, Maryland. In 1884 he was elected to occupy 
 the Professorship of Vertebrate Morphology, being 
 also in that year made Secretary of the Faculty of 
 Biology. From 1889 to 1894 he acted as Dean of 
 the College Faculty and since 1S94 he has been Pro- 
 fessor of Zoology in the Faculty of Philosophy and 
 Director of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and 
 Biology. Professor Jayne is a fellow of the College 
 of Physicians of Philadelphia and of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, and a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the 
 Society of American Naturalists, the American Ento- 
 mological Society, the Franklin Institute of Phila- 
 delphia and the Zeta Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa 
 fraternities. In addition to extensive literary work 
 in various lines, including obituary notices, book 
 reviews, etc., he has published a text book on Mam- 
 malian Anatomy, Monstrosities in North American 
 Coleoptera, Revision of Dermestidae of North 
 America, Notes on Biological Subjects, Reports of 
 the Biological and College Departments and a 
 Handbook of Information Concerning the School 
 of Biology. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 was conferred upon him in 1893 by Franklin and 
 Marshall College. 
 
 SCOTT, John, 1824-1896. 
 
 Trustee 1884-1896. 
 Born in Alexandria, Huntingdon Co., Pa., 1824 ; ad- 
 mitted to the Bar, 1846; practiced law in Huntingdon, 
 1846-75; Asst. Counsel Pa. R. R., 1857-69; U. S. Sena- 
 tor from Pa., 1869-75; in charge of the legal business 
 of the Pa. lines west of Pittsburg, 1875-77; ' n charge 
 legal dept. Pa. R. R., 1877-95 ; Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity, 1884-96 ; died 1896. 
 
 JOHN SCOTT, United States Senator from Penn- 
 sylvania, was born in Alexandria. Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania, July 14, 1X24. At fourteen 
 he went to work, assisting his father, a tanner. In 
 [842 he entered as a student the law-office of Hon. 
 Alexander Thomson, father of the late Frank Thom- 
 son, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Ad- 
 mitted to the Bar in 1846 he began practice at 
 Huntingdon where he continued to reside until 
 1875. In 1857 he entered the service of the Penn- 
 
 sylvania Railroad Company as Associate Counsel 
 with Cyrus I.. Pershing, then Resident Counsel of 
 the company. After this he be< ame the company's 
 special Counsel for the district comprising Cambria, 
 Blair and Huntingdon counties, taking charge, also, 
 of the questions arising out of the transfer of the 
 canals and railroads of the state to the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company. He served in thiscapacity until 
 elected to the United States Senate in 1869 as a 
 Republican to succeed Hon. Charles R. Buckalew. 
 Before the war Mr. Scott had been a Democrat, but 
 as a staunch Union man he remained in the Repub- 
 
 JOHN SCOTT 
 
 Ik an ranks after the war was over. At the close of 
 his senatorial term in 1875, declining ('.rani'-, offers 
 of the Secretaryship of the Interior, he re-entered 
 the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 
 and, removing from Huntingdon to Pittsburg, took 
 charge of the legal business of the lines wesl of 
 Pittsburg. He organized the legal department foi 
 those lines in 1 s 7 5 . Upon the resignation of W il 
 Ham J. Howard in 1877 Mi. Scott w.i> called to 
 Philadelphia to lake charge o) the legal department 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and its allied 
 lines. In 1884 he became a frustee of the Univer- 
 sity ol Pennsylvania, holding the position until his 
 death. In [895 he resigned as general Solicitor, 
 bei tuse of ill-health, but he « ret tim d : G< neral
 
 394 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Counsel. Mr. Scott, a life long active worker in the 
 Presbyterian Church, was for many years a Trustee 
 of Princeton Theological Seminary. He died 
 November 29, 1S96. 
 
 JASTROW, Morris, 1861- 
 
 Prof, of Semitic Lang. 1892- , Librarian 1898- 
 Born in Europe. 1861 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 1881 ; 
 pursued study of Language and Philosophy at Univs. 
 of Breden, Berlin, Leipzig, Strasburg and Paris, 1881- 
 85, and received Ph.D. Univ. of Leipzig, 1884; Lect. 
 on Semitic Languages at the University, 1885-86; Prof. 
 Arabic and Rabbinical Lit., 1886- ; Prof. Semitic Lan- 
 guages since 1892; Asst. Librarian, i88g-g8 ; Librarian 
 since 1898; author of works on philological subjects. 
 
 MORRIS JASTROW, Ph.D., Professor of 
 Semitic Languages and Librarian of the 
 University, was born in Europe, August 13, 1S61, 
 son of Rabbi Marcus and Bertha (Wolffsohn) Jas- 
 trow. At the age of sixteen he entered the Aca- 
 demic Department of the University of Pennsylvania 
 and graduated in 1SS1, receiving the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts in course. During the four years 
 following graduation he pursued extensive studies 
 in language and philosophy at European Universities 
 including Breslau, Leipzig, Strasburg and Paris, in 
 1S84 receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 from the University of Leipzig. Upon his return to 
 America in 1885, he became Lecturer on Semitic 
 Languages at the University, and in the following 
 year was appointed Professor of Arabic and Rab- 
 binical Literature, in which position he remained 
 until appointed, in 1892, to his present place of 
 Professor of Semitic Languages. Professor Jastrow 
 was first connected with the University Library in 
 1889, when he was elected Assistant Librarian, and 
 so notably valuable were his services that his pro- 
 motion to the full charge of the Library in 1898 
 was but a natural step. He has published upwards 
 of one hundred papers on Assyriological, Hebrew, 
 Arabic and general Semitic topics among which 
 may be mentioned as especially important : Jewish 
 Grammarians, Assyrian and Samaritan ; Ikonomatic 
 Writing in Assyrian ; earth dust and ashes as 
 symbols of mourning among the Ancient Hebrews 
 in the Journals of the American Oriental Society ; 
 the letters of Abdiheba ; The Original Character of 
 the Hebrew Sabbath ; Adam and Eve in Babylonian 
 Literature in the American Journal of Semitic Lan- 
 guages and the American Journal of Theology ; A 
 Fragment of the Etana Legend in the Beifrage zur 
 Assyriologie and besides numerous papers in the 
 
 Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie and in the Journal of the 
 Society of Biblical Literature &c, &c. His larger 
 publications include the Arabic Text of the Gram- 
 matical Treatises of Abu Zakariyyah Hayyug (Lei- 
 den 1897) ; A fragment of the Dibbarra Epic (Phila- 
 delphia 1891) ; and The Religion of Babylonia and 
 Assyria (Boston 1898) of which a German transla- 
 tion will soon appear. He is the Editor of a Series 
 of Handbooks on the History of Religions and also 
 one of the Editors of the Jewish Encyclopaedia 
 (now in course of publication) having in charge the 
 Department of Biblical Archaeology and Hebrew 
 
 MORRIS JASTRI IW 
 
 History to the days of Ezra. In 1897 he was elected 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 and in 1899 appointed a United States government 
 delegate to the Twelfth International Congress of 
 Orientalists at Rome. In 1893 he married Nellie, 
 daughter of H. F. and Rosina (Lebernan) Bachman. 
 In collaboration with his wife he published a volume 
 of translations, of the Selected Essays of James 
 Darmesteter (Boston 1895). 
 
 RENNERT, Hugo Albert, 1858- 
 
 Professor Romanic Languages and Literature 189^- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1858; graduated B.S. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1876; LL.B., 1881 ; A.M., gratiae causa, 1891 ; 
 Ph.D. Univ. of Freiburg, Baden. Germany, i8g2 ;
 
 LNiiERsrrr of pennsti.i ania 
 
 395 
 
 Instr. Modern Languages at the University, 1885-92; 
 Prof. Romanic Languages and Lits. since i8g2; 
 author and Editor. 
 
 HUGO ALBERT RENNERT, Ph.D., was born 
 in Philadelphia, May 6, 1858, son of John 
 
 and Margarethe Mark- (Jaeger) Rennert. His first 
 degree, Bachelor of Science, was received at the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1876, and subse- 
 quently he graduated at the Law School, 1881. and 
 in 1 So 1 the degree Master of Arts was conferred 
 gratiae causa. After advanced study in the Univer- 
 sitv of Gottingen, Germany, and the Ecole des 
 
 IK GO A I 1:1 kl RENN1 kl 
 
 Hautes-Etudes in Paris, he attended lectures at the 
 University of Freiburg, Germany, where he received 
 in [892 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Though 
 well equipped to follow the legal profession, he con- 
 tinued in practice but a short time, in 1885 ac< 1 pi 
 ing an appointment at the University as Instructor 
 111 Modern Languages, in which work he continued 
 until 1892 with the exception of time spent in 
 foreign study. In [892 he was advam ed to the Pro- 
 fessorship of Romanic I languages and Literatures, and 
 has since continued to occupy that position. Besides 
 contributing various irticles 111 relation to Spanish 
 and Italian literature to Modern Language Notes, 
 the Zeitschrift fur Romanische Philologie and the 
 Revue Eiispanique, Professor Rennerl has published : 
 
 The Spanish Pastoral Romances; Lieder des Juan 
 
 Rodriguez del I'adron ; l)er Spanische Cancionero 
 des Britischen Museums; Lope de Vega's comedia 
 Sin Secreto no ay Am6r, edited from the autograph 
 manuscript, with an Introduction and Notes ; 3 
 inedited poems of Fernan Perez de Guzman; Guillen 
 de Castro's comedia Ingratitud poi Amorej M 
 ' O Namorado,' a Galician Trobador. i )r. Rennert 
 was married in 1897 to Helen Ringgold Rasin, 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 BRINTON, Daniel Garrison, 1837-1899. 
 
 Professor American Linguistics and Archaeology i886-i88g. 
 Born in Chester Co., Pa., 1837; graduated Yale, 
 1858; M.D.Jefferson College, i860; Surgeon U. S. A. 
 during Civil War and Director Eleventh Army Corps; 
 Lieut. -Col., 1865; Editor Philadelphia Medical and 
 Surgical Reporter, 1867-87; Prof. Ethnology at Acad- 
 emy of Natural Science, 1884; Prof. American Lin- 
 guistics and Archaeology at Univ. of Pa., 1886-99 ; 
 Editor and Publisher of Library of Aboriginal Ameri- 
 can Literature ; author of many articles on scientific 
 subjects; Pres. of Folk Lore Society and American 
 Association for Advancement of Science ; died 1899. 
 
 DANIEL GARRISON BRINTON, M.D., 
 Sc. D., former Professor of American I in 
 guistics and Archaeology, was born in Thornbury, 
 
 Chester County, Pennsylvania, May 
 
 [837, the 
 
 son of Lewis and Ann Carey (Garrison) Brinton. 
 He graduated from Yale College in 1858, and then 
 studied medicine at Jefferson Medical College in 
 Philadelphia, receiving the degree of Doctoi of 
 Medicine in 1S60. Dr. Brinton spent the next 
 year in study in Paris and Heidelberg and returning 
 to this country he enlisted as surgeon in the Volun- 
 teer Army of the United States. In November 
 1863 he was appointed Medical Director of the 
 Eleventh Army Corps, and served during the re 
 mainder of the war as Superintendent of Hospitals, 
 and was honorably discharged as brevet Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. In 1867 he became Assistant Editoi of 
 the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter 
 and Editor in 1874, which latter position he re- 
 tained until 1887. I Ie was appointed Professoi "t 
 Ethnology at the Academy of Natural Scienci 
 Philadelphia in 1884, and in t886 became Pro- 
 fessor of American Linguistics and Archaeology at 
 the University of Pennsylvania, lie discharged 
 the 1 hit ic-. of these two offices with unqualified 
 success, his work in American Archaeology in con 
 nection with tin- unrivalled museums of the I ni- 
 versit) ittracting attention from ill quarters of the 
 globe. In 1888 he organized the Archaeological
 
 39 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Association of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 which has done so much toward the collection 
 and preservation of materials in archaeology and 
 to promoting the recent erection of the Free 
 
 DANIEL i',. BRINTON 
 
 Museum of Science and Art. Dr. Brinton's con- 
 tributions to the literature of science have been 
 extensive. For years he was the Editor and pub- 
 lisher of the library of Aboriginal American litera- 
 ture, for which he was awarded a medal by the 
 Societe Americaine de France, the only instance in 
 which it has been given to an American author. In 
 1859 he published the Floridian Peninsula, its Lit- 
 erary History, Indian Tribes and Antiquities, which 
 is still the authority upon that subject. In 1885 he 
 edited the first volume of the I <: olographic Ency- 
 clopedia, and contributed to other volumes of the 
 series. He has also contributed many papers to 
 the Proceedings of the American Philosophical 
 Society. Dr. Brinton was President of the Folk 
 Lore Society, of the Numismatic Antiquarian Society 
 of Philadelphia and of the American Association for 
 the Advancement of Science. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the Anthropological societies of Berlin and 
 Vienna, the Ethnographical societies of Paris and 
 Florence, the Royal Society of Antiquaries, Copen- 
 hagen, and the Royal Academy of History at 
 Madrid. In 1899 Dr. Brinton presented to the 
 
 University of Pennsylvania his entire library relating 
 to the aboriginal languages of North and South 
 America, embracing over twenty-two hundred vol- 
 umes. He was married September 28, 1865, to 
 Sarah Tillson of Quincv, Illinois. He died at Atlan- 
 tic City, New Jersey, July 31, 1899. 
 
 SIMS, John Clark, 1885- 
 
 Trustee 1885- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1845 ; graduated A.B. Univ. of 
 Pennsylvania, 1865; studied law, and entered practice 
 in Philadelphia ; Secretary Pa. R. R. Co. ; Trustee of 
 the University since 1885. 
 
 JOHN CLARK SIMS was born in Philadelphia, 
 September 12, 1845, son of John Clark and 
 Emeline Marion (Clark) Sims. As a candidate for 
 the Arts' degree, he entered the Sophomore class at 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1862, and was 
 graduated in 1865, taking the Master's degree in 
 course. Subsequently studying law, he was admitted 
 to the Bar in October 186S. On January 1, 1S76, 
 he entered the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 
 j. c. SIMS 
 
 Company as Assistant Secretary, which position he 
 held until March 23, 1881, when he was promoted 
 to the Secretaryship. In April 18S1 he was elected 
 Secretary of the Junction Railroad Company ; on
 
 UNI I ERSIT1 ' OF PENNS1 'LVANIA 
 
 597 
 
 March 21, 1888, Secretary of the Philadelphia, 
 Wilmington iN; Baltimore Railroad Company ; and 
 of the Philadelphia iV Baltimore Central Railroad 
 Company; anil June 1, 189S, was appointed Super- 
 intendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad F.mployees' 
 Saving Fund. In 1S77 he married Grace I.edlie, 
 daughter of Joseph Patterson, President of the 
 Western National Bank. Since 18S5 Mr. Sims has 
 been a member of the Board of University Trustees, 
 and for a number of years he was President and 
 Director of the Athletic Association of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, and is at present the represen- 
 tative of the Board of Trustees upon its University 
 Athletic Committee. He has been for over a quar- 
 ter of a century a member of the Society of the 
 Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey, and is also a 
 member of the Pennsylvania Society Sons of the 
 Revolution, of the Society of Colonial Wars, of the 
 Philomathean Society, the Phi Kappa Sigma Frater- 
 nity, and tin' Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia. Fie is Accounting Warden of St. Paul's 
 F.piscopal Church, at Chestnut Hill ; President of 
 the Chestnut Hill Academy ; a Manager of the 
 University Hospital, the University Veterinary Hos- 
 pital, the Girard Trust Company, the Guarantee 
 Company of North America, and Vice-President of 
 the United States Fireproof Wood Company. 
 
 HILPRECHT, Hermann Vollrat, 1859- 
 
 Professor Assyrian and Semitic Philology 1886. 
 Born in Anhalt, Germany, 1859; Ph.D., Univ. of 
 Leipzig, 1883; Prof. Old Test. Theology, Univ. of 
 Erlangen, 1885 ; Adjunct Prof. Assyrian and Compara- 
 tive Semitic Philology, Univ. of Pa. since 1886; Curator 
 of Babylonian Antiquities at the University; in charge 
 of the University's Babylonian Expedition, 1898- ; 
 author. 
 
 HERMANN VOLLRAT HILPRECHT, Ph.D., 
 L.L.D., was born in Hoheneisleben, Anhalt, 
 Germany, July 28, 1S59. At the age of twenty- 
 four he completed a course of study in Theology, 
 Oriental Languages and Law in the University of 
 Leipzig, receiving the degree- Doctor of Philosophy. 
 IF was Adjunct Professor of Old Testament Theol- 
 ogy in the I niversity of Erlangen under appoint- 
 ment by the Bavarian government in r 885, and the 
 following year came to the United States where he 
 has continued to live. Since 1886 Dr. Hilprechl has 
 been Professor of Assyrian and Comparative Semitic 
 Philology at the University of Pennsylvania, having 
 charge as Curator, of the Babylonian Antiquities. 
 
 In 1S89 the University commenced its expeditions 
 for investigating the rains of the ancient Babylonian 
 city of Nippur. 'The latest of these expeditions, 
 sent out in the fall of 1898 with the object of ex- 
 huming the city walls and the four gates mentioned 
 in the inscriptions, is under the personal control of 
 Dr. Hilprecht. 'The work has proceeded with the 
 most gratifying success, fairly establishing the Uni- 
 versity's claim to first rank in the Assyriological 
 Departments of American Universities. At latest 
 reports extensive excavations on the site of Nippur 
 had been made, disclosing the features sought for, 
 
 111 k\l INN V. Illl PREI II I 
 
 and twenty-one thousand tablets bearing cuneiform 
 inscriptions. Dr. Hilprecht's excavations will be of 
 notable value in establishing authentic history as far 
 back as 4500 B.C., the previous date having been 
 3000 B.C. Before returning to the University 
 Dr. Hilprecht will conduct investigations '>( the 
 ruins of Nineveh and Cappadocia. His principal 
 literary production is Freibrief Nebukadnezars I., 
 Leipzig, 1883; his bibliography includes also: 
 'The Family .md Civil Life of the Egyptians ; I 
 most Flourishing Period ol Egyptian Literature; 
 Egypt in the Time of [srael's Sojourn; contribu- 
 tions to Luthardt's Theologisches Literaturblatt ; 
 and various writings in other periodii Js of both 
 this country and i lermany.
 
 39§ 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 DREXEL, Anthony J., 1826-1893. 
 
 Benefactor. 
 Born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1826; entered the banking 
 house of Drexel & Co., 1839; founder of the Drexel In- 
 stitute, 1891 ; died 1893. 
 
 ANTHONY J. DREXEL, Banker and Philan- 
 thropist, was born in Philadelphia in 1826, 
 the son of Francis Martin Drexel, founder of the 
 great banking house of Drexel & Co. In 1839, 
 when but thirteen years old, Mr. Drexel began work 
 for his father's firm, then but two years established. 
 His history is the history of that firm. In 1S50 the 
 New York house of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was 
 formed. In 1S63 Francis Martin Drexel died, and 
 was succeeded by his sons Anthony J. Drexel and 
 Francis A. Drexel, under whose management the 
 business still further expanded. The Paris house of 
 Drexel, Harjes & Co. was established in 1S67. 
 Although Mr. Drexel was for years the head of the 
 firm, the arbiter of its fortunes, he did not give up 
 his time solely to business. Art and music were his 
 relaxation and as he grew older philanthropic work 
 absorbed much of his attention. To the University 
 of Pennsylvania he was a benefactor, giving Si 0,000 
 toward the erection of the Library building, but his 
 chief interest was in the Drexel Institute, to which 
 he gave Si, 500,000. This institution, designed to 
 afford instruction in the practical arts of life at prac- 
 tically nominal rates, is situated at Thirty-second and 
 Chestnut streets, Philadelphia. About §500,000 was 
 expended on the building of the Institute, while 
 $1,000,000 was set aside for its endowment. It was 
 opened in 1891, with courses in the various depart- 
 ments of useful arts, in industrial, business and 
 domestic training. The institution was but well 
 under way when its founder died. Early in 1893 he 
 went abroad for his health. The end came on June 
 30, at Carlsbad, Austria. 
 
 PENNYPACKER, Samuel Whitaker, 1843- 
 
 Trustee 1886- 
 Born in Phoenixville, Pa., 1843; early education in 
 Saunders Inst., W. Philadelphia, and Grovemont 
 Seminary, Phcenixville ; graduated LL.B., Univ. of 
 Pa., 1866; admitted to Bar of U. S. Supreme Court, 
 1889 ; Judge of Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia 
 since 1887 ; President Judge since 1896; Trustee of the 
 University since 1886; author of works on law and his- 
 tory; LL.D. Franklin and Marshall College, Pa., 1887. 
 
 SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER, 
 LL.D., Lawyer and Judge, was born in 
 Phcenixville, Pennsylvania, April 9, 1843, son of Dr. 
 Isaac Anderson Pennypacker, who graduated in 
 
 Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, 
 and was Professor of the Theory and Practice of 
 Medicine in the Philadelphia College of Medicine 
 from 1854 until his death in February 1856. His 
 mother was Anna Maria ( Whitaker) Pennypacker. 
 The descent is traced to Hendrick Pannebecker, an 
 educated Dutch surveyor in the employ of the Penns, 
 the owner of four thousand and twelve acres of land 
 in Pennsylvania, and to Samuel Richardson, an early 
 settler of Philadelphia, who became a Provincial 
 Councillor, a member of the Assembly and a Judge 
 of the Court of Common Pleas. Samuel Richard- 
 
 SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER 
 
 son's son, Joseph, married a daughter of John Bevan, 
 also a prominent Judge of Pennsylvania, and thus 
 brought to the family a direct descent, in the male 
 line, from the ancient Princes or Lords of Glamor- 
 gan, whose lineage traces back through many gener- 
 ations to the old Cymric Kings of Britain. He is 
 also a descendant of Major Patrick Anderson who 
 commanded a company in the French and Indian 
 War and the Pennsylvania Musketry Battalion in the 
 War of the Revolution. Judge Pennypacker received 
 early education at the famous Saunders Institute in 
 West Philadelphia and at the Grovemont Seminary 
 in Phcenixville, and commenced law study in the 
 office of Hon. Peter McCall of Philadelphia. He 
 graduated from the Law Department of the Univer-
 
 uNirERsrrr of Pennsylvania 
 
 ;99 
 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1866, and entering the Bai 
 at Philadelphia he rapidly rose to a conspicuous 
 position in his profession. He was admitted to the 
 Bar of the United States Supreme Court in 1887, 
 and in 1889 by appointment of the Governor of 
 Pennsylvania he became Judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas of Philadelphia. The same year he 
 was elected for a term of ten year-, and in 1896 
 became President Judge, which office he now holds 
 by a subsequent re-election for ten years dating from 
 January 1900. Judge Pennypacker has always re- 
 tained an enthusiastic interest in the University, and 
 in 1 886 he was appointed to his present position on 
 the Hoard of Trustees. With all the duties of a very 
 active career he has found time for considerable 
 writing on legal and historical subjects, having pro- 
 duced more than fifty publications, including books, 
 papers and addresses. He is author of a Digest of 
 English Common Law Reports, conjointly with E. 
 Greenough Piatt and Samuel S. Hollingsworth ; a 
 volume of Pennsylvania Colonial Cases; four 
 volumes of Supreme Court Reports, known as 
 Pennypacker's Reports, and among other historical 
 writings the " Settlement of Germantown." Among 
 many marks of honor he received the degree of 
 1 >oi tor of Laws from Franklin and Marshall College 
 in 1887, and the official thanks of Prince Bismarck 
 after his address in Philadelphia in 1885. and at 
 the Bi-Centennial Celebration of the beginning of 
 German emigration to America. He is a member 
 of the American Philosophical Society, President of 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vice-Provost 
 of the Law Academy of Philadelphia of which he 
 was President, President of the Philobiblon Club, 
 founder of the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the 
 Revolution, Vice-President of the Colonial Society 
 of Philadelphia and has been President of the 
 Pennsylvania German Society and of the Nether- 
 lands Society of Philadelphia. From 1886 to 1S89 
 he was a member of the Philadelphia Hoard of Public 
 education. In 1863 he was a private in Company 
 F of the 26th Pennsylvania F.mergency Regiment 
 which was the first force to encounter the rebel army 
 at Gettysburg and which has a monument upon that 
 memorable field. He has a library ol Americana 
 in some respects unequalled numbering about eight 
 
 thousand volumes and including tWO hundred and 
 
 sixty books and pamphlets printed by Franklin, 
 with the exception of that of the Historical Society 
 of Pennsyvania, the largest collection in existence, 
 fudge Pennypacker married October 20, 1870, Vir- 
 ginia F.arl Broomall daughter of Nathan P. Broomall. 
 
 PETERS, John Punnett, 1852- 
 
 Professor of Hebrew 1885-1893. 
 Born in New York City, 1852; A.B. Yale, 1873; 
 Ph.D., 1876; studied in German Universities; Prof, of 
 Hebrew in Univ. of Pa., 1885-93 ; Director of the 
 University's Expedition to Babylonia, :888-gi ; author 
 of translations and writings on scriptural subjects; 
 Rector St. Michael's Church, New York City, since 
 1893. 
 
 JOHN PUNNE1T PETERS, Ph.D., Director of 
 the University's Expedition to Babylonia, was 
 born in New York City, December 16, 1852, son 
 
 JOHN 1'. PETERS 
 
 of Rev. Thomas McClure and Alice Clarissa (Rii 
 mond) Peters. Tin- Peters fmiiK settled very early 
 in this country in the middle of the seventeenth 
 century and the first American ancestor, Andrew 
 Peters, was the first Treasurer of the town of 
 Andover, Massachusetts. After some preliminary 
 training and a year at tin- llopkin> Grammar 
 School in New Haven, Connecticut, Dr. Peters 
 
 entered Yale where lie was graduated witli the 
 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1 s 7 ^ . Desiring to 
 continue his studies with a special view of becoming 
 proficient in Sanscrit, Greek, Hebrew, Syriai and 
 Arabic, he took the post-graduate courses at N lie, 
 at tin' same time studying in the Divinity School. 
 Hilling this period he supported himself entirely. 
 
 tutoring privately and othera ing himself to
 
 400 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 make his way through the University. In 1876 he 
 received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and 
 soon after was ordained a Deacon and a little later 
 a Priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church. From 
 1876 to 1879 he was a Tutor in Greek and Latin 
 in Vale. By this time he was able to gratify his 
 desire to continue his studies abroad, having saved 
 enough to go to Europe in order to spend a few 
 years in the German Universities. From 1S79 to 
 1 88 1 he studied Semitic languages in the University 
 of Berlin. Subsequently for a year or two he was 
 Minister in Charge of St. John's Church in Dresden, 
 and in 18S2-1883 returned to University work at 
 Leipzig. In the latter year he came back to Amer- 
 ica and received an appointment as Assistant in St. 
 Michael's Church, New York City, where he remained 
 for but one year, having received in 1884 the ap- 
 pointment as Professor of Old Testament Languages 
 and Literature in the Protestant Episcopal Divinity 
 School in Philadelphia. He retained this connec- 
 tion until 1S91. In 1S85 he was made Professor 
 of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 His connection with the University continued 
 until 1S93. Dr. Peters' most notable achievement 
 while in Philadelphia was the organization of the 
 Universitv of Pennsylvania Expedition to Babylonia, 
 of which he was the first director, from 1S88 to 1891. 
 This expedition has been particularly remarkable 
 for its discovery of the most ancient writings yet 
 discovered anywhere. It was peculiarly fortunate 
 also in the number of the objects discovered, many 
 of which were secured for the University, and are 
 among the treasures of the new museum. In 1893 
 he was called to St. Michael's Church in New York 
 City to become Rector, a position which he has 
 held ever since. Dr. Peters is a member of the 
 Deutsche Morgenlaendische Gesellschaft, a noted 
 German Oriental society. He is also a member 
 of the American Oriental Society, the Society of 
 Biblical Literature and Exegesis, the American 
 Archaeological Institute and the Oriental clubs of 
 Philadelphia and New York, as well as a number 
 of social, literary and reform clubs in New York City 
 and other cities. Dr. Peters has actively allied him- 
 self with the interests that are engaged in trying to 
 effect the reform of municipal politics in New York 
 City. His translations and writings are numerous. 
 In 1883 he published a translation from the German 
 of Mueller's Political History of Recent Times. In 
 1S86, in collaboration with the Rev. E. T. Bartlett, 
 D.D., he commenced the publication of a transla- 
 tion and rearrangement of the Scriptures in three 
 
 volumes under the title Scriptures, Hebrew and 
 Christian. Dr. Peters' part in this work was a new 
 translation from the Hebrew of the principal por- 
 tions of the Old Testament, which occupies two of 
 the three volumes. In 189S this work was published 
 in an English Edition as The Bible for Home and 
 School, with an introduction by Dean Farrar. In 
 1S96 appeared his large, illustrated work, Nippur, 
 or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates, 
 an account of the University Expedition to Baby- 
 lonia, and its discoveries. He appears as one of 
 the collaborators on the title page of The Bible as 
 Literature, along with Professors Moulton and 
 Bruce. He is also the author of several pamphlets, 
 and has contributed numerous reviews and articles 
 to the magazines and periodicals. Dr. Peters was 
 married, in August 1881, to Gabriella Brooke 
 Forman, and they have had seven children, of 
 whom six are living. 
 
 POTTS, Joseph D., 1829-1893. 
 
 Trustee 1886-1893. 
 Born in Springton Forge, Chester Co., Pa., 1829; 
 civil engineer on various railroads in Pa., 1852-61 ; 
 Chief of the Transportation and Telegraph Dept. of 
 Pa., 1861 ; Gen. Mgr. Philadelphia and Erie Railway, 
 1862-65; Pres. Empire Transportation Co., 1865-77; 
 Pres. Erie and Western Transportation Co., 1871-81 ; 
 Trustee of the University, 1886-1893; died 1893. 
 
 JOSEPH D. POTTS was born at Springton 
 Forge, Chester county, Pennsylvania, Decem- 
 ber 4, 1829, the son of David and Rebecca S. 
 (Speakman) Potts. He was a descendant in the 
 sixth generation of the Thomas Potts who was the 
 pioneer iron-master in the Schuylkill Valley. He 
 drifted away from the occupation of his ancestors 
 and became a civil engineer. In 1852 he became 
 connected with the Sunbury &: Erie line. Subse- 
 quently he was made Vice-President of the Steuben- 
 ville & Indiana Railroad ; Superintendent of the 
 western division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and 
 President of the Western Transportation Company. 
 Upon the breaking out of the Civil War Governor 
 Curtin appointed him Lieutenant-Colonel upon his 
 active staff and Chief of the Transportation and 
 Telegraph Department of the State. He held this 
 latter position from May to December 1861, when 
 the Department was transferred by the State to the 
 Federal Government. While serving in 1862 with 
 the Pennsylvania militia, called out in consequence 
 of Lee's Antietam expedition, he was detailed by 
 General Reynolds as Military Superintendent of the 
 Franklin Railroad. From late in 1S62 to 1865 he
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 401 
 
 served as General Manager of the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Railway for its lessee, the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road Company. He was President of the Empire 
 Transportation Company, 1865-1877. On Febru- 
 ary 20, 187 1, he also became President of the Erie 
 and Western Transportation Company, holding the 
 office until [881. Jn 1X74 Colonel Potts became 
 Managing Director of the National Storage Com- 
 pany, and in [879 President of the National Docks 
 Railway Company, resigning both offices in 1884. 
 He was also President of the Enterprise Transit 
 Company. For some years prior to 1885 he was 
 
 JOSEPH D. POTTS 
 
 President of the Girard Point Storage Company and 
 he remained a director after giving up the Presi- 
 dency. He was also a director of the International 
 Navigation Company, lie had an interest in Potts 
 Brothers Iron Company, Limited, of Pottstown, and 
 he bought bark the Isabella Furnace in Chester 
 county, which hid belonged to his father. In [890 
 he purchased the Chester Pipe & Tube Works. In 
 1 ."s.so lie became ;i Trustee of the University ol 
 Pennsylvania holding tin- position until his death. 
 In 1854 he married Mary McCleery, of Milton, 
 Pennsylvania. Mr. Putts will long lie remembered 
 as a leader in the railway, transportation, and general 
 
 1 1 iniinerc 11I interests of IVnn ij l\ ,1111,1. I le died 
 
 I 1 In! 3, 1893. 
 
 VOL. 1.- 26 
 
 RYDER, John Adam, 1852-1895. 
 
 Professor Comparative Embryology 1886 1895. 
 Born in Loudon, Pa., 1852 ; early study at the Acad- 
 emy and Normal School, Millersville, Pa. ; studied 
 at Academy of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1874-80 ; 
 made investigations for U. S. Fish Comms'n., 1880- 
 86; Prof. Comp. Embryology, Univ. of Pa., 1886-95; 
 Ph.D. Univ. of Pa., 1886; died 1895. 
 
 JOHN ADAM RYDER, Ph.D., was born near 
 Loudon, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. Febru- 
 ary 29, 1852, son of Benjamin Longenecker and 
 Anna (Frick) Ryder. The progenitor of the 
 American family of Ryders came from England 
 with three sons, settling in the vicinity of Cape 
 Cod, Massachusetts; one of those sons, Michael 
 Ryder, removed from Massachusetts to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and his descendants have since lived in the 
 latter State. The paternal grandmother, Elizabeth 
 (Longenecker) Ryder, was of German descent. 
 On the maternal side Dr. Ryder was descended 
 from Swiss and Scotch lines of ancestry, his mother 
 having been a great grandchild of William, Larl of 
 Kelso, who at the time of the persecution of the 
 Presbyterians, under the reign of Charles II., was 
 compelled to escape from Scotland. Soon after, 
 James, a brother of William, was captured and exe- 
 cuted in London. Dr. Ryder's father was a farmer 
 and horticulturist, at one time owning a large nur- 
 sery, and it was in the midst of agricultural scenes 
 ami pursuits that the future biologist developed the 
 first taste for Natural History. Until the age of 
 fifteen he attended the country schools in the neigh- 
 borhood, and then studied at two institutions in 
 Millersville — the Academy and the Normal School. 
 He appears to have chafed under the routine of 
 class work and the necessity of pursuing studies in 
 which he had but slight interest, for he twice ran 
 away to escape the restraint of school, and at a 
 more mature age he insisted upon spending his time 
 in scientific studies, followed according to his own 
 taste in the available libraries. F01 three years he 
 was a successful teacher in the schools of his native 
 county. In his twenty-second year, determined t" 
 devote his life to si ientific work, he made applica- 
 tion, al the Academ) <>i Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia, for aid from the Jessup fund, which had 
 been established for the benefit of students ,,i 
 Natural History. After one unsuccessful attempt 
 his application was finally granted, and from r.874 
 he remained for six years al the \cademy. It is 
 told of him thai during this life at the \> ademy he 
 was accustomed to examine the oyster shells at his 
 n 1. mi. nit, ami that in this way he discovered the
 
 402 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sponge Camaraphysema. His work was pursued 
 under serious difficulties, especially the inadequacy 
 of his early education and the constant embarrass- 
 ment from a lack of money ; but his energy was 
 unremitting and his capacity for working out original 
 discoveries unfailing. At the end of the term of 
 six years he had contributed thirty-one papers, 
 based upon his research work in Biology and Botany. 
 In 1880 Dr. Ryder was appointed to a position on 
 the United States Fish Commission, to make inves- 
 tigations relative to the embryology, growth and 
 feeding habits of the American food-fishes and other 
 aquatic animals. Six years of great activity and 
 valuable service followed, during which time Dr. 
 Ryder produced twenty-nine papers on the oyster 
 and oyster-culture, and fifty on the development of 
 fishes, all displaying extensive knowledge resulting 
 from the most careful study of the subjects under 
 investigation. His resignation was accepted in 
 1SS6, but two years later he was again in the em- 
 ploy of the Commission, investigating the sturgeon 
 fisheries in the Delaware River. In 1886 the 
 authorities of the University, acting under the advice 
 of Professor Horace Jayne, decided to establish a 
 Chair of Comparative Histology and Embryology, 
 and Dr. Ryder was chosen to fill this important 
 Professorship. His valuable service to the Univer- 
 sity was all that might be expected of a man who 
 was at once a diligent student, a singularly inventive 
 investigator and an unselfish teacher. Mr. H. F. 
 Moore, a former pupil, says of him : " What he may 
 have lacked in some of the usual attributes of a 
 successful teacher was more than compensated for 
 by his keen sympathy, his painstaking care and his 
 skill with crayon and pencil. If he had found a 
 point of interest in his work, he usually invited us 
 to enter, and would unfold to us his hopes and 
 aspirations with the enthusiasm and simplicity of 
 youth." The following are the words of his friend 
 Mr. W, V. McKean : " Ryder was essentially the 
 kind of investigator that it would have been a public 
 benefit to have established in an amply endowed 
 University chair, so that he might be entirely free 
 to pursue his researches unhindered by any mere 
 task work." Dr. Ryder continued as Professor of 
 Embryology until his death which occurred March 
 26, 1895. He was a member of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Zoological Society of 
 Philadelphia, the American Morphological Society, 
 the American Society of Naturalists, the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science, the 
 
 Association of American Anatomists and the His- 
 torical Society of Pennsylvania. The degree Doctor 
 of Philosophy was conferred upon him by the Uni- 
 versity in 1S86. A complete bibliography of Dr. 
 Ryder's writings is to be found in the Proceedings 
 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 
 for April 1896. 
 
 REED, Henry, 1846-1896. 
 
 Trustee 1886-1896. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1846; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1865; admitted to Philadelphia Bar, 1869; published 
 Statute of Frauds, 1883 ; Judge Philadelphia Court of 
 Common Pleas, 1886-96; Trustee of the University, 
 1886-96; died 1896. 
 
 HENRY REED, Jurist, was born in Philadel- 
 phia, September 22, 1846, the son of 
 Henry and Elizabeth \V. (Branson) Reed. His 
 
 HENRY REEL) 
 
 father was Professor Henry Reed of the University 
 of Pennsylvania. Judge Reed prepared for College 
 under his father and at the school of Dr. J. \Y. 
 Faires, entering the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1 86 1 and graduating with high honors in 1865. 
 He then began the study of law in the office of E. 
 Spencer Miller and was admitted to practice in 
 1869. He acquired in the profession the reputa- 
 tion of being a careful lawyer and a man of high 
 literary tastes and attainments. In 1 S83 he pub-
 
 uNirERsirr of Pennsylvania 
 
 4°3 
 
 lished a valuable three volume work on the Statute 
 of Frauds. It at once gained the place of, and still 
 remains, an accepted textbook of criminal law. 
 fudge Reed's publications were not only legal. He 
 translated The Daughter of an Egyptian King by 
 Georg P2bers. On November 12, 1886, Governor 
 Pattison appointed him to till the vacancy caused by 
 the death of Judge Ludlow in the Philadelphia 
 Court of Common Pleas No. 3. In this same year 
 he became a Trustee of the University and retained 
 the position until his death. In 1888 on the expi- 
 ration of the term he was appointed to fill out he 
 was elected Judge of the Court of Common Fleas 
 No. 3. This position he occupied at his death. 
 Judge Reed was twice married. His first wife was 
 Charlotte Francis Foster and his second Sarita 
 Elizabeth Bond. He died February 23, 1896, in 
 New York City. 
 
 BIDDLE, Algernon Sydney, 1847-1891. 
 
 Prof. Law and Secretary Law Faculty 1887-1891. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1847; graduated Yale, 1868; 
 lawyer; Pres. Law Acad.; Prof. Law, Univ. of Pa., 
 1887-91, and Sec. of Faculty of Law; editor of various 
 legal journals ; died 1891. 
 
 ALGERNON SYDNEY BIDDLE was born in 
 Philadelphia, October 11. 1847, the son of 
 George \V. and Maria (McMurtrie) Middle. He 
 1 line of a family distinguished in the legal history 
 of the city, his father being the leader of the Phila- 
 delphia Bar and Ins brothers George and Arthur 
 being also well-known lawyers. Algernon Sydney 
 Middle graduated at Yale in 1868, and then spent 
 several years in attendance at lectures at the Uni- 
 versity of Merlin, preparatory to his studying law in 
 Philadelphia, where he was admitted to the Mar in 
 1872. In 1874 he became President of the Law 
 \> idemy and was for several years Secretary of the 
 Law Association of Philadelphia. In 1887 he was 
 appointed Professor of Evidence of Practice and 
 Pleading at Law in the University of Pennsylvania 
 and at the time of his death was Professor of the 
 Law of Torts, Evidence and Practice of Law and 
 Secretary of the Law Faculty of the University. 
 lie was also for a number of years Asso< iate Editor 
 of the Weekly Notes of Cases, for one year Assoi iati 
 Editor ofThe Law and Equity Reporter, and in 1887- 
 1888 was uiie cil the editors of The American Law 
 Register. In addition to the duties of his profession 
 lie was at all times interested in humanitarian and 
 other societies, being a membei ol the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Historical Society "I 
 
 Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia Social Si lence Asso- 
 ciation, the Franklin Institute the New England 
 So, iety, the- Archaeological Society, the Civil Si 1 
 Reform Association, and the Rittenhouse, Universitv, 
 Wistar, Contemporary and Legal clubs. He was 
 also a manager of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. 
 He died in Philadelphia April 8, 1891. 
 
 BIDDLE, George W., 1818-97. 
 
 Founder of Biddte Law Library. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1818; graduated Mt. St. Mary's 
 College ; lawyer ; Common Councilman of Philadel- 
 phia ; member Constitutional Convention of 1873 ; Rep- 
 resented U. S. in the Fishery Dispute with Canada ; 
 author of many articles on legal subjects; founder of 
 the Biddle Law Library of Univ. of Pa.; died 1897. 
 
 GEORGE W. MIDDLE, I.L.D., for twenty 
 years the leader of the Philadelphia liar, was 
 born in Philadelphia. January it. [818, the son of 
 
 ■ a 1 iri a w. 1:11 11 ii 1 
 
 Clement Cornell and Mary (Barclay) Middle, lie 
 was educated it Mount St. Mary's College, Mary- 
 land, and subsequently studied law in the offices oi 
 his uncle, James <'. Biddle, and of the Hon. John 
 Cadwalader, being admitted to the Philadelphia 
 Mir January 10, 1839. At once he began that 
 1 in, 1 ol uccessful effort which gradually bore its 
 fruit m the general acknowledgment of his leadership
 
 4°4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in the Philadelphia Bar. At different times Mr. Biddle 
 held the offices of School Director, Common Coun- 
 cilman and Trustee of the Cas Works of Philadel- 
 phia. He represented the First Senatorial District 
 in the Convention of 1873 to revise and amend the 
 Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania. He 
 afterward represented the Constitutional Convention 
 when the question of their right to submit that in- 
 strument to the people was called in question, and 
 was successful in defending that right. Among 
 other famous cases in which he appeared was that 
 in which he represented the Democratic party in the 
 contest in Florida over the vote of that state in the 
 Hayes-Tilden Presidential Controversy of 1 8 76. He 
 also represented the United States in one of the 
 fishery disputes between this country and Canada. 
 Mr. Piddle was a member of the American Bar 
 Association and among the papers read by him 
 before that and other learned bodies are : An 
 Inquiry into the Proper Mode of Trial : Lien of the 
 Debts of a Decedent on his Real Estate in Penn- 
 sylvania ; Retrospective Legislation ; Contribution 
 among Terre-Tenants, and Chief-Justice Taney, his 
 Relations to and Influence on the Federal Constitu- 
 tion. He also prepared an Index to the English 
 Common Law Reports. Mr. Biddle married Maria 
 McMurtrie and had three children : George, Alger- 
 non Sydney and Arthur Biddle. Upon the death 
 of the two former Mr. Biddle gave to the University 
 of Pennsylvania, as a memorial to them over five 
 thousand volumes, to form the nucleus of a Law 
 Library, to be known as the George and Algernon 
 Sydney Biddle Library. When Arthur Biddle 
 died in 1897, his widow added to this collection 
 about four thousand volumes and the entire library 
 is now known as the Biddle Law Library, and is 
 located on the second floor of the new Law Building 
 of the University. George W. Biddle died in Phila- 
 delphia, April 29, 1897. 
 
 REICHERT, Edward Tyson, 1855- 
 
 Professor Physiology 1886- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1855; educated at public and 
 
 private schools ; graduated, M.D., Univ. of Pa., 1879 ; 
 
 Prof. Physiology, Univ. of Pa. since 1886; author of 
 
 many memoirs and other medical and scientific works. 
 
 EDWARD TYSON REICHERT, M.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, February 5, 1855. He 
 is of German ancestry on the side of his father. 
 Gabriel Adam Reichert, a manufacturer and a natu- 
 ralist. Professor Reichert's grandfather was a 
 
 Lutheran minister of considerable prominence in 
 the Church. Professor Reichert received his early 
 training in public and private schools in Philadel- 
 phia, and entering the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, he won the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine in 1879. He then went abroad 
 further to pursue his studies and researches, being 
 engaged for several years at the Universities in Ber- 
 lin, Leipzig, Geneva and other centres of medical 
 learning in Europe. In fact, the entire period be- 
 tween the time of his graduation in 1879 and the 
 present has been spent in original investigation and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hk 
 
 i-i 
 
 1 
 
 EDWARD TYSON REICHERT 
 
 teaching in chosen fields of work in this country and 
 Europe. Professor Reichert is a prolific and indus- 
 trious writer on medical subjects, having published 
 many memoirs, books, pamphlets and original 
 articles, and is a member of a great number of 
 medical, scientific, art and other societies of this and 
 foreign countries. June 7, 18S3, he married Marion 
 Carlisle Welsh, by whom he has had three children. 
 
 DAVIS, Gwilym George, 1857- 
 
 Asst. Dem. Surgery l887gg, Asst. Prof Applied Anatomy l8gg- 
 Born in Altoona, Pa., 1857; graduated in medicine 
 Univ. of Pa.. 1879 ; graduated in England and Ger- 
 many; Surgeon to a number of Philadelphia hospitals;
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 4° 5 
 
 Asst. Demonstrator of Surgery at the University, 
 1887-89; Asst. Prof, of Applied Anatomy since i8gg. 
 
 GW'II.YM GEORGE DAVIS, M.D., was born 
 in Altoona, Pennsylvania, July 20, 1 S 5 7 , 
 son of Thomas Rees and Catherine (Fosselman) 
 Davis, being descended on his father's side from 
 a Welsh family a prominent member of which was 
 the poet and divine of Castle Howell, Rev. David 
 Davis, D.D., who in the last century made that 
 place a centre of scholarship in Wales. On his 
 mother's side Dr. Davis is of Pennsylvania Dutch 
 ancestry. His early education was received at the 
 
 GWILYM 1;. DAVIS 
 
 Philadelphia public schools, including graduation 
 from the Central High School in that city in 1876. 
 He afterwards pursued 1 medical course in the 
 University of Pennsylvania where In- was graduated 
 with honors as Doctor of Medicine in 1879. Sub 
 sequently he wenl abroad and studied in London 
 receiving the Membership of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons of England in [880 and at the University 
 of Oottingen in Cermany receiving tin- degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine cum laude in t88i. Return- 
 ing to the United States he was Resident Physician 
 to the Pennsylvania Hospital from May [881 to 
 October 1SS2. The next yeai he became Assistant 
 Surgeon to the Orthopaedic Hospital in Philadelphia 
 and in 1 884 was (.Jut- Patient Surgeon al tie Episco- 
 
 pal Hospital. From 1887 to 1896 Dr. Davis was con- 
 ne< ted with the Children's Hospital in Philadelphia. 
 In 1889 he was appointed - 1 St. Joseph's 
 
 Hospital and from 1892 to 1896 he was Surgeon 
 to the German Hospital. He has been Assistant 
 Professor of Applied Anatomy in the University 
 since 1899, having previously been for twelve ) 
 Assistant Demonstrator of Surgery. Dr. Davis was 
 a member of a number of medical associations in- 
 cluding the American Medical Association and the 
 Philadelphia County Medical, Pathological and 
 Pediatric societies. He is a fellow of the American 
 Academy of Medicine, the College o( Physicians of 
 Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Academy of Sin 
 and a member of the American Orthopaedic Asso- 
 ciation. Dr. Davis received the degree of Master 
 of Arts from the Philadelphia High School in [881. 
 He is a member of the University, Art and Faculty 
 clubs of Philadelphia. 
 
