1
^
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
J
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDG
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRESH WATER FISHES
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
BY
CHARLES GIRARD.
I.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE COTTOIDS.
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
DECEMBER, 1850.
VOL. III.
ART. 3.
COMMISSION
TO WHICH THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REFERRED.
DR. JARED P. KIBTLAND,
DR. J. E. HOLBROOK.
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary,
PREFACE.
I HAVE selected the Artedian genus Cottus as the subject of my first monograph,
on account of the interest which attaches to the questions involved in its investi-
gation. The first of these questions is to ascertain whether there really exists but
one single species of the genus in Europe, and another in America. The second,
whether indeed the same species is common to both countries, as was at one time
supposed.
My investigations embrace, and, I hope, solve both of these questions. The
materials made use of are numerous and of special value; some of them absolutely
essential to the proper determination of the above-mentioned points.
As far as it has been in my power, I have consulted the original documents, and
their authors themselves. Thus I owe to Professor S. S. Haldeman an authentic
individual of his C. viscosus. Through the kindness of Professor James Hall, of
Albany, I have studied the specimen drawn and described by Dr. De Kay under
the name of Uranidea guiescens, which proved to be a true Cottus. Mr. W. 0.
Ayres has placed in my hands specimens of his C. gdbio from the State of Con-
necticut. From information communicated by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, of Cleveland
(Ohio), I have identified his C. gobio. Rev. Z. Thompson, of Burlington (Vt.), has
sent me a species hitherto undescribed. Specimens caught near the White Mount-
ains were communicated by Dr. D. Humphreys Storer. I have made a complete
study of the species brought by Prof. Agassiz from Lake Superior.
In examining the collection of fishes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, with the assistance of Dr. J. Leidy, I found one specimen by which I
became fully satisfied of the existence of two species in the tributaries of the Ohio
River. But the most important contributions have been from the collection of
Professor S. F. Baird, now at the Smithsonian Institution. Numerous specimens of
C. viscosus and others have enabled me to give the anatomical details contained in
Chapter II.
I beg all these gentlemen to accept the assurance of my deepest gratitude, and
to receive my labor with the same indulgence which they have shown towards me
during its elaboration.
Most of my descriptions rest upon the examination of numerous specimens : a
few of them are drawn from one individual, but the species will appear distinct
enough to be justified.
M364093
4 PREFACE. III.
Those ichthyologists who may deny the validity of all the species of the genus
Cottus which I adopt, considering some of them as mere varieties, must still acknow-
ledge that these varieties are worthy of being known.
There are two species of Cottus proper, the originals of which I have not seen,
viz.: C. cognatua, Rich., and my C. Fabricii (C. gobio, Fabr.). No specimens of
either of these species are preserved in any American collection.
An intimate knowledge of the Cottoids will enable us more readily to appreciate
the specific characters of a great many other groups, whose geographical distribution
is less extensive, but in which the species are altogether as numerous and as
uniform. The species of a genus are generally uniform whenever they are nume-
rous : this is a necessary consequence. When the type possesses but a few cha-
racters, it is not liable to so many diversities amongst the species, and these cha-
racters, in being shared, appear as if exhausted, leading superficial observers to the
belief that species pass into each other by gradual steps.
Not only among fishes, but in other classes also we meet with natural groups
composed of numerous species, which are allowed to vary beyond the limits of their
circle of activity, and for the study of which great skill must be displayed in order
to recognize the species in the midst of these variations.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE FRESH WATER COTTOIDS IN GENERAL.
1. ZOOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
FOR nearly a century a single species of fresh water Cottoid was known in
Europe, a small fish very common there in rivers and lakes, and whose obtuse
form and flattened head (which is broader than the body) brought it to the notice
of every one. A long time before ichthyologists gave it a systematic name, many
nations, including the French, English, Danes, Swedes, Germans, Italians, Hunga-
rians, and Russians, had assigned to it a vulgar one in allusion to the breadth of
the head, which in fact is the chief character of the genus ; and this generic cha-
racter, so clear and so precise, involved the apparent uniformity among the species.
For this reason the species were not at first distinguished, being referred from
vague recollection, and from the opinion of the people, to the C. gobio of Artedi
and Linnjeus. Thus the same species was believed to inhabit the fresh waters of
nearly the whole ancient hemisphere, in Europe from Sweden to Italy, and from
France to Siberia. Cuvier, however, after having enumerated the localities which
the C. gobio inhabits, adds : " But perhaps it would be necessary to see together
and to compare individuals from countries so remote from each other, in order to
ascertain that they do not present some differences which have escaped isolated
observers." 1 From this moment suspicion began to be entertained : this was to be
the prelude to new researches.
Thus eight years after these lines were written, Mr. Heckel, 2 taking up the
study of the Cottoids, distinguished three new European species; namely, his Coitus
affinis, microstomus, and pozcilopus. The first inhabits Scandinavia, and had been
referred by Eckstrom 3 to Coitus gobio, and in fact it is the fish that Artedi and
Linnoous had in view, though not specially, since they gave to their species, as
geographical range, the whole continent of Europe. Coitus microstomus is from the
vicinity of Cracow, and C. paedJopus from the Carpathians in Upper Hungary.
Some time afterwards the same naturalist wrote to Ch. L. Bonaparte that C.
gobio from Italy was a distinct species, and gives to it the name of C. ferrugineus.*
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, iv., 1829, 8vo., p. 150; 4to. cd., p. 110.
Ichthyologische Beitriige, in Ann. des Wien. Mus., vol. ii., 1837, p. 150.
Fiskarne i Morko Skargard, p. 139.
Catalogo Metodico dci Pesci Europei di Carlo L. Principr Bonaparte, Napoli, 1846.
6 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
In our Revision of the gam* ('<>ltii*, 1 we advanced the opinion that this species
would be found distinct, not knowing at that time that it had been already named.
These were progressive steps in European ichthyology, but there still remains
carefully to compare with the above species, the C. gobio of England, France, Den-
mark, Germany, and Russia, in order to ascertain whether several species are not
still confounded. We have already remarked a certain disagreement on this subject
among authors. Cuvier makes the positive remark that the C. gobio has only three
soft rays to the ventral fins, whilst Dr. Richardson mentions four as belonging to
the English species examined by him, and which is the same as the one described
by Mr. Yarrell. This also has but six spinous rays to the first dorsal, and sixteen
soft and articulated, but unbranched rays, to the second dorsal. The assertion
of Cuvier, that the first dorsal of C. gobio counts from six to nine spinous rays, is
a fact to be verified anew : perhaps the above English species is taken into account
in the formula. Moreover, Cuvier says, positively, that the rays of the centre of
the second dorsal dichotomize at their extremity. Finally, in the C. gobio of the
Seine the upper rays of the pectorals are branched, whilst they are all simple in
the English species spoken of by Dr. Richardson.
Should these differences prove constant, and we have no doubt they will, they arc
more than sufficient for specific distinction, and we are satisfied of the existence of
two species of Cottus in the British Islands, for we find mentioned sometimes three
and sometimes four rays to the ventrals of the so-called C. gobio. This character,
which proves safe among American species, will no doubt be a sure guide in a
critical review of the European ones. We have seen a mutilated specimen of an
English Miller's Thumb with evidently branched pectoral rays, therefore differing
from the one alluded to by Sir John Richardson. The Miller's Thumb from the
Seine again differs from that of the Danube. Those of the Rhine, of the Rhone,
and the south of France generally, deserve a special attention, as well as the one
mentioned by Reisinger in his Ichlltyolmjin} Hungarice, which seems to attain a very
large size. In fact, the Cottoids of all the European and Asiatic rivers and lake's
should be compared directly. It is only after this is done that we shall be prepared
to establish safe comparisons between the species of one continent and another.
Now, if we recapitulate the European species, we find five of them to be well
determined and named. In addition, we have two species in England as alluded
to above, which are distinct from C. gobio of the Seine; thus giving seven species.
Then, in central Europe several other species will probably be found distinct.
C. jxi >!/!>]' a* must be compared with the giJiIo of Reisinger, of the Danube. Be it
remembered that the latter spawns in .March and April. A comparison of the
C. gobio from the Seine (spawning in May, June, and July) with that of the south
of France, and then again with that of the Swiss lakes and the rivers of conti-
nental Europe, would no doubt add to the number of species. It would be inte-
liir,: to know whether the Miller's Thumbs exist southwards of the Pyren*
in Spain and Portugal, as well as in Greece and Asia Minor.
M. moires de la Socirtr Il.-lv'iii|iic ilos Si-ii/nccs Naturclles, vol. xii., 1851.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 7
We may thus expect in Europe a number of species nearly equivalent to that
of America, and we shall find among them species with four soft rays to the
ventrals, and others with only three. Whether the lateral line will be found
extending to the tail in all of them, is a point worthy of attention.
Let us return for a moment to Mr. Heckel's paper. Six species are found
mentioned there, of which four belong to Europe, C. gobw, microstomus, pcecilopus,
and affinis, arid two to America, C. cognatus and a new species which the author
calls C. gracilis. Now, in his synoptic list, this latter is the only one which has
but three soft rays to the ventrals, whilst the other five have four. Mr. Heckel
does not tell us whence he obtained the C. gobio which he had before him, which
would be of great importance to us, for we have seen that it is not perfectly iden-
tical with that of the Seine, since Cuvier allows to this latter only three soft rays
in the ventrals, and Mr. Heckel cites four of them. In the C. affinis the rays of
the ventrals are divided ; in C. gobio, microstomus, pcecilopus, and cognatus, they are
simple. The upper rays of the pectorals are branched in C. gobio and microstomus;
they are all undivided in the C. pcecilopus and cognatus.
Thus we see Mr. Heckel borrowing the specific characters from the structure of
the fin rays. He says he has examined a large number of fishes in order to ascer-
tain the variations which the rays undergo during their growth. He has observed
that in his C. gobio, for instance, the bifurcation of the rays commenced only when
the fish had acquired half its size, whilst he has never seen the least trace of divi-
sion in the C. pcecilopus even at a size much beyond that at which the phenomenon
takes place in the C. gobio. From this fact he concludes that there are constant
characters of which we may avail ourselves for the distinction of species. He
denies the influence of climate on the division of the rays, as for instance, that this
division would take place under warmer climates, and he cites as a proof of the
contrary the G. pcecilopus, the most southern of his species, whose rays are undi-
vided, whilst they are branched in the more northern C. microstomus.
When a genus happens to be as uniform as that of Cottus, it is a natural and
necessary consequence that we should take into consideration the minutest details
in discriminating the species. Did the Cotti present themselves uniform from one
extremity to the other of Europe, and were the species of America or of Asia more
diversified in their forms, there would be less reason for our undertaking so minute
a study of them. But their uniformity in all parts of the globe where they have
been observed is such as to lead us to researches of details ; for, howsoever a ques-
tion of that nature be definitively solved, be it in favor of a single species or of a
multitude, these researches will lead us to the understanding of the ichthyic signi-
fication of the genus to which they have reference, and to its distribution over the
surface of our globe.
C. gobio, L. has been cited by Oth. Fabricius as an inhabitant of Greenland.
This is undoubtedly a particular species, which we shall mention hereafter.
Again, C. gobio was thought to inhabit the United States, and as the present
labor was undertaken with a view to verify the assertion, we have no remarks on
this subject to make in this paragraph.
The Cotti of Asia are little known, the centre of this great continent not having
8 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
yet been sufficiently explored. We may expect many species from the rivuleta of
the highlands and slopes of mountains, as well as in the valleys; tin- Pallas cites
a C. gobio, L. in the lake Baikal and the fresh waters of Siberia ; but it is more
than probable that this is a distinct species. He describes another under the name
of C. minutus, which was sent to him by Merk as coming from the fresh waters
which empty into the Ochotsk sea. It resembles so closely C. gobio, described in
the ///-W/T Xaturelle des Ibissons, that Cuvier himself says that he dares not sepa-
rate it. And yet he does not identify it absolutely with the C. gobio, leaving for
it a place apart in making the observation that " its snout is perhaps a little less
pointed, and the spines above its nostrils a little larger," without giving his opinion
on the value of these differences. The size of the specimens which he has examined
measured three inches, and if this be the common size, the species is smaller than
the C. gobio of the Seine, and many others.
There is, in this reserve of Cuvier, not to identify definitively two fishes of such
distant countries, and nevertheless so similar to each other; there is, I say, included
in this reserve, the whole spirit of modern science, a spirit profoundly philosophical,
the spirit of future progress.
We have deemed it necessary to make several generic divisions of the species
hitherto comprised in the genus Cottus. This part of our labor was published in
the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1 and we think it in place
to transcribe here the historical paragraph which relates to that question, since it
might be controverted by some one.
Artedi established the genus Cottus in 1738 with the following characters : gill
membrane containing six distinct bony rays ; head larger than the body, depressed
and acute. Two dorsal fins ; the anterior composed of flexible spines. Ventral
fins small, having only four soft rays. Skin scaleless. 2
He places in the first rank the fresh water species having ln-n xf,i,>es on the head,
of which C. gobio is the type, being the only one known at that time. Next to
this, the species with more spines on the head, including not only the salt water
species having a smooth skin, but two others, which have since become, one the
type of the genus AfipidopJiorus, the other the type of the genus Gallionynntx.
Artedi himself went thus beyond the limits of his genus by placing in it the two
last species, as their body is covered with scales.
LimiM'Uh' alters Artedi's genus by giving as the only character for it, "a spiny
head broader than the body." Linnaeus went farther; he transposes the species
and places at the head C. rufn/Jn-f/'-/!/*, the type of the genus A/>if>/ionix, of later
date, and which Artedi placed at the end of the genus Cottus. His third species
belongs now to the genus /*///l>'i<>
..I. iii., 1850, pp. 183, 303, and vol. iv., 1851, p. 18. nm. I'M -ium.
ma Naturae, ed. xii. Fauna Ciru-nlandica, 1780, p. 159.
Hintoire \Murcll. -ms, ir., 1829, pp. 1 I'J, l.Mi
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 9
from the fresh waters of Europe. Following Artedi's method, he describes first the
fresh water and next the salt water species. Nevertheless, when writing the his-
tory of this genus, he did not find it necessary to separate generically these two
groups, although he had already pointed out their principal difference. Two
species only were known to him, one of them (C. minutus, Pall.), very imperfectly.
On ascertaining the actual number of species to be so large, and each group
still maintaining constant generic differences, we concluded to give the name of
ACANTHOCOTTUS to the marine species, which, generally speaking, are of a larger
size than those living in fresh water. They are characterized by having many
spines to the opercular apparatus ; the preopercular itself having several of them
always strongly developed. The surface of the head, and often the circumference
of the orbits also, are either armed with spines, or else serrated or notched in different
ways. The nasal and turbinal bones are in most of the species surmounted by a spine
or ridge. The head itself is rather higher than broad ; sometimes much deformed,
with proportionally large eyes, and a deep occipital depression, as for instance, in
A. ventralis and claviger. The mouth is always more deeply cleft than in the fresh
water species (Coitus proper), but the dentition, as a whole, is nearly the same.
The nostrils open exteriorly by two apertures quite distant from each other, the
anterior tubular, and much larger than the posterior, which is even with the
surface of the head, and situated close to the orbits. The body is scaleless; the
back is often arched, and the fir.st dorsal fin almost as high as the second. Some
species have three, others four, soft rays to the ventral fins. The lateral line runs
uninterrupted and distinct from the head to the base of the caudal fin.
The name of Cottus is retained for the fresh water species, the subject of the
present monograph, and as the generic characters will be given hereafter, it is
unnecessary to present them in this place.
Not long since, the generic name of Uranidea was given to a species of our
genus Cottus, and had the name of Cottus belonged to the marine species of the group,
instead of being founded on the fresh water C. gobio, the new name Acanthocottus
would have been unnecessary. In that case we might have called the fresh water
species Uranidea, and the marine ones, Cottus, with equal propriety, although the
original idea of the genus Uranidea was a mistake of its author.
We have formed another genus under the name of COTTOPSIS, to include one
single species, the Cottus asper, originally placed in the genus Cottus by Sir John
Richardson, afterwards in the genus Tradiidermis, by Mr. Heckel, and again by
Sir John Richardson, in that of Centridermichthys. The genera Trachidermis and
Centridermichthys have proved to be identical, 1 and in addition, to have no imme-
diate affinities with C. asper. The history of the genus Cottopsis will be found in
Chapter IV. Finally, we have established the genus TmGLOPSis 3 for an entirely
new fish discovered by Prof. Baird in Lake Ontario. It comprehends as yet, only
one species, the description of which will be found in Chapter V.
The manner in which the characters are shared by the genera of Cottoids, either
1 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii., 1850, p. 302. 2 Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv., 1851, p. 19.
2
10 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III
marine or fluviatile, shows a very intimate relationship, both amongst themselves
and the neighboring groups of Scorpamoids and Scisenoids.
The typical genus of the marine division is that of Acanthocottus, numerous in
species, and distributed over the arctic and temperate regions of both hemispheres.
In the Pacific Ocean we have the genera Trachidermis and P<>f'rus and //tWA/f/Wn///* exhibit a tendency towards Scor-
paeuoids ; both are provided with teeth on the palatine bones, the skin of the former
being somewhat prickly, and that of the second, partly covered with scales.
The typical genus of the fresh water division is that of Cottus, numerous in species,
distributed over the whole range of the temperate region of both hemispheres. On
the north-western shores of America there is the genus Cottopsis, the amplification of
Cottus, provided with a prickly skin and teeth on the palatines, like Trachidermis.
Finally, the genus Triglopsis seems to recapitulate both Acanthocottus and
Cottus, and to foreshadow the group of Sciacnoids.
Thus eight genera, five marine, and three from the fresh water, constitute
actually a natural group to which the name of COTTOIDS is well appropriated.
2. GENEALOGY OF TIIE COTTOIDS.
The history of the Cottoids prior to our epoch rests, as yet, only upon the dis-
covery of a few fossils in Europe. The family appeared for the first time on the
surface of the globe, sometime during the last period of the cretaceous epoch, where
it was represented by two genera, Jl< rt/>/(x-f/Jt>i/iix and C'affipteryjr, precursors of the
group of Tri'jli'l"; their affinities leave no doubts on this point. But these two
-enera die out with llie end of their epoch.
To them succeeds the irenus Cottus in the tertiary epoch, where it was the only
one of the family, and, indeed, had but few known species. Two of these, Cottu*
/-/'//sand C. 2>/>.>/''<"' "-. Agass., come nearest to ('. }>!<> and other fresh water
cies of the -re mis now living, and a third species, Ci>/fii* , and /;/(/*//*, precursor of the mannc type of
the L'eiius. which w now call AatuUkoootttlt,
It is not improbable that Cottoids may have existed in North America before
the pre-ent epoch. The study of the cretaceous and tertiary deposits situated
within the limits of the zone inhabited by living species will furnish us information
on this point.