 KEEN, Gregory Bernard, 1844- 
 
 Librarian 1887-1897. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1844 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1861 ; graduated Div. Sch. of P. E. Church, Philadel- 
 phia, 1866; P. E. Clergyman, 1866-68; Prof. Math. 
 Theol. Sem. St. Charles Borromeo, Overbrook, Pa., 
 1871-72; Librarian of the University, 1887-98; Librarian 
 of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1898- ; author 
 and Editor. 
 
 C GREGORY BERNARD KEEN was born in 
 T Philadelphia, March 3, 1 S44, son of Joseph 
 Swift and Lucy Ann (Hutton) Keen. He entered 
 the Universit) of Pennsylvania in [857, received the 
 Freshman Greek prize equally with Edward J. Heyl, 
 the Sophomore Greek and Junior Latin prizes and 
 honorable mention for the Junior Greek prize, and 
 graduated. Valedictorian, with the CDns of 1861, 
 receiving the Master of Arts degree in course. In 
 preparation for the ministr) he 1 ntered the Divinity 
 School of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Phila- 
 delphia, and gradu Iting there in 1 866, was ordained 
 Deacon in that church. In [868 he resigned that 
 office and became a Roman Catholic. In [869 [870 
 he studied and travelled in Europe, and, returning 
 to Philadelphia, attended lectures in the Medical 
 Department of the University during 1870-1871. In 
 1 $71-1872 he was Professor of Mathematics in the 
 rheological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo al 
 Overbrook, Pennsylvania. F01 • vei ll years he de 
 voted himself to the study of Greek literature, and in 
 1 880 was elected 1 lorrespondin [S ol the 11 1^- 
 
 torical S01 i> i\ of Pennsylvania, which office he hel I 
 till [898. In [887 he was chosen Librarian ol the
 
 406 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 University of Pennsylvania and occupied that office 
 till 1898, when he resigned to become Librarian of 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, of which he 
 was Editor in 1883- 1884. He is Historiographer of 
 
 Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, in 1S5O, 
 and during the four years following he held the 
 position of Principal of the High School of North 
 Brookfield, Massachusetts. He then entered the 
 General Theological Seminary in New York City, 
 and after graduation in 1863 he was admitted to 
 the Diaconate in Grace Church, Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, July 15, and ordained Priest in St. Stephen's 
 Chapel of that city, August 7, of the same year. 
 He was first settled as Missionary in charge of St. 
 (ohn's Church, Gold Hill, Nevada, and in 1865 he 
 was called to St. Paul's Church in Englewood, New 
 Jersey. After two years he returned to Nevada to 
 become Rector of St. Paul's Church in Virginia 
 City of that state. At the General Convention held 
 in New York City in 1868 he was elected Missionary 
 Bishop of Nevada, and the following year, October 
 13. he was consecrated in St. George's Church, New 
 York City. Elected Assistant Bishop of Pennsyl- 
 vania and translated in 1886, upon the death of 
 Bishop Stevens, June n, 1S87, he became Bishop 
 of Pennsylvania. Bishop Whitaker was given the 
 degree of Doctor of Divinity by Kenyon College in 
 1869, and that of Doctor of Laws by the University 
 
 UKI i;< u;\ 1:. ki 1 \ 
 
 the Alumni Society of the College Department, and 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 the American Catholic Historical Society, the Society 
 of Colonial Wars, the Pennsylvania Society of the 
 Sons of the Revolution, the Society of the War of 
 181 2, the Philomathean Society and the Phi Beta 
 Kappa Fraternity. He married Stella Maria, 
 daughter of John Marshall Watson, of New York. 
 
 WHITAKER, Ozi William, 1830- 
 
 Trustee 1887- 
 Born in New Salem, Mass., 1830 ; graduated Middle- 
 bury College, Vt., 1856; Prin. High School, North 
 Brookfield, Mass., 1856-60; graduated Gen. Theol. 
 Sem., New York City, 1863; Rector St. John's Church, 
 Gold Hill, Nevada, 1863-65; St. Paul's, Englewood, 
 N. J., 1865-67; St. Paul's, Virginia City, Nevada, 1867; 
 Missionary Bishop of Nevada, 1869-87; Bishop of 
 Pennsylvania since 1887 ; Trustee of the University 
 since 1887; D.D. Kenyon College, Ohio, 1869; LL.D. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1898. 
 
 OZI WILLIAM WHITAKER, D.D., LL.D., 
 Bishop of Pennsylvania, was born in New 
 Salem, Massachusetts, May 10, 1830. He was two 
 years in Amherst College but was graduated from 
 
 O. W. WHITAKER. 
 
 of Pennsylvania in 1898. Since 1887 he has served 
 the University as a member of the Board of Trus- 
 tees. He is now Chairman of the Standing Com- 
 mittee on Religious Services.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSTI.r .1 \ U 
 
 407 
 
 GEST, John Barnard, 1823- 
 
 Trustee 1887- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1823 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1844; LL.B., 1852; practicing lawyer ; Vice. -Pres. and 
 Pres. Fidelity Insurance Trust & Safe Deposit Co., 
 since 1873 ; Trustee of the University since 1887. 
 
 JOHN BARNARD GEST, Lawyer, was born in 
 Philadelphia, November 4, 1823, son of John 
 and Ann (Barnard) Gest. He graduated, Bachelor 
 of Arts, at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844, 
 taking the Master's degree in course. He read law 
 with Charles Ingersoll and was admitted to practice 
 
 JOHN B. GEST 
 
 in 1S47 and afterwards entered the Law School and 
 there graduated in 1852, establishing a practice in 
 Philadelphia. Mr. Gest was Chairman of Com- 
 mittees in 1848, 1S70 and 1880, appointed from 
 the Alumni Society of the College Department to 
 compile an Alumni Catalogue. He has been on 
 tin- Board of Trustees of the University since 1887. 
 1L- was engaged actively in the practice of his pro 
 fession and in business enterprises, until 1873 when 
 he became Vice-President and in 1890 President of 
 the Fidelity Insurance Trust & Safe Deposit Com- 
 pany, lie is a Director of the Mortgage Trust 
 Company of Pennsylvania. From 1884 10 [892 he 
 
 was President of tin- Alumni Society of the College 
 Department, lie has been a Corporator and Trus 
 
 tee of the Presbyterian Hospital, President of the 
 Union Benevolent Asso< 1 ition, and i^ a member of 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Zelo- 
 sophic Society and Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. 
 Mr. Gest in 1852 married Elizabeth Ann, daughter 
 of Alexander Purves. They have three sons all of 
 whom have been educated in the University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 HOLLINGSWORTH, Samuel Shorey, 
 1842-1894. 
 
 Professor Law 1888-1894. 
 
 Born in Cleveland, Ohio, 1842; graduated Yale, 1863; 
 lawyer; member Councils of Philadelphia; Prof. Law 
 of Contracts in Univ. of Pa., 1888; died 1894. 
 
 SAMUEL SHOREY HOLLINGSWORTH was 
 born at Cleveland, Ohio, November 11, 1S42. 
 He obtained his early education at Zanesville High 
 School and graduated from Yale in 1S63. He then 
 came to Philadelphia and studied law with William 
 Henry Rawle, being admitted to the Philadelphia 
 Bar in 1866. For a number of years he was asso- 
 ciated in practice with George W. Piddle and later 
 with Joseph C. Fraley. He was a member of the 
 Councils of the City of Philadelphia and in e888 was 
 elected Professor of the Law of Contracts at the 
 University of Pennsylvania. In 1879 he prepared, 
 together with Hon. Samuel YV. Pennypacker, the 
 supplement to the Digest of the English Common 
 Law Reports. Professor Hollingsworth was famous 
 for his method of instruction in the Law School, 
 combining the best features of the Case System and 
 the Text Book System. He died in Philadelphia 
 June 1S94, and the report of the meeting of the Par 
 Association of Philadelphia to take official notice of 
 his death bears ample witness to his qualities as an 
 eminent lawyer and a true gentleman. 
 
 BURK, Charles Meredith, 1868- 
 
 Instructor Zoology 1888 1890. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1868; graduated Biological 
 Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1888; M.D.. 1891 ; Instructor 
 Zoology in the University, 1888-99; practicing physi- 
 cian, 1891 to date. 
 
 CHARLES MEREDITH BURK, M.D., a 
 son of Rev. Jesse Y. Burk, the Secretary of 
 the University, and Gertrude llele Burk, was born 
 in Philadelphia, October t6, t868. He is a grand- 
 son of Kan- Pink, the well known botanist and 
 donor of the Burk Herbarium at the University of 
 Pennsylvania. He was prepared for College al the
 
 408 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia, and entering 
 the University of Pennsylvania was graduated from 
 the Biological Department in 1S88. After complet- 
 ing his course he became Instructor in Zoology in 
 the Biological Department at the University, in the 
 meantime, however, pursuing medical studies in the 
 Medical School, from which he was graduated with 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1S91. He at 
 ^once took up the practice of medicine, though he 
 continued to hold his Instructorship until June 1S99, 
 when he gave it up on account of the increasing at- 
 tention which he was obliged to devote to his pro- 
 
 CHARLES M. BL"RK. 
 
 fession. Dr. Burk is a member of a number of 
 scientific societies, among others : the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Biological 
 Club of the University of Pennsylvania and the 
 Gloucester County, New Jersey, Medical Society. 
 He was married in April 1893 to Helen Richards 
 Ford, and has one child. 
 
 LAMBERTON, William Alexander, 1848- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1848; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1867; Instr. in Math, at the University, 1867-68; Instr. 
 in Latin and Greek at Lehigh Univ., 1869-73 ; Instr. in 
 Math.. Lehigh, 1873-78; Prof, of Greek and Latin, 
 Lehigh, 1878-80; Prof, of Greek, Lehigh. 1880-88; Prof. 
 
 of Greek Lang, and Lit. at the University since 1888; 
 author. 
 
 WILLIAM ALEXANDER LAMBERTON, 
 Professor of Greek, was born in Philadel- 
 phia, November 26, 1S48, son of Robert and Jane 
 (Porter) Lamberton. He graduated at the Lhiiver- 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1867, receiving the degree 
 of Master of Arts in course, while in College being 
 awarded the Freshman Declamation prize. During 
 the year following graduation he remained at the 
 University in the capacity of Instructor in Mathe- 
 matics, and then accepted an appointment as In- 
 structor in Latin and Greek at Lehigh University. 
 He continued in that institution until 1888 holding 
 the several progressive positions of Instructor in 
 Mathematics. 1S73-1S78, Professor of Greek and 
 Latin, 1S7S-1SS0, and Professor of Greek, 1SS0- 
 1888. In 1S88 he came to the University as Pro- 
 fessor of Greek, and has continued in that charge 
 since that tune. Among other literary works he has 
 edited the Sixth and Seventh Books of Thucydides 
 in Harper's Classical Series. Professor Lamberton 
 married Mary, daughter of Daniel McCurdy. He is 
 a member of the Zelosophic Society and the Delta 
 Phi and Phi Beta Kappa fraternities. 
 
 PATTEN, Simon Nelson, 1852- 
 
 Professor Political Economy 1888- 
 Born in Sandwich, 111., 1852; educated at Northwest- 
 ern Univ. and in Germany; received degrees of A.M. 
 and Ph.D. from Univ. of Halle, 1878; Prof, of Political 
 Economy in Univ. of Pa. since 1888; one of the foun- 
 ders of the American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science ; author of important works in economics and 
 sociology. 
 
 SIMON NELSON PATTEN, Ph.D., was born 
 in Sandwich. Illinois, May 1, 1852,0! Scotch- 
 Irish ancestry. He is to-day at the head of a school 
 of economic thought in this country which numbers 
 a great many disciples both here and in Europe. 
 Professor Patten secured his early education at 
 Jennings Seminary, Aurora, Illinois, afterwards pass- 
 ing to Northwestern University at Evanston. After 
 teaching for a period he went abroad and remained 
 for three years at the University of Halle, Germany, 
 as a student under Professor Conrad, one of the 
 most distinguished economists in Germany ; per- 
 haps no Professor of Political Economy on the con- 
 tinent to-day attracts more American students to 
 his lectures. Professor Patten took his examina- 
 tions and was graduated with the degrees of Master 
 of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy in August 1S7S.
 
 UN I VERS I'll' OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 409 
 
 Returning to the United States he again engaged in 
 teaching, and in 1SS8 was called to the University 
 of Pennsylvania as Professor of Political Economy, 
 at which place he has since remained in the Faculty 
 of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy. 
 He has drawn many students from all parts of the 
 United States to his classes and seminaries and has 
 built up a school of thought in regard to political 
 and social questions which at the present time 
 numbers many adherents. It may be said in a 
 general way that Professor Patten represents a 
 constructive political economy, or as he himself 
 
 I 
 
 SIMON N. PAT) 1 N 
 
 has named it. a system of "dynamic" economics, 
 lie defends a policy by which each people will 
 adapt itself to its own environment and make the 
 mosl of that with which nature has endowed it. 
 Although nut without recourse to induction, he is 
 in the main a dediK tive thinker and by dedm live 
 
 I ISSes lias constructed a body of theory which 
 
 is highly regarded by economists not only in this 
 country but abroad as well, especially in Germany, 
 where reside those writers who so much impressed 
 him in his youth and have continued to be his in- 
 spiration in later life. Professor Patten's principal 
 writings are : Premises of Political Economy ; The 
 Ei onomii Basis of Protection, which is being trans- 
 lated into French: Theory of Dynamic Economics j 
 
 Theory of Social Forces and the Development of 
 English Thought. The Economic Basis of Protec- 
 tion was the first scientific exposition of the German 
 theories of protection as they may be applied to 
 the United States. Free of any taint oi German 
 socialism, the book furnished a back-ground for a 
 body of scientific knowledge which marked a defi- 
 nite turning away of American Protectionist wi 
 from the doi trim s of Henry C. Carey. The work 
 profoundly influenced public opinion regarding this 
 subject and has put the protective theory in America 
 on a more rational basis. Professor Patten's De- 
 velopment of English Thought was published in 
 1899. It is the result of studies extending over' 
 several years and embracing investigations pursued 
 in England during a recent leave ol absence from 
 his teaching work at the University. He has also 
 written much on sociology. In pure economics his 
 
 most notable achievements have been in n 
 
 to problems of consumption, his development of 
 the long neglected theories in this field of research 
 being recognized as very important. Professor 
 Patten is one of the founders of the American 
 Academy of Political and Social Science, being a 
 frequent contributor to its published proceedings. 
 He is also an active member of the American 
 Economic Association. 
 
 BENNETT, Joseph Monroe, 1816-1898. 
 
 Founder of Bennett House, Benefactor. 
 Born in Burlington Co., N. J., 1816; clothing mer- 
 chant, 1840-79; founder of Bennett House at the Uni- 
 versity ; died 1898. 
 
 JOSEPH MONROE BENN1 II, h is bom in 
 the little settlement of Juliustown, neat \< iv 
 Egypt, Burlington count)-, New Jersey, on August 
 13, 1.81(1. lie did not follow his father's trade, that 
 of a wheelwright, bill stalled out as a countrj 
 school-teacher. From this he dulled into one 
 or. upation after another, finally settling down in 
 Kensington, a district of Philadelphia, as a tailor. 
 I leu- he married Raehael S. oil. I .eaving Mil- 
 lie entered the retail clothing house of Laurent 
 
 Brothers in Philadelphia, where he wolked himself 
 
 up so quickly that when the I turents «■ ire n id 
 go out of busim he, with James Umberger and 
 Perry McNeall, wa n idj to buy the business, 
 Bennel & Company, >s the firm was known, began 
 its active i ireei n No. 516 Market Street. The 
 business was soon extended to the wholesale trade. 
 The interest of Perry McNeall was bought out by
 
 410 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 the two other partners. The business grew so 
 rapidly after this that it outgrew the building No. 
 516. No. 518 was then occupied. Here the 
 building so well known as Town Hall was erected. 
 Just after 1856, when Town Hall was completed. 
 Mr. Umberger died. In 1859 John Wanamaker, 
 who had been with Mr. Bennett since 1854, left 
 him to go into business by himself. Mr. Bennett 
 or Colonel Bennett, as he was called after 1859, de- 
 rived his military title from a staff appointment in 
 the old militia of Pennsylvania by Governor Johnson 
 in that year. Colonel Bennett on the outbreak of 
 the Civil War equipped one of the militia regiments 
 with which his name was associated and sent it to 
 the front. The organization became part of the 
 brigade of Colonel William Small. Colonel Bennett 
 withdrew from business in 1879, the possessor of a 
 great fortune. In 1S81 he bought the property on 
 which Fox's Theatre stood, remodelled it under the 
 name of the Chestnut Street Opera House, and by 
 his will left it to the University of Pennsylvania. 
 This and other bequests of his to the University are 
 now in litigation. During his lifetime he presented 
 to the University two houses at the corner of Thirty- 
 fourth and Walnut Streets to be used as a residence 
 for women pursuing work in the graduate schools. 
 Just before his death he bought four adjoining houses 
 with the intention of presenting them, too, to the 
 University, but he died before the transfer could be 
 made. His gifts to the University amounted to over 
 §60,000. He was the founder of the two Joseph 
 M. Bennett Fellowships for women students in the 
 Department of Philosophy. Colonel Bennett died in 
 Philadelphia on September 29, 1898. 
 [Portrait on page 163.] 
 
 WISTAR, Isaac Jones, 1827- 
 
 Benefactor — Founder Wistar Institute of Anatomy. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1827; educated at Haverford 
 College ; studied law and practiced in Philadelphia ; 
 entered U. S. service in 1861, and became Brig. -Gen. of 
 Vols., 1862 ; Pres. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 
 1893- ; Sc.D. Univ. of Pa., 1893. 
 
 ISAAC JONES WISTAR, Benefactor, was born 
 in Philadelphia, November 14, 1S27, son of 
 Caspar Wistar, a graduate of the Medical School of 
 the University of Pennsylvania and a descendant 
 of the distinguished Professor of Anatomy of the 
 same name. After a course of study at Haverford 
 College, Pennsylvania, he studied law and entered 
 practice first at San Francisco and afterwards in 
 
 Philadelphia. In 1S61 he entered the service of 
 the Northern army as Captain of a company in the 
 Seventy-first Pennsylvania Regiment of the United 
 States Volunteers, and serving in the fighting in 
 Maryland and Virginia was advanced to the ranks 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel of the regiment. 
 He was made a Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 
 November 1862, for services at the battle of 
 Antietam, and commanded the Second Division of 
 the Eighteenth Army Corps. Alter the war he re- 
 sumed practice in Philadelphia and became identi- 
 fied with many important business enterprises of the 
 
 ISAAC j. WISTAR 
 
 city. In 1893 he was given the degree of Doctor of 
 Science by the University of Pennsylvania. General 
 Wistar is well known as the founder of the Wistar 
 Institute of Anatomy of that University. From 
 1S93 to 1S97 he was President of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. At present he 
 is Vice-President of the American Philosophical 
 Society, and President of the State Board of Public 
 Charities of Pennsylvania. 
 
 GRAHAM, George Scott, 1850- 
 
 Professor Criminal Law i88g-l8gg. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1850; graduated Law Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1870; member of Select Council of Phila-
 
 UNJI ERSITT OF PENNSriJ'JNU 
 
 411 
 
 delphia, 1877-80; Dist. Atty. of Philadelphia, 1881-99; 
 Prof, of Criminal Law, Univ. of Pa. 1889-99. 
 
 GEORGE SCOTT GRAHAM, I.L.I)., was 
 born in Philadelphia, September 13, 1S50, 
 the son of James ami Sarah Jane (Scott) Graham. 
 After studying in the Philadelphia public schools 
 and under a private tutor, Mr. Graham entered the 
 Department of Law in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, graduating in 1S70. He was admitted to the 
 Bar in 1871. Mr. Graham soon built up a lucrative 
 practice in Philadelphia, and, entering politics as a 
 Republican soon became a member of Select Coun- 
 
 GJ 1 IRGE S. GRAHAM 
 
 cil in 1877. After holding this position for three 
 years Mr. Graham in 1881 became District Vttorney 
 of Philadelphia, remaining in office for eighteen 
 years. In iSSS he was chosen Professor of Crimi- 
 nal Law in the University of Pennsylvania j resign- 
 ing the chair in [899. Mr. Graham is a Mason 
 and a Knights Templar, and a member of the Union 
 League, Art, University and Lawyers' clubs. In 
 1870 Mr. Graham married E. M. Ellis, and in [898 
 Pauline M. Wall. 
 
 Assistant on 2nd Geological Survey of Pa., 1887-89; 
 Inst, in Mining and Metallurgy at the University, i88g- 
 ; Asst. Prof, of Mineralogy and Geology since 
 1895. 
 
 AMOS PEASLEE BROWN, JR., Ph.D., was 
 born in Germantown, Philadelphia, Decem- 
 ber 3, 1S64, son of Amos Peaslee and Frances 
 (Brown) Brown. He graduated at the University 
 
 of Pennsylvania with the degree of Bachelor of 
 Science in 1886, and after one year received the 
 degree of Mining Engineer. From 1887 to 1889 
 Professor Brown was engaged as Assistant on the 
 Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania and then 
 accepted an appointment to an Instructorship in 
 Mining and Metallurgy at the University. Since 
 1895 he has been Assistant Professor of Mineralogy 
 and Geology in the College Department and in 
 1892 he was appointed Professor of Geology and 
 Mineralogy in the Auxiliary Department of Medi- 
 cine of the University, which Professorship he held 
 until this Department was abolished in 1898. He 
 is a member of the American Institute of Mining 
 Engineers, of the Academy of Natural Sciences and 
 Frankiin Institute of Philadelphia, etc. 
 
 BROWN, Amos Peaslee, Jr., 1864- 
 
 Asst. Professor Mineralogy and Geology 1889- 
 Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, 1864; graduated 
 B.S. at Univ. of Pa., 1886; KM.. 1887; Ph.D., 1893; 
 
 COPE, Edward Drinker, 1840-1897. 
 
 Professor Geology and Paleontology 1880,-1897. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1840; studied in Medical Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., and at the Philadelphia Academy of 
 Natural Sciences ; Prof. Comparative Zoology and 
 Botany at Haverford College, 1864-67; U. S. Geologist, 
 1873-75 i recipient of the Bigsby Medal from Royal 
 Geographical Soc, 1879; honorary Ph.D. Heidelberg, 
 1886; Prof. Geology and Palaeontology in Univ. of Pa , 
 1889-97; died in Philadelphia 1897. 
 
 EDWARD DRINKER COPE, Ph.D., former 
 I'rofessor of Geology and Paleontology, was 
 born in Philadelphia, July 28, 1840. the son of 
 Alfred Cope, and the grandson of Thomas l'vm 
 (ope, the well-known Philadelphia merchant. After 
 receiving his preliminary education at the Friends' 
 School at Westown, Chester county, Pennsylvania, 
 he began the study of medicine at the I niversity ol 
 Pennsylvani i. Fie did not graduate there, however, 
 becoming so interested in his independent investi 
 gations at the Academy ol Natural Sciences that he 
 up his intention of becoming a physician. In 
 1859 he went to Washington to study at the Smith- 
 sonian Institute, returning the next yeai to Philadel- 
 phia work again for three years al the Academy. 
 Then followed i y< 11 of study in Europe at all the 
 great museums from London to Vienna, Upon his
 
 41 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 return to America in 1S64 he accepted the Profes- 
 sorship of Comparative Zoology and Botany at 
 Haverford College. This position he resigned in 
 1S67. In 1866 he had taken up the study of the 
 reptiles found in the marl pits in New Jersey, and 
 now he devoted all his time to this work, making a 
 name for himself as a paleontologist. As such he 
 ranked first in America. From the New Jersey 
 dinosaurs he turned next to the Miocene fauna of 
 Maryland and Virginia, and in 1868 he undertook 
 the study of the air-breathing vertebrates for the 
 Ohio Geological Survey. In 1870 he began his 
 
 EDWARD D. COPE 
 
 studies of the wonderful fauna buried in the rocks 
 of Kansas and other Trans-Mississippi states. Some 
 little was known of these strange forms through the 
 labors of Owen and Leidy, but Cope was in reality 
 to open up a new field. In this year, 1870, he 
 visited western Kansas and brought to light the 
 huge reptiles now considered so characteristic of that 
 region. In 1S72 he visited the Bad Lands about 
 the head waters of Green River, Wyoming. His 
 discoveries in these regions brought him such dis- 
 tinction that he was appointed Vertebrate Pale- 
 ontologist of the United States Geological and 
 Geographical Survey of the Territories, under Dr. 
 F. V. Hayden. In 1874 he was appointed to a 
 similar survey of the lands west of the hundredth 
 
 meridian, under Lieutenant Wheeler. Dr. Cope dis- 
 covered over one thousand new species of extinct 
 vertebrates. In the discussion of evolution Dr. 
 Cope consistently advocated the neo-Lamarckian 
 hypothesis. His evolutionary essays were collected 
 in 1887 under the title The Origin of the Fittest. 
 His publications were numerous, comprising about 
 twenty books and three hundred and fifty papers in 
 scientific journals. His honors from scientific 
 societies both here and in Europe were very many. 
 In 1872 he was elected a member of the National 
 Academy of Science, and in 1879 the Royal Geo- 
 graphical Society of Great Britain bestowed upon 
 him the Bigsby gold medal. In 1SS3 he was 
 elected Vice-President of the biological section of 
 the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, and in 1896 he became its President. In 
 1S86 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Philosophy from Heidelberg. In 1889 he became 
 Professor of Geology and Paleontology at the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, and held the position until 
 his death. He was the proprietor of the American 
 Naturalist from 1 S 7 7. In 1866 he married Annie, 
 daughter of Richard 1'ym. He died in Philadelphia, 
 April 1 2, 1897. 
 
 CRAWLEY, Edwin Schofield, 1862- 
 
 Professor Mathematics i8gg- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1862; graduated B.S. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1882; Ph.D., 1892; Instr. in Civil Eng. at the Uni- 
 versity, 1882-85; in Math., 1885-89; Asst. Prof, of 
 Math., 1889-gg ; Thomas A. Scott Prof, of Math., since 
 1899; author of Elements of Trigonometry. 
 
 EDWIN SCHOFIELD CRAWLEY, Ph.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, July 31, 1862, 
 son of Joseph S. and Elmira (Hammell) Crawley. 
 He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1878, 
 and winning the Freshman prize for Mechanical 
 Drawing, and honorable mention for the Freshman 
 Mathematics prize, graduated with the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science in 1882. In 1S92 the Uni- 
 versity conferred the degree of Doctor of Philoso- 
 phy. Immediately upon graduation he entered an 
 Instructorship in Civil Engineering, and in 1S85 
 was transferred to the subject of Mathematics. 
 From 1889 to 1899 he was Assistant Professor of 
 Mathematics and in June 1S99 he was elected to 
 the Thomas A. Scott Professorship of Mathematics. 
 Professor Crawley has published the Elements of 
 Trigonometry. He was a member of the Franklin 
 Scientific Society. He married Annie, daughter of 
 Charles H. Reckefus.
 
 UNll'ERSirr OF PEXXS)/./ JM.l 
 
 413 
 
 GUITERAS, John, 1852 
 
 Professor Pathology 1889-1898. 
 Born in Matanzas, Cuba, 1852 ; graduated La Em- 
 presa College, Cuba, 1867; graduated (M.D.) Univ. of 
 Pa., 1873; physician; Lecturer on Symptomatology 
 Univ. of Pa., 1874 ; member U. S. Yellow Fever Com- 
 mission in Havana, 1879; Prof. Pathology, Univ. of 
 Pa., i88g-i8g8; Chairman Pathological Section in First 
 Pan-Amer. Med. Congress, 1895; Acting Asst. Sur- 
 geon, U. S. A., Santiago Campaign, 1898; Prof. Tropi- 
 cal Diseases, Univ. of Havana, 1900- 
 
 JOHN GUITERAS, M.D., was born in Matanzas, 
 Cuba, January 4, 1852, the son of Eusebio and 
 Josefa (Gener) Guiteras. His ancestry was Spanish. 
 He received his early education at a school called 
 I. a Empresa in Matanzas, graduating in 1S67 with 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the College of 
 the same name. In 1873 he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine from the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and at once became Resident Physician to 
 the Philadelphia Hospital. In 1874 he was ap- 
 pointed Lecturer on Symptomatology at the Univer- 
 sity, and Visiting Physician to the Philadelphia 
 Hospital in 1876. He was a member of the United 
 States Yellow Fever Commission in Havana in 1879. 
 In 1880 he entered the United States Marine Hos- 
 pital Service. I )r. Guiteras became Professor of 
 Pathology in the University of Pennsylvania in 1SS9. 
 He was Chairman of the Pathological Section in the 
 First Pan-American Medical Congress in 1895. 
 When the Spanish War broke out he volunteered as 
 Acting Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army 
 and served during the Santiago Campaign in 1898. 
 He became Professor of Tropical Diseases in the 
 University of Havana in 1900. Dr. Guiteras is a 
 member of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, 
 the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and the 
 Association of American Physicians. He was mar- 
 ried on May 5, 1883, to Dolores Gener, and has 
 one daughter, Milagros Guiteras. 
 
 HARRIS, Joseph Smith, 1836- 
 
 Trustee 1889 
 Born at Frazer, Pa., 1836; graduated Central High 
 School, Philadelphia, 1853 ; civil engineer ; engaged for 
 ten years in making coast and international boundary 
 surveys; civil and mining engineer in Pottsville, Pa., 
 1864-68; in railway business since 1868; Mgr. Central 
 R. R. of N. J., 1880-82 ; Pres. Lehigh Coal & Navigation 
 Co., 1882-93 ; Pres. Philadelphia & Reading Railway 
 Co., since 1893; Trustee of the University since i88g. 
 
 JOSEPH SM 11 II II \RRIS. President of the 
 Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company, 
 was bom at Frazer, Chester county, Pennsylvania, 
 
 April 2(j, 1836. It is worth noting that all of Mr. 
 Harris' ancestors from the date of their arrival in 
 America lived wholly or at least for a part of their 
 lives in Chester county. His parents were Stephen 
 and Marianne (Smith) Hams. The Harris familv re- 
 sided in the seventeenth century in Wiltshire, England. 
 They seem to have dwelt for a few years in Antrim, 
 Ireland, whence the great-grandfather of the subject 
 of this sketch, Thomas Harris, emigrated in 1747. 
 He settled in Chester county, where he became a 
 prosperous farmer. His son. William Harris, Joseph 
 Smith Harris' grandfather, was also a I !h< ster county 
 
 I' s. 
 
 firmer ami held during his life a number of minor 
 public offices. He was a member of the State 
 Legislature in 1770 and [780, and again in 1810 
 and 1811. He was a Captain during the Revolu- 
 tion, and remaining in the military sen -ice rose to 
 the rank of Brigadier-General, dying at the outbreak 
 of the War of 1812. Joseph Smith Harris' father, 
 Stephen Harris, who also lived at the old Harris 
 homestead in Chester county, was educated at the 
 Chester County Academy, graduating at the 1 
 versity of Pennsylvania with the degree <A Doctoi 
 of Medicine in [819, He was a practicing physician 
 throughout his life. ( >n his mother's side Mr. Harris' 
 n). 1 stors in the Mu ill 1 famil) »< re of s. ot< h desi , m. 
 I lis greal gn it I father, John Smith, emigrated
 
 414 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 from Ireland to Chester county in 1720. John's 
 son, Robert Smith, was engaged in the military ser- 
 vice throughout the Revolution, and from 1777 to 
 1 786 was Lieutenant of Chester county. He ranked 
 as Colonel, and had charge of raising, arming and 
 provisioning the military contingent of his district 
 throughout the war. Robert's son, Joseph Smith, 
 Joseph Smith Harris' maternal grandfather, was an 
 iron merchant in Philadelphia. On his mother's side 
 Mr. Harris is also descended from Persifor Frazer, 
 who was his great-grandfather, a prominent mer- 
 chant and iron master, who became an officer of the 
 Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, 
 holding at the time of his retirement the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. Mr. Harris received his early 
 education in the schools of Chester county and 
 Philadelphia, and was graduated from the Central 
 High School of Philadelphia in 1853. Choosing 
 the profession of a civil engineer, he was attached 
 for a time to the engineer corps of the North Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad. In 1854 he joined the Lmited 
 States Coast Survey, being engaged in this branch of 
 the government service for three years. In 1857 
 he was appointed astronomical assistant to the 
 United States Northwest Boundary Commission 
 which fixed the boundary between the United States 
 and British Columbia as far east as the summit of 
 the Rocky Mountains. This position he held until 
 1864, being for a time, in 1862, in command of the 
 United States Steamer Sachem which was attached 
 to Farragut's fleet in the Mississippi River cam- 
 paign. From 1864 to 1868 Mr. Harris was a civil 
 and mining engineer at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, in 
 the anthracite coal regions. During those years he 
 was largely engaged in railroad work which since 
 that time has been his chief occupation. He was 
 Chief Engineer of the Morris and Essex Railroad 
 from 1868 to 1870; Associate Engineer of the 
 Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Company, 
 from 1871 to 1877; Superintendent and Engineer 
 of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, from 
 1877 to 1S80. In 1S80 he was appointed General 
 Manager of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, 
 which office he held until 1882, when he was elected 
 President of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Com- 
 pany. For eleven years he retained his position. 
 In 1893, when a change was made in the manage- 
 ment of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 
 he was chosen to the Presidency of that company, 
 which position he still holds. Mr. Harris married 
 Delia Silliman Brodhead in June 1865. They have 
 five children : Marian Frazer ; George Brodhead, 
 
 Treasurer of the Reading Iron Company, and a grad- 
 uate of the University of Pennsylvania in the Class 
 of 1888; Frances Brodhead, the wife of Reynolds 
 Driver Brown, Professor of Law in the University ; 
 Clinton Gardner, an architect and a graduate of the 
 University in the Class of 1893, and Madeline 
 Vaughan Harris. The two younger daughters are 
 graduates of Bryn Mawr College. 
 
 PEARSON, Leonard, 1868- 
 
 Prof. Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine i8gi- 
 
 Born in Evansville, Ind., 1868; graduated B.S., 
 Cornell, 1888; V.M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1890; studied at 
 Imperial Veterinary School, Germany. i8go-gi ; Prot. 
 Theory and Practice of Veterinary Med., Univ. of Pa., 
 since 1891 ; Dean of Veterinary Dept. of the Univer- 
 sity, 1897 to date ; State Veterinarian of Pa., 1896 to 
 date; Pres. American Veterinary Soc, 1899-1900. 
 
 LEONARD PEARSON, V.M.D., was born in 
 Evansville, Indiana, August 17, 1868. His 
 parents were Leonard Pearson, born in Byfiekl, 
 Massachusetts, in 1828, a descendant of an English 
 family which came from England in r&35 to Salem, 
 Massachusetts, and Lucy Small (Jones) Pearson. 
 His mother's family came from Wales about 1 740. 
 Dr. Pearson's early education was received in private 
 schools and at the High School in Sedalia, Missouri. 
 I nirring Cornell as a student of Science and Agri- 
 culture he was graduated with the degree of Bache- 
 lor of Science in 1888. From Cornell Dr. Pearson 
 passed to the University of Pennsylvania as a student 
 in Veterinary Medicine, receiving the degree of 
 Doctor of Veterinary Medicine in 1890. For a feu- 
 months he was Resident Surgeon at the Veterinary 
 Hospital at the University of Pennsylvania, but in 
 July 1890 went to Europe, pursuing studies at the 
 Imperial Veterinary School in Berlin for one year. 
 Upon his return he was appointed Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of the Theory and Practice of Veterinary 
 Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania and 
 Professor in 1894, a position he still holds at this 
 date. In the meantime he actively engaged in 
 general and special veterinary practice, and in 1897 
 was elected Dean of the Veterinary Department at 
 the University of Pennsylvania, an office which he 
 continues to occupv. For two years from 1S94 Dr. 
 Pearson was Consulting Veterinarian of the Depart- 
 ment of Health of Philadelphia, and since 1896 he 
 has been the State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania. 
 From 1S93 to 1895 he was President of the Penn- 
 sylvania Veterinary Society and for the year 1899-
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 4'5 
 
 1900 was President of the American Veterinary 
 Society. Dr. Pearson is a member of the University 
 Club and the Faculty Club of Philadelphia. 
 
 LEA, Henry Charles, 1825- 
 
 Benefactor. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1825; early education in Phila- 
 delphia; LL.D. Univ. of Pa., 1868; LL.D. Harvard, 
 i8go; LL.D. Princeton, 1896; Donor of the Univ. 
 Laboratory of Hygiene ; author and publisher. 
 
 HENRY CHARLES LEA, I L.D., Author and 
 Publisher, was born in Philadelphia, Sep- 
 tember, 19, 1825, son of Isaac Lea, LL.D., the 
 
 111 NRY C. LEA 
 
 eminent naturalist and publisher. Mr. Lea was 
 educated by private teachers, and when seventeen 
 years old, entered the publishing house of his 
 father, of which he later became proprietor until 
 r88o, when he retired from business. In 18S9, the 
 urgent need being apparent for a separate laboratorj 
 for the study of Hygiene at the University, Mr. Lea 
 volunteered to present such a building on the fol- 
 lowing conditions : the completed laboratory was 
 to be at once adequately equipped and endowed, 
 the study of Hygiene was to be required in certain 
 specified courses, and the Trustees were to extend the 
 Medical course from three years to four. These' 
 conditions being agreed to and the land set apart, 
 
 the construction of the building commenced at 
 once under the personal direction of Mr. Lea and 
 Dr. John S. Hillings, who had been appointed 
 Director. The Laboratory of Hygiene was formally 
 opened for use February 22, 1892. Mr. Lea is 
 a corresponding member of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, a fellow of the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member 
 of the American Philosophical Society, of the 
 Royal Academy of Bavaria, of the Royal Society 
 of Antiquaries of Scotland, the Royal Society of 
 History of Rome, and of numerous other learned 
 bodies. He holds the degree of Doctor of Laws 
 from the Universities of Pennsylvania, of Harvard 
 and of Princeton. For many years he has been an 
 industrious and able author ; his first writings were 
 papers on Chemistry and Conchology. His writ- 
 ings for the past forty years have been directed 
 chiefly towards historical topics, ami among the 
 works of this nature maybe mentioned: Supersti- 
 tion and Force ; Studies in Church History : An 
 Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy ; A History 
 of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages; A History of 
 Auricular Confession anil Indulgences; Chapters 
 from the Religious History of Spain and a Formu- 
 lary of the Papal Penitentiary in the Thirteenth 
 Century. 
 
 CHEYNEY, Edward Potts, 1861- 
 
 Professor of European History 1897- 
 Born in Wallingford, Pa., 1861 ; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1883; Instr. in History, 1884-gi ; Asst. Prof., 1881- 
 97, Prof, since 1897; author of numerous works on 
 historical and social subjects. 
 
 EDWARD POTTS CHEYNEY, A.M., author 
 of the History of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania which forms the first part of this volume, was 
 born in Wallingford, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, 
 January 17, 1861, the son of Waldron J. and Fanny 
 ( I'otts) Cheyncy. I lis ancestors on his father's side 
 came from England in 1728 and settled as fanners 
 in Thornbury Township. Chester county, I'ennsvl 
 vania, where the family lived continuously, active in 
 membership in the Episcopal Church and on the 
 side of the patriots in the Revolution. His mother's 
 family were members of the Society of friends and 
 were residents of Philadelphia from 1 740. Edward 
 I'otts Cheyney was educated in public and private 
 schools in the country and in Philadelphia until the 
 fall of 1875, when he left school to take a position 
 in the Bureau of Agriculture of the Centennial l'\ 
 position, in which he remained until its close ill
 
 4 1 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 1876. He then resumed preparation for College 
 anil entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1S79, 
 taking the Arts course. As an undergraduate, he 
 was awarded a junior mathematical prize and honor- 
 able mention for the Greek prize in the same year, 
 was Editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine, member 
 of the Philomathean Society and Class President. 
 He graduated with high honors, being chosen a 
 member of the Phi Beta Kappa, and receiving 
 honorable mention for the Joseph Warner Vardley 
 Memorial prize. After some months of travel in 
 Europe, Mr. Cheyney returned to take a post- 
 
 e. p. cheyni \ 
 
 graduate course in the Wharton School of Finance 
 and Economy, and published .1 paper on " Early 
 American Land Tenures " and, as a thesis, a mono- 
 graph on "The Anti-Rent Agitation in the State of 
 New York, 1839-1842." Upon taking the degree 
 of Master of Arts in 1884, Mr. Cheyney was 
 appointed Instructor in European History in the 
 University of Pennsylvania, continuing as Instructor 
 until 1891, when he was made Assistant Professor, 
 and was appointed Professor of the same subject in 
 1897. He still occupies the Chair of European 
 History. In 1S94 Professor Cheyney made another 
 visit abroad, observing the methods of Seminar 
 teaching in the German Universities, and in England 
 making preparatory studies for his work on " Social 
 
 Changes in England in the Sixteenth Century," 
 which is now in course of publication by the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania. Professor Cheyney has served 
 for a number of years with his colleagues of the 
 Department of History in the University, as Editor 
 of the " Translations and Reprints," of which he has 
 prepared six volumes, and has been a frequent con- 
 tributor to critical and economic periodicals, notably 
 the American Historical Review and the Annals of 
 the American Academy of Political and Social Sci- 
 ence, as well as a lecturer in connection with the 
 University Extension movement. He is a member 
 of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the Ameri- 
 can Historical Association, and of the Board of 
 Managers of the University Alumni Association, of 
 which last he has been Secretary for the past five 
 years. He married June 8, 18S6, Gertrude Levis 
 Squires, of Philadelphia, by whom he has three 
 children. 
 
 DANA, Charles Edmund, 1843- 
 
 Professor of Art i8go- 
 Born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., 1843; graduated Union 
 College as Civil Engineer. 1865; Prof, of Art in the 
 University since 1890. 
 
 CHARLES EDMUND DANA was born in 
 Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, January 18, 1843, 
 son of General Edmund Lovell and Sarah Helen 
 ( Peters) Dana, and a descendant of Richard Dana, 
 who settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1640. 
 Professor Dana graduated at Union College in 
 Schenectady, New York, as a Civil Engineer in the 
 Class of 1865. He was appointed Professor of Art 
 in the University of Pennsylvania in 1S90 and is 
 connected with many art clubs and societies. He 
 is President of the Fellowship of the Alumni of the 
 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Vice-President 
 of the Fairmount Park Art Association, of the Art 
 Clubs of New York City and a member of the 
 American Philosophical Society, the American 
 Academy of Political and Social Science, the Nu- 
 mismatic and Antiquarian societies of Philadelphia, 
 etc., the Loyal Legion, the Aztec Club of 1 N 4 7 , 
 the Sons of the Revolution and the Founders' and 
 Patriots' Society. He also belongs to several social 
 clubs in Philadelphia, including the Rittenhouse, 
 the Art and the Philadelphia Barge clubs. In the 
 Department of Architecture Professor Dana delivers 
 to advanced students courses on water-color render- 
 ing of architectural perspectives. In 1870 he was 
 married to Emilie H. Woodbury of Wilkesbarre, and 
 has one daughter, Milicent W. Dana.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSl'Ll'JM.l 
 
 4'7 
 
 WEYGANDT, Cornelius, 1871- 
 
 Instructor English 1897- 
 Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, 1871 ; graduated 
 College Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1891 ; reporter on Philadel- 
 phia Record, 1892-93; Assoc. Editor of Philadelphia 
 Eve. Telegraph, 1893-97 ; Instr. in English Univ. of 
 Pa., 1897 to date. 
 
 CORNELIUS WEYGANDT, was horn in 
 Germantown, Philadelphia, December 13, 
 1871, the son of Cornelius Nolenand Lucy Elmaker 
 (Thomas) Weygandt. His father, who is President 
 
 of the Western National Dank of Philadelphia, is the 
 great-grandson of Cornelius Weygandt who came to 
 
 structor of English which position he still holds. 
 Mr. Weygandt was married in June 1900 to Sara M. 
 Roberts. 
 
 1 I IRNELIUS WEYGANDT 
 
 Germantown from the Palatinate in 1736. His 
 mother's grandfather, Isaac Thomas, was one of 
 the first iron masters of the Schuylkill Valley. Mr. 
 Weygandt received his early education at the old 
 Germantown Academy, from which he passed to the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1887, graduating from 
 the College Department with the degree of Bachelor 
 of Arts in 1891. He continued his studies there in 
 the Post-graduate Department in 1891-1892, and 
 then joined the city stafl ol the Philadelphia Rei ord, 
 He retained his connection with that newspaper for 
 a year. In [893 he became Associate Editor of the 
 Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. He was engaged 
 here in dramatic and literary criticism and other 
 forms of newspaper writing until 1897, when he 
 returned to the University of Pennsylvania as En- 
 voi,. 1. — 27 
 
 DAY, Frank Miles, 1861- 
 
 Lecturer on Architecture 1888- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1861 ; graduated B.S., Univ. of 
 Pa., 1883; studied at So. Kensington Sch. of Arts and 
 at Royal Acad, of Arts, London, Eng., 1883-85; Lect. 
 on Architecture at the University and Lecturer at the 
 Pa. Academy of the Fine Arts. 
 
 FRANK MILES DAY, Architect, was born 
 in Philadelphia, April 5, 1861, son of Charles 
 and Anna Rebecca (.Miles) Day. Entering the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1879 he won the 
 Freshman prize for Mechanical I (rawing, and 
 graduated Bachelor of Science in 1S83, having 
 the distinction of being both President and Vale- 
 dictorian of his class. The years immediately fol- 
 lowing graduation were spent in the study of 
 Architecture by means of travel in Europe and at 
 the South Kensington School of Arts and at the 
 Royal Academy of Arts in London, England. Re- 
 turning to America in 1885, he entered the practice 
 of his profession in Philadelphia in 1888, and was 
 appointed Lecturer on Architecture to the Univer- 
 sity. Mr. Day is Vice-President of the American 
 Institute of Architects, and a member of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society. From his pen has ap- 
 peared The Microscopic Examination of Timber 
 with Regard to Its Strength, and other works on 
 architectural topics. 
 
 MEIGS, Arthur Vincent, 1850- 
 
 Trustee 1890-1893. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1850 ; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 Medical School, 1871 ; Resident Phys. to Pa. Hosp., 
 1872 ; Attending Phys. to Children's Hosp. since 1879, 
 and to Pa. Hosp. since 1881 ; Consulting Phys. to Pa. 
 Inst, for Blind ; Trustee of the Univ., 1890-93 ; practic- 
 ing physician in Philadelphia. 
 
 ARTHUR VINCENT MEIGS, M.I >.. was born 
 in Philadelphia, November 1, 1850, son of 
 Dr. John Forsyth and Ann Wilcocks (Ingersoll) 
 Meigs. He entered the Academic Department of 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1866, and after 
 two years transferred to the Medical School, nrhi re 
 he graduated in 1871 at the age of twenty -one. 
 Since then besides conducting a successful pi i< 
 in Philadelphia he has performed hospital servii 1 
 Resident Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital in 
 1872, Attending Physician to the < hildren's Hospi 
 tal for some time aftei [879, and to the Penn-
 
 4i8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sylvania Hospital since 1881, and as Consulting Phy- 
 sician to the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind. 
 From 1890 until 1893 Dr. Meigs served on the 
 Board of University Trustees. He is a fellow of 
 the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and a 
 member of the Philomathean Society, the Pathologi- 
 cal Society of Philadelphia, the Obstetrical Society 
 of Philadelphia (formerly), the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society, the Association of American Physi- 
 cians and the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of 
 the Revolution. His publications include a mono- 
 graph on Milk Analysis and Infant Feeding and one 
 entitled The Origin of Disease, and various papers in 
 the Reports of the Transactions of the College of 
 Physicians of Philadelphia and of the Philadelphia 
 County Medical Society. Dr. Meigs married 
 Mary Roberts, daughter of Edward Browning of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 PATTERSON, Christopher Stuart, 1842- 
 
 Prof, of Law 1887-98 ; Dean of Law Dept. 1890-96. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1842; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 i860; admitted to the Bar, 1865; Sergt. in 1st Regt. 
 Philadelphia Light Artill., 1863; Inspector State Peni- 
 tentiary, 1884; Prof, of Law at the University, 1887; 
 Dean of the Law Dept., 1890-96; Director, Pa. R. R. 
 Co., 1895; Pres., Commercial Trust Co., 1900. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER STUART PATTERSON, 
 formerly Professor of Law and Dean of the 
 Law Department, was born in Philadelphia, June 24, 
 1S42, son of Joseph and Jane (Cuyler) Patterson. 
 He entered the Sophomore Class in the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1857, became Vice-President of 
 his Class and President of the Zelosophic Society 
 and graduated in i860, receiving the Master of Arts 
 degree in course. Subsequently he studied law and 
 was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1S65, 
 entering practice in Philadelphia. From 1887 until 
 1898 he was Professor of the Law of Real Estate 
 and Conveyancing and Professor of Constitutional 
 Law, and in 1S90 was appointed to the office of 
 Dean of the Law Department in which position he 
 continued until 1896. Professor Patterson was 
 Inspector of the State Penitentiary in Philadelphia 
 from 1SS4 to 1 89 1. In 1863 he became a Ser- 
 geant in Landis' First Battery of Philadelphia Light 
 Artillery, and was wounded in the Gettysburg cam- 
 paign. He has published Treatises on Railway Ac- 
 cident Law, and on Constitutional Law, and many 
 pamphlets on historical and political topics. Mr. 
 Patterson is a member of the American Philosophi- 
 cal Society, the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of 
 the Revolution and the Delta Psi and Phi Beta 
 
 Kappa fraternities. He married Ellen, daughter 
 of George H. Stuart of Philadelphia. Mr. Patterson 
 is a member of the Union League Club, the Phila- 
 delphia Club and the Century Association of New 
 York, and in 1897 and 1898 he was President of 
 the Union League. In 1893 ^ lr - Patterson retired 
 from practice at the Bar and has devoted himself to 
 banking and railroads. Since 1895 he has been a 
 Director of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company and 
 Vice-President of the Western Saving Fund Society 
 and since 1900 President of the Commercial Trust 
 
 C. STUART PATTERSON 
 
 Company of Philadelphia. Mr. Patterson presided 
 over the Indianapolis Monetary Convention of 1897, 
 and was a member of the Monetary Commission 
 appointed under the resolutions of the convention. 
 
 MILLS, Charles Karsner, 1845- 
 
 Prof. Mental Diseases, and George B. Wood Prof. Medical Juris- 
 prudence. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1845; graduated Central High 
 School, 1864; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1869; Ph.D., 1871 ; 
 Prof. Nervous Diseases in Philadelphia Polyclinic and 
 in Woman's Med. College of Pa. ; Prof. Mental Dis- 
 eases and George B. Wood Prof. Med. Jurisprudence, 
 Univ. of Pa. ; author of many important works on 
 medical subjects. 
 
 CHARLES KARSNER MILLS, M.D., Ph. D., 
 Neurologist, was born at the Falls of Schuyl- 
 kill, Philadelphia, December 4, 1S45. He is a son
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 419 
 
 of James Mills, a native of Wiltshire, England, and 
 Lavinia Ann (Fitzgerald) Mills. Graduating at the 
 Philadelphia Central High School in 1S64, he en- 
 listed for the state's defence, serving for a time with 
 the Pennsylvania militia during the Civil War. He 
 later entered the Medical School of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, receiving the Doctor's degree in 
 1869. As a recognition of his further studies in his 
 science the same institution conferred the degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy upon him in 1S71. He has 
 been a member ami officer of numerous scientific 
 and medical associations. Among other offices 
 held by Dr. Mills are: President of the American 
 Neurological Association, President of the Phila- 
 delphia Neurological Society and President of the 
 Medical Jurisprudence Society of Philadelphia. He 
 was at lirst engaged in the practice of general medi- 
 cine but soon became interested in neurology, and 
 since 1885 has devoted himself entirely to nervous 
 diseases and insanity. He has been Professor of 
 Nervous Diseases in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and 
 in the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania 
 and for several years now has been Professor of 
 Mental Diseases in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He also occupies the George IS. Wood Chair of 
 Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. Mills is the author of 
 many monographs and papers chiefly on neurological 
 subjects. He is also the author of several books, the 
 most important of which is a treatise on Diseases of 
 the Drain and Cranial Nerves, being the first part 
 of a general work on the nervous system and its 
 diseases. lie is frequently engaged in medico-legal 
 work and has had a hand in many notable cases of 
 this character. Dr. Mills is a member of the Uni- 
 versity Club of Philadelphia. In 1873 he married 
 Clara Elizabeth Peale by whom he has three sons 
 and one daughter. 
 
 PEPPER, George S., 1808-1890. 
 
 Benefactor 1890. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1808; studied at Princeton; 
 read law in the office of Horace Binney; Chairman of 
 Building Com. of Philadelphia Acad, of Music, 1857 ; 
 Pres. Philadelphia Acad, of Fine Arts ; founder of 
 Pepper Professorship of Hygiene in Med. Dept., Univ. 
 of Pa. ; died 1890. 
 
 GEORGE s. PEPPER was born in Philadel 
 I'lui, June 11, 1808, the son of George 
 Pepper, lie received his education at Princeton 
 and then entered the law-office of Horace I'.innev. 
 He was admitted in the Bar, but never practiced. 
 He devoted In, time prim ipally to the management 
 
 of the estate left by his father but he was also much 
 interested in a number of Philadelphia institutions. 
 He was one of the projectors of the Academy of 
 Music, acting as Chairman of the Building Com- 
 mittee when the Academy was put up in 1S57. He 
 was afterwards its President. At the time of his 
 death he was President of the Academy of Fine 
 Arts, having been elected on the death of James L. 
 Claghorn. He was President of the Rittenhouse 
 Club, a member of the Union League, a Director of 
 the Investment Company of Philadelphia, and of 
 the United States Security & Trust Company. He 
 
 GEO. s. PEPPER 
 
 died May 2, 1890. Although Mr. Pepper never 
 had any official connection with the University of 
 Pennsylvania he was always deeply interested in its 
 welfare. In his will he left $60,000 to endow the 
 Pepper Professorship of Hygiene ami over $70,000 
 to the University Hospital. The University was 
 also his residuary legatee and the fund thus acquired 
 now amounts to over $30,000. 
 
 FALKNER, Roland Post, 1866- 
 
 Assoc. Professor Statistics 1891- 
 Born in Bridgeport, Conn., 1866; graduated, Ph.B., 
 Univ. of Pa., 1885; Ph.D. Univ. of Halle, Germany, 
 1888; Instr. in Accounting and Statistics at the Univcr-
 
 420 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sity, 1888-gi ; Assoc. Prof, of Statistics since 1891 ; 
 author of Statistics of Prison Reform, Statistics of 
 Corporations, etc. 
 
 ROLAND POST FALKNER, Ph.D., was born 
 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, April 14, 1866, 
 son of Rev. John Blake and Helen Moore (Butler) 
 Falkner. Entering the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1S83, he won the Alumni Junior Declamation 
 prize and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of 
 Philosophy in 1885. The next three years were 
 spent in Germany at the Universities of Halle, Ber- 
 lin and Leipzig. In 1888 he received the degree 
 of Doctor of Philosophy at Halle, after special re- 
 search work in statistical science. Returning to 
 America in 1SS8 he was appointed Instructor in 
 Accounting and Statistics in the University, and in 
 1 89 1 was promoted to his present rank as Associate 
 Professor of Statistics. Professor Falkner was in 
 1891 Secretary to the sub-committee of the United 
 States Senate Committee on Finance, appointed to 
 investigate the effect of the McKinley Tariff upon 
 wages and upon the cost of living, which published 
 the well-known Aldrich Report. In 1892 he was 
 appointed Secretary to the American delegation to 
 the International Monetary Conference, and acted 
 as Secretary to the Conference. He was Secretary 
 of the American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science from 1S91 to 1896 and Vice-President and 
 Acting President from 1896 to 1898. He is also 
 a member of the International Statistical Institute 
 (a body limited to one hundred and fifty members), 
 the Delta Phi Fraternity, the American Economic 
 Association and the American Statistical Association. 
 From 1890 to 1896 he was Associate Editor, and 
 since the latter date has been Editor of the Annals 
 of the American Academy of Political Science, and 
 besides being the author of a translation of Meitzen's 
 History of the Theory and Technique of Statistics 
 has written numerous essays on statistics of crime, 
 corporations, prices, wages, money etc., appearing 
 in the Annals of the Academy of Political and 
 Social Science, the publications of the American 
 Statistical Association and the American Economic 
 Association, the Forum and other periodicals. 
 
 PIERSOL, George Arthur, 1856- 
 
 Professor Anatomy 1891. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1856; graduated C.E., Poly- 
 technic College of Pa., 1874; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1877 ; 
 connected with Histological Lab. of the University and 
 Ophthalmological Dept. of the University Hosp., 1877- 
 84; conducted researches in Germany, 1886-88; Prof. 
 
 Histology and Embryology in the University, 1890-91 ; 
 Prof, of Anatomy i8gi to date. 
 
 GEORGE ARTHUR PIERSOL, M.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, May 17, 1S56. He 
 is the son of Jeremiah M. Piersol, who came of an 
 English family, and Minna (Elliger) Piersol, of Ger- 
 man birth. Dr. Piersol received his early instruction 
 at Fewsmith's School in Philadelphia, and entering 
 the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, was gradu- 
 ated with the degree of Civil Engineer in 1874. Hav- 
 ing decided upon the study of medicine he matricu- 
 lated in the University of Pennsylvania, graduating 
 
 GEORGE A. PIERSOL 
 
 from the Medical Department in 1877. Immedi- 
 ately upon receiving his doctor's degree he con- 
 nected himself with the Histological Laboratory of 
 the University and with the Ophthalmological De- 
 partment of the University Hospital. In 1884 he 
 was appointed Demonstrator of Histology, a con- 
 nection that he retained until 1890. In 1886 he 
 determined to devote his entire time to scientific 
 work and going abroad spent two years in study and 
 research in histology and embryology in the labora- 
 tories of Germany. Returning home in 1888 he 
 resumed his teaching at the University. Two years 
 later he was appointed Professor of Histology and 
 Embryology. This position he held for only one 
 year, for in 1891 he was elected Professor of
 
 UNiyi'.RsiTV OF PENNSTLVAM.l 
 
 421 
 
 Anatomy in the University, a Chair which he still 
 occupies. Professor i'iersol is a Fellow of the 
 College of Physicians of Philadelphia and is a 
 member of a number of clubs and societies, among 
 others: the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia, the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, 
 the American Philosophical Society, the Association 
 of American Anatomists, the Pennsylvania Chapter 
 of the Sigma Xi Fraternity and the Union League of 
 Philadelphia. He is a prolific writer on subjects 
 pertaining to his own branches of the medical sci- 
 ence. Dr. Piersol has been twice married, first in 
 1879 to Anne Wessel Steel, by whom he has three 
 children, and second, in 1898, to Florence Lukens 
 Reeder. by whom he has had one son. 
 
 GRIFFITH, John Price Crozer, 1856- 
 
 Clinical Prof. Diseases of Children 1891- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1856; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1877; M.D. and Ph.D., 1881 ; studied 
 abroad; Asst. Dem. Histology in the Univ., 1882-86; 
 Instr. Clinical Medicine, 1887-91 ; Clinical Prof. Dis- 
 eases of Children since 1891 ; Asst. Phys. to Univ. 
 Hosp., 1887-91 ; Prof. Clinical Med. in Philadelphia 
 Polyclinic, 1891-97; has held many important hospital 
 appointments. 
 
 JOHN 1 PRICE CROZER GRIFFITH, M.I)., 
 Ph.D., was born in Philadelphia January 5, 
 1856; son of Rev. Benjamin and Elizabeth (Crozer) 
 Griffith. He graduated from the College Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1887, 
 taking first in the first class of honors in his class, 
 and from the Medical School in r.881, being 
 awarded the first prize for a medical thesis at gradu- 
 ation, equally with Dr. William Robinson, and the 
 George 1!. Wood Alumni Prize in the Department 
 of Philosophy, equally with Dr. Louis J. Louten- 
 bach, for thesis containing the results of original 
 investigation. In that year he was also made a 
 D01 lor of Philosophy. He practiced his profession 
 for one year and then spent two years in study in 
 fori ign schools. lie then returned in Philadelphia 
 where he has continued to practice. Dr. Griffith's 
 connection with the teaching force of the University 
 commenced in [882, when he was appointed Assist- 
 ant Demonstratoi I Histology; from that position 
 he was transferred in 1887 to an [nstructorship in 
 Clinical Medicine, in which he continued until 
 advanced to his present office of Clinical Professor 
 of the I Hseases of ( Ihildren in [891. He also acted 
 1 i Assistant Phj >ii i in to the I ni\ ersitj Ho ipital 
 from 1887 to [891. Dr. Griffith has since gi idua 
 
 tion been continuously engaged in hospital work in 
 various important positions. He was Resident 
 Physician of the Presbyterian Hospital, 1881-1882 ; 
 Physician to the Philadelphia Dispensary, 1883- 
 1884 and 1885— 1886; Physician to the Southern 
 Home for Children, 1883-1895 ; Physician to St. 
 Clement's Hospital for several years after 1SS6; 
 Physician to the Medical Dispensary of St. Mary's 
 Hospital 1887-1888; Pathologist to the Presi 
 rian Hospital 1888-1895; Attending Physician to 
 the Howard Hospital r.889-189'6 ; Physician to the 
 Rush Hospital for Consumption 189 1 and 1S92- 
 
 |c ni\ P. C. GRIl I II II 
 
 1899; and he now holds the following positions: 
 Consulting Physician to the Baptist Orphanage; 
 Visiting Physician to St. Agnes Hospital ; Physician 
 to the Medical Dispells, 11 \ of the- Children's Hos- 
 pital ; Visiting Physician to the ( Ihildren's 1 fospital ; 
 Consulting Physician to the- Woman Hospital; 
 Visiting Physician to the Methodisl Hospital. He 
 was aKo until about three years ago Professoi ol 
 Clinical Medicine in the Philadelphia Polyclinic. 
 Dr. Griffith is a membei ol the Association of Amer- 
 ic in Pin lie mm , the \111.Ti. in Pedi itri< 
 the \ 1 1 1 . 1 ii in Medii al \ ociation ; 1 he V< adi mj ol 
 Natural Sciences ; the Philadelphia Count) Medical 
 
 S :ty : the Philadelphia Pediatrii S01 iet) . the 
 
 Philadelphia Neurological S01 Philadelphia
 
 422 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Pathological Society ; and is a fellow of the College 
 of Physicians of Philadelphia. While in College he 
 joined the Philomathean Society, the Delta Psi 
 Fraternity, the Franklin Scientific Society, and later 
 the Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. He married Julia 
 E., daughter of Barton Howard Jenks (Class of 
 1846). 
 
 SCHELLING, Felix Emmanuel, 1858- 
 
 Professor History and English Literature. 
 Born in New Albany. Ind., 1858; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1881 ; LL.B., 1883; A.M., 1885; Ph.D., Franklin 
 and Marshall, 1898; practicing lawyer until 1886; Inst, 
 in English at the University, 1886-89; Asst. Prof. Eng. 
 Lit., 1889-91, and Prof., 1891-93; John Welsh Centen- 
 nial Prof, of History and Eng. Lit. since 1893; author 
 and Editor. 
 
 FELIX EMMANUEL SCHELLING, Author 
 and Editor, was born in New Albany, Indiana. 
 September 3, 1S5S, son of Felix and Rose (White) 
 Schelling. He entered the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania as a Sophomore in 1887, became Chairman of 
 the Class Record Committee and Class Poet, and 
 graduated Bachelor of Arts in 18S1 ; he took the 
 Master's degree in 1885. His graduation from the 
 College Department was followed by law study, and 
 graduating Bachelor of Laws in 1883, he engaged 
 in practice in Philadelphia. After three years, how- 
 ever, he abandoned the law profession and accepted 
 an appointment to the teaching force of the Univer- 
 sity, where he has held successively the positions of 
 Instructor in English 1SS6-1SS9, Assistant Profes- 
 sor of English Literature 1889-1890, Professor of 
 the same 1 890-1 893, and John Welsh Centennial 
 Professor of History and English Literature since 
 1S93. Professor Schelling has published the follow- 
 ing literary works : Poetic and Verse Criticism of 
 the Reign of Elizabeth ; The Discoveries of Ben 
 Jonson ; Life and Writings of George Gascoigne ; A 
 Book of Elizabethan Lyrics, a Book of Seventeenth 
 Century Lyrics, The English Chronicle Play, and 
 numerous articles contributed to different periodi- 
 cals. In College he was a member of the Philoma- 
 thean Society and the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and 
 Phi Beta Kappa. He married Caroline, daughter 
 of James Alexander Derbyshire of Philadelphia. 
 
 and Dean of the College Faculty since 1897 ; Lect. in 
 University Extension Society, Philadelphia Dist. 
 
 JOSIAH HARMAR PENNIMAN, Ph.D., Dean 
 of the College Faculty, was born in Concord, 
 Massachusetts, July 20, 1868, son of James Lan- 
 man and Maria Davis (Hosmer) Penniman. Enter- 
 ing the College Department of the University in 
 1S86, he became Moderator of the Philomathean 
 Society, Editor-in-Chief of the Pennsylvanian and a 
 member of the Class Record Committee, and being 
 awarded the Freshman Greek prize of the first rank 
 and the Junior Greek and Mathematics prizes, 
 
 PENNIMAN, Josiah Harmar, 1868- 
 
 Asst. Prof. English and Dean of College 1897- 
 Born in Concord, Mass., 1868 ; graduated A.B. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1890; Ph.D. Univ. of Pa.. 1895; Inst, in English 
 at the University 1891-96; Asst. Prof, of English Lit. 
 
 JOSIAH H. PENNIMAN 
 
 graduated as Valedictorian of the Class of 1890. 
 In 1895 he received the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy from the Liniversity of Pennsylvania. In 
 1 89 1 he was appointed to the teaching force of the 
 University in the capacity of Instructor in English, 
 and in 1896 he was advanced from that position, 
 and made Assistant Professor of English Literature 
 and Vice-Dean of the College Faculty. In 1897 he 
 was made Dean of the College Faculty. He is also 
 Lecturer to the University Extension Society in 
 the Philadelphia District. Dr. Penniman is a 
 member of the Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Beta Kappa 
 fraternities. An important part of Dr. Penniman's 
 work in the English Department is a course on the 
 development of the English novel.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 423 
 
 SMITH, Walter George, 1854- 
 
 Trustee 1891- 
 Born in Mackochee, Logan Co., O., 1854; gradu- 
 ated Univ. of Pa., 1873 ; graduated Law Dept. of the 
 Univ., 1877; practicing lawyer in Philadelphia; Pres. 
 Law Acad, of Philadelphia, 1880; Trustee of the Univ. 
 since 1891. 
 
 WALTER GEORGE SMITH, Lawyer, was 
 born in Mackochee, Logan county, Ohio, 
 November 24, 1854, son of Brevet Major-Genera] 
 Thomas Kilby and Elizabeth Budd (McCullough) 
 
 Smith. He is a graduate of both the College and 
 Law Departments of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 the degree of Bachelor of Arts having been received 
 at graduation in 1873, that of Master of Arts in 
 1876 and that of Bachelor of Laws in 1 8 7 7 . He 
 delivered the Law ((ration at graduation. In both 
 departments Mr. Smith was President of his class in 
 the Senior year. He was admitted to practice at 
 the Philadelphia Bar in 1 S 7 7 , and lias followed his 
 profession in Philadelphia, since 1 S 7 9 , having been 
 engaged in general practice. Since 1891 he has 
 served the University as one of its Board of Trus- 
 tees. He was President of the Law Academy of 
 Philadelphia. Mr. Smith was a member of the 
 Zelosophic Society, the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity, 
 and the Central Committee of Alumni, and by 
 inheritance he belongs to the Military Order of 
 the Loyal Legion. He delivered the Oration before 
 the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1899, and was elected 
 an honorary member. He married Elizabeth 
 Langstroth, daughter of Francis A. Drexel of Phila- 
 delphia ; she died in 1890. 
 
 THORPE, Francis Newton, 1857- 
 
 Professor American Constitutional History 1891-1898. 
 Born in Swampscott, Mass., 1857; Ph.D., Syracuse 
 Univ., 1883; admitted to the Bar, Erie, Pa., 1885 ; Fel- 
 low of Wharton School, Univ. of Pa., 1885-87 ; Lect. in 
 Amer. Hist, and Civil Govt, at the University, 1886-90; 
 Prof. Amer. Constitutional Hist., 1891-98. 
 
 FRANCIS NEWTON THORPE, Ph.D., was 
 born in Swampscott, Essex county, Massa- 
 chusetts, April 16, 1S57, son of Judah Welles and 
 Rosanna (Porter) Thorpe. He was edui ated at the 
 Lake Shore Seminary, North East, Pennsylvania, 
 and Syracuse University, receiving the degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy from the latter institution 
 after two years' post-graduate work in 1883. In 
 1885 he was admitted to tin- Bai it Ian-. Pennsyl- 
 vania, anil in that year bee aim- fellow in II 
 and Political Economy in the Wharton School, 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, and also entered the 
 law School of the University. He devoted him- 
 self to teaching, first, Latin and Higher Mathematics 
 in the High School, Pleasantville, Pennsylvania 
 1S76-1877, and then as Superintendent of Schools, 
 North Last, Pennsylvania [878-1882. He was 
 Professor of History, Social Science and Literature 
 in the Philadelphia Central Manual Training High 
 School 1886-1890, and at the same time Lecturer 
 in American History at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. In 1891 the Chair of American Consti- 
 tutional History was created for him, which he 
 
 FRANCIS V r/HORPE 
 
 filled until his resignation in September 1898. It 
 was due to Professoi Thorpe's efforts thai the 
 Library of American History (15,000 volumes) was 
 obtained for the Universit) (1889-1893). Profes- 
 soi Thorpe has published: The Government of the 
 People of the I nited States, [889; The Story of 
 the Constitution, 1891 ; Benjamin Franklin and the 
 University of Pennsylvania, 1893; The Govern 
 merit of the People of the State of Pennsylvania, 
 [894 : \ Short Course in Civil Government, 1894 . 
 The Constitution of tin- United States with Index 
 and Bibliography, 1895; A Constitutional lb 
 ■ il 1 lie Am. 11. in People, 1776 1850, ■ vols., 1898. 
 I le has in press a Biogi iphj ol w illiam Pepper, 
 M.D., LL.D., and A Constitutional Historj .>! the
 
 4 2 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 United States, 1 760-1 895, 2 vols. He has con- 
 tributed many articles on economic and historical 
 subjects, chiefly in The Atlantic Monthly, The Cen- 
 tury Magazine, Harper's Magazine, The Annals of 
 the American Academy, Education, The Chautau- 
 quan, The Magazine of American History, The 
 American Law Register and Review, The Revue 
 du Droit Public, et de la Science Politique en 
 France et a l'Etranger and The Philadelphia Press. 
 He was active in University Extension 1S90-1898, 
 and has delivered many public lectures in American 
 history at various institutions. 
 
 panies; Prof. Civil Engineering in the University, 
 since 1892. 
 
 EDGAR MARBURG is of German ancestry ; he 
 was born in Hamburg, Germany, March 4, 
 1864. He was educated as a boy at private schools 
 in New Orleans and Shreveport, Louisiana. Later 
 he entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at 
 Troy, New York, and was graduated from that 
 school with the degree of Civil Engineer in 1885, 
 completing the four-year course in three years. 
 For seven years after graduation he was engaged in 
 a< tive professional practice. He was employed 
 
 HARRISON, Alfred Craven, 1846- 
 
 Benefactor. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1846; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 1864 ; A.M. in course ; engaged in sugar refining busi- 
 ness; member 1st Troop Philadelphia City Cav., 1863 ; 
 one of the founders and donors of the John Harrison 
 Laboratory of Chemistry, i8g2. 
 
 ALFRKD CRAVEN HARRISON, Benefactor, 
 was born in Philadelphia, February 20, 
 1846, son of George Leib Harrison, LL.D., and 
 Sarah Ann (Waples) Harrison. Entering the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania in i860 he took up a course 
 of academic study and in 1864 graduated with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts, receiving the Master of 
 Arts degree in course. While in College he was a 
 member of the Philomathean Society and the Zeta 
 Upsilon Fraternity. Since graduation he has been 
 engaged in the sugar refining business in Philadel- 
 phia. Mr. Harrison's loyalty to his Alma Mater 
 found worthy expression when, in conjunction with 
 his brothers, Charles C. Harrison and William H. 
 Harrison, he became a donor of the John Harrison 
 Laboratory of Chemistry. This building, which was 
 erected in 1S92, was so called in memory of the 
 grandfather, John Harrison, the founder of the in- 
 dustry of Chemical Manufactures in the United 
 States. During the emergency in 1863, Mr. Har- 
 rison was a member of the First Troop of Philadel- 
 phia City Cavalry. He married Kate de Forest, 
 daughter of William Crawford Sheldon. 
 
 MARBURG, Edgar. 1864- 
 
 Professor Civil Engineering 1892- 
 Born in Hamburg, Germany, 1864; attended schools 
 in Louisiana ; graduated, C.E. at Rensselaer Polytech- 
 nic Inst., 1885; for seven years Technologist with 
 leading Bridge Building and other Industrial com- 
 
 EDGAR MARBURG 
 
 successively in the engineering departments of the 
 Keystone Bridge Company, at Pittsburg, the Phoenix 
 Bridge Company at Phcenixville, Pennsylvania, the 
 Edgemoor Bridge Works at Wilmington, Delaware, 
 and the Carnegie Steel Company at Pittsburg and 
 Chicago. In 1S92 he was appointed Acting Pro- 
 fessor of Civil Engineering at the University of 
 Pennsylvania, becoming full titular Professor of this 
 subject in the following year. In 1S9S, under 
 commission from the United States Corps of Engi- 
 neers, he prepared designs for a massive steel, 
 cantilever-arch bridge, over Rock Creek, on the line 
 of Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, District of 
 Columbia, published in Senate Document No. 163, 
 55th Congress, 2nd Session. Professor Marburg is
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 425 
 
 identified with a large number of scientific bodies. 
 He is a member of the American Society of Civil 
 Engineers, the International Association for Testing 
 Materials, the Society for the Promotion of Engi- 
 neering Education, the Engineers' Club of Philadel- 
 phia, the Franklin Institute, the Rensselaer Society 
 of Engineers, and the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- 
 ciation. He was Chairman of the Committee on 
 Science and the Arts at the Franklin Institute in 
 1899, and is at the present time President of the 
 Engineers' Club of Philadelphia and Secretary of 
 the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Edu- 
 cation, He was married to Fanny Dulany Moncure ■ 
 in 1893, and has one son and three daughters. 
 
 ROWE, Leo Stanton, 1871- 
 
 Asst. Professor Political Science i8g2- 
 Born in McGregor, Iowa, 1871 ; graduated, Ph.B., 
 Univ. of Pa., i8go; Ph.D. Univ. of Halle, Germany, 
 1892; Asst. Prof. Political Science at the University 
 since 1892; Commissioner to Revise Laws of Porto 
 Rico, igoo. 
 
 LEO STANTON ROWE, Ph.D., was born in 
 McGregor, Iowa, September 17, 1871,5011 
 of Louis and Kathe (Raff) Rowe. He entered the 
 Arts Department of the University as a Sophomore 
 in 1887, but later transferred to the Wharton School 
 of Finance and Economy, and at graduation in 
 1890, received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. 
 Then as a Fellow of the Wharton School with the 
 privilege of foreign study, he spent two years in 
 Germany, and took the Doctor's degree at the 
 University of Halle in 1892. He then spent one 
 year in France, and one year in Italy and England. 
 Upon his return he was appointed to his present 
 position in the University as Assistant Professor of 
 Political Science. Mr. Rowe has published in the 
 Annals of the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science: Instruction in Public Law and 
 Economics in Germany, July and October 1S90; 
 Instruction in French Universities, with Special 
 Reference to Instruction in Public Law and Eco- 
 nomics in the Law Faculties, January 1892 ; 
 Problems of Political Science, September, 1897 ; 
 The Municipality and the das Supply, May 1898, 
 and The Possibilities and Limitations of Municipal 
 Control, An Address, May 1900; in Palgrave's 
 Dictionary of Political Economy, an article on 
 Municipal Government and Institutions in Prussia 
 and an article on Municipal Government in the 
 United States; in the Proceedings ol the National 
 Municipal I .eaguc : Factors of Llli 1 y on ( lOvei n 
 
 mint and a Report of the Committee on Municipal 
 Program, 1898 ; in the Citizen for September 1897 : 
 The Fourth and Fourteenth of July — A Compara- 
 tive Study of American and French National Traits ; 
 in City and State for January 13, 1898 : Taxation in 
 Glasgow and English Cities; in the Yale Review: 
 The Socialistic Municipalities of Northern France, 
 February 1899, and The Political Consequences of 
 City Growth, May 1900; in the Forum for March 
 1899, Influence of the War on Our Public Life; in 
 the Journal of Sociology for May 1900, The City 
 in History. He is at present Editor of the Depart- 
 
 1.. S. Rl IW 1 
 
 ment of Notes on Municipal Government in the 
 Annals of the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science. Mr. Roue has recently been ap 
 pointed, from nomination by President Mi Kinley, 
 member of the Commission to Revise the- Laws of 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 MUNRO, Dana Carleton, 1866- 
 
 Asst. Professor History i8g6- 
 Born in Bristol, R. I., 1866; graduated Brown Univ., 
 1887; teacher; Instr. De Veaux College, 1887-89; Instr. 
 Haverford College Grammar School, 1890-93 ; Instr. 
 and Asst. Prof. History, Univ. of Pa.. i8g3- 
 
 DANA CARLETI IN Ml NRO, was born in 
 Bristol, Rhode Island, June 7. [866, the 
 son of John 1'.. and Abbv Howland (Rati) Mtinro.
 
 426 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 He received his early education in the English and 
 Classical schools of Providence, Rhode Island, and 
 then entered Brown University where he graduated 
 with the Class of 1887. He was Instructor in De 
 Veaux College from 1887 to 1S89, and after pursu- 
 ing graduate studies in this country and in Germany, 
 he became Instructor in Haverford College Grammar 
 School where he remained until 1S93. He then 
 was appointed Instructor in History in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, becoming Assistant Professor 
 of History in 1896. He was married July 16, 1891, 
 
 DANA CARLETON MUNRO 
 
 to Alice Gardner Beecher, and has three children : 
 Dana Gardner, Jeannette and Caroline Walker 
 Munro. 
 
 MACFARLANE, John Muirhead, 1855- 
 
 Professor of Botany 1893- 
 
 Born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, 1855; graduated B.S. 
 Univ. of Edinburgh, 1S80, and D.S. 1883 ; Instr. Botany 
 at Edinburgh, 1881-91 ; Prof. Botany Edinburgh Royal 
 Veterinary College, 1882-91 ; Tutor Botany St. Georges' 
 College, Edinburgh, i882-8g; Prof. Botany Univ. of Pa - 
 since 1893; Director of Botanic Garden at the Univer- 
 sity since 1897. 
 
 JOHN MUIRHEAD MACFARLANE, Sc.D. 
 was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, September 
 28, 1855, a son of Peter and Isabella (Muirhead) 
 Macfarlane. Peter Macfarlane was a son of Alex- 
 
 ander Macfarlane, a manufacturer of Linktown, 
 Kirkcaldy, and a descendant of the Macfarlanes of 
 Blairgowrie. Professor Macfarlane received his early 
 education at private and public schools in his native 
 place. In 1876 he entered Edinburgh University, 
 graduating with his Class as Bachelor of Science in 
 1 8S0. Deciding to make botany his special subject 
 of study he continued in the University, taking the 
 degree of Doctor of Science in 1883. In the mean- 
 time he was appointed Instructor in Botany in 
 Edinburgh University, a position which he held from 
 1S81 until 1891. In 1882 he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Botany in the Edinburgh Royal Veterinary 
 College. This position he also held until 1891. 
 From 1882 until 1S89 he was Tutor in Botany at St. 
 Georges' College, Edinburgh, and for two years he 
 was Lecturer on Botany in the Ladies' University 
 Extension College. Coming to America in 1S91 
 Dr. Macfarlane was appointed Professor of Biology 
 in the University of Pennsylvania in 1892, and of 
 Botany in 1893, which chair he still occupies. In 
 1S94 he started to organize the University Botanical 
 Garden under Provost Harrison's fostering hand 
 and from 1897 to date he has been Director of it. 
 Professor Macfarlane holds membership in a number 
 of scientific societies. Since 1882 he has been a 
 fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and 
 was Secretary of the society for five years from 1S85. 
 He has been a fellow of the Royal Society of Edin- 
 burgh since 18S5. He is a member of the British 
 and American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
 delphia and the American Philosophical Society. 
 He was President of the Society for Plant Mor- 
 phology and Physiology for the year 1899. Profes- 
 sor Macfarlane was married in September 18S7 to 
 Emily Warburton, by whom he has five children. 
 
 WITMER, Lightner, 1867- 
 
 Lect. and Asst. Prof- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1867; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1888; Ph.D. Univ. of Leipzig, Germany, 1892; Lect. on 
 Experimental Psychology at the University, 1892- ; 
 Asst. Prof., 1894. 
 
 IGHTNER WITMER, Ph.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, June 18, 1867, son of David 
 Lightner and Katherine (Huckel) Winner. He 
 entered the College Department of the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1884, and becoming Moderator 
 of the Philomathean Society, was awarded its prizes 
 for orations and essays. He also won the Matricu- 
 late Latin prize of first rank, the Matriculate Greek 
 
 L
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PEXNSVIA A XI A 
 
 427 
 
 prize of second rank equally with Theodore VV. 
 
 Kretschmann, the Sophomore Declamation prize, 
 the Junior English prize and the Alumni Junior 
 Declamation prize and had honorable mention for 
 the Freshman Greek and Junior Philosophy prizes. 
 He was elected President of his class in his Fresh- 
 man year, Chairman of the Class Executive- 
 Committee, Editor of the Pennsylvanian, and Cre- 
 mation Speaker, Junior Exhibition Speaker, Class 
 Prophet and Valedictorian. After graduation in 
 1888, Professor Witmer went abroad to pursue 
 advanced study in the University of Leipzig, and 
 there he received the degree of Doctor of Philos- 
 ophy in 1892. In the same year, returning to 
 America, he was appointed Lecturer on Experi- 
 mental Psychology at the University, and being in 
 1894 advanced to the position of Assistant Professor, 
 continues in that office. 
 
 JOHNSON, Joseph French, 1853- 
 
 Professor of Journalism 1894- 
 Born in Hardwick, Mass., 1853 ; studied at North- 
 western Univ.; graduated Harvard, 1878; studied in 
 Germany ; for several years an editor of the Spring- 
 field Republican ; later with the Chicago Tribune and 
 the Spokane Spokesman ; Associate Prof. Business 
 Practice in Univ. of Pa., 1893-94; Prof. Journalism 
 since 1894. 
 
 JOSEPH FRENCH JOHNSON, Journalist, was 
 born in Hardwick, Massachusetts, in 1853, 
 son of Gardner Nye and Eliza (French) Johnson, a 
 paternal ancestor, John Johnson, having emigrated 
 from England and settled in Massachusetts about 
 1635. He was prepared for College in Jennings 
 Seminary at Aurora, Illinois, from which he entered 
 Northwestern University at Evanston. Passing later 
 to Harvard he graduated as a Bachelor of Arts 
 in 187S, subsequently studying for a short time in 
 the University of Halle on the Saale in Germany. 
 From 1878 to 1SS1 he was a teacher in the Har- 
 vard School in Chicago, but soon entered journal- 
 ism, being on the editorial staff of the Springfield, 
 Massachusetts, Republican for several years and 
 afterwards serving as Financial Editor of the Chicago 
 Tribune. After twelve years of a pra< tii al journal- 
 ist's life he was called to the School of Finance and 
 Economy in the University of Pennsylvania. In 
 1893— 1894 he was Associate Professor of Business 
 Practice and since 1894 he lias been Professor of 
 Journalism, that department of instruction having 
 just been established in tli.it year. Although it is 
 a wholly new branch of University work, consider- 
 
 able success has already been attained by Professor 
 Johnson in training College men for practical 
 careers in newsp tpei offices. Professor Johnson is a 
 member of the Amerii in Economic Association and 
 the American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science: He was married in [884 to Caroline T. 
 Stolp, and has three children. 
 
 PATTERSON, George Stuart, 1868- 
 
 Professor of Law 1893- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1868 ; studied at Haverford 
 College, 1884-86; graduated, Ph.B., Univ. of Pa., 1890; 
 LL.B., 1891 ; Prof, of Law at the University since 1893 ; 
 practicing lawyer in Philadelphia. 
 
 GEORGE STUART PATTERSON, Lawyer, 
 was born in Philadelphia, October 10, 
 1868, son of Christopher Stuart Patterson of the 
 
 1.1 0RG1 STUAR1 I'M I I RSON 
 
 Class of 1.X00, at one time Professor and Dean ol 
 the Law Department of the University, and Ellen 
 (Stuart) Patterson. He first pursued Coll.. 
 Study at Haverford College, and entered the I m 
 versity as a partial student in the Junior class in 
 1886. After two years' work he entered the 1 lepart- 
 nient of Law, and while in that department received 
 the degree of Bacheloi ol Philosophy, in 1890, and 
 that ol Bacheloi ol 1 iws in 1891. V graduation, 
 rei 1 11 honorable mention for his law essay and
 
 428 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 honorable mention for the Law Faculty prize, he 
 was elected a Fellow of the Law Department, and in 
 1893 was appointed to his present position as Pro- 
 fessor of Law. In addition to his educational work 
 Professor Patterson is Assistant Solicitor of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company. He is a member 
 of the Delta Psi Fraternity. 
 
 PEPPER, George Wharton, 1867- 
 
 Professor of Law 1893- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1867; graduated A.B. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1887 ; LL.B., 1889 ; Fellow of the Law Dept. of the 
 University, 1889-92; Algernon Sydney Biddle Prof, of 
 Law since 1893; practicing lawyer ; author. 
 
 GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, Lawyer, was 
 born in Philadelphia, March 16, 1867, son 
 of Dr. George and Hitty Markoe (Wharton) Pepper. 
 
 GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER 
 
 He graduated from the College Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania with the Bachelor of 
 Arts degree in 18S7, during his course having been 
 Class President in his Freshman year, a member of 
 the Class Record Committee, Editor of the Penn- 
 sylvanian and University Magazine and Spoonman 
 and Valedictorian of the class. He also acted the 
 principal role, Dikaiopolis, in the drama, The 
 Archarnians, which was produced by the University. 
 At graduation from the Law School in 1889, he was 
 
 the Law Orator at the Commencement Exercises, 
 and was awarded the Sharswood and P. Pemberton 
 Morris prizes. He entered the practice of his pro- 
 fession in Philadelphia, and in 1893 was appointed 
 to the Algernon Sydney Biddle Professorship of Law. 
 Professor Pepper has published : The Borderland 
 of Federal and State Decisions, a treatise on Plead- 
 ing at Common Law and under the Codes and the 
 article on Pleading in the American and English 
 Encyclopaedia of Law. He married Charlotte 
 Root, daughter of Professor George P. Fisher of 
 New Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 CARSON, Hampton Lawrence, 1852- 
 
 Professor of Law 1894- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1852 ; graduated, A.B., Univ. of 
 Pennsylvania, 1871 ; LL.B., 1874 ; public speaker in all 
 national campaigns since 1880; orator at many anniver- 
 saries ; Orator of the Day at the World's Fair, Chicago, 
 July 4, 1893 ; Prof, of Law in the Univ. since 1894 ; 
 author on constitutional works and many writings on 
 legal subjects; LL.D. Lafayette College, i8gg. 
 
 HAMPTON LAWRENCE CARSON, LL.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, February 21, 
 1852, son of Joseph and Mary (Hollingsworth) 
 Carson. A direct ancestor on his mother's side, 
 Henry Hollingsworth, came to Philadelphia with 
 William Penn on the ship Welcome. Mr. Carson's 
 great-grandfather, Levi Hollingsworth, took a prom- 
 inent part in the Revolutionary War being for a 
 time on the staff of General Washington. Another 
 great-grandfather, Joshua Humphreys, was the 
 architect of the frigate Constitution, the famous 
 "Old Ironsides " and other warships which served 
 the United States in the naval conflict with England 
 in 1S12-1815. Mr. Carson's father, Dr. Joseph 
 Carson, was for twenty-six years Professor of 
 Materia Medica in the University of Pennsylvania, 
 being the author of a History of the Medical De- 
 partment of the University. On his father's side 
 Hampton L. Carson is of Scotch-Irish stock ; on 
 his mother's side of Welsh and English. Mr. Car- 
 son was prepared for College at Dr. Paries' Classi- 
 cal Institute. He entered the Department of Arts 
 in the University of Pennsylvania in 1867, gradu- 
 ating with the Class of 1S71. Selecting for himself 
 a legal career he read law in the office of William 
 M. Tilghman, a grandson of Edward Tilghman, a 
 distinguished Philadelphia leader in the olden days. 
 He studied at the same time in the University Law 
 School and received his degree of Bachelor of Law 
 in 1874. Mr. Carson was not long in establishing
 
 UNIVERSlTr OF PENNSri.l IM.1 
 
 429 
 
 his claim to popularity as a public speaker. His 
 first important oration was delivered at the Univer- 
 sity upon receiving his Master's degree in 1 874, 
 his subject being Education as a Means of S » ial 
 Reform. A Republican in politics he early took 
 the platform in the party campaigns. His first 
 notable services of this kind were in 1S7S when he 
 eloquently denounced the evils of fiat money. He 
 entered the National Campaign in 1SS0 and helped 
 to elect President Garfield and has been a prom- 
 inent figure on the stump in every Presidential 
 struggle since that date. Some of Mr. Carson's 
 
 HAMPTON I.. CARSON 
 
 principal orations must be mentioned. June 1. 
 1880, he spoke at a great mass meeting in Chicago 
 against the movement for a third term for Grant: 
 at the lii-Ccntennial Anniversary of the landing of 
 William Penn in Philadelphia he responded to the 
 toast The Laws made by William Penn: May 20, 
 1886, on the One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Anni- 
 versary of the birth of Stephen C.irard at a banquet 
 .it ('lir.ird College, lie delivered an eloquent tribute 
 t-i the work of the Philadelphia men hanl and phi! 
 anthropist. October 13, 1887, at a dinner during 
 tin- Constitutional Centennial ceremonies in Phila- 
 delphia, Mr. Carson responded to the toast The 
 Centennial Commission, he being th 3 cretarj "i 
 that body. July 4, 189}, he delivered the ((ration 
 of the day before an audience of seventy thousand 
 
 people in Jackson l'ark. Chicago, at the invitation 
 of the City of Chicago and the World's Fair Com- 
 mission. In September 1895, he made a strong 
 legal argument against sending the Liberty Bell to 
 New Orleans. In 1896 he delivered the Oration 
 at the University's celebration of Washington's 
 Birthday in the Philadelphia Academy of Music. 
 Mr. Carson was again Orator of the occasion at the 
 unveiling of the Grant monument in Philadelphia 
 April 27, 1S99, an immense audience being present, 
 among others, President McKinley, Mrs. Grant and 
 hundreds of distinguished guests. His political, his- 
 torical and commencement orations, if collected for 
 publication, would fill several volumes. Mr. Carson 
 has contributed many articles on legal subjects to the 
 legal magazines, and has also made a number of 
 careful historical studies. An important work is an 
 elaborate treatise on the Constitution of the United 
 States printed in two large volumes and aggregating 
 no less than four thousand pages. This was followed 
 by his History of the Supreme Court, the most ex- 
 haustive and elaborate of all his works, handsomely 
 illustrated with portraits of every judge who has 
 held a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court of 
 the United States. He has also published ,i book 
 on the Law of Criminial Conspiracies which is 
 familiar to judges. In 1894 Mr. Carson was elected 
 a Professor in the Law Department of tin- Univer- 
 sity, and continues in that office .it present. He is 
 a member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 the Historical So, iety of Pennsylvania, the Vcademy 
 of Natural Sciences, the American liar Association 
 and the Pennsylvania Bar Association as well as 
 several social clubs. In [880 he married Anna 
 Lea, a daughter of John R. P.aker of Philadelphia, 
 and has four children, two boys and two girls. Mr. 
 Carson received the honorary degree of Doctor of 
 Laws from Lafayette College in 1899. 
 
 BRUMBAUGH, Martin Grove, 1862- 
 
 Professor Pedagogy 1894 
 Born in Huntingdon Co., Pa., 1862 ; B.E. Brethren's 
 Normal College, 1881 ; M.E., 1883; B.S. Juniata Col- 
 lege, 1885; M.S. 1887; County Supt. of Schools Hunt- 
 ingdon Co., 1884-go; Prof. Eng. Lit. Juniata, 1882-84, 
 1890-gi ; graduate student Harvard, 1891-92; Prcs. 
 Juniata College since 1892; A.M. Univ. Pa., 1893 ; 
 Ph.D., 1895; Prof. Pedagogy, Univ. of Pa. since 1894; 
 appointed Com. of Education for Porto Rico, 1900, for 
 four years. 
 