The jreoloiMi-al on t he A.-iat ir Cont im nt . ha\ e not yet furnished us
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. H
with a single palaaontological fact which could lead us to suppose that Cottoids
have existed there at an epoch prior to the present. On the other hand, we have
no reasons to pronounce their total absence in the strata of that continent, since
living species are found in its rivers and lakes.
3. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
The fresh water Cottoids are distributed all over the cold regions of the Temperate
Zone of the northern hemisphere, in Asia, in Europe, and in America. They do
not generally associate with the Acanthocotti and other allied genera, beyond the
arctic circle, around the polar seas, nor do they follow the other representatives of
the family in the warm region of their geographical range.
In Asia, entirely towards the east, in the neighborhood of the Ochotsk Sea,
between the 50th and 60th degrees of latitude we find the C. minwtus of Pallas.
That illustrious traveler cites the C. gobio in the Lake Baikal, and in the fresh
waters of Siberia, which will probably prove to be a new species, if not identical
with his G. minutus.
To the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, we have the C. affinis, Heck. More to
the centre and to the east of that continent, in Poland, the G. microstomus, Heck.,
and still more in a southerly direction, in Hungary, the C. pcecilopus, Heck., but
confined to the chain of Carpathian Mountains.
In the central and western part of Europe, from and including the British Isles,
to the chains of the Alps and Pyrenees, a single species is cited, the C. gobio, L.
But we know already that Great Britain has peculiar species even if the C. gobio
should prove to be an inhabitant.
Finally, we find on the southern slope of the Alps, in Laggo Maggiore, and in
the north of Italy, another species, the C. ferrugineus of Heckel.
The Cotti of America are almost parallel with those of Europe. In the north of
the continent, and near the arctic circle, is found the C. cognatus, Richards. In
Greenland, and detached from the continent, but nearly in opposition to G. affinis of
northern Europe, we have C. Fabrieii. Southwards, but still in a comparatively
eastern range, in the basin of Lake Superior, we meet with two species, the C.
Ricluirdsonii, confined to the northern shore and the C. Franldinii inhabiting the
southern and eastern shores. Again, in the water emptying into Lake Huron the
C. Alvordii, and in the depths of Lake Ontario, C. fwmosus. Along the western slope
of the Green Mountains, occurs the C. gobioides and on the eastern slope of the same
range, C. boleoidcs. In Massachusetts, New York and Connecticut we have the C.
(jracilis, Heck. East of the Alleghany range, are found in Pennsylvania the G. vis-
cosus, and in James River (Virginia), the C. meridiotiaUs. West of the Alleghanies
we know of the existence of two species, one, C. Bcdrdii, in the northern, the other,
C. Wilsonii, in the eastern tributaries of the Ohio.
The southern limit where Cotti have been observed, is the State of North Caro-
lina; but we do not know yet to which species they belong.
Again, in Lake Ontario we find a species combining such characters as to consti-
1-j MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
tutc ft genus by itself, the genus Triglopsifi associated there with a species of Cottus
proper.
Passing to the western coast of the American Continent, beyond the Rocky
Mountains, between the latter and the shores of the Pacific, we shall find in the
Columbia River another species with a special combination of generic characters,
the Cottopsis asper, associated with a yet undescribed species of Cottus proper, col-
lected by the naturalists of the United States Exploring Expedition. The pub-
lished ichthyology of that exploration will soon make us acquainted with other
members of the Cottoid group.
If we take a glance on a chart at the localities of the North American Conti-
nent where Cottoids have been observed, we shall find extensive tracts which still
remain unexplored; all the country west of the Mississippi and Ohio, and in a
northerly direction to Lake Superior. Then, again, the British Possessions, that
region of numberless lakes, must contain some of these fishes, since we see that
one species extends as far north-west as Great Bear Lake, the northernmost of all.
Between Lake Superior, the mouth of the Columbia River, Great Bear Lake,
and Labrador is included a vast area where Cottoids will undoubtedly be found
hereafter, as well as within the limits of the western part of the United States,
between the Mississippi and Ohio, to the shores of the Pacific. But how far south
they occur we cannot yet tell with certainty. We know that fresh water Cottoids
belong chiefly to the temperate zone, having been observed from the arctic circle to
the 45 of latitude in the eastern hemisphere, and to the 35 in the western hemi-
sphere.
4. HABITS, FOOD, AND USE.
We have not had the satisfaction of observing ourselves the Miller's Thumbs of
this continent in their natural medium. All authors agree in saying that clear
and limpid waters with stony or sandy bottoms, are the places most preferred by
these fishes. The small rivulets of cold water descending along the slopes of
mountains are often their favorite residence, although likewise frequently inhabitants
of large lakes. They keep sheltered under stones, which must be removed when
in search of them. When uncovered, they sometimes dart away with great
rapidity, in search of another hiding place ; and sometimes they wait motionless until
started. In Europe, there is scarcely a boy living in their vicinity who does not
hunt them by uplifting carefully and slowly the stones of the shores of lakes, or ;it
the bottom of rivulets, and transfixing the fish when motionless, by means of a
fork attached to a stick.
They are of little use to man, not to say in the economy of nature. The marine
species are dreaded, being exterminated by iislnTinen. and irenorally thrown a\vav
when sufficiently mutilated. Sometimes, however, we sec the head only cut oil'.
and the body brought home for the table. The ilesh of the fresh water species i-
delicate and much esteemed in some countries of Europe, where they occur in large
numbers. Undoubtedly they would be much more sought for, if not generally so
scarce and of a size too small to repay the trouble of hunting them. In fact,
III. COTTOIDS OF NOETH AMERICA. 13
they are only accidentally taken either with the hook or the net, and must be, as
already remarked, sought for under stones. In the United States where the
markets are abundantly supplied with larger fishes, the Miller's Thumbs pass
entirely unnoticed.
Some species spawn in the spring, others in summer, from the month of March
to July. When only one species was admitted in both continents, the difference of
latitude in America was called on to explain the difference in spawning. Thus, to
see the Cottus of the State of Connecticut spawn in March and April, and those in
the Great Bear Lake only in May, appeared quite natural. But how explain the
fact, that in the Seine, at Paris, the C. gobio spawns in May, June, and July,
whilst in the State of Connecticut it spawns in March and April ? The isothermal of
Paris, it is well known, passes below that of any part of Connecticut. The Cotti
of the Danube again, spawn in March and April.
It has for a long time been known that certain fishes construct nests, such as
Sticklebacks. Others take care of their spawn and young; so do the lump-fish, the
cat-fishes, and, according to Fabricius, the male of his C. gobio does the same. We
know nothing of the behaving of other Cottoids in this respect.
The food of Cottoids consists generally of crustaceans, 4nsects and of their larvae.
Fabricius says that his C. gobio feeds on ammodytes (Sand eel) Holoilmria priapus
(Sea cucumber), worms and small fishes. Sir John Richardson tells us that frag-
ments of small fish were found in the stomachs of C. cognatus. We have examined
the contents of the stomach of many marine and fresh water Cottoids, and in the
Acanthocotti of the Boston Bay found them to consist of crabs (Pilwmnus Harrisii) ;
in Cottus viscosus and (jracilis, of insects and larvaa, and in Triglopsis Thompsonii
of shrimps. We have never found any indications of fishes.
14 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATKll HI.
CHAPTER II.
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.
1. GENERAL REMARKS.
IT is not our intention in this place, to present the Anatomy of the Cottoids
further than what may be necessary to the complete Zoological discrimination of
the genera and species. Nevertheless, if we have given more anatomical detail
than may be necessary for the above object, we would have this considered as BO
much towards a complete anatomy, which we trust may some day be furnished.
2. THE BONY FRAME OF COTTUS viscoses.
PLATE III. Fig. 19.
The skeleton (Fig. 1), is intended to give a general idea of the internal frame.
The first vertebra is concealed by the scapular ; the first and eighth ray of the first
dorsal fin are omitted by accident.
The skull (Fig. 6 9), or that part of the head composed of the occipitals, parie-
tals, frontals, mastoids, vomer, nasal, ethmoid, petrosals, and sphenoid, may be sub-
divided into two regions. An anterior region composed of the vomer, nasal, eth-
moid, prefrontals and part of the sphenoid constituting an arcade over the eyes, on
both sides of which are the orbits. The posterior region is more bulky; it is the
solid box which contains and protects the brain.
Seen from above (Fig. 6), and below (Fig. 7), the general form of the cranial
box is a little longer than wide, and the width behind, on the occipital region, is
considerably greater than in front, near the orbits. The upper surface is smooth,
a little depressed in the middle, whilst the occipital region is rather convex.
( Fig. 9.) The profile (Fig. 8) shows more accurately the extent of the two regions ;
the orbi to-frontal arcade having exactly the same length as the cranial box ; besides,
we observe a character which is peculiar to C. viscoaus, at least amongst the species
figured on Plate III. that is the great convexity of that arcade. The same character
is very likely to be found in all the species whose external features exhibit a very
truncated snout, such as ('. .\ln,f*. The ///(/./////>"/ rcttltir (34), is an exact crescent, on the convexity of which is situated
the conical spine, directed obliquely upwards. The insertion of the spine is above
the middle of the crescent. The concavity of the latter is occupied by a thin ex-
pansion of that bone, making the direct continuation of the tympanic wall.
The ojxi-rit/m- (35), is articulated to the posterior articulating process of the
epitympanic. It is irregularly triangular like the hypotympauic and formed like-
wise of an articulating head at its summit, and of two branches, between which is
a thinner expansion of that bone.
The m&opercufar (36), is provided at its lower edge with a spine whose point is
directed downwards and forwards, a little more conspicuous than in the figure.
That bone sends off two branches, a spiny one directed upwards which unit. >
with the inner edge of the opercular, and another thin and membranous, running
all along the posterior and free edge of the same bone, and in i'act, constituting the
actual edge of the opercular.
The tuft rtijM i-'-tt/fif (37), is an elongated and narrow piece, very uniform in shape,
pointed forwards, truncated behind, extending from the subopercular behind, to the
hypotympanic and articular, in front. In a fleshy specimen it is not apparent,
being covered by the lower branch of the preopercular. AY hen the skin is removed
its edge may then be seen.
Amongst the bones of the head and face there still remain to be mentioned
those which have been classified under the special denomination of derma-skeleton.
To the dermo-skeleton belongs the lateral line which is described below in 'J,
and figured on Plate II, Fig. 11. When the lateral line enters the head, it pa.-
under the suprascapular into the mastoid groove, the posterior portion of which is
covered by two thin and small barndoor MpramcufouZf (8' 8'). From the mastoid
groove a cartilaginous or bony tube composed of two pieces, runs downwards into
the preopercular. These two tubular pieces we call the MfMtttympanic* (7 "2, I'l'),
being the supra temporals of Prof. Owen.
In advance of the mastoid groove, and above the epitympanic, there arc two
other small tubular and horizontal pieces, our >/'//(/'/iln/H (73'), are two in number; the posterior one is placed obliquely
across the cheek, from the preopercular spine to the orbit, where it meets the lach-
rymal tube, which passes directly into the anterior suhorhital. forming the inferior
of (he orbit. In advance of the latter. and near the centre of the snout, the
(111) may be -ecu. small, irregular, \\ith acute an.ulcs. IJetueeii the latter
and the prefrontal there exists a very small, insignificant ntproofbltal (71).
'l'h<- /ii/iiii/iiin i ii-f/i is ivpie.-eiited in Fig. 5 b . The *ti/l<>lit/nl (3S) is only half
ossified ; it is slender and el. nrjated. resting upon the epihyal. The ///////// (7.) ),
is I. mail, short, and suliti iaugular, -jiving point- of attachment t t\vo of tin- branchi-
The i-i'riit ne of the Imiidean arch, elongated,
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 17
narrower at the middle, and broad on both extremities. Four branchiostegals are
attached to its lower edge.
The basihyal (41) is situated immediately above and in advance of the cerato-
hyal; its upper surface is flattened, subtriangular, and even with that of the cerato-
hyal. In advance of both the ceratohyal and basihyal, a small subconical glosso-
hyal (42) may be seen. It does not extend into the tongue, which is not prominent
in these fishes, but remains at the base of that organ, rather to indicate a plan of
structure than to perform any active function. The thin and flattened urohyal (43)
is situated between, and extends below, the glossohyal.
The branchiostegals (44) are six in number, slender, cylindrical, and curved.
The branchial arches (Fig. 5") are situated inwardly and behind the hyoidean arch,
with which they are closely connected : their constituent bones we have now to
enumerate.
The basibranchials (45) are not completely ossified; between the hypobranchials
all along the medial line there exists a narrow band of cartilaginous substance,
in which we observe small points of ossification, which represent these bones.
The hypobranchials (4G) are entirely ossified; the anterior one is the longest, the
fourth, or last, is rudimentary, the second and third are soldered together, forming
a flat expansion with two articulating surfaces, for two ceratobranchials. The
anterior hypobranchial is flattened in the same manner as the following ones. The
ceratobranchials (47) are simple, arched, provided on their concavity with small
tubercles, on which minute needles may be seen. The respiratory fringes occupy
their convexity, which is grooved for the passage of the blood-vessel carrying that
fluid into the fringes. The epibranchials (48) differ very much in shape; the two
anterior ones are elongated, almost straight, whilst the two others assume an
irregular trifid appearance. The pharyngobranchial (49), irregularly quadrangular,
is placed above the epibranchials, giving to the latter their upper point of attach-
ment. The surface of that bone is beset with card-like teeth, though much smaller
than those which exist on the jaws. The pharyngobranchial in C. viscosus is
symmetrical, that of the left side is perfectly separated from that of the right.
Besides, we observe here, two others, ovoid, symmetrical pieces (49') called by
some inferior pharyngeals, and considered by others as a branchial arch, a cerato-
branchial, beset with teeth. We leave to further investigation the decision of this
question.
For the scapular arch we must return to our Fig. 5". We have already alluded
to the peculiar situation of the suprascapular (50) which covers the paroccipito-
mastoid groove articulating with both the paroccipital and the inastoid above, whilst
to its external edge it holds the scapular. The suprascapular is irregularly quad-
rangular, provided above with a slender process curved upwards and inwards. The
scapular (51) is elongated, subtriangular, and thin. The coracoid (52) is crescent-
shaped, flattened vertically on the middle, and horizontally on both extremities.
The upper extremity is considerably overlapped by the scapular, and provided on
the inner edge with a slender and acute spine, on which the latter rests. The epi-
coracoid (58) is attached to the edge behind the union of the scapular and the coracoid.
It is a cylindrical, needle-like appendage, which is kept within the thickness of the
3
18 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
skin of the thoracic region. It has nearly twice the size represented on the figure.
There is no bone in the scapular arch which we can homologize with the humcrus
unless the so-called epicoracoid should answer for it. Indeed, we cannot help
thinking that this styliform, rib-like bone (the epicoracoid) is the humerus itself,
which having no part to perform in the plan of structure of Cottoids and others.
has lost its primitive shape to assume that of the lowest production of the bony
frame, a pleurapophysis, or a dermal spine. The ulnn (-34) above, and r>)
below, having between them the carpal* (56), three in number, build up a thin
osseous band fixed by one edge to the convexity of the coracoid, whilst to the other
edge the rays of the pectoral fin, the mdltearptpkaitmyealt (~>7), articulate.
The ventral fins (Fig. 5*), are attached to the scapular arch itself, immediately
under the head. The pubic bones (63) are elongated, subtriangular, in close con-
tact with each other, and penetrating forwards between the coracoids, above the
junction of these latter bones. Their central portion is very thin, whilst the edges
are stout, the outer one sharply carinated. The rays or meiatarsop1iltuK rinjinininu ;
their larger size permits the illustration of this fact better than in the case of ('.
visoosus. The three pelvic vertebra? of C. visoosus are represented in Fig. 5' (s, the last but one of the series.
The neural canal is growing narrow and hidi, diminishing -nulually touanls tin-
tail (i). The neural arch and neural spine (n a) become more erect and more
slender (compare with f). The caudal vertebra-, when seen in profile, appear
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
more compressed than the abdominal ones; this is owing principally to the more
erect position of the neural arch, and to the presence of hnemapophyses, build-
ing up a haemal arch terminated by haemal spines (h s), also intimately soldered
together. The anterior haemal arches are very much bent backwards, in the same
manner as the anterior neural arches, but they soon become less so. The haemal
canal itself, likewise diminishes backwards. The neural and haemal spines of the
last vertebra but one (y) are flattened and expanded. The terminal caudal vertebra
is reduced to a very small centrum, which seems to be absorbed by caudal plates
(ri 7i'), on the edge of which the rays of the caudal fin (d ri) are inserted. The
upper edge of ri, and the lower of li' exhibit a rudimentary spine, no doubt the
first indication of the rudimentary rays of each caudal lobe.
The ribs themselves or pleurapophyses (pT) are needle-like, a little curved, and
diminish gradually in length backwards.
The interneural spines (i n) are variable in form, stouter under the first dorsal fin.
The interhaemal spines (i h) are more uniform.
The dermo-neural (d n) and dermo-haemal (d h) spines, are all very much alike,
the only difference consisting in the spiny or bony nature of those belonging to
the first dorsal fin.
3. COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE SKULLS OF DIFFERENT COTTI.
PLATE III. Fig. 621.
The skull of C. viscosus (Fig. 6 9) as described above (p. 14) must be recalled
to mind in order to understand these comparisons.
The chief difference between C. viscosus and C. FranJdinii (Fig. 10 13) consists
in the fronto-orbital arcade which forms nearly a straight line along the declivity of
the snout (Fig. 12). Besides, this region is a little shorter than the cranial box
itself. The upper surface is likewise depressed, and the depression extends back-
wards on the occiput, so that the latter region appears more convex in Coitus
FranJdinii (Fig. 13). The cephalic channels of the lateral line are more developed
than in C. viscosus ; the upper view (Fig. 10) exhibits very plainly this difference
by the reduced smooth surface in the middle, and the larger holes along the circum-
ference. The acoustic capsule differs also in both of these species. We might even
notice a difference in shape in the front of the vomer, which, in all the species, bears
a narrow band of teeth.
In C. Wilsonii (Fig. 14 17), the fronto-orbital arcade is still lower than in C.
Franldinii, and passes gradually to the upper surface of the skull without the
slightest rising above it. This region again is of the same length as the cranial
box itself. The upper surface of the skull is flat and perfectly even; being a
little lower near the orbit than on the occiput; it has a slight sloping forwards
(Fig. 16). This character will likewise be found on those species the external
appearance of whose snout is rather elongated. Seen from behind (Fig. 17) the
upper part seems more convex than it is in reality; this apparent convexity being
given to it by the mastoid crests.
20 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER HI.
The front of the vomer is different both from C. vwconus and C.
The acoustic capsules rise also more above the surface of the sphenoid.
Of C. Richardsvnii (Fig. 18 21) we had only a small specimen to carry out
our osteological comparisons. The skull resembles more that of C. Fnniklmu
than any other; but the upper view (Fig. 18) shows the difference between the two
species. In C. Richardsonii the form is subcircular, the width near the orbits being
equal to that on the occipital region.