 M\r l 1\ GR< >VE BRUMBAUGH, Ph.D., 
 t lommissii net - il Edu< ation for Porto 
 kiio, was born in Huntingdon county. Pennsylvania,
 
 43° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in 1862. He taught in the public schools two 
 years and graduated at Brethren's Normal College 
 with the degree Bachelor of English in 1881 and in 
 1883 was made a Master of English by that institu- 
 tion. Continuing studies in science at Juniata Col- 
 lege (of which he has been President since 1892) 
 he took the Bachelor of Science degree there in 
 1SS5, and was made a Master of Science in 1887. 
 In the meantime his active life as an educator had 
 commenced with his service as Professor of English 
 Literature in Juniata College, 1SS2-1884, and with 
 the appointment as County Superintendent of 
 
 M. G. BRUMBAUGH 
 
 Schools in Huntingdon county ; this latter office he 
 held from 1SS4 until 1890. In 1 890-1 891 he was 
 again Professor of English Literature at Juniata. 
 The next year was spent in graduate study at Har- 
 vard, and in 1892 Professor Brumbaugh returned to 
 Philadelphia to assume the duties of the Presidency 
 of Juniata College, and to pursue further studies at 
 the Graduate School of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where the degree of Master of Arts was con- 
 ferred upon him in 1893, and that of Doctor of 
 Philosophy in 1895. ^ was but a natural conse- 
 quence of a career in which the occupations of 
 student and teacher have been so constantly and 
 equally mingled, that the appointment as Professor 
 of Pedagogy came to him from the University in 
 
 1894; as much a student as teacher himself, he is 
 eminently fitted to teach the educator's profession. 
 Professor Brumbaugh has been for several years fre- 
 quently engaged in lecturing before Teachers' 
 Institutes in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Kentucky, Louisiana and other 
 states. He is the author of many works on history 
 and education. He has recently been appointed 
 Commissioner of Education for Porto Rico, to serve 
 during a term of four years. 
 
 HOUSTON, Henry Howard, 1820-1895. 
 
 Benefactor and Trustee 1885-1895. 
 Born in York Co., Pa., 1820 ; with D. Leech & Co., 
 Philadelphia, 1847-51 ; Freight Agent Pa. Railroad, 
 1851 ; General Freight Agent, 1852-67 ; Director, 1881- 
 95 ; Trustee of the University of Pa., 1885-95; founder 
 of Houston Hall, dedicated 1896; died 1895. 
 
 HENRY HOWARD HOUSTON, founder of 
 Houston Hall, was born near Wrightsville, 
 York county, Pennsylvania, October 3, 1820, the 
 son of Samuel Nelson and Susan (Strickler) Hous- 
 ton. His early life was spent in Wrightsville and 
 Columbia. Upon leaving school he engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits and soon became connected 
 with the iron furnace business in Clarion and Ve- 
 nango counties, Pennsylvania. In 1847 Mr. Hous- 
 ton entered the office of D. Leech & Co., in Phila- 
 delphia. Here he learned the canal and railroad 
 transportation business, acquiring such a mastery of 
 all their details that he attracted the attention of 
 Colonel William C. Patterson, then President of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Colonel Patter- 
 son induced him in 185 1 to take charge of the 
 freight business ot the line which the company had 
 just completed from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, con- 
 sisting of the railroad to Hollidaysburg, the State 
 Portage Road and the canal from Johnstown west- 
 ward. So well did he manage the business of this 
 road that on November 23, 1S52, he was appointed 
 General Freight Agent. The organization he effected 
 while in this office, which he held until 1867, remains 
 practically unchanged to-day, so thorough and far- 
 seeing was his work. After his retirement as Gen- 
 eral Freight Agent, which was due to ill-health, Mr. 
 Houston became one of the promoters and Managers 
 of the Union Line and also of the Empire Line. In 
 1 88 1, he was elected a member of the Board of 
 Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company 
 and was until his death one of its most active mem- 
 bers. He was also a Director of the Pennsylvania 
 Company, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 43 
 
 St. Louis Railway Company and of many of tin- 
 subordinate organizations of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road Company. Mr. Houston became a Trustee of 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1885 and held 
 the position until his death. Among his many 
 donations to the University the greatest was that of 
 Houston Hall, the recreation hall for the students. 
 This was erected at a cost of $100,000 as a memo- 
 rial to his son, Henry Howard Houston, Jr., a 
 member of the Class of 1878, who died while travel- 
 ling in Europe. Begun during Mr. Houston's life- 
 time the hall was not finished until six months after 
 his death, being formally dedicated January 2, 1896. 
 Mr. Houston was a Trustee of Washington and Lee 
 University. He was married to Sarah S. Bonnell in 
 1856. He died June 21, 1895, at his country- 
 place at Wissahickon Heights, just outside of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 [Portrait on page 174.] 
 
 ELLICOTT, Eugene, 1846- 
 
 Assistant to Provost. 
 
 Born in Baltimore, Md., 1846 ; appointed to U. S. 
 
 Coast Survey, 1864; resigned from Coast Survey with 
 
 rank of Asst. in i8go ; admitted to the Bar, 1891 ; called to 
 
 the University in 1895; now Assistant to the Provost. 
 
 EUGENE KI.UCOTT, Assistant to the Provost, 
 was born in Baltimore, Maryland, December 
 8, 1846, a descendant of a Maryland family. His 
 parents were Benjamin and Mary (Carroll) Ellicott, 
 his father being a son of Elias Ellicott, a descend- 
 ant of the founder of Ellicott City, and one of 
 the Founders of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 
 who married Mary Thomas, a sister of Philip E. 
 Thomas, the first President of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad Company. ( )n his mother's side Eugene 
 Ellicott is a descendant, a great-great-grandson, of 
 Daniel Carroll, a member of the convention which 
 framed the Constitution of the United States, also a 
 member of the Commission (of three) appointed 
 by Washington to decide on apian for the Capital 
 City. His education was secured in private schools, 
 in Maryland, and in 1864 when he was but eighteen 
 years old, he was appointed as an Aide in the ser- 
 vice of the United States Coast Survey. This was 
 the time of the Civil War and he was engaged for a 
 period on the defences of Baltimore and Washington. 
 In June 1865, he returned to Coast Survey duty being 
 engaged at one time or another during his long term 
 of service on almost every part of the Atlantic and 
 Pacific coasts of the United States. He 1ms had 
 
 charge of many important engineering works taking 
 part in the San Juan Boundary Line Survey in 1.S71 
 to determine the northwestern frontier. He had 
 charge of the work of determining the boundary line 
 between Maine and New Brunswick 1887— 1889. 
 In 1883 he made a surw\ foi 1 Fishway over the 
 Falls of the Potomac. Mr. Ellicott resigned from 
 the Coast and Geodetic Survey with the rank of 
 Assistant in April 1890. He took up his residence 
 in West Virginia and in 1891 was admitted to the 
 Bar. His connection with the University dates 
 from February 1895, and his position now is that of 
 
 EUGENE ELLICOTT 
 
 Assistant to the Provost. Dining the Spanish Amer- 
 ican War he served as Captain in the First Regi 
 ment of United States Volunteer Engineers, in 
 Porto Rico (ami on special duty in Cuba) where 
 he had charge of various engineering details of im- 
 portance to the military administration of the island. 
 Mr. Ellicott belongs to 1 numbei ol societies and 
 clubs, among others, the Son> of the Revolution, 
 the S01 iet) ol Vmerii in War--, the Naval and Mili- 
 tarj ( 1 1 1 1 c ■ t of the Spanish American War. the M 
 politan Club of Washington, Districl ol Colun 
 and the University Club of Baltimore. He w.is 
 married in [877, to Margaret [ngersoll, daughl 
 Rich, ud W. Tyson of Baltimore. She died in 1 
 leaving two daughters : Mar) Carroll and \l u
 
 43 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Tyson Ellicott. Mr. Ellicott was again married in 
 June 1S95, his second wife being Eleanor Cuyler 
 Patterson, of Philadelphia. 
 
 PENROSE, Charles Bingham, 1881- 
 
 Professor Gynaecology i8g3- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1862; graduated Harvard 1881 ; 
 and Ph.D. and A.M. (Phys.), 1884; graduated Ur.iv. of 
 Pennsylvania Medical School, 1884; Prof, of Gynae- 
 cology at the Univ. since 1893. 
 
 CHARLES BINGHAM PENROSE, M.D., 
 Ph.D., was born in Philadelphia, son of 
 Richard A. F. and Sarah H. B. Penrose. After 
 
 CHARLl S B. PENRI ISE 
 
 preliminary education with private tutor he entered 
 Harvard, where he graduated with the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts in 1881. For professional study 
 he entered the Medical School of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, and upon graduation there in 1884 
 he also received the degrees of Doctor of Philos- 
 ophy and Master of Arts in Physics from Harvard. 
 Since 1893 Dr. Penrose has been Professor of 
 Gynaecology in the Medical School of the University, 
 at the same time conducting an extensive practice 
 in Philadelphia. The father of Dr. Penrose, Dr. 
 Richard A. F. Penrose, LL.D., is Emeritus Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and 
 Children in the University. 
 
 FRAZIER, William West, Jr., 1858- 
 
 Trustee 180.4- 
 Born in Montevideo, S. A., 1839; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1858; business; Trustee of the University since 
 1894. 
 
 WILLIAM WEST FRAZIER, Trustee, was 
 born in Montevideo, South America, 
 August 27, 1839, son of Benjamin West Frazier 
 and Isabella Frazier. He entered the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1855, and while in College became 
 Mi 'delator of the Philomathean Society. Mr. Frazier 
 has been a Trustee of the University since 1894. 
 He married Harriet Morgan, daughter of George 
 L. Harrison. 
 
 LEWIS, William Draper, 1867- 
 
 Dean of Law School 1896- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1867; graduated B.S. Haver- 
 ford College, 1888 ; appointed Fellow in Univ. of Pa., 
 1889; received degrees of Ph.D. and LL.B. from Univ. 
 of Pennsylvania, 1891 ; Lecturer on Economics in 
 Haverford College, i8go-g6; Instructor in the Univ., 
 ■893-96; Dean of the Univ. Law School since i8g6 ; 
 author of economic writings and editor of many impor- 
 tant legal works. 
 
 WILLIAM DRAPER LEWIS, Ph.D., Dean 
 of the Law School of the University, was 
 bom in Philadelphia, April 27, 1867. He is a son 
 of Henry Lewis, and on his father's side is of Puri- 
 tan New England lineage, being a direct descendant 
 of the Winslow family which came to this country 
 in the Mayflower in 1620. His mother was of 
 Pennsylvania Quaker stock. He prepared for Col- 
 lege at the Germantown Academy and the Penn 
 Charter School, entering Haverford College in 1884, 
 from which he was graduated in 1S88, receiving the 
 degree of Bachelor of Science. In the autumn of 
 1889 he was appointed a Fellow in Economics in 
 the University of Pennsylvania, at the same time 
 matriculating in the University Law School. In 
 1 89 1 he simultaneously received the degrees of 
 Doctor of Philosophy and Bachelor of Laws from 
 the University, both of these degrees following upon 
 examinations which were passed with much distinc- 
 tion. In the Law School he was awarded the Shars- 
 wood prize for the best essay on the subject Federal 
 Power over Commerce and its Effect on State Action. 
 Upon graduation he at once opened a law office in 
 Philadelphia, and in association with George Whar- 
 ton Pepper undertook the editorship of the American 
 Law Register and Review. At the same time he 
 was appointed Lecturer on Economics at Haverford 
 College, a position which he held until 1S96. In
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 433 
 
 1S93 he was appointed an Instructor in the Subject 
 of Legal Institutions in the Wharton School of 
 Finance and Economy of the University. This 
 course he continued to conduct until 1896 in which 
 year he was elected Dean of the University Law 
 School to succeed Professor C. Stuart Patterson. In 
 the few years which have intervened since his eleva- 
 tion to this position radical changes and improve- 
 ments have been made in the school. Many of 
 these have been brought about almost entirely 
 through Dr. Lewis' assiduous personal efforts. The 
 most notable of these changes has been the erection 
 and equipment of a large new Law School Building 
 in the University of Pennsylvania group in West 
 Philadelphia. In 1895 the school occupied but a 
 few rooms in the Old Court House Building down 
 town at Sixth and Chestnut Streets. To-day the 
 school has what is considered to be the best equipped 
 and most spacious structure devoted exclusively to 
 the teaching of law in the United States. The en- 
 trance requirements in that period have also been 
 materially raised. At the present time in order to 
 matriculate in the School a student must have a Col- 
 lege training or its proven equivalent. In 1S95 the 
 Department had but nineteen hours a week on the 
 roster, and to-day including the quizzes there are al- 
 most ninety. At the same time the teaching force 
 has been increased from eleven to eighteen. While 
 there were only nine thousand volumes in the Law 
 Library in 1895 it now contains no less than twenty- 
 five thousand. The school supports a legal maga- 
 zine which is published by the Faculty and the 
 students of the Law Department. It would be 
 possible to name many other improvements in the 
 work of the Department which have been due in 
 large degree to the untiring activity of its new Dean. 
 Dr. Lewis is the author of Federal Power ovei 
 Commerce and its Effect on State Action ; Our 
 Sheep and the Tariff; as well as numerous articles 
 on legal, economic and historical topics, lie is the 
 Editor of the new editions of Greenleaf's Evident e, 
 three volumes; Wharton's Criminal I .aw, two vol- 
 umes ; Blackstone's Commentaries, four volumes ; 
 Digest of Decisions of United States Supreme Court 
 and Circuit Court Appeals Reports, one volume, and 
 is co-Editor with George Wharton Pepper of Pepper 
 and Lewis' Digest of Pennsylvania Statutes, three 
 volumes, and also of a Digest of Decisions and 
 Encyclopaedia of Pennsylvania Law, about twelve 
 volumes, six of which are in type. lie was a mem- 
 ber of the Advisory Board of Kaiser's World's Rest 
 Orations and is one of the Editors of the Board 
 
 VOL. I. — 28 
 
 which is at present editing the Hundred Best 
 Essayists. Dr. Lewis was at one time officially 
 connected with the Municipal 1 I Philadel- 
 
 phia. He was for a time the President of the 
 Haverford Alumni Society and a Trustee of the 
 public schools of Germantown. He is a member 
 of several learned societies and the University and 
 faculty clubs of Philadelphia. In [892 he married 
 Caroline Mary Cope ; they have three children. 
 
 QUINN, Arthur Hobson, 1875- 
 
 Instructor English 1895- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1875; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1894; Ph.D. 1899; Instructor in Mathematics at the 
 University, 1894-95 ; Instructor in English, 1895- ; author 
 of Pennsylvania Stories, etc. 
 
 ARTHUR HOBSON QUINN, Ph.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, February 9, 1875, 
 the son of Michael Aloysius and Mary (MacDon- 
 
 m: I III R II. '.'I iw 
 
 ough) Quinn. He graduated from the \in Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1894, 
 taking Honors for all four years, and winning the 
 II. La Barre Jayne Prize in English, Freshman 
 Year, the Second Prize in Mathematics, Junior Vear, 
 and the Henry Reed Prize in English and faculty 
 German Prize in Senior year. He al t"ok an 
 active interest in Class and Universitj affairs, being
 
 434 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Editor-in-Chief of the Red and Blue, Senior Secre- 
 tary of his Class, Class Poet, Secretary of the Zelo- 
 sophic Society, and serving on the Class Record 
 and other important committees. He was also a 
 member of the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity and the 
 Phi Beta Kappa Society. Upon graduation he was 
 appointed Instructor in Mathematics at the Uni- 
 versity and was transferred in 1895 to the position 
 of Instructor in English which he still occupies. 
 During the academic year 189 7-1 898 he obtained 
 leave of absence and spent the time in advanced 
 work in modern philology at the University of 
 Munich, Bavaria. In 1S99 he obtained the degree 
 of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of 
 Pennsylvania. Dr. Quinn is the author of Pennsyl- 
 vania Stories, a series of short stories dealing with 
 life at the University, and has contributed at various 
 times to The Saturday Evening Post, Life, The 
 Youth's Companion, etc. He has also in press a 
 critical edition of George Eliot's Silas Marner. He 
 is a member of the Modern Language Association 
 of America, and of the Faculty, Bibliographical, 
 Writeabout and Mount Airy County clubs, and is a 
 Mitglied des Akademisch-dramatischen Vereins zu 
 Mlinchen. 
 
 SOMMERVILLE, Maxwell, 1829- 
 
 Professor Glyptology 1894- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1829; graduated Central High 
 School, Philadelphia ; entering the publishing business 
 he later became a traveller and collector of gems ; his 
 celebrated collection deposited with the Univ. of Pa. ; 
 Professor of Glyptology in the University since 1894 ; 
 author of works descriptive of his labors and his 
 travels. 
 
 MAXWELL SOMMERVILLE, born in Phila- 
 delphia, May 1, 1829, is of Virginia parent- 
 age. He graduated at the Central High School of 
 Philadelphia in 1S47. After some experience with 
 the publishing business which fortunately resulted in 
 the acquisition of considerable wealth, he went to 
 reside in Europe where much of his later life has 
 been spent. He formed a desire to study gem 
 archaeology ami soon began the collection of 
 engraved gems of which he secured a great and 
 remarkable variety. In the pursuit of his purpose 
 he frequently travelled in Turkey. Syria, Egypt, the 
 Libyan Desert, China. Japan, India, Burmah, Siam 
 and other countries. For more than thirty years 
 he sought these treasures, and many gems of great 
 antiquity and beauty came into his possession. In 
 1886 Professor Sommerville began to re-classify and 
 remount in cases his valuable accumulations, then 
 
 grown so large as to be celebrated among the large 
 collections of the world. The gems represent nearly 
 all ancient countries and almost all centuries. For 
 three years they were exhibited in the Metropolitan 
 Museum of Art in New York, after which time they 
 were transferred to the Archaeological Museum of 
 the University of Pennsylvania. Year by year the 
 collection has increased in size, one of the latest 
 acquisitions being a large cameo representing the 
 Triumph of Constantine, with Helena, Crispus and 
 Fausta dating from the fifth or sixth century a.d. 
 It had once been the property of Catherine II. 
 
 
 % b 
 
 
 C^ "«' 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 W J*. * 
 
 
 «yM 
 
 
 W*^" G 
 
 
 x * 
 
 
 A 
 
 
 lte# c 
 
 • ; 
 
 
 MAXWELL SOMMERVILLE 
 
 of Russia. In 1894 Professor Sommerville was 
 appointed to his present position in the Professor- 
 ship of Glyptology in the University. He belongs 
 to a number of learned societies, among them the 
 American Oriental Society, the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania and the Numismatic and Antiquarian 
 Society of Philadelphia. He is a corresponding 
 member of the Socie^te' Acad^mique des Sciences, Arts 
 et Belles Lettres du Departement de L'Aube, France. 
 In 1889 Professor Sommerville issued Engraved 
 Gems, a catalogue of his collection, containing over 
 five hundred engravings of the finer examples. 
 A prefix contains an account of the author's travels 
 in quest of the treasures which he describes with a
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNS11J .1 \ r IA 
 
 435 
 
 history of engraved gems and the place they occupy 
 in art. Many illustrations from the author's own 
 hand accompany this part of the work. In 1S97 
 Professor Sommerville published Siam on the Mei- 
 nam from the Gulf to Ayuthia, which is a descrip- 
 tion of his journeys in Siam. He has also published 
 monographs on the engraved gems Jupiter Aegio- 
 chus, Constantine, and Grand Cameo of France, 
 and has in press Sands of Sahara, a description of 
 his travels in Algeria, Kabylia and the Desert of 
 Sahara. Professor Sommerville has created and 
 installed an East Indian Hindu Museum and has 
 erected and equipped a Buddhist temple in the 
 Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, which 
 is a representative type of houses of worship in the 
 East. 
 
 NEWBOLD, William Romaine, 1865- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Philosophy i8g4- , Dean Faculty of Philosophy (Gradu- 
 ate School) 1896- 
 
 Born near Wilmington, Del., 1865 ; A.B. Univ. of Pa., 
 1887; Ph.D.. i8gi ; Instr. in Latin Univ. of Pa., 1889- 
 91; Lect. in Philosophy, 1890-94; Asst. Prof. Philos- 
 ophy since 1894 ; Dean of Faculty of Philosophy (Grad. 
 School,! since 1896; author of philosophical writings. 
 
 WILLIAM ROMAINE NEWBOLD was born 
 near Wilmington, Delaware, November 
 20, 1865, the son of William Allibone and Martha 
 Smith (Baily) Newbold. He is eighth in descent 
 from Michael Newbould, who came from Sheffield 
 Park, Yorkshire, England, about 1680 to Burlington, 
 New Jersey, this Michael being himself sprung of a 
 family of yeomen which had been settled in the 
 parish of Beighton, County Derby, at least from 
 the beginning of the fifteenth century. William 
 Romaine Newbold received his early education at 
 the Cheltenham Military Academy entering in 1877 
 ami graduating in 1883. He entered (lie Sophomore 
 Class of the University of Pennsylvania in 18S4 and 
 received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1 X.S 7 . 
 Immediately upon graduation he accepted the posi- 
 tion of teacher of Latin in the Cheltenham Military 
 Academy, remaining there two years. In 1S89 he 
 became Instructor in Latin in the University of 
 Pennsylvania and taught for two years, lie re- 
 ceived the additional title of Lecturer in Philosophy 
 in June of 1S90. In 1887 he also entered the 
 Graduate School of the University and received the 
 degree of Doctor of Philosophy in June 1891 with a 
 major in Philosophy. His tin-sis was entitled Pro- 
 legomena to a Theory of Belief. In 1891 he re- 
 signed his Instructorship in Latin and went to 
 Europe for travel and to study at the University of 
 
 Berlin. He returned to the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, September 1892, and took up his duties as 
 Lecturer in Philosophy. In [894 he was advanced 
 to an Assistant Professorship in the same subject 
 and in 1896 was appointed Dean of the Faculty ol 
 Philosophy, i.e. of the Graduate School, a position 
 which he still holds. He was elected a meml 
 the University Club of Philadelphia in April 1893, re- 
 signing in 1896. He is a member of the American 
 Psychological Association, of the Classical Club of 
 Philadelphia, and of the Bibliographical Club of the 
 University. In the years 1893 to 1898 he published 
 
 \\ II II \M R. \l U l:i 'l.l' 
 
 many articles and reviews dealing for the most put 
 with suggestibility, automatism and kindred phe- 
 nomena. The mote important are a senes of 
 thirteen papers which appeared in the Popular 
 Science Monthlj between Decembei 1895 and Feb- 
 ruary 1897, which gave the fust fairly complete 
 survey of the subject from the psychological point 
 of view which hail appeared in English. Other 
 writings are : Experimental Induction of Automatic 
 Processes, Psychical Review, July [895 j Subcon- 
 scious Reasoning, Proceedings of the- Societj ol 
 Psychical Research, June 1896; Record 61 01 
 vations of Certain Phenomena ol Trance, Proceed 
 ingsof the Society for Psychical Research, 1 lecembi 1 
 [898. From March [895 to March 1896, Mr. 
 Newbold was the Editor of tin- Psychological De-
 
 43 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 partment of the American Naturalist. Mr. Newbold 
 married in Boston, Massachusetts, April 9, 1S96, 
 Ethel Sprague Kent, only daughter of Rev. George 
 T. and Anna (Sprague) Packard. 
 
 is a member of the Philadelphia and University clubs, 
 and a Trustee of Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 TOWNSEND, Charles Cooper, 1867- 
 
 Professor of Law i8g4-l8gg. 
 Born in Overbrook, Pa., 1867 ; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1887; LL.B., 1891 ; Fellow in the Law Dept. of the 
 University, 1891-94 ; Prof, of Law, 189,5-180,9 ; practicing 
 lawyer. 
 
 CHARLES COOPER TOWNSEND, was born 
 in Overbrook, Montgomery county, Penn- 
 sylvania, April 20, 1S67, son of Joseph Brevitt and 
 
 CHARLES C. TOWNSEND 
 
 Ada Eliza (Barton) Townsend. He joined the 
 College Department of the University of Pennsylva- 
 nia in 1883, became Cremation Speaker and Class 
 Presenter and graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1887. 
 During his course in the Law Department he was 
 for three consecutive years, 1S89, 1890 and 189 1, 
 awarded the Faculty prize for the best general exam- 
 ination average and in 1891 he graduated with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was at once ap- 
 pointed to a Fellowship in the Law Department, 
 which he held until 1S94. In 1894 he was elected 
 Professor of Law in the University, but resigned in 
 1899 owing to stress of outside work. He conducts 
 a general practice of law in Philadelphia, where he 
 
 CONKLIN, Edwin Grant, 1863- 
 
 Professor of Zoology 1896- 
 Born in Waldo, O., 1863; graduated B.S., Ohio Wes- 
 leyan Univ., 1885 ; A.B., 1886 ; A.M., 1889 ; Ph.D., Johns 
 Hopkins, 1891 ; Prof, of Biology at Ohio Wesleyan 
 Univ., 1891-94; Prof, of Zoology at Northwestern 
 Univ., 1894-96 ; Prof, of Zoology at Univ. of Pa., 1896. 
 
 EDWIN GRANT CONKLIN, Ph.D., was born 
 in Waldo, Ohio, November 24, 1863, son of 
 Abram Virgil and Maria (Hull) Conklin, the latter 
 a daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Hull. Professor 
 Conklin attended the public schools near his home 
 and later entered the Ohio Wesleyan University at 
 Delaware, Ohio, from which institution he was gradu- 
 ated with the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1885. 
 He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the 
 same College in 1886 and that of Master of Arts in 
 1889, having in the meantime held an appointment 
 as Professor of Latin and Greek at Rust University 
 in Holly Springs, Mississippi, Later he took a 
 post-graduate course at Johns Hopkins University in 
 Baltimore where he was a Fellow in 1890-1891 and 
 where he received the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy at the conclusion of his studies in 1891. He 
 at once accepted the position of Professor of Biol- 
 ogy at his Alma Mater the Ohio Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, where he remained until 1894. In that year 
 he transferred his services to the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity as Professor of Zoology remaining there for 
 two years. In 1896 he went to the University of 
 Pennsylvania to occupy the Chair of Zoology in the 
 Biological School. He is a member of the staff of 
 the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods' Hole, 
 Massachusetts, a position which he has held since 
 189T, having also been a Trustee of the Laboratory 
 since 1897. Professor Conklin is a member of a 
 large number of learned societies ; the American 
 Philosophical Society, the Academy of Natural Sci- 
 ences of Philadelphia, the American Society of 
 Naturalists, the American Society for the Advance- 
 ment of Science ami the American Morphological 
 Society being among the number. Of the last 
 named he was elected President in 1899. He mar- 
 ried Bella Adkinson, June 13, 1SS9, by whom he 
 has two children, Paul and Mary Conklin. Profes- 
 sor Conklin resides in Philadelphia and in the course 
 of his biological studies and investigations has writ- 
 ten many useful monographs and contributed inter- 
 esting articles to the magazines.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSFLI .IN LI 
 
 437 
 
 CRYER, Matthew Henry, 1840- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Oral Surgery 1896-1899, Professor i8gg- 
 Born in Manchester, England, 1840; came to this 
 country, 1851 ; served during Civil War with Ohio 
 troops, and won rank of Major; graduated Philadel- 
 phia Dental College, 1876; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1877 ; 
 Lecturer on Prosthetic Dentistry and Demonstration 
 of Anatomy at Philadelphia Dental College, 1880-81 ; 
 Asst. Prof, of Oral Surgery at the University, 1896-99, 
 and Professor since r8gg. 
 
 MATTHEW HENRY CRYER, M.D., D.D.S., 
 was horn in Manchester, England, in 1840, 
 son of Henry and Elizabeth Cryer. At the age of 
 eleven years he came to the United States and 
 
 MATTHEW II. CK\ I R 
 
 while a boy was educated in Ohio. In 1861 he 
 entered the service of the Northern Army as an 
 unenlisted volunteer in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry 
 Regiment and was in active service throughout the 
 war, winning a notably brilliant record and rising 
 from the ranks lo the position of Major. The record 
 of his service includes participation in the following 
 engagements: Shenandoah Valley, Suray Valley, Cul- 
 peper, White Sulphur Springs, tin- Second Hull Run, 
 Chantilly, Wilderness, Trevillian Station, Mallory's 
 Cross Roads, St. Mary's Church, Reams's Station, 
 Deep Bottom, Rowanta Creek, Boydton Plank Road, 
 Fort Steadman, Dinwiddie, Jettersville, Sailor's 
 Creek, Appomattox Station and Appomattox Courl 
 House. At Deep p.ittom he was wounded in the 
 
 leg and obliged to remain in the hospital three 
 months, and received several other wounds, which did 
 not disable him for service. At St. Mary's Church 
 two horses were shot under him. He was com- 
 missioned Major, April 8, 1865, and the following 
 day was granted the honor of starting drain's last 
 fight with Lee. After the war Dr. Cryer took up 
 studies to prepare for the dental profession, and 
 received the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery at 
 the Philadelphia Dental College in 1876, the follow- 
 ing year graduating from the Medical Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. Before coming 
 to the teaching force of the University he had been 
 for twenty years connected with the Philadelphia 
 I lental College as Lecturer on Prosthetic Dentistry 
 and Demonstrator of Anatomy, and during sixteen 
 years of that time he had been Assistant Professor 
 to Professor Garretson, the eminent oral surgeon. 
 In 1896, when the department of Oral Surgery was 
 instituted at the University, Professor Cryer was 
 appointed Assistant Professor of Oral Surgery and 
 in 1S99 he was advanced to full Professorship. 
 Among many important writings chiefly on the 
 subject of the anatomy of the head may be men- 
 tioned The Anatomy of the Head and Face, a 
 chapter in the American System of Dentistry, and 
 The Development of Tooth- Enamel. These pub- 
 lished reports of his investigations mark a decided 
 contribution to the previously existing knowledge of 
 the subjects. He has materially added to the effi- 
 cacy of the Bonwill Surgical Engine by the work of 
 invention which he had done upon it. For many 
 years Dr. Cryer has been widely known as a lover 
 of finely bred horses and dogs, immediately after 
 the war devoting his time until 1.S74 to importing 
 and raising blooded stock. He was the owner of 
 the celebrated Lobelin, and has bred and trained 
 many other well-known thoroughbreds. At bench 
 shows he is a reputed breeder and judge of Pugs 
 and Toys, though he has hail much experience with 
 other breeds, having been .if one time an importer 
 of grey-hounds, importing in 1S70 the foreign prize- 
 winners Saladin and Bettelheim. He has also hun- 
 dreds of prizes, won by his chickens and finely bred 
 pigs. Hi- is a member of the Academy of Stoma- 
 tology, the American and Pennsylvania Dental Soci- 
 eties, the American Medical Association, the Union 
 league Club of Philadelphia, the Military Ordei of 
 Loyal Legion and \111cric.m Kennel Club. In 
 the dental societies he has been an active worker, 
 and was recently President of the Academy of 
 
 Slomatoli igy.
 
 43 ; 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 GUDEMAN. Alfred, 1862- 
 
 Associate Professor Classical Philology 1893- 
 Born in Atlanta, Ga., 1862; graduated Columbia, 
 1883; Ph.D. Univ. of Berlin, 1888; Reader in Classical 
 Philology at Johns Hopkins, 1890-93; Associate Prof. 
 Classical Philology in Univ. of Pa., since 1893 ; author 
 of a number of Latin Text Books, and an officer of the 
 American Archaeological School in Rome. 
 
 ALFRED GUDEMAN was born in Atlanta, 
 Georgia. August 26, 1862. He received 
 his early education in private schools, fitting for 
 Columbia University where he received the Bache- 
 lor of Arts degree in 1883. Afterwards he went 
 
 ALFRED Gl DEM IN 
 
 abroad to pursue post-graduate work at Berlin, 
 where he took his Master of Arts and Doctor of 
 Philosophy magna cum laiit/e, in iSSS, with a 
 dissertation entitled De Heroidum Ovidii Codice 
 Planudeo, he being the first American to receive a 
 1 loctor's degree in the Classics at the University 
 of Berlin. From 1S90 to 1893 Dr. Gudeman held 
 the position of Fellow by Courtesy and Reader in 
 Classical Philology in Johns Hopkins University. 
 In 1S93 he was called as Associate Professor of 
 Classical Philology to the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, his present position. Professor Gudeman is 
 the author of several books and numerous articles 
 in Classical journals. His Outlines of the History 
 of Classical Philology reached its third edition in 
 
 1897. Among his other works are: P. Cornelii 
 Taciti Dialogus de Oratoribus, with Prolegomena, 
 Critical Apparatus, Exegetical and Critical Notes, 
 Bibliography and Indexes, published in 1894 ; Latin 
 Literature of the Empire, selected with revised texts 
 and brief introductions, in two volumes, one devoted 
 to prose and the other to poetry ; three volumes of 
 Tacitus in the Allyn and Bacon College Latin Series, 
 Dialogus de Oratoribus, Agricola and Agricola 
 and Germania. Dr. Gudeman is a member of the 
 American Philological Association, the Modern 
 Language Association, the American Institute of 
 Archaeology, the Delta Chapter (Columbia) of the 
 Phi Beta Kappa Society ; the Bibliographical, the 
 University, the Faculty, and the Classical Club (all 
 of Philadelphia), of which last he is the founder 
 (1895) and Secretary. He is also a member of 
 the Executive Committee of the Managing Com- 
 mittee of the American Archaeological School in 
 Rome. 
 
 LEWIS, Morris James, 1852- 
 
 Trustee 1896- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1852 ; graduated in Arts at 
 Univ. of Pa., 1871, and in Medicine, 1874 ; Ph.D., 1874 ; 
 Resident Phys. to Pa. Hosp., 1874-75; Dispen. Phys. 
 to Children's Hosp. and to Pa. Hospital ; Asst. Phys. 
 to Orthopaedic Hosp. ; Phys. to Episcopal Hosp., 1881- 
 1890; and to Children's Hosp. since 1885; Physician to 
 Pa. Hosp. since 1890; Physician to Orthopaedic Hosp. 
 since 1891 ; Trustee of the University since 1896 ; prac- 
 ticing physician in Philadelphia. 
 
 MORRIS JAMES LEWIS, M.D., Ph.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, March 25, 1S52, son 
 of Saunders and Phcebe M. (James) Lewis. He 
 graduated from the Academic Department of the 
 University in 187 1, after which he took the Master's 
 degree in course, and from the Medical School in 
 1S74, receiving in the latter year the degrees of 
 1 (octor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy. He 
 has been continuously engaged in the practice of his 
 profession in Philadelphia besides holding staff posi- 
 tions at various hospitals in the city, during the past 
 twenty years having been Resident Physician, Dis- 
 pensary Physician and Attending Physician to the 
 Pennsylvania Hospital, Dispensary Physician and 
 Physician to the Children's Hospital, Assistant Phy- 
 sician and Physician to the Orthopaedic Hospital 
 and Physician to the Episcopal Hospital. Since 
 1896 he has been a member of the Board of Trus- 
 ters of the University. For several years he has 
 been a frequent contributor to various medical 
 journals. Dr. Lewis is a member of the Philoma-
 
 UNit'ERsirr of PENNsri.r.ixi.i 
 
 439 
 
 thean Society, the Pathological Society of Philadel- 
 phia, the Neurological Society of Philadelphia and 
 the Philadelphia County Medical Society, the Pae- 
 deutics Society and Fellow of the College of Physi- 
 cians of Philadelphia, member of the Association of 
 American Physicians, and of the American Neuro- 
 logical Association. He married Maria, daughter of 
 William Heyward Drayton of Philadelphia. 
 
 LINDSAY, Samuel McCune, 1869- 
 
 Asst. Professor Sociology 1896- 
 Born in Pittsburg, Pa., 1869 ; graduated Ph.D. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1889; Ph.B. Univ. Halle, 1892; Instructor in 
 Sociology, Univ. of Pa., 1894-96; Asst. Prof, of Soci- 
 ology at the University since 1896. 
 
 SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY, Ph.D., was born 
 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, May 10, 1869, 
 son of Daniel Slater and Ella Elizabeth (England) 
 Lindsay. Entering the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1885 he elected a course of study in the Wharton 
 School of Finance and Economy, leading to the 
 degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, and with that 
 degree he graduated in 1889. While in College he 
 received honorable mention for the Henry La Barre 
 Jayne English prize in his Freshman year, and was 
 appointed Chairman of the Executive Committee of 
 his class in the Senior year, besides being Editor of 
 the Pennsylvania!"). After graduation he went abroad 
 for advanced study, spending three and one-half 
 years at the Universities of Halle, Berlin, Vienna, 
 Rome and Paris, and in 1892 taking the degree of 
 Doctor of Philosophy at the University Halle, Ger- 
 many. Upon his return to the United States in 1894 
 he was appointed instructor and since September 
 1896 he has been Assistant Professor of Sociology 
 at the University. Professor Lindsay is a member 
 of the Philomathean Society, and acted as Chairman 
 of its Seventy-fifth Anniversary Committee. He is 
 a member of the American Economic Association, 
 the British Economic Association, the American 
 Social Science Association, the National Conference 
 of Charities and Correction, the American Academy 
 of Political and Social Science, of which he is first 
 Vice-President and Acting President, and of other 
 literary and scientific bodies, to whose publications 
 as well as to current periodical literature he is a 
 frequent contributor. Among Professor Lindsay's 
 more important books, monographs, and publica- 
 tions are the following: Articles on the Silver 
 
 Question and on the Eleventh Census in C ad's 
 
 I ihrbiicher, 1892 ; Social Work at the Krupp 
 Foundries — Annals. November [893 J Die Preis 
 
 bewegung der Edelmetalle seil 1850, Jena 189;. 
 j ,54 ; Social Aspects of Philadelphia Relief Work, 
 
 Philadelphia 1896, pp. 174; Articles in Palgrave's 
 Dictionary of Political Ecqnomy, Volumes II ind 
 III. 1896-97; Vacant Lol Cultivation, Charities 
 Review, April [898; The Study ind leaching of 
 Sociology — Annals, July 1 798 ; Statisticsof Pauper- 
 ism and Benevolence, Publications of Ameri 
 Economic Association, March 1899; The Unit of 
 Investigation in Sociology — Annals, November 1899 
 and January 1900 : and Sociological Notes — Annals, 
 
 5AMUE1 Mi C. I l\l>s\\ 
 
 1896-1900. Professor Lindsay was in mud on 
 April 9, 1896, to Anna Robertson Brown, Ph.D., ol 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 KIRK, Edward Cameron, 1856- 
 
 Professor Clinical Dentistry and Dean of Dental Faculty 1896- 
 Born in Sterling, 111., 1856; graduated Pa. College of 
 Dental Surgery, 1878; Dean of the Dental Dept. of the 
 University since 1896; Prof, of Clinical Dentistry since 
 1896. 
 
 EDWARD ('WILLI IN KILL. D.D.S., Dean 
 of the l.i" nit \ of Dentistry, was born in 
 Sterling, Illinois. December 9, 1856, son of 
 Brigadier-General Edward V and Eliza Marcella 
 
 ( I ' mi. n in ) Kirk. \lh I c ulv edlll tl ion in I'llblic 
 
 Schools of Philadelphia he became an Instructor in
 
 44° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Chemistry in the Arts Department of the University, 
 and in 1876 entering the Medical Department as 
 a student, obtained there the first of his professional 
 education. In 1878 he graduated from the Penn- 
 sylvania College of Dental Surgery with the degree 
 of Doctor of Dental Surgery and entered upon the 
 practice of his profession in Philadelphia. Dr. Kirk 
 was made Dean of the Dental Department of the 
 University in 1S96, and since that time the depart- 
 ment has materially improved under his vigorous 
 and efficient administration. It was largely through 
 his efforts that the splendid new building of the 
 
 State Dental Society, the National Dental Associa- 
 tion, the American Academy of Dental Science and 
 the New York State Dental Society and many other 
 state and local dental Associations. 
 
 EDWARD C. KIRK 
 
 School was erected, and the superior and advanced 
 methods of teaching now employed brought into 
 use. Dr. Kirk has occupied the Chair of Chemical 
 Dentistry since 1896. Among his numerous writ- 
 ings may be mentioned the notable American Text- 
 book of Operative Dentistry ; the Section on Dental 
 Metallurgy in the American System of Dentistry, 
 and the article on Dentistry in the revised ninth 
 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dr. Kirk 
 has also for the past ten years been Editor of The 
 Dental Cosmos, the leading dental periodical of the 
 world. He has been from the beginning of his 
 professional career an active worker in the dental 
 societies, being now President of the Academy of 
 Stomatology and a member of the Pennsylvania 
 
 MUMFORD, Edward Warloch, 1868- 
 
 Registrar 1896- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1868; graduated Ph.B., Univ. 
 of Pa., 1889; Asst. Sec'y Board of Trustees of the 
 University, 1891 ; Registrar of the College and Dept. of 
 Philosophy since 1896. 
 
 EDWARD WARLOCH MUMFORD was born 
 in Philadelphia, May 6, 1868, son of Joseph 
 Pratt and Mary Eno (Bassett) Mumford. He grad- 
 uated Bachelor of Philosophy at the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1889, while in College having been 
 elected President of his class in the Senior year, and 
 Editor of the Pennsylvanian. In 1891 Mr. Mum- 
 ford entered the service of the University as Assist- 
 ant Secretary of the Board of Trustees, and was 
 appointed Registrar of the College and Department 
 of Philosophy in 1896. He is a member of the 
 Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. 
 
 ROSENGARTEN, Joseph George, 1835- 
 
 Trustee i8g6- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1835; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1852; A.M. in course; studied law and admitted to 
 Bar, 1856 ; studied at Univ. of Heidelberg, Germany. 
 1856-57; 1st Lieut, and Capt. 121st Pa. Reg., U. S. 
 Vols., 1862-64, and served on staff of Maj.-Gen. John F. 
 Reynolds; Trustee of the University since i8g6 ; mem- 
 ber of the Bar, in Philadelphia. 
 
 JOSEPH GEORGE ROSENGARTEN, Lawyer, 
 was born in Philadelphia, July 14, 1835, son 
 of George D. and Elizabeth (Bennett) Rosengarten. 
 He prepared at the Academical Department of the 
 University, under Dr. Samuel Crawford, and in rS49 
 entered and graduated from the College Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania with the 
 Class of 1852, taking the Master's degree in course, 
 and subsequently studying law, was admitted to the 
 Pennsylvania Bar in 1S56. After a year of study 
 in the University of Heidelberg, Germany, he re- 
 turned to America and began law practice in Phila- 
 delphia, in which he has since continued. Mr. 
 Rosengarten was in the United States Volunteer 
 Army during the Civil War, as First Lieutenant and 
 later as Captain in the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 first Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, and 
 serving on the staff of Major-General John F. Rey-
 
 LW'II'ERSriT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 44' 
 
 nolds in the Army of the Potomac. Since 1S96 he 
 has been a member of the Hoard of Trustees of the 
 University. On many occasions he has spoken be- 
 fore literary and charitable societies, e. g. an ad- 
 dress on the Life and Public Services of General 
 John F. Reynolds, delivered before the Pennsylvania 
 Historical Society in 1880 ; an address 011 the First 
 Day at Gettysburg in 1881, etc. He is the author 
 of the German Soldier in the Wars of the United 
 States, and translator of Captain Max von Hiking's 
 The German Allied Troops in the North American 
 War of Independence. In College he was elected 
 to membership in the Zelosophic Society and the 
 Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. He has been a con- 
 tributor to various local and other newspapers, 
 magazines and journals. He was appointed by the 
 Board of Judges a Manager of the Philadelphia 
 House of Refuge and has been for many years active 
 in its management. He is one of the Trustees of 
 the Drexel Institute. He is President of the Free 
 Library of Philadelphia, and of the Society of the 
 Alumni of the L T niversity of Pennsylvania and of the 
 Delta Chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He 
 has also been a member of the Central Committee 
 of the Alumni of the University and is a Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the General Society of the Alumni of the 
 University and one of the Vice-Presidents of the 
 University Club of Philadelphia. 
 
 McKEAN. Thomas, 1842-1898. 
 
 Trustee 1895-98, Benefactor. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1842; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1862; member of firm of McKean, Borie & Co. ; Pres. 
 of No. Pa. Railroad ; Trustee of the University, 1895- 
 98 ; presented Sioo.ooo for the new Law School building, 
 1897 ; died i8g8. 
 
 TIIOM \S McKEAN was born in Philadelphia, 
 November 28, 1S42, the son of Henry 
 Pratt and Pluebe Elizabeth (Warren) McKean. 
 His great-grandfather was Thomas McKean, a 
 Signer of the Declaration of [ndeperidence lb- 
 entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1858 and 
 graduated in 1X62. Entering business, Mr. McKean 
 became a member of the firm of \h Ke an, Borie & 
 Company, of which his father was the head. He 
 became connei ted with many of the leading finan 
 111I institutions of Philadelphia. At the time of his 
 death he was Presidenl of th( North Pennsylvania 
 Railroad, a Director of the Reading Railroad, the 
 Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Lehigh Coal & Navi- 
 gation Company, the Insurance Company of North 
 
 America, the Fidelity Insurance. Trust & 
 Deposit Company and the Philadelphia Saving 
 Fund Society, lie was President of the German- 
 town (Ticket Club and a member ol the Historical 
 Society, the Pennsylvani .. thj Sons of the 
 
 Revolution and most of the leading clubs of the 
 city. Mr. McKean became a Trustee of the Uni- 
 versity in 1S95 '• )llt ' on g before that had been active 
 in Universit) 'Hairs. He was one of Pennsyl 
 vania's most liberal patrons. Greatest of his gifts to 
 the University was the presentation in 1^,7 of 
 Sioo,ooo towards the fund for the erection of the 
 
 1 n> im \s Mi ki \\ 
 
 new Law School building which was completed 111 
 1900. In recognition of this gift the reading room 
 of the building is called in honor of his ancestor, the 
 Signer, Thomas McKean. Mi. MeKean married 
 Elizabeth Wharton, the daughter of George Mifflin 
 Wharton. He .bed in Philadelphia, March \<>, 
 [898. 
 
 AMES, Herman Vandenburg, 1865 
 
 Instructor and Lecturer American History 1897- 
 Born in Lancaster, Mass., 1865; graduated, A.B., 
 Amherst College, 1888; pursued postgraduate studies 
 at Columbia and Harvard, later attending Universities 
 in Europe; received A.M. from Harvard, 1890, and 
 Ph.D., 1891 ; Instr. of Hist, at Univ. of Michigan, 1891- 
 94 ; Asst. Prof. Hist. Ohio State Univ., 1896-97 ; Instr.
 
 442 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 and Lecturer in American Hist., Univ. of Pa., since 
 1897; author of Historical Monographs and Editor of 
 State Documents. 
 
 HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES, Ph.D., was 
 born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, August 7, 
 1865. Through his father, the Rev. Marcus Ames, 
 he is descended from William Ames who settled in 
 Braintree, Massachusetts, as early as 1636. He is 
 also a scion of the Winslow family of the original 
 Colony which the Mayflower emigrants established at 
 Plymouth. Through his mother, Jane Angeline 
 (Vandenburg) Ames, Dr. Ames is descended from 
 
 HERMAN V. AMES 
 
 a New York Knickerbocker family. He was pre- 
 pared for Amherst College at Phillips' Academy in 
 Andover, Massachusetts, and at a classical school 
 Providence, Rhode Island, and he entered Amherst 
 in 1S84, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
 18S8. His graduate studies were pursued at vari- 
 ous Universities. In 18S8-1889 he attended courses 
 in History and Political Science at Columbia, and 
 from 1SS9 to 1 89 1 he was a student at Har- 
 vard University, receiving the degree of Master of 
 Arts in 1890 and that of Doctor of Philosophy in 
 1 89 1. For a part of his time at Harvard, in 1890- 
 189 1, he was Goodwin Memorial Fellow in Consti- 
 tutional Law. Selecting the life of a teacher he was 
 called to the University of Michigan as Instructor in 
 
 History. He remained there in this position from 
 1 89 1 to 1893, and the next year 1 893-1 894, was 
 Acting Assistant Professor of American History at 
 Ann Arbor. The year 1 894-1 895 was spent abroad 
 in further studies at the Universities of Leipzig and 
 Heidelberg, and upon his return he attached himself 
 to the Ohio State University as Assistant Professor 
 of History, where he continued for one year when 
 in 1S97 he was appointed Instructor and Lecturer 
 in American History at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania where he has remained to date. In 1896 Dr. 
 Ames was awarded the American Historical Associa- 
 tion Prize for a Monograph on "The Proposed 
 Amendments to the Constitution of the United 
 Stales during the First Century of its History." 
 The essay was printed in 1877, making a volume of 
 446 pages. He is the Editor of State documents 
 on Federal Relations, the States and the United 
 States, and other historical works. Dr. Ames is a 
 Councillor of the American Academy of Political 
 and Social Science and a member of the American 
 Historical Association, adjunct member for the 
 State of Pennsylvania of the Public Archives Com- 
 mission, appointed by the American Historical 
 Association. He belongs to the Delta Upsilon 
 Fraternity, being at the present time the President 
 of the Delta Upsilon Club of Philadelphia. 
 
 BROWN, Reynolds Driver, 1869- 
 
 Professor Law 1897- 
 Born in Newcastle, Del., 1869 ; graduated, A.B., Har- 
 vard, i8go; taught Preparatory Schools in Philadel- 
 phia; graduated in law Univ. of Pa., 1894; Fellow in 
 the University Law School, 1894-97; Prof, of Law 
 since 1897. 
 
 REYNOLDS DRIYER BROWN, a son of 
 Henry W. Brown, was born in Newcastle, 
 Delaware, May 6. 1869. His preparatory school- 
 ing was received in Philadelphia principally at the 
 Germantown Academy where he studied for eight 
 years. Entering Harvard College he was graduated 
 as Bachelor of Arts with the Class of 1890. Sub- 
 sequently for one year he was a teacher at the 
 Germantown Academy and for another year he 
 taught at the Penn Charter School in Philadelphia. 
 Matriculating in the University of Pennsylvania's 
 Law Department, he graduated with the degree of 
 Bachelor of Laws in 1894. For three years subse- 
 quently he was a Fellow in the Law School and in 
 1897 he was appointed to a Professorship in the 
 School. As a practicing lawyer Professor Brown 
 was an Assistant for six years in the law offices of
 
 UNIVERSI'IT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 443 
 
 Read & Pettit in Philadelphia. He is at the 
 present time a member of the law firm of Burr, 
 Brown *.V Lloyd. He is a member of the Sharswood 
 Law Club, the Harvard Club of Philadelphia, of 
 which he is the Secretary, and the Gerniantown 
 Cricket Club, being one of the Governors of the last 
 named organization. In 1895 he married Frances 
 Brodhead Harris. He resides in Gerniantown. 
 
 MITCHELL, John Kearsley, 1859- 
 
 Asst. Demstr. Clinical Medicine 1886-gg, Lect. General 
 Symptomatology 1894 99. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1859 ; prepared for College at 
 Dr. Faires's School in Philadelphia, and St. Paul's 
 School, Concord, N. H. ; studied at Harvard with Class 
 of 1881 ; graduated Med. Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1883; 
 pursued medical studies in Vienna ; Asst. Demstr. 
 Clinical Medicine Univ. of Pa., 1886-94 ; Lect. on 
 General Symptomatology, 1894-99. 
 
 JOHN KEARSLEY MITCHELL, M.D., a son 
 of Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, the distinguished 
 novelist and physician, was born in Philadelphia in 
 1859. He was prepared for Harvard at Dr. Faires's 
 School in his native city and at St. Paul's School in 
 Concord, New Hampshire. He entered Harvard 
 in 1877 and would have graduated with the Class 
 of 1 88 1 but had to abandon his course owing to 
 an illness at the commencement of the Senior 
 year. He thereupon entered the Medical School 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating with 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883. Imme- 
 diately upon graduation he was for a time Resident 
 Physician at the Children's Hospital and for two 
 years from 1883 until 18S5 he held the same 
 position at the Episcopal Hospital in Philadelphia. 
 Dr. Mitchell spent the year 1 885-1 886 in Vienna 
 where he continued his studies in the medical 
 science. On his return to this country in 1886 he 
 was appointed Assistant Demonstrator of Clinical 
 Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, a post 
 which he continued to hold until 1894, when he 
 was appointed LectureronGener.il Symptomatology 
 and Diagnosis. This position he resigned in 1899. 
 
 HOUSTON, Samuel Frederic, 1866- 
 
 Trustee 1898- 
 Born in Germantown, Philadelphia, 1866; graduated 
 Ph.B. Univ. of Pa., 1887; engaged in business in 
 Philadelphia; Trustee of the University since i8g8. 
 
 S WILLI, FREDERIC HOUSTON, was born 
 in Germantown, Philadelphia, August 30, 
 
 1866, son of Henry Howard and Sallie Sherrcd 
 
 (Bonnell) Houston. He graduated at the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania with the degree of Bachelor of 
 Philosophy in 18S7. While in his Junior year he 
 was elected President of his Class. He is now 
 engaged in business in Philadelphia, being Director 
 in several financial and transportation companies. 
 Since June 189S Mr. Houston has served on the 
 Board of Trustees of the University. He is a 
 Director of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf 
 and Dumb, and a member of the Academy of 
 Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American 
 Economic Association, the American A< adeinv of 
 
 S. F. HOUSTON 
 
 Political and Social Science, the franklin Institute, 
 the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Pennsyl- 
 vania Society of Sons of the Revolution, the So< ietj 
 of the War of 181 2, the Military Order of Foreign 
 Wars, the Society of Colonial Wars ami the Delta 
 Upsilon Fraternity. He married Edith Atlee, 
 daughtei of Samuel Fisher Corlies of Philadelphia ; 
 Mrs. Houston died in April 1895. 
 
 McCREA, James, 1848- 
 
 Trustee 1898- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1848; educated at Faires' Clas- 
 sical Inst., Philadelphia, and the Polytechnic College of 
 State of Pa.; in railway connections since 1865; Supt.
 
 444 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 of the Middle Div. Pa. R. R., 1875; Supt. of N. Y. Div , 
 1878; General Mgr. of all Pa. lines west of Pittsburg, 
 1885; First Vice-Pres., 1891 ; Director Pa. R. R. since 
 1899 ; Trustee Univ. of Pa., since 1898. 
 
 JAMES McCREA was born in Philadelphia, May 
 1, 184S. He is a son of James A. and Ann B. 
 (Foster) McCrea. His great-grandfather, James 
 McCrea, was a Scotch-Irishman who came to Phila- 
 delphia in 1 7 75 as the representative of a Scotch 
 banking house. His grandfather, John McCrea, 
 and father, James A. McCrea, were well known citi- 
 zens of Philadelphia. On his maternal side he is 
 descended from William Foster of Rhode Island 
 who came from England early in the seventeenth 
 
 JAMES McCREA 
 
 century and whose son removed to New Jersey in 
 1 68 1. Mr. McCrea's early education was received 
 at the Classical Institute conducted by John W. 
 Faires in Philadelphia. Later he was a member for 
 two years of the Class of 1S66 of the Polytechnic 
 College of the State of Pennsylvania, but having 
 secured a position in an engineer corps in 1865 did 
 not return to graduate. This step decided his 
 career and he has been connected with the railway 
 service ever since. He has made his way from the 
 lowest to the highest positions in the railway busi- 
 ness. In June 1865 he was appointed Rodman and 
 Assistant Engineer of the Connellsville and South- 
 ern Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1867 he transferred 
 
 his services as a civil engineer to the Wilmington 
 & Northern Railroad, passing into the service of 
 the Allegheny Valley Railroad in the following year. 
 In 18 7 1 he was appointed Principal Assistant Engi- 
 neer in the Construction Department of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad and by successive promotions he 
 became the Superintendent of the Middle Division 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1875. In 1S78 he 
 was advanced to the Superintendency of the New 
 York Division of the Pennsylvania. On May 1, 
 1882, Mr. McCrea was transferred to the Pennsyl- 
 vania lines west of Pittsburg as Manager of the 
 Southwest, or Pan Handle, System, with his head- 
 quarters at Columbus, Ohio. In 1SS5 he was 
 moved to Pittsburg as General Manager of all the 
 Pennsylvania Lines west of Pittsburg. In 18S7 he 
 was made Fourth Vice-President and General Man- 
 ager, and in 1890 Second Vice-President. Finally 
 in 1891 he was promoted to be First Vice-President, 
 which position he still holds. In June 1S99 Mr. 
 McCrea was elected a Director of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 President Frank Thomson. Through his Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad connections Mr. McCrea is also 
 President of the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley 
 Railway Company, the Terre Haute and Indianapo- 
 lis Railroad Company (Vandalia Line) the Grand 
 Rapids and Indiana Railroad Company and the 
 Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railway Company. 
 Mr. Mc( 'rea's steady rise in the railway service has 
 been due to his ability, his practical knowledge of 
 details, his sound judgment and his close application 
 to the arduous duties of railroad work. On Febru- 
 ary 1, 1898, he was elected a Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania, this being the first instance in 
 the history of the institution when a Trustee had 
 ever been selected whose residence was outside the 
 City of Philadelphia. The vacancy filled by his 
 election was that caused by the death of ex-United 
 States Senator John Scott of Pittsburg, who, how- 
 ever, had not been a Trustee until after his removal 
 to Philadelphia. Mr. McCrea is a member of the 
 American Society of Civil Engineers. Among the 
 clubs in which he holds membership are : the Phila- 
 delphia Club, the Lfnion League of New York, the 
 Chicago Club, the Pittsburg and Duquesne clubs of 
 Pittsburg and the Faculty Club of Philadelphia. 
 In 1873 ne married Ada, daughter of William and 
 Eliza (Moorehead) Montgomery of Terry county, 
 Pennsylvania. He has three children : James 
 Alexander, Archibald Montgomery and Ada Mont- 
 gomery McCrea.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 445 
 
 MORGAN, Randal, 1853- 
 
 Trustee l8g7- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1853; prepared for College at 
 Germantown Academy; graduated College Dept. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1873; studied law and admitted to Bar, 1877; 
 Gen. Counsel of the United Gas Improvement Co. 
 since 1882 ; Trustee of the University, since 1897. 
 
 RANDAL MORGAN, .1 Trustee of the Univer- 
 sity and a well-known Philadelphia lawyer, 
 was born in Philadelphia, October 18, 1853. His 
 father was Charles E. Morgan, and his mother, Jane 
 Potter (Buck) Morgan, botli the Morgans and 
 Bucks having been residents of the State of New 
 
 RANDAL MORGAN 
 
 Jersey for many generations. Randal Morgan was 
 prepared for College at the Germantown Academy, 
 and upon finishing his course there in 1869, entered 
 the College Department of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, receiving his degree of Bachelor of Arts in 
 1873. At graduation lie determined upon the 
 study of the law and entered the office of Morgan 
 & Lewis of Philadelphia, being admitted to the Bar 
 in that city in 1877. In the meantime, the Univer 
 sity had conferred the degree of Master of Arts 
 upon Mr. Morgan in token of his continued interest 
 in intellectual pursuits, lie has made a specialty 
 of corporation practice, and in [88a was appointed 
 general counsel of the Tinted Gas Improvement 
 Company, a very wealthy and powerful corporation. 
 
 This position he has held continuously up to this 
 diie, having also been Third Vice-President of the 
 Company since 1892. Mr. Morgan resides in 
 Chestnut Hill, the beautiful suburb in the neighbor- 
 hood of Philadelphia. He is a member of the 
 Rittenhouse, the University and the Manufacturers' 
 clubs of Philadelphia and of the Lotus and Univer- 
 sity clubs of New York City. He was married in 
 June 1880, to Anna Shapleigh, and they have three 
 children. Mr. Morgan was elected a Trustee of 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1897, an office 
 which he still occupies, being at present < hairman of 
 the Standing Committee on Finance and Property. 
 
 HARRISON, George Leib, Jr., 1872- 
 
 Treasurer 1898- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1872; attended Univ. of Pa., 
 i88g-g2; Treasurer of the University since May 1898. 
 
 GEORGE LEIB HARRISON, Jr., Treasurer, 
 was born in Philadelphia, March 23, 1872, 
 son of Provost Charles Custis Harrison, I.L.D., and 
 Ellen Nixon (Wain) Harrison. From 1S89 until 
 1892 Mr. Harrison was a student in the Science 
 Department of the University. Since May 3, [898, 
 he has filled the office of Treasurer. 
 
 SAILER, Thomas Henry Powers, i£68 
 
 Instructor Hebrew 1895- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1886; graduated Princeton, 
 1889; graduated Princeton Theol. Sem., 1893; Ph.D. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1895 ; Instr. in Hebrew Univ. of Pa., since 
 1895, and in New Testament Introduction, 1897- 
 
 THOMAS HENRY POWERS SAU ER, Ph.D. 
 was born in Philadelphia, May 2], [868, 
 the son of Randolph and Josephine (Pile) Sailer. 
 He prepared for College at Hastings' West Phila- 
 delphia Institute and entered Princeton, graduating 
 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in [889. He 
 then pursued theological studies at the Princeton 
 
 lli. ..logical Seminary, graduating in 1893. In [895 
 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 from the University of Pennsylvania, having spent 
 three years there in post-graduate study in Semitics. 
 Dr. Sailer has been Instructor in Hebrew in the 
 University of Pennsylvania since [895 ami in New 
 
 ["estament Introduction since 1897. He is .1 
 member oi the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. On April 
 30, 1895, he was married to Elizabeth Jackson 
 Clothiei -uiA has two children, Josephine and Ran 
 dolph Clothier Sailer.
 
 44 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 ABBOTT, Alexander Crever, 1860- 
 
 Pepper Prof. Hygiene 1896- 
 Born in Baltimore, Md., i860; attended Baltimore 
 City College; M.D. Univ. of Md., 1884; graduate stu- 
 dent Johns Hopkins Univ., 1885-87 ; studied in Ger- 
 many, 1887-89; Asst. at Johns Hopkins, i88g-go; Asst. 
 in Lab. of Hygiene Univ. of Pa., 1E90-96; Pepper Prof. 
 Hygiene, and Director of Lab. of Hygiene since i8g6. 
 
 ALEXANDER CREVER ABBOTT, M.D., was 
 born in Baltimore, Maryland, February 26, 
 i860, son of Alexander and Elizabeth (Beatty) 
 Abbott. He entered the Baltimore City College 
 after early education in the public schools, and 
 there pursued an academic course of study. Dr. 
 Abbott's professional training was received at first 
 in the Medical Department of the University of 
 Maryland, where he received the Doctor's degree 
 in 1884. His studies were then continued in the 
 Johns Hopkins University, the German Universities 
 of Munich and Berlin, and at the Royal Polytechni- 
 cum in Munich, his sojourn abroad extending over 
 two years. In 1SS9 he became an Assistant in 
 Bacteriology and Hygiene at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, and in the following year changed to a 
 similar position in the Laboratory of Hygiene of the 
 University of Pennsylvania. The Pepper Professor- 
 ship of Hygiene was offered to him in 1896, and he 
 has since continued in the work of that chair, hold- 
 ing the additional position of Director of the Labo- 
 ratory of Hygiene. Dr. Abbott has also been, since 
 1897, Director of the Laboratory of the Philadel- 
 phia Board of Health. He is a fellow of the Col- 
 lege of Physicians of Philadelphia, and a member of 
 the following organizations : Association of American 
 Physicians, the American Physiological, Bacteriolog- 
 ical and Philosophical societies, the Pathological 
 Society of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society, the American Medical Association, 
 the American Public Health Association, the Phila- 
 delphia Chapter of the Sigma Xi Fraternity, the 
 University Club of Philadelphia, and the Faculty 
 Club of the University of Pennsylvania. He was 
 married, August 30, 1892, to Georgina Picton, eld- 
 est daughter of the Hon. Justice Osier, of the 
 Court of Appeal, Ontario, Canada ; their children 
 are : Britton Vaughan and Catherine Eli/.abeth 
 Ellen Abbott. Dr. Abbott has made frequent 
 contributions to scientific literature, the most 
 important of his writings being : A Contribution 
 to the Pathology of Malarial Fever (in association 
 with \V. T. Councilman). 1885; Report on the 
 Koch Treatment of Tuberculosis in Berlin, 1S91; 
 The Etiology of Diphtheria (in association with 
 
 Professor William H. Welch), 1891 ; Corrosive 
 Sublimate as a Disinfectant, etc., 1891 ; The Re- 
 lation of the Pseudo-diphtheretic to the Diph- 
 theretic Bacillus, 1S91 ; Further Studies upon the 
 same Question, 1891 ; Ueber die Glykogenbil- 
 dung nach Aufnahme verschiedener Zuckerarten, 
 etc. (in association with Otto, Lusk and Yoit), 
 1890; A Report on the Heating and Ventilation 
 of Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1891 ; A Contribu- 
 tion to the Pathology of Experimental Diphtheria 
 ( in association with A. A. 
 Etiology of Membranous 
 
 Griskey), 1893 ; The 
 Rhinitis (rhinitis fib- 
 
 A. (J. ABBOTT 
 
 rinosa), 1893; The Results of Inoculation of 
 Milch Cows with cultures of the Bacillus of Diph- 
 theria, 1S93 ; Physical, Chemical, and Bacterio- 
 logical Studies upon the Air over Decomposing 
 Substances, with special reference to their applica- 
 tion to the Air of Sewers, 1S94; The Effects of 
 the Gaseous Products of Decomposition upon the 
 Health and Resistance to Infection of certain An- 
 imals that are forced to respire them, 1895 ; The 
 Influence of Acute Alcoholism on the normal vita] 
 Resistance of Rabbits to Infection. 1S96; The 
 Significance of Pathogenic Spirilla in American Sur- 
 face Waters, etc., 1S96; The Relative Infrequency 
 of Acute Specific Infections in the First Year of 
 Life, with the probable explanation for it, 1900;
 
 unii i-.Ksrrr of pennsylvaki.i 
 
 447 
 
 Statistical Data bearing upon the Epidemiology of 
 Typhoid Fever, 1900. In addition to the above 
 special contributions, he 1- thi author of the text- 
 books: — Principles of Bacteriology, and The 
 Hygiene of Transmissible Diseases. 
 
 ADAMS, John William, 1862- 
 
 Prof. Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics 1893- 
 Born in Middleton, Miss., 1862 ; graduated Coll. Dept. 
 Univ. of Minn., 1886; taught in Faribault, Minn., 1886- 
 8g ; graduated Veterinary Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1892; 
 post-graduate student in Royal Veterinary High School, 
 Berlin, Germany, 1892, and in Royal Veterinary School 
 of Saxony, Dresden, 1893; Prof. Veterinary Surgery 
 and Obstetrics Univ. of Pa. since 1893. 
 
 JOHN WILLIAM ADAMS, \.L... V.M.D., was 
 born in Middleton, Carroll County, Mississippi, 
 November 8. 1862, sun of John Charles and Helen 
 
 Jill IS W. \HAMS 
 
 Marr (Doty) Adams. He is descended from Eng- 
 lish and Scotch-Irish ancestry. Dr. Adams was pre- 
 pared for College in tin- fust grade High Si hool of 
 Lake City, Minnesota, and [886 lie graduated from 
 the College Department of the University of Minne- 
 sota, receiving the degree Bachelor of Arts. He 
 was then for three years engaged in teaching in 
 the Shattuck Military School of Faribault, Minne- 
 sota, and in 1889 entered the Veterinarj Depart 
 
 ment of the University oi Pennsylvania, gradu 
 
 with the degree of tin- school in 1892. In the 
 summer of that year he continued professional study 
 in the Royal Veterinary High Si hool of Berlin, Gi 1 
 man\, and was also a graduate student in the Royal 
 Veterinary School of Saxony, in Dresden in the sum 
 mer of 1893. In 1893 he was appointed Assistant 
 Professor of Veterinary Surgery ami Obstetrics in 
 the Veterinary Department of the University of 
 Pennsylvania, and was made full Professor in 1896. 
 Dr. Adams has been for four years Veterinarian to 
 the Pennsylvania State Hoard of Health, and was in 
 1896 appointed to a similar office in the Depart- 
 ment of Public Safety of Philadelphia. He 1 
 member of the Keystone Veterinary Society, the 
 Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Society, the Amer- 
 ican Veterinary Medical Association, the Veterinary 
 Medical Society of the University >>\ Pennsyslvania, 
 of which he is honorary President, the Faculty Club 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Psi 
 I'psilon Fraternity. He was married, December 
 28, 1895, to Mary Adams of Warsaw, New \oik. 
 and has one child, Alice Naomi Adams, born 
 September 14, (897. 
 
 BARNWELL, James Gaston, 1833- 
 
 Librarian 1884 -1887. 
 Born in Newtown Stewart, Ireland, 1833 ; educated in 
 public schools of Philadelphia; teacher, 1850-63; 
 studied law, 1851-53 ; member Philadelphia City Coun- 
 cil, 1857 ; connected with Philadelphia Mercantile 
 Library as Director, 1863-68 ; Librarian Cincinnati Mer- 
 cantile Library, 1864-66 ; Librarian Univ. of Pa. Library, 
 1884-87; Librarian Philadelphia Library since 1887. 
 
 JAMES GASTON BARNWELL was bom in 
 Newtown Stewart, Ireland, February [3, [833, 
 and in early childhood was taken to Philadelphia 
 where other members of his immediate family had 
 resided for about half a century. He is the son ol 
 Robert and Mary Anne (Gaston) Barnwell. He is 
 descended on the paternal side from Sir Alain de 
 Berneval, one of the knights who accompanied 
 William the Conqueroi to England in 1066, and 
 from Sn Michael de Berneval, who accompanied 
 Strongbow a century later in his invasion of Ireland, 
 
 from whom also are descended the noble houses 
 
 of Kingsland and Trimleston and the Bamewall 
 baronets. A collateral branch of the familj was 
 among the early settlers of South Carolina, some of 
 whom represented that state in the United States 
 Senate and House ol Representath es ind held other 
 positions of distinction, civil and military. On the
 
 44 s 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 maternal side he is of French Huguenot ancestry, 
 being descended from Louis Gaston, who emigrated 
 from France in 1650, on account of religious perse- 
 cution, lie was educated in the private academy 
 of Joseph II. Schreiner and in the public schools of 
 Philadelphia, graduating Bachelor of Arts in 1850 
 at the Central High School, an institution of collegi- 
 ate rank — though hearing its original designation, 
 and in 1855 receiving the degree of Master of Arts 
 from the same institution. Before attaining his 
 eighteenth year he became Principal of one of the 
 public schools of Philadelphia, being the youngest 
 
 [AMES >'•. BARNWELL 
 
 person who had ever filled such a position there, 
 and bv a scries of rapid promotions, he became in 
 1855 Principal of a first class Grammar School, 
 and so continued until [863. During his teaching 
 career he enjoyed the rare distinction of never 
 having a single boy rejected at examinations for 
 promotion to the High School, and he himself 
 attained the highest average in scholarship of any 
 candidate examined in Philadelphia for the Princi- 
 palship of a fust class Grammar School. In 1852 
 he was largely instrumental in organizing the Penn- 
 sylvania State reachers' Association, of which he 
 wis the fust Secretary. In 1 85 1 he became a 
 Student of law in the olli. e of \sa I. Fish, and was 
 a member of the Law Class of 1853 in the Univer- 
 
 sity of Pennsylvania, but he never practised tin- 
 legal profession. In the latter year he received the 
 honorary degree ol Bachelor of Arts from Vale. 
 From his earliest years he was passionately fond of 
 Uioks and devoted much tune to bibliographical 
 studies. He is the possessor of one of the largest 
 private libraries in Philadelphia, containing many 
 rare and out of the way books and numbering over 
 twelve thousand volumes, besides pamphlets, manu- 
 scripts, etc. 'His official connection with public 
 libraries began in 1S63, when he became a Director 
 of the Philadelphia Mercantile Library, to the up- 
 building of which for nearly a quarter of a century, 
 (1863-1 88 7) he devoted a large part of his time 
 and energies as a pure labor of love. He was suc- 
 cessively Corresponding Secretary and Vice-1'resi- 
 dent and for about twenty years Chairman of the 
 Book Committee. I luring the period of his 
 greatest activity and largely as a result of it. the 
 library reached the highest point of success in its 
 career. During the years 1864 to [866 he was 
 Librarian of the Cincinnati Mercantile Library, 
 which he raised from an almost moribund state to 
 a high degree of prosperity. Early in [884 he was 
 elected tin- l'11-.t sepaiate Librarian of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, lie found the library a chaotic 
 mass of books without catalogue, classification or 
 arrangement. He immediately applied himself to 
 the task cit" reducing it to order by classifying and 
 cataloguing it, and had the work almost completed 
 when in [887 he was elected to the Lihr.irianship 
 of the Philadelphia Library, where by assiduous and 
 faithful attention to his varied duties he maintains 
 the well established reputation of that venerable 
 institution. In [848 while a boy at school he 
 edited and printed a weekly paper for circulation 
 among his school-mates, perhaps one of the earliest 
 instances of this now numerous class of periodicals 
 printed by boys lor boys. In 1850, in conjunction 
 with several associates, he published another weekly 
 paper called The Minute Book which was the organ 
 of the literary societies of Philadelphia. He has 
 been a frequent contributor to the London Notes 
 and Queries, the Library Journal, and other publi- 
 cations. His paper on \ Universal Catalogue oi 
 Literature, lead at the organization meeting of the 
 American Library Association in 1876 and after- 
 wards published in the Library Journal, attracted 
 wide attention, and though the project was deemed 
 chimerical by many, a long stride towards its accom- 
 plishment has been made in tin- subsequent publi- 
 cation of the Lritish Museum catalogue and the
 
 , Nil ERSITT OF PENNSTU ./A/./ 
 
 449 
 
 projected catalogue of the Bibliotheque Nationale. 
 His annotated bulletins of accessions to the Phila 
 delphia Librarj have received high commendation 
 from librarians and students, and his Ri ading Notes 
 on the Constitution of the I nited States, published 
 in 1887, have been also the subject ol most favoi 
 able criticism and have been adopted in several 
 institutions as the basis ol a course ol reading and 
 study "ii the subject. He early took an interesl in 
 publii affairs, and while yet in Ins minority took an 
 active part in the movement which culminated in 
 the passage of the Consolidation \<i of [854. in 
 1856 he was President of the Buchanan and Breck- 
 inridge Club, the leading local organization of his 
 party in the Presidential campaign of that yeai 
 Since [860, however, he has been a Republican in 
 national politics, while in local matters he has been 
 .m Independent, or Municipal Reformer. In 1857 
 he was elei ted a member of the < !ity ( louncil, being 
 the youngest membei ol thai body. While serving 
 in that capacity, 11 was his privilege among other 
 things to advocate and vote for the passage of the 
 lull for the construction of the first street railway 
 in Philadelphia. For over forty-three years he has 
 been 1 onnected with the Masonic order, being a life 
 membei ol Phoenix Lodge, Columbia Mark Lodge, 
 Harmon) Chapter, and Philadelphia Commandery. 
 He is 1 corresponding member of the Wisconsin 
 Historical Society, a member of the Pennsylvania 
 Library Club, of which he has been successively Vice 
 President and President, the Philobiblon Club, the 
 Vale Alumni Association of Philadelphia, the Asso- 
 ciated \ lu 1 mi i of the Central High School, in the 
 Board of Management of which for many years he 
 was the representative of his (lass, ami the American 
 Library Association, of which he was one of the 
 founders in 1 -s 7 6 . Mr. Barnwell was married, 
 August 1,5, 1868, to Lidie Gillingham Adams. 
 
 KRANKEL, Lee Kaufcr, 1867 
 
 Instructor Chemistry 1888 1894. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1867; attended Rugby Acad- 
 emy, Philadelphia; B.S., Univ.ot Pa., 1K87; l'.C, 1888; 
 
 Ph.D., 1892; Instr. Chemistry Univ. ol Pa., 1888-94; 
 
 Commercial Chemist, 1894-99 I Manage] United Hebrew 
 Charities City of New York, i8gg- 
 
 LEE K VUFER FR Wkll., Ph.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, Vugu it i ), 1 86 , . f I ouis 
 
 and \inelia ( I ,o|n >nbl I " I I r i nk. I. I [e W i . al In I 
 
 edu< ated in the publii u I I • i il Phil idi Iphia, and 
 
 rei i ived preparation foi College at Rugby \i ademj 
 
 Entering the I niversit) of Pennsylvania in 1883, he 
 devoted himself to the itud) ol icience, 1 peci ill) 
 Chemistry, and in that work he took threi degrei 
 Bai heloi ol Si iem e in [887, l'i u tii al I hemi it in 
 
 i.s.s.s, and Doctor of Philosophy in [89a F 1 
 
 [888 to in| he held an [nstructorship in Chemistr) 
 at the Uhiversit) . and was for fivi yeai oci upied in 
 pi 11 tii e as a 1 ommen 1 il 1 hemi it, Sim e 1 899 he 
 has been Managei ol the 1 mited I [ebrew * !hai 
 of the City of New York. Dr. Frankel has published 
 The t Oxidation ol Metallii Arsenides by thi Electrii 
 Current, and Phe Elei trolysis ol the Metallii Sulpho 
 < lyanides. He is a member ol the Franklin tnstituti 
 of Philadelphia, the hem, .he Chemische Gesell 
 si haii of Berlin, the So< iet) ol ( Ihemical [ndustrj ol 
 London, the Pharisees of Philadelphia, the fudeans 
 ol \ew York City, and the Young Men'. Hebrew 
 Association of New York City. He was married, 
 \|>ii! [8, 1X0.X, to .Mice Reizenstein; then son 1, 
 Lee K. infer Frankel, Jr. In June last, Dr. Frankel 
 read a papei before the National Conference ol 
 [ewish ( haiiiies m < Ihicago on •• Tuben ulo > 
 Effecting Charity Organizations." \ pamphlet en- 
 titled "Common Sense Charity " is from Ins pen. 
 
 DALAND, Judson, i860- 
 
 Itlsli'iii lin I Iiiih.iI Mi an inc. iHi|', 
 
 Born in New York City, i860; graduated Univ. ol 
 I'. 1 Medical Si IiooI, iHK/ ; pi .11 In ni|; pliysii 1. in in Phil- 
 adelphia; Demonstrator Clinical Medicine Univ. ul Pi , 
 1882-95; Instr. Clinic. il Medicine since 189";; I'ml 
 Diseases ol the Che si I Mill. ill el ph la Poly dm 11 and 
 College for Graduates in Medicine, 1896-97. and Prol 
 
 Clinical Medicine since 1897; Visiting Physician to 
 University, Philadelphia Polycllnii and Philadelphia 
 hospitals) Consulting Physician to Kensington Hosp. 
 for Women 
 
 JUDSt >\ DALAND, M.D., was I n New 
 York 1 ii v, |nlv 11,1 860, son oi Benjamin \. 
 
 and Jane Ann I la la in I. III. ilesi enl is traced lioni 
 
 French ancestors who originall) Bettled in Salem, 
 
 Massachusetts, and later were residenl in the vi tj 
 
 oi Boston. Dr. Daland received Ins earl) training 
 in the public si hoof, of Philadelphia, and when but 
 
 twenty-two years old graduated in Med i thi 
 
 1 mi .1 .11 \ 1 a Pi nnsylvania. Sim e rei eh ing hi 
 
 di gree in 1 88a h«' has been itantl) i cted 
 
 with the University teaching force, from i88a to 
 
 [895 as Demonstral 1 Clinical Medicine and 
 
 Mm e the I iiiei date as tnsti 111 tot in the ■ 
 
 Bubjei 1 . he w 1 1 also r^ecturei on Physii il Diag 
 
 no ,l . fo| I. an \, 11 . Il mi 1 885. 1 hit 111" ill' •
 
 45° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 years of professional life Dr. Daland has, in addition 
 to his work at the University, conducted an exten- 
 sive practice in Philadelphia, and held, at the Phila- 
 delphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in 
 Medicine, the positions of Professor of Diseases of 
 the Chest and Professor of Clinical Medicine, the 
 latter since 1897. He is now Visiting Physician to 
 the University, Philadelphia Polyclinic, and Phila- 
 delphia hospitals, and Consulting Physician to the 
 Kensington Hospital for Women. He has also been 
 actively engaged at different times in various posi- 
 tions as follows : University of Pennsylvania Rep- 
 
 JUDSON DALAND 
 
 resentative on the Board of Examiners of the 
 Philadelphia Hospital for several years preceding 
 1899 ; Deputy Health Officer of the Port of New 
 York during the summer of 1S92; Physician in 
 charge of the Cholera Hospital on Swinburne Island 
 during the summer of 1892 ; United States Deputy 
 Health Officer of the Mediterranean ports during 
 the summer of 1893 ; Vice-President of the Penn- 
 sylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis 
 in 1895 ; Chairman of the Speakers' Committee 
 for the Annual Dinner of the Alumni Society of the 
 Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1895 ; Medical Examiner of the United 
 States Masonic Benevolent Association in 1895 ; 
 Medical Examiner of the Guarantee Fund Life 
 
 Association in 1895 ; First Vice-President of the 
 John B. Stetson Medical Society; Patron and 
 Honorary President of the Judson Daland Medi- 
 cal Society of the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania ; Chairman at the Open- 
 ing Exercises of the Stetson Labor Laboratory of 
 Hygiene in 1895 > Director of the Stetson Labo- 
 ratory of Hygiene associated with the Union Mis- 
 sion Hospital in 1895 ; Secretary of the Section on 
 General Medicine, including Pathology and Thera- 
 peutics, of the Second Pan-American Medical Con- 
 gress in 1896; Honorary President of the Section 
 on Internal Medicine of the Twelfth International 
 Medical Congress held at Moscow in 1897 ; Phila- 
 delphia County Medical Society Delegate to the 
 American Medical Association in 1897, 189S, 1899, 
 and 1900; Chairman of the Dinner Committee of 
 the American Medical Editors' Association in [897 ; 
 Treasurer of the American Medical Editors' Asso- 
 ciation in 1897 ; Chairman of the Committee on 
 Contagious Diseases of the Philadelphia Polyclinic 
 and College for Graduates in Medicine in 1S97; 
 Secretary of the Philadelphia County Medical 
 Society Delegation to the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation in 1898 ; Editor of the International Medi- 
 cal Magazine from 1891 to 1895 ; Editor of the 
 International Clinics from 1891 to 1S99 ; a colla- 
 borator of the ( limatologist ; Associate Editor of 
 the Annual of Universal Medical Sciences, by 
 Charles E. Sajous, M.D. Dr. Daland is a member 
 of the Philadelphia County Medical, the Philadel- 
 phia Neurological, the Philadelphia Pathological, and 
 the Philadelphia Clinical societies; the American 
 Climatological Association ; the American Medical 
 Association ; the Northwest Medical Society of 
 Philadelphia ; also a fellow of the American Acad- 
 emy of Medicine and College of Physicians of 
 Philadelphia ; an honorary member of the James 
 Tyson Medical Society of the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania ; a member 
 of the Gloucester County, New Jersey, Medical 
 Society ; the William E. Hughes' Society of Clinical 
 Medicine, at the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
 Philadelphia ; the Moscow Theurapeutic Society ; 
 the Cecil County, Maryland. Medical Society; the 
 Delaware State Medical Society; the Ohio State 
 Medical Society ; a first honorary member of the 
 Rocky Mountain Inter-state Medical Society ; a 
 member of the Medical Club of Philadelphia ; the 
 Alumni Society of the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania ; a charter member of 
 the University Masonic Lodge; a member of the
 
 rxn i:i<srrr of PENNsri.r.ixi.i 
 
 45 1 
 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania; and the Art, 
 University, Markham, Bachelors' Barge, Winter 
 Harbor, and Centaur Bicycle clubs. 
 
 HOLMES, Edmund Wales, 1851- 
 
 Demonstrator Anatomy, i8g2- 
 Born in Cape Town, So. Africa, 1851 ; prepared for 
 College at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. ; grad- 
 uated Yale, 1872; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1880; Resident 
 Phys. Philadelphia Hosp., 1880-81 ; Demonstrator 
 Anatomy at the University since 1892; Surgeon to 
 Methodist Epis. Hosp. 
 
 EDMUND WALKS HOLMES, M.D., was born 
 in Cape Town, South Africa, October 24, 
 [851, son of Gideon S. and Elizabeth (Barr) 
 
 EDMUND \V. HOLMES 
 
 Holmes. His father was a native of New Jersey 
 and his mother of Maine, and both wire descended 
 from English families. Dr. Holmes at an early age 
 became a student at Phillips Academy, the famous 
 preparatory school in Andover, Massachusetts, and 
 from tin-re entered Yale, where he gi iduated, Bach- 
 elor of Arts, in 1X72. His medical study was pei 
 
 1 d it the University of Pennsylvania, where he 
 
 received the Doctor's degree in 1880. During the 
 year following graduation, he occupied a positio 
 Resident Physician al the Philadelphia Hospital, and 
 was later appointed Assistant Physician to the Lying- 
 
 in-Charity and the Polyclinic dispensaries. Since 
 1892 Dr. Holmes has been Demonstrator of Anatomy 
 at the University, and is further engaged as Surgeon 
 to the Methodist Episcopal Hospital. Consulting Sur- 
 geon to the Northern Dispensary; and Consulting 
 Surgeon to the Stati Asylum, Norristown, Pennsyl- 
 vania. He is a member of the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society and the American Medical Vssoi 
 tion, and an honorary member of the Ashhurst, Hirst, 
 Guiteras (?) and Penrose societies of the l 
 A M 11 !» Medical fraternity. Dr. Holmes was mar- 
 ried, August 27, 1874, to Anna K. Coates, and has 
 one daughter, Anna Coates Holmes. He is author 
 of Outlines of Anatomy used as a text-book in sev- 
 eral of our leading medical colleges. 
 
 HOSKINS, William Horace, i860- 
 
 Instructor Veterinary Jurisprudence, etc. 
 Born in Delaware Co., Pa., i860 ; graduated American 
 Veterinary College, 1881 ; Veterinarian; Instr. Veter- 
 inary Jurisprudence, Ethics and Business Methods, 
 Univ. of Pa.; President American Veterinary Medical 
 Association, 1893-96; Editor Journal of Comparative 
 Medicine and Veterinary Archives, 1895-; President 
 State Board of Veterinary Examiners. 
 
 WILLIAM HORACE HOSKINS, D.V.S., was 
 born in Rockdale, Delaware county, Penn- 
 sylvania, July 23, i860, the son of John Taylor and 
 Jane (Brown) Hoskins. He comes of Welsh and 
 Irish ancestry. After receiving his early training in 
 the common schools he entered the American Vet- 
 erinary College, from which he graduated in r.881. 
 Since then he has been engaged in the active | 
 tice of his profession. Dr. Hoskins was Secretarj 
 of the American Veterinary Medical Association 
 from 1889 to 1893 and President from 1893 to 
 1896. He has been Editor of the Journal of Com- 
 parative Medicine and Veterinary Archives since 
 [895, and is now ex-President and present Secre- 
 tary of the Pennsylvania Stati Board of Veterinary 
 Examiners. He is ex President of the Pennsylvania 
 State Veterinary Medical Association and of the 
 Keystone Veterinary Medical Association, and is 
 ex President and ex-Secretary ol the Alumni \ 
 1 iation of the American Veterinary College. He is 
 an honorary member of the Veti rinarj Medical Asso 
 ciation of New Jersey and of the New York Count) 
 Veterinarj Medical Association. At present he is 
 Instructor in Veterinary Jurisprudence, Ethics and 
 Business Methods al the l Diversity of Pennsylvani 
 He is Worshipful Mastei ol Evanhoe Lodge 1 pi in 
 the Masonii ' Irder, and is a member of the Faculty
 
 45 2 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Club. In politics Dr. Hoskins has been a Demo- 
 crat, having been Vice-Chairman of the Democratic 
 City Committee since 1898 and Democratic Candi- 
 date for Mayor of Philadelphia in 1899. On March 
 19, 1885, he was married to Annie E. Cheever and 
 has three children : H. Preston, Margaret E., and J. 
 Cheston Hoskins. 
 
 JOHNSON, Emory Richard, 1864- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Transportation and Commerce i8g6- 
 Born in Waupun, Wis., 1864 ; Lit.B., Univ. of Wis., 
 1888; Lit.M., 1891 ; Ph.D., Univ. of Pa, 1893; Asst. 
 Prof. Transportation and Commerce Univ. of Pa. since 
 1896; member of U. S. Isthmian Canal Commission; 
 author. 
 
 EMORY RICHARD JOHNSON, Ph.D., was 
 born in Waupun, Fond du Lac county, 
 Wisconsin, March 22, 1864, son of Eli and Ange- 
 line (Nichols) Johnson, grandson of Elihu and 
 Anna (Chaffee) Johnson, and of Alanson and 
 Jerusha (Irish) Nichols. His ancestors came from 
 Wales in the early part of the eighteenth century 
 and settled in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. 
 Early in the nineteenth century they migrated to 
 New York State. His parents settled in Wisconsin 
 in 1850. He entered the University of Wisconsin 
 after preparatory education in the Oshkosh (Wis- 
 consin) Normal School, and graduated with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Letters in 1888. After two 
 years of teaching, as Principal of the schools of 
 Boscobel, Wisconsin, he pursued graduate study at 
 Johns Hopkins in 1890-1891,111 Munich, Germany, 
 1891-1892, at the University of Berlin in the 
 summer semester of 1892, and at the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1S92-1893, receiving the degree 
 of Doctor of Philosophy from Pennsylvania in 1893. 
 The Master's degree was conferred upon him in 
 course by the University of Wisconsin. He was 
 appointed Instructor in Economics at Haverford 
 College, and Lecturer on Transportation at the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1893. ^ n J S94 Dr. 
 Johnson was appointed Instructor in Transportation 
 and Commerce in the Wharton School of Finance 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, and from that 
 position he was advanced to the rank of Assistant 
 Professor in 1896, in which relation he continues 
 at present. His teaching in the Wharton School 
 and his writings upon economic topics of current 
 interest have brought him into public notice. In 
 May 1899 he was appointed expert agent on trans- 
 portation by the United States Industrial Commis- 
 sion, which position he held until December 28, 
 
 1899. In June of the same year he was appointed 
 by President McKinley to the Isthmian Canal Com- 
 mission engaged in preparing a report upon the 
 project of building a canal across the American 
 Isthmus. Having obtained leave of absence from 
 the University for the academic years of 1899 to 
 1 90 1, Dr. Johnson has devoted himself to a study 
 of the economic resources of the United States and 
 to an investigation of the proposed canal from a 
 commercial, industrial, and geographical point of 
 view. In 1S94 he assumed charge of the book de- 
 partment of the Annals of the American Academy 
 
 EMORY R. JOHNSON 
 
 of Political and Social Science, becoming one of 
 the two associate editors of the journal in 1896. 
 His special study of transportation subjects began 
 in the undergraduate days at Wisconsin, when he 
 prepared an honor thesis on The Rise and Fall of 
 the Whig System of Internal Improvements, and the 
 study of inland navigation was continued at Johns 
 Hopkins and in Europe. Dr. Johnson's Inland 
 Waterways ; Their Relation to Transportation, a 
 volume of one hundred and sixty-four pages, was 
 published by the American Academy of Political 
 and Social Science, Philadelphia, in 1S93. His 
 bibliography also includes an essay on the Com- 
 mercial Progress of the Nineteenth Century, and 
 the following papers : in the Annals of the Ameri-
 
 UNIl'ERSITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 453 
 
 can Academy of Political and Social Science: the Club, the Public Art League, the Public Edui 
 River and Harbor Bill, 1S92; The Relation of Association, the Philadelphia Cornell Univei 
 
 Taxation to Monopolies, 1 X<,4 ; The Industrial 
 Services of the Railways, 18955 The Nicaragua 
 Canal and the Economic Development of the 
 United States; in the Political Science Quarterly: 
 The Early History of the United States Consular 
 Service, 1 776-1 792, 1897 ; and Government Regu- 
 lation of Railways, 1900; in the Review of Reviews: 
 Inland Waterways and the Development of the 
 Northwest, 189,5 ; The Nicaragua Canal and the 
 Commercial Interests of the United States, 1898; 
 in the Independent: Monopoly and Railway Man- 
 agement, 1897; and The Nicaragua Canal, two 
 papers, 1899. Dr. Johnson was married to Orra 
 Linn March of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in 1894. 
 
 LAIRD, Warren Powers, 1861- 
 
 Professor Architecture l8gi- 
 Born in Winona. Minn., 1861 ; studied at Cornell 
 University, 1885-87. Abroad, 1890-91 ; Instr. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1891 ; Prof. Architecture, 1891- 
 
 WARREN POWERS LAIRD was born in 
 Winona, Minnesota, August 8, 1861. the 
 sun of Matthew James and Lydia (Powers) Laird. 
 ( )n his paternal side he comes of Scotch-Irish 
 in estry resident in Pennsylvania since 1730, while 
 his mother was descended from English stock living 
 in New England and New York since 1650. His 
 early education was received at the public and state 
 normal schools at Winona, Minnesota, after which 
 he took a special course in Architecture at Cornell 
 University from 1885 to 1887. In addition to his 
 course there, he spent three years in study in 
 Minnesota and three in Boston and New York 
 uniler practising architects, and one year of foreign 
 travel and study in Paris. He was Instructor in 
 Architecture at Cornell during the latter portion of 
 his course there, and became Instructor at the 
 University of Pennsylvania in January 1891. Since 
 June 1891 he has been Professoi of Architecture al 
 the University. Beside various offices in local art 
 societies, Professor Laird is Past President of the 
 Fine Arts League of Philadelphia, and is a member 
 of the Committee on Education of the Amen, an 
 Institute of Architects, as well as an Honorary 
 member of the institute. He is a delegate mem- 
 ber of the Art Federation of Philadelphia, repre- 
 senting the University of Pennsylvania, and is a 
 member of the Architectural League of America, 
 the Philadelphia Chapter of V I. A., the T squari 
 
 Association, the Sigma Xi Society, and the Faculty, 
 Art, and Overbrook Golf clubs. He was married, 
 
 VVARRliN P. 1.MR1) 
 
 November 15, 1893, to Clara Elizabeth Tuller and 
 has had two children: Mary Hall and Helen 
 Powers Laird, the latter of whom has died. 
 
 MILLER, Adolph William, 1841- 
 
 Lecturer Materia Mcilica 1886- 
 
 Born in Berge, Hannover, Germany. 1841 ; early edu- 
 cation in public schools of Belleville, 111., and College 
 of St. Paul, Minn. ; graduated Philadelphia College of 
 Pharmacy, 1872; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1872; Ph.D. 1873; 
 engaged in Pharmacy since 1853 ; Demonstrator Phar- 
 macy Univ. of Pa., 1878-86 ; Lecturer on Materia Medica 
 since 1886. 
 