Thus we see that species which zoologically differ from each other most, such as
C. Franklinii from C. JRichardsonii, and C. viseonus from C. Wilaonii, are those
in which the skull presents the least difference.
4. COMPARATIVE OSTEOLOGY OF COTTUS viscosus AND ACANTIIOCOTTI-S VIRGINIA MS.
PLATE III. Fig. 59 and 2632.
Nothing is more alike than the general plan of arrangement of the bony frame
in C. viscosiM and A. ririj'ntianus. The differences must be sought for in the special
structure of the regions, and in the preponderance of some of the bones, especially
in those of the head.
In comparing the skull of Coitus visconus (Fig. 6 9) with that of Ac/-< }ii>i.ri//ln/lii/<>l>r/>!-
branchiate (48) are the most variable of all the bones constituting an homonyme
series. T\\Q pltarynrjdbranchial (49) is subquadrangular, the entire exposed surface
of which is covered with minute teeth. The !/>/< r/m- pharyngobrcmcMah (49') are
elliptical and beset with teeth similar to those of the pharyngobranchials.
The svprascapular (50) is as usual, situated above the paroccipito-mastoid groove;
but its centre is hollow. The scapular (51) is subtriangular, thin and flat. The
coracoid (52) is likewise very thin, flattened upon different planes, and crescentic.
The epicoracoid (58) is styliform and a little longer than represented on the figure.
The ulna (54), the radius (55), and the carjxils (5C), are altogether in a cartilagi-
nous state. The ulna and radius are contiguous and form a band along the cora-
coid, thus preventing the carpals from coming into contact with the latter. The
carpals themselves are surrounded by a thin semi-membranous edge, on which the
metacarpophalanyeals (57) articulate.
The ventral fins are connected with the lower part of the scapular arch. The
pubic bones (63) are subtriangular, furnishing posteriorly a point of attachment to
the metatarsophalaiujeah (70). The external and shorter om- is bony and unjointed.
whilst the three remaining ones are soft and jointed.
The vertebral column is composed of thirty-nine vertebra*, twelve of which
belong to the abdominal region, and twenty-seven to the caudal. Accordingly,
there are twelve pairs of ribs corresponding to the twelve abdominal vertebne,
three of them being provided with pelvic appendages. The cent nun is circular;
the vertical diameter of the middle of the body of the vertebra-, however, is greater
than the transverse. The neurapophyses and ha-mapophyses generally are quite
uniform, slender, and little prominent. The neural spines (n s) are scarcely apparent
on the anterior thoracic vertebra- (1, 2). The same enlarged figures exhibit the
peculiar shape of the neural arch seen from behind (1; and in profile (2), together
with the insertion of the ribs (///). The numbers 1 to 1'J appended to the verte-
bi:e do nut indicate their rank in the series. Numbers 3 to 1 - are of natural si/.e.
and were intended to illustrate their special structure all along the column ; but
the li_":iv- are altogether too small. Numbers 1. 'J and '', I elmig to the thoracic
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 25
region. The enlarged one (1, 2) is the sixth; whilst number 3 is the second.
The numbers 4, 5 and 6, are pelvic vertebrae; and 7 to 12 belong to the caudal
region.
The first pelvic vertebra (4) shows the first traces of hsemapophyses ; the second
and third (5, 6) have a complete haemal arch on the base of which the pelvic
appendages (4) are inserted. The haemal arches of the caudal vertebrae, as well
as the haemal spines (h s) are but little developed. The haemal spines are soldered
with the arches. The neural and haemal arches and spines are flattened near the
tail. The caudal plates (ri h') of the last vertebra (12) are subtriangular and
elongated ; the uppennost lined with a few rudimentary rays.
The ribs or pleurapophyses (pi) are slender, flexible, elongated, and curved,
needle-shaped spines. The anterior pair is fastened to the scapular arch.
The interneural and interhsemal spines are uniform, elongated and slender,
differing scarcely from the ribs themselves.
G. TRIGLOPSIS THOMPSONII COMPARED WITH COITUS viscosus, AND WITH ACANTHO-
COTTUS VIRGINIANUS.
The plan of structure of the bony frame of the three genera of Cottoids which
we have had an opportunity of examining, is identical in its main features.
The general form of the skull of T. TJiompsonii resembles more that of A. vir-
ginianus than that of G. viscosus or any other species of Cottus. The chief differ-
ence consists in the absence of spines, and in this respect T. Thompsonii comes
nearer to C. viscosus than to A. virginianus. The turbinals in the latter are strong
and spiny, whilst in the two others these same bones are weak, thin, scaly and
deprived of spines. The cephalic channels of the lateral line are identical in the
three genera, but reaches its maximum of development in Triglopsis, whilst it is
much less apparent in Cottus and Acanthocottus. The suborbital series is the same
in the whole group, only a little modified in the shape of its constitutive pieces
and their degree of union. The hyoidean and branchial arches are identical. The
opercular apparatus assumes differences by which the genera may be distinguished.
In T. Tlwmpsonii the preopercular is provided with four needle-like spines, short
and flexible. C. viscosus has only one well-developed spine, whilst in A. virgini-
anus besides the stout spines of the preopercular, we see the opercular, the sub-
opercular, the interopercular, and the hypotympanic, provided with similar spines;
the mesotympanic and pretympanic are also more compact, and better defined in
the latter species.
The scapular arch has the same general structure ; but in A. virginianus the
angles of the suprascapular and scapular are more acute and spine like; in T.
Thompsonii the ulna and radius coalesce, thus establishing a separation between
these bones and the coracoid.
The ventral fins in the three genera have the same position under the head and
the same connection with the scapular arch. The pubic bones articulate together
4
26 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
into a triangular piece which penetrates for\v an Is above the union of the coracoids.
There exists in all, an external and unjointed ray with three or four jointed ones.
The number of the vertebras varies in the different genera according to the
length of their body. That number even varies amongst the different species of
the same genus. But the centrum of the vertebrae themselves is very much alike in
all Cottoids. The axis of each vertebra is provided with a minute hole, thus establish-
ing a direct communication through the centre of the vertebral column, from the
occiput to the tail. The shape of the neural canal is subjected to some variation,
according to the greater or less development of the neural arches and neural spines.
The ribs, or pleurapophyses are identical in form, structure and position in T.
Thompsonii, C. viscosvs, and A. virginiamis. Their absolute number may vary
according to similar variations in the number of abdominal vertebrae. As Air as
our investigations go, we found constantly three pelvic vertebrae, calling by that
name such vertebrae as are provided underneath the ribs with rib-shaped, or styli-
form bones, of which there are constantly three pairs, bent backwards and kept
within the muscular wall of the pelvis. In the figures of C. i-iscoms and T. Thomp-
sonii, they are represented hanging down, in order to render them more conspicuous.
The caudal vertebrae, again, are liable to some variation in number.
The interneural, and interhaemal spines, as well as the dermo-neural and dermo-
hsemal ones, present the greatest similarity in the whole group.
7. THE ENCEPHALA OF COTTTJS VISCOSUS, C. GRACILIS, C. GOBIOIDES, TlUGLOrSIS
TnOMPSONII, ACANTHOCOTTUS VIRGINIA NTS, AND A. VARIABII.IS, COMPARED.
PLATE III. Fig. 33 48. (Figs. 36 45 are represented twice natural size.)
In the genus Cottus the brain or encephalon fills up the whole cavity of the
skull, the upper roof of which is almost in contact with the upper surface of the
encephalon, which can be seen through the frontal bones, as soon as the skin is
removed. The layer of cellular fat is consequently very thin, as the space itself is
exceedingly reduced.
In the genus Acanthocottus, the cavity of the skull would contain a brain twice
as large. The space all around, is occupied by cellular fat filling up completely
the entire cavity. When the upper roof of the skull is cut off the encephalon is
not exposed unless that fat is removed.
In the genus Triglopsis, we have an intermediate stage ; the cavity of the skull
is still larger than the bulk of the encephalon and the remaining space filled by a
similar fat,
If we were to otablish a series, we would not hesitate in placing Acanthocottus
below, next Triglopsis, and Cottus above.
But let us now glance at the brains thcmst -l\<>s, and see how far they can be
available in comparative zoology.
The different regions of the encephalon are closely grouped together. There
t-xist no rhinencephalic crura carrying off the rhinencephala or olfactory lobes at
a certain distance from the prosencephala. The rhinencephalic lobes are brought
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 27
into close contact with the prosencephala, sometimes partly overlapped by the latter
(in Coitus viscosus, gracilis, and Acanthocottus variabilw) and sometimes entirely ex-
posed (in Coitus gobioides, and A. virginianus) . The proportional development of
the prosencephalon and mesencephalon varies in both Cottus and Acanthocottus;
the former, always larger than the latter, acquires a greater proportion in C. viscosus
and gracilis than in C. gobioides, and in A. variabilis than in A. virginiantis.
Thus, so far, we have no generic difference in the encephala of Cottus and Acan-
thocottus. Indeed we have not investigated in that respect the whole range of
species, and perhaps characters will hereafter be detected.
The encephalon of Triglopsis is more characteristic ; its longitudinal axis is pro-
portionally greater than in both Cottus and Acanthocottus, a character which we
might have anticipated in comparing the structure of the skull and the external
appearance of the head.
The most interesting result which we have derived from the study of the
brains of Cotti is the fact that differences are found between the species which we
had established, guided chiefly by zoological characters, sometimes most minute.
If we compare the encephalon of C. viscosus (Fig. 43 45) with that of C. gra-
cilis (Fig. 39 41) we find a cerebellum of nearly the same size and form; but the
mesencephalic or optic lobes are oblong in the former, and circular in the latter.
The prosencephala differ most : irregularly triangular in shape in both species, their
surface in C. viscosus, is raised into three nearly equal hillocks, one at each corner.
In C. gracilis we perceive only one tubercle-like elevation, situated at the outer
and posterior angle, whilst the inner edge of the prosencephalon forms a uniform,
longitudinal ridge, the posterior extremity rather projecting beyond and between
the mesencephala.
The rhinencephala in both species are partly covered by the prosencephala, and
a little more so in C. viscosus than in C. gracilis. The medial line of separation
between these two lobes is rather indistinct on the figure of C. viscosus (Fig. 43).
The hypoaria in both species do not differ much, but the hypophysis in C. viscosus
is smaller, circular and quite distant from the hypoaria and htematosac, whilst in
C. gracilis the hypophysis is oblong, partly incased between the hypoaria and close
to the haematosac.
Behind and between the hypoaria there exists an odd, very small lobe, a little
more conspicuous in C. viscosus than in C. gracilis. That lobe does not exist in
the two species of Acanthocotti figured on our plate, whilst in Triglopsis it acquires
a development greater than the hypoaria themselves.
In Cottus gobioides (Fig. 42) the prosencephalon is irregularly quadrangular,
very uniform above and proportionally smaller than in the two preceding species.
The mesencephalon is oblong as in C. viscosus, and the cerebellum circular, more
like that of C. gracilis. The rhinencephalic lobes are not completely exposed in
advance of the prosencephala. In its general feature it resembles more A. varia-
bilis (Fig. 46) than either of the true Cotti. The want of materials, and especially
of recent specimens, has prevented our making a more complete study of it as
well as of our giving a better illustration.
28 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
The difference between the encephala of A. nir!i/!* (V\%. 40 48) and A.
liniaiim (Fig. 33 35) nre so obvious tbat tbey need scarcely to be pointed out.
As usual, the cerebellum varies but little. The mesenceplmlon is elliptic in the
former and ovoid in the latter. The prosencephalon of A. nirii/ix. The hypophysis in A. vinjiui'imut, is exceedingly small compared to
its size in A. rariabilis, where it is greater than the hypoaria, on which it en-
croaches considerably. It is regularly oblong shaped.
The encephalon of T. Thompsonii may readily be distinguished from that of either
Cotti or Acanthocotti. The epencephalon exhibits a more prominent swelling on the
sides of the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum and mesencephala are subcircuhir,
the latter resembling most those in C. grarill*. The prosencephalon is proportionally
much more developed than either in Cotti or Acanthocotti, and appears also more
separated from the mesencephalon. At the inner and posterior edge, a circular
swelling exists, looking like a smaller pair of lobes superadded on that region.
The rhinencephalon is so much overlapped that it is only apparent in the view from
underneath (Fig. 37). The hypophysis is of medium size, situated in advance of
the mesencephalic lobes. The hypoaria seem rather secondary in importance;
they are absorbed by the development of a medial lobe faintly indicated in C.
vwcosua and graciHs, behind and below the hypoaria. In T. Thompsonii the medial
lobe is larger than the hypoaria themselves, which are partly covered by it. The
haematosac is seen above, overlying the anterior portion of the medial lobe.
Immediately in advance of the haematosac, on the hypoarian floor, a small spherical
swelling is slightly indicated, and surrounded in front by a ridge delineating the
anterior limit of this floor.
Without having contemplated the comparative study of the cephalic nerves in
this memoir, we have allowed them to be represented in the case of A. r//), but is actually composed of a series of vertical
muscles, the vertical flakes or segments, uliicli correspond generally in number to
that of the vertebrae. These flakes or segments (inyocomma), extending from
III. COTTOIDS OP NORTH AMERICA. 29
the dorsal line down to the ventral line, are characterized by inflexions or curves,
forming sometimes gentle undulations and sometimes angles more or less acute.
Now these angles, these curves, delineate organic regions in the body, and,
having satisfied ourselves that a wide field of inquiries and philosophical deductions
is connected with the morphology of the muscular system, we did not hesitate in
giving figures of the general appearance of the fleshy parts in a species of the genus
Cottus. If, instead of reproducing over and over the same figure, anatomists had
given us each time another, we would possess now very important data for the
understanding of the muscular masses, not only in the class of fishes but also in
vertebrata generally. Fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals being constructed upon
the same plan, there is a morphology to be traced throughout those four classes ;
and, besides, each class has to be thoroughly investigated in this respect.
As we are not prepared, on account of the scarcity of materials, to say anything
general on the class of fishes, and as it is not within the limits of this work to enter
into such inquiries, we shall limit ourselves to a mere sketch of our views.
In C. ILSCOSUS (Plate III. Fig. 3), the muscular flakes of both sides are seen to
meet along the back under the shape of an acute angle directed backwards, indicat-
ing the dorsal line. The region of the bade is indicated by another bending of the
flakes forwards. The next curve, the convexity of which is directed backwards,
takes place on the line of separation of the back and abdominal region (Fig. 1).
The abdominal reyion itself is marked by a very open curve, convex forwards,
extending down till another smaller curve appears, separating the abdominal from
the ventral region on which the flakes gently undulate (Fig. 2).
On the tail, or caudal region, the bending of the flakes is more uniform than on
the trunk; but the tail, it must be remembered, is a mere appendage, although an
organic region too. This region is always much developed in osseous fishes as well
as in many cartilaginous, continuing the trunk backwards. In some cartilaginous
fishes, it is very slender and filiform. In some reptiles it vanishes completely; in
birds it is most diminished, and in many mammals it reappears under a very dis-
proportionate shape, whilst in others it again loses its importance. The muscular
system of that region is accordingly liable to corresponding variations.
The morphology of the caudal region constitutes no serial law, whilst the mor-
phology of the muscular flakes, along the trunk in fishes and the localization of
the muscular masses in the other classes of vertebrata, will illustrate an organic
gradation.
The fins and rays are put into motion by sets of muscles independent of the
flakes, the description of which cannot find any place here. We would only glance
at the branchiostegal apparatus (Plate III. Fig. 4), the rays of which are dis-
tended or retracted by transversal, thin muscular bands, attached above at the
inner surface of the opercular, uniting below with the transversal fibres of the
isthmus. Fig. 2 also exhibits the general outline of the glosso-hyoidean muscle,
much developed in Cottoids.
Between the skin and the flakes there exists a thin layer of muscular fibres, the
muscles of the skin. In C. viscosus they cover completely the flakes all along the
region of the back, the fibres running from one side to the other in passing unin-
30 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
terrupted between the rays of the dorsal fins. The same is observed on the lower
part of the toil from the anus to the caudal fin. On the abdomen and belly the
layer is so thin that the flakes are exposed as soon as the skin is removed.
9. THE SKIN AND THE LATERAL LINE IN COTTOIDS.
The skin in Cottoids is generally scalcless, and, in most cases, smooth. The
Hemilepidoti of the marine tribe constitute the single exception, and even here
they exist merely in bands or patches scattered over the body. The fresh-water
species, however, are absolutely scalelcss.
In several Cotti, the skin on the thoracic region is beset with very minute
asperities, perceptible only to the touch when the finger is passed from behind
forwards.
On examining under the microscope the skin overlying the head of Cotti, we
observe in its thickness small irregular star-like ossifications which are more
developed in Acanthocotti so as to become sensible both to the touch and naked
eye. In Triglopsis, the skin does not, even under the microscope-, exhibit any-
thing in its muscular texture; whilst in Cottopsis its whole surface is prickly from
head to tail. There can be no doubt that those prickles are the same parts which
we observe on the thoracic region of Cotti, only in Cottopsis they assume their
maximum of development. Not having the opportunity of examining their struc-
ture in Cottopsis, we cannot venture any opinion as to their signification; whether
the homologues of true scales or a production of the skin peculiar to fishes
unprotected with scales.
The lateral line in Cottoids has a very remarkable structure, which could hardly
have been suspected had the discovery of the genus Triglopsis not been made. Its
beauty and development in the latter is such as to leave no doubt that it forms a
regular, cartilaginous tube, with a series of quite large openings outwards (Plate II,
Fig. 11, 1 1) communicating through a corresponding series of pores of the skin,
with the surrounding medium. The removal of the skin exposes this tube, which
still adheres to the sides by the layer of dermic muscles ; after this layer is removed,
the cartilaginous tube may be detached from the tail forwards, where it is seen to
be united with the head. It passes through a channel of the occipital bones, sending
down a branch along the preopercular, into the lower jaw. Proceeding forwards it
branches off again in advance of the orbit, one branch running along the upper
edge of that cavity into the nostrils, the other following its lower edge through the
chain of suborbital bones into the nostrils also.
That the lateral line in Triglopsis is intended to supply water to the s\>tein,
there can be no doubt ; and as little, that it answers the same end in other fishes.
Its structure may be diversified according to the natural groups ; this constitutes
it- morphology ; but its philosophic meaning i.s the same throughout the whole
range of the class.
III. COTTOIDS OP NOKTH AMERICA. 31
10. THE ALIMENTARY CANAL, URINARY BLADDER, AND OVARIES, IN COTTOIDS.
Knowing the animal diet of Cottoids, we may expect a narrow and short aliment-
ary canal. Its entire length from the pylorus to its posterior opening does not
exceed the length of the trunk, the head and caudal fin excluded.
On exposing the splanchnic organs by the removal of the walls of the abdominal
cavity, from below, the liver is seen occupying the anterior and left portion of that
cavity, covering completely the stomach, whilst the right portion is occupied by
the winding of the intestine. Posteriorly are the ovaries, a right and a left, which
when containing eggs fill up the cavity in that region, leaving a narrow passage to
the intestine along the medial line of the belly.
In Coitus viscosus the general form of the stomach is subcircular, or rather
elliptical. The cardia is proportionally prominent and directed forwards, at the
termination of which, and around the pylorus, are four elongated, pyloric, nearly
equal appendages. Here the intestine runs backwards, then forwards again, and
finally takes a straight course towards the vent, thus bending twice upon itself.
Its anterior half is much broader than the posterior one.
In Acanthocottus virginianus and Triglopsis Thompsonii it differs but little; the
pyloric appendages of Acanthocottus are proportionally much shorter and thicker,
and variable in length.
In Triglopsis these appendages are seven in number, six developed ones nearly
equal in size, intermediate in length between those of Cottus and Acanthocottus,
and a rudimentary one. The pyloric appendages present some variations which
make scattered observations very uncertain when used in the characterization of
the groups.
The urinary bladder is very thin, pyriform, or elongated, situated above the
ovaries. Cottoids have no air bladder.
The kidneys are so close together that they seem to constitute a single organ,
slender and elongated in shape; they extend nearly to the two-thirds of the abdo-
minal cavity adhering to the vertebral column.
The ovaries are pouch-like bodies, having a common duct. Sometimes after the
spawning season, when they are reduced to their smallest size, they appear then
under the shape of two elongated and cylindrical processes, differing only from the
urinary bladder, by the thickness of their walls. When expanded by the develop-
ment of the eggs, the walls become so thin and transparent that their contents
may easily be seen. In this state these organs are elliptical.
At the upper wall of the ovarian sac there exist membranous folds in which the
eggs are developed ; the lower wall remains free from any such folds. When the
eggs are mature, and ready to leave the body, they separate from these folds; but
instead of dropping into the abdominal cavity, as is the case with many fishes, they
are kept in the ovarian pouch, which leads into the single oviduct, whose opening
is placed behind the vent.
The eggs themselves are very large compared to the size of the fish.
The spermaries are very slender, much elongated, extending from the oesophagus
:
32 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
to the posterior part of the abdominal cavity. They not only differ from ovaries
by their shape, but also by their color, which is generally deep brown, contrasting
with the yellowish appearance of the ovaries.
11. RESPIRATORY APPARATUS.
This apparatus is composed of four branchial bony arches provided upon their
convexity, with respiratory fringes in full activity. A fifth rudimentary row of
fringes may be seen within the thickness of the membrane lining the inner wall of
the opercular; but these fringes are not free and take no part in the aerification of
the nutrient fluid. On each side, and internal to the fringes, there is along the
concavity of the arches, a row of tubercles covered with minute card-like teeth,
perhaps only needle-like asperities, for they are not inserted on the tuberculous
bone, but belong to the overlying membrane, to which they adhere when the latter
is removed. The inner arch possesses only one row of these tubercles, being
united to the hyoidean apparatus by a membrane which leaves to the arch but
little motion.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 33
CHAPTER III.
ON THE GENUS COTTUS, Artedi.
1. ZOOLOGICAL CHARACTERS.
RESTRICTED within the limits which we have assigned to it, 1 the genus Cottus
still comprehends a considerable number of species which, although apparently cast
in the same mould, are nevertheless distinct, as will, we hope, appear from their
descriptions and figures.
The characters of the genus consist in the presence on the preopercular of one
spine only, which is situated at the posterior angle of that bone, and is curved
upwards and backwards. Sometimes a much smaller spine is to be found beneath,
and in one instance there is a third one of the same size as the second, directed
downwards. The inferior edge of the subopercular is also provided with a similar
minute spine, having its point directed forwards, and generally completely concealed
under the skin and muscles. The head consequently has a smooth appearance
which contrasts singularly with the spiny head of Acanthocotti, or marine Cotti
of authors. The mouth is but little cleft, and its angles seldom extend bevond
/
the anterior rim of the orbit. The lips which line the jaws are capable of more
or less expansion along the branches of the jaws, and at the angle of the mouth.
The premaxillaries, the dentaries and the vomer, are the only bones provided with
truly characterized, although very small, card-like teeth. In their immature state
some species exhibit teeth-like asperities on the palatines. This occurs chiefly
amongst those having four jointed rays to the ventrals : in C. Wilsonii, C. Bairdii,
and C. meridionalis. C. gracilis is the only one of the division with three jointed
rays, where similar asperities have been noticed. This character of palatine teeth,
which is merely shadowed in the genus Cottus, acquires a full development in other
genera, thus constituting a permanent feature and assuming an actual signification.
The eyes are situated near the summit of the head, more or less approximated
on the frontal line. There are constantly two nasal openings; a tubular one,
placed along the space comprised between the anterior border of the eye and the
extremity of the snout; the other is even with the surface of the skin and situated
backwards, behind and above the former and very close to the orbit. The latter
opening has been but recently discovered, having generally been overlooked on
1 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, iii. 1851, p. 183.
34 MONOGRAPH OF TIIK 1 IIKSII WATER III.
account of its minuteness. In Acanthocotti, however, it is quite large and easily
distinguishable.
The body is smooth and deprived of scales; it is more or less viscous or slimy, as
all fishes generally are. It diminishes gradually in thickness and in height from
the head towards the tail. The back is almost straight or slightly arched. Tin-
lateral line exhibits in its structure a peculiarity which seems to belong chiefly, if
not exclusively, to all the American species. The subcutaneous cartilages disappear
on the last fourth of the line, whence it is continued to the base of the caudal fin
by a series of minute pores, subjected to a sudden fall on the peduncle of the tail.
This character had already struck Mr. Ileckel, who makes of it the distinguishing
mark of his C. gracilis, the only American species of \vliich he saw specimens.
Another character, more or less general, making a distinction l>etween the species
of the two hemispheres, is the fact that the rays of the fins have a tendency to be
more bifurcated in the species of the old hemisphere than in those of the new.
As far as the rays of the pectoral fins are concerned, we know only one American
species, the C. Wlhonii, in which the upper ones are subdivided. Except in f '.
llii-linril^iiiii, where we have noticed some rays of the centre of the second dorsal
as showing a slight bifurcation at their summit, we are not aware of any other fin
where that character of the bifurcation of the rays exists, except in the rays of the
caudal fin generally, although in a less degree than among the European species.
The first dorsal fin is always lower than the second ; sometimes continuous with
the latter by a membrane, sometimes completely separated by a short interval.
The length of the pectorals varies according to the species; their inferior ra\s are
shorter and thicker than the upper ones, and their tips extend beyond the mem-
brane which unites them, giving to the lower edge of the fin a scalloped appearance.
There is, in the structure of the ventral fins, a peculiarity worthy of notice, and
which will undoubtedly have a great weight upon the question of the validity of
the species in this genus. In some there are four soft and articulated rays, whilst
others have but three, all of them possessing the anterior short and spiny ray,
closely connected with the first soft one and hidden in the thickness of the skin.
Now the European species, mentioned by Mr. Ileckel, are all provided with four
soft rays to the ventrals, and this also must have struck him as an interesting
fact, since the presence of three soft rays constitutes the second character by which
he distinguishes his C. ////lied that the same was the ca-e with regard to tin-so latter. Some may sup-
pose this character to be sexual, but we are convinced that it is not the case,
having had this question before us from the very commencement of our investiga-
tions. Having had series of individuals, young and adult, of most of the species.
we alwa\s found it constant. Six species have four soft rays: C. cognaiue, o
(in-at Bear Lake; C. /I'/V//.. ///'/. . 1 the south-eastern tributaries of the same river; and ('. metioKattalu,
from .Fames River |Va.|. Now. if we have to deal with a sexual character, we
III. COTTOIDS OF NOKTII AMERICA. 35
ought at least to find both sexes in the same hydrographical basin. But, along
the southern and eastern shores of Lake Superior, we find the C. Franklinii, which
inhabits the same basin as C. Richardsonii, and, even if both of these species were
provided with the same number of rays to the ventrals, nobody would ever think
of uniting them in one, so much do they differ in other respects.
If we take up the species with three soft rays only to the ventrals, we witness
similar phenomena. Without speaking of C. Fabricii, which we have not had
under actual examination, we find, in the same latitude, C. golnoidcs in the waters
running west of the Green Mountains, and C. boleoides east of the same orographic
range. Should the streams in which they live have a direct communication, a
zoologist could not reasonably identify them. Finally, C. viscosus which inhabits
eastern Pennsylvania, and C. gracilis, Connecticut, New York and Massachusetts,
are widely distinct. The two species which resemble each other most, C. viscosus
and C. Fmnklinu, are geographically the most remote.
It is not improbable that some one may hereafter propose to unite in a separate
genus the species provided with four soft rays to the ventrals. Our impression,
however, is, that such a generic subdivision would be useless, inasmuch as it would
interrupt the philosophic idea to which we have been led by our investigations.
Indeed, a genus, in our mind, is a group varying, it is true, as to the number of
species which it may contain, but having, at the same time, a physical and a
metaphysical signification. A genus involves a progressive idea whose realization
is materially carried out in the species. Now we are at loss to find what progress
is involved in the fact that some species have one ray more or less to the ventral
fins. These two facts are cotemporaneous, and their value is entirely in the dis-
crimination of the species, and, indeed, in this respect they have an actual signifi-
cation in the manner in which they are distributed among them.
The same peculiarity is observed amongst Acanthocotti, and those also would
have to be likewise subdivided. If the characters of three or four soft ventral rays
were of a generic value, either the species with three or those with four should
have appeared first in geological times.
The color in Cotti has not yet afforded any safe distinctive mark between the
various species. The ground is generally brownish-yellow, sometimes blackish-
brown, maculated and dotted with a deeper black or brown. The upper edge of
the anterior dorsal in C. viscosus is orange, whilst in C. gracilis it is red. Whether
that hue is specific needs still to be investigated, as well as its particular appear-
ance in the other species of the genus.
The following synoptical table will exhibit the most prominent differences
between the species of the genus Cottus :
36
MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER
III.
Body fusiform,
elongated.
/With five ray*
to ventral fins.
corn
Origin of anal fin opposite to third ray of
second dorsal. Pectorals shorter than
the head. Vent placed midway between
snout and tip of caudal fin.
C. RICUARDSONII
Origin of anal fin opposite to sixth ray of
second dorsal. Pectorals of same length
as head. Vent nearer to snout than
to base of caudal fin.
rays df pectorals liraiiched ; tlieir tip
extending to anterior margin of second
dorsal. Insertion of ventrals in advance
of first dorsal.
First dorsal very low. Tip of pectorals ex-
tending beyond the anterior margin of
anal. Insertion of ventrals opposite to
the first ray of anterior dorsal.
Body stout and
short.
C. COGNATC8.
C. Wn
C. BAIRDII.
A second very minute prcnpcrcular spine.
Origin of anal opposite to third ray of
second dorsal. Tip of pectorals extend-
ing beyond the anterior margin of the C. ALVORDII.
second dorsal and anal. Insertion of
ventrals near the lower edge of pectorals
in advance of anterior dorsal fin.
A -.(.-mid and third, exceedingly minute,
preopcrcular spines. Origin of anal op-
posite to fourth ray of second dorsal.
Tip of pectorals not reaching the anal fin.
Insertion of ventrals even with the lower
edge of pectorals in advance of the first
dorsal fin.
Base of pectorals crescendo; their tip cx-
tending beyond the fifth ray of second
dorsal and third of anal fins. Insertion C. BOI.EOIDES.
of ventrals in advance of the anterior
dorsal, near the lower edge of pectorals.
Body fusiform
and slender.
With four
ry only to
il fins.
C. MEUIDIONAUS.
A sec I minute |>reo]>ereular spine. Tip
of pectorals not reaching the anterior
margin of second dorsal. Base of pec-
torals crescentie. Dorsal fins separated
by a free space.
C. FORMOSUS.
I!.,-e i,l jieeturals enset'iitic; their ti]i ex-
tending beyond the fourth ray of second
dorsal and first of anal fin. Insertion of
ventrals under the pectorals and in ad-
vance of anterior dorsal.
(\ CRAril.IS.
Body cylindri-
cal, or subcy-
lindrical and
Stout.
Base of pectorals slightly curved ; their tip !
not reaching the anterior margin
Insertion of ventrals in advance
anterior dorsal and under the middle
pectorals.
(not reacln
dorsal. I
of anterii
of pecton
C rilASKI.lNII.
Base <>l -ciitic; their tip not
reaching the anal fin. Insertion f veti-
trals under the upper edge of |
Hi--- ..i p ctoraln -ir.u^'lii : tlieir tip nut
iiing the anterior margin of anal.
Inscrtiiin of vcntruls behind the base of
pectorals, and in advance of the anterior
on
behind the
C. GOBIOIDES.
C. \ ISCO8U8.
^11. id Hilitiilierciiluii*;
i anil lateral line, rough.
C I-' \imirii.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
2. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN COTTI.
Before entering into the descriptions of the species of this continent, a rapid
glance at their chronological history is deemed here in place.
The most ancient document which exists relating to this subject, as far as we
know, goes as far back as the first half of the eighteenth century. 1
" The Rirbuts, or Millers Th umbs" says the writer, " are the very same here as those
in England and other parts of Europe. They are about three or four inches long,
have no scales, and the back is yellowish, with a few little black spots. The head
is large, and the mouth wide and round. Out of the fins grow several sharp
prickles or thorns, especially in those near the head. These fishes are very plenty
in rivers and creeks, near the sea shore, where they feed on watery insects (p. 242)."
The figure given of the fish is insignificant, and can be of no use in determining
its characters. We cannot help thinking that the individuals mentioned as occur-
ring in creeks near the sea shore are the young of Acantliocoilus virginiamis, which
when three or four inches long, have a striking superficial resemblance with Cottus
proper. For, the Cotti or Millers Thumbs, keep off the sea shore and salt waters
generally. As to the individuals found in rivers, we believe that they belong to
the genus Cottus. But the species to which they must be referred we are not pre-
pared to decide, as we have had no specimen on hand for direct comparisons. That
they are different from the English ones, cannot be doubted for a moment, judging
the question ci -priori, and comparatively with the facts with which the study of
those fishes has made us acquainted. They will have to be carefully compared
first with C. meridionalis from the tributaries of James River, especially if the
ventrals should be composed of four jointed and soft rays.
Then a century elapses, during which nothing is done towards the natural
history of the American Cotti, when in 1836, an English naturalist and traveler,
Dr. Richardson, gave to the scientific world the descriptions of two species, his G.
cognatus and C. asper. The latter constitutes now our genus Cottopsis after various
unsuccessful attempts to refer it to a proper genus. (See Chap. IV.)
In 1837, Mr. Heckel, Professor at Vienna (Austria), made us acquainted with
a species which the Museum of Vienna possessed in its galleries, labeled " New
York," by calling it Coitus gracilis.
In 1840, Prof. S. S. Haldeman had distinguished another species, under the name
of C. viscosus, inhabiting eastern Pennsylvania.
In 1842, Dr. James E. Dekay described and figured under the name of Uranidea
quiescens, the C. gracilis of Heckel, not knowing that a description of this species
had already been published.
1 BRICKWELL (John). The natural history of North Carolina with an account of the trade, manners
and customs of the Christians and Indians, inhabitants. Illustrated with copper plates, whereon are curi-
ously engraved the map of the country, several strange beasts, birds, fishes, snakes, insects, trees, and plants,
&c. Dublin, 1737, small 8vo.
38 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
In 1845, Mr. W. 0. Ayres wrote a somewhat extensive Memoir 1 with a view of
demonstrating the identity between C. cognattis of Richardson. ('. /-/Wxwu* of llaloV-
man, and l'rl>in is not yet determined
with accuracy, and that under such circumstances the comparisons lose somewhat
of their value. Some have taken for terms of comparison the C. i<> of England ;
others, that of the Seine ; still others, that of the Rhine, of the Danube, &c. &c.,
and now, if these are, as we believe, types of several species, which can we call at
present C. gobio? Had Mr. Ayres been aware of this state of things, he would
have himself admitted, that it was more than premature to bring under this
appellation, the American Cotti.
It is evident that after C. viscosua and C. cognafus are identified with C.
it is no longer possible to discern between spci-lfu- <-h<> i-m-f/ /*,- the idea of the genus
alone is left to the mind. After this is done, you may read Artedi's description,
and nothing will be more natural than to find it agreeing perfectly with all existing
Cotti. There is a generic identity and not a specific one.
Thus, we shall consider C. cot/nnta* and C. viscosiis as two distinct species, as
they were previous to 1845. We erase the name of Coitus golno from the catalogue
of fishes of the United States, into which it was too hastily introduced, recalling
here to mind that wherever a complete study of the species of fish reputed identi-
cal in both continents within the limits of the Temperate Zone has been made, the
results have been that species difler from one continent to the other. Yet we
would not allow any one to conclude them distinct / is lighter; the belly and lower part of the head reflect
rather a yellowish hue with scattered small black spots. The general color of tin-
fins is the .-aim- a< the re-inn to which they belong; they are maculated and dotted
with black or brown. In the young, the spots are i-pread all over the body, which
jive to it a marbled or maculated appearance.
The characters by which this Bpeoiefl is distinguished from ( '. i;,,jniilii-. a- far, at
III. COTTOIDS OP NORTH AMERICA. 41
least, as those of the latter can be deduced from the description of Sir John Richard-
son, are as follow : 1st. A more backwards position of the vent. 2d. The lateral
line which docs not reach the caudal fin. 3d. The more advanced position of the
anal relatively to the second dorsal ; and, 4th, the shorty pectorals compared to
the head.
This species inhabits the northern shore of Lake Superior, where specimens
have been collected by Dr. C. T. Jackson and Professor Agassiz, and are now pre-
served at Cambridge (Mass.). A small individual of the same species may also
be seen at the Smithsonian Institution.
II. COTTUS COGWATUS, RICH. ^
Syn. Coitus cognatus, RICH. Faun. Bor. Amer. III. 1836, p. 40. HECK. Ann. Wien. Mus. II. 1837,
p. 149. GIRARD, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. II. 1850, p. 410 j and, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
III. 1850, p. 189.
This species we only know by the description of Sir John Richardson. This
author compares it carefully with C. gobio of England, which we are told it
resembles in numerous points. But this comparison will be valuable only after
the C. gobio of all regions shall have been submitted to a severe criticism, and after
we shall be satisfied of the identity or the difference of specimens collected in all
the countries in Europe where that fish has been noticed. We have already
mentioned the important fact observed by Mr. Heckel, that the C. gobio from
Scandinavia belongs to a distinct species.
The C. cognatus appears to have nearly the same dimensions as the C. gobio of
England; the shape and size of the head are similar, but the mouth is larger.
The head forms one-third of the length, the caudal fin excluded ; its width is equal
to its length ; its height is two-thirds of its breadth. The jaws are of equal length.