 ADOLPH will I \M Mil I I R, Ph.D., was 
 In 'i 11 in Berge, I [annover, i rermanj . Octo 
 ber 8, 1841, son of William I tenry and [.ouise 
 Lengerken) Miller. He came to this countr) at an 
 early age and was instructed in the public s< hools 
 
 of Belleville, St. (lair county, Illinois, and in the 
 
 College of St. Paul, Minnesota. His professional 
 study was performed a( the Philadelphia I 
 Pharmacy, where he graduated in [862, and in the
 
 454 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, from which he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Medicine in 1872 and that of Doctor 
 of Philosophy in 1873. Dr. Miller has been con- 
 
 ADOLPH W. MILLER 
 
 tinuously engaged in the practice of pharmacy since 
 1S53, since i860 in Philadelphia, and previously in 
 St. Louis, Missouri, and St. Paul, Minnesota. In 
 187S he was appointed Demonstrator of Pharmacy 
 in the University, so continuing until elected, after 
 twelve years, to his present position as Lecturer on 
 Materia Medica. In the various organizations of 
 which he is a member Dr. Miller has held office as 
 follows : President of the Philadelphia Drug Ex- 
 change one year ; President of the Alumni Associa- 
 tion of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy one 
 year; President of the Alumni Association of the 
 Auxiliary Medical Dept. of the University one year; 
 President of the Alumni Association of the National 
 Si hool of Elocution and Oratory three years; Presi- 
 dent of the Mycological Society of Pennsylvania two 
 years ; Acting President of the Botanical Society of 
 the University two years ; and Corresponding Secre- 
 tary of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy at 
 present. He married Margaretta T. Ash : their 
 children are : Lillian, now the wife of Alden H. 
 Weed, Laura, now the wife of William H. Hehveg, 
 and G. Elizabeth Miller. 
 
 MIKELL, William Ephraim, 1868- 
 
 Asst. Professor Law 1899.- 
 Bornin Sumter, S. C, 1868; graduated Military Dept. 
 Univ. of S. C, 1890 ; engaged in school teaching, 1890- 
 95 ; studied law at Univ. of Va. ; in practice in Sumter, 
 ■895-96; legal literary work in Philadelphia, 1896-97; 
 Instr. Law Univ. of Pa., 1897-99, and Asst. Prof, since 
 1899. 
 
 WILLIAM EPHRAIM MIKELL was born 
 in Sumter, South Carolina, January 29, 
 1868, son of Dr. Thomas Price and Rebecca 
 (Moses) Mikell. He is a direct descendant of 
 William E. Mikell, the first of the name in this 
 country, who came to America with Lord Cardross, 
 and settled in Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1682, 
 remaining there until the settlement was destroyed 
 by the Spaniards, when he removed to Edisto 
 Island. South Carolina. Since that time, through 
 eight generations, the family seat has been in that 
 place. Mr. Mikell was educated in the public 
 schools of his native town, and in the University 
 of South Carolina, where he graduated, after a 
 course of study in the Military Department, in 
 1890. From 1S90 for two years Mr. Mikell \\ . c - 
 
 WILLIAM E. MIKELL 
 
 Principal of the schools of Blackstock. South 
 Carolina, and from 1S92 to 1895 he occupied a 
 similar office in the Piedmont Seminary of Lincoln- 
 ton, North Carolina. He pursued his legal studies
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 455 
 
 while engaged in teaching, and after a special course 
 in law at the University of Virginia, was admitted 
 to the Bar of South Carolina in 1894. He spent 
 one year in the active practice of law in Sumter 
 and one in legal literary work in Philadelphia, and 
 in 1897 was appointed Instructor in Law at the 
 University of Pennsylvania. He was advanced to 
 his present rank of Assistant Professor in 1X99. 
 lie is a member of the Kappa Alpha Fraternity 
 So., and an honorary member of the Phi Delta Phi 
 — a legal fraternity. Mr. Mikell was married, 
 April 12, 1894, to Martha Turner McBee, and has 
 two children : William and Mary Mikell. 
 
 MOORE, John Percy, 1869- 
 
 Instructor Zoology 1892- 
 Born in Williamsport, Pa, 1869; B.S. Univ. of Pa., 
 1892 ; Ph.D., 1896 ; Asst. Instr. in Zoology at the Univer- 
 sity, 1890-92; Instructor since 1892; Instr. in Biology 
 Hahnemann Medical College, 1896-98 ; at times en- 
 gaged in investigations for U. S. Fish Commission. 
 
 JOHN' PERCY MOORE, Ph.D., was born in 
 Williamsport, Pennsylvania, May 17, 1869, 
 son of John P. and Emma (Frank) Moore. In ac- 
 quiring his early education he passed through the 
 entire public school system of Philadelphia, gradu- 
 ating from the High School in 18S6. He entered 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1888 and taking 
 a special course of study in science, particularly 
 Biology, he graduated with the degree Bachelor of 
 Science in 1892. He continued his studies as a 
 graduate student and in 1896 he received the 
 Doctor of Philosophy degree. Dr. Moore was first 
 appointed to the teaching force of the University in 
 1890 — before graduation, when he was made As- 
 sistant Instructor in Zoology. Since 1892 he has 
 been Instructor in the same subject. He is also 
 Instructor in liiology at the Hahnemann Medical 
 College, and at various times he has served as tem- 
 porary Scientific Assistant to the United Stales Fish 
 Commission, engaged in special biological investi- 
 gations. Dr. Moore is a member of the Philadel- 
 phia Academy of Natural Sciences, the Zoologii al 
 Society of France, the American Ornithologists' 
 Union, and the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. He mar- 
 ried in 1X92 Kathleen Carter, and has two children : 
 Percy Warren and Kathleen Moore. 
 
 MUSSER, John Herr, 1856- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Clinical Medicine :88g go, Professor l8gg 
 Born in Strasburg, Pa., 1856; attended Pa. State Nor- 
 mal School; graduated Univ. of Pa. Med. School, 1877; 
 
 Instr. Clinical Medicine at the University, 1881-84; 
 Asst. Prof. 1889-99 J Prof, since 1899 ; Physician to Phil- 
 adelphia and Presbyterian hospitals. 
 
 JOHN HERR Ml SSER, M.D., was born in 
 Strasburg, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, 
 
 June 22, 1856, s<m of Benjamin and Naomi ( Hen) 
 Musser. His father, Benjamin, his paternal grand- 
 father, Martin, and his paternal great-grandfather, 
 Joseph Musser, were all physicians of Lancaster 
 County. They were the descendants of Benjamin 
 Musser, of Swiss origin, who immigrating to Amer- 
 ica in 1 7 14, bought land of William Penn. On the 
 
 JOHN HERR MUSSER 
 
 maternal side, the grandfather, Bishop John Herr ol 
 the Memnonite Church, was also descended from a 
 Swiss family. Dr. Musser was in boyhood educated 
 in the Strasburg public schools, including the High 
 School, and later attended the Pennsylvania State 
 Normal School. For Medical study he entered the 
 Medical Department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he took the degree Doctor of Medicine 
 in 1877, rii riving at graduation an appointment foi 
 one year as Resident Physician to the Philadelphia 
 Hospital. He served as Medical Registrar ol the 
 University Hospital from [879 to 1882, and wis 
 < 'hirf of the M> dii al I >ispensarj foi six \> ars from 
 [881. lb- also filled the office of Pathologist to 
 the Presbyterian Hospital from [883 to 1887, and 
 .mi e the latter date he has been Physician to that
 
 45 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 institution. In 1SS1, while still acting as Medical 
 Registrar, Dr. Musser was elected to an Instructor- 
 ship in Clinical Medicine in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, and since that time he has continued to 
 teach that subject to students in the Medical School, 
 from 1889 to 1S99 as Assistant Professor, and since 
 1S99 as Professor. He has been Physician to the 
 Philadelphia Hospital for the past fourteen years. 
 An eminent figure in many important local and 
 national medical organizations, he has held office in 
 several as follows : President of the Philadelphia 
 Pathological Society, 1S93-1897 ; President of the 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society, 1899-1900; 
 President of the Philadelphia Medical Club, 1897 ; 
 Chairman of the Section of Medicine of the Amer- 
 ican Medical Association, 1S90 and 1897 ; member 
 of the Council of the Association of American Phy- 
 sicians, 1893-1897; and was Vice-President of the 
 American Climatological Society, and of the Phila- 
 delphia County Medical Society. He is a member 
 also of : the Neurological Society of Philadelphia ; 
 the Philadelphia Pediatric Society ; the American 
 Pediatric Society; the American Medical Associa- 
 tion; the Pennsylvania State Medical Society; and 
 the Union League and University clubs. He is also 
 an honorary fellow of the Academy of Medicine of 
 Richmond, and a fellow of the College of Phy- 
 sicians of Philadelphia. Before the various societies 
 with which he is allied, Dr. Musser has delivered 
 many notable addresses. He has also written ex- 
 tensively on matters pertaining to the medical pro- 
 fession. His bibliography includes the articles : 
 The Liver of Children, Affections which Simulate 
 Enlargement of the Liver, Congestion of the Liver, 
 Fatty Infiltration, Amyloid Disease, Hydatid Dis- 
 ease, Abscess of the Liver, and Tumors of the 
 Liver in Keatings Cyclopaedia of the Diseases of 
 Children ; eight articles in Wood's Reference Hand- 
 book of the Medical Sciences ; articles in Hare's 
 System of Therapeutics ; Medical Diagnosis, Lea 
 Brothers & Company, 1S94, 1896, and 1898; and 
 more than one hundred and thirty shorter articles 
 published in medical journals and in the transac- 
 tions of societies. Dr. Musser was married, Sep- 
 tember 16, 1880, to Agnes Gardner Harper; their 
 children are : May Harper, John Herr, Naomi and 
 Agnes Harper Musser. 
 
 M.D. McGill Univ., 1872; studied in London, Berlin 
 and Vienna ; Prof. Institutes of Medicine McGill Univ., 
 1874-84; Prof. Clinical Medicine Univ. of Pa., 1884-89 ; 
 Prof. Medicine Johns Hopkins Univ., i88g-; fellow of 
 the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1884; fellow 
 of the Royal Society, London; LL.D. Edinburgh, 
 Aberdeen, McGill, and Univ. of Toronto. 
 
 WILLIAM OSLER, M.D., LL.D., was born in 
 Tecumseh, Ontario, Canada, July 12, 1849. 
 He received academic training in Trinity College, 
 Toronto, and was educated professionally in the 
 Toronto School of Medicine and McGill University, 
 receiving the degree Doctor of Medicine from 
 
 OSLER, •William, 1849- 
 
 Professor Clinical Medicine 1884-89. 
 Born in Tecumseh, Ont., 1849; studied at Trinity 
 College, Toronto, and Toronto School of Medicine ; 
 
 WILLIAM OSLER 
 
 the latter institution in 1872. After further study 
 at University College, London, England, and in Ber- 
 lin and Vienna, he was elected Professor of the In- 
 stitutes of Medicine in the McGill University, hold- 
 ing that position from 1874 to 1884. He was then 
 called to the University of Pennsylvania to occupy 
 the Chair of Clinical Medicine. Since 1SS9 Dr. 
 Osier has been Professor of Medicine at Johns Hop- 
 kins University and Physician-in-Chief to the Johns 
 Hopkins Hospital. He has written extensively for 
 various medical journals of the United States, Canada 
 and Great Britain, and is the author of the following 
 works : Clinical Notes on Smallpox, Montreal, 1876 ; 
 Chorea, 1S91 ; Cerebral Palsies of Children, 18S9; 
 The Principles and Practice of Medicine 3rd Edition,
 
 UNIFERSITT OF PENNSrLI'JNU 
 
 457 
 
 1898; Angina Pectoris and Allied States, 1895; 
 Lectures on Abdominal Tumors, 1S93. It is Dr. 
 Osier's distinguished honor to hold the Doctor of 
 Laws degree from four leading institutions: the 
 Universities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Toronto, 
 and McGill University. 
 
 Church Club. He was married, May 30, 1893, to 
 Emma F. Leavitt, and has two children: Alexander 
 Burton and Francenia Allibone Randall. 
 
 RANDALL, Burton Alexander, 1858- 
 
 Clinical Prof. Diseases of the Ear 1891- 
 Born in Annapolis, McL, 1858; graduated St. John's 
 College, 1877; A.M., 1880; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1880; 
 Physician ; Asst. Demstr. Normal Histology Univ. of 
 Pa., 1880-83; Prof- Clinical Ear Diseases Philadelphia 
 Polyclinic Hosp., 1888- ; Clinical Prof. Diseases of 
 the Ear, Univ. of Pa. since 1891 ; author of medical 
 works. 
 
 BURTON ALEXANDER RANDALL, M.D., 
 Ph.D., was born in Annapolis, Maryland, 
 September 21, 1858, the son of Alexander and 
 Elizabeth (Philpot Blanchard) Randall. On his 
 father's side he comes from English stock resident 
 in Virginia since 1716, while his mother's family, 
 of French Huguenot extraction, came to Connecti- 
 cut in 1634. His early collegiate training was re- 
 ceived at St. John's College, Annapolis, where he 
 took the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1877 and 
 that of Master of Arts in 18S0. He then pursued 
 the course auxiliary to Medicine after entering the 
 Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 from which he received the degrees of Doctor of 
 Medicine and of Philosophy in 1880. After com- 
 pleting his course at the University, he studied a 
 year abroad, principally at the Universities of Vienna 
 and Paris. Returning to this country, he began the 
 practice of his profession in Philadelphia. He was 
 Assistant Demonstrator of Normal Histology at the 
 University from 1SS0 to 1883, Eye and Ear Sur- 
 geon to the Episcopal Hospital from 1882 to 1892, 
 has been since r885 Eye and liar Surgeon to the 
 Children's Hospital, since 1888 Eye and liar Sur- 
 geon to tin- Methodist Hospital, Professor of Ear 
 Diseases at the Philadelphia Polyclinic, and since 
 lSgr Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Ear at 
 the University of Pennsylvania. Among his pub- 
 lications are Photographic Illustrations of the Anat- 
 omy of the liar, a text-book on the Eye, Ear, Nose 
 and Throat and many magazine articles, including 
 Eyes in the Schools, Ophthalmoscopy, Anatomy of 
 the liar, etc. He is a member of the College of 
 Physicians, the American Otological Soc ietv, the 
 American Ophthalmological Society, the American 
 Medical Association, the Faculty Club ami the 
 
 ROGERS, James Blythe, 1802-1852. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1848-52. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1802; attended William and 
 Mary College, Va. ; M.D. Univ. of Md., 1822; practic- 
 ing physician in Little Britain, Pa. ; Prof. Chem. Wash- 
 ington Medical College, Baltimore, Md. ; Prof. Chem. 
 Univ. of Cincinnati, 1835-39 J Prof. Gen. Chem. Franklin 
 Institute, Philadelphia, 1844-48; Prof. Chem. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1848-52; died 1852. 
 
 JAMES BLYTHE ROGERS, M.D., was born in 
 Philadelphia, February 1 1. 1 S02, son of Patrick 
 Kerr Rogers, M.D., University of Pennyslvania 1S02, 
 and from 1819 Professor of Natural Philosophy and 
 Mathematics at William and Mary College, Williams- 
 burg, Virginia. In that institution Dr. James B. 
 Rogers was educated in Academic subjects, and after 
 preliminary study with Dr. Thomas E. Bond he en- 
 tered the Medical Department of the University of 
 Maryland, taking the degree Doctor of Medicine 
 there in 1822. Beginning his active career as a 
 teacher in Baltimore, he soon removed to Little 
 Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, to engage 
 in a practice of medicine. He found the profession 
 uncongenial, however, and returning to Baltimore 
 took up the occupation of chemistry in which he had 
 a strong interest. Becoming Superintendent of a 
 large plant for the manufacture of chemicals, he 
 applied himself to a deep Study of the subject, and 
 was soon appointed Professor of Chemistry in Wash- 
 ington Medical College of Baltimore, lecturing at the 
 same time before the Mechanics' Institute. In 1835 
 he was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry in the 
 Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, and there continued until 1839, during that 
 period devoting his summers to field work and 
 chemical investigation in the employ of the Virginia 
 Slate Geological Survey, of which his brother, William 
 Rogers, was then in charge. In 1840 he was ap- 
 pointed Assistant State Geologist of Pennsylvania, 
 in which state, his brother, lleun Rogers, held tin 
 position of St.ite ( Geologist, from this time he lived 
 permanently in Philadelphia and was chosen 1 ec 
 turcr on Chemistry at the Philadelphia Medii il In- 
 stitute, and Professor of General Chemistry at the 
 Franklin Institute. The latter position he resigned 
 in 1848 to succeed to the Chin of Chemistry at the 
 University ol Pennsylvania, made \ 11 mi by the res- 
 ignation of l'rofc-,M>r Robert Hare. He continued
 
 458 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 in that Professorship until his death in 1852. Pro- 
 fessor Rogers was a member of many scientific so- 
 cieties, and served as Pennyslvania representative to 
 the National Medical Convention in 1S47, and as 
 delegate to the National Convention for the revision 
 of the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1850. Be- 
 sides various writings contributed to scientific pub- 
 lications, he published in cooperation with his 
 brother, Robert Rogers, an edition of Edward Tur- 
 ner's Elements of Chemistry, and one of William 
 Gregory's Outlines of Organic Chemistry. Professor 
 Rogers died in Philadelphia, June 15, 1852. 
 
 ROGERS, Robert Empie, 1813-1884. 
 
 Professor Chemistry 1852-77. 
 Born in Baltimore, Md., 1813 ; graduated Medical 
 Dept. Univ. of Pa., 1836; Chemist to Pa. Geol. Surv., 
 1836-41 ; Prof. General and Applied Chem. and Materia 
 Medica Univ. of Va., 1842-52 ; Prof. Chem. Univ. of Pa., 
 1852-77, and Dean of Medical Faculty, 1856-77 ; Prof. 
 Chem. and Toxicology, Jefferson Medical College, 
 1877-84, and Emeritus, 1884; LL.D. Dickinson, 1877; 
 engaged as expert in U. S. Mints; died 1884. 
 
 ROBERT EMPIE ROGERS, M.D., LL.D., was 
 bom in Baltimore, Maryland, March 29, 
 1813, son of Patrick Kerr Rogers, M.D., Professor 
 of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics at William 
 and Mary College. Educated at first under the in- 
 struction of his father and elder brothers, all of 
 whom were eminent scientific scholars, he was pre- 
 pared for the profession of civil engineering, and 
 lor a short time was engaged in the survej for 
 the Boston & Providence Railroad. This work was 
 abandoned in 1833, when he entered the Medical 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania, taking 
 ,1 full course of Chemistry under Professor Robert 
 Hare. He received the degree Doctor of Medicine, 
 1836, but never practiced as a physician, accepting 
 at once an appointment as Chemist to the Geo- 
 logical Survey of Pennsylvania and holding that 
 position until 1841. In that year he was called to 
 the University of Virginia, where, after a short term 
 of service .is Instructor, he was appointed Professor 
 of General and Applied Chemistry and Materia 
 Medica. Dr. Rogers was in 1852, invited to fill 
 the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, then recently made vacant by the death of 
 his brother, Dr. James B. Rogers. In 1S56 he was 
 made Dean of the Medical Faculty, and in 1S77 he 
 withdrew from both these positions to enter the 
 Professorship of Chemistry and Toxicology in Jeffer- 
 son Medical College. There he continued until his 
 
 death in r884, receiving the title Emeritus Pro- 
 fessor during the last year of his life. He was made 
 a Doctor of Laws by Dickinson College in T877. 
 Dr. Rogers was Acting Assistant Surgeon at the 
 West Philadelphia Military Hospital during the 
 Civil War in 1S63. An important feature of his 
 professional work as a chemical expert was his ser- 
 vice on government commissions for the inspection 
 of the various United States Mints ; he also served 
 on the annual assay commissions from 1S74 to 
 1879. He was a fellow of the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons of Philadelphia, and a member 
 of many leading scientific societies, including the 
 National Academy of Sciences, of which he was 
 one of the incorporators, and the Franklin Institute, 
 of which he was President from 1875 to 1879. In 
 addition to much valuable writing for the transac- 
 tions of the societies and for scientific journals, he 
 published in conjunction with his brother, Dr. James 
 L. Rogers, an edition of Edward Turner's Elements 
 of Chemistry, and brought out his own edition of 
 Charles G. Lehman's Physiological Chemistry, 2 
 vols., 1S55. Dr. Rogers died in Philadelphia, Sep- 
 tember 6, 1884. 
 
 SCH AEFFER, Charles Christian, 1821-1890. 
 
 Professor German 1858-1867. 
 Born in Darmstadt, Germany, 1821 ; graduated Univ. 
 of Giessen, 1844; engaged in educational, religious and 
 political work in Germany, 1844-51 ; came to U. S., 1851 ; 
 introduced Kindergarten system ; Prof. German Univ. 
 of Pa., 1858-67 ; in Kindergarten work after 1867 ; died 
 1890. 
 
 CHARLES CHRISTIAN SCHAEFFER was 
 born in Darmstadt, Germany, October 6, 
 182T, son of Louis Frederick and Regina (Grand- 
 homme ) Schaeffer. On the maternal side he was 
 descended from a family of French Huguenots. 
 His father occupied a governmental position in the 
 Treasury Department in Darmstadt. Professor 
 Schaeffer's early education was obtained in the 
 Gymnasium in his native city where he was gradu- 
 ated with the honor of being chosen to deliver the 
 Latin Valedictory. At a later date he entered the 
 University of Giessen, and there graduated in 1S44. 
 After some experience as a teacher in the High 
 School of Darmstadt he studied for the ministry 
 and was ordained Assistant Minister in Greisheim. 
 He entered the political and religious issues of the 
 time with much interest and activity, at the same 
 time devoting considerable attention to the study of 
 educational questions. In 1851 he sailed for the
 
 UNWERsrrr of pennstlfania 
 
 459 
 
 United States with the definite plan of introducing 
 the Kindergarten system of instruction into this coun- 
 try. Settling in Philadelphia he at once engaged in 
 teaching, both in the public schools and privately. 
 He was called to the University in [858 to take a 
 Professorship in German, and remained in that work 
 until 1S67, when he resigned to re-enter the chief 
 work of his life, the promotion of the Kindergarten 
 system. Professor Schaeffer's life-work was not the 
 promotion of the Kindergarten system only, but the 
 investigation and simplification of the study of 
 Languages. The abundant and invaluable results 
 
 CHARLES C. SCHAE1 I I I 
 
 of the introduction of this system need no descrip- 
 tion here; they are universally known. Professoi 
 Schaeffer was married, Vugust 20, 1850, to Caroline 
 Justina Cathrina Linss, and had one Mm, Ernest 
 Louis Schaeffer. Professor Schaeffer died May 31, 
 1890. 
 
 SCHWATT, Isaac Joachim, 1867- 
 
 Asst. Professor Mathematics, 1897- 
 Born in Mitau, Provinz Kurland, Russia, 1867; at- 
 tended Realgymnasium, Mitau; studied at Univer- 
 sities of Riga, Berlin and Pennsylvania ; Ph.D. Univ. 
 of Pa., 1893 ; Instr. Math., Univ. of Pa., 1893-97 ; Asst. 
 Prof, since 1897. 
 
 ISA \c JOACHIM SUIU VIT, Ph.D., was born 
 in Mitau, Provinz ol Kurland, Russia, June t8, 
 1867, son of Joachim md Doris (Niebur) Schwatt. 
 
 His parents were of German descent. Dr. Schwatt 
 was first educated in private schools in Mitau, and 
 after sufficient preparation he entered the Realgym- 
 nasium in that place, graduating in 1883, at the age 
 i»i lixteen. His later study was performed in three 
 Universities: Riga, Berlin and Pennsylvania; during 
 this period of advanced work he devoted his atten- 
 tion chiefly to mathematics. In 1893 he was made 
 a Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. Dr. Schwatt first taught at the I niversity 
 in 1893, when he was appointed Instructor in 
 Mathematics. He continued with that rank for 
 four years, and in 1897 was advanced to his present 
 standing as As^isiaut Professor, lie is a member 
 .a various mathematical societies in Germany, Italy 
 and America. Dr. Si hwatt was married. August ; 1 . 
 1896, to Rosa fulie Eichmann; their children are : 
 la win Louis Eichmann and lima Julie Eichmann 
 Schwatt. 
 
 SHUMWAY, Daniel Bussier, 1868- 
 
 Instructor Germanic Languages l8g5-lgoo, Asst. Pruf. igoo- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1868; graduated, B.S., Univ. of 
 Pa., 1889; graduate study Univ. of Pa., 1889-92; Ph.D. 
 Univ. of Gbttingen. 1894; continued study in Germany, 
 1894-95; Instr. Germanic Languages and Lit. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1895-igoo, Asst. Prof, since igoo. 
 
 DANIEL BUSSIER SHUMWAY, Ph.D., was 
 born in Philadelphia, May 5, [868, son of 
 Lowell and Anna Sarah (Bussier) Shumway. His 
 ancestry in both lines is of French origin. On the 
 paternal side he is descended from a family of 
 French Huguenots who came to this country, as 
 refugees from religious persecution, in the latter 
 half of the seventeenth century. 'Phis family first 
 settled in Massachusetts, where they remained until 
 Lowell Shumway removed to Philadelphia about 
 [850, engaging in the wholesale boot and shoe busi- 
 ness. The name Shumway was originally Chamoix. 
 Dr. Shumway received his early education in the 
 public schools of Philadelphia, including graduation 
 at the Central High School of that city in t886. 
 lb- then entered the Univi rsit) of Pennsylvania and 
 pursuing a course of scientific study, graduated as 
 Bachelor of Science ill [889. Continuing his 
 studies as a graduate student in English, Philosophy, 
 
 and Comparative Philology, he was apj ited to an 
 
 Instructorship 111 English. In 1892 he obtained 
 [1 lvi ol lb ence and went to Germany to inter a 
 
 1 ii of ( " rmanii s at the Ui if Gi ngen, 
 
 where he took the degree Doctor of Philosophj in 
 1 89 ;. presenting ad ion on 1 'a- abl tuti nde 
 
 Verbum in Hans Sa< lis. I ■ a inothei year he pur-
 
 460 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 sued further studies in Berlin and at Munich, and 
 in the fall of 1895 returned to the University of 
 Pennsylvania to enter upon his present work as In- 
 structor in the Germanic Languages and Literatures. 
 Dr. Shumway is a member of the Philomathean 
 Society, the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, the Faculty 
 Club of the University of Pennsylvania, and the 
 Gottingen Society of Philadelphia. He was married, 
 
 August 22, 
 dren are : 
 Shumway. 
 
 DANIEL B. SHUMWAV 
 
 [895, to Elizabeth Lorenz ; their chil- 
 Anna Elsa and Hildegard Bussier 
 
 SMITH, Henry Hollingsworth, 1815-1890. 
 
 Professor Surgery 1855-71, Emeritus 1871-90. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1815; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1834; M.D, 1837; studied abroad ; practicing physician 
 in Philadelphia ; Surgeon to St. Joseph's, Episcopal, 
 and Blockley hospitals ; Prof. Surgery Univ. of Pa., 
 1855-71, and Emeritus, 1871- ; Surgeon-General of Pa. 
 during Civil War; medical author; LL.D. Lafayette 
 College, 1858 ; died 1890. 
 
 HENRY HOLLINGSWORTH SMITH, M.D., 
 LL.D., was born in Philadelphia, Decem- 
 ber 10, 1815, son of James S. and Lydia (Learning) 
 Smith. He graduated from the College Depart- 
 ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1S34, 
 and from the Medical Department in 1837. After 
 
 nearly two years of professional study in London, 
 Vienna, and Paris, he returned to Philadelphia, 
 where he established a successful practice. His 
 attention was soon given particularly to the subject 
 of surgery, and as Surgeon to St. Joseph's and 
 the Episcopal hospitals, and as a member of the 
 Surgical Staff of the Blockley Hospital, he became 
 widely known for unusual ability. In 1855 he was 
 appointed Professor of Surgery at the University of 
 Pennsylvania, and continued to teach in that posi- 
 tion until 187 1, when he was made Professor Emeri- 
 tus. Dr. Smith was chosen by the Government to 
 organize the hospital system of Pennsylvania at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War, soon afterward being 
 appointed Surgeon-General of the State. He ren- 
 dered valuable service in planning the removal of the 
 wounded from the battle-field of Winchester, Vir- 
 ginia, to hospitals in Reading, Philadelphia, Harris- 
 burg, and other cities ; in initiating the custom of 
 embalming the dead bodies on the field ; in organiz- 
 ing and directing an efficient force of surgeons, and 
 supplying them with steamers and floating hospitals, 
 at the Siege of Vorktown ; and in general surgical 
 and medical service at the battles of Williamsburg, 
 West Point, Fair Oaks and Cold Harbor. He 
 resigned his commission in 1S62, and returned to 
 his work in Philadelphia. Dr. Smith's bibliography 
 includes : An Anatomical Atlas, to illustrate William 
 E. Horner's Special Anatomy, Philadelphia, 1843; 
 Minor Surgery, 1846 ; System of Operative Surgery 
 with a biographical index to the writings and opera- 
 tions of American Surgeons for two hundred and 
 thirty-four years, 1852; The Treatment of Dis- 
 united Fractures by Means of Artificial Limbs. 
 1855 ; Professional Visit to London and Paris. 
 1S55 ; Practice of Surgery, 2 vols., 1857 and 1863 ; 
 a translation of Civiale's Treatise on the Medical 
 and Prophylactic Treatment of Stone and Gravel. 
 Philadelphia, 1841 ; an edition of The United States 
 Dissector, 1S44; an edition of Spenser Thompson's 
 Domestic Medicine and Surgery, 1S53; and many 
 shorter articles, addresses, and reviews. He was 
 allied with many important scientific organizations 
 and has often held office in such societies. He was 
 President of the Philadelphia County Medical So- 
 ciety, 187 7-1 8 79 ; President of the Medical Society 
 of the State of Pennsylvania in 1S84 ; Chairman of 
 the Surgical Section of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion in 1878 ; Chairman of the Executive Committee 
 of the International Medical Congress in 18S7, and 
 also of the Military and Naval Surgical Section in 
 the same year. He was made a Doctor of Laws by
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 461 
 
 Lafayette College in 1885. Dr. Smith married 
 Mary Edmonds, daughter of Professor William 
 Edmonds Homer, M.I). He died in 1890. 
 
 STENGEL, Alfred, 1868 
 
 Instructor and Professor Clinical Medicine 1893 
 Born in Pittsburg, Pa., 1868; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 
 1889 ; Instr. Clinical Medicine at the University, 1893- 
 99 ; Prof, since 1899 ; Asst. Director Pepper Laboratory ; 
 Clinical Prof. Medicine Women's Med. College, 1896- 
 gg ; Phys. to Philadelphia, University and Children's 
 hospitals. 
 
 ALFRED STENGEL, M.D., was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, November 3, 186S, 
 son of Geoffrey and Frederica Suzan (Hertle) 
 
 ALFRED Ml NGE1 
 
 Stengel. He is descended from families native to 
 Southern Germany. After a course of study in the 
 High School of his native place he continued his 
 studies and prepared for University work a year 
 under private tutors, and at the age of eighteen 
 years entered the Medical Department of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. He received the Doctor's 
 degree there in 1889. Dr. Stengel's first connec- 
 tion with the teaching body of the University was in 
 1893. when he was appointed Instructor in Clinical 
 Medicine. He retained the Instruetorship until 
 being advanced to the position of Professor oi 
 Clinical Medicine and Director of ili' William 
 
 Pepper Laboratory in 1S99. In the University 
 Hospital where he is now Physician he was first 
 appointed Assistant Physician in 1894. He is also 
 Physician to the Philadelphia and Children's hospi- 
 tals. From 1896 to 1899 he held the place of Clini- 
 cal Professor of Medicine in the Women's Medical 
 College of Philadelphia. Dr. Stengel is a member 
 of the Pathological, Pediatric, County Medical and 
 Neurological societies of Philadelphia ; he is also a 
 fellow of the American Medical Association and 
 a member of the Association of American Physi- 
 cians, the American Pediatric Society, the Ameri- 
 can Clinatological Association, the Vmerican Public 
 Health Association, and the University and Ritten- 
 house clubs. He is Editor of the American Journal 
 of the Medical Sciences. 
 
 WEBB, Walter Loring, 1863- 
 
 Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering 1893- 
 Born in Rye, N. Y., 1863; attended State Normal 
 School, Cortland, N. Y. ; graduated Cornell, 1884 ; prac- 
 ticing civil engineering; Prof. Drawing Baltimore & 
 Ohio Technological School, 1885-87; Instr. Civil En- 
 gineering Cornell, 1888-92; Instr. Civil Engineering 
 Univ. of Pa., 1892-93, and Asst. Prof, since 1893. 
 
 WALTER LORING WEBB was born in Rye, 
 New York, June 25, 1S63, son of Edward 
 Dexter and Emily (Lodcr) Webb. He is descended 
 from Christopher Webb, who came from England to 
 America in 1628, settling in Braintree, Massachu- 
 setts, and through him traces a direct line of English 
 ancestors as far back as 1350. He was first edu- 
 cated in a private school, and fitting for College at 
 the State Normal School in Cortland. New York. 
 he entered Cornell at the age of seventeen. He 
 took the regular course in Civil Engineering, and at 
 graduation in 1884 he received the degree of 
 Bachelor of Civil Engineering, the degree of Civil 
 Engineer being conferred on him in 1.SS9. Aftei 
 some practical experience as civil engineer in the 
 employ of the United States Government and id 
 various railroad corporations, Mi. Webb accepted a 
 position as Professor of Drawing in the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Technological School, continuing in that 
 relation until the B. & ( >. R. R. Co. closed the 
 school in 1887. After a yeai of professional pra< 
 tice in West Virginia, he was called (o Cornell as 
 Instructor of Civil Engineering. In 1892 he was 
 appointed to a similar position in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, and was advanced to his present rank 
 
 as Assistant Professor in [893. He is a iiiciiiImi o| 
 
 the Cornell \ssoeiation of Engineers and the l -
 
 462 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 neering Club of Philadelphia and an Associate Mem- 
 ber of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He 
 is also a member of the Sigma Xi Society, an asso- 
 ciation corresponding in scientific circles to the 
 
 practical chemist in Philadelphia, and then went 
 abroad for further study in his chosen branch of 
 science. At first a student in the Royal College of 
 France, he later entered the University of Giessen, 
 Germany, where after one year of work in Organic 
 Chemistry under Justus von Liebig, he received the 
 degree Doctor of Philosophy in 1S48. Upon his re- 
 turn to Philadelphia Dr. Wetherill equipped a private 
 laboratory for his personal use, and there he was 
 occupied for many years in special chemical investi- 
 gations, the valuable results of which he reported 
 in various writings in the publications of the socie- 
 ties with which he was allied. He was frequently 
 engaged as Lecturer to the Franklin Institute. In 
 1865 he was appointed Chemist to the Agricultural 
 Department in Washington, where he remained 
 about one year. He became Professor of Chemis- 
 try at Lehigh University in 1866, and continued in 
 that position until his death, five years later. At 
 the time of his death he had also been chosen Pro- 
 fessor of Chemistry in the College Department of 
 the University of Pennsylvania. The honorary 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine, grades causa, was 
 
 WALTER LORING WEBB 
 
 position of the Phi Beta Kappa among classical 
 students. Besides several scientific articles in tech- 
 nical journals and other periodicals, Mr. Webb has 
 published: Problems in the Use and Adjustment 
 of Engineering Instruments, and Railroad Con- 
 struction, both through the firm of Wiley & Sons. 
 Mr. Weill) was married in 18S6 to Mary Tremaine 
 Hubbard. 
 
 WETHERILL, Charles Mayer, 1825-1871. 
 
 Professo; Chemistry 1871. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1825 ; graduated College Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1845; Ph.D. Univ. of Giessen, 1848 ; M.D., 
 gratiae causa, N. Y. Medical College, 1853 ; Chemist to 
 Agri. Dept., Washington, 1865 ; Prof. Chem, Lehigh 
 Univ., 1866-71; Prof. Chem. elect Univ. of Pa., 1871 ; 
 author ; died 1871. 
 
 CHARLES MAYER WETHERILL, M.D., 
 Ph.D., was born in Philadelphia, Novem- 
 ber 4, r825, son of Charles and Margaretta S. 
 
 (Mayer) Wetherill. He graduated from the Col- conferred upon him by the New York Medical 
 lege Department of the University of Pennsylvania College in 1853. Dr. Wetherill was a member of 
 in 1845, receiving the Master's degree in course, the American Philosophical Society, the Franklin 
 For one year following graduation he worked as a Institute of Philadelphia, the Academy of Natural 
 
 CHARLES M. WETHERILL
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSTU .1 \ I I 
 
 463 
 
 Sciences of Philadelphia, the Maryland State Medi- 
 cal Society, and many other learned bodies at home 
 and abroad. His writing, some forty papers in 
 different scientific publications, notably the Ameri- 
 can Journal of Science and the Journal of the 
 Franklin Institute, include many valuable contribu- 
 tions to chemical knowledge. Some of the more 
 important are: Lecture Notes on Chemistry; 
 Chemistry of Tannic and Gallic Acids; Adipocire 
 and its Formation ; Report on the Iron and Coal 
 of Pennsylvania ; Report on the Ventilation of 
 Capitol Extension, Washington. 1). C. ; The Modern 
 Theory of Chemical Types ; Experiments on Ozone 
 and Antozone ; The Crystalline Nature of Class. 
 His one treatise in book form, The Manufacture of 
 Vinegar, was published in Philadelphia in i860. 
 Dr. Wetherill died in South Bethlehem, Pennsylva- 
 nia, March 5, 187 1. His wife, who was Mary C. 
 Benbridge, daughter of Thomas Truxtun Benbridge, 
 presented to the University of Pennsylvania the 
 entire library of her husband soon after his death, 
 thus founding the Wetherill Library of works on 
 Chemistry. 
 
 WILSON, William Powell, 1844 
 
 Prof- Anatomy and Physiology of Plants 1886- 
 Bom in Oxford, Mich., 1844; attended High School, 
 Battle Creek, Mich. ; attended Mich. State Agricultural 
 College; Asst. in Botany Harvard, 1874-78; S.B. Har- 
 vard, 1878; Sc.D. Univ. of Tubingen, Germany, 1880 ; 
 continued study in Germany until 1882 ; Prof. Anat. 
 and Physiol, of Plants Univ. of Pa., 1886- ; Director 
 School of Biology, 1891-95 ; Founder and Director Phil- 
 adelphia Commercial Museum. 
 
 WILLIAM POWELL WILSON, Sc.D., was 
 born in Oxford, Michigan, October 17, 
 [844. Much of his earliest education was received 
 by home teaching, and later lie attended the Gram- 
 mar and High schools at Battle ('reck. Michigan. 
 In 1864 he entered the Michigan Sine Vgricultural 
 College in Lansing, where he made a special study of 
 Mathematics, Chemistry and Natural History. At a 
 latei date, after having engaged to some extent in 
 mercantile pursuits, receiving thorough, practical 
 training in a large agricultural implement manufac- 
 turer's plant, he went to I larvard. There lie was ap- 
 pointed Assistant in Botany in 1874, and so continued 
 for three years, it the same time taking a course of 
 study in Physics. Chemistry and othei scientific 
 branches in the Agassiz Museum of Comparative 
 Anatomy and Biology. lie received the Harvard 
 Bachelor of Science degree in 1878. In that year 
 
 he went to Germany, where for four years he was 
 occupied with scientific study and investigation, par- 
 ticularly in Plant Physiology, attending the Tin. 
 ties of Gottingen, Berlin, Naples and Tubingi n. I [e 
 took the Doctor's degree in S' ii ni 1 at the University 
 of Tubingen in 1880, and during the following two 
 years, pursued original investigations there under 
 the celebrated Dr. Pfeffer, now the foremost author- 
 ity in Germany on Plant Physiology. In 1886 Dr. 
 Wilson was appointed to the position of Professor 
 of the Anatomy and Physiology of Plants at the 
 University of Pennsylvania, lie was also, after the 
 
 WILLIAM POWELL \\il.-sc>\ 
 
 death of Dr. Joseph Leidy in 1891, appointed Sec- 
 retary of tin' Si 1 1 of Biology, and s after, 
 
 I >i rector of the School, lie continued in charge 0! 
 the School of Biolog) until [895. In [893 Dr. 
 Wilson devised a plan for founding a museum in 
 Philadelphia which should re< 1 ive die collections of 
 raw products from all unions exhibited at the 
 World's Pair in Chicago, and thus become an inter 
 national bureau of commerce. Aided by the read) 
 cooperatii fthecit) n\<\ the generous donations 
 
 ol the various nations, he was able to put into exe 
 CUtion the entire plan of the Museum, and tin- Phil 
 adelphia Commercial Museum was thus organized 
 ami put into working order. Its advisor) members 
 
 number over two hundred in this country and as
 
 464 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 many in foreign countries. In the interests of this 
 museum Dr. Wilson has frequently visited the coun- 
 tries of Europe, South America and Mexico, study- 
 ing national resources, trade relations and economic 
 conditions. 
 
 WESSELHOEFT, Edward Charles, 1858- 
 
 Instructor in German i8g2- 
 Born in Hamburg, Germany, 1858 ; attended Johan- 
 neum in Hamburg ; A.M. Univ. of Pa., igoo ; Instructor 
 in German at the University, 1892- 
 
 EDWARD CHARLES WESSELHOEFr was 
 born in Hamburg, Germany, August to, 
 1858, son of George Nicholas and Henrietta Mary 
 
 E. WESSELHOEFr 
 
 (Vaughan) Wesselhoeft. His early education was 
 received in the institutions of his native country, 
 and upon coming to the United States he took up 
 studies at the University of Pennsylvania, where he 
 received the degree Master of Arts in 1900. Since 
 1892 Mr. Wesselhoeft has been an Instructor in 
 German at the University. He is a member of the 
 General Alumni Society of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, and the Modern Language Association. He 
 was married in April 1890, to Julia Alwina Heussner ; 
 their children are: Ethel Gertrude, born in T891, 
 and Edward Walter Edgcumbe Wesselhoeft, born in 
 1898. 
 
 FERREE, Barr, 1862- 
 
 Instructor Architecture, 1891-94. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1862; attended public schools 
 of Philadelphia; graduated B. S. Univ. of Pa., 1884; 
 art critic and lecturer on art topics ; Lecturer on Archi- 
 tecture at the University, 1889-91, and Instr., 1891-94; 
 Pres. Dept. of Architecture Brooklyn Institute of Arts 
 and Sciences. 
 
 BARR FERREE was born in Philadelphia, 
 December 31, 1862, son of Samuel Patterson 
 and Annie Appleton (Drown) Ferree, from French 
 Huguenot ancestry. He was educated at first in 
 the public and private schools of Philadelphia, and 
 in 1S81 entered the L T niversity of Pennsylvania in 
 the second term of the Freshman year. His Col- 
 lege course was directed with a view to taking the 
 degree of Bachelor of Science, and was marked by 
 a number of distinctions resulting from superior 
 scholarship. In the Freshman year he won the 
 Henry La Barre Jayne English Prize, and later he 
 was awarded the Junior Philosophical Prize equally 
 with W. Dewees Roberts ; the Junior English Prize ; 
 the Senior English Prize ; and the Joseph Warner 
 Yardley Memorial Prize at graduation in 1S84. He 
 was elected Poet of the Class of 1884. Mr. Ferree 
 is engaged in the publishing business, but gives much 
 of his time to art work. He has been extensively 
 engaged as a writer and lecturer on various art 
 topics. Much of his time has been spent in study 
 in European countries, where he retains mem- 
 bership in many art societies, notably : — the Royal 
 Institute of British Architects, of which he is an 
 honorary and corresponding member; the Academie 
 d'Aix-en-Provence, France; the Socie'te Archeolo- 
 gique d'Eure-et-Loir, Chartres, France; ami the 
 Societe Archeologique du Midi de la France, 
 Toulouse. In 1889 Mr. Ferree was appointed 
 Lecturer on Architecture at the University, and 
 was advanced to the position of Instructor in the 
 same subject in 1S91 ; he resigned in 1894. An 
 important feature in his professional work has 
 been the supervision, as President, of the Depart- 
 ment of Architecture in the Brooklyn Institute of 
 Arts and Sciences ; in this connection he recently 
 delivered a notable series of lectures on The Great 
 Buildings of the World. He was the founder, and 
 from 1888 to 1 892 the Editor, of Shakespeariana ; 
 from 1S95 to 1898 he was Secretary of the National 
 Sculpture Society ; he was also the founder of the 
 Pennsylvania Society of New York and is its present 
 Secretary. Mr. Ferree 's writings consist of num- 
 erous contributions to the leading magazines and 
 architectural papers.
 
 UN I VERS ITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 465 
 
 WHITCOMB, Merrick, 1859- 
 
 Instructor European History 1895-1900. 
 Bornin Nunda, N. Y.,1859; graduated Harvard, 1880; 
 graduate study Univ. of Leipzig, Germany, Johns Hop- 
 kins Univ. and Univ. of Pa.; Ph.D. Univ. of Pa., 1897; 
 Instr. Hist, and Economics Highland Park Normal Col- 
 lege, Des Moines, la., 1894-95; Instr. European Hist. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1895-1900; Prof. Hist. Univ. of Cincin- 
 nati, igoo- 
 
 MERRICK WHITCOMB, Ph.D., was horn 
 in Nunda, New York, January 10, 1X59, 
 son of Walter B. and Fidelia Jane (Merrick) Whit- 
 comb. His ancestors formerly resident in Massa- 
 
 MERRICK. WHITCOMB 
 
 chusetts, settled in western New York early in the 
 present century. After preparatory education at 
 the Academy in Nunda and at the High School of 
 Chelsea, Massachusetts, he entered the Academic 
 Department of Harvard, graduating Bachelor of 
 Arts with the Class of i 880. Then followed gradu- 
 ate study at the University of Leipzig, Germany, 
 Johns Hopkins University and the University of 
 Pennsylvania, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 being taken at University of Pennsylvania in 1S97. 
 In [894 Dr. Whitcomb accepted an appointment 
 as Instructor in History and Economics at the 
 Highland Park Normal College in Des Moines, 
 Iowa, and continued there one year until called to 
 the University of Pennsylvania as Instructor in 
 
 VOL. I. — 30 
 
 European History in 1895. He received the 
 appointment to his present position as Professor of 
 
 History at the University of Cincinnati in 1900. 
 Dr. Whitcomb is a member of the Association of 
 Colleges and Secondary Schools of the Middle 
 States and Maryland, and has been Secretary of 
 that organization since 1899. lie is a member of 
 the Prairie Club of Des Moines, and of the Faculty 
 Club of the University of Pennsylvania. He was 
 married in 1887 to Zettie S. Fernald ; his d 
 Eva Fidelia Whitcomb, was born in [888. 
 
 TOWNE, John Henry, 1818-1875. 
 
 Trustee 1873-75 Benefactor. 
 Bornin Pittsburg, Pa., 1818; member of the firm of 
 Merrick & Towne, 1842; member of the firm of I. P. 
 Morris, Towne & Co., 1861-66; Trustee of the Univ. 
 of Pa., 1873-75; died 1875. 
 
 JOHN HENRY T< iWNK, Foundei of the Towne 
 Scientific School in the Universit) ol Pennsyl- 
 vania, was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania., on Feb- 
 ruary 20, 181S, the son of John and Sarah (Robinson) 
 Towne. He traced his paternal ancestry back to 
 William Towne, who came from England in 1(140. 
 His mother, Sarah Robinson, was born in England. 
 Mr. Towne moved to Philadelphia early in life, and 
 studied engineering under Merrick and Agnew. In 
 1842 he became a member of the firm of Merrick 
 & Towne, and in 1S61, of the firm of 1. P. Morris, 
 Towne iv Co., the great iron founders of their da} 
 in Philadelphia. From the latter linn he retired in 
 1866. In 1 .S 7 ^ Mr. Towne was eleeted a member 
 of the Board of Trustees of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, and iluiing the year that followed ami 
 almost to the time of his death on April 7. 1 S 7 5 , he 
 took a warm interest in the development of the then 
 new Department of Science. He provided liberally 
 for the department in his will, his bequest amounting 
 now to over $400,000. In acknowledgment of his 
 liberality and in tribute to his memory, the Board of 
 Trustees passed resolutions declaring th.u the De 
 partment of Science should thereafter lie known as 
 the "Towne Scientific School ol tin' I niversitj ol 
 Pennsylvania." Mr. Towne married, in 1843, 
 Maria k. Tevis, and is survived bj three children : 
 Henry Robinson Towne, Helen Carnan Jenks and 
 Alice North Lincoln. 
 
 WOOD, Richard, 1833- 
 
 Trustee 1873- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1833; attended Univ. of Pa. 
 Academic Dept., and Havcrford College ; engaged in
 
 4 66 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 dry goods business and iron manufacturing; Trustee 
 of the University since 1873. 
 
 RICHARD WOOD was born in Philadelphia, 
 December 25, 1833, son of Richard D. and 
 Juliana (Randolph) Wood. The progenitor of the 
 American branch of the Wood family was Richard 
 Wood, who came to this country from Bristol, 
 England ; he is said to have been a member of the 
 first Grand Jury of Pennsylvania. On the mother's 
 side, in the direct male line, the first American an- 
 cestor was Edward Fitz Randolph, born in Notting- 
 hamshire, England, about 16 15 ; he married Elizabeth 
 
 RICHARD u< H '1 1 
 
 Blossom, who had come as a child to Plymouth Col- 
 ony from Leyden in 1629. From them sprang the 
 Randolph family of New Jersey, of which Juliana Ran- 
 dolph was a member. Richard Wood, the subject 
 of this sketch, was at first educated in the West Town 
 Boarding School of Chester county, Pennyslvania, 
 and later he studied in the Academic Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania and at Haverford 
 College. For many years he has been a business 
 man of Philadelphia, occupying positions in several 
 firms in the dry goods trade, and has dealt also in 
 extensive iron manufacturing enterprises. Since 
 1873 he has been a member of the Board of Trustees 
 of the University. He is also identified with various 
 other institutions of an educational, charitable, or 
 
 financial nature, notably the Provident Life and 
 Trust Company of Philadelphia. Mr. Wood is a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
 and the Union League and University clubs of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 CULIN, Stewart, 1858- 
 
 Lecturer Ethnology and American Archaeology 1900- 
 Born in Philadelphia. 1858; educated Nazareth Hall; 
 merchant, 1875-89; Curator Asiatic and General Eth- 
 nology Sections Univ Museum, 1892 ; Director Univ. 
 Museum, 1892; Lecturer on Ethnology and American 
 Archaeology, Univ. of Pa., 1900- ; President Ameri- 
 can Folk-Lore Society, 1897; author. 
 
 STEWART CULIN, intimately associated with 
 the Archaeology Museum of the University, 
 was born in Philadelphia, July 13, 1858. Son of 
 John and Mira (Barret) Culm, he is a lineal de- 
 scendant of Johan van Culen, one of the early 
 Swedish settlers on the Delaware. Educated as a 
 child at a Friends' school, and afterwards at Naza- 
 reth Hall, he entered mercantile life in his father's 
 office at the age of seventeen, at the same time de- 
 veloping an interest in scientific pursuits. In 1883 
 he became Recording Secretary of The Numismatic 
 and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, and was 
 brought into intimate relations with its President, 
 Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, forming a lasting friendship 
 which had an important influence upon his subse- 
 quent life. His first publications were a series of 
 studies of the customs of the Chinese in America, 
 the result of close personal observation. While en- 
 gaged in the study of Chinese games, his attention 
 was directed to games in general, and he abandoned 
 his Chinese work to undertake an examination of 
 the games of the world. The results of this inves- 
 tigation have been published in a number of books 
 and papers, among which the most considerable are 
 Korean Games, 1896, and Chess and Playing-Cards, 
 1S96. In these works he opposed the generally 
 accepted theory of the " festal " origin of games, 
 and practically demonstrated their religious and 
 divinatory origin, at the same time by systematic 
 comparison, showing their high antiquity and uni- 
 versal diffusion. In 1893 he became associated 
 with Frank Hamilton Ctishing, and in collaboration 
 with him, undertook the preparation of an exhaus- 
 tive work on the games of the North American 
 Indians for the United States Bureau of American 
 Ethnology. This volume is now practically ready 
 for publication. In 1889, upon the organization of
 
 UN I VERS ITT OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 467 
 
 the University Archaeological Association by Dr. 
 William Pepper, Mr. Culin was appointed its first 
 Secretary, and was active in the formation of the 
 new Museum of Archaeology, being appointed Cu- 
 rator of its Section of Asia and General Ethnology 
 in January 1S92. In July 1S92, he was made 
 Director of the Museum, and in this capacity was 
 sent as the representative <>f the University to the 
 Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid, being 
 at the same time Secretary of the United States 
 Commission. At the Columbian Exposition in 
 Chicago in 1S93, in connection with his duties in 
 
 STEWART CULIN 
 
 arranging the University's exhibit, he acted as as- 
 sistant in the Department of Anthropology, having 
 charge of the collection of games which formed an 
 interesting feature of the ethnological exhibit. In 
 1895, at the request of Secretary G. Brown Coode 
 of the United States National Museum, he arranged 
 a series of games of the world for exhibition by 
 the National Museum at the Cotton Slates and 
 International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia. A 
 « al [login o| this 1 oil, , tion, u hi. h rei I i\ ed 111'' gold 
 medal and diploma of honor, was published bv the 
 Smithsonian Institution. In the summer of 1898 
 Mr. Culin visited the principal European Museums 
 upon a tour of inspection. Upon the reorganiza 
 tion of the University Museum in moo, he was 
 
 appointed Curator of its American Section, as well 
 as of its Section of General Ethnology, and a de- 
 partment of instruction in Archaeolog) 1" ing created 
 by the Trustees, he was constituted Lecturer in 
 American Archaeology in the University. In the 
 summer of the same year he made an extei 
 trip through the Indian reservations of the western 
 states in company with Dr. George A. Dorsey of 
 the Field Columbian Museum, which resulted in 
 large accessions to the American collections of the 
 Museum. Mr. Culin has been actively inten 
 in the various scientific societies in Philadelphia. 
 In 1888 he organized The Oriental Club, in which 
 he has since retained the position of Secretary. 
 He was President of the American Folk-Lore So- 
 ciety in 1S97. He is an honorary member of the 
 Societe Antonio Alzate of Mexico, ami a correspond- 
 ing member of the Royal Spanish Acadeni) of 
 History and of the Italian Anthropological Society. 
 In 1893 he received the Order of Isabella the 
 Catholic, in recognition of his services in connec- 
 tion with the Historic- American Exposition in 
 Madrid. He married, March 13, 1893, Helen, 
 daughter of Edward II. Bunker of Brooklyn, New 
 York. 
 
 CARRUTH, John G., 1851- 
 
 Benefactor. 
 Born in Paisley, Scotland, 1851 ; came to Philadelphia, 
 1867; manufacturer; President Industrial Trust, Title 
 & Savings Company; Director Ninth National Bank, 
 United Security Life Insurance & Trust Co., etc. ; con- 
 tributed to Dormitories of the University. 
 
 JOHN G. CAKRl III was born in Paisley, Scot- 
 land, February 25, [851, the son of James 
 and Jane (Greenlees) Carruth. He (nines of a 
 family which had for several generations been man- 
 ufacturers, and after leaving school, he decided to 
 enter the same field. In 1N07, he came to Ann 111 
 and immediately secured a position in one of the 
 largest establishments in Philadelphia. After having 
 been rapidly advanced to the post of General Man 
 ager of the company, he resigned in (876 and en- 
 tered upon the manufacture of woolen, worsted and 
 COttOn goods. In [894, his business having OUl 
 
 grown the limitations of his plant, he removed to 
 Indiana Avenue and Rosehill Street. Philadelphia, 
 where he founded the Endurance Mills. In these 
 mills the best lines of goods are maniifac luted, and 
 distributed bv means ol brain h "Hi' 1 ■ in \ w Vork, 
 
 Boston, St. bonis and Chicago, all over the world. 
 Mr. ( '.11 ruili has identified himself with mam of the
 
 4 68 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 foremost institutions of the city. He was one of the 
 founders of the United Security Life Insurance and 
 Trust Company ; is President of the Industrial Trust, 
 Title &: Savings Company, and a Director of the 
 Ninth National Bank. He was one of the origin- 
 ators of the Philadelphia Bourse, and one of the 
 original subscribers to the Philadelphia Casualty 
 Company, being now a Director in the latter com- 
 pany. He has been an active member of the Union 
 League since 1878, and is a member of the Colum- 
 bia Club, the Manufacturers' Club, and the Trades 
 League. On November 5, 1874, he was married 
 
 JOHN G. CARRUTH 
 
 to Annie McAlpin Kerr, and has had three children, 
 all of whom are now dei eased. As a memorial 
 to his daughter, Jean May. Mr. Carruth made a 
 generous donation to the University for the erection 
 of one of the Dormitory houses, to be known as 
 "Carruth." 
 
 STEVENSON, Sara Yorke, 1847- 
 
 Lecturer and Investigator in Archaeology. 
 Born in Paris, France, 1847; educated in France, 
 came to U. S., 1867; Lecturer on Egyptian Religion, 
 in University Lecture Association Course, 1890-91 ; 
 Sc.D., Univ. of Pa., 1894; Lecturer in course on Early 
 Civilizations at Peabody Museum, Harvard, 1893; 
 Vice-Pres. Internat. Jury for Ethnology, World's 
 
 Columbian Exposition, 1893 ; Pres. Civic Club of Phila- 
 delphia, 1894-99; Sec. American Exploration Society, 
 1897 an d °f Depart, of Archaeology and Palaeontology 
 of the University, 1894 ; Curator of Egyptian and Med- 
 iterranean Sections of the University Museum, 1890; 
 author of " Maximilian in Mexico," 1898 ; and of articles 
 on scientific and municipal subjects, 1890-igoo. 
 
 SARA YORKE STEVENSON, Sc.D., was born 
 in Paris, France, February ig, 1847, the 
 daughter of Edward and Sarah Hanna Yorke. She 
 is a descendant of Thomas Yorke, who came to this 
 country in 1728, an 1 was Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Philadelphia Associators in the French and Indian 
 War. His son, Edward, served with honor during 
 the Revolutionary War as Captain in the Navy of 
 the United States. Mrs. Stevenson is also descended 
 from the Stille and Lippincott families, large prop- 
 erty owners in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Rhode 
 Island, and among her fore-fathers are found a 
 Chief-Justice of Pennsylvania, a Provincial Coun- 
 cilor, a Surveyor-General of the Province, and many 
 others prominent in the local history of colonial 
 days. Mrs. Stevenson was educated in France 
 under the care of M. and Mine. Achille Jubinal. 
 M. Jubinal was a member of the Corps Legislatif, a 
 distinguished antiquary and a man of wide attain- 
 ments in the literary and scientific world, and 
 Mme. Jubinal was a sister of Count Louis Phillipe 
 de St. Albin, then Librarian to the Empress Eugenie. 
 In 1862 Mrs. Stevenson left France for Mexico to 
 join her family, and in 1867 came to the United 
 States. She had always been a student of Ancient 
 History and finally her interest became centered in 
 the Archaeology of the Nile Valley. In 1889 Pro- 
 vost Pepper asked Mrs. Stevenson to be one of a 
 little group of pioneer workers who were eventually 
 to establish the Museum of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1890 and 1891 she delivered lectures 
 on the Egyptian Religion under the auspices of the 
 University Lecture Association. When the Depart- 
 ment of Archaeology was established at the University 
 in 1890, Mrs. Stevenson became associated with it, 
 and it was at her instigation that the movement 
 was begun which finally resulted in the erection of 
 the Free Museum of Science and Art. Owing to 
 her efforts large collections were obtained for the 
 University from the Nile Valley, through a close 
 co-operation with the Egypt Exploration Fund, 
 the Egyptian Research Account, and Mr. W. M. 
 Flinders-Petrie. In recognition of her scientific 
 attainments and of her untiring and successful efforts, 
 the University bestowed upon her in 1S94, the hon- 
 orary degree of Doctor of Science, the first it had
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 469 
 
 ever conferred upon a woman. In the preceding 
 year she had been invited to lecture on Egypt at 
 the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 and hers was the first woman's name entered as 
 Lecturer upon a Harvard Calendar. Mrs. Ste- 
 venson is Secretary of the American Exploration 
 Society, and partly through her efforts a superb 
 collection illustrative of ancient Etruscan civiliza- 
 tion — now known as the Phebe A. Hearst Col- 
 lection — was made by A. L. Frothingham and 
 secured for the University. In 1893 Mrs. Steven- 
 son was elected Vice-President of the International 
 
 SARA Y. STEVENSON 
 
 Jury for Ethnology at the World's Columbian Exhi- 
 bition, and in 1894 she was appointed by ordinance 
 of City Councils the only woman member of the 
 Hoard of Trustees of the Philadelphia Museums. 
 In the same year she became President of the Civic 
 Club of Philadelphia and served till 1X91;. In 1896 
 she was appointed a member of the Advisory Board 
 of prominent citizens to advise with the Mayor of 
 Philadelphia with regard to the raising and expend- 
 ing of a twelve million dollar loan for permanent 
 improvements. She was also appointed by the 
 Mayor Chairman of a Ladies Reception Committee 
 to extend the honors of the city to the ladies accom- 
 panying tin- President of the United States, on the 
 occasion of the opening of the Commercial Mum inn 
 
 in 1897, and again at the Peace Jubilee in 1898. 
 She was asked to officiate in the same capacity 
 when the foreign delegates to the International 
 Postal Congress visited Philadelphia in 1897, and 
 more recently during the National Export Exposi- 
 tion in 1899. In 1897 she was sent by the De- 
 partment of Archaeology of the University on a 
 special mission to Rome, and in 1898 she repre- 
 sented the American Exploration Society in Egypt. 
 Mrs. Stevenson has published reports of the De- 
 partment of Archaeology and Palaeontology of the 
 University, and as President of the Civic Club, 
 several addresses on municipal subjects. She is the 
 author of papers published in the Proceedings of 
 the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Phila- 
 delphia, of the Anthropological Congress, Chicago, 
 1895, of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, and of 
 the American Philosophical Society; also in the 
 American Journal of Archaeology and in various 
 magazines, and in 1898 she published a volume of 
 Reminiscences under the title of Maximilian in 
 Mexico, (Century Publishing Company). Besides 
 the offices mentioned, Mrs. Stevenson is Secretary 
 of the Department of Archaeology and Palaeontology 
 of the University ; Curator of the Egyptian and 
 Mediterranean Sections of the same Department; 
 President of the Pennsylvania Branch of the Archae- 
 ological Institute of America ; fellow of the Ameri 
 can Association for the Advancement of Science; 
 and member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 the American Oriental Society, and the New Cen- 
 tury Club. She is also President of the Acorn Club, 
 and of the Joint Executive Board of the Depositary 
 and Philadelphia Exchange for Woman's Work, and 
 Secretary of the Art Federation of Philadelphia. 
 She was married, June 30, 1870, to Cornelius 
 Stevenson, a member of the Bar, and has one son. 
 William Yorke Stevenson. 
 
 McMASTER, John Bach, 1852- 
 
 Professor American History 1883- 
 Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., 1852; graduated College of 
 the City of New York, 1872; Instr. Civil Engineering 
 Princeton, 1877-83; Prof. American Hist. Univ. of Pa. 
 1883- ; author of historical works. 
 
 JOHN BACH McMASTER, Litt.D., was born in 
 Brooklyn, New York, June 29, 1852, and was 
 educated as a bov in the public schools of New 
 York city. His graduation at the College of the 
 City of New' York in 1 S 7 ^ was followed by an 
 appointment as Fellow in English in that institution. 
 Vftei on< yeai in that work In- took up studies in
 
 47° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Civil Engineering, a subject which he afterwards 
 taught at Princeton, where he was appointed Instruc- 
 tor in Civil Engineering in 1877. In the meantime 
 he had devoted several years from 1870 to the col- 
 lection of material for his notable work on American 
 History entitled History of the People of the United 
 States from the Revolution to the Civil War. The 
 first volume of this work, published in New York in 
 1883, attained an immediate success; and has since 
 been followed by four more. Since 1883, Mr. 
 McMaster has been Professor of American History 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, and in connection 
 with his work in this relation he has continued to 
 produce historical writings which have appeared 
 as magazine articles and otherwise ; of particular 
 importance among these is his Life of Benjamin 
 Franklin, printed in the Men of Letters Series of 
 1887. 
 
 FARIES, Randolph, 1862- 
 
 Physical Director 1890- 
 Born in Williamsport, Pa., 1862 ; graduated Univ. of 
 Pa., 1885; M.D., 1888; A.M., i8g2; studied at Univ. of 
 Berlin, Germany, 1889; entered practice in Philadel- 
 phia; Resident Phys. to Presb. Hosp., 1889; Director 
 of Physical Education at the University since 1890. 
 
 RANDOLPH FARIES, M.D., Director of 
 Physical Education, was born in Williams- 
 port, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1S62, son of Robert 
 and Emma Janette (Canfield) Faries. He entered 
 the L T niversity of Pennsylvania in 1S81 and became 
 prominent in athletics, holding the championship 
 for the mile run in 1884, 1S85 and 1886 and that 
 for the eight hundred and eighty-eight yards in 
 18S7. He graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1885, 
 and in 1888 received the degree of Doctor of 
 Medicine. After one year of service in the Presby- 
 terian Hospital as Resident Physician Dr. Faries 
 went abroad, and in 1889 was a student at the Uni- 
 versity of Berlin, Germany. Returning to Philadel- 
 phia he was made Director of Physical Education in 
 the University. The University conferred upon him 
 the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1892. He 
 is a member of the Phi Kappa Upsilon Fraternity 
 and the Philadelphia County Medical Society. He 
 married Marie Louise, daughter of William Weight- 
 man, Jr., of Philadelphia. 
 
 admitted to Bar, 1870; practicing lawyer in Harris- 
 burg; Dist. Atty., 1875-77; Judge of Common Pleas, 
 i882-gg ; U. S. Dist. Judge for Eastern Dist. of Pa. since 
 i8gg; Prof. Law Univ. of Pa., since i8gg; LL.D., Univ. 
 of Pa., Princeton, and Franklin and Marshall College, 
 1899. 
 
 JOHN BAYARD McPHERSON, LL.D., United 
 States District Judge in Philadelphia, was born 
 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 5, 1846. 
 son of William Carrick and Elizabeth (Wallace) 
 McPherson. Besides the McPhersons and Wal- 
 laces (Scotch-Irish), he is descended from the 
 Cumminses (also of that race), and from the I.en- 
 
 McPHERSON, John Bayard, 1846- 
 
 Professor Law i8gg- 
 Born in Harrisburg, Pa., 1846; educated at private 
 schools in Harrisburg and public schools in Sidney, 
 O. ; graduated Princeton, 1866 ; studied law, and was 
 
 johx b. Mcpherson 
 
 harts and Harbachs (German), and the Hoges 
 and Evanses (Welsh). Having pursued primary 
 studies in Harrisburg private schools, he prepared 
 for College in the public schools of Sidney, Ohio, 
 and entering Princeton with Class of 1866, was 
 graduated prior to his twentieth birthday. He 
 read law in Harrisburg and Chicago, commencing 
 and completing his studies in the first-named city, 
 where he began to practice after his admission to 
 the Bar in January, 1S70. From 1875 to 1877 
 inclusive he served as District Attorney for Dauphin 
 County, and was appointed Judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas in February 1882, to serve for 
 the remainder of the year. He was elected to that 
 post by popular vote in the following November for
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSri.l .1 \ 1 .1 
 
 471 
 
 the full term of ten years without opposition, and 
 re-elected in 1892 under the same circumstances. 
 In March 1899 he was appointed by President 
 McKinley United States District Judge for the 
 Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Later in the 
 year he was appointed to his present position as 
 Professor of Law in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 In June 1899 he received the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws from the University of Pennsylvania, from 
 Princeton, and from Franklin and Marshall College. 
 Judge McPherson was President of the Central 
 Pennsylvania Princeton Alumni Association from 
 1890 to 1900; Vice-president of the Dauphin 
 County Historical Society from 1S95 to 1900; and 
 has been a Trustee of Wilson College for Women 
 since 1893. He is a member of the Pennsylvania 
 Bar Association, the Forestry Association, the Sons 
 of the American Revolution, the Pennsylvania 
 Scotch-Irish and German societies, the League of 
 American Wheelmen, the Shakespeare Society, the 
 Presbyterian Social Union, the Princeton Club, and 
 the University Club of Philadelphia. In politics he 
 is a Republican. He married, December 30, 1879, 
 Annie Cochran, daughter of Judge David Watson, 
 and Mary Reigart (Slaymaker), Patterson of Lan- 
 caster, Pennsylvania. His children are: Mary 
 Patterson, born October 16, 1880; and Elizabeth 
 Wallace McPherson, born October 13, 1882. His 
 residence is in Philadelphia. 
 
 EVANS, Henry Brown, 1871- 
 
 Instructor in Astronomy 1895- 
 Born in Dayton, O., 1871 ; graduated in Mechanical 
 Engineering Lehigh Univ., 1893; Instr. in Math, and 
 Astronomy Lehigh, Univ., 1894-95 ; Instr. in Astronomy 
 Univ. of Pa., 1895- 
 
 HENRY BROWN EV \\s was born in Dayton, 
 Ohio, July _>, 1871, son of Lewis Girdler 
 and Frances Eliza (Brown) Evans. He was pre 
 pared for College in the public schools of Dayton, 
 and aftei entering Lehigh University elected the 
 course leading to the degree of Mechanical En- 
 
 ejiieei, with wlinh he graduated in 1893. Befori 
 
 coming to his present position as Instructor in 
 Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania in 
 [895, Mi. Evans had been foi one year fnstructoi 
 in Mathematics and Astronomy at 1 .ehigh University. 
 lie is a member of the American Mathematical 
 S.ic iet\ , the \merican Association foi the Advance 
 mint of Science and the Astronomic il and \stm- 
 physical So< iety of America. 
 
 CHILD, Clarence Griffin, 1864- 
 
 Instructor in English 1896- 
 Born in Newport, R. I., 1864; A.B. Trinity College, 
 1886; Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1895; Asst. Editor in re- 
 vision of Worcester's Dictionary 1895 to date; Instr. 
 in English, Univ. of Pa., 1896 to date; non-resident 
 lecturer in Anglo-Saxon Bryn Mawr College, igoo-01. 
 
 CLARENCE GRIFFIN CHILD, Ph.D., In- 
 structor in English, University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was born in Newport. Rhode Island, March 
 22, 1S64, the son of Rev. William Spencer Child. 
 S.T.D., and Jessie Isabella Davis. Dr. Child re- 
 ceived his early education at St. Johns House, 
 
 c I \i:i NCI G. CHILD 
 
 Newport. Entering Trinity College he graduated 
 in 1886, and received his Master of Vrts in 
 1891. IL- was Instructor in Mathematics and 
 English at Trinity 1890-1891. He studied at the 
 University of Munich [891— 1892, passing in the 
 latter year to Johns Hopkins University where he 
 remained until 1895. He was University scl 
 there in 1 89 t and University I How in 1895 1 
 1895 to date Dr. Child has been engaged as Assist 
 ant Editor in the revision of Worcester's Dictionary. 
 
 In 1896 In I te Instructor in English at the 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, which position he still 
 holds, and in 1900 he was appointed non-resident 
 I ec tiiier in Vnglo Saxon in Bryn Mawi Coll 
 lie has published fohn l ylj and Euphuism in the
 
 472 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Miinchener Beitrage zur romanischen und englischen 
 Philologie, and various technical papers and maga- 
 zine articles. Dr. Child was married on June 20, 
 1899, to Elizabeth Reynolds. 
 
 BATES, William Nickerson, 1867- 
 
 Instructor Greek and Classical Archeology 1895- 
 Born in Cambridge, Mass., 1867 ; attended Cambridge 
 Latin School; graduated Harvard, 1890; A.M., 1891 ; 
 Ph.D., 1893; Instr. in Greek Harvard, 1893-95 ; Instr. in 
 Greek and Classical Archaeology Univ. of Pa., 1895- 
 
 WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES, Ph.D., was 
 born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Decem- 
 ber 8, 1S67, son of Charles and Anna P. (Nicker- 
 son) Bates. For about two hundred years his 
 ancestors on the paternal side have been residents 
 of Cambridge, having previously lived in Weymouth, 
 Massachusetts, where the first representive settled 
 in 1638. The maternal family is one of the oldest 
 identified with New Bedford, Massachusetts. Several 
 ancestors were prominent in the early history of 
 Massachusetts, especially during the Revolution. 
 After instruction in a private school Dr. Bates 
 entered the Cambridge Latin School, graduating in 
 1 886. From Harvard he holds three degrees: 
 Bachelor of Arts received at graduation in 1890; 
 Master of Arts received in 1891 after a year of 
 graduate study; and Doctor of Philosophy received 
 1S93 in recognition of his studies in classical Philol- 
 ogy. An important part of his research study was 
 performed in travel in Creece and the East. Dr. 
 Bates held a position as Instructor in Greek at 
 Harvard from 1893 to 1895, in the latter year 
 entering his present position at the University of 
 Pennsylvania as Instructor in Greek and in Classi- 
 cal Archaeology. His writings have appeared 
 chiefly in the form of magazine articles on philologi- 
 cal or archaeological subjects. He is Secretary 
 and Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Society of the 
 Archaeological Institute of America. 
 
 MERRICK, James Hartley, 1869- 
 
 Asst. Sec. of Board of Trustees 1894- 
 Born Philadelphia, 1869; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1890; Clerk, Southwark Foundry & Machine Co., 1890- 
 92; Assist, to the Dean of the College 1892-94; Assist. 
 Sec. of the Board of Trustees 1894- 
 
 JAMES HARTLEY MERRICK was born in 
 Philadelphia, September 6, 1869, the son of 
 John Yaughan and Mary Sophia (Wagner) Merrick. 
 
 He graduated from the Arts Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania in 1S90, having been a 
 member of the Phi Kappa Sigma Fraternity and 
 Class Historian. At his graduation Mr. Merrick 
 became clerk in the Southwark Foundry and 
 Machine Company, where he remained until 1892 
 when he was appointed Assistant to the Dean of the 
 College. In 1S94 he became Assistant Secretary of 
 the Board of Trustees which office he still holds. 
 Mr. Merrick is a Life Member of the Franklin Insti- 
 tute, the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, the 
 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the 
 Houston Club, and a member of the Philadelphia 
 Barge Club, the Mask and Wig Club, the Ritten- 
 house Club, the Historical and Genealogical Socie- 
 ties of Pennsylvania ; and is a Manager of St. 
 Timothy's Hospital, Roxboro, and Vestryman of the 
 Protestant Fpiscopal Church of the Transfiguration. 
 He is also a member of the Executive Committee 
 of the Philadelphia Charity Ball Association. Mr. 
 Merrick was married October 27, 1S97, to Edith 
 Lovering, of Taunton, Massachusetts. 
 
 FLEXNER, Simon, 1863- 
 
 Professor Pathology 1899- 
 Born in Louisville, Ky., 1863; educated in Louisville 
 schools; graduated in medicine Univ. of Louisville, 
 1889; studied in Univ. of Strassburg, Germany, 1893; 
 taught Pathology in Johns Hopkins University, 1892-98. 
 and Prof. Pathological Anatomy there, 1898-99; Prof. 
 Pathology Univ. of Pa., 1899- 
 
 SIMON FLEXNER, M.D., was born in Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky, in 1863, son of Morris and 
 Esther (Abraham) Flexner. His family is of Ger- 
 man origin. Dr. Flexner was at first educated in 
 the public schools of Louisville, and at the age of 
 twenty-six was graduated in medicine from the 
 University of Louisville. His subsequent studies 
 were in Johns Hopkins University of Baltimore, 
 where he held a Fellowship in Pathology in 1891- 
 1892, ami in the German University of Strassburg 
 in 1893. Dr. Flexner became Associate in Pathol- 
 ogy at Johns Hopkins in 1892, and Associate Pro- 
 fessor of the same subject in 1895. From that 
 position he was advanced to the Professorship of 
 Pathological Anatomy in 1898, which chair he re- 
 signed in 1899 to accept a call to his present posi- 
 tion as Professor of Pathology in the University of 
 Pennsylvania. He is a member of the Association 
 of American Physicians ; a Fellow of the College 
 of Physicians of Philadelphia; a corresponding
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 4/ j 
 
 member of the Societa Medico-Chiurgica di Bo- 
 logna ; and a member of the University Club of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 HIRST, Barton Cooke, 1861- 
 
 Professor Obstetrics l88g- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1861 ; attended Academic Dept. 
 of the University, and graduated Univ. Medical School, 
 1883; studied abroad, 1883-85; Demstr. and Lecturer 
 Obstetrics Univ. of Pa., 1886-88; Associate Prof., 1888- 
 8g ; Prof, since i88g; practicing physician and medical 
 writer. 
 
 BARTON COOKE HIRST, M.D., was born 
 at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, July 20, 1861, 
 son of William Lucas and l.ydia Barton (Cooke) 
 Hirst. In 1S78 he entered the College Department 
 of the University, but at the end of the second year 
 transferred to the Medical Department. After 
 graduating Doctor of Medicine in 18S3 he went 
 abroad for advanced study, and for two years pur- 
 sued medical courses at the Universities of Berlin, 
 Heidelberg, and Vienna, in the latter part of 18S5 
 becoming Interne of the Royal University Hospital 
 in Munich, Germany. From the positions of 
 Demonstrator and Lecturer in Obstetrics Dr. Hirst 
 has advanced to his present relation of Professor of 
 that subject, having been Associate Professor of Ob- 
 stetrics from 1888 to 1889, and full Professor since 
 1889. His professional labor in addition to his per- 
 sonal practice, has also included hospital service as 
 gynecologist to the Howard and Orthopaedic Hospi- 
 tals and Obstetrician to the University Maternity 
 and Philadelphia Hospitals. ( )f his literary produc- 
 tions two are particularly notable : American Sys- 
 tems of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, prepared in joint 
 editorship with Dr. Matthew 1 ). Mann; and Human 
 Monstrosities, which was written in co-operation 
 with Dr. George A. Piersol, Professor of Anatomy 
 in the University Medical School. His bibliog- 
 raphy includes also many writings contributed to 
 American and foreign medical journals. Dr. Hirst 
 married Elizabeth Haskins Dupuy, daughter of 
 'Thomas Graham of Philadelphia. 
 
 ROBINSON, James Harvey, 1863- 
 
 Associate Professor History 1892-1894. 
 Born in Bloomington, 111., 1863; graduated Harvard, 
 1887; graduate study at Harvard and in Germany; 
 Ph.D., Univ. of Freiburg, 1890; Univ. Lecturer in 
 European Hist. Univ. of Pa., i8gi-g2 ; Associate Prof. 
 Hist., i8g2-g4 ; Prof. Hist. Columbia, i8g,j-; Acting 
 
 Dean of Barnard College, igoo-01 ; teacher, author and 
 editor. 
 
 JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON, Ph.D.. was 
 born in Bloomington, Illinois, June 29, 1863, 
 son of James Harvey and Latricia Maria (Drake) 
 Robinson. On both sides his ancestry is of Eng- 
 lish origin, coining to Massachusetts in the period 
 between 1620 and 1630. On the paternal side the 
 descent is directly from John Robinson, the Puritan 
 Pastor of Leyden. From his tenth to his nineteenth 
 year, Dr. Robinson was educated in the schools of 
 Bloomington and in the High School of the State 
 
 JAMES HARVEY ROBINSON 
 
 Normal University, and then after one year of travel 
 and one of business, he entered Harvard, graduating 
 in three years with the Class of 1887. Graduate 
 study was then commenced at Harvard and aftei 
 one year continued in the German I Diversities of 
 Strassburg and Freiburg, the degree Doctor of Phi- 
 losophy being taken at the latter institution in 1 
 Dr. Robinson spent one year in northern Germany 
 and in Paris, and in 1891 upon his return to the 
 United States, he was appointed I Ihiversitj I 1 1 tun r 
 in European History in the Universit) of Pennsyl- 
 vania. From that position he was .uKanced to the 
 place of Associate Professoi "t Histor) in 1892, but 
 resigned in [894 to accept his present office it 
 Columbia .is Professor ol Hi tor) in the l
 
 474 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 History and Political Science. He has also been, 
 since January 1900, Acting Dean of Barnard Col- 
 lege. From 1 89 1 to 1S93 Dr. Robinson was asso- 
 ciate editor of the Annals of the American Academy 
 of Political and Social Science. He has shown great 
 interest in forwarding and improving the instruction 
 in European History in our schools and colleges and 
 was a member of the sub-committee of ten appointed 
 by the committee of the National Educational Asso- 
 ciation in 1892 to consider that subject. With his 
 colleagues in the University of Pennsylvania he 
 began in 1S94 the publication of the ''Translations 
 and Reprints from the Sources of European History." 
 He performed further literary work as the author of : 
 The Original and Derived Features of the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States, Philadelphia, 1S90; The 
 German Bundesrath, Philadelphia, 1S91, and in 
 joint authorship with H. W. Rolfe, Petrarch, The 
 First Modern Scholar and Man of Letters, Putnam, 
 New York, 1899. Dr. Robinson is a member of 
 the Century Association and the Barnard Club of 
 New York City. He was married, September 1, 
 18S7, to Grace Woodville Read. 
 
 SEAGER, Henry Rogers, 1870- 
 
 Assistant Professor Political Economy 1897- 
 Born in Lansing, Mich., 1870; graduated Univ. of 
 Michigan, 1890; studied at Johns Hopkins Univ. and 
 at Universities of Halle, Berlin and Vienna; Ph.D. 
 Univ. of Pa., and appointed Asst. Prof. Political 
 Economy, 1897; Assoc. Editor Annals of the American 
 Academy since 1898. 
 
 HENRY ROGERS SEAGER, Ph.D., was born 
 in Lansing, Michigan, July 21, 1870, son 
 of Schuyler Fisk and Alice (Berry) Seager. After 
 attending the public schools of Lansing for a time, 
 he entered the Michigan Military Academy, where 
 he remained from 18S4 to 1886. Having thus 
 fitted himself for College he matriculated at the 
 University of Michigan and was graduated in 1S90. 
 His interest in political economy led him to go to 
 Johns Hopkins University for graduate study and 
 subsequently to Europe to enjoy contact with foreign 
 economists. For a period he was a student at Halle 
 and Berlin and then spent a few months in Vienna, 
 interesting himself in the Austrian School of Politi- 
 cal Economy. Returning to the United States he 
 continued his studies at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania under Professor Patten, receiving the degree 
 of Doctor of Philosophy there at the conclusion of 
 four years of graduate work in 1S94. Dr. Seager 
 
 was at once appointed to the position of Instructor 
 in Political Economy in the Wharton School and 
 has since become Assistant Professor of Political 
 Economy. He has been a frequent contributor to 
 the Annals of the American Academy of Political 
 and Social Science, of which he has been an Associ- 
 ate Editor since 1898, and he is Vice-President of 
 the Free Library of Economics and Political Sci- 
 ence of Philadelphia, an institution which he helped 
 to organize. He is also a member of the Contem- 
 porary Club and the Faculty Club of Philadelphia. 
 He married Harriet Henderson of Philadelphia in 
 1S99. 
 
 STEELE, John Dutton, 1868- 
 
 Instructor Clinical Medicine l8gg- 
 Born in Sterling, N. Y., 1868; graduated A.B. Wil- 
 liams College, 1888; M.D. Univ. of Pa., 1893; studied 
 in Univ. of Heidelberg, 1895 ; Asst. Demonstrator of 
 Morbid Anatomy Univ. of Pa., 1895-99; Instructor in 
 Clinical Medicine, 1899 to date. 
 
 JOHN DUTTON STEELE, M.D., was born in 
 Sterling, New York, February 21, 1S6S. In 
 1884 he entered Williams College from the Hill 
 School, Poltstown, Pennsylvania, and graduated 
 Bachelor of Arts, in 18S8. In 1S93 he received 
 the Doctor of Medicine degree from the University 
 of Pennsylvania. He passed the next year as Resi- 
 dent Physician at the Philadelphia Hospital, and 
 then went to the University of Heidelberg to con- 
 tinue his medical studies. Returning to Philadel- 
 phia in 1895, he became Assistant Demonstrator of 
 Morbid Anatomy at the Lmiversity. He is now 
 Instructor in Clinical Medicine, having been trans- 
 ferred from his previous position in 1899. Since 
 1897 Dr. Steele has been Bacteriologist at the Pres- 
 byterian Hospital, Philadelphia. He is a Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians, and a member of the 
 Philadelphia Pathological Society, the County Medi- 
 cal Society, the Neurological Society and the Uni- 
 versity Medical Society. He is also a member of 
 the Delta Kappa Epsilon Society of Williams, and a 
 member of the University Club of Philadelphia. 
 
 WOOD, Horatio C, 1841- 
 
 Prof. Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics, and 
 Clinical Prof Nervous Diseases 1875- 
 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1841 ; graduated Medical Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1862 ; practicing physician in Philadel- 
 phia; Prof. Botany at the University, 1866-75; Clinical 
 Prof. Nervous Diseases since 1875, and Prof. Materia 
 Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics since
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 475 
 
 1876; Visiting Physician to University Hosp. since 
 1870; LL.D. Lafayette, and Yale, 1889; author and 
 editor. 
 
 HORATIO C. wool), M.D., I.L.D.. was born 
 in Philadelphia, January 13, 1841. He 
 graduated in Medicine at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1.S62, and at once commenced practice 
 111 Philadelphia. His professional work was in- 
 ( re ised in 1866 by his appointment to the Chair of 
 Botany in the auxiliary Me lical Faculty of the Uni- 
 versity, and he retained that position until 1875, 
 when he entered the regular Medical Department as 
 
 II. C. WOOD 
 
 Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases. One year 
 later he received a second appointment as Professor 
 of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Thera- 
 peutics; he has continued in an elti< ient discharge 
 (if the duties of these positions through twent) five 
 years of an exceedingly busy and fruitful career, 
 Dr. Wood's hospital work has been performed 
 chiefly as Visiting Physician to the Philadelphia 
 Hospital from 1S72 to [887, and in the same capa 
 city to the University Hospital since [870. His 
 professional work has become distinguished by his 
 extensive contributions to the literature of medicine. 
 At the head of a notable bibliograph) may be men 
 tioned three prize essays : Experimental Resear< hi 
 in the Physiological Aetion of Nitrite ol \111vl. 
 
 which won the Warren Prize at the Massachusetts 
 General Hospital in 1871 ; Researches upon Ameri- 
 can Hemp, for which he received a special prize 
 from the American Philosophical Society : and 
 Thermic Fever, or Sunstroke, for which he was 
 awarded the Boylston Prize of Harvard University 
 in 1872. Other published writings are: Treatise 
 on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, [875 and 
 eleven later editions; United States Dispensatory, 
 chief editor since January 1883, 5 editions; Brain- 
 Work and Over-work, 1879; Nervous Diseases and 
 their Diagnosis, 1886 ; Practice of Medicine, 111 con- 
 junction with Professor Fitz, [896 ; and monographs 
 on the following topics: The Myriapoda of North 
 America; The Phalangidse of North America; The 
 Fresh-Water Algaj of North America ; and Fever, a 
 Study in Morbid and Normal Physiology ; the two 
 last named being issued by the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion in 1S72 and 1S80 respectively. Dr. Wood was 
 engaged editorially in conducting The Therapeutic- 
 Gazette from 1884 to 1890; he also edited Mew 
 Remedies from 1S70 to 1873, and The Philadelphia 
 Medical Times from 1873 to 1880. He was elected 
 a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 
 1879, and was honored with the Doctor of Laws 
 degree by Yale in 1889. 
 
 YOUNG, James Kelly, 1862- 
 
 Instructor Orthopaedic Surgery 1888- 
 Born in Trenton, N. J., 1862 ; graduated Univ. of Pa. 
 Medical Dept., 1883; studied abroad; connected with 
 Philadelphia hospitals ; Instr. Orthopaedic Surgery 
 Univ. of Pa. since 1888 ; Prof, in Philadelphia Polyclinic ; 
 Clinical Prof, in Women's Medical College of Pa. ; Ex- 
 pert Surgeon Bureau of Commissions. 
 
 JAMF.S KELLY YOUNG, M.D., was born in 
 Trenton, New Jersey, April 29, [862, son of 
 William and Ellen Eliza (Kelly) Young. He is 
 descended maternally from James Kelly of Philadel- 
 phia and on the paternal side, from William Young, 
 his grandfather, who was an English subject, a man- 
 ufacturer of porcelain, and gold printer to Her 
 Majesty, the Queen. Dr. Young's medical studies 
 commenced in 1879 under the tutelage of Dr. David 
 Warman of Trenton, lie later read with Dr. Wil- 
 liam (1. Porter of Philadelphia, and followed a CO 
 of study at the University of Pennsylvania, where he 
 was made 1 Doctoi ol Medicine in 1883. He was 
 connected with the Philadelphia Dispensary in 
 1883-1884, and during the nexl year, with the 
 Philadelphia Hospital, Other appointments have 
 been with the Universitj Hospital, where he s now
 
 47 6 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 Assistant Orthopaedic Surgeon ; and with Wills Eye 
 Hospital from 1886 to 1890. In 1888 he attended 
 Professor Albert's Clinic in Vienna. Dr. Young 
 has been Instructor in Orthopaedic Surgery at the 
 University of Pennsylvania since 1888. He has 
 also been Professor of the same subject at the Phil- 
 adelphia Polyclinic since 1885 ; Clinical Professor 
 at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania 
 since 1885 ; and Surgeon to the Home for Crippled 
 Children from 1894 to 1S99. In civil life he holds 
 the position of Expert Surgeon to the Bureau of 
 Commissions. Dr. Young is a member of the 
 American Orthopaedic Association, the American 
 Medical Association, the Association of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, the Pennsylvania State Medical Soci- 
 ety, the Philadelphia County Medical Society, the 
 Pediatric Society, the College of Physicians, and the 
 University Club. He was married, June 7, 1899, 
 to Mary Thornton Wilson, M.D. 
 
 NORRIS, William Fisher, 1839- 
 
 Prof. Ophthalmology, and Clinical Prof. Diseases of the Eye 1873- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1839; graduated Univ. of Pa., 
 1857, M.D. 1861 ; practicing physician in Philadelphia; 
 Clinical Prof. Diseases of the Eye Univ. of Pa., 1873-91 ; 
 Prof. Ophthalmology, and Clinical Prof. Diseases of the 
 Eye since 1891 ; Asst. Surgeon U. S. Army, 1863-65 ; 
 medical writer. 
 
 WILLIAM FISHER NORRIS, M.D. was 
 born in Philadelphia, January 6, 1S39, 
 son of Dr. George Washington and Mary Pleasants 
 (Fisher) Norris. Like his father, he graduated 
 from both the Academic and Medical Departments 
 of the University of Pennsylvania, receiving the 
 Bachelor of Arts degree with the Class of 1S57 and 
 his Doctor's degree in 1S61 ; the Master of Arts 
 degree was conferred upon him in course. His 
 practice, which has been chiefly devoted to the 
 specialty of Diseases of the eye, has been from the 
 first in Philadelphia, where he has been Resident 
 Physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital and Surgeon 
 to the Wills Eye Hospital. Dr. Norris first entered 
 the service of the University in 1873, when he was 
 appointed Clinical Professor of Diseases of the Eye, 
 a position which he has since continued to occupy 
 with distinguished success. He has also been since 
 1 89 1, Professor of Ophthalmology. In the second 
 year of the Civil War Dr. Norris entered the ser- 
 vice of the United States Army in the capacity of 
 Assistant Surgeon, and during one of the two years 
 of his service he had charge of the Douglas General 
 Army Hospital in Washington, District of Columbia ; 
 
 for the efficiency of his service he received the 
 brevet rank of Captain. He has published in joint 
 authorship with Dr. Charles A. Oliver, A Text-book 
 of Ophthalmology, and independently a large num- 
 ber of writings on Medical topics contributed to 
 various journals and to the Transactions of the So- 
 cieties of which he is a member. Later in collabo- 
 ration with Dr. Oliver, Dr. Norris edited a System 
 of Diseases of the Eye by American, British, French, 
 German and Spanish Authors in four volumes, Dr. 
 N. contributing from his own pen the article on 
 Cataract. In these organizations Dr. Norris has 
 
 WM. F. NORRIS 
 
 occupied a prominent position for many years, serv- 
 ing frequently in official capacities, notably as Yice- 
 President of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia 
 in 1S77; Vice-President of the American Ophthal- 
 mological Society in 1879, and its President from 
 1885 to 1889. He is also allied with the Philadel- 
 phia Academy of Natural Sciences, the American 
 Philosophical Society, and the College of Physicians 
 of Philadelphia. He is a member of the Phi Beta 
 Kappa Society. Dr. Norris married Rosa C. a 
 daughter of Hieronymus Buchmann of Vienna, Aus- 
 tria and after her death Annetta Culp Earnshaw, 
 daughter of George A. Earnshaw of Gettysburg (late 
 Captain-Brevet Colonel of 138th Regiment Penna. 
 Volunteers.)
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 477 
 
 HARGER. Simon Jacob John, 1865- 
 
 Prof. Veterinary Anatomy and Zootechnics 1890- 
 Born in Hecktown, Pa., 1865; graduated Vet. Dept. 
 Univ. of Pa., 1887 ; Demstr. Vet. Anatomy Univ. of Pa., 
 1887-90; Prof. Vet. Anatomy and Zootechnics, i8go- 
 
 SIMON JACOB JOHN HARGER, V.M.D., 
 was bora in Hecktown, Northampton count)', 
 Pennsylvania, June iS, 1.S65, son of John and Annie 
 Caroline (Reinheimer) Harger. His ancestors, 
 members of Pennsylvania German families, have 
 been for several generations resident in the eastern 
 part of the state. His preliminary education was 
 received from the public schools and from the Key- 
 
 SliUnx I. I. HARGER 
 
 stone State Normal School of Pennsylvania. Pro- 
 fessionally, he was educated at the Veterinary 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania, of 
 whose first graduating class he was a member in 
 [887. His graduation was immediately followed by 
 an appointment in the University as Demonstrator 
 of Veterinary Anatomy, which position he held until 
 advanced to his present standing as Professor of 
 Veterinary Anatomy and Zootechnics in [890. Dr. 
 Harger has as a member of the State Board of Vet- 
 erinary Medical Examiners of Pennsylvania, accom 
 plished valuable results in the promotion of a hi 
 
 degn 1 oi 1 : in \ m his proi'os He originated 
 
 the bill for the creation of a Si ite Bo ird ol Veteri- 
 
 nary Examiners, and, chiefly through his personal 
 efforts, secured its passage through the Legislature. 
 He is a member of the Keystone Veterinary, the 
 Pennsylvania State Veterinary and the American 
 Veterinary associations. His politii il affiliations 
 are with the Republican party. 
 
 DaCOSTA, Jacob Mendes, 1833-1900. 
 