The premaxillaries, the dentaries, and the vomer, are armed with short, velvet-like
teeth. The tongue is smooth, broad, and short. The spine on the preopercular is
small, curved upwards, and hidden under the skin. The branchiostegal rays are
slender and cylindrical, as in C. Ricliardsonii, whilst they are stout and flattened
in the C. gobio of England. The isthmus measures half an inch.
The greatest depth of the body, taken at the origin of the first dorsal, corresponds
nearly to the transverse diameter of the same region, whilst towards the insertion
of the caudal, the thickness of the body is reduced to the half of its depth. The
posterior part of the body is rather acute than rounded. The vent is a little
nearer the end of the snout than the insertion of the caudal. The lateral line runs
parallel with the back, to which it is nearer than to the belly.
The origin of the first dorsal takes place a little behind that of the ventrals, at
the same distance from the end of the snout as in C. gobio of England; but it
extends more backwards, having two rays more, 1 the largest of which measure
1 Cuvier gives from six to nine rays to the first dorsal of C. yolio; Sir John Richardson informs us that,
as far as his observations go, he constantly found six spiny rays to the first dorsal, and sixteen articulated,
6
40 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
one-third of the depth of the body. The second dorsal, twice as long as the first,
is separated from the latter by a space less than a line. It contains eighteen
articulated and simple rays, with the exception of two central ones which are very
slightly forked. The apal is composed of fourteen articulated, but simple, rays ;
its origin is opposite to the sixth ray of the second dorsal and terminates, as usual,
before the latter. The caudal, one-sixth of the total length, unites with the tail
in a straight line; its rays, fifteen in number, are more or less subdivided or else
dichotomized. The ventrals, arising a little behind the pectorals, contain five rays.
of which four are soft and articulated, and one spiny, slender, and half the length
of the others, close to the anterior or outer edge of the fin, and concealed by the
skin. The pectorals are large and fan shaped ; the rays of which they are com-
posed are all articulated but not branched, the longest equalling the head in length.
Br. 6. D VIII. 18. A 14. C is. V I. 4. P 15.
" The under surface is silvery-gray minutely spotted with dark brown : on the
sides, the dots are intermingled with crowded, irregular blotches of the same
color, and on the back and top of the head the color is dark brown, nearly uni-
form, few spots of the light color appearing." (Ricn.)
Sir John Richardson gives four inches as the total length of this species; we
regret not having had the opportunity of studying it in nature ; but there exist
no specimens to our knowledge in any public or private collection of fishes in the
United States. We regret likewise that the author of the Fauna Bort-a/l-A m> ri<->i,,a
has not had it figured ; the more so that it resembles so much its congener of
both continents.
III. COTTUS WILSOXII, GIKAUI>. ^lUwuiU* YltX
PLATE I. Figs. 3 and 4.
In visiting the collection of fishes at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, in November 1850, we saw aCottus labelled "Pittsburgh (Pa.)," presented
by Mr. Jacob Green. After a careful examination of the unique specimen pre-
served in that cabinet, we satisfied ourselves that it belonged to a species distinct
from any one hitherto known, and took pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. Thomas
B. Wilson. Indeed, before that time, we had seen immature specimens of the same
species, but we were unable to characterize it until we met with the one just men-
tioned.
The size of the individual figured and described is four inches and a quarter.
The head forms exactly the fourth of that length. With regard to the general
form it is amongst all the species the one whose depth diminishes least rapidly back-
wards. The greatest depth is comprised nearly six times in the length, and the
least depth, on the peduncle of the tail, only twelve times. The thickness is a
but simple, to tbo second, whilst Cuvicr found in the latter seventeen to eighteen ravs, the last of which is
branched, and some of the middle ones forked. Tliew facts must be taken into consideration in making a
critical revision of the European Cotti.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
little less than the depth. The head is much flattened above, gradually slop-
ing towards the end of the snout. Its width is equal to the space comprised
between the end of the snout and the base of the preopercular spine. The mouth
is very broad; its angles, however, do not extend beyond the pupil. The palatine
asperities are more conspicuous than in any of the other species which exhibit
traces of them. They occupy an oblong and elongated area on the surface of their
bones. The eyes are proportionally small ; their diameter is contained nearly six
times in the length of the head. The interorbito-frontal space measures a quarter
of an inch, and accordingly, is broader than in any other species. The anterior
and posterior nostrils are both tubular. The posterior one, the largest, is situated
above in advance of the orbit; the anterior one is nearer the orbit than the end of
the snout. The preopercular spine, directed obliquely upwards, is short, stout at
its base and very acute at the tip. Underneath, and directed downwards, there
exists a second very minute, blunt spine. The isthmus is five-sixteenths of an inch
wide.
The surface of the head exhibits numerous holes all along the tracks of the
cephalic channels of the lateral line, by means of which a direct communication is
established with the surrounding medium. Several of these holes exist on the
snout in the vicinity of the nostrils. They appear more distinct on the specimen
figured, on account of the decomposed state of the epidermis which is deprived of
all its pigmentum.
The origin of the first dorsal is one inch and a quarter from the extremity of
the snout. Its rays, seven in number, occupy a longitudinal space of five-eighths
of an inch, the last ray sending its membrane to the very base of the first ray of
the second dorsal. The latter is composed of sixteen rays, the central ones exhibit-
ing a slight bifurcation on their summit, without, however, solution of continuity.
It extends on a basis of one inch and a quarter, that is, exactly twice the length of
the first dorsal. Its anterior edge is nearly of the same height with the middle,
and its decrease takes place gradually towards the posterior edge, distant from the
caudal three-sixteenths of an inch. The origin of the anal fin is opposite the
third ray of the second dorsal. It contains thirteen unbranched rays. The ex-
terior margin of this fin is convex, the middle rays being a little longer than those
of the second dorsal. The central rays of the caudal are twice subdivided; the
posterior margin of this fin is subtruncated ; differing in this respect from that of
C. Bairdii. The insertion of the ventral fins takes place, as usual, under the
pectorals; but in this species it is considerably more in advance of the first dorsal
fin, whilst in C. Bairdii, it is situated immediately under the first ray of the
anterior dorsal. They are composed of four soft, jointed, but unbranched rays, the
second and third being the longest. The spiny ray is very slender. When bent
backwards, the tip of these fins is far from reaching the vent, thus proportionally
shorter than those of C. Bairdii. Their more advanced position is not sufficient
to account for the difference. The pectorals are broad, with a crescentic base of
insertion ; they are composed of fourteen rays, the four uppermost but two, are
bifurcated, a character quite peculiar to this species amongst the American ones.
44 MONOGRAPH OP THE FRESH WATKK III.
*
Their tip will reach backwards, the origin of the second dorsal only, thus propor-
tionally shorter than those of C. Buinlii.
Br. C. D VII. 16. A 13. C 2. I. 4. 4. I. 2. V I. 4. P 14.
The vent is situated under the second ray of the second dorsal.
The lateral line is nearly straight, and can be traced to the base of the caudal.
The cartilaginous capsules, however, disappear under the fourteenth ray of the
second dorsal, whilst the fall takes place under the last ray. Its peculiar appear-
ance in the specimen figured, is owing, as already observed, to the decomposed state
of the epidermis, rendering the holes of the dermic layer more conspicuous.
The accompanying figure is the only one which was not drawn by Mr. Sonrel,
from nature. Our sketch was made originally with a mere view of giving the
striking character of the bifurcation of the pectoral fins.
Specimens of this species, the largest measuring only three inches and five-
eighths, were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, by Prof. L. D. Williams of
Meodville, and collected by that gentleman in French Creek (Pa.).
The ground color of these is yellowish-green, intermingled with cloudy patches
of brownish-black. The base of the caudal is black. All the fins, the ventrals
excepted, are banded with black. The latter have the uniform palish-yellow of the
belly.
Prof. Baird's specimens were collected by himself in a tributary of the Alleghany
River, at Foxburg (Pa.).
IV. COTTUS BAIRDII, GIRARD.
PLATE I. Figs. 5 and 6.
Syn. Cottut Bairdii, GIRARD, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. II. 1850, p. 410; and, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat.
Hist. III. 1850, p. 189.
CottutyMo, KIRTL. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1847, p. 342.
This, amongst all the species represented on our plates, is the one which has the
most elegant shape. The uniform declivity of the snout, passing gradually over
the eyes, and backwards to the tail, without the slightest deviation from a slightly
concave or almost straight course, contributes to that elegance, rendered more per-
fect by a similar outline of the belly. Now, as the body tapers very gradually
away towards the tail, together with the thickness, the general form is still im-
proved by these proportions of height and breadth. So we might call the general
form, elongated, although at first sight it will strike us as being rather short, espe-
cially when compared to C. i-i*<-*ii8.
The greatest depth of the body, taken at the origin of the first dorsal and ventral
fins, enters only six times and a half in the total length, and the least depth, in
advance of the caudal, is contained in it nearly fourteen times and a half. The
greatest thickness is equal to the depth ; but it diminishes more rapidly backwards. K
that, on the peduncle of the tail, the thickness is reduced to one-half of the depth.
The head form* the third of the length of the lish. the caudal fin excluded; it
is one-third longer than broad, and less obtuse on the snout than in C. viacomi*.
III. COTTOIDS OP NORTH AMERICA. 45
The mouth is proportionally great; its angles reach posteriorly a vertical which
would pass in advance of the pupil. The jaws and teeth, as far as external inves-
tigations go, do not exhibit any peculiarity which is not to be found in other
species. On the other hand, the palatine bones are in some cases provided with
minute asperities or rudimentary teeth. The eyes are subcircular in form, propor-
tionally large, and their longitudinal diameter contained only four times in the
length of the head. The anterior nostrils are nearer the end of the snout than the
orbit. The posterior ones are above and nearer the orbit, resembling a similar
opening below and corresponding to the anterior extremity of the anterior sub-
orbital. The preopercular spine is quite small, very acute, and bent obliquely
upwards, assuming, on the figured specimen, a hook-like appearance. The spine on
the subopercular is more conspicuous than in C. viscosus. The gill openings are
also greater, and the isthmus smaller, than in the latter.
The first dorsal is very low; its origin is exactly opposite to the base of the
ventrals, and distant from the end of the snout by fifteen-sixteenths of an inch.
Its upper edge is almost straight, and parallel to the back, the rays having nearly
all the same height. The latter are six in number, occupying a space of three-
eighths of an inch, the last ray sending its membrane to the second dorsal.
The origin of the second dorsal is in advance of the vent, extending backwards
till quite near the caudal, being two times and a half as long as the first dorsal.
It contains sixteen unbranched rays, the last of which is often double. The
anterior edge of the anal corresponds to the space between the fifth and sixth rays
of the second dorsal, and terminates before the latter. The tip of its rays, how-
ever, extend nearly as far back. The rays, thirteen in number, are as long as
those of the second dorsal, but, their membrane being shorter, the anal appears
not quite as high. The caudal is elongated, posteriorly rounded off, and quite
convex ; its length is contained four times in that of the body and head inclusive,
thus constituting the fifth part of the total length. The middle rays show a double
bifurcation. The insertion of the ventrals takes place back of that of the pectorals,
and, when bent backwards, their tip nearly reaches the vent. There are four soft,
articulated, but unbranched rays, of which the two middle ones are the longest.
The pectorals are proportionally longer than in C. viscosus; the rays are slender,
till undivided, and their tip reaches the origin of the anal, and, consequently, the
fifth of the second dorsal. The base of insertion of these fins, seen exteriorly, is
almost vertical. The formula of the fins is nearly identical with that of C. Wil-
sonii.
Br. 6. D VI. 16. A 13. C 2. I. 4. 4. I. 3. V I. 4. P 14.
The anus is nearer the snout than the extremity of the caudal fin, and under
the first ray of the second dorsal.
The lateral line is conspicuous from head to tail. It takes a straight course
until the fourteenth ray of the second dorsal, where it sinks gradually down to
reach the medial line of the peduncle of the tail, just at the termination of the
second dorsal, whence it takes again a straight course to the base of the caudal fin.
The general ground of the color is grayish, maculated, and dotted with black.
46 MONOGRAPH OF TIIE FRESH WATER III.
The top of the head and back are very dark, the sides and belly lighter, yellowish
without the large spots. The dorsals, pectorals, and caudal fin are banded; the
ventrals and anal, unicolor and only dotted.
This species may be readily distinguished from C. RicJiardaonii by the shape of
the first dorsal, the length of the pectorals, their vertical base of insertion, and the
convexity of the posterior margin of the caudal.
Caught by Prof. Baird in the Mahoning River at Poland (Ohio). Specimens
are preserved at the Smithsonian Institution and in Prof. Agassiz's cabinet.
V. COTTUS ALYOKD1I, GIRARD. -
PLATE I. Figs. 7 and 8.
We have before us the smallest species hitherto described of the genus, mea-
suring not quite two inches and a half. Whether it docs not attain a larger size,
we are not prepared to decide, as the specimen figured is the only one which we
have hitherto seen. But that it belongs to a distinct species is readily apparent.
The general form of the body resembles that of C. nv-ridimmlix, tapering suddenly
away towards the tail, but the fins differ widely. The head forms a little more than
the fourth of the entire length. The greatest depth of the body is contained about
five times in the length, whilst the least depth enters in it nearly thirteen times.
It is deeper than thick. The anterior region of the body is arched. The neck is
depressed and the snout short and obtuse. The mouth is .small; its angle extend-
ing not quite as far back as the pupil. The preopercular spine is short and stout,
very much curved upwards, and slightly inwards. Below the convexity of the
preopercular, there exists another very minute spine, the point of which is directed
obliquely downwards. The gill openings are separated below by an isthmus of
two-twelfths of an inch. The eyes are proportionally large, subcircular; their
longitudinal diameter is contained four times in the length of the head. The ante-
rior nostrils are nearer the orbit than the end of the snout.
The origin of the first dorsal is situated six-eighths of an inch from the extre-
mity of the snout. It is composed of seven rays extending on a longitudinal basis
of five-sixteenths of an inch. Its upper margin is regularly convex ; the third
and fourth rays are the longest; the lir-t ami second have the si/.c of the fifth and
sixth ; the seventh is the shortest. The membrane runs from its tip to the
anterior margin of the second dorsal, meeting the first ray on the middle of its
height. IIow different this fin is from the similar one in C. meridional!.*, an in-
spection of both figures will show at once.
The second dorsal is very close to the first, composed of sixteen undivided rays.
the last of which is double. Its upper margin is likewise convex. The origin
of the anal is under the third ray of the second dorsal; its outer margin is much
more convex than that of the latter, and contains thirteen rays, the last one double.
The caudal fin is rounded posteriorly. It is contained six times in the entire
length. There are ten fully developed rays, eight of them bifurcated to a con-
siderable length. The ventrals are \ery short and broad, inserted immediately
er the middle of the pectorals, in advance of the first dorsal. The pectorals
III. COTTOIDS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 47
are broad and proportionally much developed, for their tip reaches backwards, the
fourth ray of the second dorsal, and the first ray of the anal fin. The base of
insertion of these fins is crescent-shaped and close to the gill opening. In this
respect C. Alvordii differs considerably from C. meridionalis. The rays are fifteen
in number, all undivided, the eight lowermost alone overrunning the membrane of
the fin.
Br. 16. D VII. 1C. A 13. C 3. I. 4. 4. I. 2. V I. 4. P 15.
The lateral line, nearly straight, vanishes already under the seventh ray of the
second dorsal, whence the series of minute pores cannot be followed to the tail
without an eye-glass, when it is seen along the back as far as the posterior ray of
the second dorsal, and there disappears entirely.
The anal opening is a little nearer the extremity of the jaws than the base of
the caudal fin. It is provided posteriorly with a tongue-shaped membrane, broad
at its origin, and very acute on its extremity, so that when seen in a profile view,
it has the appearance of an ordinary ray. Our figure, however, gives a clear idea
of it, as a solution of continuity exists between it and the first ray of the anal. A
close examination will likewise show a structural difference.
The head and back are yellowish-brown, clouded on the sides. The belly and
fins are yellowish ; the first dorsal alone having two black spots on its posterior
half.
This species inhabits the streams emptying into Lake Huron, in the vicinity of
Fort Gratiot, where it was collected in 1850, by Major B. Alvord, and presented
by this officer to the Smithsonian Institution, where the original specimen is pre-
served.
VI. COTTCS MERIDIONALIS, GIRARD. -f Uv^U
PLATE I. Figs. 9 and 10. Vfl-v.
Sjn. Cottus meridionalis, GIRARD, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. II., 1850, p. 410; and, Proc. Bost. Soc.
*Nat. Hist. III., 1850, p. 189.
Nothing is more dissimilar than the general outline of this species and that of
C. Bairdii, and yet the absolute length of both species is exactly the same on the
specimens figured. Indeed, the species which G. meridionalis resembles most in
shape, is C. Alvordii, and still there are differences which could not for a moment
be overlooked ; besides the fact of their remote habitat, which would likewise cause
doubts as to their identical relationship. It is not without a certain resemblance
with C. viscosu-s, and did it not belong to a different division of the genus by a
hidden character, its stout and contracted body would scarcely suffice to distin-
guish it from the latter.
The greatest depth is contained but five times in the total length ; four times
only when we exclude the caudal fin, the length of which is equal to the depth.
The body tapers very rapidly away; its least depth, on the peduncle of the tail,
enters fifteen times in the total length. The greatest thickness is considerably less
48 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
than the depth. The peduncle of the tail appears more elongated than in any
other species.
The head forms nearly the fourth of the total length; it being contained a little
more than twice in the length of the body, the caudal fin excluded. Its width ia
equal to the length of its upper surface. The eyes are a little smaller than in C.
Bairdii, their form is circular, and their diameter enters five times in the length of
the head. The interorbito-frontal space is equal to one diameter. The anterior
nostril is situated nearly on the middle of the space between the end of the snout
and anterior rim of the eye. The posterior one is above, close to the orbit. The
mouth is larger than in C. Bairdii, and the palatine bones are likewise provided
with teeth-like asperities, forming a more elongated patch.
The preopercular spine is very conspicuous, stout, directed obliquely upwards
and backwards. Under it we observe a second preopercular spine, much smaller,
of the size of that of the subopercular, the point of which is directed vertically
downwards, and below, a third, still smaller, directed obliquely forwards. The
gill openings are smaller, and consequently the isthmus is larger than in C. linirdii.
The first dorsal commences a little behind the insertion of the ventrals and is a
little more distant from the end of the snout than in C. Jkiirdii. Its sh:i]>e is very
different from that of the latter species; its upper edge is very convex. There are
seven rays, the second and third the highest, the first is equal to the fourth, the
fifth, sixth, and seventh are gradually diminishing. The second dorsal, contiguous
to the first, commences in advance of the vent, and is composed of seventeen
undivided rays, the last of which is branched. The upper edge of this fin is also
more convex than in any other species. The origin of the anal corresponds to the
space between the fourth and fifth rays of the second dorsal. Its last ray is double.
The caudal fin is shorter than the head ; it is convex posteriorly as in C. Buinlii.
The seven middle rays are bifurcated only once.
The insertion of the ventrals takes place immediately under the pectorals;
amongst the four soft rays the two middle ones are the longest and equal in length.
The two outer ones are likewise equal in size. The pectorals are shorter and
broader than in C. lininlii ; they scarcely reach the fourth ray of the second dorsal.
but leave the anal behind. Their base of insertion is oblique but nearly straight.
The tip of all the rays extend beyond their inemlirane.
Br. 6. D VII. 17. A 12. C 4. I. 4. 3. I. 4. V I. 4. P 14.
The vent is nearer the snout than the tip of the caudal.
The lateral line runs parallel to the hack; it is conspicuous until the thirteenth
ray of the second dorsal, when- it vani.-hes into a series of pores so minute as not
to be distinguished without the aid of a lens.
We cannot j:ive anything positive on the color of this species, the specimens col-
lected by Prof. Bainl having lost their iri'inTal hue. The body, however, shows still
some faint blotches of darker appearance than the rroinul color; and the fins
appear to have been banded.
This species inhabits the tributaries of .James Kiver i Va.i. Specimens are pre-
served in the .Mn-eiim of the Smithsonian Institution.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 49
4. SPECIES WITH THREE SOFT RAYS TO THE VENTEALS.
VII. COTTITS GRACILIS, HECK. =-
PLATE I. Figs. 11 and 12.
Syu. Cotlus yracilis, HECK. Ann. d. Wien. Mus. II., 1837, p. 148. GIRARD, Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv.
Sc. II., 1850, p. 411; and, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., III., 1850, p. 189.
Uranidea quiescent, DEKAY, New York Fauna, 1842, p. 61, PI. V. Fig. 14.
Coitus gobio, AYRES, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., V., 1845, p. 121, PI. XI.
The history of this species is quite interesting : described abroad for the first time
as the second species of Cottus, peculiar to this country, its description remained
unknown for years on this side of the Atlantic, and when Dr. Dekay published
the Fauna of the State of New York, he even lost sight of the fresh-water Cotti,
and proposed for it a new genus. Next we find Mr. Ayres restoring this species to
its true genus, and yet misled on the question of the species, an error which he
would not have committed if the paper of Mr. Heckel had been at his command.
This is one of the small species of the genus, scarcely exceeding three inches in
length. The specimens which we have had under examination had not quite that
size. The general appearance is fusiform, slender, less so, however, than C. boleoides;
but on the other hand, it is shorter than the latter, resembling more in shape C.
Bairdii. The greatest depth of the body is contained a little more than six times
in the total length ; a little less thick than deep anteriorly, it diminishes gradually
towards the tail, though more rapidly in thickness than in depth. The latter, on
the peduncle of the tail is reduced to the proportions of one-thirteenth of the total
length.
The head forms about the fourth of the total length. The occipital region is
slightly sloping backwards, thus giving to the neck a depressed appearance. From
the orbits to the end of the snout, the head is rather rounded, although not
abruptly truncated. The eyes, circular in form, are one-sixteenth of an inch in
diameter, which is comprised nearly four times in the length of the head. Their
frontal distance is only the half of their diameter. The anterior nostrils are situated
midway between the orbits and the snout ; the posterior ones are higher up, and
close to the eyes. The mouth is proportionally great; its angles nearly reach the
pupil. The lips are well developed, but the teeth are not very conspicuous. Pala-
tine teeth have been assigned to this species, but are not to be found in the specimen
figured. There is nothing which resembles teeth on the tongue as ascribed to
Uranidea quiescens. The preopercular spine is but little prominent; that of the
subopercular is constantly concealed under the skin. The gill openings are oblique;
the isthmus is a quarter of an inch wide. There are constantly six branchiostegal
rays, even in the specimens in which Dr. Dekay signalizes seven.
The origin of the first dorsal is six-eighths of an inch distant from the extremity
of the snout; it is not quite half an inch long, and its height is less than the half
of its length. Its upper edge is rounded and convex ; the first and second rays
being a little shorter than the third and fourth; there are eight rays in all; the
7
50 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATKIl III.
longest of which arc one-third the depth of the body. The second dorsal is
contiguous to the first, which sends to it the membrane of its last ray. Com-
mencing above the vent, it is more than twice as long, and at least twice as high as
the first, and composed of sixteen undivided rays, the middle ones being the longest
and as high as the body itself on the region to which they correspond. The origin
of the anal is under the third ray of the second dorsal, and terminates under the
thirteenth. It has most generally twelve, sometimes eleven rays, which equal in
height, if they do not surpass, the corresponding rays of the second dorsal. The
caudal is sub-truncated ; its length enters five times and a half in the total length
of the fish. It is composed of sixteen rays, of which the live middle ones are
subdivided twice; the two next on each side subdivide only once; finally, the
others, four to the upper lobe, and three to the lower one, remain undivided, and
are simply articulated. The ventrals are situated exactly under the pectorals, and
when bent -backwards, they reach the vent, and even sometimes go beyond it.
They are composed of a short spiny ray, and three soft articulated and unbranched
ones, of which the first is the shortest, and the middle one the longest. The inser-
tion of the pectorals is oblique, or rather crescentrshapcd, and takes place immedi-
ately behind the gill opening. Their tip reaches the third or fourth ray of the
second dorsal. They are composed each of thirteen soft and undivided rays, of
which the seven lowermost are a little thicker, and extend beyond the membrane
which unites them.
Br. 6. D VIII. 16. A 12. C 3. I. 5. 4. I. 2. V I. 3. P 13.
The lateral line, slightly bent downwards on the abdominal region, re-ascends
gradually nearer the back, and vanishes on the last third of the length of the
second dorsal, that is, under the eleventh ray, sometimes even already on the middle
of that fin, whence it follows its course towards the tail by means of minute pores
after having made a sudden fall near the termination of the second dorsal in order
to reach the centre of the peduncle of the tail, and then run directly to the base
of the caudal fin.
The color, according to Mr. Ayres, seems to vary within considerable limits : " The
prevailing color of the sides is light yellowish-brown, with numerous blotches of
darker brown, sometimes, but not always, amounting to irregular bands, which occa-
sionally cover the greater part of the side. The head is in general darker than the
body. The under side of the body, from the lower jaw to the caudal fin, is yel-
lowish-white. The first dorsal fin is of a light brown, with dark spots, and occa-
sionally with bands; the upper margin of the fin is red. The second dorsal, pec-
torals, and caudal, are colored like the first dorsal, except that they are destitute
of the red margin. The ventrals are nearly transparent. The anal is like the
second dorsal, but not quite so dark," (pp. 123 and 124.)
This species is found in the States u! Mas.su husetts, Connecticut, and New York.
Dr. Dekay found it in Lake Pleasant, and previously, Dr. Kmmmis had it from
Hound Lake (N. Y.). Mr. Ayres caught his at Manchester (Ct.). Prof. Mainl
procured several of them from the northern tributaries of the Hudson, in Schroon
township, Essex county (N. Y.), near Root's tavern.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 51
Preserved specimens exist in the cabinet of the Boston Society of Natural History;
in the State Museum, at Albany ; and at the Smithsonian Institution.
VIII. COTTUS VISCOSUS, HALD. =
PLATE II. Figs. 1 and 2.
Syn. Coitus viscosus, HALD. Suppl. to a Monogr. of Limn., &c., 1840, p. 3. GIRARD, Proc. Amer. Assoc.
Adv. Sc. II., 1850, p. 411 j and, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. III., 1850, p. 189.
In 1840, this species was announced to the scientific world rather than described.
The author having no means of establishing direct comparisons, could not draw an
accurate distinctive diagnosis. He knew not Mr. Heckel's C. gracilis, and had only
before him an incomplete description of C. gobio, from Europe.
The specimen figured, is not quite four inches long. Since the latter has been
drawn, we have seen another, measuring nearly four inches and a half.
The general form is sub- cylindrical, of rather stout appearance. The width, near
the head, is greater than the depth, and sometimes both of these dimensions are
equal. The greatest depth under the first dorsal, is comprised five times and a half
in the entire length, and the least depth a little more than fifteen times. The head
forms the two-ninths of the length of the fish. The occipital region is depressed,
but flat; the nose convex, and the snout obtuse. The mouth is very little cleft, and
its angles do not extend farther back than the anterior rim of the eye. The lips
are very fleshy. The eyes themselves are of medium size, and circular in form ; their
diameter is contained five times in the length of the head. The tubular nostrils
are nearer the eyes than the extremity of the jaws. The preopercular spine is stout
and prominent, acute, directed obliquely upwards. In some cases there exists a
second, very small, slender, acute spine, immediately under the base of the first,
having its point directed vertically downwards. That on the inferior angle of the
subopercular is very conspicuous, acute, directed as usual downwards and forwards.
The gill openings are separated, below, by an isthmus of three-eighths of an inch.
The anterior margin of the first dorsal is distant one inch and a quarter from
the extremity of the snout. It is rather low, uniformly arched, and composed of
eight rays, the third, fourth, and fifth, nearly equal, and longest. The mem-
brane between that fin and the second dorsal is quite low. The second dorsal is
convex like the first, containing seventeen undivided rays on a base of one and
an eighth of an inch, twice and a half as long as the base of the anterior fin. The
origin of the anal is under the fourth ray of the second dorsal and is more convex
than the latter. It is composed of twelve undivided rays, the last, as in many
instances, double, opposite to the fourteenth of the second dorsal. The longest rays
of both second dorsal and anal, are of equal length, but the membrane of the
latter fin is more deeply notched, so as to make it appear shorter. The caudal is
rounded posteriorly, and forms two-elevenths of the entire length. It is composed
of eleven well developed rays, with four short ones above and three below. The
nine middle ones are bifurcated on the last two-thirds of their length, and each
branch again subdivided near the tip without solution of continuity ; this latter
52 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
feature not being exhibited in the fignrc. The insertion of the ventrals takes place
in advance of the anterior dorsal, and behind the base of the pectorals. The t\\c>
inner rays are the longest, as seen in the enlarged figure of these fins beneath Fig.
1. They do not reach the anus when bent backwards. The pectorals are of
medium size, shorter than the head, composed of twelve unbranched rays. The
membrane is deeply notched on the outer edge of the seven lowermost rays. Their
base of insertion is nearly straight. When bent backwards they scarcely reach the
anterior margin of the second dorsal, and leave the anal behind.
Br. 6. D VIII. 17. A 12. C 4. I. 5. 4. I. 3. V I. 3. P 12.
The lateral line is slightly inflexed on the abdomen, but runs straight along the
back until the posterior extremity of the second dorsal, when the fall takes place
obliquely towards the centre of the peduncle of the tail, and straight again to the
base of the caudal. The series of pores commences under the tenth ray of the
second dorsal.
The anus is situated a little nearer the end of the snout than the extremity of
the caudal fin, consequently nearer the base of that fin than the snout.
The color is thus described by Prof. Haldeman : "yellowish, clouded with black,
the first dorsal fin edged with a narrow line of orange."
The following information respecting the habits of this species, is from the
notes of Professor Baird :
These fish usually inhabit clear, spring waters, especially the spring runs
which flow through rich meadows, bordered by turf, and having a shallow pebbly
bottom. They lie concealed under projecting clods, fiat stones, boards, or what-
ever may serve their purposes of concealment. On being disturbed, they usu-
ally hasten off to fresh cover, but sometimes remain motionless. Occasionally
they occur in larger bodies of water, of less purity; but we have never seen them
in creeks or rivers. Sometimes they are seen lying close to the edge of rivulets
formed by leaking embankments, and where the water is fur from clear. They
always lie close to the bottom, and are never seen poised in the water.
The eggs are laid from the middle of April to the end of May, and are deposited
in round packets about the size of an ounce bullet, under boards, stones, and in
shallow, springy water. It is possible that they are watched by the parent, as wi-
ll ave frequently found individuals under the same cover as the eggs. The ova are
of a rose color, and about the size of No. 3 shot, conveying the impivssiou of dis-
proportionate size. Occasionally, we have found the eirLis with embryos moving
freely within the envelope. A set examined April 2'Jd, 1848, had the eye very dis-
tinct, and of large size. The foetal fin extended from the head, by the tail, to tin-
anus. In the course of the day, many became liherated. and swam alxmt with
the yolk bag attached. This was .sessile, and Tilled with a transparent, reddish
liijiiid, excepting opposite to the embryo, where was a hard, yellowish cake. All
our attempt-; ;it raising the young, or of development of the egg, failed for want
of fresh spring water.
The body is the. most slimy amongst the known species, whence its name oitco-
*u* t which we think is well appropriated. Specimens have I ( .( 11 collected by I'rof
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 53
Baird, about Carlisle (Pa.), in Mountain and Yellow Breeches Creeks, and Letart
Spring, the largest of which were three and six-eighths of an inch. They all
agree with the above description, excepting the color of an individual from Mountain
Creek, which we found of a dark and uniform black.
We owe to the kindness of Prof. S. S. Haldeman, an authentical specimen, three
inches long, so that there can be no doubts left with regard to the species which is
here described.
The specimen figured was caught in the vicinity of Carlisle, and is preserved at
the Smithsonian Institution, together with several others of the same vicinities.
Specimens were also obtained from the Schuylkill at Beading (Pa.), and from the
tributaries of the Potomac, at Bohrersville (Md.), and in Koc_k__Crgek i Washing-
ton (D. C.). So that the range of C. viscosus is Eastern Pennsylvania and Mary-
land.
IX. COTTUS FRANKLIN!!, AGASS. :
PLATE II. Figs. 5 and 6.
Syn. Cot/us Frankllnii, AQASS. Lake Sup. 1850, p. 303. GIRARD, Proc. Araer. Assoc. Adv. So. II., 1850,
p. 411; and, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III., 1850, p. 189.
Here is a species which we might easily have identified with the preceding, so
much it resembles it by its general appearance, had we not looked into the ana-
tomical as well as zoological peculiarities of both species.
Before we were prepared to formulate distinctively the characters by which this
species differs from its congeners, the form of the skull had already satisfied us that
it was distinct. In the first place, and to speak only here of this species and of C.
viscosus, which appear so much alike, the conformation of the skull has something
so peculiar that, when once well understood, it will be easy to tell at first sight to
which of these two species such and such skulls may belong (Compare Figs. 8 and
12 of Plate III.).
If the differences exhibited in those profiles are not specific, comparative osteo-
logy can no longer be a sure guide in the study of species, nor can anatomy be
of any help to zoology. But to this conclusion we have not yet arrived; we
know what comparative osteology of the skull is worth, and, confident in the future
of that science, we should have established the two species as distinct on those
characters alone.
Zoologically speaking, the general form is short and stout. The greatest depth
is contained five times and a half in the total length, and is proportionally greater
than in C. viscosus. The least depth is one-nineteenth of the length. The body
tapers rapidly away, as in C. meridionalis and C. Alvordii. The peduncle of the
tail is more slender, and the back more arched than in C. viscosus. The thickness
is greater than the depth for a considerable length; towards the tail, however, the
depth becomes greater. The body, as a whole, has rather a cylindrico-conical
shape.
The head, proportionally shorter than that of C. viscosus, is contained two times
and a half in the length of the body, the caudal fin excluded. The snout, also, is
54 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
much less obtuse, and the mouth more deeply cleft. The eyes are subcircular :
their longitudinal diameter is contained four times in the length of the head. The
interorbi to-frontal space is equal to the half of that diameter. The anterior
nostrils are situated midway between the orbit and the extremity of the jaws; the
posterior ones are nearer the orbits.
The preopercular spine is hook-like, very acute, and different in all respects
from that of C. viacosus. It resembles more that of C. Bairdii than any other
species. The subopercular spine is slender and very acute.
In spite of the great resemblance between the fins of this species and the pre-
ceding one, a careful comparison shows that the paired fins are proportionally
shorter. The base of the pectorals is slightly crescent shape ; the tip of its rays
scarcely reach the anterior edge of the second dorsal fin. The five uppermost rays
do not overrun their membrane quite as much as exhibited in the figure. The
ventrals are nearer the isthmus than in C. viscosus, and when bent backwards, they
leave a greater space between their tip and the vent. Their insertion takes place
immediately under the base of the pectorals instead of being situated behind.
The first dorsal is nearly of the same height with the second; it is longer than
in C. viscomis ; its upper edge is also more convex. There are eight slender rays,
the first and last being of equal size. The second dorsal is contiguous to the first,
and terminates at a greater distance from the base of the caudal than in ('. riscosus.
It contains seventeen rays, or only sixteen, the last one, double. The caudal fin is
posteriorly truncated, whilst it is rounded in C. viscosw. It forms nearly the sixth
part of the total length. The origin of the anal is under the fourth ray of the
second dorsal, and terminates under the thirteenth. When bent backwards the
tips of the rays do not reach as far as those of the second dorsal.
Br. 6. D vill. 17. A 12. C 1. I. 5. 4. I. l. V I. 3. P 14.
All the rays are unbranched with the exception of two in the centre of the
caudal, which, however, bifurcate only once beyond the middle of their length.
The vent is situated nearer the base of the caudal fin than the tip of the snout.
The lateral line follows the curve of the back ; it vanishes already under the
sixth ray of the second dorsal, whence the series of minute pores is very little con-
spicuous-. Its fall near the tail takes place less abruptly than in C. rincosus.
This species inhabits the southern and eastern shores of Lake Superior, where it
has been collected first by Prof. James Hall of Albany, and afterwards by Prof.
Agassiz, in whose cabinet specimens arc still preserved. It is also to be seen in the
collection of fishes at the Smithsonian Institution.
The specimen fitrmvd is tin- laivst we have seen. Its total length is tlnvr
inches and one-sixteenth.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 55
X. COTTUS GOBIOIDES, GIRARD. =-!
PIATE II. Figs. 3 and 4.
Syn. Cot/us fjobloides, GIRARD, Proc. Amcr. Assoc. Adv. Sc. II., 1850, p. 411 ; and, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat.
Hist. III., 1850, p. 189.
The first impression which strikes the observer after a superficial glance at this
species, is a general resemblance with C. RicJiardsonii, from which it differs, how-
ever, much more than from several others, by several peculiarities of its structure.
What leads to this impression is its large mouth, its large head, and undoubtedly
its profile, as well as the general outline of the body. But as these species belong
to two different sections, their intimate affinities are found more remote than might
be anticipated.
Its large mouth distinguishes it readily from all the species, which possess, like
it, three soft rays only to the ventral fins, with the exception, perhaps, of the fol-
lowing species, to which it has much affinity.
The greatest depth of the body is contained five times and a half in the entire
length from the snout to the tip of the caudal fin ; whilst the least depth enters
in it nearly fifteen times. These dimensions, when compared to those in C. bole-
oides, are very striking, when we bear in mind the absolute size of the individuals
which we here describe. In C. boleoides, three-quarters of an inch shorter than C.
gobioides, we find both the greatest and least depth comprised a greater number of
times in the length. The greatest thickness is a little less than the depth on the
anterior region.