 Trustee i8gg-igoo 
 Born in the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies, 1833 ; 
 educated in Germany and the United States; gradu- 
 ated M.D. at Jefferson Medical College, 1852; spent 
 two years in hospitals of Europe ; appointed Lect. in 
 Jefferson College, 1864 ; Prof, of Practice of Medicine 
 and of Clinical Medicine, 1872 ; and Emeritus Prof., 
 1891 ; author of works and treatises on medical sub- 
 jects ; a Trustee of the University 1899-1900; died igoo. 
 
 JACOB MENDES DaCOSTA, M.D., LL.D., 
 Emeritus Professor of Medicine in Jefferson 
 Medical College, was born in the Island of St. 
 Thomas in the 'West Indies, February 7. 1S33. 
 He was educated partly in the United States and 
 partly in Europe. He spent some years in boy- 
 hood at the Gymnasium in Dresden, Saxony, and 
 returning to this country entered the Jefferson 
 Medical College in Philadelphia, from which he 
 was graduated in r.852. Going again to Europe 
 with the purpose of finishing his medical education 
 he spent two years in the hospitals and Universities 
 of Paris and Vienna. < )n his return to the United 
 States he settled in Philadelphia and at once began 
 the active practice of his profession, devoting much 
 attention to internal diseases, especially to those of 
 the heart and lungs, in which field of investigation 
 he soon attained high eminence. For six j 
 from 1S59 he was a Visiting Physician to the 
 Philadelphia Hospital. In 1864 he was appointed 
 Lecturer on Clinical Medicine in Jefferson Medical 
 College, and in 1X72 succeeded Professor Samuel 
 Dickson as the occupant of the Chair of Practice 
 of Medicine. In this position he continued until 
 1891, when he resigned, becoming Emeritus Pro 
 fessor. Dr. DaCosta has been associated with 
 many hospitals during his long < ireei is a physi- 
 cian. He was engaged in important hospital service 
 during the Civil War. He his been Pin ician I 
 the Pennsylvania Hospital for more than thirty 
 years. lie is a member of a large' number ol 
 medical and other learned societies in this COUntr) 
 
 and in Europe, notabl) the Association of Amerii in 
 Physh 1 hi-, ol which for a time he was the President ; 
 the College ol Physicians, of which he was also the
 
 47 8 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 President in 1S84-1S85 and again in 1895-1898 ; 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 
 and the American Philosophical Society. He was 
 elected a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1899. He received the degree of Doctor of 
 Laws from the University of Pennsylvania in 1S91, 
 and Harvard conferred the same honor upon him 
 in 1897. Dr. DaCosta has been an industrious writer 
 all his life, contributing to the principal medical 
 magazines the results of his valuable researches. He 
 has also written a number of works and monographs 
 on different forms of disease. Among these are a 
 work entitled Inhalation in the Treatment of Dis- 
 eases of the Respiratory Passages, published in 1867 ; 
 Internal Complications of Acute Erysipelas, 1877; 
 and The Albuminuria and Bright's Disease of Uric 
 Acid and of Oxaluria, 1893. The latter essay treated 
 of a form of disease which had previously been little 
 understood and as a result of Dr. DaCosta's investi- 
 gations it is now generally known as Morbus DaCos- 
 tae. Similarly his observations in regard to the 
 " irritable heart " have led to this disease being 
 named the " irritable heart of DaCosta." His most 
 important work, however, in point of circulation, 
 is his Medical Diagnosis with Special Reference to 
 Practical Medicine. It was first published in 1864 
 and has now reached its ninth American edition, 
 has also passed through several editions in Germany, 
 and, besides German, has been translated into Rus- 
 sian and Italian. On subjects other than strictly 
 professional, his more notable works are Harvey and 
 his Discovery, 1879, and The Scholar in Medicine, 
 1897. Dr. DaCosta was married in 1860 to Sarah, 
 daughter of George Brinton of Philadelphia. He 
 had one son, Charles F. DaCosta, now a member 
 of the Philadelphia Bar. Dr. DaCosta died sud- 
 denly of heart failure at his country home, Ashwood, 
 Villa Nova, Pennsylvania, September n, 1900. He 
 left a bequest to the University to found a retiring 
 fund for Professors of long service. 
 
 SHINN, Owen Louis, 1871- 
 
 Instructor Chemistry 1893 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1871 ; attended Central Manual 
 Training School; graduated B.S. Univ. of Pa., 1893; 
 Ph.D., i8g6 ; Instr. in General Chemistry at the Uni- 
 versity, 1893- 
 
 ,WEN LOUIS SHINN, Ph.D., was born in 
 
 which is of Welsh origin on the paternal side and of 
 Irish in the maternal family, antedates the Revolu- 
 tion in this country. He was a student in the pub- 
 lic schools and in the Central Manual Training 
 School before entering the University. He received 
 the Bachelor's degree in Science in 1893, and was 
 at once appointed to his present position as In- 
 structor in General Chemistry. For three years he 
 was also a student in the Department of Philosophy, 
 receiving the Doctor's degree in 1896. Dr. Shinn 
 is a member of the Alpha Chi Rho and Sigma Xi 
 fraternities and the American Chemical Society. 
 In joint authorship with Dr. Edgar F. Smith he 
 has published Action of Ammonia Gas on Wolframvl 
 Chloride ; and Action of Molybdenum Dioxide on 
 Silver Salts. He was married, November 9, 1897 
 to Edith May Stringer, and has one child, Eleanor 
 Anna Shinn, who was born July 20, 1900. 
 
 o 
 
 Philadelphia, July 30, 1S71, son of Fred- 
 erick and Anna S. (M'Cabe) Shinn. His ancestry, 
 
 HARSHBERGER, John William, 1869- 
 
 Instructor in Botany 1893- 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1869 ; graduated B.S. Univ. of 
 Pa., 1892 ; studied in Arnold Arboretum of Harvard, 
 1890; Ph.D. Univ. of Pa., 1893; Asst. in Botany Univ. 
 of Pa., 1890-93; Instructor, 1893- ; Lecturer, editor and 
 author. 
 
 JOHN WILLIAM HARSHBERGER, Ph.D., 
 was born in Philadelphia, January i, 1869, 
 son of Dr. Abram and Jane Harris (Walk) Harsh- 
 berger. Of his ancestors, those on his father's side 
 (the Hirschberger branch) immigrated to Pennsyl- 
 vania from the neighborhood of Coblenz, Rhenish 
 Prussia, in 1735. In this family his grandmother, 
 Nancy Jane Rhone, married David Harshberger. 
 Colonel Harshberger, a great-great-uncle was a 
 drill-master at West Point while General Grant was 
 a student there. John Rhone, the founder of the 
 Rhone family in America, was born in Hamburg in 
 1698 ; he immigrated to Berks county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1 720, and died there at the advanced age 
 of one hundred and twenty-five years. On the 
 maternal side the ancestry is Scotch-Irish (Brown 
 and Oliver, landed gentry of Scotland and Ireland) ; 
 English (Harris) ; and Slavic (Walk). In this 
 line Allan Brown, the great-great-grandfather, came 
 to Pennsylvania in 1755, and served in the early 
 Indian wars under Braddock and also in the Revo- 
 lution ; the grandfather, Rev. Frederick Walk, was 
 a German Reformed minister. The present subject 
 received early education in the public schools and 
 entered the University of Pennsylvania as the holder
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 479 
 
 of a City Scholarship, where he graduated in science 
 in [898. I In study has also included special 
 researches at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard 
 University; botanical work in Mexico, California, 
 Europe, Maine, Canada and the eastern portion of 
 the United States; a study of the most important 
 Universities and botanical establishments in Europi . 
 and a pedagogical training as a member of the Uni- 
 versity Extension Seminar. His degree of Doctor 
 of Philosophy was conferred by the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1X93. 1 >r. Harshberger first be- 
 came connected with the instruction staff of the 
 
 [OHN W. HARSHB1 RGEK 
 
 University in 1890, while still an undergraduate; 
 he was then for three years an Assistant in Botany, 
 and in 1893 was appointi d to his present position as 
 Instructor in Botany, General Biology and Zoology, 
 He was also a Lecturer in the University's Depart- 
 ment of Lectures, having formerly been a Lecturer 
 in the Societj for the Extension of I niversily Teach- 
 ing. He is the author of the following books and 
 pamphlets, his writings numbering in all si\t\ two 
 titles: Maize: A Botanical and Economic Study, 
 1 [93; translated into Spanish under the title El 
 Muz; Estudio Botanica y Economica, 1894; The 
 Purposes of Ethno botany, in the Botanical < ! i/< tte, 
 Volume XXI, p. 146; A Botanical Excursion to 
 Mexico, in the \meri< in Journal ol Pharmacy foi 
 
 1896, p. 588; translation of the same, Una Excur- 
 sion botanica a Mexico. 1896 ; The Vegetation of 
 Yellowstone Hoi Springs, in the Vraerii in Journal 
 of Pharmacy for 1897, p. 625; Botanical observa- 
 tions on Mexican Flora, in the Proceedings of the 
 Academy ol Natural Sciences for 1898, pp. 372- 
 413; The botanists of Philadelphia and Their Work, 
 1899; Thermatropic Movements in the Leaves of 
 Rhododendron Maximum, in the Proceedings of the 
 Academy oi Natural Sciences for 1S99, p. 219; 
 An Ecological Study of the Xew Jersey Strand 
 Flora, in the Proceedings of the Ac ademy for 1900, 
 pp. 623-671. Dr. Harshberger is the editor of the 
 botanical matter in the re\ wed edition of Worcester's 
 Dictionary soon to be issued by J. B. Lippincott & 
 Company. He has been Secretary and President 
 of the University Field Club : and was Treasure! "t 
 the Botanical Society of Pennsylvania in 1S98-1S99; 
 Secretary of the Biological Club of the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1898 ; and Treasurer of the Dela- 
 ware Valley Naturalists' Union in 1896. At present 
 he is Recorder of the Botanical Section of the Acad- 
 emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and besides 
 retaining membership in the societies mentioned is 
 also a member of the Graduate Club, the Pennsyl- 
 vania Forestry Association, the Society for Plant 
 Morphology and Physiology and the Philadelphia 
 Botanical Club. 
 
 WILSON, Albert Monroe, 1841- 
 
 Messenger. 
 Born in Philadelphia, 1841 ; entered the service of the 
 University in 1854, and has been continuously engaged 
 in the College to the present time. 
 
 ALBERT MONROE WILSON, one of the 
 men longest in the service of the Univer- 
 sity, most faithful to its interests, and best known to 
 its students and graduate-., was born in Philadelphia, 
 on Spruce Street, between Eighth and Ninth, in 
 October 1841. His parents were both residents of 
 Philadelphia and had been for at least their genera- 
 tion. At the age of thirteen, in June [854, he was 
 engaged by the University, at the Ninth Streel 
 
 building, as .\\i errand boy and cleaner. This was .it 
 
 the same time as the appointment of Mr. Vethake as 
 
 PrOVOSt. Some time afterward he served fol two 01 
 
 three' years as night watchman of the two Ninth 
 
 Street buildings. Subsequently he helped IV 
 sois Frazer, Morton and barker in the preparation 
 of their chemical and physical apparatus and m 
 rials foi lectures. The nature ol his work has
 
 480 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 changed from time to time as the organization of 
 the various College offices has required, but he has 
 
 ALBERT M. WILSON 
 
 always been a trusted and intelligent employe. 
 To ring the bell, open the building, the chapel, the 
 
 classrooms, to distribute mail, carry letters and 
 messages from room to room and from building to 
 building, to clean and keep in order the Dean's 
 rooms and others to which he has the only access, 
 except the officers themselves, and to give a thou- 
 sand and one points of varied information more or 
 less trustworthy to all inquirers, has been his occupa- 
 tion during the latter part of the half century to 
 which his period of service in now approaching. 
 No Professor is now living who was in the Faculty 
 when "Pomp" began his connection with it, and 
 Mr. Fraley is the only surviving member of the 
 Board of Trustees. The students of forty-five suc- 
 cessive classes have known him and to the oldest 
 men who are now in the Faculty, as well as to far 
 the greatest number of alumni who revisit the Uni- 
 versity, he is one of its most permanent and charac- 
 teristic features. He has been absent from his 
 duties for but two periods, one of three weeks and 
 one of two weeks, both due to an attack of the grip 
 111 a recent winter, during the whole time of his 
 service, and his hours are usually from about seven 
 in the morning to seven in the evening. " Pomp " 
 has never been married, having always lived with his 
 ''folks," and finding companionship enough, as he 
 states, in the students. He deserves the credit and 
 respect due to a man who has through a long life 
 been faithful to all the duties entrusted to him.
 
 GENERAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Publishers' Preface i 
 
 Introduction — Higher Education in the United 
 
 States I 
 
 Table of Educational Benefactions, 1871-1896 . . 4 
 
 Table of tnc es of Universities and Colleges . 5 
 
 American and European Standards Compared . . 5 
 Tabic of Students in American Universities, &c. 5 
 The Pre-eminence of the College Graduate ... 7 
 Classification of over 15.000 Conspicuous Ameri- 
 cans S 
 
 Requirements for admission to American Colleges 9 
 
 Courses of Study in Early Times 10 
 
 Why Latin and Greek are Studied 12 
 
 Their Peculiar Function in Education further Ex- 
 plained 14 
 
 Elementary, Secondary, and Higher Studies . . 19 
 
 Universities of Learning 23 
 
 Assj 1 1.1 and I Igypt 25 
 
 Grei k and Saracen Learning 26 
 
 The Mediaeval Schools 27 
 
 1 he I in. < 1 jities 29 
 
 S. 1)'. la-tii ism 30 
 
 Organization 3 t 
 
 Tenure ami Power 32 
 
 South \mi 1 ica 33 
 
 ( lanada 34 
 
 I nited States 34 
 
 Present Aspect and Tendency 38 
 
 History of the University of Pennsylvania ... 43 
 
 Intri 'hii. 1 ' 11: v Chapter 45 
 
 Book I — The External History 01 mm Uni- 
 
 \ ERSl IV 17 
 
 Chap. I Founding of the College, 1740-55 .17 
 II The Administration of Dr. Smith — 
 from tlic Second Charter to the 
 
 Revolution, 1755-1779 66 
 
 PAGK 
 
 BOOK I — Continued: 
 ('hap. Ill Influence of the Revolution on the 
 College — The Divided Institution. 
 
 '"7-I79I 80 
 
 IV The University of Pennsylvania — 
 The Re-united Institution to thi 
 • lose of tlic Centur) lot 
 
 V The Middle Ages— First Half of the 
 
 Century 105 
 
 VI The Awakening after the Middle of 
 
 the Century, 1850-1868 . ... 114 
 VII Removal to the \'e\v Site — Dr. 
 
 Stille's Administration, [868-1880. 120 
 VI 1 1 Extension of Material Equipment 
 under the Administration of Dr. 
 Pepper, 1881-1894 .... - 135 
 IX Growth and Unification under the 
 Administration of Dr. Harrison, 
 from 1894 to the Present Time . . 172 
 
 Book II — The Internal ok i .tionai 
 
 H ISTORV OF TH] UNIVERSITY , . 
 
 Chap. I The Colonial Academy and College [99 
 11 The Reorganization after the Revo- 
 lution 
 
 Ill Entrance of the Elective System into 
 
 the 1 >< pat tmenl of Arts . . . 212 
 [V Changes in Methods ol Instruction . 214 
 
 Book III — Thi Students' Si di of 1 m I'ni- 
 
 yi it-it v 2ig 
 
 Chap I Students and their Customs . . 219 
 II Literarj and Technical Societies — 
 
 Collegi [ournalism 222 
 
 III Fraternities — Dramatic < lubs and 
 
 Musical Societies 
 
 I V Athlcli.- 
 
 V The Alumni 

 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS IN DETAIL 
 
 Academy and College in the Colonial Period 60-80, 199-20S 
 
 Academy, Opening of the 59 
 
 Academy, Original Plans for the 54 - S9 
 
 Acharnians, Performance of The 154 
 
 Age of Students 219 
 
 Allen Classical Library 148 
 
 Alpha Chi Rho 225 
 
 Alpha Mu Pi Omega 225 
 
 Alpha Tau Omega 225 
 
 Alumni Register 224 
 
 Alumni Work 235-23S 
 
 American History and Institutions, School of . . 162-163 
 
 American Law Review 224 
 
 American Philosophical Society 72, 102 
 
 Anatomical Hall 102 
 
 Annals of American Academy of Political and Social 
 
 Science 155 
 
 Archaeological Association 144-146, 180 
 
 Archaeology and Palaeontology, Department of 144-146, 180 
 
 Architecture, School of 163-164 
 
 Arts Department .... 105-106, 119, 120, 124,209,210 
 Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools . 155, 185 
 
 Athletic Association 143, 228 
 
 Athletic Committee 191 
 
 Athletics, History of 143,227-235 
 
 Auxiliary Department of Medicine ... . 11S-I19, 190 
 
 Beasley, Frederick, elected Provost 105 
 
 Bechstein Library 148 
 
 Hen Franklin, The 224 
 
 Beta Theta Pi 225, 226 
 
 Biddle Law Library 148 
 
 Biological Department 140-142, 1N2 
 
 Bii ilogii al I [all 140 
 
 Babylonian Explorations 143-146 
 
 Baseball 254 
 
 Hoard of Deans 1.11 
 
 Boat Club, rhe College 227 
 
 B01 1. of Promise 106 
 
 l>' 'i. mi' al Garden no, 182 
 
 Bouvier Library of Civil Law 14S 
 
 Bowl-fight 220-22! 
 
 Buildings Erected in 1829 .... 107 
 
 Bulletin, The 224 
 
 I '.mini I [ospital . . . 
 
 Catalogue of Matriculates 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Central Committee of the Alumni . . . 142-143, 236-237 
 
 Central Light, Heat and Power Station 158 
 
 Chaff 224 
 
 Charity Schools . . 60, 107-108, 132, 161 
 
 Charter of the Academy and Charitable School ... 61 
 Charter of the College, Academy and Charitable School, 64 
 
 Cheer 
 
 230 
 
 Chemical Instruction 215-216 
 
 Chemical Laboratory, John I larrison .... 157,173 
 
 Civil War, Pennsylvania in the 238 
 
 Class Day . . . 221-222 
 
 Classes of 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1765, 1771 and 1779, 78-79 
 
 Classes, Size of the 79,81,90, 103, 105, 106 
 
 Class Record 224 
 
 College Alumni Athletic Prizes 232 
 
 College Life and Customs 219-222 
 
 Colors of the University 22S-2211 
 
 Colwell Library of Social Science 14S 
 
 Commencement Customs 70-71, 221 
 
 Commencement, First 70 
 
 Conflict Between College and University .... 86-100 
 
 Conflict of Political Parties 81-85 
 
 Congress Entertained by the College 71 
 
 1-1 
 -35 
 
 "Constitutions" 53, 54 
 
 Council of Censors, The 93 
 
 Courier, The University 224 
 
 1 [ourses <>f Instruction . 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66, 201-207. 21 ; 
 
 Degrees Firsl Conferred 64-65 
 
 DeLancey, William H., elected Provost 106 
 
 Delta Kappa Epsilon 22^ 
 
 I lelta Phi 225. 220 
 
 1 lelta I'si 225 
 
 Delta Sigma Delta 225 
 
 Delta Tau Delta 225 
 
 Delta Upsilon ;:;, 220 
 
 1 lental I lepai tmenl 131-132. 1 
 
 D.Hayes Agnevt Surgical Pavilion 168 
 
 Discipline 
 
 I dormitories 174-178, 11 
 
 Elective System 100. 212-214 
 
 Entrance Requirements 210 
 
 1 wing, [ohn, elei ted Provost 101 
 
 1 liner, The 224 
 
 I 11 nil- 111 1 41 IOI 
 
 ! rhe 1 "ii' ... . . . 137 
 
 4»3
 
 4 8 4 
 
 UNIVERSITIES JND THEIR SONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Faculty ; the Term First Used 65 
 
 Fee System Abolished [91-192 
 
 Finances of College and University . 66,91-92, no, III, 
 
 170-171, 1SS-189 
 
 First Class, Members of 7 7 — r s 
 
 Flower Observatory . 1 74 
 
 Football 234 
 
 Founding, Date of 47 
 
 Four Years' Medical Course 167-168 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin .... 50,53,55,60,63,69,96-97 
 
 Franklin Field 22S 
 
 Franklin Scientific Society 222 
 
 Fraternities 225-226 
 
 Free Museum of Science and Art [78-180 
 
 Freshman-Sophomore Rivalry 220-221 
 
 Garrick Club 227 
 
 General Alumni Society 236 
 
 George I,. Harrison Foundation 182 
 
 Gift of Books from the French Government .... 91 
 Gifts during Provost Harrison's Administration . . . [88 
 
 Graduate Department for Women 161-162 
 
 Graduate School 137-13S, 162. 1S2 
 
 Greek Letter Societies 225-226 
 
 Hamilton Walk 1S5 
 
 Harrison, Charles C., elected Provost 17; 
 
 History, The Study of 217 
 
 Hospital, University [29-130, 16S 
 
 Houston Club 174. 223 
 
 Houston Hall 173-174, 194 
 
 Incarceration of Provost Smith 67 
 
 Intellectual and Moral Philosophy, Chair of .... 143 
 
 Isaac Morris Library 148 
 
 Ivy Ball 221 
 
 Ivy, The Class 221 
 
 T. B. Lippincott Library 148 
 
 Journalism 223-224 
 
 Junior Ball 221 
 
 Kappa Kappa Gamma 225 
 
 Kappa Sigma 225, 226 
 
 Keble, John, Bequest of 10S 
 
 Kuhn, Dr. Adam 76, 97, 101 
 
 Laboratory of Hygiene 156-1 57. 1S6 
 
 Laboratory of Marine Biology 142 
 
 Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering 158 
 
 Laboratory of Pathology, Physiology and Therapeutics . 1S4 
 
 Laboratory of Physics [84 
 
 Land, Acquisition of 122,129,136,152,184 
 
 Law Department . . . 9S-99, 109, 114-116, 126-127, 169- 
 
 170, 184. 209, 217 
 
 Law School Building 1S4 
 
 Le Medecin malgre lui. Performance of 227 
 
 Leutsch Library 148 
 
 Library Building 151-152. 173 
 
 Library of Law Department 160. [84 
 
 Library, The University 146-152,214-215 
 
 Location, Change of 120-124 
 
 Lotteries as a Source of Revenue 66-67,92 
 
 Loyalty of Pennsylvania 235 
 
 Ludlow, John, elected Provost 106 
 
 Ludwick, Christopher, Bequest of 107-10S 
 
 Lurline, Performance of 226 
 
 Mask and Wig Club 226 
 
 Masque of Alfred, Performance of 70 
 
 Maternity Hospital 168 
 
 McDowell, John, elected Provost [05 
 
 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Department of . 1 58 
 
 Medical Commencement, First 76 
 
 Medical Department 73~77, 90-91 , 97-98 
 
 1 1 2- 1 14, 127-130, 167-170, 184, 209, 210-217 
 
 Medical Instruction, Early 71 -77 
 
 Medical Magazine, The University 224 
 
 Military Service of Pennsylvania Men 238 
 
 Morgan, Dr. John 72, 73, 74, 07 
 
 Mr. Aguinaldo of Manila, Performance of 226 
 
 Mn Phi Alpha 225 
 
 Museum of American Archaeology 144 
 
 Musical Clubs 227 
 
 Music Department 131 
 
 Muybridge Commission 143 
 
 " New Building," Founding of the 47~49 
 
 "New Lights" 49 
 
 N11 Sigma Nu 225 
 
 Penn Foundation Ill 
 
 Penn, John 111 
 
 Penn Monthly 224 
 
 I'ennsylvanian, The 223 
 
 I'eni 1, Thomas 51,55,62,65,67,68,74,81 
 
 Pepper, Dr. William, elected Provost 134 
 
 Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine 168 
 
 Pepper Medical Library 14S 
 
 Perkasie Estate 1 1 1 
 
 Pharmacy, Master of 113 
 
 Phi Alpha Sigma . . 225 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa 166. 225-226 
 
 Phi Delta Phi 225 
 
 Phi Delta Theta 225,226 
 
 Phi 1 lamina Delta 225 
 
 Phi Kappa Phi 225 
 
 Phi Kappa Sigma 225, 220 
 
 Philomathean Society 222 
 
 Philosophy, Department of 137-138,162. 182 
 
 Physical Education, Department of 143 
 
 Physics, Instruction in 216 
 
 Pons Asinorum 223 
 
 Pott Library 148 
 
 Presidential Mansion, Purchase of the .... 102-103 
 " Proposals " for Establishing an Academy . . 51.53.55 
 
 Provost, Office of 64-65,133-134.135-136 
 
 I'si Upsilon 225-226 
 
 Punch Bowl, The 224 
 
 Red and Blue 223-224 
 
 Religious Conditions 86-88 
 
 Revolution, College Closed on Account of the . . 79-S0 
 Revolution; its Influence on the College .... 80-101 
 
 Revolution, Pennsylvania in the 238 
 
 Rittenhouse Orrery 69 
 
 Rogers Engineering Library [48
 
 INDEX OF SUBJECTS l\ DETAIL 
 
 485 
 
 Kosetta Stone 
 
 Rowing 
 
 Rush, Dr. Benjamin, Prof. Chemistry 
 
 ■ 232-2.33 
 76, 97, 101 
 
 Salary of tin Provost 
 
 Scholarships foi Grammar School Boys 
 
 Scientific Department . [09-111, 116-118, 124-126, 137, 
 
 iii ' mission 
 
 Si j 1" it Library 
 
 Sharswood, George 114, 
 
 Shippen, Dr William 72, 73, 74, 90, 97, 
 
 Sigma Chi 
 
 Sigma \i 
 
 Smith, William, elected First Provost 
 
 Society of tin.- Alumni 
 
 Solicitation of Funds 67-70,120,120, 
 
 Sophomore 1 Iremation 
 
 Sophomore Pi made 
 
 Spanish War, Pennsylvania in the 
 
 °5 
 
 1 1 1 
 164 
 
 '43 
 
 148 
 115 
 
 tot 
 
 22 £ 
 226 
 
 "I 
 
 -35 
 '5' 
 
 238 
 
 Tonne, John Henry 125-126 
 
 Track Athletics 232 
 
 Tuition Fees 59 
 
 Undergraduate Rule 232 
 
 Union of College and University 99-100 
 
 University Barge Club 227 
 
 University Day 106 
 
 University Dramatic Ass n iation 
 
 1 ersity Extension Work 1 54— 1 55 
 
 University; its Position in the Community .... 156 
 
 t ' ni\ • 1 i \ oci 154 
 
 University Magazine 223 
 
 University News 224 
 
 I niversit) ol Pennsylvania Incorporated 100 
 
 University oi the Stati ol Pennsylvania Established . S6 
 
 I nivi rsitj S01 ii ty Record 223 
 
 Veterinary School 138-140,170-171, 
 
 Vice Provo 1 Office of 64-65 
 
 \ 1 ium 1 Sj 
 
 War Memorial Tower 176-178,238 
 
 War of 1 s 1 _• , Pennsylvania in the 23S 
 
 Western School, The [07 
 
 Wetherill Chemical Library 14S 
 
 Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology . . . 160-161 
 Wharton School of Finance and Economy .136-] 
 Whitefield, George 1:. |8, 49,60 
 
 Zelosophic Magazine 223 
 
 Zelosophic Society 222 
 
 /.eta Psi 225, 226
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN HISTORY 
 
 Seal 43 
 
 Titlepage of Franklin's " Proposals" 51 
 
 Facsimile Signatures of the Founders 52 
 
 The Academy and College 61 
 
 Facsimile Page of First Charter, 1753 62 
 
 Titlepage " College of Mirania " 64 
 
 Titlepage Second Charter, 1755 65 
 
 Old Jail, Third and Market Streets 67 
 
 The Rittcnhouse Orrery 70 
 
 The College, Academy and Charity School .... 71 
 Facsimile Diploma of Francis Hopkinson — The First 
 
 Diploma 73 
 
 Facsimile Diploma of John Archer — First Medical 
 
 Diploma 77 
 
 Anatomical I Fall — Medical Department, 1765-1802 . S3 
 Hall of the American Philosophical Society .... 102 
 The Presidential Mansion as Occupied by the Uni- 
 versity, 1S02-1S06 103 
 
 University Buildings, 1806-1S29 104 
 
 Arts Building, erected 1S29 110 
 
 Medical Building, erected 1S29 113 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, 1829-1873 117 
 
 Class of 1854 t2i 
 
 Tower of Main Building — College Hall 122 
 
 College I Ta.ll 123 
 
 College Hall, Rear View . . . 124 
 
 Medical Hall [28 
 
 Medical Hospital Buildings 130 
 
 Old Dental Hall, now Laboratory of the Medical De 
 
 paitment 132 
 
 Veterinary Hall and Hospital ... 139 
 
 Biological Laboratory . ... 141 
 
 University Library, West Fronl 145 
 
 University Library, West Front I 17 
 
 University Library, East Front ljij 
 
 Reading Room, University Library 150 
 
 The Chapel 153 
 
 Laboratory of Hygiene 157 
 
 John Harrison Chemical Laboratory 158 
 
 Central Light, IL.u and Power Station 159 
 
 Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology 160 
 
 Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology 161 
 
 Bennett Hall 164 
 
 Pepper Clinical Laboratory and University Hospital 165 
 
 48 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Agnew Memorial Surgical Pavilion 167 
 
 Maternity Pavilion Courtyard 168 
 
 Nurse's Home 168 
 
 Mortuary i6q 
 
 Canine Hospital .171 
 
 Houston Hall 17 r 
 
 Houston Hall 1-6 
 
 Dormitories, Woodland Avenue Front . . 177 
 
 Flower Astronomical Observatory 17S 
 
 Dormitories, Pine Street Front 170, 
 
 Class of 1S72 Gate 1S0 
 
 " The Triangle " — Dormitories 1N1 
 
 "The Little Quad" — Dormitories 1.S2 
 
 General Miles Laying Corner Stone of Memorial Tower 183 
 
 University Museums [8c 
 
 University Museums 186 
 
 Botanical Garden and Rear of Biological Building . . 187 
 
 Vivarium iSS 
 
 Dental Hall 1S9 
 
 Law School . . 190 
 
 Hamilton Walk. Looking West 191 
 
 Class of 1873 Memorial Gate Thirty-sixth Street . . 192 
 
 Houston, Medical and College Halls, Rear View . . 193 
 
 Detail of Dormitories iqa 
 
 Hallway First Floor, Houston Hall 195 
 
 Hallway Second Floor, Houston Hall 196 
 
 Reading Room, Houston Hall 197 
 
 Silhouettes of Class of 1S1 1 19S 
 
 Auditorium, Houston Hall 200 
 
 Billiard Room, Houston Hall 201 
 
 Bowling Alley, Houston Hall 203 
 
 Commencement Program, 1757 205 
 
 Small Gymnasium, Houston Hall 206 
 
 Swimming Pool, Houston Hall 207 
 
 Trophy and Sitting Rooms, Houston Hall 21S 
 
 Helta Phi 225 
 
 Phi Delta Theta 226 
 
 Psi Upsilon 220 
 
 University Boathouse on the Schuylkill 228 
 
 Athletic Grounds, Franklin Field 129 
 
 'Varsity and Freshmen Boal Crews, 1000 230 
 
 Football Game, Franklin I i< Id, Pennsylvania — Cornell, 
 
 ' -'3i 
 
 1 ,i am I Stand, 1 ranklin Field, (as proposed) . ■ . . 
 
 7
 
 4 88 
 
 UNITERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Athletic Grounds, Franklin Field, (as proposed) . . 233 
 
 Field House, Franklin Field, (as proposed) .... 234 
 
 War Memorial Tower 237 
 
 Portraits : 
 
 George Whitefield 49 
 
 Rev. Richard 1'eters 50 
 
 Benjamin Franklin 53 
 
 Group of Franklin Portraits 54 
 
 William Smith 63 
 
 Thomas Penn . 68 
 
 James Hamilton 72 
 
 William Shippen, [1 74 
 
 John Morgan 75 
 
 Benjamin Rush 76 
 
 Jacob Duche 7S 
 
 John Ewing go 
 
 David Rittenhouse gt 
 
 William Smith gj 
 
 Benjamin Franklin 96 
 
 Casper Wistar 97 
 
 James Wilson gS 
 
 John McDowell 105 
 
 John Andrews 106 
 
 Frederick Beasley 107 
 
 PACE 
 
 Portraits : 
 
 William H. DeLancey 108 
 
 John Ludlow | n 
 
 Charles W. Hare m 
 
 William P. C. Barton 1 1 2 
 
 George Sharswood ] 1 r 
 
 Peter McCall , ,0 
 
 George K. Wood nS 
 
 Henry Vethake no 
 
 Daniel R. Goodwin no 
 
 Charles J. Stille 120 
 
 John H. Towne 126 
 
 E. Coppee Mitchell 127 
 
 Isaiah V. Williamson i2g 
 
 William Pepper 13^ 
 
 Joseph Wharton 136 
 
 J B. I.ippincott 140 
 
 Henry Seybert 143 
 
 Mrs. Bloomfield II. Moore 162 
 
 Joseph M. Bennett 163 
 
 Joseph l.eidy 170 
 
 1 1. Hayes Agnew 170 
 
 Charles C. Harrison 173 
 
 Henry H. Houston 174
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abbott, Alexander C 446 
 
 Adams, John W 447 
 
 Adrain, Robert 316 
 
 Agnew, David H 351 
 
 Alison, Francis 272 
 
 Allen, George 325 
 
 Allen, Harrison 345 
 
 Allen, William 255 
 
 Ames, Herman V 441 
 
 Andrews, John 260 
 
 Ashhurst, John 342 
 
 Ashhurst, John, Jr 373 
 
 Bache, Alexander D 315 
 
 Baker, George F 361 
 
 Barker, Wharton 3S1 
 
 Barnes, Albert 319 
 
 Barnwell, James G 447 
 
 Barton, John Rhea 353 
 
 Barton, William PC 309 
 
 Bates, William N 472 
 
 Beasley, Frederick 260 
 
 Bennett, Joseph M 409 
 
 Beveridge, James 274 
 
 Biddle, Algernon S 403 
 
 Biddle, Cadwalader 340 
 
 Biddle, Caldwell K 330 
 
 Biddle, George W 403 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas JI2 
 
 Binney, Horace 306 
 
 Binney, Horace, Jr 335 
 
 Bispham, Geo. Tucker .... 390 
 
 Boardman, George Dana . . . 379 
 
 Bolles, Albert S 386 
 
 Bund, Phineas 253 
 
 Bond, Thomas 257 
 
 liorie, Adolphe E 337 
 
 Brinton, Daniel G 395 
 
 Brown, Amos P., Jr 411 
 
 Brown, Reynolds D 142 
 
 Brumbaugh, Martin G 429 
 
 Bui k, < lharles M 407 
 
 Burk, Jesse Young 3S5 
 
 Cadwalader, John 290 
 
 Cadwalader, Thomas .... 270 
 
 Cadwalader, Thomas .... 310 
 
 Cannon, James 282 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Carruth, John G 467 
 
 Carson, Hampton L 42S 
 
 Carson, John 301 
 
 Carson, Joseph 327 
 
 Chapman, Nathaniel 310 
 
 Chew, Benjamin ...... 272 
 
 Chew, Benjamin, Jr 308 
 
 Cheyney, Edward P 415 
 
 Child, Clarence G 471 
 
 Clarke, Hugh A 367 
 
 Clymer, George 292 
 
 Coleman, William 251 
 
 Colwell, Stephen 335 
 
 Conklin, Edwin G 436 
 
 Cope, Edward D 411 
 
 Coppee, Henry 334 
 
 Coxe, John R 307 
 
 Crawley, Edwin S 412 
 
 Cryer, Matthew H 437 
 
 Culin, Stewart 466 
 
 Da Costa, Jacob M 477 
 
 Daland, Judson 449 
 
 Dallas, Alexander J 302 
 
 Dana, Charles E 416 
 
 Darby, Edwin T 369 
 
 I tavidspn, James 279 
 
 Davidson, Robert 293 
 
 Davis, Gwilym G 404 
 
 Day, Frank M 417 
 
 DeLancey, William H 261 
 
 Di wees, William P 355 
 
 Dickson, Samuel 384 
 
 I love, David J 268 
 
 Drexel, A. J 398 
 
 1 lin he, Jacob, Jr 275 
 
 1 lulu ing, I "ins \ 370 
 
 I >u Pom 'mm. Peter S 313 
 
 Easton, Morton W ;S; 
 
 Ellicott, Eugene 431 
 
 I ml' 11. 1 leorge 322 
 
 Essig, Charles J 354 
 
 Evans, I tenry B 471 
 
 Ewing, John 259 
 
 Falkner, Roland P 419 
 
 Faries, Randolph 470 
 
 489 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ferree, Barr 41,4 
 
 Fitzsimmons, Thomas .... 296 
 
 Flexner, Simon 472 
 
 Fothergill, John 242 
 
 Fox, Edward 297 
 
 Fraley, Frederick 330 
 
 Francis, Tench 24S 
 
 Frankel, Lee K 14., 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin 243 
 
 Frazer, John F 335 
 
 Frazer, Persifor 358 
 
 Frazier, William \Y., Jr. . . . 432 
 
 F'ullerton, George S 3S7 
 
 Furness, Horace H 384 
 
 Genth, Frederick A 363 
 
 1 Si St, John I! 407 
 
 Gibson, William 356 
 
 Goodell, William 364 
 
 Goodspeed, Arthur W 392 
 
 Goodwin, Daniel R 263 
 
 Graham, George S |io 
 
 Grew, Theophilus 26S 
 
 Griffith, John P. C 121 
 
 Gudeman, Alfred 43S 
 
 Guiteras, John . 413 
 
 I laldem. in. Samuel S 348 
 
 1 [amilton, James 271 
 
 I [are, 1 lharles W 311 
 
 Hare, George Emlen 324 
 
 Hare. John I. C 337 
 
 I [are, Robert ;i ; 
 
 1 larger, Simon J. J \-~ 
 
 Harris, Joseph S [13 
 
 I [arrison, Alfred C |.' 1 
 
 I [arrison, ' lharles < 
 
 I [an is. hi, 1 ieorge I... |r. . . . 1 1 5 
 
 I [arshberger, John W (78 
 
 Haupt, I 1 «is M 
 
 I [ayden, Ferdinand V ; ; ; 
 
 Henry, Alexander 341 
 
 I [ewson, Thomas T ;n 
 
 Hilprecht, Hermann V. ... 397 
 I lir-t. Barton C. . .... 
 
 H ',11 ugh 1 319 
 
 I [ollingsworth, Samui IS. . 
 
 I [olmes, I dmund W 451
 
 49° 
 
 UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR SONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hopkinson, Francis 2SS 
 
 Hopkinson, Thomas 246 
 
 Horner, William E 317 
 
 Hoskins, W. Horace .... 451 
 
 Houston, Henry H 430 
 
 Houston, S. F 443 
 
 Hunt, William 333 
 
 Hutchinson, James 289 
 
 Hutchinson, James II 37S 
 
 Inglis, John 253 
 
 Ingersoll, Jared 296 
 
 Ingersoll, Joseph R 314 
 
 Jackson, Francis A 342 
 
 Jackson, Paul 273 
 
 Jackson, Samuel 320 
 
 James, Edmund J 3SS 
 
 J as trow, Morris 394 
 
 Jayne, Horace 392 
 
 Johnson, Emory R 452 
 
 Johnson, Joseph F 427 
 
 Keen. Gregory 13 405 
 
 Kendall, Ezra 333 
 
 Kinnersley, Ebenezer .... 269 
 
 Kirk, Edward C 439 
 
 Koenig, George A 398 
 
 Krauth, Charles I' 359 
 
 Kuhn, Adam 279 
 
 Kunze, John C 294 
 
 Laird, Warren P 453 
 
 Lamberton, William A 40S 
 
 Lawrence, Thomas 245 
 
 Lea, Henry C 415 
 
 Learned, Marion Dexter . . . 3S2 
 
 Leech, Thomas 249 
 
 Leidy, Joseph 331 
 
 Lesley, J Peter 360 
 
 Lewis, Morris J 438 
 
 Lewis, William D 432 
 
 Lindsay, Samuel McC 439 
 
 Lippincott, Joshua B 37 1 
 
 Logan, James 244 
 
 Ludlow. John 262 
 
 Macfarlane, John M 426 
 
 Maddox, Joshua 246 
 
 Magaw, Samuel 294 
 
 Marburg, Edgar 424 
 
 Marks, William D 376 
 
 Martin, David 26S 
 
 Masters, William 24S 
 
 McCall. Peter 33S 
 
 McCall, Samuel, Jr 249 
 
 McCrea, James 443 
 
 McDowell, John 260 
 
 McElroy, John G. R 371 
 
 McKean, Thomas 300 
 
 McKean, Thomas 441 
 
 McMaster, J. B 469 
 
 Mcl'herson, John P> 470 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Meigs, Arthur V 417 
 
 Meredith, William M 322 
 
 Meredith, William T 307 
 
 Merrick, James H 472 
 
 Merrick, John V 352 
 
 Mihiin, Thomas 2S5 
 
 Mikell, William E 454 
 
 Miller, Adolph W 453 
 
 Miller, E. Spencer 329 
 
 Mills, Charles K 418 
 
 Mitchell, Edward C 363 
 
 Mitchell, John K 443 
 
 Mitchell, S. Weir 367 
 
 Moore, Clara J. J 377 
 
 Moore, John P 455 
 
 Morgan, John 278 
 
 Morgan, Randall 445 
 
 Morris, Robert 2S7 
 
 Morton, Henry 348 
 
 Morton, Henry J 324 
 
 Muhlenberg, Frederick A. . . . 290 
 
 Mumford, Edward W 440 
 
 Munro, Dana Carleton .... 425 
 
 Musser, John Hen 455 
 
 Xewbold, William R 435 
 
 Newton, Richard 349 
 
 Nixon, John 298 
 
 Norris, George W 336 
 
 Norris, Isaac 269 
 
 Xorris, William F 476 
 
 Osier, William 456 
 
 Parsons, James 365 
 
 Patten, Simon N 40S 
 
 Patterson, C. Stuart 418 
 
 Patterson, George Stuart . . . 427 
 
 Patterson, Robert ...... 295 
 
 Patterson, Robert M 307 
 
 Patton, John W 329 
 
 Paul, John R 350 
 
 Pearson, Leonard 414 
 
 Tenii, Richard 282 
 
 Penn, Thomas 241 
 
 Penniman, Josiah II (22 
 
 Pennypacker, Samuel \V. . . . 398 
 
 Penrose, Charles B 432 
 
 Penrose, Richard A. F. ... 376 
 
 Pepper, George S 4 m 
 
 Pepper, George Wharton . . . 42N 
 
 Pepper, William 264 
 
 Peters, John P 399 
 
 Peters, Richard 254 
 
 Peters, Richard 29S 
 
 I'hysick, Philip S 305 
 
 Piersol, George A 420 
 
 Plumsted, William 250 
 
 Potter, Alonzo 326 
 
 Potts, Joseph D 400 
 
 Price. Eli K 351 
 
 Quinn, Arthur H 433 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Randall, Burton A 457 
 
 Rawle, William 303 
 
 Rawle, William, Jr 321 
 
 Redman, John 277 
 
 keed, Henry 318 
 
 Keed, Henry 402 
 
 Reed, Joseph 315 
 
 Reese, John J . . 344 
 
 Reichert, Edward T 404 
 
 Rennert, Hugo Albeit .... 394 
 
 Risley, Samuel D. . . . . . 361 
 
 Rittenhouse, David 292 
 
 Robinson, James H 473 
 
 Rogers, Fairman ... . . 354 
 
 Rogers, James B 457 
 
 Rogers, Robert E. . . . . 458 
 
 Rosengarten, Joseph G. ... 440 
 
 Rothrock, Joseph T 383 
 
 Rowe, L. S 425 
 
 Rush, Benjamin 280 
 
 Ryder, John A 401 
 
 Sadtler, Samuel P 365 
 
 Sailer, Thomas H. P. ... 445 
 
 Schaeffer, Charles C. . . [58 
 
 Schaeffer, Charles W 338 
 
 Schelling, Felix E 422 
 
 Schwatt, Isaac J 459 
 
 Scott, John 393 
 
 Scott, Thomas A 385 
 
 Seager, Henry R 4-4 
 
 Seiilensticker, Oswald .... 346 
 
 Sellers, William -47 
 
 Sergeant, John 309 
 
 Sergeant, Jonathan D 295 
 
 Sergeant, Thomas 323 
 
 Sharswood, George 328 
 
 Shumway, Daniel I! 459 
 
 Shinn. Owen L 478 
 
 Shippen, Edward 274 
 
 Shippen, William 256 
 
 Shippen. William 285 
 
 Sims, J. C 396 
 
 Smith. Francis G., Jr 340 
 
 Smith, Henry H. 460 
 
 Smith, Jonathan B 291 
 
 Smith, Thomas L 321 
 
 Smith, Walter G 423 
 
 Smith, William 257 
 
 Sommerville, Maxwell .... 434 
 
 Steele, John D 474 
 
 Stengel, Alfred 461 
 
 Stephens, William B 344 
 
 Stevenson, Sara V 46S 
 
 Stille, Alfred 332 
 
 Stille, Charles J 263 
 
 Strettell, Robert 249 
 
 Syng, Philip 252 
 
 Taylor, Abram 250 
 
 Thompson, Robert Ellis . . . 356 
 
 Thomson, James G 304 
 
 Thorpe, Francis N 423
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 
 
 491 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tilghman, James 286 
 
 Tilghman, William 304 
 
 Towne, John II 465 
 
 Townsend, Charles C 436 
 
 Truman, James 342 
 
 Turner, Joseph 254 
 
 Tyson, James 372 
 
 Vethake, Henry 263 
 
 Webb, Walter Loring .... 461 
 
 Welsh, John 339 
 
 Wesselhoeft, E 464 
 
 Wetherell, Charles M 462 
 
 Weygandt, Cornelius .... 417 
 
 Wharton, George M 322 
 
 Wharton, Henry R 3X0 
 
 I Whitaker, Ozi W 406 
 
 Whitcomb, Merrick 465 
 
 White, J. William 391 
 
 White, Thomas 252 
 
 White, William 284 
 
 Whitefield, George 241 
 
 Whitney, George 368 
 
 Willard, Deforest 377 
 
 Williamson, Hugh 275 
 
 Williamson, Isaiah V 357 
 
 Willing, Charles 247 
 
 Wilson, Albert M 479 
 
 Wilson, James 281 
 
 Wilson, William P 463 
 
 Wi~t.11, Caspar 299 
 
 Wislar, Isaac J 410 
 
 Winner, I.ightner 426 
 
 Wood, George B 328 
 
 Wood, Horatio C pi 
 
 Wood, Richard 
 
 Woodhousc, James 302 
 
 Wormley, Theodore G 375 
 
 Wylie, Samuel 15 317 
 
 Voting, James K 475 
 
 Zachary, Lloyd 247
 
 V 
 
 
 'f^>- 
 
 s. 
 
 \ 
 
 University of California 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 Biqra.p^ ! '" ari ,w WSy 
 
 . 
 
 i ar 7< 
 
 *^i*. 
 
 L*/ 
 
 */5 
 
 3« 
 
 i 
 
 •N 
 
 "N *^ A 
 
 \ 
 
 ■*t*T * 
 
 X 
 
 *."* 
 
 ^ 
 
 L'^M&jJ- 
 
 'k
 
 
 
 J- 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 , 
 
 p 
 
 
 IBHMBffiuHHflHal^Bli^HHl & 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 ,'