The head forms three-eighths of the entire length, proportionally a little shorter
than in C. boleoides. Besides, it is much broader than deep, and its frontal length
is sensibly equal to its width. The flattening of the head above the eyes and the
convexity of the neck, make the frontal line appear as if more depressed than in
other species. The snout is obtuse, differing greatly in this respect from C. Richard-
sonii. The angles of the mouth reach a vertical, which would pass beyond the
pupil. The eyes themselves are circular and proportionally small; and their
diameter is contained a little more than four times in the length of the head. The
interorbito-frontal space is greater than in C. boleoides. The preopercular spine is
much developed and stout, suddenly curved upwards. The spine of the suboper-
cular is small and acute. The gill openings are large and oblique, and separated
under the throat by an isthmus of four-eighths of an inch.
The first dorsal commences one inch and one-sixteenth from the extremity of
the snout, and extends on a basis of half an inch, leaving a considerable space to
be filled by the membrane. The origin of the second dorsal is opposite to the vent,
and composed of seventeen undivided rays. Its upper edge is more convex than
in C. boleoides, the first and last rays being sensibly shorter than the middle ones.
The commencement of the anal takes place between the third and fourth rays of
the second dorsal; it is higher than the latter, and composed of twelve undivided
rays. The caudal is rather rounded than truncated posteriorly, and is contained but
a little less than six times in the entire length. Its eight middle rays are bifurcated
56 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
on their posterior half, and at their tip there seems to be a slight indication of a
second bifurcation. The ventrals are inserted immediately under the first ray of
the anterior dorsal, and when bent backwards do not reach the anus. The base of
the pectorals is oblique, but not crescent-shaped ; if directed backwards their tip
will reach the third ray of the second dorsal, and leave the anal behind them.
Their rays, fourteen in number, are undivided, and the six lower ones, shorter and
thicker, extend beyond the membrane of that fin.
Br. 6. D VII. 17. A 12. C 3. I. 4. 4. I. 2. V I. 3. P 14.
The vent is situated nearly midway between the extremity of the snout ami
the insertion of the caudal fin.
The lateral line is quite conspicuous even on the tail, where it is reduced to
cutaneous pores. Its fall on the peduncle of the tail is convex upwards, and
rather near the caudal fin.
The ground color appears to have been olivaceous yellow, marbled with black,
the marblings extending likewise to the fins.
For a specimen of four inches, that which we have had figured, we are indebted
to the kindness of Rev. Z. Thompson, of Burlington, to whom it was presented by
Mr. Ransom Colberth, who caught it in June, 1844, while fishing for the Brook
Trout in a branch of Lamoille River, in the town of Johnson, Lamoille County
(Vt.). The Lamoille River empties into Lake Champlatn, about ten miles north of
Burlington. This species, therefore, ranges west of the Green Mountains.
XI. COTTUS BOLEOIDES, GIRARD. Sj
PLATE II. Figs. 7 and 8.
Syn. Cottut loleoidet, GIRARD, Proc. Araer. Assoc. Adv. of Sc. II., 1850, p. 411 ; and, Proc. Boat. Soc.
Nat. Hist. III., 1850, p. 189.
Had the name of gracilis not been preoccupied to designate another species
of this genus, the one here referred to would have deserved it with great propriety.
Indeed, although of medium size, it is slender and elongated. The outline of
the head and back is regular and slightly arched ; that of the lower part of the
head and belly is nearly straight. The sides are full and rounded. The body is
consequently subfusiform. Its greatest depth is continued six times and a half in
the total length, while the least depth, in advance of the caudal, enters in it nearly
twenty times. The thickness is one-fifth less than the depth.
The head forms a little less than the fourth of the total length; it is nearly as
deep as broad, but its length is much greater than its width. Its upper surface
back of the eyes is slightly flattened; the anterior part slopes quite rapidly,
rendering the snout very obtuse : the jaws are rounded mid of equal length. The
mouth is proportionally broad ; when it is shut, the posterior extremities of the inux-
illaries extend to a line pas>ini: through the pupil. The eyes are very large and
sulx-irciilar ; their longitudinal diameter i- contained only four times in the length
of the head. They come very near each other on the frontal line, and are sepa-
rated by a very narrow space, narrower than in any other species. The anterior
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 57
nostrils are a little nearer the orbit than the end of the snout. The preopercular
spine is very acute, although stout at its base, and directed obliquely upwards ;
the spine on the subopercular is very minute. The gill openings are large and
oblique ; the isthmus is only three-sixteenths of an inch wide.
The fins in this species are proportionally much more developed than in any
other within our knowledge. The pectorals, especially, would soon recall to mind
the different kinds of flying fish. The origin of the first dorsal is placed seven-
eighths of an inch from the end of the snout. It is very convex ; there are eight
or nine rays on a base of half an inch, the first one being the shortest. The
greatest height of that fin is not quite a quarter of an inch. The second dorsal is
considerably higher than the first, and "twice as long, and is composed of seven-
teen rays, all undivided. The anal commences under the second ray of the second
dorsal, and terminates under the thirteenth ; it is much higher than the latter,
and also more convex. It contains sometimes eleven, and sometimes twelve undi-
vided rays. The caudal is much elongated, posteriorly subtruncated, forming the
fifth of the entire length. The eight middle rays bifurcate from the middle of their
length, and it can scarcely be said that two of them exhibit a tendency to subdivide
again near their extremity. The ventrals are inserted under the base of the pec-
torals, and in advance of the first dorsal ; they reach, and even extend beyond the
vent when bent backwards. Amongst the three soft rays, the middle one is the
longest, and the internal one, the shortest. The insertion of the pectorals is very
oblique, and crescentic ; their form is elliptic or oval, quite regular, and their tip,
when directed backwards, reaches the fourth ray of the anal, and the sixth of the
second dorsal. All the rays are undivided; the seven inferior ones are much
stouter, and extend beyond their membrane.
Br. 6. D VIII or IX. 17. A 11 or 12. C 2. I. 4. 4. I. 2. V I. 3. P 14.
The vent is placed midway between the extremity of the snout and the base of
the caudal fin, as in the preceding species.
The lateral line is rectilinear, disappearing already under the tenth ray of the
second dorsal ; but the minute pores, which mark its continuation to the caudal,
become very indistinct, running in a straight line, always nearer the back, when a
gradual fall brings it on the middle of the peduncle of the tail ; five or six very large
pores are seen on each side underneath along the lower jaw. These, as we have
seen above, belong to that cephalic channel of the lateral line, which, from the
occipital region, passes down into the preopercular and lower jaw. The same
pores exist in the other species, but nowhere did we find them so conspicuous.
The remains of coloration left on such specimens as have been preserved in
alcohol, indicate a grayish ground above, turning to yellowish underneath. The
top of the head, and upper part of the body, are scattered all over with small, well-
defined dots of black, of the size of a pin's head; the sides and tail exhibit large
and irregular brown patches, surrounded by an orange tint, which becomes the
predominant color of the lower part of the body. The pectorals, dorsals, and
caudal, are slightly banded and dotted with black like the body itself.
A series of individuals of this species, the largest of which had three inches and
58 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
a quarter, was first collected at Windsor (Vt.), by Ed. Cabot, Esq., of Boston.
Dr. D. H. Storer had in his possession two small ones from the same vicinities.
Specimens are preserved in Prof. Agassiz's Cabinet, and at the Smithsonian In-
stitution.
XII. COTTtJS FORiWOSUS, GIRARD. -
Amongst the macerated remains of Triylopsis Thompaonii, described further on,
we detected the body of a Cottus, in a similarly mutilated state. After instituting
all the comparisons which could possibly be made, we became fully satisfied that
we had to deal with a distinct and undescribed species, although not quite prepared
to give a full and satisfactory description of it. Its most striking peculiarities are
a small head, a slender and graceful body, with the two dorsals widely separated.
The entire length, from the snout to the extremity of the caudal fin, is three inches
and a quarter, in which length the head enters for about the fifth part. The upper
surface of the head is very flat, and the eyes of medium size, circular, and very
proportionate. The anterior and inferior part of the head are destroyed in the
specimen under examination, so that we are at a loss to describe the nostrils, the
shape of the mouth, the isthmus, as well as to state how many times the diameter
of the eye is contained in the length of the head. The preopercular spine is stout
and rather short, acute, and curved. There exists on the same bone a small
spine, situated under the first, and directed obliquely downwards and backwards.
The subopercular spine is well developed, acute, and curved upwards, being as
usual directed forwards. The greatest thickness, and depth of the body cannot
be given under the existing circumstances ; but the least depth, taken on the
peduncle of the tail, is contained nearly eighteen times in the total length, being
about three-sixteenths of an inch. The body itself seems to have been regularly
fusiform.
The anterior edge of the first dorsal is situated at thirteen-sixteenths of an inch
from the snout. It is composed of eight rays, extending on a basis of half an
inch. Its upper edge is regularly arched. The second dorsal is separated from the
first by a space of nearly a quarter of an inch, filled by a membrane which extends
between both fins. The rays, sixteen in number, are very slender and unbranched,
the two anterior ones shorter than the third. There is a free space of a quarter of
an inch between the posterior end of the second dorsal and the base of the caudal
fin. The caudal itself is rounded posteriorly, convex, composed of eleven rays, and
a few rudimentary ones; those of the middle of the fin, are branched towards their
extremity ; its length is contained six times and a half in the total lenirth. The
origin of the anal takes place under the third ray of the second dorsal, and leaves
a space of nearly half an inch between its posterior end and the beginning of the
caudal. The ventrals are situated under the pectorals, in advance of the anterior
dorsal; when bent backwards, they are very far from reaching the vent. The l>as.-
of the pectorals is crescent-shaped and very close to the nni#, to which it bears
only analogies and no true affinities. The genera Trachidermis and Cottopsis have
both a rough or prickly skin, and teeth on the palatine bones; but Trachidermis
has the first dorsal, the mouth, the opercular spines, and the general shape of head
and body, of Acanthocotti. Cottopsis has the first dorsal, the mouth, the opercular
spine, the general shape of the head and body, of Cotti. The genus Trachidermis
is the diminutive of Acanthocotti, provided with a rough skin and teeth on the
palatines. The genus Cottopsis, on the other hand, is the amplification of Cotti,
provided with a rough skin, and teeth on the palatine bones.
Besides all this, Trachidermis belongs to the marine tribe. Its relationships are
complete.
Some time since, Sir John Richardson made the genus OsniriehrmieAthy^ to
include two cottoids of the seas of China and Japan, with which he proposed to
associate his C. asper. But Centridermichthys we have shown to be identical with
Trachidermis, in which the marine species must be placed.
COTTOPSIS ASPER, GIKAUD. ,. [K/v
Syn. Cottoptit a*pcr, GIRARD, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. III., 1850, p. 303.
Coitus atpcr, RICH. Faun. Bor. Amer. III., 1836, pp. 295, 313. PI. 95, Fig. 1.
Trachidermis Richurdeonii, HECK. Ann. d. Wien. Mus. II., 1837, p. 102.
Cmtridermiclithyt aspcr, RICH. Ichth. of the Voy. of the Sulphur, 1844, p. 76.
This fish we know only through the description and figures given by Sir John
Richardson. Its ordinary size is from nine to ten inches, surpassing thus in si/c-
all the fresh water species of the genus Cottus. To judge of the general form from
the profile view, the body would appear quite regular, diminishing gradually in
depth from before backwards. The back and belly are nearly straight and very
regular, until the termination of the dorsal and anal fins.
The head forms the third of the length, the caudal fin excluded. Its upper
surface is flattened or rather widely concave, without the least trace of ridges,
tubercles, or spines. The inferior lip projects a little beyond the superior one
when both jaws are brought close together. The mouth is broad, but not deeply
cleft. The palatine bones are furnished with teeth similar to those on the vomer,
premaxillaries, and dentaries.
The eyes are of medium size, and placed near the summit of the head ; yet the
distance which separates them above is more than one of their diameter. The
nostrils, situated on the same horizontal line with the eyes, are small and a little
nearer the snout than the orbit.
The opercular apparatus, as far at least as we could understand it, does not
appear to differ much from that of Cotti. None of its constituent pieces are
serrated or provided \vith spines on their rdt:<>. The convexity of the prcopercular
is armed with an acute spine, slightly curved upwards and covered by the skin so
1 Ichthyology of the Vi.yagc c,f the "Sulphur," 1844, p. 71.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 63
as scarcely to be seen exteriorly. The inferior edge of the preopercular terminates
in two distinct angular points. Finally the scapular is terminated by an acute
point which is concealed under the skin, and perceptible only to the touch.
" There are no scales ; the skin on the head is smooth to the touch, but dotted on
the crown with minute soft warts. The belly, a stripe adjoining the anal on each
side, a small space around the base of the caudal, and the interscapular space
anterior to the first dorsal, are also smooth ; but the rest of the skin of the body is
thickly studded with very small subulate, acute spines directed backwards. These
spines are too minute to be seen distinctly with the naked eye ; but a little fold of
skin, raised by each of them, produces a roughness which is very visible ; they re-
sist the finger only when it is drawn against their points."
" The lateral line, formed by a furrow, interrupted by about forty-four contrac-
tions, is very conspicuous." RICHARDSON.
The origin of the first dorsal is opposite the base of the upper ray of the
pectorals ; it is much lower than the second, to which it is connected by means
of a membrane. The sixth and seventh rays are the longest. The second dorsal
commences opposite the anus, and extends a little farther back than the anal,
as is usually the case in Cotti. The anal is proportionally lower than in Cotti,
and, therefore, much lower than the second dorsal, if we judge of it by the figure
given in the Fauna Boreali- Americana. The caudal is slightly rounded posteriorly,
whilst its base of insertion is somewhat dilated or spread out. The peduncle of
the tail is quite narrow. The ventrals are situated under the pectorals as in Cotti.
There exists an anterior bony ray, and four soft but unbranched ones. The
pectorals are obliquely suboval, and their rays unbranched.
Br. 6. D IX. 21. A 18. C 6. 1. 4. 3. I. 6. V I. 4. P 1C.
This species, according to Dr. Gairdner, is quite common in the Columbia River.
To him Dr. Richardson was indebted for the specimens from which his description
was drawn and the figures made. Specimens were collected by the United States
Exploring Expedition.
For our description of this species, as well as of C. cognatus, we are indebted to
the Fauna Boreali-Americana.
64 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
CHAPTER V.
ON THE GENUS TRIGLOPSIS, 1 Girard.
THERE are animals whose organization is specially adapted for tin- depths, and
which are never or but seldom seen or met with at the edges of the water, on the
sea beaches, or else on the shores of the lakes. The iron dredge has brought to
light many such.
There is another way of securing the inhabitant! of the deep bottoms, which
consists in opening the stomachs of the large wandering kinds, as they generally
feed upon the small and inoffensive ones. The sole difficulty in this case is the
digestive power of that organ, which in a short time has destroyed all the soft and
delicate parts, the ornament of the solid frame, either bony or calcareous.
The generic feature of Triglopsis does not consist in the possession of characters
peculiar to itself alone, but rather in the association of characters which may indi-
vidually be found to exist in other genera, and from whose combination results its
peculiar physiognomy.
The general form of the head and body reminds us of the genus Trigla; by its
smooth head, the structure of the mouth, and the first dorsal lower than the second
it approaches Cotti; the elongated snout and head, and the presence of several
spines on the preopercular, is an approximation towards Acanthocotti. The
genus differs from Trigla, by a smooth head and body, the first not being
cuirassed, and the second not scaled, and by the first dorsal fin which is lower than
the second ; from Acanthocottus, by the want of spines on the head, which, as
stated, is smooth; also by the first dorsal lower than the second, and by the shape
of the mouth, the angles of which do not extend back of the eyes; and if it
appear more deeply cleft than in Cottus, it is owing to the fact that the snout is
pointed instead of being truncated; from Cottus it differs by its elongated snout
and the presence of several spines on the preopercular, on the one hand, and by its
more slender head and body, on the other. It is still more widely distinct from
Cottopsis, with which it has no other affinities except those which entitle it to a
place in the same family.
Although our genus Tnulop>is lias no generic character belonging exclusively to
it, it is important that we should recapitulate all those which we have just enume-
rated, in connection with the genera which partake of some of them. Body and
1 1'roc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv , 1851, p. 18.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 65
head slender and elongated, the former tapering quite rapidly away towards the
tail ; both covered with a smooth skin ; no teeth on the palatine bones ; cleft of the
mouth not extending beyond the eye ; preopercular exhibiting four equal, needle-
like, and very delicate spines. The first dorsal fin is separated from the second by
a considerable space, and is much the lower. The great development of the second
dorsal and the very large eyes might become a specific feature if other species were
to be discovered hereafter, for which reason we would not mention them as of
generic value. The lateral line, the perfectly smooth skin, and the absence of an
isthmus may become as many generic characters.
The structure of the skull of Triglopsis exhibits the remarkable character of
having hollow channels, hitherto only known to exist in Scisenoids, and considered
as a characteristic of this group. We now find amongst Cottoids a similar struc-
ture, but much less developed in Cotti and Acanthocotti, in which we had over-
looked it, before we knew the genus Triglopsis.
This anatomical peculiarity indicates quite a near relationship between Cottoids
and Sciamoids. The representatives of the latter family in this country are all
marine, but one.
TRIGLOPSIS THOMPSOWM, GIRAED.
PLATE II. Figs. 9 and 10.
Syn. Triijlopsis Thompsonii, GIRARD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IV., 1851, p. 19.
It will be easy to form a correct idea of the general form of this species by the
accompanying figures, which, although a restoration from several incomplete indi-
viduals, we are confident represent its specific features.
The head is elongated, tapering towards the snout, as the body tapers towards
the tail. It forms more than the third, and not quite the fourth of the entire
length. Its upper surface is smooth, gradually sloping towards the snout. Its
greatest depth is contained twice in its length ; whilst its greatest width forms only
the two-thirds of the latter dimension. The snout is elongated, and thus the
mouth, which does not extend beyond the entire pupil, is more deeply cleft than in
Cotti. The lower jaw is slightly longer than the upper. The teeth are very
minute, proportionally more so than in Cotti. They do not exist on the palatines,
but the vomer, besides the crescentic band in front, is provided with a narrow strip
of similar teeth along the middle line of the posterior branch of that bone. The
eyes are very large and elliptical; their longitudinal diameter is contained four
times in the length of the head, the same proportion as in many Cotti, but here the
head is much more elongated, and accounts for the proportionally greater size of these
organs in Triglopsis. The anterior nostrils are nearer the orbit than the snout ;
the posterior one is higher up on the frontal line, and still nearer the eye. Both
pairs of these openings appear to be tubuliform, but the decomposed state of the
specimens did not permit entire satisfaction on that point. The sides of the head
are as smooth as the upper surface. The preopercular is the only bone of this
9
Hi', MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER in.
region provided with spines, and the latter are comparatively smaller and more
slender than amongst Cotti. There exist usually four of these spines, the upper-
most, the strongest, directed obliquely upwards. The second is directed backwards;
the third and fourth, the smallest, downwards. The branchiostegals are six in
number, as in Cotti and Acanthocotti. The gill openings extend from the head
obliquely down, each meeting its fellow from the opposite side under the medial
line of the head, so that there exists no isthmus at all.
The greatest depth of the body is a little more than that of the head, and con-
tained nearly seven times in the entire length of the fish. The least depth on the
peduncle of the tail enters in the same length nearly twenty-three times, six times
in the length of the head, fourteen times in that of the body, and nearly throe in
that of the caudal fin. The thickness is less than the depth, and diminishes very
rapidly backwards.
The origin of the anterior dorsal is one inch and three-eighths distant from the
end of the snout. It is composed of seven rays with a basis of half an inch. The
first and last rays are the smallest, and nearly equal the one to the other. The
second, third, and fourth are much higher, and of nearly equal length also.
The second dorsal, much higher, is separated from the first by a space of three-
sixteenths of an inch. Its anterior ray is not higher than the last of the anterior
dorsal ; its greatest height is three times that of the latter. Its shape is angular.
It is composed of eighteen slender and undivided rays. The anal commences
slightly in advance of the second dorsal ; is about half the height of the latter,
uniformly convex on its outer margin, and composed of fifteen rays, all undivided,
the last one opposed to the fifteenth of the second dorsal. The caudal is rounded
posteriorly, with ten well developed rays, eight of which are bifurcated. The
ventrals are inserted under the pectorals, and in advance of the anterior dorsal, as
in Cotti. They are composed of three soft rays and a spiny one, and when bent
backwards, do not reach the anus. The insertion of the pectorals is crescentic
and close to the gill openings. These fins are not quite as long as the head, and
contain sixteen rays all undivided, the tip of the longest reaching nearly to the
second ray of second dorsal and of the anal.
Br. 6. D vii. 18. A 15. C 1. 1. 4. 4. 1. 1. V I. 3. P 16.
The anus is at a distance of three-sixteenths of an inch from the first ray of the
anal and situated almost midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the
caudal fin, though a little more distant from the former. The lateral line is very
much developed and very conspicuous until the eighth ray of the second dorsal,
AN here it becomes less distinct, although running to the base of the caudal fin. The
skin is perfectly smooth.
The ground color is uniform pale greenish-yellow, dotted and maculated with
black or brown on the head, back, and sides. The caudal, pectoral, and dorsal fins
are banded; the anal and ventrals, unicolor.
This species inhabits somewhere in the depths of Lake Ontario, but has not yet
been seen or caught alive, either by fishermen, or by naturalists. The manner
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 67
in which its discovery took place we have already related. 1 In opening the stomach
of the Ling (Lota maculosa], the fishermen of Oswego finding it almost constantly
filled with that fish, had entertained the erroneous opinion that the Ling swallowed
its progeny. Professor Baird, who visited that place in 1850, and heard the story,
secured specimens, which at once enabled him to recognize in them a fish new to
science although half digested, the skin and the fins in most cases destroyed. In
that state, when the head and body alone have preserved their shape, the elonga-
tion of the former, and the tapering away of the latter, may remind superficial
observers of the elongated head and the tapering body of Lota maculosa.
It is hoped that persons living in the vicinity of Oswego, will feel interested
enough in the subject to secure to science complete specimens, and gather some
information respecting its habits and home at large.
Its food consists chiefly of shrimps, of a species yet undescribed, as far as we have
been enabled to ascertain by the examination of the remains in a very soft condi-
tion.
Attention should be directed on all the fishing-grounds of the Ling, to the con-
tents of the stomachs of this fish, as at present the only way known of procuring
Triglopsis. By this means, at least, we should become acquainted with its geo-
graphic distribution; for mere remains, when they cannot be mistaken, are always
sufficient to establish its occurrence at any given place, should complete and fresh
specimens escape all researches.
1 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, iv., 1851, p. 18.
68 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER III.
NOTE.
SINCE the foregoing pages have been put to press, a new fact touching the
geographical distribution of Cotius meridional!*, has come to our knowledge, which
is deemed of sufficient interest to be placed on immediate record here. This spe-
cies has been found in one of the lower tributaries of the Potomac, in Rock Creek,
Washington (D. C.). Consequently C. meridionalis occurs in the same hydro-
graphical basin as C. visooeus.
It is well known that the aquatic fauna of the Southern States is very different,
both from that of the Middle and that of the Northern. There are comparatively
few species which occur throughout the Atlantic States of the Union. Still, faunas
and floras, although circumscribed within particular provinces or districts, cannot
be defined in their boundaries by mathematical lines, and we frequently find dis-
tricts whose lines of deraarkation overlap or interdigitate.
Now the State of Maryland seems to be placed on the limit, between the faunas
of the Southern and Middle States, a fact which will make the study of its natural
productions much more difficult, but at the same time of more than ordinary
interest.
The locality, Rock Creek, Washington (D. C.), given at page 53 to C. vi#cous,
does not belong to the latter species, to which it was temporarily attributed before
an examination of the specimens could be made critically. After this was effected,
an oversight has allowed it to remain there.
III.
COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA.
G9
DIAGNOSIS
GENERA AND SPECIES
CONTAINED IN THIS
MONOGRAPH.
COTTUS, Artedi. Upper surface of head,
smooth. One small spine on the side of the head;
sometimes a second still smaller below, and occa-
sionally a third of the size of the second. First dor-
sal fin lower than the second. Palatine teeth none,
or rudimentary. Cleft of mouth not extending be-
yond the orbits. Six branchiostegal rays.
I. Rays of ventral fins, five in number.
CottUS COgnatUS, Rich. Body fusiform.
Origin of anal fin opposite to sixth ray of second
dorsal. Pectorals equalling the head in length.
Anus situated nearer the snout than the base of
caudal fin.
Cottus Richardsonii, Agass. Body fu-
siform. Origin of anal fin opposite to third ray of
second dorsal. Pectoral fins shorter than the head.
Anus situated midway between the snout and tip of
caudal fin. Insertion of ventrals in advance of the
anterior dorsal, and near the lower edge of pectorals.
Cottus WilSOnti, Grd. Body fusiform.
Upper rays of pectoral fins, branched; their tip
reaching the anterior margin of second dorsal fin.
Insertion of ventral fins under the middle of pecto-
rals, and in advance of the anterior dorsal.
Cottus llnirtlii, Grd. Body fusiform. First
dorsal fin very low. Tip of pectorals extending be-
DIAGNOSIS
GENERUM ET SPECIERUM
IN HOC
MONOGRAPHO
DESCRIPTORUJC.
COTTUS, Artedi. Capitis supcrficie Icvi;
spina parva ex capitis latere utroque, interdum al-
tei-a, aliquanto minore, infra posita, et nonnunquam
tertia magnitudinc Eequali secundae. Pinna dorsali
prima breviore secunda. Dentibus palatinis nullis,
vel eorum rudimentis tantum. Oris fissura ultra
orbitas non porrecta. Radiis branchiostegis sex.
I. Pinnarum ventralium radiis, quinque.
Cotllis C0liatll, Rich. Corpore fusi-
forme. Origine pinnae analis ex adverso sexto
secundae pinnae dorsalis radio. Pinnis ventralibus
capite longitudine sequalibus. Ano propius rostrum
quam pinnae caudalis basim posito.
Cottus Richardsonii, Agass. Corpore
fusiforme. Origine pinnae analis ex adverso tertio
secundse pinna; dorsalis radio. Pinnis pectoralibus
capite brevioribus. Ano medio inter rostrum et
pinnas caudalis extremitatem. Pinnis ventralibus
ante dorsalom antcriorem et propc inferiorem pecto-
ralium marginem, insertis.
CottllS Wilsonii, Grd. Corpore fusiforme.
Superioribus pinnarum pectoralium radiis divisis,
eorumque extremitate ad anteriorem pinnae dorsalis
secundae marginem porrecta. Pinnis ventralibus
sub pectoralium medio et ante dorsalem antcriorem,
insertis.
ISairdii. Grd. Corpore fusiforme.
Pinna dorsali prima admodum brcvi. Extremitati-
70
MONOGRAPH OF THE FKKSH WATER
III.
yond the anterior margin of the anal. Insertion of
ventrals under the anterior margin of first dorsal, and
behind the pectorals.
CottUS Alvordii, Grd. Body stout and
short, tapering rapidly away. A second preopercular
spine, very minute. Origin of anal fin opposite the
third ray of second dorsal. Tip of pectorals extend-
ing beyond the anterior margin of the second dorsal
and anal fins. Insertion of ventrals near the lower
edge of pectorals, in advance of the anterior dorsal.
i'otf UN meridionalis, Grd. Body stout
and short. A second and third, very minute
spines on the preopercular. Origin of anal fin op-
posite to fourth ray of second dorsal. Tip of pecto-
rals not reaching the anal. Insertion of ventrals
even with the lower edge of the pectorals, in advance
of the anterior dorsal.
II. Rays of ventral fins, four in number.
CottU8 Jf radii*, Heck. Body fusiform.
Tip of pectoral fins extending beyond the fourth
ray of second dorsal, and first of anal fin. Occa-
sional palatine teeth. Insertion of vcntrals under
the pectorals, and in advance of anterior dorsal.
CottllS TI8COSU8, Hald. Body subcylindri-
cal, stout. Tip of pectorals not reaching the anterior
margin of the anal. Insertion of ventrals behind
the pectorals, and in advance of the anterior dorsal.
CottllN i'raiiklillii, Agass. Body nearly
cylindrical. Tip of pectoral fins not reaching the
anterior margin of second dorsal. Insertion of ven-
trals in advance of the anterior dorsal, and under
the middle of pectorals.
CottllN gohioidCM, (>r<\. \t-x\y nubcylin-
drical. Tip of pectoral fins not reaching the anal.
Insertion of ventral* under tin- ujijx-r edge of the
j.. . I..IM!-
CottiiN boleoide*, (ir-l. IMy fusiform,
ulcnder. Tip f [lertonil (ins extending bejQod the
fifth ray of ncond .|.. T -- ,1. and tliinl <( anal, fins.
bus pinnarum pectoralium ultra anteriorem pinnae
analis marginem prolatis. Pinnis ventralibus sub
anteriorem marginem pinnae dorsalis prinue et post
pcctorales, insertis.
CottllS Alvordii, Grd. Corpore crasso
brevique cito decrescente. Altera spina pncojtereu-
lari, admodum parva. Originc pinnae analis posita
ex adverse tertio pinnae dorsalis secundac radio.
Extrcmitatibus pinnarum pectoralium ultra anterio-
rem pinnarum dorsalis secundae et analis marginem
porrcctts. Pinuis veutralibus prope inferiorem pec-
toralium marginem et ante dorsalem anteriorem, in-
scrtis.
Cot In* ineridionalis, Grd. Corpore
crasso brevique. Spina minima secunda atque ter-
tia supra praeopercularcm. Origine pinnae analis
ex adverse quarto dorsalis secundae radio. Extrcmi-
tatibus pinnarum pectoralium non porrectis ad pin-
nam analcm. Pinnis ventralibus in eadem linea
qua pcctorales, ctantc dorsalem anteriorem, insertis.
II. Piunarum pectoralium radiis, quatuor.
CottUS gracilis, Heck. Corpore fusiforme.
Extremitatibus pinnarum pectoralium ultra quartum
pinnae dorsalis secundae ct primum analis nidiutii
porrectis. Dcntibus palatiuis liqundo oecnrentibus.
1'innis ventralibus sub pcctorales ct ante dorsalem
anteriorem, insertis.
CottUS vixC'OMI*, Hald. Corpore suWylin-
drico, crasso. Kxtrrmitatilms pinnarum pectorulium
non porrectis ad anteriorem pinna; aualis margincm.
Pinnis ventralibus post pcctorales ct ante dorsalem
anteriorem, inscrtis.
Fraiiklinii, Agass. Corpore cy-
lindrico. Extremitatibus piuuarum pectoralium non
productis ad anteriorem pinna; dorsulis sccundiu mar-
giuem. PiuniH ventralibus ante dorsaleui antfrinn'm
et sub pectoralium medio, inscrtis.
CottllS ffOhioidvg, (in!. ('orjxirosiibrylin-
drico. Extremitatibus pinnarum pMtonlimn non
|iruvtoraliuiu inarginem, inscrtis.
C'oflllM PM>leoide,
'( tertiuni aiiali.-
III.
COTTOIDS OF NOKTH AMERICA.
71
Insertion of ventrals in advance of the anterior dor-
sal, near the lower edge of pectorals.
ColtUS fbrmosns, Grd. Body fusiform.
Tip of pectoral fins not reaching the anterior margin
of second dorsal. A second minute preopercular
spine, directed downwards.
CottllS Fabric!!, Grd. Head having a
tendency to become tuberculous. First dorsal and
pectoral fins composed of several rays more than
in any other species of the genus.
COTTOPSIS, Grd. Head smooth. One
spine on the preopercular, bent backwards and up-
wards as in Cotti. First dorsal fin lower than the
second. Teeth on the palatine bones. Skin beset
with minute prickles.
Cottopsis asper, Grd. Tip of pectoral fins
reaching scarcely the anterior margin of the second
dorsal. Anal fin low. Lateral line extending unin-
terruptedly from head to base of caudal fin.
TRIGI^OPSIS, Grd. Head smooth. First
dorsal fin lower than the second. No teeth on the
palatine bones. Several radiating spines on the
edge of the preopercular. Skin smooth.
Triglopsis Thompson!!, Grd. First
dorsal fin separated from the second by a considera-
ble space. Second dorsal very elevated. Lateral
line extending from head to the base of caudal fin.
radium porrectis. Pinnis ventralibus ante anterio-
rem dorsalem ct prope inferiorem pectoralium niar-
ginem, insertis.
CottllS fbrmOSUS, Grd. Corpore fusiforme.
Extremitatibus pinnarum pectoralium non productis
ad anteriorem dorsalis secundae marginem. Secunda
spina prasoperculari minuta deorsum directs.
CottllS Fabric!!, Grd. Capite ad tubercula
habenda proclivi. Radii pinnarum dorsalium et
pectoralium pluribus quain ulla specie hujus generis.
COTTOPSIS, Grd. Capite levi. Una
spinS, e praeoperculari, flexa retrorsum et sursum, ut
in Cottis. Pinna dorsali prinia breviore secunda.
Dentibus in ossibus palatinis. Cute minutis aculcis
hirsuta.
Cottopsis asper, Grd. Extremitatibus pin-
narum pectoralium vix productis ad anteriorem se-
cundje pinnae dorsalis marginem. Pinna anali brevi.
Lined lateral! non interrupts, a capite ad pinnae
caudalis basiin.
TRICrLOPSIS, Grd. Capite levi. Prima
dorsali pinna breviore secunda. Dentibus ex ossibus
palatinis nullis. Spinis compluribus radiantibus ex
margine prajopercularis. Cute levi.
Thompson!!, Grd. Pinna
dorsali prinia a secunda spatio aliquanto sejuncta.
Pinna dorsali secunda. altissimst. Linea lateral! a
capite ad basim pinnae caudalis porrecta.
7:3 MONOGRAPH OF THE FRESH WATER IIL
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Fig. 33 35. Enccphalon of AnnitbH-ottux rfi-i/iiiiinnix; Fir. :;:; tr.nii above; Fijr. :U from below; and
Fig. 35 in profile.
Fig. 36 38. Encephalon of Triylopsis Thomptonii, twice the natural size ; Fig. 36 from above ; Fig. 37
from below ; and Fig. 38 in profile.
Fig. 39 H. Eneephalon of Coitus gracili*, twice the natural size; Fig. 39 from above; Fig. 40 from
below; and Fig. 41 in profile (under the name of ('. '<~.
I.I Ml'US ANOLORUM, 60.
I'II.I:MNUS HARRISII, Gould, 1:>.
PLATYCEIMI M.IS Hloch, 8.
PODABRUS, Rich. 10.
I'TERYOOCEPHALUS, AgHSS. 10.
NOIDS, 65.
SCORPAENA, 61.
MONOGRAPH OF Till: I'KIISII WATER
TRACIIIUKIIMIS, Heck. !i, 1
III.
TUICI.A, L. 64.
TRJOLII)-*:, 10.
TKUILOPSIS, Girard, 9, 10, 12, 04, 71.
- THOMPSONII, Grd. 13, 21, 23, 2;">, -'',.
28, 31, 64, 71, 75, 76.
i, Dekay, 9.
quifsccm, Dckay, 37, 38, 49.
III. COTTOIDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 79
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE ........... 3
CHAPTER I.
ON THE FRESH WATER COTTOIDS IN GENERAL.
1. Zoological considerations ......... 5
2. Genealogy of the Cottoids ......... 10
3. Geographical distribution ......... 11
4. Habits, food, and use ......... 12
CHAPTER II.
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.
1. General remarks .......... 14
2. The bony frame of Coitus viscosus ........ 14
3. Comparisons between the skulls of different Cotti ...... 19
4. Comparative osteology of C. viscosus and A. virginianus . . , . .20
5. The bony frame of Triijlopsis Thompsonii . . . . . . .21
6. Triglopsis Thompsonii compared with Coitus viscosus and with Acanthocot/us virginianus . 25
7. The encephala of Cottus viscosus, C. gracilis, C. gobioides, Trujlopsis Tlwinpsonii, Acantlio-
cottus virginianus, and A. variabilis, compared . . . . .26
8. The muscular system of Coitus viscosus ....... 28
9. The skin and the lateral line in Cottoids ....... 30
10. The alimentary canal, urinary bladder and ovaries, in Cottoids . . . .31
11. Respiratory apparatus ......... 32
CHAPTER III.
ON THE GENUS COTTUS, Artedi.
1. Zoological characters ......... 33
Synoptical table of the species ....... 36
2. Chronological summary of the history of American Cotti . . . . .37
3. Species with four soft rays to the ventrals ....... 39
I. Cottus Richardsonii ........ 39
II. Cottus cognatus ........ 41
III. Cottus Wilsonii . . . .42
IV. Cottus Bairdii ........ 44
V. Cottus Alvordii ........ 46
VI. Cottus meridionalis . . 47
80 MONOGRAPH OF TIIE FRESH WATER COTTOIDS, ETC. III.
FAGK
4. Species with three soft rays to the ventrals .
VII. Cottus gracilis . . 1;i
VIII. C.ittus \isi-osus ... 51
IX. Coitus l-'ranklinii ....
X. Cottus gobioides ...... "'"'
XI. Cottus boleoides ... 5G
MI. Cottus formosus
MIL Cottus Fubricii . '''
CHA1TER IV.
ON TIIE OENU8 COTTOP8I8, Girard.
Cottopsis aspcr
CHAPTER V.
ON TIIE UENUS TRIGLOl'SIS, (iirard.
Triglopsis Tliouipsouii . '''
Note
Diagnosis of the genera and species
Bibliography ...
Explanation of the plates
Alphabetic register of systematic names alluded to iu this monograph
Contents ..... 7'.'
PUBLISHED BY T1IK SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WA8H1 NOTON CITY,
DECEMBEK, 1851.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY
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